a y. 240
American Fern Journal
Published by the
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
Bd
EDITORS
WILLIAM R. MAXON
R. C. BENEDICT oC. V. MORTON ,
IRA L. WIGGINS
CY
NG .
fe ®:
VOLUME 32 — 2 2
184 2 VAX
LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA
Mig@gouR! BOTANICAL
GARDEN LIBRARY
CONTENTS
VOLUME 32, NUMBER 1, Paces 1-40, IsSUED Marcu 25, 1942
Illustrations of Some Lycopodium Gametophytes.
Arthur J. Eames 1
Fragrant Fern about Lake Superiov................... Albert Chandler 13
Uses of Hawaiian Ferns F.R. Fosberg 15
Shorter Notes: Proliferous Scott’s Spleenwort; Hart’s-tongue
Division; First Arizona Record of Botrychium multifidum ;
Braun’s Holly-fern in Pennsylvania; Bipinnate Christ-
mas Ferns 23
Recent Fern Literature 29
American Fern Society 22
VOLUME 32, NUMBER 2, PAGES 41-80, ISSUED JUNE 29, 1942
An Amateur’s Fern Garden... Edward D, Thurston, Jr. 41
New Tropical path aS ho ee ROE William R. Maxon 58
The Ostrich Fern as an Edible Plant S. F. Blake 61
Shorter Notes: Fée Isotypes at Colorado College; Wall Rue on
Walls; Fern Census of a City Block; Asplenium Palmeri
Texas
Recent Fern Literature 72
American Fern Society 77
VoLuME 32, NuMBER 3, Paces 81-120, issuED SEPTEMBER 30, 1942
w Dryopteris Hybrid R. M. Tryon, Jr.
A Rare Selaginella from Nevada A, H. Holmgren 86
An Unusual Botrychium M. A. pea 87
per on West American Ferns—Il................. Joseph Ewan 90
Ophioglossum vulgatum on the Inner Coastal Aen of Alabam
rt T. Dicer 105
secs Notes: Go Slow on Eating Fern nates ana
Seott’s Spleenwort; Lycopodium dabingete ium
Pass nsylvania oe
Recent Fern ce 113
VOLUME 32, NUMBER 4, PaGEs 121-160, issuED JANUARY 8, 1943
Edible Ferns E. B. Copeland 121
A Fern Collection from Chihuahua... Irving W. Knobloch 127
Observations on Florida Ferns...c..ccccccscsseeuscseeeen Edgar T. Wherry 139
A New Thelypteris from Florida.................... Edward P. St. John
Shorter Notes: The Discoverers of New Pennsylvania Ferns;
ocality for a Curious pcaeae Polypody ; aang
ood Pos
145
pee Ferns in the Kutztown-Flee Area, Pass
script on Lycopodium ecciea ies Sand Seat pine Reet a APA esteem 148
Reeent Fern Literature 153
American Fern Society 156
Index to Volume 32 157
Vol. 32 January-March, 1942 No. 1
American Sern Journal
A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
Published by the
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
Che American Hern Soriety
, Connril for 1941
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR
Rosert T. CLAUSEN, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. ........ President
OSEPH EWAN tr, Colorado . _ Vice-President
Shas Suave icone Witieany, 342 New Scotland Ave. a at
etary
Henry K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanie Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Treasur
Wit14m RB. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, a D. GC.
Ee ~in-Chie
OFFICIAL ORGAN
American Fern Journal
EDITORS
. Institution, Washington, D. C.
1 snstmeutinrnmn L819 Dorchester og ite na be 1 Be
- Mor : Smithsonian Institution, ey Cc.
Iza L, WIGGINS .. .... Dudley sapere Stanford University, Calif.
d quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns.
$1.50; ett he altedicis Tatencted reprints, tf teeieys
advance, will be furnish furnished authors at cost. Tayside be acted
-baek numbers 35 cents each. Vote rls i, nos. 2 3 and
5 : Es
Amvrircan Sern Journal
Vou. 32 JANUARY—MarcH, 1942 No. 1
Illustrations of Some Lycopodium Gametophytes
ARTHUR J. EAMES
In a recent number of this Journau' Hollis Koster
described the hitherto unknown gametophytes of some
species of Lycopodium and discussed briefly the history
of our acquaintance with the sexual generation of the
club mosses. He suggests that, since these plants are
still unknown for many species, and stations for others
are few, field botanists might well give attention to them.
He believes that the gametophytes are not so rare as the
collections would suggest; that systematic search should
uncover much more material. With this opinion the
writer agrees. Members of the staff of the Department
of Botany at Cornell University have been searching for
and collecting club moss gametophytes for the past 15
years with marked success. Information obtained by
them, with illustrations from their material, together
with illustrations of Koster’s plants and his published
descriptions, should assist others in obtaining these well-
hidden plants.
It has long been known that there are two markedly
different types of gametophyte in the genus: the green,
surface-living, rapidly developing, short-lived, and min-
ute form and the nongreen, subterranean, slowly develop-
ing, long-lived, and much larger form.
131: 53-58. 1941.
[Volume 31, No. 4 of the JourNaL, pages 121-160, was issued
December 29, 1941.
1
2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
The first type is well described by Koster and is here
illustrated in Plate 1, Lycopodium alopecuroides. (The
drawings were made from material collected by him
and sent to Cornell University.) His paper should be
referred to for details of description and for a general
discussion of habitat and occurrence. It will suffice here
to emphasize the fact that the full-grown plant is only
1 to 2 mm. in diameter, merely a green speck on the
humus or decaying vegetation of the swamp, and that
most careful search is therefore necessary. The plants
ean be most readily found, of course, when they have
borne young sporophytes (Plate 1, fig. ec), which, being
larger, are more easily seen.
The Cornell group have no acquaintance with this
type in the field, because the species possessing this form
are absent or very rare in the regions where field studies
are readily made. The second type (Plates 2, 3, 4) has
been found by them in considerable abundance at a large
number of stations chiefly in and near the Cayuga Lake
Basin in west-central New York. The following species
have been collected: L. obscurum, L. clavatum, L. com-
planatum, L. lucidulum, and L. annotinum, the first spe-
cies most frequently, the last two rarely. Collections of
this type in the northeastern states by other botanists are
referred to by Koster. None has yet been found for L.
tristachyum, but this species is rare in the regions
searched.
The gametophytes of this second type, being subter-
ranean, are of course to be located only by the finding of
the young sporophytes, which remain for some time—in
‘some cases, at least, up to several years—attached to the
gametophytes which bear them. As will be seen in Plates
2 to 4, the young sporophytes when first appearing above
ground superficially resemble Polytrichum, but differ-
ences in aspect as well as in details of structure will
LycopopiumM GAMETOPHYTES 2
quickly be seen. As the sporophyte increases in size,
changes of leaf form and arrangement, stem position,
branching, etc., indicate the species represented.”
Attempts have been made to learn in what habitats to
search for these subterranean plants, but the localities
found seem to have little in common. It can be said defi-
nitely, however, that, as Koster learned for the swamp
species with their surface-living gametophytes, it is use-
less to search where mature and fruiting plants are
abundant; the sexual plants have not been found where
mature plants are numerous and only rarely are they
discovered even near the borders of colonies. Nearly all
have been found where no mature plants exist in the
neighborhood, and sometimes none can be found in the
Same woodland areas.
It is evident, therefore, that the searcher should look
everywhere except where, at first thought, he thinks the
plants will probably be found. The explanation for this
peculiarity of distribution lies perhaps largely in the
fact that habitat conditions which are suitable for the
growth of mature plants are not suitable for spore ger-
mination and the development of the delicate gameto-
phyte. The great abundance of spores formed and the
lightness of these spores make certain a broad and gen-
eral distribution, but only where conditions of ground
surface are right do the gametophytes develop.
In considering the conditions favorable to growth of
these sexual plants it should be remembered that the
gametophytes lie at varying depths below the surface of
the soil—usually 3 to 10 em., but ranging from 1 to 20
em.; that they have been developing there for 10 to 25
years, during which time humus has increased above
them. Most individuals are found in the lower parts of
f description and consideration of comparative
S 0
ee of the gametophytes and young sporophytes of the
species listed above will be presented in a later pene: :
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 32, PLatTE 1
LYCOPODIUM ALOPECUROIDES
LycopopIuUM GAMETOPHYTES 5
the humus layer, although some have been found 2 or 3
em. deep in the soil below the humus layer. Where most
abundant they occur in small pockets in the forest floor,
chiefly on the line between the humus and the soil below.
In such areas this line is marked by charcoal from a
forest fire. It seems possible that a forest fire, especially
one that follows timber-cutting, provides a highly favor-
able spore-bed and perhaps other favorable conditions.
The spores may reach the level where the gametophytes
are found in any number of ways: washing down by rain
through the soil crevices; burial by insects or larger ani-
mals; any type of disturbance of the soil surface. The
fact that so many are found at the base of the humus
layer suggests, of course, that the spores are washed
own as far as the soil is freely porous. The abundance
of gametophytes at this level when a charcoal layer is
present suggests also that perhaps the most favorable
spore-bed is one where little or no humus is present, that
the spores are blown in soon after the fire, and that the
gradual building up of humus above the spores as they
begin to germinate provides the best growing conditions.
This suggestion is supported by the history of develop-
ment of the plants: The spores do not germinate for 2 or
3 years; a period of 10 to 15 years is required for devel-
opment of the gametophyte to maturity, time sufficiently
long for the accumulation of the humus layer over the
plants. In two areas where gametophytes have been
found most abundantly the trees and shrubs range in
age from 5 to 25 years and obviously had grown after a
forest fire following timber-cutting.
The habitats known to the Cornell group are chiefly
these : Young upland deciduous forest, apparently cleared
in recent years and growing rapidly (for all species of
Lycopodium listed) ; white pine forest, dry and usually
Spen (for L. complanatum chiefly); open gravelly
Knolls and abandoned fields with Hamamelis and Rhus
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 32, PLATE 2
LYCOPODIUM OBSCURUM
_LycopoptuM GAMETOPHYTES 7
(for L. complanatum) ; low red-maple forest about peat
bogs (for L. obscurum). These habitats suggest that
changes in light, soil type, and temperature as a result
of the opening and gradual closing of the forest may di-
rectly or indirectly provide favorable growth conditions
for these plants. Possibly forest fires make these condi-
tions even more favorable.
Only few out of many apparently perfectly favorable
locations will be found to have gametophytes, and some
seemingly most unlikely areas may be found to have a
few. Doubtless, also, favorable growing seasons must
exist for the early stages of development and for later
survival. It is, naturally, impossible to determine the
age of the gametophytes in a certain area and therefore
to ascertain the seasonal conditions at germination time,
which may have been 10 to 25 years earlier. Absence of
‘plants from suitable localities may of course be due to
absence of spores carried to the region when soil condi-
tions were right ; but when these regions are those where
fruiting sporophytes are frequent, it is probable that
unfavorable growing conditions have exterminated the
plants at some period during the years of development.
The drought of the summer of 1930 killed great numbers
of gametophytes of L. clavatum and L. obscurum at the
first station known in the Cayuga Lake Basin where these
plants were abundant; the humus of the forest floor was
dry over so long a period that only occasional individuals
survived—even the well-established young sporophytes,
whether still attached to the gametophytes or living in-
dependently, being killed. The dry summer of 1940 de-
stroyed a large part of the plants at the second station
known. If such destruction oceurs before the sporo-
phytes appear above ground, the existence of a colony of
plants can of course never be known.
en one or more young sporophytes have been found,
the area should be considered favorable for gametophytes
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 32, PLATE 3
i
LYCOPODIUM LUCIDULUM
LycopopIuUM GAMETOPHYTES 9
and the search made intensive, especially for sporophytes
just appearing above ground. All sporophytes should
be dug carefully from the soil, although usually the
gametophyte, if present, is firmly attached and not easily
broken off. If several plants occur close together, espe-
cially in little hollows or beside rotting stumps or logs,
the soil about. them should be removed and sifted for
gametophytes which as yet have borne no sporophytes.
These may be found in varying size and stage of develop-
ment. It is clear either that germination of spores oc-
curs at different times, perhaps even years apart, or that
the growth rate of gametophytes varies greatly, for
plants of different sizes and ages can sometimes be found
together ; the smallest which can be readily found, 2 or
3mm. in diameter, as yet without sex organs; the oldest
up to 1 or 2 em. in diameter, bearing sporophytes one to
Several years old. Sex organs are borne years before
the gametophyte reaches full size and may continue to be
borne for at least a few years after embryos are formed.
More than one sporophyte may be borne by a gameto-
phyte in the same year or in different years: two are
common ; three to five occasional; and even seven well-
srown sporophytes have been found on one large gameto-
phyte. This condition is in strong contrast with that in
common ferns, where only one embryo is formed and the
gametophyte dies soon after the sporophyte is established.
The length of life of the gametophyte after embryo for-
mation varies greatly: It will be found that in favorable
habitats nearly all young sporophytes showing above
ground are attached to gametophytes; but where soil con-
ditions are poor, or after drought, only a few may have the
Sexual generation still present. Although the gameto-
phyte apparently does not commonly persist more than
two or three years after it bears a sporophyte, a few sporo-
phytes of L. obscurum that were at least five years old
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 32, PLATE 4
LYCOPODIUM COMPLANATUM
LcopopIuM GAMETOPHYTES 11
have been found still attached to healthy gametophytes.
These gametophytes were the largest collected and were
apparently still growing. Sporophytes that are clearly
sporelings should therefore be investigated for possible
gametophytes, even if they seem to be so large that the
chances of finding sexual plants are small.
The gametophytes of a given locality will continue to
form sporophytes over a period of years, limited per-
haps to about 10 as a maximum. This distribution of
the crop is doubtless partly related to the different rate
of development of the gametophytes, and partly to the
continued development of sex organs over a period of
years, whether embryos are formed or not.
Among the species studied, L. obscurum is found most
frequently and in most varied habitats. It is apparently
the most resistant to unfavorable growing conditions,
surviving drought when other species, especially L. cla
vatum, are killed.
In form the gametophytes of the various species differ
considerably. In L. complanatum the plant is carrot-
Shaped (Plate 4), with the sex organs in a crown on the
larger end. In L. lucidulum it is roughly cylindrical
(Plate 3), with a ‘‘rolled’’ appearance given by a longi-
tudinal furrow or crease. The sex organs seem always to
be borne at one end. The other species (L. obscurum, L.
clavatum, L. annotinum) have gametophytes which
much resemble each other, and probably cannot be
tinguished from one another until they reach full size,
in some cases not even then unless they have sporophytes
that can be named. All of these when very small are
club-shaped, but the thicker end soon spreads out, form-
ing a button-like disk which grows at its margin and rolls
upward and inward slightly. The sex organs are borne
just at the inside of the margin. As the diameter in- »
creases, the sides tend to curl upward or downward, the
12 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
plant becoming furrowed and saddle-shaped. With con-
tinued growth the curling continues and the plant be-
comes complexly convoluted, somewhat resembling a
‘‘walnut meat.’? Some individuals become lobed and
remain nearly flat (Plate 2).
n L. clavatum the gametophyte averages smaller than
that of either of the other species, and usually does not
become convoluted to any extent, remaining disk-shaped.
In L. annotinum it becomes deeply furrowed; but as it
grows larger, it remains simple, retaining the saddle
shape, and does not develop lateral convolutions. The
sides of the ‘‘saddle’’ spread apart so that the plant has
apparent bilateral symmetry and may appear dichoto-
mous.
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLaTe 1. Lycopodium alopecuroides. a, b, eee 5 gametophyte ;
¢, hoveah gametophyte with pine) ‘sporophyte. (x 2
PLATE Lycop Aetnits obse Gam psi Nn bearing haw!
aati sporo Resins the oldest ese te show habit of matur
pg cgi et i ed has three sporophytes. (x 1.)
Lycopodium lucidulum. Gamet slay de and °
jorounytac The Jee imen at the left is a young 5 vgacnie ‘borne
y a gemma, not a gametophyte; the absene as a pri
and the stouter, th tapering stem distinguish a pence plait ‘of ‘this
the same size which has arisen by sexual reproduc-
= (x1,
PLATE Lycopodium ieee eae ‘Gamet tophytes and young
sporophytes. The largest sporophyte so ion at the left) is no
longer attached to a gametophyte but shows the knoblike ‘‘ foot’’
or haustorial organ by which it was earlier attached. (x1.)
FRAGRANT FERN Aapout LAKE SUPERIOR 13
Fragrant Fern about Lake Superior
ALBERT CHANDLER
The Fragrant Fern, Dryopteris fragrans var. remo-
tiuscula, is rather plentiful from the Iron Range east-
ward along the north shore of Lake Superior, in a habitat
differing from that described for it in the East. There,
according to Gray’s Manual, it occurs chiefly on lime-
stone cliffs. No limestone cliffs rise north or west of Lake
Superior. The characteristic trap rock, though slightly
alkaline, is so near to neutral that it bristles with Rusty
Woodsia everywhere.
Clute’ quotes a collector who found the Fragrant Fern
‘“way up on the bare dry face of the cliff’’—doubtless
true of a New England cliff, which never approaches the
aridity of a dry cliff in the West, with its parched breath.
The Lake Superior plant shrinks from such sites; it is
found close to water, about falls and rocky inland lakes,
in river gorges, and where rocky headlands turn one
cheek from the weather—always where the night air is
damp. Any good collector can get it his first day out, if
he looks for Walking Fern; he will find Fragrant Fern
instead. Water’s statement? is nearly accurate for the
Fragrant Fern of Minnesota and Ontario: ‘‘ Although it
prefers shaded cliffs, it can adapt itself to sunny situa-
tions without suffering much harm,’’ if the western air,
we repeat, is mellowed by dews and mists.
Like people, plants are known by the company they
keep. The associates of Fragrant Fern about Lake Su-
perior are Bulblet Fern and Polypody. A typical sta-
tion will wear a broken crown of Rusty Woodsia, with
Polypody and Fragrant Fern in a zone below, Bulblet
Fern close beneath, and Oak Fern nearby if the crevices
i
1Qur Ferns, 187. 1938.
2 Ferns, 214, 1903.
14 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
are mossy. At the base may be Dryopteris campyloptera
inland, or Athyrium angustum var. elatius near the
shore, these seldom appearing together. Once only there
was Cryptogramma Stelleri just around a corner, under
conditions so different from its usual haunts in alternate
strata of sandstone and limestone that it may be well to
record the station, viz., a broken trap-rock shoulder, be-
side the trail, half a mile up the west side of Cascade
River, which gushes into Lake Superior ten miles west
of Grand Marais, Cook Co., Minnesota. Here the Fra-
grant Fern was scattered remotely about the steep slope
above, and there was none of the wintergreen and trail-
ing arbutus and Pyrola that such retreats harbor on the
south shore of Lake Superior.
Along the shore you never see Fragrant Fern on ex-
posed surfaces fronting the big lake. Among inland
lakes it may face the water, though veiled somewhat by
interposing Alnus and Myrica; it is quite accessible on
the common brown trap-rock, the black slaty shale of
Ontario, and a hard gray rock in the Iron Range. Rarely
it retreats under an overhanging ledge with Bulblet
Fern, quite beyond the scrutiny of the sun. To show the
depth of such a pocket I might add that on one occasion, |
while making a count of the 250 dead fronds of a lush
specimen, I heard a rustle and turning my head watched
two deer stalk across the little clearing near by, browsing
as they went.
For the most part solitary and aloof, the Fragrant
Fern is never gregarious about Lake Superior, as its
arctic cousins are said by Polunin® to be. Four plants
make a comparatively large colony. You soon learn
where to expect them, and are seldom disappointed.
Lighter green than the Polypody, the Fragrant Fern
may be recognized at a considerable distance, perched
independently on its curled tan cushion.
3 Botany of Canadian Eastern Arctic, 32. 1940.
Uses or HawalrtAN FERNS 15
Uses of Hawaiian Ferns
F. R. FosBere
The botanical knowledge of the ancient Hawaiians, as
with other Polynesians, had reached before the coming
of the Europeans a high state of development. Their
nomenclature, knowledge of plant relationships, of the
sexual nature of plants with the function of pollen and
stigma, and their elaborate system of plant uses, both
practical and aesthetic, have long been a source of wonder
to those who have become interested in the Hawaiians.
Certainly the botanical science of this stone age people
compared very favorably with that of mediaeval Euro-
peans,
Among the numerous plants for which the Hawaiians
had found uses were various ferns, though perhaps their
number is small in comparison with the flowering plants
and certainly so in proportion to the rich fern flora of the
Islands. It is highly probable that there were uses for
other ferns, the knowledge of which is not recorded and
perhaps has now been forgotten by the sophisticated pres-
ent generations in the Islands. After all, the diseases
which accompany ‘‘civilization’’ are not usually to be
cured by the primitive herb remedies of the kahuna. The
simple crafts and pleasures of what Captain James Cook
described as the nearest to paradise of any place he had
Seen on earth have no place in the bustling fortress at the
crossroads of the Pacific which would like to become the
forty-ninth State in the Union. Anything from the old
days might be mistaken by the visitor for savagery, so
now they have imported American and Oriental foods,
traffic lights, and shiploads of cheap Japanese manufac-
tured goods. For the interesting and picturesque sides
of Hawaiian life one must look more and more into the
remotest corners of the Islands, far away from Honolulu.
16 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Still more, he must go back into old books that were
written when Hawaii was still an independent nation and
when the proud Hawaiians were still enjoying their own
indigenous culture.
For the benefit of the members of the American Fern
Society I have collected here what could readily be found
in the literature, as well as some of my own observations,
on the uses of ferns, both past and present, in the Ha-
walian Islands. The term ‘‘uses’’ is here adopted in its
broadest sense, as will be obvious below. The main gen-
eral sources of information are Hillebrand’s ‘‘Flora of
the Hawaiian Islands,’’ EK. H. Bryan’s ‘‘ Hawaiian Nature
Notes,’’ Marie C. Neal’s ‘‘In Honolulu Gardens,’’ the
writings of Otto Degener, and suggestions from E. H.
Bryan and from Mrs. Mary K. Pukui, one of the best
modern students of old Hawaiian culture. Individual
items have been sought in other places.
Doubtless the most important part of any primitive
economy is food. The aboriginal colonists of Hawaii,
perhaps profiting by the previous experiences of their
race in the scattered islands of Polynesia, apparently did
not expect to find a land flowing with milk and honey, nor
one overgrown with food plants. They brought with
them planting material of their main food plants. These
formed their basie subsistence, along with fish and their
three domesticated animals, the pig, dog, and chicken.
The native plants gradually were brought into their
economy as their uses and properties became known,
probably under the stimulus of famine. They formed
supplementary foods, and the list of these includes several
ferns.
Most prominent among the ferns used for food were
the hapuu or tree-ferns (several species of Cibotium),
which are abundant in the forests of all the larger
Islands, reaching magnificent proportions and becoming
dominant plants of the forests on the island of Hawaii.
Uses ofr HAwaAtlAN FERNS 17
The young stems and starchy pith of this and of the amaw
(Sadleria Hillebrandii) were baked in ashes or in the
imu (underground oven) and eaten in times of famine,
and are said by Hillebrand to be by no means unpalatable.
A few years ago, before the Kilauea region was made a
National Park, tree-fern trunks in that region were
cooked in steam crevices and fed to hogs. A business was
even established near Hilo for extracting tree-fern starch
for cooking and laundry use. Fortunately for those who
enjoy the sight of a forest of graceful lehua with an
understory of tree-ferns, the venture soon failed. The
young fronds of the hapuw and the amau were cooked
and eaten, often with meat and taro, by the Hawaiians,
as we eat greens or asparagus. The young fronds of the
hovo or pohole (Athyrium Meyenianum) and the kikawaeo
or pakikawaeo (Dryopteris cyatheoides) were eaten raw,
while the rhizome of the latter was grated and salted to
taste and also eaten raw. At the present time in the
Islands young fern fronds are gathered and used as
vegetables by the Japanese, and often are seen on the
market.
The pala (Marattia Douglas) is today a rare fern in
Hawaii. In Hillebrand’s time it was rather common,
and the fleshy auricles or stipules, characteristic of the
Marattiaceae, were baked in hot ashes and eaten, abound-
ing in starch and mucilage. Hillebrand says also that
slices of the auricles were soaked in cold water, soaking
out their mucilage to form ‘‘a pleasant diet drink.’’ Per-
haps these uses had something to do with the searcity of
this fern at present, for, as Copeland says of the plant
usually called Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum, not
found in Tahiti since the time of Captain Cook, ‘‘it does
not behoove a fern to be edible.’’ More likely, however,
the wild hogs and other introduced animals are responsi-
ble for the destruction of the pala.
18 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Ferns entered only slightly into the making of the
Hawaiians’ clothing. The stipes of the amawmau (Sad-
leria cyatheoides) were macerated in water and beaten
together with the bark of mamake (Pipturus) or wauke
(Broussonetia) in making kapa or bark cloth. The fern
furnished a sizing for the cloth, and perhaps also a red-
dish eolor. The cortex of the trunk of the same fern was
used to make a red dye. The outer portion of the trunk-
like stem was mashed and the red juice squeezed out into
a calabash, where it was boiled down by dropping in hot
stones to make the dye. The leaves of the palaa (Sphe-
nomeris chinensis), the commonest of all Hawaiian ferns
except Gleichenia, also furnished a red dye.
In thatching houses a row of Sadleria fronds might be
tied lengthwise along the ridge-pole and on the corner
ridges to help make these parts waterproof. If pili grass
(Heteropogon) was scarce, Sadleria might be used to
thatch the whole roof, and even to cover the walls. The
fronds of the same fern were also used to construct tempo-
rary shelters in the woods.
The fronds of Sadleria were employed in drier parts of
the Islands as a sort of mulch to cover the ground in the
vegetable gardens of the Hawaiians. Degener says that
when they saw that it was about to rain, they removed
the fronds and planted their vegetables. After the rain
they replaced the covering, to hinder evaporation and
drying out of the ground.
Recently the tiny water-fern, Azolla filiculoides, has in
some way been introduced into the Islands, where it has
spread with great rapidity and grows with amazing
luxuriance in the taro patches which are kept flooded
with water. By most taro growers it is considered a pest,
but according to Mr. Francis Bowers at least one grower
has turned its propensities to use. He finds that a thick
Uses or Hawantan FERNS 19
covering of Azolla on the surface of the water effectively
prevents most other weeds from growing, and that if it
gets too abundant it can be checked by temporarily drain-
ing the pond. Other growers have considered that Azolla
encourages some of the taro diseases, but this belief may
be merely the result of a coincidence, as taro diseases have
increased greatly in recent years. Two other ferns have
a negative economic importance as weeds in the pineapple
fields in some districts, according to St. John and Hosaka.
These are Dryopteris parasitica and the kilau or bracken
(Pteridium aquilinum var. decompositum), which must
be hoed out.
Medicine was a highly developed science among the
Hawaiians, though of course the ailments that the kahuna
or medicine man had to contend with were of little sig-
nificance in comparison with the scourges that have fol-
lowed the coming of the European. A large number of
plants were used therapeutically in various ways, some
native, some apparently brought by the Hawaiians, and, |
more recently, even some of modern introduction.’
Whether or not there is any actual basis for the reputed
efficacy of these remedies is usually not known. Only by
careful investigation and experiment can such facts be
ascertained. Some are undoubtedly pure superstition or
work by suggestion or other psychological means. Others
likely have definite and perhaps valuable drug properties.
At least five ferns and fern allies had a place in native
medicine. Infusions or teas made from the uluhe
(Gleichenia linearis) and from the pipi or moa (Psilotum
nudum) were drunk as laxatives. The latter tea was also
used as a cure for ea, or ‘‘thrush,’’ a fungus disease in
infants. The abundant yellow spores of the moa were a
favorite remedy for diarrhoea in children and were used
ae
1 See 8. C. Handy et al., Hawaiian Physical Therapeutics.
Bishop te Bull. 126. 1934.
20 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
like taleum powder to prevent chafing. An infusion of
laukahi or puapuamoa (Ophioglossum pendulum ssp.
faleatum) was used as a cough remedy, and the spores of
this plant, according to Degener, ‘‘were given to infants
after birth to purge them of meconium.’’ The auricles of
the pala (Marattia) were used, according to Hillebrand,
as a remedy for bronchial and intestinal catarrhs. He
gives no details of this use. As a remedy for rheumatism,
plants of wawaeiole (Lycopodium cernuum) were boiled
for three hours in water. The water was then cooled and
the patient bathed in it. The abundant wind-borne
spores of this plant have recently been suspected of
causing asthma and hay fever, and consequently are used
somewhat in testing and immunizing sufferers from these
allergies.
In embalming the dead and in dressing wounds the
Hawaiians made use of what is known as pulu. This is
the golden or brownish wool surrounding the growing
tip and the stipe bases of the tree-ferns (Cibotium) and
the amaumau (Sadleria cyatheoides), really soft, hairlike
scales, borne in great abundance. When a body was to be
embalmed the vital organs, throat, tongue, and brain
were removed. The cavities were then stuffed with pulu
(or sometimes with sugarcane flowers) and sewed up.
The body was then wrapped in a sheet of black or gray
bark cloth (kapa) and later hidden in a cave or buried in
the ground, or even thrown into the lava at Kilauea dur-
ing an eruption, so that the spirits of the dead would
dwell with and serve the goddess Pele, to whom they
looked as kupuwna or ancestress, according to Mrs. Pukui.
Later, between 1850 and 1885, pulw furnished the basis
of a thriving export trade. In one year alone (1869) well
over 600,000 pounds of pulu were shipped out, mainly to
California, to be used as stuffing for pillows and mat-
tresses. The larger trees were cut down, merely to make
Uses or HAWAmAN FERNS 21
easier the gathering of a pound or so of pulu each, until
the magnificent tree-fern forests were seriously threat-
ened. Fortunately the industry did not last many years,
as the fibers were brittle and lacked the resiliency to keep
them from wadding up in the pillows. Better fibers were
soon substituted for puluw and the industry died out. The
remains of a stone enclosure used for packing and storing
the product may still be seen in the forest near the Chain-
of-Craters, below Kilauea.
The trunks of tree-ferns, covered by great mats of
densely packed fibrous aerial roots, are used to pave trails
across swampy places in the forests. Laid side by side
they make a durable and springy corduroy which takes
much longer to rot than most plant materials in a rain-
forest, especially as they often continue to grow if the
terminal bud is not destroyed. Stuck in the ground, erect
in rows, they soon form an attractive living fence or
hedge around some of the cottages in the Kilauea region.
Ferns also had a place in certain of the ancient reli-
gious observances. Miss Neal writes that the priests
gathered palaa (Spi is chinensis) for certain cere-
monies, and that it was considered a good omen if they
were caught in a rain after the fern was gathered. She
also says that the stumps of trees cut for making canoes
were covered with fronds of the ekaha (Asplenium nidus )
before the trunks could be adzed. At the dedication of a
heiau or temple the ground over which the king and his
attendants were to pass was covered with the fronds of
the amau (Sadleria Hillebrandit).
Degener tells of a game called ‘‘fighting cocks’’ that
was played by using pieces of moa (Psilotum nudum)
from which all the branches but one had been removed.
Two contestants held their plants by the tip and, using
the branch as a hook, locked them together and pulled.
When one branch broke, the holder of the other an-
nounced his victory by crowing like a rooster.
ya AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
The glossy black stipes of the iwaiwa (Adiantum capil-
lus-veneris) and the kumuniu (Doryopteris decipiens)
were worked by the women into ornamental baskets and,
in more modern times, hats, and the black stipes of some
ferns were used to decorate mats and other woven work.
Ekaha (Asplenium nidus), pamoho (Doodia Kunthiana),
amau (Sadleria Hillebrandii), and mdna (Hypolepis
punctata) are among the other ferns used for ornamen-
tal plaiting. Even now leis are woven of the pinnae of
pala (Marattia) and the fragrant palapalai (Microlepia).
The pamohu, nianiau, or okupukupu (Nephrolepis exal-
tata) is used as a backing for flower leis, and maidenhair
(Adiantum) is often combined with flowers to make an
attractive lei. Christmas wreaths are now made of
wawaeiole (Lycopodium cernuum),
A subtle fragrance, similar to that of maile (Alyzia),
was imparted to kapa by storing it with fronds of lauae
(Polypodium scolopendria) pressed between its folds.
Certain other ferns possess a pleasing odor, and may have
been used in similar ways. Mrs. Pukui says that it was
the commoner and coarser P. phymatodes [P. scolo-
pendria| which was the more fragrant, despite the efforts
of informants to give the honor to P. spectrum et al.
By far the most extensive present-day use of ferns is
as ornamentals, in the house, garden, or fernery. They
are grown and enjoyed by practically everyone. Even
the poorer homes often have a fernery of some sort, and
hanging baskets of ferns with other plants, such as
orchids, are to be seen everywhere. These baskets fre-
quently are carved out of the dense mat of fibrous roots
surrounding the tree-fern trunk. They are very satis-
factory, especially for growing orchids, and are widely
available commercially in the islands. Slabs and plaques, .
also, of tree-fern trunk are used as hanging substrata for
orchids. The commonest ferns in cultivation in the
SHorRTER NOTES 23
islands are the birdsnest, Asplenium nidus, Polypodium
scolopendria, P. aureuwm, several species of Adiantum,
Cibotium Menziezi, C. Chamissoi, ornamental forms of
Nephrolepis exaltata, N. cordata, Platycerium alcicorne,
and P. grande. It will be noted that most of the com-
monly cultivated ones are foreign introductions. Many
of the native ones are a bit touchy in their cultural re-
quirements, and, anyway, it is easier for most people to
get them from the florist or from some other gardener
than to climb up into the mountains for the native ones.
This is probably very fortunate for the welfare and con-
tinued existence of some of the rarer members of the
interesting and beautiful Hawaiian fern flora, too.
Bureau or Puant INpustry,
WasuHiIneton, D. C.
Shorter Notes
Prouirerous Scorr’s SPpLEENWworT.—The interesting
fern whose portrait accompanies this note was brought
to my attention by Mrs. Maude L. Chisholm of Proctor,
Vermont. She found the specimen here figured in the
herbarium of Mrs. Fred L. Clark of Rutland and sup-
plied the photograph. The original erew in a patch of
rocky woods—limestone rocks, of course—in the outskirts
of Rutland. It was the object of too enthusiastie collect-
mg ; after all its fronds had been removed it died, leay-
ing three other small plants which may or may not be its
progeny and may or may not develop its peculiarities.
Exact details of the immediate surroundings of the
plant in life are lacking. At any rate, it evidently set
out to produce new plants by the Walking Fern method,
not only at the tip of the blade but also at the end of two
or more elongated lateral lobes. As is well known, in
the Walking Fern the basal auricles are occasionally
24 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
greatly lengthened and root at the tip. As the experi-
ence of Mrs. Griffeth and others shows, proliferation at
the apex of the blade can be rather easily effected in
Scott’s Spleenwort under cultivation. Mr. 8. H. Burn-
| =f
ham long ago recorded? one instance in which a pot-
grown individual produced new plants at the tip of the
lobes, and Dr. Benedict tells me that the same thing has
happened at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. But among
the numerous references to Scott’s Spleenwort in litera-
/
1Fern Bull. 16: 112. 1908.
SHORTER NOTES 25
ture only some half-dozen mention tipping in the wild,
and I find but one record of lateral proliferation.”
Dr. Maxon has kindly lent me the specimen, collected
at Plummer’s Island, near Washington, by William
Palmer, on which this last record was based. It suggests
the conditions under which proliferation may take place.
It was collected on April 23. The proliferous fronds are
more or less yellowed and obviously must have lasted
through the winter from the previous season. Under
these circumstances fern stipes usually become weakened,
especially if there has been any weight of leaves or snow
upon them, and the blades, though still living, are bent
down, often so much as to lie flat on the ground. It
would seem altogether probable that lateral proliferation
would most readily develop under such conditions and
that the spring is the time to look for it—C.
Weartuersy, Gray Herbarium.
Hart’s-tongur Diviston.—The winter of 1940-41 was a
severe one for my Hart’s-tongues; many died and others
were greatly weakened. By midsummer most of the lat-
ter had recovered to about one-half normal size and on
close inspection I found that nearly all such plants had
““divided’’ crowns. The division had progressed to such
an extent that with a little care I was able to separate the
parts by hand and pot them satisfactorily ; they appear
how to be growing nicely.
Some of these ferns are ten years old. Are these side
growths due to winter-kill of the fronds, and a subse-
quent growth from the roots? Or do plants of this age
normally put out new crowns from the old one? This
IS a new experience to me, and I should be glad to have
opinions from JouRNAL readers. Mainly the plants in
question are our native fern, but even some of English
tienen es eee ‘
* Maxon, Bot. Gaz. 30: 413. 1900.
26 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
stock acted in a like manner, there being in some cases
two offshoots from the main crown—-M. R. SHARPE,
Uxbridge, Mass.
A First Arizona Recorp or BOTRYCHIUM MULTI-
ripuM.—A fourth species of Botrychium, B. multifidum
(Gmel.) Rupr. subsp. Coultert (Underw.) Clausen, can
now be added to the known flora of Arizona as a result of
a recent collection by Mr. Leslie N. Goodding, who has
made many interesting discoveries of southwestern ferns
and seed plants. In his monograph of the Ophioglossa-
ceae, Clausen’ listed only two species of this genus from
Arizona, B. lunaria (L.) Sw. and B. virginianum (L.)
Sw. I found B. lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angstr. in
1938,” and Mr. Goodding has kindly given me permission
to report his addition. Each of the four species is known
within Arizona from only a single locality.
The specimens of Botrychium multifidum subsp. Coul-
teri (Underw.) Clausen (B. Coultert Underw.) were col-
lected by Leslie N. Goodding and William Schroeder, No.
340-41, Sept. 17, 1941, at Diamond Creek Beaver Dams
in the White Mountains on the Fort Apache Indian
Reservation. This locality, elevation about 8,000 ft., is in
Apache County, eastern Arizona, between 15 and 20 miles
northeast of the town of White River. The vegetation
here is a grassy flat or upland meadow near the upper
limit of the ponderosa pine zone. Dr. R. T. Clausen has
kindly verified my determination. Specimens have been
deposited in the United States National Herbarium and
the herbaria of Cornell Usiveraiy and the University of
Arizona.
According to Clausen’s monograph Botrychium multi-
fidum subsp. Coulteri has been recorded from seven
1 Clausen, Robert T. A monograph of the Ophioglossaceae. Mem.
ety Bot. Club. 19: 1-177. illus. 1938.
ittle. bert L., Jr. chium laneceolatum in Arizona.
pon Fern Journ, 29: 36-37. 1939.
SHorter Nores be
States: Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Washington, Oregon,
California, and Colorado. It is characteristic of geyser
formations and grassy meadows. The Arizona collection
represents a considerable extension of range (about 500
miles) from the nearest known stations of this species in
Colorado and California, and is also the southernmost
record of the species in North America— ELBERT
Litre, Jr., Tucson, Arizona.
Braun’s Houuy-rern In PENNSYLVANIA.—For over a
half-century the only known locality for Braun’s Holly-
fern (Polystichum Braunii var. Purshii) in Pennsyl-
vania was in the southern part of Sullivan County and
adjacent territory. Eight years ago the writer found
two new localities in northern Wayne County. Only
about a dozen plants remain in one. In the other the
number is gradually diminishing on account of recent
lumbering operations, for with the sunlight admitted
there has sprung up rank growth that is gradually chok-
ing the life out of the 40 to 60 plants.
Something over a year ago there was discovered an
extensive growth of this fern in the southern part of
Wayne County. There is small probability that this spot
will be disturbed for many years, as it is off the main
highway and on ground of no value for grazing or till-
ing. The large number of young plants indicates also
that reproduction is taking place here at a good rate.—
V. L. Drx, Morrisville, Pa.
Brewnate Curisrmas Ferns.—In a given locality in
the Eastern states, you are lucky if you can find as many
as 75 distinctive fern forms. This may be the reason
why many trivial forms have been described by well-
Meaning fern lovers who have studied their local ferns
So thoroughly that the slightest abnormality seems im-
rtant. Be that as it may, I have found a colony, 30
Strong, of a very distinctive form of the Christmas fern
28 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
which is so ‘‘incisum’’ that each pinna looks like a dwarf
frond. The fronds are for the most part completely bi-
pinnate, some of the sterile pinnules even having auricles.
The fertile pinnae are contracted, and all but the upper-
most of these are bipinnate too.
This colony was discovered in November, 1937, and
the plants were so odd that one of the band of nature-
lovers to whom I showed them thought they were hy-
brids between the Christmas Fern and the Spinulose
Wood-fern growing near by. No such luck! They are
merely mutants of the common Christmas Fern, which
grows abundantly near the spot—two and one-half miles
northwest of Tyson’s Crossroads, near Difficult Run,
Fairfax Co., Va.—where I found them. The bipinnate
plants are confined to an area no more than 15 feet across,
among little gulleys at the head of a small stream.
Unlike some forms of the Christmas Fern, these plants
do not change their cutting after transplanting. The
colony hasn’t altered for five years. This year, when
Carroll E. Wood, Jr., and I visited the stand, we counted
at least 30 plants, about 20 of which were of the ex-
tremely cut form. Intermediates found were interesting,
because the deeply cut pinnae irregularly alternate with
almost entire ones.
Such forms of the Christmas Fern have been found
before in Fairfax Co., Va. There are specimens in the
National Herbarium which Dr. Maxon obtained in July,
1916, in woods near the Potomae River opposite High
Island, that are similar in every way to mine. There is
also a very remarkable plant collected by William Pal-
mer in July, 1885, at Little Pimmit Run, not far distant,
that has three perfectly normal fronds and one com-
pletely bipinnate frond.
Blade bipinnate.
Blade fragrant..
Pinnae tapering,
Yihare . S —~
short Bet tip.
Larger pinnules
tego § oblong
oblong- ovate,
ee overlapping
at base.
HYBRID (A SINGLE
PLANT: PLATE 8;
PLATE 9, FIG. 2.)
sai with 5 vas-
ar bundles
ae with es
ae abou
Upper part of
blade tapering
sae tripinnate-
natifid at
base, bipinnate-
pinnatifid above.
Blade not ie
pS eld obse’
on).
a_ short pre
tip.
Larger pinn
e
state, no
in either parent).
D. SPINULOSA VAR.
Stipe with 5 vascu-
lar bundles.
Blade usually
twice as long as
broad.
Upper part of
blade tapering
abruptly to an
elongate tip.
Blade bipinnate-
pinnatifid or tri-
pinnate at base,
bipinnate- pin-
natifid above.
Blade not fra-
grant.
Pinnae usually
tapering rather
abruptly, some
times nly,
ovate-lanceolate,
not overlapping
at base
A New Dryopteris Hyprip 83
Inner lower pin-
n 0
nm
©
io]
ro)
at
adjacent ones.
Teeth blunt and
rounded.
Seales toothed.
Glands with a
Indusium sparsely
glandular on the
nearly
always glabrous
on the surface.
geend indusia at
widest
Inner lower pin-
nules of basal
pinnae approxi-
mately. as long
as the adjacent
8.
Teeth mostly
males but not
spine- tippe ed.
Scales mostly en-
ire, a few
slightly toothed.
Glands with a long
slender stalk and
a small whitish
or brown head.
Indusium usually
us
r only sparsely
glandolar on the
urfae
Larger indusia at
their w widest di-
eet mage pin-
of basal
cen
Teeth spine-tipped.
Seales entire. |
Glands with a long
slender stalk and
a small whitish
or brown head
Indusium densely
andu
on the sur-
Larger indusia at
their widest di-
mensions 0.6-0.7
(-9.8) mm
Wisag ee
the ial and the upper and lower surfaces of the blade of
of both
Foray rc ris glandular, within the limits of variation
specie
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 32, Puate 8
PLATE 8 Bhd RIS FR han ANS var. REMOTIUSCULA * pacha eee a
INTERMEDIA: Fie. 1, frond, Fig. 2, tip of a pinna, x 3; FIG. %, P at"
K6. All from the es specimen,
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL ; VoLUME 32, PLATE 9
bake, 1
fits 8 HES?
ear ae fore
ay
PLate 9.—Fia. 1, DRYOPTERIS FRAGRANS var. REMOTIUSCULA: pinnule, x 12, and indu
sium,
% 35; FIG. 2, D. FRAGRANS var. REMOTIUSCULA X SPINULOSA var. INTERMEDIA: pinnule, x 6, and
indusium, x35 (both from the type specimen); FIG. 3, OPTERIS SPINULOSA var. INTER-
MEDIA; pinnule, x 6, and indusium (glands on the upper surface not included), x 35.
86 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
A Rare Selaginella from Northeastern Nevada
A. H. HoumMeren
An interesting and rare Selaginella was collected in the
Ruby Mountains of northeastern Nevada last summer.
