Me ETY LIBRARY PYILOMATIIESIAN <0 Fe 4G/ £:6/ ee td Oo pe te goods THE | AMERICAN Ly23 Rtg NA SCUBNCE, AND ARTS. CONDUCTED BY BENJAMIN SILLIMAN, PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, ETC. IN YALE COLLEGE; CORRES- PONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES AND COM- CE OF LONDON, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF emnerey AND OF VARIOUS LITERARY AND CIENTIFIC SOCIETIES IN AMERIC ese ee eer eed VOL. IV.....1822. NEW-HAVEN: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY S. CONVERSE, FOR THE EDITOR. 1 Sold by the Publisher and Howe & Spalding, New-H Haven; Huntington 4 opkins, Hartford; Cumm & Hillia ; Ezekiel Goodale, 4 Hehowel Maine; A. T. Gor odrich & ay Mew York: E. Littell, adelphia; Caleb A er, Circleville, Ohio; Thomas I. Ray, Ea hipple, Salem, Mass. ward J. Coale, Baltimore ; oe ler & Hutchins, Providence, R.1.; Thomas R. Williams, New fH, KL; William T. Williams, Savannah, ‘Geo. ; Luke Loomis, Pittsbur i, Pa.; mevsy 4 Stone, Seqpeniel; Me: ; ’Professor D. Olmsted, Chapel ill Col- lege, N.C. Pe ee er PREFACE. ‘Two years and a half haye elapsed, since the publication of the first volume of this Journal, and one year and ten months since the Editor assumed the pecuniary responsibil- ity. Within this latter period, three volumes have been published, giving an average of a yolume once in about sey- en months, and of a number, once in half that time, It is in- tended, as far as practicable, to publish this Journal in quar- terly number s, but on account principally of the great geo- erapnieal at from which the communications come, and o large number of engravings, undeyiating exactness on it Oint, is not always attaina I'he work has not, even yet, ceusbiatied its expenses, (we speak not of editorial or o business s compensation,) we in- tend, that it has not paid for the paper, printing and engrav- ing ; the proprietors.of the first yolume being in csuihel on those accounts, and the Editor on the same score, with respect to the aggregate expence of the three last volumes. This deficit is however no longer increasing, as the receipts, at we just about cover the expense of the physical materials, of the manual labour. Areiterated disclosure of this kind is not grateful, and would scarcely be manly, were it not that the public, who alone have the power to remove the difficulty, have a rightto a frank exposition of the state of the case. As the patronage is, however, growing gradu more extensive, it is believed that the work will be eventu- ally sustained, although it may be long before it will com- mand any thing but gratuitous intellectual labour. It is Fihaely transmitted to Sicily, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, Sweden, Ireland, Scotland, and ngland, and occasionally to other foreign countries. In London, in consequence of an application to the Editor from that city, - a regular arrangement has been made for circulating the Journal in Great Britain. Many of the periodical scientific works of Europe, and most of those of London and Paris are forwarded in exchange Its domestic circulation is not local ; it is transmitted to all the at important parts of the United States. ost extensive patronage is derived — the city of Philadelphia, which takes more copies than any other com- munity ; the cities of New-York and Boston afford it about PREFACE. an equal and a very respectable and an increasing patronage. It is well sustained by Connecticut and most of the eastern states ; it is not without patronage beyond the Alleghanies, but the state of the currency has made it necessary to relin- quish an extensive subscription in those regions. Washington, Baltimore, Charleston, and the Southern States generally, but especially South Carolina, demand a very considerable number of copies, and all the smaller cities receive a proportionate supply. These facts, with the obvious one,—that its pages are sup- lied with contributions from all parts of the Das; and oc- casionally from Europe, evince that the work is received as a national and not as a local undertaking, and that the com- munity consider it as having no sectional character. En- couraged by this view of the subject, and by the favour of ma- ny distinguished men, both at home and abroad, and sup- ported by able contributors, to whom the Editor again ten- ders his grateful acknowledgments, he will still persevere, in e hope of contributing something to the advancement of our science and arts, and towards the elevation of our na- tional character. Yale College, Feb. 15, 1822. CONTENTS OF VOL, IV. a GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, &c. Pag Mr. Z. Cist on the Wilkesbarre —— &e. we a ae d tl. and a section plates I. an Mr. Thomas Nuttall on the Nar eébioe of Hoboke en, &c. eens . Hall on Iron and its Manufacturers in Vermont, &c. Dr. J. W. Webster’s Sean notices in Mineralogy, &c. (com- municated in May, 18 2 Spero notices in pi: Mineralogy, &e. by Messrs. J.P. J kine, Cist, T. Seal, and Drs. L. Foot a0 H. St Notices in iioecals , &c. by the ‘Edtjor joa ‘aoe: President Thomas ooper, m D. on ee and Volcanic 2 substances Dr. J. W. Webster's foreign notices in Mineralogy, pence’ ancient Arts, &c. r. D.W. Barton on the Gasloxy of the Catskills (ith aplate) 249 rk on the Azo Notice of Dr. J. W. Webster’s wo M. Alexander Brongniart on Vegetable F seaile ‘which trav- erse the layers of coal formations, (translation, with a plate,) Miscellaneous Notices of American Mineralogy, &c. of. Dewey’s sitet of various aie Sag - . arton, on the Virginia fluor spar, Major Delafield on the L. — sep of Strontian, &e. r. J, I. Bigsby on the sa Major Delafield on the penis of the Lake Regioas; H. H. Hayd aa rep on Cobalt & Manganese Ores, Mr. T. H. Web n Minerals near she ep is I.) Mr. H.R.S BOTANY. Prof. D. B. Douglass and Dr. J. biuoa on the Plants # the North-West, Mr. John P. Brace on the Plants of Litchield ie. - Professor J. Green on the Cotton Plan Mr. John P. Brace’s Catalogue of Plants near Litchfield, &c. ZOOLOGY. Dr. J. E. Dekay on the Pennatule fléche, (witha figure,) 266 274 274 277 a 9 a2 3 284 285 86 292 87 CONTENTS. Page. Prof. J. Greea on the Bald Eagle, 89 Prof. S. L. Mitchell on the Proteus of the 1s A mecitun Lakes - 181 Prof. S. a Mitchell on “ Mus iinet Sy ~ 183 Prof. Jacob Green—Fragments relating to Animals, - 309 PHYSICS, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY AND THE ARTS. ae Baas Ward’s s Alternating eae, res a pat M. Gian on Navigable Canals eranblited: from the F endl by Mr. I. Doolitt ‘i Dr. B. W. Dwight’s Sai ofa remiaitiable Storm, - 134 Dr. R. Hare on the Cause of Heat, - 142 Professor J. Dana on some morbid suite Product - 149 President Thomas Cooper, M. D. on Tests for Arsenic 155 Dr. T. D. Porter on the same, aoe Dr. C. Miller on the use of Phosphoric acid in Jaundice, Prof. J. Green’s account tbe a new ane ipe, (re a figure,) 164 On the manufacture o Notice of the Titeoevaphic so - - a Editor on the Tempest of Sept. 3, 1821, - - 171 Editor on Natural lce-Houses, . 174 Editor on a singular Change in two Cusiién Bal 8, - 178 Prof. R are, M. D. account of an improved mode of sus- nding Gazometers, (with a figu 2 Mr. Pearson’s patent domestic Telegraph, Aovih a plate, 314 Great Earthquake at Kutch, (Edin. Phil. Jour.) 315 Mr. Henry Seybert’s analysis of Spee of stolybdeoum, 320 Mr. Seyberv’s analysis of the American Chromat of [ron, 321 Mr. G. T. Bowen’s —. of the Lake Erie Sulphat of Stron- tian, in - - 324 Dr. J. L. Com tock on the Aphlogini Lamp, . - 328 Mr. Dearborn on a Natural [ce-House - - 331 Mr. Ives on the same 332 Mr. Ed. Hitchcock’s Meteorological Journal kept at Deerfield 353 Dr. T. R. Beck’s do. at Albany. 338 Mr. W. 1. Denny on he cause of Goitr re, 388 Dr. J. A. Allen on luminous appearances in the atmosphere, 341 Letter of the —_ itor to Son ea on ford caren Defla- grator, 201 MATHEMATICS. President Wm. Allen on the Curves of Trisection, - - $43 CONTENTS. MISCELLANEOUS. Page Notice of Rev. Jared Elio - 357 Uriginal letters of Dr. F fonda to Rev. Jared Eliot, - 358 INTELLIGENCE, &c. 1. Foreign—from Prof. Griscom. Mechanic Arts—Chemical tay ‘ - . 192 Economical Arts . - a. 4993 Premiums for 1821 and 1822, ~ 194 Potatoe—Caraibees Insect—Hospital : at Sasthargls, - 195 Munich—Vaccination in Plague—College of Chios, - 196 M. Bonpland—Lit —Vienna—Scuipture, - = 197 a History-—Anatomical Model, - - 198 : Razors—Geneva Museum, - - 199 Botanical Items—New work on St. Michael . Iceland—the Geysers—M. Gau = containing ammonia ptu —Sculpt . Capacity of Gas for Caloric—Nat tural History—Dolcoath Mine—Heat of the Earth—Test for Barytes and Strontites, 372 ‘River Niger—Natural History—Gas illumination—Lime, ortar and artificial pazzolana, se Tropical Rains—Volcano of Goonon ng Api i, ies i) Statistical TRogees of Paris—Composition of Stee sl, =" S76 Tea—Skull in a tree—New wr meses? Cypher—New oat substance—New mathematical Instrument—Steam-boats, Royal Medical Society in Fr sisiees - - : ] onteer of ices—Philology, Museum of the Vatican—Literary Soniety 2 Antwerp, 380 Natural History in France, - 381 Scientific Journe —Pisa, - . 383 Means of detaching paintings in F resco—Pompeia - 384 Remedy for Drunkenness—Hydrophobia, 389 Criminal Peres aia of Paris—Organic Remains Astron- omy—Generous Legacy, 386 New Machine—Monument to Coperuiens—Academy of ‘Sei ences at Stockholm, 387 Benevolent Exertion—-Zeal for - 388 Seulptare—Sanerietinn rete in a Paaticn Maas, 389 Head o ,_Decaatety-+-asetinn of the Atlantic— ’ Medical Quac kery—Pepper, * ~~ American Skunk— Yusa ¢ foyage of Discovery, 391 Leipsic ag of os of Coffee— Caterpillars = ERRATA. Page. Suspended Animation—Death of an Elephant, 393 ETE of re tes ics on the Vincentin—Mineral graphy, &c. New wack on Fossil Shells, roe M. ene art . pi M. Brongniart’s Researches on Organized Remains, : 396 Il. Domestic. Professor Buckland on American Seep a esas 185 Massive yellow oxid of Tungsto ia NS 187 New locality of Fluor Spar, 18 Manganese—Survey of popes County—Cure 45 Bite of a Rattle-Sna 189 Morse’s pray f, 190 ool Geogra aohsy-—hutavicdn Geological Society 191 Letter of Frohne Green and of ms Hosack, 396 New Graduating eee ae - - - 398 ingular Explosio - - - 400 ERRATA for the 9th No. Pa. 144, line 27—for three times heavier, read twenty-six times heavier. 145, 26—after fall read if. — 33—for analagous, read re ag 157, ie relation, read radiation. In the description of Michaelite, pa. 391, the analysis of two distinct varieties was given by mistake. The last anal- ysis =. or which I am indebted to my friend Dr. a belonged to that notice . Ww. W Some erratain Dr. B. W. Dwight’s account of the Catskill storm have been accidentally lost. For the 10th No. In Mr. Brace’s Catalogue there are some errors, chiefly of single letters, but we have not room to insert them here. Pa. 320, line 10—for apurepicca, read a pure piece. A r acrons, cs acorns. 20—for H. A. Y. read H. A. S. 353 bottom line—for ick anaes read Dinostrates. | . ATS. Y suger id CF p;! * a BNE Pa: o | No. ue ot Sem oa , cc. RANGE x * : “yp . ae of the tie PS i Arias ee ‘ ANTHRACITE FORMATION Luzerne C4. fe Bas ao f tO =D ™ Austin lad | saci 0 / “ Ais sa 4 wl “gt om 6 f Saw 3 “~ = 4 . al ve 7 y # 7 a pr ee PE f ‘ Be _ Ai Weg 3 kithe, tLe on GA SE} — T. 1.—/Account of the Mines of Anthracite, in the region abou dt REA pees as by Mr. Zacwariau (Cis Extract of ¢ a tet: to the Bao, dated Wilkesbarre, July Dear Sir, 1 HAVE forwarded to your care, the enclosed letter to Mr. Brongniart, which, should you deem it of sufficient interest, you are at liberty to make use of, either in part or in whole, for your Journal. The accompanying panipbiek ee was published a few years since, with the view of assisting the introduc- tion of our coal into general use, will aed you the desired information respecting its economical relations. About two thousand tons are now annually consumed along this river, from this to tide water. The quantity sent to market from the Lehigh and Schuylkill — Bee be estimated from one thousand to fifteen hundred tons. The coal is here valued at 50 cents per ton, in the mine; costs about 50 more to raise it; and 12} to 60 cents, accordin to po distance from the bed, to deliver it at the river. It transported in arks,* carrying from forty to sixty tons, to * The fortes ign reader may need to be informed that this word is adopted in Am merican river navigation, t per oy are elon covered boat, in which those charged with the anaeat it live, asina ‘fat during their descent to the point of their destination, when the ark is broken up and sold ior what it will bring.—Ep. ‘ Vou. 1V.....No. 1 & 1 2 Anthracite formation of W ilkesbarre, ie Harrisburgh, Columbia, and other towns on the river, where it sells at from $4 to $4 50 per ton. At Philadelphia, it brings from 30 to 40 cents per bushel. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, ZA CHARIAH CIST. P.S. The accompanying view of one of our Coal Mines, eed a section sufficiently complete of the strata of most of them j Section of the strata at Sm1TH’s bed, on the West side of the river. Dip to the South, about 20° 1. Sand stone of the mountain, composed of coarse stone and quartz, from the size of shot to that of a pea, grain rather regular, used for building, very compact, and diffi- cult to dress—color dark. This runs of great thickness, _ often in detached masses heaped on one another. . 2, Slate, with considerable « quantity of ve fragments of mica in nye ai containing vegetable impressions, 4 «tod fae thick. 3. Sects sand stone, four feet thick, easily neces, and used for grind stones, for which it is well adapted— color light blue 4, faite coal, two feet thick, left to form the roof of the mine 5. Coal worked, eighteen feet. 6. Tough fine blue “clay, two inches. . eee stone, containing but little mica. The first part of this is easily bored through, but it becomes gradually harder. About thirty feet of this stratum is exposed—its depth is unascertained. Section of Bowman’s mine, on the east ae of the. aren dip to the north at about 15°. 1. Coarse sandy schist, as you oceed in depth passing into argillite sixteen ‘feet. T vis stratum contains — table impressions. 2, Coal, twenty-five feet thick. 3. Argillite, with pyrites imbedded, and investing the sur- face one foot thick. These pyrites seldom exceed one- fourth of an inch square, and are much flattened ; the Anthracite formation of Wilkesbarre, &. 3 lates lie over one another in a very confused manner ; they readily decompose * in a short time on exposure to the atmosphere. 4. Sand stone, rather soft at first, becoming harder in depth. About fifteen feet of this stratum is exposed, it is similar to the No. 7, at Smith’s bed. It is evident from the inclined position of the strata, that one bed of coal lies over another, the upper being evidently of much later formation. At Buacxman’s bed, on the = irae of the river—dip to the panic! about 357 he stra ‘of: vaien: ten Sie impt in this are few, “hi branches af ire, a it Shout: six feet high, 3 in hom; occurred in 2. Coal, twelve feet thick. 3. Argillite, thickness unascertained. 4. Sand stone, thickness not known. 5. Schist, with intervening layers of micaceous sand stone and arzgillite, the latter. with immprestiéns generally of tie plants. . Coal, fourteen feet thick. 7. Argillite, without i impressions, thickness not known. Letter to Mr. Avexanper Baonaii ste : “Ruigincer of ee Member of the Royal Aeademy of Sciences, Ge. Throvgh the medium of the American Journal of Gatenée your circular request, addressed to Naturalists and the friends of Science, has reached me, and desirous of afford- ing y6u all the information in my power on the subject of organized remains which have come under my~notice in this quarter, I have forwarded to you a collection oe vegetable i impressions of the Anthracite for“tation, th the range of which I reside. ngaged myself in Bae ere, a collection and in figur-. ing the fossil reliquie of this formation, I have only those of which a have duplicates. Tf it would be pleasing to you to obtain more of them, you have only to signify your wish in this respect and you shall be os Anthracite formation of Wilkesbarre, &c. Being here, without the facilities of referring to works on ised remains, should these specimens be recognised by yourself as similar to those of Europe, I should be pleased to obtain their scientific designation. I have therefore marked this set alphabetically, and have added correspond- ing letters to the drawings in my collection. The valley of Wyoming, in the centre of which Wilkes- barre is situated, is about eighteen miles long and from three to four wide. Through this, the Susquehanna river, which is here seven hundred feet wide, winds, occasionally approaching the mountain, now on one side and then on the other. The land rises very abruptly on each side of the river to the height of one thousand feet above its level, and keeping nearly that height, extends to the east about thirty miles before it again descends. On the other side of the river, the high table land extends to a great distance. The top of these mountains, or highlands, is composed of argil- laceous grit, coarse sand stone, (No. 1,) and quartz breccia, (2,) formed of rounded quartz pebbles, from the size of a pea to that of a hen’s egg, imbedded in a siliceous cement, forming immense rocks. About eighteen miles to the east, occurs the variety of manganese (a) imbedded in a black vein of about ten inches thick, of black earthy manganese. The variety (3,) is scattered in detached lumps, from the size of a walnut to that of a man’s head, all over i. moun- tain, though not in great quantity in any one o reference to the map annexed, you wilh saeetis that the broad black streak denotes the lengih, breadth, and course of our coal formation. This extends in aS. S. westerly direction, fram its commencement at the upper part of the Lackawana river, near the Wayne county line, down the course of that river to its junction with the Susquehanna, thence along the Susquehanna, keeping chiefly the east side, leaving this last river about eighteen oa below, this bioens it passes in a southward course on to the head wa ers Schuylkill river, and from thence, after its crossing nt 2 main branches, becomes lost, a small seam of it only ap- peasing at Peter’s mountain, a few miles above Harrisburg. only minerals in this extensive range of above one bundred miles in length, are micaceous iron ore, (3,) fer oligiste, found on the Schuylkill—s specular iron ore, (4,) on the Lackawana, and in numerous places, owing to the decomposition of pyrites, bog iron ore. Anthracite formation of Wilkesbarre, &. 5 On the height of land, the veins of coal are more level than in our valley, where the strata dip from the height of = hundred feet, at an angle of from 10 to 35°, towards the er on both sides, inducing a belief that the valley has been formated by the sinking of the surface. The coal alternates with schist, argillite or thonschiefer, micaceous slate, (5,) and preneao sand stone, (6 ;) which last is in strata from five to one hundred feet thick, a coal itself forming veins of from thirty to forty feet deep, though the general thickness is from twelve to fifteen feet. The deposition of vegetable matter to have formed such masses of coal, making allowance for its compression, must have _ enormous. You will not fail to remark that the mice slate i — fees ane the apeeemaateece: is, tis ofrerye ory — i ss fourths of which a are ieee of granite, sie sienite, porphyry, pri- mitive limestone, chert, hornstone, petrosilex, &c. ; although for one hundred and twenty miles above this, not one primi- itive rock is to be seen on either side of the river, whilst the entire bed of the river, as far up as I have been, is composed principally of the above primitive stones brought down the river, and rounded by attrition. This bed of ea _—- extends to a considerable an on each side of the river, is, in many places eager eet above its present level. The alluvion of aati is a “ed lo About forty cites: stove, to rt W. a poke a sen calcaseee matter, eving the essions of the shel in the sand. A specimen this wre dy down by the river is marked.* +. Wish & tos pe a ot ke Tictin - 2 J Set et 6 Anthracite formation of Wilkesbarre, &c. The vegetable impressions always accompany the super- incumbent schist and argillite; none have been found among the coal, nor any, or rather very few, in the carbon-im- pregnated argillite of the floor. I have, in this last, how- ever, met with the phytolithus verrucosus, figured by Martin in his Petrificata Derbiensia. he mass of the impressions are in the argillite immedi- ately in contact with the coal, although they are common in the coarse sandy shist* above it, and occasionally are found in the-sand stone strata which alternate with the coal. There are above a dozen species of fern. A frequent impression, _ is that of a very broad-leaved, apparently, ge plant, pro- bably a sedge, with a transverse thread across the leaf at every three or four inches. This leaf is onuiatiesies found of the breadth of six and even seven inches. Another very much resembles the leaf of the Indian corn, (zea mays,) or rather that which comes to us in aes pe tea. Occasionally, leaves, the arisindls of many of which are probable abe are also numerous impressions resembling the bark of trees, or lichen attached to the bark, some of them forming tableaux four or five feet long, and a foot or more wide, so regularly and beautifully figured, that the colliers term them “ jacket patterns.” ‘These are very interesting, but the schist in which they are generally found, is so very friable, as to render it difficult to obtain any thing like large or perfect specimens; possibly they are aquatic alge. In general, the cryptogamic class prevails, to which the alge and , belong—these last, in particular, are very numerous Culmiferous plants also abound, but they are generally leaf- less, the impression of the stem alone being left. One or two of the beds here are worked by leaving mas- sive pillars eight or ten feet square at the base ; but with the exception of these, the beds, which are very numerous, are worked au jour, that is, the superincumbent strata are first removed, when the coal is either blown off with gun- powder or taken off with wedges by drilling in a straight line, at suitable distances, or from twelve to twenty-four inches apart, several deep holes about two inches in diame- n this schist, the phu, cancellatus and tessellatus, figured by Martin and * Shecoanat occur. Anthracite formation of Wilkesbarre, &e. 7 ter, dropping in each two long semicircular wedges, the thick end of each down, and driving in a long very gradually tapering wedge between them, so that the greatest pressure shall act at bottom. These wedges are alternately driven, until a large mass of the coal breaks off, when it is broken up with sledges, of a convenient size for handling. Gun- powder is occasionally used, but the effect is much less certain than that of the drill and ss oy The specific gravity of our best coal, is from 1-5 to 1-6. The purer the coal the less is its specific gravity. In its purest state, the fracture is what the German mineralogists would term muschliger, that is of a pm splintery fracture breaking like rosin. This is its true fracture ; but when epaiamionied with slate, or pervaded by delicate pees : f it, ev ven iumpet eptibly 80» hag mee becomes affords bat a small att of 7 tity is considerable. In the samples, the pure is marked No. 7, hel impure 8: Brilliant specimens of pavonine, or irridescent coal, are abundant; but this kind is found only in the water, or in moist situations. Our anthracite, when pure, affords the most intense. heat of any of the carbonaceous minerals. Ina properly con- structed wind furnace, of the cubic dimensions of ten or twelve inches, cast iron readily melts, and the most refrac- tory clays, either become glazed, melt, or loose their form. The best Spring-Cove and New-Castle Delaware pode for glass pots in this country, which will stand the heat of window glass furnace, for six or eight weeks, will melt in thirty minutes ; and feldspar, in a few minutes, is erat toa porcelain. Water thrown on it is ok decom am, sir, very resp HARIAH cIsT. Wiesarre, Pennsyloania, July 2, 1821. sae Practical facts. relating to the Lehigh or Wilkesbarre coal, cited ly from the apes sehen the letter r. Cist te we Editor. [This pam oe. t appears to have been published about six years ago, and although written evidently not with s Anthracite formation of Wilkesbarre, &c. scientific, but with mercantile views, we have every reason to confide in the truth of the statement of facts, having often heard them from other, and those disinterested persons, of probity and intelligence. As the subject is one of national Lt ei and appears not to be extensively understood, oin some certificates of practical men as to the value of this coal in different arts, depending on fire. pocemirinie LEHIGH COAL. The importance and value of. this coal for manufactiring as well as for domestic purposes, is not genera rally known ; but its use is rapidly extending, it having been found equal, if not preferable, to other fuel for most of the purposes to which it has been applied. For nailing, for the rolling and slitting of iron, malting, distilling, evaporation of sabts, for steam | engines, where the furnace is properly eins ; Ie all these purposes it is era Shane oe erence. 4 pe a regular, steady wit smoke or un- lasant smell and makes a most durable fire. . Producing pipe or chimney can never become foul, or be in danger of taking fire. Neither will the misery of a smoky chimney ever be endured where this fuel is used. For blacksmiths use, it is superior to the bituminous coal for all general purposes, except, perhaps where a us hollow fire is required, for very heavy work. Some alteration however, is necessary in the tue (twyer?) iron. The g geons of the bellows ought to be placed four or five ihe above the level of the nose of the pipe; the back of the othe should be brought up slanting back, so that part i) e may rest on it; the hearth should be filled up to level with the bottom of the tue iron, and some little: skill is requisite: to keep the fire open, which is soon acquired. When we take into view the trouble attending ” making of charcoal, that not every kind of wood will answer, (hickory, maple, gum and chesnut being the wood generally used for this purpose,) the nightly watching while in the pit, where even in spite of every care it is often entirely con- sumed ; the waste and destruction it causes of timber, might be applied to more valuable purposes; and seat one bushel of this mineral charcoal, as much work may be 2 TPs EMRE ET ee Anthracite formation of Wilkesbarre, &c. : done as with eight or ten of wood coal, and with a saving of time, we are warranted in the assertion, that the Lehigh Coal will soon supercede the use of charcoal altogether. A similar species of coal was introduced about five years ago, into Lancaster, Dauphin and York counties, where it is much approved of by the smiths, and is burnt by the farmers in stoves* of a peculiar construction, and the use of it is rapidly extending. Not less than sixty thousand bushels have been used in those counties during the last year. A powerful consideration with the farmer is, that by using this coal, there is no need of his retaining so large a propor- tion of his farm in woodland; all that s necessary is to keep a sufficiency for building and anaes the quantity of his arable may be increased without any additional ented cand: Anas swaod. ean be sald to besaisess ae Dees eh Baton te x: ‘It is to be aber alice the ¢ ‘should be so structed as to free themselves from the ashes, which ewe by having no place, if possible, for the ashes to lodge, and making the bars smaller below than on the versie where $Y porta ance. Whoever casts a retrospective glance of a dozen years will remember the low price of wood, and the little estimation in which woodland was then held. If he com- pares it with its present advanced price, observes how ose tracts are subdivided and cut up oe he will be abl to ives some idea what the price of firewood will peokebly be a dozen or twenty years hence, if no other fuel is adopt- ed, or me at gs placed on our forests alone for supplies. statements form only a part wera sa tre een recive deemed sero o ic any more. — Tg ove may be haat the farsace of eaten Tee, Be county, Pa, — Ver. IV... We 3 PE 8 10 Anthracite formation of Wilkesbarre, &c. Certificate from Messrs. White & Hazard, proprietors of the extensive Wire Manufactory and Rolling and Slitting Mill, at the falls of Schuylkill, five miles above Philadel- phia. We have used the Lehigh Coal, and in the heating of — ite . rolling, we find it to contrast with Virginia Coal: as With Lchigh Coal, ‘three men will roll ten ewt. of iron for wire, and not five bushels coal per day of twelve hours. The wages 4 00 Five bushels of coal, at ninety cents, is 4 50 With Virginia Coal, it takes ten bushels to heat five cwt. of bars, which is all the three men can do with this coal in one da 8 50 he wages as above, is four dollars per day, but tolling but five ewt. a day, it will take: ee con ei ges ten cwt. making the wages 8 00 coal to cost only: he per ee ook. tupsity bushels would be 00 50 $8 50 It follows, that to us, Lehigh Coal at ninety cents, is equally cheap as Virginia Coal at two and a half cents per bushel. WHITE & HAZARD. Whitestown, November 1814. Having made a trial of the Lehigh Coal, at the Pennsyl- vania Bank, in the large stove, I found them to answer for that purpose exceeding well—they give an excellent heat and burn lively. It is my opinion they are nearly equal to double the quantity of any other coal brought to this mat- ket for durability, of course less labour is required in attend- ing to the fire—they require a strong draught. My opinion is, they will be found cheaper than ie bere. clown; no smoke or smell nie: uae or any dirt flying pas stirred, which is a oem aesine to all wees coal for any use. : : Anthracite formation of Wilkesbarre, &c. ii - If the fire places are properly ease for burning this coal, I am well convinced that most of the citizens of Philadelphia will give it a pne-tninia “ peel: FREDERICK GRAFF, We, ne undersigned, do certify, that we are now using the stone coal for heating se for cut nails, and find it to exceed any other coal or wood fire for this purpose. Our practice is, in the morning when we leave the shop for breakfast, to throw a quantity of coal on the fires, which will be fit for working on our return, and ee last until we leave it at nine in the evening, when we.again put on a quantity et va until the next ‘noni at breakfast time. We find a very great advantage in thus having the in the Such ea fire roxy Amisrenicenaesoaly ser fire re perf s about a half a fir of coal in twelve hours. e find also, that the hoops heat "in half the We that they ee with any other fire Upon the whole, we think that the Lehigh Coal is much the best for nailing, and not attended with one fourth the trouble of any other fire, and that the nails are, in our opi- nion, superior to others on account of the oe of the heat, which does not cause the iron to scale so m ~ We also cut one serie more nails with this fire tin with a wood fire.” GEORGE SMITH. JOHN MOR DANIEL COLKGLASER. December 7th, 1814. I have used in my business for years past, occa- sionally, charcoal, sometimes Virginia coal, and at others Lehigh, and from use and careful examination of their Virginia, ? I find tha yao the only coal I can'depend hore Saree ing 0 as with them I am always sure of a true and uniform result. I have now used them twenty years, and would not be to be without them even if they cost me two dollars per I own three tilt hammers, and have worked Tee-the Dinised States and the state of Pennsylvania the last eight years. \ 12 Anthracite formation of Wilkesbarre, &c. It requires about a peck of coal a days with a small pro- portion of charcoal, for one fire; with this I manufacture eight gun barrels or twenty pistol barrels, or one quart 0 this coal to a musket barrel. DAVID HESS, Smith and Gunbarrel maker, Neniespion- Pa. December 3, 1814. I have used this kind of coal for the last two years, both for the malt-kiln as well as under the brewing copper, and also for distilling, for which purpose I find it to be superior to wood, cheaper, safer, and attended with much less labor. {In distilling, with thirty bushels of this coal and half a cord of wood (io raise occasionally the heat,) I disti! one one hundred bushels of grain in a still containing one hun- dred and twenty-five gallons, upon the common old con- enim in ten days, when I formerly used five cords of wood for the same quantity, talking depger sigs e and requir- j much | n0 el et; Se é = eee nate shearer to dampen | the fire, whilst eleanonali mashing or drawing off the still, I have only to throw on some of the finest of the coal, and when again I want to raise the heat, 1 put on a stick or two of wood. The length of the bars of my grate is twenty-two inches, of inch square iron ; they are set in loose, the ends widened, so that the bars may be about 7-8 of an inch apart, and placed thus side by side, they make a grate of fifteen inches wide—the stills are set bare to the fire, about sixteen inches above the grate, with single flues passing round each still, with doors to the furnace. or malting, the advantages are, that ae no smoke and containing no sulphur, there is no danger of their smok- _ ing or otherwise injuring the malt, whilst the regularity of the heat is such, that the fires require little or no attention. at night, and there is also no danger, s with common attontihay ute prepa Z 20, 1814. ey oe Te Bevest and Disile. Phi smay certify, that I hati ne aoneteaiill in distilling for two years past. The capacity of our large still is one Anthracite formation of Welkesbarre, Se. 13 hundred and twenty gallons, of the small one seventy. We make use of stone coal for fuel. We can, with ease, dis- charge our stills sex temes in twenty-four hours, and in that time use only about three bushels.of coal, without any dan- ger of burning the liquor or stills. It is not attended with half the labor of a wood fire, nor do we experience that dif- pe of regulating the fire as is the case where wood is JOHN P. ARNDT. Experiments of Mr. Smith, of Bucks county, Plough manu- facturer, shewing the excellence of Leuiex Coat for “Biackantths work. ae ovine: e same used six bushels, aa took two hours more time. 2d. In welding up coulters that used to require three heats with charcoal, now require but two and frequeatly done with one. 3d. Laying shbaremoulds and welding on the lnndirsicles, that used to require four heats each, now done in and with only two, and taken in less time. terday morni the thirtieth part of a ton) Come | hundred of 3-4 square iron, which they Pee int iy three plow clevices ; one fire in working si Pa pe ir eir. coal and one: bushel of charegals other, in working ae had Slbs. ~— and completed 1 their avy in one hour) 1 the san be Anthracite formation of Wilkesbarre, &c. - The following statement taken from my book, will exhibit in a clearer light, the value of Lehigh coal : Smith book account and wrought iron on hand, for the month of January, eighty-six days work done $211 Charcoal used in forging the same, three hundred and seventy-five bushels, at $12 perhundred bushels 465 Smith book account and wrought iron on hand, from Ist February to the 25th March, one hundred and seventy-seven days work done Charcoal used, two hundred and seventy-five bushels, deduct for same in proportion for January, as the work was similar 29 Seventy-five bushels of Lehigh coal used in forg- ing the above, $604 worth of work, at $1 per bushel 604 Jharcoal necessary to have done the eee wort - wor agreesilente to the sabe. “sa ea January, e thousand | at $12. "vom which deduet $15, th the price of the Lehigh — coal — P ile the balance in favour of the Lehigh coal Tt is my firm belief, iets the time gained is wrbitinekore more than the whole price of the JOSEPH SMITH. Tinicum, Bucks County, Pa. : 4th month, 2d day, 1814, NB. One of my journeymen, who was did most neat - now using the Lehigh coal at = Berks county, at $75 per hundred bushels, in a neighbourhood where ciaccoul can be panien for one ‘tenth of the sum. March 13, 1816. J.S. I have, for two months past, made use of stonesaels distillery, and am much pleased with it. I have ascer- td th t three bushels of coal (with a little dry wood to Kindle) is sufficient to run my singling still six times, my doubling still once, and boil all the water for mashing, &c. Anthracite formation of Wilkesbarre, &e. 15 I find, in using this coal, a great _— of labor, and the copper is not so liable to be injured as by wood, because there is not so a danger of burning the still, or running foul at the w mode of s setting stills for this kind of coal, is as fol- lows :—I draw a circle sufficiently large to give room for a circular flue, round the body of the still, of about four inches, Aeaving an opening of twelve inches wide and two feet deep, for an ash hole; I then raise the ash hole twelve inches high, and put on my grate, which is made of inch are bars, placed about three-fourths of an inch apart, an sufficient number to cover the ash hole. I prefer to nid the square bars riveted (instead of putting them in loose as some sce tease fee i front, of ; then up a Cast iron frame i in f teen faches wide nd twelve high, with d elve high, with a cast iron door raise the side wall and back of the fetitioe a little flaring to the height of the cast iron door frame, level- ling the top ; then put down four brick for bearers, on which set my still; then drawing a flue of about four inches round the sides of the still, enclose it at the top rise of the breast. This mode I find to answer a very good — for stone coal. It is not mee to have a slider or damper in chimney, because by closing the front of the ash hole, and opening the door couhe fade wil -sefiisiently check the operation of the fire when required. GEORGE HAINES. March 10, 1815. I have used the Lehigh coals. They: prodace'a: a greater degree of heat than any other fuel I am aequsnted with— they give no smoke—contain no | I have tried outside of the boiler. While the boilers are clear of soot, less fuel will produce steam to drive the engine. The fur- nace must, reais age seeped papier, bes ie peoeerly con- structed for them. 16 On the Serpentine Rocks of Hoboken, N. J. &c. These coals will no doubt prove the cheapest, most du- — cleanly, and pleasant fuel for warming apartments, as as for many other useful purposes.—They are without doubt the best for making edge tools. I believe that Lehigh Coal at 5s. per bushel is as cheap as Virginia at 2s. 9¢.—In a grate or stove, a fire of this coal will Jast from twelve to fourteen hours. OLIVER EVANS. Art. Il.— Observations on the Serpentine rocks of Hoboken, an New-Jerse ys and on the minerals which they contain ; by Tuomas Nurratt. {Read in the Academy of N’ atiiral Sciences of Philadelphia, May 8th, 1821. Forwarded in MS. for insertion in this Journal. } in pees, to the transition of serpentine granite on which the city of D ered is foemided, gteete in contiguity with a rock, sometimes coarsely granular, ‘formed principally of quartz and felspar. Seams of breccia of angular fragments cemented together @ spar resembling arragonite, and which has been erroneous- ly announced as a carbonate ef magnesia, indicate at least the partial transition of this serpentine into the surrounding ions, or the transfusion of some foreign ingredient in- to the rocky mass while yet yielding and capable of easy penetration. This eee which differs so much in external char- acter from the finer diaphanous or nephritic kind of Massa- olive. Its specific gravity by Nicholson’s balance was 2,820. It acquires but a feeble polish, and is commonly penetrated i octahedral crystals, said —— authority to be chromated iron. Before the blowpipe it remains infusible, and by strong calbieialelh Jooses 16 pet On the Serpentine Rocks of Hoboken, N. J. &e. 17 cent. of volatile — and then acquires a pale brownish tinge. Decomposed by acids, without calcination, which obstructs the solution, it afforded 30 percent. of silex, about 52 per cent. magnesia, with only two parts in the hundred of oxid of iron, and not a vestige of chrome, alumine or lime. So that as we shall perceive in the sequel of this es- say, the magnesian earth pervades this formation and all its concomitant minerals in a manner hitherto unparalleled. It is unnecessary for me to add any thing concerning the -Yare and singular mineral of this Joeality known as an al- most pure hydrate of magnesia, but which, though perfectly colorless and transparent, still conceals an essentia h minute portion of iron, and about 30 per cent. of water. That pees of. the mineral see presents a greenish colour, as guish by the nai of marmalite.* Although this hydrate | rieesehing a Bich vad gree of purity and homogenity, it has never yet been detec- d in a proper crystalline form, — Its lamina indced appear almost always fasciculated in different directions, and in some ‘specimens I have traced itinto a magnesian marble, present- ly to be nie in which it presents triangular lamina di- © common centre so as to y opabe a etd "The sabstihiees above ‘otal: : magnesian marble, appears as it were, to form a tion of the same waits which afford the magnesian {ts colour is commonly, and constantly when pure, of a p fect white, sometimes of a very close grain, and with a ac- ture inclining to the conchoidal, but commonly splintery. The most compact kind even gives some s with steel, in the same fragrnents there are also almost ect portions aes lamellar or sparry tex sextant, er letnina ae: mgeble, a : more hyaline, ee Atos i: lirections. In the cavities also cet sl ters impid crystals, to bak as far as visible through the microscope, presenting sloogeet a x- + stomps wayhnenel a breadth, 18 On the Serpentine Rocks of Hoboken, N. J. &c. and either truncated at the apex, or with an acumination so indistinct as to be scarcely visible. If these crystals are to be considered as homogeneous with the sparry mass to which they adhere, they are essentially crystals of carbonate of magnesia, but at the same time there is nothing thus far dis- coverable in them by which they could be distinguished from carbonate of lime. his white substance presents sometimes a singular state of disintegration, filling the cavi- ties of the veins with a perfectly friable and pulverulent sub- stance of the colour and appearance of the magnesia of the shops. The specific gravity of this marmoraceous mineral taken by Nicholson’s balance was 2,880. Chemical characters. 50 grains of the white and sparry kind, possessing a splintery fracture, and giving fire with steel, after pulverization, and strong ignition for an hour and a half, came out a little tinged with brown, and had lost 25 grains. This powder dissolved almost instantaneously in nitric acid, and formed a saline brown mass, which was evaporated to dryness, when, being diluted and filtered, it left one grain of silex in a hyaline gelatinous form. _ On the addition of the prussiate of potash a deep blue precipitate appeared, and amounted by the usual reduction to a quarter of a grain of protoxid of iron. e whole of the earthy contents were now precipitated at a boiling heat with carbonate of potash, which when edulcorated and calcined gave 22 grains of what appeared to be magnesia, and which lost no appreciable portion on be- ing boiled in caustic potash. Its solution, however, in sul- phuric acid afforded 10 per cent. of gypsum, or nearly the proportion of three and a half grains of pure lime. From this experiment the magnesian marble of Hoboken appears to consist in the 100 parts of agnesia - - 00 - Carbonic acid and water 50,00 Lime _ - - =. po lex - ee 2,00 Protoxid of iron ee 0,50 100,00 The proportion of lime varies, so that in a highly colour- ed green and sparry specimen, scarcely distinguishable from serpentine, I obtained 48 per cent. of lime. On the Serpentine Rocks of Hoboken, N. J. &c. 19 Nemalite, or Aiianthoid Magnesite. This substance, which forms veins in the serpentine of Hoboken, is in all probability one of the most deceptive min- erals ever discovered, since it appears in every respect as ‘a well characterized variety of amianthus for which it had al- en mistaken. It possesses the usual silky lustre and flexible fibrous texture, and is commonly of a pale blue colour. It cannot indeed like the genuine amianthus be re- duced to a flocculent mass, so as to be twisted and spun, and the a when presented to the flame of a lamp, in- stead of running up into a globule, like that of Massachu- setts, remain infusible, become 2 friable, opaque and rigid, time assume ht brown from the oxi- perenne Sea Seber in Seid ‘without efferreseh ce, ex escape jin such Rpanirs as have been exposed to the weather, or which are slightly contaminated nore carbonate of lime. Its spe- cific gravity I found to be 2 y exposure to a sata heat, in the experiment which I made it lost 30 per cent. and in sulphuric acid was all converted into a well characterised epsom salt, exce about a grain of lime anda pene ne eee about 5 per cent. of the protoxide. This mineral when rubbed with a piece of i iron as well as the lamellated magnesite phosphoresces with a a yellowish hight. Marmolite. This mineral, which has latherto. ‘peed ceaidered'in this country as a variety of talc, forms also narrow veins in the pentine of Hoboken, and in that of the Bae leneer magnesian mar Its texture is foliated with shee: Sanita Ahiing one often Hel as in ¢ Sometimes also cleaving in two di- rections parallel to the sides of an oblique and rb ge four sided prism. These lamina, sometimes a quarter of an inch broad, are commonly collected into into radiating or diver- 20 On the Serpentine Rocks of Hoboken, N. J. &c. ging clusters, of a pale green or gresnisli-prey colour and a pearly submetallic lustre, soft enough to be easily cut by a knife, and almost perfectly opaque, enenibies and Site, Its powder is unctuous and shining. By the influence of the weather it becomes whitish and more brittle, Its spe- cific gravity by Nicholson’s balance was 2,470. Chemical characters. Before the blowpipe it decrepitates, PREPS: and slightly exfoliates without showing any sign of 10. 100 grains after an hour’s ignition lost 15 per cent. and the fragments were then sufficiently hard to scratch glass. The remaining 85 grains were dissolved in nitric acid and formed a thick and partly gelatinous mass. After the so- lution appeared complete, there remained on filtration and desiccation by ignition 35 grains of silex, which with pot- ash readily fused with effervesence into a pellucid glass. The metallic. stay was then. -paceinitaiad- by penavinte of potash and by the grass green colour of the solu ere ap d mixed with a minute portion of chrome. This pre cipitate of a deep blue amounted when dried, after timid the pines reduction, to one half a grain of the protoxid of iro Lassi the sobation to dryness and lixiviating, there remained one grain more of silex The eee Drexiouely ascertained to 2s principally mag- nesian, was uow precipitated by caust he prea boiled to aeparete the alumnine, it might con- ain. The alkaline liquor was again shperenthrated with muri- atic acid, to which — was added, but without produ- ee: any precipitatio he precipitate by caustic e potash, after edulcoration and ignition, sufficient to expel the carbonic acid, weighed 46 grains, and was mg redissolved in sulphuric acid, which ohet repeated digestion and solution, deposited five and a half eon of gypsum, equivalent to two grains of lime. On the Serpentine Rocks of Hoboken, N. J. &e. 21 The remaining fluid mene into Epsom salt. Hence 100 parts of the mineral consist of agnesia ~ - 46,0 lex - + - - 36,0 Lime - - on wie: RQ Water 15,0 Prowosig. of ix iron fat keane 0,5 99,5 Loss 5 *100,0 “af pra composition alone were to guide us in the classifi n of minerals, in this instance more tally simi: ia not as yet er aesomcttes with any xy hr ti int tion, I consider myself as rather justified in considering it a distinct mineral, and more particularly, as it might on equal srounds be referred to tale or steatite, from all which its external characters sufficiently remove it. From steatite, which does not essen Ax Phas differ from tale, it is su ly distinguished by the peculiar association and form of its la- mina, their opacity, gees infusibility. Its spe- cific gravity, inferior bards a ——. ompositi equally remove it from’ po a bo Steno Arn the latter itt ences of asbestus. — sian ts the remarkable predominance o apnea in al W f Hoboken, . wr Ts ae = any ‘alum, and-only-a oe minute and simon accidents portion of lime, itis evident that a profita- ble and extensive ates: - oe salt, now so pach used pte Baltimore mineral ‘contains: only 30 per ik i and notrace 22 On the Serpentine Rocks of Hoboken, N. J. &c. in medicine, and imported largely into this country, could here be established In England it has been found profitable to manufacture this salt from the calcareous magnesian minerals. In this process, however, it becomes necessary to saturate the use- less and predominating portion of calcareous earth besides the magnesia, which in the serpentine of Hoboken, and probably that of Baltimore, is entirely obviated by the ab- sence of every soluble earth but the magnesian. In Salinelle, in the department of Gard in France, this salt is fabricated to advantage from an earth which consists in the 100 parts of Silex 45, magnesia 22, water 32, and a trace of iron From such minerals and particularly from a substance so pure, unusually productive, and uncontaminated as that of the serpentine in question, the sulphate might be obtained in a degree of purity altogeter superior to that of commerce, from the bittern of usually manufactured sea-water. which abounds in foreign in ients. A puly on similar to that witiel is ersployedhs re- rit psum for agricultural purposes is all that would be requisite in these serpentine rocks ; and as far as my ex- periments have extended in the small way, the solution of this mineral is more complete before than after ignition, at least when a moderate heat is employe Inthe vicinity of G bout eight miles fr n Phil- adelphia, a serpentine Sietinsber occurs $0 very similar to the Fahlunite of Sweden, that I could not satisfy myself of their distinction in any other way than by the educts of analysis, Like that mineral it occurs in disseminated, but partly con- fluent blackish-green masses, blended with a greyish-green, confusedly laminated tremolite, closely allied to Hornblende, and as weil as the serpentine, soft enough to be easily scrap- ed with a knife, and scarcely scratching glass. The frac- ture of this serpentine is somewhat conchoidal as in Fi ahlu- Tron Mines, &c. in Vermont. 23 nite, though dull and orels translucent in their splinters, which emit a greenish li composition I found “ ped in vale 100 aoe Silex - 33, ea S50 BP 42, 0 _ nS Ser aa 3,50 Tro - - mittee Dy Water po volatile matter 13, 0 98,50 Loss 1,50 The at this dedueti d ee cee variety, deducting the iron an as well as that of Loudan grove near Art. Ifl.