a y. 240 American Fern Journal Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY Bd EDITORS WILLIAM R. MAXON R. C. BENEDICT oC. V. MORTON , IRA L. WIGGINS CY NG . fe ®: VOLUME 32 — 2 2 184 2 VAX LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA Mig@gouR! BOTANICAL GARDEN LIBRARY CONTENTS VOLUME 32, NUMBER 1, Paces 1-40, IsSUED Marcu 25, 1942 Illustrations of Some Lycopodium Gametophytes. Arthur J. Eames 1 Fragrant Fern about Lake Superiov................... Albert Chandler 13 Uses of Hawaiian Ferns F.R. Fosberg 15 Shorter Notes: Proliferous Scott’s Spleenwort; Hart’s-tongue Division; First Arizona Record of Botrychium multifidum ; Braun’s Holly-fern in Pennsylvania; Bipinnate Christ- mas Ferns 23 Recent Fern Literature 29 American Fern Society 22 VOLUME 32, NUMBER 2, PAGES 41-80, ISSUED JUNE 29, 1942 An Amateur’s Fern Garden... Edward D, Thurston, Jr. 41 New Tropical path aS ho ee ROE William R. Maxon 58 The Ostrich Fern as an Edible Plant S. F. Blake 61 Shorter Notes: Fée Isotypes at Colorado College; Wall Rue on Walls; Fern Census of a City Block; Asplenium Palmeri Texas Recent Fern Literature 72 American Fern Society 77 VoLuME 32, NuMBER 3, Paces 81-120, issuED SEPTEMBER 30, 1942 w Dryopteris Hybrid R. M. Tryon, Jr. A Rare Selaginella from Nevada A, H. Holmgren 86 An Unusual Botrychium M. A. pea 87 per on West American Ferns—Il................. Joseph Ewan 90 Ophioglossum vulgatum on the Inner Coastal Aen of Alabam rt T. Dicer 105 secs Notes: Go Slow on Eating Fern nates ana Seott’s Spleenwort; Lycopodium dabingete ium Pass nsylvania oe Recent Fern ce 113 VOLUME 32, NUMBER 4, PaGEs 121-160, issuED JANUARY 8, 1943 Edible Ferns E. B. Copeland 121 A Fern Collection from Chihuahua... Irving W. Knobloch 127 Observations on Florida Ferns...c..ccccccscsseeuscseeeen Edgar T. Wherry 139 A New Thelypteris from Florida.................... Edward P. St. John Shorter Notes: The Discoverers of New Pennsylvania Ferns; ocality for a Curious pcaeae Polypody ; aang ood Pos 145 pee Ferns in the Kutztown-Flee Area, Pass script on Lycopodium ecciea ies Sand Seat pine Reet a APA esteem 148 Reeent Fern Literature 153 American Fern Society 156 Index to Volume 32 157 Vol. 32 January-March, 1942 No. 1 American Sern Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY Che American Hern Soriety , Connril for 1941 OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR Rosert T. CLAUSEN, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. ........ President OSEPH EWAN tr, Colorado . _ Vice-President Shas Suave icone Witieany, 342 New Scotland Ave. a at etary Henry K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanie Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. Treasur Wit14m RB. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, a D. GC. Ee ~in-Chie OFFICIAL ORGAN American Fern Journal EDITORS . Institution, Washington, D. C. 1 snstmeutinrnmn L819 Dorchester og ite na be 1 Be - Mor : Smithsonian Institution, ey Cc. Iza L, WIGGINS .. .... Dudley sapere Stanford University, Calif. d quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns. $1.50; ett he altedicis Tatencted reprints, tf teeieys advance, will be furnish furnished authors at cost. Tayside be acted -baek numbers 35 cents each. Vote rls i, nos. 2 3 and 5 : Es Amvrircan Sern Journal Vou. 32 JANUARY—MarcH, 1942 No. 1 Illustrations of Some Lycopodium Gametophytes ARTHUR J. EAMES In a recent number of this Journau' Hollis Koster described the hitherto unknown gametophytes of some species of Lycopodium and discussed briefly the history of our acquaintance with the sexual generation of the club mosses. He suggests that, since these plants are still unknown for many species, and stations for others are few, field botanists might well give attention to them. He believes that the gametophytes are not so rare as the collections would suggest; that systematic search should uncover much more material. With this opinion the writer agrees. Members of the staff of the Department of Botany at Cornell University have been searching for and collecting club moss gametophytes for the past 15 years with marked success. Information obtained by them, with illustrations from their material, together with illustrations of Koster’s plants and his published descriptions, should assist others in obtaining these well- hidden plants. It has long been known that there are two markedly different types of gametophyte in the genus: the green, surface-living, rapidly developing, short-lived, and min- ute form and the nongreen, subterranean, slowly develop- ing, long-lived, and much larger form. 131: 53-58. 1941. [Volume 31, No. 4 of the JourNaL, pages 121-160, was issued December 29, 1941. 1 2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL The first type is well described by Koster and is here illustrated in Plate 1, Lycopodium alopecuroides. (The drawings were made from material collected by him and sent to Cornell University.) His paper should be referred to for details of description and for a general discussion of habitat and occurrence. It will suffice here to emphasize the fact that the full-grown plant is only 1 to 2 mm. in diameter, merely a green speck on the humus or decaying vegetation of the swamp, and that most careful search is therefore necessary. The plants ean be most readily found, of course, when they have borne young sporophytes (Plate 1, fig. ec), which, being larger, are more easily seen. The Cornell group have no acquaintance with this type in the field, because the species possessing this form are absent or very rare in the regions where field studies are readily made. The second type (Plates 2, 3, 4) has been found by them in considerable abundance at a large number of stations chiefly in and near the Cayuga Lake Basin in west-central New York. The following species have been collected: L. obscurum, L. clavatum, L. com- planatum, L. lucidulum, and L. annotinum, the first spe- cies most frequently, the last two rarely. Collections of this type in the northeastern states by other botanists are referred to by Koster. None has yet been found for L. tristachyum, but this species is rare in the regions searched. The gametophytes of this second type, being subter- ranean, are of course to be located only by the finding of the young sporophytes, which remain for some time—in ‘some cases, at least, up to several years—attached to the gametophytes which bear them. As will be seen in Plates 2 to 4, the young sporophytes when first appearing above ground superficially resemble Polytrichum, but differ- ences in aspect as well as in details of structure will LycopopiumM GAMETOPHYTES 2 quickly be seen. As the sporophyte increases in size, changes of leaf form and arrangement, stem position, branching, etc., indicate the species represented.” Attempts have been made to learn in what habitats to search for these subterranean plants, but the localities found seem to have little in common. It can be said defi- nitely, however, that, as Koster learned for the swamp species with their surface-living gametophytes, it is use- less to search where mature and fruiting plants are abundant; the sexual plants have not been found where mature plants are numerous and only rarely are they discovered even near the borders of colonies. Nearly all have been found where no mature plants exist in the neighborhood, and sometimes none can be found in the Same woodland areas. It is evident, therefore, that the searcher should look everywhere except where, at first thought, he thinks the plants will probably be found. The explanation for this peculiarity of distribution lies perhaps largely in the fact that habitat conditions which are suitable for the growth of mature plants are not suitable for spore ger- mination and the development of the delicate gameto- phyte. The great abundance of spores formed and the lightness of these spores make certain a broad and gen- eral distribution, but only where conditions of ground surface are right do the gametophytes develop. In considering the conditions favorable to growth of these sexual plants it should be remembered that the gametophytes lie at varying depths below the surface of the soil—usually 3 to 10 em., but ranging from 1 to 20 em.; that they have been developing there for 10 to 25 years, during which time humus has increased above them. Most individuals are found in the lower parts of f description and consideration of comparative S 0 ee of the gametophytes and young sporophytes of the species listed above will be presented in a later pene: : AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 32, PLatTE 1 LYCOPODIUM ALOPECUROIDES LycopopIuUM GAMETOPHYTES 5 the humus layer, although some have been found 2 or 3 em. deep in the soil below the humus layer. Where most abundant they occur in small pockets in the forest floor, chiefly on the line between the humus and the soil below. In such areas this line is marked by charcoal from a forest fire. It seems possible that a forest fire, especially one that follows timber-cutting, provides a highly favor- able spore-bed and perhaps other favorable conditions. The spores may reach the level where the gametophytes are found in any number of ways: washing down by rain through the soil crevices; burial by insects or larger ani- mals; any type of disturbance of the soil surface. The fact that so many are found at the base of the humus layer suggests, of course, that the spores are washed own as far as the soil is freely porous. The abundance of gametophytes at this level when a charcoal layer is present suggests also that perhaps the most favorable spore-bed is one where little or no humus is present, that the spores are blown in soon after the fire, and that the gradual building up of humus above the spores as they begin to germinate provides the best growing conditions. This suggestion is supported by the history of develop- ment of the plants: The spores do not germinate for 2 or 3 years; a period of 10 to 15 years is required for devel- opment of the gametophyte to maturity, time sufficiently long for the accumulation of the humus layer over the plants. In two areas where gametophytes have been found most abundantly the trees and shrubs range in age from 5 to 25 years and obviously had grown after a forest fire following timber-cutting. The habitats known to the Cornell group are chiefly these : Young upland deciduous forest, apparently cleared in recent years and growing rapidly (for all species of Lycopodium listed) ; white pine forest, dry and usually Spen (for L. complanatum chiefly); open gravelly Knolls and abandoned fields with Hamamelis and Rhus AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 32, PLATE 2 LYCOPODIUM OBSCURUM _LycopoptuM GAMETOPHYTES 7 (for L. complanatum) ; low red-maple forest about peat bogs (for L. obscurum). These habitats suggest that changes in light, soil type, and temperature as a result of the opening and gradual closing of the forest may di- rectly or indirectly provide favorable growth conditions for these plants. Possibly forest fires make these condi- tions even more favorable. Only few out of many apparently perfectly favorable locations will be found to have gametophytes, and some seemingly most unlikely areas may be found to have a few. Doubtless, also, favorable growing seasons must exist for the early stages of development and for later survival. It is, naturally, impossible to determine the age of the gametophytes in a certain area and therefore to ascertain the seasonal conditions at germination time, which may have been 10 to 25 years earlier. Absence of ‘plants from suitable localities may of course be due to absence of spores carried to the region when soil condi- tions were right ; but when these regions are those where fruiting sporophytes are frequent, it is probable that unfavorable growing conditions have exterminated the plants at some period during the years of development. The drought of the summer of 1930 killed great numbers of gametophytes of L. clavatum and L. obscurum at the first station known in the Cayuga Lake Basin where these plants were abundant; the humus of the forest floor was dry over so long a period that only occasional individuals survived—even the well-established young sporophytes, whether still attached to the gametophytes or living in- dependently, being killed. The dry summer of 1940 de- stroyed a large part of the plants at the second station known. If such destruction oceurs before the sporo- phytes appear above ground, the existence of a colony of plants can of course never be known. en one or more young sporophytes have been found, the area should be considered favorable for gametophytes AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 32, PLATE 3 i LYCOPODIUM LUCIDULUM LycopopIuUM GAMETOPHYTES 9 and the search made intensive, especially for sporophytes just appearing above ground. All sporophytes should be dug carefully from the soil, although usually the gametophyte, if present, is firmly attached and not easily broken off. If several plants occur close together, espe- cially in little hollows or beside rotting stumps or logs, the soil about. them should be removed and sifted for gametophytes which as yet have borne no sporophytes. These may be found in varying size and stage of develop- ment. It is clear either that germination of spores oc- curs at different times, perhaps even years apart, or that the growth rate of gametophytes varies greatly, for plants of different sizes and ages can sometimes be found together ; the smallest which can be readily found, 2 or 3mm. in diameter, as yet without sex organs; the oldest up to 1 or 2 em. in diameter, bearing sporophytes one to Several years old. Sex organs are borne years before the gametophyte reaches full size and may continue to be borne for at least a few years after embryos are formed. More than one sporophyte may be borne by a gameto- phyte in the same year or in different years: two are common ; three to five occasional; and even seven well- srown sporophytes have been found on one large gameto- phyte. This condition is in strong contrast with that in common ferns, where only one embryo is formed and the gametophyte dies soon after the sporophyte is established. The length of life of the gametophyte after embryo for- mation varies greatly: It will be found that in favorable habitats nearly all young sporophytes showing above ground are attached to gametophytes; but where soil con- ditions are poor, or after drought, only a few may have the Sexual generation still present. Although the gameto- phyte apparently does not commonly persist more than two or three years after it bears a sporophyte, a few sporo- phytes of L. obscurum that were at least five years old AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 32, PLATE 4 LYCOPODIUM COMPLANATUM LcopopIuM GAMETOPHYTES 11 have been found still attached to healthy gametophytes. These gametophytes were the largest collected and were apparently still growing. Sporophytes that are clearly sporelings should therefore be investigated for possible gametophytes, even if they seem to be so large that the chances of finding sexual plants are small. The gametophytes of a given locality will continue to form sporophytes over a period of years, limited per- haps to about 10 as a maximum. This distribution of the crop is doubtless partly related to the different rate of development of the gametophytes, and partly to the continued development of sex organs over a period of years, whether embryos are formed or not. Among the species studied, L. obscurum is found most frequently and in most varied habitats. It is apparently the most resistant to unfavorable growing conditions, surviving drought when other species, especially L. cla vatum, are killed. In form the gametophytes of the various species differ considerably. In L. complanatum the plant is carrot- Shaped (Plate 4), with the sex organs in a crown on the larger end. In L. lucidulum it is roughly cylindrical (Plate 3), with a ‘‘rolled’’ appearance given by a longi- tudinal furrow or crease. The sex organs seem always to be borne at one end. The other species (L. obscurum, L. clavatum, L. annotinum) have gametophytes which much resemble each other, and probably cannot be tinguished from one another until they reach full size, in some cases not even then unless they have sporophytes that can be named. All of these when very small are club-shaped, but the thicker end soon spreads out, form- ing a button-like disk which grows at its margin and rolls upward and inward slightly. The sex organs are borne just at the inside of the margin. As the diameter in- » creases, the sides tend to curl upward or downward, the 12 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL plant becoming furrowed and saddle-shaped. With con- tinued growth the curling continues and the plant be- comes complexly convoluted, somewhat resembling a ‘‘walnut meat.’? Some individuals become lobed and remain nearly flat (Plate 2). n L. clavatum the gametophyte averages smaller than that of either of the other species, and usually does not become convoluted to any extent, remaining disk-shaped. In L. annotinum it becomes deeply furrowed; but as it grows larger, it remains simple, retaining the saddle shape, and does not develop lateral convolutions. The sides of the ‘‘saddle’’ spread apart so that the plant has apparent bilateral symmetry and may appear dichoto- mous. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLaTe 1. Lycopodium alopecuroides. a, b, eee 5 gametophyte ; ¢, hoveah gametophyte with pine) ‘sporophyte. (x 2 PLATE Lycop Aetnits obse Gam psi Nn bearing haw! aati sporo Resins the oldest ese te show habit of matur pg cgi et i ed has three sporophytes. (x 1.) Lycopodium lucidulum. Gamet slay de and ° jorounytac The Jee imen at the left is a young 5 vgacnie ‘borne y a gemma, not a gametophyte; the absene as a pri and the stouter, th tapering stem distinguish a pence plait ‘of ‘this the same size which has arisen by sexual reproduc- = (x1, PLATE Lycopodium ieee eae ‘Gamet tophytes and young sporophytes. The largest sporophyte so ion at the left) is no longer attached to a gametophyte but shows the knoblike ‘‘ foot’’ or haustorial organ by which it was earlier attached. (x1.) FRAGRANT FERN Aapout LAKE SUPERIOR 13 Fragrant Fern about Lake Superior ALBERT CHANDLER The Fragrant Fern, Dryopteris fragrans var. remo- tiuscula, is rather plentiful from the Iron Range east- ward along the north shore of Lake Superior, in a habitat differing from that described for it in the East. There, according to Gray’s Manual, it occurs chiefly on lime- stone cliffs. No limestone cliffs rise north or west of Lake Superior. The characteristic trap rock, though slightly alkaline, is so near to neutral that it bristles with Rusty Woodsia everywhere. Clute’ quotes a collector who found the Fragrant Fern ‘“way up on the bare dry face of the cliff’’—doubtless true of a New England cliff, which never approaches the aridity of a dry cliff in the West, with its parched breath. The Lake Superior plant shrinks from such sites; it is found close to water, about falls and rocky inland lakes, in river gorges, and where rocky headlands turn one cheek from the weather—always where the night air is damp. Any good collector can get it his first day out, if he looks for Walking Fern; he will find Fragrant Fern instead. Water’s statement? is nearly accurate for the Fragrant Fern of Minnesota and Ontario: ‘‘ Although it prefers shaded cliffs, it can adapt itself to sunny situa- tions without suffering much harm,’’ if the western air, we repeat, is mellowed by dews and mists. Like people, plants are known by the company they keep. The associates of Fragrant Fern about Lake Su- perior are Bulblet Fern and Polypody. A typical sta- tion will wear a broken crown of Rusty Woodsia, with Polypody and Fragrant Fern in a zone below, Bulblet Fern close beneath, and Oak Fern nearby if the crevices i 1Qur Ferns, 187. 1938. 2 Ferns, 214, 1903. 14 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL are mossy. At the base may be Dryopteris campyloptera inland, or Athyrium angustum var. elatius near the shore, these seldom appearing together. Once only there was Cryptogramma Stelleri just around a corner, under conditions so different from its usual haunts in alternate strata of sandstone and limestone that it may be well to record the station, viz., a broken trap-rock shoulder, be- side the trail, half a mile up the west side of Cascade River, which gushes into Lake Superior ten miles west of Grand Marais, Cook Co., Minnesota. Here the Fra- grant Fern was scattered remotely about the steep slope above, and there was none of the wintergreen and trail- ing arbutus and Pyrola that such retreats harbor on the south shore of Lake Superior. Along the shore you never see Fragrant Fern on ex- posed surfaces fronting the big lake. Among inland lakes it may face the water, though veiled somewhat by interposing Alnus and Myrica; it is quite accessible on the common brown trap-rock, the black slaty shale of Ontario, and a hard gray rock in the Iron Range. Rarely it retreats under an overhanging ledge with Bulblet Fern, quite beyond the scrutiny of the sun. To show the depth of such a pocket I might add that on one occasion, | while making a count of the 250 dead fronds of a lush specimen, I heard a rustle and turning my head watched two deer stalk across the little clearing near by, browsing as they went. For the most part solitary and aloof, the Fragrant Fern is never gregarious about Lake Superior, as its arctic cousins are said by Polunin® to be. Four plants make a comparatively large colony. You soon learn where to expect them, and are seldom disappointed. Lighter green than the Polypody, the Fragrant Fern may be recognized at a considerable distance, perched independently on its curled tan cushion. 3 Botany of Canadian Eastern Arctic, 32. 1940. Uses or HawalrtAN FERNS 15 Uses of Hawaiian Ferns F. R. FosBere The botanical knowledge of the ancient Hawaiians, as with other Polynesians, had reached before the coming of the Europeans a high state of development. Their nomenclature, knowledge of plant relationships, of the sexual nature of plants with the function of pollen and stigma, and their elaborate system of plant uses, both practical and aesthetic, have long been a source of wonder to those who have become interested in the Hawaiians. Certainly the botanical science of this stone age people compared very favorably with that of mediaeval Euro- peans, Among the numerous plants for which the Hawaiians had found uses were various ferns, though perhaps their number is small in comparison with the flowering plants and certainly so in proportion to the rich fern flora of the Islands. It is highly probable that there were uses for other ferns, the knowledge of which is not recorded and perhaps has now been forgotten by the sophisticated pres- ent generations in the Islands. After all, the diseases which accompany ‘‘civilization’’ are not usually to be cured by the primitive herb remedies of the kahuna. The simple crafts and pleasures of what Captain James Cook described as the nearest to paradise of any place he had Seen on earth have no place in the bustling fortress at the crossroads of the Pacific which would like to become the forty-ninth State in the Union. Anything from the old days might be mistaken by the visitor for savagery, so now they have imported American and Oriental foods, traffic lights, and shiploads of cheap Japanese manufac- tured goods. For the interesting and picturesque sides of Hawaiian life one must look more and more into the remotest corners of the Islands, far away from Honolulu. 16 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Still more, he must go back into old books that were written when Hawaii was still an independent nation and when the proud Hawaiians were still enjoying their own indigenous culture. For the benefit of the members of the American Fern Society I have collected here what could readily be found in the literature, as well as some of my own observations, on the uses of ferns, both past and present, in the Ha- walian Islands. The term ‘‘uses’’ is here adopted in its broadest sense, as will be obvious below. The main gen- eral sources of information are Hillebrand’s ‘‘Flora of the Hawaiian Islands,’’ EK. H. Bryan’s ‘‘ Hawaiian Nature Notes,’’ Marie C. Neal’s ‘‘In Honolulu Gardens,’’ the writings of Otto Degener, and suggestions from E. H. Bryan and from Mrs. Mary K. Pukui, one of the best modern students of old Hawaiian culture. Individual items have been sought in other places. Doubtless the most important part of any primitive economy is food. The aboriginal colonists of Hawaii, perhaps profiting by the previous experiences of their race in the scattered islands of Polynesia, apparently did not expect to find a land flowing with milk and honey, nor one overgrown with food plants. They brought with them planting material of their main food plants. These formed their basie subsistence, along with fish and their three domesticated animals, the pig, dog, and chicken. The native plants gradually were brought into their economy as their uses and properties became known, probably under the stimulus of famine. They formed supplementary foods, and the list of these includes several ferns. Most prominent among the ferns used for food were the hapuu or tree-ferns (several species of Cibotium), which are abundant in the forests of all the larger Islands, reaching magnificent proportions and becoming dominant plants of the forests on the island of Hawaii. Uses ofr HAwaAtlAN FERNS 17 The young stems and starchy pith of this and of the amaw (Sadleria Hillebrandii) were baked in ashes or in the imu (underground oven) and eaten in times of famine, and are said by Hillebrand to be by no means unpalatable. A few years ago, before the Kilauea region was made a National Park, tree-fern trunks in that region were cooked in steam crevices and fed to hogs. A business was even established near Hilo for extracting tree-fern starch for cooking and laundry use. Fortunately for those who enjoy the sight of a forest of graceful lehua with an understory of tree-ferns, the venture soon failed. The young fronds of the hapuw and the amau were cooked and eaten, often with meat and taro, by the Hawaiians, as we eat greens or asparagus. The young fronds of the hovo or pohole (Athyrium Meyenianum) and the kikawaeo or pakikawaeo (Dryopteris cyatheoides) were eaten raw, while the rhizome of the latter was grated and salted to taste and also eaten raw. At the present time in the Islands young fern fronds are gathered and used as vegetables by the Japanese, and often are seen on the market. The pala (Marattia Douglas) is today a rare fern in Hawaii. In Hillebrand’s time it was rather common, and the fleshy auricles or stipules, characteristic of the Marattiaceae, were baked in hot ashes and eaten, abound- ing in starch and mucilage. Hillebrand says also that slices of the auricles were soaked in cold water, soaking out their mucilage to form ‘‘a pleasant diet drink.’’ Per- haps these uses had something to do with the searcity of this fern at present, for, as Copeland says of the plant usually called Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum, not found in Tahiti since the time of Captain Cook, ‘‘it does not behoove a fern to be edible.’’ More likely, however, the wild hogs and other introduced animals are responsi- ble for the destruction of the pala. 18 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Ferns entered only slightly into the making of the Hawaiians’ clothing. The stipes of the amawmau (Sad- leria cyatheoides) were macerated in water and beaten together with the bark of mamake (Pipturus) or wauke (Broussonetia) in making kapa or bark cloth. The fern furnished a sizing for the cloth, and perhaps also a red- dish eolor. The cortex of the trunk of the same fern was used to make a red dye. The outer portion of the trunk- like stem was mashed and the red juice squeezed out into a calabash, where it was boiled down by dropping in hot stones to make the dye. The leaves of the palaa (Sphe- nomeris chinensis), the commonest of all Hawaiian ferns except Gleichenia, also furnished a red dye. In thatching houses a row of Sadleria fronds might be tied lengthwise along the ridge-pole and on the corner ridges to help make these parts waterproof. If pili grass (Heteropogon) was scarce, Sadleria might be used to thatch the whole roof, and even to cover the walls. The fronds of the same fern were also used to construct tempo- rary shelters in the woods. The fronds of Sadleria were employed in drier parts of the Islands as a sort of mulch to cover the ground in the vegetable gardens of the Hawaiians. Degener says that when they saw that it was about to rain, they removed the fronds and planted their vegetables. After the rain they replaced the covering, to hinder evaporation and drying out of the ground. Recently the tiny water-fern, Azolla filiculoides, has in some way been introduced into the Islands, where it has spread with great rapidity and grows with amazing luxuriance in the taro patches which are kept flooded with water. By most taro growers it is considered a pest, but according to Mr. Francis Bowers at least one grower has turned its propensities to use. He finds that a thick Uses or Hawantan FERNS 19 covering of Azolla on the surface of the water effectively prevents most other weeds from growing, and that if it gets too abundant it can be checked by temporarily drain- ing the pond. Other growers have considered that Azolla encourages some of the taro diseases, but this belief may be merely the result of a coincidence, as taro diseases have increased greatly in recent years. Two other ferns have a negative economic importance as weeds in the pineapple fields in some districts, according to St. John and Hosaka. These are Dryopteris parasitica and the kilau or bracken (Pteridium aquilinum var. decompositum), which must be hoed out. Medicine was a highly developed science among the Hawaiians, though of course the ailments that the kahuna or medicine man had to contend with were of little sig- nificance in comparison with the scourges that have fol- lowed the coming of the European. A large number of plants were used therapeutically in various ways, some native, some apparently brought by the Hawaiians, and, | more recently, even some of modern introduction.’ Whether or not there is any actual basis for the reputed efficacy of these remedies is usually not known. Only by careful investigation and experiment can such facts be ascertained. Some are undoubtedly pure superstition or work by suggestion or other psychological means. Others likely have definite and perhaps valuable drug properties. At least five ferns and fern allies had a place in native medicine. Infusions or teas made from the uluhe (Gleichenia linearis) and from the pipi or moa (Psilotum nudum) were drunk as laxatives. The latter tea was also used as a cure for ea, or ‘‘thrush,’’ a fungus disease in infants. The abundant yellow spores of the moa were a favorite remedy for diarrhoea in children and were used ae 1 See 8. C. Handy et al., Hawaiian Physical Therapeutics. Bishop te Bull. 126. 1934. 20 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL like taleum powder to prevent chafing. An infusion of laukahi or puapuamoa (Ophioglossum pendulum ssp. faleatum) was used as a cough remedy, and the spores of this plant, according to Degener, ‘‘were given to infants after birth to purge them of meconium.’’ The auricles of the pala (Marattia) were used, according to Hillebrand, as a remedy for bronchial and intestinal catarrhs. He gives no details of this use. As a remedy for rheumatism, plants of wawaeiole (Lycopodium cernuum) were boiled for three hours in water. The water was then cooled and the patient bathed in it. The abundant wind-borne spores of this plant have recently been suspected of causing asthma and hay fever, and consequently are used somewhat in testing and immunizing sufferers from these allergies. In embalming the dead and in dressing wounds the Hawaiians made use of what is known as pulu. This is the golden or brownish wool surrounding the growing tip and the stipe bases of the tree-ferns (Cibotium) and the amaumau (Sadleria cyatheoides), really soft, hairlike scales, borne in great abundance. When a body was to be embalmed the vital organs, throat, tongue, and brain were removed. The cavities were then stuffed with pulu (or sometimes with sugarcane flowers) and sewed up. The body was then wrapped in a sheet of black or gray bark cloth (kapa) and later hidden in a cave or buried in the ground, or even thrown into the lava at Kilauea dur- ing an eruption, so that the spirits of the dead would dwell with and serve the goddess Pele, to whom they looked as kupuwna or ancestress, according to Mrs. Pukui. Later, between 1850 and 1885, pulw furnished the basis of a thriving export trade. In one year alone (1869) well over 600,000 pounds of pulu were shipped out, mainly to California, to be used as stuffing for pillows and mat- tresses. The larger trees were cut down, merely to make Uses or HAWAmAN FERNS 21 easier the gathering of a pound or so of pulu each, until the magnificent tree-fern forests were seriously threat- ened. Fortunately the industry did not last many years, as the fibers were brittle and lacked the resiliency to keep them from wadding up in the pillows. Better fibers were soon substituted for puluw and the industry died out. The remains of a stone enclosure used for packing and storing the product may still be seen in the forest near the Chain- of-Craters, below Kilauea. The trunks of tree-ferns, covered by great mats of densely packed fibrous aerial roots, are used to pave trails across swampy places in the forests. Laid side by side they make a durable and springy corduroy which takes much longer to rot than most plant materials in a rain- forest, especially as they often continue to grow if the terminal bud is not destroyed. Stuck in the ground, erect in rows, they soon form an attractive living fence or hedge around some of the cottages in the Kilauea region. Ferns also had a place in certain of the ancient reli- gious observances. Miss Neal writes that the priests gathered palaa (Spi is chinensis) for certain cere- monies, and that it was considered a good omen if they were caught in a rain after the fern was gathered. She also says that the stumps of trees cut for making canoes were covered with fronds of the ekaha (Asplenium nidus ) before the trunks could be adzed. At the dedication of a heiau or temple the ground over which the king and his attendants were to pass was covered with the fronds of the amau (Sadleria Hillebrandit). Degener tells of a game called ‘‘fighting cocks’’ that was played by using pieces of moa (Psilotum nudum) from which all the branches but one had been removed. Two contestants held their plants by the tip and, using the branch as a hook, locked them together and pulled. When one branch broke, the holder of the other an- nounced his victory by crowing like a rooster. ya AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL The glossy black stipes of the iwaiwa (Adiantum capil- lus-veneris) and the kumuniu (Doryopteris decipiens) were worked by the women into ornamental baskets and, in more modern times, hats, and the black stipes of some ferns were used to decorate mats and other woven work. Ekaha (Asplenium nidus), pamoho (Doodia Kunthiana), amau (Sadleria Hillebrandii), and mdna (Hypolepis punctata) are among the other ferns used for ornamen- tal plaiting. Even now leis are woven of the pinnae of pala (Marattia) and the fragrant palapalai (Microlepia). The pamohu, nianiau, or okupukupu (Nephrolepis exal- tata) is used as a backing for flower leis, and maidenhair (Adiantum) is often combined with flowers to make an attractive lei. Christmas wreaths are now made of wawaeiole (Lycopodium cernuum), A subtle fragrance, similar to that of maile (Alyzia), was imparted to kapa by storing it with fronds of lauae (Polypodium scolopendria) pressed between its folds. Certain other ferns possess a pleasing odor, and may have been used in similar ways. Mrs. Pukui says that it was the commoner and coarser P. phymatodes [P. scolo- pendria| which was the more fragrant, despite the efforts of informants to give the honor to P. spectrum et al. By far the most extensive present-day use of ferns is as ornamentals, in the house, garden, or fernery. They are grown and enjoyed by practically everyone. Even the poorer homes often have a fernery of some sort, and hanging baskets of ferns with other plants, such as orchids, are to be seen everywhere. These baskets fre- quently are carved out of the dense mat of fibrous roots surrounding the tree-fern trunk. They are very satis- factory, especially for growing orchids, and are widely available commercially in the islands. Slabs and plaques, . also, of tree-fern trunk are used as hanging substrata for orchids. The commonest ferns in cultivation in the SHorRTER NOTES 23 islands are the birdsnest, Asplenium nidus, Polypodium scolopendria, P. aureuwm, several species of Adiantum, Cibotium Menziezi, C. Chamissoi, ornamental forms of Nephrolepis exaltata, N. cordata, Platycerium alcicorne, and P. grande. It will be noted that most of the com- monly cultivated ones are foreign introductions. Many of the native ones are a bit touchy in their cultural re- quirements, and, anyway, it is easier for most people to get them from the florist or from some other gardener than to climb up into the mountains for the native ones. This is probably very fortunate for the welfare and con- tinued existence of some of the rarer members of the interesting and beautiful Hawaiian fern flora, too. Bureau or Puant INpustry, WasuHiIneton, D. C. Shorter Notes Prouirerous Scorr’s SPpLEENWworT.—The interesting fern whose portrait accompanies this note was brought to my attention by Mrs. Maude L. Chisholm of Proctor, Vermont. She found the specimen here figured in the herbarium of Mrs. Fred L. Clark of Rutland and sup- plied the photograph. The original erew in a patch of rocky woods—limestone rocks, of course—in the outskirts of Rutland. It was the object of too enthusiastie collect- mg ; after all its fronds had been removed it died, leay- ing three other small plants which may or may not be its progeny and may or may not develop its peculiarities. Exact details of the immediate surroundings of the plant in life are lacking. At any rate, it evidently set out to produce new plants by the Walking Fern method, not only at the tip of the blade but also at the end of two or more elongated lateral lobes. As is well known, in the Walking Fern the basal auricles are occasionally 24 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL greatly lengthened and root at the tip. As the experi- ence of Mrs. Griffeth and others shows, proliferation at the apex of the blade can be rather easily effected in Scott’s Spleenwort under cultivation. Mr. 8. H. Burn- | =f ham long ago recorded? one instance in which a pot- grown individual produced new plants at the tip of the lobes, and Dr. Benedict tells me that the same thing has happened at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. But among the numerous references to Scott’s Spleenwort in litera- / 1Fern Bull. 16: 112. 1908. SHORTER NOTES 25 ture only some half-dozen mention tipping in the wild, and I find but one record of lateral proliferation.” Dr. Maxon has kindly lent me the specimen, collected at Plummer’s Island, near Washington, by William Palmer, on which this last record was based. It suggests the conditions under which proliferation may take place. It was collected on April 23. The proliferous fronds are more or less yellowed and obviously must have lasted through the winter from the previous season. Under these circumstances fern stipes usually become weakened, especially if there has been any weight of leaves or snow upon them, and the blades, though still living, are bent down, often so much as to lie flat on the ground. It would seem altogether probable that lateral proliferation would most readily develop under such conditions and that the spring is the time to look for it—C. Weartuersy, Gray Herbarium. Hart’s-tongur Diviston.—The winter of 1940-41 was a severe one for my Hart’s-tongues; many died and others were greatly weakened. By midsummer most of the lat- ter had recovered to about one-half normal size and on close inspection I found that nearly all such plants had ““divided’’ crowns. The division had progressed to such an extent that with a little care I was able to separate the parts by hand and pot them satisfactorily ; they appear how to be growing nicely. Some of these ferns are ten years old. Are these side growths due to winter-kill of the fronds, and a subse- quent growth from the roots? Or do plants of this age normally put out new crowns from the old one? This IS a new experience to me, and I should be glad to have opinions from JouRNAL readers. Mainly the plants in question are our native fern, but even some of English tienen es eee ‘ * Maxon, Bot. Gaz. 30: 413. 1900. 26 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL stock acted in a like manner, there being in some cases two offshoots from the main crown—-M. R. SHARPE, Uxbridge, Mass. A First Arizona Recorp or BOTRYCHIUM MULTI- ripuM.—A fourth species of Botrychium, B. multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. subsp. Coultert (Underw.) Clausen, can now be added to the known flora of Arizona as a result of a recent collection by Mr. Leslie N. Goodding, who has made many interesting discoveries of southwestern ferns and seed plants. In his monograph of the Ophioglossa- ceae, Clausen’ listed only two species of this genus from Arizona, B. lunaria (L.) Sw. and B. virginianum (L.) Sw. I found B. lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angstr. in 1938,” and Mr. Goodding has kindly given me permission to report his addition. Each of the four species is known within Arizona from only a single locality. The specimens of Botrychium multifidum subsp. Coul- teri (Underw.) Clausen (B. Coultert Underw.) were col- lected by Leslie N. Goodding and William Schroeder, No. 340-41, Sept. 17, 1941, at Diamond Creek Beaver Dams in the White Mountains on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation. This locality, elevation about 8,000 ft., is in Apache County, eastern Arizona, between 15 and 20 miles northeast of the town of White River. The vegetation here is a grassy flat or upland meadow near the upper limit of the ponderosa pine zone. Dr. R. T. Clausen has kindly verified my determination. Specimens have been deposited in the United States National Herbarium and the herbaria of Cornell Usiveraiy and the University of Arizona. According to Clausen’s monograph Botrychium multi- fidum subsp. Coulteri has been recorded from seven 1 Clausen, Robert T. A monograph of the Ophioglossaceae. Mem. ety Bot. Club. 19: 1-177. illus. 1938. ittle. bert L., Jr. chium laneceolatum in Arizona. pon Fern Journ, 29: 36-37. 1939. SHorter Nores be States: Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Washington, Oregon, California, and Colorado. It is characteristic of geyser formations and grassy meadows. The Arizona collection represents a considerable extension of range (about 500 miles) from the nearest known stations of this species in Colorado and California, and is also the southernmost record of the species in North America— ELBERT Litre, Jr., Tucson, Arizona. Braun’s Houuy-rern In PENNSYLVANIA.—For over a half-century the only known locality for Braun’s Holly- fern (Polystichum Braunii var. Purshii) in Pennsyl- vania was in the southern part of Sullivan County and adjacent territory. Eight years ago the writer found two new localities in northern Wayne County. Only about a dozen plants remain in one. In the other the number is gradually diminishing on account of recent lumbering operations, for with the sunlight admitted there has sprung up rank growth that is gradually chok- ing the life out of the 40 to 60 plants. Something over a year ago there was discovered an extensive growth of this fern in the southern part of Wayne County. There is small probability that this spot will be disturbed for many years, as it is off the main highway and on ground of no value for grazing or till- ing. The large number of young plants indicates also that reproduction is taking place here at a good rate.— V. L. Drx, Morrisville, Pa. Brewnate Curisrmas Ferns.—In a given locality in the Eastern states, you are lucky if you can find as many as 75 distinctive fern forms. This may be the reason why many trivial forms have been described by well- Meaning fern lovers who have studied their local ferns So thoroughly that the slightest abnormality seems im- rtant. Be that as it may, I have found a colony, 30 Strong, of a very distinctive form of the Christmas fern 28 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL which is so ‘‘incisum’’ that each pinna looks like a dwarf frond. The fronds are for the most part completely bi- pinnate, some of the sterile pinnules even having auricles. The fertile pinnae are contracted, and all but the upper- most of these are bipinnate too. This colony was discovered in November, 1937, and the plants were so odd that one of the band of nature- lovers to whom I showed them thought they were hy- brids between the Christmas Fern and the Spinulose Wood-fern growing near by. No such luck! They are merely mutants of the common Christmas Fern, which grows abundantly near the spot—two and one-half miles northwest of Tyson’s Crossroads, near Difficult Run, Fairfax Co., Va.—where I found them. The bipinnate plants are confined to an area no more than 15 feet across, among little gulleys at the head of a small stream. Unlike some forms of the Christmas Fern, these plants do not change their cutting after transplanting. The colony hasn’t altered for five years. This year, when Carroll E. Wood, Jr., and I visited the stand, we counted at least 30 plants, about 20 of which were of the ex- tremely cut form. Intermediates found were interesting, because the deeply cut pinnae irregularly alternate with almost entire ones. Such forms of the Christmas Fern have been found before in Fairfax Co., Va. There are specimens in the National Herbarium which Dr. Maxon obtained in July, 1916, in woods near the Potomae River opposite High Island, that are similar in every way to mine. There is also a very remarkable plant collected by William Pal- mer in July, 1885, at Little Pimmit Run, not far distant, that has three perfectly normal fronds and one com- pletely bipinnate frond. (review), 30 Correll, “Donovan 8 & Clair A. Fern and stag Allies “3 bes ouis iana Teeter), i oe Dorothy L., eg Ken Wr ight. prthode ind Ys Edible Ferns, Hymenophylla- ter ( review Crepidoma 30 ipin Dee iad al ryptogramma. acrostichoides, 51; Blake "Se , ite eee 27 ounfellerl 142, 5.78 leeks Baga rae a Fern Cu a rrania i 117; Robert- posi lng Pg 2 occidentale, Cyclosorus, 144 oe : lis, 47, 50, pi eria Ehrenbergiana, woah, nie. Cy jae oe be “ee om 8, 129; Boos enui 1a, 15. ar. laurentiana a . pedata, 60; subpal F352. var. Mackayit, 52, var. ro- be usa, 70, 152, : bulbifera, rere 74, 89, 107, 126; 47, “70, 71, 73, 75, 116, f. hori- Sectum, ouite s 20. a zontalis, 73 test 1 ie are Dani H Los Generos z : el, Hermano. Los i 87 : Dryopteris, Blechnum y As- » 88, 89, 116; 157 158 plenium en Algunas Colec- ciones Colombianas (review), 116 eo 137; punctilobula, 52, 57 Didymoglossum, 3 0, 31 Diplazium seven olen 73; esculentum, 121; grammatoides, 68 ; Jonchophyllum 153; thely- erioides, 73 Dinoversrs’ of New Pennsylvania Ferns, 148 Dix, Braun’s Holly-fern in Pennsylvania, 20 Doodia Kunthiana, 22 gS by de ” decipiens, ps me oe ; Drvopteris, cna 113, 316, 117. 142: aquilonar 153 Boot’ a ; Camby loperen: 14, 52; Clintoni- tata, 29, 47, 110, 153, 74, 75, 78: fra- grans, 49, 50, 78, var. aquilonaris, 15, 76, var, remotiuscula, 13, 82, 84; rans var. remotiuseula x spinulose, var. inte ; Linnaeana, 116; Rg et rig 109, 110; 154: marginalis, 52, 70, 1 munita, normali 54: oreopte 5; paleacea, 116; parasitica, 19; patula, 135, var. Rossii, 116, 135; pilos + i186; prolifera, 1 rigida arguta, 75; Robertiana, > ae go Se pe ate sp osa, 52, 70, lata 29, 32" 84; peenentos, 153, 155 Eames, Arthur J. Illustrations of re very Lycopodium Gameto mditie® varia, 121 bain ra cis phosicacden pilosum, 128 Equisetum arvense, 76, f. ca pestre, 149; F onii, 104, A , 137; hiemale var. californi- aevigatum, 137, 153 Joseph. Annotations on West American Ferns—II, 90 Fagley, Frederick L. Report of Auditing Committee, 38 x Isotypes at Colorado College, Fern Census of a City ena Mag — Collection from Chihua Fiddleheads, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, % ule —s 109 Fidd Fern, 126 First ig ee : acned of Botry- — a 26 Floyd, Frederick Gillan (obit- ua Houlere F. R. Uses of Hawaiian Ferns, 15 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Bragie Fern, 73 Fragrant Fern, 13, 14, 73 pipe: Fern sisue’ Lake Supe- 13 Gametophytes, Tasers of some Lycopodiu 4 Gleichenia linearis 9 Gonio for tenera, Go Slow n Eating Fern Fiddle- hea t “a Ss leenwort, Green ‘C L. Heer Ferns in the Kutztown-Fleetwood Area, Pa., 151 Hap 16 Hart’ . ‘tongue, 50, 78 Hart’s- tongue Division, 25 Hawaiian Uses of, 15 eee 126 Hol H. A Rare Selagi- nelle tro from A aestuonatees Nevada, 86 Howell, Jo ni Tho poe A ‘Sarin the Pteridophyte of ee se California (review) gece gee Flo o — Alaska an revi i je acaen vite 30, 31; Lyallii, 30; tunbridgense, 31 Hypolepis puncta ta, 22 Illustrations or Some Lycopodium ametophy Interrupted Fern 68 TIsoetes bade) vane : Macounii, 15; lanopoda, Pie Iwaiw: eaahe 0, 17 ilau, ‘ ita. In Tide Kittell, ‘Sister a. Kittel, r Flora, of pelorly ‘an ew Mexic view), Col- Knobloch, Irving W. A Fern Tectia = from Chihuahua, 127 Kumuniu, 22 ae, a pork? na BI et Pieames iats 15 Arizo . “Hecor aber Botrychium multi L iaaeele areolata, 57 Loris dium, a of Some Gametophytes 0 Lyespedines sabinaefolium in Pennsylvania, 1 tens, 112, var. sharonense . Ti3. var, sitchen 113, va INDEX TO VOLUME 32 superfertile, 112, var. typicum. 112, 152; Selago, 76, var. patens, 149; sitchense, ae a tristachyum, Lygodium palmatum, 53 Maidenhair, 22, 47, 52, Mana 2 52, 74 Marattia 37 nk P. Fern Poison- ing heep, Goats, and Cattle R. New Tropi- al American Ferns—XIII, BS ge ne and Peebles, Flow- cee nts ma so of Ari- (review) Microtesis 22 Moa, 19, 21 Nephrodium plumula, 96 ae nae bordata,. 23; exaltata, New Be nie H ybrid, 81 New Locality for a Curious Cali- 6 ornia Polypody, 1 eH Thelypteris from Florida, Ney re ropical American Ferns— e Ww 44 ork F N i ; ern, 56 N otholae j . : rr heap - 71. ctr hee forniea, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95; f. ae- cessita, 95, subsp = De 5. Se hace nil fe ge a onii, ; limi- “nig 132; sinuata, 120, 132 1; crenata, 120; Standleyi, Sulphurea var. californica, Oak- -fern, 13 Obituary, F i i Flaya’'70 rederick Gillan Observations on Florida Ferns, one, baecee Se otusilo , Senisibis, 57, 70, f:' ob- ice vulgatum on the = Goa Stal Plain of Ala- Onision, 74 74, 107, 139 ; Aitehi- 208 faleatum go mili 130; : pu a 139: tenerum 139; en fan, 53, oe gy 107, 116, var. alas- 10s, 10i tet 107, var, pycnostichum, Smunda cin nnamomea. , 49, 68, 70, um * of t Gianduloss a, 148, f. in- ytoniana, 49, 50, 68, oat zi mnie, 118; regalis, 49” = 47, 52, 61, 63, 67, Ostrich Fern as an Edible Plant, 159 Otis, Mabel H. Report of Judge of Elections, 38 eé6, 121 Pacong eae 126 Pala, 17,2 Palaa, 21 Palapalai, 22 amoho, Pamoh 2 Parsley "Fern Pellaea peep Ren SO 132; gustifolia, 129; atropurpurea, 51, 153; cordata, 133; den 51 : : m phylla, 119, 120; sagittata, 133; Suksdorfiana, 116; ternifolia, 33 Phaneroph lebia auriculata, nee Phegopteris Dryopteris, 53; hex gonoptera, 52, 70; polypodioides, 47; Robertiana, 148; villosa, 68 Phyllitis Scolopendrium, 50, 56 Pityrogramma triangularis, 91 Plagio bedi arguta, 135; semi- cordata, 1 Platycerium Helsothe: 23; grande, Pohole, 17 Polypodium aureum, 23, var. latum, ae fa lcatum, 73; = aut tum, 1 ; twegianu 1 inaequale, ; mollissimum, phymatodes, 22; polylepis, 129; polypodioides Vv, ciculare, 128; scolopendria, 22, 23; Scouleri, 100; ra, 144; ser- ricula, 68; spectrum, 22; sub- petiolatum, 128; tenuiculum, 68; 28 SO: OG 4h we, subsp. occidentale, 75, var. in- terme: pr ojectum, 149, 151 ypody, 13, 14, 73, 150 Polystichum, 76; acrostichoides, Bey , 109, f. crispum, 71, f. multifidum, ; acrosti hoides x Braunii, 149 ; aleuticum, 75, 76 ; Andersonii, 75 ; Braunii, ! var. Purshii, Le onii, 75; lobatum, 99; 1 tum x muni- tum, 103; Lone Oey tas 16; mohrioides var. sco uu li- num, 119, 120; munitum, 53, 75, 90, 96, 98, 101, 103, subsp. ¢ 100, 102, 103, 104, f. imbricans, 101, 102, 104, var. imbricans, 102, f. - 101; , 96 poe pone R. Fern Census of a City Block, 70 Proliteroes Scott’s Spleenwort, Psilotum nudum, 19, 21, 137 s nodulosa, a, 1, Thy 75, 160 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Pteridium, 72, 74, 76, 113, 115, Struthiopteris oe 75 126; aquilinum, 114, “Be z. _ Hen datum, 114, 154, Svenson, K. Report of Tr pata for 1941, 34 va dee oneitnid, a var. curilentent: LZ, var: latiusculum, 114, 154, Taphrina Fau var. pseudocaudatum, 114, 154, ppemhghary Petpet s, 143; Vv pubescens, 1 133, var. _ 144; mage, 148, bre yarrabense, 114; capense, 114; orhizoma, ‘malis, latiusculum, 57, 71 142. "143. 144, 146; Pteris esculenta, 126 sis, 56; ovata, 143, 1 pire palus- Puapuamoa, 20 tris, 49; patens, 142; saxatilis, Pulu, 20 143, 144; serra, 142, 143; s 1 49; submarginalis, Bt ; Rare Selaginella from Northeast- tetragona, 141, 146; Br 143, ern Nevada, 86 144; versicolor, 143, Rattlesnake Fern, Thurston, Edward Dp. Oe An riven _Fern pra ie 20,72; Amateur’s Fern Garden, 41 Trichomanes Boschianum, 31; een of Auditing Committee, Krausii, 31; lineolatum, 31; 88. 8f 5 nage of erg abe aie 88: Petersii, 31, 139, 153; cta of President, 32; of Secretary, tum, 31; sphenoides, aT 33; of evince. 3 ryon, R. M., Se A New Reviews: Brown, Cl A:, teris Hybrid, 81; ie | ee Donovan §S. Co Ferns and the Genus Pieridinm (review), Fern Allies of Louisiana, 153; 113 Copeland, i ra y- menophyllacearum, ; Daniel, Uluhe, 19 ermano, Los Generos Dryop Cnustial Botrychium, 87 teris, Blech y Asplenium Uses of Hawaiian Ferns, 15 Vandenboschia, 31; radicans, 31 phytes of Marin County, Cali- Wagner, W. Her may ee fornia, 72; H , Eric, Flora na Christal ap lle 27; Wa of Alaska and m, 74; Kit- Rue on Walls, tell, Sister Teresita, in Tide Walking Fern, 13, “ str te Wall Rue on Wallis, 69 and Peebles, Flowering Plants Wawaeiole, oe d Ferns of on, 115; Weatherby, C Bee ag = Roland, A. E., Fe s of colorado College, 68; Prolifer- Nova Scotia, 73; ig! swe us Scott’s Spleenwort : . Revision or oe Genus Wherry, Ed T. The Di nia Pteridium, 113; Wher T., erers of New Pennsylvanié The Ferns and cnt (le ot Ferns, 148; The Ferns a Pennsylvania, 117 : WHat KK: Lycosphens of Pennsylvar and Dorothy ‘L. Crandall, (review), 117; Go Slow on TA Rhode Island Ferns, ing Fern Fiddleheads, 108; e- A. E. The Ferns of Nova copodium _ sabinaefoli Roland, “Senta (review), = sty Woodsia, 13, 73 Sadleria cyatheoides, 18, 20; Hille- faire h brandii, 17, 21, 22 Whitney, Elsie G. Report of the Schizaea Levoca i pe Secretary for 1 Seott’s Spl Wiggins, ira L. New Locality for Sela ginella pet at Chrismari, a Curious California Polypody, hile. tis aes mek oe vo Sl, 54, phyla, ; neomexicana, “ alp oregana, 75; scens, 137; “as glabella, ds 54, rae ‘ivensis, Riddellii, 155; rupincola, 129, 50, 56; mexicana, 136; mollis, 138; selaginoides, 86; 36; obtusa, 48, 49, 71, 75, 76 2 a § 75; "struthioloides, 75; Wri 153: scopulina, 49, Sharpe, M. R. Hart’s-tongue Woodwardia areolata, 74; Division, 25 ginica, 74 Asplenium Pal- yir- ERRATA ro Rint line 22: rhe Water's read St. John, Edward P. A New Page nT, line < for Meniscum Thelypteris from Floria, 145 d Meniscium THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB MEMBERSHIP : Including Bulletin, Memoirs, and Torreya, $5.00 a year PUBLICATIONS Bulletin. Monthly, — July, August and September; estab- Be“ 1870. Price $6.00 a year; single numbers 75 cents. orreya. Man ; should be addressed to HaroLp W. Rickert, Editor, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park (Fordham Branch P. 0), , New York : Occasional, established 1889. Price, $3.00 to $5.00 a Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta within 100 miles of New Yorks k City, 1888. ‘Price $1.00 dremsed to the Tete on, Harold N. Moldenke hens Pork Botanical Garden, Bronx Park (Fordham Branch P.0.), New York Ci ity. CASTANEA Published by the SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BOTANICAL CLUB Deed te tay ofthe ineresing enter Appleha Secor me except during June, July, August, and Yearly subscription, including membership in the Club, $2.00. 7 ee ; DR. EARL L. CORE, Editor THE attest dean led The only maguzine in English wholly devoted to and ee ter Bi-monthly; illustrated; for the be for the professional. Yearly subscription in the Geico Brine ns including membership in the oe IVANT MOSS SOCIETY, service of Curators for beginn Dr. PAUL I D. VOTH University of Chicago, Chicago, Hlinois Dr, WM. 0. STEERE Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. BOTANIC GARDENS OF THE WORLD MATERIALS FOR A HISTORY Second Statistics concerning the history, organization, and work of more than 550 botanic gardens in 60s conineerinis from 340 BO to 1938 A.D, 256 pages. Price. $2.50. By mail, $275 Established 1916. Bi thly. Subseription, $6 a a oe ee ae i= Se Parts of volumes at the single number numbers, post free. [ae whee eee, Ce ee Foreign post: cents. 1000 Washington Ave., — = a. 8. A. American Bern Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY EDITORS WILLIAM R. MAXON R. C. BENEDICT C. V. MORTON IRA L. WIGGINS VOLUME 33 ae LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA 1.’ “ies VoLUME 33, NuMBER 1, PAGES 1-40, ISSUED Marcu 30, 1943 Early Days of the Eneneas Fern Society.......... Willard N. Clute 1 Fern ate IV: Supplementary Remarks on the Ferns of the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan .......... Oliver A. Farwell 8 ae in the Op hlopiocsaeead: Botrychium, en s Scep- ridi Robert T. Coit: 11 Slotice Notes: The Range of Notholaena tas: Pteris vittata Hardy in Washington, D. C.; Asplenium septen- trionale in California; Polypodium pectinatum as an Epiphyte; Hart Saag in a Limestone Grotto ............. Recent Fern Literat 31 American Fern oar 34 VoLUME 33, NUMBER 2, Paces 41-80, ISSUED JUNE 17, 1943 New Names for Ferns and Fern Allies pe o C. Rafinesque, 1806-1838 D. Merri 41 Poreupines and Ferns per M. Shields 57 More About the Distribution of Ferns in Florida award P. St. John 59 The Type Species of Cheilanthes C. A. Weatherby 67 Ee Notes: Lygodium palmatum in West Virginia; T hio ley idization by Remote pega oo praealtum in rit Soil; Arkansas Fern Not sone Recent Fern fran 76 American Fern Seiciaty ou. 8 VotumE 33, NUMBER 3, a 81-112, ISSUED SEPTEMBER 22, tere %0 the Péramo de Cha, Francis W. Pennell 81 New Names for Ferns $28 Fern Allies Proposed by C. _. eae 1806-1838 (conclusion) 0... B.D. Merrill 97 olypodium irginianum f. deltoideum a Conin Fo rm? . hard . — 105 €w Occurrences of Dryopteris ee in ego : Jesse : ene 107 horter Notes: Two Colorful Oriental Ferns for the Garden; Asplenium Palmeri in Texas a American Fern Society a VOLUME 33, NUMBER 4, Paces 113-148, issuzD DECEMBER 15, 1943 The Group of Selaginella Parishii ................. C. A. wig ap Observations on Western Botrychiums Onctotee C. Hal Trailing Bommerias in Texas ................. Elsie racy: pie a Ws illiam R. Max Pennsylvania; Pellaea glabella on Masonry; New tions for Equisetum hyemale var. Jesupi f, multira- meum; New Botrychium Finds in West Virginia; Note on Dryopteris celsa 137 American pte Society: Dr. C. Stuart Gager . 142 Index to Volume 33 ................ . 145 we Vol. 33 January-March, 1943 No. 1 a American Fern Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY of . EDITORS WILLIAM R. MAXON R. C. BENEDICT Cc. V. MORTON : IRA L. WIGGINS Bad : CONTENTS acy Dayo ihe ee ee Che American Hern Soriety Counril far 1943 OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR C. A. WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, ane JOSEPH EWAN, Boulder, Colorado . Vice President Mrs. ELsiz Gipson WHITNEY, 274 South Main Ave., Albany, N. Y. Henry K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. ee WituiaM R. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D, ©. Editor-in-Chief OFFICIAL ORGAN American Fern Journal EDITORS Wiriuram R. Maxon .... i ian Institution, W: R. O. BENEDICT oo 1819 Dorchester Road, Brooklyn, ¥- ( Ira L, Wi rbarium, Stanford University, Calif. An illustrated quarterly devoted ted to the general study of forse : sige ele S Bae 10 cents extra; sent free $1.20; life membership, 929 00). Extracted reprints, if ordered i advance, will be furnished authors at cost. ‘They should be be ordered when proof is s returned. 5 Vetere 1, ie Soueiers, $0005 other volumes $1.25 each. — _ -baek numbers 35 cents each, Vol. I, No. 1; wot i, aos 33 8 : sand vo 1¥, no. cannot xcep b com Ten per cent. peeks dincont to embers and institutions °2 Amperiran Fern Journal Vou, 33 JANUARY—Marcu, 1943 No. 1 Early Days of the American Fern Society Wiuarp N. Ciure The roots of the American Fern Society run back to 1875, when Harlan H. Ballard established a society for the study of nature in connection with classes which he Was then teaching in Lenox, Massachusetts. This was 80 well received locally that he decided to extend an invi- tation to the young folks in other communities to join the new movement, and a note to this effect was published in St. Nicholas, at the time the leading nature magazine for young people. A large number of replies were received, and as a result the Agassiz Association for the study of hature by correspondence was formed in 1880 and named for the distinguished naturalist, Louis Agassiz. In a day when movies, autos, radios, bicycles, tele- Phones, and interurbans were rare or absent, people had more time for a study of their surroundings and the chance of being helped over the hard places in a new Study was not to be neglected. Not only did the idea *Ppeal to the children for whom it was originally in- tended, but many grown-ups, interested in a study of the out-door world, were attracted. Local groups, known as apters, were formed in many places, and three years later there were more than 650 Chapters in existence, With a total of some 15,000 members. Soon other Chap- ts, known as Corresponding Chapters, were formed for {Volume 32, N. 0. 4 of the JouRNAL, pages 121-160, was issued anuary 8, 1943.] e ? Dp g ’ Bi 1 2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL the study of a single branch of nature. Thus originated The Gray Memorial Botanical Chapter, The Wilson Ornithological Chapter, The Sullivant Moss Chapter, and The Linnaean Fern Chapter, this last the forerunner of the American Fern Society. Several of these Chap- ters, with slight changes in name, have continued exis- tence for more than fifty years. The founder of the Fern Chapter had earlier founded a Local Chapter for the study of plants at Binghamton, N. Y. When he became interested in ferns and began to look about for help in identifying them, a Correspond- ing Chapter for their study was the natural result. Although this was some fifteen years after the AgassiZ Association was founded, information about ferns was still decidedly meager. All the popular books on Sane came later. There were, to be sure, John Williamson s ‘‘Ferns of Kentucky,”’ the first real fern book, issued 2 1878, but already too rare to be available, and D. C. Eaton’s two monumental volumes with colored plates that appeared in 1877-80 but were too expensive for a ordinary student. The first thin copies of Underwood's somewhat technical ‘‘Our Native Ferns,’’ destined to ru? through six editions, appeared in 1881, and John Robin- son’s ‘‘Ferns in Their Homes and Ours’’ came out 1m 1883; but there still lingered an idea that the naming of ferns without help was too difficult for the novice, # view that was somewhat justified by such unfamiliar terms as prothallia, gametophytes, sporophylls, SP rangia, and indusia, with which the new study bristled. Having decided on a Chapter, it took the greater part of a year to find enough fern students to fill the offices; but early in 1893, with four officers and two other mem bers, the Linnaean Fern Chapter of the Agassiz Associ tion was duly established. For the first year, officers were agreed upon without an election as follows: Willard Earty Days or Fern Society 3 N. Clute, President ; H. C. Cowles, Vice President; Mrs. T. D. Dershimer, Secretary; Reuben M. Strong, Trea- surer. It is interesting to note that three of the officers, then scarcely past their teens, later became college pro- fessors. The charter was held open for new members until the end of the year, and at the November election there were 18 members, representing 15 States, voting. At the next election there were twice as many members. The first President was elected for four years in succes- sion ; but in 1896 he resigned in order that the Vice Presi- dent, who declined to be a candidate for President, would be President for at least part of a term. At the end of the fourth year it was tacitly agreed that the President should not hold office for more than two successive years and there followed in this office C. E. Waters, Alvah A. Eaton, William R. Maxon, B. D. Gilbert, James A. Graves, and J. H. Ferriss. In a corresponding society, Such as ours, the Treasurer’s office was regarded as semi- permanent, and the second Treasurer, James A. Graves, was re-elected for ten successive terms. The objectives of the Chapter, as stated in the Consti- tution, were ‘‘to promote the study of ferns by corre- Spondence, the exchange of specimens, and the publica- tion of the knowledge thus obtained.’