Mr. C. V. Morton has studied the plant and verified the
identification as Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link.
The plants form a mat with slender, branching, pros-
trate-creeping sterile branches and slightly thicker, w1-
branched; erect fertile branches. Leaves in six ranks,
lanceolate, acute, spreading, spinulose-ciliate on each side
of leaf. Spikes erect with lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate
oblique sporophylls having 4—5 spinulose cilia on each
side, 3.0-+4.0 mm. long. Microsporangia few, confined to
tip of the spike; microspores yellow with ca. 25 spines
averaging 7 in length, the spores (including spines)
45 in diameter. Megasporangia more numerous; mega
spores pale yellow to nearly white, subglobose, 0.5-0.6
mm. in diameter ; exine mostly smooth with minute reticu-
- lations on apical and basal portions.
The nearly smooth megaspores are of considerable
interest as typical European material has strongly
tuberculate-papillose megaspores, at least on the comms:
sural faces. ‘
The distribution of this species, as given by Broun ™
his ‘Index to North American Ferns,’’ is as follows:
‘‘Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Hampshire,
New York, the Great Lakes region, and Idaho; reported
from Colorado.’? Dr. William R. Maxon has reported t
me that there were only three specimens of S. selaginoides
from the western United States in the U. 8. Nation
Herbarium: Grand Marais, Minn., F. F. Wood, June 26,
1891; Yellowstone National Park, EZ. A. Mearns, agate
3704, September 4, 1902; Fork Lake, Sublette County:
Wyoming, E. B. & L. B. Payson, No. 4403, July 21, 1925;
and now a duplicate of the northeastern Nevada collec
An Unusuat BotrycHium 87
tion, which bears the following data: Rare in wet boggy
soil along stream-bank, 3 mile above the Thomas Canyon
Camp, } mile above old fence crossing creek, Thomas
Canyon, Ruby Mountains, Elko County, Nevada, A. H.
Holmgren, No. 1858, alt. about 8,500 ft., August 21, 1941.
This collection is also on deposit at the Intermountain
Herbarium. These records add Wyoming and Nevada
to the distribution as outlined by Broun.
INTERMOUNTAIN HERBARIUM,
Urtan Stare AcricuLTuRAL COLLEGE,
Loean, Uran.
An Unusual Botrychium
M. A. CHRYSLER
During August 1941 the writer visited a station for
Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw. near the summit of Mt.
Ste. Anne (alt. about 1000 feet), Gaspé Sud, Quebec.
Ona erassy tract, gently sloping toward the south and
overlying calcareous rocks, protected from north winds
by a Spruce forest, grew a colony of the Moonwort.
Among the plants one strikingly atypical individual was
found. This is illustrated in the accompanying figure.
The usual fertile spike is present and in addition, in-
‘erted about 10 mm. higher, a pair of somewhat smaller
Spikes, followed by the sterile pinnae.
at specimens of this kind are not common in Ameri-
en herbaria is indicated by the writer’s failure to find
oo example in the U. 8. National Herbarium and in
© Britton Herbarium at the New York Botanical Gar-
he Photograph of the Gaspé plant was referred to
the bf Clausen, who furnished the interesting report
Res as a sheet m his herbarium shows, in 1937 he col-
ed an almost identical specimen from the same station
Personal letter, January 26, 1941). Such specimens do
88 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
not appear to have been figured, although Goebel* re-
ports having seen examples, and Luerssen’ lists this
condition in his series of 22 monstrous forms of B.
Lunaria.
Botrychium Lunaria, showing stig fertile spikes. Above ground
portion of plant measures 7.5 ine
To the writer the Gaspé specimen appears to be of
greater interest than the ones previously 1 illustrated
because it affords confirmation from an additional sub-
genus (most of the cases occur in subgenus Sceptridium)
1Sehenk, Handbuch 3: 112.
2 Rabenhorst’s Kevptoiraaen Flora 3: 660.
An Unusvuau BotrycHIuM 89
for the widely adopted explanation of the origin of the
fertile spike, namely from the fusion of the basal pair
of (fertile) pinnae. For in the present specimen the
second pair of pinnae are fertile although not fused, thus
appearing to represent one of the evolutionary stages.
In B. dissectum and closely related forms the strongest
evidence for the double nature of the normal fertile spike
is the presence of two vascular strands, each arising from
the C-shaped petiolar bundle in a position correspond-
ng to that of the single strands which supply each sterile
pinna.* The normal B. Lunaria likewise shows a double
vascular strand in the fertile spike, whereas a single
strand supplies each green pinna. With these observa-
Hons in mind the Gaspé specimen has been examined and
shows plainly a pair of bundles in the normal spike, but
a single bundle in each of the paired spikes. This is
obviously what was to be expected in case each of the
extra spikes is the equivalent of a pinna.
It would be desirable to determine the cause for ap-
pearance of such abnormalities. Variations in nutrition
are suggested by certain observations. Judging from
the occurrence of reversionary features in conifers, fol-
lowing wounding, it is suggested that trampling by graz-
mg animals may be a stimulus in the case of Botrychium.
Is it possible that the numerous tourists who have climbed
Mt. Ste. Anne during recent years have anything to do
with the matter ?
The writer would be glad to hear from members of the
Fern Society concerning other cases of additional spikes
In Botrychium.
UTGERS UNIversIry,
New Brunswick, New JERSEY.
PORES ae
* Chrysler, Ann. Bot. 24: 1-18. 1910.
90 AMERICAN F'ERN JOURNAL
Annotations on West American Ferns—IlI
JosEPH Ewan
The present paper treats of the systematic status of the
xerophytie endemic Californian Notholaena californica
and the mesophytic widespread Pacific Coast Polystichum
munitum.
It is a pleasure to acknowledge the excellent workman-
ship of the Berkeley photographer, W. C. Matthews, and
his able assistant, Victor Duran, in the preparation: -of the
accompanying plate, and of the Graduate Council of this
University for making possible its publication. Miss
Ruth Sanderson of the Gray Herbarium and Miss Edith
M. Vincent of Field Museum have generously assisted 10
providing descriptions of ferns from books not available
- locally.
NoTHOLAENA CALIFORNICA
THOLAENA CALIFORNICA D. C. Eaton, Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club 10: 27. 1883. Based on a collection by (Miss)
Annie L. Burbeck in 1876, from Spring Valley, 5a”
Diego Co., Calif. Type in Eaton Herb., Yale Univ. AS
noted by Maxon? this binomial included two entities, the
southern California fern here described and a chiefly
Mexican species, N. neglecta Maxon. It seems wholly
justified to consider N. californica a valid name for the
reasons advanced by Maxon, rather than reject it as #
nomen confusum.
Notholaena candida sensu D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. A™
2: 1879, in part, as to the ‘‘smaller form with minute
rounded segments, and yellow or yellowish-white pow-
der.’’ The Burbeck collection is the basis of this chat
acterization. Not N. candida Hook.
1 Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17.: 603. 1916.
ANNOTATIONS ON West AMERICAN FERNS—II 91
Notholaena sulphurea var. californica (D. C. Eaton)
Farwell, Am. Midl. Nat. 12: 283. 1931. Based on N. cali-
fornica D. C. Eaton.
Ferns suggestive of diminutive Pityrogramma trian-
gularis, but low, 8-12 em. high, more or less tufted upon
a chaffy short subglobose rhizome, the scales abundant,
acerose-acicular, dark brown or blackish, the stipes dark
red-brown, shining, rather Adiantum-like, 6-10 em. long,
a little paleaceous near the base, the scales dark brown
but white-margined ; fronds numerous, the blades deltoid
or, More precisely, broadly pentagonal, 3-4 em. wide, 2-5
em. long, bipinnatifid, all the pinnae approximate, the
ultimate segments closely but irregularly lobed to form
an intricate mosaic pattern, pruinose-puberulent and
olivaceous above, the sterile fronds sulphur-yellow be-
heath with a powdery epidermal wax, the soriferous ones
dark-brown, little if at all glandular; sori more or less
incompletely confluent.
Local, but rather easily passed over for the Gold-fern;
usually in semi-shaded crevices of decomposed granite
rocks, under boulders and rock ledges of the Upper and
Lower Sonoran Life Zones. Western arm of Colorado
Desert and on coastal slope of Peninsular Range from
Riverside Co., Calif., southward into Baja California,
Mexico, Isolated stations (suggesting geographic re-
liets) on Santa Catalina, Santa Margarita, and Cedros
islands, Slover Mt. near Colton, Victorville on Mohave
Desert, and three localities in Arizona.
Catirornia. Slover Mt. near Colton (a mecca for col-
lectors in the 1880 ’s and 1890’s as shown by May, 1882,
: E. Jones; Sept. 1882, Lemmon; Mar. 1886, Parish
Bros, ; May 1894, Parish ; and May 1901, Parish ; but prob-
ably now extinet here due to activity of the Portland
Cement Co.). Colorado Desert: Murray, Andreas, and
alm cany ons, near Palm Springs (several collections) ;
—
A MERIC
FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 32, PLATE 10
Pia. nm, Netholacna californica californioa, topotype 5 fie. bb, N. californica nigrescens, paratype; fig. «,
a, eerie, LETTER LS SELES SS SS en, tN, NR ge, (gn
ANNOTATIONS ON West AMERICAN Ferns—II 93
Borego Valley, alt. 2600 ft., 1931, F. M. Cota 139 (Ewan
Herb.) ; Mountain Springs.2 Mohave Desert: Victor-
ville.’ Peninsular Range: Near San Jacinto; Temescal
Canyon ;* Spring Valley, San Diego Co., Laura Kimball
(U. Cal. Herb., topotype, Pl. 10, fig. a); Sweetwater
Valley.®
Arizona. Hills 4 mi. n. w. of Congress Jet., about 3000
ft. alt., Yavapai Co. (Maxon, Le.); Tule Tank and
Tinajas Altas, Yuma Co.’
AJA CaLirorniIA. Ensenada; San Telmo; Los Angeles
Bay on Gulf of California.‘
Maxon has discussed® the relationships of this xero-
phytic Southwestern fern. Its affinities are with the
Mexican NV otholaena cretacea Liebm. of the Mesa Central,
and with N. neglecta Maxon, of the Sierra Madre Occi-
dental and its biologie northern extensions, the Huachuca
and Mule Mts. of southern Arizona. Lemmon’s Slover
Mt. specimens (in Ewan Herb.) are a mixture of true
N. californica and of N. neglecta. This mixture was
intimated by Lemmon when he added to the printed label
in his own hand ‘‘& Arizona. Sept. 1882.”’
NoTHOLAENA cALIForNIcA subsp. nigrescens Ewan,
subsp. nov. Based on Wheeler 87 8; sunny rock crevices
with Stylophyllum densiflorum, San Gabriel Canyon,
6 mi. from mouth, alt. 1000 ft., Los Angeles Co., Calif.
Type in Ewan Herb. at Univ. Colo.; isotype in L. C.
Wheeler Herb. at La Verne, California. Paratype: Rog-
(Ripe ee
? Maxon, Le.
ote and Johnston. This JourNAL 12: 108. 1923.
; a : ohnston, le. ; se
‘Kimball. ¢ ull. So. Calif. Acad. Sei. 17: 64. 1918.
* Maxon in Kes Pacahagihes owering Plants and Ferns of
Riles 41. re arney & Peebles, Flowering Plants a
* Maxon, : : oe
Renita “aa U.S. Nat. Herb. 17: 603. 1916. [Oceurs also in
.
94 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
ers Canyon, alt. 1000 ft., San Gabriel Mts., Wheeler 955
(Plate 10, fig. b).
Filix robustior et altior, 10-15 cm. alta, stipitibus
robustioribus, 6-10 em. longis, paleis paucis lanceolatis
acuminatisque, concoloribus, lucidis, fusco-castaneis;
foliis 5-8, laminis ovato-deltoideis, 3.5-4.5 em. latis et
4-6 cm. longis, basi tripinnatis, supra bipinnatisectis,
utrinque pinnatisectis; pinnis discretis, segmentis ultimis
lobulatis vel subintegerrimis sed variabilibus, supra
atro-olivaceis atque pruinoso-puberulentis, subtus fusco-
vel cinereo-olivaceis atque glandulosis; soris confluen-
tibus.
Ferns stouter, taller, 10-15 em. high, the stipes stouter,
6-10 em. long, sparingly paleaceous at the base, the scales
dark brown uniformly; leaves 5-8, the blades ovate-
deltoid, larger, 3.5-4.5 em. wide, 4-6 em. long, bipin-
natifid, the pinnae more distant, the ultimate segments
lobulate or subentire, now closely set, now more openly
disposed, dark olivaceous or ferrous, pruinose-puberulent
above, yellow when young and sterile, darkening when
soriferous to rusty black or ashy-olivaceous, sparingly
rusty-glandular beneath.
In rock crevices in full sun, sometimes of hot canyon
walls. Known only from the Upper Sonoran Life se
of San Gabriel Mts. of southern California where It
loeally plentiful.
‘This fern was first collected by George L. Moxley on @
cliff between Fish and San Gabriel canyons, alt. 850 ft.
May 30, 1923 (Moxley 1126) and reported by me in 1931.
In 1934 I reported Wheeler’s collections and commented
upon the convergent evolution, the parallel form
simulism (of Jepson), exhibited by this fern.” The
9 Am. Fern Journ. 21: 108.
10 Am. Fern Journ. 24: 4.
ANNOTATIONS ON West AMERICAN FERNs—II 95
Wright collection mentioned therein is properly N. cali-
fornica californica. In 1937 the author collected N. cali-
fornica nigrescens at the junction of West Fork with
North Fork of San Gabriel River, alt. 1700 ft., Ewan
10965, thus establishing its occurrence in a slightly dif-
ferent area of the San Gabriel Mts. There is no collection
of this subspecies among those listed by Maxon, the fern
in any of its phases being unknown at that time (1916) in
the San Gabriels. I have yet to see a collection of this
dark-fronded subspecies outside the San Gabriels, and it
seems that Notholaena californica nigrescens constitutes
another instance of the minor endemism already detected
for this interesting montane region.
NorHOLAENA caLIFORNICA forma accessita (Jepson)
Ewan, comb. nov. Based on Notholaena candida var.
accessita Jeps., Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 27. 1925, which in
turn was based on Jepson 8031, from upper Vallecito,
San Diego Co., Calif. Type (in Jepson Herb.) studied,
illustrated by Pl. 10, fig. e.
? Notholaena albida Prantl, Engler Bot. Jahrb. 3: 405.
1882, nomen nudum.
iffers from N. californica californica only in the
Plants possibly averaging smaller and in the nearly milk-
white fronds, the nerves dark.
Known only from the type collection. Immaturity of
the Plant is at once suggested by the type, but the delicate
little plants appear to be fully developed. Maxon, who
aS discussed the variability of Notholaena californica
(Le., 603), suggests that such variations in the amount of
“fraceous covering of the blades ‘‘may be correlated with
local or Seasonal conditions.’’ In any ease this pallid —
orm has no geographic significance. Although no speci-
mens of N. californica californica have been seen of a
Whitenesg comparable to Jepson’s type of forma accessita,
Plants nearly as pallid are included in the topotype col-
96 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
lection here illustrated (ef. Pl. 10, fig. a). The plants
from the vicinity of Palm Springs, along the western
margin of the Colorado Desert, which might be thought
to correspond in their characters with Vallecito speci-
mens, do not show any such pallor, but contrariwise are
dark olivaceous. More collections from the vicinity of
Vallecito and Montezuma Valley are desirable.
POLYSTICHUM MUNITUM
POLYSTICHUM MUNITUM (Kaulf.) Presl, Tent. Pterid.
83. 1836. Based on Aspidium munitum Kaulf. Enum.
Fil. 236. 1824, in turn based on a Chamisso collection
from ‘‘California,’’ probably taken in the vicinity of
Presidio, San Francisco, 1816, upon disembarking from
Rurik. Type not located, but tracing of isotype (Herb.
Berlin-Dahlem) kindly furnished by Dr. L. Diels shows
Kaulfuss’s material to be the well-known central and
northern California form of the species.
Nephrodium plumula Presl, Pl. Relig. Haenk. 1: 33.
1825. Based on a Thaddeus Haenke collection from
Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, 1791. Type not seen.
Pres] compared his species with Aspidium acrostichoides,
not with Aspidium munitum.
Polystichum plumula (Presl) Presl, Tent. Pterid. 83.
1836. Based on the last.
Dryopteris munita (Kaulf.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2:
813. 1891. Based on Aspidium munitum Kaulf.
Coarse but often princely evergreen fern arising from
strong, woody, suberect, very chaffy rhizomes crowded
into heavy stool-like tufts or clumps; fronds numerous,
sometimes 75-100, rather strictly ascending, mostly 60-
140 em. long, the stipes stout, mostly 8-30 (or even 60)
cm. long, these and the rachises conspicuously paleaceous
with large lanceolate chestnut-brown scales intermixed
with shorter linear-lanceolate ciliate scales; blades of
ANNOTATIONS ON WEst AMERICAN FERNS—II 97
fronds pinnate, lanceolate, rather shortly acuminate to a
slender subecaudate tip, dark lustrous green above, paler
beneath, 30-45 or even 100 em. long, 9-16 or even 25 em.
wide; pinnae evenly and closely set, very numerous,
sometimes over 70 pairs, alternate, narrowly lanceolate,
auriculate, now nearly straight, now faleate, pungently
toothed or incised, the teeth short, firm, bristle-tipped ;
sori 1-1.5 mm. wide, submarginal or confluent (especially
in sun forms), usually in 2 rows, sometimes in several
rows, the indusia subrotund, fringed, irregularly and
tardily deciduous. :
Common in damp woods of Sequoia sempervirens,
Picea, Thuja, Pseudotsuga, ete., chiefly of the coastal
Humid Transition Life Zone. Here it is an ‘‘indicator
species.’” Alaska, south to northern Idaho, northwestern
Montana, and along the Coast Ranges to Monterey Bay,
California.
British CoLuMBIA. Renfrew, V. IL. Rosendahl &
Brand 103; 1 mi. above Cameron Lake, V. I., Ewan
10545 ; Nanaimo, Ewan 10534.
Wasuineton. Grays Harbor Co.: w. of Quinault
Lake, Ewan 10504. Whatcom Co.: Mt. Baker trail,
Eggleston 21706. Columbia Co.: Blue Mts."
Ipano. Lake Coeur d’Alene, June 1892, G. B. Aiton;
no. fork Clearwater River, Epling & Houck 9424; Moose
Creek trail, alt. 3500 ft., Kirkwood & Severy 1695.
OREGON. Tillamook Co.: Neskowin, Ewan 10491.
Multonomah Co. - Council Crest, Portland, July 1926,
M.N. Ackley,
Cauirornta. Mendocino Co.: Navarro River, Ewan
i Ewan 9415; Tomales
t.
"! Piper, Fl. Wash. 81.
eee AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
berry Canyon, Ewan 7984, 9279. San Mateo Co.: bet.
Santa Cruz and Pescadero, 1929, Viola N. Poole. Santa
Cruz Co.: Big Basin, Aug. 22, 1926, Ewan. Placer Co.:
Dutch Flat, American River, Sept. 1929, Eliz. Flint.
Though the fern ranges north to Alaska according to
several authors, I have not seen an Alaskan collection.
The Vancouver Island specimens seen are very typical,
and upon the basis of other species demonstrating a
similar Pacific Coast range there is good likelihood that
the Alaskan plants are similar. Eaton writes that the
fern was first collected at Nootka Sound by Menzies, but
Haenke took it there the preceding year, that is, 1791,
during the Malaspina Expedition. Of the Pacific Coast
ferns, Polystichum munitum is the most familiar to the
layman, aside only from the Maidenhair. To those per-
sons frequenting the popular Redwood Highway of Cali-
fornia it is a familiar sight in a world of lush verdure.
For there the Pacific Sword-fern stands in magnificent
stools three to five feet high, not infrequently growing
from the tops of rotting Redwood stumps of long-cutover
groves. And to those persons who notice funereal de-
signs in florists’ windows, it is again a familiar back-
ground greenery there. Bales of this fern are brought
into the metropolitan cities for the florist trade.
The small roundish spots on the fronds of Oregon col-
lections of Polystichum munitum have been determined
by A. J. Mix as due to the fungus Taphrina Faulliana.”
Of Aspidium munitum it may be said that the likeli-
hood of Chamisso’s having taken the type collection at
the Presidio, San Francisco, is very good. Chamiss0
himself has described the original place of collection of
the several ferns and flowering plants taken at San Fran-,
cisco in the following words: ‘‘The presidio and mission
of San Francisco lie on this tongue of land [ie., 5a”
12 Mycologia 30: 573. 1938.
ANNOTATIONS ON West AMERICAN FERNS—II 99
Francisco peninsula], which, with its hills and downs,
was the narrow field which lay immediately open to our
researches. ’’!8
The Aspidium munitum of Sadler™ represents Poly-
stichum aculeatum var. 8 of Moore, Index Fil. 97. 1858
or Polystichum lobatum (Huds.) Pres] according to C.
Luerssen (Farnpfiz. in Rabenhorst, Kryptogamen-Flora
3: 332, 89
PoLysTICHUM MUNITUM subsp. curtum Ewan, subsp.
nov. Based on Ewan 5159 from Sawpit Canyon, alt.
4200 ft., San Bernardino Mts., Calif., growing beneath
Quercus chrysolepis in a shaded glen. Type in Ewan
Herb. at Univ. Colo. ; isotypes in Dudley Herb. and U. 8.
Nat. Herb. :
Rhizoma gracilius, foliis paucioribus, stipitibus 20-30
cm. longis, tenuioribus, supra stramineis et subepaleaceis,
basi manifeste paleaceis, paleis brunneis; laminis anguste
lanceolatis, regulariter acuminatis, 25-38 (raro 50) em.
longis, rhachibus ubique stramineis et subepaleaceis;
pinnis 30-40-jugis, infimis oblongo-lanceolatis, pinnis
Sterilibus apiece breve rotundo-apiculatis, manifeste
auriculatis, fertilibus lanceolatis acuminatis subauricu-
latisque.
Rhizomes less robust,- shorter, very chaffy; fronds
fewer, usually 15-30, weakly ascending, 40-80 em. long,
the stipes more slender, 20-30 em. long, densely pale-
aceous at base but sparingly so above, the rachises finely
and inconspicuously paleaceous, the scales of stipe at-
tenuate-lanceolate chestnut-brown, the supplementary
Subfiliform ciliate scales few; blades of fronds character-
istically tapering gradually to tip, 25-38 (rarely 50) em.
ong, 6-9 cm. wide, the pinnae fewer, usually 30-40 pairs,
oblong-lanceolate, the sterile pinnae shortly apiculate,
faleate, the fertile ones long-acuminate, often straight.
ee,
‘3 Chamisso in Kotzebue, A Vo: f Dise 3: 38. 1820.
aan yage of Diseovery 3:
“ De Filicibus veris Hungariae 34. 1830.
100 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
In well-drained decomposed granite soils of canyon
slopes in dappled shade of Quercus chrysolepis and
Pseudotsuga, in Upper Sonoran Life Zone. Santa Lucia
Mts., Monterey Co., Calif., to the San Bernardino and
Cuyamaca mountains, from 1500 to 8600 ft. (fide Munz
and Johnston), mostly below 4500 ft.
CaurrorniA. Monterey Co.: Arroyo Seco, Santa Lucia
Mts., Ewan 9022. Los Angeles Co.: Pasadena, Jones
3032; near Opids Camp, San Gabriel Mts., Ewan 1240; ©
Little Santa Anita Canyon, alt. 2700 ft., Hwan 1279; San
Antonio Canyon, C. F. Baker 3674. San Bernardino
Co.: Mill Creek, alt. 5400 ft., beneath Quercus Kellogg”,
Ewan 56; Dobbs Cabin, alt. 6200 ft., June 30, 1929, E. L.
Peterson. Riverside Co.: Lower Strawberry Valley, San
Jacinto Mts., alt. 5100 ft., Aug. 24, 1930, H. L. Peterson;
Box Sprs. Mts., below 1500 ft., Reed.* San Diego Co.:
Cuyamaca Mt., 1888, Ida Teed (UCLA Herb.).
I have not seen a Santa Cruz Island collection.** In-
deed, P. munitum munitum rather than P. munitum ~~
twm, may be expected to occur there. Thus Polypodium
Scouleri, characteristic of the mainland from Monterey
Bay northward, occurs on Santa Cruz Island, though not
known from the adjacent mainland.’* Typical Poly-
stichum munitum follows this mainland distribution
pattern.
PoLystTicHUM MUNITUM subsp. nudatum (D. C. Eaton)
Ewan, comb. nov. Based on Aspidium munitum vat.
nudatum D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. 1: 188. 1878, this
in turn based on a collection of Alphonso Wood, Nevada
Falls, Yosemite Valley, Calif., in 1866. Type in Eaton
Herb., Yale Univ.
Polystichum munitum var. nudatum Gilbert, List N.
Am. Pterid. 20. 1901
15 Muhlenbergia 5: 94.
1909.
16 Cf. Greene, Bull. Calif, Acad. os ot 415. > 1887.
17 Ewan. This Journat 21:
ANNOTATIONS ON West AMERICAN F'eRNS—II 101
Polystichum munitum forma nudatum (D. C. Eaton)
Broun, Index N. Am. Ferns 148. 1938. Based on A.
munitum var. nudatum D. C. Eaton.
Rhizome slender ; fronds few, practically wholly seale-
less, 30-40 em. long, the stipes very slender, 10-20 cm.
long, these and the rachises straw-colored; blades of
fronds ovate-lanceolate, evenly acuminate, 23-30 em.
long, 7-9 em. wide, the pinnae few, rather remote espe-
cially below, short, 3.5-4.0 em. long, deltoid-lanceolate,
rather indistinctly auriculate, the teeth closely appressed ;
Sori scant, scattered or in 2 interrupted rows.
Shaded rock crevices; usually highly local, in conifer-
ous woods of Transition Life Zone. Sierra Nevada from
Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co., Calif., from 4500 to 6700
feet altitude.
CALIFORNIA, Mariposa Co.: Yosemite, alt. 6000 ft.,
Lemmon ; Ledge Trail and along Wawona Road, Hall.’
Tulare Co. : Moro Rock, Sequoia Nat. Park, July 21, 1927,
H. A. Anderson (rachis finely paleaceous at middle and
Some imbrication of pinnae, therefore atypical but ap-
proaching this scaleless phase).
Polystichum munitum nudatum is well marked mor-
Phologically. In fact, Eaton wrote (l.c., 191) that it is
“so unlike the type of the species, that, if it had been
Sent from some other country than California, it would
not have been referred to this species.’’ This fern is
treated as a subspecies here because it has a natural geo-
Staphie range and does not seem to be a mere sporadic
form appearing over the whole range of Polystichum
munitum, —
PoLysticHum muNrtuM forma rMmBRicaNns (D. C.
Eaton) Clute, Fern Bull. 15: 124. 1907. Based on
spidium munitum var. imbricans D. C. Eaton, Ferns
N. Am. 1: 188. 1878, in turn based on a collection by
ee
18 Yosemite Flora 38. 1912.
102 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Mrs. R. M. Austin from Plumas Co., California, in
1877 (2), and a collection by Albert Kellogg from Red
Mt., Mendocino Co., Calif., the latter illustrated by
Eaton (le, pl. 25, right hand fig.). Published by
Eaton, same year, in Wheeler Surv. Rep. 6: 335. 7
Polystichum munitum var. imbricans (D. C. Eaton)
Maxon, Fern Bull. 8: 30. 1900. Based on A. munitum
var. imbricans D. C. Eaton.
Rhizome slender; fronds few, smaller, the stipes
densely chaffy at the base, the blades with elongated cus-
pidate tips, the rachises usually scaleless, the pinnae all
more or less closely imbricated, ascending.
Occasional over the whole range of the species, being
apparently a response to increased insolation, and grow-
ing in sunny rock crevices of exposed slopes. Vancouver
Island (fide Maxon) south to southern California. The
following are representative collections:
Wasuineton. Chelan Co.: Lake Wenatchee, J. W.-
Thompson 6798.
OrEeGoN. Wasco Co.: Mosier, J. W. Thompson 5152.
Cauirornia. Siskiyou Co.: Mt. Shasta, 7000 ft., Lem-
mon. Tulare Co.: Sequoia Nat. Park, July 1908, A.
Davidson 2091 (L. A. Mus. Herb.). Los Angeles Co.:
Deer Canyon, San Gabriel Mts., alt. 3200 ft., Wheeler
1444. San Diego Co.: Palomar Mts., alt. 5000 ft., Munz
8212.
‘‘Gradations’’ were noted for forma imbricans when
it. was proposed by Eaton and continue to be observ
and collected. Both typical shade plants of this fern
and the ‘‘sun form’’ oceur often in the same region.
Thus in the San Gabriels Polystichum munitum curtwm
grows on lightly shaded slopes, and forma imbricans 10
exposed places, with intermediate states (e.g. Ewan 4751,
Big Tujunga Canyon, San Gabriel Mts.) interspersed.
It would be a misuse of the term ‘‘subspecies’’ to refer
to this phase, an ecologic state, by that term.
ANNOTATIONS ON West AMERICAN FERNS—II 103
-PoLysticHuUM MUNITUM forma INCISO-SERRATUM (D. C.
Eaton) Clute, Fern Bull. 15: 124. 1907. Based on
Aspidium munitum var. inciso-serratum D. C. Eaton,
Ferns N. Am. 1: 188. 1878, in turn based on a Lyall
collection in 1860 and a collection of J. Macoun, both
from British Columbia.
Polystichum munitum var. inciso-serratum (D. C.
Eaton) Underw., Our Native Ferns ed. 6; 116, “1900.
Based on foregoing.
Like P. munitum munitum except the pinnae often
strongly auriculate, variously incised or serrate, the teeth
sharp, prominently bristle-tipped.
Occasional and sporadic over the range of the species,
Sometimes growing with typical clumps, but not known
from the range of P. munitum curtum or P. munitum
nudatum. Commonly the rachis is fuscous-paleaceous
with abundant dark, lance-acuminate, lacerate and cili-
ate scales, the stipes similarly thinly chaffy with large
deltoid-lanceolate scales. Representative collections:
: WasHINGTON. Beacon Hill, Seattle, J. W. Thompson |
180.
Cauirornia, Humboldt Co.: Prairie Creek n. of
Orick, Ewan 10768 (fronds to 150 em. long). Contra
Costa Co.: Wildcat Creek, Ewan 8628 (in part). San
Luis Obispo Co.: San Luis Obispo, July 1911, Thekla
Mohr (L. A. Mus. Herb.)—somewhat atypical and inter-
Mediate with P. munitum curtum.
Potysticnum LopatumxP. MmuNiTuM (Aspidiwm
Arendsii F. Wirtg. mss.) reported by Christ (Allg. Bot.
Zeitschr. 12:4. 1906).
Discussion
The coastal populations of the Pacific Sword-fern rep-
resent two recognizable subspecies, Polystichum munitum
tum, ranging north from the Monterey Bay of Cali-
fornia to Alaska, and Polystichum munitum curtum of
104 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
southern California from Monterey southward. These
two subspecies have a tension zone at Monterey Bay.
Some species which similarly have their northern limit
in the Santa Lucia Mountains of Monterey County are
Equisetum Funstonii, Bloomeria crocea, Calochortus im-
venustus, Cycladenia venusta, and Monardella macrantha.
The significant fact, then, that has again come to the
attention of the author is that there exists a clear floristic
pattern in the Coast Range flora of California. That is,
the part played by the geographic break in the outer more
moist Coast Range at Monterey Bay must be taken into
account with the floras taking on a different content
north and south of this embayment.
A second fact in floristics is the occurrence of a Coast
Range species-group in the Sierra Nevada at a point
about opposite the Golden Gate and extending southward
irregularly as far as Tulare County (e.g., Chlorogalum
pomeridianum). It is significant, I believe, that not only
angiosperms follow this floristic pattern but vascular
eryptogams as well. This suggests even greater signifi-
cance for this interesting distributional effect. The ge
logie history of the central Sierra Nevada must hold the
answer to this entertaining problem. More collections of
this Sierran subspecies Polystichum munitum nudatum
are most desirable, with full field notes. The two sub-
species curtum and nudatum have phytogeographic dis-
tinctness. Two forms, representing sporadic conceivably
mutant states appearing over nearly the whole range °
the species without geographic pattern, are forma imbrr-
cans and forma inciso-serratum. Application of the
transplant method with these two forms, and with the
subspecies as well, should bring to light further poimts
of interest relative to the systematics of the Pacific
Sword-fern.
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO,
Bou.per, CoLoRapo.
OPHIOGLOSSUM VULGATUM IN ALABAMA 105
Ophioglossum vulgatum on the Inner Coastal
lain of Alabama
Rosert T. CuAUsEN
A considerable colony of Ophioglossum vulgatum was
found on April 1, 1942, in a swampy woods about 5
kilometers east of Eutaw, at an elevation of 30 meters on
the inner Coastal Plain of Greene County, Alabama.
The plants were growing under Ulmus and Quercus and
were in various stages of development,—some just com-
ing up, others having the sterile blade fully expanded
and the fertile segment well developed, but the sporangia
still green, Twenty plants were collected by my wife
and me (R.7. & E.R.C. 5719) ; others were taken by R.
V. Moran and R. F. Thorne, who accompanied us. Speci-
mens are deposited in the herbaria of Cornell Univer-
sity and the University of Alabama. This seems to be
the first record of the species in Alabama, although I
have previously reported it from such nearby states as
Mississippi, Louisiana and Florida (Clausen, 1938).°
Of twenty-four specimens of the Alabama plants,
twenty-one have a basal sheath (remains of a previous
leaf or leaves) about the base of the leafstalk, and three
are broken off at the base and cannot be definitely checked
for this character. The sterile blades are various: lan-
ceolate-elliptical, ovate-elliptical, elliptical, and broadly
oblong. The sporangia are not mature, but they appear
as broad as long, not crowded and transversely oblong as
Fernald (1939) described the sporangia of his variety
Pycnostichum, typified by plants from the Coastal Plain
of Virginia. The Alabama plants are similar to certain
Specimens from Virginia in the shape of the sterile blade,
the persistence of the basal sheath, and their development
early in the season, but they also resemble (in presence
of basal Sheath, shape of blade, and sporangia) plants
106 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
from such diverse localities as Wethersfield, Hartford
Co., Conn., Chenango, Cortland, Tompkins, and Wayne
counties, N. Y., various localities in Europe, and other
places. For that reason no subspecifie name is indicated.
e characters available for the segregation of sub-
species in Ophioglossum vulgatum seem unsatisfactory.
This statement is made after studying over 555 lots of
specimens (that is, about 2000 herbarium sheets) of this
species from most parts of its range. The variations
appear only weakly correlated with geography and are
mostly distributed throughout the entire area occupied
by the species. They seem to lack the geographical, eco-
logical, or genetical isolation which would render them
significant as subspecies. Instead, they often occur to-
gether in the same region and in the same habitats and
because of their proximity, probably, are constantly aris-
ing and disappearing. Perhaps they are incipient races
and, as such, deserving varietal designation, but certainly
they are not yet of the status of subspecies.
The shape and size of the sporangia are not satisfac-
tory for separating subspecies, since they vary with the
age of the fertile segment. The sporangia become more
nearly globose as they approach maturity.
The presence or absence of a basal sheath depends 0”
the degree of weathering (rotting) of the leafstalk of the
previous season. This weathering is presumably influ-
enced by climate, moisture, and the nature of the soil.
In herbarium specimens the presence or absence of such
sheaths is possibly determined by the degree of washing
to which the plants have been subjected before pressins-
In discussing Ophioglossum vulgatum, Fernald (1939)
indicated that one of the characteristics of the plant of
the northeastern United States is its lack of a basal
sheath. In a random sample of 305 northeastern North
American specimens examined by me, 45 had a
OPHIOGLOSSUM VULGATUM IN ALABAMA 107
sheath, 72 lacked it, and 188 plants lacked basal parts.
In a similar survey of 158 European specimens, 44 had
a sheath, 19 did not, and the rest were without basal por-
tions. These figures indicate a definite tendency, yet it
seems reasonable to be cautious in using this character
for separating populations because of the factors which
may be responsible for the presence or absence of the
Sheath. In both Botrychium and Ophioglossum basal
Sheaths are present in varying degrees in many species;
but they seem of slight systematic value, since plants in
the same colony may vary widely in this respect. Occa-
sionally, as in Ophioglossum Aitchisonii, the basal por-
tions of many leaves persist and form a conspicuous
involuere which may be of greater taxonomic value.
Translucence of the sterile blade depends on age. In
early stages blades are usually opaque. Later they be-
come quite translucent, with the venation evident. The
var. alaskanum seems to have as its best character the
translucent blade, but in this and other characters it can
€ matched by plants from as far away as Syria, Ontario,
Scotland, and Scandinavia.
hape of sterile blade is not sufficient for subspecific
Segregation, since various leaf forms frequently occur in
the same habitat and the different types are rather widely
distributed over the whole range of the species. The
Alabama plants demonstrate the truth of this statement.
They tend to vary in the direction of Fernald’s var.
Pycnostichum, but many plants from central New York
do likewise. Probably all the varieties of Ophioglossum
_vulgatum (described from North America) occur in cen-
tral New York. There is not yet enough material from
Alabama to warrant a similar statement for there, but
the small suite of specimens available already indicates
that the population should be treated in the same species
108 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
(and subspecies) with plants from the northern part of
the country.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY,
IrHaca, New York.
LITERATURE CITED
CLauseN, R. T. 1938. A monograph of the Ophioglossaceae.
Mem. hg en pay 19: (2): 1-177.
FERNALD, M. ast survivors in the flora of tidewater
Virginia. ‘a 41: 465-504.
Shorter Notes
Go Stow on Eatine Fern Fiopneneaps.—Dr. Blake’s
article on the Ostrich Fern as an edible plant! could not
fail to remind me of the situation in respect to the West-
ern Bracken. Some years ago the scientists working at
one of the northwestern range experiment stations
thought they would try dried Bracken as a winter feed
for sheep. During the long winter these animals, kept
in well-closed pens, increased in weight on this diet, and
a bulletin was prepared, in which the data were pre
sented and this plant was recommended to western stock
raisers. The bulletin did not reach the stage of publi-
cation before spring; fortunately so, for when the ani-
mals whieh had been fed on the fern were turned out
into the sunlight, they developed severe hemorrhages and
died.
So, when inquiries come in as to the use of this oF
that fern as food, my advice is always, to go slow.
Bracken—at least some subspecies—contains light- sensi-
tive toxins. The rhizomes of several species of DryoP-
teris (Eudryopteris) are in the Pharmacopeia as 4
source of powerful drugs. The fronds of Cystopterts
fragilis and several other ferns are well known to chem
1 This JOURNAL 32: 61. 1942,
SHorter Notes 109
ists as containing glucosides which produce deadly
hydrogen cyanide on boiling. Recently Dr. : ‘
Hodgdon, of the University of New Hampshire, wrote
me of a case of cattle poisoning seemingly due to Onoclea
senstbilis.
If you must eat fiddleheads, be sure they are picked
by someone who knows one species from another, and
that no species that are generally poisonous, or to which
you have individual allergy, are included.—Epear T.
Wuerry, University of Pennsylvania.
ProLirerous Scorr’s SPLEENWoRT.—The recent note by
C. A. Weatherby? struck my faney because of the re-
mark in the last paragraph that lateral proliferation
might be most likely to occur in the spring. The reason
given is that the stipes become weakened during the win-
ter and lie flat on the ground. They may be partly
covered with a mulch of leaves and then, if in no other
Season, they are in contact with continuously moist soil.
The weakening of the stipes is easy to see in Dryopteris
marginalis and Polystichum acrostichoides, in which the
tissues are light green and pulpy. Late in the fall the
tissues a short distance from the rhizome turn brown and
become more or less disintegrated. Only the fibrovascu-
lar bundles remain entire and apparently functioning.
Probably similar changes take place in the dark, wiry
Stipes of Asplenium platyneuron and A. ebenoides. If
the changes do occur, this suggests an analogy between
the proliferation of A. ebenoides in the spring and the
8ardener’s method of ‘‘layering’’ for rooting woody
Shoots. The shoot is cut part-way through, the cut sur-
faces are twisted slightly apart, or else earth is put be-
tween them, so they will not grow together again, and the
cut is covered with earth. With the stipe as with the
POUR raga Oe
1 This JOURNAL 32: 23-95. 1942.
110 AMERICAN F'ERN JOURNAL
shoot there is maintained a partial connection with the
main part of the plant.
Asplenium platyneuron, one of the parents of A.
ebenoides, proliferates fairly often. Early in 1904 I
happened to turn up a prostrate frond on which was a
small plant springing from the rachis: Further search
brought to light perhaps a dozen more specimens. Hach
of the small plants was growing in the axil of a pinna,
just as a lateral shoot of a flowering plant grows from the
axil of a leaf. Most of the specimens were found during
the first week of July, when there was an unusually good
opportunity to examine a large number of plants.
Finding the first specimen was sufficiently exciting,
because no reference to it could at first be found. How-
ever, D. C. Eaton had not overlooked it, but described it
as var. proliferum.2. The name may be a convenience, but
the fern hardly deserves to be considered as a valid
variety, unless it is shown by extensive observations for a
number of years that some plants regularly and con-
sistently proliferate, while other plants growing under
the same conditions do not. It seems safe to predict, oF
merely to suggest, that proliferation would be found to
be more or less accidental, and not a character possess
by some plants and not by others.
Within the past few years a number of chemicals that
stimulate the rooting of cuttings of flowering plants have
been discovered, and some of them can be bought of seeds-
men. According to the literature that comes with one of
these chemicals it will almost grow roots on a dead stick,
but in my hands it has given no clear evidence of any
ability to root various kinds of cuttings. In spite of this.
it was given a chance to show whether it would cause prO-
liferation of the rachises of A. platyneuron, Dryopter's
marginalis, and D. cristata, while duplicate rachises not
2 Bull. Torrey Club 6: 307. 1879.
SHorTER NOTES iy
treated with it did not proliferate. The rachises were
pinned down on the surface of a mixture of fine peat and
sand in equal volumes. Those in one of the two fern pans
filled with this mixture were liberally sprinkled with the
chemical, while those in the other pan were not so treated.
To avoid accidental contamination, the untreated rachises
were planted first, and their pan was kept several feet
from the other pan. To lessen evaporation from the
pinnae, which had been cut off to a length of one-half inch
or less, each pan was covered with a pane of glass sup-
ported an eighth of an inch above the rim by small
Sticks. The pans stood in saucers kept filled with water,
= were put where they got sunlight only part of the
ay.
The cuttings of the two species of Dryopteris did not
Stay green longer than two or three weeks, and by that
time those of the Asplenium were turning brown. It was
realized at the start that the experiment was faulty be-
Cause there were too few rachises, and they were handi-
Capped by having been cut from the parent plants and
by being kept under unnatural conditions. Perhaps
Bomie member who is interested and has the opportunity
will experiment with a large number of undisturbed
plants outdoors, making sure that whatever chemical is
used cannot be washed by rain to the untreated plants
under observation—C. E, Waters, Washington, D. C.
_ Lxcoroprum sapivanrouium IN PENNSYLVANIA.—Early
im July, 1941, Mr. Richard C. Harlow observed on his
Property a mile south of South Sterling, in Wayne
ood » Pennsylvania, a Lycopodium which he could not
entity ; and a specimen he sent me at that time re-
Mamed unnamed. On August 3rd, 1942, an opportu-
nity came to search for fruiting material, and its identity
Was then established as the boreal Lycopodium sabinae-
112 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
folium, occurring far south of its previously known
range. The plant forms a patch several meters in diame-
ter, intermingled with L. clavatum and L. tristachyum.
Its rootstocks are shallowly seated in mediacid humus,
from which they locally emerge, as in L. flabelliforme.
Its foliage is deep green and not glaucous.
Several varieties have been segregated from L. sabinae-
folium, but the original plant of Willdenow' has not re-
ceived a varietal name. To have a means of referring
to it without cireumlocution I hereby propose that it be
known as var. typicum, nomen novum.
This entity is characterized by having a bushy habit
with ascending branches, the sterile 10 to 15 cm. long,
and the fertile more or less exserted ; its ascending leaves
are mostly 4-ranked, with those of the lower rank short-
ened; its peduncles are usually well-developed, ranging
from 1 to 5 em. long, simple or sparingly fureate and in
groups of 3 to 9 per primary branch. Segregates com-
prise var. patens Vict., with the branches and lateral
leaves spreading; var. sharonense Blake, with likewise
spreading branches but peduncles 6 to 8 em. long; and
var. superfertile Vict., compact-tufted, with fureate
peduncles in groups of 10 or more per primary branch.
The Pennsylvania plant proves to belong to var. typicwm.