—Notice of Iron mines and manufactures in Ver- mont, and of some localities of earthy minerals ; by Pro- rrssor F. Hau, in a letter tot the Editor » dated 4 25 pce mae In my last communication, I ; of some of the other iron ore edo of 7 prrearies Thay since examined the one situated in Brandon, a town sixteen miles south from this place. The ore bed, lying about two miles north from the centre - the spon ey owned bya pe ‘od. wae ‘ST the Green sig temarees it is bounded, on the The ground being covered with snow, when visited the ore bed, I had no opportunity to examine the surface of the digger, who has long resided on the spot, cn ‘me all the infc mation in his power, relative to the 24 Fron Mines, &e. in Vermont. He conducted me to a number of piles of it, which * oad recently assisted in digging. An acre or two of land is made into a complete riddle by pits, from which the ore has been thrown. ‘They are from six to twenty-five feet deep, and from — to twelve in diameter. Their walls are perpendicular. everal kinds of ore occur in this immense deposit ; such as the brown oxide, both amorphous and hematitic, the compact red oxide and yellow ochre. The last is vastly the most abundant. In one pit, the brown oxide made its ap- pearance within about six feet ; in another, within twenty feet, of the surface. It runs in veins in the yellow ochre, which are sometimes a number of feet in thickness. It is very porous, but the pores are principally filled with ochre. The oxide is easily frangible ; it soils the fingers, but does not feel greasy. Its colour is often of a bluish east. 2en taken from the bed, it has no effect on the magnet. I ex- ea a smal] | specime nto the action of the sblompine: and gee ‘The compact red oxide is not. however of a deep red. Its fracture is dull. All the varieties of the ore have more of an earthy, than of a metallic appearance. This bed of ore appears to be exhaustless. In its vicinity is a forge, owned by Mr. Roger Fuller, in which are annually manufactured thirty-six tons of bar iron. The ore, on an average, yields thirty per cent. of pure iron. The iron, in this part of the country, is held in high estima- tion. It sells for one dollar in the hundred more than the best Swedish iron. Its superiority arises from its being tougher, and more malleable than most other iron. It plates with facility, into shovels, which are pronounced to be equal to the best English shovels. Mr. Fuller has recently erect- — ed an ee for the manufacture of shovels, a few rods from his forg In Brandon ne ap , 2 large a commodious furnace has —_ been built, by Mr. John Conant, where this ore is into cast iron. The works have been in op- eration a short time time only, but should they perform as much laboo, monthly, through the year, as they have done since erection, the whole quantity of cast iron annually. made will amount co upwards of one hundred tons. I have sel- dom seen castings, which were so perfect. Conant’s and Foreign Notices in Mineralogy, &c. 25 Broughton’s patent stoves, the making of which constitutes the chief business of the establishment, are in so much de- mand, that they are disposed of as fast as they can be man- eiiiedh At the forge, the ore is fused, without the addi- tion of any foreign article for a flux. At the furnace, sili- cious limestone is employed for this purpose. In the single county of Rutland, there are no Jess than four blast furnaces, and two or three ocket furnaces, as they are called, all in successful operation during a consid- erable part of each year. I have just received a mineral from a gentleman at Mon- treal, which, if I mistake not, is augite imbedded in ichthy- ‘cme The latter substance is less brilliant, than a have- Ottewe es ee , aie nes e Montreal. Amianthus occurs, at Barton, Vt. ie fibres are shite and remarkably delicate. Common and ligniform asbestus is foundin vast quantity, in Mount Holly, Vt. Tremain, Dear Sir, Aleks sentiments of bigh espes. Baath meen a toper ies os Pet: sainlige se i Arr. WV — Foreign notices in Miner clogy, ie. 3 comma a : cated by J. W - Wesster, M. D. seep 1 —Wotie of some minerals from the Nowe South Shand 1 na of #: sim Nw an Islands, gear pe pecs : ne er ater bear mineral poduein of Teeland and ane Fes Fone ens Iam i logical of the New il: spe the two former, 4 26 Foreign Notices in Mineralogy, &c. and that they are in part, if not wholly, of volcanic origin.* One of the specimens, which is now in my cabinet, is very much in favour of this opinion. It is a fragment of a Tra rock, composed of augite and felspar, and cannot readily be distinguished from portions of the Trap rocks of Iceland. is specimen is about six inches in length, and has an ir- regular prismatic form. Nearly the whole of one side of it is covered with balexdony, and small rock erystals. This is evidently part of alarge drusy cavity. ‘The calcedony. has a slightly bluish colour, and is rather more than half an inch in thickness ; and the transparent crystals rest upon it. A second specimen is composed of jasper and calcedony. The jasper is red, (about the colour of arterial blood,) with bands of light yellow, and brown ; the surface is irregular, and is covered on one side with calcedony of a most deli- cate flesh colour, in small mamillary concretions, studded with innumerable minute brilliant crystalline points. The most singular specimen is a portion of a stalnctte, which has been broken transversely. Its length is t inches and a half, its diameter rather more than two. The exterior layer, which is about a quarter of an inch thick, is composed of crystallized transparent quartz, within which is a layer of milk. white calcedony of about the same thickness, and the centre of the specimen is filled by calcareous spar of a yellowish brown colour, and opaque. The calcareous spar is so hard near its junction with the calcedony, that it yields with difficulty to the knife. It however effervesces with an acid. The central portion is considerably softer. Among these specimens are many globular, and ovoidal inasses of caleedony, of various shades of white, grey, blue, and red. Their size varies from that of a hen’s egg to diameter of eight or ten — beans are Siohons and are inverse, cuboide, and metastatigue of E fiuy. The exterior of these ‘sender ie 3 irregular ‘having that in dented.surface 50 * Mr. J. Miens, in the Edin. Philo. Jonr No.6, has given a ve inberasting t of the discovery of New South Shetland, se fro m the ay ra im m from the mate of one of the vessels which Has i mre to consid or tie const as ¢ sa danimaieener acter soe cho Soe Foreign Notices in Mineralogy, &. a common in the calcedonies of other localities ; and it is covered with a thin layer of green earth. I have one very beautiful specimen of jasper, composed of alternate layers of red, brown, white, and grass green. mong some specimens, which the captain of the vessel told me he picked up “ on the summitof a lofty mountain,” I observed three or four small pieces of selenite and arsenical iron pyrites were also fade in these islands. } . : The specimens of crystallized quartz brought here, were numerous, and many of them of great beauty. . ese minerals, as I was informed, were picked up “ loose on ve ahi of the islands,” but many v were ob- hiloso 1 Fora. ms « Rock Bye centile 8 nine ne globule? of water formed and forming, in decaying granite in Elba-—The granite of Elba is sometimes traversed by fissures, and these fissures are frequently filled with a chews aiping Meta granite, in which, we are told, are ay ing rock-crystals, nearly all of wees contain bubbles of water ; and sometimes there ap- peare'e-vegetble-like mint ce Oe fe the. . at ¢ " 3 Vargas Bedowars ‘who has rmbt nt a yen ee the geognostic structure of the Faroe islands, strontites, in secondary trap; also opal, most ost fre precious Rey MS disc ‘the a bt ral he cog oF sep al; jotrope, | ii black and he mentions having found crattwnge u flint also in the trap-r rocks.” “ Mohs’s characteristic “An Bnglh csc ty O~ fessor Mohs oni yi of his characteristic, or bic te TS the Or Bei ands of mit ier published at Edinburgh. Pied — ae is bu freee pores a slots’ ——s 238 Horeign Notices in Mineralogy, &c. work, “ on the Formsof the Inorganic Kingdom,” of which the first part will appear next Easter, and the second the nee summer. Having iuihed this interesting work, ext prepare and put to press, an account t of his Galecacattenk investigations in ee Alps and in Italy.” “ Extraordinary mass of Platina discovered in Peru.— A negro slave in the gold mines of Condoto, in the goveri- ment of Choco, in South America, found a mass of platina of extraordinary magnitude, and which is now deposited in the Royal museum, in Madrid. It weighs rather more than one pound and a third, and is the largest piece of this metal hitherto met with. The largest specimen brought from America by Humboldt, and deposited in the King’s cabinet in Berlin, and which weighs 1085 grains, was also found in Choco. These facts allow us to hope, that platina may be found in its - Fe mareewhere! in oh sonny Dr. B ‘ie pe ee ie Sear " ral brought from hd by Earl icone (Resident ean the Geological Society of London.) “It is found in sinali transparent or semi-transparent crystals, lining the cavities of an amygdaloidal rock from Vesuvius. ‘The crystals are right prisms, nearly rectangular, with plane summits ; or the same figure truncated on the lateral edges, so as to compose an eight sided prism, This last form is the rsost common. Comptonite, by exposing it in the state of powder to the action of nitric acid, is convertible into ajelly, like all the mesoty pes.—It scratches stilbite, fluor spar, and apatite, but not mesotype. It is distinguished from stilbite, by its being convertible into a jelly by nitric acid, a prop- erty not possessed by stilbite. It is distinguished from auvergne mesotype, and from the mesotype or prea of Iceland by the angles of the primitive prism, &c From No.5 of Edinburgh’ Philosophical nseads < Sgn of three new species of net ore found at Lead hills ; by H. J. Sanne Esq. F. R. S. Lond. M. G. 8. ys Kies some specimens of lead ore from Lead hills, I vave found three new species, of which two have been no- Foreign Notices in Mineralogy, &«. 29 ticed by Count Bournon, and one by Mr. Sowerby. I shall designate them by the names of Sulphato-corbonnt of led : Sulphato-tri-carbonate of iea upreous i wah of lead ount sia has described the first es as a variety of carbonate of lead. The second he calls rhomboidal carbonate, and describes it as dissolving more readily in ni- iric acid, and with greater effervescence than common car- bonate. Its primary form he supposes to be a rhomboid of 60° and 120°. The third species has been called by Mr. ce, in his British Mineralogy, Green Carbonate of pets Phe diferenee b between the external mechameh of this copper. and between seen, e to iiaeciee ieqeersgr 7 of eckstheteleagt, tals in nitric acid. The effervescence was cen i as described by Count Bournou ; but I was surprised to observe, after the effervescence had ceased, a white insolu- ble residuum, which, on examination, proved to be sul- phate of lead. In consequence of the observation of this fact, and of per erapinenir amos * on the same specimen of the three eties, orauenacareds than Pein examined them all, be I believe the following results Semis os =p The sulphato-carbonate consists of 1 atom, sulphate nsulpbate of lead. a. tiosraacences mnie dissolving in nitric saa kcal From Gain Sateiicigaeets. ee es das vaheeince goniom- eter on two cleavages 3 Socan the: character: ofa some of its lanes and from the e observation of its cleaving 30 Foreign Notices in Mineralogy, ec. I conceive its primary form to be a right prism, whose base is an oblique-angled parallelogram of 59° an But the crystals i have, are too imperfect to determine this point ibs precision, or to give the height of the prism. The sulphato-tri-carbonate consists of 1 atom sulphate, Fiona. “* carbonate, jaf le of aoa gravity, 6.3 to ardness between arte of lead and cupreous sul- phate-carbonate. Colour of the rhomboidal erystals: pale greenish, or yel- lowish, or brownish, or colourless and transparent, when very minute. The prismatic varieties are colourless, or of various aes of pale yellow. The rhomboids are acute, meas- ring 72° 30” and 107° 30”; and from not having found anj-cietalieti e than one perpendicular to the axis of the crystal, I am Ee odacdd to adopt this as the primary f orm. _ The principal modifications I have observed, are which pass into the six-sided prism by the truncation of all the solid angles of the rhomboid, and those which produce more obtuse rhomboids, of whieh there are three or four? The natural planes of all except the most minute crystals are more or less rounded, and consequently waren imper- fect reacting, The cio Aire aloe iteoms appears, from the sep- arate analysis o 3.59 grs. > girs.) to eer ee Cif the carb. of cop- &. = ts atoms se Maco of lead, ) per be chemically | eee : _ carbonate, ) _ ) combined, “oe not We Bed ane a of copper, accidental. ie grav is about 6 _ Flaine ss between pre of lead and sulphatorti- ae blue to dark seeanigh- bits The primary form is a right. prism, with ends! a recta: gular or rhombic base. From the indication. of jo o allel to all the planes of the latter; and pair i Foreign Notices in Mineralogy, &c. 31 fr peo joints parallel to more than four of the planes of the wm, I consider the right rhombic prism as oe primary form. "The angles of this prism are 95° and ; the planes which give the angle of 95° appear on ma- a eo the crystals as a dihedral termination to secondary forms, analogous to some prismatic varieties of sulphate of barytes. The crystals are generally very minute, and ap- r sometimes in small bunches, radiating from their com- mon point of attachment to the matrix. Besides the cleavages parallel to its planes, the rhombic prism divides also in the direction of its et diagonal, and its height is to the edge of the base as 2 to _ The fact that peesenee itself to our notice shee of so dis- a difference of rystalline Soch by ach ay, ' ri lL end fir m the in mat sats a hat - between the eee sant cryitallograpbieat & aracters of minerals; and it appears to disprove M. Beudantyr Cane ture, that only the secondary form of crystals are affected by a change in the proportions of their constituent chemi- cal elements. li is remarkable, too, that lead should. alone present so paar many instances of a es Eee: at thes same time with two acids. — Sites area London, 13th May, 1820, a No. 6 of Edinburgh hsaseeed janis eo “New works on Petrifactions.—1. The well inti ge- , Baron Von Schlotheim, is just about to publish : an extensive work on petrifactions, or j from the ac- curacy, and extensive aaa oie aut a it cannot also —— a mated on ae me own coal, and other cers 9am ef thes ie’ ere nfl aiggalet has 6 Sah us? ae a Leip od : fi ork; eat | the 32 Foreign Notices in Mineralogy, &e. are of the same description with those so agtrenicone distri- buted i in our coal fields. 3. Geological notices in Northern Aaa Jrom the Quar- fenly Review, No. “« A narrative of travels in Northern Africa in the years 1818-19 and 20, &c. &c. by Captain G. F. Lyon, R. N. ae ee Rd the late Mr. itchie. Ato. pp- 382. an on, 1 “From specimens of rock collected by Captain Lyon in various parts of his journey, Professor Buckland has been able to determine the geological structure of Tripoli and Fezzan ; all of which may be referred to the three forma- tions, 1. Basalt; 2. Tertiary limestone of about the same age with the calcaire gronsiet of Paris ; 3. New red sand ne, or k on Ri as we have al- mm; their direction is o) of: avd they Heretik having _ them Saeity two hundred miles to the south-eastward of Lyon, where they take the name of the Black Harutsch. Some basalt also appears in the Gharian mountains ; but this ridge, which runs probably to the bor- ders of Egypt, is composed apparently of trap and caleare- ous rocks—the tertiary limestone above mentioned. The rocks conjain marine shells, particularly two species of car- dium, in a state of delicate preservation. Indeed most of the Hiiestons formation, in every part of Northern Africa, appears to be loaded with fragments of organic remains, the most distinet of which, brought away by Captain = hana may be referred to the genera ortrea and pecten. We are in- tiga by Horneman, that the ruins of the temple of Si- h are limestone, containing petrifactions of shells and mall marine animals ; and from this place, westerly, the face of the rocky chain rising abruptly from the sandy des- ert was so crowded and filled with marine animals and shells and white detached mounds, as it were wholly composed of shells, that when taken in connexion with the ‘sea sand,’ which covers the desert, this vast tract of country, he con- a _ must have been flooded ata nee “sarcecten’ the Miscellaneous Notices, §e. 33 great deluge. Farthersouth and close tothe Black Harutsch, the calcareous hills, rising steep from the level desert, are so friable, that ‘ petrified conchs, snail-shells, fish, and other marine substances,’ may be taken out by the hand. ‘E found heads of fish,’ says Horneman, ‘that would be a full burthen for one man to car The sagen and last formation appears under its usual form red sand, accompanied by rock salt and gypsum, iheokied with beds of a calcareous breccia, cemented by magnesian limestone, and of compact dolomite. The drift sand is composed of extremely minute grains of red semi- transparent quartz. Mr. Buckland observes, that the fre- quent aime cen of salt 2 and of rock salt and gyp- sum, goes far to identify this sand of the deserts with the new ie in the ap Sc Rea i whichare compact, sonorous, and of a dark liver re having a shining iolished surface ; they are abun- dantly found among the sand. A narrow bed, entirely composed of tubular concretions of iron of similar origin, near the pass of Kenair, threw out irregular ramifications through the sand like the roots of trees, and presented at first sight the resemblance of lava. Most of the plains are with strewed | magnesian mnt or dolomite split into small laminated nana iy which break and rattle under the feet like pottery. Many other varieties of ms lime- magnesian stone and carbonates of lime are associated with the sand and sandstone of the hills and plains - this fess o: mis- erable cou ntry.” ! . Notice of some fat at re in a letter to the ay dito: Ir. PS Hudson, N- ¥. Dees, 1820. ar, ees lately p Re: eee iad was stebucke i ioe nba oe ena limestone at Vou wedee 34 Miscellaneous Notices of American Glenn’s Falls, as deseribed by you, bear to some detached rolled masses lately found in this maneneawond, about forty feet below the surface. These pieces were thrown out in digging a well on the side of Prospect hill, about one mile from the river—This city is built ona foundation of argil- pcstire marl lying in horizontal strata, and containing a con- iderable portion of sulphate of magnesia. In front of the coisas street there is a steep bank composed of silicious — which rises about seventy feet above the surface of the iver; as you recede from this, the ground declines ten or Gfiane feet to Market square, from whence there is a gradu- al ascent for about one mile to the base of Prospect-Hill, on the north-west side of which this well was commenced -at an elevation of about one hundred and seventy feet. The well was sunk about eighty feet, passing almost entirely through a solid mass of hard clay, (or pan,) not stratified, and containing rounded pebbles of quartz, &c, and rolled and water-worn pieces of | imneas ones abovementioned, aspecimen of which different from any thing of the kind in ‘his pre ts of country—From the mouth of the well the hill rises about one hundred and eigh- ty feet, with an uniform smooth surface, and falls off gently on the south-east, to a low meadow, which divides it from the north end of Becraft’s mountain, so called. This is a solid mass of grey rock supporting a blue compact limestone ; tbe upper strata of both rocks contain a great variety of pe- trifactions which have been described by Mr. Eaton re) others. Prospect-Hill, on the contrary, oe et no ap pearance of rock strata whatever, although on the and in the vicinity are found pebbles and rounded masses of quartz, granite, gneiss, &c. Among the pebbles we find slate of several colours, chlorite, j jasper, basanite, &c.; these are also found in connection with a grey sand, which is ta- ken from the adjoining vallies for building purposes, and which is evidently composed of the particles of disintegrated primitive rocks, and presents so strong appearance of alluvi- al A one as to be apparent to the most careless observer. {t appears therefore evident that this alluvial matter has been borne down by the rushing waters from its original situation in the a regions of the mois and ea oo in its present location. The investigation of this subject appears to me of some importance in a geological view. If Mineralogy, Geology, §&c. — 35 you should think otherwise I trust you will excuse me for troubling you on the subject. I have forwarded some of the crystals* of selenite, found in this vicinity during the last season, a description of which was published in several — ~_ er of the day, which peti you might pe baies the honour to be, with respect, yours, &c. JOHN P. JENKINS. — Pror. Siituman. 2. Notices in Geology and Mineralogy, pg orni: in 4 oetten fom ie: Lynn Foor, eset’, States army. Set ne weet ey pee? « pa ee Pee a Sere = PI), gg Reka —- , 4010 _ ree Se of June, . 3 Si me oi aa 3 : 4 aes a eH ie Bere By yee ; oe ae al serena ae aa oy us SE Se PE . my < ; rrr ik ies le areas Ly ~ = ee = is . ; ~ a >. ye 3 oS Fe a et ae Fo ges "Yiies aiistal were formerly found, on the shores of the island and in the water. At present they are scarcely obtained at all except by breaking the rocks. The immediate matrix of the crystals seems to be a mixture of fine granular quartz with the limestone ; it is impressible by steel, but sometimes does not input with acids.* The crystals of this locality are of the c on form, very lim- pid, and often contain a dark sclahant were substance i im- bedded in them. Crystals of calcareous spar, well defined and of considera- ble size occu occur in the same rocks, sometimes with the a pear se ion of the rhomboidal varieties. ae Very brilliant rhombic masses of calcareous spar also ios sent themselves in these rocks; these masses are not erys-_ tals, but have the crystaline structure, giving perfectly rhom- boidal fragments with a high pea rly lustre ; they are very white and appear exactly like the Iceland crystals, only they are not transparent. They seem to be the bitterspath. ‘The poor people on the island had no idea that the calcare- ous crystals were of any value, and had been in the habit of throwing them away; we took care to give them a different impression, and trust it may be useful to future WisitORss..: Crystals of Diamond Point. We passed down the nile iength of the lake, (thirty-six miles,) in a very small open boat—a fisherman’s skiff, rowed by two men. We stopped at a place on the north ahote of the lake, called Diamond Point, from the fact that crystals are found ‘also at this place. It has been recently opened by the man who lives on the island, and who was our guide on the present occasion. — The and its associated minerals are the same as on the ree » only we observed a see vanely of siliceous mine- — ; agate—ele-_ os cavities occupied by quartz erystals; and some singular d portions, concentric and curved | like agate, but — zy %* Te 7 Zr. : : a¢.,11. aoe 3. " Seiacl 46 Miscellaneous Notices of American without beauty. It is probable that more research will dis- cover interesting varieties of siliceous and other minerals in the lime stone of the south end of Lake George. It would probably repay a good observer who should investigate it with industry and attention. | Sands of Lake George.—At various places, we examin- ed the sands of the shores of this most beautiful lake. Around its head, there is a good deal of magnetic iron sand, of a fine glossy ‘black, and both here and in many other places, we found the detritus to consist almost entirely, of the ruins of primitive rocks, and of their imbedded and es- pecially of their crystaline minerals. Limpid quartz, garnet, and epidote, are of most frequent occurrence, and when mixed with the black iron sand they have a pleasing appearance, especially when spread out on paper and viewed with a magnifier. It is indeed somewhat difficult to believe that the garnet and epidote, and proba- bly cocolite, often rich in their colours and highly translu- cent, are not ruby and chrysoberyl. It would be worth while to examine these sands more particularly, to ascer- tain whether there may not be gems among them, as the gene of Ceylon and of Brazil, and the hyacinths of Expail- ly in France, are found among alluvial ruins. Some sands shewn us by Professor Dewey, at Williamstown, and which came from the great falls of the Hudson, thirty miles above Glenn’s Falls, are even more remarkable for richness and beauty than those of Lake George: they and all similar sands should be examined with an attentive eye. Transparency and purity of the Waters of Lake George. —The fact is notorious, and the degree in which it exists is most remarkable : the bottom and the fish are seen at a great depth: the fishermen who rowed us asserted that could, at particular times, see the fish at the depth of fifty feet: if even half of this statement be admitted, it is sufficiently remarkable. ‘The water is also very pure, sa- _lubrious and agreeable to the taste. It is wel) known that 3 “phe French formerly obtained and exported this water for -Yeligious uses,* and that they called the lake St. Sacra- * To be used as holy water. Mineralogy, Geology, &c. 47 The cause of the transparency and purity of these waters is obvious. With the exception of small quantities of trans- ition — stone, its shores, as far as we saw them, are com- primitive rocks, made up principally of siliceous and falise very firm and insoluble materials. The streams by which the lake is fed, flow over similar substances, and pens waves find nothing to dissolve or to hold mechanically nded. Clay, which abounds around the head waters of the contiguous lake (Champlain) and renders them tur- bid, scarcely exists here. It is remarkable however, that as we approach Lake Champlain, in thd vicinity of Ticon-_ deroga, the waters of Lake George become, for a few miles, presse 2e tarbid, as near the efflux they are very much so — pis mineral app z ea to aby d ‘inthe p — at ane rediene t of Caldwell oat Emery had d been deinen down the lake, and was used considerably for polishing, grinding, &c. We obtained some of this mineral from a promontory called Anthony’s Nose,* a few miles south of Ticonderoga, and nearly opposite to Rogers’ Rock. Itisa andsome and very well characterized hoematite ; it is com- pact, lamellar, fibrous, mamillary, botryoidal, &e. present far less than the brown and black varieties. ‘The colour and pow- der of this hematite are bright red. The people -wersam- willing to admit that it was not emery, since it grinds, but this is well known to be a property of hematite as well as of other forms of the oxid of iron. The hema- tite of Lake George may very 2 Po answer for blood stones; so much. used:in polishing gilded ‘but tons, &e. > Flesh red Feldspar and compact Epidote. —These mine- rals we observed on the western shore of Lake George, eight miles from Ticonderoga. The felspar was in very large plates in granite, and the epidote in loose stones : the epidote was of a very imtense yellow, like that of chrome, but with youshes * boatmen called this is mountain’ Tony’s Nose, and the mineralozic al traveller must enquire for the Emery in Tony's pees this beinz the style of the boatmen, who will of course be his g 48 Miscellaneous Notices of American a shade of green. Other minerals of more common occur- rence, as garnet and black tourmaline, were observed here. Plumbago.—This mineral, of singular beauty, occurs near Ticonderoga, both massive and disseminated, in brilliant plates, in a large grained crystalized lime stone. It has been mistaken for molybdena, a circumstance which, a few years 0, was common in this country. This locality we did not visit, nor the celebrated one of Pei # s Rock,* where the cocolite is found. ~ Magnetic Iron of Crown Point.—We were not able to Se this place, but we saw them working the magnetic , from its vicinity, in the forges at Ticonderoga. This Fon’ ore is both rich and beautiful in its kind ; its strue- ture is granular and almost erystaline; it has a brilliant black colour, and contains a yellowish imbedded min- scarcely visible without a glass; it resembles eocolite, but is too soft, and a ARRON we Aree UNG to ti ve ita Mountains of Lake George.—There can be no doubt that, whenever they are thoroughly explored, they will abundantly reward the geologist and mineralogist. We, however, saw them only as picturesque objects; as such, they are certain- ly very fine. Particularly as we proceed north from the Tongue Mountain, which is twelve miles from Caldwell. For twenty miles beyond this, on the way to Ticonderoga, the scenery combines, in an uncommon degree, both rich- ness and grandeur. The mountains are all primitive: they form a double barrier, between which the lake, scarcely a mile wide, but — expanding into large bays, winds its way. They are steep and precipitous to t ter’s edge: they an still clothed with grand trees, and pos- sessed by wild animals—deer, rattle-snakes, and bears. They give, in some places, the most distinct and astonish- ing echoes, returning every flexion of the voice with the ‘most faithful response. We saw them hung with the sol- emn drapery of thunder pisces dashed by squalls of wind and rain, and soon after decorated with rainbows, whose * This omission arose from want of time and want of health. Mineralogy, Geology, &c. 49 arches did not surpass the mountain ridges, while they termi- nated in the lake, and attended our little skiff for many miles. The setting sun also gilded the mountains and the clouds that hovered over them, and the little islands, which in great numbers rise out of the lake and present green patch- es of shrubbery and trees, apparently springing from the water, and often resembling, by their minuteness and deli- —. the clumps of a park, or even the artificial groups of a green-house. Fine as is the scenery at the southern end of the lake, and in all the wider part of it, within the com- pass of the first twelve miles from Fort George—its ran- deur i is very. much a after a Tongue oun- in upon you on both tides, d present an endless di- versity of grand and beautiful scenery. It is a re- flection, that even after this part of the United s shall have become as populous as England or Holland, this lake will still retain the fine peculiarities of its scenery, for they are too bold, too wild, and too untractable, ever to be ma- terially softened and spoiled by the hand of m This digression, although not altogether in ott in a sci- entific Journal, may perhaps be pardoned by the reader, and therefore we will presume so far as to add, that the deer are still hunted with success upon the borders of this lake. The hounds drive them from the recesses of the mountains, when they take refuge in the water, and the huntsmen easily overtaking them in an element not their own, seize them by the horns, knock them on the head, and dragging their necks over the side of the boat, cut their throats. There is a celebrated mountain about fourteen miles from Ticonderoga, called the Buck Mountain, from the fact that a buck, pursued by the dogs, leaped from its em overhanging the lake in the form of a precipice, was literally — alive ‘upon-s italy — tree, which projected below Walls of Ticonderoga.—After all the dibabidstionts of ti time and of man, ‘Ticonderoga, with its mutilated walls and bar- * This cirensibesnée tse mentioned to us by the man whose dogs drove ne buck to this —_ caren: He: stated, that he had sometimes taken forty deer in Vou. IV..... Nee i. 7 50 Miscellaneous Notices of American racks, and with its picturesque environs, presents one of the finest ruinsin America. Happily the garrison ground, consti- tuting a farm of about six hundred acres, and including the old French lines, as well as the forts and barracks, has fallen into the hands of a gentleman, whose good sense and just taste will not permit a stone to be removed. This scene, fine in its natural beauty and grandeur, and still finer in its historical associations, may therefore go down to posterity without farther mutilation. Our business with it is now, however, of a humbler kind. The rock of which the walls and barracks of Ticonderoga* are built, is a black fetid compact lime stone. It abounds in this region, and consti- tutes the ledges on the shores of the contiguous part of Ver- mont. Its stratification is nearly horizontal, and it abounds agreeably cool. 7. Other Mineral Localities, &c. Fluor Spar near Providence, R. I—This new locality was discovered about a year since, in Seekonk, Mass. three quarters of a mile from India bridge in Providence, on the north side of the road, and a few rods from the. house of Professor Burgess. It occurs in a vein of quartz traversing a sienitic or granitic rock which has been blasted to form the road, and the fragments of rock abound with this min- eral. It occurs also in the rocks in the fields on the south side of the road. This fluor, which was at first taken for amethyst, is of a deep purple: in the specimen forwarded to us by Mr. Thomas H. Webb there are no crystals, The phosphorescence by heat is of a lively green mixed with spots of red. It may perhaps be regarded as a chloro- phane. . ® Every where in the vicinity called, with quaint brevity, Ti. Mineralogy, Geology, &c. 51 Eluor Spar in Tennessee.— Extract of a ti from H. H. Hayden, Esq. to the Ldito Baltimore, August 28th, 1821. This fluate of lime which I have sent you, was collected and brought t to me by a young gentleman | from Tennessee, who was g y about two years since. He informed me that it was found in Smith Coun- ty, Tennessee, where it was abundant: that it was known to the inhabitants by no other name than the blossoms of lead, of which it was considered a manifest indication : that considerable excavations had been made in search o in in fining which, the fluate of lime was discovered in isolated of various sizes, which were broken up and thrown From these he gathered the specimens Bhan: Sas a I have. As to its geological situation, T have no means of ascer- taining at present; but believe it to be in the primitive range, and if I remember correctly, he informed me that it occurred on the side of the mountain, and near the road leading to the Atlantic States. is substance he brought me perhaps a dozen pieces, all shales either whole or parts of cubes. The most predominant colour is that t of a beautiful violet or purple. ae of a yellow, and filled with brilliant pyrites. Amon, them is a specimen of two cubes united, (though mutilated, having the angles accuminated, and such as isr in the Abby Hauy’s work, plate 32d, fig. 87, and which he terms, ‘*Chaux flua tee Bordee.” OF this locality I have not the smallest reason to doubt, being well acanines “— “ Sry scour ;* and rend ork I think the mineral ost interesting of the kind that I have a pti from on eae of the United States. Crystalized Gypsum.—We are indebted to > William Lef- fingwell, Esq. for a very fine crystal from Ellsworth, pal bull County, Ohio. It is a very perfect rhomboidal erys- tal, or Fethenaee aniseed of are ewes guaed. It is * Dr. Magee. . 52. Miscellaneous Notices of American - ~ about three and a half inches long by one and a half in dis ameter. We have other specimens from Virginia: one was re- ceived from the late R. P. Barton, Esq. through Mr. John Grammer, Jr. Itis six inches long by one inch in diame- ter: its form is that of a prism of six sides. It is from the Shanuondale sulphur springs ; found in the bottom of them, near the Shenandoah River. It is found near considerable masses of lime stone: the crystals occur in groups which appear to shoot “from a matrix of clay, marl, and calca- reous earth.” We have also saint similar specimens from the same place, from Mr. Saniord I. Ramey, of the Senior Class in ale College. Crystals of gypsum occur in clay near Hudson. (Mr. Curtiss.) Native Yellow Oxid of Tungsten.—We have omitted, for some time, to mention a fact which we ascertained a year or two since; namely, the existence of the ore mentioned above, which we suppose to constitute a new s It occurs incrusting the ferruginous tungsten of Mr. Lane’s mine, and occupying the cavities. It is not abundant. It is insoluble in acids, but readily dissolves in ammonia, from which it is precipitated by acids, white, becoming yellow, Tantalite in Haddam rocks.—Dr. Torrey writes, that a specimen of the granite of Haddam, Connecticut, which he sent to Count Wachtmeisten of Stockholm, has recently been examined by Professor Berzelius, and found to con- tain tantalite, in a state resembling that of Finbo in Swe- den. The Haddam mineral occurs erystalized in small prisms in the same rock with the chrysoberyl. The Chrysoberyl of Haddam.—The genuineness of this mineral has been admitted by Hauy, Jameson, and other distinguished mineralogists to whom specimens have been sent; but Dr. Torrey writes—“ The mineral found in the sranite of Haddam, which is generally supposed to be oe soberyl, and which I sent to Professor Germar of Halle, for examination, he thinks is a new variety of beryl. The specific gravity is only 2.7. Before the blow-pipe it melts Mineralogy, Geology, &c. 5S into a milk-white enamel, and besides it is entirely too soft for chrysobery].” In reply to Dr. Torrey, we remarked, ee we imagined the mineral examined by Professor Ger the erystalized chrysoberyl of Haddam, whens character we suppose to be unquestionable. We suggested, that it might be a compact granular mineral, occurring in the same rock, and which we suppose ma be beryl in mass Dr. Torrey again writes that he believes the mineral which he sent to Professor Germar, was not crystalized : that the latter remarked, it should perhaps be called gran- ular beryl, and that it is doubtless the massive mine: to which we alluded. Fae a peonalres bes ie mentioned in this eed 37, that os ‘t so recently found e would. eae oor that there is a locality of it in Fladdam, east of the river, and different from the one coats visited. We had specimens from Dr. Dart, two or three years ago, but cannot name the precise spot. Plumbago from North Carolina.—It is of a very fine quality, and appears well adapted both for crayons and pots. It occurs a few miles north of Raleigh, and exists in cronies. a has long been used in the vicinity = a pigment. e are indebted for this information to Hon. Judge yweaats of the Supreme Court of the United States; and also for the most beautiful yellow ochre, from the waters of the Oconee in Georgia, and for a handsome fine grained greyish white marble well polished. This is from of Br oad River in South Casdlina: Rohe. last are abundant. hocmad of iaisk: compact specimen, said to be chro- mat of iron, has been handed to us by John Wales, ksq. It is from gton, Delaware, but not haxio® se ent it ly, we cannot answrer for its genvin fa oye Micaceous Fron—Oi extreme beauty, is eae aks from Northamp' It has a high lustre, and is contorted with delicate xions, as. if it had lain between the layers of mica slate, which we ume must have been the fact. Dr. Hunt and Mr. W. C€, Dwight of Northampton, have 54 Miscellaneaus Notices of American. favoured us with specimens ; and similar ones from Haw- ley in Mass. have been transmitted by Dr. Jacob Porter of Plainfield. This lasé is particularly beautiful, and is sprin- kled with points of magnetic iron readily attractable, while the micaceous part, even in powder, is unaffected by the magnet. Green Foliated Tale, from Windham, Vermont.—This mineral, communicated by Professor Hall and by Mr. Bradley of Yale College, is not inferior in beauty to the Venetian talc, and is well worthy of the attention of mine- ralogists. Good specimens have been transmitted by Dr. Jacob Porter from the soap stone quarry at Middlefield, Mass. and by Mr. Thomas H. Webb from Smithfield, R. I. The latter has a silvery appearance. Actynolite.—This mineral well crystalized and of good colours, occurs with the talc at Windham, Vermont, also at Saybrook, (Professor Hare,) and at Middlefield, (Mr. Cole- man, Tutor in Yale College,) at Cummington, (Dr. — Porter.) The first mentioned, is as beautiful as that of Tyrolese Alps, and much resembles it. Rose Quartz of Southbury, Con.—This occurs abun- dantly, forming a large rock about eighteen miles from New Haven. Itis of a lively agreeable colour, and is the same mentioned at pa. 298, vol. I. of this Journal. Crystalized Chlorite—Discovered by Mr. T. Nuttall, and communicated by Dr. Mead; found near the falls of the Schuylkill. Its colour is a deep bottle green. It is _folia- ted, illary, and a and is found ina hornblende rock. Black Oxid of Manganese. —This useful ‘mineral, of a very excellent quality, has been recently discovered by Mr. Calvin Pease, of Hillsdale, Columbia County, N.¥. The specimens are apparently very pure, and of such size and —— as imply a valuable mine of this substance. Mr. Pease does not however, say in his letter where the mine is situated—we presume in his vicinity. — Geology, &c. 55 out in ht masses, and might then at first be mistaken for garne Sulphate of Lead.—On page 173, vol. III. we mention- ed a remarkable argentiferous galena found at Huntington, in Mr. Lane’s mine. Connected with this galena is an in- crustation of sulphate of lead. It is tolerably abundant, but is no where in crystals or in masses: it occupies apt! the surface and cavities of the other ores of lead. metallic lead instantly by the blow-pipe, but does not ee: vesce nor dissolve in acids. According to Mr. Lane, it is equally rich in silver as the galena. This, if correct, is we believe a new fact; but we have not examined the ore in this respect. Black cS sgbearpeerseele crystalized in quartz, from Dr. Porter, of Plainfie Garnet Mass.—From the same. This remarkable mass is as large as a head, and composed entirely of garnets, individu- ally about a quarter of an inch in diameter. *They are trape- zoidal and rhomboidal : often translucent and rich in col- our, and truncated deeply on the solid edges. They ; are either in mere juxta position, ougpmented by hyalin quartz. Green Mica, Hinsdale, Mass.—Dr. Jacob Porter. Dr. Webster has discovered Hyperstene in abundance in the vicinity of Boston We have many other localities on hand, and some of thems are sufficiently een but they mast be postponed to . peters n 56 Professor Douglass and Dr. Torrey BOTANY. —p>—- Art. VI.—Notice of the Plants collected by Professor D. B. Douciass, of West Point, in the expedition under Governour Cass, during the summer of 1820, around the great Lakes and the upper waters of the Mississippi : the arrangement and description, with tilustrative remarks, being furnished by Dr. Joun Torrey. Letter from Dr. Torrey to Professor Douglass. New-York, August 4, 1821. Dear Sir, Inctosep I have the picnic at sending you a cata- logue of the plants from the North-West, which you for- warded me some time since for examination. Many of the species are very rare, others are from entirely new locali- os and the whole are valuable in increasing our knowl- edge of botanical geography. ‘To those species which are but little known or imperfectly described, I have added such remarks as I supposed would be useful. The Indian and popular names and es are taken from your notes ie to the a great 2 I remain your humble Serve JOHN TORREY. hie ns Dovetass, Point Militéry Academy. CATALOGUE, DESCRIPTION, &. DIANDRIA. Monarda allophylla Mz. Ake ( se er -) ee annah Por- Mollis 1..-Wii.v.-P x. July 10 On Plants of the North-West. 57 TRIANDRIA. Monoeynta. Fedia radiata Mr. Valeriana radiata Willd. Gross Isle, May 22d. V. locusta [radiata L. Sp. pl. ris lacustris Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 23. Scape five to six inches high, about the length of the leaves. Radical leaves eusiform, one fourth of aninch broad. Mr. Nuttall discove- red this Iris in the same place where it was found by rp i Douglass—on the gravelly shores of the Islands of Lal uron. Sisyrinchium mucronatum Mr. Pluk, Bonsai . 61, f. 1. Gross Isle, May 21. peau letter from Prof. Douglass to the Baitor, dated New- Yori: Aug. 22, 1821. Dear Sir, I must beg leave to observe, in the first place that the rg eoti of i a DB. DOUGLASS. Vor. IV.....No. 1. 58 Professor Douglass and Dr. Torrey Dieynta. Panicum longisetum.* Stem terete, smooth, a foot and a half high ; leaves lanceolate, very large, ( about an inch broad) subglaucous ; spike compound, resembling a pani- cle, dense, clandestine at base, somewhat nodding ; spike- . lets alternate and opposite : calyx three-flowered, exterior valve very small, the others ca a ovate acuminate, his- pid, ay terminated by a long aw A rom one and a half to shree inches in length. On a banks of Fox River, &c. August Bromus ee EL. On Fox River. August. nadensis Mx, Arundo tiravincion I. (Reed.) Near the head of the Mississippi. lymus hystrix £2? Involucrum one to two-leaved, lat- eral, linear, nearly the long 2 of the corolla With the pre- ce ing. curtipendula Mx, ‘his grass-has ee rs a ‘two-valved calyx as described by Nuttall and itlentiens The inner valve however, is almost setiform. Neutral flower partly lodged in a grove of the inner valve of the pene flower, two-valved, exterior valve with a very short awn. low the apex, the other deeply cleft and two-awn mapbrodite flower with lanceolate glumes, itterioF one tri- fid, or with three short awns, interior one bifid. Authers blood red. Nuttall remarks that the neuter flower consists of one folded valve; this however, did not seem to be the case in the specimens I examined. Has. On the Ouis- consin river and the ob generally. August Oligostachyum. Vutt. | Mr. Nuttall has described this plant very accurately sia minutely in the work quoted. He discovered it on the plains of the Missouri. Capt. Douglass found it in abundance on the Mississippi above = Sandy Lake. TETRANDRIA. Comus canadensis Z. On the River St. Mary’s. On Plants of the North-West, 59 PENTANDRIA. Monoeynta. Batschia canescens Mv. \ True Puccoon.) Near Detroit. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Portage of Pt. Keeweenab, Lake Superior, June 26th. Pulmonaria virginica L. aaa Rock, May 2d. Primula farinosa L. Muhl. Cat. Leaves abovate-spatu- hate, crenately toothed, under surface covered with a yel- owish green powder. Corolla lilac ne ety segments two parted. Jn a careful cota patie the American Haris. Mr. Nuttall ana it in the same place, but not in flower, and Muhlenburg states in his catalogue of North American plants that it grows in Canada. It isa rare plant in this country and is not described in Pursh’s Flora. Lysimachia ciliata Mr. Sandy Lake and Upper Mis- sissippi generally. _ Phlox sirissdaa L. Black Rock, May 2d. ampanula rotundifolia Le St. Louis and: i Upper 9 Mis- sissippi. July. eae parvifloram Past Ona primitive = bracteosum Mx. P pen Lonicera devifluna Lam.Pers " Bk — 2 diorca Sha sh ts peeks Superio media Mur pipers Tournefortt Mr. Seca Mont. Sige ta ert July lutea Pu. AP EEN ea: — Lomcera DiervillaL. —) bn lacustre Ph. - a Shores of of Lake He axycanthoides B. lacustre Pens. Floridum Willd. rocurvatum Mx. “4 With the preceding peal Taw. 60 Professor Douglass and Dr. Torrey Viola pubescens “ring lvanica, Claytonia Virginica Black Rock, May 2d. Comandra umbellata Nutt. PointKeeweenah,Lake hesium oe atum uperior. Used by bulosum. Mx. the Indians and tra- isd ers in fevers. Dieynta. P Apocynum androsaemifolium LZ. On the river St. Louis. uly. Thaspium aureum WVutt. : myrnium aureum L. ; eae tom: Tricynta. Viburnum Lentago L. Near Devin, May 20th. Tetracynta. F Paronssia caroliniana Mr. Fast shore of Lake Michigan, ept. 6th PonTaGynia. Aralia mudicaulis L. (Sarsaparilla.) Near Detroit. Monoeynia. Tradescantia virginica E. A variety with yx narrow leaves. West shore of Lake Michigan, August 27 hi 9 erecta L, (Wabunocausk.) Shores of Lake Plisiatigiien esculentum, Nutt. Gen. 1. p, 219. ? Root bul- mash Pa. Fu. Am. t. p. 226. bous, trun- Scilla esculentum Bor. Maa. 1596. cated,near- ly round, and an inch and a half or two inches in diameter. Scape two or three feet high, leaves more than a foot long, and about half an inch wide. Flower pale purple, ina spi- On Plants of the North-West. 61 ked raceme. Stigma trifid, Capsule three-angled, three- celled. Found on Cross Isle , Detroit river, May 18th. Mr. Nuttall has observed it near the confluence of Huron river and Lake Erie, near St. Louis, and on the lowest banks of the Ohio. Goy. Lewis brought specimens of this eo from the upper part of the Missouri, near the Rock ountains, where the natives use the bulbous roots exten- sively as an article of diet. They are known among them by the name of Quamash, and are eaten, baked between hot stones. Capt. Douglass did not understand that the Indians of the region where he found the plant, made use of the roots for Uvularia perfoliata L. On the Islands of Lake Erie, This plats is aid to cure the bite of a rattle-snake, and is belie e Indians to grow wherever that animal is found. os Streptopus roseus - Doslerca rosea. — Mae. 1489. Heron, War sre Muhl. Cat. p. 3 Matasbuck) Nearly Smilacina cinadensis Ph. allied to Conval bi- Convallaria canadensis Repoute. pfolia of anape: Mejauibenee canadense pas S ay 28th. ifolia of L. Huron. Racemosa Desf.-Ph. Convallaria racemosa L. } Shores vod Laks Huron. iehlnan DethER- Gross Isle, May 224. Dracena borealis it. (Cus-cus-cun-domeneca.) Leaves oblong, oval, sometimes obovate, muscronate, smooth, s six-seven inches long and from two to three third the length of the stamina: stigma Shores of Lake irks Pe May 28th. 62 Professor Douglass and Dr. Torrey 3 Trieynia. ae erectum Willd. a atropurpureum Pu. | hee . rhomboideum a Mx. May 34d. Grandiflorum. Salssb. in Parad. Lond. 2 With the pre- T. rhomboideum and grandiflorum Mx. ; ceding. HEPTANDRIA. — europza B. angustifolia* Senate wens ) Americana Pu. tsi ores of Lake Hu- Rewrovisie B. Americana Norv. ron, May 28th. OCTANDRIA. (nothera biennis L. Upper ox Misierpy eek Sey sas s eatnits Laidts B St. Louis ; m L.. et plur. oe River, &c. Acer eae ate L. Shores of Lake Huron. | DECANDRIA. Monoeysta. Arbutus Uvaursi Z. (Kinni-kinnik.) Smoked by the Indians asa substitute for ee The Arbutus is seldom used by itself, though it forms the principal ingredient in the composition called Kina Ki n Phe bark of Co- mus sericea, and of several other an are generally mixed with i it, though a little tobacco is preferred. Pursh says the Indians of the Missouri call it Sacacommis. Sideq Andromeda polifolia B. rosmarinifolia.