? In view of subsequent events, there might have been added ‘‘the Promotion of field trips for ferns,’”? for from the very Such trips became one of our chief activities. At that time the distribution of even the commonest ferns own, and every expedition to the woods and fields was a voyage of discovery. Not only were the haunts of the known species discovered, but there was #'ways the chance that one might find varieties and forms new to science, or occasionally even a distinct new spe- “es. Extensive collections were made and the exchange of Specimens was an important occupation during the 4 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL winter months. In the first ten years specimens of 30 rare ferns were distributed free to members by the Chap- ter. Extended trips for ferns often became part of the sum- mer vacation. The writer recalls with much pleasure several trips of this kind, among them the exploration of the haunts of the Hart’s-tongue at Chittenango Falls with Maxon in 1895, a trip on foot across southern New Jersey with C. F. Saunders in which we discovered many new localities for Schizaea, a similar trip through eastern Pennsylvania with Graves in search of Isoetes and Botrychium, a trip with Ferriss on foot and horse-back across the Painted Desert to Navajo Mountain in Arizona for desert ferns, and an exploration of the Gulf Coast of Louisiana with Cocks. Many lesser trips of this kind were made by nearly every member of the Chapter. Oc- casionally they extended into foreign lands and Gilbert, lute, and Maxon, each made fern-collecting trips to Jamaica. In keeping with its purpose to make new information about ferns available to its members, the Chapter early published a ‘‘List of the Pteridophyta of the United States’? and distributed various books and pamphlets free to members. Included in the distribution were Dodge’s ‘Ferns and Fern Allies of New England,’’ Gil- bert’s ‘‘North American Pteridophytes,’’ Clute’s ‘Ferns and Fern Allies of the Upper Susquehanna,” and Waters’ ‘‘Analytical Key to the Ferns, based on their Stipes.’? The Chapter also published the papers PT& sented at its first meeting, held in Boston in August, 1898, and those presented at the meeting in New York City, in June, 1900. In the beginning, reports on ferns were circulated from member to member through the Chapter, but as the membership increased this proved to be a time-consuming Karty Days or Frern Society 5 process and an official organ was proposed to take care of the more important notices and reports. The new Publication, financed by the dues of members, was ‘‘The Linnaean Fern Bulletin of the Agassiz Association,’’ to give it its full name. This was a quarterly, begun in 1893, with pages only 34 by 54 inches, this size having been adopted in order that copies might be slipped into an envelope of ordinary size, with other matter. Four Volumes of this size were issued, and these have face- tiously been dubbed ‘‘the prothallium stage’’ of the Bulletin. In 1897 the page size was increased to 53 by 8 inches and the title shortened to The Fern Bulletin. he name of the Chapter, however, was not changed to the name the Society now bears until eight years later. Tneidentally, the size of the magazine page was popular fnough to be adopted for the American Fern Journal and the British Fern Gazette. When the first numbers of the Pern Bulletin were issued, it was discovered that the Chapter lacked sufficient funds to print as many Pages as were thought desirable, so the writer took it over, agreeing to make up any deficiency. Fortunately there were many persons, not members of the Chapter, Who nevertheless were interested in ferns, and enough of them subseribed to the enlarged publication to more than cover expenses; in fact, the magazine at one time had more than 700 subscribers. It is interesting to note that during the first years of the Fern Chapter’s existence, every prominent fern stu- ®nt in America was on its list of members. There were more than a hundred different contributors to the first ten volumes. In addition to those mentioned elsewhere Mm this article, some of the more prominent students in- cluded George F. Atkinson, Raynal Dodge, L. M. Under- Wood, George E. Davenport, Sadie F. Price, W. A. Mur- vill, F. Peyton Rous, Mrs. E. G. Britton, 8. F. Burnham, 6 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL A. T. Beals, J. A. Bates, A. A. Eaton, Margaret Slosson, J. B. Flett, E. J. Hill, and Thomas Meehan. Among the more important contributions to the Bulle- tin, was a series of fern floras of the States, each written by an authority, which greatly aided in making clear the distribution of our native ferns. There were also a series of biographical sketches (with portraits) of the more prominent fern students, a series of papers on the genus Equisetum by Eaton, illustrated with authentic speci- mens sent to such members as desired them, and a series entitled ‘‘Rare Forms of Fernworts,’’ by the editor, which ran through five volumes. Probably more impor- tant than any other feature that aided in maintaining the magazine’s popularity was the great number of short articles by many observers, reporting new things about ferns. In fact, the magazine was, in a very real sense, the Fern Chapter. Looking back over the years, it is interesting to note the strong influence exerted by the Chapter on the litera- ture of American ferns. Practically all the early books on the subject were written by members, and the interest created by the Chapter itself provided an ever-increasing audience for them. Among the more important are Parsons’ ‘‘ How to Know the Ferns,’’ Price’s ‘Fern Col- lector’s Handbook,’’ Beecroft’s ‘‘Who’s Who Among the Ferns,’’ Waters’ ‘‘Ferns,’’ Eastman’s ‘‘ New England Ferns and Their Common Allies,’’ Woolson’s ‘‘ Ferns a0 How to Grow Them,”’’ Slosson’s ‘‘How Ferns Grow,”’ and Clute’s ‘‘Fern Collector’s Guide,’ ‘‘Fern Allies,”’ and ‘‘Our Ferns in Their Haunts.’’ Another distinction, due in large measure to the Chap- ter, was the establishment of the Sullivant Moss Chapter; now the Sullivant Moss Society. To fern students, the mosses seemed fernlike enough to warrant notes about them in the Fern Bulletin. In the sixth volume A. 4. Grout was induced to edit a 4-page ‘‘Moss Department ford Earty Days or FERN Society 7 in each issue. In the second number the title was changed to ‘‘The Bryologist, A Department of the Fern Bulletin.’’ Separates of this feature were sent to an increasing number of moss students, and in 1899 the department was continued as Volume 2 of The Bryologist. During this year the Sullivant Moss Chapter of the Agassiz Association was formed and the following year The Br yologist, as the official organ of this Chapter, be- came an independent publication. Ten years after the Fern Society was founded, the Pern Bulletin moved to a part of the Midwest where ferns were practically absent and first-hand information about them was increasingly difficult to get. A decided change had also come over the Society. It might be said to have grown up. The Agassiz Association had ceased to function, while a large number of new books on the Popular side of fern study had appeared, making the identification of these plants easy. New forms of ferns Were no longer easy to find and new interests were claim- mg the attention of students. It was also quite evident that future fern study would be concerned with more technical matters. In addition, the so-called American Code of Nomenclature was much in the mind of the botanist and more or less persistent effort was being Made to induce the Fern Bulletin to adopt it, or at least to publish articles couched in the new jargon. There Was also a decided push by some members for the Society to have its own official organ again, and it was finally decided to Suspend publication of the Fern Bulletin at the end of its twentieth volume. The magazine was offered to the Society at cost; but certain members with . flair for amateur journalism preferred to begin at the ®mning, and so before the Fern Bulletin had ceased they Produced the first numbers of the American Fern furnal. Members of the Society subseribed for both 8 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL publications. Two years before the end, notice was given of the impending merger of The Fern Bulletin with The American Botanist, and it may be added that the Botanist has continued to print articles on ferns. It is now in its 48th volume. The oceurrences of the next thirty years have presented many contrasts to those of the first twenty. All these must be left for others more intimately connected with the Society to record. Let it suffice to say, that the founder of the Fern Society and the editor of its official organ for twenty years never found a dull moment in carrying the movement for fern study to a successful conclusion, and he now derives much pleasure in reflect- ing that ‘‘It could never happen again.”’ Fern Notes, IV: Supplementary Remarks on the Ferns of the Keweenaw Peninsula, MichigaD Ouiver A. FARWELL Special attention was given to the common Bracken during the summer of 1939 and many specimens were collected. Specimens of Pteris aquilina var. lanuginos¢ from Oregon and California were in my possession eg comparison with Michigan plants, but none of P. aquilina subvar. latiuscula from the eastern states. A request for such specimens to Dr. Wherry, of the University of Penn- sylvania, and to Mr. Maurice Broun, of the Hawk Moun- tain Sanctuary, was graciously complied with and mY sincerest thanks are herewith tendered to them for their generous action in supplying the same. The subvariety latiuscula is supposed to be separated from the var. lanu- ginosa by a less dense pubescence, often being glabrous, and a non-ciliate indusium, that of var. lanuginos@ being ciliate and the pinnules being tomentose underneal”- MicHicAN FERN Noves 9 On the Keweenaw Peninsula, the subvar. latiuscula is much the more frequent plant; but there are plenty of intermediates and the placing of these is often an arbi- trary matter. A careful examination and comparison of the Michigan plants with those of the Atlantic and Pacific states mentioned above have shown no differences except that of density of pubescence. The indusium is entire with no trace of ciliation in any specimen I have seen from any of the regions mentioned above. These two so-called varieties are but the extreme conditions of one and the same variety and their true relationship may best be expressed by calling one a subvariety of the other. I have also come to the conclusion that there is no real Beneric difference between Pteris and Pteridium. My collections are as follows: TERIS AQUILINA L. var. LANUGINOSA Bong. Keweenaw Co. : Cliff Mine, no. 539, Aug. 20, 1887; Old Phoenix, no. 12163, Sept. 5, 1939; Lake Glazon woods, no. 12224, Sept. 25, 1939. Houghton Co.: Lake Linden, nos. 10195, 10195a, 10198, Aug. 9, 1934; Rice Lake woods, no. 12135, Aug. 30, 1939, and no. 12178}, Sept. 19, 1939; Gregoryville, no. 11446, July 29, 1936. Prenis AguIuIna L. var. LaNUGINOSA Bong. subvar. lati- uscula (Desy.) Farwell, comb. nov. Pteris latiuscula Desv. Mém. Soe. Linn. Paris 6: 303. 1827. Keweenaw Co.: Lae La Belle, no. 12094, Aug. 16, 1939. Houghton Co. : Little Traverse Bay region, no. 12027, July 28, 1939; Rabbit Bay woods, nos. 12191 and 12192, mag 19, 1939. Baraga Co.: L’Anse, no. 10878, July 7, Numbers 12027 and 12191 have reddish-brown stems and rachises ; the others have straw-colored. Catucartiana B. L. Robinson Some plants of this fern were found in crevices on the Very edge of cliffs ; but as the top of the bluff was sloping 10 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL downward to the edge of the cliff with nothing but some dead stumps to cling to, it was a risky matter to get any of the plants and avoid a sheer fall of some 150 feet more or less to the rocks below. However, some specimens were obtained. Keweenaw Co.: West Bluff, no. ean Sept. 5, 1939. Woopsia aupina (Bolton) 8. F. Gra New stations in Keweenaw tied for this fern are as follows : Lae La Belle, no. 12097, Aug. 16, 1939, and Esrey Park, no. 122224, Sept. 25, 1939. OODSIA OREGANA D. C. Eaton In crevices of rocks forming the face of bluffs, Kewee- naw Co.: Lac La Belle, nos. 12096 and 120974, Aug. 16, 1939. PELLAEA ATROPURPUREA (L.) Link Specimens of this species were found on the edge of the cliffs close to Woodsia Cathcartiana, probably at Dr. Fernald’s station, as that was on West Bluff, no. 12152, Sept. 5, 1939 Hippocuarre PREALTA (Raf.) Farwell, var. INTERMEDIA (A. A. Eaton) Farwell This scouring rush is frequent in wet depressions of shore sand. Keweenaw Co.: Bete Grise Bay. No. 121 112, Aug. 16, 1939. Lake Linpen, Micuican. STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE pe! Studies in the Ophioglossaceae: Botrychium, subgenus Sceptridium Rosert T. CLAvusEN These notes are supplementary to the Monograph of the Ophioglossaceae (Clausen, 1938). The arrangement of species follows the system set forth in that paper; also, the abbreviations for herbaria are the same. Herbaria additional to those previously consulted are: Ark, Her- barium of the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. ; Bz, Herbarium en Museum voor systematische Botanie van’s Lands Plantentuin, Buitzenzorg, Java; Cine, Her- barium of the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Cok, Herbarium of Coker College, Hartsville, S. C.; Fur, Herbarium of Furman University, Greenville, S. C.; Hnh, Herbarium of Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.; K, Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England ; Mich, Herbarium of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. ; Ore, Herbarium of the University of Ore- gon, Eugene, Ore.; Otb, Herbarium of the Division of Botany, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada; Roch, Herbarium of the University of Rochester, Roches- ter, N. Y. Synony my and distributional data are included only When they are supplementary to those already listed in the Monograph. 1 Borrycurum muvremum (Gmel.) Rupr. This is the type species of the section Multifidae. As now interpreted, it comprises four subspecies. Field study in California and examination of further herbarium ‘Pecimens from that state seem to confirm the opinion that ssp, californicum is merely a large shade phase of Sp. silaifolium. Accordingly it is here reduced to Synonymy under that subspecies. Plants observed in olumne County, California, had blades as large as 21 12 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL em. wide and 16 em. long; others were smaller and closely similar to certain specimens of ssp. silaifolium from New York. These were growing under Pteridium and Liliwm in a moist swampy place northwest of Lake Vernon, Yosemite National Park. On July 6, 1940, the blades were still not fully expanded, nor were the sporangia mature. In the key to the subspecies of B. multifidum on page 27 of the Monograph, under the first C, the measurements for ssp. silaifolium should now be changed to include ssp. californicum. Weatherby (1942) and Wherry (1942) have both questioned the advisability of treating as subspecies the strongly geographically correlated variations of Botry- chium multifidum. Wherry treats the two subspecies occurring in northeastern Pennsylvania as varieties on the basis that the differences seem too unimportant to constitute subspecies. Weatherby likewise points to the slight morphological differences between the subspecies. Both authors seem to disregard or overlook two very 1 portant considerations: First, that the Ophioglossaceaé are among the most primitive of living ferns, that the number of characters available for systematic purposes is few, and that these are often of a trivial sort; second, that the formation of geographical races is probably one of the most important methods of speciation and that a geographical subspecies begins to develop when one or more genes become somewhat different in one part of the range of a species from that in another. The general change in the genic constitution of large parts of a popu lation is probably most significant, far surpassing in eV lutionary importance the genic changes which — sporadically throughout a population. In Botrychwum, the characters available for classification are so few that the geographical subspecies may be only slightly different morphologically, yet they should be recognized since they STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 13 indicate a condition of genic unbalance in different parts of the range which is important in phylogenetic taxon- omy. The ssp. typicum of B. multifidum is the only race of the species which occurs in Europe, the ssp. Coulteri is the only one which occurs in the Middle Rocky Mts., and the ssp. silaifolium is the only one which occurs in certain areas of the Pacific Coast of North America. In other areas, these or the other subspecies occur or intermediate Populations occur connecting the extreme types. All of the northeastern United States is in an area where ssp. _ typicum and ssp. silaifolium overlap. Remove this big area and a small portion of Canada, and there are left (considering now only the two subspecies just mentioned ) Populations which would probably be treated as species Y most taxonomists (using morphological data), even as they have in the past by Presl, Underwood, Jepson, and others. Experimental studies to test these subspecies are through the first and second generations. Simple trans- Plants have demonstrated that an individual plant retains its distinctive characters in a new locality, but first and Second generation plants must be studied before the evi- dence is complete. Meanwhile, we can only homologize With the conditions prevailing in groups like Sedum an Gentiana which I am studying in the experimental gar- den, and in other genera of higher plants which are al- ready understood cytologically and genetically. la. Borrycurum MULTIFIDUM ssp. SILAIFoLIUM (Presl) Clausen. B. multifidum ssp. californicum (Underw.) Clausen, Mem. Torr. Club 19: 37(1938), plus sy- nonymy ; B. obliquum var. Habereri Gilbert, Fern Bull. 11: 88-89(1903). Thave now seen the type of Gilbert’s var. Habereri at the New York State Museum. The specimen is typical 14 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL B. multifidum ssp. silaifolium. It is the collection of J. V. Haberer, no. 1901, from Whitesboro, Oneida Co., N. Y. The combination, B. ternatwm var. intermedium first appeared in Gray’s Manual, ed. 6, p. 694(1890). Several specimens have come to hand which are inter- mediate between ssp. silaifolium and var. oneidense of B. dissectum. Yet, there usually seems to be discontinuity between the two species, even though the differences are not great. Two plants from near London, Middlesex Co., Ontario, J. A. Balkwill in part (Mich.) have the blades much divided, with the ultimate divisions small, Te _ sembling forms of B. Schaffneri and B. australe. Such plants suggest the possibility that these two species are only races of B. multifidum. When abundant material 1s available from the mountains of northern Mexico and from the Andes of South America, further revision may be necessary in this group. No drastic extensions of range have come to my atten- tion, but there are many records to fill some of the gaps in the previously known distribution of the subspecies. Additional collections from the New England eo graphical Province are from Belknap Co., N. H., New London Co., Conn., and north of Petersburg Pass, Rens- selaer Co., N. Y.; the ssp. silaifolium is also reported from Rhode Island as var. intermedium by Wright and Cran dall (1941). The only Coastal Plain record known to me is the eol- lection from near Keyport, N. J. There are specimens of this subspecies in the herbarium of Dartmouth Colleg®, mounted with others of B. dissectum var. obliquum, col- lected by J. H. Redfield and labeled ‘‘copses in sand hills. Atlantie City.’’? Probably the collection is a mixed one, since the occurrence of B. multifidum at or near Atlantic City seems unlikely. Moore (1940) has reported specimens from low woods along the St. Francis River and in Hempstead Co., Arkansas (Hempstead County 18 on STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 15 the inner Coastal Plain of Arkansas). The Palmer specimens, on which the report from there is based, are B. dissectum var. obliquum. I have not seen the speci- mens from the St. Francis River, but suspect that they too may be referable to B. dissectum, since B. multifidum occurs no nearer to Arkansas than Iowa. Several more records from the Appalachian Plateau indicate that this subspecies, although infrequent, is rather widely distributed in the northern part of that region. Further specimens are from Albany and Madi- son Counties, N. Y., and from Erie, Pike, Susquehanna, and Wayne Counties, Pennsylvania; also it is reported by House (1933) from Chenango Co., N. Y. Additional collections on the Central Lowland are from Carleton, Clinton, and Middlesex Counties, Ontario, and from Wayne Co., N.Y, ; also Tryon (1940) has reported it from Several counties in Wisconsin. Further records from the Superior Upland include specimens from Hull Co., Que- bee, and a report by Graves (1933) from Gogebie Co., Mich., and by Tryon (1940) from several counties in Isconsin. The collection by E. T. Wherry (Penn) from open Pine woods, Clearwater Co., Idaho, in the Northern Rocky Mts., is the first from Idaho. Lewis Co., Wash., 18a further locality in the Cascades. Thave not seen the specimens on which are based the reports by Fraser and Russell (1937) from McKague, Saskatoon, and Big River, Saskatchewan, all localities in the western part of the Central Lowland. Ib. Borrycuium MULTIFIDUM (Gmel.) Rupr., ssp. TYPI- CUM. B. ternatum A) europaeum a campestris and B montana, Milde, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 19: 150(1869) ; B. multifidum £. dentatum Tryon, Amer. Fern Journ. 29: 6, fig. 2(1939). Tryon’s forma dentatum, described from Douglas Co., 16 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Wisconsin, differs from the typical condition of the sub- species in having the margins of the segments more promi- nently toothed, with the teeth of a dentate rather than a crenate type. Ssp. silaifolium seems to vary similarly in the serrature of the segments. For the New England area, there are further records from Windsor Co., Vt., and Essex Co. and Mt. Washing- ton, Berkshire Co., Mass. A previous collection from Berkshire County was questionable. From the Adiron- dack Mountains there are specimens from Hamilton Co., N. Y. From the Appalachian Plateau, specimens are available from Delaware, Lewis, and Oneida Cos., N. *-; and from Wayne Co., Pa. These localities represent the southern limits of ssp. typicum in eastern North America. In Wayne Co., Pa., which is physiographically related to the Catskill Mts. of New York, the plants occur at an ele- vation of about 490 meters. The subspecies was dis- covered there by W. L. Dix and later seen by E. T. Wherry and the writer. Small specimens collected by Wherry in Susquehanna Co., Pa., on the Glaciated Alle- gheny Plateau, are transitional towards ssp. silaifolium. Additional records for the Central Lowland are from Middlesex Co., Ontario, and Douglas and Sheboygan Counties, Wisconsin. From the Superior Upland of Wis- consin, it is reported by Tryon (1940) from Bayfield, Iron, Lincoln, Polk, and Vilas Counties. From the northern Great Plains there is a collection by J. Macoun (Roch) simply labeled ‘‘Plains,’’ Saskatche- wan. From the northern Pacific Coast there is a collec- tion from Heart Lake near (?) Sitka, Alaska, Luella e- Smith 238 (Ore). This is somewhat intermediate be- tween ssp. typicum and ssp. silaifolium. Additional European records are from Mt. Cons0 Hungary, 17021 (Bz) and Bienhof near Riga, Latvia, M. 8S. Baxter (Roch). STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 17 ld. Borrycnium MuLTIFIDUM ssp. CouuTert (Rydb.) Clausen. ; I have now observed this subspecies in grassy meadows in Yellowstone Park, the region of the type locality. In the fresh condition the blades appear yellow-green and erisped. In the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon I have Seen ssp. Coulteri in a grassy place in open woods along the Lostine River. There the plants were growing in association with B. boreale ssp. obtusilobum and B. lanceolatum ssp. typicum. The largest specimen was 27 em. high and the longest fertile spike 8 em. The range of ssp. Coulteri has been extended con- siderably southward. The southernmost locality previ- ously known was in Sequoia National Park, California, in the Sierra Nevada at Lat. 36° 30’ N. Specimens have now been collected by Leslie N. Goodding and William Schroeder, no, 340-41, Sept. 17, 1941, in a grassy flat in the White Mountains of Arizona, at an elevation of about 2838 meters, at about 34° N. This collection is the first from the Colorado Plateau. Specimens were Sent me for confirmation by Dr. E. L. Little, Jr., and he (Little, 1942) has published a note on this occurrence. 4. Borrycutum TerRNatum (Thunb.) Sw. B. dauer- folium f. subbasilis van Alderwerelt van Rosen- burgh, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit., II, 1: 3(1911). Thirteen specimens of f. subbasilis in the Buitenzorg Herbarium, all from Java and Sumatra, are so similar to plants from China and J apan that I treat them as B. ternatum. Minimum measurements of the blade are 2.5 em. long and 2.7 em. wide. HINA: Yunnan Province; also Su-tchuen oriental, Dis- triet Tehen-kéou-tin. Two collections of R. P. Farges from the latter locality, previously cited as B. multifidum ‘Sp. typicum, should be referred here on a basis of the membranous blades with small ultimate segments. This 18 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL conclusion is the result of study of further specimens of those collections in the Buitenzorg Herbarium. Japan: Sekido, Province of Musashi and Mt. Amagi, Province of Izu; also Yokohama. Java: From 1800 to 2250 meters; Ardjoena Beroeki, Helling van Merbaboe, and Priangan P. Papandijag. Fruiting time extends from October to March. Sumatra: From 1225 to 1350 meters ; Karohoogolakhe. Fruiting time seems to extend from January to May. 5. BorrycHIUuM BITERNATUM (Sav.) Underw. This is the type species of the Section Biternatae ; also probably the rarest Botrychium in eastern North Amer- ica. Auburn in Lee County, Alabama, a locality ap- proximately on the fall line, is a station for the species not previously reported by me. 6. BorryCHIUM ALABAMENSE Maxon. This species is now known north to Davie County, North Carolina, and from three localities in South Caro- lina. The center of distribution seems to be the Pied- mont Upland, with extensions into the Southern Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain. Records from the Piedmont include: Buncombe Co., N. C., reported by Blomquist and Correll (1940) ; Davie County, N. C., 3 km. northwest of Mocksville, Sept. 1, 1934, J. E. Benedict, Jr. 2970 (Herb. J. E. Benedict, Jr.), also R. T. C. & H. Trapido 3837 (C, Claus) ; Green ville Co., S. C., along Jamison Mill Creek, elev. about 380 m., 6.5 km. northwest of Gowansville, Aug. 24, 1938, H. W. Trudell & E. T. Wherry (Ph) ; Pickens Co., 8. C+ 6.5 km. from Easely, March 27, 1937, Miriam F ullbright (Fur) ; also along Eastatoe Creek, alt. 426 m., Sept. 11, 1941, R. 7. C. et al. 5640 (Claus) ; Habersham County, Ga., in woods along small stream, alt. 365 m., 10 km. STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 19 north of Cornelia, Nov. 16, 1939, Mary G. Henry 1906 (Ph). A further collection on the Coastal Plain is from the eastern side of Appalachicola River, Aspalaga, Lib- erty Co., Florida, Nov. 28, 1936, E. P. St. John et al. (Herb. E. P. St. John). 8. BorrycHium UNDERWOODIANUM Maxon. A series of specimens collected by M. A. Chrysler, no. 5494, south of Escuela de Porrosati, Costa Rica, exhibits two interesting variations. The sterile blade of one Plant approaches B. australe var. erosum in eutting and size, but not in texture. The sterile blade of another Plant has the ultimate divisions much smaller than usual and prominently incised. 9. Borrycutum pissectum Sprengel. This is the type species of the section Hlongatae. Despite the complete intergradation between the several varieties of ssp. typicum, some authors continue to desig- hate as full species such variations as the dissected and undissected leaf-phases. Among others, Blomquist and Correll (1940) follow this practice, recognizing B. dis- Sectum and B. obliquum, although they state that the vars. tenuifolium and oneidense ‘‘should be considered only as leaf forms of B. obliquum.’’ Yet the var. tenwi- folium, besides differing in leaf form and texture, also IS Somewhat geographically separated, for it is the com- mon phase of the species on the southern Coastal Plain, whereas the other three varieties are rarely found there. From this, there would seem to be justification for re- sarding var, tenutfolium as a subspecies. No such geo- raphical correlation supports the separation of the dis- “ected leaf-phase from the undissected. Further, the Sole difference seems to be in the eutting of the leaf. If Yar. oneidense, in which leaf form is supported by a 20 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL physiological character, is not worth recognizing in any category, then the two variations based on dissection of the blade not only should be suppressed as species, but they also should be dropped as varieties. The character of the laciniations, stressed again by Gruber (1940) as a means for separating the dissected from the undissected phase of ssp. typicum, is not satisfactory as an absolute basis for differentiation, since this, like the depth of the lacerations, is very variable. This is one of the commonest Grape-ferns. Probably because of its abundance, abnormalities which occur in many of the species are more frequently observed in this. These abnormalities include plants with several fertile panicles. The extra panicles usually occur in pairs and are arranged as opposite or subopposite branches from the base of the main fertile segment. 9a. BorrycHtum DISsECTUM var. ONEIDENSE (Gilbert) Farwe I have now seen the type specimen in the Gilbert Fern Herbarium at Hamilton College, also a cotype im the herbarium of the New York State Museum. Locality 38 given as wet woods on Mohawk Flats near Utica New England Province: Cited by Dole (1937) from Proctor, Rutland County, Vt.; Hampshire Co., Mass. Blue Ridge Mts. : Roan Mt., ‘Mitehell Co., N. C Ridge and Valley Province: Schuylkill Co., Pa. Appalachian Plateau: Chautauqua, Chemung and Schoharie Counties, N. Y.; Allegheny, Beaver, Camero”, Elk, Lackawanna, Lycoming: Monroe, and Potter Coun- ties, Pa.; Rowan Co., Centon! Lowland : Genesee, Monroe, and Orleans Coun- ties, N. Y.; Lueas Co., Ohio; Ottawa, St. Clair, and Washtena: Counties, Mich.; ‘i reported by Tryo? (1940) from Dane and Waskssmna Counties, Wisconsin. STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 21 9b. Borrycuium pISsECTUM var. OBLIQUUM (Muhl.) Clute. B. dissectum f. pennsylvanicum (E. W. Graves) C. L. Gruber, Amer. Fern Journ. 30: 44. (1940). B. obliquum f£. confusum Wherry, Bartonia 21: 12(1942); based on a form of var. obliquum with the ultimate sterile segments with more or less dentate teeth. I have seen many specimens which belong in this category. New England Province: Reported by Roland (1941) from Colchester, Cumberland and Kings Counties, Nova Scotia ; Somerset Co., Me.; Grafton Co., N. H.; Windham Co., Vt.; Putnam Co., N. Y. Adirondack Mts. : Franklin, Fulton, and Lewis Coun- ties, N. Y, Coastal Plain: Anne Arundel, Calvert, and Caroline Counties, Md.; Northampton and Surry Counties, Va. have seen no specimens of var. obliquum from the Coastal Plain south of Virginia. Reports by Blomquist and Correll ( 1940) from Brunswick, Franklin, Moore, and Pender Counties, N. C., by Matthews (1940) from Florence Co., 8. C., and by Correll (1939) from Alcorn and Tishomingo Counties, Miss., probably are based on plants of var. tenuifolium. Piedmont Plateau: Carroll and Frederick Counties, d.; Henry Co., Va., also reported by Lewis and Massey (1940) from Amelia Co., Va.; Surry Co., N. C., also "eported by Blomquist and Correll (1940) from Cald- Well, Durham, Granville, Guilford, Johnston, Lincoln, Montgomery, and Yadkin Counties, N. C.; Greenville, Oconee and Pickens Co., 8. C. Reported from Lee Co., Ala., by Correll (1939). Blue Ridge: Alleghany Co., N. C.; also reported by Blomquist and Correll (1940) from Ashe, Graham, con, Madison, and Mitchell Counties, N. C.; Pickens 0., 8. C. 22 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Ridge and Valley Provincee—Hudson Valley : Colum- bia and Rensselaer Counties, N. Y. Middle Section: Northumberland, Schuylkill, and Snyder Counties, Pa.; Washington Co., Md. Southern Section: Reported from Loudon Co., Va., by Correll (1939). Some specimens from Schuylkill Co., Pa., are intermediate between vars. obliquum and oneidense. Appalachian Plateau: Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.; Arm- strong, Beaver, Bedford, Butler, Cameron, Clarion, Clearfield, Crawford, Elk, Greene, Lycoming, Mercer, Potter, and Somerset Counties, Pa.; Trumbull Co., Ohio; Greenbrier and Jefferson Counties, W. Va.; Morgan Co., Tenn. Some specimens from Warren Co., Pa., are inter- mediate between vars. obliquum and oneidense. Central Lowland: Delaware Co., Ohio; also reported from Henry Co., Ohio, by C. H. Jones (1940) ; Allegan, Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo, and Oakland Counties, Mich. There are specimens intermediate between var. obliquum and var. oneidense from Porter Co., Ind. Ozark Plateau: Newton, Van Buren, and Washington Counties, Ark. Ouachita Province: Mentioned from Montgomery Co., Ark., by D. M. Moore in letter. A doubtful specimen from Duluth, St. Louis Co., Minn., is my only record from the western part of the Superior Upland. 