A related clubmoss, L. sitehense Rupr., has been classed
by Fernald as still another variety of L. sabinaefolium
on the ground that its supposed diagnostic characters of
five-ranked leaves of uniform length and short peduncles
are not correlated. In the field, however, the two have
a dissimilar aspect, L. sitchense being much more glau-
cous and dwarfed, with the fertile branches little ex
serted. If, instead of peduncle-length alone, the com
bined length of peduncle and exserted supporting pranch
is considered, the two are usually separable.
1Sp. Pl. 5: 20. 1810.
Recent Fern LItTerRATURE 113
Lycopodium sabinaefolium is generally recognized to
range in eastern North America south to Michigan, New
York, and Maine. In the 7th edition of Gray’s Manual
it is reported from Staten Island, but was presumably
misidentified there. House in the Annotated List of
New York plants records var. sitchense from Mt. Marcy
in the Adirondacks and var. sharonense from Hinkley,
Herkimer County. The latter place lies nearly 150
miles north of the Pennsylvania locality, which thus rep-
resents a considerable range-extension southward. It is
interesting to note that the north slope of the Poconos
carries other disjunct limiting colonies of northern
Plants, such as Botrychium multifidum var. typicum and
Lycopodium complanatum.
The find here announced came too late for inclusion
in my recent list of the ferns of Pennsylvania or in the
Second edition of ‘‘Guide to Eastern Ferns.’’—Epear T.
Wuerry, University of Pennsylvania.
Recent Fern Literature
Dr. R. M. Tryon, Jr., has published' a revision of the
genus Pteridiwm, Bracken. The last previous mono-
sraphie treatment of the group was by Agardh in 1839;
he recognized eight species. Contemporary and later
authors did not accept his views and bracken was regu-
larly cited as an example of a cosmopolitan species.
Recent authors, however, though no one until Dr. Tryon
had given it comprehensive study, have been inclined to
break it up again. Christensen lists seven specific com-
binations under Pteridium, and Ching, in his recent re-
arrangement of the Polypodiaceae, allows the genus five
or SIX species,
Tienes ot
ae, ie R. M., Jr. Revision of the Genus Pteridium. Rhodora
+ 1-31, 37-67. pl. 650-653. 1941.
114 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
It is therefore as interesting as it is unexpected to find
Dr. Tryon, after thorough and detailed study, reverting
fully to the conservative view and treating all the brack-
ens of the world as members of one species, Pteridium
aquilinum. His conclusions are, however, well docu-
mented and work out rather prettily. He finds the
species far from uniform; it consists of a series of twelve
varieties in different parts of the world. Four occur in
the United States—var. latiusculum in the northeast,
var. pseudocaudatum and-var. caudatum in the south-
east, and var. pubescens in the west. Two give us ge0-
eraphic surprises. Var. latiusculum is found not only in
the familiar eastern-America-eastern-Asia range, but
through Eurasia to eastern Europe; and typical Pi.
aquilinum oceurs only in western Europe (except for an
area on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea) and
south through Africa to the Cape (Dr. Tryon is unable
to separate Pt. capense). It thus takes its place with
that element of the European flora which presumably
survived the glacial epoch at a few points in western and
southwestern Europe (or in this case, Africa) and has
spread north and east since.
Dr. Tryon’s paper is also interesting in its relation to
the current difference of opinion among American tax
onomists as to the use of the terms subspecies and variety.
His twelve varieties are all strictly geographic, each hav-
ing a distinctive range which does not greatly overlap
that of any other. In all but one case, to be noted later,
they cross and produce intermediates where their ranges
touch. They also fall into two larger groups, likewis¢
geographic, one mainly in the northern, the other in the
southern hemisphere. These major groups do not inter-
grade where their extreme members meet in Central
America and Florida; but they are connected by vat:
yarrabense, ranging from southeastern Asia to norther®
Recent Fern LITERATURE 115
Australia, intermediate in characters and intergrading
with both. It occupies a considerable area and cannot
be dismissed as a ‘‘hybrid swarm’’; it truly connects the
major groups.
The term subspecies is at present being used in three
ways. The first is the traditional European system.
Under it, Tryon’s major groups would be treated as sub-
Species, the minor ones as varieties on morphological
grounds and more or less regardless of the fact that both
grades are geographic. The second is that of du Rietz,
which uses geography alone as a criterion of subspecies
and variety—if a geroup has a distinctive range, it is a
subspecies ; if it is ‘‘local’’ within the range of the species
Proper, it is a variety. Under this system the lesser
sroups in Pteridium would have to be called subspecies
and since the major ones do not have the discontinuity
required of species, no place would be left. for them. The
third is taken from vertebrate zoology and uses only a
Single category, subspecies, below the species. Under it
no distinction of major and minor infraspecifie groups is
Possible. Tryon, wisely I think, chose the first as the
only one under which the scheme of classifiation can be
made to fit at all closely to the degrees of relationship in
nhature—C. A. WEATHERBY.
Dr. William R. Maxon has recently published’ an ac-
count of the ferns and fern allies of Arizona, which have
Not previously been treated as a unit. Seven families, 24
Senera, and 78 species are treated. There are no specific |
descriptions, but short generic diagnoses are given, as
Well as excellent keys to the genera and species.
There are no endemic Arizona species, but the follow-
Mg species are found in the United States only in Ari-
US. secamey & Peebles, Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona.
- Vept. Agric, Misc. Publ. 423: 24-45. 1942.
116 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
zona: Dryopteris patula var. Rossii, Ceterach Dalhousiae,
Asplenium exiguum, Cheilanthes pyramidalis var. art-
zonica, C. Pringlei, Notholaena Lemmonii, and N. neg-
lecta. Of these the Ceterach and Asplenium are espe-
cially interesting as examples of an extremely disjunct
distribution. These were both described from the Hima-
laya Mountains of Asia, and the plants from these two
widely separated regions are indistinguishable. The
Ceterach occurs also in a third area, Abyssinia, far dis-
tant from the other two. Among the rare ferns of Ari-
zona are Ophioglossum vulgatum, Botrychium vir-
ginianum, B. Lunaria, Dryopteris Linnaeana, Cystopteris
bulbifera, Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum,. Polystichum
Lonchitis, Cheilanthes alabamensis, Pellaea Suksdorfiana,
P. ternifolia, Azolla caroliniana, and Selaginella neomeat-
cana, all of which are known in Arizona from a single
locality only.—C.
Bro. Daniel of the Colegio de San José, Medellin,
Colombia, has published a list of the Colombian speci-
mens of Dryopteris, Blechnum, and Asplenium in the
two principal herbaria at Bogota which will be useful to
such as can read Spanish and wish data as to the distri-
bution of South American ferns. It is of especial interest
as recording the whereabouts and identity of some of the
historical collections of Triana, under whose supervision
Mettenius issued his list of the ferns of that country i2
1864-65, as part of a projected Flora of Colombia.
Bro. Daniel’s list? is accompanied by nomenclatural
notes and bits of general information. We learn from
it, for instance, that the widespread tropical species
Dryopteris paleacea is used, like its close relative, OUT
northern Male-fern, as a vermifuge. The author has,
Hermano. Los generos Dryopteris, Bede F As-
wien pe algunas colecciones Colombianas. Caldasia, no. 3, 33-
40.
Recent Fern LITERATURE 117
unfortunately, not had access to Maxon and Morton’s
recent revision of Dryopteris, subgenus Meniscum, and
his data as to that group cannot therefore be accepted
as accurate. And Doryopteris and Dryopteris are con-
fused to the extent of including a member of the former
(D. palmata) among the species of the latter —C.A.W.
Dr. E. T. Wherry, a former president of the American
Fern Society, has published an annotated list of the
pteridophytes of Pennsylvania.1 The paper contains
many distributional data and some taxonomic discussion.
The list includes 81 species, 48 varieties, 36 forms, and
13 hybrids occurring within Pennsylvania. Nomen-
clatural innovations are Botrychium obliquum f. con-
fusum Wherry (for a phase of B. dissectum var. obliquum
with the “margins more or less distinctly dentate’’),
Athyrium asplenioides var. subtripinnatum (Butt.)
Wherry, Asplenium platyneuron var. Hortonae (Dav.)
Wherry, A. Ruta-muraria var. ohionis (Fern.) Wherry,
« Dryopteris Slossonae (Hahne) Wherry for the hybrid
between D. cristata and D. marginalis, Currania Dryop-
feris (L.) Wherry for Dryopteris disjuncta (Rupr.)
Morton, and 0. Robertiana (Hoffm.) Wherry for D.
Robertiana (Hoffm.) C. Chr. The combination As-
plenium Ruta-muraria var. cryptolepis, made previously
by Massey without bibliographical citation, was later
validated by Christensen and again by Broun in his In-
*x. The International Rules of Botanical Nomen-
clature, edition 3, seem to require only the citation of
ee Previous description of a group to validate the pub-
“ation of a new combination. Articles 37 and 44 deal
oY with this detail.
n 4 . .
—___*‘T eight species Wherry has given nomenclatural
Piles E lvania.
B “ity, E. T. The ferns and lycosphens of Pennsylvania.
Mtonia 21: 11-37. 1940-1941 [1942].
118 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
standing to epithets designating the typical element of
the species. To the reviewer, this practice, increasingly
frequent among current writers, seems contrary to the
wording of the rules, Article 30, Recommendation
XVIII. Under Botrychium multifidum, Wherry desig-
nates the typical element of the species as ‘‘var. typicum
(Clausen) Wherry.’? Yet when I originally used ‘‘ssp-
typicum’’ under B. multifidum, I employed it in a paren-
thetical sense and by no means intended to have my own
name written after the typicum. There is no type desig-
nated by me and the fate of typicum (whether as SsPp.>
var., or form) depends on the type or description of
Gmelin’s Osmunda multifida, not on the interpretations
of Wherry or myself. The ‘‘typicum’’ isa pibliographi-
cal device, rather than a taxonomic one. The Rules need
clarification on this detail. The above remarks are not
intended as criticism, but are made to draw attention to
a troublesome point. one
Wherry proposes the term ‘‘lyecosphen’’ for the primar
tive groups known previously as fern allies. These 1
clude the Psilotales, Equisetales, Lycopodiales, Selaginel-
lales, and Isoetales. This term may serve a useful pur-
pose, but it should not be forgotten that the old popular
term, pteridophytes, may still be used to designate both
the ferns and the lower groups.
In the introduction to the paper, the categories sub-
species, variety, and form are defined. In the treatment,
however, subspecies is not employed. The variations of
the Spinulose Shield-fern, which might be regarded as
good subspecies, are treated as full species. On the other
hand, the strongly geographical eastern American phase
of Polypodium vulgare is treated as a variety, as are e
American representative of the Wall-rue and the stroné
geographical races of Botrychium multifidum and B.
virginianum. These and other examples indicate the
Recent Fern LITERATURE 119
kind of difference of opinion which prevails regarding
the nomenclature of our eastern North American ferns.
In the distributional accounts, county records are par-
ticularly stressed. The details of distribution are care-
fully worked out and are evidently the result of much
diligent work. The whole paper is a major contribution
to fern literature and will be a classic on the pterido-
phytes of Pennsylvania—Rosert T. CLAUSEN.
Sister Teresita Kittell has published? an account of the
ferns and fern allies of Arizona and New Mexico. A total
of 8 families, 26 genera, and 96 species are recognized
from the area. Brief descriptions of the families are
given, but no generic or specific descriptions. Keys are
Provided for the genera and species.
Perhaps the most serious fault is the lack of definite
Statements as to range and abundance within the area
treated. Ten species are reported from Arizona which
sas not given in the recent treatment of the ferns of
Arizona by Maxon. These are Polystichum mohrioides
var. scopulinum, Cheilanthes horridula, C. microphylla,
Asplenium vespertinum, Pellaea microphylla, Notholaena
Fendleri, Adiantum Jordanii, Selaginella lepidophylla,
Azolla filiculoides, and Equisetum Funstonu. The first
eight of these are perhaps reported on the authority of
Broun, who includes Arizona within the ranges of these
Species. They were excluded by Dr. Maxon in the absence
of specimens, Notholaena Fendleri is apparently in-
cluded on the basis of an old specimen collected by Ed-
ae Palmer and labeled Arizona or New Mexico. Since
this Species is well known in New Mexico and has never
alte been found in Arizona, it seems reasonable that this
Catac Tidestrom and Kittell, A Flora of —- and New Mexico.
€ i . . .
olie Uniy Press, Washin.
" on, D. C
2 Index to No. Amer. fen 1938.
120 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
specimen was collected in New Mexico. Asplenium ves-
pertinum, Equisetum Funstonii, and Adiantum J ordanit
are Californian, occurring principally in the coast ranges.
Their occurrence in Arizona must be considered doubtful.
There is nothing inherently improbable in the occurrence
of Polystichum mohrioides var. scopulinum, Cheilanthes
horridula, C. microphylla, and Pellaea microphylla in
Arizona, but the reports should be substantiated by speci-
mens. Two species known to occur in Arizona are
omitted: Woodsia scopulina and Dryopteris Feei.—
Mr. Frank P. Mathews has published? an account *
the disease known among stock raisers as ‘‘ jimmies,
which is characterized by sudden seizures of severe
trembling which may be followed by death from respira-
tory paralysis, both of which are induced by exertion.
The disease is becoming a serious one, especially for sheeP
growers. The animals are apparently unaffected unti
forced to walk for some distance, either to water oF
corrals, when the mortality may be as high as 25 per cent.
Experiments have shown that the disease is due to graz
ing on a fern, Notholaena sinuata var. crenata. This fern
appears to be not unpalatable to sheep, at least in the
absence of more succulent vegetation. The toxic sub-
stance is at present unknown. The most interesting fea-
ture to botanists is that typical Notholaena sinuata does
not seem to be poisonous. This suggests the possibility
that the variety crenata may represent a distinct species,
as some field botanists have claimed—C. V. M
1 Mathews, Frank P. Fern poisoning in sheep, goats and eattle—
the so-called ‘‘ jimmies’? of the Trans-Pecos. Texas Agric. Expe
Station Bulletin 611 (1942).
2A yes i a et ieee
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meriran Fern Journal
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Ampvriran Fern Journal
Vou. 32 OcToBER—DECEMBER, 1942 No. 4
Edible Ferns
K. B. CopELanp
The following information was published several years
4g0, by Tomas Collado and myself, in the Philippine
Journal of Agriculture; but as this Journal probably
reaches no American especially interested in ferns its
_ Tepublication is invited. It is the only report of the
36,
y kno
: facyyglame 32, No.
testing of any ferns as crop plants.
The most important edible fern is Athyrium escu-
lentum,? used as greens throughout the Malayan and
adjacent regions, collected from wild plants, often mar-
eted, but never in quantity to satisfy the demand.
When the Philippines Economie Garden was established,
m 1932, we began at once a study of the domestication
of this plant. It forms large clumps, the fronds up to
*meter tall. The lower part of each frond matures com-
Pletely while the apex is still curled up, and the tip up
cg decimeter (4 inches) long is still juicy and tender.
“se tips are picked, cooked, and eaten. Grown from
“Pores, a plant must be two or three years old before it
Produces enough and big enough leaves to be worth col-
eeting. However, it gives rise to runners, which in turn
Produce plants of Some value after about six months.
ié native name of this fern is almost everywhere
Ped. Because this is the one of importance, its name
+a 887. 19
a el vy meee as Diplazium esculentum. Rear
of the JouRNAL, pages 81-120, plates was
ed September 30, 1942,] > Pp g Ps Pp. d
121
iZ2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
_ applies in a loose way to ferns in general, at least to
terrestrial ferns.
Our work on this species was never well finished.
From plot cultures it appeared that it could produce a
gross yield worth 2000 pesos a hectare,—say $400 an acre.
Its culture is easy and cheap, but the harvest is expel-
sive. Ata wage of fifty cents a day—a high wage in the
rural Philippines—harvesting might cost half of the
gross return. Obviously, it is work for women and chil-
dren in spare time. Even so, it is incomparably cheaper
than collecting from wild plants. And the market 1s
never satisfied, anywhere in the Malay region. In our
cultures, the plant was attacked by three insects, all con-
trollable by hand-picking, and by no fungus.
We turned aside from the Athyrium because Ceratop-
teris seemed more promising, and we did not feel able to
devote much attention to more than one fern. The ad-
vantage of the Ceratopteris is that, unlike almost all
ferns, it is an annual and ean therefore be propagated
and brought rapidly to maturity. In the Philippines 1t
seems to be eaten only in the Cagayan Valley in northern
Luzon, where it is gathered wild and sold in the markets
at one centavo for five young fronds. It was our prac
tice to sell by weight, at an approximately equivalent
price. The plant is common in open, wet places,
throughout the Malay region and to Madagascar, Japa”:
and New Guinea. It is eaten only here and there, as
Japan. Rumphius, who first described it, said it was
eaten by the Buginese and Macassarese (in Celebes), but
not by the Amboinese. We eall our plant C. siliquosé
(L.), and are not perfectly sure that this is correct. _
It presented itself to us, a single spontaneous plant
a nursery, the parent of all our cultures. We sowed the
spores on a seed-bed of mud, and in two months could
prick out sporelings for experimental plots. This trans
planting, from mud to mud, should yield a perfect stand,
EDIBLE FERNS 123
without the removal of any leaves. Easy as this tech-
nique is, we abandoned it, as soon as our first cultures
were mature, in favor of vegetative reproduction.
A dormant bud is borne in the axil of each pinna of
every frond of an adult plant. On occasional plants
these buds develop into little plants, even as the fronds
mature. If such little plants be used for propagation,
all the progeny behave in the same way. This fact hav-
ing been established, and such activity seeming to be
wasteful of the plants’ energy, we eliminated plants of
this sort from our cultures, as they appeared. Their
recurrence was interesting, because we believed our cul-
tures to be pure, in the sense that they had a single ances-
tor in the generation of our one original plant.
After the fronds of normal plants pass maturity they
die in the air, or they fall backward. If they fall into
mud, some of the buds begin to grow, and produce new
plants. To provide small plants in abundance we pre-
pared beds of almost liquid mud, perfectly flat, and
Placed side by side in them fronds just about mature,
their rachises half immersed, and presently had an effec-
tively unlimited supply of material for new beds. From
such beds the first plants are ready to be transplanted.
Mabout a month. From beds sown with spores the cor-
"sponding period is about 100 days. Thus, we saved
two months by the use of vegetative reproduction.
Plants produced in either way can be moved when 5 em.
tall, but the total attention to them is cheaper if they
are held in the first beds until 10 em. tall. A square
meter of seed-bed would yield 100 perfectly uniform
Plants at any time, and would do this twice a week over
4 long period.
Experience showed 30 by 30 centimeters to be a proper
‘Pacing in the field. We then planted in long beds of
our Tows, with a space of 50 cm. between the beds. This
Spacing Provides about 95,000 plants to the hectare. We
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
124
TOPTENIS
A PHILIPPINE SPECIMEN OF CERATOPTERIS.
(One-third natural size.)
EDIBLE FERNS 125
set out that many plants, but never had much more than
an acre in production at one time. Although germina-
tion occurs only on mud, established plants in the field
srow equally vigorously in mud and in shallow water.
Tn water, however, the erect stem is more disposed to
elongate, and this may be associated with shorter life.
arvesting consists in cutting the young tender fronds,
a centimeter above the base of the stipe. For home use
harvest may begin six weeks after transplanting; but for
the market it is better to wait a little longer, until each
Plant bears a number of fronds at least 30 em. tall in the
dry Season, 40 em. during the rains. In the latter season
fronds are not rarely 70 or 80 cm. tall. At first we har-
vested nearly a week after the rapid elongation of the
frond began, the length being 20 to 25 cm. The base is
then more tender than ordinary fresh asparagus, but
cannot be cut with a fork. As it developed that our
produce was’ used largely for salad, rather than for
sreens, we advanced the harvest two or three days, cut-
ting about 12m. The frond is then perfectly succulent
throughout ; the diameter at the base is about 1 em.
In preliminary experiments we had kept plants alive
for a full year. To keep the plants strong for a long
harvest, we tried removing one frond in three, alternate
fronds, and two out of three. The conclusion was that
under any conditions full vigor cannot be maintained for
much More than two months of harvest. As soon as any
“onsiderable number of plants lose their vigor, the cost
of harvest increases rapidly. It is not unlikely that the
fro Procedure would be the removal of every young
i. letting the harvest last as long as the old fronds
eep the plant active.
_ ile our figure for publication was that each plant
Mg Produce five fronds, our real belief is that eight may
U &xpected with confidence,—in the absence of disease.
“ing the figure five, the gross yield per hectare should
126 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
be worth 950 pesos. The corresponding cost is about 400
pesos, mostly for the harvest. We used old rice land,
and our gross and net returns were about three times
those usual with rice.
From the time that our first field cultures came into
bearing, we satisfied a steadily growing local demand.
Samples sent to Manila brought orders, and we were
shipping 10 or 20 kilos a day. Then we were gratified
by an order for 50 kilos. We did not fill it, and never
sent another frond to Manila. Just that suddenly, our
whole field was laid waste by a fungus disease. The
ensuing pathological study is not of interest to fern
lovers.
Ceratopteris siliquosa and C. pteridoides have recently
come into use in California aquaria. I have made pre-
liminary tests of both in a rice paddy near Chico. The
American species, C. pteridoides, is equally edible, and
offers promise because it is more succulent. It may no
be equally luxuriant on mud.
A really large number of ferns are eaten here and
there over the world. Helminthostachys, a relative of
Botrychium, comes onto Philippine markets for a brief
period every year. In the Garden, it produced seven
fronds in a year; but it offers no promise as a cultivated
plant. Dryopteris prolifera (pacong calabao) is some-
times marketed; it has no advantage over pacd, and 18
less palatable. All species of Athyriwm seem to be edi-
ble, but no other has the other advantages of A. escw-
lentum. A Pteridium was named Pteris esculenta, and
said to be an important source of food of Polynesians.
Our own bracken fills its rhizomes with starch by the end
of each season; but whoever tries to use it as his food
will get rid of a weed before he gets fat. Rector’s rhap-
sody on the ‘‘fiddle-neck’’ fern (Pteretis nodulosa) @
few years ago, in the Saturday Evening Post, has re-
cently been quoted in part by Dr. Blake.
Fern COLLECTION FROM CHIHUAHUA 127
A Fern Collection from Chihuahua
Irvine W. KnNosiocu
The pteridophytes discussed in this paper were col-
lected in the west-central part of the State of Chihuahua,
Mexico, during 1938-40. It appears that few fern col-
lectors have stopped long in Chihuahua, repelled perhaps
by the arid nature of the terrain as seen from car or train.
However, in the western part of the State rises the lofty
and beautiful Sierra Madre, pierced by innumerable deep
barraneas, and it is in this region that we find many
habitats suitable for ferns and their allies.
Collections were made at Mojarachic, Maguarichie, and
Reeuvichic, in the District of Rayon, and also at San
Juanito, District of Benito Juarez. A few ferns were
collected in the remarkable Barranca de Cobre, in Andres
del Rio District, a canyon well over 5000 ft. deep in one
Spot. The base camp was at Mojarachic, a town not far
South of Uriachic, at an altitude of 6900 ft.
yrus Guernsey Pringle penetrated Chihuahua as far
as San Antonio, and other collectors to San Juanito and
Creel. IT have not seen any plant records from Mojara-
chie, Reeuvichic, Maguarichiec, or the Barranca de Cobre,
and several of my records are extensions of range. These
are marked in the following list by asterisks. To the late
Arthur N. Leeds, to Dr. Wherry, Dr. Maxon, and Mr.
Morton thanks are due for determining many of the
ia and checking the range of the species. Speci-
ig awed most of the collections here recorded
in ih 8 Placed in the U. 8S. National Herbarium and
Philad la of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
this elphia. The numbers following the localities in
Paper are those on the author’s specimens,
128 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
SCHIZAEACEAE
ANEMIA ANTHRISCIFOLIA Schrad.
A stunted, sterile specimen collected on a dry talus
slope; doubtfully referred to this species.—Barranca de
Cobre, no. 7022.
POLYPODIACEAE
ELAPHOGLOSSUM PILosuM (H. & B.) Moore
The distribution of this species in Mexico is uncertain.
In western Chihuahua it grew on shaded, moist, north-
facing cliffs, with a soil reaction of 5.0.—Recuvichie, no.
5944; Mojarachic, nos. 5545, 5963.
*POLYPODIUM GUTTATUM Maxon
Known previously from the states of Zacatecas, Nuevo
Leon, Coahuila, Hidalgo, and San Luis Potosi. In our
region it grew in pine woods among rocks, with the soil
neutral (pH 7.0).—Mojarachic, nos. 5060, 5476, 5550,
595d.
Po.typoptuM HartwecianuM Hook. ?
Delicate, immature material, identified tentatively as
this species—Mojarachie, nos. 5549, 5957.
POLYPODIUM SUBPETIOLATUM Hook. :
Two collections are tentatively referred to this wide-
spread Mexican species, although they differ in mimor
details from typical material—Mojarachic, 10S. 5542,
5930.
*POLYPODIUM PoLyPopIOIDES (L.) Watt. var. ACICULARE
Weatherby ;
This variety is much commoner and more widely dis-
tributed in Mexico than the two other varieties know
from Mexico. It has not previously been recorded north
of Durango. In our region it grew in shaded arroy®
with a soil reaction of 4.0—Mojarachie, nos. 5543, 5977.
POLYPODIUM THYSSANOLEPIS A. Br.
This species extends from Texas to Arizona, throughout
Mexico, and well into South America, besides occurring m
FERN COLLECTION FROM CHIHUAHUA ies
the West Indies. I found it in shaded rock crevices with
a pH of 6.0-7.0—Receuvichie, no. 5945; Maguarichic, no.
5966.
*POLYPODIUM POLYLEPIS Roem.
Common in southern Mexico, but not previously known
north of San Luis Potosi and Guanajuato. I found it on
rocks in pine woods with a neutral soil reaction (pH
7.0) —Mojarachie, nos. 5475, 5544, 5951.
Potypopium aurEUmM Li. var. aAREoLATUM (H. B. K.)
Eaton
ig in shaded rock-crevices.—Mojarachiec, nos. 5043,
68.
Apiantum Capriuus-Veneris L.
A common pantropie species, collected previously in
Chihuahua by Pringle and by Edw. Palmer. I found
it on moist, perpendicular cliffs, where the soil had a pH
value of 8.0.—Recuvichic, nos. 5064, 5943; Mojarachie,
no. 5558; Barranca de Cobre, nos. 7012, 7013, 7016.
Apiantum Porrern Wikstr.
This species also is widely distributed in Mexico and
extends southward throughout South America. The roots
are tucked well under rocks in the beds of arroyos—
Reeuvichiec, nos. 5065, 5571, 5942; Mojarachic, nos. 5939,
5964; Barranca de Cobre, no. 7017.
Bommerta HISPIDA (Mett.) Underw. .
A common rock fern of Mexico and the southwestern
United States. I found it in rather dry shade, often as-
Soclated with Selaginella rupincola. The soil reaction
“ea from 7.0 to 8.0.—Mojarachie, nos. 5458, 5581,
Bowmerra Knosiocum Maxon
This recently described species is based on no. 6044,
™ Mojarachic, which is the only known collection.
HEILANTHES ANGusTIFoLIA H. B. K.
This species, listed as Pellaca angustifolia by Conzatti,
'S widespread in Mexico. In our region it grew profusely
130 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
on half-shaded, rocky slopes, with a soil reaction ranging
from very acid (pH 4.0) to neutral—Mojarachiec, nos.
5045, 5059, 5405, 5948, 5976.
*CHEILANTHES CUCULLANS Fée
This rather rare species has previously been known
only from southern Mexico, in Morelos, Puebla, and
Michoacén. Its favorite habitat is in half-shaded rock
erevices.—Maguarichic, no. 5933.
CHEILANTHES Eatonn Baker
Wiggins (1939) does not record this species from
Mexico, but Pringle collected it in Chihuahua, and Maxon
(1919a) knew it as ranging into Mexico as far south as
Puebla. It grows at Mojarachic in the same situations as
C. tomentosa and, in fact, was most often associated with
the latter. It grew in neutral soil—Mojarachic, no. 7069.
CHEILANTHES FARINOSA (Forsk.) Kaulf.
A widespread species found from Mexico to Peru, and
also in the Old World. Pringle collected it in Chihuahua
at Arroyo Ancho. It grew sparingly in the region here
studied, in moist, shaded arroyos, with a neutral soil re-
action.—Mojarachie, nos. 5046, 5547, 6026.
CHEILANTHES KauLrussi Kunze
An abundant species, ranging from Texas south to
Colombia. It prefers half-shaded rock crevices with @
neutral soil reaction.—Mojarachic, nos. 5404, 5975, 8001;
Barranca de Cobre, no. 7009.
CHEILANTHES LENDIGERA (Cav.) Swartz
This species ranges from southern Arizona to the Andes
of South America. It is not uncommon in Mexico a&
cording to Maxon (1939). It has been collected ™
Chihuahua by Pringle. I found it on moist, shaded talus
slopes with a neutral soil reaction—Mojarachic, 10°:
5068, 5069, 5469, 5931, 5970, 6007.
CHEILANTHES LEUcOPopA Link
A rather common species oceurring from Texas to
southern Mexico. Several collectors have found it ™
FERN COLLECTION FROM CHIHUAHUA 131
Chihuahua.—Mojarachie, no. 5950.
CHEILANTHES LINpDHEIMERI (J. Smith) Hook.
Found from Texas to Arizona and south to San Luis
Potosi and Durango. Pennell has collected it in Chihua-
hua. In our region it grew in half-shaded rock crevices
with a neutral soil reaction.—Mojarachie, no. 6030.
CHEILANTHES PYRAMIDALIS Fée ;
Pringle collected this fern in Mapula Canyon, Chihua-
hua. It is a common species in Mexico. I found it in
Shady rock crevices and on rocky slopes with a soil re-
action varying from pH 5.0 to 7.0—Mojarachic, nos.
5470, 5580, 5953.
*CHEILANTHES TOMENTOSA Link
West Virginia to Texas, extending into Mexico as far
South as San Luis Potosi. In our region it grew on shady
Slopes with a decided acid soil reaction of 5.0. Broun
hotes that in the United States this species grows in non-
caleareous soil eastward, but toward the southwest it
withstands alkaline conditions.—Recuvichiec, nos. 5066,
5952, 5946 ; Mojarachie, nos. 5471, 5972, 8004.
CHELANTHES Wriautn Hook.
Pringle collected this species in Chihuahua, and
Wiggins records it for the Sonoran desert. It grows only
as far south as Durango. At Mojarachie it occurs in ex-
Posed rock crevices with a soil reaction of 7.0 to 8.0.—
San Juanito, no. 5420 ; Mojarachiec, nos. 5048, 5579, 5980.
NoTHoLaENA AUREA (Poir.) Desv.
This very common xerophyte has usually been known
under the names N . bonariensis or N. ferruginea. It is
the most common of our ferns, growing abundantly on
*Y, exposed slopes. The soil reaction was 4.0.—Mojara-
chie, nos, 50.
OTHOLAENA CANDIDA (Mart. & Gal.) Hook.
° Wide-ranging Mexican species, extending north into
Texas and New Mexico. It grows locally in dry, exposed
132 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
situations, and ean be collected only in the rainy season.
—Maguarichie, nos. 5929, 6028; Barranca de Cobre, no.
7021
NOTHOLAENA GrRayI Davenp.
I was able to find but two plants of this species, which
is listed by Conzatti from Jalisco, Chihuahua, San Luis
Potosi, and Coahuila. It is found also in Sonora, and
extends across the Mexican border into the United States.
—Maguarichie, no. 7071.
NOTHOLAENA INCANA Presl
A common species in Mexico, which has usually been
known as N. nivea. It grew in dry, exposed rock crevices
with a neutral soil reaction—Maguarichic, no. 6027;
Mojarachie, nos. 5960, 5961, 6032, 8026.
OTHOLAENA LIMITANEA Maxon
This grows in dry, exposed rock crevices with a neutral
to slightly alkaline reaction (8.0). The first two numbers
cited belong to subsp. mexicana Maxon, which was based
on a Pringle collection from the Santa Eulalia Mountais,
Chihuahua.—Mojarachie, nos. 5401, 5582, 8027.
NOTHOLAENA sINUATA (Lag.) Kaulf.
This wide-ranging species is known from Oklahoma to
Chile. It is very common over much of its range. I
found it growing mostly in half-shaded rock crevices
with a neutral soil reaction—Maguarichie, nos. 2
5935; Mojarachie, nos. 5941, 9007.
NOTHOLAENA STANDLEYI Maxon
In assigning this name to the species described under
the preoceupied name N. Hookeri, Maxon (1915) noted
the range as from the southwestern United States t?
southern Mexico.—Maguarichie, no. 8300.
PELLAEA ALLOSUROIDES (Mett.) Hieron. :
This endemic Mexican species grew in exposed situ-
ations above arroyos. The soil reaction varied from 5.0
to 7.0.—Mojarachie, nos. 5579, 5981.
FERN COLLECTION FROM CHIHUAHUA 133
PELLARA sacirTata (Cav.) Link
A widespread species in Mexico, a synonym being P.
cordata (Cav.) J. Smith, not Fée. It grew sparingly in
our region and always in shaded oak woods in neutral soil.
—Mojarachic, nos. 5052, 5455, 5940, 5983.
PELLAEA TERNIFOLIA (Cay.) Link
Common throughout Mexico. It grows in our region in
rather exposed, dry places, usually at the base of rocks.—
Mojarachie, nos. 0042, 5058, 5489, 5567, 5570, 6002.
PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM (L.) Kuhn var. puBesceNs Underw.
This United States fern is not common in Mexico, being
own there only from Baja California, Chihuahua, and
Durango. In Chihuahua it grew on open slopes, under
pines, or along streams. It is an acid-loving fern, grow-
2 i soils with a reaction of 4.0.—Mojarachic, nos. 5548,
019.
ASPLENIUM EXIGuUM Bedd.
This Asiatic fern was recorded for Mexico by Hooker’
aS early as 1868 ; a synonym is A. Glenniei Baker, founded
on Mexican material. It grows from Arizona south to
San Luis Potosi. It is rare in our region, growing best
on shaded, moist banks. The pH of the soil was 5.0.—
Mojarachic, nos. 5540, 5932, 5962.
ASPLENIUM MoNANTHES L.
This highly variable, widespread spleenwort has been
found nearly throughout Mexico. In our region it grew
on thinly covered shaded rocks with a neutral soil reac-
Hon.—Mojarachic, nos. 5468, 5956, 6025, 8018.
ASPLENTUM PatMert Maxon
This species is well known in Chihuahua and many
other parts of Mexico (Maxon, 1921). In our region it
Srows in shaded rock crevices with a neutral soil reaction.
_ _J8uarichic, no. 5967; Mojarachic, no. 8002; Barranca
de Cobre, no, 7 008.
*
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VoLuME 32, Puate 11
‘eg t*
ter
a oS
A — ya: bt
ASPLENIUM PALMERI AT MAGUARICHIC.
FERN COLLECTION FROM CHIHUAHUA 135
ASPLENIUM RESILIENS Kunze
A widespread fern ranging from Pennsylvania to Peru.
At Mojarachic it grew in shaded crevices with a pH of
6.0. Broun (1938) gives its habitat as cliffs of limestone
and other calcareous rocks, which holds for the United
States (Wherry, 1920). It is evidently tolerant to slight
acidity in the climate of Chihuahua.—Moyjarachie, nos.
5055, 6010.
*ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES (Michx.) Desv.
This Lady-fern has been known heretofore chiefly in
the United States, from Massachusetts to Texas. It does
stow also sparingly in Mexico, and has been collected in
Durango. At Mojarachic its favorite habitat is under
overhanging rocks in arroyo beds where even in the dry
Season there may be some moisture. As with most of the
local Species, however, it dies down during the latter part
of the dry season. The pH value is neutral. In the
United States, Wherry (1921) found it tolerant of a wide
Tange of soil reaction —Mojarachie, nos. 8007, 8017.
PLAGIOGYRIA SEMICORDATA (Presl) Christ
Not common, and not previously known north of
Durango. The specimens probably belong to the form
described as P. arguta (Fée) Copel. It grows here in full
Sun in arroyos with a soil reaction of 5.0.—Mojarachie,
hos. 5051, 5947.
YOPTERIS PATULA (Sw.) Underw.
The small representative of the species found here
*esembles some material which has been identified by
Christensen with his variety Rossii, although it does not
“stee with his description very well. I found this on
Sunny banks along arroyos and in neutral soil—Mojara-
chie, nos, 5569, 5959, 5968, 6004, 6005.
Dryo; Feet C. Chr.
A well-known fern of Mexico, reaching Arizona and
Califo
ria. Locally it grows in moist shade, with its roots
136 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
always under rocks. The soil is neutral—Mojarachic,
nos. 5551, 5973, 6003 ; Barranca de Cobre, no. 7037.
DryYoprTeris PILOsA (Mart. & Gal.) C. Chr.
This species is not very common, but is found over a
wide area from Sonora and Chihuahua to Puebla and
Morelos. It is quite uncommon here with us. At Mojara-
chic it grows small and dwarf on dry rocks. At Creel it
was larger and more typical, growing under overhanging,
shaded rocks along a little stream.—Mojarachic, no. 5047;
Creel, no. 7042.
PHANEROPHLEBIA AURICULATA Underw.
The minute, yellowish glands occasionally found on
other specimens of this species are particularly abundant
on this collection, which was found in moist soil in a deep
shaded canyon.—Barranea de Cobre, no. 7011.
‘WOODSIA MEXICANA Fée
Pringle collected this species in Chihuahua, and it has
been found a good many times elsewhere in Mexico and
the southwestern United States. It grew best in shaded
arroyos with a soil reaction of 7.0 to 8.0.—Mojarachic,
nos. 5472, 5546, 5954, 5971, 8003.
*WoopstA MOLLIS (Kaulf.) J. Sm.
This common species has not previously been collected
in Chihuahua, although it is known from the adjomng
states to the south, Sinaloa and Durango. In Chihuabua
it grew very sparingly, with its roots well tucked under
rocks and boulders. The soil was slightly acid (6.0).—
Mojarachie, no. 5958.
CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS (L.) Bernh. ‘
This cosmopolitan fern is quite common in Mexico,
oceurring in several forms. In our region it grew 0”
moist banks in an alkaline soil (pH 8.0). Wherry has
noted that this species prefers alkaline soil, but that 1t 3s
tolerant of acidity —Mojarachic, nos. 5538, 5546, 5952.
FERN COLLECTION FROM CHIHUAHUA 137
DENNSTAEDTIA SP.
A moderate-sized representative of this genus was col-
lected in the Barranca de Cobre, growing in moist soil,
where it was quite common. It is obviously related to
D. rubiginosa and D. mexicana, but can not be definitely
assigned to either—Barranca de Cobre, no. 7025.
MARSILEACEAE
Marsiuea vestita Hook. & Grev.
This Pepperwort is not common in Mexico, but its exact
range is uncertain. I found it growing in rather quiet
water—San Juanito, no. 5417.
EQUISETACEAE
*Equiserum Funstonu A. A. Eaton
On the map published by Schaffner (1939), dots repre-
senting collections of this species are shown both to the
north and south of Chihuahua, but none in that state. I
found it in moist: soil alongside an arroyo.—Mojarachie,
no, 7077,
Equiserum LAEVIGATUM A. Br.
On Schaffner’s map for this species there is a locality-
dot in Chihuahua near the Rio Grande, but none else-
Where in the state-—Mojarachie, no. 5691.
‘4 PSILOTACEAE
PsiLoTuM NuDUM (L.) Griseb.
This primitive fern-ally has a wide distribution in
Mexico, but is not common and has not previously been
known from Chihuahua. It grew here in moist, shaded,
Tock crevices—Barranca de Cobre, no. 7035. :
SELAGINELLACEAE
SELAGINELLA Curismarr Hieron.
Only one collection of this little-known species was
made. It was found growing in a dry rock erevice.—
Maguarichic, no, 5998.
SELAGINELTA PALLESCENS (Link) Spring
A very common Mexican species, usually known as 8S.
(138 AMERICAN F'ERN JOURNAL
cuspidata Link. I found it in shady, moist canyons with
the soil neutral—Mojarachic, nos. 5050, 5539, 5974, 6001.
*SELAGINELLA RUPINCOLA
Exposed, dry rock crevices were the favorite habitat of
this species, which is known to occur in Mexico south to
Jalisco, but which has not previously been found in
Chihuahua. Bommeria hispida was frequently associated
with it. The soil reaction varied from 7.0 to 8.0—
Maguarichic, no, 5936; Mojarachic, nos. 5573, 6000.
*SELAGINELLA WRIGHTI Hieron.
Uncommon in Mexico, and not previously found in
Chihuahua. This and the preceding species belong to a
section of Selaginella as yet little known in Mexico. It
grows only in exposed rock crevices and prefers a neutral
soil—Maguarichiec, no. 5938 ; Mojarachie, no. 5969.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Broun, MAvrRIcE. ae Index to North — Ferns.
eo Caru. 1905-6. Index Filic
- Index Filicum, Suppl. IIT 1
Conzartt, C. 1939. Flora Taxonomica Mexicana, Vol. 1, pts-
FISHER, - Le 1926. Fern Collecting in Mexico. Amer. Fern
. 16: 57-59.
MAxon, Winutax & ie Notes on American Ferns—9. Amer.
urn, 5:
spied” “Note on Posie le Ferns—13. Amer, Fern Journ. 9:
1919b. “Notes on American Ferns—14. Amer. Fern Journ. 9:
1921. Notes on American Ferns—18. Amer. Fern Journ. 11:
1939. Notes on American Ferns—23. Amer. Fern Journ. 29:
SCHAFFNER, J. . H. 1924. Equisetum as aoe and its Near
Relatives. Amer. Fern Journ. 41-46.
1939. The Dist ribution of ee Byelusvely North American
oe ee i Amer. Fern Journ. 29: 45-47.
WHERRY, . 920. ots Soil Reaction of Certain Rock Ferns
rT. Fern Jou
1921. "ne Soil Reactions of ‘the Ferns of Woods and Swamps.
Amer. Fi
Wieains, I. L. one Distributional Notes on and a Key to the
Species of Cheilanthes in the Sonoran Dese rt and Certain
Adjacent Regions. Amer. Fern Journ 9-69.
OBSERVATIONS ON FLORIDA FERNS 139
Observations on Florida Ferns
Epaear T. WHERRY
Late in December, 1941, an opportunity came to renew
acquaintance with the ferns of northwest peninsular
Florida, guidance and transportation being generously
furnished by Messrs. Edward and Robert St. John, whose
Studies there are widely known and appreciated.* In
view of the fact that differences of opinion as to the taxo-
nomic and geographic relations of some of the species
growing there appear to have arisen, a few notes on the
trip may be placed on record here.
OPHIOGLossuM.—Five species were seen, and the dif-
ferences between the smaller ones proved to be more
striking than had been anticipated. One of these, O.
Pumilio BE. St. John,? is now: realized to have been
founded on a mixture, and its author advises me that he
desires to withdraw it; but the other species described
a the work cited are real entities. Some may have to
be changed in status, as has been done by Clausen® for
O. tenerum Mett., but apparently all are endemic forms,
regardless of category.
RICHOMANES.—In the course of my studies on the soil-
reaction preferences of ferns, T. Petersii was tested at
Several points from Mississippi to South Carolina, and
ound to grow exclusively in soil of distinct acidity (act.
ae. 30, pH 5.5). This species has also been collected at
Constanza, Dominican Republic, and the geologic map
shows this place to lie in an area of erystalline rocks,
Which may well give rise to soil of similar reaction.
~ Came the unexpected discovery‘ of its occurrence
no : i
eae Florida, where only limestone was sup-
is Jo :
“Small, Ferns SE. States 46. 4938.
1935; 26: 41. 1936; 31: 143, 1941.
361. 1938.
. 1938
140 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
posed to outcrop and acid soils would be correspondingly
unlikely to oceur.
Naturally, one of the first localities I asked to be shown
in Florida was that of this species, and a point 6 miles
northwest of Brooksville was visited. Although the out-
crops on which the fern grows proved to be fossiliferous,
the lime had been largely leached out, resulting in a
porous siliceous rock; and the soil had attained as high
an acidity as in the upland colonies.
There seems to be a feeling among plant geographers
that plants in general can only migrate over short dis-
tances, and that when disjunctions of range with spac-
ings of hundreds or thousands of miles exist, there must
have been intermediate colonies of the species at some
time, which were exterminated by geologic, climatic, oT
other changes. The situation in respect to this fern
shows, however, that such is not necessarily the case;
for there surely never has been a continuous line of out-
crops of siliceous rock connecting its stations.