* Leaves linear, revolute. This variety is perhaps the A. polifolia a. angus- tifolia of Aiton, and Pursh, and is probably a distinct spe- cies from A. ia of Eur urope. It is not uncommon in New-England ul 3 in the northern parts of the state of New- York, growing in sphagnous swamps, and on the borders of mountain lakes Ledum datsfoltam Ait. cdg (Labrador tea,) Shores of Lake Superior &c. June 1 On Plants of the North-West. 63 Kalmia glauca Ait. Willd. With the preceding. Pyrola rotundifolia L. Savannah portage, July 10th. Dieynia. Mitella diphylla Z. Shores of Lake Huron May 10th. Tiarella cordifolia L. (Paa-sewung.) Root mucilagi- nous. etals lanceolate acute, epson at the base, three-nerved. Shores of Lake PENTAGYNIA. Cerastium n. sp. Cespitose, pubescent. Leaves lan- ceolate-oblong erect, acute shorter than the joints : flowers are long terminal peduncles; leaflets of the calyx oblong ; corolla Mee two-cleft twice the lengthof the calyx. San- dusky, May 8th. About eight inches high. This ey is allied to C. termifolium of Pursn, but the leaves are much broader, and the calyx obtuse. ne pe- tals are only twice instead of thrice the length of the calyx. With the C. glutinosum of Nuttall, it has also much affinity, but that ar ae is much larger and viscous, and the capsule is double the length calyx, while in our E Bigot it appears to be oblong and shorter than the calyx ICOSANDRIA. Monoernta, P ramus virginiana msi es : Shores of Lake Huron. Cer ee Depress Ph Fh. | With ihe prevedig: = Penracrsta. te an pri Ait. Willd, (Wild Apple.) Detroit, punetata Mit. Willd. With the preceding ” Mo- Petus eh ia Sag air arb. On the river St Mespilus Amebanchien. Warr. ry’s 64 Professer Douglass and Dr. Torrey Pouyeynta. a parviflora Efrh. Willd. On Lake Superior. "Rubus cae B. canadensis Mx. Head of the Missis- si PE am rival rival z Shores of Lake Huron, May 30th. Potentilla anserina L. Near Detroit. pennsylvanica Mz. Willd. Willdenow and Geum agrimonoides Px. Pursh quote as a synonim of this plant the G. Pennsylvanica of Gmelius Flora Sibirica, 3. t. 34. f. 1, but the figure is altogether un- like our plant, and does not agree with Michaux’s descrip- tion of it. Willdenow however, remarks, ‘Planta sibirca majus est glabra sed foliorum florumque structura eadem ae in Americana”! Sp. pl. 2. p. 1099. POLYANDRIA, Monecynta. Actaea Americana Ph. a Win Shores of Lake Huron. Spieata Mx. Sarracenia purpurea L. (Ko-ko-koh Mokasin. Owls’ Mockasin.) Point Keewenah, Lake Superior, June 26th. yamus luteus Nutt. The only difference Flavicomas Sat1sp. Pu. | Willdenow makes between , en N. speciosum and lute- aLt. | um is that the former has . Nelumbo BI. hispid peduncles and peti- oles, and the latter smooth pa e however describes a variety of the N. a with smooth peduncles and pe- tioles, and the American spose according to Nuttall and the present Prof. Barton ha a sometimes partly muricate. Hence there seems to be but little difference between the two species. The colour of the flowers, unless there are other distinctive characters, is not of much consequence. Found in ‘ions quantities near Sandusky Papel west end Bn Erie On Plants of the North-West. 65 PENTAGYNIA. Aquilegia canadensis L. Near Detroit. May. _ Ponyeynta. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Cat. —Big. Fi. Bost. Near Detroit. sceleratus ZL. With the preceding. DIDYNAMIA. GyunosPermia. é Siachys aspera Mz. Ph. excl. syn. The S. ‘untifils of Wiild. is placed as a nym to this speci ies by Pursh, but Muhlenberg makes them distinct in his Sania Speci- mens of S. tenuifolia sent from N. Carolina by Mr. Schwei- netz, appear quite different from the aspera. ‘The short de- scription of the former by Willd. will agree equally well with either. Ontonagon Tiver, June 30th. Hyssopus aan Nutt. Gen. 2. p. 27.2 Stem obtuse- Sta i ly four-angled leaves oviate-cordate, °W , ith large accuminate _ serratures, hoary beneath. Fiwees im a dense somewhat interrupted spike. Stamina and style excert. ah Portage * 3 é : First discovered on 1 the plains of the Missouri by Mr. Nut- “Verbena hastata L. Uppet Mississippi, gently. ie | | Axcrosrenmta, = nia redicins Bs Neat Sandusky Bay. roit “Said byt Todians to cure e the bite of: a Sralenake ovetis Ea Near White Fish | PL Pe bake Supe. rior, June 19th. Gerar dia Pedicularia L. Wit Quisconsin river, Aug. Vor. IV.....No. 1 66 Professor Douglass and Dr. Torrey Terrapynamia. Arabis rhomboidea Pers. 2 B. purpurea* Smooth: bulbosa Munn. root bulbous granulated leaves rhomboid; the superior ones with large repand teeth, inferior ones in very long petioles, obsoletely toothed, cor- date. lowers cory mbose, pale purple, as large as in Raphanus sativus. About ten inches high. ip arama rotundifolia Mx ? lyrata DL. Banks of Lake Huron, June Sth. Dentaria progr Muhl. Willd. py. Rock, May 3d. concatenate 5 dipbylla “Me. (Indian pepper.) In the same place MONADELPHIA. Lobelia claytoniana Mz. Savannah Portage. - DIADELPHIA. Prairies of the Upper Pion violaceum Meet below Bandy alea violacea. Wiuup. © villosum Wutt. Gen. 2. p- ‘Petals 5, nearly canal alternating with the stamens. aly’ five-toothed. Grows with the precedin ies. First discovered by Nuttall on the banks of 'Kaile River, near Fort Mandan, Missouri. Polygala pauchfolin Muh. Willd. “Shaves of Lake Hu- on Vicia sep imc Spikes many flowered, somewhat retrorsely imbricated, shorter than the leaves; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire, leaflets numerous, (5 to 6 7) ovate oblong, mucronate, slightly pubescent beneath. Resembles V. cracca. Sandusky Bay. May Sth. isum maritinmum LZ. Sandy Point, Lake Supers; Jany 4th. eee tos al Liatris squarrosa W illd. Stem erect, s smooth, about two feet high. Serratula squarrosa L. Leaves very long and On Planis of the North-West. 67 narrow, smooth, slightly scabrous on the margin. Raceme abou t six-flowered, flowers approximated, on short pedun- cles, ipa containing twenty florets, subcylindric, squamose below ; scales ovate mucronate, a little ciliate, interior ones foliaceous. Segments of the corolla linear, villose within. West shore of Lake Michigan, August 27th. Allied to L. graminifolia. scariosa Willd. Stem simple, three feet high, Serratula scariosa L. } nearly smooth. Leaves lance- olate, very smooth, and the upper surface a little shining. Flowers in a long dense spike, very numerous, (40 to 70, on short peduncles : calyx twenty-twenty-three flowered ; scales spatulate, obtuse, membranous and coloured: pappus a little et onger than the villous seed ; corolla deeply cleft, smooth ‘diaphanous punctures. — WwW est miate of Lake Michigan, Ags Hi Sadia fuh!.—-Wiild. rigeron be idifolium N L—-Wil. ; puichellum Mx. Near Detroit, GYNANDRIA. eee cernua rs ae ae is ast shore of Lake Michigan. Calero on -grabebiatin Brown. ) Portage of Pt. Kee- pido eae Swarrz. weenah, Lake Supe- Schr Seat y Bl a. om Cini ri a es specta ie wartz. oint ee ain & a Superior, ‘Tune ena °M 4 ———— pubescens Willd. (Mockasin foser) Presque Isle, ideas 5th. _ calceolus Mx. ealceolus k : BF rae “MONOECIA. --Hexacysta. “= ry eee 68 Professor Douglass and Dr. Torrey, &c. p. 75. Munz Gram. p.270. Wix op. sp. pl. 4. p. 394. ( Wiid rice—W ater oats.) Abundant in the shallow rivers which fall into the Great Lakes, but in the greatest luxuri- ance and plenty in Fox river. PoLyaNnpDRIA. Quercus alba LZ. St. Louis and the upper Mississippi. This was the first oak seen after leaving Michilimakinak. Fagus ferruginea 4it—Willd. Shores of Lake Huron. Bewila nigra L. Savannah Portage. MonaveLpuia. Pinus balsamea L. ? Mississippi, above Sandy Abies batsivistra. Mx. arb. § lake. nigra Lamb.) On the Mh pp and near St. denticulata Mx. a Lamb. Near the ides ‘of the Missis- rupestris arb. > sippi. Thuya pecidonat = "River St. pay 5. oe corollata Ait. DIOECIA. Dianpria. Salix meds Muhl.-Willd. Shores of Lake Snpesice. incan Shores of Lake Huron. This species is omitted in Parsh’s Flora Amer. OcTANDRIA. Populus balsamifera L. Savannah portsee. —trepida Willd. With the preceding grandidentata Mx. tremuloides Mz. dee ager ; ~ Shepherdia canadensis Nutt, Shores of Lake Huron. Ei é canadensis L. i ; In the same place. MonapeLpPHia. Juniperus communis LZ, Near Chicago. — Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 69 prostrata Pers. Synop. 2. p. 632. Muhl. Cat? p. 98. vépens Nort. tem prostrate ; branches running eight or ten or more feet along the eround ; leaves imbricate in four’s, ovate submucronate, bearing a gladulous depression in the middle. Berries larger than in the x virginiana, but nearly of the same smell and taste. On Lake Huron, where it was also observed by Mr, Nuttall. Taxus canadensis Willd. es baccata minor Mx. ; On the St. Louis river. Arr. VII —List ¢ Bios growing spontaneously in Litch- and in tts vicinity. - (Connie by = John P. Brace-} -MONANDRIA. Dieynta. Calltric 4 ‘Kiteroghnylle (Pu.) verna Muni quatica Bias Ina uae seni Woleottville meaning: June. Cinna 1. arundinacea L. eC Pie Shady Swamps. August. ag DIANDRIA. oer Ra ees ' 1. “Siewee Fat et Buc. -macrorhyza N. Y. Cart. — ee Little a v. v. Ais, ‘Yellow. Spagnou 1 Brean; ‘near the Cranberry — Aug. “Gros sale. 1. aurea Muu. 70 Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. officinalis Mx. Wet places. Aug. Vellowish white. Wet ~~ Aug. Purple. neglecta Torrey, N. Y. Car gee arate orders of the Bantum Lake. Ae Eellow. ero 1, serpyllifolia rE Streets and pastures. Blue. May. et plecete near streams June. Blue. 4. arv Dry Sie in streets. May. Aug. Blue. 5. peregrina Sm. Cultivated fields. May. White. 3 Europa is E. Wet places. “Aug White. | 2. Virginic With the ay ig White. Monarda. 1. didyma Near = gatden spoke July. Red. Introduced. Collins Is Cenpdiaaie L. Woods. Aug. Yellow. raxinus. 1. discolor Mx. f. americana. Woods. May. poe sambucifolia. Wildswamps. May. ar 1. Lastetan L. Moist woods. Bey, White. ar. alpina. With the last. Dicynta. Anthoxanthum. 1. odoratum L. Meadows. May. June. Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 71 TRIANDRA. Monoeynta. Stsyrinchium Pa i. anceps Lmk. Wet meadows. June. Blue. : Virginica L, Near streams. June. Blue. 2. Versicolor L. With the last. Blue. Xyris. 1. Jupicai Mx rns Fu. Bordes. of shee Bantum Ayako: ee Yellow. Schoenus. . 1. albus L. Rhynchospora alba oo swamps of the Cranbesry pond. Aug. 2. glomeratus L. R. glom Wet pastures. July. 3. mariscoides Mux. Borders of Ponds. Aug. Cyperus. 1. parviflorus Muni. Banks of pon. Aug. 2. strigosus L. Wet pastures. Aug 3. poeformis. Px. With the last. ‘ug. 4. mariscoides. Sprengel. Scirpus cyperiformis Mout. Mariscus cyperiformis. N. Y. Car. et t Syn. Dry sandy fields. Aug. 5. inflexus. Mun. uncinatus. Pa. Banks of ponds. Aug. 6. bicolor. Barron. With the last. Aug. 7. diandrus. Tor. N. ¥. Car. With the last. Sept. —— 1. spathaceum Ricu. | cyperus spathaceus WiLp. In swamps, near po onds. Aug. Scirpus. 1. tenuis. Winty. Overflowed places. June. 2. capitatus. ZL. Borders of ponds. July. 72 Notice af Blants growing wn Latchfield. 3. trichodes. Mun. Overflowed places. July. 4. intermedius. Muni? Wet . Aug. « 5. capillaris. Muni. Sandy fields. Aug. 6. lacustris. Borders of Dog pond. ene June. 7. acutus. Munu. Borders of ponds. Jun 8. debilis Px. et Mcnt. Sandy borders of is Great Pond. Sept. 9. autumnalis. Munt. With the last. Sept. 10. Americanus. Pers triquetus Mx. Marshes near ponds. ae 11. ee L. Borders of ponds. July Eriophorum. 1. Vina L. Cranberry pond swamps. 2. angustifolium ae With the last. July. 3. vaginatum Gua cespitosum Pu. With the last. April. Tricophorum. 1. cyperinum Pers. Eriophorum cyperinum 1. Wet meadows. Ju Dieynta. Oryzopsis. asperifolia Mx. Woods. May? Panicum r glaveum L. Cultivated grounds. Aug. 2. Crus-galli. With the last. Aug. . Jun 4. pubescens. Muny. Pastures. July. 5. discolor. With the last. July. 6. nitidum. Lux. Pastures. July. = agrostoides. Muni. Wet meadows. Aug. 8. geniculatum. Muhl. Borders of ponds. Aug. 9. capillare. L. cultivated grounds. Aug. 10. lanuginosum Exu? Mount Tom. June. 11, nervosum Muhl? Pastures. July. 12. Pron te ghee as With the last. July. if, meee Muhl. Panium sanguinale 1. Streets, Aug. Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 73 2. paspalodes. Mx. Sandy streets. Aug. Paspalum ciliatifolium. Mx. Barren pastures. Sept. tida. rist dichotoma Mx. Sandy streets. Sept. Alopecurus. 1. pratensis L. Meadows. June. Introduced. g. eiagtaacat Munz. Wet places. June. Phalar 1. arndinaces, Mx. Wet meadows. Aug. Miliu pungens. Torrey (YRS, Mount Tom. stags Agrostis. 1. alba. L. Meadows and streets. July. Var. purpurascens. Near Streams. July. 2. vulgaris. Sm. Meadows. July. 3. Mexicana. Muni. Wet meadows. Aug. 4. Virginica. Must. Streets. Sep 5. diffusa. Muni, Wet meadows. Sept. 6. setosa. Muu. racemosa. Mx. Palen omeries. N. ¥. Car. Swamps. of Se the cnet alors: Mie ‘Shady pricey Sept. Mublonberes eat 1. erecta. Scunee. Wet woods. July. 2. diffusa. Scores. Streets. Sept. Leersta. 1. Oryzoides. Swarts. Swamps. Aug. 2. Virginica. Wi.p. Wet woods. Aug. Trichodium. ein. laxiflorum. Mx. Meadows and streets. Aug. hleum. _ pratense. L. Measlows. July. Introduced. ira. : 1. obtusa. Mit truncata. Moai: Wet meadows and near streams. "2. pallins. Mon. Var. Aristata. . Pine Island menor June eeeee 74 Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. a a Wet pastures. Aug. ration Mx. Waterbury river oe Sept. riticum. repens L, Grass plots. July ce Aristata Pers. Meadows and hills. July. * chtindomeis Swamps. July. Dactylis. Eines L. Meadows. July. Poa 1. annua. L. Fields &c. April to Sept. 2, nervata. Muni. Swamps. July. 3. hirsuta Mx. Sandy fields, near the Waterbury river. Sept. 4, trivialis L. Wet meadows. June. 5. pratensis. L, Meadows. May. June -. erie Mun. Wet meadows. July. 8. knerva. Torrey (Mss.) Banks of the Bantum. May. 9. elongata. Toney: (Mss.) Swamp a at the head of the Sherman brook. July. 10, aquatica. Wet meadows. July. Windsoria pallida. Tor. N. ¥. Cat. Swamps. July. Festuca. 1, teuella. Willd. On rocks. June. 2. elatior. L. Meadows. July. *3. fluitans, L. Overflowed peut. July. 4, nutans. Willd. Woods. Jun 5. palustris. Schreb. Pacsutds. “diie: Br hiswae -secalinus. L. In green fields. ae Introduced. 2. pubescent. Muhl. Woods. July. 3. iakadeiee. Mx. iy L. Moist woods, pays hon ant. : spat Nutt. '» avena spicata L. Dry hills and fields. July. A new species cf Foslae, as yet well examined, is hand dierins from F. flaitans. in having acute glume Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. =~ Arundo. canadensis Mx. cinnoides Muhl. Wet places by rivers. July. Andropogon i, purpurascens. Muhl. Rocks. Sept. 2. fuscatus. L. Fields. Sept TRIGYNIA. Eechia. 1. major. L, Dry hills. Aug. 2, minor. L. Sandy fields. Aug. Mollugoe vartiailask L, Sandy fields. Aug. White. uervia canadensis L. Rocky hills. July. Proserpinacea palustris. L. Ditches near ponds. July. TETRANDIA. Monoeynra. Plantago, _ ee — > Fields iis. July. 2. lanceolata. L. With the last. June. Hountig = cerulea. L. Pastures and ae ey, to Aug. blu ‘Mitchella. re ow = Pine woods. June. Ceph : * ocd L. ‘Near streams. July. White 1. Sotiann. L. Susanne. July. Whi 2, asprellum. Mx. Wet Meadows. Joes White. . trifidum. Willd. Swamps. July. White. 4. aparine L. Hedges. - White. 5. triflorum. Mx. Woods. July: White. 6. circegans Mx. Woods. July. Pitple: and whit _ var, lanceolatum N. Y. Cat. With the last. July. Dipsacus sylvestris L. Boslhades Bradleyville. Aug. blue. 76 Notice of Plants growing tn Litchfield. Cornus. 1. canadensis. L. Pine s swamps: June, 2. Florida. L. Woods, (not common.) May "White. 3. sericea. Willd. Swamps. June. White 4. circinata |. Her. tomentulosa Mx. Rocky woods. June, White. 5. alba. Willd. Swamps. White. June 6. paniculata |’Her. Borders of fields. ‘June. White. hos 0 foetida. Mx. Wet meadows. April. Tsnardia. alustris. L. dwigia palustris. Ell. nitida, Mx. In ditches. Aug. Dieynta. Hamamelis. | Virginica L. Woods. Oct. Vein 3 Terracynta. canadensis Mx. Pine Island swamps. May. Green. na. procumbens. L. Brooks, June. Potamogeton. 1. perfoliatum. L. In pond, (as are all the following species.) July. z= lucens Mx. July. 5. gramineum Mx. pauciflorum. Ph. July. PENTANDRIA. ' Monocrwta. spf. easel Road pas May. Blue. Myosotis 1. virginiana L.. Damp woods. July. Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 77 2; deere: L. Mount Tom. May. White. Lysimachia 1. a Mx. stricta bulbifera Curis Swamps. July. Yellow. 2, thyrsiflora. M capitata Ph. Swamps near the Sherman brook. June. Yellow. 3. quadrifolia L. Meadows. July. Yellow. 4. ciliata. Mx. Hedges near streams. July. Yellow. Menyanthes. trifoliata. L. Swamps of the Cranberry ae bind White. Villarsia. Jacunosa. Neu te Menyanthus trach: pea. Ma Lakes and ponds. Aug. Yellow and white. a ee uim L. Borders of fields. July. White. ihe ms stramonium L. Road sides. Aug. White. Verbascum. 1. Thapsus L, Road sides and old fields. Jay Yellow 2, Blattaria L. Road sides. jeg Yello alea 1. nudiflora 1. Rocky woods. wor, Red. 2. viscosa L. Swamps. July. White. var. pubescens. Swamps on hills, July. White. Solanum. 1. dulcamara. L. Hedges. July. Blue. Pi nigrum. L. road sides. July. White. hysalis ; ~ Penasyivaiea L. Street Ss South Farms, Az Lapitere: - dioica. L. "Posture. June, Red. Xylosteum. _ ciliatum. ‘Pine Islands. May. Yellow. Diervilla. hisiilis. ae Baten and woods. ae Yellow. 78 Notiee of Plants growing in Latchfield. Campanula. 1, rotundifolia. L. ag ay of Canaan falls. ‘July. Blue. 2. Ha a perfoliata. L. Salidy hills. July. blue 3. erinoides. Muh!. Wet meadows. Aug. White. Lobelia 1. Claytoniana Mx. Meadows, (common.) June—July. blue. 2. pallida. Muhl. Woods. July. Blue Be Kalmii. L. Borders of Dog pond, Goshen. Aug. er inflata. L. Pastures. Aug. Blu 5. cardinalis. L. Borders of Brooks Aug. “agg 6. siphilitica. L. Ditches, Salisbury. Aug. 7. Dortmanna. L. North border of Bantum take. July. Blue. Trioste perfoliatum. L. Shady places. Saga pape. Rhamnus. franguloides. Mx. alnifolius Willd. Swamps. June. Green. Ceanothus. Americanus L. Woods. July. White. Celastrus scandens L.. Borders of fields. June. White. itis. 1. Labrusca. ZL. woods. June. 2. vulpina. L. woods. June. Ampelopsis. _iuinawetoia Mx. near streams. Ange: Green Ties ere. L. fulva Natt? ? wet places. July. Orange. Viola. ” palmata L. woods. May. Blue 2. pedata L. Mount Tom. May. Dial! 3. blanda. Wild. bog meadows. May. White. . primulifolia. L, méadeahl May aes 5. cucullata L. meadows Ma 6. rotundifolia Mx. banks of bank. April. Yellow. TS uliginosa, Mout, wet meadows. June. Blue. Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 79 i rostrata woods. Canaan. May. blue. 9. pubescens. Ait. woods. June. yellow. Claytonia. ree spatulata wet meadows. May. white and pink. t kK recurvatum. Pu, oridum L. woods. May. green. 2. itorum. Wild. “arat places. eal green. DIGYNIA, Asclepias. 1. Syriaca L. borders of woods. July. purple. 20 chitplanpuslen, Pu. hedges. July. escees 3. Raaaaiiey ee Oe banks of “apie July. purple. 4, quedcfolia, Fa. In rocky woods. June. white. 5. tuberosa. L. In pastures. Aug. orange. Alpocynum. androsemifolium L. hedges. July. red. Gentiana. 1. saponaria L. meadows. Sept. blue. 2. crinita Willd. meadows. Sept. blue. oa 3. Meiners Willd. pastures: Sept. blue. uscuta, americana Willd. ‘Twining round other 0 Panaz. ‘trifolium L. woods. May. white: Chenopodium. 2 album. J. cultivated grands. Aug. green. peg L. sandy roads. Aug. green H 3. murale. Px. cultivated net Aug. green. 2, americana. Mx. Hydrocotyle. americana i. wet places. July. Sanicula. Marylandiea. L. woods. oer aie eS - atropurpurea [,? triquinata. Big. wet aon: Fane green. Imus. 1. fulva. Mx. near streams. se Bb ills. April. ~ 80 Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. Sison. canaden Myrrhis ss eA Nutt. ~ damp woods. July. white. be . Jatifolium LL. wet meadows. Aug. white. ry lineare Mx? swamps. Aug. w ite. Contum maculatum. L. road sides. July. white. - Myrrhis. dulcis. Eaton. dry woods. June. white. Cicuta, 1. maculata. L. wet meadows. July. white 2. bulbifera, L. borders of streams and eon Aug. white. Smyrneum. aureum. L. meadows. June. yellow. Thaspium aureum. Nutt. “TRIGYNIA, Viburn ki Opulnidles: Mvut. borders of's streams. June. white. white 2. Lentago. L. woods. May. 3. Lantanoides. Mx. woods. May. white. 4. cerifolium Willd. woods. May. white. 5. dentatum L. wet woods. June. white. 6. nudum. L. swamps. June. white. Sambucus. | Canadensis. L. hedges. May. white. Rhus. 1. typhinum. L. woods. June. 2. glabrum L. mountains. July. 3. copallinum. L. with -. see July. 4. vernix. L. swam 5. radicans. L. climbing i in roads &c. June PENT AGXNIA : Aralia. 1. racemosa. L. shady ae July white. 2. nudicaulis L. among rocks. May. green. 7 | Pontederia. Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield, 8t Drose i, sonniadsiiliag L. In swamps 3 patil oo nthe spag- Pie swamps of Cranberry pond. sees wh ; longifolia L.. with the last. Aug. ‘white, HEXANDRIA. atnaine a Caulophyllum. thalictroides. Mx. thine Maye green. very rare, Prinos. ‘ Se 8 rerticillaing., Jy aay, wor cordata. L. near eats ve blue. Enythronium Americanum I De ee Ms. wet. woods. ae yellow. 1. ede v Polygonatam tn, Pe oe ene : woods. ies June white,i.& tf e895 2, ‘aulGlioia: Ie , Poly: is*- white, 32 Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 6. bifolia. L. | Smilacina bifolia Desr. Wetwoods. June. white. U: 1. perfoliata. L. woods. Ma ay. yellow 2. sessifolia. L. with the last. Mey. yellow. 3. rosea. Muhl. a roseus, . Pers. moist woods. May. pink. ted. leorns P calamus L. ponds. June. ae Juncu et ae shins L. wet grounds. July. acutus DL. borders of the Lake. July. nodosus. Mux. Gram. swamps June, . polyaphalus. M. ee Aug. acuminatus. Mx. swam uly tenuis. Munu. Gram. streets, June ilosus. L. Pe Wald * Lagula pilosa | Vild. campestris. Auct ‘Angle campestris : Willd. with i last. My TRIGYNIA, porrerrs o Gyroni ‘ca. virginica Nutt Mideala virginica. L. woods. righ fallow Veratrum viride: Willd. — a 7 ass ie album. Mx. evenir May greens Helonias dioica Pu. - Tsuna latent. 3% pastures. Jane. white. Trillium pictum Pa. pine woods. May. wie Pt 2, ‘ae, Willd. near ‘Shady. rocks. pie purple. : exibpes. L. meado ows. July. 2. obtusifalius. L. meadows (very rare. ) uty. 3. Brittanicus. L.-swamps. ee 4. Acetosella. DL. dry fields and rocks. es ae ge ~Lapathum acetosellum Eaton. Notice of Planis growing in Litchfield. POLYGYNIA. dlisma Plantago. L, ditches. July. white. HEPTANDRIA. | sahinsiiaen . Trientalis. Luropaea. L. pine woods. Moy. white, Pe arpa” epee age, be ee Vaccinium oxycoccus. Mx. Cranberry pond eat: Tune. red. Epilobium. 1. lineare. Mun. swamps. Aug. purple - rae Mount. with the last. Aug. purple. < m. Muni. # ustifolium. ZL, border of Be ad Purple, Ocndties ee 1. bienbig L fields. July. yellow. ios ae 2. chrysan Xs me Bigelow seas Bis. yellow. as ‘Limp. sides of bills. OTs i a 3 L. woods, April yall: ' 83 84 Voice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 2. punctatum Ell. ydropiper. Mx. ditches. Aug. white. 3. mite Pers. swamps. Sept. white. 4. virginianum. L. by the Bantum. Aug. white: ed. ; 6. —, L. crate ond Aug. red. 9. arifolium. ZL. ‘swamps 1g: . 10. scandens. L. culiivated fields. ce. white, 11. cilinode with the last. Aug. white. ENNEANDRIA. Monoeyvsta. Laurus. 1. Benzoin. L. near fie Apr 7 cde 2. Sapsieans Ls. x opansiaiel Mosocynta. 3 “inctonia Ell. Podalyria tinctoria Wilds Be kina sandy fields. A ‘yell low. oe Cassia, — mia ‘Marylandica. . sandy oads. A Pyrola. ‘bee ba ae e3 I: reneeiioie Le de! woods. Jaly.- white. ndy ast 2. secunda. L white. Chimaphila. . igh ig. 1. maculata. Pa. Pyrola ingeulaa, rT “iy woods hy. (om) 2. umbellata Eaton. y - pallia 1. ‘eae ita aps. May. pink. Sarge nt, see American Journ Reber, Vo. Ill. No. 2.) , Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 85 2. paniculata. Mx. non. L ligustrina Ell. pastures. June. white. . —— L. bog meadows. May. white. 1, latifolia. L. pine woods. June. white 2. angustifolia. Li. woods and rise ier “June — 3. glauca. L, var. coremaieeaals Pu. Cranberry pond meadows. May. red: Vaccinium, 1. dumosum Curtis. ar pond swamps. Hie. white. 2. frondosum. Li. woods. Sai white. 3. resinosuin, L. woods. June. red. 4, See oe L. woods, June. white. Tapietl: L. peky hills. April. white. erate . procumbens. L. pine woods. July. white. 2. hispidula, Mont. pine swamps, not seen in flower. Monotropa. Aug. yellowish ish white. "Hy popithys jediighibsn: Batt woods. July. yellowish white. res se L. woods. July. white. a fa var. erceta. < mites dl Bis. with the last. DIGYNIA. aa ‘ “topos. L. in brooks. Apri. yellow. e Bg: cs. A ith: pen ee ivania: L, meadows. lay. green. “cor ordifolia. L. rocks. M: ay. white. : ” diphylte L. wet. woods May. white. 86 Prof. Green on the Cotton Plant. Seleranthus annuus. L. toads in eons soils. July. TRIGYNIA, 1. media. ptt alsine a Kmoey ero May. Nove white,... 2. es a: : Big. 2 wet meadows, tthe white. 3. Pos ing "Eaton? ? ditches. July. white PENTAGYNIA. Penthorum. sedoides, L, wet places, July. green. Ocalis. stricta. Ayille pastures, &e. June. yellow. ar arvensis. ® cultivated fields. Jihe: white. Intro- aon P Agrostemm eo Githago. L. In cornfields. Ja, purple. Inroduced “vulgatum, L. giles Bs oe hie, eines dacam Le sre "[To be coneluded ¢ in our neat. “) mS yet, ae | Gossipium—Cotton. [Cecimnicated by Professor Jacon GneEN, Sept. 1821. J I ruiv« it probable that the Cotton Plant (Gossi Sacaty as ‘S$. much farther to rep I sup A kinsman of mine esd a | ood of Princeto ton, made a very successful —— ment on this subject. A quantity of seed procured eeirsnsseneinenm tre: Dr. Dekay on the Pennatule Fléche. 87 — undressed cotton purchased for pats eee, . N. as planted in a garden, having a -exposure. The bret came to maturity rather better than was expected, but the staple. was very fine and abundant, wt that articles of domestic use such’ as stockings, gloves, &c. &c. were manufactured from it. It is probable that if these plants had received proper attention and been placed in a favoura- ble situation, the ees would have been much greater. ZOOLOGY, : Hi aaron ae Bh _ ibe ae rrernag is James E. Dexay, M.D, Dr. Wisc ati was so obliging as to submit to my ins spection an animal found adhering, to the Diodon pilosus of that gentleman. From its feathery appearance it_was refer- red to the Pennatula of Lia Marck, species Sagitta, but it be a orresponded to. the character of the order (Polypi ke had deseri d it merely from a ny Je mentions nang was so doubtful 8 respect to its ; place i in this genus, that he had not des- cribed it. Tts want of an “ axe organique” orenheroe bony substance was probably the cause. . tine Linneus had placed this animal wae a the ; in s Lernea, but Cuvier | unces perhaps too ecisiv ly, at it must Rage RS Salona to the genus Calygus i Suewe whe ced under Order sSapeaa chi oo uaa 5 aa : ment de pe Le pennat -sagitta nes ‘est tout autre ¢ celui de utétre | est, ce, uD itys.”” Ths towerer. ‘i canot be from its want of fills and horny jaws. 88 Dr. Dekay on the Pennatuie Fleche. Thus we have seen, this animal has been first ranked asa Lernea, a parasite, then considered asa pennatule or po- lype, afterwards placed in the genus Calygus as a crusta- ceous animal, and finally, it has been decided that it shall oc- cupy anew genus as an Annelide. So much difficulty with respect to its proper place, clearly proves that with the ex- ception of Pallas and Esper, they are completely ignorant of the animal under consideration. ge ae, BRON. Body one inch in length, met tea cylindrical, of a purple color and inserted $ of its length, underneath the skin of the fish to which it was polation, all the part be- neath the skin white, mouth terminal, irregular, present- ing a ds $5 Hi appearance, with several minute holes. mule on each side, nearly equal in length, and six- teen or seventeen in number on each side—cylindrical, their aed extremities: in which a black spe role eee ler ‘he Plu: cee wieel etine froin thé ekneitiey, i The tegument: consist of two pncresif the outer thick, purple and co- riaceous; the inner pale and delicate. I observed nothing internally except some whitish fibres, running in a longitu- dinal direction and converging towards the upper extremity ; neither stomach nor ovary was apparent. From these few, and I am sensible imperfect observations, we may be satis- fied that it does not belong to any genus as Since De La Marck commenced the order of Polypes tubiferes, shiaing Ber r genera. The animal under consideration belongs to this order ; but 2 Prof. Green on the Bald Eagie. , 69 Its natural SIZe, is but little more than half an inch long ; the above figure is about six times magnified. “ee E. DEKAY. Arr. [X.—Falco Leucocephalus—Bald Eagle. (Communicated by Professor Jacor Green, Sept. 1521] ~ December 23d 1820, I saw a large bald eagle shot in this neighbourhood. He measured seven feet and nine inches from the tip of one wing tothe tip of the other; three feet and four inches in length, and weighed sixteen pounds four or five weeks after he was killed. This is larger than the one men- tioned by Wilson, which measured seven feet from tip to us was three feet in length and weighed thirteen pounds. e bird shot here was probably not of full ee , as there was not the appearance of a white feather on the back of his head. This bird is usually called the Grey Eagle ; it is very uncommon with us, and so large a one [ think has never been described. If the accurate biogra of American Birds had not assured us that the Grey and Bald were of the same species, differing in colour only on account of age, I should have considered this of another _ Species. When first seen, the Eagle was in company with a flock of birds on the ground, near some stacks of grain with- in a few yards of the road. He exhibited no signs of fear, and even ruftled his feathers as if to make an attack, After a short time, he rose with difficulty and flew a short distance —when shot he clung by his talons to the branch of a tree upon which e was sitting for about a minute, and then as he was falling to the ground made a last effort 7" his wings, and moved from the place some yards; he was not quite dead when approached—but he made no cadhinse upon being taken up. Vor. IV.....No, 1. 12 4 00 ‘ W ard’s Steam Engine. Eagle sometimes flies about in the nigtit. On one sion I recollect that he was seen hovering for a con- ere ble t time, high in the air, over the flames of a build- ing, the light of which was discovered at the distance of twenty miles. PHYSICS, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY AND THE ARTS. —— Arr. X.—Wanp’s Alternating Steam-Engine, Some ac- count of a Steam-Engine, called the Alternating Steam- ngine, invented by Minus Warp, of South-Carolina. In a Letter from the Inventor to the Editor. ae Cotumaia, (8. C.) June 1, 1821. Sir, | Ir has long been a ésbaericar’ in in Mechanics, to pce: by means of steam, a direct rotary motion. long, been the received doctrine, that to produce a Policy from a rectilinear motion, is attended with much loss of power, owing to what has been called the reciprocation of the moving mass: and “ it was,” therefore, to borrow the language of Mr. Sullivan,* ‘ probably perceived to be a great object to getrid of the re reciprocati ng movement of large masses, onthe well known m inciple, that it consumes pewsig check mom ll as to gin it—to d inert mass into motion rapidly, in opposite directions Pie as it has been more fully expressed by another writer, “to drag the inert mass from a state of rest toa state of motion, and from this state of motion to a state — of rest.” To obviate this disadvantage, Mr. Watts in England, and Mr. Curtis, after him, in this country, endeavoured to give to the axis of the cylinder a direct rotary movement ; ut owing, ina great measure, to the impossibility of con- ni the steam by packing upon corne ir attempts ved abortive in practice ; and Mr, Morey, at last, in- — a. S. and A. Vol. f. p. 161. xe rai ram as erg” ck ek idea ob Ward's Steam-Engine. $1 vented a Revolving Engine, which, it was supposed, had BS ‘completely triumphed over the difficulty of reciprocation. It may seem hardy to question a dogma, which has re- mained so long unquestioned ; but [ hold it equally pusil- lanimous never to think ourselves at liberty to examine re- ceived doctrines; and I hope you and your readers will, therefore, excuse my presumption, in endeavouring to ney contrary to the received ss that there is no los power in the reciprocating movement of the common nal engine, and that the well ice principles of mechanics 7 . applied to the subject, under a cystineng er of the fact It is necessary, in the first place, to reduce to some — ra of motion toa State of rest.” How a i where does this * dragging” take place? The senaaeee het used, can only mean, that the power of the steam, being exerted upon the reciprocating mass, in a direction opposite to that, in which it is moving, Overcomes its momentum, and causes it to stop. At what point, then, in the revolution of the crank, is the power of the steam thus exerted, and this cessation of movement affected? pposing the crank to start from the upper dead-point, n seek operation can take place at any point in the first | of the revolution ; for nobody ev- er disputed, that during this half, the power of the steam continues to be exerted, and the reciprocating mass to move, in the same directions, which they Sea wietre — at the commencement. That such a cessation of mov t can- not be effected in the other half of the wicket: that} is, pr ee the crank has passed the lower dead-point, is “bg from the same considerations. Aad if, t it akes place at any point, in the whole revolution, it must be ey a “ing see ae reciproca iting es: ina divective op- n prop osition sedabtiys assumes two facts: Ist. that, at the d-point, the power of the steam is in full operation ; _ and Badly, that, at the isitane the reciprocating mass 92 Ward's Steam-Engine. ssesses momentum, and indeed, all the momentum, which the power of the steam could give it, in the semi-revolution. Both of these assumptions, [ undertake to 1. In their speculations on — this anhjecty: philosophers seem to have overlooked the mode, in which a steam-en- gine must necessarily be made, if intended for any useful purpose. Itisofthe very essence of its construction, t at not a_ article of steam can enter the —: when ria seaciie founded in the very nature of sit that no power can be reversed, in its direction, as it is here; without first ceasing to act? And, as the power of steam is confessed to act, both before and ten the crank arrives at the dead-point; where else can it cease to act but at the oo or which is the same thing, the point of its re- on ?—At the dead-point, therefore, the Bngine must be 16 poutonaly pode ser 2. The disproof of the second assumption seems to:fol- low, asa corollary, from that of the first. It is acknowl- edged by all, fiat the reciprocating mass does stop at the dead-point ; and what is this, a pict mode of saying, that it has ceased to have mome If, then, the momentum of did scmeeiinion mass be not overcome by the aig bee of the steam, how, and by what, isit overcome? ‘Th explanation of these points will be found in the connexion of the fly-wheel with the recipro- cating ser by means of the crank. Supposing no other inert body to be connected with the Engine,—since we have just seen, that the momentum of the reciprocating mass cannot be overcome by the power of the steam, of course, there is nothing else which can overcome it, but the iner- tia of the fy-whee. And the modus operandi, L take to be iprocating mass and fly-wheel being con- ium of the crank, it results, from 1e accumulation commences, and continues gradu- alley nti it arrives at its maximum. Now, during the re-_ tl inte wis =) oy (x tages ort es Ward's Steam-Engine. 93 tardation, the whole of the momentum, which existed in the reciprocating mass, at the time of its greatest velocity, is gradually transferred to the fly-wheel : and, in like man- ner, during the acceleration, this same quantity of momen- tum is again transferred from the fly-wheel to the recipro- cating mass.* I[t is this gradual transference of all the mo- mentum of the reciprocating mass to the: fly-wheel, and not — the power of the steam “ dragging the mass in an opposite direction,”—that ‘checks’ its motion, and causes it to = seems to me, seer arer a work worse than nu~ BP Fa pees veo ce ee — Giifeuien which, if not fatal, have proved so serious a disadvantage to their respective inventions, as to render them entirely useless in practice. If there be any exception to this re- mark, it must be in favour of the Revolving Engine, in- vented by Mr. Morey. Much, however, as ‘his ingenious machine appeared, at first, to promise, I apprehend it will und, upon a short trial, that he, too, has neglected to provide against substantial difficulties, while endeavour- ee get rid of such as were merely imaginary. e great disadvantage i in transferring momentum from a straight line to the cirele, arises from the friction, oe necessarily attends the operation. When, for instance, t piston-rod is made to play in whatare called parad/el a and a connecting-rod, attached to the cross-piece of the slides, gives motion to the crank, there are but two points, in which the original direction of the power, and its direc- tion, as. applied. to the crank, coincide with one another. In all other points, the connecting-rod forms an angle with the varies, from the smallest, which the uction of the Engine will eee greater, as the trliskapiena is longer, and less, as you 1 increase the pee of the connecting rod. In all but two points, there- fore, the power reacts obliquely upon the guides; and, when: the angle is bie largest, the strain and friction are sO © This is the opinion of Oliver Evans ¥ Vid. “ Abortion of the ges ‘Steam Psiocer® Guide ;?? poneet inl 94 Ward’s Steam-Engine. great, as not only to occasion a very serious loss of power, ut io wear away the guides, and by increasing the play of the sliders, to destroy, in a short time, the parallelism of the motion. The only mode of obviating any part of these disadvantages, was, by having a short crank-piece, and a long connecting-rod. The greatest ae would then be small: the friction, of course, lessened; and the engine will stand a considerable length of time Shee need of re- Poles What, then, as it appears to me, will be found a serious, if not a fatal, disadvantage in Mr. Morey’s plan, is, that he is obliged to retain this parallel motion by guides. His en- gine, indeed, so far as this principle is concerned, is pre- cisely the same with the common Engine, which has the parallel motion by guides ; ; the only difference being, that the point of action in the one is the pointof re-action, in the other—a difference, however, which, in this respect, must chan Reatetbalance its neatness of construction and com- pactness of form Having Seroicl my life to the study of mathematics, both pure and mixed, and being a mechanic in practice as well eory, I was led to examine the various methods, which. hate been devised to render the power of steam subservient to the purposes of human life ; and it occurred to me very early, in the course of my investigations, that the received np ity and avoid friction were my sole objects ; and I be- lees mere at length succeeded, in combining the in- iness, complication, a and expense. To Ward's Steam-Engine. 95 dispensable parts of the Steam Engine, in such a way as to get rid of all the abovementioned disadvantages. In this Engine, the piston-rod is also the connecting-rod.* When applied to water-wheels, in propelling boats, the cyl- inder is placed within the water-wheel. Two centre-pieces, firmly fixed to the boat, one on each side of the recess in which the wheel is placed, serve as axes to the wheel, the boxes of which turn on necks prepared to receive them ; ; the centre-pieces, after traversing the boxes, are turned at right angles and extend, within “the wheel and towards its circumference, a distance equal to half the sweep of the piston ; at this distance from the centre of the water wheel, boxes are inserted in the centre-pieces to receive the gudg- eons of the cylinder ; ; the cylinder revolves on those gudg- eons about its centre of gravity. The steam is conducted to. and from the cylinder, by means of a double pipe; so fens the centre-piece answers the quadruple purpose of an duction-tube, an eduction-tube, a bearing for the wae wheel, anda bearing for the cylinder. he steam is alternately let into each end of the cylinder, by a contrivance similar to what was first used, I believe, in the Double Cylinder Steam-Engine of Mr. Hornblower ; and which will be easily Sen eis from pe following d taken from 3” ve a: “The cocks of thi (Herublewer’) Engine are seacals of two circu- lar plates, ground very true to ich other, and one of them turns round on a pin aes = eir centres : each i is Ait tire sectoral ape frures, inder required, the cocks of my Dane fey tel two, wines — 4 the same it by being nearly ninety length each. cocks are placed by the. side ine r, the -gudgeon of which answers to the “ pin” ieee e thought the description would be more readily understood, if the alphabetical references. were kept separate trom Sheers ‘See the fi its referenc t Rees Cyc. Art. Srram- Encixr.” 96 Ward’s Steam Engine. in Hornblewer’s valve : the moveable plate is attached to the cylinder, and is turned by it; while the other plate, being attached to the centre-piece, remains stationary. The steam-tube, after passing from the boiler along the cen- tre-piece, arrives at the cocks, and enters one of these sec- torial apertures, from the back, in the plate attached to the centre-piece. In like manner, the eduction-tube extends from the bottom of the opposite aperture in the same plate, ibrough the centre-piece, to the condenser ;—or, if the en- gine be made without a condenser, the tube terminates in the open air, and the steam escapes. A tube extends from the bottom of each aperture, in the plate attached to the cylinder, to each end of the cylinder, and there enters its cavity. The revolution of the cylinder and the moveable plate attached to it, brings the aperture belonging to each end of the cylinder, alternately to the aperture in the station- ary plate, pou wi ich the steam qnters 5 while, at the same time, t ‘e belongin - other end of the cunt! is ‘passing the aperture belonging to the eduction- The: ‘often end of the piston-rod is attached to a cross- piece, which is supported by gudgeons, moveable in boxes in the arms of the water-wheel. From the middle of this cross-piece, and perpendicular to it, proceed two wings, one on each side, from the ends of which two rods extend, play- ing through steps on the sides of the cylinder. These rods are necessary in order aerntely to overcome the inertia, and resist the momentum, 0 the cylinder, encountered i in conmesignee of the rey of its motion, operation of this engine is as follows =the steam, by means of the piston, alternately aeating and pressing upon the cross-piece, which works in the arms of the water- se forces the wheel around, at the same time that the cylinder itself is carried round, by reason of its connexion with the See ee the reaction being sustained by the gudgeons of the cy niece resting on the centre-piece ces. _. Asthe cylinder revolves ona different centre from that of radii of its an motion vary from the a eel, the radii of its ) ry f of the wheel, coinciding with Seri in two opposite ; wee which is at the moment the engine is Se ai oints. If the revolution of weve be supposed Ward’s Steam-Engine. 97 ing accelerated during one half of the ag hay and retard- ed during the other half; but its revolving motion is con- tinual, moving always the same way. The celerity of its revolution, or velocity of its angular motion, regularly and alternately increases, during one half of its revolution, and falls off just as much, during the other half : but, for reasons similar to that, which I gave above, this operation is at- tended with no disadvantage; for the momentum, whi the cylinder, during its acceleration, receives from the wheel, it returns again to the wheel, during its retardation ; so that it accelerates the wheel as much, during its own re- tardation, as it retarded the wheel, during a own accele- ration. It is this peculiarity of motion cylinder, (namely, its regular and alternate saaelaiaiess and retarda- tion,) which | induced me to oy so my Engine by she name of The Al -Eng To dispense with ‘the fly-wheel, it was long ago sugges- ted, that, if two cranks were used in such away as that one should be at its greatest action, while the other was at the dead-point, is motion would be very nearly regular; and Mr, Brunel, in England, constructed, not many years since, an oneine upon this age baving two cylinders, which acted ach 0 ac ack are sus side by side the water- wheel, between the same two centre-pi their contiguous: sides having, the one a box, the other re sa inserted in the box: and they are further supported by a bridge, extending from the ends of each around the other, embracing seg opposite gudgeon. The cocks are placed on eo the cylinders in the manner above describ- ed; the: Sail being co condueted to and from each Baja through aig aeaey pia aaigaaae 98° Ward’s Steam-Engine. The first of these notions, I think I have already disproved ; and that the — is manent founded in error, I must be al- lowed the boldness to aver. Se eecanticiann: have computed this loss at #4; of the pow- er used, But, in estimating the effect produced, they seem to have lost sight of the power consumed. In comparing the effects produced, when the steam is made to act, at all points, wholly in the direction of the tangents at those points, that is, at right angles to the crank, with the effects produ- ced, when, as in the common mode of applying the crank, the direction of the force is at an angle to it, continu ly va- rying from a right angle to a coincident line, men of science appear never to have considered, that, where the force is al- ag re gh as in the first instance, at right angles to the rae. as in te et a perpetual ly ake! angle th of pisto ded is equal to the d levenths of power are ae but that foursbleveinlie’ aoa a are consumed. _ The same truth may be demonstrated in another way. Sabon oe force to be applied in the tangents of a circle, the semicircumference of which is equal to the diameter of that which is described by the crank. Then, of course, the eth of piston-rod- during the semi-revolution of this reduced circle, is rosenh a the erat sh pt when the crank is used ; and the quantities of power cons consumed in each will be equal. That the effects p qual, anor be shown cc Sages Ward's Steam- Engine. oy at these points of division, with the effects produced by a like number of impulses at the circumference of the reduced circle. The pressure of the steam upon the piston being uniform throughout the stroke, it follows that the impulses at all points are equal to one another; an anit is being the nD afie Gacolatae decimals will | admit. The for- ca wound be this :— Let the vaso .- the circle destribed by the crank = 1. Then acer &c. =. 6366x90=the sum of the 2 natural sines of the quadrant for every degree including ra- di wus... eljecin, carey ees to my engine, it hiss bes suggested by some, who seen the model, that the power is exerted at a Tindvabtige ota the cir- cumstance, that the centre of reaction is within the circle of motion. Nothing is easier than to show, however, that, sup- posing, as we must in all such comparisons, the length and diameter of the cylinder, and also the elastic force of the steam, to be equal in each, the effect produced in my en- gine i is equal to roduced in the Lever Engine. et the line DB (Plate III. Fig. 1.) represent the elastic ree of the steam ; the point D be the point t of reaction ; sire BKZ, the circle of motion. The force DB resolvable into DE and EB, parallel and perpendicular respecte a —— AB ; and that part of it, which is exerted in the dir of the tangent, will be represented by the the line TB. "This | is the force exerted in the Lever “Tn my engine, B is the point of reaction, and LDM, the 100 Ward's Steam-Engine. cirele of motion. The force BD, in this case, is resolvable into BH and HD. parallel and perpendicular respectively to the radius AD; and that part of it, which is exerted in the direction of the tangent, will be represented by two tangential, forces EB and HD, are to each oth- er inversely as their distances frori the common centre of motion A. For, in the two triangles, ACD and AFB, the angle at A is common ; and the angles AFB and ACD be- ing right angles, the remaining angles ABF and ADC are equal, and the two emi similar. Therefore, BF (or HD) : DC (or EB): : AB: AD. And inversely, HD : AB:: EB: AD. But, from the properties of the Lever, forces which are to each other inversely as their distances from the fulcrum, or common centre of motion, eswonees each other, and HD an produce an equilibrium. The two forces, therefore, would counteract: asic ther, or, which is the same thing, produce equal effects, — . ‘he er ror on this gine to ¢ e upon the larger < = LDM, from without its tence. when, of co the sweep of piston would be equal to the diameter: os dlie circle LDM ; and then comparing this engine with one on my plan, fixed at B, and with a sweep of piston, equal only to the diameter of the small circle BKZ. aking it for granted, that both en- gines would be of equal power, vit was easy to show, that the one on my plan would loose as much more power than the other, as the diameter of the large circle was greater than that of the less; but it was overlooked, that the two engines would consume steam and fuel exactly i in the same propor- tion,—that my engine would consume as much less steam and fuel as its ae of piston was less than that of the. other,—that, in a word, the power consumed by my — would be equal ony to AB » while that consumed by ‘th other would equal AD. — The advantages of my y engine over the Lever Cube may be enumerated as follows: 1. The alternate ark of momentum from the reciprocating mass to the fly-whee and vice versa, as above described, occasions a strain nee 1088 | parts — the engine, which connect the —_- with he rotary parts ; and this strain increases 'y in pro- portion | as the time, in which it takes pince> ae ; for, Ward’s Steam-Engine. 10r as you lessen the time, you increase the velocity, and, of course, the momentum. In the lever oe this transfer takes place four times, during every revolution ; that is, the beam is accelerated and retarded, during the first half of the revolution, and again accelerated and retarded, during the other half. In my engine, the transfer takes place but twice in the whole revolution ; that is, the cylinder is accelerated during one half, and retarded during the other. If, then, we suppose the revolution, i in each case, to be performed i in the same time, it follows, that two transfers of momentum in the lever engine, inthe same time that one only takes place in mine ; and that the velocity — Liat and strain, at each transfer, are twice as great mine. The strain is also greater from two oth first, because the weight of the cylinder, which ae body accelerated and retarded in my engine, is not so heavy as the beam; and secondly, because it is placed nearer the centre of motion than the parts of the beam.—2. As the steam contained in the tubes, extending from the cocks to the ends of the cyl- inder, is necessarily lost at each revolution, the shorter these tubes are, the better ; and the cocks being placed, in my engine, on the sides of the cylinder, aoe aggregate length of these tubes is no greater than the length of the cylinder it- self.—3. The friction is er “diminished both because fewer pieces of ma : ed reno i action and reaction are stained by idgeons, wh revolve the same way,—except those of the cross- cross-piece | at the head of the sition 268, Shick fave a vibrate? iaoliog 4, There being less use of steam, of come less fisel will be vel willbe necessary ; and this is not only a saving of expense, room also, and freight; since it is well known, that the bulk and weight of the wood consumed, in the common steam- boats, cause a material nr ite on the profits of those es- tablishments.—5. Many of the old pieces of machinery be ing got rid of, my engine is less bulky, a great deal lighter, much less expensive, and ey durable than any other.— 6. There is a very great saving of room in placing the en- gine within the water-wheel.