9c. BoTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM var. TENUIFOLIUM (Underw-) Farwell. The northernmost locality on the Coastal Plain was Salisbury, Maryland (Clausen, 1938). A collection by E. T. Wherry (Ph), Sept. 18, 1938, from Farmington, Hartford Co., Conn., so closely resembles specimens from the southern Coastal Plain that it seems necessary 1 refer it here. This record extends the range of the va? STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 23 tenuifolium to the New England Upland. From the Coastal Plain or its inner fringe in Maryland, three ad- ditional records are available. Northernmost of these, from the data on the herbarium label, is: Wet woods, Woodbrook, Baltimore Co., Oct., 1891, herb. C. E. Waters (Mich). From the Coastal Plain of southeastern Vir- ginia, there are specimens from three more counties. Although there is only one record of var. tenuifolium from the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, there are Several from South Carolina, indicating that var. tenwi- folium is the common phase of the species on the Coastal Plain of that state. This is confirmed by my own ex- perience in the field there. It is likely that reports of var. obliquum from the Coastal Plain of North Carolina are based on plants referable to var. tenuifoium, From farther south and west there are additional records from the Coastal Plain of Alabama and Louisiana. On the Piedmont the northernmost collection known to me is from a stream bank in Durham County, N. C., Oct. 5, 1933, Mildred G. Stites 37 (Huh). From South Carolina I have seen specimens from five counties on the Piedmont Upland, also intermediates between vars. obliquum and tenuifolium from several localities, both on the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. An additional ree- ord from the Piedmont of Georgia is afforded by a collec- tion from a swamp near Stone Mt. (Fur). Although the var. tenuifoliwm is predominantly a popu- lation of the Coastal Plain, it also occurs in other Provinces to a limited extent. Already I (Clausen, 1938) have reported it from two localities in the Southern Blue tidge in North Carolina and from the Tennessee Moun- tains. To these records may now be added the collection of W. E. Merrill (Fur), Aug. 23, 1928, from low moist Woods at about 300 meters elev., near Cedar Mt., Transyl- Vania Co., N. C., and a collection by D. S. Correll, no. 24 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 4045 (NY) from moist woods along the New River near Scottsville, Ashe Co., N. C. From the Ohio Valley, there is a collection from farther upstream than previously reported and the first from Ohio. This is from woods at Madiera, Hamilton Co., Mrs. Walter Callahan (Cine). 9d. BorrycHIuM DIssEcTUM Spreng. var. TYPICUM. The northern limit of the distribution of this variety in the east seems to be the St. Lawrence Valley. An addi- tional locality in this region is the Co. de St. Iberville in Quebec. From the New England Province, Windham Co., Vt., and Rensselaer Co., N. Y., should be added to the list of counties from which specimens are available. The var. typicum occurs on the northern Coastal Plain, but seems to be rare in the pine barrens of New Jersey- From the pine barrens, it has been collected by Hollis Koster, no. A 2-3-1 (Claus), in a damp thicket at Bur- lington Co., N. J. There are records from nine counties on the Coastal Plain of Maryland, but from only, two counties on the Coastal Plain of Virginia, whereas there are records for var. tenuifoliwm from five counties of the same region of Virginia. I have seen no specimens of var. typicum from the Coastal Plain south of Virgia, but there are reports of its occurrence in Florida and southern Arkansas. On the Piedmont var. typicum ranges south to North Carolina, Tennessee, and South Carolina. Blomquist and Correll (1940) gave the range as south to Georgia, but they did not mention the part of the state where it occurs. Southernmost Piedmont collections known to me are 6.5 km. from Easley, Pickens Co., §. C., Mar. 26, 1937, Miriam Fullbright (Fur), also R. T. C. & H. Trapid? (Claus, Corn, BH); wooded slope along Jamison Mill Creek, elev. about 375 meters, Greenville Co., S. C., H.¥- Trudell & E. T. Wherry (Ph); woods along stream at STUDIES IN OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 25 Forty-Acre Rock, Laneaster Co., S. C., Velma Matthews & Elizabeth Boland (Cok). There are many additional specimens and records from the Piedmont of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, indicating that this variety is frequent in the northern part of that province. Records from the Blue Ridge are few. From the Valley and Ridge area west of the Blue Ridge, specimens are available from Roanoke County, Virginia, to Washington Oo., N. Y. The var. typicum is common on the northern part of the Appalachian Plateau and there completely inter- grades with var. obliquum. South and west of Pennsyl- Vania, I know it from that province only from Tucker Co., W. Va., and Ashtabula, Portage, and Trumbull Counties, Ohio. On the Central Lowland the var. typicum ranges from Oswego Co., N. Y., west to Iowa. Specimens or records are available from additional counties in New York, Ohio, and Michigan. Graves (1933) has cited a collection from the Superior Pland, from the Black River, Gogebie Co., Mich., but I have not seen specimens. ¥ reviously known from the northeastern limits of the Ozark Plateau, the var. typicum is now also known from the southwestern part of that province, from low open Woods, Farmington, Washington Co., Ark., D. M. Moore 330309 (Ark). 12. Borryemum pavcirouum Wall. in Hook. & Grev. B. subcarnosum Wall., Hooker’s Bot. Mise. 3: 222. 1832(1833). B. formosanum Tagawa, Act. Phyt. Geobot. 9: 87-88 (1940). Authentic specimens, kindly sent to me by Dr. Tagawa, 80 closely resemble B. daucifolium that I am inclined to Place B. formosanum in the synonymy of that species, not even according it subspecifie status. In separating his Species from B. dauci folium, Tagawa has used particularly 26 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL the venation and the color of the sporangia. As a result of field experience with other species of Botrychiwm, sporangial color impresses me as of slight taxonomic im- portance. The venation character is more satisfactory, but there is overlapping in this. In B. formosanum the basal posterior vein of the penultimate segment arises either at or above the point of insertion of the costa. In thirty-five collections of B. daucifolium from the East Indies, the same basal posterior vein arose either at or below the point of insertion of the costa. Perhaps this tendency, if maintained through a large series of speci- mens, is of sufficient importance to warrant the recogni- tion of the Formosan population as a distinct subspecies, but in the absence of further evidence and more specimens from there, I am not now making the new combination. n the Botanical Miscellany, Greville and Hooker (ibid.) listed both B. subcarnosum and B. daucifolium, but it is not clear to me how they were to be distinguished. The East Indian specimens mentioned above include collections from Bali, British North Borneo, Java, Su- matra, and Timor. From data with these specimens, the altitudinal distribution in Java seems to be from 900 to 1600 meters and the fruiting time from late May to the end of July. From Flores Island, specimens are available from an elevation of 1850 meters. DEPARTMENT OF Borany, CoRNELL UNIVERSITY LITERATURE CITED Blomquist, H. L., and Correll, D. 8. 1940. A County Cheek _ f North Carolina Ferns and Fern, Allies. Ophioglossaceae- ig irene Mitchell Sci. Soc. 56: *. Clausen, Robert T. 1988, A Goes er ‘the Ophioglossacea m. Torr. Club 197: Correll . 8s. eve “ing Southeastern Fern Notes. Amer- Fern nae E. Ss (editor. Re tay Flora of Vermont. i-xiv, 1 1-353. Fraser, W. P., and Russell, R. C. 1937. List of the — Pleats Ferns, on Fern Allise of Saskatchewan. pp- 1 SHORTER NoTES 27 Graves, = We L038: id ong dissectum from North Michigan. Amer, Fern Journ. 23: 28-30. Gruber, C. L. 1940. Distinguishing geri reer ee and Botrychiwm dissec Amer. Fern Journ. 30: House, H. D. 1933. Additions to the Fern lira of New York tate. Amer. Fern Ae Jones, C. H. 1940. ‘Additions to the Revised Catalogue of Ohio Vascular Plants, VIII. Ohio Journ. Sci. 40: 200-216. Lewis, J. B., and Massey, A.B. i940. Ferns and Fern Allies of bi . ‘ el. 1: Va. Journ. Little, E. L., Jr. 1942. A First Agana. —— of Botrychium multifidum. Amer. Fern Jou Matthews, Velma D. 1940. The "Ferns and con Allies of South arolina. Amer. Fern Journ. 30: Moore, D. W. 1940. Arkansas Pieridophyts. Amer, Fern Journ. Roland, Cae E. 1941. The Ferns of Nova Scotia. Proce. N. S. Inst. 64-12 Tryon, R. M., Jr, Fan t, N.C, Dunlop, D. W., and Diemer, M. E. 1940. The Ferns a Fern ‘Allies of Wisconsin, We -158. Weatherty, C. A. 1942. Subspecies. Rhod gt =. T. ee The Ferns er ‘anaes ie oan Shorter Notes Tae Range or NOTHOLAENA DELICATULA—A CorRREC- TION.—When we described Notholaena delicatula,’ Dr. Maxon and I recorded collections from the southeastern Part of the state of Coahuila, Mexico, and adjacent Nuevo Leén, and one from ‘Jalisco: limestone ledges, mountains near Monterrey, June, 1889, Pringle 2581. he quoted phrases were copied verbatim from Pringle’s abel. At the time, we accepted the data on the label without misgiving. Reference, however, to Pringle’s diary, as Published by Mrs. Davis,? shows that he was in and near Monterrey, } Nuevo Leén (not Jalisco), for most of the Month of June, 1889. He specifically refers to the par- ticular fern in question, as Notholaena nivea var. flava (the name under which it was distributed), and notes 2 Contrib. Gray Herb, 127: 7, 8. 1939. Pp. Pers 1g5 Burns. Life and Work of Cyrus Guernsey Pringle, 28 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL that it was collected June 18th on the rocky slope of the Sierra Madre ‘‘two hours’ walk south of the old Bishop’s Palace.’’? Jalisco, then, on the label, is a clerical error; and N. delicatula becomes one of the local species of northeastern Mexico, known, so far, only from Coahuila and Nuevo Leén. This is a more natural, or at least more usual, geographic condition. Two other species, Canavalia villosa and Cnicus Pringlei, recorded in the diary as collected at the same place and on the same or the preceding day, are correctly labelled in the Gray Herbarium. Only the fern seems to have suffered a mischance. Indeed, in the course of a good many years familiarity with Pringle’s specimens, this is the only error I have detected in the data given on his labels —C. A. WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium. Preris virrata Harpy in Wasuineton, D. C.—In ceased’ ing the corner of Maryland Ave. and 2d St., 8. W., ™ Washington, D. C., on November 20, 1942, I happened to notice several groups of ferns growing on the brick foun- dation of a Government greenhouse. Investigation dis- closed the species to be Pteris vittata L. Several of the larger plants are 15 to 18 inches tall, which may be taken to indicate the age as approximately five years. The venation, sori, scaly petioles, non-articulate pinnae, and other diagnostic characters check perfectly with spec! mens I have collected in southern Florida. This find may extend the range of Pteris vittata some 500 miles north of previous records, but in any event it is interesting to find that this species has been able to endure the winter temperatures of this latitude for 8? many years. In Dade County, Florida, it is found spat ingly, growing on the walls of limestone road-material pits and occasionally about the bases of limestone boul- ders, often in association with grasses and weeds, usually in full sunlight—F. N. Irvine, Washington, D. C. Sorter Notes 29 ASPLENIUM SEPTENTRIONALE IN CALIFORNIA.—A record of the discovery of this rare spleenwort in California has recently appeared in a mimeographed publication’ of the Sierra Club of California, by John Thomas Howell, but apparently has not been formally published. It thus Seems decidedly worth while to bring this find to the attention of botanists, and especially fern students. Per- aps No missing link in the distribution of North Ameri- can ferns is so critical as the discovery of this Carex-like ‘Spleenwort in the Sierra Nevada, ‘‘in crevices of granite rocks above Columbine Lake,’’ below Sawtooth Pass, east of Mineral King, Tulare Co. (J. 7. Howell 17803). Be- Cause this spleenwort was long ago detected in the San edro Martir of Baja California, and in the region of San Francisco Peaks and Flagstaff, Arizona, but absent from California proper, this collection is truly historic. Thasmuch as other holarctic plant species occur in the San Pedro Martir Sierra, along with the spleenwort, as extreme southernmost stations in every case, it is now clear that what appeared to be an incongruous distribu- tion pattern for Asplenium septentrionale falls easily into the familiar mapping known for dozens of holarctic Species. My field experience with this fern in Colorado leads me to conclude that wherever it grows, this spleen- Wort eludes the eye of many keen collectors. In its usual growth habit it looks more like a Carex out of season, less like the expected fern form, than any other fern I have met in the field —J. Ewan, University of Colorado, PouyPopium pectivaTumM as AN Eprrnyre—tIn early May of last year I went on a collecting trip to the south- *rn end of the county, on the old St. Augustine Road. This is a wonderful spot, with more species of orchids to “Base Cam 1942 (received as Sea p Botany, 1942. 29 pp. Sept. 10, Feprint item Nov. 30, 1942), > ee AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL the square yard than any other place I know, besides a host of other interesting flowering plants. It is also my nearest station for Selaginella apoda. Back in the swamp, where the Selaginella grows, I came on a large live oak which I had never noticed before and, struck by its ancient and picturesque appearance, I went close to it and was greatly astonished to see a number of plants of Polypodium pectinatum growing as epiphytes upon the trunk. The weather had been extremely dry all spring, and most of the fronds were curled and brown, some of the largest being dead. Six months later I went back to the place with another member of the Fern Society, Lieut. Commander Shields, now stationed here. We collected three nice plants, leaving plenty more on the tree, and these are now grow- ing in my fern garden. The summer rains had brought the plants into good condition and some of them were especially fine. This is the first record of this fern in Duval County and, I believe, the most northern station known.—Mary W. Dipvetu, Jacksonville, Fla. Harvr’s-TONGUES IN a Limestone Grorro.—several years ago I constructed in my garden an enclosure of weathered rocks taken from limestone ledges in Sussex Co., New Jersey. It is roughly oval, about 4 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 2 feet deep, and is surrounded by tall ferns, having thus the effect of a small grotto. In it I set out several Hart’s-tongues, probably all of the Euro- pean type. These have grown very well, and last dase many sporelings appeared, some an inch or two in height and others just emerging from the prothallial stage. If they continue to grow well and to increase in number, @ good supply of young plants will shortly be available to members of the Society—W. Hersert DOLE, est Orange, New Jersey. Recent Fern LiIrerATURE aL Recent Fern Literature With the prefatory remark, ‘‘Whatever Cheilanthes Sw. may stand for, the generic sense of which is far too broad according to current usage, the conclusion of my study in the years past is that that group of ferns, as typified by Pteris argentea Gmel. and Pteris farinosa Forskal and referred to Cheilanthes by later authors, is especially distinct from that genus,’’ Dr. Ching has re- vived Aleuritopteris Fée (1852). He recognizes 19 Asiatic Species, divided into three sections on characters of habit and spores, and adds, in notes, the American Ch. aurea Baker and Ch. aurantiaca (Cav.) Moore. Geo- sraphic data, some discussion and informal description of species, and full synonymy are given.? Even though he provides no more than the skeleton of a key, Ching’s carefully documented treatment can hardly fail to aid in an understanding of the Asiatic Species concerned. And, as he limits it, Aleuritopteris ‘Sno doubt a natural group. It has been recognized as such by most pteridologists in the 90 years since Fée’s Publication. Hooker and Mettenius placed together the Ko Ching, R. ©, The studies of Chinese ferns—XXXI. Hong 2, Naturalist, 10: 194-204, 1941. w2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL by his predecessors; in substance he merely asserts that his opinion differs from theirs. A second and more serious weakness of such work is that it rests on too narrow a basis. It is almost wholly regional. The Asiatic species of Cheilanthes, section Aleuritopteris, are distinct enough from other species of Cheilanthes inhabiting that area. It is in America that the real difficulties of classification are found. Even the American species which Ching assigns to Aleuwritopteris are habitally aberrant, Ch. aurea in its finely dissected blade and Ch. aurantiaca in its reduced lower pinnae. Other American species, conventionally placed in Notho- laenao—N. sulphurea, N. candida, and particularly N. galapagensis—differ from Aleuritopteris, at least so far as has yet been pointed out, only in the absence of a modified hyaline leaf-margin serving as an indusium. N. Standley: is like them except for a more pedate type of leaf-architecture, in this respect resembling Ch. grevtl- leoides Christ, the type of the genus Sinopteris C. Chr. & Ching. Farther afield, but still within range, is Pity- rogramma triangularis, again strikingly like Alewrto- pteris, but without indusium and bearing sporangia along the whole length of the veins instead of at the tip only. In this last case, soral structure may well be phylogenet!- eally important enough to counterbalance everything else, as has usually been supposed; nevertheless, it the tribe Cheilantheae any particular type of sorus is likely to be associated, in different species, with a rather miscel- laneous lot of other characters. Ching does not mention any of the species enumerated above, though Fée assigned two of them to his Alewritopteris. But until they are dis- posed of, one must either assume that an extension of the epidermis beyond the edge of the leaf-tissue is by itself a generic character, though it is found in all degrees of development in the Cheilantheae, or must leave Aleuri- RECENT FERN LITERATURE Sa topteris, as a genus, distinctly ragged about the edges. Ching, I think, does just that. There are many difficult questions of classification in the Cheilantheae and they center about just such marginal species as N. sulphurea and the others discussed above. They can probably be settled only by patient and minute comparison of the characteristics of all the species of the tribe. The final solution may lie in such broad generic lines as those laid down by Prantl in his study of Pellaea and Cryptogramma, or in the recognition of relatively humerous small genera. But the premature setting up of insufficiently studied microgenera gets us nowhere. ere is another way. Christensen, once Ching’s teacher, has shown it to us. When he published the sec- ond part of his monograph of the American species of D "yopteris, he believed that the subgenera he there recog- nized were in reality good genera. But he would not set €m up as such and continued to treat them under Pryopteris until he had studied the Old World species also and tested his concepts by them. Not until 18 years later did he finally accept them as genera. It is to be hoped that Serious students of the Cheilantheae will fol- low his example—C. A. WEATHERBY. A recent note in Ecology’ discusses the réle of Bracken (Pteridiwm) in the regeneration of Douglas fir forests. he Bracken is abundant in one of the regions where Douglas fir grows. After lumbering, the slash is usually wned and then the fern becomes dominant. In areas that are Subjected to repeated burning, the effect of a Bracken cover is detrimental to the Douglas fir seedlings. The dead fronds produce such a continuous and inflam- Mable cover that most of the seedlings are killed by a fire. On the other hand, in undisturbed areas the protective Bracken cover is beneficial. The seedlings grow better os McCulloch, W. F. The Role of Bracken Fern in Douglas-fir Seneration. Eeology 23: 484, 485. 1942. * 34 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL and there are more of them under the Bracken than in exposed areas.—R. M. Tryon, Jr., Dartmouth College. Dr. Jesse M. Shaver? has produced a veritable vade mecum for amateurs in ferns, at least if they happen to live in or visit Tennessee. It contains, within the limits of a 25-page article, sections on the folk-lore of ferns, their life-history, the making of blue-prints and other such ‘‘nature prints’’ of fern leaves, the names of ferns (with an interesting little essay on the pronunciation of the Latin ones), photographing ferns, fern gardens, and growing ferns from spores. There are instructions at once concise, clear and in considerable detail for all of these activities which require them. In addition there is a good account, with map, of the chief floristic areas of Tennessee, lists of the species of ferns most characteristic of each, and a bibliography. It is hard to think of any- thing a beginner in the study of Tennessee ferns would need to know about, including the Fern Society, which is not touched upon.—C. A. WEATHERBY. American Fern Society Report of the President for 1942 Conditions of war made necessary the postponement of the American Fern Society’s usual annual meeting. Yet the Journal has appeared in all four numbers and there is good reason to expect its continued publication of printing or mimeographing the list. By adopting the latter method of preparation, a considerable economy alae effected. Members might assist the officers in deci whether or not to mimeograph such a list in the future 1 Shaver, Jesse W. Some general notes on ferns. Journ. Tem nessee Acad. Sci. 17: 311-336. 9 figs., 1 map. Oct. 1942. AMERICAN FERN Society 35 by letting them know whether they approve or disap- prove such procedure. Expressions of opinion on all sorts of topics will help the Council better to administer the affairs of the Society. Also the editors will appreci- ate suggestions about the Journal and will be particularly glad to receive for publication brief notes about the dis- tribution or culture of ferns or other details of fern study. As retiring president, I desire to express the hope that - the Society will continue to prosper, even in these years of strife. Also, I hope that the Journal will continue to ‘ppear as frequently and with as many pages as the recent volumes have contained. Finally, I hope that enthusiastic interest in ferns may not only continue among us all, but may spread to still others who will join in our association and enjoy the pleasures of our study and hobby. Rosert T. Cuausen, President Report of the Secretary for 1942 During this first year of active participation by our ‘ountry in the war effort of the Allied Nations the basic Toutine of the Society has gone on as unspectacularly as usual. But as in all other activities of life, the war has Made itself felt in the more public aspects of our exis- tence. Largely because of gasoline rationing, no attempt Was made to hold a Field Meeting during the year. Our annual winter meeting, scheduled to be held December 28 at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, was canceled also, in “ompliance with the Government’s request that meetings ot the American Association for the Advancement of Science and affiliated societies, ordinarily held during Snvocation Week, be dispensed with in order to reduce “Ivilian travel during the holidays. The Society was officially represented at the 75th An- Niversary celebration of the Torrey Botanical Club in June by Dr. Edgar T. Wherry. 36 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Information has reached the Secretary of the active participation of some of our members in the war : Richard C. Harlow and Edward M. Shields have been commis- sioned Lieut. Commanders in the U. 8S. Navy; and Harold Trapido is stationed at Paine Field, in Washington. This may be only a partial list, and the Secretary would be glad to have information of other members who are in war service. The names of four of our members have been removed during 1942 through death: Rev. Charles 8. Lewis, who from 1923 through 1933 was Secretary of the Society; William B. Rossberg, one of our Life Members; Miss Anna L. Hall and A. H. Marchant. In addition to these, some 40 others were lost through resignations and the non-payment of dues. This heavy loss has been com- pensated in part by the relatively large addition of 27 new members. This brings the balance back to a mem- bership of 387 with which to start the new year. For 1943 one of our goals may well be the interesting of friends to become members, so that we may regain the high mark of 1941, when our ‘‘fern fellowship”’ included 402 members. Respectfully submitted, Este G. Wurrney, Secretary Report of the Treasurer for 1942 In a year which has brought serious difficulties to many scientific organizations the American Fern Society may still be said to be in a fairly good financial condition, but the cooperation of all members will be needed during the coming year to maintain the present level. Cash on hand, it may be noted, is only $10 less than on January 1, 1942, a good sign of present stability. There is a rise of 10 per cent in the cost of printing for 1943. Some members of long standing, upon whom we have AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 37 counted to pay dues for several years back, have done so, as may be seen from the accompanying detailed report. During the year we received a gift of $5 from a mem- ber of long standing who wishes to remain anonymous, and as contributions toward the membership committee we received gifts of $5 from Mrs. D. C. Boyce and $9.75 from Dr. R. C. Benedict. The treasurer wishes to thank all members for their kind cooperation throughout the year. 1939 Membership Arrears 1941 Membership Arrears 1942 Membership Renewals 2 New M embers 1943 Membership Renewals embers 1943 New M alien Ae eaves ser 2.00 26.25 1944 Membership Renewals ............. 50 50 1941 Subscription Arrears 20.000. 50 2.50 1942 Subscription Renewals ........... 59.57 1 ew Subseribers ccc 8.85 68.42 1943 Subscription Renewals ............ 9.58 39.58 Sale of back numbers A.F.J. 72.00 72.00 Sale of A.F.J. Index 50 50 Sale of ‘‘State and Local Fern Floras’’ __. 10.25 10.25 Sale of ‘‘Vay. and Forms of Ferns ‘ - N. Am.’? 1.50 1.50 raga contribution for 1943 oc. 10.00 10.00 oat not restricted 5.00 5.00 pola for Membership Committee ....... 14.75 14.75 Gi ts (books) A.F.S, Library ........... S 4.34 4.34 ace (books) A.F.J. back numbers ..... 6.27 6.27 942 Advertising _. 4.00 8 15.97 15.97 cpaterred from Bissell Herbarium ta 4145 4145 $ 815.16 | ie: $1,057.28 Deduetion a/e Gift (books) A.F.S. Sat praises dia uction a/e Gift (books) A.F.J. ae ack numbers> oa uction a/e Profit on Sales* ........... aos edd ei $1,018.27 38 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Disbursements A $608.11 Reprints 45.21 45.21 1000 printed clasp envelopes ............. 8.00 8.00 Trade Discount 4.12 4.12 Agency Commission 7.40 7.40 Bank Charges 1.54 1.54 ense Presiden 3.00 Expense Treasurer 27.90 27.90 Expense Secretary 19.12 19.12 Expense Librarian 10.00 10.00 Expense Curator 51.45 51.45 $ 785.85 Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1943 o.oo $ 232.42 @ Transferred to A.F.S. Library Acct. (books). > Transferred to Inventory A.F.J. ¢ Transferred to Reserve Fund. Statement December 31, 1942 Assets Liabilities Cash on hand.........$232.42 Capital Account... $5,437.78 In Spee. Acct. #1... 510.05 1943 Memb. Susp. 15 In Spee. Acct. $2. 53.7 eet a ee In Reserve Fund.. 92.68 $ 888.90 1944 Memb. Susp. 50 3,200.00 1943 Subseribers 87 1,818.21 Susp. Acct. ..... 35. 260.50 Memb. Comm. 16 Lox. Susp. Acct. — $6,186.86 Distrib. Vol. > 410.00 Bissell Herb. Fund - Life Memb. Fund 53.75 pee $6,186.86 Respectfully submitted, Henry K. Svenson, Treasurer. Report of the Auditing Committee The undersigned have checked all the receipts and eX penditures of the American Fern Society for 1942 and find the Treasurer’s statement correct. AMERICAN F'erN Society 39 We recommend that the item Notes Receivable listed in the Assets column in the sum of $3,200.00 be reappraised and entered with an Inventory value of $1.00, and that the Liability Capital Account be reduced accordingly. € wish to express our sincere appreciation of the ser- vices of Dr. Svenson and his staff in behalf of the Society. Watrter 8S. ALLEN Freperick L. Facury Auditing Committee Report of the Judge of Elections A tabulation of the votes for officers of the American Fern Society for 1943 follows: For President - A. Weatherby 83 . Wherr 1 Robert T. Clausen 1 For Vice-President ose Ewan 80 erbert Dole 2 For Secretary Mrs. Elsie G, Whitney ..........- 84 . L. Blomquist For Treasurer enry K. Svenson 83 W.S, Allen a I therefore declare the following nominees elected: Ck: Weatherby, President; Joseph Ewan, Vice-Presi- dent; Mrs, Elsie G. Whitney, Secretary; Henry K. venson, Treasurer. Respectfully submitted, W. L. Drx, Judge of Elections From Sweden word has very recently been received of the death of Dr. Carl Christensen, foremost taxonomic authority upon ferns, which occurred in Copenhagen, Ovember 24,1942. He had been, since 1915, a member of the American Fern Society, and it is hoped soon to publish a biographical sketch in the JouRNAL. 40 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL NEw MEMBERS Mr. F. M. Cota, 2611 33d St., San Diego, Californ Mr. Marlin A. Espenshade, 435 Littleton St., Wort LaFayette, In- diana Miss E. Trene Graves, 237 Sumner St., Bridgewater, Se Mrs, Josephine Reddy Wilde, 156 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, CHANGES OF ADDRESS Mr. Maurice Broun, The Northfield, East Northfield, Massachusetts. Miss Elsie D. Canan, 1023 Millereek aes J apesehi ie ee Dr. Edmund LeRoy Dow, 8 Golf V: Road, Palm Beach, Flo rida. Myr. F.C. dens Bilasees Arms ae 900 Hast ne Bt., Kansas City, Missouri. Téent. omar Richard C. Harlow, U. 8. Naval Rest Center, Ashe- , No. Carolina. Miss 3 Barbara Howlett, R. D. 2, Presque Isle, Maine. Dr. Irving W. Kno loch, 699 East Utica ‘St., Buffalo, New York. Mrs. Arthur Luhr, 555 Kellogg Ave., Palo Alto, California Mr. Tan McCallum, c/o Mr. James Marshall, R.R. 1, Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. Dr, oe P. Ottley, Seneca Castle, New Y: . A. Schuurman, Consulate Distae: “ Ale Netherlands, Box ies 06, New Orleans, Louisi Mrs. James M. Stifler, 326 is ry Court, Bradenton, Florida. Dr. Edward P. St. Toba, Floral City, Citrus Co., Florida. Mr. Willman Spawn, P. O. Box 4098, Washingbou, D. C. Mr. Robert P. St. John, Floral mdi Citrus Co., Florida. Me Hes Wilkens, 424 So. 15th St., Reading, Pennsylvania. THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB MEMBERSHIP Including Bulletin, Memoirs, and Torreya, $5.00 a year PUBLICATIONS Bulletin. Mo ate 1870, i — 0 a year; single sl sen eya. ishec pines seripts pares "for publication in the or Torreya should be addressed to HaRoup W. RICKETT, Editor, The - Now York Botanical anieal Garden, iirdax Park (Fordham Branch P. 0.), New York Occasional, established 1889. Price, $3.00 to $5.00 a Preliminary €: Catalogue of An hyta and Pteridophyta within _tbetrptions of New m York Ci c City, 1888. $1.00. com hme Moldenke, New York hetnienl ew Game ane Park (Fordham Branch P.O.), New York City. ‘Seen os. CASTANEA volume, except during June, July, August, and ~ Pai othe botany ofthe intersting Southern Southern Appalachians. Published monthly Tey ebsrptiontacading membership tn the Cn, $2.00, a Address DR. EARL L. CORE, Editor : ‘West Virginia University = THE a Elgin hte for the professt nal. Yearly subscription in the United i sta ae Dr. PAUL D. D. _—— University of ae ag cago, Dilinois Dr. WM. C ¢. STEERE Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. THE HERB GARDEN OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GABE Part I. Culinary herbs: their culture, (hensive and use. II. Cooking with herbs. By Elizabeth Remsen Van Brunt an Virginia Riddle Svenson. 42 pages, 2 illustrations ‘iii map. Price, 30 cents ECOLOGY Botanieal Editor: CHarnes E. Zoological Editor: THOMAS =e Established 1920. es ener tang ps a your Jom, — volumes (Jan. to Oct.). Back volumes, vailable, $6 cach. ingle numbers, $150, Foreign postage: 40 pectic . G EN a icS Established 1916. Bi-monthly. _ Subseription, ae wet aca volumes Sate ; foe) = a ae $125 por fr Jot free nes F, ian fens! eae 1000 Washington Ave., erst NYS 6S TT April-June, 1943 No. Te American Fern Journal fe al A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the __ AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY : se es CONTENTS vinames, for Ferns and F Allies Proposed by C. S. a 1806-1838... ee BE. D. Meeemt 41 and Ferns... er = Serene SE: Che American Hern Saciety Conuril for 1943 OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR. C. A. WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Oe Presi : JosepH Ewan, 2 Stieae nna a et ice-President Mrs. Exsiz G 274 South Main Ave., aes Y. Henry K, Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, ee da a : Wituiam BR. Maxon, Simithovnian Tastitotion, Wesbingiens D. ©. . Eaditor-in-Chief OFFICIAL ORGAN American #ern Journal EDITORS B. Maxon ....$mithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. R. ©. Bewepicr ................... 1819 Dorchester Road, Brooklyn, N. ¥. C. V. Morton ........... Smithsonian Insti Washington, D. C. Tra L. Wicarxs |. Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, Calf. te: the: guaeal ate ot 1 —— ees sent free Steen #135 aoe sa, foreign, cen coer ¢L.b0s ite diem Ameriran Fern Journal Vou, 33 APRIL-JUNE, 1943 No. 2 New Names for Ferns and Fern Allies Proposed by C. S. Rafinesque, 1806-1838 E. D. Merritu Th connection with a preliminary examination of all of Rafinesque’s known botanical publications it was noted that a very large number of his new generic and specific names have been entirely overlooked by the compilers of Cur standard indices. This situation will not be dis- cussed in detail here, as I have in hand the preparation of a comprehensive index to Rafinesque’s numerous botanical papers in which it is proposed to list all his new names in all groups of plants. The necessary data have been compiled on large index sheets, to which nor- mally all that Rafinesque published regarding each entity has been transferred. When these sheets were sorted there was noted an extraordinarily high percentage of names appertaining to the vascular eryptogams that have remained in the category of overlooked ones for more than a century. It is suspected that the total number of unlisted Rafinesque names in all groups of plants will be between 1200 and 1500. With the acceptance of ® homonym rule by the International Botanical Con- 8ress, if for no other reason, it is clearly high time that esque’s validly published names be listed at least. There are various reasons why Rafinesque’s work has been so generally overlooked or ignored, but the three chief 2, Ina 33, No. 1 of the J OURNAL, pages 1-40, was issued March 41 42 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL ones are: First, the non-availability of many of his pub- lications, even in some of our larger botanical libraries; second, the low esteem in which Rafinesque’s botanical work was held by his contemporaries and successors; and, third, because the majority of his types were de- stroyed after his death. However, our botanical rules are impersonal, and no really valid reason exists for con- tinuing to ignore the work of this admittedly most erratic botanist, for most of his new names were validly published under all rules of botanical nomenclature. As his new names for the ferns and fern allies, mosses, lichens, fungi, and algae do not come within the field of Index Kewensis, it has been thought desirable to list these in a series of special papers independent of their probable inclusion in the proposed comprehensive Index Rafinesquianus now under way. In the preparation of this list I have compared the entries with those in Christensen’s Index Filicum and its Supplements, and where a Rafinesque name was omitted, or was entered with a reference to other than the original place of publication, it is indicated by an asterisk. It will be noted that nearly all of the 63 Rafinesque names considered below are in the nature of additions to pre viously published lists or indices. For those groups COV- ered by Christensen’s Index Filicum and its three supple- ments only eight Rafinesque names are included, and of these only four are correct in that the references are t0 the original places of publication. : The total number of Rafinesque entries, including minor orthographic variants, is 62, but most of his pro- posed names fall as synonyms. Certain nomina nuda cannot be placed. Under our accepted rules of nomen- clature Pteretis Raf. is the proper generic name for that group of ferns previously called Struthiopteris Willd. and more recently known as Matteuccia Todaro, Among FERN NAMES PROPOSED BY RAFINESQUE 43 the species that Rafinesque actually described as new, only one, Equisetum praealtum Raf., appears to be valid, and this name has been rather generally accepted for a widely distributed North American species. Tn general, most of Rafinesque’s reasons for changing eneric and specific names proposed by earlier authors have never been accepted by other botanists. The changes were made by him in accordance with his own code of nomenclature as published by him in 1814, and again in 837." In making changes he did not always remember what he had proposed at an earlier date. Thus he actually published no less than three different generic ‘hames for the group now ealled Phyllitis Ludwig (Filin- guis Raf., Glossopteris Raf., and Phyllitis Raf.), five new ones for Pteris Linn. (Lemapteris Raf., Peripteris Rat., Phyllitis Raf., Pteridium Raf., and Pterilis Raf.), and two for Lycopodium (Clopodium Raf. and Copodium Raf.). He actually deseribed de novo only one new genus, Nesoris (1838), and this is clearly a synonym of Pityrogramma Link (1833); but he published about 20 new generic names (including minor variants), all but a single nomen nudum being readily reducible to sy- nonymy. Glossopteris Raf. (1815) invalidates Glos- Sopteris Brongn. (1828), the latter a widely used name for a characteristic group of fossil plants. The palaeobot- anists will doubtless wish to take proper action with a View to conserving Glossopteris Brongn. over Glossopteris Raf. at some future International Botanical Congress. Because of his confidence in his own rules he used such forms as Adiantum capilveneris (A. Capillus-Veneris Linn.), Asplenium ruta (A. Ruta-muraria Linn.), and Marsiglia (Marsilea Linn.). Minor variants such as Driopteris for Dryopteris, Thelipteris for Thelypteris, loi tinesaue, 8S. Principes fondamentaux de somiologie ou les € la nomenclature et de la classification de 1’empire organique eyes animaux of des végétaux, 1-52. 1814; Flora Telluriana 1: §1-90. 1836 [1837]. ae | 44 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Sciphofilix for Scyphofiliz, and Pillularia for Pilularia may have been due to inadvertence, although throughout his work he seems very generally to have changed the letter ‘‘y’’ to ‘‘i”’ in certain types of generic and specific names. It will be noted that the percentage of accepted Rafinesque names for this group of plants is very low, but there is no reason to believe that the acceptable per- centage for the several thousand new names that he pro- posed for the phanerogams will be higher, and this with- out invoking the principle of nomina conservanda. In some of his later publications Rafinesque records the fact that he had in preparation additional works, some of these apparently planned to bé more or less like his Flora Telluriana (1837-38), Sylva Telluriana (1838), Alsographia Americana (1838), and Autikon Botanikon (1840). Thus, in his Autikon Botanikon (p. 2), he lists such titles as his proposed Pterikon, Agrostikon, Lirikon, Ericon, Dendrikon, Autikon Formosum, and Pomona, in which he proposed to treat the ferns, grasses, lilies, eT! eaceous plants, trees, ornamental plants, and fruit trees. It is clear that he had scarcely developed plans for pub- lishing all of these, for most of the titles were selected to represent sets of duplicate botanical specimens that he could supply. In discussing his new fern genus, V esoris,” he says: ‘‘It shall be fully described and figured in my Pterikon, a work now preparing. I announce it mean- time as a great discovery... .’? Those interested 1” ferns and at all familiar with Rafinesque’s erratic work ean only be thankful that he never completed and pub- lished this proposed work. His last published volume was the Autikon Botanikon, which appeared in the year of his death; Rafnesque died Sept. 18, 1840. Of the Autikon Botanikon only about a dozen copies are known to be in existence, but fortunately it is now available bid 2 New Fl. No. Amer. 4: 104, 1836 [1838]. FEerN NAMES ProposED BY RAFINESQUE 45 those who must or should use it, a modern facsimile litho- print edition having been issued under the auspices of the Arnold Arboretum in 1942. In 1943 Rafinesque’s Sylva Telluriana was similarly reproduced. Because Rafinesque’s names for ferns and fern allies have for the most part been entirely overlooked for more than a century, and because some of his original papers are exceedingly rare, I have in this paper, in general, repeated what he published about each entity. I have added at the end of the paper a complete bibliography of the Rafinesque papers that contain new names for vascular cryptogams, for the reason that these items were hot included in the several bibliographies of fern litera- ture prepared by Christensen for his Index Filicum and its Supplements. FILICALES *AcrosticHum acumINATUM Raf. New Fl. No. Amer. 4: 104. 1836 [1838], non Willd., nee Juss. = Acrostichum daneaefolium Langsd. & Fisch. 1810 (A. lomarioides Jenm. 1898, non Bory 1833; A. excelsum Maxon, 1905; A. aureum sensu Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aequin. Orb. Novy. 1: 67. 1822, non Linn.). This binomial appears in Rafinesque’s discussion of Acrostichum aureum Linn. He says regarding that spe- cles that the form described under that name by Kunth 1S quite unlike it or his A. maritimum: ‘‘I will call it Acrostichum acuminatum Raf. pinnules lanceolate acumi- nate base rounded petiolate entire thin costate, smooth above like Stipes, beneath quite fructiferous all over. In Venezuela, ten feet high.’’ This was based entirely on unth’s description of Acrostichum aureum, cited above, the latter’s specimen being from Venezuela and described as ““frondes 10 pedales.”’ *AcRosTIcHUM LactnIATUM Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 353. 1808, nom. nud.; Journ. Bot. (Paris) 2: 173. 1809, nom. nud., non Gilib. 1792. Ra esque’s specimen was undoubtedly from the Cen- tral Atlantic States. 46 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL * ACROSTICHUM MARITIMUM Raf. ae Fl. No. Amer. 1: 60. 1836 = Acrostichum aureum Lin Rafinesque’s description is: 4 Aarasbohon maritimum Raf. A. aureum Mx. Pursh. Pinnate, smooth, pinnules stipitate oblong entire obtuse or acute—Sea shore of Florida, large fern, unfigured as yet, compare with next [A. aureum Linn.] again.’’ *ADIANTUM CAPILVENERIS Raf. Med. FI. 1: 31. 1828; pein Med. Bot. 31. 1841= Adiantum Capillus-Venerts inn. * ASPLENIUM FALCATUM Raf. Western Minerva 42. 1821, nom. nud. ; Fox, Science IT. 12: 213. 1900, nom. nud., non Thunb., nee Swartz Rafinesque’s specimen was from Missouri (Dr. L. Beck, of St. Louis), or from Mississippi (Dr. J. Hart, of Natchez). *AspLENIUM gLAUCUM Raf. Western Minerva 42. 1821, nom. nud. ; Fox, Science II. 12: 213. 1900, nom. nud. Rafinesque’ s specimen was from Missouri (Dr. L. Beck, of St. Louis), or from Mississippi (Dr. J. Hart, of Natchez). *AspLENIUM RUTA Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 198. 1830=As- plenium Ruta-muraria Lin *CARPANTHE AXILLARIS Raf. Med. Repos. II. 3: 4 422. 1806, nom. nud. = Ca rpanthus axillaris Raf. op. cit. II. 5: 357. 1808, descr. = Gratiola virginiana Linn. var. aestuart- orum Pennell (prob. CaRPANTHUs Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 357. 1808 ; Journ. Bot. (Paris) 1: 221. 1808. . prob. = = Gratiols Linn. Seritasiescticre |x C. seins AXILLaRIs Raf. ll. ce. prob. = Gratiola vi- giniana as var. ae Pennell, Mem. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia 1: 96. 1935. Rafinesque’s very inadequate description is as follows: ‘‘Carpanthus Cryptog. filices; natural order of the cat pantheous, fructification : oa axillar, solitary, aap lous 1 locular semi 4 sperm dehiscent in the maturity, } 4 obtuse semi valves; seeds lenticular, C. axillaris, silat Fern Names Proposep BY RAFINESQUE 47 carpanthus: leaves opposite, sessile, oblong, obtusiner- vous. This plant grows under the water of some creeks in Pennsylvania and New Jersey; it may belong with the genusses pilularia, salvinia, lemna, marsilea, sivetes, &c. A new natural order a kin to the ferns.”’ Desvaux,* and perhaps other early authors, lists the genus as a rep- resentative of the Marsileaceae, while Christensen,* whose entry is correct, erroneously reduced it to Azolla Lam. There is a very poor illustration of it in the sole existing Set of Rafinesque’s unpublished plates, now in the library of the New York Botanical Garden, and a copy of this plate is in the library of the Gray Herbarium. Although the drawing is very crude, the habit sketch is reasonably good for Pennell’s variety of Gratiola virginiana Linn., which occurs in the Delaware drainage basin. Professor Fernald’s original suggestion was that Lindernia dubia (Linn.) Pennell var. inundata Pennell might have been the plant Rafinesque attempted to describe, but he noted too many discrepancies. He also suggested as possibili- ties Rotala ramosior (Linn.) Koehne and the Gratiola. Dr. Pennell writes that he has no better suggestion than the Gratiola, which, as he states, has a globose capsule (Lindernia has elongated capsules) that does split into four valves, but which has many elongated seeds. We can only assume that Rafinesque erred in some of his ob- Servations. Rotala does not grow in creeks in the region indicated. In any case Carpanthus has nothing to do with Azolla Lam.; and no matter where it be placed, as among the three genera briefly discussed, no change in nomenclature is involved. The reasons for including Carpanthus in this paper are that it was originally placed by Rafinesque in the Filicales, that the name still encum- bers the literature of the vascular eryptogams, and that *Prodrome de la Famille des Fougéres. Mém. Soe, Linn. Paris 8: 171-337. 1897. ‘Ind. Fil. 168, 1905, 48 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL currently it is erroneously placed as a synonym of Azolla Lam. *DriopTeris Raf. Med. Fil. 1: 32. 1828; Man. Med. Bot. 32. 1841 = Dryopteris Adans *Fiuineuis Raf. Med. FI. 2. 220. 1830 = Phyllitis Lud- wig, 1757 (Scolopendrium Adans. 1763 Rafinesque’s statement is very brief : ‘ Hanaaee Raf. (Scolopendrium officinale Sm. same as Scolopendria!) Hart’s tongue.’’ There is no binomial. *GuossopTeris Raf. Anal. Nat. Tabl. Univ. 205. 1815; Chloris Aetn. 13. 1815; Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 268. 1818; op. cit. 4: 195. 1819; Journ. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 89: 262. 1819; Fl. Tellur. 1: 85. 1836 [1837] = Phyllitis Ludwig, 1757. In each place Glossopteris was substituted for Scolo- pendrium, as explained in the 1818 reference: ‘‘Scolo- pendrium Smith is quite similar to Scolopendria L. Therefore it must be changed into Glossopteris.”’ The Index Filicum entry is not to the original place of pub- lication of Glossopteris Raf., but to Journ. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 89: 262. 1819. This generic name has nothing to do with the latter palaeobotanical name Glossopterts Brongn. (1828), widely used to indicate the Glossopterts flora by palaeobotanists. If the latter is to be retained, it must be conserved by some future action of the palaeo- botanists. *QLOssoPTERIS HEMIONITIS Raf. Chloris Aetn. 13. 1815 (Asplenium hemionitis Linn.) =Scolopendrium hemio- nitis Willd. = Asplenium hemionitis tia *G@LOSSOPTERIS SCOLOPENDRIUM Raf. Chloris Aetn. 13. 1815 = oe scolopendrium Linn. = Phyllitis scolo- pendrium (Li vewm Guossormas ital ee Raf. Herb. Raf. 52. 1833, nom. nud. Ore RRS Oi FuRcATA Raf. op. cit. 53, nom. nud. Oregon. *GLOSSOPTERIS oBTUSA Raf. op. cit. 53, nom. Oregon. nud. Fern Names Proposep By RAFINESQUE 49 LEMAPTERIS Raf. Journ. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 89: 262. 1819 = Pteris Lin There is no at Lemapteris was proposed as a new name for Pteris Linn. The entry in Christensen’s Index Filicum is correct. *LEPTOPHYLLUM Raf. Chloris Aetn. 13. 1815, non Ehrh. 1789, nee Blume® 1898. = = Anogramma Link (1841). *LEPTOPHYLLUM ree ees Raf. 1. e. = Anogramma leptophylla (Linn.) L The entire entry ee merely of the following: “Leptophyllum acrostichoides Raf. Fl. Polypodium lep- tophyllum L. Acrostichum leptophyllum Dee.’? This does not constitute valid publication, hence Leptophyllum Raf. may be ignored ; if it were valid, Leptophyllum Raf. (1815) would replace Anogramma Link (1841). Lepto- phyllum Ehrh. (Beitr. 4: 147. 1789) is certainly not val- idly published. The entire ad! is merely ‘‘ Leptophyl- lum-Arenaria tenuifolia Linn.’ oa ate Raf. Fl. Tellur. 1: 18. 1836 [1837] = Mar- silea Lin Tn fetdkine certain types of generic names Rafinesque cites this as an example, stating that for ‘‘ Marsilea read Marsighia.”? This is an older change than that of Trevi- san, Marsiglia Trev. (Atti Soe. It. Sci. Nat. 19: 475. 1877), ome € appears only on plates 95 and 96 of the unnum- bered oc Abeer a the Fr sag ae that was issued under the The 7C, 9, 14, 5, 19, 20, 30-32, 95 and 96. There is no text. th. . entry oy Plate 95 is Olterea (Leptoph eae Dag at on plate 96 is ‘Olfersia (Leptophyllum) a r i 9 o represent } hee he Christensen entry 1s Stroup for which Holt tum, in recent years, has reinstate d the generic e fr iat Potecnsten Mett. as a segregate from Stenochlaena J. 50 _ AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL the latter also not appearing in Index Filicum. Trevisan states the case thus: ‘‘I] genere Marsilea di Linneo essendo intitolato dal nome del Conte Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, dovra appellarsi Marsiglia, non Marsilea, come, del resto con migliore digione, fu pitt di recente pro- posto.’’ Rafinesque made the same change forty years earlier for the same reason. *Menopteris Raf. Herb. Raf. 53. 1833 =Botrychium Swartz *MENOPTERIS REMOTILOBA Raf. 1. ¢. nom. nud. = Bo- ~ trychium sp. Rafinesque’s very inadequate data are as follows: ‘‘Menopteris remotiloba, Raf. N. G. 1815. Lunaria of some Botanists, but not Lunaria a Cruciferous genus.”’ The date, 1815, indicates the year in which Rafinesque originated the name, not the date of publication. What he had in mind was a new name for Lunaria Bauhin, the latter in part the basis of Botrychium Lunaria (Linn.) Swartz. Rafinesque’s material was from the Rocky Mountains or Oregon. *Nesoris Raf. New Fl. No. Amer. 4: 104. 1836 [1838] = Pityrogramma Link (1833), Ceropteris Link (1841). * NESORIS Pree Raf. 1. ce. = Pityrogramma calomel- anos (Linn.) Link. In his dine: of Acrostichum aureum Linn., Ra- finesque states: ‘‘I have found in Collins Herb. a very curious fern of Florida collected by Kin or Baldwin agaim as a doubtful Acrostichum aureum? which forms a most beautiful and wonderful N.G. of dorsiferous ferns with- out Sori, but with capsules unconnected punctiform seat- tered like minute dots. It shall be fully described and figured in my Pterikon, a work now preparing. I an- nounce it meantime as a great discovery proving that the capsules of ferns may be solitary, and I eall it Nesoris discolor Raf. smooth, bipinnate, yellow beneath, pinnules sessile oblong crenate lobate base acute and obtuse, above nervose flabelate, behind enerve golden furfurescent ¢aP- Fern NAMES ProposepD BY RAFINESQUE 51 sules irregularly scattered. Pedal, stipes brown shining convex behind, grooved before, pinnules alternate, 25 to 33 on each branch, gradually smaller and nearly con- fluent—tIn Florida. I have several other N.G. of Ferns, but none so beautiful and anomalous; probably type of a new family Nesorides.’’ This record places Pityrogramma calomelanos (Linn.) Link as actually growing in Florida some time previous to 1836. Small® states that the first collection made in Florida from naturalized plants was that by W. A. Knight in December, 1931. There is no possible doubt as to the identity of Nesoris discolor Raf. with Pityro- gramma calomelanos (Linn.) Link, Link’s generic name being fortunately three years older than that of Rafin- &sque. The species was originally introduced into Flor- ida more than a century ago as an ornamental plant. “OnociEa’ cosTata Raf. Herb. Raf. 66. 1833, nom. nud. Appalachian Mountains. *OnocLea pentaTa Raf. op. cit. 63. 1833, nom. nud. Central United States. *OnoctEa LacIniATA Raf. op. cit. 68. 1833, nom. nud. Appalachian Mountains. *ONOcLEA REPANDA Raf. op. cit. 63. 1833, nom. nud. Central United States. Osmunpa ruscara Raf. Herb. Raf. 53. 1833, nom. nud. Oregon, *OPHIOGLossuM LINEATUM Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 353. 1808, nom. nud. ; Journ. Bot. (Paris) 2: 173. 1809, nom. nud. =O. vulgatum Linn. (prob.). Ra esque’s specimen was certainly from one of the Central Atlantic States and undoubtedly was a form of Dhioglossum vulgatum Linn. The binomial is not ac- ABT hae ore em ; Peis of the Southeastern States 94. fig. 1938. : finesque ’s unpublished manuseript descriptions of these four 52 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL counted for by Clausen in his monograph of the Ophio- glossaceae.® *OPHIOGLOSSUM inet Raf. Med. Repos. IT. 5: 353. Rafinesque’s type was from New Jersey. The en ntry in Christensen’s Index Filicum is to ‘‘Journ. de Bot. 4: 273. 1814.’’ Clausen’ left Rafinesque’s species among the dubious and rejected ones, quoting the reference as given by Christensen and stating: ‘‘The writer has not found the description of this species in the volumes of the Jour- nal de Botanique which he has examined.’’ Rafinesque’s original description (Précis Découv. Somiol. 46. 1814) is: ‘‘Ophioglossum pubescens. Tige monophylle pubescente, feuille ovale-oblongue, pétiolée, presq’ obtuse, pubescente, épi laneéolé plus court de la feuille. En. Amer. dans le N. Jersey.’’ In the Journ. Bot. (Desv.) entry this de- scription is abbreviated to ‘‘feuille pubescente, NV. Jersey.” I suspect that Rafinesque had specimens of the common Ophioglossum vulgatum Linn. with mouldy leaves. *OPHIOGLOssuM PUSILLUM Raf. Précis Découv. Somiol. 46. 1814; Journ. Bot. (Desv.) 4: ae 1814, non Nutt. 1818 = Ophioglossum vulgatum Lin Clausen’? placed this as a doubtful synonym of Ophio- glossum crotalophoroides Walt. thus: ‘‘? Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. in Desv. Journ. de Bot. 4: 273. 1814,”’ this being the entry as given by Christensen (Ind. Fil. Suppl. 3: 134. 1934). Clausen’s quotation marks indicate that he did not see the original description, which is as fol- lows: ‘‘Ophioglossum pusillum. Feuille glabre lancéolée aigue pétiolée, épi presque lineaire plus long de la feuille. —Obs. Dans le bois de la Pensylvanie boréale, 4 peine élevé de 3 pouces.’’ Northern Pennsylvania is far out 8 Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 19: aa . f. 1-383. 1938. 9 Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 19: 10 Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 19: 157. 1938. Fern Names Proposep By RAFINESQUE 53 of range for Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt. What Rafinesque had was undoubtedly a small form of the com- mon O. vulgatwm Linn. *OPHIOGLOSSUM REPANDUM Raf. Herb. Raf. 53. 1833, nom. nu gon. *Preriprerts Raf. Anal. Nat. Tabl. Univ. 205. 1815; Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 268. 1818; Journ. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 89: 262. 1819; Fl. Tellur. 1: 83. 1836 [1837] = Pteris Linn. The entry in Christensen’s Index Filicum is to the 1819 reference. The reason for this change is given by Ra- finesque in the 1819 entry thus: ‘‘Pteris L. is objection- able, being radical to many genera; therefore Peripteris might be substituted. ’’ *PERIPTERIS ? EDULIS Raf. Herb. Raf. 54. 1833, nom. nud. = Pteris vel Pteridium sp. The basis of this name was Lewis and Clark Expedition data, rather than specimens; from some part of the north- western United States. A form of Pteridium aquilinum (Linn,) Kuhn is indicated by the specific name. *PERIPTERIS RUGOsA Raf. Herb. Raf. 41. 1833, nom. nud. = Pteris sp. : Rafinesque’s specimen was collected by Bradbury in the ‘‘Mandan country”? north of the Missouri River. The tame appears in his ‘‘ Index to the Florula Mandanensis of Bradbury and Rafinesque, published in 1817 and in 1820, with notes and additions.”’ (Herb. Raf. 37-41. 1833). The date 1817 is that of Bradbury’s own list Published in his ‘‘Travels’’ (pp. 335-338. 1817), which Was compiled from the works of Pursh and Nuttall; not a single Rafinesquian binomial is included and there is no evidence that Rafinesque had anything to do with the Preparation of this list. In the preface (pp. vi, vii) Bradbury states that his plans for publication on his Plants were frustrated because his collection ‘‘was sub- mitted to the inspection of a person of the name of Pursh ~ 54 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL who published the most interesting of his plants in an appendix to the Flora Americae Septentrionalis.’’ Ra- finesque had some duplicate material from the Bradbury collection in his herbarium, for he states: ‘‘These plants were collected by Bradbury on the Missouri and at the Mandans, in 1811, named and described by me in 1817. The specimens are in my herbarium.’’ I have not been able to trace the 1820 ‘‘publication’’ referred to. like Rafinesque’s 1817 list, was probably a manuscrip HYLLITIS Raf. Prine. Somiol. 29. 1814; Fl. eo: be 85. ye meee ] =Phyllitis Ludwig. In esque stated: ‘‘Il faudra . . . changer laa poe, en Phyllitis R.,’’ thus clearly ac- erediting this Phyllitis to himself, although one might assume that he intended to indicate Phyllitis Ludwig. In the 1837 entry he merely said ; ‘‘ Scolopendra, Scolo- pendrium, this last becomes Glossopteris or Phyllitis.”’ There is no ae *PHYLLITIs Raf. Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 4: 195. 1819, n cats Ludwig = Pteris Lin Rafinesque’ s Statement here is: em the unlucky names Struthiopteris, Scolopendrium, and Pteris, we have sub- stituted Pterilis, Glossopteris, and Phyllitis.’? If we accept this sequence as correct, then Struthiopteris = Pterilis Raf. (but he apparently meant to write Pteretis, q. v., infra), Scolopendrium =Glossopteris Ratf., and Pteris = Phyllitis Raf., non Ludwig. There is no bi- pene r1a Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: - 1808 ; Journ. fate (Paris) 1: 222. 1808 = Pilularia Lin *PoLYPopIUM'! BULLATUM Raf. First ‘at Bot. Gard. Transylv. Univ. 15. 1824, nom. nud.; Herb. Raf. 41. 1838, 11‘ Pleoptan’’ Raf. has been ignored. This name ap — be Filson Club Historical ‘ouasterty (12: 231. 1938) in Perkins =” pape ’ in which are reproduced a number of letters from Rafinesque, Short which, unfortunately, gr ot gr - vinci nomina nuda that do not appea The entry 1s sets.’ Polypodium incanum is the N.G Pg petits of the English botani It is probable that Pleopeltis was inten FERN NAMES PROPOSED BY RAFINESQUE 55 nom. nud., non Baker=Polypodium polypodioides (Linn.) Watt var. Michauxianum Weatherby. Rafinesque’s first specimens were from Kentucky ; later he recorded the same species from the Mandan country (north of the Missouri River). No description was ever published. The specimen on which the second reference was based is preserved in the Darlington Herbarium at the West Chester Teachers’ College, data regarding it having been supplied by Dr. Robert S. Gordon. It bears the number 78, this being the serial number under which it : o in Rafinesque’s Index Florula Mandanensis. YPODIUM EROSUM Raf. Ann. Nat. Ann. Synop. 16. 1829. Cystopterts fragilis (Linn.) Bernh. (prob.). Rafinesque’s description is as follows: ‘‘Stem filiform and smooth ; frond pinnated ; folioles pinnatifid ; pinnules erose, obtuse, notched, thin and smooth ; nerves flexuouse ; Sores scattered, rounded, unequal.—a small species, six inches high at utmost, with a short frond; it grows on rocks in the knob-hills of Kentucky.’’ The identification was suggested by Dr. Frank T. MeFarland of the Uni- versity of Kentucky, Cystopteris fragilis (Linn.) Bernh. being the only fern known from the region that conforms reasonably well with Rafinesque’s meagre description. What he had was apparently a somewhat dwarfed form as it grows on talus slopes, ete. *PoLypopium mEDIuM Raf. Amer. Journ. Sci. 1: 79. 1818, nom. nud. ae s specimens were from the vicinity of Phila- delphia Secaerns DIUM VULGARE Linn. var. LEVIGATUM,* var. oo * and var. LATIFOLIUM* Raf. Med. FI. 2: 27. There are no descriptions for these three varieties, nor any indication, for that matter, that Rafinesque origi- nated these varietal names. oe Raf. Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 268. 56 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Rafinesque states: ‘‘Struthiopteris Wild. is abomi- nable, should Pteris stand, being formed of two coupled names Struthio and Pteris; and at all events it is bad, therefore Pteretis may be substituted.’’ While his reason for proposing this new name is an invalid one, it so hap- pens that Struthiopteris Willd. (1809) is invalidated by the earlier and different Struthiopteris Weis (1770) and Struthopteris Bernh. (1801). Matteuccia Todaro (1866) has been adopted in recent years, but it is long antedated by Pteretis Raf., which was accepted by Nieuwland™ and by Small’* for perfectly valid reasons. See, however, Mattfeld (‘Zur Nomenclatur der Farn- und Bliithen- pflanzen Deutschlands,’’ in Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 44: 289. 1938), who apparently wishes to retain Struthiop- teris Willd. Pterinodes Kuntze (Rey. Gen. Pl. 2: 819 1891) is another synonym. Pteretis Raf. first appears in Christensen’s Index Filicum in Suppl. 2: 30 (1917), the entry there being correct. *PTERIDIUM eae Prine, Somiol. 26. 1814, non Gleditseh, 1790 = Pteris Lin Under his own ae 30 Rafinesque cites as an example, among other proposed changes in generic names, Pfer is L., which ‘‘doit étre changé en Pteridium R.,”’ thus ac- crediting Pteridium to himself and not to Gleditsch. *Preriis Raf. Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 4: 195. 1819 = Pteretis Raf. Probably Rafinesque intended to write Pteretis instead of Pterilis in this case, but in this entry he clearly pro posed Pterilis as a substitute for Struthiopteris Willd. ; see Pteretis Raf., supra. (To be concluded) 12 Amer. Midl. Nat. 3: 197. 1914; 4: 334. 1 13 Ferns of the Vicinity of New York neat oe 1935. PORCUPINES AND FERNS 5 Porcupines and Ferns Epwarp M. SHIELDS Early in August, 1940, while at our summer home in the Catskills, I received a letter from a friend, asking me to collect some ferns she listed—Asplenium Ruta- murari, Onoclea Struthiopteris, Cryptogramma Stelleri, Polvetichum Braunii, Cystopteris bulbifera, Woodsia gla- bella, and Lygodium palmatum, also Dryopteris fragrans —adding that the last had the fragrance of violets, but there was no use searching, as it grows only on the most inaccessible cliffs and was not known so far south. At that time I knew but three ferns, and these by their Christian names only—Christmas, Maidenhair, and Rat- tlesnake Fern—go the formidable scientific names liter- ally threw me into a tailspin. Being an enthusiastic dry fly fisherman, I know well the magnificent gorges and tumbling streams of this section. Very often I have felt that the attributes of a mountain g0at were more to be desired than those attributed to Izaak Walton. The endless challenge and the superb environs which accompany the sport have always held me spellbound. At that time, however, my share of trout had been taken, and as the season was rapidly drawing to a close the rod was laid aside with the decision to spend some time looking for ferns. So the next morning saw me—accompanied by my son, aged eight—with the assur- anee that comes with ignorance, going down the trail. We were looking for the fern that grows only on inac- cessible cliffs, smells like violets, and does not grow in this part of the country. Tt was a glorious morning. The cool air flowed down from the wooded heights in a limpid stream. I was, naturally, besieged with a million questions. Poreupines Seemed to be particularly on Townsend’s mind. Finally, 58 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL more or less in desperation, I told him there were a lot of them around and I would catch him one that morning. Signs had been noted, but up to that moment ‘‘Porcie”’ had evaded me entirely. We left the trail, and on scram- bling down a small cliff I spied, just too late to call to the lad’s attention, a large porcupine disappearing into his den. What appeared to me to be the only chance in a thousand to keep my word had been taken away. Sooner or later that day I would be known for the fraud I really was. ' After continuing for about half an hour or so along the base of the cliff, we turned and started to scale part of it. I had hold of Townsend with one hand, a smal sapling with the other; and upon looking up, there in the sapling was just the right-sized porcupine. It was shaken down and tapped lightly on the nose with a twig. This seems to be a very satisfactory method, which for some reason or other works, to lull a porcupine into compara- tive inactivity. With great pride, and realizing the g were with me, I handed over ‘‘Porcie’’ by the tail to Townsend to take home as a pet. My honor was saved, the day was made; but we were still looking for the fern that doesn’t grow there. Completing the ascent of the cliff, we turned and walked along the talus at the base of another. Approach- ing a wild ravine, into which a small stream of water fell, I noticed on the cliff a fern which was strange to me. It had lots of curly brown leaves next to the cliff. I pulled it off. It smelled like violets. And now Dryopteris [7@- grans does grow there. We returned home—poreupié, fern, and all—in time for lunch. That afternoon I bor- rowed a fern book. There are two remarkable stations for this Arctic aint derer within three miles of each other in the locality. Both have literally hundreds of the ferns. It will al- Fern DISTRIBUTION IN FLORIDA 59 ways be a matter of utter amazement to me that these Stations on the ramparts of the Hudson, almost within sight of the city of New York, had not before been re- ported. Specimens were seen by Dr. Wherry and Dr. Svenson, and sent to the University of Pennsylvania, the Gray Herbarium, and the U. S. National Herbarium. Before the month was out, with the exception of Lygo- dium palmatum I had found in the vicinity, without aid or guide, all the ferns listed by my correspondent. Nava Air Sration, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA More About the Distribution of Ferns in Florida Epwarp P. St. JoHn Interest in the problems raised by the remarkable dis- tribution of ferns in Florida prompts a response to the Fecent discussion of the subject by Mr. Stephen H. Spurr. The explanation which he rejects? was based upon botanical considerations. The writer has slight knowledge of geology, but such information as was avail- able to him when the paper was prepared seemed to con- firm and elucidate the conelusions reached by studies of the distribution and ecology of the plants. Five years of continued study have brought much added evidence in favor of the general hypothesis, the essential elements of which are that the rare ferns of the northern part of the peninsula are relicts of a former extensive tropical flora which existed in that region before the southern part of the peninsula had emerged from the sea; also that the northern peninsular region was a center of dis- —_ Flo ePhen H. Spurr. Factors Determining the Distribution of rida Ferns, Amer, Fern Journ. 