AspLENIUM.—In a recent article’ a writer who claims
to have ‘‘found every fern species in northern peninsular
Florida’ considers that ‘‘the list of endemic fern species
is not very impressive.’’ Actually, however, northern
botanists keep making trips to that region just because
more endemies grow there than in any other part of the
state. He further states, without citation of authorities,
that ‘‘the specific status of the three Aspleniums collected
at Lecanto has been questioned ; in any event they are of
seemingly recent origin.’’ After visiting the Lecanto
station and studying specimens of the plants in question,
I could see nothing to suggest recent origin (not sub-
scribing to the Willis view that endemies in general are
‘‘young’’). Asplenium plenum and A. subtile are strik-
ingly different from anything else, indicating a lon?
5 This JOURNAL 31: 95. 1941,
OBSERVATIONS ON FLORIDA FERNS 141
period of isolation; and although A. scalifolium may be
only a subspecies of A. biscaynianum, changing its status
does not render it less endemic or less interesting. (It
should be noted here that A. suave, listed on page 169
of Small’s work, had been recognized by its proposer as
merely immature A. scalifolium. His request that it be
deleted got overlooked, however. )
In his elaborate list of Florida fern records, Correll®
included Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum as having been
collected by Miss Reynolds in Marion County.
(review), 30
Correll, “Donovan 8 & Clair A.
Fern and stag Allies
“3 bes ouis iana Teeter), i
oe Dorothy L., eg Ken
Wr ight. prthode ind
Ys
Edible Ferns,
Hymenophylla-
ter ( review
Crepidoma 30
ipin Dee iad al ryptogramma. acrostichoides, 51;
Blake "Se , ite eee 27 ounfellerl 142, 5.78
leeks Baga rae a Fern Cu a rrania i 117; Robert-
posi lng Pg 2 occidentale, Cyclosorus, 144
oe : lis, 47, 50,
pi eria Ehrenbergiana, woah, nie. Cy jae oe be “ee om
8, 129; Boos enui 1a, 15. ar. laurentiana
a . pedata, 60; subpal F352. var. Mackayit, 52, var. ro-
be usa, 70, 152, : bulbifera,
rere 74, 89, 107, 126; 47, “70, 71, 73, 75, 116, f. hori-
Sectum, ouite s 20. a zontalis, 73
test 1 ie are Dani H Los Generos
z : el, Hermano. Los
i 87 : Dryopteris, Blechnum y As-
» 88, 89, 116;
157
158
plenium en Algunas Colec-
ciones Colombianas (review),
116
eo 137; punctilobula,
52, 57
Didymoglossum, 3 0, 31
Diplazium seven olen 73;
esculentum, 121; grammatoides,
68 ; Jonchophyllum 153; thely-
erioides, 73
Dinoversrs’ of New Pennsylvania
Ferns, 148
Dix, Braun’s Holly-fern
in Pennsylvania, 20
Doodia Kunthiana, 22
gS by de ” decipiens, ps
me oe ;
Drvopteris, cna 113, 316, 117. 142:
aquilonar 153 Boot’ a ;
Camby loperen: 14, 52; Clintoni-
tata, 29, 47, 110, 153,
74, 75, 78: fra-
grans, 49, 50, 78, var. aquilonaris,
15, 76, var, remotiuscula, 13, 82,
84; rans var. remotiuseula
x spinulose, var. inte
; Linnaeana, 116; Rg et rig
109, 110;
154: marginalis, 52, 70, 1
munita, normali 54:
oreopte 5; paleacea, 116;
parasitica, 19; patula, 135, var.
Rossii, 116, 135; pilos + i186;
prolifera, 1 rigida arguta,
75; Robertiana, > ae go
Se pe ate sp osa,
52, 70, lata 29, 32"
84; peenentos, 153, 155
Eames, Arthur J. Illustrations of
re very Lycopodium Gameto
mditie® varia, 121
bain ra
cis phosicacden pilosum, 128
Equisetum arvense, 76, f. ca
pestre, 149; F onii, 104, A
, 137; hiemale var. californi-
aevigatum, 137, 153
Joseph. Annotations on
West American Ferns—II, 90
Fagley, Frederick L. Report of
Auditing Committee, 38
x Isotypes at Colorado College,
Fern Census of a City ena Mag
— Collection from Chihua
Fiddleheads, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, %
ule —s 109
Fidd Fern, 126
First ig ee : acned of Botry-
— a 26
Floyd, Frederick Gillan (obit-
ua
Houlere F. R. Uses of Hawaiian
Ferns, 15
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Bragie Fern, 73
Fragrant Fern, 13, 14, 73
pipe: Fern sisue’ Lake Supe-
13
Gametophytes, Tasers of
some Lycopodiu 4
Gleichenia linearis 9
Gonio for tenera,
Go Slow n Eating Fern Fiddle-
hea
t “a Ss leenwort,
Green ‘C L. Heer Ferns
in the Kutztown-Fleetwood
Area, Pa., 151
Hap 16
Hart’ . ‘tongue, 50, 78
Hart’s- tongue Division, 25
Hawaiian Uses of, 15
eee 126
Hol H. A Rare Selagi-
nelle tro from A aestuonatees Nevada,
86
Howell, Jo ni Tho poe A ‘Sarin
the Pteridophyte of
ee se California (review)
gece gee Flo o — Alaska
an revi i
je acaen vite 30, 31; Lyallii,
30; tunbridgense, 31
Hypolepis puncta ta, 22
Illustrations or Some Lycopodium
ametophy
Interrupted Fern
68
TIsoetes bade) vane : Macounii, 15;
lanopoda, Pie
Iwaiw:
eaahe 0, 17
ilau, ‘
ita. In Tide
Kittell, ‘Sister a. Kittel, r Flora, of
pelorly ‘an ew Mexic
view), Col-
Knobloch, Irving W. A Fern
Tectia = from Chihuahua, 127
Kumuniu, 22
ae, a
pork?
na
BI et Pieames iats 15 Arizo .
“Hecor aber Botrychium multi
L iaaeele areolata, 57
Loris dium, a of Some
Gametophytes 0
Lyespedines sabinaefolium in
Pennsylvania, 1
tens, 112, var. sharonense .
Ti3. var, sitchen 113, va
INDEX TO VOLUME 32
superfertile, 112, var. typicum.
112, 152; Selago, 76, var. patens,
149; sitchense, ae a tristachyum,
Lygodium palmatum, 53
Maidenhair, 22, 47, 52,
Mana 2 52, 74
Marattia
37
nk P. Fern Poison-
ing heep, Goats, and Cattle
R. New Tropi-
al American Ferns—XIII, BS
ge ne and Peebles, Flow-
cee nts ma so of Ari-
(review)
Microtesis 22
Moa, 19, 21
Nephrodium plumula, 96
ae nae bordata,. 23; exaltata,
New Be nie H
ybrid, 81
New Locality for a Curious Cali-
6 ornia Polypody, 1
eH Thelypteris from Florida,
Ney re ropical American Ferns—
e Ww 44 ork F
N i ; ern, 56
N otholae j .
: rr heap - 71. ctr hee
forniea, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95; f. ae-
cessita, 95, subsp = De 5. Se
hace nil fe ge
a onii, ; limi-
“nig 132; sinuata, 120, 132
1; crenata, 120; Standleyi,
Sulphurea var. californica,
Oak- -fern, 13
Obituary, F i i
Flaya’'70 rederick Gillan
Observations on Florida Ferns,
one,
baecee Se
otusilo , Senisibis, 57, 70, f:' ob-
ice vulgatum on the
= Goa Stal Plain of Ala-
Onision, 74 74, 107, 139 ; Aitehi-
208
faleatum go mili 130;
: pu a 139:
tenerum 139; en fan, 53,
oe gy 107, 116, var. alas-
10s, 10i tet 107, var, pycnostichum,
Smunda cin nnamomea.
, 49, 68, 70,
um * of t Gianduloss a, 148, f. in-
ytoniana, 49, 50, 68,
oat zi mnie, 118; regalis, 49”
= 47, 52, 61, 63, 67,
Ostrich Fern as an Edible Plant,
159
Otis, Mabel H. Report of Judge
of Elections, 38
eé6, 121
Pacong eae 126
Pala, 17,2
Palaa, 21
Palapalai, 22
amoho,
Pamoh 2
Parsley "Fern
Pellaea peep Ren SO 132;
gustifolia, 129; atropurpurea,
51, 153; cordata, 133; den 51
: : m
phylla, 119, 120; sagittata, 133;
Suksdorfiana, 116; ternifolia,
33
Phaneroph lebia auriculata, nee
Phegopteris Dryopteris, 53; hex
gonoptera, 52, 70; polypodioides,
47; Robertiana, 148; villosa, 68
Phyllitis Scolopendrium, 50, 56
Pityrogramma triangularis, 91
Plagio bedi arguta, 135; semi-
cordata, 1
Platycerium Helsothe: 23; grande,
Pohole, 17
Polypodium aureum, 23, var.
latum, ae fa lcatum, 73; = aut
tum, 1 ; twegianu 1
inaequale, ; mollissimum,
phymatodes, 22; polylepis, 129;
polypodioides Vv, ciculare,
128; scolopendria, 22, 23;
Scouleri, 100; ra, 144; ser-
ricula, 68; spectrum, 22; sub-
petiolatum, 128; tenuiculum, 68;
28
SO: OG 4h we,
subsp. occidentale, 75, var. in-
terme: pr ojectum, 149,
151
ypody, 13, 14, 73, 150
Polystichum, 76; acrostichoides,
Bey , 109, f. crispum, 71, f.
multifidum, ; acrosti hoides x
Braunii, 149 ; aleuticum, 75, 76 ;
Andersonii, 75 ; Braunii, ! var.
Purshii, Le onii, 75;
lobatum, 99; 1 tum x muni-
tum, 103; Lone Oey tas
16; mohrioides var. sco uu li-
num, 119, 120; munitum, 53,
75, 90, 96, 98, 101, 103,
subsp. ¢ 100, 102,
103, 104, f. imbricans, 101, 102,
104, var. imbricans, 102, f. -
101; , 96
poe pone R. Fern Census
of a City Block, 70
Proliteroes Scott’s Spleenwort,
Psilotum nudum, 19, 21, 137
s nodulosa, a, 1, Thy 75,
160 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Pteridium, 72, 74, 76, 113, 115,
Struthiopteris oe 75
126; aquilinum, 114, “Be z. _ Hen
datum, 114, 154,
Svenson, K. Report of
Tr pata for 1941, 34
va dee
oneitnid, a var. curilentent:
LZ, var: latiusculum, 114, 154, Taphrina Fau
var. pseudocaudatum, 114, 154, ppemhghary Petpet s, 143;
Vv pubescens, 1 133, var. _ 144; mage, 148, bre
yarrabense, 114; capense, 114; orhizoma, ‘malis,
latiusculum, 57, 71 142. "143. 144, 146;
Pteris esculenta, 126 sis, 56; ovata, 143, 1 pire palus-
Puapuamoa, 20 tris, 49; patens, 142; saxatilis,
Pulu, 20 143, 144; serra, 142, 143; s
1 49; submarginalis, Bt ;
Rare Selaginella from Northeast- tetragona, 141, 146; Br 143,
ern Nevada, 86 144; versicolor, 143,
Rattlesnake Fern, Thurston, Edward Dp. Oe An
riven _Fern pra ie 20,72; Amateur’s Fern Garden, 41
Trichomanes Boschianum, 31;
een of Auditing Committee, Krausii, 31; lineolatum, 31;
88. 8f 5 nage of erg abe aie 88: Petersii, 31, 139, 153; cta
of President, 32; of Secretary, tum, 31; sphenoides, aT
33; of evince. 3 ryon, R. M., Se A New
Reviews: Brown, Cl A:, teris Hybrid, 81; ie | ee
Donovan §S. Co Ferns and the Genus Pieridinm (review),
Fern Allies of Louisiana, 153; 113
Copeland, i ra y-
menophyllacearum, ; Daniel, Uluhe, 19
ermano, Los Generos Dryop Cnustial Botrychium, 87
teris, Blech y Asplenium Uses of Hawaiian Ferns, 15
Vandenboschia, 31; radicans, 31
phytes of Marin County, Cali- Wagner, W. Her may ee
fornia, 72; H , Eric, Flora na Christal ap lle 27; Wa
of Alaska and m, 74; Kit- Rue on Walls,
tell, Sister Teresita, in Tide Walking Fern, 13, “
str te Wall Rue on Wallis, 69
and Peebles, Flowering Plants Wawaeiole, oe
d Ferns of on, 115; Weatherby, C Bee ag =
Roland, A. E., Fe s of colorado College, 68; Prolifer-
Nova Scotia, 73; ig! swe us Scott’s Spleenwort :
. Revision or oe Genus Wherry, Ed T. The Di nia
Pteridium, 113; Wher T., erers of New Pennsylvanié
The Ferns and cnt (le ot Ferns, 148; The Ferns a
Pennsylvania, 117 : WHat KK: Lycosphens of Pennsylvar
and Dorothy ‘L. Crandall, (review), 117; Go Slow on TA
Rhode Island Ferns, ing Fern Fiddleheads, 108; e-
A. E. The Ferns of Nova copodium _ sabinaefoli
Roland,
“Senta (review), =
sty Woodsia, 13, 73
Sadleria cyatheoides, 18, 20; Hille- faire h
brandii, 17, 21, 22 Whitney, Elsie G. Report of the
Schizaea Levoca i pe Secretary for 1
Seott’s Spl Wiggins, ira L. New Locality for
Sela ginella pet at Chrismari, a Curious California Polypody,
hile. tis aes mek oe vo Sl, 54,
phyla, ; neomexicana, “ alp
oregana, 75; scens, 137; “as glabella, ds 54, rae ‘ivensis,
Riddellii, 155; rupincola, 129, 50, 56; mexicana, 136; mollis,
138; selaginoides, 86; 36; obtusa, 48, 49, 71, 75, 76
2 a §
75; "struthioloides, 75; Wri 153: scopulina, 49,
Sharpe, M. R. Hart’s-tongue Woodwardia areolata, 74;
Division, 25 ginica, 74
Asplenium Pal-
yir-
ERRATA
ro Rint line 22: rhe Water's read
St. John, Edward P. A New Page nT, line < for Meniscum
Thelypteris from Floria, 145 d Meniscium
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American Bern Journal
A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
Published by the
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
EDITORS
WILLIAM R. MAXON
R. C. BENEDICT C. V. MORTON
IRA L. WIGGINS
VOLUME 33
ae
LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA 1.’
“ies
VoLUME 33, NuMBER 1, PAGES 1-40, ISSUED Marcu 30, 1943
Early Days of the Eneneas Fern Society.......... Willard N. Clute 1
Fern ate IV: Supplementary Remarks on the Ferns of the
Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan .......... Oliver A. Farwell 8
ae in the Op hlopiocsaeead: Botrychium, en s Scep-
ridi Robert T. Coit: 11
Slotice Notes: The Range of Notholaena tas: Pteris
vittata Hardy in Washington, D. C.; Asplenium septen-
trionale in California; Polypodium pectinatum as an
Epiphyte; Hart Saag in a Limestone Grotto .............
Recent Fern Literat 31
American Fern oar 34
VoLUME 33, NUMBER 2, Paces 41-80, ISSUED JUNE 17, 1943
New Names for Ferns and Fern Allies pe o C.
Rafinesque, 1806-1838 D. Merri 41
Poreupines and Ferns per M. Shields 57
More About the Distribution of Ferns in Florida
award P. St. John 59
The Type Species of Cheilanthes C. A. Weatherby 67
Ee Notes: Lygodium palmatum in West Virginia; T
hio ley idization by Remote pega oo
praealtum in rit Soil; Arkansas Fern Not sone
Recent Fern fran 76
American Fern Seiciaty ou. 8
VotumE 33, NUMBER 3, a 81-112, ISSUED SEPTEMBER 22, tere
%0 the Péramo de Cha, Francis W. Pennell 81
New Names for Ferns $28 Fern Allies Proposed by C.
_. eae 1806-1838 (conclusion) 0... B.D. Merrill 97
olypodium irginianum f. deltoideum a Conin Fo
rm?
. hard . — 105
€w Occurrences of Dryopteris ee in ego
: Jesse : ene 107
horter Notes: Two Colorful Oriental Ferns for the Garden;
Asplenium Palmeri in Texas a
American Fern Society a
VOLUME 33, NUMBER 4, Paces 113-148, issuzD DECEMBER 15, 1943
The Group of Selaginella Parishii ................. C. A. wig ap
Observations on Western Botrychiums Onctotee C. Hal
Trailing Bommerias in Texas ................. Elsie racy: pie a
Ws illiam R. Max
Pennsylvania; Pellaea glabella on Masonry; New
tions for Equisetum hyemale var. Jesupi f, multira-
meum; New Botrychium Finds in West Virginia; Note
on Dryopteris celsa 137
American pte Society: Dr. C. Stuart Gager . 142
Index to Volume 33 ................ . 145
we
Vol. 33 January-March, 1943 No. 1 a
American Fern Journal
A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
of .
EDITORS
WILLIAM R. MAXON
R. C. BENEDICT Cc. V. MORTON
: IRA L. WIGGINS
Bad
: CONTENTS
acy Dayo ihe ee ee
Che American Hern Soriety
Counril far 1943
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR
C. A. WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, ane
JOSEPH EWAN, Boulder, Colorado . Vice President
Mrs. ELsiz Gipson WHITNEY, 274 South Main Ave., Albany, N. Y.
Henry K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. ee
WituiaM R. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D, ©.
Editor-in-Chief
OFFICIAL ORGAN
American Fern Journal
EDITORS
Wiriuram R. Maxon .... i ian Institution, W:
R. O. BENEDICT oo 1819 Dorchester Road, Brooklyn, ¥- (
Ira L, Wi rbarium, Stanford University, Calif.
An illustrated quarterly devoted ted to the general study of forse
: sige ele S Bae 10 cents extra; sent free
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Amperiran Fern Journal
Vou, 33 JANUARY—Marcu, 1943 No. 1
Early Days of the American Fern Society
Wiuarp N. Ciure
The roots of the American Fern Society run back to
1875, when Harlan H. Ballard established a society for
the study of nature in connection with classes which he
Was then teaching in Lenox, Massachusetts. This was
80 well received locally that he decided to extend an invi-
tation to the young folks in other communities to join the
new movement, and a note to this effect was published in
St. Nicholas, at the time the leading nature magazine for
young people. A large number of replies were received,
and as a result the Agassiz Association for the study of
hature by correspondence was formed in 1880 and named
for the distinguished naturalist, Louis Agassiz.
In a day when movies, autos, radios, bicycles, tele-
Phones, and interurbans were rare or absent, people had
more time for a study of their surroundings and the
chance of being helped over the hard places in a new
Study was not to be neglected. Not only did the idea
*Ppeal to the children for whom it was originally in-
tended, but many grown-ups, interested in a study of the
out-door world, were attracted. Local groups, known as
apters, were formed in many places, and three years
later there were more than 650 Chapters in existence,
With a total of some 15,000 members. Soon other Chap-
ts, known as Corresponding Chapters, were formed for
{Volume 32, N.
0. 4 of the JouRNAL, pages 121-160, was issued
anuary 8, 1943.] e ? Dp g ’
Bi
1
2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
the study of a single branch of nature. Thus originated
The Gray Memorial Botanical Chapter, The Wilson
Ornithological Chapter, The Sullivant Moss Chapter,
and The Linnaean Fern Chapter, this last the forerunner
of the American Fern Society. Several of these Chap-
ters, with slight changes in name, have continued exis-
tence for more than fifty years.
The founder of the Fern Chapter had earlier founded
a Local Chapter for the study of plants at Binghamton,
N. Y. When he became interested in ferns and began
to look about for help in identifying them, a Correspond-
ing Chapter for their study was the natural result.
Although this was some fifteen years after the AgassiZ
Association was founded, information about ferns was
still decidedly meager. All the popular books on Sane
came later. There were, to be sure, John Williamson s
‘‘Ferns of Kentucky,”’ the first real fern book, issued 2
1878, but already too rare to be available, and D. C.
Eaton’s two monumental volumes with colored plates
that appeared in 1877-80 but were too expensive for a
ordinary student. The first thin copies of Underwood's
somewhat technical ‘‘Our Native Ferns,’’ destined to ru?
through six editions, appeared in 1881, and John Robin-
son’s ‘‘Ferns in Their Homes and Ours’’ came out 1m
1883; but there still lingered an idea that the naming
of ferns without help was too difficult for the novice, #
view that was somewhat justified by such unfamiliar
terms as prothallia, gametophytes, sporophylls, SP
rangia, and indusia, with which the new study bristled.
Having decided on a Chapter, it took the greater part
of a year to find enough fern students to fill the offices;
but early in 1893, with four officers and two other mem
bers, the Linnaean Fern Chapter of the Agassiz Associ
tion was duly established. For the first year, officers
were agreed upon without an election as follows: Willard
Earty Days or Fern Society 3
N. Clute, President ; H. C. Cowles, Vice President; Mrs.
T. D. Dershimer, Secretary; Reuben M. Strong, Trea-
surer. It is interesting to note that three of the officers,
then scarcely past their teens, later became college pro-
fessors. The charter was held open for new members
until the end of the year, and at the November election
there were 18 members, representing 15 States, voting.
At the next election there were twice as many members.
The first President was elected for four years in succes-
sion ; but in 1896 he resigned in order that the Vice Presi-
dent, who declined to be a candidate for President, would
be President for at least part of a term. At the end of
the fourth year it was tacitly agreed that the President
should not hold office for more than two successive years
and there followed in this office C. E. Waters, Alvah A.
Eaton, William R. Maxon, B. D. Gilbert, James A.
Graves, and J. H. Ferriss. In a corresponding society,
Such as ours, the Treasurer’s office was regarded as semi-
permanent, and the second Treasurer, James A. Graves,
was re-elected for ten successive terms.
The objectives of the Chapter, as stated in the Consti-
tution, were ‘‘to promote the study of ferns by corre-
Spondence, the exchange of specimens, and the publica-
tion of the knowledge thus obtained.’? In view of
subsequent events, there might have been added ‘‘the
Promotion of field trips for ferns,’”? for from the very
Such trips became one of our chief activities. At
that time the distribution of even the commonest ferns
own, and every expedition to the woods and
fields was a voyage of discovery. Not only were the
haunts of the known species discovered, but there was
#'ways the chance that one might find varieties and forms
new to science, or occasionally even a distinct new spe-
“es. Extensive collections were made and the exchange
of Specimens was an important occupation during the
4 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
winter months. In the first ten years specimens of 30
rare ferns were distributed free to members by the Chap-
ter.
Extended trips for ferns often became part of the sum-
mer vacation. The writer recalls with much pleasure
several trips of this kind, among them the exploration
of the haunts of the Hart’s-tongue at Chittenango Falls
with Maxon in 1895, a trip on foot across southern New
Jersey with C. F. Saunders in which we discovered many
new localities for Schizaea, a similar trip through eastern
Pennsylvania with Graves in search of Isoetes and
Botrychium, a trip with Ferriss on foot and horse-back
across the Painted Desert to Navajo Mountain in Arizona
for desert ferns, and an exploration of the Gulf Coast of
Louisiana with Cocks. Many lesser trips of this kind
were made by nearly every member of the Chapter. Oc-
casionally they extended into foreign lands and Gilbert,
lute, and Maxon, each made fern-collecting trips to
Jamaica.
In keeping with its purpose to make new information
about ferns available to its members, the Chapter early
published a ‘‘List of the Pteridophyta of the United
States’? and distributed various books and pamphlets
free to members. Included in the distribution were
Dodge’s ‘Ferns and Fern Allies of New England,’’ Gil-
bert’s ‘‘North American Pteridophytes,’’ Clute’s ‘Ferns
and Fern Allies of the Upper Susquehanna,” and
Waters’ ‘‘Analytical Key to the Ferns, based on their
Stipes.’? The Chapter also published the papers PT&
sented at its first meeting, held in Boston in August,
1898, and those presented at the meeting in New York
City, in June, 1900.
In the beginning, reports on ferns were circulated from
member to member through the Chapter, but as the
membership increased this proved to be a time-consuming
Karty Days or Frern Society 5
process and an official organ was proposed to take care
of the more important notices and reports. The new
Publication, financed by the dues of members, was ‘‘The
Linnaean Fern Bulletin of the Agassiz Association,’’ to
give it its full name. This was a quarterly, begun in
1893, with pages only 34 by 54 inches, this size having
been adopted in order that copies might be slipped into
an envelope of ordinary size, with other matter. Four
Volumes of this size were issued, and these have face-
tiously been dubbed ‘‘the prothallium stage’’ of the
Bulletin. In 1897 the page size was increased to 53 by 8
inches and the title shortened to The Fern Bulletin.
he name of the Chapter, however, was not changed to
the name the Society now bears until eight years later.
Tneidentally, the size of the magazine page was popular
fnough to be adopted for the American Fern Journal
and the British Fern Gazette. When the first numbers
of the Pern Bulletin were issued, it was discovered that
the Chapter lacked sufficient funds to print as many
Pages as were thought desirable, so the writer took it
over, agreeing to make up any deficiency. Fortunately
there were many persons, not members of the Chapter,
Who nevertheless were interested in ferns, and enough of
them subseribed to the enlarged publication to more than
cover expenses; in fact, the magazine at one time had
more than 700 subscribers.
It is interesting to note that during the first years of
the Fern Chapter’s existence, every prominent fern stu-
®nt in America was on its list of members. There were
more than a hundred different contributors to the first
ten volumes. In addition to those mentioned elsewhere
Mm this article, some of the more prominent students in-
cluded George F. Atkinson, Raynal Dodge, L. M. Under-
Wood, George E. Davenport, Sadie F. Price, W. A. Mur-
vill, F. Peyton Rous, Mrs. E. G. Britton, 8. F. Burnham,
6 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
A. T. Beals, J. A. Bates, A. A. Eaton, Margaret Slosson,
J. B. Flett, E. J. Hill, and Thomas Meehan.
Among the more important contributions to the Bulle-
tin, was a series of fern floras of the States, each written
by an authority, which greatly aided in making clear the
distribution of our native ferns. There were also a series
of biographical sketches (with portraits) of the more
prominent fern students, a series of papers on the genus
Equisetum by Eaton, illustrated with authentic speci-
mens sent to such members as desired them, and a series
entitled ‘‘Rare Forms of Fernworts,’’ by the editor,
which ran through five volumes. Probably more impor-
tant than any other feature that aided in maintaining
the magazine’s popularity was the great number of short
articles by many observers, reporting new things about
ferns. In fact, the magazine was, in a very real sense,
the Fern Chapter.
Looking back over the years, it is interesting to note
the strong influence exerted by the Chapter on the litera-
ture of American ferns. Practically all the early books
on the subject were written by members, and the interest
created by the Chapter itself provided an ever-increasing
audience for them. Among the more important are
Parsons’ ‘‘ How to Know the Ferns,’’ Price’s ‘Fern Col-
lector’s Handbook,’’ Beecroft’s ‘‘Who’s Who Among
the Ferns,’’ Waters’ ‘‘Ferns,’’ Eastman’s ‘‘ New England
Ferns and Their Common Allies,’’ Woolson’s ‘‘ Ferns a0
How to Grow Them,”’’ Slosson’s ‘‘How Ferns Grow,”’ and
Clute’s ‘‘Fern Collector’s Guide,’ ‘‘Fern Allies,”’ and
‘‘Our Ferns in Their Haunts.’’
Another distinction, due in large measure to the Chap-
ter, was the establishment of the Sullivant Moss Chapter;
now the Sullivant Moss Society. To fern students, the
mosses seemed fernlike enough to warrant notes about
them in the Fern Bulletin. In the sixth volume A. 4.
Grout was induced to edit a 4-page ‘‘Moss Department
ford
Earty Days or FERN Society 7
in each issue. In the second number the title was
changed to ‘‘The Bryologist, A Department of the Fern
Bulletin.’’ Separates of this feature were sent to an
increasing number of moss students, and in 1899 the
department was continued as Volume 2 of The Bryologist.
During this year the Sullivant Moss Chapter of the
Agassiz Association was formed and the following year
The Br yologist, as the official organ of this Chapter, be-
came an independent publication.
Ten years after the Fern Society was founded, the
Pern Bulletin moved to a part of the Midwest where
ferns were practically absent and first-hand information
about them was increasingly difficult to get. A decided
change had also come over the Society. It might be said
to have grown up. The Agassiz Association had ceased
to function, while a large number of new books on the
Popular side of fern study had appeared, making the
identification of these plants easy. New forms of ferns
Were no longer easy to find and new interests were claim-
mg the attention of students. It was also quite evident
that future fern study would be concerned with more
technical matters. In addition, the so-called American
Code of Nomenclature was much in the mind of the
botanist and more or less persistent effort was being
Made to induce the Fern Bulletin to adopt it, or at least
to publish articles couched in the new jargon. There
Was also a decided push by some members for the Society
to have its own official organ again, and it was finally
decided to Suspend publication of the Fern Bulletin at
the end of its twentieth volume. The magazine was
offered to the Society at cost; but certain members with
. flair for amateur journalism preferred to begin at the
®mning, and so before the Fern Bulletin had ceased
they Produced the first numbers of the American Fern
furnal. Members of the Society subseribed for both
8 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
publications. Two years before the end, notice was given
of the impending merger of The Fern Bulletin with The
American Botanist, and it may be added that the Botanist
has continued to print articles on ferns. It is now in its
48th volume.
The oceurrences of the next thirty years have presented
many contrasts to those of the first twenty. All these
must be left for others more intimately connected with
the Society to record. Let it suffice to say, that the
founder of the Fern Society and the editor of its official
organ for twenty years never found a dull moment in
carrying the movement for fern study to a successful
conclusion, and he now derives much pleasure in reflect-
ing that ‘‘It could never happen again.”’
Fern Notes, IV: Supplementary Remarks on the
Ferns of the Keweenaw Peninsula, MichigaD
Ouiver A. FARWELL
Special attention was given to the common Bracken
during the summer of 1939 and many specimens were
collected. Specimens of Pteris aquilina var. lanuginos¢
from Oregon and California were in my possession eg
comparison with Michigan plants, but none of P. aquilina
subvar. latiuscula from the eastern states. A request for
such specimens to Dr. Wherry, of the University of Penn-
sylvania, and to Mr. Maurice Broun, of the Hawk Moun-
tain Sanctuary, was graciously complied with and mY
sincerest thanks are herewith tendered to them for their
generous action in supplying the same. The subvariety
latiuscula is supposed to be separated from the var. lanu-
ginosa by a less dense pubescence, often being glabrous,
and a non-ciliate indusium, that of var. lanuginos@ being
ciliate and the pinnules being tomentose underneal”-
MicHicAN FERN Noves 9
On the Keweenaw Peninsula, the subvar. latiuscula is
much the more frequent plant; but there are plenty of
intermediates and the placing of these is often an arbi-
trary matter. A careful examination and comparison
of the Michigan plants with those of the Atlantic and
Pacific states mentioned above have shown no differences
except that of density of pubescence. The indusium is
entire with no trace of ciliation in any specimen I have
seen from any of the regions mentioned above. These
two so-called varieties are but the extreme conditions of
one and the same variety and their true relationship may
best be expressed by calling one a subvariety of the other.
I have also come to the conclusion that there is no real
Beneric difference between Pteris and Pteridium. My
collections are as follows:
TERIS AQUILINA L. var. LANUGINOSA Bong.
Keweenaw Co. : Cliff Mine, no. 539, Aug. 20, 1887; Old
Phoenix, no. 12163, Sept. 5, 1939; Lake Glazon woods, no.
12224, Sept. 25, 1939. Houghton Co.: Lake Linden, nos.
10195, 10195a, 10198, Aug. 9, 1934; Rice Lake woods, no.
12135, Aug. 30, 1939, and no. 12178}, Sept. 19, 1939;
Gregoryville, no. 11446, July 29, 1936.
Prenis AguIuIna L. var. LaNUGINOSA Bong. subvar. lati-
uscula (Desy.) Farwell, comb. nov.
Pteris latiuscula Desv. Mém. Soe. Linn. Paris 6: 303.
1827.
Keweenaw Co.: Lae La Belle, no. 12094, Aug. 16, 1939.
Houghton Co. : Little Traverse Bay region, no. 12027,
July 28, 1939; Rabbit Bay woods, nos. 12191 and 12192,
mag 19, 1939. Baraga Co.: L’Anse, no. 10878, July 7,
Numbers 12027 and 12191 have reddish-brown stems
and rachises ; the others have straw-colored.
Catucartiana B. L. Robinson
Some plants of this fern were found in crevices on the
Very edge of cliffs ; but as the top of the bluff was sloping
10 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
downward to the edge of the cliff with nothing but some
dead stumps to cling to, it was a risky matter to get any
of the plants and avoid a sheer fall of some 150 feet more
or less to the rocks below. However, some specimens
were obtained.
Keweenaw Co.: West Bluff, no. ean Sept. 5, 1939.
Woopsia aupina (Bolton) 8. F. Gra
New stations in Keweenaw tied for this fern are as
follows : Lae La Belle, no. 12097, Aug. 16, 1939, and Esrey
Park, no. 122224, Sept. 25, 1939.
OODSIA OREGANA D. C. Eaton
In crevices of rocks forming the face of bluffs, Kewee-
naw Co.: Lac La Belle, nos. 12096 and 120974, Aug. 16,
1939.
PELLAEA ATROPURPUREA (L.) Link
Specimens of this species were found on the edge of
the cliffs close to Woodsia Cathcartiana, probably at Dr.
Fernald’s station, as that was on West Bluff, no. 12152,
Sept. 5, 1939
Hippocuarre PREALTA (Raf.) Farwell, var. INTERMEDIA
(A. A. Eaton) Farwell
This scouring rush is frequent in wet depressions of
shore sand. Keweenaw Co.: Bete Grise Bay. No. 121 112,
Aug. 16, 1939.
Lake Linpen, Micuican.
STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE pe!
Studies in the Ophioglossaceae: Botrychium,
subgenus Sceptridium
Rosert T. CLAvusEN
These notes are supplementary to the Monograph of
the Ophioglossaceae (Clausen, 1938). The arrangement
of species follows the system set forth in that paper; also,
the abbreviations for herbaria are the same. Herbaria
additional to those previously consulted are: Ark, Her-
barium of the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. ;
Bz, Herbarium en Museum voor systematische Botanie
van’s Lands Plantentuin, Buitzenzorg, Java; Cine, Her-
barium of the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio;
Cok, Herbarium of Coker College, Hartsville, S. C.; Fur,
Herbarium of Furman University, Greenville, S. C.; Hnh,
Herbarium of Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.; K,
Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England ;
Mich, Herbarium of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Mich. ; Ore, Herbarium of the University of Ore-
gon, Eugene, Ore.; Otb, Herbarium of the Division of
Botany, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada;
Roch, Herbarium of the University of Rochester, Roches-
ter, N. Y.
Synony my and distributional data are included only
When they are supplementary to those already listed in
the Monograph.
1 Borrycurum muvremum (Gmel.) Rupr.
This is the type species of the section Multifidae. As
now interpreted, it comprises four subspecies. Field
study in California and examination of further herbarium
‘Pecimens from that state seem to confirm the opinion
that ssp, californicum is merely a large shade phase of
Sp. silaifolium. Accordingly it is here reduced to
Synonymy under that subspecies. Plants observed in
olumne County, California, had blades as large as 21
12 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
em. wide and 16 em. long; others were smaller and closely
similar to certain specimens of ssp. silaifolium from New
York. These were growing under Pteridium and Liliwm
in a moist swampy place northwest of Lake Vernon,
Yosemite National Park. On July 6, 1940, the blades
were still not fully expanded, nor were the sporangia
mature.
In the key to the subspecies of B. multifidum on page
27 of the Monograph, under the first C, the measurements
for ssp. silaifolium should now be changed to include ssp.
californicum.
Weatherby (1942) and Wherry (1942) have both
questioned the advisability of treating as subspecies the
strongly geographically correlated variations of Botry-
chium multifidum. Wherry treats the two subspecies
occurring in northeastern Pennsylvania as varieties on
the basis that the differences seem too unimportant to
constitute subspecies. Weatherby likewise points to the
slight morphological differences between the subspecies.
Both authors seem to disregard or overlook two very 1
portant considerations: First, that the Ophioglossaceaé
are among the most primitive of living ferns, that the
number of characters available for systematic purposes
is few, and that these are often of a trivial sort; second,
that the formation of geographical races is probably one
of the most important methods of speciation and that a
geographical subspecies begins to develop when one or
more genes become somewhat different in one part of the
range of a species from that in another. The general
change in the genic constitution of large parts of a popu
lation is probably most significant, far surpassing in eV
lutionary importance the genic changes which —
sporadically throughout a population. In Botrychwum,
the characters available for classification are so few that
the geographical subspecies may be only slightly different
morphologically, yet they should be recognized since they
STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 13
indicate a condition of genic unbalance in different parts
of the range which is important in phylogenetic taxon-
omy. The ssp. typicum of B. multifidum is the only race
of the species which occurs in Europe, the ssp. Coulteri is
the only one which occurs in the Middle Rocky Mts., and
the ssp. silaifolium is the only one which occurs in certain
areas of the Pacific Coast of North America. In other
areas, these or the other subspecies occur or intermediate
Populations occur connecting the extreme types. All of
the northeastern United States is in an area where ssp.
_ typicum and ssp. silaifolium overlap. Remove this big
area and a small portion of Canada, and there are left
(considering now only the two subspecies just mentioned )
Populations which would probably be treated as species
Y most taxonomists (using morphological data), even as
they have in the past by Presl, Underwood, Jepson, and
others. Experimental studies to test these subspecies are
through the first and second generations. Simple trans-
Plants have demonstrated that an individual plant retains
its distinctive characters in a new locality, but first and
Second generation plants must be studied before the evi-
dence is complete. Meanwhile, we can only homologize
With the conditions prevailing in groups like Sedum an
Gentiana which I am studying in the experimental gar-
den, and in other genera of higher plants which are al-
ready understood cytologically and genetically.
la. Borrycurum MULTIFIDUM ssp. SILAIFoLIUM (Presl)
Clausen. B. multifidum ssp. californicum (Underw.)
Clausen, Mem. Torr. Club 19: 37(1938), plus sy-
nonymy ; B. obliquum var. Habereri Gilbert, Fern
Bull. 11: 88-89(1903).
Thave now seen the type of Gilbert’s var. Habereri at
the New York State Museum. The specimen is typical
14 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
B. multifidum ssp. silaifolium. It is the collection of
J. V. Haberer, no. 1901, from Whitesboro, Oneida Co.,
N. Y. The combination, B. ternatwm var. intermedium
first appeared in Gray’s Manual, ed. 6, p. 694(1890).
Several specimens have come to hand which are inter-
mediate between ssp. silaifolium and var. oneidense of
B. dissectum. Yet, there usually seems to be discontinuity
between the two species, even though the differences are
not great. Two plants from near London, Middlesex Co.,
Ontario, J. A. Balkwill in part (Mich.) have the blades
much divided, with the ultimate divisions small, Te _
sembling forms of B. Schaffneri and B. australe. Such
plants suggest the possibility that these two species are
only races of B. multifidum. When abundant material 1s
available from the mountains of northern Mexico and
from the Andes of South America, further revision may
be necessary in this group.
No drastic extensions of range have come to my atten-
tion, but there are many records to fill some of the gaps
in the previously known distribution of the subspecies.
Additional collections from the New England eo
graphical Province are from Belknap Co., N. H., New
London Co., Conn., and north of Petersburg Pass, Rens-
selaer Co., N. Y.; the ssp. silaifolium is also reported from
Rhode Island as var. intermedium by Wright and Cran
dall (1941).
The only Coastal Plain record known to me is the eol-
lection from near Keyport, N. J. There are specimens of
this subspecies in the herbarium of Dartmouth Colleg®,
mounted with others of B. dissectum var. obliquum, col-
lected by J. H. Redfield and labeled ‘‘copses in sand
hills. Atlantie City.’’? Probably the collection is a mixed
one, since the occurrence of B. multifidum at or near
Atlantic City seems unlikely. Moore (1940) has reported
specimens from low woods along the St. Francis River and
in Hempstead Co., Arkansas (Hempstead County 18 on
STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 15
the inner Coastal Plain of Arkansas). The Palmer
specimens, on which the report from there is based, are
B. dissectum var. obliquum. I have not seen the speci-
mens from the St. Francis River, but suspect that they
too may be referable to B. dissectum, since B. multifidum
occurs no nearer to Arkansas than Iowa.
Several more records from the Appalachian Plateau
indicate that this subspecies, although infrequent, is
rather widely distributed in the northern part of that
region. Further specimens are from Albany and Madi-
son Counties, N. Y., and from Erie, Pike, Susquehanna,
and Wayne Counties, Pennsylvania; also it is reported by
House (1933) from Chenango Co., N. Y. Additional
collections on the Central Lowland are from Carleton,
Clinton, and Middlesex Counties, Ontario, and from
Wayne Co., N.Y, ; also Tryon (1940) has reported it from
Several counties in Wisconsin. Further records from the
Superior Upland include specimens from Hull Co., Que-
bee, and a report by Graves (1933) from Gogebie Co.,
Mich., and by Tryon (1940) from several counties in
Isconsin.
The collection by E. T. Wherry (Penn) from open
Pine woods, Clearwater Co., Idaho, in the Northern
Rocky Mts., is the first from Idaho. Lewis Co., Wash.,
18a further locality in the Cascades.
Thave not seen the specimens on which are based the
reports by Fraser and Russell (1937) from McKague,
Saskatoon, and Big River, Saskatchewan, all localities in
the western part of the Central Lowland.
Ib. Borrycuium MULTIFIDUM (Gmel.) Rupr., ssp. TYPI-
CUM. B. ternatum A) europaeum a campestris and
B montana, Milde, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 19:
150(1869) ; B. multifidum £. dentatum Tryon, Amer.
Fern Journ. 29: 6, fig. 2(1939).
Tryon’s forma dentatum, described from Douglas Co.,
16 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Wisconsin, differs from the typical condition of the sub-
species in having the margins of the segments more promi-
nently toothed, with the teeth of a dentate rather than a
crenate type. Ssp. silaifolium seems to vary similarly in
the serrature of the segments.
For the New England area, there are further records
from Windsor Co., Vt., and Essex Co. and Mt. Washing-
ton, Berkshire Co., Mass. A previous collection from
Berkshire County was questionable. From the Adiron-
dack Mountains there are specimens from Hamilton Co.,
N. Y. From the Appalachian Plateau, specimens are
available from Delaware, Lewis, and Oneida Cos., N. *-;
and from Wayne Co., Pa. These localities represent the
southern limits of ssp. typicum in eastern North America.
In Wayne Co., Pa., which is physiographically related to
the Catskill Mts. of New York, the plants occur at an ele-
vation of about 490 meters. The subspecies was dis-
covered there by W. L. Dix and later seen by E. T.
Wherry and the writer. Small specimens collected by
Wherry in Susquehanna Co., Pa., on the Glaciated Alle-
gheny Plateau, are transitional towards ssp. silaifolium.
Additional records for the Central Lowland are from
Middlesex Co., Ontario, and Douglas and Sheboygan
Counties, Wisconsin. From the Superior Upland of Wis-
consin, it is reported by Tryon (1940) from Bayfield,
Iron, Lincoln, Polk, and Vilas Counties.
From the northern Great Plains there is a collection by
J. Macoun (Roch) simply labeled ‘‘Plains,’’ Saskatche-
wan. From the northern Pacific Coast there is a collec-
tion from Heart Lake near (?) Sitka, Alaska, Luella e-
Smith 238 (Ore). This is somewhat intermediate be-
tween ssp. typicum and ssp. silaifolium.
Additional European records are from Mt. Cons0
Hungary, 17021 (Bz) and Bienhof near Riga, Latvia,
M. 8S. Baxter (Roch).
STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 17
ld. Borrycnium MuLTIFIDUM ssp. CouuTert (Rydb.)
Clausen. ;
I have now observed this subspecies in grassy meadows
in Yellowstone Park, the region of the type locality. In
the fresh condition the blades appear yellow-green and
erisped. In the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon I have
Seen ssp. Coulteri in a grassy place in open woods along
the Lostine River. There the plants were growing in
association with B. boreale ssp. obtusilobum and B.
lanceolatum ssp. typicum. The largest specimen was 27
em. high and the longest fertile spike 8 em.
The range of ssp. Coulteri has been extended con-
siderably southward. The southernmost locality previ-
ously known was in Sequoia National Park, California, in
the Sierra Nevada at Lat. 36° 30’ N. Specimens have now
been collected by Leslie N. Goodding and William
Schroeder, no, 340-41, Sept. 17, 1941, in a grassy flat
in the White Mountains of Arizona, at an elevation of
about 2838 meters, at about 34° N. This collection is
the first from the Colorado Plateau. Specimens were
Sent me for confirmation by Dr. E. L. Little, Jr., and he
(Little, 1942) has published a note on this occurrence.