—7. If there be a water-whee] y ty, by merely es the wanice velxe belonging to the one wheel 102 M . Girard on Navigable Canals. or the other, according as you wish to turn to the one side or the other. T have not thought it worth while to protract this article, already extended to a tedious length, by specifying the ma- ny little practical matters, which will occur, in the construc- tion of my engine ; such as the mode of supplying the pails with oil, of erie the cylinder, so as to exclude it from the water of the whee t scarcely ane to be added, that I have secured thisin- vention by patent. References to the figure, Pi, WU. | a—piston-rod, a ccece—water-wheel. Giccadiecunt sie of the boat. p—cross-piece attached to the piston-rod, q—gudgeon of same. rrrr—arms of water-whee ss—steps for rods saa through ees in sepa tt-—rods. uuu—steps, Ant. ao —Memoir on Navigable Canals, conscdereit se in re- lation to i rise and ele tes the distribution. of th their Locks : M. P.S. Girarp [Translated Eo the French as se pattie is the “ Annales de Chimie” — Ju uly, 1820: by J. Doolittle.] The expense of water ina navigable canal, acai a giv en ses is comp = Of a certain vebinbe of water, rabies froma the M. Girard on Navigable Canals. 103 . Of that which is ie rb filtration through the bot- we er sides of the canal ; 3dly. Of that which is neces expended at the locks in raising or lowering the vaporation is a ae, effect, and which no art can counteract : the loss arising from this cause is therefore in- evitable. Whatever be the nature of the ground through which a canal is intended to pass, the loss by filtration may always be greatly diminished, or even entirely prevented, by re- course to suitable mean There remains then Ki expense occasioned by the move- ‘ments at the locks, and this portion is generally greater than the bees by evaporation and filtration together: therefore in the -suffici water on the most ted point of its direction, to supply the uses of that navigation to which it is destined. The tmmpossibility of fulfilling “this first condition has often prevented the execution of canals, which, could they have existed, would have contributed powerfully to the advance- ment of agriculture and the prosperity of commerce in cer- tain provinces. We have seen o canals which answer but imperfectly the object for which they were intended, because the water collected for their use could suffice for” their wants only during a few months of the year. For this reason many engineers and -mechanicians, both i in France and England, ‘oi endeavoured to discover some means obviating the difficulty of a deficiency of water in navigable eanals. Thus the moveable locks of So/ages, the inclined lanes of Fulton, the wheel boats of Chapman, the floating ecluses 4 flotteur) of Bettancourt, and more recently Pnet locks of Congreve, have been successively im ed ; but, however Ingenious. these means may ate pear in theory, they require in practice, the application force with which we may pinay dispense, wherever boats can be kept naturally a t, and can circulate aed canal without any other sara aed that of passing the locks as they were first invented. _ On the other hand, eens inventions are practicable taly acts canals ; and, where fuel is plenty, the least ex- pensive mode of atin a dektiency” of water, is to raise 104 M. Girard on Navigable Canals. from the lower locks to the upper ones, by means of the steam engine, the water which has been expended by the passage of the boats. It would then be rendering an eminent service, and hasten the developement of a general system of inland navigation in France, if we could point out any means by which the expense of water could be diminished, without changing the common mode of construction of the Joc , which is found- ed on so simple a law of Hydrostatics that we must perhaps despair of ever being able to substitute any thing more per- fect in its stea rom the first period of the invention of locks and gates, it was easy to calculate the quantity of water necessary to be drawn from an upper level or reservoir, to raise or lower a boat, when once the difference of levels between two con- tiguous locks or basins was given. Subsequently, the French engincers agitated the question of determining i in Fare manner the oR ha of water from the reservoir ibe ced it immediate st :cession fter another. The dif- ferent suppositions ‘that were eda: by changing the state of the question, gave rise to many aiforonr opinions, of which Mr. Gauthey first rendered an account, in a memoir published i in 1783, among the memoirs of the Academy of - Dijon, and which is also inserted in the 3d Vol. of his ks The engineers of the canal of Languedoc, who were deeply interested in the exact appreciation of the expence the dividing reservoirs of thatcanal, and who had every facility for repeating the experiments, in the two hypotheses. of single locks, and of several locks contiguous to each oth- er, occupied themselves specially with the ebieth an gave divers solutions of the problems, as ma a me- moir of Mr. Ducros, inspector general Pe Chi E neering (Ponts et Tae BI blished in the year Engines having pointed out, as fee a ch Gauthey had done before the order in which the boats which ascend and descend a eanal, should succeed oan other in order to occasion ne useless waste of water, Mr. Ducros gave some formule to ‘xpress the expense of water on the passage of ats boat, = er in ascending or descending through any n joining locks ; General Audekegey, author of the he History of M. Girard on Navigable Canals. 105 the Canal of Languedoc, attributes these formule to Mr. Clauzade, one of the engineers of that canal ; they were n such a manner as to give an easy mathud of icaaing in all cases, the quantity of water expended by the passage of one boat or more tire a system of locks, the falls of which are severally known But does there not exist a necessary relation between this fall, the quantity of water expended for the passage of boats, and the draft of wee of the boats which ascend or descend through the lock This is a question which, ee, its importance, has never yet been treated, and w propose to resolve. To reduce the question to its ae simple expression, we shall suppose ; Ist, that the boat is to pass from one level r by a single lock. ” adly, That the boats are of a prismatic form, and that their dimensions are such that the interval which separates their sides from the sides of the lock, when compared with the space Ae by the boat, may be neglected without sensible e etS represent the horizontal section of the lock and the boat ; , ‘the lift of the lock, that is, wad difference of level be- tween the two basins which it unit ts the draft of water of a boat which ascends the Jock. , the draft of water of a boat which descends. — The manceuvre of passing a boat from a lower to a higher level consists in Ist, Drawing the boat into the — through the lower gate, which is closed sie — is 2d, Introducing, by ni wll means, from the higher basin into the lock a > qaintiey of water sufficient to ee the two ee to the same level ; pening the upper gate of the lock, and pes ag boat ibeounted into the upper basin. Hence we see that, to effect this passage, an in order to raise the surface of the water in the lock to a sie with that in the upper basin, it is necessary to draw from that basin a prism of water = as =, Wiad is equal to the horizon Vou. IV.....No. eases 106 M. Girard on Navigable Canals. tal section of the lock, and whose height is represented by the lift of the lock. Furthermore when the boat passes from the lock into the basin, its place in the lock is necessarily supplied by a quantity of water = St,,equal to the volume of water which it displaces, and which flows from the basin into the lock. Thus the quantity of water expended to bring things to their present state, may be expressed by Sr+St,. t us suppose that, the communication remaining open between the upper basin and the lock, another boat is ready to descend, the manceuvre is reduced to Ist, Introducing the boat into the lock, and shutting the Upper gat 2d, Emptying the lock until its surface is on a level with that of the lower basin ; 3dly, Opening the lower gate and passing the boat into the lower basin The inieoeigenioes ot Bes boat on the the eppet basin into the lock has caused a eflux from the lock into that basin, of a volume of water = St, , equal to that displaced by the boat. In letting off the water from the lock to lower its Stitice to a level with that of the lower basin, things are replaced in the same state as they were before the ascent of the first boat. This operation, which we shall denominate a double pas- sage, has caused an as eta of Ley: represented by t, since the quantity of water ‘expended may always be nee sented by a prism whose base 1s equal to the hori tion of the lock, and whose height is represented by an in- determinate line y’. Dividing this cqastion by the fiisese Ss, common to all its terms, it become (t, which belongs toa right eink of re construction. It ex- ptesses moreover, between the lift of the lock, the draught of water of the boat, and the quantity of water expended, relations which, notwithstanding their extreme ogy dave not hitherto been remarked. : | ‘ M. Girard on Navigable Canals. 107 It follows from this equation that the expense of water, y, will be positive, null or negative, according as we have Thus it appears that the expense of water from any lev- el may not only be diminished at pleasure, but that it may ‘be rendered null, and that a certain quantity of water may even be raised from a lower to an upper contiguous basin. If two other boats successively pass the same lock, and if their respective drafts of water be represented as follows, Sg for the ascending boat, and ¢,, for the descending one, the expense of water occasioned ‘by this double passage will be reprepenses es y’: = (tiy — t,,) In the same. MS ag ke ag MDT aR third double passage = @7—(h; — The total expense of the upper level of a lock, for any number n of double alternate passages will therefore be ye ye + &e. =nx—((t, + tiy-+-s-tan) — (+t, , +t,+.. stent) ) designating by odd numbers ste inte of water of the as- cending boats, and by even numbers those of the boats which descend. Therefore, a make the sum of the drafts of water of the first =T, the sum of those of the lat- ter =T”, andthe total expense of water yty jedan we shall bien Y=nzr —(T’—T). i aeecace of waters for any number of double passa- ges through the same lock, will therefore be aa toes null or negative, eer as we ea re. Aud 64 the dna at wuardd ie emieibhagh tepresent their weight and that of their cargoes, it follows that, in or- 108 M. Girard on Navigable Canats. der to determine the lift proper to be given to the locks to fulfil one of these three conditions, it is necessary to know, not only the number of boats which will navigate a canal, but the nature and quantity of importations and exportations, which will take place on that canal ; thus the improvement of this species of navigation requires the immediate appli- cation of certain statistical knowledge, which, at first view, . appears to have but a very remote connection with the art of pr aed navigable canals. “his succession of boats which meet at each lock, and which are alternately raised and lowered, by taking advantage of the state in which the lock is left by the ascension or the descent immediately preceding, is evidently the best fit- ted for economizing in the expenditure of water; but the movement of boats on a canal may take place in a dif- ferent order ; it may sometimes happen that, for certain reasons, it becomes necessary to pass the boats in files, or convoys, in such manner th: ang a the ascending boats shall follow z oaeh other im ately, and all the seeing boats hour of the da follow ea “ge 9 ate different The ascension of the first boat will require the deaeciliie- tion of a quantity of water = Sz, into the lock, to raise it to a level with the upper basin The boat in leaving oe. lock is replaced by a volume of water = St Thus the passage of the first boat of the ascending con: voy, from the lower to the upper level of the lock, has oc- casioned the expence of a volume of water = S (x San) The second boat finds the lock filled, and the first opera- tion consists therefore in letting off the water which it con- tains, until its surface comes on a level with the lower basin, when the lower lock-gate is opened and the boat introduced into the lock, and, to raise it to the upper level a volume of water = $(x-+?f’, ) must be drawn from thence. The as- cension of the third boat will occasion an expense of water = S(a-+t,). Therefore, the number of boats in the as- ee convoy being represented by n’, there will have n drawn from the upper kava: a volume of water sil sente d by ee. S(n' r+t +t, Agek, &e.) “Lets : nowy examine the operation of the 2 ascending con- M. Girard on Navigable Canals. 109 The first boat finds the lock filled, and on entering it, for- ces back into the upper basin a volume of water equal to that which it ee The first expense is therefore neg- ative, and = The water ‘boing let off from the lock the boat is taken in- to the lower The seewuit’ oe finds the surface of the water in the lock on a level with that of the lower basin. Water must there- fore be let in from above to raise its surface to a level with the upper basin, this requires a volume of water = Sz, which, after the introduction of the second boat is reduced to 5 (¢— The expense of water for ie third beat is And the expense for the Sia ‘convoy, if we denote by m' the number of boats of which it is composed will be ex- pressed by 8(2 (m'—1)—t',, —ty—t'y,—Ke. be The expense of water for a second convoy composed of a number m” of ures boats will be +t, +t") +t’ +, &e.) That of a sein descending wiikey composed of m” host. will be ; a ea (m"—1)—1, Se Be, a "Sty pig mg &e. e'pe’ $24, &ec.= Sas nett +t,,+t.+, &e eee a oe hth &e. +S pte iste ie +5 fe (m 1) t,—big=fg—y OY +S (x (m”—1)—t”, —tg—t i —, Be.) +S (x (m" Dat te E -, &c.) 110 M. Girard on Navigable Canals. Or, making the whole number of boats which ascend = N; and the whole number of descending boats = M ; the sum of the quantities yy +, Se.p2' +2" 424, &e =Y, And preserving the denominations T’ and T” for the sum of the drafts of water of the ascending and the descending boats respectively, we shall have in a more simple form, af- ter dividing by S: Y=2 (N+(M—K))—(T’—T). Therefore, the total expense of water from an upper basin of a lock, through which a certain number K of convoys shall alternately pass, will be positive, null or negative, ac- cording as we have, TT’ > N+(M—K) - Y east et N+(M—K) fe AM is & one boat and lower eo tirousk the lock of a canal. e general equation which expresses the roladions be- tween the lift of a lock, its expense of water, and the draft of water of the boat, i is, as we have seen above, =r—(t"—t' From this we shall Geadiees the value of the dynamical ac- tion employed at each double passage for each of the three cases, where the expense y of water Is positive, null, or neg- ative 1°. The quantity y being positive, it is evident that the volume of water s—(t’ —t’) which it represented, descends from the upper to the lower level, that is, from the height «: the dynamical action of this volume of water is therefore t’—?)). Moreover the boat ¢” descends — same distance: its dy- namical action is consequently = ¢” The sum of these two actions rhe operate downwards. estimated in a vertical direction, is therefore : JM. Girard on Navigable Canals. 118 _ But these opposite dynamical effects, although successive, Operate in equal times, and according to the same laws ; for they are effected while the lock is filled or emptied ; and this filling and emptying takes place exactly in the same length of time, as may be immediately deduced from the formule = aiesiaiin those of spouting fluids in contigu- ous rated by vertical diaphragms, whence it fol- lows that a duheeenen of these dynamical effects is the rig- orous expression of the active force lost in producing them. This loss is therefore « (o—(t" —t'))+t’ae—t r=a a. 2dly, When the expenditure of water y, is null, it is evi- dent that the dynamical effect downward is reduced to t” z; the: product of the mass sf the Hons multiplied by she fall of the. ock. .¢ The Syacmical effect apieeis, as in the piecing ddse, 13 represen sented by b Consequently the eevee of these dyunmival effects, or the loss of active force is x (t'"—f)=a2; because when y = 0, we have always diane Barts 3dly, When the expenditure y of water is negative, or, which is the same tings: hen. by the passage of the boats, ascending and descendi certain volume The —Ses dowowatd”1 remains equal to the product of the boat aye 3 by the height of the fall, and the —s action upward beco ual to the produ of e height natdacpail by the apne me masses of the boat rand the water raised, o so A sor w=): i fyi The loss of active force ig therefope sf 52 td 8 ag Vou. IV.....No. 3 ii4 M. Girard on Navigable Canals es ug a certain number of locks whose lifts are res- SR Cais &c. we shall have LAVAL yA LayHh 3 And 73 ihe loss of active ars on the whole feng of the canal, the sum of tne sepa t PL y? PV? Hoe which will Ciel in proportion as = number 2 of the locks increases. ge particular case where all the locks have an equal lift gives h ee 7 ee. rd eee : ii which ¢ case the loss of active ite: becomes : nh? h? SF 2 a If the total rise of the canal be divided into any other number n’ of equal locks, that loss becomes — ; the losses o active bigoy in ‘the: two aren ee therefore : - = as fgpettsess eee seamen are in inverse pace aati? to the number — isk Fiape to obtain a gi elg Designating by y and y’ the positive expenditure of % wa” ter in the two suppositions, we have h ut : F sa et ; oi efeilas =) Sag Whence we see that the expenditure ae is so on ihe less as the number of locks is greater, | or as their lift is smaller. ‘It becomes exactly proportional to the lift when the as cending and the descending boats have the same draft of water, the ican supposition which has been tacitly admitted hitherto ; for in Sb case we | have: i A ; ; eee oe ; tercont i eciaue tie stipe sss locks of whine a oa saa ee ee which is to © supplied by the higher levels, the prece shows the. great advantages that will result from diminish- aa_— M. Girard on Navigable Canals. 115 ing the lift of the locks. The principles on which this con- clusion is founded are evident ; the calculations which jus- tify it are simple and easily verified. And yet it appears to ve hitherto escaped the attention of engineers who have occupied themselves in projecting or in constructing canals. It is in the natural progress of our mind, and in the slowness with which certain branches of knowledge are propagated, that we must look for the cause of the seeming abandon- ment in which the questions which form the object of the present memoir have remained. The first inventors of canal locks, as well as those who first constructed them, captivated as they must have been by the effectof this i ingenious eseseemeradie attributed to it so much the more merit greater diffi culty = a osts: step. vieweasansd; hie iat Mocks: were constructed in the Venetian States, ona aah derived from thé > Brenta, no apprehensions need have been entertained of a want of wider, since the canal was supplied by a river; besides, to make any exact calculations of the expense of water at the ero of the locks, it was necessary that the Jeti sci- s should have progressed farther than they had done before the days of Galileo, and cciene imperfect notions then of those sciences should have been more gene It is easier to i what has bee Pulriedy- oneris’ hy: draulic: ‘constructions, “Aliens to imptove them, or even to ac- count for certain practices which usage seems to” eine al proved and consecrated. yt te Every one knows that one of rhepeiatapks obutaelés:to the execation of the canal of Languedoc, was the difficulty ¢ on the summit level a quantity of water sufli- cient forthe se service of the locks, and the navigation of the mise the water that could” be procured. = Ea eases gi ie we mA da Gane (0: too much 116 M. Girard on Navigable Canals. pov The economy of water did not enter at all into the calculation which produced this change ; although this ould have been the most powerful motive had the expense of seater at the locks been submitted toa rigorous analysis. ‘he most celebrated Engineers of France and England here continued to contribute to the sneintANING of ancient practices in this species of constructio We read in a memoir of Mr. Parca on the canal of Burgundy, that the greater or less space occupied by a boat in the lock of a canal, has no influence on the quantity of water expended for ihe passage, either in ascending or de- _ scending, and that there is therefore no reason for diminish- ing the lift of the locks, which, he says, is generally eight, ten or twelve feet. This opinion, advanced by an engineer so justly renowned, has never been contradicted; and if we may be permitted te judge from the canals which have been constructed since, has been contionally: sdmitiead without discussion or @X- amination This. trus that Mr. Gauthey, in “the meuncigs above cited, epmnarks tliat th e locks of a canal which has a summit level, should not be of equal lift, that the smallest lifts should be nearest the summit level, and that their height may be aug mented as the facility of supplying the expense by feeders increase. But Mr. Gauthey has not formally distinguished what precise circumstances, nor under what. restrictions die variation may take place; and although his idea indi- cates some notion of the existence of a certain relation be- tween the lift of the locks and the quantity of water required their service, he did not turn his attention to. the =e be yaar of that preiarians “dem filled. Ket us now establish the cathe wilh Sonik serve us ¥ a! bonds Ueda ee M. Girard on Navigable Canals. 117 as a basis for the distribution of the lifts of any number of paren locks on a canal. Since the expense of water, from any basin, necessary for a double passage of boats in the lock which joins that basin, is always proportionate to the lift of the lock, when, accord- ing to the supposition generally adopted, the draft of water of the ascending boat is equal to that of the boat which de- scends, it is evident that, if we continue the same su posi- tion, the reciprocal condition of a proper distribution of the locks consists in adapting their lifts to the quantity of water that the adjoining reservoir destined to supply water, can furnish without i inconvenience, This principle established, let us admit that the highest lock of a canal i is CO constructed i in fase to it, itis clear _ aaee sone BF v oa sae oars Sie Sa: ae ert ped " Cle ome its locks should have < same dimensions as the first ; ; ie then the water drawn from the first level, would pass to the second, thence to the third, and soon ‘successively to the last and lowest. In case of a negative expenilinare; the same volume of ‘water would ascend through all the locks in } succession; from pd ax ce atince st level.* _ moe length of orth the canal, would onl itive or negative expense of water necessary for eres ofitinse boats through any one of the locks. _ But the above supposition does not hold good in practice. ees level of a canal lose oses, Jaonnsain. én a certain level. el. The positive : when caused by th desea a oa, at e | er one when caused by asalready prari-oary Po into an erroneous pes 118 M. Girard on Navigable Canals. wholly applied to the use of the following lock. Hence it becomes necessary to diminish either the lift of the second lock, or the depth of the water it contains. The preservation of a given depth of water in each stage of a canal is an indispensable condition of the existence of such canal as a means of communication. The lift of the second lock from the summit level must therefore be less thon that of the first _ For the same reasons the lift of the third lock must be less than that of the second, and go on as in like manner till the last and lowest. Therefore when the locks of a canal can only be suppli- ed with water from the summit level, the lift of the locks respectively, should diminish as they recede from that level; and if the ground be homogenous, these diminutions should be in exact proportion to the length of the level which ae cede the locks respectively. When, on ee fresh supplies of water — be replace th and fi baat taataont” f e canal descends in the | Plains itis siden that ny ot wraxst ivinea the Hit $e der the loc esta A below it to have a higher lift thas the one which - immediately precedes the introduction of such supply; from this point to where another feeder can furnish a fresh sup- ply of water, the lift of the locks must diminish as before, from the first feeder to the second; from the second to the third, and so on to the lowest levels whence we see that, taking into account the losses sioned by oe and filtration, a navigable ocho obaas should be consi ed as asystem of partial canals, each extending” from one Raaivess another, sania in Sheb of secant the lifts msn: ae evaporation and “ion tei eer at the origin “boul the contrary, sry hae a smaller Tift when these losses are not nsated supplies. In or. if we suppose all te tevals. obi a navigable ¢a- al once filled with a sufficient depth of water to float the heaviest loaded boats, in order to maintain that depth con- “U. Girard on Navigable Canals. 119 stantly, pice # be the degree of activity of navigation, the lift of each lock must be proportioned to the sum of the volumes of water furnished by the summit level and by all the collateral feeders above the lock in question, after de- ducting therefrom the sum of the losses by evaporation and filtration throughout the same extent; now as the quanti- ues of water acquired and lost in a given length of canal, are exceedingly variable according to the localities (and the seasons °) it follows that the equality of lift recommended to be established in all the locks of a canal, is reduced toa simple rule of practice that is not justified by any theory, and which can find no reasonable application armies under a concurrence of circumstances rarely to be met wi e have just oh to what laws the lis of the fae 2 a navigable canal should. be made to vary in a given case, abstracting, as. we have the consideration of a difference in the draft of water of the boats. It would. be easy, taking that difference into account, to deduce from our formule the law of variability of those lifts in similar circumstances. The simplicity of these calculations ren- ders their application here unnecessary. The quantity of dynamical action, or active force expend- ed in in ps the lect has not yet fixed the attention Enero ooh ap I shall now proceed to demonstrate in RS oe EA SME e may lead xp to + ak ne PES EE ick: os the em I shall begin by recalling this inpantestable- Bye “that active forces and dynamical actions, from whatever source derived, and in whatever manner they are disposed of, can always represent the useful effect of some machine. The economy of these forces, by the adoption oFsve vet meting eal s; will therefore leave a greater be disposed of; for example, if we regulate in a proper manner the rise and. on “the locks of a i CaN See the riaant: the use of mills on the banks of the cael, orto ay ee useful purpose. pe Pag Int > second ana, = expense of active force, indisp i : sage of a lock, in raising | one. boat and lowe ng 2 er, is alas: proporlipnaal to se raquaee ab ote f Bech, lock, 120 AM. Girard on Navigable Canals. whatever be the expense of rari and the draft of the as- cending and the descending boat But we have already conctited from the equation which expresses the relation between these quantities, that if the lift of the lock be made equal to the difference in the drafts of water of the two boats, the expense of water from the r level is nu In this particular case, the expense of active force neces- sary for ee passage of the two boats is therefore as it were repaid the descending boat, in the same manner as if this boat in descending on an inclined plane, drew the oth- er boat up along the plane, at the same time, by means of a chain passing over a pulley. In the same manner, when shia lift of the lock is less than the difference of draft of wa- ter of the two boats, we have seen that a certain volume of water was raised from the lower to the upper lavel ; in this case the active force of the descending boat is not only em- Leta in ree the icwagee boat but in raising at the same clined plane, and a- certain volume of water was Maded to the weight of the lightest boat. _ We must also observe that the quantity of active force expended by the descending boat to raise a mass of water into the higher level, is not deducted from the ‘uselub mn movement, offer this singular advantage, to the exclusion of all other machines, that the expenditure of active force necessary to the production of movement is in itself a por- tion of the useful effect which the machine i is intended to Po ob obtain this advasieng e, it istrue, the following; condi $ are necessary ; Ist. the of water of the boats which descend should be greater than that of the boats which ascend; 2ndly, That the rise and fall of the locks should in no case exceed that difference of draft of water. =~ Tis evident that the last condition can alwayebe be fulfilled first shall exist : and, | ‘in determin- ing the quantity of water necessary to supply a pater it has M. Girard on Navigable Canals. 121 always been supposed that the navigation in the two opposite directions was equally productive ; a moment’s attention to the subject will suffice to shew that this supposition is not conformable to reality, that the weight of articles transport- ed downwards is far greater than that of the merchandize which ascends the canal ; and that this difference is likely always to exist wherever civilization is sufficiently advanced to render canal communications heegseery between differ- ent sections of a country. The greatest population of a country always fixes tse at a point where the articles of first necessity which it sumes, and the raw materials which it employs in its ada ufactories, can arrive with the greatest facility. Navigable rivers offer so great natural advantages for this object that they have drawn to their banks a great number of inhabi- tants; in this covered with cities, and the capital of a country is generally situated = the banks of the largest river which passes through its territory. When the population of the valleys hci which the navigable rivers run, becomes so dense that those valleys ean no longer furnish sufficient means of existence, recourse must be had to the more elevated plains to supply the defi- ons of the earth are ciency, and sometimes certain a drawn from the | to be employed by the hand of industry. In these circumstances artifie ial canals become necessary for the transportation to the place of consumption, and without greatly enhancing the price, of wood, timber, and other materials for construction, aswell as pit-coal and iron castings, those two sinews of manufac- SS - But these productions of the earth, which descend to the valleys, are incomparably hea vier than the manufactured objects for which they are given in ee Thus we see that the boats which transport . out going out of our own country for examples, is it a same on the canal of Giyars in the vicinity of Lyons? and do we not every day see that the boats: which sopply: Paris, arrive with full cargoes, and, after ae u nem, as- eat number of these boats, . especially those those which come fom the centre — Dy ie ean of Bar, don ee 122 M . Girard on Navigable Canals. pers ” are broken up in Paris, and the materials of ich they are constructed sold under the name of boat w a find be superfluous to adduce any further proofs in support of this opinion. It is easy to conceive that the - boats which should arrive at Paris from the most elevated points of the department of the Ardennes, or of the depart~ ment of the Coéte-d’Or would not return with so weighty cargoes as those they should have brought. e may there- fore consider it as an established principle that, in a well regulated system of internal navigation, the total weight of articles which descend the canals will always be much greater than that of the objects which ascend them This principle once admitted, the volume of water neces- sary for the navigation of canals will be greatly reduced ; and the difficulty of sven ae it in sufficient quantity on the summit levels of those SS be no ungee an passage of boats, and even in case of need, the ey may be made to raise a certain volume from the lowest to the high- est level of the canal. To give an example of this manner of proceeding, let us suppose that the draft of water of the boats which descend a canal be 1" 20°=(3 feet 10} inches nearly,) and that of the boats which ascend 30 centinueter (11 4 inches) only. Let us suppose forthier, that the expenditure of water in the canal cannot exceed } of the wee t of the boats which pore the locks in asian arene substituting these numer- plyin Upon daficienty of water which might in some instanees prevent the opening of useful canals ; but other, and not less important advantages will naturally accrue from the es- M. Girard on Navigable Canals. 123 tablishment of the relation here assigned between the draft of water of the boats and the lift of the canal-locks. By aug- menting that draft of water, and by diminishing that lift, it will be possible to transport the same mney “of goods on narrower canals; the ground occupied by the canals will there aa be. less, and consequently cost less purchase money,” while the loss al water by evaporation will dimin- ish in the same proportio he manceuvreing of sh gates will be much easier, and may be confided to the boatmen, as is practised on the small canals in England, by which means the wages and lodgment of the Lock-keepers may be saved. The pressure of water on the sides and bottoms of the locks being much less will cause less dam and conse- quently render the repairs less Sedans: and costly. By this means roan navigation. will be no longer exposed to those frequent and long interruptions which have heretofore been necessary for the purpose of repairs. Finally, narrower boats with a greater draft of water, will offer less resistance when tracked,* and as they may be decked, their cargoes will be more secure than in ordi- nary flat-bottomed boats. Ina future mewn I shall develope n more fully the last 1 which I have here. ig es out. In cau this, I shall only re remark that the disc ry of lock na by che" mancnavicing. 6 fourteenth century, ‘ben artillery was ey SAC by n aking cannons to throw bat sh. eS two to ct, heir unwieldly 1 mass ‘soon compelled eee ot o pera ‘There now pate semen iit Account of a Remarkable Storm. those old cannon except in Turkey, and in some few for- tresses of urope, where they are preserved as monuments of the art in its infancy. The dimensions of all the pieces of artillery have been successively reduced, and that arm has only been really improved in proportion as it has been made lighter ; or in other words, its greatest perfection con- sists in making it produce the greatest possible effect with the least possible expense of active forces. and size of artillery : this circumstance has ee ren- dered the progress of that arm much more rapid than the improvements in Hydraulic Architecture. Hence in the latter species of construction we are still at the large pieces. EE Arr. XII. avn ai ge of a remarkable storm which occur- at Catskill, ilaly 20; 1819. =s [Rea before the Cat Lyceum] To eS Sirumay, Dear Sir—Agreeably to your request, I now transmit to you an account of the great storm, which occurred here on Monday afternoon the 26th July, 1819. At that time I was absent on a journey, in the state of Pennsylvania. Of course T am indebted to,others for that class of facts which relate to the immediate phenomena of thestorm. I reached home on the following Monday 5 and during that that week spent much of the time in collecting facts relative to it; and have since to time, visited various places, where uncom- ‘ravages were re occagioned, and have spared no pains in obtaining all the information of an interesting nature which could be collected. Every fact communicated by others, or fae The ue, ayaa was immediately committed to writ- uscript has lain by me about fifteen months. Tb have more : dias once, visited several of the places, ol ( Siloam exist, and be! lieve the account to be in 2 am | ee oa res ectfall ; at he, Mee) OBENTAMIN CW. _ DWIGET. Catskill, February 5, 1821 Account of a Remarkable Storm. 125 ACCOUNT OF A STORM, &e. several places in the mountainous country of New- England, it has been supposed by many of the inhabitants, that clouds have in various instances burst, or suddenly dis- charged great quantities of water. As the phenomena in- dicated by this phraseology have, in almost all instances, in which they have occurred, in that section of the country, existed in thinly settled regions, or in the might, in conse- quence of which the accounts given of them are imperfect ; suppose that it may be gratifying to some of your readers, 2 see a detailed account of the storm, which occurred ere. This storm exhibited fh sta analagous to those, which have occurred from what is called the bursting of a cloud, and in some respects more rensdthable than any, of which I have hea To render the’ description more intelligible, a few ex- planatory observations may be u e township of Catskill is shakidd on the West side of the Hudson, and is bounded on the East by that river; on the North by the township of Athens; on the West by Cai- ro ; and on the South by Saugerties. The town is estima- ted to be about one hundred and twenty miles north from the city of New-York. Three rivers, or creeks, as they are this township ; the Kistatom, the Kaaterskill, apres the Cin. kill. The Kiskatom rises, iff am sabe informed, e tween the Catskill mountains and the Round Top,* mountain in Cairo; and runs about five miles in the tnvaalllp of Catskill, fod empties into the Kaaterskill. The Kaat- erskill is ne mill stream, which rises in the Catskill rmondliing: Nate empties into wed Catskill, about two miles from the gece of the latter str rises in , in Scoharie. ; pt ae af ter a course o it forty miles, into the Hudson. Catskill modatais = tie westward from the town, and are dis- tant from it in their nearest ike about seven or eight miles. e town is — along the creek, and commences at whan and they ‘had been averted, like pockets turned inside ut, for th he sake of pre- ate them from the oe when tis skin Bie taken off. ing them more effectually in the ed prepara- tion. Sees the manner sa Bosice eiaiibtornne, Intelligence and Miscellanies.—Domestic. 185 er caricaturing the animal, I became immediately satisfied that he had no ) pretensions to be considered an undescribed ora djatinet species. For in most other respects, he ¢ seems to agree with the Hamster of Georgia, called by some the Gopper, which was described by me in 1804, and publish- ed that year, with a figure, by A. Anderson, i in the New- (p. 525.) For President Meigs’s and Governor Milledge’s exertions to investigate the history of this shy and trouble- some little animal, you may consult the 5th volume of the Medical Repository, p. 89 The chief use of his bags or pouches is to carry earth and sand. He is a great digger and travels much under ground. To enable him to make his excavations more completely, he fills his bags with earth, and brings it up. He empties them by pressing out their contents with his fore paws. It does not appear that they are the receptacles of food ; for they have no connexion whatever with the mouth. et m me en- treat you to explain this matter as soon as you can, to your correspondents, that this travestied rat may no more appear in the books of zoology ; and Jet me at the same time soli- cit the continuance of your good will. SAMUEL L. MITCHILL. INTELLIGENCE AND MISCELLANIES. ee I. Domestic 1. Opinion of Professor Buckland of the University of Oxford, respecting certain features of American Geology. Extract . a letter to the Editor, dated Shrivenham, near arringdon, Berks, (Eng.) June 4, 1821. Sir, I having sn received, from my friend, the Rev. Pro- fessor Buckl the annexed interesting detail respecting the Geological Aly recently ee: to exist between Vor. IV.....No. 1 186 Intelligence and Miscellanies. — Domestic. the two great Continents of the old and the new world, (as they are called.) Ihave determined at once to direct to ou the transcript in question from Professor Buckland’s beter to me which is as follows. COPY. ‘‘f lately received a very valuable box of specimens col- lected by Major Delafield from the Lakes of North Ameri- ca; chiefly lime stone, full of organic remains ; and both stone and shells so precisely similar to those of the transition limestone of Dudley and Longhope, that it is quite impossi- ble to distinguish them. Octhoceratite, Chain cord En- crinites, Terebratulites, (No. 42. pl. 13. vol. 2, of Parkin- son’s Organic Remains,) and millions of minute and almost microscopic millepores crowd all these specimens, and prove decidedly the masses whence they are taken to be the transition lime stone of England. “ Similar specimens were sent to London by Lieut. Franklin from Cu bets House, where he quartered last winter, in his way to the Copper mine River ; and by Cap- tain Perry on hiss new aidan, within. Bacrow’ s Straits. = "The s same limestone, containing the same shells, occurs largely i in Sicien, and the Islands of Oland, Gothland, and Bankolm, and in the country round Petersburgh ; there and in England, the rock is characterized by containing al- so the Dudtey fossil, and trilobite, of which no specimen is sent in the as set (only 15) which I received from the American Lake o doubt, hcwceee it will be found there. Thus the transition limestone assumes an immense importance in thus extending (with precisely the same features) from the old to the new world, under nearly the same parallels of lati- tude, and RBERDS, at such great distances the same or- ganic remains ! e specimens sent, were chiefly from compere Islands, and Thessolar iceland, on Lake Hu- Mr. Buckland adds in his letter, from which the foregoing is an accurate copy, ‘* Perhaps e above circumstances tig t Professor Silliman, for his ee, which I ee may be coutinued as ably as itis begun.” Intelligence and Miscellanies.—Domestic. 187 . Massive yellow Oxid of Tungsten—On page 52 of a present volume and number, we have already mention- ed a yellow een oxid of Pangaien, which occurs, as an incrustation, upon t nd manganesian oxid of that metal (wolfram) found in Mr. Lane! s mine at Hunt- ington. We have now discovered the massive yellow oxid of Tungsten Sune some specimens brought us for exami- nation by Mr. The colour of this mineral varies, from orange yellow, and chrome yellow, to yellowish grey ; it is brittle, fracture between conchoidal and small foliated, lustre adamantine 3 of taste, is infusible and unalterable by the blow-pipe; specific gravity of the purer specimens 6. water being 1. insoluble i in — but by digestion in nitric acid, the powder, which is reyisb, assumes a very brilliant yellow colour, and would probably afford a fine pigment. It is readily soluble in warm liquid ammonia, and is pre- cipitated white by acids; the precipitate, by standing, re-ac- quires the yellow colour. he gangue is quartz, and minute veins of this substance and of what appears to be the ferruginous tungsten are dis- seminated through some of the masses ; the specific gravity of the impure specimens falls between 5. and 6. We have one specimen engaged in quartz and much broken, which, (we say it however without laying much emphasis upon | the impression,) appears to be part of a crystal; we co ture an Lica on ; this fragment is about one inch in diam We Ane from Mr. Lane that this mineral is found in tolerable abundance in his mine. REMARK. Mite digesting acids upon the powder of this oxid of tungsten, we examined the liquid for lime, but, without discovering any; at present therefore, we do not see that it ought to be confounded with the calcareous tungsten, which indeed appears very differently : A more accurate examina- tion than we have been able to make would be necessary in order to decide whether the tungsten is in this case com- 188 Intelligence and Miscellanies—Domestic. bined with any foreign substances. This massive variety and the pulverulent pa bie mentioned at page 52, appear to constitute a new species.—Editor. 3. New locality of £ Tuor spar.—This interesting ini which Patrin,* a French mineralogical traveller salts me years ago had not been found on the Western ContlnaGt appears, on the contrary, to be of frequent occurrence. We have already announced several new eee: in the present number, and we now add another. Fluor spar occurs at Putney,t Venmude and was discov- ered by the Rev. Elisha D. Andrews of that place. His let- ter to the Editor states that it occupies the fissures in ledges of slate that the principal vein is six or eight inches wide and that after being followed four feet it decreased to one or two inches and had every appearance of running out. Geological and Mineralogical Notice.—From specimens transmitted by Mr. Andrews we are enabled to state that the rock in which this fluor spar occurs is a primitive slate which appears to be a mica slate, just passing into a clay : the Tortusely and lustre of the mica are still discerni- ble ile it has lost its elegance. In primitive slaty regions, rocks of this middle character are of frequent occurrence, but we do not remember that fluor spar has ever been found in them or in any slaty rocks before. This fluor spar isofa grass or emerald green with here and there a tinge of purple ; but green is almost the sole colour and in this respect it is remarkable this being rather a rare colour of fluor spar and not found, we believe in ‘es coun try, except near Northampton by Dr. David Hun he Putney fluor is not ecrystalized, although ie has the usual crystaline structure and exhibits on its surfaces an evi- dent tendency towards crystalization. Its phosphorescence is very lively and agreeable; ona hot shovel ina dark place itexhibits violet light sey other shades; some pieces emit nearly pure white light; large pieces easily become luminous and remain distinctly visible after being brought into the day li ght. e have still another locality of this mineral ; it is found in Ontario County New-York, but we have mislaid both the * Seehis peer tegical tf + Put ae Connecticut river, thirty-three miles south of Windsor, mars 2 epic north of Hartford. Intelligence and Miscellanies.— Domestic. 189 mineral and the label describing its location more distinctly. It is crystalized and its colours are deep purple almost black. Dr. he of Northampton, furnished the specimen two years aes Black Oxid of Manganese.—Respecting the locality of this mineral, mentioned on page 54 of this volume we have received some additional paticalits from Mr. Calvin Pres- cott, (in the other memorandum, called my misnomer Cal- vin Pease,) his letter is dated Sept. 10, 1821, the follow- ing is an extract: “‘ Sir,—The npg is situated on both sides of a rivu- ah, and a tial the ore is not very abundant at present, yet it will pay well for digging.” eological Survey of the County of Rensselaer, State if New- Yor rk.—We mentioned (page 239, Vol. IIL.) that a Geological survey of the County of Albany, with a par- ticular reference to the $1 Mabe of i aa. had been made by Dr. Beck and Prof. Eato e are informed that a siieitak survey, is now making of the County of Rensselaer. The efforts are very credita- ble to those by whom they are directed, and among them, certainly no one has stronger claims on public approbation and gratitude than the distinguished individual, at whose sole expence, we are informed, both these enterprises were =, . Cure for the Bite of the Rattle-snake, by means of Pee Uvularia perfoliata, mentioned at pa. 61 of this Vol. Extract of a letter to the Editor, — Professor D. B. Douglass, of the Mili- tary Academy at West Point. Will it afford yourself or Dr. Ives any pleasure to see a ee of the genuine plant with which the Indians per- m the cure of the Rattle-snake bite—it is perhaps well rea to you —I have, hawaii preserved some stalks, though not being able to see it in the flowering season, they will only enable me to know it again when I see it. It re- 190 Intelligence and Miscellanies—Domestic. sembles very much the plant called Solomon’s seal, only that the leaf embraces the stalk. As to the cures I have been witness of those in having been, during greater part of the summer in the tour of 1819, in a region most fruitful of those reptiles. The water snakes were not quite as nume- rous as in Carver’s time, but the great water lilly, upon whose floating leaves that traveller saw them basking, was growing in great perfection. Remark.—The above fact was considered important on account of Prof. Douglass having been a personal witness of the cures ; le alludes to these facts in his letter, on pa. 57 of this Volume. It is to be hoped that he will state his ohseeeasipns more at large.—Ed. ce of Morse’s New Gazetteer.—A New Univer- sal oe by J. Morse, D. D. and R. C. Morse, A. M. in one alphabet, and in one large 8vo volume, of more than pages, has just besa Nabe from the press in this city, It is believed that this is the only Gazetteer yet completed in ps Be important changes introduced at the Cae of Vien- The basis of the present work, so far as relates to the Eastern Continent, is the New Eianuaoe GaAzeTTEER, now nearly completed in six volumes, and executed with industry and ability by six different authors of literary emi- nence, each taking a different department. Much assis- pg EPErIAY in the more complicated parts of Europe- eography, has also been derived from the works of alt Geographers. The portion of the work relating to the United States, is unusually full, and has been prepar- ed with great labour from rte Ee ‘collected by extensive a travels, and by correspondence with intelligent gen- tlemen in the various states, as well as by a cousultation of all the eahuatile works which have lately appeared, illustra- ting the geography of the different parts of the country. At the close of the work isan Appendix, containing an account of the monies, weights and measures of various countries, with tables illustrating the population, commerce and re- sources of the United States, and also in a tabular view, @ summary result of the researches of the senior author, in re- Intelligence and Miscellanies—Domestic. 191 lation to the — and position of the various Indian tribes in this cou The oxeatent. ty pograpical execution of the work ona ood paper, gives it an attractive appearance, - very crediabte to the publishers as well as to the autho 8. Notice of Morse’s New School Geography ail Atlas. ae Richardson & Lord, Boston, 1820. Price $1,75.— his is the twenty-second edition of the School Geography, and is published by Jedidiah Morse, D. D. and Sidney i Morse, A.M. The present edition, with much labour and care, has been taken into a new draft, and all the modern improvements of importance have been introduced. In this work the world is represented under three distinct views.