31: 91-97. 1941 p_ Edward P. St. John, Rare Ferns of Central Florida, I. Some ®euliarities'of Distribution. Amer. Fern Journ. 26: 41-50. 1936. 60 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL tribution, both northward and southward, of other ferns that are now abundant because they do not require spe- cially protected habitats. It is now desirable that my original statement should be corrected so that it will con- form to the new views, held for several years past, that the new evidence should be outlined, and that attention should be directed to facts that are not given due consid- eration in Mr. Spurr’s paper. The significant correction to be made relates to the time of permanent emergence of the islands which later were incorporated into the Florida peninsula. Final determination of this must wait upon further geological investigation, but it seems clear that it can not have been earlier than the middle Miocene. The botanical evidence indicates that it can not have been much later. In any case, the use of the term ‘‘Oligocene island region’’ was an error, since the island that existed in that time was later submerged. Doubtless other corrections must be made as further knowledge is gained, especially as to the geographic history of certain species. It is possible that some tropical ferns which have migrated farthest northward may have been established on the southern margin of the continent even before the final emergence of land in the central Florida region. The circumstances under which Vittaria lineata, a plant of the coastal plain, has been found in the Piedmont of Georgia indicate this. The distribution of Trichomanes Petersii suggests it, but details of its occurrence in Hispaniola and in central Florida argue against it. On the other hand Tf. Boschi- anum is not found in the Caribbean region, and has been reported but once (a doubtful record) from Florida. general statement which includes all the facts. as now known to the writer they are as follows: In the Florida peninsula, which is about 400 miles long and 150 FERN DIstTRIBUTION IN FLORIDA 61 miles wide, are two distinct areas in each of which many fern species of tropical origin are found. One of these is ineluded within the southern third of the peninsula ; the other includes substantially the northern half. summary* of facts as to the distribution of ferns in these areas is presented herewith in tabular form. DISTRIBUTION OF FERNS roa TROPICAL ORIGIN IN FLOR sige found in southern Flor- ak found in central Florida a b ida but not in central Florida not in southern Florida (climate and general flora (climate and flora subtropi- tropical to apeleitass al) cal to north men Caribbean specie: 30 Caribbean species ................ 22 Endemic species of ‘Carib- En Sime species 0 ot Carib- bean relationship ........... £ bean relationship ............. 32 Caribbean set common Caribbean species common 2 hr nS to both regions .......... to both regions 0.0. 6 — Mexican species cecum 2 TUR 58 — Potala 57 This table excludes 18 species of northern origin; also 9 species that seem to be escapes from cultivation, and 5 published species concerning which there is some question as to whether they should be assigned specific or sub- — itt ed lege that Potten a of space do not permit a pub- lication herewi the of the 123 species of ferns to which urr With few e€ to North American Ferns,’’ ngs “Mausioo Broun, gives more definite = ibut The list of thos whieh & in tthe light of present knowledge seem to endemic is on and of special interest. Those of the southern area are Asplenium biscaynianum and Tectaria Amesiana, ho long ; b i ee on Tm, but well define rtainly not an immature eat It has been colle ected at four stations, the most distant 100 miles apart. 62 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL specific rank. In addition to all those mentioned above, two well-defined subspecies are found in the northern but not in the southern area. Inclusion of any one of these groups would increase the differences shown between the two floras. Thus it appears that in an area no larger than England or the state of Illinois there are two fern floras so differ- ent that although 26 species are common to both, each has about 30 species that are not found in the other. The peculiar rocky habitats of the northern region are about 200 miles distant from the similar formations in the south. These are separated by about the same distance from the nearest of the islands, still farther south and strictly tropical in climate, from which both floras are derived. The writer’s explanation of the differences between the floras is based upon the fact that in previous geological periods islands existed substantially at the location of the northern area, while other parts of the peninsula were submerged. He believes that these islands, which at some periods were encircled by the Gulf Stream, had an extensive tropical flora (which must have included hundreds of species of ferns) that was derived ed mometer during a continuous period of nearly Hew years was 52° F. The lowest reading taken at the surface of t Ae ound was 16 degrees below reezing point. e secon of hygrometer readings at the habitat showed nearly 10% aeet Poi sire is: acters. After slg si for several years, — by side in noe % acters The two species which are supposed to have reached Florida from Mexico are Ophioglosswm crotalophoroides and O. Engelmannii. Fern DISTRIBUTION IN FLORIDA 63 by migration from that of the islands of the Caribbean region ; that when the continent in its southern extension made connection with these islands, certain species of ferns that were there established migrated northward; that as the peninsula gradually extended southward: some species made their way into the newly emerged land, while others were introduced there by wind-blown Spores from the Caribbean region; that with changes of climate and geological tigdifonsion of the habitats the greater part of the tropical flora of central Florida was exterminated, but that a considerable number of ferns that were more adaptable or that found protected habi- tats survived to the present time. For further elabora- tion of this hypothesis, and for the argument against it, the reader is referred to the two papers first cited above. Several lines of evidence indicate that many of the Species of the northern area are of earlier introduction from the Caribbean region than those of the southern region which lies between, and that they are relicts of a former flora. The number of endemic species is larger; Several of the species which require less specialized habitats have migrated far northward; many of the spe- cies are found only in protected habitats,* such as sinks, grottos, and the openings of caves; usually the colonies of tks Species are small (some of thoes of 7 species con- sisting of no more than 5 plants) and manifestly not increasing in numbers; and, finally, while there is no Teason to doubt that spores have been carried by winds from the Caribbean islands to central Florida, it is in- credible that it should have happened in recent times in the case of more than 20 species, no one of which found a foothold in the southern third of the peninsula. Other interesting facts, probably significant in this con- hection, appear in relation to the habitats of several *See latter half of footnote 3. 64 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL species. Ferns that are epiphytic in the tropical parts of southern Florida very frequently appear as epipetric ferns in central Florida. Occasionally this is true even of Vittaria lineata, which has also been found growing upon rock in the Piedmont of Georgia at an elevation of over 900 feet. Campyloneuron phyllitidis is invariably epipetric, except as to sporelings which never mature, in the northern stations. The essential ecological differ- ence between the epiphytic and epipetric habitats is not extreme, but the change to the unusual one seems much more likely to occur in relict plants than in those that are in the van of migration. More important is a change, noted at many stations, in the life habits of Pyenodoria eretica. This fern is so widely distributed in sinks and similar habitats for a distance of several hundred miles that its dispersal by spores is certain. At the present time in the majority of stations it is spreading little, at all, save by vegetative process. The change is con- nected with the normal geological development of the sinks, which in their earlier stages have abundant ex- posed rock, together with moisture both from surface drainage and by evaporation from the underground out- lets. Subsequent geological processes divert the surface waters to other connections with the underground drain- age system, dissolve and erode the rocks and bury them with sand, and fill the underground outlets. Under these conditions propagation by spores can not continue and the plants are now sparingly found in very dense colonies which cover from a square foot (with more than 200 fronds in that space) to ten times that area. Appar- ently distribution was accomplished while the present stations were joined by continuous broad-leaved forests which sheltered abundant rock. When the surface rock 5 Joseph H, Pyron = SS H. Duncan. Vittaria lineata in Lincoln Bo. , Georgia. r, Fern Journ. 29: 142-144, 1939. Fern DIstripuTION IN FLORIDA 65 disappeared by erosion and solution, and complete under- ground drainage was established by the formation of a network of caves, these forests with their attendant fern flora were followed by the xerophytic high pinewoods association which now isolates the more favorable habi- ats. These in turn are now being unfavorably modified by the very rapid geological processes of this limestone region. The writer’s interest in the subject under discussion is not in maintaining a theory, but in finding a solution of the problems involved. Desiring to avoid the appear- ance of controversy, he still ventures to suggest that a careful reading of Mr. Spurr’s paper should precede acceptance of his conclusions. It should also be said that although his review of the conclusions of scientists as to the geological history of Florida is pertinent, it is true that knowledge of the subject is far from complete. Only about one-tenth of the area in question is covered by pub- lished topographical maps of the U. S. Geological Survey, and there are vital problems back of the present topogra- Phy. Some geologists who have recently given special attention to these problems disagree with so good an authority as Cooke, who indeed is careful to state that his conclusions are not final. There is evidence that during the Pleistocene there were three islands of considerable size from 50 to 100 miles south of the one mentioned by t. Spurr in his summary of Cooke’s view, and in loca- tions of the greatest significance in relation to the hy- Pothesis that is in question. Mr. Spurr believes that if Such islands persisted through the Pleistocene, tropical ferns could not have survived on them, since the ice sheet 4pproached within 700 miles of Florida; but he forgets that at that same time the warm waters of the Gulf Stream literally washed the shores of those islands. 66 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL A fault of Mr. Spurr’s argument from geology is that he offers as evidence data which have no pertinence to the problem. When a fossil is found in a rock the period of its life in that region is geologically dated, but an epipetric species of fern during 10,000 years may have migrated from rock to rock, wherever suitable habitats were found, a thousand times. The presence of a fern in a locality where there is reason to believe that a suc- cession of suitable habitats has persisted for a long time may, in the light of other data, be of the greatest signifi- cance ; but the fact that today it is growing upon a recent formation has not the slightest bearing upon the time of its introduction to that region, unless it can be shown that there are and have been no older rocks from which it may have migrated. A single illustration from the many that are available may be offered. For many years Dr. John K. Small believed that Anemia adiantifolia was confined to the Miami odlite, and here the writer made acquaintance with it growing in the pockets of the deeply eroded rock. Later he was impressed by the strikingly similar appear- ance of rocks some 200 miles farther north—so much so that he searched for the fern, and found it abundant over a large area of the Ocala limestone. One of these is the oldest, and one the most recent of the exposed rocks of the Florida peninsula. That Mr. Spurr’s argument was based upon very in- adequate information as to the ferns of the central Florida region appears in the statistics presented in the early part of this paper. In the case of endemic species, the consensus of botanical authority must finally decide as to their systematic status; but they are not to be care lessly dismissed. For eecianle Thelypteris macilenta, both the validity and the significance of which he seems to question, is a very distinct species which intergrades TYPE SPECIES OF CHEILANTHES 67 with no other. Its characters diverge so greatly from those of its nearest relatives that it can not be a hybrid between known species. It has been passed upon by the best fern authorities in the United States, and the writer does not know that its standing as a species has been questioned by any botanist. The fact that only three plants have been found at the only known station makes it one of the strongest single items of evidence for the hypothesis under discussion. Facts as to the presence of endemic species and of lim- ited and peculiar areas of distribution which strikingly parallel those that appear in the ferns have recently been Teported for the crustaceans, insects, fishes, reptiles, and the small burrowing mammals of Florida. Plans for the collation of this varied evidence are now in progress. One zoological study which discusses the problem at some length has already been published.® Foran Crry, FLorqpa. The Type Species of Cheilanthes C. A. WEATHERBY Dr. Ching’ opens his ‘‘Studies of Chinese Ferns— XXXI”’ with the remark, ‘‘Whatever Cheilanthes Sw. May stand for . . . ,’’ thus indicating that he was uncer- tain as to its typification. Christensen? also hesitated to choose a type species. I do not mean to assert any par- ticular qualification on my part to choose one; but some discussion of possible candidates may narrow the field of Uncertainty. Various considerations may influence the choice of a type species from among several assigned to a genus, DAs caaeomreas ee ee — Archie Fairly Carr, Jr. A Contribution to ie Herpetegy of Univ. Florida Publ., Biol. Series 3: 1-118, 1940. ite te Naturalist 10: 194-204, 1941. *Ind. Fil. XLI. 1906. 68 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL when the author himself has not designated one. It must, of course, be one of the original species and, save under exceptional circumstances, it should agree with the generic description. It should, preferably, not be a species which has been made the type of a segregate genus; otherwise, nomenclatural complexities are likely to result. Ordinarily, a species which the author has chosen to illustrate as representative is a good choice; if that, or any other chosen, is a wide-spread and familiar species, so much the better. And one should always bear in mind that a type is a practical device for fixing the application of names to the end of uniformity of usage and that, therefore, when one has already been desig- nated by a previous author it is better, for the sake of uniformity, to accept his designation unless there is good reason to the contrary. As to the type of Cheilanthes, no species with continu- ous indusium need apply. Swartz described his genus as possessing discrete sori and indusia ‘‘of membranous, dis- tinct seales’’ or formed of reflexed lobes, and he included no species which does not answer more or less well to this description except Ch. viridis (now considered a Pellaea), which, if the current interpretation of it is correct, he seems to have misunderstood, and perhaps Ch. lendigerd. Of his species, Ch. lendigera is synonymous with the type of Myriopteris Fée. Ch. capensis has been placed in Adiantopsis, though apparently with little reason. Ch. pteroides is currently placed in Pellaea. Ch. dichotoma is referred to Adiantopsis ; and though that genus is none too clear and may very possibly eventually be returned to Cheilanthes, a species referred to it is not the best type for the latter. Ch. arborescens is a Hypolepis, and Ch. tenuifolia was included in and may be Puets Fe: garded as the type of Cheilosoria Trevisa There remain, as candidates, Ch. acccuieine Ch. TYPE SPECIES OF CHEILANTHES 69 microphylla, Ch. fragrans (= Ch. mysurensis), Ch. odora and Ch. suaveolens, both synonyms of Ch. pteridoides, Ch. hirta, Ch. vestita (= Ch. lanosa), Ch. parviloba, and Ch. multifida. Of these, Swartz illustrated Ch. micro- pteris and Ch. fragrans, apparently because they were hew and little known and to show extremes of habit, rather than as being particularly representative. The bibliographically oldest species are Ch. microphylla, com- mon in the West Indies, and Ch. suaveolens (pteridi- oides), equally common in the Mediterranean region and eastward to the Himalayas. Of these, Ch. microphylla Shows a strong tendency to continuous indusia; in the nearly related Ch. notholaenoides and Ch. alabamensis the indusia are nearly or quite so on each ultimate seg- ment. Ch. pteridioides shows signs of the same failing. Among the other species there is little to choose; they are Similar in habit, agree with Swartz’s description, and are to all appearance closely congeneriec. : There remains the matter of usage. Two species have been designated as type, Ch. tenuifolia by John Smith and Ch. micropteris by Britton and by Maxon. John Smith’s is, of course, the prior designation and the species One of the earliest known. But it is also the type of Cheilosoria. Ch. micropteris, on the other hand, has, except for one transfer to Notholaena (and nobody has ever known the boundary between that so-called genus and Cheilanthes), remained always in Cheilanthes, was illustrated by Swartz (for whatever reason), and was included by Trevisan and by Diels in the section Eucheil- anthes and by John Smith in his section Pteridopsis an also included his type. It seems as good a choice aS an 70 “AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Shorter Notes LyGopIUM PALMATUM IN West ViraintA.—The Climb- ing Fern seems extremely rare in West Virginia. Dr. M. G. Brooks in ‘‘Pteridophytes of West Virginia’” listed the only two known stations in West Virginia. Later a third station was mentioned by Dr. Edgar T. Wherry in his paper ‘‘Recent Fern Finds in West Virginia.’” Since July 6, 1941, I have found three stations of this fern near my home in Nicholas County, West Virginia. Two of them are on Gauley River and the other station, five miles distant from these, is on Meadow River. All three stations are along old logging road grades in or at the edge of rhododendron thickets—W. C. Leaa, Mount Lookout, W. Va. Two Borrycuium Recorps.—Recently Prof. Frank T. McFarland, of the University of Kentucky, lent me the collection of Botrychium from his personal herbarium. In going over the specimens I noted two items which seem to be new records. One is typical Botrychium multi- fidum (Gmel.) Rupr., the variation that I have been eall- ing ssp. typicum, from a moist meadow, Plainville, Hart- ford County, Connecticut, July 23, 1916, H. C. Bigelow 1120. This is my first record of ssp. typicwm from Con- necticut. The other record is my first for Kentucky for Botry- chium dissectum Spreng. var. tenuifolium (Underw.) Farwell. It is based upon material collected at Argy le, Powell County, Oct. 24, 1914, by Professor McFarland. — Var. tenuifolium has previously been reported from Ken- tucky, but all specimens which I have examined until now, although somewhat approaching this variety, have impressed me as nearer to var. obliquum.—R. T. CLAUSEN, Cornell University. 1 West Virginia University Bulletin, series 39, no. 2. 1938. 2 Castanea 4: 1-4. 1939. SuortTer Notes 71 PELLAEA GLABELLA IN ADAMS CouNnTy, OxnI0o.—On Sunday, October 18, 1942, a group consisting of Mr. Conrad Roth and Mr. Daniel Rowlands of Portsmouth, Ohio, and myself, made a trip to certain portions of Adams County, Ohio. Perhaps the most interesting inci- dent of the day was the discovery that what had pre- viously been taken for Pellaea atropurpurea (l.) Link by other workers in the region is in reality Pellaea glabella Mett. The former does grow here, but it is not nearly so common and there is a slight difference of habi- tat. Pellaca atropurpurea in Adams County prefers mossy shelves or humus-filled crevices of crumbling lime- Stone in shade, whereas P. glabella grows in crevices of hard, more or less vertical limestone ledges and cliffs, often with very little shade. Specimens of the latter have been placed in the Ohio State University Herbarium, the U. S. National Herbarium, and the Marietta College Herbarium. They are labelled as coming from the farm of John Knauff, Jefferson Township, Adams County, Ohio, with the collection number 670. I believe that this Species has previously been reported in Ohio only from Erie County.—Grorcr R. Proctor, Marietta College. Hysripization py Remote Controu.—The wood-ferns m the Washington-Baltimore Flora region have given. me more than one surprise. Perhaps the most unusual IS what might be called, in lieu of a better phrase, “hybridization by remote control.’’? I have in min Several instances of this that may be of interest to fern hunters in general. In June, 1941, near the Columbia Turnpike Bridge over the Patuxent River in Montgomery Co., Md., while Struggling through Smilax on a stream bank, I came across two strange-looking wood-ferns, fronds of which I later labeled Dryopteris Clintoniana. But recently Dr. Wherry identified them as the hybrid D. cristata x mar- i2 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL ginalis, a great surprise to me. This cross often simu- lates D. Clintoniana, so my misidentification might be expected. It was surprising, nevertheless, because al- though D. marginalis was seen growing there no trace of D. cristata could be found. A similar instance was noted last January when Neal W. Gilbert and I, in examining a beautiful bed of D. intermedia near Northwestern Branch, a mile above Burnt Mills in the same county, found a plant of D. intermedia x marginalis. So far as we could discover, the nearest D. marginalis grew three-quarters of a mile away! These are good examples of the unexplained fact, pointed out by Dr. Wherry in his ‘‘Guide to Eastern Ferns,’’ that Dryopteris hybrids may be found in locali- ties remote from either parent. Recently he kindly showed me a huge stand of D. Goldiana x marginalis miles from the nearest colony of D. Goldiana. Hybridization seems to occur rather easily among the wood-ferns. To date, five of these crosses have been collected in the Washington-Baltimore region, two of them—D. cristata x spinulosa, from the Bull Run Moun- tains, and D. intermedia x marginalis, as above—by ™Y- self in the last two years, for the first time here. It is remarkable that crosses have been described be- tween most of our northeastern wood-ferns, but, genet ally speaking, they have been found in association with the parents. To account for those exceptional but fre- quently found hybrids where the parent species are absent, I suggest two possibilities: (1) They may be fertile plants that have withstood man-made or climatic changes through the years, in places where one oF both of the parents have been killed by them. (2) On the other hand, they can be hybrids that spring up ™ @ colony of one of the parents as a result of wind-blow® Suorter Nores 73 Spores of the other. This other parent might live a con- siderable distance away, and its usual soil requirements might be notably different. This is not a far-fetched assumption, for fern breeders have found that, although particular soils may be unsuited to some ferns, their prothallia can develop in them with no apparent effect. It is therefore conceivable that gametes from these pro- thallia could cross-fertilize those of the species growing there. Hither of these suggestions may explain these peculiar wood-fern hybrids. Finding such crosses illustrates the unpredictability of nature, and certainly adds much to the fun of hunting rare ferns—W. H. Waaner, Jr., Washington, D.C EQuIsEruM PRAEALTUM IN Dry Sor.—One of the Pleasures of botanizing is the finding of plants in un- usual and unexpected places. Sometimes it is easy to See that the occurrence of a plant where it would not be looked for is due to special cireumstances that have Created a suitable habitat in the midst of generally un- favorable conditions. One would not normally look for Pellaea atropurpurea on the brick walls of a long-aban- doned iron furnace on the Coastal Plain, miles from any Sutcrop of limestone and from the nearest known colony of the fern. No doubt the ferns were brought there in- advertently with the limestone used as a flux in smelt- ing the iron ore, and found the lime they needed in the Mortar of the brickwork after the furnace was aban- doned, Again, in the Baltimore region Lorinseria areolata is a Coastal Plain plant, growing in low woods not many feet above Sea level. Yet in 1894 a number of the plants Were found in a wet spot in woods on the fairly steep Slope of a ridge, at an elevation of nearly 500 feet. 74 AMERICAN F'ERN JOURNAL Here, overlying a quartz schist of the Piedmont Plateau, is an area covered with a Pleistocene deposit character- istic of the Coastal Plain. The fern may have persisted there since before the uplift that permitted erosion to separate this portion of the deposit from its continuation on the Coastal Plain. According to all the rules, Equisetum praealtum should grow in wet places, usually in alluvial soil along streams and lakes. Usually, too, the colonies do not cover a large area, though they may contain thousands of stems. This note is written to tell about a really large colony, in which it is no exaggeration to say there are a few million stems. It is not in alluvial soil, and over part of the area the soil is not very damp. About a mile north of Towson, Baltimore Co., Md., the Dulany Valley Road is nearly level for a few hundred feet, and then drops 140 feet in about half a mile. Roughly parallel to the road and 50 to 75 yards from it, trickles a small run that joins a larger stream at the foot of the slope. All this region was well wooded in colonial days; but for about 250 years it has been part of one of the old manors, and because the spot is distant only half a mile across an open field from the manor house, presumably it was cleared a long time ago. For many years there have been no large trees to shade the little run, which flows through a grassy field with many bushes. The Equisetum grows abundantly over a large area well up the slope, on both sides of and along the run. Many of the plants are outside the fence, along the grassy edge of the road, where their further spread is stopped by the hard soil. Here they have no shade except from occasional tall weeds. E ; This colony has been known to me for 50 years. During that time—and no one can say: how much longer—the soil must often have been baked dry. It is not especially SHorter Notes 75 surprising for the Equisetum to have persisted along the run from the days before the land was cleared. Its long rhizomes would help it to survive, and to spread widely when the field lay fallow for years. At first sight the occurrence of a number of the plants in the dry spots shows considerable adaptability to adverse conditions, but it is possible that they are directly con- nected, by the rhizomes, with plants growing in moist soil several feet away. To test this idea would involve a great deal of digging, for the rhizomes run deep. Any- way, the place is 50 miles away.—C. E. Waters, Wash- ington, D. 0. ARKANSAS FERN Notes.—Moore in 1940 reported 67 Pteridophyta from Arkansas. In the following list the tst two entries are new for the state, and the four others are additional to single regional records. The specimens were collected by myself. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. f. simulans Weatherby. Optimus, Stone Co., July 12, 1942 (no. 23457). Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) Gray var. Haleana (Fer- hald) Broun. Wilmer, Drew Co., Oct. 17, 1942 (no. 24106). Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt. var. Michauzi- “mum Weatherby. Calico Rock, Izard Co., July 11, 1942 (no. 23438). Woodwardia virginica (L.) J. E. Sm. Kingsland, Cleveland Co., sphagnum bog on hillside, June 28, 1942 (no. 23308) Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) Gray. Norman, Mont- somery Co., Oct. 12, 1932 (no. 9836). Equisetum arvense L. Sandy bottoms of Crow Creek, adison Junction, St. Francis Co., June 2, 1941 (no. 22154). Deuziz Demaree, Monticello, Ark. 76 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Recent Fern Literature The members of the Fern Society will welcome the sec- ond edition of Dr. Wherry’s ‘‘Guide to Eastern Ferns.’” Many of the drawings are new or revised, and sufficient material has been added to bring the volume to 252 pages. All ferns known to be native in the states of Pennsylva- nia, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, nearly a hundred in number, have been figured and de- scribed, and 53 forms, varieties, and hybrids are distin- guished. The nomenclature has been revised, and the genera have been rearranged to conform in the main to the plan proposed by Christensen in Verdoorn’s Manual. An adequate list of synonyms has been provided to facili- tate the beginner’s use of the more detailed writing of other authors. The range of species is revised according to the latest records. An innovation is the placing of Phegopteris Dryopteris and Phegopteris Robertiana in the genus Currania Cope- land. Another change is the use of the term Lycosphens for the conventional ‘‘Fern allies.’’ This assemblage 0 the more primitive fernworts has become established rather because they individually differ from the true ferns than because of any common relationship; but sooner or later they are bound to attract the attention of fern students and there is need of a convenient and defi- nite name for the group. A key to the classification, based mainly on natural relationships, has been added in this new edition. contains considerable diagnostic material not included in the formal descriptions of the species and is well con- ceived, though the small pages of the pocket-size volume have made proper display difficult. Codrdinate elements 1 Guide to Eastern Ferns. By Edgar T. Wherry. iv + 252 pages: 97 figures. Second edition. 