4. Borrycutum TerRNatum (Thunb.) Sw. B. dauer-
folium f. subbasilis van Alderwerelt van Rosen-
burgh, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit., II, 1: 3(1911).
Thirteen specimens of f. subbasilis in the Buitenzorg
Herbarium, all from Java and Sumatra, are so similar
to plants from China and J apan that I treat them as
B. ternatum. Minimum measurements of the blade are
2.5 em. long and 2.7 em. wide.
HINA: Yunnan Province; also Su-tchuen oriental, Dis-
triet Tehen-kéou-tin. Two collections of R. P. Farges
from the latter locality, previously cited as B. multifidum
‘Sp. typicum, should be referred here on a basis of the
membranous blades with small ultimate segments. This
18 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
conclusion is the result of study of further specimens of
those collections in the Buitenzorg Herbarium.
Japan: Sekido, Province of Musashi and Mt. Amagi,
Province of Izu; also Yokohama.
Java: From 1800 to 2250 meters; Ardjoena Beroeki,
Helling van Merbaboe, and Priangan P. Papandijag.
Fruiting time extends from October to March.
Sumatra: From 1225 to 1350 meters ; Karohoogolakhe.
Fruiting time seems to extend from January to May.
5. BorrycHIUuM BITERNATUM (Sav.) Underw.
This is the type species of the Section Biternatae ; also
probably the rarest Botrychium in eastern North Amer-
ica. Auburn in Lee County, Alabama, a locality ap-
proximately on the fall line, is a station for the species
not previously reported by me.
6. BorryCHIUM ALABAMENSE Maxon.
This species is now known north to Davie County,
North Carolina, and from three localities in South Caro-
lina. The center of distribution seems to be the Pied-
mont Upland, with extensions into the Southern Blue
Ridge and Coastal Plain.
Records from the Piedmont include: Buncombe Co.,
N. C., reported by Blomquist and Correll (1940) ; Davie
County, N. C., 3 km. northwest of Mocksville, Sept. 1,
1934, J. E. Benedict, Jr. 2970 (Herb. J. E. Benedict,
Jr.), also R. T. C. & H. Trapido 3837 (C, Claus) ; Green
ville Co., S. C., along Jamison Mill Creek, elev. about
380 m., 6.5 km. northwest of Gowansville, Aug. 24, 1938,
H. W. Trudell & E. T. Wherry (Ph) ; Pickens Co., 8. C+
6.5 km. from Easely, March 27, 1937, Miriam F ullbright
(Fur) ; also along Eastatoe Creek, alt. 426 m., Sept. 11,
1941, R. 7. C. et al. 5640 (Claus) ; Habersham County,
Ga., in woods along small stream, alt. 365 m., 10 km.
STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 19
north of Cornelia, Nov. 16, 1939, Mary G. Henry 1906
(Ph).
A further collection on the Coastal Plain is from
the eastern side of Appalachicola River, Aspalaga, Lib-
erty Co., Florida, Nov. 28, 1936, E. P. St. John et al.
(Herb. E. P. St. John).
8. BorrycHium UNDERWOODIANUM Maxon.
A series of specimens collected by M. A. Chrysler, no.
5494, south of Escuela de Porrosati, Costa Rica, exhibits
two interesting variations. The sterile blade of one
Plant approaches B. australe var. erosum in eutting and
size, but not in texture. The sterile blade of another
Plant has the ultimate divisions much smaller than usual
and prominently incised.
9. Borrycutum pissectum Sprengel.
This is the type species of the section Hlongatae.
Despite the complete intergradation between the several
varieties of ssp. typicum, some authors continue to desig-
hate as full species such variations as the dissected and
undissected leaf-phases. Among others, Blomquist and
Correll (1940) follow this practice, recognizing B. dis-
Sectum and B. obliquum, although they state that the
vars. tenuifolium and oneidense ‘‘should be considered
only as leaf forms of B. obliquum.’’ Yet the var. tenwi-
folium, besides differing in leaf form and texture, also
IS Somewhat geographically separated, for it is the com-
mon phase of the species on the southern Coastal Plain,
whereas the other three varieties are rarely found there.
From this, there would seem to be justification for re-
sarding var, tenutfolium as a subspecies. No such geo-
raphical correlation supports the separation of the dis-
“ected leaf-phase from the undissected. Further, the
Sole difference seems to be in the eutting of the leaf. If
Yar. oneidense, in which leaf form is supported by a
20 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
physiological character, is not worth recognizing in any
category, then the two variations based on dissection of
the blade not only should be suppressed as species, but
they also should be dropped as varieties. The character
of the laciniations, stressed again by Gruber (1940) as a
means for separating the dissected from the undissected
phase of ssp. typicum, is not satisfactory as an absolute
basis for differentiation, since this, like the depth of the
lacerations, is very variable.
This is one of the commonest Grape-ferns. Probably
because of its abundance, abnormalities which occur in
many of the species are more frequently observed in this.
These abnormalities include plants with several fertile
panicles. The extra panicles usually occur in pairs and
are arranged as opposite or subopposite branches from
the base of the main fertile segment.
9a. BorrycHtum DISsECTUM var. ONEIDENSE (Gilbert)
Farwe
I have now seen the type specimen in the Gilbert Fern
Herbarium at Hamilton College, also a cotype im the
herbarium of the New York State Museum. Locality 38
given as wet woods on Mohawk Flats near Utica
New England Province: Cited by Dole (1937) from
Proctor, Rutland County, Vt.; Hampshire Co., Mass.
Blue Ridge Mts. : Roan Mt., ‘Mitehell Co., N. C
Ridge and Valley Province: Schuylkill Co., Pa.
Appalachian Plateau: Chautauqua, Chemung and
Schoharie Counties, N. Y.; Allegheny, Beaver, Camero”,
Elk, Lackawanna, Lycoming: Monroe, and Potter Coun-
ties, Pa.; Rowan Co.,
Centon! Lowland : Genesee, Monroe, and Orleans Coun-
ties, N. Y.; Lueas Co., Ohio; Ottawa, St. Clair, and
Washtena: Counties, Mich.; ‘i reported by Tryo?
(1940) from Dane and Waskssmna Counties, Wisconsin.
STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 21
9b. Borrycuium pISsECTUM var. OBLIQUUM (Muhl.)
Clute. B. dissectum f. pennsylvanicum (E. W.
Graves) C. L. Gruber, Amer. Fern Journ. 30: 44.
(1940). B. obliquum f£. confusum Wherry, Bartonia
21: 12(1942); based on a form of var. obliquum
with the ultimate sterile segments with more or less
dentate teeth. I have seen many specimens which
belong in this category.
New England Province: Reported by Roland (1941)
from Colchester, Cumberland and Kings Counties, Nova
Scotia ; Somerset Co., Me.; Grafton Co., N. H.; Windham
Co., Vt.; Putnam Co., N. Y.
Adirondack Mts. : Franklin, Fulton, and Lewis Coun-
ties, N. Y,
Coastal Plain: Anne Arundel, Calvert, and Caroline
Counties, Md.; Northampton and Surry Counties, Va.
have seen no specimens of var. obliquum from the
Coastal Plain south of Virginia. Reports by Blomquist
and Correll ( 1940) from Brunswick, Franklin, Moore,
and Pender Counties, N. C., by Matthews (1940) from
Florence Co., 8. C., and by Correll (1939) from Alcorn
and Tishomingo Counties, Miss., probably are based on
plants of var. tenuifolium.
Piedmont Plateau: Carroll and Frederick Counties,
d.; Henry Co., Va., also reported by Lewis and Massey
(1940) from Amelia Co., Va.; Surry Co., N. C., also
"eported by Blomquist and Correll (1940) from Cald-
Well, Durham, Granville, Guilford, Johnston, Lincoln,
Montgomery, and Yadkin Counties, N. C.; Greenville,
Oconee and Pickens Co., 8. C. Reported from Lee Co.,
Ala., by Correll (1939).
Blue Ridge: Alleghany Co., N. C.; also reported by
Blomquist and Correll (1940) from Ashe, Graham,
con, Madison, and Mitchell Counties, N. C.; Pickens
0., 8. C.
22 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Ridge and Valley Provincee—Hudson Valley : Colum-
bia and Rensselaer Counties, N. Y. Middle Section:
Northumberland, Schuylkill, and Snyder Counties, Pa.;
Washington Co., Md. Southern Section: Reported from
Loudon Co., Va., by Correll (1939). Some specimens
from Schuylkill Co., Pa., are intermediate between vars.
obliquum and oneidense.
Appalachian Plateau: Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.; Arm-
strong, Beaver, Bedford, Butler, Cameron, Clarion,
Clearfield, Crawford, Elk, Greene, Lycoming, Mercer,
Potter, and Somerset Counties, Pa.; Trumbull Co., Ohio;
Greenbrier and Jefferson Counties, W. Va.; Morgan Co.,
Tenn. Some specimens from Warren Co., Pa., are inter-
mediate between vars. obliquum and oneidense.
Central Lowland: Delaware Co., Ohio; also reported
from Henry Co., Ohio, by C. H. Jones (1940) ; Allegan,
Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo, and Oakland Counties, Mich.
There are specimens intermediate between var. obliquum
and var. oneidense from Porter Co., Ind.
Ozark Plateau: Newton, Van Buren, and Washington
Counties, Ark.
Ouachita Province: Mentioned from Montgomery Co.,
Ark., by D. M. Moore in letter.
A doubtful specimen from Duluth, St. Louis Co.,
Minn., is my only record from the western part of the
Superior Upland.
9c. BoTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM var. TENUIFOLIUM (Underw-)
Farwell.
The northernmost locality on the Coastal Plain was
Salisbury, Maryland (Clausen, 1938). A collection by
E. T. Wherry (Ph), Sept. 18, 1938, from Farmington,
Hartford Co., Conn., so closely resembles specimens from
the southern Coastal Plain that it seems necessary 1
refer it here. This record extends the range of the va?
STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 23
tenuifolium to the New England Upland. From the
Coastal Plain or its inner fringe in Maryland, three ad-
ditional records are available. Northernmost of these,
from the data on the herbarium label, is: Wet woods,
Woodbrook, Baltimore Co., Oct., 1891, herb. C. E. Waters
(Mich). From the Coastal Plain of southeastern Vir-
ginia, there are specimens from three more counties.
Although there is only one record of var. tenuifolium
from the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, there are
Several from South Carolina, indicating that var. tenwi-
folium is the common phase of the species on the Coastal
Plain of that state. This is confirmed by my own ex-
perience in the field there. It is likely that reports of
var. obliquum from the Coastal Plain of North Carolina
are based on plants referable to var. tenuifoium, From
farther south and west there are additional records from
the Coastal Plain of Alabama and Louisiana.
On the Piedmont the northernmost collection known
to me is from a stream bank in Durham County, N. C.,
Oct. 5, 1933, Mildred G. Stites 37 (Huh). From South
Carolina I have seen specimens from five counties on the
Piedmont Upland, also intermediates between vars.
obliquum and tenuifolium from several localities, both
on the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. An additional ree-
ord from the Piedmont of Georgia is afforded by a collec-
tion from a swamp near Stone Mt. (Fur).
Although the var. tenuifoliwm is predominantly a popu-
lation of the Coastal Plain, it also occurs in other
Provinces to a limited extent. Already I (Clausen, 1938)
have reported it from two localities in the Southern Blue
tidge in North Carolina and from the Tennessee Moun-
tains. To these records may now be added the collection
of W. E. Merrill (Fur), Aug. 23, 1928, from low moist
Woods at about 300 meters elev., near Cedar Mt., Transyl-
Vania Co., N. C., and a collection by D. S. Correll, no.
24 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
4045 (NY) from moist woods along the New River near
Scottsville, Ashe Co., N. C.
From the Ohio Valley, there is a collection from farther
upstream than previously reported and the first from
Ohio. This is from woods at Madiera, Hamilton Co.,
Mrs. Walter Callahan (Cine).
9d. BorrycHIuM DIssEcTUM Spreng. var. TYPICUM.
The northern limit of the distribution of this variety
in the east seems to be the St. Lawrence Valley. An addi-
tional locality in this region is the Co. de St. Iberville in
Quebec. From the New England Province, Windham
Co., Vt., and Rensselaer Co., N. Y., should be added to
the list of counties from which specimens are available.
The var. typicum occurs on the northern Coastal Plain,
but seems to be rare in the pine barrens of New Jersey-
From the pine barrens, it has been collected by Hollis
Koster, no. A 2-3-1 (Claus), in a damp thicket at Bur-
lington Co., N. J. There are records from nine counties
on the Coastal Plain of Maryland, but from only, two
counties on the Coastal Plain of Virginia, whereas there
are records for var. tenuifoliwm from five counties of the
same region of Virginia. I have seen no specimens of
var. typicum from the Coastal Plain south of Virgia,
but there are reports of its occurrence in Florida and
southern Arkansas.
On the Piedmont var. typicum ranges south to North
Carolina, Tennessee, and South Carolina. Blomquist and
Correll (1940) gave the range as south to Georgia, but
they did not mention the part of the state where it occurs.
Southernmost Piedmont collections known to me are 6.5
km. from Easley, Pickens Co., §. C., Mar. 26, 1937,
Miriam Fullbright (Fur), also R. T. C. & H. Trapid?
(Claus, Corn, BH); wooded slope along Jamison Mill
Creek, elev. about 375 meters, Greenville Co., S. C., H.¥-
Trudell & E. T. Wherry (Ph); woods along stream at
STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 25
Forty-Acre Rock, Laneaster Co., S. C., Velma Matthews
& Elizabeth Boland (Cok). There are many additional
specimens and records from the Piedmont of New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina,
indicating that this variety is frequent in the northern
part of that province. Records from the Blue Ridge are
few. From the Valley and Ridge area west of the Blue
Ridge, specimens are available from Roanoke County,
Virginia, to Washington Oo., N. Y.
The var. typicum is common on the northern part of
the Appalachian Plateau and there completely inter-
grades with var. obliquum. South and west of Pennsyl-
Vania, I know it from that province only from Tucker Co.,
W. Va., and Ashtabula, Portage, and Trumbull Counties,
Ohio. On the Central Lowland the var. typicum ranges
from Oswego Co., N. Y., west to Iowa. Specimens or
records are available from additional counties in New
York, Ohio, and Michigan.
Graves (1933) has cited a collection from the Superior
Pland, from the Black River, Gogebie Co., Mich., but I
have not seen specimens.
¥ reviously known from the northeastern limits of the
Ozark Plateau, the var. typicum is now also known from
the southwestern part of that province, from low open
Woods, Farmington, Washington Co., Ark., D. M. Moore
330309 (Ark).
12. Borryemum pavcirouum Wall. in Hook. & Grev.
B. subcarnosum Wall., Hooker’s Bot. Mise. 3: 222.
1832(1833). B. formosanum Tagawa, Act. Phyt.
Geobot. 9: 87-88 (1940).
Authentic specimens, kindly sent to me by Dr. Tagawa,
80 closely resemble B. daucifolium that I am inclined to
Place B. formosanum in the synonymy of that species, not
even according it subspecifie status. In separating his
Species from B. dauci folium, Tagawa has used particularly
26 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
the venation and the color of the sporangia. As a result
of field experience with other species of Botrychiwm,
sporangial color impresses me as of slight taxonomic im-
portance. The venation character is more satisfactory,
but there is overlapping in this. In B. formosanum the
basal posterior vein of the penultimate segment arises
either at or above the point of insertion of the costa. In
thirty-five collections of B. daucifolium from the East
Indies, the same basal posterior vein arose either at or
below the point of insertion of the costa. Perhaps this
tendency, if maintained through a large series of speci-
mens, is of sufficient importance to warrant the recogni-
tion of the Formosan population as a distinct subspecies,
but in the absence of further evidence and more specimens
from there, I am not now making the new combination.
n the Botanical Miscellany, Greville and Hooker
(ibid.) listed both B. subcarnosum and B. daucifolium,
but it is not clear to me how they were to be distinguished.
The East Indian specimens mentioned above include
collections from Bali, British North Borneo, Java, Su-
matra, and Timor. From data with these specimens, the
altitudinal distribution in Java seems to be from 900 to
1600 meters and the fruiting time from late May to the
end of July. From Flores Island, specimens are available
from an elevation of 1850 meters.
DEPARTMENT OF Borany,
CoRNELL UNIVERSITY
LITERATURE CITED
Blomquist, H. L., and Correll, D. 8. 1940. A County Cheek _
f North Carolina Ferns and Fern, Allies. Ophioglossaceae-
ig irene Mitchell Sci. Soc. 56: *.
Clausen, Robert T. 1988, A Goes er ‘the Ophioglossacea
m. Torr. Club 197:
Correll . 8s. eve “ing Southeastern Fern Notes. Amer- Fern
nae E. Ss (editor. Re tay Flora of Vermont. i-xiv, 1 1-353.
Fraser, W. P., and Russell, R. C. 1937. List of the —
Pleats Ferns, on Fern Allise of Saskatchewan. pp- 1
SHORTER NoTES 27
Graves, = We L038: id ong dissectum from North Michigan.
Amer, Fern Journ. 23: 28-30.
Gruber, C. L. 1940. Distinguishing geri reer ee
and Botrychiwm dissec Amer. Fern Journ. 30:
House, H. D. 1933. Additions to the Fern lira of New York
tate. Amer. Fern Ae
Jones, C. H. 1940. ‘Additions to the Revised Catalogue of Ohio
Vascular Plants, VIII. Ohio Journ. Sci. 40: 200-216.
Lewis, J. B., and Massey, A.B. i940. Ferns and Fern Allies of
bi . ‘ el. 1:
Va. Journ.
Little, E. L., Jr. 1942. A First Agana. —— of Botrychium
multifidum. Amer. Fern Jou
Matthews, Velma D. 1940. The "Ferns and con Allies of South
arolina. Amer. Fern Journ. 30:
Moore, D. W. 1940. Arkansas Pieridophyts. Amer, Fern Journ.
Roland, Cae E. 1941. The Ferns of Nova Scotia. Proce. N. S. Inst.
64-12
Tryon, R. M., Jr, Fan t, N.C, Dunlop, D. W., and Diemer, M. E.
1940. The Ferns a Fern ‘Allies of Wisconsin, We -158.
Weatherty, C. A. 1942. Subspecies. Rhod
gt =. T. ee The Ferns er ‘anaes ie oan
Shorter Notes
Tae Range or NOTHOLAENA DELICATULA—A CorRREC-
TION.—When we described Notholaena delicatula,’ Dr.
Maxon and I recorded collections from the southeastern
Part of the state of Coahuila, Mexico, and adjacent
Nuevo Leén, and one from ‘Jalisco: limestone ledges,
mountains near Monterrey, June, 1889, Pringle 2581.
he quoted phrases were copied verbatim from
Pringle’s abel.
At the time, we accepted the data on the label without
misgiving. Reference, however, to Pringle’s diary, as
Published by Mrs. Davis,? shows that he was in and near
Monterrey, } Nuevo Leén (not Jalisco), for most of the
Month of June, 1889. He specifically refers to the par-
ticular fern in question, as Notholaena nivea var. flava
(the name under which it was distributed), and notes
2 Contrib. Gray Herb, 127: 7, 8.
1939.
Pp. Pers 1g5 Burns. Life and Work of Cyrus Guernsey Pringle,
28 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
that it was collected June 18th on the rocky slope of the
Sierra Madre ‘‘two hours’ walk south of the old Bishop’s
Palace.’’? Jalisco, then, on the label, is a clerical error;
and N. delicatula becomes one of the local species of
northeastern Mexico, known, so far, only from Coahuila
and Nuevo Leén. This is a more natural, or at least
more usual, geographic condition.
Two other species, Canavalia villosa and Cnicus
Pringlei, recorded in the diary as collected at the same
place and on the same or the preceding day, are correctly
labelled in the Gray Herbarium. Only the fern seems
to have suffered a mischance. Indeed, in the course of
a good many years familiarity with Pringle’s specimens,
this is the only error I have detected in the data given
on his labels —C. A. WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium.
Preris virrata Harpy in Wasuineton, D. C.—In ceased’
ing the corner of Maryland Ave. and 2d St., 8. W., ™
Washington, D. C., on November 20, 1942, I happened to
notice several groups of ferns growing on the brick foun-
dation of a Government greenhouse. Investigation dis-
closed the species to be Pteris vittata L. Several of the
larger plants are 15 to 18 inches tall, which may be taken
to indicate the age as approximately five years. The
venation, sori, scaly petioles, non-articulate pinnae, and
other diagnostic characters check perfectly with spec!
mens I have collected in southern Florida.
This find may extend the range of Pteris vittata some
500 miles north of previous records, but in any event it
is interesting to find that this species has been able to
endure the winter temperatures of this latitude for 8?
many years. In Dade County, Florida, it is found spat
ingly, growing on the walls of limestone road-material
pits and occasionally about the bases of limestone boul-
ders, often in association with grasses and weeds, usually
in full sunlight—F. N. Irvine, Washington, D. C.
Sorter Notes 29
ASPLENIUM SEPTENTRIONALE IN CALIFORNIA.—A record
of the discovery of this rare spleenwort in California has
recently appeared in a mimeographed publication’ of the
Sierra Club of California, by John Thomas Howell, but
apparently has not been formally published. It thus
Seems decidedly worth while to bring this find to the
attention of botanists, and especially fern students. Per-
aps No missing link in the distribution of North Ameri-
can ferns is so critical as the discovery of this Carex-like
‘Spleenwort in the Sierra Nevada, ‘‘in crevices of granite
rocks above Columbine Lake,’’ below Sawtooth Pass, east
of Mineral King, Tulare Co. (J. 7. Howell 17803). Be-
Cause this spleenwort was long ago detected in the San
edro Martir of Baja California, and in the region of
San Francisco Peaks and Flagstaff, Arizona, but absent
from California proper, this collection is truly historic.
Thasmuch as other holarctic plant species occur in the
San Pedro Martir Sierra, along with the spleenwort, as
extreme southernmost stations in every case, it is now
clear that what appeared to be an incongruous distribu-
tion pattern for Asplenium septentrionale falls easily
into the familiar mapping known for dozens of holarctic
Species. My field experience with this fern in Colorado
leads me to conclude that wherever it grows, this spleen-
Wort eludes the eye of many keen collectors. In its
usual growth habit it looks more like a Carex out of
season, less like the expected fern form, than any other
fern I have met in the field —J. Ewan, University of
Colorado,
PouyPopium pectivaTumM as AN Eprrnyre—tIn early
May of last year I went on a collecting trip to the south-
*rn end of the county, on the old St. Augustine Road.
This is a wonderful spot, with more species of orchids to
“Base Cam 1942 (received as
Sea p Botany, 1942. 29 pp. Sept. 10,
Feprint item Nov. 30, 1942),
> ee AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
the square yard than any other place I know, besides a
host of other interesting flowering plants. It is also my
nearest station for Selaginella apoda. Back in the
swamp, where the Selaginella grows, I came on a large
live oak which I had never noticed before and, struck by
its ancient and picturesque appearance, I went close to
it and was greatly astonished to see a number of plants
of Polypodium pectinatum growing as epiphytes upon
the trunk. The weather had been extremely dry all
spring, and most of the fronds were curled and brown,
some of the largest being dead.
Six months later I went back to the place with another
member of the Fern Society, Lieut. Commander Shields,
now stationed here. We collected three nice plants,
leaving plenty more on the tree, and these are now grow-
ing in my fern garden. The summer rains had brought
the plants into good condition and some of them were
especially fine. This is the first record of this fern in
Duval County and, I believe, the most northern station
known.—Mary W. Dipvetu, Jacksonville, Fla.
Harvr’s-TONGUES IN a Limestone Grorro.—several
years ago I constructed in my garden an enclosure of
weathered rocks taken from limestone ledges in Sussex
Co., New Jersey. It is roughly oval, about 4 feet long,
3 feet wide, and 2 feet deep, and is surrounded by tall
ferns, having thus the effect of a small grotto. In it I
set out several Hart’s-tongues, probably all of the Euro-
pean type. These have grown very well, and last dase
many sporelings appeared, some an inch or two in height
and others just emerging from the prothallial stage. If
they continue to grow well and to increase in number, @
good supply of young plants will shortly be available to
members of the Society—W. Hersert DOLE, est
Orange, New Jersey.
Recent Fern LiIrerATURE aL
Recent Fern Literature
With the prefatory remark, ‘‘Whatever Cheilanthes
Sw. may stand for, the generic sense of which is far too
broad according to current usage, the conclusion of my
study in the years past is that that group of ferns, as
typified by Pteris argentea Gmel. and Pteris farinosa
Forskal and referred to Cheilanthes by later authors, is
especially distinct from that genus,’’ Dr. Ching has re-
vived Aleuritopteris Fée (1852). He recognizes 19
Asiatic Species, divided into three sections on characters
of habit and spores, and adds, in notes, the American Ch.
aurea Baker and Ch. aurantiaca (Cav.) Moore. Geo-
sraphic data, some discussion and informal description
of species, and full synonymy are given.?
Even though he provides no more than the skeleton of
a key, Ching’s carefully documented treatment can
hardly fail to aid in an understanding of the Asiatic
Species concerned. And, as he limits it, Aleuritopteris
‘Sno doubt a natural group. It has been recognized as
such by most pteridologists in the 90 years since Fée’s
Publication. Hooker and Mettenius placed together the
Ko Ching, R. ©, The studies of Chinese ferns—XXXI. Hong
2, Naturalist, 10: 194-204, 1941.
w2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
by his predecessors; in substance he merely asserts that
his opinion differs from theirs.
A second and more serious weakness of such work is
that it rests on too narrow a basis. It is almost wholly
regional. The Asiatic species of Cheilanthes, section
Aleuritopteris, are distinct enough from other species of
Cheilanthes inhabiting that area. It is in America that
the real difficulties of classification are found. Even the
American species which Ching assigns to Aleuwritopteris
are habitally aberrant, Ch. aurea in its finely dissected
blade and Ch. aurantiaca in its reduced lower pinnae.
Other American species, conventionally placed in Notho-
laenao—N. sulphurea, N. candida, and particularly N.
galapagensis—differ from Aleuritopteris, at least so far
as has yet been pointed out, only in the absence of a
modified hyaline leaf-margin serving as an indusium.
N. Standley: is like them except for a more pedate type
of leaf-architecture, in this respect resembling Ch. grevtl-
leoides Christ, the type of the genus Sinopteris C. Chr.
& Ching. Farther afield, but still within range, is Pity-
rogramma triangularis, again strikingly like Alewrto-
pteris, but without indusium and bearing sporangia along
the whole length of the veins instead of at the tip only.
In this last case, soral structure may well be phylogenet!-
eally important enough to counterbalance everything
else, as has usually been supposed; nevertheless, it the
tribe Cheilantheae any particular type of sorus is likely
to be associated, in different species, with a rather miscel-
laneous lot of other characters. Ching does not mention
any of the species enumerated above, though Fée assigned
two of them to his Alewritopteris. But until they are dis-
posed of, one must either assume that an extension of
the epidermis beyond the edge of the leaf-tissue is by
itself a generic character, though it is found in all degrees
of development in the Cheilantheae, or must leave Aleuri-
RECENT FERN LITERATURE Sa
topteris, as a genus, distinctly ragged about the edges.
Ching, I think, does just that.
There are many difficult questions of classification in
the Cheilantheae and they center about just such marginal
species as N. sulphurea and the others discussed above.
They can probably be settled only by patient and minute
comparison of the characteristics of all the species of the
tribe. The final solution may lie in such broad generic
lines as those laid down by Prantl in his study of Pellaea
and Cryptogramma, or in the recognition of relatively
humerous small genera. But the premature setting up
of insufficiently studied microgenera gets us nowhere.
ere is another way. Christensen, once Ching’s
teacher, has shown it to us. When he published the sec-
ond part of his monograph of the American species of
D "yopteris, he believed that the subgenera he there recog-
nized were in reality good genera. But he would not set
€m up as such and continued to treat them under
Pryopteris until he had studied the Old World species
also and tested his concepts by them. Not until 18 years
later did he finally accept them as genera. It is to be
hoped that Serious students of the Cheilantheae will fol-
low his example—C. A. WEATHERBY.
A recent note in Ecology’ discusses the réle of Bracken
(Pteridiwm) in the regeneration of Douglas fir forests.
he Bracken is abundant in one of the regions where
Douglas fir grows. After lumbering, the slash is usually
wned and then the fern becomes dominant. In areas
that are Subjected to repeated burning, the effect of a
Bracken cover is detrimental to the Douglas fir seedlings.
The dead fronds produce such a continuous and inflam-
Mable cover that most of the seedlings are killed by a fire.
On the other hand, in undisturbed areas the protective
Bracken cover is beneficial. The seedlings grow better
os McCulloch, W. F. The Role of Bracken Fern in Douglas-fir
Seneration. Eeology 23: 484, 485. 1942.
*
34 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
and there are more of them under the Bracken than in
exposed areas.—R. M. Tryon, Jr., Dartmouth College.
Dr. Jesse M. Shaver? has produced a veritable vade
mecum for amateurs in ferns, at least if they happen to
live in or visit Tennessee. It contains, within the limits
of a 25-page article, sections on the folk-lore of ferns,
their life-history, the making of blue-prints and other
such ‘‘nature prints’’ of fern leaves, the names of ferns
(with an interesting little essay on the pronunciation of
the Latin ones), photographing ferns, fern gardens, and
growing ferns from spores. There are instructions at
once concise, clear and in considerable detail for all of
these activities which require them. In addition there
is a good account, with map, of the chief floristic areas of
Tennessee, lists of the species of ferns most characteristic
of each, and a bibliography. It is hard to think of any-
thing a beginner in the study of Tennessee ferns would
need to know about, including the Fern Society, which is
not touched upon.—C. A. WEATHERBY.
American Fern Society
Report of the President for 1942
Conditions of war made necessary the postponement
of the American Fern Society’s usual annual meeting.
Yet the Journal has appeared in all four numbers and
there is good reason to expect its continued publication
of printing or mimeographing the list. By adopting the
latter method of preparation, a considerable economy alae
effected. Members might assist the officers in deci
whether or not to mimeograph such a list in the future
1 Shaver, Jesse W. Some general notes on ferns. Journ. Tem
nessee Acad. Sci. 17: 311-336. 9 figs., 1 map. Oct. 1942.
AMERICAN FERN Society 35
by letting them know whether they approve or disap-
prove such procedure. Expressions of opinion on all
sorts of topics will help the Council better to administer
the affairs of the Society. Also the editors will appreci-
ate suggestions about the Journal and will be particularly
glad to receive for publication brief notes about the dis-
tribution or culture of ferns or other details of fern
study.
As retiring president, I desire to express the hope that -
the Society will continue to prosper, even in these years
of strife. Also, I hope that the Journal will continue to
‘ppear as frequently and with as many pages as the
recent volumes have contained. Finally, I hope that
enthusiastic interest in ferns may not only continue
among us all, but may spread to still others who will
join in our association and enjoy the pleasures of our
study and hobby.
Rosert T. Cuausen, President
Report of the Secretary for 1942
During this first year of active participation by our
‘ountry in the war effort of the Allied Nations the basic
Toutine of the Society has gone on as unspectacularly as
usual. But as in all other activities of life, the war has
Made itself felt in the more public aspects of our exis-
tence. Largely because of gasoline rationing, no attempt
Was made to hold a Field Meeting during the year. Our
annual winter meeting, scheduled to be held December 28
at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, was canceled also, in
“ompliance with the Government’s request that meetings
ot the American Association for the Advancement of
Science and affiliated societies, ordinarily held during
Snvocation Week, be dispensed with in order to reduce
“Ivilian travel during the holidays.
The Society was officially represented at the 75th An-
Niversary celebration of the Torrey Botanical Club in
June by Dr. Edgar T. Wherry.
36 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Information has reached the Secretary of the active
participation of some of our members in the war : Richard
C. Harlow and Edward M. Shields have been commis-
sioned Lieut. Commanders in the U. 8S. Navy; and Harold
Trapido is stationed at Paine Field, in Washington. This
may be only a partial list, and the Secretary would be
glad to have information of other members who are in
war service.
The names of four of our members have been removed
during 1942 through death: Rev. Charles 8. Lewis, who
from 1923 through 1933 was Secretary of the Society;
William B. Rossberg, one of our Life Members; Miss
Anna L. Hall and A. H. Marchant. In addition to
these, some 40 others were lost through resignations and
the non-payment of dues. This heavy loss has been com-
pensated in part by the relatively large addition of 27
new members. This brings the balance back to a mem-
bership of 387 with which to start the new year.
For 1943 one of our goals may well be the interesting
of friends to become members, so that we may regain the
high mark of 1941, when our ‘‘fern fellowship”’ included
402 members.
Respectfully submitted,
Este G. Wurrney, Secretary
Report of the Treasurer for 1942
In a year which has brought serious difficulties to
many scientific organizations the American Fern Society
may still be said to be in a fairly good financial condition,
but the cooperation of all members will be needed during
the coming year to maintain the present level. Cash on
hand, it may be noted, is only $10 less than on January
1, 1942, a good sign of present stability.
There is a rise of 10 per cent in the cost of printing for
1943.
Some members of long standing, upon whom we have
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 37
counted to pay dues for several years back, have done so,
as may be seen from the accompanying detailed report.
During the year we received a gift of $5 from a mem-
ber of long standing who wishes to remain anonymous,
and as contributions toward the membership committee
we received gifts of $5 from Mrs. D. C. Boyce and $9.75
from Dr. R. C. Benedict.
The treasurer wishes to thank all members for their
kind cooperation throughout the year.
1939 Membership Arrears
1941 Membership Arrears
1942 Membership Renewals
2 New M
embers
1943 Membership Renewals
embers
1943 New M alien Ae eaves ser 2.00 26.25
1944 Membership Renewals ............. 50 50
1941 Subscription Arrears 20.000. 50 2.50
1942 Subscription Renewals ........... 59.57
1 ew Subseribers ccc 8.85 68.42
1943 Subscription Renewals ............ 9.58 39.58
Sale of back numbers A.F.J. 72.00 72.00
Sale of A.F.J. Index 50 50
Sale of ‘‘State and Local Fern
Floras’’ __. 10.25 10.25
Sale of ‘‘Vay. and Forms of Ferns
‘ - N. Am.’? 1.50 1.50
raga contribution for 1943 oc. 10.00 10.00
oat not restricted 5.00 5.00
pola for Membership Committee ....... 14.75 14.75
Gi ts (books) A.F.S, Library ........... S 4.34 4.34
ace (books) A.F.J. back numbers ..... 6.27 6.27
942 Advertising _. 4.00
8 15.97 15.97
cpaterred from Bissell Herbarium
ta 4145 4145 $ 815.16
| ie: $1,057.28
Deduetion a/e Gift (books) A.F.S.
Sat praises dia
uction a/e Gift (books) A.F.J.
ae ack numbers> oa
uction a/e Profit on Sales* ........... aos edd ei
$1,018.27
38 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Disbursements
A $608.11
Reprints 45.21 45.21
1000 printed clasp envelopes ............. 8.00 8.00
Trade Discount 4.12 4.12
Agency Commission 7.40 7.40
Bank Charges 1.54 1.54
ense Presiden 3.00
Expense Treasurer 27.90 27.90
Expense Secretary 19.12 19.12
Expense Librarian 10.00 10.00
Expense Curator 51.45 51.45 $ 785.85
Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1943 o.oo $ 232.42
@ Transferred to A.F.S. Library Acct. (books).
> Transferred to Inventory A.F.J.
¢ Transferred to Reserve Fund.
Statement December 31, 1942
Assets Liabilities
Cash on hand.........$232.42 Capital Account... $5,437.78
In Spee. Acct. #1... 510.05 1943 Memb. Susp. 15
In Spee. Acct. $2. 53.7 eet a ee
In Reserve Fund.. 92.68 $ 888.90 1944 Memb. Susp. 50
3,200.00 1943 Subseribers 87
1,818.21 Susp. Acct. ..... 35.
260.50 Memb. Comm. 16
Lox. Susp. Acct. —
$6,186.86 Distrib. Vol. > 410.00
Bissell Herb. Fund -
Life Memb. Fund 53.75
pee
$6,186.86
Respectfully submitted,
Henry K. Svenson, Treasurer.
Report of the Auditing Committee
The undersigned have checked all the receipts and eX
penditures of the American Fern Society for 1942 and
find the Treasurer’s statement correct.
AMERICAN F'erN Society 39
We recommend that the item Notes Receivable listed in
the Assets column in the sum of $3,200.00 be reappraised
and entered with an Inventory value of $1.00, and that
the Liability Capital Account be reduced accordingly.
€ wish to express our sincere appreciation of the ser-
vices of Dr. Svenson and his staff in behalf of the Society.
Watrter 8S. ALLEN
Freperick L. Facury
Auditing Committee
Report of the Judge of Elections
A tabulation of the votes for officers of the American
Fern Society for 1943 follows:
For President
- A. Weatherby 83
. Wherr 1
Robert T. Clausen 1
For Vice-President
ose Ewan 80
erbert Dole 2
For Secretary
Mrs. Elsie G, Whitney ..........- 84
. L. Blomquist
For Treasurer
enry K. Svenson 83
W.S, Allen a
I therefore declare the following nominees elected:
Ck: Weatherby, President; Joseph Ewan, Vice-Presi-
dent; Mrs, Elsie G. Whitney, Secretary; Henry K.
venson, Treasurer.
Respectfully submitted,
W. L. Drx, Judge of Elections
From Sweden word has very recently been received of
the death of Dr. Carl Christensen, foremost taxonomic
authority upon ferns, which occurred in Copenhagen,
Ovember 24,1942. He had been, since 1915, a member
of the American Fern Society, and it is hoped soon to
publish a biographical sketch in the JouRNAL.
40 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
NEw MEMBERS
Mr. F. M. Cota, 2611 33d St., San Diego, Californ
Mr. Marlin A. Espenshade, 435 Littleton St., Wort LaFayette, In-
diana
Miss E. Trene Graves, 237 Sumner St., Bridgewater, Se
Mrs, Josephine Reddy Wilde, 156 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn,
CHANGES OF ADDRESS
Mr. Maurice Broun, The Northfield, East Northfield, Massachusetts.
Miss Elsie D. Canan, 1023 Millereek aes J apesehi ie ee
Dr. Edmund LeRoy Dow, 8 Golf V: Road, Palm Beach, Flo rida.
Myr. F.C. dens Bilasees Arms ae 900 Hast ne Bt., Kansas
City, Missouri.
Téent. omar Richard C. Harlow, U. 8. Naval Rest Center, Ashe-
, No. Carolina.
Miss 3 Barbara Howlett, R. D. 2, Presque Isle, Maine.
Dr. Irving W. Kno loch, 699 East Utica ‘St., Buffalo, New York.
Mrs. Arthur Luhr, 555 Kellogg Ave., Palo Alto, California
Mr. Tan McCallum, c/o Mr. James Marshall, R.R. 1, Sarnia, Ontario,
Canada.
Dr, oe P. Ottley, Seneca Castle, New Y:
. A. Schuurman, Consulate Distae: “ Ale Netherlands, Box
ies 06, New Orleans, Louisi
Mrs. James M. Stifler, 326 is ry Court, Bradenton, Florida.
Dr. Edward P. St. Toba, Floral City, Citrus Co., Florida.
Mr. Willman Spawn, P. O. Box 4098, Washingbou, D. C.
Mr. Robert P. St. John, Floral mdi Citrus Co., Florida.
Me Hes Wilkens, 424 So. 15th St., Reading, Pennsylvania.
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April-June, 1943 No. Te
American Fern Journal
fe al
A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
Published by the
__ AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
: se
es CONTENTS
vinames, for Ferns and F Allies Proposed by C. S.
a 1806-1838... ee BE. D. Meeemt 41
and Ferns... er = Serene SE:
Che American Hern Saciety
Conuril for 1943
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR.
C. A. WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Oe Presi :
JosepH Ewan, 2 Stieae nna a et ice-President
Mrs. Exsiz G 274 South Main Ave., aes Y.
Henry K, Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, ee da a :
Wituiam BR. Maxon, Simithovnian Tastitotion, Wesbingiens D. ©. .
Eaditor-in-Chief
OFFICIAL ORGAN
American #ern Journal
EDITORS
B. Maxon ....$mithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
R. ©. Bewepicr ................... 1819 Dorchester Road, Brooklyn, N. ¥.
C. V. Morton ........... Smithsonian Insti Washington, D. C.
Tra L. Wicarxs |. Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, Calf.
te: the: guaeal ate ot
1 —— ees sent free
Steen #135 aoe sa, foreign, cen coer
¢L.b0s ite diem
Ameriran Fern Journal
Vou, 33 APRIL-JUNE, 1943 No. 2
New Names for Ferns and Fern Allies Proposed
by C. S. Rafinesque, 1806-1838
E. D. Merritu
Th connection with a preliminary examination of all of
Rafinesque’s known botanical publications it was noted
that a very large number of his new generic and specific
names have been entirely overlooked by the compilers of
Cur standard indices. This situation will not be dis-
cussed in detail here, as I have in hand the preparation
of a comprehensive index to Rafinesque’s numerous
botanical papers in which it is proposed to list all his
new names in all groups of plants. The necessary data
have been compiled on large index sheets, to which nor-
mally all that Rafinesque published regarding each entity
has been transferred. When these sheets were sorted
there was noted an extraordinarily high percentage of
names appertaining to the vascular eryptogams that have
remained in the category of overlooked ones for more
than a century. It is suspected that the total number
of unlisted Rafinesque names in all groups of plants will
be between 1200 and 1500. With the acceptance of
® homonym rule by the International Botanical Con-
8ress, if for no other reason, it is clearly high time that
esque’s validly published names be listed at least.
There are various reasons why Rafinesque’s work has
been so generally overlooked or ignored, but the three chief
2, Ina 33, No. 1 of the J OURNAL, pages 1-40, was issued March
41
42 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
ones are: First, the non-availability of many of his pub-
lications, even in some of our larger botanical libraries;
second, the low esteem in which Rafinesque’s botanical
work was held by his contemporaries and successors;
and, third, because the majority of his types were de-
stroyed after his death. However, our botanical rules
are impersonal, and no really valid reason exists for con-
tinuing to ignore the work of this admittedly most erratic
botanist, for most of his new names were validly published
under all rules of botanical nomenclature. As his new
names for the ferns and fern allies, mosses, lichens, fungi,
and algae do not come within the field of Index Kewensis,
it has been thought desirable to list these in a series of
special papers independent of their probable inclusion in
the proposed comprehensive Index Rafinesquianus now
under way.
In the preparation of this list I have compared the
entries with those in Christensen’s Index Filicum and its
Supplements, and where a Rafinesque name was omitted,
or was entered with a reference to other than the original
place of publication, it is indicated by an asterisk. It
will be noted that nearly all of the 63 Rafinesque names
considered below are in the nature of additions to pre
viously published lists or indices. For those groups COV-
ered by Christensen’s Index Filicum and its three supple-
ments only eight Rafinesque names are included, and of
these only four are correct in that the references are t0
the original places of publication. :
The total number of Rafinesque entries, including
minor orthographic variants, is 62, but most of his pro-
posed names fall as synonyms. Certain nomina nuda
cannot be placed. Under our accepted rules of nomen-
clature Pteretis Raf. is the proper generic name for that
group of ferns previously called Struthiopteris Willd.
and more recently known as Matteuccia Todaro, Among
FERN NAMES PROPOSED BY RAFINESQUE 43
the species that Rafinesque actually described as new,
only one, Equisetum praealtum Raf., appears to be valid,
and this name has been rather generally accepted for a
widely distributed North American species.
Tn general, most of Rafinesque’s reasons for changing
eneric and specific names proposed by earlier authors
have never been accepted by other botanists. The changes
were made by him in accordance with his own code of
nomenclature as published by him in 1814, and again in
837." In making changes he did not always remember
what he had proposed at an earlier date. Thus he
actually published no less than three different generic
‘hames for the group now ealled Phyllitis Ludwig (Filin-
guis Raf., Glossopteris Raf., and Phyllitis Raf.), five new
ones for Pteris Linn. (Lemapteris Raf., Peripteris Rat.,
Phyllitis Raf., Pteridium Raf., and Pterilis Raf.), and
two for Lycopodium (Clopodium Raf. and Copodium
Raf.). He actually deseribed de novo only one new
genus, Nesoris (1838), and this is clearly a synonym of
Pityrogramma Link (1833); but he published about 20
new generic names (including minor variants), all but
a single nomen nudum being readily reducible to sy-
nonymy. Glossopteris Raf. (1815) invalidates Glos-
Sopteris Brongn. (1828), the latter a widely used name
for a characteristic group of fossil plants. The palaeobot-
anists will doubtless wish to take proper action with a
View to conserving Glossopteris Brongn. over Glossopteris
Raf. at some future International Botanical Congress.