— 1. An Introductory view of each quarter or grand division of the globe; 2. A view of each et indetail; 3. Gen- eral Views or recapitulations. The eral views occupy about one third of the work, and dctistinute the feature which particularly distinguishes it from former editions, and which give ita decided preference over other school geographies. All that is important relating to the population, commerce, literature, r religion, &c. of the countries of the world, is here condensed, explained by remarks, and accompanied by questions, so as to render it easy for the youth to understand. The General views are followed by about fifty pages of questions on the maps 0 Atlas. The Atlas contains 8 maps, viz. Of the globe; Europe ; Asia ; Africa; North- America; FR Son ; The United States ; ‘and British Islands. These are corrected by the Authors, and are very neatly engraved and coloured. his Compend of School Geography, we andorstarnt from the published Report ofthe Superintendant of Schools in the State of New-York, has been examined by him, and recom- mended for general use in the Schools throughout that State. So far as our knowledge extends, we think his judg- ment and decision wise, and that the work will prove ex- on beneficial. erican Geological Society—The annual meeting of this pacar was held in the Cabinet of Yale College, on the evening of a 12, and the officers of the last year were all re-elected In addition to the donations to the Cabinet, a box was announced from Professor Samuel Brown, of Transylvania “ 192 Foreign Literature and Science. University 5 it olga organized remains from Tennes- see. A second box, from Prof. Dewey, of Williamstown, has also been recei ieiedics Some fine crystals of the North-Carolina Zircon from evs and some fine specimens of sappar, &c . Alfr son, were reported, besides a box of mineralogical and geo- logical specimens from James Pierce, Esq. Il. Foreign Literature and Science. [Communicated by Professor Griscom.]} The following premiums are offered by the “ Society for the Encouragement of National Industry” in France.* Pre- miums for 1821. MECHANIC ARTS. 1. For the construction of a Hydraulic press, particularly adapted to the expression of olive and grain oil, and the compression of grapes and other fruits. Two thousand 2; For the Sen oar of a witettaikk which shall not obstruct the current of rivers, nor impede navigation, float- age or the imrigation of meadows. One thousand Francs. CHEMICAL ARTS. For perfecting the materials employed in engraving en tiie oue Thee conditions to be fulfilled are, 1. a pro cedure by which the oe plates may be prepared fa a density suitable to the wants of the art, and arising from the nature of the metal and me “frohn the violent pressure of the coricshaed shee 2. To perfect the varnish and the man- er of app t so as to prevent its scaling, as well as the Geeideitis hich feguertty happen when the plates are cor- roded. * We have imagined that our readers will be gratified in the perusal of is list as it serves to shew the warm interest which is felt ina nation, with whom we are on terms of friendly and e intercourse, in the ad- the : E ‘ 4 mcou- finest productions of the manufactories bin: h they superintend, we should lad to see extensively imitated in each of the United States, having °° of the efficacy of such institutions sete national p ¥. Foreign Literature and Science. 193 4. To show the effects of various acids on copper plates, both pure and mixed and of different degrees of strength. Fifteen hundred Francs -_ For the Subriation ser Russian Leather. —There i is oy n to believe that the py al bark, may be oe ivant 1 in this process It appears evident from the writi af Pallas, and others that Whey, and Tannin deriv ieee abecberk afte willow or the leaves of the Statice Limonium and the oil of birch bark and a yu ae teemmhes of that tree are vias employed in the in 1a. SS a wo fifteen tee Se f; a4atCci employed i in instruments for dividing soft animal and vegeta- ble substances, used as in domestic economy in many of the rural arts. Instruments used for pounding, cutting, —~ grating, iae.caxe shone alluded to 5 and .o! obubich 4 iron and steel from their n very ¢ or the « : ary eras ee oat vhicl os ed ik pater, ae capable i tone. Two hundred franes : 3 For - preservation of meats He anying. Fire thov- “a iVeN. Tr os 194 Foreign Literature and Science. 12. For the best sowing or sate of the northern pie, Lariceo known under the name of 13. Do. for the best Scotch pines (Prius Biubasi) Fif- teen mendes! and one thousand francs. Premiums transferred to the year 1821. _ 14. For the construction of a machine for shaving skins employed in hatting. One thousand franc 15. For the fabrication of steel wire fit for needles, that shall be equal to those imported ; six thousand francs, pro- vided the Fab of wire produced i in the manufactory by ~ one of May shall have amounted to ten thousand francs. - Fora cabecm for dying wool with madder of a deep or eee employing Cochineal. Six thousand francs. e preparation of flax and hemp without steep- ing. “Fifteen hundred franes. 18. For the preservation of Alimentary substances by a process aoalogemest:ie: to that of | Appar Two thousand he: ‘Fos.therdiseovery.; in. France of a quarry of stone suitable for francs. lithographic 20. For the constructionof a mill for cleaning buckwheat. Six hundred franes. Premiums for the year 1822. 21. For the construction of a machine ioe POEM optic- al glasses. ‘Two thousand five hundred fran 22. For the construction of a mill for eitey ‘and pound- ing grain which may be oa to all kinds of rural necessi- car . our thousand - a or perfecting the = preparing animal intestines for cat-gut, iia &c. Fifteen hundred franc 24. For the fabrication of bar copper for sis use of git ders. Fitieen hundred franes. 25. For wool best adapted to the use of hatters._ Six wu. Se ty se a1 paw ? merino sheep, and of cross cane “with those thet — ee to France, ea reminay remarks, yprennee to shew, that The Flote-'T rap forma n of the greens is of igneous origin, and dogerate. 7 Stn kes d of volcanic ejections. VOLCANOES, ‘are natural vents in the rust ofthe earth, made by subterranean fires, to afford an exit for the gasses, vapours, and solid substances that have been ex- aay to the action of intense heat in the bowels of the arth. en are active, or extinct. Active volcanoes may be considered as those polis wore manifested conflagration and discharge of ignited within a century of the present time. Prof. Youngin a very c. expresses a three. Brieslak, after M. M. Lsichalde Kopp, and Gaertner in their prospectus of oe ae in 1817, at one hundred and eighty-seven only : viz. fifteen in Europe, ‘six- -two in Asia, ten in Africa, Be > in America, six in Australasia ; of which one hundred and a ae Te nine- ty five are situated on continents, and ninety-two on islands. 3 Breis. 403. D’Aubuisson reckons up two hundred and five, of which one hundred and seven are oni But from Lieut. Gov. Raffles’ account of Java, and his remarks on the Celebes and Philippine islands aiahe teateldarn there is goods reason to believe we may add to that number ; whe ee a tyet able to enumerate more from actual ob wiThe ie seat of voleanoes, oy somes consent of the latest and best below the oldest granite. 2 Spalanz. trav. "164, 165, at gre aimee 3 1b. 235. Fau- 212 Dr. Cooper on Voleanoes Ac. Sc. 1771. Pallas’s speech to the Imp, Acad. Petersb. 1771. Desaussure voy-aux Alpes ch. 5. § 181. Padre Torre. Abbe Ordinaire (Dallas’s transl.) on volcanoes p. 48. Mem. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, p. 48. _ Bakewell’s Geol. ‘ Because, (a) they are frequent in primitive countries, as Auvergne, &c. Brieslak. § 203. 585. (6) they are seen to cut through ranite ; forcing their way upward; as at Red book titles Basalt, and Granite. At Teneriffe, 1 Humb. pers. nan. 94. 238. Eng. trans. Ger. de Sonlavie § 409 757. 759. 780, who mentions the village of Antraigues built on aes whieh has forced up enormous masses of Granite. yke ten or twelve feet thick, cutting through ea ohicteeanive mountain of Arran from bottom to to op. pee evidences to be sure are premature as yet, but en be borne i: a mind. (c) Granite is thrown out with lava in ig ge es tances, even at Vesuvius, Brande’s Jour. No.. 10, page 29 ; as by the Gros Morne near the source of rois Rivieres mentioned by Humbold in his personal Nar- rative, V. I. p. 235, 240. (d) Many specimens of lava have been observed and are found in cabinets, i iig ie and enveloped by Granite. 1 Humb. pers. nar. Ger. de Sonlavie § 757, 758, 759, 780, &c. &c. Dr. MCulloch i in No. 19, p. 29 of the Journ, of Sciences by Brande, Basalt veins in Eranite Brande’s Catalogue of Minerals of the Roy. Inst. 145, 165. Wacke vein in the old Granite, at Rocky Run, one mile from Columbia, South-Carolina. (e) Cor- dier has ascertained that the component parts of Lava and of Granite are the same, Felspar, Amphibole, Mica, Py- roxene, Peridot, Titaniferous oxyd ox Iron, and oligistic, or oxydulated Iron. See Cordier’s paper, surles substances dit en masse que entrent dans la composition des roches vol- caniques de tous les ages. Volcanoes are usually situated in the vicinity of the ocean, and sometimes sea water breaks into eat ee etd Voleano.) Lakes also break into them a 3° iedoe Bae i to Humbold Pimelodus Gyclopam ( (H.) td and Volcanic Substances. 213 not appear that any characteristic effect of Volcanoes de- pends on their proximity to the ocean. Breisl. § 644 et seq. Volcanic eruptions usually co-exist with Earthquakes. 1 Humb. per. nar. 227. 2 Ib. 226. Breisl. § 567. Bakewell’s Geol. p. 234, 51 Phil. trans. pt. 2 p. 566 ann. 1760. 49 Ib. 1755 p. 351 to the end of the volume. Art. Volcano and Earthquake, Rees’ Encyc. The exit for the ejected matter is usually the top or sides of a conical mountain, of which the top opening is the Cra- ter. In process of time, the craters of mountains that have long ceased to be active, falk in, by being undermined, or by atmospheric action, and are gradually obliterated ; in which case the voleano becomes extinct, and the traces of its existence rest upon the evidence of the volcanic char- acter of the ejections in its vicinity. A volcano in operation, gives out smoke and flame. Bibl. Britan. tom 30. derived from its contact with coal strata ; for we know of no substances capable of combustion and of giving out smoke and flame from the Granite or beneath it, ull we arrive at Werner’s independent coal formation. It is usually accompanied by eleetric light ; I know not from what source derived. The ejections are Lava, consisting of fluid, or half fused, or softened minerals, or stones ignited only, and stones un- acted on, from the Granite rock below through the whole series of formations whose edges are exposed to volcanic action. What has taken place at Chaud Coulant, between Buzene and Fraissinet in Auvergne. 2 Soulav. § 1166, must take place more or less inevery active volcano. “You find ejected spongy basalts, solid basalts, granite, calcareous rocks, mud lava, and confused mixtures of all kinds of mat- ter in the valley below: calcareous matter in Lava, in all degrees of vitrification, and all kinds of substances volcanic and non-volcanic mixed together. : The Lava is glass (Obsidian) or partly fused and imper- fect glass as the resinites, Spalan. tr. 250. V. 3. or porcela- nous substance, or cinders, or rough hackly slag or scoria, or columnar basalt, or vesicular basalt, or compact basalt ; with stones of various kinds acted on by fire in various degrees. he basaltic Lava, is often columnar, both in the sea, and in places where no water could have reached ; in figu- rate prisms of 3, 4, 5 or 6 sides: rarely more; generally of or, i No. 2. 2 peeene 214 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes 5. The cause of the columnar and prismatic figure of vol- canic basalt is as yet undetermined. Basalt affords strong suspicion of its having been formed out of primitive, or transition Horablende rocks : from its appearance—from hornblende accompanying it—from its analysis Lavas however, have been found by Cordier after mechanical examination by means ofa microscope, to be composed chiefly of felspar, and black augit or pyroxene and oxyd of Iron. This mineral (augit) of other colours than black, is found occasionally in primitive strata, but the black crystals of augit seem, to be peculiar to Lava, and characterize it. ence, augit has been considered as an igneous product of volcanic action; a conjecture that de- rives strength from the fact that Dr. Thomson found crystals of augit sublimed in a chimney of a house on Vesuvius that had been exposed to a current of Lava. Insulated crys- tals of augit, are thrown out by volcanoes in prodigious abundance. Breisl. 675.50, near Rome and at Frescati voleanoe of Mons Latiali: on the average to about 20 per cent: it is frequently _titani- ferous, indicative of a primitive origin. When the Felspar prevails in Lavas, the fusion is comparatively more easy. Lavas may be considered generally as felspathic, (‘Trachy- tes) or augitic and amphibolic. Lavas are also, fibrous ob- sidian or pumice; or they are earthy and lithoid ; or fria- ble and hard as Tufas ; or decomposed into an ocreous sub- stance as Puzzuolana or ‘Tarras; or into an earthy blackish argillaceous substance as the wacke of the Germans. In fact, Lavas will have different appearances in proportion to the degree of heat they have undergone—the continuance of the heat—and the nature of the stone itself and its relations to caloric. vas consisting of Felspar, Augit and Iron, as their general component parts, have been observed also as containing or enveloping, crystals of mica, of Hornblende, Petrosilex Pe : Fragments of Granite and other primitive rocks not ap- parently acted on by fire. 1. Spalanz. trav. 78. Crystals se ener etteenamantrramenna a nie ae sesame rss ences nn nme mca [Fe and Volcanic. Substances. 215 of black augit, of Leucite, voleanic hornblende, nepheline, Meionite, sommite, Idocrase. Doubts have been entertain- ed whether these were pre-existent crystals, or the effect and product of igneous fusion, or the effect and product of eng Soi filtration into the cells, vesicles and cavities of e Lava containing them. See Borkowsky on Sodalite. Breislak found a chrystal of Augit inside a chrystal of Leu- cite. Inst. § 682. Beside these chrystals, the following have been found ac- companying Lava ; Garnet, Hyaci inth, Zircon, Sap- pene. Spinelle, Peridot, Epidot, titaniferous sidero-calcite, remolite, Gyps, Hauyene, Zeolyte, Sodalite, Tafelspar, Topaz, Humite (Bournon.) In pe we need not won- der at finding the minerals which accompany primi- tive rocks, accompanying Lava also ; sometimes chang- ed, sometimes unchanged. I Spalan. 78. In the vesi- cles or cells of Lava, the minerals commonly found, are Leucite (in Italy) Peridot, Zeolyte of various kinds, Preh- nite carbonat of lime as at Et tna, at Lipari, 3 Spalan. 228, in Iceland. 7. Ed. Trans. 90. Quartz, Agate, chalcedony, green earth. Forming amygdaloids, toadstones and geo- es; the crystals in the cells are probably infiltrated. Various specimens of these, are in every cabinet of tolera- ble extent. The Lavas containing crystals are or less perfect, of Felspar, are porphyritic Lavas. s contain- ing Zeolite, Prehnite, Agate Chalcedony, Sauteed nouv. Dict. @hist. natur. Tome 17, p. 390. vas cut through all metallic veins, and rarely envelo e any metalline sub- stance. Galena is saidto have been found in whin (Kidd 102.) but such a case is accidental and rare, though very possible. Vegetable and animal remains have been found adhering to Lava and enclosed init. Breisl. § 700. 1 Humb. Pers. Narr. 241, see the question discussed in 3 Breisl. p. 251. [have a shell adhering to the slag of an iron furnace. Lavas are sometimes very extensive. Dolomique notices one of ten Jeagues. A stream from the north side of Etna, according to upero, extended forty miles. Lord Win- cre mentions another in 1669, ace, miles long by seven broad. Pennant states the current from Hecla in ne at ninety-four miles one way and fifteen another, and from eighty to one hundred feet thick. The currents in dis Isle of Bourbon produced thirty million tois- 216 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes es cube of Lava. Breisl. § 669 note. Suppose for the mo- figurate basalt, according to Soulaive in that district, beside amorphous basalt and cellular basalt, on the surface. ‘Ta- king in the depth, he calculates the basaltic matter at two thousand one hundred and eighty-seven millions of cubic feet French. 3 Soul. 358. Currents of Lava are often slow. Dolomieu cites one which ran but twelve thousand and five hundred feet in two years. M. de Buch however saw one descend from Ve- suvius, twenty three thousand feet in three hours and reach- smoked twenty-six years. S. W. Hamilton thrust a stick into a mass of Lava, two leagues from the opening in Vesu- vius, three years after it had been ejected, and the stick took fire. Among voleanic ejections are mud Lavas, (moia,) They are noticed by S. W. Hamilton and Spalanzani, both from ‘Etna and Vesuvius. Menard de la George says they are regen in volcanoes near the sea. le earthquake at Lima in 1746, was accompanied (ac- cording to Uiloa) by a mud eruption from Monte de la Con- ception at Lucanas, which covered an immense space of ground. According to Humbold in 1698, the volcanoes of Carguarazo near Chimborazo, covered eighteen square leagues with mud. Such also are the eruptionsof Peru A mud voleanic mountain at Macalonba in Sicily, (Dolomieu-) and Volcanic Substances. 217 It ejected mud two hundred English feet high. Many small ones near Modena. ey are mentioned by Pallas and Von Humbold. (D’Aubuisson’s Geol.) Pallas notices one at Taman in the Crimeda which in 1794, burst out into flames with an ejection of bituminous mud ina current of about half a mile in length. Flames from bituminous matter are common in the erup- tions of Vesuvius. Breisl. § 602. Humbold observed the same in two caverns in a limestone hill at Cumana. These must arise from the independent coal formation. Boiling mud springsin Java. Penang Gazette Feb. 10, 1816. As to the distance to which volcanic ejections have been carried, Anno. Dom. 472, according to Procopius, the ashes of Vesuvius were wafted as far as Constantinople, two hun- dred fifty leagues: this requiresstronger evidence. In Asia and America, they are said to have been carried one hun- dred leagues: this also I have no precise authority to es- tablish. In 1794, Calabria was covered with a thick cloud of ashes fifty leagues distance from the volcano. They have been certainly wafted from Hecla to Glaumba, one hundred thirty miles. In 1812, from St. Vincents to Barbadoes, fifty miles, when a white handkerchief could not be seen at six inches distance. According to the Abbe Ordinaire, the ashes from the eruption of Vesuvius in 1794, passed Taren- to and Otranto, and were lost in the Mediterranean, four hundred miles from Vesuvius, p. 128 of Hist. of Volc. Stones of many tons weight have been thrown out of tna and Vesu- vius to the distance of a quarter of a mile. quakes and volcanic eruptions are concomitant. The earthquake at Lima in 1746, was accompanied with a mud eruption from Monte de la Conception, at Lucanas, which covered an immense space of ground ; as before no- ticed from Don Ulloa. The earthquake at Lima, Nov. 1, 1755, may be said to have extended throughout most of the habitable globe. See the numerous accounts that fill up the volume of the Philosophical transactions for the year succeeding, and 1 Humb. per. narr. 227, and the facts col- lected by Dr. Kidd, Geol. Es. 249. It took nine days to travel to North-America: it was felt at Philadelphia, New- ork and Boston. At the latter place four hours after the shock at Philadelphia. Flames broke out at Scituate, a- bout thirty miles south of Boston. After the earthquake 218 Dr. Cooper on Voleanoes at Lisbon, Europe, Africa and America, were for some time repeatedly agitated by sere 1 Fi explosions. tna, which een in a state of profound sy ee for eighty years, broke out with great apt nee In 1812, the earth- quake of the Caraccas, was followed by the volcanic erup- tion of St. Mhcanda before mentioned, in thirty-five days. Humb. per. na Many clear and indubitabe volcanoes soa in action are extinct. There are eleven in Rome and the Campagna of Rome, aceoraing’ a 5 Di: Sickle’ s teposraphical view of that district, viz. solfaterra. Lake Ga binus, Regillus, Albanus, Ne- morensis, near to Ariccia, Juterna, Castella Gandolfo, Nemi, San Juliano, Baccono, Brecciano, Lago Morte, Anagni. Breislak counted thirty-five extinct voleanoes in the space of five or six ¢ leagues by two leagues, about Naples. he kivds: The ancient taleaindes of Sidi extend from cae Paclino to Mtna, and are covered by, and alternate with, shell Limestone : hence they were submarine. To the same purpose Mr. Leckie in Bakewell 216, 2d Ed. This alternation of submarine volcanic ejections with limestone of marine origin is noticed by our own mineralogist Mr. M’Clare, in his account of the West-India Islands 3 the facts are so curious, that I shall copy them from Acie of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, p. 142 Dominica. A bed of coral or Madrepore Tameasihd with shells, lies horizontally ona bed of cinders, about two or three hundred feet above the level of the seas at Rousseau, and is covered by cinders to a considerable height. t. Christophers. p. 147. Brimstone hill is a_ stratifica- tion of Madrepore limestone ith 4 shells, at an angle of up- wards of 50° from the horizon, reposing on a bed of Gk. ie cinders, and partly covered by volcanic irruption king a fine specimen of the alternation of the Nevis my voleanic formations, which for aught we know, may be re- peated twenty or thirty times in the foundation of these EP enn and Volcanic Substances. 219 islands ; as every current of lava that runs into the sea, is liable to be covered with corals madropores, &c. and again covered with Lava, until it comes above the surface of the sea. St. Eustatia Ib. on the South East side of the large hill towards St. Christopher, there is a stratification of madre- pore Limestone alternating with beds of shells similar to those found at present in the sea. ‘The whole of this ma- rine deposition dips to the South West at an angle of up- wards of 45° from the horizon, resting upon a bed of cin- ders, full of pumice and other volcanic rocks ; and is imme- diately covered by a bed of Madrepores, sand and cinders mixed together with blocks of volcanic rocks, so dissemina- ted that there can be no doubt of the volcanic origin of the substance above and below the madrepore rock, which may be from five to six hundred yards thick. aba. p. 148. The madrepore and coral rocks mixed with shells, partly similar to those at present found in the sea, alternate with the cinders and other volcanic rocks, bustion was in the Pritts Decanss the transition formed Eastern group. Great attention is due to Lavas have been ejected, and the different kinds of stones of which they are composed. Count Borch has observed -that in December, 1776, the Lava of tna poured out in 1157, had a coating of twelve inches of earth. 1 Spal. tr. 220 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes One of 1329 had a coating of 8 inches. One of 166 - 1 One of 1766 - non In Italy, they are of opinion that the Dean aa is better fitted than any other vegetable, to reduce the surface of Lava to earth. Lavas are either submarine, or terraneous. Where they repose on, and alternate with strata, manifestly of marine origin, they may be considered as submarine. The volca- noes that elevate islands—those that alternate with meaee” pore strata as in the West-India islands. The strata at the base of tna consisting of Limestone with shells, Lava, then Limestone, and Lava are doubtless eeaieriens ; for the shell limestone on Lava must be a marine deposit. Other Lavas bear marks of being poured Ps originally on dry land, Hewes floeetz basalt should prove to be Lava ; as the hill of Meisner, so Ger. de Soulavie says, he found wood cut with an ch. under a mass of Lava (Basalt) at Butaressa in a Aaveree The same kind of occurrence is noted by M. “iecmuneet at Meisner, where the Basalt three hundred feet thick covers a stratum of charred and bituminous wood in some places sixty or ninety feet high. Some of it cut in lengths with the marks of the Axe and the Saw. Journ. des Mines No. 22. Breislak. § 701. Saulavie says, that in upper: Vivarais none of the volca- noes were submarine, but lower down there are marks of the action of waves and the craters are obliterated. 2 Soul. 353. A line of craters in that part of France, traced for sixty miles. The streams of Lava, fill up pelese and hollows. y are not conformable to the surface over which flow, longer than this fusion continues. They a sare in thick and deep incumbent masses, Seotjucat from sud- deni congelation, exhibiting peaked eminences, like the ice er in our great rivers. hey break through from below, and they cover from above, every stratum of rocks without discrimination, that they happen to come into contact with. They ma fiaers and marks of fire on the substances contiguous to The great mass fe Lava streams consists of Basalt ; amorphous, tabular, columnar and figurate, compact, Po- and Volcanic Substances. 221 rous, porphyritic or amygdaloidal. This is accompanied by stones fused, half fused, ignited, heated, or warmed, acted on by fire so as to affect their appearance, or not so, according to the degree and continuance of the heat, and the nature of the stones thus acted on. This statement re- quires no proof to persons accustomed to look at volcanic regions, or even cabinet specimens of well selected volca- nic productio All these nr escalch belong to the Basalt of France and Germany, and to the whin and toad stone of Great-Britain. They belong to no other class of rocks. Every known character that Lava possesses, is possessed also in like man- ner, — under like sear by the newest fletz trap of Werner. Werner himself was aware of it, for — ona visit os Paris a few years before his death, he w and urged to pay a visit to Auvergne, he steadily décliaed it. He had already put the detached masses of Saxon Basalt into his Neptunian formations, finding them to repose upon, and to alternate with rocks decidedly of Neptunian origin. He called them, rocks of the newest fletz trap formation. ewest because they were found covering aa alluvial, aiid the most recent of his secondary formation Fletz, because, covering the fieetz or soidinaiteh rocks, they appeared to belong to that series. ron oe the hornblende character so observable in He to have distinguished between Augie and Hornblende as being decisive of the character of igneous rocks. The rocks usually ranked as flcetz trap, by the Werne- rians, are Basalt, Porphyry, Amygdaloid, Greenstone, Pitchstone, Obsidian and Pumice. It is hardly necessary at the present day, to prove that the three last of these rocks are igneous in their origin. I shall take it as conceded that they are so. eae then to shew, the columnar, prismatic, figurate basalt, so com- Rao these: ted rocks, is common also among the best known active volcanoes, shiek abound in basalt of - That Basalt ae decided marks of fire on the sub- — ois. wert to it. Vou. IV Saas No. 2. | 222 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes 3. That it passes into — is accompanied by porphyries and amygdaloids like 4. That the other vhietctieibtion of Lava, belong also and in equal degree to Basalt As to the first. tna is a ‘a. porphyritic mountain sur- mounted by columnar basalt. 1 Humb. per. narr. 237 note. Prismatic columnar basalt forms the base of Ama: it is found in compact lava on the sides of Atna. The roc called the Cyclops opposite Catania, ee of columnar basalt. This is common also at La Frezza, at Monte Fi- noches, at Monte La Motta, Santa ent on the emi- nence at the town of Acireale, and below La Scala. Spa- lanzani. Ferber. All these are Sicilian and Vesuvian ba- salts. _ Spalanzani found pentagonal columnar Lava in the cra- ter of Voleano, one of the Lipari Isles. 3 Spal. tr. 195. Much columnar basalt formed of Lava atits entrance into the sea in the Eolian Isles, tna, and Ischia, according to Dolomieu, ib. et 202. Eanaie basals fn m Catania to Much figurate, columnar basalt at Monte Rosso described by Sir I. Strange 65 Phil. trans. see also 3 Spal. tr. 315. Gioeni says he has frequently found polyhedrous basalt in the artificial excavations of A.Qtna on the sides of it. 3 Sp. tr. p. 208. Presque habituelle dans les pays volca- niques. 1 Brogn. Min. 472. Basaltic prisms for a great extent on a bed of volcanic — and pumice at Bolzena and Ronca. Ferber’s tr. Much columnar basalt on ort he adjoining Vesu- vius, according to Lord Winchelsea. The basalt of Monte Somma, not to be distinguished from that of County An- trim. 3 Geo. tr. 233. Sir W. Hamilton in his letters on the volcanoes of Italy, p- 257, mentions the columnar Lava that flowed from Vesu- vius in 1632. He compares the prismatic columns at Ca- lastro, to those of Bolsena, and the Giants Causeway. Pris- matic basalt found at the foot of Vesuvius itself, art. em Nouv. Dict. de Phist. naturelle. On the same authority they are found inthe Vincentin, and in many of the isles of the Greek Archipelago. The face of Monte . and Voleanie Substances. 223 Somma (an ejection of Vesuvius,) is exactly like the cliffs of Antrim, from Bengore head, to the river Bush. 1 Geol. trans. 234. The Paduan, (Euganean,) and Vincentin hills, and the Varonese Lava hills, such as Mont St. Luca, Mount Rose, Monte di Diavolo, Ronca, are columnar in whole or in part; and so is Radicofani. Ferber. tr. p. 61, 63, 230, 241, 148. In this he is corroborated by Desmarets, and by Sir John Strange in his paper on the columnar basalt of the Venetian state. 65. Ph. tr. for 1775, Von Buch having examined the current of Lava, from Vesuvius in 1794, declares it impossible to be distinguished from the Basalts of Bohemia, Silesia, Hesse, and Saxony. Breislak, § 688. This Lava, is exactly like that of tna and the Eolian Isles; of Hecla and Teneriffe. Ib. § 689. So says Raspe, Ferb. tr. 61. Columnar basalt common in Iceland, according to Dr. Henderson’s trav. in that country. Dr. Geo. M’Kenzie says that the cavernous Lava of Iceland abounds in colum- nar basalt. The eruptions of Teneriffe in 1794 and 1797, were Ob- sidian and Basalt. Cordier and Humbold found columnar basalt plentiful at Teneriffe. So did Mr. Henry Bennet at Madeira. 1. Geol. Transac. M. Bory de St. Vincent, found the ground strewed to a great extent with columnar Lava (basaltic prisms) very regular, at the Isle of Bourbon. The accompanyments of Basalt of disputed origin, are the same as those of Lava. Thus at Murol in Auvergne, we find scorie, cinders and puzzuolana above ; next com- pact basalt not to be distinguished from compact Lava ; then figurate, columnar, prismatic basalt of a fine grain, very compact fifty or sixty feet high; then tabular Basalt, then shistose Basalt. Breisl. § 693. Like Lavas, they cut through without enclosing any me- tallic substances. It is said that Galena has been found en- veloped in Basalt, which may well be the case, but this is anomalous and accidental, just as vegetable and animal re- mains may be found adhering to any slag that meets them in its . I rosthd next to shew that Basalt like Lava, exhibits marks of igneous origin, by its effect on the substances it encounters. 224 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes Basalts burn contiguous substances. M. Voight in his maine journey to the mountains of Hesse, says that en the coal and nani is a.thin argillaceous layer; but the bal has manifestly been acted on by the heat of the in- cumbent Lava. Breisl. § 703. Sand stone acted on by and converted into Jasper for ten feet, by pervading and moneonnelies basalt just like that of the iron surfaces. Haussman. 704. Same phenomena observed in an Hiacsey weer oar by Messrs. Conybeare and Buckland. Ib. Also by M. Hoff near Suhl: and by Prof. Playfair at Salisbury Craig. ‘The same circumstance observed also by Whitehurst ia relation to the Derbyshire Toadstone. See Theo. of the Earth, 197,198. The same observations by Brande as to the coal at Fairhead. Cat. of the Min. of the Roy. Inst. p. 184, 185. Basalt burning coal and also contiguous limestone, 4 Geol. trans. 102. See also to the same purpose, 3 Geol. trans. 99, 201, 205, 213, 257. Sandstone converted by Basalt into Hornstone and black shist into black lydian stone. Ib. To the same ee nari Catalogue, p. 171, 179, 184. Hard chalk converted into granular marble for upwards of ten feet. 3 Geol. tr. 172. So, of Lias Limestone. Ib. _ Coal deprived of its bitumen and chaited 4 through a layer of interposed sandstone. Ib. 257. Limestone chrys- tallized by the Cleaveland Dyke. Bakewell, p. 272. The same sce produced artificially by Sir James Hall : Edin. tre v. The basalt dyke on the Yorkshire coast, forty feet thick, running sixty or prea miles on the surface from Cockfield, ellin the County of Durham, to the river oe s, near Pres- ton, Lestasiiens Then entering Cleaveland in Yorkshire, is traced to the coast where it is lost about Blea Hill, near a blue oe owerscone ane oxy tals. "The seam hand in Durham, where the dyke cuts it for some feet distance, is turned into a sooty substance, — becomes a cinder, as the —— from the whin- stone, (Basalt,) increases, until at fifty yards it assumes the appearance of coal, 214 Tillock’s Mag. for March, 1818. Greenstone, deprives contiguous coal of its bitumen, even and Volcanic Substances. 225 through a layer of sandstone three feet thick at Birch hill Colliery in Staffordshire. 3 Geo. trans. 257. At Tividale, the coal is completely charred under the Rowley Rag, which there, (Tiviotdale near Derby, Shrop- shire,) is thirty-five feet thick. In the third place, I have to shew that Basalt like Lava, graduates into, and is accompanied by Porphyries and Amyegdaloids. I have already observed after Humbold, that Etna is a porphyritic rock, surmounted by soli scot I know to the primitive es la ; but the c onfused and ro unded specks that porphyrize a basaltic or Selon stone, are easi- ly recognized. ‘The volcanic and basaltic porphyries are too similar to each other, and too dissimilar to primitive por- Bepeie’, to occasion frequent mistakes to an experienced Heuce the porphyries concerning which I speak, so far as I can collect from the authorities, shall be basaltic por- phyries only. Ihave well considered Humbold’s fourfol division of Porphyries ; his second class alternates with ba- salt, pitch stone and obsidian ; his third class includes the amygdaloids of Oberstein, which I should certainly ascribe to volcanic origin ; and his fourth arc sree of the fleetz trap porphyries now under considera Porphyries of this class, alternate with decidedly volca- ni¢ products in voleanic districts, even according to Jame- son. 3 Geognos. 192, and Humbold says it forms the sum- mit of many of the volcanic mountains of the Andes. 1 Pers. Narr, 115—218. ; Porphyry and Amygdaloid accompany basalt. 5 Geoi. trans. part 1, p- 27 277. 18. t passing into greenstone, and porphyry slate. Kidd. general range ofthe Andes, which are fifty volcanic ie to Humbold, granite, gneiss, mica slate, and clay slate ; but these are seen surmounted by porphyry. Bake- well’s Geo. 65. 226 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes Clinkstone passing into trap porphyry in Sky. 3 Geol. trans. 66. Basalt passing into porphyry. Ib. 80, 189, 191, 192. Porphyritic volcanic mountains, noticed by M. Arduini in the Vincentin territory ; at Bresciano, and at Bergames- co. They repose on slate. Ferb. tr. 37. Porphyritic vol- eanic hills between Walshonickel and Newmack. Ib. 325. They continue to Brandsol, and split into prismatic and co- lumnar forms. Ib. The porphyry called Serpentino, verde antico, found in large blocks near Ostia, where the Egyptian ships used to unload, contains cells filled with agate. Ib. 225. rappean porphyries intimately connected with volcanic productions. 1 Humb. pers. narr. 94, 212, Clinkstone porphyry covers the basalt of the Bohemian volcanic moun- tains. Ib. 211. Amygdaloid covers the basalt, at La Pun- ta di Nager at Teneriffe. Ib. 214. The Lava in the plain of Retama at Teneriffe, very similar to the resinite porphy- ry of Tribrick in Saxony. Ib. 215. The porous basalt of the Island of Gratiosa, passes into Amygdaloid or Mandel- stein, according to Humb. I. 91. ‘ Pitchstone Lavas, near Teols and Bajamonte. 3 Spal. tr. 250, 251. Porphyry with agate opal. Brande’s Catal. p. 171, 179. As to the Amygdaloids of this formation, we can ac- count for their cells and pores, only as we account for the cellsand pores: of Lava and other igneous stones; and for the agates, quartz, carbonate of lime, prehnite and zeolyte found in them, as we account for the same substances found under like circumstances : in volcanic amygdaloids : for in no case can we legitimately reason to a disputed subject, but from what we know of similar circumstances undisputed. Hence then it appears, that the Porphyries, the Green- stones, the Amygdaloids and the Pitchstones, are equally common to known volcanic formations, and to the rocks now considered. For a further consideration of the gene- ral fact, and of the reasoning here adopted, I refer to Dr. McCulloch’s paper on the Granite of Aberdeenshire, in No. 19 of Brande’s Journal. . I have next to shew that the other acknowledged charac- ters of Lava, belong in an equal degree to the Basalt of the Fleetz trap formation. and Volcanic Substances. 227 And first, let us describe basalt ; wherein, if profess to give the most usual discriminating characters of this Rock, and I offer i it, as equally true of the basalt of acknowleitged voleanic origin, and of the basalt of disputed eS and 80 submit it to the mineralogical reader. In fact, as Brong- niart, (who in 1807, was a vulcanist,) says, it is difficult to explain la presence presque habituelle des Basaltes prisma- peg dans les pays evidemment volcaniques. Min. v. i, p. aa whenever found as a Lava, or asa member of the floetz trap formation, is a compound stone of sp. gr. from 2,85 to 3. When exposed to the air, generally covered with an ochry crust on the outside. Withinside, it is of a blackish brown, a greyish or a greenish black according to the predominance of felspar in its mixture id ue eee blende or augit, that constitute with oxyd of ir maining bulk of the ‘a, When polished sat gery it assumes a bluish as t is sometimes porphyriti with crystals, or with ob- tuse, oblong, or rounded grains of felspar. It is sometimes stellated, as the Abbe Fortis found it in the Vincentin. It is very often amygdaloidal, (as the same observer remarks,) with carbonat of lime, as at Castagansnote:s and as the Itis often granular: but the component parts are some- times so intermixed as to appear homogeneous ; at other times the component parts are distinguishable lh the naked eye. When viewed steadily ae a good magnifying glass, the black portion appears in small dull, irregular, short crystals, whose angles are scaerally obliterated, They are not flat and shining like the crystals of augit or even of hornblende. The white part of the grey and black- ish varieties is felspar, often petrosiliceous in its aspect. When bere | into minute fragments, (not dust,) according to Cord directions, the character of the c component yes is nach more apparent through the microscope. racture of the compact varieties tends to conchoi- dal ; with an approach to radiation, especially in the grey 228 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes black, and blackish ne where the hammer has struck it. The aspect when bruised is white and dust The compact fine vied variety is hard and very tough ; hence it is used for the gudgeons of mills to run it; bearing a fine polish. But it is often porous and hackly to the touch, as well as smooth and compact. Generally it gives fire with steel ; a property attributable to the accidental presence of silex, or to the indurating effect of fire. Gene- rally also it acts on the needle ; it is something polar: but these properties depend much on the quantity and state of the iron contained in it, and vary in different specimens and often in the same specimen. The iron is usually in the state ofa black oxyd within, and yellow oxyd without. It is fusible before the blow-pipe ; more easily in pro- portion to the felspar it contains. Ina lass furnace, it runs into a greenish or greenish black, bottle glass, adhering with some difficulty to the glass blowers’ rod : the colour of the glass is lighter in proportion to the felspar contained in the stone. It is not acted on by acids. Basalt is always massive, sometimes ‘stratified. The masses assume different forms: sometimes they form high and rugged peaks : often they are prismatic and columnar, with four or five sides; less frequently with three or = seven or eight: occasionally but very rarely with n This figurate basalt, as it is often called, has the pre" appearance of crystallization ; but the sides are not of any detariniinad number ; the angles have no by ara in their tabular, “ead eine basalts 3 it is fe d ‘also concentric- lamellar. The tw. : times crystallizes in spheroidal masses ; and that figurate and Volcanic Substances. 229 masses, sometimes breaking through the hardest rocks in jets, and forming peaked hills and knobs—sometimes for- cing up the stratum from below; as at Antraigues in Au- vergne, which is built on curved basalt that supports enor- mous masses of eres ie titi 16. metimes in Dykes reaching to gre nees and of unknown depths, cisnopting and tna a strata through which the dyke violently brok "he ays coal Dyke of the. ot England of this kod extends from sea to sea. (White- hurst-Bakewell.) These Dykes burn, char, ie. or indu- rate all contiguous substances, and break pls and dislo- cate all metallic veins, as we bave already se egetable organic remains (Humbold,) aad animal also, (Brugnatelli, Dr. Richards son,) have occasionally, though rarely been found in Basalt, adhering | to, or enveloped 3 in it: so has charred wood. hese organic remains are not found in the prismatic or figurate, and only io the aes Basalt, which has met with them in its course. I havea shell imbedded i in the fused slag of an iron furnace. Metallic substances, excepting iron, and titaniferous 1 ce are rarely found in Basalt. Columnar basalt has been found with water in its cells : perhaps owing to steam, that not escaping, has cooled into err meena s Geognosy, 1808, p. 186, and 3 Sou- vie Base bak hills are much subject to rents and fissures; and are often found with fragments of al] shapes and sizes at the. and sides; assuming a breccious structure ; and cemented to the aubjacent rock as at La Spisso, Reconro, . Ferber Tray Basalts are frequently found coverings passing into, and which Werner calls Wacke, Grunstein and Porphyritic sie abst, so that it is me oy? ans to mark the line of distinction between Hi......No. 4 eeeene 230 Dr. Cooper on Voleanoes these rocks and the basalt connected with them. Dolomieu remarks the same, as to the basalt and greenstone of gypt: some very important observations to the same pur- pose have lately been made by Dr. M’Culloch in his paper on the granite of Aberdeenshire. The vulcanists say, these are not different formations, but one connected and con- tinued series of ejections, under different degrees of heat operating on them; and they apply this reasoning to the sienitic granite of Christiana, observe u and Haussman : Cellular, or vesicular basalt, often incloses in its cells, peridot, carbonat of lime, Zeolytes of various kinds, prehnites, green earth, &c. In the large cells of Geodes (as at Oberstein) we find Agate, Chalcedony, Quartz. The cells are sometimes round, and sometimes elongated in one direction Until lately, on the suggestion of M. Cordier, the pres- ence of Augit has not been particularly noticed in basalts ; which are sometimes augitic, and sometimes amphibolic ; ie: within my own experience more commonly indetermi- . Observers with good eyes anda good microscope, bresksg the basalt into minute fragments, but not into dust, may often determine this very important point. Analysis of basalt. Bergman. Klapr. Kennedy. Silex - - 50 - 44 50 - 46 Alumina - 15 - 16 75 - 16 Lime - 8 - 9 50 - 4 Magnesia - 2 . 2 25 ~ 0 rh of iron - 25 - 20 - 16 Sod - - 2 60 ~ 4 Ox. ‘Mitceside - - 12 - Mur. acid - - - 5 - i Water - - 2 - 5 $ - - rh ~ eee 3 100 100 100 The varieties thus analyzed appear to be of the Fletz trap formation. and Volcanic Substances. 231 Analysis of common Hornblende. —Augit (Frascati.) Silex - ~ 42 48 Alumine - - 12 5 Lime - . 11 24 Magnesia - - 2 25 8 75 Oxyd of Iron - 30 12 Manganese - 25 1 ater - Trace of potash - The black some wherein either hornblende or augit predominates, do not decompose e action of air and moisture so easily as Bitte greyish trachytic varieties which contain more felspar. The olivine or peridot of the cellu- lar basalt, also decomposes easily into an ochreous pow- der ong exposure, all kinds of basalt gradually de- compose into a yellowish fertile soil. Terras or Puzzuolana basalt, containing much iron: and argillaceous iron ores have been found of nee value for like purposes. asalt Lavas, and Basalt floetz trap, moreover agree in an Sale. noticed by M. Conybeare, 3 Geol. trans. The newest formations are the lowest—the least ele- foot of mountains : bu » an - vom and basalts are found covering high mountains as in Sax and other parts of Germany, and in South-America. Among the decided volcanic formations, the least an- cient, are the “ni elevated ; but the flceetz trap surmounts all others. Of all other formations, the degree of consoli- dation decreases, as they are of later origin : thus the most crystalline are the primitive: next come the transition which are sub-crystalline ; ; then the compact, coarse, and earthy : while in the fletz trap, even where it rests on ri the crystalline character of the older rocks often ap- pear Whin-Dykes which belong to the fleetz trap basalt, and amygdaloid, differ from all other mineral veins, by travers- ing all rocks indifferently as Lava does; while other mine- ral veins are associated with particular rocks. 232 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes No difference in appearance can be pointed out between the basalts of Saxony and Lavas, as has been before ob- serve No difference has been shewn in the chemical, or in the mechanical characters of basaltic Lava, and basaltic ficetz Gordier’s paper on the substances that compose the mass of voleanic rocks of all ages, has shewn that augit, horn- blende, felspar, and titaniferous iron ore, are the compo- nent parts equally of flaetz trap and of Lava-basalt. Journ. de Phys. Tom. 63. The more the fleetz trap regions are examined, the more decided marks of former craters are discovered. Until the numerous craters in and about Rome were discovered, this volcanic region would have passed for a country cov vered by fleetz trap ; just as Auvergne yet is, notwithstanding the numerous craters of extinct volcanoes, traced and noticed by Soulavie and others. [tis impossible to account for the: pores in basalt, but from the violéns extrication: of ai,’ or steam while in a soft or fluid. ve do for the pores in Lava: or for the carbo- nat of pets prehnites, zeolytes, agates, &c. that are formed in those pores, as we do for similar substances gradually in- filtrated and crystallized in the pores of Lava The experiments of Sir James Hall, Mr. Gregory Watt, and Dr. Hutton, on Whin-stone, and Rowley Ray, confirm the volcanic origin of these stones as ae now appem: Hence then it appears, stated briefly, tha Lavas The FI. trap foanations $5 ontain as their greatest proportion,| Contains as ro greatest propor- rocks not to be So Aig ay Mes in any|tion, rocks not to be distinguished way ; trap bas from basalti toand are acconipa-| So are hate trap rr eealic They are accompanied by granite,| Such is the case also of floc 1 trap gneiss, mica mica slate, sienite and other basalt. See particularly Dr. MiCul. on the Granite of Aber- res +e. 9. various quantities, deen-shire, a his remarks on the isienite o Scotch Isles. So, when Von Buch and Haussman were at Christiana in Norway, the exclama- tion was, sui’je en Auvergne. and Volcanic Substances. Lavas. { They pierce throug ugh and bear a- way batire them all rocks cage nately of whatever descriptio They cover indiscriminately all rocks in their They tatty contain ¢ or th vegetable, animal, ray: sub- es save titan ilerous in “They charr contiguous coal ; they pa all the rocks in contact with rocks on which they poured, un- less while i sic a state i great fluidity. They : umnar masses when petits tooled. pase columnar — 233 The Floetz-trap Formation. So does flaetz trap basalt. So does fleetz trap. +h “#1, 47. y ee Such i So does floetz trap. Such is the case with flostz trap. Such also are the floetz trap. So does the fletz trap. ee eee to account mgt fi the olan basalt Ads are idiepatedty attributed d abounding in countries where pi ee have been| b ] traced but recently. There is no possible mode of con- sparing from act how al va bas can a ta re hig know they have been ay is aoltely impossible to of Lava, in a soft state sup- “ae The same is the case with floetz trap asalt. The same difficulty occurs as floetz trap basalt. It is equa lly impossible to pogount for i ig Se where the same ap- force its way, upwards through the whole range of superincumbent stra- tatothesurface. Yet we know this is done. we can observe Wherever ef-| fect dah Lies, im our own tine, Peri know it from historical record, been caused nie a by aqueous sohition i None of the ap of basaltic Lava, will admit of ex- planation the or diffusion i - We are boundin channi of Whia- | Dykes of floetz trap, to en for as! similar bese from the operation of similar causes. Nor will those of flotz Pace 3 arreft and Whin, or age Amygdaloid. Se aidieattyiin is ssn on both sides. What then are the arguments used he those who oppose ti - igneous origin of the newest ficetz tra is sai (a) They overlie and alternate with the secondary and alluvial onspesasaine and therefore = to them. 234 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes Reply. So does the Lava of tna over shell Limestone ; so does the Lava of Dominica, St. Kitts, &c. the Lava cov- ers the alluvial of the shores of the Tibur near Rome. Further; if Lava and Basalt rocks, are dissociated with, and unconformable to other rocks—following no law of su- perposition or alternation, as the case is—then there is no reason why they should not cover and alternate with rocks of comparatively recent formation. Basa t and trap rocks afford aqueous vapour on dis- tillation : Lavas do not. eply. The newest fleetz trap formation is much older than any modern Lava: and therefore has undergone more exposure to the causes of disintegration. | the porphyries, it is probable they were of the formation now disputed. The only instance in which I have observed a figurate form (tetrahedral) that can create any doubt on the subject, is in some primitive traps within two or three miles of Philadel- phia. But the jointed, articulated prisms and columns of — etz trap basalt, are no where else found but among de- cided Lavas. (d) Streams of Lava are comparatively narrow at their source, and extend in breadth as they flow; they vary 1 thickness ; they are never in very thin, or parallel and hor!- zontal layers. Basalts of the ficetz trap formation, on the contrary are so ; and affect an equable thickness in the same, and in different layers. ; Reply. All this depends on the degree of fusion. If the heat has been great and the stones fusible, the lava-stream in thin fusion, will extend in breadth as it flows. If other- wise, it will not. Basalts of all kinds and descriptions 0 this respect, are so fully described by Soulavie, that his ac- end Volcanic Substances. 