1942. The Science Press Printing Co., Laneaster, Pa. ($1.00.) RECENT FERN LITERATURE fi is are indicated by like indention rather than by letter or number, a system hard to interpret when items to be ‘ompared are separated by one or more pages. Some awkward abbreviations and other difficulties might have been avoided had the key been set in finer type, or the lines been run vertically instead of horizontally. The key, however, serves its purpose. It not only leads to a Speedy identification of species, but it also impresses the student with the basis for the classification. The usefulness of Dr. Wherry’s Guide is attested by the sale of nearly 2,000 copies since the first edition was ‘ssued in December, 1937.—Rosert P. St. JoHN. Prof. Kenneth W. Hunt of the College of Charleston, South Carolina, has published a handy little pamphlet on the ferns of the vicinity of that city, intended to aid the student in their identification. The work was based °n personal observation, previously published lists cover- ing the region, and specimens in seven herbaria, inelud- ing the Philadelphia Academy, the Gray Herbarium, and the New York Botanical Garden. Thirty-one species are listed, four of them—Lygodium japonicum, Cyrtomium faleatum, Pteris multifida, and P. vittata—introduced. here is a key which reads well; there are full notes as to the habitat and frequency of occurrence of each spe- “les; and the location of noteworthy stations is indicated by references to grids on topographic maps. There is also a local bibliography, of the items in which, as well as of More general works, the author has evidently made good use; both his nomenclature and his information are well "P to date, the only slips noted being the omission of one author-citation and one period. Altogether, the list is a rough and satisfying bit of work.'—C. A. WEATHERBY. Piet 5: icini leston, 8. C Charleston Massum Leatice If, 15 pan 1912. (Wor sale atthe "seum for ten cents.) 78 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Mr. C. A. Weatherby has published’ an account of the six Argentine species of Notholaena, two of which, N. sinuata and N. aurea (N. bonariensis), extend as far north as the southwestern United States. The work represents a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the genus, because of the accurate and detailed descriptions and the careful attention given to bibliography and synonymy. Mr. Weatherby has studied types or isotypes of all but one of the 18 species or varieties concerned. Maps show- ing the distribution of four of the species are given, as well as photographs of several type specimens. Of special interest are the line drawings, showing the venation and soriation. Diels separates Notholaena from Cheilanthes as follows: Vein ends a thickened ou otholaena Vein ends thickimed: 0s ene Cheilanthes This key character has been repeated by various fern authors, but Mr. Weatherby’s drawings and discussions bring out clearly the fact that the vein ends are con- spicuously enlarged in many species of Notholaena. He points out also that the commonly accepted statement that the sori are confluent is not strictly true. The re ceptacles are wholly discrete, although the sporangia themselves may be contiguous in age. Mr. Weatherby indicates that a natural arrangement of the species of the Cheilanthoid genera is yet to be made. It is to be hoped that he, who is eminently well qualified, will do that.—C. V. M Gualterio Looser continues his good work on Chilean ferns. In the current number of the Revista Univer sitaria of the Catholic University of Chile, he records two new stations for Pellaea (or Notholaena) nived, a very rare fern in Chile, though common enough in the 1 The Deine Species of Notholaena. Lilloa (Buenos Aires) 6: 251-275. 1941 AMERICAN FERN Society 79 Andes farther north. In my own investigation of this group, covering most of the large herbaria of the United States and those of Kew, British Museum, Paris, Geneva, and Berlin abroad, I had found only one collection from that country. Looser lists six, all from the extreme northern part. In another paper he gives a detailed account of the Chilean endemic, Pellaea myrtillifolia, a near relative of the Californian P. andromedifolia and one of the many cases of similarity in the floras of the two regions. Looser gives a comparative statement of characters, lists of localities recorded in literature and of specimens in Chilean herbaria, full bibliography, and some notes on uses. These last are medicinal, an infusion of the plant being employed in some parts of Chile to allay pain. The vernacular names ‘‘coca’’ and ‘‘yerba coca’’ refer to its sedative virtues.2—C. A. WEATHERBY. American Fern Society Matilda Nevins Ackley took up the collecting and study of flowering plants and ferns in about her sixty-fifth year and continued her interest nearly to the time of her death, August 19, 1942, at Los Angeles, in her eighty-sixth year. Born at Nashua, Chickasaw Co., Iowa, on May 30, 1856, she taught school at the little town on upper Cedar River, a tributary of the Mississippi, before marrying Henry C. Ackley, Meeting congenial spirits in later years at the Nature Club of Southern California’s Tuesday evening lectures and week-end field trips, she first began collecting flowering plants about California. Soon she extended her interests to ferns, joined the American Fern Society, and began exchanging specimens with correspondents ? er, G. Dos nuevas localidades Chilenas del helecho Pellaea Bobo. oe.) Prantl. Revista Universitaria 27: 101-102. 1942. elecho Pellaea myrtillifolia. Op. eit. 117-121. 80 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL whose specimens may be found today in the Ackley Her- barium at the Hancock Foundation of the University of Southern California. Her collection of California wild flowers is now at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural . History. Her own collecting reached at least as far as Portland, Oregon, with vacations at Towle, Placer Co., and Wrightwood, San Gabriel Mts. She also assembled a fine collection of living ferns at her former home in Eagle Rock City, bringing the roots home from field trips or exchanging with friends. To May N. Ackley, as she inscribed herself, I am indebteded for her encouraging interest in my study of ferns, for it was she who first extended my acquaintance with ferns and fern collectors and who shared her fern literature and fern duplicates with me. Many hours we checked over keys and descrip- tions together. Perhaps my most fragrant memory is the bed of native Wild Ginger (Asarum Hartwegit) m her lath house fernery !—J. Ewan. Mr. F. N. Irving, 3323 Mt. Pleasant St., Washington, D. C., will send in exchange to members uncommonly good specimens of Ophioglossum vulgatum, if immedi- ately requested to do so. NEw MEMBERS Mrs. Hugh Hammerly, Hammerly Gardens, R. D. 1, Albany, Orego?- Miss ee Esther Haynes, Apt. 116, East Clifton Terrace, Wash- ington, D. C. Miss M. ‘Marparor Maclean, 31 Congreve St., Roslindale, Massachu- setts, Miss Ruth Olive SS Dept. of Botany, State College for Women, Tallahassee, Fla. CHANGES OF ADDRESS Mrs. T. O. Carlson, 16 Hillerest Road, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey: Dr. A. J. Grout, Newfane, Vermont. Mr. Charles Neidorf, 127 Cannon St., New Yor Mr. Robt. P. St. John, Bluff Point, Pates Co., Hi we THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB MEMBERSHIP Including Bulletin, Memoirs, and Torreya, $5.00 a year PUBLICATIONS Bulletin. Monthly, except July, August and pa poms estab- lished 1870. — $6.00 a year; single numbers 75 cents. Torr onthly; established 1901. Price $1.00 a Eph Manuscripts taenaes fur p oe in the should re addressed tu HaroLp KETT, Editor, The i York “some Garden, Bronx Park (Fordham B Branch P. 0.), New York — Ocvasional, established 1889. Price, $3.00 to $5.00 a Vrititiaig c Catalogue of An thophyta and Pteridophyta within 100 miles ae New York City, 1888. Price $1.00. Subseriptions and other business pan hac ag dressed to the Treag , Harold N. Moldenke, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park (Fordham Brauch PO), New York City, CASTANEA Published by the SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BOTANICAL CLUB Devoted to the botany of the interesting Southern Appalachians. on monthly except during June, July, August, and a Address HE BEYOLOGIST PUBLISHED BY THE SULLIVANT MOSS SOCIETY The onl sig lish wholl: gree Mosses, Hepatics, and tahenn Bi- nS ehio’ illustra’ for Seaiceae as well as for the professional. Yearly cubseription in “the United | States, ee = — 2 ata in t Baer e of Charaao, ‘or fai ae Dr. PAUL D. VOTH University of C zo, Tilinois Dr. WM. c. Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. THE HERB GARDEN OF THE spl wantin d's BOTANIC GARDEN Part I. Culinary herbs: their culture, traditions, and use. Part — I, Cooking. with herbs. By Elizab eth Remsen Van Brunt and . Virginia Riddle —— 42 pages, 2 illustrations and map. ieee ECOLOGY Botanical Editor: CHartes E. OLMSTED Zoological Editor: THomas Park Established 1920. Quarterly. Subscription, $5 a year for com- — plete volumes =o _ to Oet.). Back volumes, as available, $6 each. Single numbers, , $1.50. Foreign postage: 40 cents. GENETICS : Established 1916. one Subscription, $6 a year for — - complete volumes (Jan. to Dec.). Single numbers, $1.25 post £70e, Bock selena, ar availa, $C ach Foreign postage: aeaee : Department F, Brooklyn Botanic Garden — Raadearign dessa ae N. ¥, care nse all July-September, 1943 No. 3 A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the _ AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY Che American Hern Soriety Connril for 1943 OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR C. A. WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, ana JosePH Ewan, Boulder, Colorado Vice-President Mrs. Exsiz Gisson WHrrney, 274 South Main Ave., » Albany, N. yy Henry K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, bien gM pe fe Wittiam RB. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. 0. Editor-in-Chief OFFICIAL ORGAN American Fern Journal EDITORS Wii R. Maxon .. i ion, W: gto Sy . BENEDICT SaRET YT By Sarg Fo , Broo! >i CO. V. Morton ............... Smithsoni itution, W: on, 00 Sige rrepetite at geod 24 a They should be ordered Sees eee olume I, six numbers, $2.00; other volumes $ each. Single : tack anuicir Ee comer, Vol No, iy col It nos 2,8 ond Gime Gea por ei eee lie d except with ! AS American Hern Journal ‘Vou. 33 JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1943 No. 3 To the Paramo de Chaquiro Francis W. PENNELL To any Colombian the word pdramo has but a single meanine—it denotes the bleak heights above timber line. Each of the three Cordilleras of the Andes rises to such heights, and through corresponding zones of plant and animal life. In the Central Cordillera many of the peaks pass higher into glistening snoweaps, but on the Eastern and Western Cordilleras the highest summits are mostly crowned by the cold-resistant vegetation of the paramo. On each Cordillera one climbs through tropical forest into its denser mountain climax of subtropical forest, then into the cold forest above, and higher still through the shrub zone (paramillo) out to the open péramo. In his classic ‘‘ Distribution of Bird-Life in Colombia’” Dr. Frank M. Chapman has called these altitudinal stages the Tropical Zone, the Subtropical Zone, the Temperate Zone, and the Péramo; but the Colombians had long ago distinguished them as the tierra caliente (hot country), the tierra templada (temperate country), and the tierra Iria (cold country), in which was included, but clearly designated, the pdramo. The two lowest zones are un- ouched by cold, and the tierra templada, with its per- Petual temperature of early summer and its abundance of rainfall from clouds that condense against the moun- tain slopes, must be the world’s richest zone of ferns. 3ul an Mus, N ist. 36: 85. 1917 + {Volume 33, ag 2, es preg ae pages 41-80, was issued e17, 1943.] & 81 mH 82 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL But the plant life of the tierra fria is adapted to cold—a eold that knows only a daily rhythm to warmth, and that when the sun is actually shining—and this cold becomes ever more severe as we ascend. The composition of the flora of the tierra fria is a fascinating problem: In part the cold forest and the pdramos are occupied by plants of tropical groups, modified descendants of plants of the hotter lowland; in part by plants of groups pertaining to the far away temperate zones, groups quite unknown in the Colombian lowland; and in part by peculiar Andean genera most interesting in character. It is ob- vious why a botanist who had already climbed to the paramo on two of the Cordilleras should wish to ascend so high upon the third. Let us hasten to the Chaquiro! But hasten is what one cannot do in Colombia, or at least one could not before the days of airplanes—and I am telling of a journey of 25 years ago. I had been hither and thither on the Eastern Andes about Bogota and also opposite Neiva; I had climbed the Central Andes to the Péramo del Ruiz; now I wished to see the vegeta- tion of the Western Andes, and hoped to reach paramo. For warrant that this was possible I had a map in the so-called ‘Atlas Completo de Geografia Colombiana’” of F. J. Vergara y Velasco; this traced the highlands at the northern extremity of the Cordillera Occidental and in- dicated a trail across the range from a spot on the Rio Esmeralda that was significantly named Puerto Canoa. That meant ‘‘port of the canoe,’’ and so could clearly be reached by dugout canoe from downstream. Now, the Rio Esmeralda flows into the Rio Sind, and that I had been bidden ascend. The map gave the altitude of Puerto Canoa as 340 meters above the sea, that of the pass to Urama in the Atrato Valley as about 3,000 meters, 2 Bogota, 1906. Although not so stated, I suspect that these are actually maps from the uncompleted survey of Colombia made by Codazzi about the middle of the last century. To THE PARAMO DE CHAQUIRO 83 with the intervening distance only 30 kilometers or 20 miles; nearer still to Puerto Canoa, in fact only nine miles away, was shown the mountain named Paramillo, 4,000 meters in altitude. u ts by ml > iw hr} ts bd 4 ty ° G hw 4 od & 1 ae } Baviss ae es Pat % é -_ PRAILEJONES (LITTLE FRIARS) ON THE PARAMO DEL Quinpio, COLOMBIA I avid ‘eg NAIA To THE P&raAMo DE CHAQUIRO 95 had two species, both new to science, and both of peculiar alpine genera; one is a Bartsia, a genus with endemic Members erighont the Andean highlands from Colom- bia to Bolivia; the other is an Aragoa, a genus hitherto known only fran: the Cordilleras of eastern Colombia and Venezuela.? In the Asteraceae (Compositae) Dr. A. C. Smith has described as new Espeletia occidentalis, the frailejon of this pdramo.* Species of Espeletia, the frailejones or ‘‘cowled friars,’’ with massive unbranched erect stems, dense radiating silvery- or golden-haired leaves that, after functioning, persist as a dense covering on the old stems, and Joose clusters of small sunflower- like heads, are ‘hie most characteristic plants of paramos throughout the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Vene- zuela, Not the paramo alone, but all the tierra fria on this climb yielded a rich harvest of new species. Althoug Many of my collections remain to be carefully studied, there have already been reported such species also in Satyria, Psammisia, Lysiclesia, and Gaultheria of the Ericaceae ; in Hoffmannia and Palicourea of the Rubia- ceae; and in Burmeistera of the Lobeliaceae. The tierra fria is not continuous through the length of the Cordillera Occidental, as is the tierra templada below it, and on this account most trails over the Western Andes do not reach this upper world of life at all. North of Choed Bay there are some five portions of the Cordillera that rise independently above timber line. Each carries its iso- lated world of tierra fria—its cold forest, its shrub zone, and its pdramo. So far as I am aware, my later climb to the most southern of these, the Cerro Tatama, where by gs te ed aca tion of f Aragon, ; and Its Bearing on the Geological History of the by Another, geen larger oes of the Central Cordillera, is Shown in the accompanying pla 96 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL a yet more difficult ascent I reached a far richer world of endemic life, has been the only other botanical assault upon this great mountain chain. We need to reach, with adequate time and facilities for collecting, each of these highlands from Cerro Tatama to El] Paramillo. They are remnants of a single mighty Cordillera, against the western face of which beats the heaviest rainfall in the Western Hemisphere. What genera and species occur upon them all? What endemism has isolation resulting from, long erosion produced upon the different sections? What unexpected relationships, such as that revealed by Aragoa, not with the nearer and more recent Central Andes but with the more remote older mountain systems of eastern Colombia, remain to be discovered ? In the marvellous sunset as seen from the summit of Chaguiro this problem lay spread before me. Below on - every side was cloud, the dense cloud zone through which we had climbed. It was not smooth cloud, but billowy turbulent cloud—cloud of irregular outline that rose repeatedly upward into round cumulous masses. Above the white cloud-world stood only the isolated mountain peaks of my concern, following like a chain of islands the axis of the Western Cordillera. One or two tiny areas showed northward ; eastward was the extensive mountain- mass of El] Paramillo, and then southward far away rose the Paramo del Frontino, another link of our chain, with its secrets yet unknown. All was colored and tinged with unspeakable delicacy and glory of gold and purple, but too quickly did the tropical sunset pass into night.’ ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA. 5 The narrative has been previously told in the Westonian (31: 14-25, 1925), but = . aes of adventure and without the botanical emphasis now give he a is the organ of the Alu muni of Westtown School, Wate. FERN NAMES PROPOSED BY RAFINESQUE 97 New Names for Ferns and Fern Allies Proposed by C. S. Rafinesque, 1806-1838 E. D. Merrmu (Conclusion) *Prermis Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 254. 1830; Fl. Tellur. 1: 83. 1836 [1837] = Pteris Linn. n the first entry Rafinesque merely states: ‘‘Pterilis Raf. Pteris L. Brake,’? having in mind the common bracken, Pteridium aquilinum (Linn.) Kuhn. In the second he states: ‘‘Pteris which means fern must be changed to Peripteris or Pterilis.’’ RuizaKenta Raf. Aut. Bot. 188. 1840. In describing this genus Rafinesque stated ‘‘singular G. of the Rhizospermous family near to Pilularia, Isoetes &e.’’ The somewhat indefinite deseription apparently applies to a form of Limnobium Spongia (Bose.) L. C. Rich., a flowering plant of the family Hydrocharitaceae. The genus is mentioned here because Pennell, in his list of Rafinesque’s new genera published in the Autikon Botanikon (Bull. Torr. Club 48: 95. 1921), repeats Rafinesque’s statement ‘‘near Pilularia, Isoetes, &e.’’ The genus is omitted in Index Kewensis and supplements, nor is it mentioned by Christensen. “hes ora Raf. Prine. Somiol. 26. 1814 = Seyphofihz Sc eee nis Raf. Prine. Somiol, 26. 1814; Fl. Tellur. 1: 84. 1836 [1837] =Scyphofilix Thouars, Nov. Gen Madagase. 1. 1808; J. Roem. Collect. Bot. 195. 1808-09. Rafinesque’s reason for changing Thouars’ generic name was that Scyphofilix, which he incidentally spelled . Sciphofilix in the 1814 reference, was ‘‘mongrel,’’ part Greek and part Latin. Christensen’s entry for Scypho- flix Thouars is incomplete, lacking the date. I have added this from the copy of this undated work in the library of the Arnold Arboretum, for Hiern™* determined its date of issue. Rafinesque published no binomial. Se eyaeneen ee ee 14 Journ. Bot, 38: 493. 1900. 98 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL *Sivetes Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 358. 1808, nom. nud. There is no way by which the status of this name can be determined, it merely appearing in the text in the description of Carpanthus axillaris Raf., thus: ‘‘it [Car- panthus] may form with the genusses pillularia, salvinia, lemna, marsilea, sivetes, &c. a new natural order a kin to the ferns.’’ Carpanthus, supra, is a synonym of the serophulariaceous genus Gratiola. Lemna belongs in the monocotyledonous family Lemnaceae. Sivetes is re- garded by Mr. C. A. Weatherby as in all probability a misprint for Jsoetes. It is so corrected in the French translation (Rafinesque 1808b, p. 222). *SyNnoreLis Raf. New Fl. No. Amer. 1:59. 1836 = Cyclo- phorus Desv. vel Dryopteris Adans. ; afinesque’s statement is ambiguous: ‘‘The Acrost- chum lanceolatum is become the Nephrodium acrosti- choides of India, not ours, both of my genus Synotelis.”’ I find no record of an Indian ‘‘Nephrodium acrosti- choides’’ as early as 1836. The type of N. acrostichoides Desv. (Mém. Soe. Linn. Paris 6; 255. 1827) was from Timor, and the description is so short that one can say with reasonable certainty only that it represents a species of Dryopteris. Nephrodium acrostichoides J. Sm. was not published until 1841. If by Acrostichum lanceolatum Rafinesque meant the Linnaean species, then the very common Indo-Malaysian Cyclophorus lanceolatus (Linn.) Alston (C. adnascens Desv.) is represented. The type of Acrostichum lanceolatum Roxb.** [= Elaphoglossum ner- vosum (Bory) Christ] was from St. Helena, not from India, and there is little chance that Rafinesque had any knowledge of that species. A. lanceolatum Hook. was not published until 1864. By the words ‘‘not ours’’ Rafines- que had in mind Nephrodium acrostichoides Michx., 1.€-, Polystichum acrostichoides Schott. In spite of the fact that Rafinesque proposed the new generic name Synotelis, 15 In Beatson, Tracts St. Helena 296. 1816. FERN NAMES PROPOSED BY RAFINESQUE 99 it is not impossible that he actually intended ‘‘N ephro- dium acrostichoides of India’’ to be a new binomial: ; yet this would be strange, in view of the fact that he was familiar with the American Nephrodium acrostichoides ichx. *THELIPTERIS Raf. Med. Fl. 1: 32. 1828; Man. Med. Bot. 32. 1841 = Thelypteris Adans. = Pteris Linn. EQUISETACEAE *EQuiseTUM MoNTANUM Raf. Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 206. 1818 = Equisetum sylvaticum Linn. The description is: ‘‘Equisetum montanum Raf. Rough, sterile and fertile stems very branched, striated, Sheaths rufous nearly quadrifid, divisions ovate acute trinerved, branches two- or three-chotomous, small branches adscendent filiform, flexuouse triqueter or com- pressed, rufous caliculated, leaves subulate, ternate or opposite—Obs. A singular species found wit . Knevels on the Catskill Mountains, in woods near the two lakes; it has some affinity with the E. Sylvaticum, and rises about two feet.’? This can scarcely be other than the common E. sylvaticum Linn. Equiserum pranaLtum Raf. Fl. Ludoy. 13. 1817 (as prealtum). Rafinesque’s technical description was based on Robin’s cursory one and is as follows: ‘‘Equisetum prealtum Raf. N. Sp.? Caulibus simplicibus erectis scabris fistulosis ; Vaginis nigrescens, crenulatis, corona emulans—Prele, b. p. 350. A large specie akin to E. hyemale, grows on the bank of the Mississippi in large bushes rising about Six feet; the stems are about as thick as the finger: the cattle are fond of it in winter, and the joiners employ it to Siam wood.’’ pear ; eee French description’® Voy. Louisiane 3: ig. es (Equise Pat Vae trés-grande espéce croit le ong du fleuve, occupe en touffes de larges places: elle s’éléve jusqu’ A cing & six pieds. Ses tiges sont de la 100 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL grosseur du doigt, nues, scabres, fistuleuses; les gaines, noiratres, légérement crénelées, ont la forme d’une couronne. Cette plante a beaucoup de rapport avec notre préle d’hiver; elle est d’une grande utilité pour le bétail dans l’hiver. Les menuisiers 1’emploient aussi pour polir le bois.’’ Rafinesque’s binomial is now widely accepted as the proper one for this widely distributed North American species, confused by many authors wit the European Equisetum hyemale Linn., and in 1844 characterized by A. Braun as EF. robustum A. Br. ex There are doubtless those botanists who still would ignore Equisetum praealtum Raf. (1817) and retain £. robustum A, Br. (1844), merely because Rafinesque saw no specimens and depended entirely on Robin’s rather informal description of 1807, whereas A. Braun had specimens before him, his type—and doubtless duplicate types—being preserved. For those who dissent merely on the basis that Rafinesque had no ‘‘type specimen’’ I would call attention to the fact that this is the only com- mon Equisetum in Louisiana, but two species being known from that large state. Brown and Correll cite many individual collections representing Equisetum praealtum Raf., some of them from the banks of the Mississippi River, whereas E. laevigatum A. Br., the only other Louisiana species, is known from the state by a single collection only from the Red River at Bossier. This is an excellent illustration of how the status of an originally incompletely described species, of which no type specimen was preserved, can definitely be placed through the simple process of elimination, once the con- stituent elements of a flora are reasonably well known. 17 Amer. Journ. Sci. 46: 88. 1844. See Schaffner, Amer. Fern 1: 71. 1921, and Priat 124, 1932; ~— mens of the set ) FERN NAMES ProposeD BY RAFINESQUE 101 *EQUISETUM TUBEROSUM Raf. Med. FI. 2: 218. 1830, nom. nud. ; Herb. Raf. 54. 1833, nom. nud. = Equisetum telmateia Bhrh. (prob.). All that Ratinesue states regarding this species is: “The een tuberosum Raf. of Oregon, roots food of Indians.’’ G. N. Jones suggests that this was probably pce telmateia Ehrh., which is the com- monest species on the Pacific coast, and which produces numerous tuberous growths from the rhizome rich in reh LYCOPODIACEAE *CLOPopIUM “— Anal. Nat. Tabl. Univ. 205. 1815 = Lycopodium Lin *CopopiIuM Raf. ee Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 286. 1817 = Lycopodium Linn The reason for this ue ad this applies also to Clopodium, as given by Rafinesque under the latter—is that Lycopodium is objectionable, ‘‘being similar in Sound and Soening to Lycopus whence it must be altered into C opodium *Copopium oxyNEMUM Raf. Amer. casa Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 44. 1817 = = Lycopodium clavatum The description is: **Copodium spew Stem creeping branched, leaves saiceais scattered oblique ineurved linear-subulate flat entire awned, awns long filiform flexnose—Obs. Differing from annotinum (Ly- Copodium Li. too similar to Lycopus) by the entire scat- tered leaves, ete. Found with Mr. Knevels on the Cats- kill mountains: we did not find it in blossom.’’ On a Very strict interpretation one might consider that in his Peculiar reference to Lycopodium annotinum Linn. he transferred the latter name to Copodium, but I do not Consider that this represents a valid transfer. Rafines- que’s intent seems to be clear, but he scarcely published any binomial under Copodium, other than C. oxynemum Raf. The reduction of this Rafinesque species has been 102 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL made from the description; see sie Ferns of the Vicinity of New York, p. 222 (1935). *LyYcopopIuM vIOLAcINUS Raf. Journ. Bot. (Desv.) 1: 236. 1813, under Mycastrum sessile Raf This is a lapsus calami on the part of Rafinesque, the generic name Lycoperdon being intended; the very brief description is that of a species of Lycoperdon from the vicinity of Philadelphia. RAFINESQUE BIBLIOGRAPHY All items in the following list contain data on ferns or fern allies and are in the nature of additions to the bibli- ographies published by Christensen in his Index Filicum and its several Supplements. To the strictly Rafinesque papers I have added the one by Robin that was the basis of Rafinesque’s ‘‘Florula Ludoviciana,’’ one by Fox that repeats certain data originally published by Rafinesque, and two by Desvaux that are really republications of Rafinesque’s papers, one a translation from the original English to French. These two Desvaux papers are not exact reproductions of the originals on which they were based, but in most cases Desvaux did republish all that Rafinesque said regarding individual species. Sometimes he abbreviated, as in the case of Ophioglossum pubescens Raf., where he reduced Rafinesque’s original 23- ssn description to merely ‘‘feuille pubescente, N. Jersey.” Rosy, C. C. 1807. Flora Louisianaise. In his: Voyages dans ]intérieur ouisiane, 3: 313-538. cies’? are arranged under natural groups, but : rarely used “binomials characterizing each under generic name or er local French names. This was oF 8 (1817), wherein, on the sole basis of Robin’s bsg tions, he applied bi bi eat to the various entities, + ibi umerous new genera and new ies. fine this he was very severely censured by his com poraries and successors. FERN NAMES PROPOSED BY RAFINESQUE 103 RAFINESQUE, C. 8. 1806. [Additions to rere s Flora of North-America In a letter from Mr. Rafinesque to Dr. Mitchell, dated Palermo, i in Sicily, August 8, 1805.] Med. Repos. II. 422-493 1808. rhb Back of Mr. Rafinesque Schmaltz’s ae intended works on North-American botany; the first on the new or mushroom-tribe of America. Med. Rep 350-356. 1808a. [Essential generic and specific characters of some w genusses and species of plants observed i sy Hees 803 and 1804. paragon sera o Dr. Mitchell, ated ‘ag a Se t, 1807.] Med. Repos. IT. 5 1808b. _Deseriton des platics pianiee dans i les Etats-Unis d’Amerique, e ae fines n 1803 et 18 Son! Rafinesque- Se hionlte, communiqu ée & M. M . Translated by M . Warden. . Jou n, Bot. "(Patin) ‘1: 218-234, Desvaux, N. A 1809, Prosieeca de M. — Schmaltz, relatif 4 deux ouvrages sur la botanique du Nord de 1’Amérique ; traduit du Medical Repository de New-York, vol. 5, B one par M. N. A. Desvaux. Journ. Bot. (Pa aris) 166-178, “This was based on the preceding paper. RaFINEsQug, (C. 1814a. Princi pes fondamentaux de somiologie ou les lois de la nomenclature et de la classification de 1]’empire ti ra ou des animaux et des végétaux.... 1814b. ‘Pri des découvertes et travaux peg + ni de r. C. S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz entre 1800 et 1 1-56 DEsvaux, N. A 1814, Sur les ouvrages de M. get se an eresni Journ. t. (Desvaux) 4: 268-27 er Se as based on the preceding paper by Rafinesque and cant of Rafinesque’s original descriptions are re- eated. Stigler Re s. 1815a. Neen “armen . le quattro florule dell’ Etna. In RE a naturale e generale dell’ Etna. 1: [ App] 1s. ; 1815b. Analyse de la nature ou a on < universe et des s organisés. 1-224, 1 ios 1817a. “Floral taiwan oe or a flora of the State of nslated, revised, and improved, from the French of ©. C. Robin. 1-178. (See —* above.) 1817b. First — ig undescribed American pl. synopsis of new species from the “United Sinton. Amer, Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 1818a. A journal of the ecb of vegetation near Phila delphia, — the 20th of February and the 20th of cpa , 1816, wath een zoological remarks. Amer n. Sei. 1: 77-82. 1818b. {Review of] Flora Americae Septentrionalis, or matic arrangement and description of the pla ont of North America, etc. By Frederick Pursh, London, 1814. Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 170-176, 68. 1818¢e. ese decade of new species . North American nts. Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 206-207. 1819a. T iow of] The genera of Nor rth. American plants a catalogue of the species to the year 1817. By 8. &. &e. Phil delphia, 1818. Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 1819b. Remarques critiques et synonymiques sur les ouvrages Pursh, Nuttall, Elliott, diate [Torrey], Eaton, Bigelow, Barton, Muhlenberg, ete., sur les plantes des ee: Unis. Journ. Phys. Chim, Hist. Nat. 1820. Annals Ara natu re, or annual synopsis of new genera species of animals, plants &c. discovered in North 1-16 rica. ; 1821. Western Minerva, or American annals of knowledge and capper be 1: i-vi, 7-88. ingle copy of this work is known t xist ; the pa ae of it are summarized by W. J. Wot in i . 1900. Science I 1824. Florula se anger gael Catalogue e the args trees, shrubs and entue In First catalogues and gece of the a rare ie of Transylvania University at Lexington, Kentucky. a “Medical a flora; or, a manual of ~~ ~~ eee e United States of North Am oe pl. . iat : : 1833a. Herbarium Rafinesquianum. Prodromus.-pars prima. Rarissim. plant. nov. Herbals; or botanical collec- — of C. S. Rafinesque. 1-80. [At the ne of the J e page: Phe sotars ournal— Extra of No. 1833b. nee of t Florala Mandanensis of Bradbury and Rafinesque, poblished in 1817 and in 1820, with notes and ves gr sides his: Poster Raf. 37-41. 1833¢e. Flor Oe egon : Herb. Raf. 49- 1833d. tide Centralia o: or ie In his: pak os ‘Raf. 7 0 myself, the others procured by ‘aes purchase, OF in gardens. In his: Herb. Raf. 65-66. POLYPODIUM VIRGINIANUM F. DELTOIDEUM 105 1836. New Flora and botany of North America. 1: 1-100. 1836[1837]. Flora Telluriana. . 1: 1-104. Agee | New flora and botany of North America. 