Because of his confidence in his own rules he used such
forms as Adiantum capilveneris (A. Capillus-Veneris
Linn.), Asplenium ruta (A. Ruta-muraria Linn.), and
Marsiglia (Marsilea Linn.). Minor variants such as
Driopteris for Dryopteris, Thelipteris for Thelypteris,
loi tinesaue, 8S. Principes fondamentaux de somiologie ou les
€ la nomenclature et de la classification de 1’empire organique
eyes animaux of des végétaux, 1-52. 1814; Flora Telluriana 1:
§1-90. 1836 [1837]. ae |
44 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Sciphofilix for Scyphofiliz, and Pillularia for Pilularia
may have been due to inadvertence, although throughout
his work he seems very generally to have changed the
letter ‘‘y’’ to ‘‘i”’ in certain types of generic and specific
names. It will be noted that the percentage of accepted
Rafinesque names for this group of plants is very low,
but there is no reason to believe that the acceptable per-
centage for the several thousand new names that he pro-
posed for the phanerogams will be higher, and this with-
out invoking the principle of nomina conservanda.
In some of his later publications Rafinesque records
the fact that he had in preparation additional works,
some of these apparently planned to bé more or less like
his Flora Telluriana (1837-38), Sylva Telluriana (1838),
Alsographia Americana (1838), and Autikon Botanikon
(1840). Thus, in his Autikon Botanikon (p. 2), he lists
such titles as his proposed Pterikon, Agrostikon, Lirikon,
Ericon, Dendrikon, Autikon Formosum, and Pomona, in
which he proposed to treat the ferns, grasses, lilies, eT!
eaceous plants, trees, ornamental plants, and fruit trees.
It is clear that he had scarcely developed plans for pub-
lishing all of these, for most of the titles were selected to
represent sets of duplicate botanical specimens that he
could supply. In discussing his new fern genus, V esoris,”
he says: ‘‘It shall be fully described and figured in my
Pterikon, a work now preparing. I announce it mean-
time as a great discovery... .’? Those interested 1”
ferns and at all familiar with Rafinesque’s erratic work
ean only be thankful that he never completed and pub-
lished this proposed work. His last published volume
was the Autikon Botanikon, which appeared in the year
of his death; Rafnesque died Sept. 18, 1840. Of the
Autikon Botanikon only about a dozen copies are known
to be in existence, but fortunately it is now available bid
2 New Fl. No. Amer. 4: 104, 1836 [1838].
FEerN NAMES ProposED BY RAFINESQUE 45
those who must or should use it, a modern facsimile litho-
print edition having been issued under the auspices of
the Arnold Arboretum in 1942. In 1943 Rafinesque’s
Sylva Telluriana was similarly reproduced.
Because Rafinesque’s names for ferns and fern allies
have for the most part been entirely overlooked for more
than a century, and because some of his original papers
are exceedingly rare, I have in this paper, in general,
repeated what he published about each entity. I have
added at the end of the paper a complete bibliography
of the Rafinesque papers that contain new names for
vascular cryptogams, for the reason that these items were
hot included in the several bibliographies of fern litera-
ture prepared by Christensen for his Index Filicum and
its Supplements.
FILICALES
*AcrosticHum acumINATUM Raf. New Fl. No. Amer.
4: 104. 1836 [1838], non Willd., nee Juss. = Acrostichum
daneaefolium Langsd. & Fisch. 1810 (A. lomarioides
Jenm. 1898, non Bory 1833; A. excelsum Maxon, 1905;
A. aureum sensu Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aequin. Orb. Novy. 1: 67.
1822, non Linn.).
This binomial appears in Rafinesque’s discussion of
Acrostichum aureum Linn. He says regarding that spe-
cles that the form described under that name by Kunth
1S quite unlike it or his A. maritimum: ‘‘I will call it
Acrostichum acuminatum Raf. pinnules lanceolate acumi-
nate base rounded petiolate entire thin costate, smooth
above like Stipes, beneath quite fructiferous all over. In
Venezuela, ten feet high.’’ This was based entirely on
unth’s description of Acrostichum aureum, cited above,
the latter’s specimen being from Venezuela and described
as ““frondes 10 pedales.”’
*AcRosTIcHUM LactnIATUM Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 353.
1808, nom. nud.; Journ. Bot. (Paris) 2: 173. 1809, nom.
nud., non Gilib. 1792.
Ra esque’s specimen was undoubtedly from the Cen-
tral Atlantic States.
46 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
* ACROSTICHUM MARITIMUM Raf. ae Fl. No. Amer. 1:
60. 1836 = Acrostichum aureum Lin
Rafinesque’s description is: 4 Aarasbohon maritimum
Raf. A. aureum Mx. Pursh. Pinnate, smooth, pinnules
stipitate oblong entire obtuse or acute—Sea shore of
Florida, large fern, unfigured as yet, compare with next
[A. aureum Linn.] again.’’
*ADIANTUM CAPILVENERIS Raf. Med. FI. 1: 31. 1828;
pein Med. Bot. 31. 1841= Adiantum Capillus-Venerts
inn.
* ASPLENIUM FALCATUM Raf. Western Minerva 42. 1821,
nom. nud. ; Fox, Science IT. 12: 213. 1900, nom. nud., non
Thunb., nee Swartz
Rafinesque’s specimen was from Missouri (Dr. L. Beck,
of St. Louis), or from Mississippi (Dr. J. Hart, of
Natchez).
*AspLENIUM gLAUCUM Raf. Western Minerva 42. 1821,
nom. nud. ; Fox, Science II. 12: 213. 1900, nom. nud.
Rafinesque’ s specimen was from Missouri (Dr. L. Beck,
of St. Louis), or from Mississippi (Dr. J. Hart, of
Natchez).
*AspLENIUM RUTA Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 198. 1830=As-
plenium Ruta-muraria Lin
*CARPANTHE AXILLARIS Raf. Med. Repos. II. 3: 4 422.
1806, nom. nud. = Ca rpanthus axillaris Raf. op. cit. II. 5:
357. 1808, descr. = Gratiola virginiana Linn. var. aestuart-
orum Pennell (prob.
CaRPANTHUs Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 357. 1808 ; Journ.
Bot. (Paris) 1: 221. 1808. . prob. = = Gratiols Linn.
Seritasiescticre |x
C. seins AXILLaRIs Raf. ll. ce. prob. = Gratiola vi-
giniana as var. ae Pennell, Mem. Acad.
Nat. Sei. Philadelphia 1: 96. 1935.
Rafinesque’s very inadequate description is as follows:
‘‘Carpanthus Cryptog. filices; natural order of the cat
pantheous, fructification : oa axillar, solitary, aap
lous 1 locular semi 4 sperm dehiscent in the maturity, }
4 obtuse semi valves; seeds lenticular, C. axillaris, silat
Fern Names Proposep BY RAFINESQUE 47
carpanthus: leaves opposite, sessile, oblong, obtusiner-
vous. This plant grows under the water of some creeks
in Pennsylvania and New Jersey; it may belong with
the genusses pilularia, salvinia, lemna, marsilea, sivetes,
&c. A new natural order a kin to the ferns.”’ Desvaux,*
and perhaps other early authors, lists the genus as a rep-
resentative of the Marsileaceae, while Christensen,* whose
entry is correct, erroneously reduced it to Azolla Lam.
There is a very poor illustration of it in the sole existing
Set of Rafinesque’s unpublished plates, now in the library
of the New York Botanical Garden, and a copy of this
plate is in the library of the Gray Herbarium. Although
the drawing is very crude, the habit sketch is reasonably
good for Pennell’s variety of Gratiola virginiana Linn.,
which occurs in the Delaware drainage basin. Professor
Fernald’s original suggestion was that Lindernia dubia
(Linn.) Pennell var. inundata Pennell might have been
the plant Rafinesque attempted to describe, but he noted
too many discrepancies. He also suggested as possibili-
ties Rotala ramosior (Linn.) Koehne and the Gratiola.
Dr. Pennell writes that he has no better suggestion than
the Gratiola, which, as he states, has a globose capsule
(Lindernia has elongated capsules) that does split into
four valves, but which has many elongated seeds. We
can only assume that Rafinesque erred in some of his ob-
Servations. Rotala does not grow in creeks in the region
indicated. In any case Carpanthus has nothing to do
with Azolla Lam.; and no matter where it be placed, as
among the three genera briefly discussed, no change in
nomenclature is involved. The reasons for including
Carpanthus in this paper are that it was originally placed
by Rafinesque in the Filicales, that the name still encum-
bers the literature of the vascular eryptogams, and that
*Prodrome de la Famille des Fougéres. Mém. Soe, Linn. Paris
8: 171-337. 1897.
‘Ind. Fil. 168, 1905,
48 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
currently it is erroneously placed as a synonym of Azolla
Lam.
*DriopTeris Raf. Med. Fil. 1: 32. 1828; Man. Med. Bot.
32. 1841 = Dryopteris Adans
*Fiuineuis Raf. Med. FI. 2. 220. 1830 = Phyllitis Lud-
wig, 1757 (Scolopendrium Adans. 1763
Rafinesque’s statement is very brief : ‘ Hanaaee Raf.
(Scolopendrium officinale Sm. same as Scolopendria!)
Hart’s tongue.’’ There is no binomial.
*GuossopTeris Raf. Anal. Nat. Tabl. Univ. 205. 1815;
Chloris Aetn. 13. 1815; Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev.
2: 268. 1818; op. cit. 4: 195. 1819; Journ. Phys. Chim.
Hist. Nat. 89: 262. 1819; Fl. Tellur. 1: 85. 1836 [1837] =
Phyllitis Ludwig, 1757.
In each place Glossopteris was substituted for Scolo-
pendrium, as explained in the 1818 reference: ‘‘Scolo-
pendrium Smith is quite similar to Scolopendria L.
Therefore it must be changed into Glossopteris.”’ The
Index Filicum entry is not to the original place of pub-
lication of Glossopteris Raf., but to Journ. Phys. Chim.
Hist. Nat. 89: 262. 1819. This generic name has nothing
to do with the latter palaeobotanical name Glossopterts
Brongn. (1828), widely used to indicate the Glossopterts
flora by palaeobotanists. If the latter is to be retained,
it must be conserved by some future action of the palaeo-
botanists.
*QLOssoPTERIS HEMIONITIS Raf. Chloris Aetn. 13. 1815
(Asplenium hemionitis Linn.) =Scolopendrium hemio-
nitis Willd. = Asplenium hemionitis tia
*G@LOSSOPTERIS SCOLOPENDRIUM Raf. Chloris Aetn. 13.
1815 = oe scolopendrium Linn. = Phyllitis scolo-
pendrium (Li vewm
Guossormas ital ee Raf. Herb. Raf. 52. 1833,
nom. nud. Ore
RRS Oi FuRcATA Raf. op. cit. 53, nom. nud.
Oregon.
*GLOSSOPTERIS oBTUSA Raf. op. cit. 53, nom.
Oregon.
nud.
Fern Names Proposep By RAFINESQUE 49
LEMAPTERIS Raf. Journ. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 89:
262. 1819 = Pteris Lin
There is no at Lemapteris was proposed as a
new name for Pteris Linn. The entry in Christensen’s
Index Filicum is correct.
*LEPTOPHYLLUM Raf. Chloris Aetn. 13. 1815, non Ehrh.
1789, nee Blume® 1898. = = Anogramma Link (1841).
*LEPTOPHYLLUM ree ees Raf. 1. e. = Anogramma
leptophylla (Linn.) L
The entire entry ee merely of the following:
“Leptophyllum acrostichoides Raf. Fl. Polypodium lep-
tophyllum L. Acrostichum leptophyllum Dee.’? This
does not constitute valid publication, hence Leptophyllum
Raf. may be ignored ; if it were valid, Leptophyllum Raf.
(1815) would replace Anogramma Link (1841). Lepto-
phyllum Ehrh. (Beitr. 4: 147. 1789) is certainly not val-
idly published. The entire ad! is merely ‘‘ Leptophyl-
lum-Arenaria tenuifolia Linn.’
oa ate Raf. Fl. Tellur. 1: 18. 1836 [1837] = Mar-
silea Lin
Tn fetdkine certain types of generic names Rafinesque
cites this as an example, stating that for ‘‘ Marsilea read
Marsighia.”? This is an older change than that of Trevi-
san, Marsiglia Trev. (Atti Soe. It. Sci. Nat. 19: 475. 1877),
ome
€ appears only on plates 95 and 96 of the unnum-
bered oc Abeer a the Fr sag ae that was issued under the
The 7C, 9, 14, 5, 19, 20, 30-32, 95 and 96. There is no text.
th. . entry oy Plate 95 is Olterea (Leptoph eae Dag
at on plate 96 is ‘Olfersia (Leptophyllum) a r
i 9
o represent } hee he Christensen entry 1s
Stroup for which Holt tum, in recent years, has reinstate d the generic
e fr
iat Potecnsten Mett. as a segregate from Stenochlaena J.
50 _ AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
the latter also not appearing in Index Filicum. Trevisan
states the case thus: ‘‘I] genere Marsilea di Linneo
essendo intitolato dal nome del Conte Luigi Ferdinando
Marsigli, dovra appellarsi Marsiglia, non Marsilea, come,
del resto con migliore digione, fu pitt di recente pro-
posto.’’ Rafinesque made the same change forty years
earlier for the same reason.
*Menopteris Raf. Herb. Raf. 53. 1833 =Botrychium
Swartz
*MENOPTERIS REMOTILOBA Raf. 1. ¢. nom. nud. = Bo-
~ trychium sp.
Rafinesque’s very inadequate data are as follows:
‘‘Menopteris remotiloba, Raf. N. G. 1815. Lunaria of
some Botanists, but not Lunaria a Cruciferous genus.”’
The date, 1815, indicates the year in which Rafinesque
originated the name, not the date of publication. What
he had in mind was a new name for Lunaria Bauhin, the
latter in part the basis of Botrychium Lunaria (Linn.)
Swartz. Rafinesque’s material was from the Rocky
Mountains or Oregon.
*Nesoris Raf. New Fl. No. Amer. 4: 104. 1836 [1838] =
Pityrogramma Link (1833), Ceropteris Link (1841).
* NESORIS Pree Raf. 1. ce. = Pityrogramma calomel-
anos (Linn.) Link.
In his dine: of Acrostichum aureum Linn., Ra-
finesque states: ‘‘I have found in Collins Herb. a very
curious fern of Florida collected by Kin or Baldwin agaim
as a doubtful Acrostichum aureum? which forms a most
beautiful and wonderful N.G. of dorsiferous ferns with-
out Sori, but with capsules unconnected punctiform seat-
tered like minute dots. It shall be fully described and
figured in my Pterikon, a work now preparing. I an-
nounce it meantime as a great discovery proving that the
capsules of ferns may be solitary, and I eall it Nesoris
discolor Raf. smooth, bipinnate, yellow beneath, pinnules
sessile oblong crenate lobate base acute and obtuse, above
nervose flabelate, behind enerve golden furfurescent ¢aP-
Fern NAMES ProposepD BY RAFINESQUE 51
sules irregularly scattered. Pedal, stipes brown shining
convex behind, grooved before, pinnules alternate, 25 to
33 on each branch, gradually smaller and nearly con-
fluent—tIn Florida. I have several other N.G. of Ferns,
but none so beautiful and anomalous; probably type of a
new family Nesorides.’’
This record places Pityrogramma calomelanos (Linn.)
Link as actually growing in Florida some time previous
to 1836. Small® states that the first collection made in
Florida from naturalized plants was that by W. A.
Knight in December, 1931. There is no possible doubt
as to the identity of Nesoris discolor Raf. with Pityro-
gramma calomelanos (Linn.) Link, Link’s generic name
being fortunately three years older than that of Rafin-
&sque. The species was originally introduced into Flor-
ida more than a century ago as an ornamental plant.
“OnociEa’ cosTata Raf. Herb. Raf. 66. 1833, nom. nud.
Appalachian Mountains.
*OnocLea pentaTa Raf. op. cit. 63. 1833, nom. nud.
Central United States.
*OnoctEa LacIniATA Raf. op. cit. 68. 1833, nom. nud.
Appalachian Mountains.
*ONOcLEA REPANDA Raf. op. cit. 63. 1833, nom. nud.
Central United States.
Osmunpa ruscara Raf. Herb. Raf. 53. 1833, nom. nud.
Oregon,
*OPHIOGLossuM LINEATUM Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 353.
1808, nom. nud. ; Journ. Bot. (Paris) 2: 173. 1809, nom.
nud. =O. vulgatum Linn. (prob.).
Ra esque’s specimen was certainly from one of the
Central Atlantic States and undoubtedly was a form of
Dhioglossum vulgatum Linn. The binomial is not ac-
ABT hae ore em
; Peis of the Southeastern States 94. fig. 1938. :
finesque ’s unpublished manuseript descriptions of these four
52 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
counted for by Clausen in his monograph of the Ophio-
glossaceae.®
*OPHIOGLOSSUM inet Raf. Med. Repos. IT. 5: 353.
Rafinesque’s type was from New Jersey. The en ntry
in Christensen’s Index Filicum is to ‘‘Journ. de Bot. 4:
273. 1814.’’ Clausen’ left Rafinesque’s species among the
dubious and rejected ones, quoting the reference as given
by Christensen and stating: ‘‘The writer has not found
the description of this species in the volumes of the Jour-
nal de Botanique which he has examined.’’ Rafinesque’s
original description (Précis Découv. Somiol. 46. 1814) is:
‘‘Ophioglossum pubescens. Tige monophylle pubescente,
feuille ovale-oblongue, pétiolée, presq’ obtuse, pubescente,
épi laneéolé plus court de la feuille. En. Amer. dans le
N. Jersey.’’ In the Journ. Bot. (Desv.) entry this de-
scription is abbreviated to ‘‘feuille pubescente, NV. Jersey.”
I suspect that Rafinesque had specimens of the common
Ophioglossum vulgatum Linn. with mouldy leaves.
*OPHIOGLOssuM PUSILLUM Raf. Précis Découv. Somiol.
46. 1814; Journ. Bot. (Desv.) 4: ae 1814, non Nutt.
1818 = Ophioglossum vulgatum Lin
Clausen’? placed this as a doubtful synonym of Ophio-
glossum crotalophoroides Walt. thus: ‘‘? Ophioglossum
pusillum Raf. in Desv. Journ. de Bot. 4: 273. 1814,”’ this
being the entry as given by Christensen (Ind. Fil. Suppl.
3: 134. 1934). Clausen’s quotation marks indicate that
he did not see the original description, which is as fol-
lows: ‘‘Ophioglossum pusillum. Feuille glabre lancéolée
aigue pétiolée, épi presque lineaire plus long de la feuille.
—Obs. Dans le bois de la Pensylvanie boréale, 4 peine
élevé de 3 pouces.’’ Northern Pennsylvania is far out
8 Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 19: aa . f. 1-383. 1938.
9 Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 19:
10 Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 19: 157. 1938.
Fern Names Proposep By RAFINESQUE 53
of range for Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt. What
Rafinesque had was undoubtedly a small form of the com-
mon O. vulgatwm Linn.
*OPHIOGLOSSUM REPANDUM Raf. Herb. Raf. 53. 1833,
nom. nu gon.
*Preriprerts Raf. Anal. Nat. Tabl. Univ. 205. 1815;
Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 268. 1818; Journ. Phys.
Chim. Hist. Nat. 89: 262. 1819; Fl. Tellur. 1: 83. 1836
[1837] = Pteris Linn.
The entry in Christensen’s Index Filicum is to the 1819
reference. The reason for this change is given by Ra-
finesque in the 1819 entry thus: ‘‘Pteris L. is objection-
able, being radical to many genera; therefore Peripteris
might be substituted. ’’
*PERIPTERIS ? EDULIS Raf. Herb. Raf. 54. 1833, nom.
nud. = Pteris vel Pteridium sp.
The basis of this name was Lewis and Clark Expedition
data, rather than specimens; from some part of the north-
western United States. A form of Pteridium aquilinum
(Linn,) Kuhn is indicated by the specific name.
*PERIPTERIS RUGOsA Raf. Herb. Raf. 41. 1833, nom.
nud. = Pteris sp. :
Rafinesque’s specimen was collected by Bradbury in
the ‘‘Mandan country”? north of the Missouri River. The
tame appears in his ‘‘ Index to the Florula Mandanensis
of Bradbury and Rafinesque, published in 1817 and in
1820, with notes and additions.”’ (Herb. Raf. 37-41.
1833). The date 1817 is that of Bradbury’s own list
Published in his ‘‘Travels’’ (pp. 335-338. 1817), which
Was compiled from the works of Pursh and Nuttall; not
a single Rafinesquian binomial is included and there is
no evidence that Rafinesque had anything to do with the
Preparation of this list. In the preface (pp. vi, vii)
Bradbury states that his plans for publication on his
Plants were frustrated because his collection ‘‘was sub-
mitted to the inspection of a person of the name of Pursh
~
54 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
who published the most interesting of his plants in an
appendix to the Flora Americae Septentrionalis.’’ Ra-
finesque had some duplicate material from the Bradbury
collection in his herbarium, for he states: ‘‘These plants
were collected by Bradbury on the Missouri and at the
Mandans, in 1811, named and described by me in 1817.
The specimens are in my herbarium.’’ I have not been
able to trace the 1820 ‘‘publication’’ referred to. like
Rafinesque’s 1817 list, was probably a manuscrip
HYLLITIS Raf. Prine. Somiol. 29. 1814; Fl. eo: be
85. ye meee ] =Phyllitis Ludwig.
In esque stated: ‘‘Il faudra . . . changer
laa poe, en Phyllitis R.,’’ thus clearly ac-
erediting this Phyllitis to himself, although one might
assume that he intended to indicate Phyllitis Ludwig.
In the 1837 entry he merely said ; ‘‘ Scolopendra, Scolo-
pendrium, this last becomes Glossopteris or Phyllitis.”’
There is no ae
*PHYLLITIs Raf. Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 4:
195. 1819, n cats Ludwig = Pteris Lin
Rafinesque’ s Statement here is: em the unlucky names
Struthiopteris, Scolopendrium, and Pteris, we have sub-
stituted Pterilis, Glossopteris, and Phyllitis.’? If we
accept this sequence as correct, then Struthiopteris =
Pterilis Raf. (but he apparently meant to write Pteretis,
q. v., infra), Scolopendrium =Glossopteris Ratf., and
Pteris = Phyllitis Raf., non Ludwig. There is no bi-
pene
r1a Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: - 1808 ; Journ.
fate (Paris) 1: 222. 1808 = Pilularia Lin
*PoLYPopIUM'! BULLATUM Raf. First ‘at Bot. Gard.
Transylv. Univ. 15. 1824, nom. nud.; Herb. Raf. 41. 1838,
11‘ Pleoptan’’ Raf. has been ignored. This name ap — be
Filson Club Historical ‘ouasterty (12: 231. 1938) in Perkins =” pape ’
in which are reproduced a number of letters from Rafinesque,
Short which, unfortunately, gr ot gr - vinci
nomina nuda that do not appea The entry 1s sets.’
Polypodium incanum is the N.G Pg petits of the English botani
It is probable that Pleopeltis was inten
FERN NAMES PROPOSED BY RAFINESQUE 55
nom. nud., non Baker=Polypodium polypodioides
(Linn.) Watt var. Michauxianum Weatherby.
Rafinesque’s first specimens were from Kentucky ; later
he recorded the same species from the Mandan country
(north of the Missouri River). No description was ever
published. The specimen on which the second reference
was based is preserved in the Darlington Herbarium at
the West Chester Teachers’ College, data regarding it
having been supplied by Dr. Robert S. Gordon. It bears
the number 78, this being the serial number under which
it : o in Rafinesque’s Index Florula Mandanensis.
YPODIUM EROSUM Raf. Ann. Nat. Ann. Synop. 16.
1829. Cystopterts fragilis (Linn.) Bernh. (prob.).
Rafinesque’s description is as follows: ‘‘Stem filiform
and smooth ; frond pinnated ; folioles pinnatifid ; pinnules
erose, obtuse, notched, thin and smooth ; nerves flexuouse ;
Sores scattered, rounded, unequal.—a small species, six
inches high at utmost, with a short frond; it grows on
rocks in the knob-hills of Kentucky.’’ The identification
was suggested by Dr. Frank T. MeFarland of the Uni-
versity of Kentucky, Cystopteris fragilis (Linn.) Bernh.
being the only fern known from the region that conforms
reasonably well with Rafinesque’s meagre description.
What he had was apparently a somewhat dwarfed form
as it grows on talus slopes, ete.
*PoLypopium mEDIuM Raf. Amer. Journ. Sci. 1: 79.
1818, nom. nud.
ae s specimens were from the vicinity of Phila-
delphia
Secaerns DIUM VULGARE Linn. var. LEVIGATUM,* var.
oo * and var. LATIFOLIUM* Raf. Med. FI. 2: 27.
There are no descriptions for these three varieties, nor
any indication, for that matter, that Rafinesque origi-
nated these varietal names.
oe Raf. Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 268.
56 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Rafinesque states: ‘‘Struthiopteris Wild. is abomi-
nable, should Pteris stand, being formed of two coupled
names Struthio and Pteris; and at all events it is bad,
therefore Pteretis may be substituted.’’ While his reason
for proposing this new name is an invalid one, it so hap-
pens that Struthiopteris Willd. (1809) is invalidated by
the earlier and different Struthiopteris Weis (1770) and
Struthopteris Bernh. (1801). Matteuccia Todaro (1866)
has been adopted in recent years, but it is long antedated
by Pteretis Raf., which was accepted by Nieuwland™ and
by Small’* for perfectly valid reasons. See, however,
Mattfeld (‘Zur Nomenclatur der Farn- und Bliithen-
pflanzen Deutschlands,’’ in Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 44:
289. 1938), who apparently wishes to retain Struthiop-
teris Willd. Pterinodes Kuntze (Rey. Gen. Pl. 2: 819
1891) is another synonym. Pteretis Raf. first appears in
Christensen’s Index Filicum in Suppl. 2: 30 (1917), the
entry there being correct.
*PTERIDIUM eae Prine, Somiol. 26. 1814, non Gleditseh,
1790 = Pteris Lin
Under his own ae 30 Rafinesque cites as an example,
among other proposed changes in generic names, Pfer is
L., which ‘‘doit étre changé en Pteridium R.,”’ thus ac-
crediting Pteridium to himself and not to Gleditsch.
*Preriis Raf. Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 4: 195.
1819 = Pteretis Raf.
Probably Rafinesque intended to write Pteretis instead
of Pterilis in this case, but in this entry he clearly pro
posed Pterilis as a substitute for Struthiopteris Willd. ;
see Pteretis Raf., supra.
(To be concluded)
12 Amer. Midl. Nat. 3: 197. 1914; 4: 334. 1
13 Ferns of the Vicinity of New York neat oe 1935.
PORCUPINES AND FERNS 5
Porcupines and Ferns
Epwarp M. SHIELDS
Early in August, 1940, while at our summer home in
the Catskills, I received a letter from a friend, asking
me to collect some ferns she listed—Asplenium Ruta-
murari, Onoclea Struthiopteris, Cryptogramma Stelleri,
Polvetichum Braunii, Cystopteris bulbifera, Woodsia gla-
bella, and Lygodium palmatum, also Dryopteris fragrans
—adding that the last had the fragrance of violets, but
there was no use searching, as it grows only on the most
inaccessible cliffs and was not known so far south. At
that time I knew but three ferns, and these by their
Christian names only—Christmas, Maidenhair, and Rat-
tlesnake Fern—go the formidable scientific names liter-
ally threw me into a tailspin.
Being an enthusiastic dry fly fisherman, I know well the
magnificent gorges and tumbling streams of this section.
Very often I have felt that the attributes of a mountain
g0at were more to be desired than those attributed to
Izaak Walton. The endless challenge and the superb
environs which accompany the sport have always held me
spellbound. At that time, however, my share of trout
had been taken, and as the season was rapidly drawing
to a close the rod was laid aside with the decision to spend
some time looking for ferns. So the next morning saw
me—accompanied by my son, aged eight—with the assur-
anee that comes with ignorance, going down the trail.
We were looking for the fern that grows only on inac-
cessible cliffs, smells like violets, and does not grow in
this part of the country.
Tt was a glorious morning. The cool air flowed down
from the wooded heights in a limpid stream. I was,
naturally, besieged with a million questions. Poreupines
Seemed to be particularly on Townsend’s mind. Finally,
58 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
more or less in desperation, I told him there were a lot
of them around and I would catch him one that morning.
Signs had been noted, but up to that moment ‘‘Porcie”’
had evaded me entirely. We left the trail, and on scram-
bling down a small cliff I spied, just too late to call to the
lad’s attention, a large porcupine disappearing into his
den. What appeared to me to be the only chance in a
thousand to keep my word had been taken away. Sooner
or later that day I would be known for the fraud I really
was. '
After continuing for about half an hour or so along
the base of the cliff, we turned and started to scale part
of it. I had hold of Townsend with one hand, a smal
sapling with the other; and upon looking up, there in the
sapling was just the right-sized porcupine. It was shaken
down and tapped lightly on the nose with a twig. This
seems to be a very satisfactory method, which for some
reason or other works, to lull a porcupine into compara-
tive inactivity. With great pride, and realizing the g
were with me, I handed over ‘‘Porcie’’ by the tail to
Townsend to take home as a pet. My honor was saved,
the day was made; but we were still looking for the fern
that doesn’t grow there.
Completing the ascent of the cliff, we turned and
walked along the talus at the base of another. Approach-
ing a wild ravine, into which a small stream of water
fell, I noticed on the cliff a fern which was strange to me.
It had lots of curly brown leaves next to the cliff. I pulled
it off. It smelled like violets. And now Dryopteris [7@-
grans does grow there. We returned home—poreupié,
fern, and all—in time for lunch. That afternoon I bor-
rowed a fern book.
There are two remarkable stations for this Arctic aint
derer within three miles of each other in the locality.
Both have literally hundreds of the ferns. It will al-
Fern DISTRIBUTION IN FLORIDA 59
ways be a matter of utter amazement to me that these
Stations on the ramparts of the Hudson, almost within
sight of the city of New York, had not before been re-
ported. Specimens were seen by Dr. Wherry and Dr.
Svenson, and sent to the University of Pennsylvania, the
Gray Herbarium, and the U. S. National Herbarium.
Before the month was out, with the exception of Lygo-
dium palmatum I had found in the vicinity, without aid
or guide, all the ferns listed by my correspondent.
Nava Air Sration,
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA
More About the Distribution of Ferns in Florida
Epwarp P. St. JoHn
Interest in the problems raised by the remarkable dis-
tribution of ferns in Florida prompts a response to the
Fecent discussion of the subject by Mr. Stephen H.
Spurr. The explanation which he rejects? was based
upon botanical considerations. The writer has slight
knowledge of geology, but such information as was avail-
able to him when the paper was prepared seemed to con-
firm and elucidate the conelusions reached by studies of
the distribution and ecology of the plants. Five years
of continued study have brought much added evidence
in favor of the general hypothesis, the essential elements
of which are that the rare ferns of the northern part of
the peninsula are relicts of a former extensive tropical
flora which existed in that region before the southern
part of the peninsula had emerged from the sea; also
that the northern peninsular region was a center of dis-
—_
Flo ePhen H. Spurr. Factors Determining the Distribution of
rida Ferns, Amer, Fern Journ. 31: 91-97. 1941
p_ Edward P. St. John, Rare Ferns of Central Florida, I. Some
®euliarities'of Distribution. Amer. Fern Journ. 26: 41-50. 1936.
60 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
tribution, both northward and southward, of other ferns
that are now abundant because they do not require spe-
cially protected habitats. It is now desirable that my
original statement should be corrected so that it will con-
form to the new views, held for several years past, that
the new evidence should be outlined, and that attention
should be directed to facts that are not given due consid-
eration in Mr. Spurr’s paper.
The significant correction to be made relates to the
time of permanent emergence of the islands which later
were incorporated into the Florida peninsula. Final
determination of this must wait upon further geological
investigation, but it seems clear that it can not have been
earlier than the middle Miocene. The botanical evidence
indicates that it can not have been much later. In any
case, the use of the term ‘‘Oligocene island region’’ was
an error, since the island that existed in that time was
later submerged. Doubtless other corrections must be
made as further knowledge is gained, especially as to
the geographic history of certain species. It is possible
that some tropical ferns which have migrated farthest
northward may have been established on the southern
margin of the continent even before the final emergence
of land in the central Florida region. The circumstances
under which Vittaria lineata, a plant of the coastal plain,
has been found in the Piedmont of Georgia indicate this.
The distribution of Trichomanes Petersii suggests it, but
details of its occurrence in Hispaniola and in central
Florida argue against it. On the other hand Tf. Boschi-
anum is not found in the Caribbean region, and has been
reported but once (a doubtful record) from Florida.
general statement which includes all the facts.
as now known to the writer they are as follows: In the
Florida peninsula, which is about 400 miles long and 150
FERN DIstTRIBUTION IN FLORIDA 61
miles wide, are two distinct areas in each of which many
fern species of tropical origin are found. One of these
is ineluded within the southern third of the peninsula ;
the other includes substantially the northern half.
summary* of facts as to the distribution of ferns in these
areas is presented herewith in tabular form.
DISTRIBUTION OF FERNS roa TROPICAL ORIGIN IN
FLOR
sige found in southern Flor- ak found in central Florida
a b
ida but not in central Florida not in southern Florida
(climate and general flora (climate and flora subtropi-
tropical to apeleitass al) cal to north men
Caribbean specie: 30 Caribbean species ................ 22
Endemic species of ‘Carib- En Sime species 0 ot Carib-
bean relationship ........... £ bean relationship .............
32
Caribbean set common Caribbean species common
2 hr nS
to both regions .......... to both regions 0.0. 6
— Mexican species cecum 2
TUR 58 —
Potala 57
This table excludes 18 species of northern origin; also
9 species that seem to be escapes from cultivation, and 5
published species concerning which there is some question
as to whether they should be assigned specific or sub-
—
itt ed lege that Potten a of space do not permit a pub-
lication herewi the of the 123 species of ferns to which
urr With few
e€
to North American Ferns,’’ ngs “Mausioo Broun, gives more definite
= ibut
The list of thos whieh & in tthe light of present knowledge seem to
endemic is on and of special interest. Those of the southern
area are Asplenium biscaynianum and Tectaria Amesiana, ho long
; b i ee
on
Tm, but well define rtainly not an immature eat It has
been colle ected at four stations, the most distant 100 miles apart.
62 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
specific rank. In addition to all those mentioned above,
two well-defined subspecies are found in the northern but
not in the southern area. Inclusion of any one of these
groups would increase the differences shown between the
two floras.
Thus it appears that in an area no larger than England
or the state of Illinois there are two fern floras so differ-
ent that although 26 species are common to both, each
has about 30 species that are not found in the other. The
peculiar rocky habitats of the northern region are about
200 miles distant from the similar formations in the
south. These are separated by about the same distance
from the nearest of the islands, still farther south and
strictly tropical in climate, from which both floras are
derived. The writer’s explanation of the differences
between the floras is based upon the fact that in previous
geological periods islands existed substantially at the
location of the northern area, while other parts of the
peninsula were submerged. He believes that these
islands, which at some periods were encircled by the Gulf
Stream, had an extensive tropical flora (which must have
included hundreds of species of ferns) that was derived
ed
mometer during a continuous period of nearly Hew years was 52°
F. The lowest reading taken at the surface of t Ae ound was 16
degrees below reezing point. e secon of hygrometer
readings at the habitat showed nearly 10% aeet Poi sire
is:
acters. After slg si for several years, — by side in noe %
acters
The two species which are supposed to have reached Florida from
Mexico are Ophioglosswm crotalophoroides and O. Engelmannii.
Fern DISTRIBUTION IN FLORIDA 63
by migration from that of the islands of the Caribbean
region ; that when the continent in its southern extension
made connection with these islands, certain species of
ferns that were there established migrated northward;
that as the peninsula gradually extended southward:
some species made their way into the newly emerged
land, while others were introduced there by wind-blown
Spores from the Caribbean region; that with changes of
climate and geological tigdifonsion of the habitats the
greater part of the tropical flora of central Florida was
exterminated, but that a considerable number of ferns
that were more adaptable or that found protected habi-
tats survived to the present time. For further elabora-
tion of this hypothesis, and for the argument against
it, the reader is referred to the two papers first cited
above.
Several lines of evidence indicate that many of the
Species of the northern area are of earlier introduction
from the Caribbean region than those of the southern
region which lies between, and that they are relicts of a
former flora. The number of endemic species is larger;
Several of the species which require less specialized
habitats have migrated far northward; many of the spe-
cies are found only in protected habitats,* such as sinks,
grottos, and the openings of caves; usually the colonies
of tks Species are small (some of thoes of 7 species con-
sisting of no more than 5 plants) and manifestly not
increasing in numbers; and, finally, while there is no
Teason to doubt that spores have been carried by winds
from the Caribbean islands to central Florida, it is in-
credible that it should have happened in recent times in
the case of more than 20 species, no one of which found a
foothold in the southern third of the peninsula.
Other interesting facts, probably significant in this con-
hection, appear in relation to the habitats of several
*See latter half of footnote 3.
64 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
species. Ferns that are epiphytic in the tropical parts
of southern Florida very frequently appear as epipetric
ferns in central Florida. Occasionally this is true even
of Vittaria lineata, which has also been found growing
upon rock in the Piedmont of Georgia at an elevation of
over 900 feet. Campyloneuron phyllitidis is invariably
epipetric, except as to sporelings which never mature,
in the northern stations. The essential ecological differ-
ence between the epiphytic and epipetric habitats is not
extreme, but the change to the unusual one seems much
more likely to occur in relict plants than in those that
are in the van of migration. More important is a change,
noted at many stations, in the life habits of Pyenodoria
eretica. This fern is so widely distributed in sinks and
similar habitats for a distance of several hundred miles
that its dispersal by spores is certain. At the present
time in the majority of stations it is spreading little,
at all, save by vegetative process. The change is con-
nected with the normal geological development of the
sinks, which in their earlier stages have abundant ex-
posed rock, together with moisture both from surface
drainage and by evaporation from the underground out-
lets. Subsequent geological processes divert the surface
waters to other connections with the underground drain-
age system, dissolve and erode the rocks and bury them
with sand, and fill the underground outlets. Under these
conditions propagation by spores can not continue and
the plants are now sparingly found in very dense colonies
which cover from a square foot (with more than 200
fronds in that space) to ten times that area. Appar-
ently distribution was accomplished while the present
stations were joined by continuous broad-leaved forests
which sheltered abundant rock. When the surface rock
5 Joseph H, Pyron = SS H. Duncan. Vittaria lineata in
Lincoln Bo. , Georgia. r, Fern Journ. 29: 142-144, 1939.
Fern DIstripuTION IN FLORIDA 65
disappeared by erosion and solution, and complete under-
ground drainage was established by the formation of a
network of caves, these forests with their attendant fern
flora were followed by the xerophytic high pinewoods
association which now isolates the more favorable habi-
ats. These in turn are now being unfavorably modified
by the very rapid geological processes of this limestone
region.
The writer’s interest in the subject under discussion
is not in maintaining a theory, but in finding a solution
of the problems involved. Desiring to avoid the appear-
ance of controversy, he still ventures to suggest that a
careful reading of Mr. Spurr’s paper should precede
acceptance of his conclusions. It should also be said that
although his review of the conclusions of scientists as to
the geological history of Florida is pertinent, it is true
that knowledge of the subject is far from complete. Only
about one-tenth of the area in question is covered by pub-
lished topographical maps of the U. S. Geological Survey,
and there are vital problems back of the present topogra-
Phy. Some geologists who have recently given special
attention to these problems disagree with so good an
authority as Cooke, who indeed is careful to state that his
conclusions are not final. There is evidence that during
the Pleistocene there were three islands of considerable
size from 50 to 100 miles south of the one mentioned by
t. Spurr in his summary of Cooke’s view, and in loca-
tions of the greatest significance in relation to the hy-
Pothesis that is in question. Mr. Spurr believes that if
Such islands persisted through the Pleistocene, tropical
ferns could not have survived on them, since the ice sheet
4pproached within 700 miles of Florida; but he forgets
that at that same time the warm waters of the Gulf
Stream literally washed the shores of those islands.
66 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
A fault of Mr. Spurr’s argument from geology is that
he offers as evidence data which have no pertinence to
the problem. When a fossil is found in a rock the period
of its life in that region is geologically dated, but an
epipetric species of fern during 10,000 years may have
migrated from rock to rock, wherever suitable habitats
were found, a thousand times. The presence of a fern
in a locality where there is reason to believe that a suc-
cession of suitable habitats has persisted for a long time
may, in the light of other data, be of the greatest signifi-
cance ; but the fact that today it is growing upon a recent
formation has not the slightest bearing upon the time of
its introduction to that region, unless it can be shown
that there are and have been no older rocks from which
it may have migrated.
A single illustration from the many that are available
may be offered. For many years Dr. John K. Small
believed that Anemia adiantifolia was confined to the
Miami odlite, and here the writer made acquaintance with
it growing in the pockets of the deeply eroded rock.
Later he was impressed by the strikingly similar appear-
ance of rocks some 200 miles farther north—so much so
that he searched for the fern, and found it abundant over
a large area of the Ocala limestone. One of these is the
oldest, and one the most recent of the exposed rocks
of the Florida peninsula.
That Mr. Spurr’s argument was based upon very in-
adequate information as to the ferns of the central
Florida region appears in the statistics presented in the
early part of this paper. In the case of endemic species,
the consensus of botanical authority must finally decide
as to their systematic status; but they are not to be care
lessly dismissed. For eecianle Thelypteris macilenta,
both the validity and the significance of which he seems
to question, is a very distinct species which intergrades
TYPE SPECIES OF CHEILANTHES 67
with no other. Its characters diverge so greatly from
those of its nearest relatives that it can not be a hybrid
between known species. It has been passed upon by the
best fern authorities in the United States, and the writer
does not know that its standing as a species has been
questioned by any botanist. The fact that only three
plants have been found at the only known station makes
it one of the strongest single items of evidence for the
hypothesis under discussion.
Facts as to the presence of endemic species and of lim-
ited and peculiar areas of distribution which strikingly
parallel those that appear in the ferns have recently been
Teported for the crustaceans, insects, fishes, reptiles, and
the small burrowing mammals of Florida. Plans for the
collation of this varied evidence are now in progress.
One zoological study which discusses the problem at some
length has already been published.®
Foran Crry, FLorqpa.
The Type Species of Cheilanthes
C. A. WEATHERBY
Dr. Ching’ opens his ‘‘Studies of Chinese Ferns—
XXXI”’ with the remark, ‘‘Whatever Cheilanthes Sw.
May stand for . . . ,’’ thus indicating that he was uncer-
tain as to its typification. Christensen? also hesitated to
choose a type species. I do not mean to assert any par-
ticular qualification on my part to choose one; but some
discussion of possible candidates may narrow the field of
Uncertainty.
Various considerations may influence the choice of a
type species from among several assigned to a genus,
DAs caaeomreas ee ee
— Archie Fairly Carr, Jr. A Contribution to ie Herpetegy of
Univ. Florida Publ., Biol. Series 3: 1-118, 1940.
ite te Naturalist 10: 194-204, 1941.
*Ind. Fil. XLI. 1906.
68 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
when the author himself has not designated one. It
must, of course, be one of the original species and, save
under exceptional circumstances, it should agree with
the generic description. It should, preferably, not be a
species which has been made the type of a segregate
genus; otherwise, nomenclatural complexities are likely
to result. Ordinarily, a species which the author has
chosen to illustrate as representative is a good choice; if
that, or any other chosen, is a wide-spread and familiar
species, so much the better. And one should always bear
in mind that a type is a practical device for fixing the
application of names to the end of uniformity of usage
and that, therefore, when one has already been desig-
nated by a previous author it is better, for the sake of
uniformity, to accept his designation unless there is good
reason to the contrary.
As to the type of Cheilanthes, no species with continu-
ous indusium need apply. Swartz described his genus as
possessing discrete sori and indusia ‘‘of membranous, dis-
tinct seales’’ or formed of reflexed lobes, and he included
no species which does not answer more or less well to this
description except Ch. viridis (now considered a Pellaea),
which, if the current interpretation of it is correct, he
seems to have misunderstood, and perhaps Ch. lendigerd.
Of his species, Ch. lendigera is synonymous with the
type of Myriopteris Fée. Ch. capensis has been placed
in Adiantopsis, though apparently with little reason. Ch.
pteroides is currently placed in Pellaea. Ch. dichotoma
is referred to Adiantopsis ; and though that genus is none
too clear and may very possibly eventually be returned
to Cheilanthes, a species referred to it is not the best type
for the latter. Ch. arborescens is a Hypolepis, and Ch.
tenuifolia was included in and may be Puets Fe:
garded as the type of Cheilosoria Trevisa
There remain, as candidates, Ch. acccuieine Ch.