235 count of the part of France he describes from Auvergne, through Velai, aay, &c. to the mouths of the Rhone, furnishes replique sans reponse e) The dintid ect of the Saxon and Bohemian range, from Elba to the North, and Franconia to the South, consists of round hills and nodules of granite and other ope tive rocks of that formation on the back of which, and o the highest points, we find basalt in the form of os Domes, Plains, &c. These batelie summits are insulated ; they do not consist of more than ,6, of the extended chain on which they are dispersed with considerable uniformity ; they are covered often with greenstone ; they cover gravel, coal, and sandstone. They are prismatic ina great degree, and very solid and regular, as Stolpen, about eighteen miles east of Dresden. Spitzberg, the highest point of the chain, three thousand eight hundred feet above the sea, is full of metallic veins, but the basalt surmounting it, mation none eisner in Hesse, is covered by a table of basalt three aniiee seventeen feet thick. The body of the mountain is red sandstone and limestone covered by bituminous red marle, on which rests the basaltic mass. In this chain none of the valleys are filled with basalt, as they would have been, if this rock had been thrown out as a Lava. eply. These are probably boulders: the ground has pit carried away by the long and repeated action of cur- rents. Those who have considered the boulders of the Iura, and attended to Mr. McCulloch’s suggestions of the sameness between the granite strata of the Scotch isles, and the cor- respondent boulders of the main land, will not allow this to be an objection of great weight. Moreover, exactly the same objection applies to its sup- posed aqueous formation, was the basalt congregated i in ibe small compass of the top of Meisner when it fell there : Who can believe this ? Dr. Richardson’s objections are considered at length by Breislak, ch. 113 and seq. but Richardson has certainly ranked d petrosilex and hornstone among the basalts by mis- I have: often had oceasion to recur to the old acknowl- Paci rule of SPENT we can argue only from what we . 236 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes We must explain, (if we do attempt explanation) a doubt- ful fact, by its analogies, not to what we may suppose, but to what we know, and to that only. I take a piece of hard clink stone hackly basalt: I offer it to the reader, I say to him, “vou are a chemist: this piece of floetz trap weighs ra agi ’s avoirdupois : how much water will it take to dissolve Well : but you urge, the enc does not require solu- tion, only suspension—be it ow came these pores, in a stone gradually ebdisblidated ‘and indurated from a paste coarse or fine, suspended in water? Did you in any other case ever witness a similar Ba of a stone from its parts diffused in water? Is not sucha oa common in pseudo-volcanoes and in the seo of furnaces Again: how can a soft pasty mass, form a rough ragged peak as Ae cht of a mountain ? gain: how can a pasty mass find its way upward, for- cing acta, fonsing one one +44 upward, and another down- ward ofa series thomable depth, till it ar- rives at the Sos! as in oie ae lt of Whin-Dykes? Read account of Dykes in 4 Geol. trans. and account = them if you can by aqueous solution, or aqueous suspensio Look at the ice in winter in any of our great rivets =< o cially at the time of their breaking uP in the spring. exact analogy of peaks, rough summits, prominencies of all shapes and sizes, and in all directions, rough masses formed one over another, the result of great presure a tergo of li- quid masses suddenly congealed, will strike you at once « The fields of extinct Volcanoes which 1 have had the opportunity a examining (says M’Clure, 1 trans. of the Philad. Academy of Sciences, p. 332) were as similar as possible in their component parts and relative position. / extensive field round Oilok? ieee Hamila, and at Cap de t in Spain—round Rome—between Rome and Florence, and in the Vincentin in Italy—in Auvergne in France— round Andernack on the Rhine—at Cassel in Germany— all of them, leave no doubt on my mind of their volcanic or- igin. In all of them I found abundance of Basalt; in some of them i Soe part of the solid Lavas was in the of b The Austrian police prevented me twice from rege Hungary, but I have seen repeated collec and Poleanic Substances. 237 tions of the rocks of that country, and could scarce distin- guish them from those collected round Ripler.” Psuedo Lavas. The one described by Mr. Finch, in the neighbourhood of Bradley in Staffordshire, halfway between Wednesbury and Bilson, Ann. Phil. May, 1818, p. 342, will suffice as anexample. It is about 14 miles in length by a mile in breadth. It furnishes 1 crystallized sulphur, 2. mineral tar at the cropping out of a thin bed of coal, 3. rotten coal, 4, sulphat of alumina, 5. muriat and sulphat of ammonia, 6. sulphat of zinc, 7. sulphat of lime, 8. porcelain Jasper from 5 to 40 feet thick, where the clay has been in- durated by the burning of the coal underneath, 9. newest fleetz trap basalt, or ia Rag: like the Rowley Rag between Dudley and Oldbury, (described by Kirwan, and operated on by Gregory ss where the village of Rowley in Staffordshire now stands. I[t encloses crystals of horn - blende; breaks into polygonal forms, and decomposes into spheroidal masses. To account for the cause of volcanic action ? I consider it established, that the chief seat of volcanic agency is under the old Granite ; in cavities that communi- eate very extensively but not universally, under the crust of the earth; for otherwise the phenomena of earthquakes, sapacente as they occasionally are, would not be so often ocal. re To feed these fires there must be corsbustible matter and oxygen: whence are they supplied ? he theories on this subject are i Ist. The decomposition of water by the decomposition of sulphuret of iron. The objection is, that there is no evidence of sufficient quantity of this substance to produce. the prodigious and Matter, He ats3 The objections are, that voleanoes probably existed be- fore coal and bitumen : for nothing but the violent action of volcanoes, producing powerful and destructive currents, could have worn down the primitive, and produced the Vor... TV......No. 2. a 238 - Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes 3. Sir H. Davy’s theory of the metallic oxyds (metals ? Ed.) of the earths, has been applied to volcanoes: they are supposed to become incandescent by decomposing water, or atmospheric air, and uniting to oxygen. his source of volcanic action must be renounced ; inas- much as the nucleus of the earth being more than 5 times heavier than water, cannot consist of substances that are as y cause operating at a remote period, and at present unknown to us: and that the nucleus has not yet had time to cool. I am aware of all Murray’s objections to this hypothesis, but I incline to it for the following reasons, viz: 1. That there is in pointof fact, a source of heat below the old granite, sufficient for the fusion or ignition of the sub- stances ejected from volcanoes in the state of fusion or igni- tion in which we find them ; the great mass of which are the hornblende rocks, or primitive trap. Wherever we propose to get the fire for this purpose, there it is. 2. That the late experiments on the temperature of mines in England, Germany, and France, shew that the warmth in- creases regularly as you descend, in the proportion of at least twelve degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, in a thousand feet. I would not pretend from about twenty experiments, at various depths, in various mines, of various countries, that we have data enough to assign the ratio to the center of our globe; this would be presumptuous in the present imperfect state of our knowledge: still, these are the facts: there is no getting rid of them: they point directly to a grad- ual increase of heat in some ratio, and the general phenom- ena of volcanic action confirm it. ‘Will this consideration account in any degree for the re- mains of animals of warm climates found in cold ones? and VPoleanie Substances. 239 Were those climates warmer formerly ? Has the surface gradually cooled? Will it account for the supposed in- crease of cold in European summers? Or for the supposed accumulation of ice in the Alps, or in the polar regions ? f the volcanic region in the United States Hitherto it has generally been believed that there is no evidence of volcanic action or volcanic ejection in the United States. Iam persuaded otherwise ; as may be supposed from my ranking the flcetz trap formation, among the rocks of igneous origin [have seen decided specimens of igneous rocks from the Mandan village, but I suspect them as pseudo-voleanic. We have heard also of volcanoes in the western ae toward the commencement of the barren that reaches to stony mountains. Of all this, 1 know nothing. ess compact and figurate pentagonal basalt, ‘with and without pores ‘illed with the carbonat of lime, — Mount Holyoke in Massachusetts. I have never bee there: but my collection of volcanic matter from various countries is pretty extensive ; and I have no doubt on the subject of this being a real volcanic ejection, if Basalt and Whin be so. No person accustomed to volcanic specimens can look at the porphyries from the neighbourhood of Boston, in my possession, and doubt of their volcanic origin. According to the description of Prof. Silliman, i in his inter- esting travels to Canada, the floetz trap formation described by him as covering the red sand stone through Connecticut, is also voleanic.* So is the basaltic region described by Mr. Eaton, extending in fact from Deerfield in ar apiece ew Haven in Reamantionts The basa a“ greenstone, question, Are basalt cod greenstone trap of ie origin ? (p- 258.) Ishould venture to say yes: they ar From the neighbourhood $ New Haven and Woodbury in Connecticut, I possess many specimens of fleetz with imbedded prehnite. The volcanic region, deoralere, ef * That is, the facts stated in eccapaaad in the hg in ae AB 3 this point 8 opinion, j the tour to Quebec. —Fa. : 240 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes extends southward from Massachusetts near Vermont, to that part of Connecticut, East and west rocks at New Ha- yen, consist of columnar greenstone. roceeding southward, the trap or greenstone rocks in New Jersey that form the margin of the Hudson river, de- - seribed by Dr. Samuel Ackerley, in his geology of the Hud- son river, p. 32, aud that cover the old red sandstone, are indubitably volcanic; figurate columnar quadrangular, pent- angular, hexangular, basalt, with greenstone and amygda- loid. From thence to the falls of the eatin 1 bien had no opportunity of examining persona At the falls of Passaic I spent some time in examining the rocks: I have no scruple in pronouncing them basalt of all textures, appearances and composition—compact—po- rous with prehnite, and carbonat of lime and zeolyte —figu- rate in tribedral, tetrahedral, but chiefly in’ pentagonal Rpsmere some dull when struck, some ringing. This mass of fleetz is poured over the old red sandstone. In very many places, this undermost rock is porous and manifestly cmaeeaalee place of contact and for some inches downward. Of this appearance, among others, I have specimens too de- cided. to. leave.any- doubt of their igneous origin to those who will make an honest use of their eyes. This trap formation, as it is-called, extends: about 40 miles from the Hudson toward the Del laware; I entered it at three several and distant places ; I collected every where porous basalt with carbonat of lime, prehnite, and occasion- ally zeo! vies as well ascominon basalt, greenstone and figu- rate basalt, all graduating into and. connected with each other. I examined this chain, in three places at about ten miles distance from each other, and I am satisfied nature of the rock. . Whether it crosses the Delaware I do not know, but I think not. On the road side from Princeton: to, Brunswick ini Deve Jersey, is a manifest Basalt formation, consisting oer of figurate clinkstone. I have not traced it. About eleven and a half miles from Philadelphia, de- seending a hill, on the Ridge turnpike road, there is a for- mation of about one’ hundred yards. broad, that I have trac- ed from thence ake the Scuylkill, for a considerable dis- tance beyond the Gulph mills in Montgomery County. It and Volcanic Substances. 241 erosses the river at Matson’s ford, about thirteen miles pone from Philadelphia. It cuts through all es strata in rock ; internally bearing no mark of igneous operation. It is more like a primitive than a floetz trap. It is found cut- ting through with its companions the limestone stratum of the river Scuylkill about three miles above the Soapstone quarry. ‘This dyke is different from the rocks it adjoins, in alli a characters; it is a — heap of unconformable ba: . The stone in question, is a pentagonal ona t has been (from its ena a “Or consid- ered as a eptanitiite trap. Who ever saw a Pentagonal — tive trap? Moreover, the rule of morals, is the rule of Geology, nosciter a socio. I have no other information of any fletz trap until we come to the basalt wall near the Yadkin in North-Carolina. I have specimens of this ; but I never have been at the spot. It is undoubtedly a basalt dyke. About a mile from Columbia, (South-Carolina) near Rocky branch, a few yards from Dr. Fisher’s mill dam the high road, Mr. Vanuxem found a thin vein of trap, (a wacke as I think) cutting through the old granite. The depth unknown. The vein is about two inches over. While the flcetz trap formation is referred to aqueous ori- gin, we shall never understand our country: but I appre- hend, that opinion has at present few supporters among well informed Geologists in Europe. In this country Werner’s theory prevails, but its downfal is not far distant. Indeed, the i — origin of our Granite formation in its present form and , has been made so probable by the tions of Hutton, Playfair, Sir James Hall, and Dr. M’Culloch, that we shall in my opinion be driven to rat. it, notwithstanding the prejudices that as _ stand Appendix.—Dr. T. D, Porter has been so good as to furnish me with the following additional information. 242 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes The fletz trap formation of our r north eastern states, eXx- tends higher than Deerfield, aang bap ; and perhaps to the New-Hampshire line ; s* see Mr. cock’saccount of that region in Prof. Silliman’s hiae. se of Science. These rocks contain enters ae carbonat of Lime, &c. I have specimens. Part r. H’s account will be found to afford strong confirmation . ot of Dr. Cooper’s ape I know nothing of the brown Augit mentioned by pote ~ Pine rock. The only augit I have seen, as an American specimen, was in the possession of Dr. Bigsby of the British staff from the neighbourhood of Montreal. I think New-Haven is the most southerly point of this forma- tion in Connecticut. East and West rocks in New-Haven, which are said to be miniatures of Salisbury Craig, are com- posed of 8p rocks based on what is esteemed the old red sandstone ‘hey are columnar, with considerable regu- larity, containing prehnite in seams and nodules, with Zeo- lites; and in one case I met with some quartz crystals. The : appearance of these Fi mounts seems like that of the Palisadoes on the Hudson, which however I have seen only at a distance. The forms ofthe rock are various; more commonly trapezoidal : they are used with their natu- ral surfaces exposed externally in building the walls of a church in New-Haven. They are often found in thin La- mina, which in place have their edges vertical, and are ex- cellent clinkstones ; they are frequently irregular. ut two or three miles east in East-Haven, there are numerous parallel ridges of similar rock, but for the most part, without any regular jointed structure abounding in different places with agates, chalcedony, and amethystine quartz geodes,t carbonat of lime, analcime, Prehnite and green earth. In some spots this basalt, if basalt it be, is found in spherical balls. In one or two instances it alter- nates with the sandstone which has been mentioned ; an where the two come in contact, the sandstone is domewhat altered: whether by heat or not I do not pretend to say. ai Look at Hitchcock’s map of the Connecticut river in 1 Sillim. Journ. 105, for the Greenstone breaking through * Tt extends a few miles into Vermont not New-Hampshire.—Ep. + Are not the Geodes of Oberstein, Lava? T.C. scncingntlaanpiattitinidit naa i ioaei ieee, Sli iene lcsttnctreatercsee: Foreign Notices in Mineralogy, &c. 243 the red sandstone and conglomerate, disrupting the rock in a narrow dyke: no possible supposition of aqueous agency could have caused this appearance. 2 WADE 3 Look at the same volume, p- 134, for the localities of a- gate, Chalcedony, Zeolyte, Titanium, Prehnite, &c. they amount to proofs of the volcanic character of the country from Deerfield to East-Haven and Woodbury :* for all these substances are thus found as the indubitable accompany - ments of rocks whose igneous origin is undisputed (Iceland, Ferro, &c.) and are never thus found in rocks of undisputed aqueous origin. T . Since writing the above, Ihave been induced to consides as the source of volcanic fire, the caloric of tem- perature given out by the condensation of a column of at- mospheric air, reaching from the surface below the old Granite. On the same principle as the common condensing tube for firing punk. It appears that the temperature of mines increases about 12 or 14° of Fahrenheit Spry is at the depth of one thousand feet. ave not yet had tim - give sufficient consideration to the subject, to state any ra- o of compression thothes than Cotes’s) or the quantum of et een Caloric by the condensation of the lowest part of the column. I iota throw out the idea only for con- sideration. :¥ Arr. I1.—Foretgn Notices in Mineralogy, Geology, ancient Arts, &c.; communicated by Dr. J. W. Wesster. Boston, Nov. 25th, 1821. To Pror. Situiman, Dear Sir, From Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, I extract the seal of an analysis of a substance that occurs in the Lime- shee of Pargas, (by P. A. V. Bondsdorf, Ph. ibe, of Abo.) bos. 3; it was ii considered Tremolite—it is peer 3 eona seniataa hh: LE +. 22 rated. ., many m iles of primitive from the great trap region of New- England. Vid. Vol. II. pa. 231 of Sia dnceeiiec Ep. 244 Foreign Notices in Mineralogy, by “ granular calcareous spar, blackish sphene, and an amor- phous mineral of a reddish colour resembling idocrase or garnet.”—It consists of a * Silic - 52.58, containing 26.45 of ogigen. i 44.45 S 12.49 me, - . Magnesia, - oS |: eg 0.26 Protoxide of Iron, 1.13 0.26 _ Allumina a Trace Volatile matter 0.99 99.83.” At a meeting of the Wernerian Society of Edinburgh, ‘Mr. J. Deuchar read a paper containing: observations on the occasional appearance of water in the cavities of regular- ly shaped crystals, and on the porous nature of quartz, and other crystalline substances, as the probable cause of this circumstance. In this paper he supposes that natural and ar- tificial crystals have a similar origin, and that although the form: sess a peculiar compactness of cohesion, and tar- diness of solution, which do not belong to the latter, yet that the artificial ones, through length of time, would acquire a similar cohesion and insolubility. Mr. Deuchar holds, that the water of crystallization is in great excess, and that this excess under certain circumstances gradually decreases. He holds that the water escapes by capillary movement through the pores of the salt, till what he supposes to be the neutral state be acquired, when the salt becomes compact and insoluble. When any malformation of the nucleus pro- duces a cavity or partial vacuum in the interior of a crystal, then the capillary attraction may be exerted to that cavity a* well as to the surface; but that this is modified by various circumstances. By pouring hot water upon a crack in the mouth of a bottle, about three inches in length, it extended to five inches, but returned again when he stopped adding the hot water ; cracks in pieces of window glass were also extended by pressure, and contracted agam upon its remo- val; hence Mr. Deuchar concludes “that water may enter the void interstices of crystals, when aided by pressure, not nly from the porous nature of their particles, but also from their temporary$ display of rents during the application of ® high temperature.” _ b Geology, ancient Arts, &c. 245 The second part of the 5th Vol. cf the Transactions of the Geological Society of London is announced to be pu lished “* early in October.” Dr. Macculloch has given the name Chloropheite to a mineral found in Fife and Rum, (Scotland,) and which has been since found in Iceland, in an amygdaloidal rock. It has the singular property “ of being parfoetty transparent, and of a bottle-green colour, when taken out of the rock, but becomes opaque when removed from its place, or exposed to the air.”” From the observations of Dr. Brewster, it ap- pears that this change is a Soe ee one. “ The catse of this change may be conceived,” observes Dr. Brewster, * by supposing a number of iiss assembled in a particular manner and kept together by screws, so as to bring their touching surfaces into that close contact which prevents total reflection at the junctions. The mass of aggregated prisms will be now quite transparent; but if we either diminish the compressing forces by loosening the screws, or suppose some force similar to the disintegrating force of the atmos- phere, to act in opposition to the cohesive force represen- ted by the action of the screws, the touching surfaces will be separated, and Hy whole mass become opaque Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, No. 8. Dr. Fyfe, (of Edinburgh,) has analysed the Hydrate of Magnesia from Hoboken, and found it to consist of 68.57 of Mepnent, and 31.43 of Water, with a trace of I Lime. The same gentleman examined the Hydrate of Magnesia discov- ered by Dr. Hibbert in Ust, one of the Shetland een and found it to consist of Magnesia 69.75, Water 30.25 mon and ‘pales jek In this work the unerring charac- ters which are derived from optical structure will be substi- tuted in place of the ambiguous distinctions which have been g gy ae ae and the — will be allured to a 4 246 Foreign Notices in Mineralogy, knowledge of the science, when he finds that, in addition to the usual qualities of weight, lustre, and external form, min- erals possess an internal organization which displays itself by the most beautiful optical phenomena, and exercise func- tions of a physical nature, not less interesting than those which are exhibited in the agencies of animal and vegetable life. This Treatise will consist of two volumes, Svo., with numerous plates, and will be preceded by an Introduction, containing a popular account or the action of crystals upon polarised light; an explanation of the new method of deter- mining primitive forms from the number of axes of double refraction; and a description of various new methods and in- struments for examining and distinguishing the precious stones and other mineral substances.” “ Discovery of the Fossil Elk of Ireland, in the Isle of Man.—Some months ago, in digging a marl-pit in the Isle of Man, there was discovered a skeleton of that remarkable animal, the Fossil Elk of Ireland. This specimen, which is the most pe and beautiful hitherto found, has been placed in the Museum of the University of Edinburgh.” From the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, No.8. “* Notice regarding the working and polishing of Granite tn ndia ; by Alexander Kennedy, M. D. F. R. 8. Edinburgh. The following observations have been suggested by the very excellent paper upon the Temples of Thebes, lately read by Colonel Stratton in this Society. (The Royal Soci- ety, Edinburgh.) In that paper he had occasion to mention the very high polish still retained by the granite statues, columns, and other remains of Egyptian antiquity ; and in illustration of the great hardness of the material of which these are formed, he noticed incidentally the difficulty which had been found in operating upon one of these granite stat- ues now in the British Museum, and the number of tools which had been braken in the process of replacing one of its arms. _. That the arts, as well as the religion of the Hindoos, were originally derived from the Egyptians, seems not to admit of any doubt; and among the arts now practised by the Hin- doos, that of working and polishing granite, has, in all prob- ability, undergone no change from the period of its first 1n- Tere pe: coset eae nd | | . Geology, ancient Arts, &e. 247 troduction among them. Most probably therefore, the pro- cess may be the very same as those by which the materials of the stupendous temples of Egypt were prepared and fin- ished ; and as the subject thus acquires an additional inter- est, E shall subjoin some notices of the manner in which I have seen the hardest granite cut and polished by Hindoo workmen. * The only tools which they employ, are a small steel chis- el, and an iron mallet. The chisel is short, probably not longer than twice the breadth of the small hands which work it.* I think it most probable that each of these chissels may be formed of one of the short bars of Berar wootz, descri- bed by Dr. Heyne, in his tracts on India; but this is mere- ly conjecture. The chissel tapers to a round point like that ofa drawing pencil ; and this I believe to be the only shape ever given to the points of their chissels. j The mallet, I have said, is of iron. It is somewhat long- er than the chisel; its weight cannot exceed a few pounds. The head, set on at right angles to the handle, may be from two to three inches long. _ It has only one striking face, in this respect resembling the hammer by which the bell of a clock is struck. The striking face is formed into a pretty deep hollow, which is lined with lead, no doubt to deaden the blow, when these two instruments come in contact. With two such simple tools, to detach the most massy granite from its native bed,t to have formed, fashioned, and scarped the granite rock which forms the tremendous for- tress of Dowlatabad, and to have excavated the wonder- ful caverns at Ellora, are instances both of the incredible pa- tience and perseverence of the Hindoo, and of the simple and apparently inadequate means by which he accomplishes the most difficult undertakings ; for it seems by no means probable that the Hindoo stone-cutters ever worked with any other tools. Accordingly, the traces of the pointed chisel, are at this day as fresh upon the rock of the very * Tha Tinere af the handle af tho Hind, Ih; t} h I ed. + An obelisk of a single granite stone, the shaft of which, as ] am credibly informed, is seventy-five feet in length, was erected a few years ago in the i i to the memory of the late Josiah Webbe, It was quarried in the neighbourhood; and the whole work executed by Hindoo workmen. 248 Foreign Notices in Mineralogy, &c. ancient fortress of Dowlatabad, as when first cut. Are not traces of the pointed chissel to be seen upon the granite an- tiquities of Egypt ? Having by these two instruments only, brought the stone toa smooth surface, it next undergoes the dressing with water, in the manner usual with masons. It now only re- pi seal to apply the black shining polish, which is done as oll A block of granite of considerable size, is usually fashioned into the shape of the end of a large pes of this is hollowed out into a cavity, and this is filled with a mass composed of pounded corundum stone, mixed with melted bees-wax. This block is moved by means of two sticks, or pieces of bamboo, placed one on each side of its neck, and bound together by cords, twisted and tightened by sticks. The weightof the whole is as much as two work- men can easily manage. They seat themselves upon, or given by the | of the mass of wax and corundum. Granite iniuhed in.this way is the most common material of which the tomb-stones of princes and great men in India both to ancient Indian monuments,* and to the observations * In the end of the sear 1794, [ had an opportunity of ating ioe ancient city of Warankul, an seeing a granite gateway, standing within the bounds of the pales aie ef Back polish of which diipidareld to have lost nothi Hie qrGinAl lenis. en, ee the only remains of the royal residence ere told bed shen originally one ct Grae les similar ga! gee which Ted inte et into a ig we into the interior of the palace. eae hi for the sake of the materials. This beautiful peepigean de- Rs gg in ntioned for the very durable naneitorinseaede constructed, The stones were fitted to each other most accurately, so that oh joinings were modern marble chimney piece ; and no mortar or — A ES pains P it seemed perfect- ip. cae beth emiaes the attacks of vegetation and the influences ofthe weather. But for these Sel es, it would not have escaped being at- tacked Me 4 seeds yan tree, and would probably have been en- tirely subverted long before the time of my seeing it. On the contrary, it seemed quite secure from the attacks of this irresistible enemy of Indian e gateway in question could therefore scarcely have been les? chaise Senta, and might probably have been considerably older. re a EEE CO Geology of the Catskills. 249 of pipe i Straton, it would appear that the polish thus giv- © granite, may be said to be as imperishable, as the ma- real itself to which it is applied. I had an opportunity of making these observations while engaged in erecting a granite monument, ornamented with black pilasters. The workmen succeeded most perfectly in giving mor: black polish to the granite, in the manner I have di” Art. - —WNotice of the Geology of the Catdalls3 3 by r. D. W. Barton, of Virginia—with a Pla Tue study of Geology becomes more satisfactory, the nearer approach to perfect uniformity, we discover in the ar- a stratification of the same minerals in different parts of the world—when they exhibit the same Eaagiearee structure—the same relation, position, and the same asso- ciation with other minerals. It is an object of no icon’ impor- tance to be able to establish the gedlogical identity of remote sections of the same country, and to trace particular mine- rals through an extent of several hundred miles, with little or no interruption of continuity, and invariably accompanied by the same rocks. J have recently examined, with some degree of minuteness, the geology of the Catskills and their vicinity, with a design to compare the northern extremity of the transition region of the U. States with a corresponding section in the south. The result of my observations is ex- hibited in the accompanying chart. If in some instances I ve not given to a stratum of rocks its appropriate designa- tion, the error will be of little consequence, since it cannot materially affect the accuracy of the comparison which I propose: In addition to this imperfect delineation of the geology of the Catskill Mountains, I am enabled to notice several lo- calities of minerals which have not hitherto been described. ist, On the side of the Mountain which rises immediately to the north of eT clove, and about a quarter of a mile pees! aneliigiot r. Absalom Smith, is a ledge of com- il illaceous slate, of So which during the winter and sprig, a small stream stream, strongly impregnated with m. ‘On ariving at the surface of the rock, the fluid is 250 Geology of the Catskills. evaporated, and deposits the alum in the form of a powder. It is here collected in considerable quantities, and employed without farther preparation as a substitute for the imported alum. I observed sulphur in the fissures of the same rocks ; to this no doubt the sulphate of alumine owes its origin. The same substance occurs in many other places, ap Ce from the mineral cavities of the rocks. 2d. In the sand- stone about two miles east of the Mountains, I ‘acon malachite (green carbonat of copper) with its usual associates, quartz and sulphat of barytes. 3d. The Fer Ologuste or specular iron frequently occurred in small quantities in de- tached masses of quartz. 4th. In the channel of a stream, two miles south-east of the Durhan meeting-house, (Greene county,) I found the sulphat of iron distinctly characterized. - The same rock in which this occurs, (a coarse variety of slate,) abounds with imperfect vegetable impressions, some of which are converted into coal, and the cavities which the decay of others has left, are occupied by sulphat of iron, which frequently presents the fibres and branches of the ori- eer vegetable. The acidification of the sulphur (one of he ingredients of the Pyrites) accounts satisfactorily for the oredaekion of the sulphate of iron, as well as the sulphate of Alumine with which itis found i in intimate connexion. References to the Engraved Plan. No. I, Ledges 0 of schistose sandstone running a direc- tion about N. by E. and S. by W. containing numerous pe- trifactions—position nearly horiz ontal.. No. 2. A fine argillaceous slate, cmbicacthg:) very few and these indistinct organic remains. Its inclination is much greater than that of the preceding class, and where have Ysa them contiguous, the schistose susan has invariably occupied the highest position. The Argillite is evidently of cariien formati aA ay No. 3. Sandstone vishidn to that denoted by No. 1.. re Slate not differing essentially from that of the sec- No. 5. Ledges of Limestone nearly Reena and par- allel with shevahtina sabes ready described. In some instances there is a sudden and remarkable deviation fon this posi- tion, andthe strata become inclined at an angle of 20° or 30°. = a = oe a Sine i, Wz {7CATSKILI. Dr. J. W. Webster on St. Michael, &c. 251 - In the rocks which constitute this ledge, are imbedded nodules of flint of almost every variety of — form. They also abound with petrifactions of shells, &c. &c. No. 6. Argillaceous slate inclined at an angle of 45°. In every rile resembling No. 2 No. 7. An alluvial valley. The soil consists of clay, wahigied with a calcareous mould, evidently the result of the decomposition of the rocks in its vicinity. No. 8. vide No. 9. ‘ rs No. 10. ee mestone. In this ledge the imbedded masses of flint and hornstone are so abundant, as to constitute al- most a third. No. 3 No. 13. — No. 14. iittaddies fades of cmkooal of ae essentially the same with that described in No. 5. These form the termi- nation of the limestone region, on the E, ‘side of the Cats- kill mountains. ‘The geology of the intermediate space is perfectly uniform. The rocks are a species of sandstone, so fine as scarely to present the appearance of a conglome- rate, and with difficulty distinguishable from some of the coarser varieties of common slate. At the foot of the moun- tain the slate occurs, extremely well characterized, and con- tinues to be the predominant rock for a considerable dis- tance up the mountain, when the sandstone again appears, aint extends uninterruptedly at least ten or fifteen miles to the W. Here my researches terminated. . Art. 1V.—Notice of a New Work me description of the Island of St. Michael, comprising an account of its Geological structure ; with remarks on the other Azores or Western Islands. Originally communi- cated to the Linnean Society of New-England. — cg Wessrten, M. D. Cor. Sec. L. S. N. E. published by i. P.& C. Williams.” Tue Linnean Society was originally formed by a few gen- thesiibat ok Boston, among whom was the author of this 252 Dr. J. W. Webster on St. Michael work. It has attained a part of the object for which it was instituted, a very extensive collection of specimens in all the branches of Natural History. The Society has lately been incorporated. It has labored chiefly in silence, but has accomplished much. The only publication which has ap- peared under its auspices, as we believe, is a pamphlet res- pecting the Sea Serpent. This work on St. Michael, professes to be a communica- tion to the same Society. We have perused it with much pleasure and satisfaction, and we hope that Dr. Webster’s example may excite others to similar efforts. In the preface, Dr. Webster observes that “ it isnota little remarkable that a group of islands, situated as the Azores are, within eight hundred miles of the shores of Europe, should not have commanded the attention of naturalists, nor have induced some one to undertake an ex- cursion to them for the purpose of investigating their geo- logical structure. The only notices we have of them, are brief, tending to excite the curiosity, rather than affording much positive init ion r ing them.” In 1813, a communication has therefore been retained. I have, the author remarks, thought it would be useful to point out the rocks of some well known European localities, which | le. A refer- said that basalt occurs in the United States, but the _ rocks which have been thus called, are widely different from and the other Azores. 253 the basalts of Saxony, or even those of Scotland and Ire- an 39 The “ Introduction” to Dr Webster’s book, contains an account of the discovery and early history of the Azores, dein, and condensed from all the best authori- ties. islands included under the aca name o Azores, or OW esieks Islands, are nine in nu and a called San Miguel, or St. Michael, St. Mary, "Peres, St. eorge, Graciosa, Fayal, Pico, Flores and Corvo. The gr oup, in general may be considered as extending 2 faa 37° to 39° 45’ of N. lat. and from 25° to 31° of W. long. It is situated in the Atlantic ocean, sport eight hundred miles west from Cape St. Vincent, and at nearly the same dis- tance from the shores of Africa and America.” St. Michael is the largest of those islands, and is that which has com- manded the principal attention of the author. The obser- vations extend to most of those topics which usually arrest the attention ofa traveller, and many highly ero we ns accounts are given of the customs and manners of the in- habitants, which are in some respects peculiar and spent to be but imperfectly known to the rest of the world. The following is an account of tbe dies appearance of the island of St. Michael. The view from the anchorage on the south side of the island, teas vessels ride about a mile distant from the shore, is uncommonly varied and pic- turesque. Immediately at the water’s edge stands the city of Ponta Delgada, the principal town of St. Michael. It takes its name from the point Delgada, a little to the east- ward of which it is situated, and from the uniform white- ness of the houses has, at a distance, an air of great neat- ness and even of beauty. The buildings rise above each . other with great regularity as they recede from the sea, and * It will be seen from President Cooper’s memoir vee volcanoes and volca- nic productions, thathe is of = different opinion. It is obvious however from the citation which he makes of the “ Basalt’’ of Mount ber in Massa- chusetts, that he uses the word at least in that instance, and insome similar cases in such an extent, as to include greenstone-for suck Mount Holyoke de- ‘ ies Bake- most trap rocks. ster uses the word Basalt, we must say, that we have never seen a specimen American Basalt. ‘This w e know to be the fa goa Col. 1. Gibbs ; 4, Term ber of years since, we th r. Mac Vou. IV ins re a. y 2 254 Dr. J. W. Webster on St. Michael the general effect is heightened by the numerous towers of the churches and convents scattered in various parts of the city. The land gradually becomes more elevated beyond the town, and clumps of orange trees and other evergreens, here and there intermixed, are more frequent as the eye reaches the open country, where they spread out inrich profusion. Numerous smal] conical hills are seen in the back ground, which are covered with a short, but verdant growth of heaths and ferns 3 and the view is bounded on each side by lofty mountains.” e habits of the people are thus described : “ In all nclliniis of the year the men wrap themselves in large cloth cloaks, one corner of which is usually thrown over the left shoulder. With the cxception of the cloak, their dress is simple, and well suited to the mild climate in which they live. Itconsists of a short jacket and breeches of a coarse blue, or brown, cotton cloth, from beneath which, white linen or cotton drawers hang several inches below the knees, both garments being loose and untied. Boots of unblacies leather reach rather more than half way up the legs, and the head i is covered with a blue cloth cap, called we carapu- ca.” of the Azores have not the clear, flo- rid complexion so much admired in some other countries, but their countenances are not devoid of animation, and are often highly y expressive. Their feet are remarkably small, and their gait is slow and graceful. Females of the better class are seldom seen in the streets, as it is esteem n come emesis of the Friars, Nuns, religious houses, &c. The superstition of the Azoreans is equalled only by their ignorance. The customs, ceremonies, ped- ances, processions, &c. during Lent are minutely described ; we extract the following pasta : “In the afternoon of Good Friday, another procession takes place, when all the images which have been already noticed, are again carried through the streets : and in addition, an ater is made to and the other Azores. 255 represent all the circumstances in the denial, condemnation, and crucifixion of Christ, together with many other events recorded in the Scriptures. Men and women, the charac- ters of some of whom are well known not to be the most pure, are hired to perform in this show, and are dressed and painted at the Franciscan convent, where the proces- sion is arranged. Our Saviour is represented by a large wooden image, dressed ina purple robe ; upon its head is a crown of thorns, and the ‘hands, which are tied, bear a reed. Two men, representing Herod and Pilate, march along in red boots, with splendid turbans on their heads, from beneath which an abundance of false hair hangs in graceful ringlets over robes of purple and ermine. Their long trains are held by dren dressed as pages. The cock and St. Peter have a conspicuous ae in Notice 6n Vegetable Fossiis. 2373 tanean passages, they always endeavour to avoid passing through the psammite, which would cause much expence without any profit to the miner ; eich itis these rocks which appear to contain the far greater number of the vertical stalks. ‘These obstacles have much restricted the number of cases favourable to the discovery and to the complete and easy‘ observation of those stalks; but we are led by analogy to believe that, if urged on by the same motives of interest which induce the search for iron ore, those stalks would be found in the coal-grounds as commonly as the coal itself. Now if these stalks, still retaining their vertical position, announce that the coal-grounds of St. Etienne, Saarbruck. §c. have been formed and deposited in the places where these vegetables once lived and grew, we may, we ought even from analogy, to come to the same conclusion in rela- tion to the other inds. We must then no longer go to seek beneath the torrid zone for arborescentferns, and all the vegetables of a tropical aspect that we find buried in the coal-grounds, and bring them into our latitudes by means of strong currents, or great commotions. This hypothesis, erence is now almost entirely abandoned, is, as Mr. Nogge- has judiciously remarked, incompatible with a vertical arrangement so regular, so clear, and so uniform. Nevertheless, Mr. de Charpentier, in the notice above ci- ted relative to the vertical trunk of a tree found at Walden- burgh, offered some very just remarks on the difficulty of im-_ agining that those stalks could have grown in such ground as that which now surrounds them, and that this earth could have been deposited ‘amongst them during their growth, without partially destroying, overturning, or at least deran- ging them. He supposes that these — adhering to the soil by large and deep roots, were removed, with ‘the soil which supported them, and left in ae places where we now see them. He supports this explanation by a cireum- stance — fell under his observation on the breaking out of rs of the lake of Bagne. In that terrible catas- tre las sro trees with their roots were transplanted by the current, and deposited ee in the plain of Martigny. This observation leads us to admit that, the vertical position of a stalk is not a nian proof that it grew in the same Place where we find it; but it appears to me that such ca- Ses must be extremely’ rare, whereas instances of stalks be- 274 Crystahized Sieatite. ing found in a vertical position are very frequent. Ln those cited by Mr. Noggerath and by ourselves, there was not merely a single trunk, of a large tree, but there were ma- ny trunks ; and in the mine of Treuil, which forms the prin- ipal object of the present notice, it is, as it were, a forest of slender stalks which remain parallel to each other. Be- sides, the nature of the soil to which the vegetables would adhere by their roots should be different, or at least, very distinct from that of the rocks which enclose them. Itis perhaps more difficult to imagine that these sandy rocks should envelope them after their transposition, w srishiiut de- ranging them, than thatit should have been deposited among them in the place where they grew, and where they were solidly fixed in the earth. And if we even sup at these vegetables may have been transplanted thither, without losing their vertical positition, we cannot admit that they were brought from a great distance ; and the insurmounta- ble objection against the hypothesis which would bring these —— from the tropical sagions into our elimaisy Weteubelees the facts cited: by Mr. Rarpenties; ti his ; observations thereon, tend to throw a degree of uncertain- ty over the primitive situation of those vertical stalks, which ought to engage us to continue our observations and our re- searches, and teach us that we cannot yet draw from anon facts any absolute and. eens ahisiecion: tf? Arr. V iMisneliaaleaniy Metiens stfeaeeilidtigh to American Mineralogy and Geology. h From nies pet of Williams College, addres to merican Geologiea} eae Crystalized Steatite. we Phi vine scuimenel-sosis: Siva by Dr. E. Emmons in Mid- dlefield, county of Hampshire. . The crystals usually, occur in groups on masses of Steatite. On a piece inches long and two broad are more than forty erystals, most of which are pyramids projecting from the mass, but a few are horizontal. Though most of the crystals are small, some Crystalized Steatite. 275 are three-eights of an inch in diameter and more than half an inch in length. Ihave one which is double the dimen- sions just meationed. The surface of the crystals is of a brown colour, produced by the action of the weather. But when the crystals are separated, their faces are of a yellow- ish white colour. When fractured, the crystals present an uneven surface, with a structure inclining to the fibrous, The same fibrous appearance is seen on some parts of the Steatite which is destitute of crystals. The crystalline Po ucture is exceedingly indistinct, except near the sur- ace. _ The predominant form of the erystals is aitatiided orate} terminated at one or both extremities by a Pyramid of the same number ohaidea' The truncations are numerous,— porwr the edges of the prism or pyramids, and at others on the angles, or at the vertex of the pyramid, form- ing very different faces. In one case, the face produced by truncation is of the kind, which the Abbe Haiiy designates by the term, Rhombifére. These crystals agree generally with the description of the cen crystals of Steatite, fod in the Principality of Bareuth. “ Mineralogists are not agreed respecting these scone some ee them as true Art. VII.—List of Piants growing ot ag in Latch- field and its vicinity ; by Mr. Joun P. Brace. Conelu- ded from pa. 86 of this volume. DODECANDRIA. Mownoeynta. Ae abe L. Rich woods, May. Portulacea. Oleracea L. Cultivated grounds, July. Yellow. Lythrum. Verticillatum, L. Borders of ponds, Aug. Purple. Agrimonia. Eupatoria, L. Woods, July. Yellow. Tricywnia. Euphorbia. - Maculata, L. Streets, Aug. 2. Depressa, N. Y. eb hy mane ground, Aug. . 3. Dentata, Mx. With the last. Aug ICOSANDRIA. Monoeynia. Prunus 1, Virginiana, Willd. Woods, May. Laas = Seratino, Willd. Hed , May. Whi 3. Pennsylvanica, Ait, ‘oe hills, May. White. 4. Depressa, Ph. Mount Tom, May. White. Di-rPENTAGYNIA. rataegus. Coecinea, Ait. Woods, May. White. Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 293 Sorbus Aucuparia, bat Pyrus Aucupar a, Lm oo Adnériosinil Muhl, ak May. White. yr 1, “Arhutifolin, Willd. Mespilus arbutifolia, L. Aronia pyrifolia, Pers. Wet pastues, May. White. 2. Melanocarpa, Willd. Aronia arbutifolia, Pers. seat earnest May. White. 3. Botryapium z pas Botryapium, Pers _ Woods May. White. Spirae .. Salicifolia, Ait. eek Alba, Mubl, I sibs ly. White. - oss 2, Se cates ae cas Aug. P ink. ' Ponyeynia. , Ros 1. " Parviliord, Willd. Woods, site: Red. 2. Carolina, Willd. tap to June. Red. Rabiginosa, Mu Suaveolens, Ph. Nouns Tom, June. Red. us. ee Ait. a and pas' June. White. . Strigosus, Mx. mps, White. — . Occidentalis, L. ipetrie “filds; Judes! White. . Trivialis, Mx. Pine woods, May, White. . Odoratus, L. Woods and hedges, June. Red. . Saxatilis, L. Rocky hills, eh White. Dalibarda. piiigarioides Mx. Pastures, May. yellow. ragaria. Sat ogy” L. Fields, ‘May. White. Potentill Bat Hide 4 3d: Yellow 2 Frit a isbury, 2. Floribunda, L. Fields, reed ed. 3. Canadenin’L. Field, Mit. Yellow. 4. Simplex, x Fields, a Yellow. Vou. IV.....No. 12 ot by ai Se et Pere ee 294 ~—— Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 5. Norvegiea, L. Fields, June. Yellow. 6. Aree tea, L. Streets, June. Yellow. Geu 1. co L. Woods, July. Yellowish-white. 2. Strictum, with the last, tii. Yellow 3. Rivale L. Bog meadows, June. Purple. Comarum. Pulustre L. Borders of ponds, purple. June. POLYANDRIA. Monoeynta. Actaea. . Rubra, Willd. Rocks, white. May 2. Alba, Bigelow, (secund. Eaton,) vith the last. May. Chelidonium. Majus, L. Borders of garden spots, June. Yellow. istus. Canadensis, Willd. Helianthemum canadense, Mx. Sandy fields and hills, — -_ Yellow. "Poca L. Cranberry pond meadows, July. Red. t i Glabra, Ph. Woods, near rivers, June. Yellow. Sanguinaria. vase ng L. Near rocks, April. White. Nympha Ororata, Ait. Ponds, July. White. up praake, Ait. Ponds, July. Yellow. Di-PENTAGYNIA. rel YP aneitel L. Fields, July. cae e Punctatum, Lmk. Meadows, July. Yellow. SP arvifioconi: Willd. Streets,. July. Yellow. Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 295 4. Canadense, L. Streets, July. Yell 5. Virginianum, L. Wet meadows, aly. Reddish. Aquilegia. Canadensis, L. Rocks, April. Scarlet. Potyenia. Clem Viren, L. Hedges, Aug. White. tra. yearn Sims. Glematis hexagona, Eaton.? Mount ~~ May. Purple. Thalictru ce Dicienii L. Woods and Fields, yy White. 2. Cornuti. Wet meadows, July. White Coptis Paiste Salisb. ami trifolius, L. Pine swamps, May. White. Calt Pais L. Swamps, April. Yellow. Anemone k. all sa, L. Woods, April. White. 2. Thalictroides, L. Shady woods, April. White. | 3. Vingeanty L. Borders of woods, July. Greenish- white epat i. Triloba, Will Anemone Mico Rocky woods, April. White. 2. acutifolia. — var acuta, Dewey. Hills, April. White. endro Tolipfea, L. Wet woods, June. White. ulus. ii ey L. Meadows, June. Yellow. 2. Abortivus, L. Wet woods, Me. gat, 3. Repens, L. Ditches, June. Y. 4, Pascale Bigelow a aL ae wet meadows, 5. Fluviatilis, Big. Stagnant waters, Aug. Yellow. 6. Flammula, L. Ditches, June. Yellow. 296 Note of Plants growing in Latchfeld. 7. Sceleratus, L. Ditches, May. Yellow. 8. Hispidus, Mx. Hirtus, Muhl. Ditches, July—Sept. Yellow 9. Gisiiculactorpaly Eaton. Wet woods, May. "Yellow. DIDYNAMIA. GyYMNOSPERMIA. — coeruleus, L. Sandy fields, July. Lam ‘Aas badiakite, L. Cultivated grounds, May. Purple. a ae nthemum. - Incanum Mx. Mount Tom, July. White. Clinopodium incanum, 2. Virginicum, eR virginicum, Mx. Hills, Aug. White. 