TYPE SPECIES OF CHEILANTHES 69
microphylla, Ch. fragrans (= Ch. mysurensis), Ch. odora
and Ch. suaveolens, both synonyms of Ch. pteridoides,
Ch. hirta, Ch. vestita (= Ch. lanosa), Ch. parviloba, and
Ch. multifida. Of these, Swartz illustrated Ch. micro-
pteris and Ch. fragrans, apparently because they were
hew and little known and to show extremes of habit,
rather than as being particularly representative. The
bibliographically oldest species are Ch. microphylla, com-
mon in the West Indies, and Ch. suaveolens (pteridi-
oides), equally common in the Mediterranean region and
eastward to the Himalayas. Of these, Ch. microphylla
Shows a strong tendency to continuous indusia; in the
nearly related Ch. notholaenoides and Ch. alabamensis
the indusia are nearly or quite so on each ultimate seg-
ment. Ch. pteridioides shows signs of the same failing.
Among the other species there is little to choose; they are
Similar in habit, agree with Swartz’s description, and are
to all appearance closely congeneriec. :
There remains the matter of usage. Two species have
been designated as type, Ch. tenuifolia by John Smith
and Ch. micropteris by Britton and by Maxon. John
Smith’s is, of course, the prior designation and the species
One of the earliest known. But it is also the type of
Cheilosoria. Ch. micropteris, on the other hand, has,
except for one transfer to Notholaena (and nobody has
ever known the boundary between that so-called genus
and Cheilanthes), remained always in Cheilanthes, was
illustrated by Swartz (for whatever reason), and was
included by Trevisan and by Diels in the section Eucheil-
anthes and by John Smith in his section Pteridopsis
an also included his type. It seems as good a choice
aS an
70 “AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Shorter Notes
LyGopIUM PALMATUM IN West ViraintA.—The Climb-
ing Fern seems extremely rare in West Virginia. Dr. M.
G. Brooks in ‘‘Pteridophytes of West Virginia’” listed
the only two known stations in West Virginia. Later a
third station was mentioned by Dr. Edgar T. Wherry in
his paper ‘‘Recent Fern Finds in West Virginia.’”
Since July 6, 1941, I have found three stations of this
fern near my home in Nicholas County, West Virginia.
Two of them are on Gauley River and the other station,
five miles distant from these, is on Meadow River. All
three stations are along old logging road grades in or at
the edge of rhododendron thickets—W. C. Leaa, Mount
Lookout, W. Va.
Two Borrycuium Recorps.—Recently Prof. Frank T.
McFarland, of the University of Kentucky, lent me the
collection of Botrychium from his personal herbarium.
In going over the specimens I noted two items which seem
to be new records. One is typical Botrychium multi-
fidum (Gmel.) Rupr., the variation that I have been eall-
ing ssp. typicum, from a moist meadow, Plainville, Hart-
ford County, Connecticut, July 23, 1916, H. C. Bigelow
1120. This is my first record of ssp. typicwm from Con-
necticut.
The other record is my first for Kentucky for Botry-
chium dissectum Spreng. var. tenuifolium (Underw.)
Farwell. It is based upon material collected at Argy le,
Powell County, Oct. 24, 1914, by Professor McFarland. —
Var. tenuifolium has previously been reported from Ken-
tucky, but all specimens which I have examined until
now, although somewhat approaching this variety, have
impressed me as nearer to var. obliquum.—R. T. CLAUSEN,
Cornell University.
1 West Virginia University Bulletin, series 39, no. 2. 1938.
2 Castanea 4: 1-4. 1939.
SuortTer Notes 71
PELLAEA GLABELLA IN ADAMS CouNnTy, OxnI0o.—On
Sunday, October 18, 1942, a group consisting of Mr.
Conrad Roth and Mr. Daniel Rowlands of Portsmouth,
Ohio, and myself, made a trip to certain portions of
Adams County, Ohio. Perhaps the most interesting inci-
dent of the day was the discovery that what had pre-
viously been taken for Pellaea atropurpurea (l.) Link
by other workers in the region is in reality Pellaea
glabella Mett. The former does grow here, but it is not
nearly so common and there is a slight difference of habi-
tat. Pellaca atropurpurea in Adams County prefers
mossy shelves or humus-filled crevices of crumbling lime-
Stone in shade, whereas P. glabella grows in crevices of
hard, more or less vertical limestone ledges and cliffs,
often with very little shade. Specimens of the latter have
been placed in the Ohio State University Herbarium, the
U. S. National Herbarium, and the Marietta College
Herbarium. They are labelled as coming from the farm
of John Knauff, Jefferson Township, Adams County,
Ohio, with the collection number 670. I believe that this
Species has previously been reported in Ohio only from
Erie County.—Grorcr R. Proctor, Marietta College.
Hysripization py Remote Controu.—The wood-ferns
m the Washington-Baltimore Flora region have given.
me more than one surprise. Perhaps the most unusual
IS what might be called, in lieu of a better phrase,
“hybridization by remote control.’’? I have in min
Several instances of this that may be of interest to fern
hunters in general.
In June, 1941, near the Columbia Turnpike Bridge
over the Patuxent River in Montgomery Co., Md., while
Struggling through Smilax on a stream bank, I came
across two strange-looking wood-ferns, fronds of which I
later labeled Dryopteris Clintoniana. But recently Dr.
Wherry identified them as the hybrid D. cristata x mar-
i2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
ginalis, a great surprise to me. This cross often simu-
lates D. Clintoniana, so my misidentification might be
expected. It was surprising, nevertheless, because al-
though D. marginalis was seen growing there no trace
of D. cristata could be found.
A similar instance was noted last January when Neal
W. Gilbert and I, in examining a beautiful bed of D.
intermedia near Northwestern Branch, a mile above
Burnt Mills in the same county, found a plant of D.
intermedia x marginalis. So far as we could discover,
the nearest D. marginalis grew three-quarters of a mile
away!
These are good examples of the unexplained fact,
pointed out by Dr. Wherry in his ‘‘Guide to Eastern
Ferns,’’ that Dryopteris hybrids may be found in locali-
ties remote from either parent. Recently he kindly
showed me a huge stand of D. Goldiana x marginalis
miles from the nearest colony of D. Goldiana.
Hybridization seems to occur rather easily among the
wood-ferns. To date, five of these crosses have been
collected in the Washington-Baltimore region, two of
them—D. cristata x spinulosa, from the Bull Run Moun-
tains, and D. intermedia x marginalis, as above—by ™Y-
self in the last two years, for the first time here.
It is remarkable that crosses have been described be-
tween most of our northeastern wood-ferns, but, genet
ally speaking, they have been found in association with
the parents. To account for those exceptional but fre-
quently found hybrids where the parent species are
absent, I suggest two possibilities: (1) They may be
fertile plants that have withstood man-made or climatic
changes through the years, in places where one oF both
of the parents have been killed by them. (2) On the
other hand, they can be hybrids that spring up ™ @
colony of one of the parents as a result of wind-blow®
Suorter Nores 73
Spores of the other. This other parent might live a con-
siderable distance away, and its usual soil requirements
might be notably different. This is not a far-fetched
assumption, for fern breeders have found that, although
particular soils may be unsuited to some ferns, their
prothallia can develop in them with no apparent effect.
It is therefore conceivable that gametes from these pro-
thallia could cross-fertilize those of the species growing
there.
Hither of these suggestions may explain these peculiar
wood-fern hybrids. Finding such crosses illustrates the
unpredictability of nature, and certainly adds much to
the fun of hunting rare ferns—W. H. Waaner, Jr.,
Washington, D.C
EQuIsEruM PRAEALTUM IN Dry Sor.—One of the
Pleasures of botanizing is the finding of plants in un-
usual and unexpected places. Sometimes it is easy to
See that the occurrence of a plant where it would not be
looked for is due to special cireumstances that have
Created a suitable habitat in the midst of generally un-
favorable conditions. One would not normally look for
Pellaea atropurpurea on the brick walls of a long-aban-
doned iron furnace on the Coastal Plain, miles from any
Sutcrop of limestone and from the nearest known colony
of the fern. No doubt the ferns were brought there in-
advertently with the limestone used as a flux in smelt-
ing the iron ore, and found the lime they needed in the
Mortar of the brickwork after the furnace was aban-
doned,
Again, in the Baltimore region Lorinseria areolata is a
Coastal Plain plant, growing in low woods not many
feet above Sea level. Yet in 1894 a number of the plants
Were found in a wet spot in woods on the fairly steep
Slope of a ridge, at an elevation of nearly 500 feet.
74 AMERICAN F'ERN JOURNAL
Here, overlying a quartz schist of the Piedmont Plateau,
is an area covered with a Pleistocene deposit character-
istic of the Coastal Plain. The fern may have persisted
there since before the uplift that permitted erosion to
separate this portion of the deposit from its continuation
on the Coastal Plain.
According to all the rules, Equisetum praealtum should
grow in wet places, usually in alluvial soil along streams
and lakes. Usually, too, the colonies do not cover a large
area, though they may contain thousands of stems. This
note is written to tell about a really large colony, in which
it is no exaggeration to say there are a few million stems.
It is not in alluvial soil, and over part of the area the
soil is not very damp.
About a mile north of Towson, Baltimore Co., Md., the
Dulany Valley Road is nearly level for a few hundred
feet, and then drops 140 feet in about half a mile.
Roughly parallel to the road and 50 to 75 yards from
it, trickles a small run that joins a larger stream at the
foot of the slope. All this region was well wooded in
colonial days; but for about 250 years it has been part
of one of the old manors, and because the spot is distant
only half a mile across an open field from the manor
house, presumably it was cleared a long time ago. For
many years there have been no large trees to shade the
little run, which flows through a grassy field with many
bushes. The Equisetum grows abundantly over a large
area well up the slope, on both sides of and along the
run. Many of the plants are outside the fence, along
the grassy edge of the road, where their further spread
is stopped by the hard soil. Here they have no shade
except from occasional tall weeds. E ;
This colony has been known to me for 50 years. During
that time—and no one can say: how much longer—the
soil must often have been baked dry. It is not especially
SHorter Notes 75
surprising for the Equisetum to have persisted along
the run from the days before the land was cleared. Its
long rhizomes would help it to survive, and to spread
widely when the field lay fallow for years. At first
sight the occurrence of a number of the plants in the
dry spots shows considerable adaptability to adverse
conditions, but it is possible that they are directly con-
nected, by the rhizomes, with plants growing in moist
soil several feet away. To test this idea would involve
a great deal of digging, for the rhizomes run deep. Any-
way, the place is 50 miles away.—C. E. Waters, Wash-
ington, D. 0.
ARKANSAS FERN Notes.—Moore in 1940 reported 67
Pteridophyta from Arkansas. In the following list the
tst two entries are new for the state, and the four others
are additional to single regional records. The specimens
were collected by myself.
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. f. simulans Weatherby.
Optimus, Stone Co., July 12, 1942 (no. 23457).
Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) Gray var. Haleana (Fer-
hald) Broun. Wilmer, Drew Co., Oct. 17, 1942 (no.
24106).
Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt. var. Michauzi-
“mum Weatherby. Calico Rock, Izard Co., July 11, 1942
(no. 23438).
Woodwardia virginica (L.) J. E. Sm. Kingsland,
Cleveland Co., sphagnum bog on hillside, June 28, 1942
(no. 23308)
Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) Gray. Norman, Mont-
somery Co., Oct. 12, 1932 (no. 9836).
Equisetum arvense L. Sandy bottoms of Crow Creek,
adison Junction, St. Francis Co., June 2, 1941 (no.
22154).
Deuziz Demaree, Monticello, Ark.
76 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Recent Fern Literature
The members of the Fern Society will welcome the sec-
ond edition of Dr. Wherry’s ‘‘Guide to Eastern Ferns.’”
Many of the drawings are new or revised, and sufficient
material has been added to bring the volume to 252 pages.
All ferns known to be native in the states of Pennsylva-
nia, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia,
nearly a hundred in number, have been figured and de-
scribed, and 53 forms, varieties, and hybrids are distin-
guished. The nomenclature has been revised, and the
genera have been rearranged to conform in the main to
the plan proposed by Christensen in Verdoorn’s Manual.
An adequate list of synonyms has been provided to facili-
tate the beginner’s use of the more detailed writing of
other authors. The range of species is revised according
to the latest records.
An innovation is the placing of Phegopteris Dryopteris
and Phegopteris Robertiana in the genus Currania Cope-
land. Another change is the use of the term Lycosphens
for the conventional ‘‘Fern allies.’’ This assemblage 0
the more primitive fernworts has become established
rather because they individually differ from the true
ferns than because of any common relationship; but
sooner or later they are bound to attract the attention of
fern students and there is need of a convenient and defi-
nite name for the group.
A key to the classification, based mainly on natural
relationships, has been added in this new edition.
contains considerable diagnostic material not included in
the formal descriptions of the species and is well con-
ceived, though the small pages of the pocket-size volume
have made proper display difficult. Codrdinate elements
1 Guide to Eastern Ferns. By Edgar T. Wherry. iv + 252 pages:
97 figures. Second edition. 1942. The Science Press Printing
Co., Laneaster, Pa. ($1.00.)
RECENT FERN LITERATURE fi is
are indicated by like indention rather than by letter or
number, a system hard to interpret when items to be
‘ompared are separated by one or more pages. Some
awkward abbreviations and other difficulties might have
been avoided had the key been set in finer type, or the
lines been run vertically instead of horizontally. The
key, however, serves its purpose. It not only leads to a
Speedy identification of species, but it also impresses the
student with the basis for the classification.
The usefulness of Dr. Wherry’s Guide is attested by
the sale of nearly 2,000 copies since the first edition was
‘ssued in December, 1937.—Rosert P. St. JoHN.
Prof. Kenneth W. Hunt of the College of Charleston,
South Carolina, has published a handy little pamphlet
on the ferns of the vicinity of that city, intended to aid
the student in their identification. The work was based
°n personal observation, previously published lists cover-
ing the region, and specimens in seven herbaria, inelud-
ing the Philadelphia Academy, the Gray Herbarium, and
the New York Botanical Garden. Thirty-one species are
listed, four of them—Lygodium japonicum, Cyrtomium
faleatum, Pteris multifida, and P. vittata—introduced.
here is a key which reads well; there are full notes as
to the habitat and frequency of occurrence of each spe-
“les; and the location of noteworthy stations is indicated
by references to grids on topographic maps. There is also
a local bibliography, of the items in which, as well as of
More general works, the author has evidently made good
use; both his nomenclature and his information are well
"P to date, the only slips noted being the omission of one
author-citation and one period. Altogether, the list is a
rough and satisfying bit of work.'—C. A. WEATHERBY.
Piet 5: icini leston, 8. C
Charleston Massum Leatice If, 15 pan 1912. (Wor sale atthe
"seum for ten cents.)
78 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Mr. C. A. Weatherby has published’ an account of the
six Argentine species of Notholaena, two of which, N.
sinuata and N. aurea (N. bonariensis), extend as far north
as the southwestern United States. The work represents
a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the genus,
because of the accurate and detailed descriptions and the
careful attention given to bibliography and synonymy.
Mr. Weatherby has studied types or isotypes of all but
one of the 18 species or varieties concerned. Maps show-
ing the distribution of four of the species are given, as
well as photographs of several type specimens. Of special
interest are the line drawings, showing the venation and
soriation.
Diels separates Notholaena from Cheilanthes as follows:
Vein ends a thickened ou otholaena
Vein ends thickimed: 0s ene Cheilanthes
This key character has been repeated by various fern
authors, but Mr. Weatherby’s drawings and discussions
bring out clearly the fact that the vein ends are con-
spicuously enlarged in many species of Notholaena. He
points out also that the commonly accepted statement
that the sori are confluent is not strictly true. The re
ceptacles are wholly discrete, although the sporangia
themselves may be contiguous in age.
Mr. Weatherby indicates that a natural arrangement
of the species of the Cheilanthoid genera is yet to be made.
It is to be hoped that he, who is eminently well qualified,
will do that.—C. V. M
Gualterio Looser continues his good work on Chilean
ferns. In the current number of the Revista Univer
sitaria of the Catholic University of Chile, he records
two new stations for Pellaea (or Notholaena) nived, a
very rare fern in Chile, though common enough in the
1 The Deine Species of Notholaena. Lilloa (Buenos Aires)
6: 251-275. 1941
AMERICAN FERN Society 79
Andes farther north. In my own investigation of this
group, covering most of the large herbaria of the United
States and those of Kew, British Museum, Paris, Geneva,
and Berlin abroad, I had found only one collection from
that country. Looser lists six, all from the extreme
northern part.
In another paper he gives a detailed account of the
Chilean endemic, Pellaea myrtillifolia, a near relative of
the Californian P. andromedifolia and one of the many
cases of similarity in the floras of the two regions.
Looser gives a comparative statement of characters, lists
of localities recorded in literature and of specimens in
Chilean herbaria, full bibliography, and some notes on
uses. These last are medicinal, an infusion of the plant
being employed in some parts of Chile to allay pain.
The vernacular names ‘‘coca’’ and ‘‘yerba coca’’ refer
to its sedative virtues.2—C. A. WEATHERBY.
American Fern Society
Matilda Nevins Ackley took up the collecting and study
of flowering plants and ferns in about her sixty-fifth year
and continued her interest nearly to the time of her death,
August 19, 1942, at Los Angeles, in her eighty-sixth year.
Born at Nashua, Chickasaw Co., Iowa, on May 30, 1856,
she taught school at the little town on upper Cedar River,
a tributary of the Mississippi, before marrying Henry C.
Ackley, Meeting congenial spirits in later years at the
Nature Club of Southern California’s Tuesday evening
lectures and week-end field trips, she first began collecting
flowering plants about California. Soon she extended
her interests to ferns, joined the American Fern Society,
and began exchanging specimens with correspondents
? er, G. Dos nuevas localidades Chilenas del helecho Pellaea
Bobo. oe.) Prantl. Revista Universitaria 27: 101-102. 1942.
elecho Pellaea myrtillifolia. Op. eit. 117-121.
80 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
whose specimens may be found today in the Ackley Her-
barium at the Hancock Foundation of the University of
Southern California. Her collection of California wild
flowers is now at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural
. History. Her own collecting reached at least as far
as Portland, Oregon, with vacations at Towle, Placer Co.,
and Wrightwood, San Gabriel Mts. She also assembled
a fine collection of living ferns at her former home in
Eagle Rock City, bringing the roots home from field trips
or exchanging with friends. To May N. Ackley, as she
inscribed herself, I am indebteded for her encouraging
interest in my study of ferns, for it was she who first
extended my acquaintance with ferns and fern collectors
and who shared her fern literature and fern duplicates
with me. Many hours we checked over keys and descrip-
tions together. Perhaps my most fragrant memory is
the bed of native Wild Ginger (Asarum Hartwegit) m
her lath house fernery !—J. Ewan.
Mr. F. N. Irving, 3323 Mt. Pleasant St., Washington,
D. C., will send in exchange to members uncommonly
good specimens of Ophioglossum vulgatum, if immedi-
ately requested to do so.
NEw MEMBERS
Mrs. Hugh Hammerly, Hammerly Gardens, R. D. 1, Albany, Orego?-
Miss ee Esther Haynes, Apt. 116, East Clifton Terrace, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Miss M. ‘Marparor Maclean, 31 Congreve St., Roslindale, Massachu-
setts,
Miss Ruth Olive SS Dept. of Botany, State College for
Women, Tallahassee, Fla.
CHANGES OF ADDRESS
Mrs. T. O. Carlson, 16 Hillerest Road, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey:
Dr. A. J. Grout, Newfane, Vermont.
Mr. Charles Neidorf, 127 Cannon St., New Yor
Mr. Robt. P. St. John, Bluff Point, Pates Co., Hi we
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_ AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
Che American Hern Soriety
Connril for 1943
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‘Vou. 33 JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1943 No. 3
To the Paramo de Chaquiro
Francis W. PENNELL
To any Colombian the word pdramo has but a single
meanine—it denotes the bleak heights above timber line.
Each of the three Cordilleras of the Andes rises to such
heights, and through corresponding zones of plant and
animal life. In the Central Cordillera many of the peaks
pass higher into glistening snoweaps, but on the Eastern
and Western Cordilleras the highest summits are mostly
crowned by the cold-resistant vegetation of the paramo.
On each Cordillera one climbs through tropical forest
into its denser mountain climax of subtropical forest,
then into the cold forest above, and higher still through
the shrub zone (paramillo) out to the open péramo. In
his classic ‘‘ Distribution of Bird-Life in Colombia’” Dr.
Frank M. Chapman has called these altitudinal stages
the Tropical Zone, the Subtropical Zone, the Temperate
Zone, and the Péramo; but the Colombians had long ago
distinguished them as the tierra caliente (hot country),
the tierra templada (temperate country), and the tierra
Iria (cold country), in which was included, but clearly
designated, the pdramo. The two lowest zones are un-
ouched by cold, and the tierra templada, with its per-
Petual temperature of early summer and its abundance
of rainfall from clouds that condense against the moun-
tain slopes, must be the world’s richest zone of ferns.
3ul an Mus, N ist. 36: 85. 1917
+ {Volume 33, ag 2, es preg ae pages 41-80, was issued
e17, 1943.] &
81
mH
82 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
But the plant life of the tierra fria is adapted to cold—a
eold that knows only a daily rhythm to warmth, and that
when the sun is actually shining—and this cold becomes
ever more severe as we ascend. The composition of the
flora of the tierra fria is a fascinating problem: In part
the cold forest and the pdramos are occupied by plants
of tropical groups, modified descendants of plants of the
hotter lowland; in part by plants of groups pertaining
to the far away temperate zones, groups quite unknown
in the Colombian lowland; and in part by peculiar
Andean genera most interesting in character. It is ob-
vious why a botanist who had already climbed to the
paramo on two of the Cordilleras should wish to ascend
so high upon the third. Let us hasten to the Chaquiro!
But hasten is what one cannot do in Colombia, or at
least one could not before the days of airplanes—and I
am telling of a journey of 25 years ago. I had been
hither and thither on the Eastern Andes about Bogota
and also opposite Neiva; I had climbed the Central Andes
to the Péramo del Ruiz; now I wished to see the vegeta-
tion of the Western Andes, and hoped to reach paramo.
For warrant that this was possible I had a map in the
so-called ‘Atlas Completo de Geografia Colombiana’” of
F. J. Vergara y Velasco; this traced the highlands at the
northern extremity of the Cordillera Occidental and in-
dicated a trail across the range from a spot on the Rio
Esmeralda that was significantly named Puerto Canoa.
That meant ‘‘port of the canoe,’’ and so could clearly
be reached by dugout canoe from downstream. Now, the
Rio Esmeralda flows into the Rio Sind, and that I had
been bidden ascend. The map gave the altitude of
Puerto Canoa as 340 meters above the sea, that of the
pass to Urama in the Atrato Valley as about 3,000 meters,
2 Bogota, 1906. Although not so stated, I suspect that these are
actually maps from the uncompleted survey of Colombia made by
Codazzi about the middle of the last century.
To THE PARAMO DE CHAQUIRO 83
with the intervening distance only 30 kilometers or 20
miles; nearer still to Puerto Canoa, in fact only nine
miles away, was shown the mountain named Paramillo,
4,000 meters in altitude.
u
ts
by
ml
>
iw
hr}
ts
bd
4
ty
°
G
hw
4
od
&
1 ae } Baviss ae
es Pat % é -_
PRAILEJONES (LITTLE FRIARS) ON THE PARAMO DEL Quinpio, COLOMBIA
I avid ‘eg NAIA
To THE P&raAMo DE CHAQUIRO 95
had two species, both new to science, and both of peculiar
alpine genera; one is a Bartsia, a genus with endemic
Members erighont the Andean highlands from Colom-
bia to Bolivia; the other is an Aragoa, a genus hitherto
known only fran: the Cordilleras of eastern Colombia and
Venezuela.? In the Asteraceae (Compositae) Dr. A. C.
Smith has described as new Espeletia occidentalis, the
frailejon of this pdramo.* Species of Espeletia, the
frailejones or ‘‘cowled friars,’’ with massive unbranched
erect stems, dense radiating silvery- or golden-haired
leaves that, after functioning, persist as a dense covering
on the old stems, and Joose clusters of small sunflower-
like heads, are ‘hie most characteristic plants of paramos
throughout the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Vene-
zuela,
Not the paramo alone, but all the tierra fria on this
climb yielded a rich harvest of new species. Althoug
Many of my collections remain to be carefully studied,
there have already been reported such species also in
Satyria, Psammisia, Lysiclesia, and Gaultheria of the
Ericaceae ; in Hoffmannia and Palicourea of the Rubia-
ceae; and in Burmeistera of the Lobeliaceae. The tierra
fria is not continuous through the length of the Cordillera
Occidental, as is the tierra templada below it, and on
this account most trails over the Western Andes do not
reach this upper world of life at all. North of Choed
Bay there are some five portions of the Cordillera that rise
independently above timber line. Each carries its iso-
lated world of tierra fria—its cold forest, its shrub zone,
and its pdramo. So far as I am aware, my later climb
to the most southern of these, the Cerro Tatama, where by
gs te ed aca
tion of f Aragon, ; and Its Bearing on the Geological History of the
by Another, geen larger oes of the Central Cordillera, is
Shown in the accompanying pla
96 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
a yet more difficult ascent I reached a far richer world
of endemic life, has been the only other botanical assault
upon this great mountain chain. We need to reach, with
adequate time and facilities for collecting, each of these
highlands from Cerro Tatama to El] Paramillo. They are
remnants of a single mighty Cordillera, against the
western face of which beats the heaviest rainfall in the
Western Hemisphere. What genera and species occur
upon them all? What endemism has isolation resulting
from, long erosion produced upon the different sections?
What unexpected relationships, such as that revealed by
Aragoa, not with the nearer and more recent Central
Andes but with the more remote older mountain systems
of eastern Colombia, remain to be discovered ?
In the marvellous sunset as seen from the summit of
Chaguiro this problem lay spread before me. Below on -
every side was cloud, the dense cloud zone through which
we had climbed. It was not smooth cloud, but billowy
turbulent cloud—cloud of irregular outline that rose
repeatedly upward into round cumulous masses. Above
the white cloud-world stood only the isolated mountain
peaks of my concern, following like a chain of islands the
axis of the Western Cordillera. One or two tiny areas
showed northward ; eastward was the extensive mountain-
mass of El] Paramillo, and then southward far away rose
the Paramo del Frontino, another link of our chain, with
its secrets yet unknown. All was colored and tinged with
unspeakable delicacy and glory of gold and purple, but
too quickly did the tropical sunset pass into night.’
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA.
5 The narrative has been previously told in the Westonian (31:
14-25, 1925), but = . aes of adventure and without the botanical
emphasis now give he a is the organ of the Alu muni
of Westtown School, Wate.
FERN NAMES PROPOSED BY RAFINESQUE 97
New Names for Ferns and Fern Allies Proposed
by C. S. Rafinesque, 1806-1838
E. D. Merrmu
(Conclusion)
*Prermis Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 254. 1830; Fl. Tellur. 1: 83.
1836 [1837] = Pteris Linn.
n the first entry Rafinesque merely states: ‘‘Pterilis
Raf. Pteris L. Brake,’? having in mind the common
bracken, Pteridium aquilinum (Linn.) Kuhn. In the
second he states: ‘‘Pteris which means fern must be
changed to Peripteris or Pterilis.’’
RuizaKenta Raf. Aut. Bot. 188. 1840.
In describing this genus Rafinesque stated ‘‘singular
G. of the Rhizospermous family near to Pilularia, Isoetes
&e.’’ The somewhat indefinite deseription apparently
applies to a form of Limnobium Spongia (Bose.) L. C.
Rich., a flowering plant of the family Hydrocharitaceae.
The genus is mentioned here because Pennell, in his list
of Rafinesque’s new genera published in the Autikon
Botanikon (Bull. Torr. Club 48: 95. 1921), repeats
Rafinesque’s statement ‘‘near Pilularia, Isoetes, &e.’’
The genus is omitted in Index Kewensis and supplements,
nor is it mentioned by Christensen.
“hes ora Raf. Prine. Somiol. 26. 1814 = Seyphofihz
Sc eee nis Raf. Prine. Somiol, 26. 1814; Fl. Tellur.
1: 84. 1836 [1837] =Scyphofilix Thouars, Nov. Gen
Madagase. 1. 1808; J. Roem. Collect. Bot. 195. 1808-09.
Rafinesque’s reason for changing Thouars’ generic
name was that Scyphofilix, which he incidentally spelled .
Sciphofilix in the 1814 reference, was ‘‘mongrel,’’ part
Greek and part Latin. Christensen’s entry for Scypho-
flix Thouars is incomplete, lacking the date. I have
added this from the copy of this undated work in the
library of the Arnold Arboretum, for Hiern™* determined
its date of issue. Rafinesque published no binomial.
Se eyaeneen ee ee
14 Journ. Bot, 38: 493. 1900.
98 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
*Sivetes Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 358. 1808, nom. nud.
There is no way by which the status of this name can
be determined, it merely appearing in the text in the
description of Carpanthus axillaris Raf., thus: ‘‘it [Car-
panthus] may form with the genusses pillularia, salvinia,
lemna, marsilea, sivetes, &c. a new natural order a kin
to the ferns.’’ Carpanthus, supra, is a synonym of the
serophulariaceous genus Gratiola. Lemna belongs in the
monocotyledonous family Lemnaceae. Sivetes is re-
garded by Mr. C. A. Weatherby as in all probability a
misprint for Jsoetes. It is so corrected in the French
translation (Rafinesque 1808b, p. 222).
*SyNnoreLis Raf. New Fl. No. Amer. 1:59. 1836 = Cyclo-
phorus Desv. vel Dryopteris Adans. ;
afinesque’s statement is ambiguous: ‘‘The Acrost-
chum lanceolatum is become the Nephrodium acrosti-
choides of India, not ours, both of my genus Synotelis.”’
I find no record of an Indian ‘‘Nephrodium acrosti-
choides’’ as early as 1836. The type of N. acrostichoides
Desv. (Mém. Soe. Linn. Paris 6; 255. 1827) was from
Timor, and the description is so short that one can say
with reasonable certainty only that it represents a species
of Dryopteris. Nephrodium acrostichoides J. Sm. was
not published until 1841. If by Acrostichum lanceolatum
Rafinesque meant the Linnaean species, then the very
common Indo-Malaysian Cyclophorus lanceolatus (Linn.)
Alston (C. adnascens Desv.) is represented. The type of
Acrostichum lanceolatum Roxb.** [= Elaphoglossum ner-
vosum (Bory) Christ] was from St. Helena, not from
India, and there is little chance that Rafinesque had any
knowledge of that species. A. lanceolatum Hook. was not
published until 1864. By the words ‘‘not ours’’ Rafines-
que had in mind Nephrodium acrostichoides Michx., 1.€-,
Polystichum acrostichoides Schott. In spite of the fact
that Rafinesque proposed the new generic name Synotelis,
15 In Beatson, Tracts St. Helena 296. 1816.
FERN NAMES PROPOSED BY RAFINESQUE 99
it is not impossible that he actually intended ‘‘N ephro-
dium acrostichoides of India’’ to be a new binomial: ; yet
this would be strange, in view of the fact that he was
familiar with the American Nephrodium acrostichoides
ichx.
*THELIPTERIS Raf. Med. Fl. 1: 32. 1828; Man. Med.
Bot. 32. 1841 = Thelypteris Adans. = Pteris Linn.
EQUISETACEAE
*EQuiseTUM MoNTANUM Raf. Amer. Monthly Mag.
Crit. Rev. 2: 206. 1818 = Equisetum sylvaticum Linn.
The description is: ‘‘Equisetum montanum Raf.
Rough, sterile and fertile stems very branched, striated,
Sheaths rufous nearly quadrifid, divisions ovate acute
trinerved, branches two- or three-chotomous, small
branches adscendent filiform, flexuouse triqueter or com-
pressed, rufous caliculated, leaves subulate, ternate or
opposite—Obs. A singular species found wit .
Knevels on the Catskill Mountains, in woods near the
two lakes; it has some affinity with the E. Sylvaticum,
and rises about two feet.’? This can scarcely be other
than the common E. sylvaticum Linn.
Equiserum pranaLtum Raf. Fl. Ludoy. 13. 1817 (as
prealtum).
Rafinesque’s technical description was based on Robin’s
cursory one and is as follows: ‘‘Equisetum prealtum Raf.
N. Sp.? Caulibus simplicibus erectis scabris fistulosis ;
Vaginis nigrescens, crenulatis, corona emulans—Prele,
b. p. 350. A large specie akin to E. hyemale, grows
on the bank of the Mississippi in large bushes rising about
Six feet; the stems are about as thick as the finger: the
cattle are fond of it in winter, and the joiners employ it
to Siam wood.’’ pear ; eee French description’®
Voy. Louisiane 3:
ig. es (Equise Pat Vae trés-grande espéce croit le
ong du fleuve, occupe en touffes de larges places: elle
s’éléve jusqu’ A cing & six pieds. Ses tiges sont de la
100 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
grosseur du doigt, nues, scabres, fistuleuses; les gaines,
noiratres, légérement crénelées, ont la forme d’une
couronne. Cette plante a beaucoup de rapport avec
notre préle d’hiver; elle est d’une grande utilité pour
le bétail dans l’hiver. Les menuisiers 1’emploient aussi
pour polir le bois.’’ Rafinesque’s binomial is now widely
accepted as the proper one for this widely distributed
North American species, confused by many authors wit
the European Equisetum hyemale Linn., and in 1844
characterized by A. Braun as EF. robustum A. Br. ex
There are doubtless those botanists who still would
ignore Equisetum praealtum Raf. (1817) and retain £.
robustum A, Br. (1844), merely because Rafinesque saw
no specimens and depended entirely on Robin’s rather
informal description of 1807, whereas A. Braun had
specimens before him, his type—and doubtless duplicate
types—being preserved. For those who dissent merely
on the basis that Rafinesque had no ‘‘type specimen’’ I
would call attention to the fact that this is the only com-
mon Equisetum in Louisiana, but two species being
known from that large state. Brown and Correll cite
many individual collections representing Equisetum
praealtum Raf., some of them from the banks of the
Mississippi River, whereas E. laevigatum A. Br., the
only other Louisiana species, is known from the state
by a single collection only from the Red River at Bossier.
This is an excellent illustration of how the status of an
originally incompletely described species, of which no
type specimen was preserved, can definitely be placed
through the simple process of elimination, once the con-
stituent elements of a flora are reasonably well known.
17 Amer. Journ. Sci. 46: 88. 1844. See Schaffner, Amer. Fern
1: 71. 1921, and Priat 124, 1932; ~— mens of the set
)
FERN NAMES ProposeD BY RAFINESQUE 101
*EQUISETUM TUBEROSUM Raf. Med. FI. 2: 218. 1830,
nom. nud. ; Herb. Raf. 54. 1833, nom. nud. = Equisetum
telmateia Bhrh. (prob.).
All that Ratinesue states regarding this species is:
“The een tuberosum Raf. of Oregon, roots food
of Indians.’’ G. N. Jones suggests that this was
probably pce telmateia Ehrh., which is the com-
monest species on the Pacific coast, and which produces
numerous tuberous growths from the rhizome rich in
reh
LYCOPODIACEAE
*CLOPopIUM “— Anal. Nat. Tabl. Univ. 205. 1815 =
Lycopodium Lin
*CopopiIuM Raf. ee Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 286.
1817 = Lycopodium Linn
The reason for this ue ad this applies also to
Clopodium, as given by Rafinesque under the latter—is
that Lycopodium is objectionable, ‘‘being similar in
Sound and Soening to Lycopus whence it must be altered
into C opodium
*Copopium oxyNEMUM Raf. Amer. casa Mag. Crit.
Rev. 2: 44. 1817 = = Lycopodium clavatum
The description is: **Copodium spew Stem
creeping branched, leaves saiceais scattered oblique
ineurved linear-subulate flat entire awned, awns long
filiform flexnose—Obs. Differing from annotinum (Ly-
Copodium Li. too similar to Lycopus) by the entire scat-
tered leaves, ete. Found with Mr. Knevels on the Cats-
kill mountains: we did not find it in blossom.’’ On a
Very strict interpretation one might consider that in his
Peculiar reference to Lycopodium annotinum Linn. he
transferred the latter name to Copodium, but I do not
Consider that this represents a valid transfer. Rafines-
que’s intent seems to be clear, but he scarcely published
any binomial under Copodium, other than C. oxynemum
Raf. The reduction of this Rafinesque species has been
102 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
made from the description; see sie Ferns of the
Vicinity of New York, p. 222 (1935).
*LyYcopopIuM vIOLAcINUS Raf. Journ. Bot. (Desv.) 1:
236. 1813, under Mycastrum sessile Raf
This is a lapsus calami on the part of Rafinesque, the
generic name Lycoperdon being intended; the very brief
description is that of a species of Lycoperdon from the
vicinity of Philadelphia.
RAFINESQUE BIBLIOGRAPHY
All items in the following list contain data on ferns or
fern allies and are in the nature of additions to the bibli-
ographies published by Christensen in his Index Filicum
and its several Supplements. To the strictly Rafinesque
papers I have added the one by Robin that was the basis
of Rafinesque’s ‘‘Florula Ludoviciana,’’ one by Fox that
repeats certain data originally published by Rafinesque,
and two by Desvaux that are really republications of
Rafinesque’s papers, one a translation from the original
English to French. These two Desvaux papers are not
exact reproductions of the originals on which they were
based, but in most cases Desvaux did republish all that
Rafinesque said regarding individual species. Sometimes
he abbreviated, as in the case of Ophioglossum pubescens
Raf., where he reduced Rafinesque’s original 23- ssn
description to merely ‘‘feuille pubescente, N. Jersey.”
Rosy, C. C.
1807. Flora Louisianaise. In his: Voyages dans ]intérieur
ouisiane, 3: 313-538.
cies’? are arranged under natural groups, but :
rarely used “binomials characterizing each under
generic name or er local French names. This was
oF
8
(1817), wherein, on the sole basis of Robin’s bsg
tions, he applied bi bi eat to the various entities, +
ibi umerous new genera and new ies. fine
this he was very severely censured by his com
poraries and successors.
FERN NAMES PROPOSED BY RAFINESQUE 103
RAFINESQUE, C. 8.
1806. [Additions to rere s Flora of North-America
In a letter from Mr. Rafinesque to Dr. Mitchell, dated
Palermo, i in Sicily, August 8, 1805.] Med. Repos. II.
422-493
1808. rhb Back of Mr. Rafinesque Schmaltz’s ae intended
works on North-American botany; the first on the new
or mushroom-tribe of America. Med. Rep
350-356.
1808a. [Essential generic and specific characters of some
w genusses and species of plants observed i sy Hees
803 and 1804.
paragon sera o Dr. Mitchell, ated ‘ag a Se
t, 1807.] Med. Repos. IT. 5
1808b. _Deseriton des platics pianiee dans i les Etats-Unis
d’Amerique, e ae fines
n 1803 et 18 Son! Rafinesque-
Se hionlte, communiqu ée & M. M . Translated
by M . Warden. . Jou n, Bot. "(Patin) ‘1: 218-234,
Desvaux, N. A
1809, Prosieeca de M. — Schmaltz, relatif 4 deux
ouvrages sur la botanique du Nord de 1’Amérique ;
traduit du Medical Repository de New-York, vol. 5,
B one par M. N. A. Desvaux. Journ. Bot. (Pa aris)
166-178,
“This was based on the preceding paper.
RaFINEsQug, (C.
1814a. Princi pes fondamentaux de somiologie ou les lois de
la nomenclature et de la classification de 1]’empire
ti ra ou des animaux et des végétaux....
1814b. ‘Pri des découvertes et travaux peg + ni de
r. C. S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz entre 1800 et 1
1-56
DEsvaux, N. A
1814, Sur les ouvrages de M. get se an eresni Journ.
t. (Desvaux) 4: 268-27
er Se as based on the preceding paper by Rafinesque
and cant of Rafinesque’s original descriptions are re-
eated.
Stigler Re s.
1815a. Neen “armen . le quattro florule dell’ Etna. In
RE a naturale e generale dell’ Etna.
1: [ App] 1s. ;
1815b. Analyse de la nature ou a on < universe et des
s organisés. 1-224, 1 ios
1817a. “Floral taiwan oe or a flora of the State of
nslated, revised, and improved, from the
French of ©. C. Robin. 1-178. (See —* above.)
1817b. First — ig undescribed American pl.
synopsis of new species from the “United Sinton.
Amer, Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev.
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
1818a. A journal of the ecb of vegetation near Phila
delphia, — the 20th of February and the 20th of
cpa , 1816, wath een zoological remarks. Amer
n. Sei. 1: 77-82.
1818b. {Review of] Flora Americae Septentrionalis, or
matic arrangement and description of the pla ont
of North America, etc. By Frederick Pursh, London,
1814. Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 170-176,
68.
1818¢e. ese decade of new species . North American
nts. Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 206-207.
1819a. T iow of] The genera of Nor rth. American plants
a catalogue of the species to the year 1817. By
8. &. &e. Phil
delphia, 1818. Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev.
1819b. Remarques critiques et synonymiques sur les ouvrages
Pursh, Nuttall, Elliott, diate [Torrey],
Eaton, Bigelow, Barton, Muhlenberg, ete., sur les
plantes des ee: Unis. Journ. Phys. Chim, Hist. Nat.
1820. Annals Ara natu re, or annual synopsis of new genera
species of animals, plants &c. discovered in North
1-16
rica. ;
1821. Western Minerva, or American annals of knowledge
and capper be 1: i-vi, 7-88.
ingle copy of this work is known t xist ;
the pa ae of it are summarized by W. J. Wot in
i . 1900.
Science I
1824. Florula se anger gael Catalogue e the args
trees, shrubs and entue In
First catalogues and gece of the a rare ie
of Transylvania University at Lexington, Kentucky.
a “Medical a flora; or, a manual of ~~ ~~ eee
e United States of North Am
oe pl. . iat : :
1833a. Herbarium Rafinesquianum. Prodromus.-pars prima.
Rarissim. plant. nov. Herbals; or botanical collec-
— of C. S. Rafinesque. 1-80. [At the ne of the
J
e page: Phe sotars ournal— Extra of No.
1833b. nee of t Florala Mandanensis of Bradbury and
Rafinesque, poblished in 1817 and in 1820, with notes
and ves gr sides his: Poster Raf. 37-41.
1833¢e. Flor Oe egon : Herb. Raf. 49-
1833d. tide Centralia o: or ie In his: pak os ‘Raf.
7
0
myself, the others procured by ‘aes purchase, OF
in gardens. In his: Herb. Raf. 65-66.
POLYPODIUM VIRGINIANUM F. DELTOIDEUM 105
1836. New Flora and botany of North America. 1: 1-100.
1836[1837]. Flora Telluriana. . 1: 1-104.
Agee | New flora and botany of North America. 4:
1841, Nam a! —— a of the United States. . .
pl.
a pag ae et ge reprint of Volume 1 of
Bidlawine’ s (Medical Flora’’ (1828).
Fox, W. J.
1900. apm Sa s Western Minerva, or American annals of
potest and literature. Pe ence II. 12: 211-215.
ee 4 — s of this very rare work,
only a sin oe opy of w hich is known to exist, and re
peats the conta botanical data contained. therein,
ARNOLD ARBORETUM.
Is Polypodium virginianum f. deltoideum
a Constant Form?
RicHarp C. HarLtow
The following notes are offered as of possible value in
future study of the forms of our eastern Polypodium
virginianum. The case is presented as a simple statement
of facts, not with the idea of stirring up latent argument.
Others, far more eapable than the writer, may judge.
During the years 1938 to 1942 inclusive, the writer has
been deeply interested in the various forms of the Poly-
pody, his investigations having consisted of transplant-
ing many of these forms to earefully prepared rock ledges
in a wooded fernery, where they could be grown under
Similar conditions of soil, shade, moisture, and exposure.
It had been noted that forma deltoidewm seldom ran
true from the same rootstock in the wild. In 1940 some
25 rootstocks bearing from one to four typical fronds of
this form were transplanted from various sections of the
Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania to the fernery at La
Anna, Pennsylvania. These were all well-marked speci-
mens, 11 being distinctively lobed on the lower side of
the lowermost segment, 8 lobed on the upper side of the
lowermost segment, and 6 lobed on both sides of the lower-
106 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
most segment; all blades were typically broad and more
or less triangular in outline. In nearly every case it was
noted, in digging out the rootstock, that the most typical
deltoid fronds came from root areas which were starved
from lack of soil (as in an extremely narrow, dry crack),
or where the rootstock was protruding, through outgrow-
ing the available soil.
these were planted under simple, typical Poly-
pody conditions, but with soil a half inch in depth on the
top of the rocks. They were planted in both shade and
and filtered sunlight.
In 1941 new growth was carefully studied. In every
case, perfectly normal fronds appeared and the features
which marked the so-called forma: deltoideuwm entirely
disappeared. The entirely normal fronds appeared again
in all cases in 1942.
In 1941 the reverse experiment was tried. Twenty-
five plants of perfectly normal Polypodium virginianum
were planted where either the ends or some sections of the
rootstock were exposed and not covered by leaf mold.
Four plants threw up normal fronds in 1942, while the
remaining 21 all had one to three fronds showing typical
deltoideum characters.
It is realized that the experiments have not been ex-
tensive enough to justify very definite conclusions, but
they have gone a long way in the writer’s mind to
establish the fact that deltoideum is not a constant form,
being rather a leaf form caused by unnatural conditions
of growth.
It may also be of interest to know that Polypodium
virginianum forma acuminatum (Gilbert) Fernald,
planted to the extent of 20 different rootstocks in 1940,
came absolutely true in 1941 and 1942 under typical
Polypody conditions of sun, shade, exposure, and mols-
tur
CAMBRIDGE, MAss.
DRYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA IN TENNESSEE 107
New Occurrences of Dryopteris Clintoniana
in Tennessee
Jesse M. SHAVER
On August 29, 1937, I went to Fayetteville, Lincoln
County, Tennessee, to spend a Sunday botanizing with
Mr. Harvey Bridges, a former student. During the day,
while we were working up a wooded ravine about five or
Six miles south of Fayetteville, Mr. Bridges pointed out to
me some large, dark green ferns that he had previously
discovered. At first I took these to be aberrant forms
of Goldie’s fern, Dryopteris Goldiana (Hook.) A. Gray.
However, when I got home I found that it was not
Goldie’s fern, so I made additional trips at different
times to study the fern at this station. Still I could not
Satisfactorily classify it, and it was not until I read
Wherry’s paper on ‘‘Southern Occurrences of Dryopteris
Clintoniana’’ that I was able to identify it as Dryopteris
Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Dowell var. australis Wherry.*
My specimens are almost exactly like sheet No. 667180
(Acad. Sei. Phila.) grown in Washington from a Ford-
ney, Alabama, rootstock and kindly lent me through Dr.
Wherry and Dr. Pennell.? So far as I was aware at the
time, this was the first station known for this fern from
Peencesce,
However, in his fern book (1938) Small mentioned (p.
274) the finding of Dryopteris celsa in 1931 in Tennessee
hear Hot Springs, North Carolina. In a review of this
book, Wherry ( 1939, pp. 25-28) refused to accept this
Tennessee fern as D. celsa. He thinks it is D. Clinton-
‘ana; but Small’s material has apparently been lost and
The author prefers to use the old names for these iar as given
by Wherry (1937), rather than the veal names nee
(L.) A gp He var ae cadet (D. CG. Eaton) Sseacle pe D. eris
IT
? Dr. Pennell h aciously lent imens from the herbaria of
the Academy of Natural Seiences of Philadelphia “for this stndy.
108 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
local horticulturists have destroyed the original station,
so in the absence of specimens it is not possible to deter-
mine the variety.
Another Tennessee station for this fern was discovered
in a rather peculiar way. In the spring of 1941, Dr.
Aaron Sharp of the University of Tennessee told me of
two sheets of badly preserved fronds of what might be
D. Clintoniana that had mysteriously escaped the fire
which destroyed the University herbaria. Through the
courtesy of Dr. Sharp I have had the opportunity of
examining these. Though badly eaten by insects, the
two sheets together apparently have three fronds, the
basal portions of some fronds being on a separate sheet
from their tops. They had originally been labeled:
‘‘Flora Tennesseensis, Legit Dr. A. Gattinger. Aspidium
Filiz-mas Swartz. Tallahoma (sic) July,’’ with the year
not clearly legible but apparently 1867. Below this in
pencil had been written ‘‘probably Cristatum var. Clin-
tonianum.’’ These fragments were carefully studied and
sketched. I identified them as D. Clintoniana, but cou
not be sure of the variety. The shape of the fronds, the
small sinuses between fertile segments, and the two or
three reduced pairs of basal pinnae are much like those
in Blomquist’s plate (1934, p. 65) and a specimen col-
lected by Fred W. Gray near Charlotte, North Carolina,
September 11, 1936, with the notation in pencil ‘‘V.
genuina Wherry E.T.W. 1939.’’ The single fertile pinna
figured by Blomquist is unlike any of this material.
Furthermore, the sori appeared to be toward the midrib,
rather than medial as in var. genuina Wherry. These
facts made me hope that if I could rediscover this station
I might find var. genuina in Tennessee.
The first procedure was to consult Oakes’ ‘‘The Life
and Work of Doctor Augustin Gattinger,’’ in order bi
find out whether Dr. Gattinger had a friend living 17
Tullahoma about 1867 whom he was in the habit of
DRYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA IN TENNESSEE 109
visiting. I found (p. 13) that Prof. Alexander Kocsis
was a very dear friend of Dr. Gattinger, that he moved
from Nashville to Tullahoma immediately after the close
of the Civil War, and that Dr. Gattinger was a very
frequent visitor in his friend’s home. Through the aid
of a former student, I was able to locate the site of Pro-
fessor Kocsis’s home (the building has disappeared long
ago) near the outskirts of the present city. Then, rea-
soning that Dr. Gattinger’s trips would probably not
cover a great distance from this home, a plan of locating
and exploring all likely habitats was prepared and put
in operation in the fall of 1941, with the result that one
of my students, Mr. James Shaw of Chattanooga, relo-
cated the station and I was able to make collections.
The more complete collection contains no plants ex-
actly like those in the Gattinger collection, so this may
really be a new station, although this seems hardly likely.
These later plants I have classified as var. australis
Wherry, although most specimens have slightly infra-
medial sori and rather narrow sinuses, but no more so
than the Fordney, Alabama, material mentioned above.
There are no sori on the lower pinnae and most of the
pinnae are acuminate. However, this material is being
carefully studied and a more detailed report will be
Published elsewhere.
LITERATURE CITED
«Sided H.L. 1934, Ferns a Sy Carolina. Pp. i-xii, 1-131.
e University Press, Du
Oakes, Henry N. 1932. A Brief. Sketch of the Life and Works of
Augustin Gattinger. Tennessee Academy of Science, Nash-
ville, Tenn.
Small, John K. . Ferns of the Everenanars States. Pp.
1938
1-517. The Science Press, Lancaster,
Wherry, Edgar aN a — Occurrences “of Dryopteris Clin-
toniana. r. Fern Jou : 1-
os, {oat °T. 1939. [Review.] Amer. Fern Journ. 29:
Slane Prasopy CoLLEGE FoR TEACHERS,
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE.
110 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Shorter Notes
Two CoLoRFUL ORIENTAL FERNS FOR THE GARDEN.—
The first of these is Dryopteris erythrosora, of eastern
Asia. The Journal of the New York Botanical Garden
for September 1935 contained an article by D. T. Walden
describing this interesting species, several plants of which
had then been growing for many years in the fern garden
north of the old rockery at the Garden. These were de-
seribed as having bipinnate, broadly triangular blades
15 to 20 inches long, on 10-inch, dark brown stipes. The
author mentioned as the special contribution of this fern
to the garden the bronzy variegated coloring of the young
blades in May and early June, and described the color
at maturity as a rich glossy green, showing whitish areas
where the heavy sori are impressed beneath.
It was probably not long after this that energetic
workmen with seythes cut everything in the fern garden,
which had become overgrown with weeds, close to the
ground, destroying the specimens just mentioned. For-
tunately, a plant had been given to the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, however, from spores of which the writer has
been able to raise young plants. These are now four to
six inches high. The little fronds are reddish orange in
color, but thus far the whitish areas have not appeared.
The second fern is a form of Athyrium Goeringianum
known to me as var. pictum. This variegated Lady-fern,
a native of Japan, is 10 to 18 inches high, with narrow
blades 3 to 4 inches broad: In spring the young fronds
are a rich purple in color, but as they mature the purple
fades somewhat and the blades become green. The typical
(non-variegated) form of this species, Athyrium Goer-
ingianum, shows no purple or whitish areas, the fronds
being of a uniform dark green color. Like Dryopteris
erythrosora this species is perfectly hardy, and can be
SHORTER NOTES 111
easily grown. It makes an attractive addition to the
fern garden, the variegated form appearing to special
advantage against gray rocks.
A limited number of young plants of both species are
available for distribution to Fern Society members who
may wish to try their hand at growing them.—W. Her-
BERT DoLe, 23 Overlook Ave., West Orange, N. J.
ASPLENIUM PALMERI IN TEXAS—In December of 1941
Mr. H. B. Parks and I were graciously entertained by
Mr. George M. Soxman at his home at Dallas, Texas, and
were privileged to examine his neat and very excellent col-
lection of the ferns and fernlike plants of Texas. Among
these was a collection of Asplenium Palmeri Maxon, which
was taken August 22, 1941, in Limpia Canyon of the
Davis Mountains, and which since has been reported
in this Journal as the first Texas station for this fern.
_I wish now to make a second report of the occurrence
of this species in Texas. Strangely enough my collection
antedates that of Mr. Soxman, for it was taken on July 4,
941. This species, which occurs from Guatemala north
through Mexico into southern Arizona and New Mexico,
thus becomes known from two widely separated localities
m Texas. Mr. C. A. Weatherby informs me that my
No. 37695, taken at the Blue Hole of Pulliam Creek, a
tributary of the Nueces River—which locality is in
Edwards County at 16 airline miles directly southeast of
Rocksprings, at an elevation of 1750 feet—is this species.
Mr. Soxman took this fern in Limpia Canyon, Jeff Davis
County, at approximately 11 airline miles northeast of
Ft. Davis and at an approximate elevation of 4475 feet;
it was growing on igneous rocks. This locality is 230
airline miles northwesterly of the station in Edwards
County and has an elevation greater by more than 2700
feet. Moreover, the rocks in the latter locality are of
limestone. Collectors in southwestern Texas should be
112 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
on the watch for this species, which evidently is rare
with us—V. L. Cory, Texas Agricultural Experiment
Station.
American Fern Society
Nrw MEMBERS
ee Biron Bauer, 103 N. Old Orchard, Webster Groves, 19,
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ei F. H. Montgomery, 17 Earl St. : KiteWaner, aR “anid:
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i em Schumacher, 1760 Sixtieth St. hooky: Nex:
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Vol. 33 October-December, 1943 No. 4
Ampriran #eru Journal
AMP
A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS
Published by the
AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
ee. ey
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a
EDITORS
WILLIAM R. MAXON
uo R. C. BENEDICT Cc. V. MORTON
IRA L. WIGGINS
Te hie ge, mee
:
2 r
a CONTENTS :
aby {ree aay
The Group of Selaginella Parishit... itt ao8 he Wearuensr us
Che American Hern Society
Counril for 1943
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR
C. A. WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Massachusetts
JosePH Ewan, Boulder, Colorado iss Pesuoer
Mrs. Etstz Gipson WHirney, 274 South Main Ave., Sle, Ne
Seer
Henry K, Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Treasurer
WituiamM R, Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
Editor-in-Chief
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EDITORS
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Amvriran Fern Journal
Vou. 33 OcTOBER—DECEMBER, 1943 No. 4
The Group of Selaginella Parishii
C. A. WEATHERBY
The American Selaginellas of the subgenus Euselag-
inella (that to which the common eastern Selaginella
rupestris and the widely distributed western 8. densa and
S. Wallacei belong) have, in the past 35 years, received
critical attention from Underwood, A. A. Eaton, Hierony-
mus, van Eseltine, and Maxon. Their cumulative labors
have accounted very satisfactorily for the species of the
United Stated and a fair proportion of those of Mexico;
and though these species are rather numerous and often
very local, and rest on minute and somewhat repetitious
characters, it does not appear that the group has been
at all seriously over-segregated. For the United States,
it can be regarded as now reasonably well understood.
Nevertheless, except for Hieronymus’s very condensed
and now out-of-date synopsis in Die Natiirlichen Pflanzen-
familien and Underwood’s amplification of it,’ no one has
recently attempted to key out the species of more than
a relatively limited area. In the course of determining
Prof. Ivan M. Johnston’s collections from northern
Mexico, it became necessary for me to make rather wide
comparisons. One of the results is the following key
which, with its accompanying list of species, citation of
specimens, and bibliography, may, it is hoped, be of use
in making identifications.
1 Fern Bull. 10: 8-12. 1902.
[ Volume 33, Ti oe 3, of the JourNAL, pages 81-112, was issued Sep-
Vol
deste. 22, 1943
M13
114 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Up to the present time the main divisions used in
Selaginella and, so far as can now be seen, the most prac-
ticable are habital. The small group here considered is
characterized by its (for Euselaginella) strongly dorsi-
ventral repent stems. The numerous, closely set, and
(when lying flat) imbricated leaves are in six or more
ranks. Those of the lower ranks (i.e., those next the
ground) are larger than those of the upper and often
otherwise different. According to Prof. Johnston’s ob-
servations in the field, after rains, when the plant has
abundant moisture, all the leaves spread horizontally,
making a strongly flattened spray. This condition may
often be seen in new shoots of herbarium specimens. In
dry weather and in most herbarium specimens, however,
the leaves of the lower ranks turn upward at the ends and
those of the upper assume a nearly or quite vertical pos-
ture, giving the stems a very characteristic appearance,
as of fur rubbed the wrong way. These arrangements
—the close-set leaves protecting one another and the up-
right position of the upper ones, presenting their edges
to the light—tend to reduce transpiration and have ob-
vious advantages for plants of hot and for long periods
rainless habitats; as suggested by Dr. Maxon, they are
probably to be regarded as adaptations to such habitats.
They are least pronounced in S. arizonica, most in 8.
Landii, where even the shape of the upper leaves, broad-
est at base and tapering evenly to the apex, tends further
to reduce the exposed leaf-area. In the list which follows,
the species are arranged with 8. arizonica first and 8.
Landii last, as indicating a possible developmental series.
In all four species the stems and branches are pros:
trate or assurgent at their tips and form dense colonies.
The megaspores in all are much alike, yellow and rugose-
reticulate. In 8S. eremophila and 8S. arizonica they are
described as more finely reticulated on the commissural
face.
GROUP OF SELAGINELLA PARISHTI 115
The leaves of the upper ranks seem to offer the most
obvious distinguishing characters and these are primarily
used in the key. To be seen clearly, they often need
rather high magnification (a 20x or even 40x setting in
a binocular dissecting microscope is not too much) ; but
it is hoped that they will be more readily made out than
the minutiae of microscopic measurements and the counts
of cilia so much relied upon by Hieronymus. The char-
acters of ciliation given do not apply to the leaves of the
lower ranks. It must also be borne in mind that in
herbarium specimens the cilia are rather easily broken off.
The bibliography makes no pretense to completeness; it
is intended only to supply references to reasonably ac-
cessible publications in which descriptions and other in-
formation may be found. Specimens cited are all in
either the Gray Herbarium (G) or the United States
National Herbarium (US). As on many previous oc-
casions, I am deeply indebted to Dr. Maxon for the loan
of specimens and for generously given information.
Key TO THE SPECIES
Leaves with a subpersistent, stiff, straight, scabrous terminal seta
readily broken off in age, bu t to be found on some leaves in all
eto soem Southwestern Texas; southern Arizona and bot i
ic
and very soon deciduo
a tortuous, very early —
e
in :
Leaves of the upper ranks without a rea eet seta, ciliate or ser-
rul
Leaves ‘of the rr ong- or ee a ae rela-
ely thin, ciliate ee narrowed to attened
picedians or hyaline apex. orthoses eco cae
r ranks narrowly deltoid or rama vce
vigah he - Dk eiate the apger third, gradually and
eve: sat acuminate to the thickened, pearcinanse us apex.
Geatral Uh Acs at 2 eisai ate Oo a0) . 8. Landii
116 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
1. SELAGINELLA ARIZONICA Maxon in Smithsonian cre
Coll. 72, no. 5: 5, pl. 3 (1920) and in Kearney & Peeb
U.S. Dept. Agric. Mise. Pub. 423: 44 (1942) fiaceace
Plants and Ferns of Arizona]; Little in Amer. Fern
Journ. ~ ig (1938) ; Eee & Kittell, Fl. Ariz. &
N. Mex. 880 (1941). e from Santa Catalina Mts.,
Arizona, Taly 28, 1914, sire (US) ; isotype, G.
Other specimens seen:
Texas. Six miles west of Van Horn, Culberson Co.,
alt. 4300 ft., June 25, 1940, Hitchcock & Stanford 6780
(G); Davi s Mts., 6 miles west of Alpine, Brewster Co.,
Sept. 25, 1942, Cory 40232 (G) ; on rocks near stream-bed,
Upper Juniper Canyon, Chisos Mts., Brewster Co., alt.
6000 ft., July 15-18, 1921, Ferris & Duncan 3592 (US) ; :
near Shafter, Presidio Co., June 6, 1924, Orcutt (US).
ARIZONA. Without definite locality; 1881, Pringle
(G). Granam Co.: rag Cafion, April, 1873, Mohr
US)... G Co.: Steep, rocky slope, Roosevelt Dam,
xo 3, 1910, antics 722 (G, US) ; bluffs, Tonto Na-
ional Forest, 3000 ft. alt., May 10, ae Talbot & Chap-
fae ane L US). Maricopa Co.: Moist, rocky banks on
north s , Canyon Lake, March 20, 1930, A. Nelson
11217 (oa) 11217a (G). Prat Co.: Ra ay, 1913, V. Bailey
(US) ; Sacaton Mts., Oct. 14, 1925, Kearney 480 (US);
Superstition Mts., Jan 23, 1929, ‘Goodding 101 (US).
Pima Co.: Sabino ‘Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., alt. 2900
ft., June 15, 1903, Thornber 315 (US) ; Soldier Canyon,
alt. 2600 ft., Jan. 27, 1923, Bartram (US) ; Pino Canyon,
near Tucson, Feb., 1913, Parish 8513 (US) ; ; Tucson Mts.
(west side), Feb. 1913, Ferriss (US); Covered Wells,
Nov. 1937, Sister Thomas Moric 486 (US); Coyote Mts.,
48 miles west of Tucson, March 5, 1937, Wiggins 8694
(US).
Sonora. Poso de Luis, Jan. 6, ibe Mearns 2701
(US); granitic mountain, northwes end o jerra
ubabi, 7 miles northwest of Rtas dosh 13, 1936,
Wiggins 8330 (US).
A number of other Arizona collections from the same
localities as those cited above, or from other places near
by, may be found in the United States National Her-
barium.
Group or SELAGINELLA PARISHIT 417
Selaginella arizonica, as here understood, exhibits con-
siderable variability in the length of the terminal seta
and of the cilia. In the Texan material seen these tend
to be long; in the Arizonan, short. The Sonoran falls
Somewhere between. In each of these regions, and even
in single collections, there is so much variability that, on
the basis of the specimens at hand, the safest course seems
to be to treat them all as belonging to one plastic species,
rather than to attempt segregation—especially as incon-
Stancy in degree of ciliation and length of seta is a rather
common phenomenon in Selaginella.
As noted in the key, the terminal seta in this species is,
though rigid, apparently fragile and easily broken off.
In at least some of the upper leaves, however, it persists
to full maturity; it is by no means a juvenile and im-
mediately deciduous structure as in S. eremophila. Tide-
strom & Kittell place 8. arizonica among non-setigerous
Species, stating that ‘‘at least the lower leaves’’ do not
bear setae. This is true of the old leaves of the lower
ranks; but I should approach the matter from the op-
posite direction. In the group to which S. arizonica be-
longs, the characters of the upper leaves are more dis-
tinctive than those of the lower and the presence, even
on some of the leaves only, of setae of a kind common in
other groups of Selaginella, but otherwise unknown in
this, is more important and rather to be emphasized than
their absence in some of the leaves. I have accordingly
used their presence as a leading key-character.
2. SELAGINELLA EREMOPHILA Maxon in Smithsonian
Mise. Coll. 72, no. 5: 3, pl. 2 (1920) and in Abrams, Il.
Flora Pacific States, 1: 7. jig. 104 f 1923) ; Munz & John-
ston in Amer, Fern Journ. : 1, 2 (1923 ); Munz, Man.
So. Cal. Bot. 13 (1935). 8S. Parishii Underw. in Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club 33: 202 (1906), as to Californian element.
Type from Riverside Co., California, Palm Canyon, April
4, 1917, I. M. Johnston 1047 (US), not seen.
118 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Specimens seen
CALIFORNIA. ives Co.: West Canyon, western
edge of Colorado Desert, alt. 200 m., April 18, 1907,
Parish 6111 (G); dry, rocky hills, Palm Springs, "March
27, 1919, Parish 1919 90 (G); desert sand. near Palm
Springs, alt. 400 ft., April 1, 1920, Mary F. Spencer 1468b
(G); rocks, base of San Jacinto Mts., Colorado Desert,
March 1908, Saunders (US) ; Pinyon Wells district, Little
San Bernardino Mts., April 1921, Jaeger (US) ; base of
high rocks, Corn Springs, Chuckwalla Mts., alt. 2500 ft,
April 9-12, 1922, Munz & Keck 4865 (US).
ARIZONA. 40 miles southeast of Yuma, near Tinajas
Altas, Yuma Co., Dec. 17, 1934, Jaeger (US).
Several other collections from Palm Springs are in the
National Herbarium.
The weak, tortuous terminal seta in the very young
leaves (somewhat suggestive of that in the eastern S.
tortipila) seems not to have been observed before, but is
present in all the specimens I have examined. The
minute cusp at the apex of the mature leaves is pre-
sumably the persistent base of this seta.
3. SELAGINELLA PartsHi Underw. in Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club 33: "302 (1906), as to Mexican element and cited
ype: Maxon in Smithsonian Mise. Coll. 72, no. 5: 4
(1920). Type from Mexico: Concepeién del Oro, Zacate-
eas, Aug. 11-14, 1904, E. Palmer 306, in herb. New York
Bot. Gard. ; ; isotype,
Other specimens see
CoAHuILA: Near Saltillo, alt. 2000 m., June 1909, Nil
(US), Arséne 3453 (US); July 10-13, 1934, Pennell
(US).
17272
Zacatecas: Clefts of slate rocks, Tarey Cafion, near
Cedros, alt. 7000 ft., Feb. 7, 1911, Chaffey 58 (US).
4, SELAGINELLA LAanpi Greenm. & Pfeiff. in Ann. Mis-
souri Bot. Gard. 5: 205, pl. 11, 12 (1918); Maxon in
ers, San Esteban Mts., about 32 km. from Guadalajara,
J alisco, ae Barnes é = nd 2024,’’ in herb. Missouri
Bot. Gar =p aotypes, G
WESTERN BotrycHiuMs 119
Other specimens seen
JALISCO: Type loc catiy. Sept. 28, 1908, Pringle 10823
( od Sept. 30, 1903, Rose & Painter 7499 US).
T+ La Barranca, Feb. 21, 1927, M. E. Jones 23495
Mexico: Kast slope of Popocatepetl at 12,000 ft. alt.,
July 2, 1938, Kenoyer 25 (US).
Gray HERBARIUM.
Observations on Western Botrychiums
CartoTTa C. Hau
When the Carnegie Institution of Washington was
establishing its transplant experiments in the Sierra
Nevada of California, from Mather, Tuolumne County
at 4,600 feet elevation, along the Tioga Road to Tioga
Pass at 9,945 feet and on down the Leevining Grade
towards Mono Lake, it was the writer’s good fortune to
be one of the party. During the years 1922 to 1926 the
latter part of July and a part of August were spent along
the eastern part of the transect, with headquarters at
Tuolumne Meadows. The camp was situated at 8,600
feet elevation on the Dana Fork of the Tuolumne River
at the foot of the low fall in the river and between two
rather small granite domes. The dome to the north had
been dubbed ‘‘Puppy Dome’’ by a Sierra Club member,
and it is so designated in the Sierran transplant records
of the Carnegie Institution. During the weeks at Tuo-
lumne the writer studied and collected ferns. The genus
that interested her most was Botrychium.
I. BorrycuiuM siuAIroLiuM AND B. CouULTERI
The following notes record the results of some trans-
plant experiments with Botrychium Coulteri Underw.
(B. multifidum subsp. Coulteri Clausen). - This ‘‘spe-
120 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
cies’’ differs from B. silaifolium Presl (B. multifidum
subsp. silaifolium Clausen) in being coarser, generally
smaller, and in having a short-stalked sterile blade with
crowded segments. It was amazing to see the fronds of
Botrychium Coulteri Underw. embedded in the short
meadow grass, Stipa occidentalis Thurb. Seeing this
fern in the herbarium does not adequately give us the
impression of how low and stemless it appears in the
field. In this high country (Hudsonian Zone) it was
always found in the open meadow with no shade what-
ever, though it was continually sought in shaded forest
borders and other likely places. Due to the writer’s
interest two sets of transplants of B. Coulteri (B. silai-
folium Presi in the transplant records of the Carnegie
Institution) were made from the open meadows to nearby
shade. One set of four plants from a point } mile south
from camp was moved on August 22, 1922, from the open
meadow on the Lyell Fork of the Tuolumne River to the
shade of a group of small, young lodgepole pines only a
few yards distant. They were covered by a wire cage
which defined the group, but which was designed pri-
marily to keep out the many little rodents that flourish
there. “One sterile frond from this set (V 527) was
taken for a voucher on August 31, 1922. The stalk of
this frond is 2 of an inch Jong. Each year these trans-
plants were observed. On September 9, 1925, a voucher
was taken which has a definitely elongated stalk, 34
inches long. The comment on its folder is that most of
the fronds are pale. On August 1, 1926, the following
entry in the transplant records was made, ‘‘Six old
fronds with stalks 7 cm. long; also 8 fronds of this year,
not yet unfolded but stalks elongating.’? When these
Botrychiums were moved from the open meadow two
plants had fertile spikes. No spikes were produced on
the transplanted plants. The fronds were all spindling
WESTERN BotrycHIuMs 121
and plainly not thriving in the shade at this elevation
(8,600 ft.).
A second set (V 528) of B. Coulteri was moved in
1922 (some replacements made in 1923) from the
meadow on the Lyell Fork to wet shade close to and on
the north side of Puppy Dome. Two plants lived
through 1925, but all were dead in 1926. This location
was in a group of large trees of Pinus Murrayana, where
the shade was deep and the snow melted late. The con-
clusion reached from these two experiments is that this
Botrychium can endure some shade for a time at least in
the Hudsonian Zone but cannot reproduce itself, and that
it thrives and completes its cycle there only in open
unshaded situations.
The same year, 1922, a set of six plants (V 588) of B.
Coulteri was taken to Mather at 4,600 ft. elevation, where
the principal transplant gardens are located. These
Botrychiums were set out in shaded places near where
water flowed part of the year. Only one of these locali-
ties could be protected and for one reason or another most
of the plants were lost.
The next year, 1923, a fenced garden was established
at Mather, now known as the ‘‘old central gardens.’”
Plants of B. Coulteri were again brought from Tuolumne
Meadows and planted in several of its environmental
plots. The plant that did best was in wet light shade.
It was given the number 670-B. All transplants of
B. Coulteri were taken from the same part of Tuolumne
Meadows, near the Lyell Fork. Two whole plants were
preserved as vouchers for all the transplants and a sterile
frond was taken from one plant of each set of transplants
made. Later the old frond of the previous year was
1 In 1926 new gardens were established a few hundred feet to the
west on the border of a large meadow with irrigating facilities and
controlled lath shade.
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 33, PLATE 2
WESTERN BoTRYCHIUMS ize
_ taken for a voucher when possible; it was cut at the level
of the ground.
The following table of measurements shows some of the
changes that took place in this transplant. The length of
the stalks of the sterile blades has been measured from
the surface of the ground, which is usually the point of
separation of the sporophyll. The first two sets are
from the two specimens of whole plants from the original
locality preserved as vouchers. The four sets following
are from the transplant 670-B of years as indicated:
MEASUREMENTS OF WILD PLANTS FROM TUOLUMNE MEADOWS,
8,600 Fret Evry.
Stalk of Width of —— of Length of
sterile sterile erile ovoehuil
lade blade . lade ich tthe
Plant 1 4 in. 22 in. 12 in. 24 in.
Plant 2 = in, a uk, 1g in. 4 in.
MEASUREMENTS OF PLANT 670-B TRANSPLANTED TO MATHER,
0 Fret ELEv.
1926 ame 8} in. 5% in. Not developed
1927 8 in. 53 in. in.
1928 33 i in. 74 in. 5 in. Not developed
1930 32 in 7 in. 42 in. Not developed
The re measurements and observations indicate
that by transplanting B. Coulteri from full sun at 8,600
feet to light shade at 4,600 feet the following changes
took place: The length of the stalk of the sterile blade
increased 5 to 7 times; the width of the blade increased
more than twice; the length of the blade increased 2 to 3
times; and the sporangiophore lengthened 23 to 3 times.
The plants lost their characteristic extreme stoutness and
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2.
Fie. 1. Typical viene of B. Coulteri from pede 7 meadow
at Tuolumne Meadows, 8,600 feet
Fig. 2. Sterile blade of V-527 at the time hy Seana atti to
ade in 1922. ne
Fig. 3. Sterile blade from preceding plant after growing in shade
m prec
at 8, ay feet regen until
Fic. 4. Specim 27 from plant 670-B transplanted in
1923. re Mather, 4, 600 feet elevation.
124 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
the small stiff ultimate segments became much larger,
thinner in texture, and not at all crowded. In fact, the
plants in their new environment in the Transition Zone
differ in no way from typical specimens of B. silaifolium
Presl. So it is obvious that B. Coulteri does not deserve
the rank of a species or subspecies. It is merely an
ecological phase, which may be known as B. silaifoliwm
forma Coulteri (Underw.) C. C. Hall, comb. nov.? The
range of forma Coulteri is from the Sierra Nevada of
middle California north to Washington and east to
Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado.
After 1922 and 1923 the climate at Mather became
drier and drier. The small stream that in those years
flowed through the ‘‘old central gardens’”’ far into July
scarcely flowed after June in the later years of these
experiments. Also, normally, there is little or no rain-
fall at Mather after early June until late September. It
is mainly to this increasing dryness that the writer at-
tributes the smaller size of the fronds and the absence
of sporophylls in the years 1928 and 1930.
Botrychium silaifolium Pres] is retained by the writer
as the name of the large Botrychium of the Pacific coast,
rather than B. multifidum subsp. silaifolium (Presl)
Clausen. Typical B. multifidwm is unknown in this area.
Neither that species nor intergrading forms from this
region are represented in the herbaria of the Oregon
Agricultural College, State College of Washington, Uni-
versity of Washington, Stanford University, California
Academy of Sciences, or the University of California.
Dr. Robert Clausen in his monograph of the Ophio-
glossaceae cites a collection from British Columbia under
B. multifidum ssp. typicum, but does not seem entirely
satisfied with the determination, for he says (p. 32),
2 Based on Botrychium Coulteri Underw. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club
25: 537. 1898.
WESTERN BoTRYCHIUMS 125
‘‘There is also a collection from eastern British Columbia
which has seemed best referred here.’’
II. Borrycurum stmpuex Hircue.
Botrychium simplex Hitche. is also a species of the
Hudsonian Zone in California. It grows in abundance
in several places along the Tioga Road from Porcupine
Flat to Tioga Pass. Large and luxuriant plants were
seen at Poreupine Flat at an elevation of 8,200 ft.,
growing on grassy hummocks on a wet slope south of the
creek. At Tuolumne Meadows (8,600 ft.) it grows in
abundance between the Dana and Lyell Forks of the
Tuolumne River. Robust plants were found at Moraine
Flat (9,000 ft.), which is at the left of the Tioga Road
as it climbs up and out of Tuolumne Meadows. At Tioga
Pass (9,945 ft.) it grows around the small alpine lakes.
Other colonies were seen, but at the above localities the
writer made eollections and studied the forms of the
rond.
All stages of development from simple fronds to the
pinnate and ternate forms of the sporophyte were seen
in each locality. The idea that there is a ‘‘strain’’ con-
sisting of only the ternate stage, i.e, B. simplex var.
compositum (Lasch) Milde as recognized by Clausen,
is probably due to the natural impulse a collector has
of putting into the plant-press the largest specimens that
he finds, which would be plants of the ternate stage.
When a new colony starts, the first sporophytes would
quite certainly be the forms with simple fronds. After-
ward the stages of frond-development would increase
yearly until all forms of the frond would be present. It
is conceivable that for several succeeding years there
might be climatic conditions which would prevent the
germination of spores, in which case all the plants of the
colony would progress to the ultimate ternate stage.
126 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
Such continued adverse conditions probably seldom
occur.
At Tioga Pass, where existence is difficult, the plants
of B. simplex are small. In the writer’s collection from
this locality, which contains several forms of the sterile
blade, there are plants with ternate fronds which mea- ‘
sure as little as 14 inches in height, including the sporo-
phyll. Each of these small plants has a sheath at its base
made up of several layers of the stalk-bases of previous
fronds, indicating that these tiny plants are several years
old. They appear to be depauperate; they are certainly
not young plants of a ternate ‘‘strain.’’ Several western
botanists who have examined colonies of B. simplex re-
port that they too have always found present the various
forms of the frond. It would seem to the present writer
that in the west there is little evidence of a variety of
B. simplex which produces only ternate fronds.
The stage of B. simplex with the simply pinnate blade
is sometimes confused with its close relative, B. Lunaria.
Usually the pinnate blade of B. simplex is long-petioled
and rises from near the rootstock; but when the plant
must push up through leaves, shifting sands, short thick
grass, or other vegetation, the commonstalk elongates,
carrying the blade to the surface or up into the light, in
which case the blade is usually sessile or nearly so. A
good example of a similar response is seen in the closely
related species, B. pumicola Coville. The blade of that
species is carried up by a long stalk through the pumice
gravel to the surface of the ground and there is sessile
against the sporophyll. Many plants of B. pwmicola
were observed for this character by the writer at the
type locality on the rim of Crater Lake. Mr. Elmer if
Applegate, who with Dr. Frederick V. Coville collected
the type and has collected the species several times since,
confirms this observation. The conclusion to be drawn
WESTERN BotrycHIUMS Ed 4
is that the length of the commonstalk depends on en-
vironment and that a sessile or nearly sessile blade is
associated with an elongated commonstalk.
The writer is not acquainted with B. Lunaria in the
field and so cannot say what the relation of its blade to
the surface of the ground may be. Through study of
herbarium specimens no definite characters have been
found by which to separate the pinnate stage of B. sim-
plex from B. Lunaria, except that B. Lunaria is a larger,
stouter plant with a comparatively broad, usually sessile
blade. It is not surprising therefore that the pinnate
Stage of B. simplex is sometimes determined as B. Lunaria.
In addition to specimens from the herbaria mentioned
earlier in this paper, the specimens of B. simplex and
B. Lunaria in the herbarium of Pomona College have
been studied. In all this material there is not a fully
developed, typical, robust plant of B. Lunaria from the
stage of B. simplex is sometimes determined as B. Lunaria.
both as to identification and distribution. In the her-
barium of the University of California is a collection by
Baker and Nutting from near Whitehorse Lake, Modoc
County, California. It consists of ten plants, all of which
are stoutish and simply pinnate, with no indication of
becoming ternate ; and it is probable that although young
seasonally (collected June 20), these plants from the
extreme northern part of the state would have expanded
into typical B. Lunaria later in the summer.
Several recent California collections determined as B.
Lunaria or B. Lunaria var. minganense have been investi-
gated by the writer and found to have been collected with
ternate plants of B. simplex or to have grown not far
from colonies of B. simplex. Other collections, such as
those made by Dr. Philip Munz and Dr. Ivan Johnston
on the Coldwater Fork of Lytle Creek in the San Antonio
Mountains of southern California are all plants with
128 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
simply pinnate blades, but none of these are of the com-
paratively large robust type of B. Lunaria. Nor are
there in these collections any of the unusual and interest-
ingly cut forms which Frére Marie Victorin found on the
Mingan Islands and named B. minganense. It is hoped
that for a better understanding of B. simplex and B.
Lunaria collectors will search a colony for all stages of
the species and will revisit, for as many succeeding years
as possible, seemingly pure stands of these Botrychiums.
III. Borrycurum BoREALE MILDE
A comparison of Milde’s illustrations of B. boreale
and B. crassinervium Rupr. with herbarium specimens
of these species from Sweden and Norway has led to the
conclusion that B. crassinervium represents only the fully
developed robust state of B. boreale. Since there is no
need for giving such plants varietal rank, B. crassi-
nervium becomes a straight synonym of B. boreale Milde.
The herbarium specimens examined are as follows:
Swepen: C. Baenitz 4225; C. Hakansson, Aug. 31,
ed Even Tratteberg 635; Gottfrid Lidman, July 4,
1
Norway: C. Baenitz, Aug. 11, 1892.
IV. BorrycHiuM PINNATUM ST. JOHN
_ It is evident, as Clausen has indicated, that Dr. Harold
St. John did not realize that his B. pinnatum, collected
in the state of Washington, was the same as B. crass
nervium var. obtusilobum Rupr., collected in Unalaska
by Eschscholtz. The writer has not seen the Eschscholtz
specimens but accepts Dr. Clausen’s opinion. There 1s 4
eood specimen in the herbarium of the University of
Washington collected in Kamtchatka in 1928 by w. J.
Eyerdam, and young stages collected in Alaska and
3 Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 26: 763. pls. 51, 55. 1858.
WESTERN BorrycHiIums 129
British Columbia are represented in various western
herbaria. Dr. St. John had at hand all ages of this plant,
including abundant material of fronds in the climax of
their development, collected by William Suksdorf on
Mount Adams. He recognized in this material a distinct
species, but he was mistaken in stating that the blade is
reflexed in the bud, a point which Dr. Clausen has
already corrected. That its relationship is with B.
boreale Milde and B. matricariaefolium A. ch is ap-
parent.
The geographical range of B. pinnatum is aes dis-
tinct from that of B. boreale to the west and of B. matri-
cariaefolium to the east. It extends from Kamtchatka
and Alaska south along the Pacific coast to isolated oc-
currences in the mountains of Washington and the high-
lands of Oregon, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colo-
rado. In Colorado, Mr. E. Bethel collected it at Glacier
Lake, Boulder Co., July 5, 1914, this collection being the
basis of B. matricariaefolium ssp. hesperiwm Maxon &
Clausen. On sheet no. 694,412 of the United States
National Herbarium are two plants of his collection, both
collected early in the season. The specimen at the left
is a young plant. These plants are matched by specimens
of B. pinnatum collected on Mount Adams by Suksdorf
(no. 1220; sheet no. 119,100, herbarium of the State Col-
lege of Washington). Bethel’s plants were collected
more than a month earlier than Suksdorf 7075, on which
B. pinnatum was based. This earlier date of collecting,
at an altitude 1,000 ft. higher, may account for the lack
of fully expanded fronds in the Bethel collection. In the
Ira W. Clokey Herbarium, deposited at the University of
California, is a fairly well developed mature plant of
B. pinnatum collected by Bethel and Clokey (no. 3987A)
near Glacier Lake, Colorado, July 20, 1921. The later
in the season a Botrychium is collected, the better devel-
130 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
oped is the blade. This is especially obvious in specimens
of B. silaifolium that have the preceding year’s fronds
attached
Even if Dr. St. John had been aware that he was re-
naming B. crassinervium var. obtusilobum, there is no
nomenclatorial rule requiring the use of that varietal
epithet as the specific name. The synonymy is as follows:
BoTrRYCHIUM PINNATUM H. St. John, Amer. Fern Journ.
19:11. 1929.
Botrychium crassinervium var. obtusilobum i ha
Beitr. zur Pflanzenkunde des Russ. Reiches 11:
1859.
Botrychium boreale subsp. i atl Bone) Clau-
sen, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 19: 81
Botrychium matricariaefolium Mie hesperium
Maxon & Clausen, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 19: 88.
1938.
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.
Trailing Bommerias in Texas
Este McEnroy SLATER
We know where to find Bommerias—after a rain. Last
year there was a spread of them up by Indian Springs,
where a persistent line of bright water slides out from
under gray rock that shelves away from the steep slant
of one of the lower peaks of the 20-mile range, ‘‘The
Franklins,’’ which begins in our town, El Paso.
Our canyon lies above Fort Bliss, the big Army post.
It was windy that Sunday morning when our party of
three women, two Scotties, and a College of Mines boy
climbed the boulder-interrupted trail. We found every-
thing but Bommerias, and had grand moments looking |
back down the view framed by canyon walls, across the
Rio Grande valley far below, past distant peaks to the
beautiful whirling, circling horizon turning every shade
of blue and every shade of green, 60 miles away.
BoMMERIAS IN TEXAS oes vir-
ginianum, ages
147
106 ; vulgare var. ape eige 55,
age 0 levigatum, 55, multi-
Polystichum acrostichoides, 98;
EE can Roe of §
es and Ferns, 57
Descene, George R. peiinen gla-
bella in Adams County, Ohio, 71
Psilogramme, 91,
Pteretis, 42, 54, 55, 56
7
Pteris is vittata Hardy in Washing-
Pterie 9, 43, 49, 53, 54, 56, 91,
hs A j aquilina var var. - Januginoss,
pes tea, 31; eee al; ‘lati-
uscula, 9; multifida, 7; vittata,
Pyecnodoria cretica, 64
Rafinesque, C. S. New Names for
Ferns and Fern Allies Proposed
DY, 41,
Range of Notholaena delicatula,
Rattle age Fern
t Fern tte ed be Oe
Report of dge of Ilect Cominit te, 38:
Pde ons, 39; of
34; of tao 35;
of be ete Pe 36
ngage Chin R. The
es of Chinese Ferns, XXXI,
31; Hunt Kennet Ferns
og the Vicinity of Charleston,
, ermine ead Pr” Gualterio.
Bos Nuevas Local duces Chile-
in Tourian. -fir oe 33;
Shaver, Jesse W. Som Gen-
niet Notes on Ferns, 34; "We ath-
he ‘Aeeentine
as ager ce 783
T. Guide to
ed. 2
anesiog a
ba hand ry, y eet
iiptontecie 91
Rhizakenia, 97
Schizaea, 4
Sciphofilix, 44, 97
——— lix, x, 44, 97
edb ly 48, 54; hemionitis,
48; officinale, 48
Selaginella ap rizonica,
S34. 395) 216. 337 nsa, 113;
e und, 114 114, gs RS & ly
dii, 114, shee 118; Parishii,
pis; 116
115, 117,
tortiplia, 118" Wal acei, 113
sigpe ccur-
nae Ott Dryopteris jogos
i Spuneuees, 107; Some Gen-
148
— Notes on Ferns (Review),
Shields, Edward M. Porcupines
and Ferns, 57
Sinopteris, 32
Sivetes, 98
sl Pre Ie tte Trailing
rias in Texas, 130
tno» 1 Clif brake, 13
Spe 2b k G. Cyrtomium fal-
“Ais nte ering Outdoors in
Penneiivanta, 13
Star Cloakfern, 131
Stenochlaena, 49
St. ohe. Edward P. More About
the Distribution of Ferns
Florida, 59
Struthiopteris, 42, 54, 56
dpe om in the Ophioglossaceae :
rychium, subg. Sceptridium,
Svenson, Henry K. Report of the
Treasurer for 1942, 37
Synotelis, 98
Tectaria, 87, 90, 91; Amesiana, 61
Thelipteris,
43, 99
bie ogre 43, 99; macilenta, 61,
acrorhizoma, 61
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
To the Paramo de Chaqui
Trailing Prec in Pexnie 130
a Boschianum, 60; Pe-
tersi
Two Botrychium Records, 70
Two Colorful Oriental Ferns for
the Garden, 110
Type Species ‘of Cheilanthes, 67
Vittaria, 90; lineata, 60, 64
Wagner, W. Hybridiza-
tion by Remote Control felt
Waters, C. E. uisetum prae-
ltum i Bqn :
Weatherby, A. The e
Species of Notholaena (ileviow w),
78; The Group of ae 1 Xotho-
Parishii, 1138; Range
laena delicatula, eA : Type
ern Ferns, ed. 2
Pellaea glabella on Masonry,
Whitney, Elsie G. Report of the
Secretary for eee
oodsi : Catheartiana,
sh, “rt oregana, 10
Woodwardia virginica, 75
ERRATA
Page 50, line 23; for DISCOLOR read BICOLOR.
Page 50, line 35; for discolor read bicolor.
Page 51, line 12; for discolor read bicolor.
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