3. Aristatum, Mx. Woods, July. White. Nepeta Virginica, L. eta. Cae, L: Road sides and in woods, June. White. Hyssopus. Scrophulavifolius, Eaton, Hedges, Aug. Pine. Mentha. # Borcalis, Mx. Wet meadows, Aug. Purple. 2. Viridis, Watt Tenuis, Ma. ‘Streets, July. Pink. Galeopsis Tetrahit, L. Cultivated fields, Kes: Purple. Leonurus. Cardiaca, L. Road sides, July. White. sn ail L. Road sides, July. White. edco Prcccden Pers Cunila pulegioides, L Dry fields, July. Blue. Hederacea, i ‘Along fences thay, Purple. Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield, 297 Trichostema Dichotoma, L. Sandy hills, and Blue. Scutellaria, 1. Lateriflora, L. Swamps, July. Blue. 2. Galerienddtn, 2a Swamps, July. Blue. Prunella. ‘Peunsylvaniea, L. Meadows, June. Blue. Leptostachya, L. Rocky woods, July. Purple. ANGIOSPERMIA. Verbena. 1. Hastata, L. Sineete raat ater ae Purple. — 2. Urticifolia, L. Road sides, July. White Orobanche. 1. Virginiana, L. Wet woods, Sept. Purple. =: Peg aaa Nutt. 2. Biflora, N Uniflora, L. “Shady woods, June. Yellowish. a a. L. Pastures, May. Scarlet. 96: lees mre tei L. Woods, July. Yellow. Antirrh i. Lincai L. Road sides, June. Yellow. _2. Canadense, L. Streets, Aug. Blue. Gerardia. 4 Purpurea, L. Fields, ae: eet lava, oods, Aug. :, Quercifolia, Ph. Glauca, Eddy. With the last yellow. 4. Pedicularia, L. Woods, near the water burg, Aug. Pediculari consis L. Wet meadows, May. Yellow and purple ulus. Ringens, L. Standing waters, Aug. Blue. Chelone. Glabra, L. Ditches, Aug. White. 298 Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. TETRADYNAMIA. SILIcuLosa. Thlaspi. Bursa-pastoris, L. Cultivated grounds, April—October. White. — irginicum, L. Road sides, June. White. Siriquosa. Arabis. L Hastata, N. Y¥. Cat Turritis laevigata, Willd. Mount Tom, May. 2. Falcata, Mx. Canadensis, ti. Rocky hills, Woodbury, June. White, Dentari Diphylla, Mx. Wet woods, May. W mae officinale, L. Old fields, July, Yellow. Cardamin Pecastiwails: Willd. Streams, May, White. Var — Wet woods, near rocks, June. White. Ariphibinm, L. Wet meadows, June. Yellow. inaprs. Nigra, Sm. Cultivated grounds, July. Yellow. Introduced. MONODELPHIA. Decanpria. Geranium. 1. Maculatum, L. Fields, May. Purple. 2. Robertianum, L. Rocky hills, Woodbury, July. Red. Potyanpria. | Sida. Abutilon, L. Cultivated grounds, July. Yellow. Introduced. alva, Rotundifolia, L. Cultivated grounds, June. Pink. DIADELPHIA. Hexanpria. Corydalis. 1. Cucullaria, Pers. Wet woods, May. White. i ee eg Notice of Plants. growing in Litchfield. 299 2. Fungosa, Pers. Mount Tom, July. White and red. 3. Glauca, Ph. Sempervivens, Pers. Rocks, May, Red and yellow. Fumaria. Officinalis, L. Cultivated grounds, June. Red. Intro- duced.? OcrTanpRIA. Polygala. 1. Paucifolia, L. Pine swamps, May. Purple. 2. Sanguinea, L. Moist meadows, Aug. Red. 3. me L. Dry pastures, Aug. Bluish White. 4. Rubella, Muhl. Sandy hills, July—Aug. Red Decanpria, Robini Peuiacecia, May. White. Introduced. Glycin a i. Monoica, Willd. Rocky woods, Aug. White. 2. Api koa Meherakk Ph. In thickets, Aug. Purple. Tephrosia. oe cians, Per Galega Vitginiana; L. Rocky hills, le July. Piicita, Medicago. Cupulina, L. Cultivated grounds, May—Oct. Yellow. Trifolium. i. Repens, L. Fields, June. Whi 2. Pratense, L. Fields, June. Red. hassem: 3. yaa L. Dry soils, July. Whi Lespedez I Se Sessiliflora, Mx. Woods on Mount Tom, Sept. Violet. 2. Capitata, Mx. pee frutescens, L. Sundry woods, Aug. 3. Pol sch a, Mx. Hodandins hirtum, L. In dry woods. Aug. White. 4. Violacea, Pers. Woods, Aug. Violet. Hedysarum L, (ho L. Woods, Aug. Purp 2. Nudiflorum, L. Rocky woods, eg "Violet. 300 Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 4, Acuminatum, Mx. With the last, Aug. Purple. 3. Rotundifolium, Mx. Rocky hills, near Mount Tom, nage trey ets aie 5. Ciliare, Muhl. Sandy hills, Aug. SYNGENESIA. ArQuaLis. Leontodon Taraxicum, L, Grass plats, April. Yellow. raps thes. , Alba, L. Woods, Aug. White and Purple. 2 senetinahs Woods, Aug. Whitish. Blongaa, Willd. Shady places, Aug. Yellow. Herat i. ae L. Shad ay 7 tele Arig 2. Paniculatum, L. Woods, Aug. Yello 3. Scabrum, Mx. Sandy wins Aug. Yellow. ‘ A Halni, L. Hedges, Aug. Yellow. Oleraceus, L. Waste places, Aug. Yellow. Krigia. irginica, Willd, Picea Virginicus, L. Sandy hills, May. Yellow. ae ae L. Borders of swamps, (very rare,) Sept. urp. Vernonica. Noveboracensis, L. meta of pee lake, Aug. Purple. Cnicus. 1. Coach Willd. Streets and paninete July: 4. PO desc Willd. Wet woods, July. Purple. 3. gAreennity Pers. Road sides, Gans July. uate L. Cultivated and waste grounds, Aug. Rupe 1. Cernua, L. Ditches, Ate | eos : : 2. Chrysanth agri pce s, Aug. Yellow. 3. Frondosa, L. € citieased grenade Aug. Yellow. Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 301 ror gon {! Putinifediis L. Swamps and wet woods, Aug. Pur- ple 2. Verticillatum, Willd. With the last, Aug. Purple. 3. Perfoliatum, L. Wet pastures, Aug. White we seesioties, Willd. Rocky woods, Aug. White. pe teertin , Willd. Eupatorium scandens, L. Near the Bantum, July. Pink. SuPERFLUA. Gnaphalium. 1. Plantagineum, L. Dioicum, Eaton. Dry fields, April. White. 2. Polycephalum, Mx. Pastures and woods, me White. 3. Margarataceum, L. With the last, Au hite. 4. Decurrens, Ives. With the last, Aug. hte 5. Uliginosum, L. Wet grounds, Aug. White. Tanacetum. Vulgare, L. Road sides, Aug. Yellow. Introduced. Chrysanthemum. Bagh ma L. Meadows, June. White. “Helenium, L. Road sides and by brooks, July. Yellow. Ba Bellidifolium, Willd. Sides of hills, May. Blue. 2. Philadelphicum, L. In old fields, June. Purple. 3. Purpureum, Aiton. Wet woods, July. Purple. 4. Strigosum, Muhl. In pastures, July, White. 5. Heterophyllum, Muhl. Meadows, July. White. 6. Canadense, L. Cultivated grounds, Aug. White. . yee Ait. Borders of fields, Sept. Yellow. Serotina, Willd. Borders of Woods, Sept. Yellow. - Ciliaris. Woods, Sept. Yellow. - Lateriflora, Ait. Old fields, Aug. Yell . Altissima, Willd. Wet places by erat Sept. Yel- low. BOD Gr © bo a") ES Bs mre = Be OB. y : on re in oz 3 ga = 2, o 4 ou. IV..,....No. 2. 13 302 Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. Graminea, Nutt. Wet fields, Aug. Yellow. 10. Caesia, Ait. Woods, Sept. Yellow. 11. Flexicaulis, L. Dry woods, Sept. Yellow. 12. Latifolia, L..Woods, Sept. and Oct. Yellov 13. she Nutt. Sandy fields, (common) Seok Yel- 14. Gigante, Willd. Borders of fields, Aug. Yellow. —_ a L. New fields, Aug. 2 peu Willd. Wet meadows, May. Yellow. = " Linariifotius, L. Tnula linariifolius, Nutt. Sandy hills, Sept. Violet. 2. Amygdalinus, Mx Umbellatus, Ait. Borders of fields, Sept. White. § Cardifoliue, L. Rocky hills, Sept. White 4. Corymbosus, Ait. Wet woods, Sept. White. 5. Macropbyllus, Ait. In woods, Sept. White. 6. Amplexicaulis, Mx. Rocky hills, Sept. Blue. 7. Laevis. In woods and borders of fields, Aug. Blue. 8. Puniceus, L. Near streams, Sept. Blue. 9. Conyzoides, Willd. On hills, July. White. 10. Acuminatus. Rocky damp woods, Aug. White. 41. 'Tradescanti, Eat.? Fields, Sept. Blue. Th 12. Recurvatus, Eat.? With the last, Sept. Blue. p same ) spec 13. Diffusus, Ait. In open fields Helenium e Aurumnale, L. In the pond meadows, Aug. Yellow. nt. Cotula, L. Road sides, July. White. Achillaea. Millefolium, L. In fields, July. White and pink. FRustranea. Rudbeckia. . Laciniata, Willd. In swamps, Aug. Yellow. Helianthus. 1. Divaricatus, L. Borders of woods, July—Aug, Yel- ow 2. Trachelifolius, Willd. In copses, Aug. Yellow. 3. Frondosus, L. Borders of woods, Aug. Yellow. Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 303 GYNANDRIA, Monanpria. rchis. 1. Ciliaris, L. ? Beephariglottis, Eaton | ? Cranberry pond naeaoies: aon Willd. In wet meadows, July. Greenish- Spectabilis, L. Rocky woods, May. White ae oe Orbiculata, Ph. Rocky woods, May. Gre Fimbriata, Willd. Meadows, July. Purple. Psycodes, Willd. Wet meadows, July. Yellowish- we. at ° Heacteatom, Pers. Wet woods, May. Yellowish-white. Neattia. 1. Tortilis, Willd. Aestivalis, Pers. Wet meadows, Aug. White. 2, Cernua, Willd. With the last, Aug. White. 3. Pubescens, Willd. In woods, ‘Aug. White. ‘ymbidium. 1, Pulchellum, Sw. Papkee tuberosum, L. Wet meadows, July. 2. idiiaahisdl: Willd. Shady woods, July. Malaxis. Liliifolia, $ Ophrus iti L. Wet streets and pastures, Jnne. “— is nish-white. x; - Ophioglosioides, L. Swamps of the Cranberry pond, July, purple. 2. Bulbosa, L. With the last, May. Purple. Dianpria. Saprgedion ubescens, Willd. In wet woods, May. Yellow. 2. Spectabile, Willd. anadense, Mx. In swampy woods, June. White and 304 Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 3. Acaule, Mx. Humile, Wild. In woods, June. Purple. MONOECIA. Monanpria. Caulin Flexilis, Willd. Naj aja s canadensis, Mx- In ponds. Not seen in flower. Char Flexilis. Bottoms of ponds, July. DianpRia. 1. “Mats In ditches. July. 2. Trisulca, L. In similar situations, July. TRIANDRIA. Typha. Latifolia, L. In pools of water, July. Sparganium. Ramosum, Sw. In ditches, July. 3 Capibeshces, Wahl. Woods, May. 2. Bromoides, Schk. In wet meadows, May. 3. Retroflexa, Muh]. On dry land, May. 4. Multiflora, Willd. ? Swamps, May. 5, Sparganioides, Willd. Wet sei June. 6. Rosea, Schk. On dry land, May 7. Papers, Dewey, (Mss.) Rete pond meadows. 8. ee, ee Willd. In wet meadows, June 9. minea, Willd. In similar situations. June. 10. Fenian: Schk. Dry land, June. 11. Caespitosa, Eat.? Boggy meadows, May- 12. Crinita. Willd. Borders of streams, June. Var. palacea. Wet meadows, June. 13, Acuta, Willd. Bopey meadows, May. 15. iam Muhl. On dry land, May. 16. Varia, Willd. On dry hills in woods, April. 17. Marginata, Willd. In dry woods, May. Notice of Plants growing in Latchfield. 18. Tentaculata, Willd. In swamps, May. 19. Lupulina, Willd. In wet meadows, June. 20. Flava L. Borders of Dog pond, Goshen, June. 21. F olliculata, Willd. In swamps, June. 23. a aa Muhl. In wet woods, June. 23. Plantaginea, L. Moist woods, April. 24, Grantlaria, Mobi. On dry land, May. 25. Laxiflora, Willd. ? Near brooks, May. 26. edge Willd. Wet meadows, June. 27. Flexuosa, Muhl. Near brooks, June. 28. Miliacea, "Schk. Wet meadows, May. 29. Pseudo-cyperus, Willd. Swamps by Ponds, June. 30. Pellita, Willd. In swamps, May. 31. Lacustris, Willd. Riparia, Muhl. Gram. Swamps, June. 32. Vesicaria, L. Wet meadows, May. 3. — Mx. In swamps, June. Comptonia Asplenifolia, Ait. Liquidambar asplenifolium, L. Dry hills, May. Eriocaulon. Pellucidum, Mx. Borders of Ponds, Aug. White. Serpicula. ‘ Occidentalis, Ph. In Bantum lake, Aug. White. Tetranpia. Orti L. “Pani Willd. Wet places, July. 2. Dioica, L. Cultivated grounds, July. , Aug. i Canadas, D. Moist woods Whitlowi, Mubl. ? nus. Serrulata, Willd. In swamps, April. PenTaNDRIA. Ambrosia. Elatior, L. In cultivated fields, Sept- Amaranthus. 1. Albus, L. Streets, Jul 2 ss ace L. In otenhats® fields, Aug. 306 Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. Po.yanpRia. Myrioiphyllum. an Senter Torrey, (Mss.) ponds, July. Si | Ges Sapittfoling L. Borders of Ponds and streams, Aug. 2. Hastata, Ph. with the last. Aug. White. 3. Gracilis, Ph. In similar situations, Aug. Whi 4. Acutifolia, Ph. Muddy banks of ponds, Aug. ‘White. 5. Simplex, Ph. with the last; Aug. white. Palla Palustris, L. In swamps July. white. Arum. 1, Triphyllum, L. In moist woods, May. white and pur- pie 2. Virginiana, L. — virginica, Mx. In swamps, Toby. Green. ie a Oe i. ‘Tactoriac Willd. Woods, May. 2. Alba, Willd. Woods, May. 3. Montana, Willd. Rocky woods, May. 4. Bannisteri, Mx. llicifolia, Willd. Mountains, May. ugrans 1. Nigra, L. Introduced ? May. 2. Cinerea, L. In woods, May. 3. Squamosa, Mx. Petee, Willd. Woods, May. 4. Alba, L. Willd. In woods, May. 5. Glabra, Muhl. In woods, May. Fagus. Se Ait, In woods, May, Castane I. Vers, Willd. In woods, July. Betula-populifolia, Ait. In woods, June. 2. Lenta, L. In woods, June. Carpinus Americana, Willd. In woods, May. lus. 1. Americana, Wang. In woods, April. pe Rostrata. In woods, April. Occidentalis, L. Borders of streams, June. Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. 307 MonapEcPuta. Pinus. 1. Canadensis, L. Pine Island, May. 2. Nigra, Ait. Cranberry pond meadows, May. 3. Strobus, L. Pine island, May. 4. Rigida, L. Sandy hills, May, (rare.) 5. Pendula, Ait. Cranberry pond meadows, May. Acalypha. Virginica, L. Dry pastures and road sides, Aug. DIOECIA. Dianpra, Salix. 1. Conifera, Willd. : riocephala, Mx. Swamps, April. illd 4. Cordata, Willd. Wet fields, June. 5. Grisea, Willd. Borders of streams, May. 6. Vitellina, L. Road sides, May. 7. Babylonica, L. Introduced, May. Terranpia. Myrica. ; Gale, L. Borders of ponds, May. HexanpRia. Smilax. 1. Rotundifolia, L. Woods in Woodbury, June. 2. Peduncularis, Muhl. Fields, June. OcTANDRIa. Populus. 1. Tremuloides, Mx. In woods, April. _ 2. Grandidentata, Mx. with the last, April. 3. Balsamifera. Introduced? May. MonabDeELpHia. Taxus. Canadensis, Willd. Pine island swamps. 308 Notice of Plants growing in Litchfield. CRYPTOGAMIA. GonoPTERIDEs. Equiset i, EAeaee, L. Low grounds, April. 2. Hyemale, L. Boggy grounds, April. STACHYOPTERIDES. Laycopo i, Saetiats, Willd. In woods, July. 2. Complanatum, L. Willd. Woods, Aug. 3. Dendroideum, Willd. Obscurum, L. Wet woods, July. 4. Rupestre, L. On rocky hills, June. 5. Lucidum, Willd. In wet woods, July. Botrychium. Gracile, Ph. In woods, July. ioglossum Vulgatum, L. Pond meadows, July. ScHISMATOPTERIDES. Onan . Cinnamomea, Mx. Low grounds, June, 2. Interrupta, Mx. Marshy grounds, July. 3. Spectabilis, Willd. Swamps, June. Finices. Polypodium. 1, Vulgare, L. On rocks, July. 2, Hexagonopterum, Willd. Wet woods, Aug. Aspidium, 1. Acrostichoides, Willd. July. On rocks. 2. Noveboracense, Willd. July. Wet places. 3. Cristatum, Willd. July. Rocky woods. 4. Sacguiiey Willd. Mount Tom, July. 5. Asplenoides, Willd. In woods, July. 6. Angustum, Willd. In woo Jul 7. Rufidulum, Willd. On rocks, July. . Dialatatum, Willd. In rocky hills, July. 9. > sapnese: Muhl. Moist woods, June. Sensibilis, L. Wet grounds, June. Miscellaneous Facts in Zoology. 309 Asplenium. 1. Ebeneum, Willd. Rocks, July. Peet Melanocaulon, Wille. On the sides of rocks, July. Auli L. In woods, July. Adiantu Pedatum, L.. Wet places, July. hcksonia. Pilosiuscula, Willd. Wet woods, Aug. ZOOLOGY. ? —_—— Arr. VIIL.—Fragments relating to the history of Animals. Extract ofa letter to the Editor, dated Princeton, Dec. 22d, 1821. Dear Sir, Tue following are the extracts from my notes on Natural History, mentioned in my last to you. ou have my consent to dispose of them as you think proper. My en- gagements would not ae to ie them befo ours JACOB GREEN. Curious Instinct of the common Hog, (Sus Scrofa—Lin.) tis customary with farmers who reside in the thinly set- ase tracts of the United States to suffer their hogs to run at large. These animals feed upon acrons which are very undant in our extensive forests, and in this situation they often become wildand ferocious. A gentleman of my acquaint- ance, while travelling, some years ago, through the wilds of Vermont, spemqot ata little distance before him a herd of swine, and his attention was arrested by the agitation they exhibited. .-He: peat perceived a number of young pigs in the centre of the herd, and that the hogs were arranged about them in a conical figure, having their beads all turned i i At ae apex of this — cone,a huge 310 Miscellaneous Faets in Zoology. had placed himself, who, from his size, seemed to be the master of the herd. The traveller now observed that a faimn- ished wolf was attempting by various manceuvres to seize one of the pigs in the middle; but wherever he made an attack, the huge boar at ihe apex of the cone presented him- self{—the hogs dexterously arranging themselves on each side of him, so as to preserve the position of defence just mentioned. The attention of the traveller was fora mo- ment withdrawn, and, upon turning to view the combatants, he was surprised to find the herd of swine dispersed, and the wolf no longer to be seen. On riding up to the spot, the wolf was discovered dead on the ground, a rent being raade in his side, more than a foot in length—the boar hav- ing, no doubt, seized a favourable opportunity, and with a sudden plunge dispatched his adversary with his formidable tusks. It is a little remarkable that the ancient Romans, among the various methods they devised for drawing up their ar- mies in battle, had one exactly resembling the position as- sumed by the swine above mentioned. The mode of attack they called the Cuneus, or Caput porcinum. Blue-Yellow Bird.—¥ringilla tristis. black swan (Anas Atrata) are animals really in existence, appears too paradoxical for belief. Black swans, however. are found in New Holland and some other places, possess- ing all the graceful atitudes of the European species ; and white black birds or albinos, are of no very uncommon oc- currence. where the male (F. tristis) is yellow; the black bands on the wings, and the spot on the head, were the same in both. "The following hints are offered by way of theory to eX- plain these anomalies :—If there be any truth in the opinion entertained by masy, that the imagination of the parent, oF Miscellaneous Facts in Zoology. 31i that certain casualties during gestation, have an influence on the offspring of the class Mamalia—why may not the like circumstance affect the embryo in the egg of birds. Again, we know that when the eye becomes fatigued with behold- ing the glare of one colour, it is relieved by changing the colour—or if a colour be viewed for some time, the opposite will be painted on the retina—thus when we look on the bright light thrown by a burning glass on any object, a black spot is produced in the eye, and if we look steadfastly on a black spot made with ink on a white sheet of paper, on mov- ing the eye a little, a luminous spot will be seen on the pa- per, much brighter than the surrounding part.* Will not these two particulars taken together, account for the above anomalies ? The causes which have produced the varieties in the hu- man species, are but little understood. Too much is per- haps attributed to the influence of climate. There are ma- ny reasons to satisfy an unprejudiced mind, besides the un- erring testimony of the bible, that the whole race of man has sprung from one and the samestock. The five princi- pal varieties mentioned by Blumenbach—the Caucasian, Mongalian, Ethiopian, American, and Malay—may all have arisen from some such accidental cause as those noticed above, or such as occasions the albinos of our species. That species can be continued from such accidental varieties, ap- pears from the following account published in Edwards’ Gleanings of Natural History, and in the 424th No. of the Philosophical Transactions. Edward Lambert, or the Porcu- pine man, was at his birth like other children ; but in eight or nine weeks his skia turned yellow and then blackish, cov- ered with conical protuberances, which formed a rugged covering all over him, except his head, palms, and soles of his feet. This man had six children, whose skin exactly re- sembled his own. Edwards then remarks—“ It appears to me beyond all doubt, that a race of people may be propaga- ted by this man, having such rugged coats or covering as himself, which if it should ever happen, and the accidental original be forgotten, it is not improbable they may be deemed a different species of mankind; which considera- 4 : ; e colour will be painted on ee at eee NS De ralacciard os thar vabject may be Suand in . the first volume of Darwin’s Zoonomia. 312 Hare’s Gasometer. tion should almost lead one to imagine, that if mankind were all produced from one and the same stock,the black skins of the Ethiopians, &c. might possibly be owing can to some such accidental cause.”—-See Edwards’ Plate 2 MECH ANICS AND THE ARTS—PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY. mtr Arr. 1X.— Account of an improved mode of suspending — Hanre.* Gasometers ; by Dr. It is well known to all who are conversant in gas light ap- paratus, that no mode has been heretofore devised to render Gasometers accurately equiponderant at all points of their immersion in the water ; a Circumstance so indispensable to eir action. or | se ie adop- a. ted in the English BA a t in the annexed cut, has in practice been found Lo pe rare Boies: once executed, it requires no further attention. The rationale of the operation of sucha beam, will be evident from the m ethod of constructing one which I shall proceed to explain. weight of the Gasometer when sunk so low, as that the top will In the same way find the weight of the Gasometer at. highest point of emersion, to which it is to rise, when i in a Then, as the weight in the last case, is to the weight in the * Published first in the Analectic Magazine for May, 1817. Find othe trial, if possible ; if not, by calculation,) the. be as near as possible to the water, without touching ! i Hare’s Gasometer. 313 first; so det the length of the arm A, be to the length of the arm rom the centre D, with the radius A, describea circle ; on which set off an arch C, equal to the whole height through which the Gazometer is to move. Divide this into as many parts as there are spaces in it, equal each to one-sixth of the radius or length of the arm A. Through the points thus found draw as many diameters ; which will, of course, form a corresponding number of radii and divis- ions, on the opposite side of the circle. Divide the differ- ence between the length of A and B, by the sum of these divisions : and let the quotient be g. From the centre D towards the side E, on radius 2, set off a distance equal to the length of the arm A, less the quotient org. On radius 3, set off a distance equalto A, less 2 qg, or twice the quo- tient ; and so set off distances on each of the radii ; the last being always less than the preceding, by the value of q. curve line bounding the distances thus found, will be that of the arch head E. The beam being supported on a gudgeon at D, let the Gasometer be appended at G, and let the weight be appended at F,, adequate to balance it at any one point of immersion. This same weight will balance it at all other points of its immersion—provided the quantity of water displaced by equal sections of the Gasometer be equal. But as the weights on which A and B were predicated, may not be quite correct, and as, in the construction of large ves- sels, equability of thickness and shape cannot be sufficiently attained—the consequent irregular buoyancy is compensa- ted by causing the weight to hang nearer to, or farther from the centre, at any of the points taken in making the curve. This object is accomplished by varying the sliders seen op- posite to the figures 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6. When they are prop- erly adjusted, they are made firm by the screws of which the heads are visible in the diagram. The drawing is of a beam twelve feet long; and of course the length of the arm A is six feet—that of B four feet—~ their difference two feet ; which divided by six, the number af points taken in making the curve E. gives four inches for uotien 314 Domestic Telegraph. The projecting parts are turned true, and should be bedded in brass or steel dies; placed, of course, on a competent frame. The sixth part of a revolution of the portions of the gudgeon thus supported, is the oaly source of friction to which this beam is subject during the whole period of the. descent of the Gasometer ;—which, in large ones, does not ordinarily take place in less than six hours. Ant. X.—Pearson’s Patent Domestic Telegraph. (Communicated for this Journal by the Inventor.) & Domestic Telegraph has for its recommendations the following advantages, viz. 1. The ease, facility and dispatch with which domestic wants may be supplie The great saving of labour to domestics, rendering their attendance less irksome to themselves, and more ac- sapalte to principals. 3. The privacy with which domestic communication may be held in the presence of company ; and in many other “a 4. In cold weather, obviating the necessity of so fre- quently opening the doors of. apartments, which is so in- commodious and disagreeable ; besides admitting the influx of cold air. 5. By reference to the annexed drawing,* it will be per- cieved shat by the bard a.a. moving over two dials, B. B. an almost instantaneous communication is effected— they operating siemalanngeuate bes means of the connecting rods, c.¢c. and w pa tee ving the alarm to direct the read s ee to the face of the dial, is by means ot the small pinion, e. and rod, f, renee to the Vheels, d. d.—on —_ centre of motion tw ’ g. g. are — with their peripheries facing come other. small space is left pecans the bells to give freedom to a pone produce which a cast iron ball is tween them, and revolves * the i inner side of their vee ities. e dials are divi zones into ee, Se ieer of which contains yh letters of the alphabet—the to the number of 30—the outer is s di- vided into 30 compartments, each of which contains the * See the end of the volume. ‘ i. ' seeneieeeeeenean ti = lee Account of an Earthquake at Kutch. 315 wame ofan article in full. These divisions will generally be found to contain as many articlesas usually comprehend the wants of afamily. Should any article, however, be wanted, not expressed by words on the dial, it may with ease be communicated, by turning the index to the letters requisite to make out the name of the article. By the power of the alphabet, it will readily be seen that the Domestic Telegraph may be rendered the medium of communication to an indefinite extent.—For the sake of convenience, by av understanding between the parties, words may be so abreviated, that certain letters shall stand as their representatives. Thus the names of domestics may be designated by the initials, and the figure may likewise be applied to similar purposes, By these arrangements it not only appears, how easily domestic wants may be a and private communications held, by the use of the Domes- tic Telegraph,—but that it may be made to facilitate the con- veyance of intelligence through all kinds of buildings—such as stores, ware-houses, counting-rooms, &c. &c. &e. The simple structure of the Telegraph enables the inven- tor to furnish the common one at the low price of five dol- lars ;——while from its form, it is peculiarly adapted to decorate the most elegant rooms—the ornamental ones will be furnished proportionally low. N. B. No. 2 inthe annexed drawing, represents a bell- action applied to the same purpose as bell-action No. 1, and is connected by the pinion, e¢. to the wheel D. at 4. The inventor proposes placing the more costly ones in pedestals, vases, &c. &c. as chimney or table ornaments.— rt. Pearson’s stand is in Water-street, Boston. Arr. XI.—* Account of the Earthquake at Kutch, on the 16th of June, 1819, Drawn up from published and un- published letters from India.” Fromthe Edinburgh Phi- losop hical Journal, No. 5, June 1820. Tur western coast of India has been visited by an earth- quake, which has spread desolation and famine over a great extent of country ; and whose destructive effects will be seen 316 Account ef an Earthquake at Kutch and felt for many years tocome. This tremendous convul- sion of nature was experienced from Bombay to beyond the tropic of Cancer ; but the centre of the convulsion seems to have been in the province of Kutch, which has se- verely suffered. In describing this alarming occurrence, we shall select from a variety of letters which have heen receiv- ed on this subject, the most important particulars. The first and greatest shock took place on the 16th of June, 1819, a few minutes before seven in the evening. The day had been cool and showery ; Fahrenheit’s ther- mometer ranging from 80° to 85°. The monsoon had set in mildly without much violent thunder and lightning ; and there was nothing unusual in the state of the atmosphere at that season that could afford any ground for apprehension. _ The wind which had been blowing pleasantly towards eve- ning, at the commencement of the concussion fell into a inhabitants were ed to forsake the city, and encamp outside of the walls on some sand hills. Their situation was truly distressing. ised, maimed, and in sorrow, they y A resorted daily to the city to extricate the mangled remains of » a Account of an Earthquake at Kutch. 31% date of the last account, between 1000 and 1500 persons had been dug out of the ruins. The devastation was general throughout Kutch. From Luckput Bunder to Butchao, in every town and village, more or less lives were lost by the falling in of the houses; and in the towns of Mandavie, Moondria, and Anjar, very extensive damage has been sustained. Accounts from An- gar state, that the first wall was almost completely destroy- ed, not one hundred yards of it remaining in one spot, and guns and towers hurled in one common mass of ruin. Scarcely a fourth part of the town is standing, and the hou- ses that do remain are considerably injured. “In one word,” says the writer of the account, “ a flourishing popu- lation has been reduced in one moment to wretchedness and misery ; and I fear we shall have to lament the loss of up- wards of one hundred people, besides those hurt.” estruction occasioned by this terrible visitation was not confined to Kutch. From Ahmedabad, the capital of Guzerat, we have the following description: “ This city is justly celebrated for its beautiful buildings of stone and other materials, and for the famous shaking minarets, which were admired by every stranger. Alas! the devastation caused by this commotion of the earth is truly lamentable. The proud spires of the great mosque, erected by Sultan Ahmed, which have stood nearly four hundred and fifty years, have tumbled to the ground, within a few yards of the _ Spot where they once reared their heads! Another mosque ef elegant structure, which lies to the left of the road leading to the Shahee Bagh, has shared the same fate. The mag- nificent towers, forming the grand entrance into the citadel, have been much shaken, and cracked in several places, es- ey the one in which the flag-staff has been placed. any private houses have been reduced to ruins ; but it is most fortunate, amidst all our disasters, thatmot a single life has been Jost, and but few accidents.” e learn from Je- lilsheer, that “*the earthquake was severely felt in that place, and the loss of lives terrible. ‘The fort and town are reduced to ruins. Many of the people killed were already outof doors, which is usually considered a situation of com- parative safety. A marriage was about to be celebrated in a rich man’s family ; and the casts had assembled from vari- ous quarters: the shock occurred when they were feasting Vot. IV.....No, 2, 15 @ 318 | Account of an Earthquake at Kutch. in the streets, and upwards of five hundred of the party were smothered in the ruins of the falling houses.” he effects of this earthquake have indeed been so exten- sive, that we cannot pretend to enumerate the more minute disasters. We have confined ourselves to the most promi- nent of them ; and we now proceed to give some accountof the sensations felt by the individual sufferers during the con- tinuanee of the concussions. In the British camp, which and others threw themselves on the ground. Those who were on horseback were obliged to dismount, the earth shook so violently that the horses could with difficulty keep their feet ; and the riders, when upon the ground, were scarcely able to stand. At Ahmedabad, “ all the disagreea- ble sensations were experienced of being tossed in a ship at sea in a great swell; and the rocking was so great, that ev- ery moment we expected the earth to open under our feet.” One gentleman writing from Surat, where the earthquake at twenty minutes past seven, says, ‘ The vibration of the couch I was lying on was so great, that I was glad to get offit: the house was considerably agitated, and the furniture all in motion ; a small table close to me kept striking the wall, and the lamps swung violently. I ran down stairs and out of my house as fast as possible. On getting on the outside, I found a number of people collected, gazing with astonish- ment at my house, which stands alone, and was so violently agitated that I expected it to falldown. The earth was con- vulsed under our feet.” Another thus writes from Broach : “ Such of the-houses as are elevated, and at all loosely built, creaked like the masts and rigging of a ship in a gale, the venetians and window-frames rattling violently, and the ings threatening immediately to fall ; a considerable lateral motion was impressed on every thing tha ‘ of it. After this more violent concussion had lasted a min- ute or upwards, it was succeeded by an oscillatory motion, of a more equable character, which continued for more than a minute and a half, making the whole period of the conval- sion nearer three than two and a half minutes.” An inteli- gent native residing in Iseria, gives the following cccount: | Account of an Earthquake at Kuteh. 319 vibrations were sensibly felt in the camp before Bhooj, for more than a month afte e same unpleasant sensations which were experienced during the first shock, also contin- ued for several days. A giddiness, and slight sickness, ac- companied with pains in the knees, and an inclination to lie down rather than sit or stand. This is attributed to the rocking orrolling motion of the earth, which, though not ob- servable, was in constant action. The inhabitants of Kutch, earth had formerly been felt in this district, but had never r) been.accompanied with any distressing effects. Abou years ago, several of the British officers encamped in the neighbourhood of Bhooj, experienced a slight shock ; but it was so slight that others of them were not sensible of it. It ‘is to be hoped, however, that none will ever be attended with such a horrible catastrophe as the one we have been scribing; for the distress occasioned by it is represented by almost. all the writers as almost beyond their abilities to describe. * 320 Seybert’s Analysis of Molybdenum Ant. XU.—Analysis of a Sulphuret of Molybdenum ; by Henry Seyserr, of Philadelphia. (Communicated for this Journal.) Tus mineral was found near Chester, Delaware county, Pennsylvania, and in its external character so much resem- bles that of Saxony, as to make a description of it unnecessa- ry. It occurs in a gangue of quartz, and is often accompa- nied by the sulphuret of iron. The specific gravity of apurcpicca was 4.444. Analysis. A. 5 Grammes reduced to minute lamine were treated washed and calcined, weighed 0.90 grammes, which corres- ponds to 0.415 grammes of molybdic acid. Seybert’s Analysis of Chromat of Iron. 321 . The residue on the filter (2,) supposed to be molyb- die acid and sulphur, was washed and dried ata moderate ammonia, and was therefore considered pure. e results in (B and C.) give a total of molybdic acid, amounting to 4.465 grammes, equivalent to 2.971 grammes of molydenum on five grammes, or pr 100== 59.42. The constituents of the mineral according to this analysis, are, : Per 100 parts, A. Sulphur, - - 39.68 €, Molybdenum, - - 59.42 99.10 100.00, 000 90 Loss. Arr. XIII. — Analysis of the American Chromat of Iron; by Henry Seysert, of Philadelphia. Tuts mineral was found at the Bare Hills, near Baltimore, - in the State of Maryland ; the specimen submitted to anal- ysis was amorphous, and incrusted with talc. Its colour was blackish-brown—colour of the powder deep reddish rown. Lustre metallic—opaque—tfracture uneven—not very frangible—scratches glass—acts but very slightly on the magnet. The specific gravity , of a pure piece, was 4.0639. Infusible before the blowpipe. Analysis. A. 8 grammes of the mineral, after being carefully sepa- rated from the talc, were reduced to a very fine powder, and exposed to a red heat in a platina crucible. The cal- cmed mineral was a shade darker. and weighed 7.87 gram- 3 322 Seybert’s Analysis of Chromat of Iron’. mes ; the loss of weight in water then amounts to 0.13 grammes on 8 grammes, or 1.625 per 100. B. The residue of the calcination (7) mixed with 16 grammes of nitrate of potash, and 8 grammes of caustic pot- ash, was exposed to fusion at a red heat, in a silver crucible during one hour. The fused mass was treated by water, and the solution, when filtered, was of a bright yellow col- our. The matter on the filter was red, it was then treated by diluted muriatic acid, to dissolve the silex which ha formed a silicate with the alumine, insoluble in potash. This solution was decanted, and the residue was boiled with con- centrated muriatic acid, to dissolve the per-oxide of iron. The last solution was filtered, and the residue on the filter consisted of that portion of the mineral which resisted de- composition ; after being washed and calcined it weighe 3.34 g ter deducting the 3.34 grammes of unde- composed mineral, from the 7.87 grammes in (.4,) there re- mained 4.53 grammes of the caleined mineral for the anal- Sis. ; ; _C. The two muriatic solutions (B) were mixed and evap- aare to dryness ; the dry mass was treated by water acid- u ated with muriatic acid; it was then moderately evapora- ted, again treated by water and filtered. Silex remained on the filter, which, after being washed and calcined, weighed was precipitated from the filtered solution by ammonia, washed and calcined it weighed 0.459 grammes—then by difference we have 1.631 grammes of per oxide of iron on 4.53 grammes of the mineral, or 36.004 per 100. eit E. The yellow solution (B) was saturated by mumatic acid, a precipitate of alumine was formed, which, washed and calcined, weighed 0.13 grammes, so that, with the alu- mine obtained in (D,) we have 0.589 grammes alumme 0F 4.53 of the mineral, or 13,002 per 100. Seybert’s Analysis of Chromat of Iron. 323 # To ascertain whether the proper quantity of acid was added to the liquor (E,) a portion of it was rendered slight- ly acid, and treated by ammonia ; no precipitate was form- ed; it was therefore certain, that the acid added had pre- cipitated all the alumine. ‘The liquor was then treated by an excess of muriatie acid, it became intensely brown ; chlo- rine was disengaged, and on heating the liquor, it was changed to a beautiful deep green. The muriatie acid decomposed the chromate of potash, and formed muriate of po’ and proto-muriate of chrome. e green colour proved that the chrome was in the state of a protoxide. The liquor, treated by ammonia, yielded a light green precipitate of proto-hydrate of chrome, which, washed and calcined, gave protoxide of chrome 1.79 grammes on 4.53 grammes of the mineral, or 39.514 per 1 This chromate of iron, after being calcined, is constituted Ss. as follows. er 100 parts C. Silex," + 10.596 Containing oxygen, 5.329 D, Per-oxide of iron, 36.004 - - - 11.038 E. Alumine, 13.00 - - - 6.073 F. Protoxide of Chrome 39.514 - - - 11.810 | 99.116 100.000 000.884 Loss. During my residence in Paris, I examined, in the Royal School of Mines, a specimen of the chromat of iron, found in Chester county, “Potindy Teka: In its external charac- ters, it did not vary materially from that found at the Bare ills ; the result of the analysis was as follows, viz : Per 100 parts. Silex, Sis - 02.901 Containing oxygen 01.45 Peroxide of Iron, - © 35.140 = - - 10. Oxide of Manganese, a Trace. Alumine, - ~ = - 09.723 - 04.54 Protoxide of Chrome, 51.562 eek ee ek te 99.326 100.000 000.674 Loss. 324 Bowen’s Analysis. Arr. XIV.—Analysis of the Sulphat of Strontian from Lake Erie, and of some Sulphats of Barytes ; by Mr. Grorce T. Bowen, of Providence, R. I. Remarks by the Editor. In our present No. pa. 279, we have inserted notices of the sulphat of strontian from Lake Erie. The highly respecta- ble authority upon which those localities have been receiv- ed, scarcely demands any confirmation, especially as the external characters support the opinion of the gentlemen who have given their names to the public. Still the actual analy- sis is always desirable, and especially in this country, where we have so few original analyses of our own native minerals. Those detailed in the annexed paper were executed by 4 pupil in the Labratory of Yale College. The research 1s ex- clusively his own ;—we will observe, only, that the reagents were all pure, and that the results of all the stages of the analysis eins shewn us, at the moment, were considered entirely satisfactory. The discovery of sulphat of strontian in our sulphats of barytes, must be deemed interesting : Klaproth madea sim- ilar observation on some of the sulphats of barytes which he examined ; but in no instance did he find so much as Mr. Bowen found in the Berlin mineral ; he generally found from one to two per cent, but the Berlin mineral affords nearly four per cent. The analysis of the Erie strontian was performed upon afragment of the very large and pure crystal furnished by Major Delafield. _ Analysis of the Sulphat of Strontian. A. Three pieces whose specific gravities were — 3.82, 3.78, and 3.88, were finely pulverized and sifted B. : _ Two hundred’grains of this powder were mixed with three times their weight of pure carbonat of potash and six ounces of distilled water, and the mixture boiled for twe hours—the loss of water by evaporation being from time '® time supplied. ‘ ' ns ea oases slip — Bowen’s Analysis. 325 C. The whole was then thrown upon a filter, and the insolu- ble powder repeatedly washed with distilled water. This powder when collected and dried, weighed 175 grains. Upon the insoluble portion (C,) muriatic acid was pour- ed, when it was entirely dissolved with effervescence, ex- cepting a residue of one grain, which was silex. The muriatic solution (D) was filtered and saturated with caustic ammonia, when a brownish coloured precipitate was produced. This precipitate when collected and dried amounted to two grains in weight. Diluted sulphuric acid when digested upon it, dissolved it in part, and gave with prussiate of potash a blue precipitate. The residue was then heated with caustic potash, and dissolved in water. Sulphuric acid being added, and the solution placed in a moderate heat, crystals of alum were formed. This precipitate then con- sisted of alumine and oxide of iron. F The muriatic solution was then evaporated, when it crys- tallized entirely in needle-shaped crystals, which possessed all the properties of muriate of strontian—particularly the al- coholic solution tinged flame ofa most beautiful red. Esti- mating, therefore, the quantity of pure strontian from the carbonate 4 gree by the decomposition of the sulphate, the Lake Erie mineral contains in two hundred parts— _ Pure strontian, . - 108.5 ilex, - - — - re Alumine, - + . 1.6 Oxide of iron, - . - 5 Sulphuric acid and water, - 88. 200, Analysis of a Sulphate of Barytes from Berlin, Con. 326 Bowen’s Analysis. tals which were deposited after the solution had been much concentrated by evaporation ; did not possess the usual form of the barytic salt. An examination of the mineral was in consequence undertaken, the results of which follow. Its specific gravity is 4.36—colour pure white—structure broad foliated——lustre shining—and in its other external characters it agrees so completely with common specimens of sulphate of barytes, that a further description of it would be unneces- sary. Analysis. A. 1. Distilled water digested upon the mineral in powder for one hour was rendered slightly turbid by nitrate of silver, and by oxalate of ammonia. ure muriatic acid was then poured upon the powder, and heated with it for half an hour ; it dissolved nothing, however, excepting a mete perceptible portion of iron. 3. Two hundred grain or one hour to a high red — lost only two Sins ae weight. B. Two hundred grains 5 of the inineral finely powdered and sifted, were mixed with three times their weight of pure crystallized carbonate of potash, and exposed for two hours to a moderate red heat in a crucible of pure silver. C. The mass (B) after having been pulverized and boiled with water, was thrown upon a filter, and the insoluble por- tion repeatedly washed with distilled water. D. To the filtered solution muriatic acid was added in ex- cess, and ng fluid evaporated to dryness. Water being then poured upon the mass, there remained nadiseaives. one grain, which was silex. To the insoluble powder 16) diluted muriatic acid was added, when it was entirely dissolved with effervescence, €X- cepting a residue of four grains of siliceous earth. Bowen’s Analysis. 327 F. The muriatic solution was then filtered and saturated with caustic ammouia, when a brownish coloured floculent pre- cipitate was produced, which when dried, weighed three and a half grains, and consisted of oxide of iron witha trace of alumine. The muriatic solution freed from iron and alumine, was decomposed by carbonate of ammonia, and the precipitate again redissolved in muriatic acid. This solution being placed ona sand bath, deposited tabular crystals of muriate of barytes until the solution had become highly concentrated, when it shot into needle-form crystals, which tinged the weighed twelve grains. The crystallized muriate of bary- tes, when washed with alcohol and dried, amounted to 182 rains. The sulphate of barytes from Berlin contains then, in two hundred grains—— Pure Barytes, - - - 114.66 Pure Strontian, . - - 7.84 Sulphuric acid FE Tie Gti om 67. Silex, ~ - - 6 Bie 5. Oxide of iron and alumine, - 3.5 ater, * - - 2. 200.00 Remark. The sulphate of barytes which forms the gangue of the celebrated Missouri galena, having been examined by a similar process, gave, in one hundred parts, about one part of strontian ;—the sulphat of barytes, fromthe Southampton lead mines, Mass. gave no trace of strontian. 328 Aphlogistic Lamp. Art. XIV.— Description of the Aphiogistic Lamp. Communicated by Dr.J. L. Comstock, of Hartford, Ct: In the construction of this lamp, the object is to keep a coil of wire ina state of permanent ignition, without either flame or smoke. The principle on os it is constructed, I believe was first discovered by Sir H. Davy. He found that on heat- ing the end of a niece ‘of platina wire red hot, and instantly holding it near the surface of some ether placed in a wine glass, the wire was ee at a red heat as long as the experi- ment was continue Whether Sir Bic ghey pursued the subject any farther, Iam not informed. Iti is most probable, however, that he did not, as it is stated in a London paper of the last year, that Prof. Ure of Glasgow had determined the circumstan- ces which modify the performance of the lamp, and that one constructed by him was in full neoon. in that city, (London,) and had excited much public cw This notice contains some ditect concerning the size of the wire, and the manner of coiling it have, however, seen no description of this lamp, which would enable one readily to construct it. ‘The following may therefore inter- est such readers as have seen no account of this curious dis- covery. The principle on which the aphlogistic lamp is con- structed involves ng conditions, which are absolutely re- quisite, viz : that we make use of a combustible substance which evaporates a a low temperature, and a metal which is a bad conductor of caloric. to the combustible alcohol seems best suited to the pu Sulphuric ether, aside from its high price and disegreesble smell, 1 have found sometimes to fail ; the ignition ceasing without any obvious cause. In regard to the metal, gold and silver both fail in consequence of the rapidity with which they conduct calor- ic. Silver too would soon be destroyed by the intense i, although so bad a conductor as to remain ignited for a time, soon fails, being converted intored oxide. Pi la- tina seems to be the only metal adapted to this purpose, | Figlt A The Cuil of Platina wi B The giass tide containing the wick. a 4ig.2. The Lamp complete. — . D The tube for charging. APHLOGISTIC OR ee, f) 4 VYiemmeless Gam fe Aphlogistie Lamp. 329 being comparatively a slow conductor of caloric, and not easily oxidated at the highest temperatures. is is to be drawn into wire of the diameter of 55, or 7% of an inch, being about equal in size to card, or brass wire No. 26. Experience has shewn that this size suc- ceeds better than any other. If larger, the heat is carried off too rapidly, and ignition ceases in a few moments much finer, it does not retain sufficient heat at the lower glass tube, allowing for the diameter of the wire. The shape in that part which enters the tube is plain cylindrical, but slightly conical where it projects above the tube, as seen in the figure. (I believe this is the best shape, though I have succeeded equally well when the coil was of the same shape throughout.) In winding the coil, it is best that the turns of the wire should come in contact. Afterwards it is to be gently ex+ tended, so as to leave the turns as near as possible to each other without touching. The diameter of the coil is about one sixth part of an inch where it enters the tube. Its length half an inch or a little less, containing from twenty to thirty turnsof the wire. The projection above the tube is rather less than one half the length. : B. fig. 1, is a glass tube containing a cotton wick which by 3 omg attraction carries the alcohol up to the platina coil. The length of this tube is arbitrary, being from one inch to three or four inches. The bore is about one sixth of an inch, so as barely to admit the coil. The wick consisting of eight or ten threads, is first drawn through the tube, and then introduced about half way into the coil, so as to come nearly even with the top of the tube. This requires very nice adjustment. If the wick is too high, the wire is rapid- cooled by the alcohol, and ignition soon ceases. If too low, the evaporation by the heat of the wire is insufficient. If, however, the other parts are well constructed, a few tri- als will insure success. * See the end of the Vol. 330 Aphlogistie Lamp. Fig. 2,shows the lamp complete. The body of it is a low vial, or glass inkstand capable of holding about two ounces of alcohol. Itis stopped accurately with a cork, which is covered, for ornament, te tin foil. ‘The aperture for ad- mitting the tube and wick is made with a hot iron. is a small tube through erhiol ithe alcohol is poured. A drop- ping tube is convenient for this purpose ; but a small fun- nel is easily made by cutting off an inch of the neck of a broken retort, into which is pushed a cork, and through this a small quill. Another orifice stil] for letting off the air, as the alcohol goes in may be made through the cork. After the lamp is charged ; these orifices, are of course, to be clos- ed to ane evaporation. e lamp is completed, and par a the alcohol is itiftimed “- holding the coil in the blaz ofa candle. After Jetting it burn for a minute or two, thé flame is blown out, when, if every thing is properly adjusted, the wire will con- tinue red hot until the alcohol is exhauste he explanation, why the ignition of the wire is perma- nent, seems to _ sufficiently simple. Alcohol, when in the state of vapour, combines with oxigen with great facili- ty. The tent purisaré of the wire is first raised by the flame of the candle to about 800° Fah. This degree of heat is such as to effect the combination of the alcohol with the ox- ygen of the atmosphere. When this is once effected, the caloric extricated by the combustion of the alcohol is sufli- cient to keep the coil ata red heat, which again is the tem- perature at which the alcohol is combustible, so that one portion of alcohol, by the absorption of oxygen, and the con- sequent extrication of caloric, Jays the foundation for the combustion of another portion ; and as the alcohol rises ia a constant stream, so the éffect i is constant. The stream of vapour is much increased by the heat of the lower part of the coil, where it embraces the wick, and the temperature of the prea is considerably raised ‘before it reaches that part of the coil where its combustion is effected. Some- times, the last ¢ me upper turn of the wire only, is kept wee — lamp, though one of the most curious inventions of er is not merely a curiosity. The facility and certain- 8 which, by means of a match, a light may be obtained rom it, constitutes its utility. The proper matches for: this Natural Ice-House. 331 purpose are prepared by dipping the common brimstone matches into a paste made by mixing two parts of white su- gar with one part of chlorate, (oxy-muriate) of potash. The red French matches are of this kind, and answer the purpose completely, In cases where a light might be wanted, but a constant one would be offensive, this lamp would be a great conven- tence ; a light being almost instantaneously obtained by touching a match to the platina coil, and then to the wick of acandle. Physicians, or others, who are liable to be called up in the night would also find it convenient. The apblogistic lamp, with the proper matches, may be obtained at Mr. Charles Hosmer’s variety store in this city, (Hartford.) 3 A description of this Lamp is printed in the sixth edition of Conversations on Chemistry, just published by O. D. Cooke of this city, with notes, by the author of this article. Art. XVI.—Natural Ice-House near Williamstown, Mass.* Lat. 42° 38’ N. Lon. 73° 15’ W. from London. Brinley Place, Roxbury, Dec. 17, 1821. To Pror. Smuman, Sir—In the last number of your excellent Journal of Sci- ence and Arts, there is an account of a na ice-house, which you examined, situated in the township of Meriden in Connecticut. Near the close of the article, it is observed, that you should be obliged by any information, respecting similar facts existing elsewhere. : Ta the month of July 1800, in company with several young gentlemen, I visited a natural repository of ice, in Williamstown, in the north-west part of this State. It is near the summit of a mountain, the name of which I do not recollect, nearly west from the colleges, on the top of which is fixed a pile of stones as the bounds between New-York, ermont, and Massachusetts. " Country mountainous—more than one hundred miles in a right line from the ocean.—Ep..__ 332 Natural Ice-House. There is a large fissure which is open towards the west, I think, or south-west ; above it a projecting cliff excludes the direct rays of the sun, from falling into the cavity, which recedes, under the incumbent mass, at an angle of about forty or fifty degrees. During the winter, the cavern is filled with snow, by the driving storms, that sweep over the mountain range, with great violence. We found plenty of ice with which we cooled our liquors, and, I was informed by several of the oldest inhabitants of the town, that there was ice there during the whole year. ou can get a particular and correct account of this curi- ous depot, from Professor Dewey of Williams College, who I presume has been to it, or will go, to gratify that very commendable and zealous passion, which he has evinced, to advance the natural history of our country. With the highest respect, I have the honour to be our most obedient servant, H. A. S. DEARBORN. Additional particulars communicated by Mr. Tuomas Ives, of Yale College. Pror. Sinuiman, by two or three landing places or steps ; also assisted by in the neighbourhood by the name of the snow-hole, the contents being rather snow than ice—a mixture of both. The distance from the College is between four and five miles. Meteorological Journal. 333 “Abel XVIL. —* Abstract of a Meterological Foirsiak kept at Deerfield, (Muss.) beginning March 1817, and ending ovember 1818. North pron 42° 34 bit West 5 ee 72° 39’ from London ; by Evwarp Hirca- coux, A. M. to which is added a | Meteorological Table, ep at rie by Dr. T. R. Bec Tuts abstract embraces nothing but the range of the thermometer, direction of the winds, and state of the weath- er. ‘The thermometer used was an ordinary one, with Fah- renheit’s scale ; and on ee sid SANE Ber was ea to vary one degree’ from th the was made in forming this abstract. "The ole mi ies ‘ther- mometer was on the second story ofa brick building, twenty feet from the ground, where it was not exposed to the direct or reflected rays of the sun.- Several circumstances render- ed it necessary for me to fix on 7h. A. M. 11 P. M. and 10 P. M. for the hours of observation in the winter, and on 6h. A.M.2 P.M. and 10 P.M. in the summer. Iam sensible the observations were not, on these several accounts, of the most delicate kind; but believing them to give a tole- rably correct view of the temperature of this climate, and knowing of no journal of this kind kept in this asi I presume to offer this to your consideration. My thermom- eter has accidentally been broken, or TI should Caubaibe the journal so as to make out complete years before sending i it to you. ae | Thermometer. | Bad . | Weather. ne late Bel. =i "es. a . ob legifibiel Blalils . & sleljelSie 3° es Mh. |igh.| 10h.| 2 SEIS) oI E12) 5) 918 bail; MIP wk Mls slic le liclelelals 1317, £ (Highest. (3g 1.501 36); | ; g J Mesa AD 40 | 28 24 1|8 |16 MALY LI * Hipage aM a ort 1 | } my =| +. ‘ Lads 65°) ha | a a ial 44 || 6 mu 5 5 | | L i 30135} 31$1 i i 4d | Numbers wiioat any sign are above Zero ;—with the negative, be * This ¢o mm anic ‘ation was rec ejved in the Vite Pir 1818—19; an tle Palitor — se tapeecie gadis publi — it, but the facts are still valua- Row ee Meterological Table. 1817, SN PN ee ei ee ‘ Aeyy aun Aine “Sny dag +90 a pel Aas Aes ROE. A 5 ee ps Oo NX ep = = @ ise] We ere : eee a) S ‘a be — piahe (a4 © = (ie. eS ae = ‘ ere Eig at. ee a. a eR me ore rat tad R pe) OK *AULL07G | be = as = a + a om “ = @ = arg ipeu [Pa ee SS “are = ~ nn = SS ee = a 5 7) i] a Pe rr) ra.) S " ne :| ‘Ap18)89 AA a ee ee A a *Ajaatynog = eal zs — oo ~ ie ‘Ayomson | 2S = So eS eee ae = 2 ee ee ane cay “sy}00 JK] be S 8 3 8 3 0 aA AR Pa a S jouee | 6 fp ini ap Sa pci as = SSR TRELRH HSS SSE z 67 | SSASSSRSSSBSeBaESE le. |B ee Ans — é 2 ib =] E19 SRBrSR "SS ESERSA = BSuoKSlebe sess (ee is i ia oe Se Or OOH HS Aa 7 a aes Seidel SUBS Ssgr Sen s 3 a. tarese |a8|[o ZSSREWG : 3 : he SIRSSIRSRESISBSEBRS | ES BP: RP er ae: : 6 deg: INS eee Pe, ee el nid 3 MS jts igs ids ics yoy BS tnisicsids ins; Sl i ai aie ed a a a a ‘vagy “Ue “gag yoaeyy pady 1818. Meteorological Table. ‘Aeqy oune “inp “Suy ydeg oq 1818. ———===—— j ‘Apnojg | 9 oF i) % z id es Fo) oe OF i r UILOYS J + QN NX iY.) — iv] iS ‘are Apso | 8 aa 4 | fares [So a ee ee ae S < a ——————— bosen| ~ ~ ry (Aveo fo a tS S S 5 : “Apaayjnog sa tS a = § =| Atoyjao) CSE ee cer eae = S | “syaOW | : © ee, - | emwl @ ¢ = : Fi = = as ee NN NAA ; 1 oe Ye, §|_ Sa; | SRHSSSESRRAaSRaEes |S" | sna] > 3 : & a 15 pe 3 &| oa |#89888eseseesegees [25 [sue 8 := a a ow OR Sy x o@ |SSSESRESRsRezeaeas |salsea| & AT a an is A NTE, | (-) $02 . S ) Leen. 5 elgleiulckeloictettolet-t t-te os > SONS ON I i ge sis i Ae "AON “ary porn | Phases amg | SBRFS 8S _"UMION ae Pde _ R ‘aSavy eBEE iS S| ysomor eked. IL, : sous | = 3% & oa 4 S| wo |Sgaseg| EERE: searES RAaAS NaS x es) 8 & 336 Meteorological Table. The greatest range in the table, is between February and July, 1818 ; viz. 121°. The winter of 1818 was more se- vere than is usual in this plac The winds in the above tables are divided into North- wardly, Southwardly and Westerly. The first includes N. E. and N. winds, and those between N. and N. he second includes S. E. and S. winds and those between 8S. and S. W. The third takes inS. W., W. and N. W. winds. No column is given for easterly winds ; for, during the time the above journal was kept, only four from that quarter were noticed ; viz. June 29th 1817; and May 18th, June 13th, and August 28th, 1818. These winds are generally not more frequent in this place ; and S. E. winds are also rare—usually bringing a storm. Our other winds tent marked, that for several years past, our N. E, winds do not so commonly bring storms as formerly ; whereas those from the N. and N. by N. W. are more frequently attended with storms. It will be perceived that the above abstract shows the number of winds on the points of compass, without regard tothe days. This list of the winds is not in every case neither the wind nor weather were observed. In the col- umns of the weather those days are put down as mostly far, in which were light broken clouds but no rain or snow. Those are called s showery, in which there was any storm whose duration did not exceed half the day. Other occurrences. 1817. March 6th, lightning in the evening : 10th, vio- lent thunder and lightning with hail. aes this storm the same electrical phenomenon occurred on the hills a few miles west of this place, that was noticed throughout the lower part of Vermont in a thunder storm of January pre- ceding, viz a lightradiating from the extremities fee however, I do not know that this was observed in more than one place. A light was perceived on the ge sa tremity of a pole used for drawing water from a we Meteorological Table. 337 lowering the pole, this luminous appearance gradually di- minished and disappeared. On raising it again, the light reappeared. May 13th, 14, 16th, 20th, 2Ist, and 31st, frosts : do. June 12th and 17th: do. August 25th and 26th, October 5th, 11th. 35 m. A. M. shock of an earthquake : continuance four or five seconds. Three swells or undula- tions, were distinctly felt. Objects suspended, vibrated sev~ — eral degrees. 1818. From March 2ist to May 17th, (58 days) oaly thirteen days are recorded as clear : on almost every other day there was rain or snow. May 8th and June 6th, aurora borealis. July 29th a parhelion was visible on each hand of the sun. July 11th, 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th, smoky. Sept. 3d and 26th, aurora borealis. This appearance is becoming more frequent than formerly. October 25th, 26th, 27th, 29h, 30th, 31st, Nov. Ist, 2d, 4th, Lith, 12th, and 23d, smoky. A succession of smoky days generally occur at this season of the year, and is here called the Indian mer. Raptr ofthe Weather for the year 1820, Kept at the Albany Academy, by T. Romeyn Beck, M. D. Register of Weather for the year 1820. 338 Coldest day, February 2—5° at 7 A. ne 7 at 2 P. M. and 8” at 9 P.M.— .M.— ij | a aenhenemnenmememmennae Thermometer. Bai omicier. Weather. Winds. ees | a ae eS mo ae # | o wer Sie ay a Da: er alata le bm |e P| | | g jig |e 18 ae e| & Z | & 33> ERE ee el cl ak Bele . mam a, * * Ss | Mes Bd B=) SE ESS 2lo/ 2) ge] 3% eal te) (Eel a“) po) ge /a5) gz] 2] Fis] 2s Elo gis J eilsle ? Ss j2 13 Is 3| z| 21 s BIg] s 2) Ste cle i FI ae. ik Sis || | Sl els silslsiste lg g (8 |2 (8 | BE Els & SiS | al gi Fleislb BER gle = iff js Malad = 6 ls 5] 5) Sisiehe SEB SS Jan. — (17.19 20.48|21.73} 37} -< 1.12),60), 9) 17} 5/4 6 5 3] 6 71 31 6 1 Feb. {/24.69'36.72|28.48129.96| 56) ~5 1-10},42/ 12) 19] 2} Ol 5) 4, | 7 6 2] 4) - M 27.71 /39.96|30.51/32.73 § 80}1.52},46)) 8! 15) 8! 5! 7 4110: 8| + +1 4 April ||42.36 62.50]47.70150.8: ey 4} ,88),25)| 11] 12] 7] 9} 2! 4! of 5! 6 3} 7 2 ay |\52.78)69.87|56.32\59.65| 85| 42 741,18) 7} 22) lid) -| 3) 6] 7/ 5I 4] 6 Ql June 86/80.80\69.96'71.54| 98] 4¢ 140),22| 15} 8} 7| 4| -| 2 5] 8! 1] 3) - July |)71.32'85.42/76.00/77.53|1 631,18) 11] 10) 10/13} -| — 7} 3) 5] -l13) - ug. 42'79.06|70.45/71.64 945,15 11] 9] 11/12) - 3 gi 5) 8} -| 7} - - Sept. ||58.40/72.83/64.03 65.08 961,31 15] 8] 7] 3} -!| — 4] 6! 8] 2} ol 4]. Oct. |!43.32\54.43/47.54 48.43 5}1,05],30) 8 17) 6[11] 3! 4 5l10! 5| 4] 4| @ Nov. |'31.23)40.03|34.30 35.18) 5 97 Ha 20) 9] 17] 4) 5) 2 1 4) B14) 1] Q} - ‘D ec 20.61/26.67/23.03 23.44] 35 9,6892 30,22/29.90|1.02|,30| 6] 18} 7] 315) 8 9 6 6| -| 2) -| . Mean'T| 43.24 56.21147.40 48.98]100| 51105 36 |29,73055 inn 1,52 60 ap ips 1168! 76|37)30. 41 63|81 89114163! 9 farmest —Warmest day, day, July 9th, U Oat 2 P. ae On the Causes of Goittre. 339 Arr. XVIII—On the cause of Goitre.—Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas. iTTsBURGH, Dec. 21, 1821. To Proressor Siuuman, Sir—You know that the inhabitants of this place have been from its earliest settlement, subject to the Goitre :-— The greater part of philosophers have very properly, sought to trace this complaint to the influence of local and natu- ral causes ; but prevailing as it does in countries so widely different in their geological and mineral features, there is always some circumstance irreconcilable with all their theo- ries on the subject. That indefatigable naturalist, the late Dr. Barton, attri- buted Goitre to a miasm of the same species as that which produces intermittent fevers, and assumes the faet that the scite of Pittsburgh is low and confined, somewhat in the form of a basin, the atmosphere of which in summer be- comes heated and stagnant. This description is true to that extent ; the scite of the town is low in comparison with the adjacent hills but high enough from the water, which is pure and salubrious, for every object of health, and it is freely ventilated by the constant breeze through the river valleys. There is no doubt however, that there are many Situations in the south west regions of this country where this miasm exists under every possible condition, where Goitre is unknown. Dr. Barton refers also to this place in confirmation of the doctrine of Mr. De Saussure, that “ the cause of the complaint is to be sought for in some modification and con- dition which is exclusively confined to valleys but little ele- vated above the level of the sea ; this modification is a hea- ted and stagnated air, owing to the confined situation of the valley.” It so happens unluckily for this opinion of Mr. De Saussure, that Goitre prevails on the prairies of Michi- gan, onthe German flats in New York, and upon the spa- cious and open plains of Mexico, in the latter case at an el- evation of six or seven thousand feet above the ocean ; and is unknown in the little coves among the mountains of this State, which in some instances resemble amphi-theatres, and are exceedingly hot in summer. 340 On the Causes of Gottre. According to Coxe, Tuf abounds in all those districts where Goitre is common, and that gentleman agrees with Mr. De Luc in considering Tuf as the cause: In those parts of the state of New York where the disease prevails, the springs are said to deposit calcareous matter: so does the well water of Pitsboreh but much less than the water in the Limestone sad of Cumberland in this state where no cases of Goitre : The water of the er sone Alleghany and Monongehela, on the contrary contains little or no calcareous matter: This fact is worth mentioning in connexion with the opinion of De Lue, and the statement of Dr. Stevenson of this place, that “ formerly the inhabitants of Pittsburgh drank the wa- ter of the neighbouring rivers, of late well water only is used, still the increase of inhabitants considered, the disease is not more frequent than formerly. ith respect to the idea the nia? probably meant to suggest, that the river water might een concerned in the matter ; it is opposed by the fact eas our boatmen, who amount to some thousands, and who drink no other water than that of these rivers, are as free from the disease as any other class of people. Fodere remarked that the Goitrous tumours commonly in- creased in summer and decreased in winter: in this place they decrease in summer, and increase in winter. have thought it owing to the use of water impreg- nated with Fossil coal: Coal being a siccaaeatacielan of this place, a conjecture of that sort would naturally present it- self. The probability is that coal exists in this country wherever Goins prevails. Indeed Bituminous coal may be found in all the great secondary region from the Alleghanies to the Rocky mountains: but we do know that elsewhere st impregnated with the oxid of iron, mixed with aluminous matter, slightly vitriolated by the pyrites: This water has a good deal of astringency : its qualities are ton- ie : and tonics or astringents are the remedies in Goitre if ar virtue in Burnt sponge.* thority th ee ny ot pals ¢ in Goitre, an ads which the tency in this complaint, is now, in Saeed distinctly attributed. Editor On Luminous appearances in the Atmosphere. 341 Our coal yields 64. 5 carbon, 33, bitumen, 2. 5 earth and oxid of iron. These proportions vary. a: littlethe best coal for domestic use is considered to be that which has the most bitumen with the least earth. : sat ether the immense increase in the consumption of coal, and the vast volume of smoke that envelopes the town, together with the floating particles of soot that are con- stantly inhaled, may not have expelled the disease on the principle of burnt sponge; is a question I leave for those who are professionally qualified to answer. ’ i My object is not to offer any speculations on this matter, but merely to correct the case stated for argument, from the few facts within my own observation: [prefer your Journal for that purpose ; as the subject comes fairly within the department of general science ; if the phenomenon of Goitre is attributable to causes existing in the geological fea- tures of particular districts.—Very respectfully Six, Your humble serv’t. W. H. DENNY. Art. XIX.—On Luminous appearances in the Atmosphere; by J. A. Auten, A. M. Lecturer on Chemistry in Mid- diebury College. (Communicated for the American Jornal of Science.) On the evening of the 18th of January 1817, during a rapid fall of moist snow, attended with repeated claps o thunder ; lights or luminous appearances were seen in the atmosphere in many places on the Green Mountains.— The lights were observed by different persons in the towns of Andover, Jamaica, Wardsborough, Dover, Somerset, Stratton and New Fane. In all these places the lights were described as having the same appearance. They were observed on the tops of bushes, fences, houses &c. Some persons represent them as appearing like the blaze of candles, but all agreed that they were luminous spaces which appeared to rest on pointed or elevated substances—In some instances, persons who were travelling, suddenly observed a light surrounding their heads; in others they were completely enveloped in a - light but little less than the ordinary light of the sun—Several persons found when they elevated their hands, that the light 18 342 On Luminous appearances m the gallons)—of brandy, 43,849—of cider and perry, 15,919—of beer, 71,896, and of vinegar, 20,756 hectolitres. Of beef, 77,298 head—calves, 67,719, and sheep, 329,070. The whole number of births in the city were 24,344, of whom 8,641 were hors de marriage. Of the whole births 12,407 were boys, and 11,937 girls. The deaths amounted to 22,671. The number of marriages were 6,236, of which 5,025 were between young men and young women—315. between bachelors and widows—671 between widowers and girls, and 225 between widowers and widows.—/An. de 17. Steel.—There appears reason to believe, from the eX- periments of J. B. Boussingault, of the French School of Incas: ¥ t=) on ee nes, that silicium or the base of silex, is as essential an ent Pa Dees is thin i f steel. It is found Foriegn Literature and Science. 377 m all the varieties ; whereas there was one variety in which only a trace of carbon could be procured.—IJdem. 18. Tea.—A colony of Chinese established itself in Bra- sil, soon after the king of Portugal fixed his residence there, and applied to the cultivation of tea with so much success, that they have now three million of trees in full bearing. — ney. . | . 19. 4 skull found in a tree—The English Journals State that a labourer in the county of Warwick, in cutting an old ash tree which he had felled, found in the heart of the log, the cranium of an unknown animal. The wood that* surrounded it was perfectly sound, as well as the bark, and nothing apparent could lead to the conjecture how the skull could have been introduced. The cavity occupied by the skull was about four inches in diameter. 20. New diplomatic Cypher.—Richard Chenevix, F.R.S. has invented a new cypher, which satisfies the rules pre- scribed by Bacon, and which he is confident it will be im- possible to unravel. He has engaged to pay 100/. to any person, who, before the end of the present year, will find out his character ; 50/. if they succeed in reading a phrase of two lines. 21. A new mineral substance has been discovered by Garolin, in the blue quartz of Finland. It is composed of 45.5 silex, 23 alumine, 10 of a rose red matter, unlike any known substance, 8.5 of magnesia, 5.6 oxide of iron, and 7.4 of water. It is called Steinheilite, from count Steiaheil, the governor of Finland, a distinguished mineralogist, who first Separated this substance from the genus quartz. >, 22. New Mathematical Instrument.—M. Maestens, of Halberstadt, has invented an instrument, by which can be traced the ellipses, the parabola, and the hyperbola, in any Siven relation of the parameter to the axis. 23. Steam-Boats.—By the well directed enterprize of the American Consul at Trieste, a steam-boat called the Caro- ‘tna, performs every Monday the passage between that port 378 Foreign Laterature and Sctence. and Venice. Another called the Eridano, goes from Ven- ice to Pavia on the Po, and so rapidly as to make the pas- sage in 37 hours The steam-boat at Trieste lately saveda merchant vessel, richly loaded, from shipwreck, when the weather was such as to poprevent our vessels from leaving the port. princi ily with respect to epidemics, diseases incident to certain countries, the diseases of domestic animals, the va- rious cases of legal medicine, propagation of vaccination, ex- amination of new remedies internal as well as external, min- eral waters natural and artificial, and, in short, to occupy it- self with all the objects of study and research which can contribute to the ‘progress of the different branches of the art of healing comet is divided into three sections, —_ medicine, one ——- and one of pharmacy. It is composed of honorary titulary, associate and adjunct members. There will be thirty honorary members in the section of medicine, twenty in the section of surgery, and ten in the section of pharmacy. Of titulary members there will be forty-five in medicine, twenty-five in surgery, and fifteen in pharmacy. There will be thirty free associates, who must reside in Paris, forty-five ordinary associates, of whom twenty will reside in Paris, and thirty foreign ase he associates will be attached to no particular sec- tion. The number of resident adjuncts may equal that of the titulars in the section to which they are attached. The number of correspondent adjuncts is indeterminate. Each of the feb sections will elect its honorary titular and ad- s. The associates will be elected by the entire iehotinn The general board of the Academy will be com- posed of a perpetual rome president, a mea oe pres- ident, a secretary and a treasurer, The first physician to the king will, ex-officio, be the president d’honneur ; other members of the board will be elected by the en- a The particular board of each section will of a president, vice-president, and secretary- Foreign Laterature and Science. 379 25. Manufactory of Apprentices——A benevolent institu- tion has been formed in Paris, for the purpose of rescuing from idleness, misfortune and vice, the crowd of little mnie among the stockholders. To ‘ite the institution eames weight and celebrity, an honorary council has been ded, chosen from the most distinguished men, united in the national Rie ee eames the magistracy or public admin- istration. The stockholders’ who only wish to place their funds tem- porarily in the institution, may withdraw them at certain pe- riods with ordinary commercial interests, or if they remain they will be entitled to whatever dividend shall arise from the profits of the manufacturing and commercial operations of the company. ‘Those who subscribe from motives of be- nevolence, will be at liberty to bestow their profits on the apprentices of the establishment—or if they choose, on some one whom they may wish to promote at the time of his exit from the institution. The most exact account is kept of all those appropriations. Each stockholder has a right to pre- sent an apprentice for each of his shares for gratuitous ad- mission into the institution. Nothing is undertaken in the work-shops but by the advice of the council, the more ex- perienced members of which watch over the progress of each branch of industry. The benefit of the instruction professed in this general manufactory will not be confined to the indigent. The children of parents above want will be received as mies pupils in the work-shops for a moderate contributi The aperations which have constituted the daily work of the apprentices of this useful establishment, are — bind- ing and ruling, cabinet making, j joinery, tanning, various ob- jects in the art of pairting, gilding and enki prepara- tion of mastic, varnish, &c. &e. 26, Philology.—M. D’Arndt of Frankford, has j om pub- lished a treatise on the “ origin of the languages of Europe, , 380 Foreign Literature and Science. and the different points of resemblance which exist between them serve as a supplement to the Dic- tionary of all languages, which was undertaken under the auspices of the Empress Catherine, and to which M. D’ Arndt was one of the most zealous contributors. The ex- planations of this scavant prove that many nations, now en- tirely separated, have been formerly united. It throws to the origin of languages and people, extracts from the best historians who have treated the same subject, and a very curious comparison of fifteen words in two hundred different languages. The style is remarkable for its simpli- city and clearness. 27. The Nbioun of the Vatican at Rome, which posses- es already so many riches, has just heen augmented by 4 piece of antiquity unique in the world. Itis a bathing tub formed of a single piece of Rouge Antique. Its length is six feet, its width rather more than three feet, and its ‘depth about thesame. It has no vein of calcedony nor any other mixture, and is in good preservation. Its form is very ele- gant, and it is ornamented on the sides with four lion’s heads which are of the most perfect age of sculpture, and accor- ding to custom hold each a ring in its mouth. It was found ina \ private house in anes which has in all prohabilty belonged to the family of De Medici. Some Roman w man who knew the value of this piece, bought it at a riding and sold it to the government for 9000 Roman pias- ters, (nearly 10,000 dollars.) 28. The Literary Society of Antwerp, on its session of the 21st of August 1821, will decide i; prize of a gold medal for the best poetical essay in the national language 0% Paul Rubent, and a similar medal for the best essay on the enteen provinces Okabe Liew Cuanttion under the f a Sartea ; Foreign Laterature and Science. 381 29. Natural history in France.—The splendid collec- tion of natural objects in the several museums of the garden of plants in Paris is almost daily enriched by fresh acces- sions from Naturalists attached to the Institution, and who, supported by the government, perform voyages of research and collection in all parts of the world. The following sub- stance of a report presented the 10th of January 1821, to the minister of the Interior, by the administration of the Muse- um of Natural History, on the collection just brought from the Cape of Good Hope, by M. Delalande, is worthy of notice. Notwithstanding the previous researches of Kolbe, Sparrman, Le Vaillant, &c. it was believed that the Natur- al history of Southern Africa had not been sufficiently ex- plored. M. Delalande had given proof of his capacity in three voyages to Lisbon, to the sea of Provence, and to Brazil under the direction of the government. He again left Pa- ris on the 2nd of April 1818, accompanied by his nephew twelve years of age, who has shared in his fatigues, his la- bours and his dangers. ‘Two of the largest animals of Afri- ca were much desired by the directors of the museum, viz. the double horned Rhinoceros, and the Hippopotamus. In search of them he wandered among the Hottentots and the Caffres, the latter of whom were at that time much incensed against Europeans, and carried on a ferocious war when op- portunities for it offered. M. Delalande remained a long time in this research, and wandered 800 miles west of the Cape. But his intelligence and perseverance were at length crowned with success. He obtained a Rhinoceros twelve feet in length, and on the Berg River he surprised a family of the Hippopotamus, and killed the largest and most for- midable of the company. In this enterprise he was gener- ously assisted by Lord Charles Somerset Governor of the Cape, and Col. Bird his Secretary, who in his favour dis- pensed with a law which forbids the hunting and killing of the Hippopotamus under a penalty of 1000 Rix dollars. Thanks, (says the Report) to the enlightened protection of those two chiefs of the colony, who procured for him the . —— facilities, gave him flattering encouragements, and urnished him with instructions to commit, by an authorized exception, an infraction of the law. In the interval of these istant expeditions, M. Delalande employed his time at the Vat. TY ....,.00. 2. 23 882 Foreign Literature and Science. Cape upon animals of very different ac trom the Giraff, the Rhinoceros and the Hippopotamus. There were enormous whales thrown upon the ae he the violent storm of the Cape. With almost incredible 00 and la- these results in themselves so eee were not the lim- its of his labours. During his stay of two years at the Cape, he collected the following objects. Individuals, Species. Of Insects, - - 10,000 - - 982 Gis o> 2,305 en ee Mammifferes, . 228 - - 59 ptiles, - eaters os Fish, = “ 263 readin gah, Molluscas, - - a - = 102 And 122 Skeletons of his own n preparatio ‘In all 13,627 Individuals, 1629 species. ‘F the number ot Molluscas, are several individuals of a new species of Te- thys compostta. Animals living in a family and all adher- ing to a fleshy nucleus, and fed by a common life—this is wonderful organization, very recently known and never be- fore seen in animals so large as these. The interesting de- partment of Anthropology was not neglected by M. Dela- lande. He procured skeletons and heads of the people of this country, the races of which are as remarkable for their number in this little corner of the earth, as for their extra- ordinary conformation. Three hundred specimens of minerals, and about 6,000 of plants belonging to 235 different genera, with some liv- ing plants, and a quantity of seeds also enrich his collection. Such extensive labours, secured for M. Delalande the highest o consideration of the first inhabitants of the colony, i sett indness was also conciliated by his modest ing demeanor. _- administration pf the museum solicit for M. Dela- lande the decoration of the Legion of. v. Ency- Foreign Literature and Science. 383 30. Seventific Journey.—M. Seiber, a Boliemian Natural- ist who travelled over Egypt and Syria in 1817, and 1818, is preparing to make a journey in Abyssinia. Professor Rask of Copenhagen, known by his Icelandic and Anglo Saxon Grammar, has set out for St. Petersburg where he has employed much time in studying the San- scrit. He isto proceed to the Birman Empire to study the -—_ iI. Domestic. 1. Dr. Hosack’s donation of Minerals. Princeton, Dec. 6th, 1821. Dear Sir, Knowing as I do that your love of natural science disposes you to take a deep interest in every exertion which is made to increase the facilities in our country for acquiring mine- ralogical knowledge, it is with great pleasure I inform you that Dr. David Hosack of New-York, with his characteris- tic liberality, has presented to the college of New-Jersey a very handsome collection of minerals. It consists of about one thousand specimens, several of which are rare and splendid. They are arranged according to the order ob- served in Professor Cleaveland’s admirable treatise, and are exhibited agreeably tothe French method, in very con- venient cases, erected by the Doctor at his own expense, 10 one of the public rooms of our college. To render this donation immediately useful, it was accompanied by a collec- tion of the most important works on Baernlony: : The brilliant cabinet of minerals, which Col. Gibbs, with a spirit which does him unspeakable honour, has deposited Bae aml eee Domestic Intelligence. 397 in Yale College, will probably long remain unrivalled in this country. But smaller collections, if judiciously made and consisting of the most important articles, may be of exten- sive utility. Many of the students of our college, by having the specimens of Dr. Hosack’s collection exhibited in illus- - tration of the lectures they receive on mineralogy, have been led to enter into the subject with a zeal, which I hope will be productive of public benefit. ‘Having requested of Dr. Hosack to give me an account of the manner in which he obtained this collection, he has obli- gingly returned an answer, from which I send you for pub- lication the subjoined extract, in connexion with the state- ments here made. is I do not only as a merited ac- knowledgment of the Doctor’s liberality, but in hope that what he has done may serve as an example to others. It would be of incalculable benefit to the interests of science among us, if American gentlemen, while they visit foreign countries for their personal improvement, would remember the colleges—perhaps the places of their own education in the United States ; and make them such donations as their means and inclination should dictate. A principal reason why a liberal education with us is less valuable than in the Universities of Europe is, that we want the literary appara- tus which they possess. If, by the aid of a liberal patron- age, the libraries, philosophical apparatus and cabinets of natural history in our colleges, could be suitably extended, we should, I trust, be able before long to do full justice to our national reputation. _ | Yours sincerely, JACOB GREEN. 2+ Extract of a letter from Dr. Hosack to Prof. Green. by Lord Gardenston. In the summer of 1793, in London, Vou. IV......No,, 2. 25 398 Domestic Intelligence. my acquaintance with Mr. oe cdncens the pupil of Wer- ner,—with Dr. Babington, and Dr. now Sir Alexander Creighton, afforded me access to most of th the collections then forming in this metropolis; I availed myself of those oppor- tunities of beginning the small collection now deposited in your college. I also added to it many valuable articles pur- chased at the celebrated cabinet of the late Earl of Bute. The beautiful specimens of dendritical marbles were derive from the latter source. Shortly after my return to New- York, with the assistance of the late Dr. Bruce, who was then my + private pupil in medicine, I arranged and marked the several specimens in that collection. This exercise first awakened Dr. Bruce to this subject, and laid the foun~ dation for his knowledge in a interesting branch of natu- istory, in which he afterwards became so distinguished. From time to time I hope stil to make such additions to the above cabinet, as to render it more deserving of notice. As the first collection that crossed the Atlantic, and as the parent of many others of much greater value and extent, it perhaps meritsregard as such. I shall endeavour to improve it and increase its usefulness as a source of instruction to the: pupils of Nassau Hall. With my best wishes for the pros- perity of the institution, I am, dear Sir, Respectfully yours, DAVID HOSACK. Jacos Green, Professor of Natural History in Princeton. 3. New Graduating Instrument.—The Editor has been take favoured with a drawing and ee a = an instru- pe invented by Mr. Thomas Kendall, Jr. w Leba- N, Y. and called by him the Universal Graduat ator. It fostialion a mode, inferior we presuine to none hitherto Known, in point of expedition and accuracy, of dividing @ line of given length into any desired number of equal parts. The principal use to which the inventor proposes to apply it, is to the ata of thermometer scales. We do not -* This gentleman gave j in the winter of 1783—4, the first course of lec- on Mineralogy evs ote delivered in the city of London. I had the the pleasure he ee Bioprapay of of L Dr. As contained in Fos seemgrd re ge this Domestic Intelligence. 399 know whether any contrivance is now in the hands of ar- tists for adapting the graduation of the thermometer to the irregularities of the bore. If there is not, the instrument of Mr. Kendall has the important peculiarity of supplying the defect,—supposing a number of points in the scale to have been previously ascertained by comparison with a standard thermometer. We are not authorised by the inventor fully to develope the principles of his instrument at the present time ; but we can state in general, that for every point in the scale which has been experimentally determined, the in- strument furnishes the ordinate of a curve. When the bore is uniform, the curve becomes a straight line ; but when variable, a continued curve is to be drawn through the ex- tremities of the ordinates, and to be employed instead of the straight line in the process of graduation. An irregular seale is thus furnished, which is exact at the points experi- mentally determined, and through the intermediate space varies according to the law of continuity. ‘The nature of the operation is such, that if a considerable number of points be ascertained, including those at which the ordinates are =~ Fie or accurately a maximum, the small errors to which nical process of constructing the curve is liable, will hava no sensible effect on the graduation. With such improvements in the construction of Mr. Kendall’s instru- ment as experience will probably suggest, we think it — ises to be of very essential service to the artist, incon ing thermometers for those experimental researches which require very accurate measures of temperature, and in which, of course, no a FE Ry ought to be placed on the uniformity of the bore. e have seen an instrument on a principle similar to that of Mr. Kendall, and with some valuable additions, cease any provision for an irregular g pos- session of Professor Noyes, of Hamilton College. aes is due o these ingenious gentlemen to state, that each has proceed- ed without the knowledge of the other, and that both are entitled to the full credit of their respective inventions. 400 Domestic Intelligence. 4. Singular Explosion. Extract of a letter from Mr. Samuel Howard to the Editor, dated Savannah, Dec. 13th, 1821. Sir, I have lately been induced to suppose that I had met with a detonating mixture with which I was not acquainted ; about equal parts of wood ashes sifted ; of common Liver- pool salt, and of clay, apparently of the argillaceous kind, were mixed together with water, forming a kind of mortar ; and a layer of this was put between two copper plates, ex- posed to a strong heat, with a view to stopping a leak in the copper ; but an explosion of considerable violence took e Cc . Please oblige me with your opinion, whether this was owing to the mixture, or arose from other unknown causes. Answer. It is well known that the fixed alkalies at a red heat have ted rather suddenly with the potash of the wood ashes, and with the soda of the salt, disengaging from the first car- bonic acid gas and from the second muriatic acid gas. These aerial agents, thus suddenly liberated, aided also by the steam arising from the water in the composition, would afford a mechanical power of sufficient energy to produce the effect above related. ea te INDEX. A. Academy of Sciences at Munich, 383 Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, 387 Actynolite from various places, 54 frica, Northern, Geological Notices i Bo 32 Allen, J. A. Mr. on luminous appearances in the Atmosphere, 341 Allen, Wm. Rey. on the Curves of Tseries: 343 merican Geological Society, 191 ‘Analysis of aaa of Sate 320 omat of Iron Sulphat of Deion of Lake Erie, 324. Barytes of Berlin, &c. 325 Andrews, Elisha D. Rev. his discovery of ¥ luor Spar in Putney, Vermont, 188 Animals, traits of ee history, 309 Anthracite, account of the mines of, at Wilkesbarre, Penn. 1 ccompanying —— and minerals, account of, 5 tity of, consumed on the Susquehannah, 1 Anthracite at | Wilkesbarre, desertion of, 7 e, haematite i in, 47 rsenic, on tests for the pias ne: of, 1 Art, Lithographic, notice of, 169 Astronomy, : Atlantic, currents of, 390 Banezzi, Stefano M. his method of f detachi ing press! in Fresco,384 Barnet & Doolittle, their Lithographic Establishment, 169 n D. W. Mr. his notice of the Geology and Mineralogy of the "Catskills, 249—on the Virginia Fluor Spar, 277 Barytes, Sulphate of analysed, 325—from Berlin, 325——Missouri, 327—Southampton, sete and Strontites, tests for, 372 e, 43 Beck, T. R. Doct. his meterological table, $33 Benevol olent exertion, 38 Berlinghieri, Andrea Vaccea M. his method of performing the op- eration of Bar tess pt 383 Beryl, new locality of, 89 y, John I, t. his letter mf i Strontian of Lake Erie, 280 Bite oF ris Rattle-snake, cure for, Black oxide of nese, 189 Blowpipe, new, by Prof.Green, 164. __ Blue-bird, 310 Bonnets, Italian, Peete of, 166 Botanical items, a ted by Doct. Torrey, 200. Vor. IV.., ...No. 26 402 INDEX. Bowen, G. 'T. Mr. his analysis of sulphat of Strontian, &. 324 Brace, John P. Mr. his list of plants in Litchfield and its vicie 292 Brongniart, Alexander, Mr. letter to, 3—his notice on — fossi “! which traverse the layers of coal formations, 266—his searches on crea zed remains, 395 necnctt Bishop, his notice of Fluor s spar, 43 Buckland, Professor, his opinion of American Geology, 185 C. Calculi animal, 150 Canals, navigable, memoir on, 102 Cannon balls, their conversion into plumbago, 178 Cariaibes, Pesce 19 Caterpillars, 3 3 Catskills, storm at July 21st, 1821, 125 Cavern in lime stone, Chlorite, crystallized, 54 Chlorite, foliated, 276 »o Chrysoberyl, new ‘ecakil of, 37 Cist, Zachariah, Mr. his account of the mines of Anthracite at Wilkesbarre, Penn. 1—of the Manganese of Wilkesbarre, 38 Coffee, consumption of, 393 College of Chios, 196 Comstock, J. L. Doct. on the fe cosine Lamp, 328 Compt onite, a new mineral, 28 Concretions in a parrot, examination of, 152—from a bullock’s tongue, 153 Cooper, Thomas, President, on tests for arsenic, 155—on volca- noes. Cotton grows in New-Jersey, 86 Criminal Jurisprudence of Paris, for 1817, 1818 and 1819, 386 Cure for the bite of the Rattle-snake, 18 Cuvier, Baron, his work on the Soui bones of Quadrupeds, 393 a . on a natural ice-house at Ponigtosess I Dekay, James D. Doct. on pennatule fléche, 87 Delafield, Major, his notice of the Strontian of Lake Erie, 279 his geological remarks on the Lake regions, i Delalande, M. = ee of natural curiosities from the Cape 08 Good Hope, 381, 382 Denny, H. W. Mr. on the cause of Guitte; 339 Dana, Prof. his chemical examination of animal products Dearborn INDEX. 403 Dewey, Prof. his miscellaneous notices on American Mineralogy and Geology, 27. Diamond a crystals and minerals of, 45 Dolcoath Min meeoitle, his ei of Mr. Girard’s memoir on navigable ca- nals, Seven D. B. Prof. on the plants of the North-west, 5b—his letter on the cure of the Rattle-snake bite, gfe Drowning, recovery of persons from Dwignt, Benjamin W. Doct. his account a a storm at Catskill,125 E. Eagle, bald, 89 Earthquake at Kutch, 3 Eaton, Prof. his weskcaical survey of Rensselaer county, state of New- Yor 9 Editor, his letter on the galvanic srt 201—his miscellane- ous notices in mineralogy, &c. 40—his notice of natural Ice- ars Haat the conversion - cannon balls into Plumbago, 178 Elephant, death of, 393 Eliot, Jared, Rev. notice of, 357—Letters of Dr. Franklin to him, 357 Engine, sieam, alternating, 90 Environs of Paris, mineral geography of, 394 Heaphecotgy, a new method of fs petforming the operation of, 383 Facts, pregical, a to the wilkceate coal, 7—16 Feldspar of Saratoga, Feldspar and Tce on the shores of Lake George, 47 Fluor spar of Bennington, 43—near Providence, 50—i see, 51—new locality of, at Putney, Vermont, 188—of Virginia, 277 Foot, Lyman, Doct. his notices on Geology and Mineralogy, 35 Fossil Elk of Ireland, discovery of, in the Isle of Man, 246 Fossil shells, new elementary work on, by Mr. rongniart, 395 . ossil tree of the river Des Plaines, Mr. Schoolcraft on, 285 Ossi ' 6 his ideas of 1 sprin , 362—his eer notices, | 33h rilccnst 364— 0) —0O French voyage of discovery, notice of, 3 Fringilla Tristis, 310 404 INDEX. G. Galvanism effectual in cholera Morbus, 386 Garnet, remarkable mass of, 55 Gas, capacity of, for caloric, 372 Gasometer, improved, of Doct. Hare, 312 Geneva | = Geology, American, opinion of Professor Buckland on, 135 Geology of the Catskills, notice on, 249 Geological remarks on the Lake hin ce: 282 Geological Society, American, a survey of the dnp of Rensselaer, 189 Girard, M. P. 8. Mr. his memoir on navigable canals, 102 Girard Doct. of Lyons, his remedy for drunkenness, 385 Goitre, on the cause o Goonong-Api, eruptions of the volcanoes of, 3 Granite, et regarding the working and polishing of, 246 Green, Jacob, Prof. on cotton, 86—on the bald eagle, 89—on ani- mals, ses He wh concerning, 311—letter from, 396—bis ste " blow-p ; Prof. iii So aeeaicalbiaa 370 ina crystallized, of Ohio, 51—of Virginia, 52—of Hudson,52 H. Hall, Prof. his notice of iton mines and manufactures in Vermont, and some localities of Earthy ibaa, 28 Hare, Robert, Prof. his letter on the cause of heat, 142—letter to him on his Deflagrator—201—his nimi ed Gasometer , 312 Hayden, H. W. Mr. on Tennessee fluor spar, 51 ee “Edvard, Rev. his inesebitosieal journal kept at Deer- field, 3 Sobake,. n, oe tine rocks of, 16 ximatite of Lake George, 4 4? Tospital at Ham dudson, eologteat hotices respecting, 33 Lydrophobia, 385 1 1 Hog, anecdote of, 309 Hosack, Doct. his eee to Prof. Green, 397 1 ] ] ie Ice-house, natural, at Meriden, Conn. 175 at Williamstown, Mass. 331 » 370 Impressions , vegetable, at Wilkesbarre, 6 Tron, magnetic, of Crown point, 48—Micaceous of Mass. 53 ‘on mines and manufactures in Vetinont, reed of, 23 Island of St. Michael and its geological structure, notice of, 25! INDEX. 405 Italian bonnets, manofacture of, 1 eg Thomas, Mr. on a natural Ice-house, 332 a: Jaundice, use of phosphoric acid in, 162 Jenkins, Jolin T. Mr. his notices of the geology of ssi 33 Journal, ester kept at Deerfield, Mass. 333 K. Kendall, Thomas, Mr his new graduating instrument, 398 Kennedy, Alexander, Doct. bis notice of working and polishing _ granite in India, 246 Kutch, Panbouaes at, 3 Kuhaewski, M. his new wien 387 Leipsic fart 392 Letter on the cause of heat, pea original, of Doct. Ve "Franklin, va Lim a Frenc b work on, 373 ~ Limectbes dove-coloured, of Laké List of plants growing in Litchfield and its vicinity, 292 — Litchfield, plants of, ahi Lithograpaic art, notice raceraphic, printing of Mss. 197 Lydian sto Magnesite of Hoboken Manganese of Wilkesbarve; #8Of Hillsdale N. Y. 54, black ide of, 189 Manufacture of the Italian bonnets, 166 Manufactory of Apprentices, 379 — beds of—in Berkshire Mass. 40 : olite Means of detaching painting in Fresco, 384 Medical Quackery, 390 Memoir on navigable Canals, 102 Meteorological table, 333—Journal kept at Deerfield Mass. 335 Mica Prismatic locality of, 37 406 INDEX. Miller, Caleb, Mr. on the use of Phosphoric Acid in Pag ath 162 Mineralogy, foreign —notices in, by Dr. Webster, 25—American, notices in, 33—Min. and Geol. foreign, notices in, 243 Minerological are 5 notice, 188 s, near Providence—notice of, 284 Miscellaneous notices in American Min and Geol. 274 Mitchiil, Samuel, Doctr.—his letter on the Proteus of the Amer- ican Lakes, 18 181—Mus yaa or pouched Rat of Canada, 183 Molybdenum, analysis of, 3 Monument to Copernicus, - Morbid animal products, chemical examination of, by Professor na, 14' Morse, his new Gazetteer, ee, school Geography and Atlas, 191—Morse, S. F. B. his notice of Satin Mountains of i George, yaa ar ted Ridges, 42 Munich, public instruction in, 19 Museum of the Vatican at ig ig Myology of the human body, by M. Ri line, 198 M. Bonpland, his Botanical Garden at Boone Ayres, 197 Natural Ice houses, 174 Natural History, 198—372—in France, 381 Nemalite, or Amianthoid hee ite, 19 New system of Mineralogy, 2 45—diplomatic, cypher, 377—Min- eral, 377—Mathematical instrument, 377—Machine—Graduat- ing instrument, 398—new blowpipe of Prof. fies 164 Niagara, Geology om Mineralogy of its vicinity, 35 Niger, aay River, 37 Nishgerod, in Rice fair of 393 Notice of the Lithographic art, 169—of the tempest of September 3d, 1821—Editor, p. 171—of Morses new Gazetteer, 1 ‘fossils in coal formations, 2 Nuttall, Mr. Thomas, on the serpentine rocks of Hoboken and minerals which fe contain, 1 oO ‘Ochres of Vermont, 24 Organic remains, 386 Organized remains, researches on, 395 Original letters of Doctr. Franklin, 357 Oxid of Titanium Silico ‘calcareous, 276 : P Paris, statistical notices of, 376 Pearson’s domestic Telegraph, 314 Pennatule Fléche, 87 a INDEX. 407 Pepper, a of, 390 Petrefactions, new works on, 31 Philology, 3 Pisa, 383 Plants of the North West, description of, 5 Plants of Litchfield, catalogue of, 69—growing there, 292 Platina, wire used for, a permanent lamp wick, 328—Platina ex- y Porter, Jacob, Doctr. localities, 55—Porter T. D. Doctr. on tests for the discovery of Arsenic, 1 Premiums for National Industry, 192—for Mechanical Arts, 192 Chemical Arts, 192—fabrication of Russian leather—193— ees Arts, 193—transferred to the years 1821—1822, 4 ans Ann Narischkin, her legacy, 386 Proteus of the North American lakes, description of, 181 Quartz, crystals of, in the Island of Lake George, 44 Quartz, rose,of, Southbury, Connecticut, 54 itd remarkable fall of, (see Catskill storm passim,) 125 s, M. Merrimée, 199 ek for Drunkenness, 385 Rock crystals, with water, 27 Royal Medical Society in Fi rance, 378 _ Russia, births and deaths, 389 ‘ ; Sands of Lake George, 46 Schoolcraft, Henry R. Mr. his account of a Fossil tree on the river des Plaines, 285 Schools of mutual instruction, 199 Scientific Journey, by Mr. Seiber of Bohemia, by Professor Rask, beryl, 39 Sections of the Wilkesbarre Coal Mines, 5 Serpentine Rocks of Hoboken, 16—Chemical characters of, 18 ybert, Heary, Dr. his a of Sulphuret of Molybdenum, 320 Shetland Islands, minerals o: Singular explosion 400 Slate siliceous, 43 Society, American 2 rate 191—literary of Antwerp, 3 Spar satin, 44—calcareous crystalized at Bakers Falls, foiled : reous, crystals of, rie Lake George, 44 405 INDEX. ( Steam boats, 377——Engine alternating, 90 Steatile crystaliazed, 27 Steel, John H. Doctr. on chrysobery], 37 teel, 37 Storm, remarkable, at Catskill, account of 125 Strontiaa, sulphate of,—of Lake Erie and the Detroit river, noti- tices of, 279-——-80—-from Erie Analysis of, 324—in sulphate of Bar 27 wtih Island of, description of, and its Geological structure, Survey, nego of the county of Rensselaer in the State of New 18 Ris psroft, hunedne of, 309 Talc foliated of Vermont, 54 Tantalite of Haddam, 52 Telegraph, ss ieee 314 Ticonderoga, walls o Titanium, red oxid of, en Torry, John, Doct, on the plants of the North West, 56 Tourmalin, bjack, Plain 5 Trisection on the Curves a 343 Lapin rains, 375 yellow, oxide of 52—Massive, 187 Use of phosphoric acid in Jaundice, 162 ee ae a remedy for the plague, 196 Vienna, 1 Foes and volcanic substances, Dr. Cooper on, 205 Ww. Ward’s alternating steam engine, 90 Waters of Lake George, their transpareacy and purity, 46—causes Webb, Thomas H. Mr. on wages spar, 50—his notice of the mine- rals’ near Providence, 284 ss J. W. rh we foreign patieet in mineralogy, 2 d the ancient arts—243—his SS of the Ilan of “a st ‘Michael ne its geological structure, 251 a Weaning, seldche al the valley of, 4 = Z. Leal for science, 388 Loiste, 276 + in ee Page missing from book at time of scanning. KK A MLE TORI tat Semler ined lhe thentdenieehe ns ae mine a) . 4 ee of * a ** : _ Lomesttc Lado | : ® : ee e ; oF