4: 1841, Nam a! —— a of the United States. . . pl. a pag ae et ge reprint of Volume 1 of Bidlawine’ s (Medical Flora’’ (1828). Fox, W. J. 1900. apm Sa s Western Minerva, or American annals of potest and literature. Pe ence II. 12: 211-215. ee 4 — s of this very rare work, only a sin oe opy of w hich is known to exist, and re peats the conta botanical data contained. therein, ARNOLD ARBORETUM. Is Polypodium virginianum f. deltoideum a Constant Form? RicHarp C. HarLtow The following notes are offered as of possible value in future study of the forms of our eastern Polypodium virginianum. The case is presented as a simple statement of facts, not with the idea of stirring up latent argument. Others, far more eapable than the writer, may judge. During the years 1938 to 1942 inclusive, the writer has been deeply interested in the various forms of the Poly- pody, his investigations having consisted of transplant- ing many of these forms to earefully prepared rock ledges in a wooded fernery, where they could be grown under Similar conditions of soil, shade, moisture, and exposure. It had been noted that forma deltoidewm seldom ran true from the same rootstock in the wild. In 1940 some 25 rootstocks bearing from one to four typical fronds of this form were transplanted from various sections of the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania to the fernery at La Anna, Pennsylvania. These were all well-marked speci- mens, 11 being distinctively lobed on the lower side of the lowermost segment, 8 lobed on the upper side of the lowermost segment, and 6 lobed on both sides of the lower- 106 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL most segment; all blades were typically broad and more or less triangular in outline. In nearly every case it was noted, in digging out the rootstock, that the most typical deltoid fronds came from root areas which were starved from lack of soil (as in an extremely narrow, dry crack), or where the rootstock was protruding, through outgrow- ing the available soil. these were planted under simple, typical Poly- pody conditions, but with soil a half inch in depth on the top of the rocks. They were planted in both shade and and filtered sunlight. In 1941 new growth was carefully studied. In every case, perfectly normal fronds appeared and the features which marked the so-called forma: deltoideuwm entirely disappeared. The entirely normal fronds appeared again in all cases in 1942. In 1941 the reverse experiment was tried. Twenty- five plants of perfectly normal Polypodium virginianum were planted where either the ends or some sections of the rootstock were exposed and not covered by leaf mold. Four plants threw up normal fronds in 1942, while the remaining 21 all had one to three fronds showing typical deltoideum characters. It is realized that the experiments have not been ex- tensive enough to justify very definite conclusions, but they have gone a long way in the writer’s mind to establish the fact that deltoideum is not a constant form, being rather a leaf form caused by unnatural conditions of growth. It may also be of interest to know that Polypodium virginianum forma acuminatum (Gilbert) Fernald, planted to the extent of 20 different rootstocks in 1940, came absolutely true in 1941 and 1942 under typical Polypody conditions of sun, shade, exposure, and mols- tur CAMBRIDGE, MAss. DRYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA IN TENNESSEE 107 New Occurrences of Dryopteris Clintoniana in Tennessee Jesse M. SHAVER On August 29, 1937, I went to Fayetteville, Lincoln County, Tennessee, to spend a Sunday botanizing with Mr. Harvey Bridges, a former student. During the day, while we were working up a wooded ravine about five or Six miles south of Fayetteville, Mr. Bridges pointed out to me some large, dark green ferns that he had previously discovered. At first I took these to be aberrant forms of Goldie’s fern, Dryopteris Goldiana (Hook.) A. Gray. However, when I got home I found that it was not Goldie’s fern, so I made additional trips at different times to study the fern at this station. Still I could not Satisfactorily classify it, and it was not until I read Wherry’s paper on ‘‘Southern Occurrences of Dryopteris Clintoniana’’ that I was able to identify it as Dryopteris Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Dowell var. australis Wherry.* My specimens are almost exactly like sheet No. 667180 (Acad. Sei. Phila.) grown in Washington from a Ford- ney, Alabama, rootstock and kindly lent me through Dr. Wherry and Dr. Pennell.? So far as I was aware at the time, this was the first station known for this fern from Peencesce, However, in his fern book (1938) Small mentioned (p. 274) the finding of Dryopteris celsa in 1931 in Tennessee hear Hot Springs, North Carolina. In a review of this book, Wherry ( 1939, pp. 25-28) refused to accept this Tennessee fern as D. celsa. He thinks it is D. Clinton- ‘ana; but Small’s material has apparently been lost and The author prefers to use the old names for these iar as given by Wherry (1937), rather than the veal names nee (L.) A gp He var ae cadet (D. CG. Eaton) Sseacle pe D. eris IT ? Dr. Pennell h aciously lent imens from the herbaria of the Academy of Natural Seiences of Philadelphia “for this stndy. 108 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL local horticulturists have destroyed the original station, so in the absence of specimens it is not possible to deter- mine the variety. Another Tennessee station for this fern was discovered in a rather peculiar way. In the spring of 1941, Dr. Aaron Sharp of the University of Tennessee told me of two sheets of badly preserved fronds of what might be D. Clintoniana that had mysteriously escaped the fire which destroyed the University herbaria. Through the courtesy of Dr. Sharp I have had the opportunity of examining these. Though badly eaten by insects, the two sheets together apparently have three fronds, the basal portions of some fronds being on a separate sheet from their tops. They had originally been labeled: ‘‘Flora Tennesseensis, Legit Dr. A. Gattinger. Aspidium Filiz-mas Swartz. Tallahoma (sic) July,’’ with the year not clearly legible but apparently 1867. Below this in pencil had been written ‘‘probably Cristatum var. Clin- tonianum.’’ These fragments were carefully studied and sketched. I identified them as D. Clintoniana, but cou not be sure of the variety. The shape of the fronds, the small sinuses between fertile segments, and the two or three reduced pairs of basal pinnae are much like those in Blomquist’s plate (1934, p. 65) and a specimen col- lected by Fred W. Gray near Charlotte, North Carolina, September 11, 1936, with the notation in pencil ‘‘V. genuina Wherry E.T.W. 1939.’’ The single fertile pinna figured by Blomquist is unlike any of this material. Furthermore, the sori appeared to be toward the midrib, rather than medial as in var. genuina Wherry. These facts made me hope that if I could rediscover this station I might find var. genuina in Tennessee. The first procedure was to consult Oakes’ ‘‘The Life and Work of Doctor Augustin Gattinger,’’ in order bi find out whether Dr. Gattinger had a friend living 17 Tullahoma about 1867 whom he was in the habit of DRYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA IN TENNESSEE 109 visiting. I found (p. 13) that Prof. Alexander Kocsis was a very dear friend of Dr. Gattinger, that he moved from Nashville to Tullahoma immediately after the close of the Civil War, and that Dr. Gattinger was a very frequent visitor in his friend’s home. Through the aid of a former student, I was able to locate the site of Pro- fessor Kocsis’s home (the building has disappeared long ago) near the outskirts of the present city. Then, rea- soning that Dr. Gattinger’s trips would probably not cover a great distance from this home, a plan of locating and exploring all likely habitats was prepared and put in operation in the fall of 1941, with the result that one of my students, Mr. James Shaw of Chattanooga, relo- cated the station and I was able to make collections. The more complete collection contains no plants ex- actly like those in the Gattinger collection, so this may really be a new station, although this seems hardly likely. These later plants I have classified as var. australis Wherry, although most specimens have slightly infra- medial sori and rather narrow sinuses, but no more so than the Fordney, Alabama, material mentioned above. There are no sori on the lower pinnae and most of the pinnae are acuminate. However, this material is being carefully studied and a more detailed report will be Published elsewhere. LITERATURE CITED «Sided H.L. 1934, Ferns a Sy Carolina. Pp. i-xii, 1-131. e University Press, Du Oakes, Henry N. 1932. A Brief. Sketch of the Life and Works of Augustin Gattinger. Tennessee Academy of Science, Nash- ville, Tenn. Small, John K. . Ferns of the Everenanars States. Pp. 1938 1-517. The Science Press, Lancaster, Wherry, Edgar aN a — Occurrences “of Dryopteris Clin- toniana. r. Fern Jou : 1- os, {oat °T. 1939. [Review.] Amer. Fern Journ. 29: Slane Prasopy CoLLEGE FoR TEACHERS, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE. 110 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Shorter Notes Two CoLoRFUL ORIENTAL FERNS FOR THE GARDEN.— The first of these is Dryopteris erythrosora, of eastern Asia. The Journal of the New York Botanical Garden for September 1935 contained an article by D. T. Walden describing this interesting species, several plants of which had then been growing for many years in the fern garden north of the old rockery at the Garden. These were de- seribed as having bipinnate, broadly triangular blades 15 to 20 inches long, on 10-inch, dark brown stipes. The author mentioned as the special contribution of this fern to the garden the bronzy variegated coloring of the young blades in May and early June, and described the color at maturity as a rich glossy green, showing whitish areas where the heavy sori are impressed beneath. It was probably not long after this that energetic workmen with seythes cut everything in the fern garden, which had become overgrown with weeds, close to the ground, destroying the specimens just mentioned. For- tunately, a plant had been given to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, however, from spores of which the writer has been able to raise young plants. These are now four to six inches high. The little fronds are reddish orange in color, but thus far the whitish areas have not appeared. The second fern is a form of Athyrium Goeringianum known to me as var. pictum. This variegated Lady-fern, a native of Japan, is 10 to 18 inches high, with narrow blades 3 to 4 inches broad: In spring the young fronds are a rich purple in color, but as they mature the purple fades somewhat and the blades become green. The typical (non-variegated) form of this species, Athyrium Goer- ingianum, shows no purple or whitish areas, the fronds being of a uniform dark green color. Like Dryopteris erythrosora this species is perfectly hardy, and can be SHORTER NOTES 111 easily grown. It makes an attractive addition to the fern garden, the variegated form appearing to special advantage against gray rocks. A limited number of young plants of both species are available for distribution to Fern Society members who may wish to try their hand at growing them.—W. Her- BERT DoLe, 23 Overlook Ave., West Orange, N. J. ASPLENIUM PALMERI IN TEXAS—In December of 1941 Mr. H. B. Parks and I were graciously entertained by Mr. George M. Soxman at his home at Dallas, Texas, and were privileged to examine his neat and very excellent col- lection of the ferns and fernlike plants of Texas. Among these was a collection of Asplenium Palmeri Maxon, which was taken August 22, 1941, in Limpia Canyon of the Davis Mountains, and which since has been reported in this Journal as the first Texas station for this fern. _I wish now to make a second report of the occurrence of this species in Texas. Strangely enough my collection antedates that of Mr. Soxman, for it was taken on July 4, 941. This species, which occurs from Guatemala north through Mexico into southern Arizona and New Mexico, thus becomes known from two widely separated localities m Texas. Mr. C. A. Weatherby informs me that my No. 37695, taken at the Blue Hole of Pulliam Creek, a tributary of the Nueces River—which locality is in Edwards County at 16 airline miles directly southeast of Rocksprings, at an elevation of 1750 feet—is this species. Mr. Soxman took this fern in Limpia Canyon, Jeff Davis County, at approximately 11 airline miles northeast of Ft. Davis and at an approximate elevation of 4475 feet; it was growing on igneous rocks. This locality is 230 airline miles northwesterly of the station in Edwards County and has an elevation greater by more than 2700 feet. Moreover, the rocks in the latter locality are of limestone. Collectors in southwestern Texas should be 112 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL on the watch for this species, which evidently is rare with us—V. L. Cory, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. American Fern Society Nrw MEMBERS ee Biron Bauer, 103 N. Old Orchard, Webster Groves, 19, the an aura A, East, Plymouth, Pegi Mr. Arthur Martin, Arthur, Di Mr. S. Mauro, Navy 120, ¢/o Peet P PO. , Miami, Flori ei F. H. Montgomery, 17 Earl St. : KiteWaner, aR “anid: am F. Rapp, 122 State St., Glassboro, New Jersey. i em Schumacher, 1760 Sixtieth St. hooky: Nex: CHANGES OF ADDRESS D. R. Bartoo, 312 Pearl St., Cookeville, Tenness a Robt. P. Carroll, Virginia "Military cn ior foalivods Vir- gi a Emma Elliott, 46 North Gordon St., Gouverneur, New York. . Magnus Gregersen, Wilton Garden Club, Wilton, Connecticut. : Bitr. Wesley O. Griesel, 4103 Sunset Drive, Los Angeles, California. “Mr. ie Wm. Kobbé ila Connecticu ’ Mr. Elmer J. se 5227 EIR o Ave., Los Lagelen 41, California: = eae Rugg, Box 187, ‘Dartmoutl College, Hanover, New pshire. A Rawat P. St. John, Star Route, Potsdam, New York. Mr. E. J. Winslow, 179 South Lincoln St., Keene, New Hampshire. THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB MEMBERSHIP Tucluding Bulletin, Memoirs, and Torreya, $5.00 a year PUBLICATIONS Bulletin. Monthly, except July, August and September; estab- lished 1870. Price $6.00 a year; single numbers 75 cents. Bimonthly ; established 1901, Price $1.00 pi a aaa intended for publication in the should be addressed to HaroLp W. RICKETT, Editor, The gion York “ag arden, Rider Park (Fordham Branch P. 0.), New York sama Occasional, established 1889. Price, $3.00 to $5.00 a Deis tacks, alogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta within 100 miles of See "York City, 1888. Price $1.00. Subscriptio other business communications should be ad- foe ne ace ane CASTANEA Published by the BOTANICAL CLUB Deretad to the botany of the ineatng onthe Southern Appalachians. | gablished monthly —— oe i ee Shea subseription, sentation ene: in the Club, — : athe lie fl op sac ot ‘ ve: Se fi ce ang Sela PUBLISHED SULLIVANT Moss SOCIETY The =. — ine in English wholly devoted to pe bint Hepaties, and Li Bi-monthly ; illustrated; for the begi well as onl the pei Sag Yearly subscription in the United | States, ee uding membership in the = IVANT MOSS SOCIE ee of Curators for beginner. Dr. WINONA H. H DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana Dr. A. J. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee THE HERB GARDEN OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Part I. Culinary herbs: their culture, cecisions_ sae ae. Part Il. Cooking with herbs. By cece Remsen V: ase beg" and a ECOLOGY Botanical Editor: CoaRtes E. OLMSTED Zoological Editor: THoMAS Park Established 1920. Quarterly. Subscription, $5 a year for plete volumes (Jan. to ye Back volumes, as available, $6 Single numbers, $1.50. Foreign postage: 40 cents. Vol. 33 October-December, 1943 No. 4 Ampriran #eru Journal AMP A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY ee. ey Ee: oy a EDITORS WILLIAM R. MAXON uo R. C. BENEDICT Cc. V. MORTON IRA L. WIGGINS Te hie ge, mee : 2 r a CONTENTS : aby {ree aay The Group of Selaginella Parishit... itt ao8 he Wearuensr us Che American Hern Society Counril for 1943 OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR C. A. WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Massachusetts JosePH Ewan, Boulder, Colorado iss Pesuoer Mrs. Etstz Gipson WHirney, 274 South Main Ave., Sle, Ne Seer Henry K, Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. Treasurer WituiamM R, Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Editor-in-Chief OFFICIAL ORGAN American Bern Journal EDITORS An illustrat rated quately devoted to the general wady of forme _ Subseription, $1.25 per year, foreign, 10 cen otra; sent free to members of the AMERICAN ‘PERN SOCIETY (ann ual dues, Amvriran Fern Journal Vou. 33 OcTOBER—DECEMBER, 1943 No. 4 The Group of Selaginella Parishii C. A. WEATHERBY The American Selaginellas of the subgenus Euselag- inella (that to which the common eastern Selaginella rupestris and the widely distributed western 8. densa and S. Wallacei belong) have, in the past 35 years, received critical attention from Underwood, A. A. Eaton, Hierony- mus, van Eseltine, and Maxon. Their cumulative labors have accounted very satisfactorily for the species of the United Stated and a fair proportion of those of Mexico; and though these species are rather numerous and often very local, and rest on minute and somewhat repetitious characters, it does not appear that the group has been at all seriously over-segregated. For the United States, it can be regarded as now reasonably well understood. Nevertheless, except for Hieronymus’s very condensed and now out-of-date synopsis in Die Natiirlichen Pflanzen- familien and Underwood’s amplification of it,’ no one has recently attempted to key out the species of more than a relatively limited area. In the course of determining Prof. Ivan M. Johnston’s collections from northern Mexico, it became necessary for me to make rather wide comparisons. One of the results is the following key which, with its accompanying list of species, citation of specimens, and bibliography, may, it is hoped, be of use in making identifications. 1 Fern Bull. 10: 8-12. 1902. [ Volume 33, Ti oe 3, of the JourNAL, pages 81-112, was issued Sep- Vol deste. 22, 1943 M13 114 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Up to the present time the main divisions used in Selaginella and, so far as can now be seen, the most prac- ticable are habital. The small group here considered is characterized by its (for Euselaginella) strongly dorsi- ventral repent stems. The numerous, closely set, and (when lying flat) imbricated leaves are in six or more ranks. Those of the lower ranks (i.e., those next the ground) are larger than those of the upper and often otherwise different. According to Prof. Johnston’s ob- servations in the field, after rains, when the plant has abundant moisture, all the leaves spread horizontally, making a strongly flattened spray. This condition may often be seen in new shoots of herbarium specimens. In dry weather and in most herbarium specimens, however, the leaves of the lower ranks turn upward at the ends and those of the upper assume a nearly or quite vertical pos- ture, giving the stems a very characteristic appearance, as of fur rubbed the wrong way. These arrangements —the close-set leaves protecting one another and the up- right position of the upper ones, presenting their edges to the light—tend to reduce transpiration and have ob- vious advantages for plants of hot and for long periods rainless habitats; as suggested by Dr. Maxon, they are probably to be regarded as adaptations to such habitats. They are least pronounced in S. arizonica, most in 8. Landii, where even the shape of the upper leaves, broad- est at base and tapering evenly to the apex, tends further to reduce the exposed leaf-area. In the list which follows, the species are arranged with 8. arizonica first and 8. Landii last, as indicating a possible developmental series. In all four species the stems and branches are pros: trate or assurgent at their tips and form dense colonies. The megaspores in all are much alike, yellow and rugose- reticulate. In 8S. eremophila and 8S. arizonica they are described as more finely reticulated on the commissural face. GROUP OF SELAGINELLA PARISHTI 115 The leaves of the upper ranks seem to offer the most obvious distinguishing characters and these are primarily used in the key. To be seen clearly, they often need rather high magnification (a 20x or even 40x setting in a binocular dissecting microscope is not too much) ; but it is hoped that they will be more readily made out than the minutiae of microscopic measurements and the counts of cilia so much relied upon by Hieronymus. The char- acters of ciliation given do not apply to the leaves of the lower ranks. It must also be borne in mind that in herbarium specimens the cilia are rather easily broken off. The bibliography makes no pretense to completeness; it is intended only to supply references to reasonably ac- cessible publications in which descriptions and other in- formation may be found. Specimens cited are all in either the Gray Herbarium (G) or the United States National Herbarium (US). As on many previous oc- casions, I am deeply indebted to Dr. Maxon for the loan of specimens and for generously given information. Key TO THE SPECIES Leaves with a subpersistent, stiff, straight, scabrous terminal seta readily broken off in age, bu t to be found on some leaves in all eto soem Southwestern Texas; southern Arizona and bot i ic and very soon deciduo a tortuous, very early — e in : Leaves of the upper ranks without a rea eet seta, ciliate or ser- rul Leaves ‘of the rr ong- or ee a ae rela- ely thin, ciliate ee narrowed to attened picedians or hyaline apex. orthoses eco cae r ranks narrowly deltoid or rama vce vigah he - Dk eiate the apger third, gradually and eve: sat acuminate to the thickened, pearcinanse us apex. Geatral Uh Acs at 2 eisai ate Oo a0) . 8. Landii 116 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL 1. SELAGINELLA ARIZONICA Maxon in Smithsonian cre Coll. 72, no. 5: 5, pl. 3 (1920) and in Kearney & Peeb U.S. Dept. Agric. Mise. Pub. 423: 44 (1942) fiaceace Plants and Ferns of Arizona]; Little in Amer. Fern Journ. ~ ig (1938) ; Eee & Kittell, Fl. Ariz. & N. Mex. 880 (1941). e from Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, Taly 28, 1914, sire (US) ; isotype, G. Other specimens seen: Texas. Six miles west of Van Horn, Culberson Co., alt. 4300 ft., June 25, 1940, Hitchcock & Stanford 6780 (G); Davi s Mts., 6 miles west of Alpine, Brewster Co., Sept. 25, 1942, Cory 40232 (G) ; on rocks near stream-bed, Upper Juniper Canyon, Chisos Mts., Brewster Co., alt. 6000 ft., July 15-18, 1921, Ferris & Duncan 3592 (US) ; : near Shafter, Presidio Co., June 6, 1924, Orcutt (US). ARIZONA. Without definite locality; 1881, Pringle (G). Granam Co.: rag Cafion, April, 1873, Mohr US)... G Co.: Steep, rocky slope, Roosevelt Dam, xo 3, 1910, antics 722 (G, US) ; bluffs, Tonto Na- ional Forest, 3000 ft. alt., May 10, ae Talbot & Chap- fae ane L US). Maricopa Co.: Moist, rocky banks on north s , Canyon Lake, March 20, 1930, A. Nelson 11217 (oa) 11217a (G). Prat Co.: Ra ay, 1913, V. Bailey (US) ; Sacaton Mts., Oct. 14, 1925, Kearney 480 (US); Superstition Mts., Jan 23, 1929, ‘Goodding 101 (US). Pima Co.: Sabino ‘Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., alt. 2900 ft., June 15, 1903, Thornber 315 (US) ; Soldier Canyon, alt. 2600 ft., Jan. 27, 1923, Bartram (US) ; Pino Canyon, near Tucson, Feb., 1913, Parish 8513 (US) ; ; Tucson Mts. (west side), Feb. 1913, Ferriss (US); Covered Wells, Nov. 1937, Sister Thomas Moric 486 (US); Coyote Mts., 48 miles west of Tucson, March 5, 1937, Wiggins 8694 (US). Sonora. Poso de Luis, Jan. 6, ibe Mearns 2701 (US); granitic mountain, northwes end o jerra ubabi, 7 miles northwest of Rtas dosh 13, 1936, Wiggins 8330 (US). A number of other Arizona collections from the same localities as those cited above, or from other places near by, may be found in the United States National Her- barium. Group or SELAGINELLA PARISHIT 417 Selaginella arizonica, as here understood, exhibits con- siderable variability in the length of the terminal seta and of the cilia. In the Texan material seen these tend to be long; in the Arizonan, short. The Sonoran falls Somewhere between. In each of these regions, and even in single collections, there is so much variability that, on the basis of the specimens at hand, the safest course seems to be to treat them all as belonging to one plastic species, rather than to attempt segregation—especially as incon- Stancy in degree of ciliation and length of seta is a rather common phenomenon in Selaginella. As noted in the key, the terminal seta in this species is, though rigid, apparently fragile and easily broken off. In at least some of the upper leaves, however, it persists to full maturity; it is by no means a juvenile and im- mediately deciduous structure as in S. eremophila. Tide- strom & Kittell place 8. arizonica among non-setigerous Species, stating that ‘‘at least the lower leaves’’ do not bear setae. This is true of the old leaves of the lower ranks; but I should approach the matter from the op- posite direction. In the group to which S. arizonica be- longs, the characters of the upper leaves are more dis- tinctive than those of the lower and the presence, even on some of the leaves only, of setae of a kind common in other groups of Selaginella, but otherwise unknown in this, is more important and rather to be emphasized than their absence in some of the leaves. I have accordingly used their presence as a leading key-character. 2. SELAGINELLA EREMOPHILA Maxon in Smithsonian Mise. Coll. 72, no. 5: 3, pl. 2 (1920) and in Abrams, Il. Flora Pacific States, 1: 7. jig. 104 f 1923) ; Munz & John- ston in Amer, Fern Journ. : 1, 2 (1923 ); Munz, Man. So. Cal. Bot. 13 (1935). 8S. Parishii Underw. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 33: 202 (1906), as to Californian element. Type from Riverside Co., California, Palm Canyon, April 4, 1917, I. M. Johnston 1047 (US), not seen. 118 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Specimens seen CALIFORNIA. ives Co.: West Canyon, western edge of Colorado Desert, alt. 200 m., April 18, 1907, Parish 6111 (G); dry, rocky hills, Palm Springs, "March 27, 1919, Parish 1919 90 (G); desert sand. near Palm Springs, alt. 400 ft., April 1, 1920, Mary F. Spencer 1468b (G); rocks, base of San Jacinto Mts., Colorado Desert, March 1908, Saunders (US) ; Pinyon Wells district, Little San Bernardino Mts., April 1921, Jaeger (US) ; base of high rocks, Corn Springs, Chuckwalla Mts., alt. 2500 ft, April 9-12, 1922, Munz & Keck 4865 (US). ARIZONA. 40 miles southeast of Yuma, near Tinajas Altas, Yuma Co., Dec. 17, 1934, Jaeger (US). Several other collections from Palm Springs are in the National Herbarium. The weak, tortuous terminal seta in the very young leaves (somewhat suggestive of that in the eastern S. tortipila) seems not to have been observed before, but is present in all the specimens I have examined. The minute cusp at the apex of the mature leaves is pre- sumably the persistent base of this seta. 3. SELAGINELLA PartsHi Underw. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 33: "302 (1906), as to Mexican element and cited ype: Maxon in Smithsonian Mise. Coll. 72, no. 5: 4 (1920). Type from Mexico: Concepeién del Oro, Zacate- eas, Aug. 11-14, 1904, E. Palmer 306, in herb. New York Bot. Gard. ; ; isotype, Other specimens see CoAHuILA: Near Saltillo, alt. 2000 m., June 1909, Nil (US), Arséne 3453 (US); July 10-13, 1934, Pennell (US). 17272 Zacatecas: Clefts of slate rocks, Tarey Cafion, near Cedros, alt. 7000 ft., Feb. 7, 1911, Chaffey 58 (US). 4, SELAGINELLA LAanpi Greenm. & Pfeiff. in Ann. Mis- souri Bot. Gard. 5: 205, pl. 11, 12 (1918); Maxon in ers, San Esteban Mts., about 32 km. from Guadalajara, J alisco, ae Barnes é = nd 2024,’’ in herb. Missouri Bot. Gar =p aotypes, G WESTERN BotrycHiuMs 119 Other specimens seen JALISCO: Type loc catiy. Sept. 28, 1908, Pringle 10823 ( od Sept. 30, 1903, Rose & Painter 7499 US). T+ La Barranca, Feb. 21, 1927, M. E. Jones 23495 Mexico: Kast slope of Popocatepetl at 12,000 ft. alt., July 2, 1938, Kenoyer 25 (US). Gray HERBARIUM. Observations on Western Botrychiums CartoTTa C. Hau When the Carnegie Institution of Washington was establishing its transplant experiments in the Sierra Nevada of California, from Mather, Tuolumne County at 4,600 feet elevation, along the Tioga Road to Tioga Pass at 9,945 feet and on down the Leevining Grade towards Mono Lake, it was the writer’s good fortune to be one of the party. During the years 1922 to 1926 the latter part of July and a part of August were spent along the eastern part of the transect, with headquarters at Tuolumne Meadows. The camp was situated at 8,600 feet elevation on the Dana Fork of the Tuolumne River at the foot of the low fall in the river and between two rather small granite domes. The dome to the north had been dubbed ‘‘Puppy Dome’’ by a Sierra Club member, and it is so designated in the Sierran transplant records of the Carnegie Institution. During the weeks at Tuo- lumne the writer studied and collected ferns. The genus that interested her most was Botrychium. I. BorrycuiuM siuAIroLiuM AND B. CouULTERI The following notes record the results of some trans- plant experiments with Botrychium Coulteri Underw. (B. multifidum subsp. Coulteri Clausen). - This ‘‘spe- 120 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL cies’’ differs from B. silaifolium Presl (B. multifidum subsp. silaifolium Clausen) in being coarser, generally smaller, and in having a short-stalked sterile blade with crowded segments. It was amazing to see the fronds of Botrychium Coulteri Underw. embedded in the short meadow grass, Stipa occidentalis Thurb. Seeing this fern in the herbarium does not adequately give us the impression of how low and stemless it appears in the field. In this high country (Hudsonian Zone) it was always found in the open meadow with no shade what- ever, though it was continually sought in shaded forest borders and other likely places. Due to the writer’s interest two sets of transplants of B. Coulteri (B. silai- folium Presi in the transplant records of the Carnegie Institution) were made from the open meadows to nearby shade. One set of four plants from a point } mile south from camp was moved on August 22, 1922, from the open meadow on the Lyell Fork of the Tuolumne River to the shade of a group of small, young lodgepole pines only a few yards distant. They were covered by a wire cage which defined the group, but which was designed pri- marily to keep out the many little rodents that flourish there. “One sterile frond from this set (V 527) was taken for a voucher on August 31, 1922. The stalk of this frond is 2 of an inch Jong. Each year these trans- plants were observed. On September 9, 1925, a voucher was taken which has a definitely elongated stalk, 34 inches long. The comment on its folder is that most of the fronds are pale. On August 1, 1926, the following entry in the transplant records was made, ‘‘Six old fronds with stalks 7 cm. long; also 8 fronds of this year, not yet unfolded but stalks elongating.’? When these Botrychiums were moved from the open meadow two plants had fertile spikes. No spikes were produced on the transplanted plants. The fronds were all spindling WESTERN BotrycHIuMs 121 and plainly not thriving in the shade at this elevation (8,600 ft.). A second set (V 528) of B. Coulteri was moved in 1922 (some replacements made in 1923) from the meadow on the Lyell Fork to wet shade close to and on the north side of Puppy Dome. Two plants lived through 1925, but all were dead in 1926. This location was in a group of large trees of Pinus Murrayana, where the shade was deep and the snow melted late. The con- clusion reached from these two experiments is that this Botrychium can endure some shade for a time at least in the Hudsonian Zone but cannot reproduce itself, and that it thrives and completes its cycle there only in open unshaded situations. The same year, 1922, a set of six plants (V 588) of B. Coulteri was taken to Mather at 4,600 ft. elevation, where the principal transplant gardens are located. These Botrychiums were set out in shaded places near where water flowed part of the year. Only one of these locali- ties could be protected and for one reason or another most of the plants were lost. The next year, 1923, a fenced garden was established at Mather, now known as the ‘‘old central gardens.’” Plants of B. Coulteri were again brought from Tuolumne Meadows and planted in several of its environmental plots. The plant that did best was in wet light shade. It was given the number 670-B. All transplants of B. Coulteri were taken from the same part of Tuolumne Meadows, near the Lyell Fork. Two whole plants were preserved as vouchers for all the transplants and a sterile frond was taken from one plant of each set of transplants made. Later the old frond of the previous year was 1 In 1926 new gardens were established a few hundred feet to the west on the border of a large meadow with irrigating facilities and controlled lath shade. AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL VOLUME 33, PLATE 2 WESTERN BoTRYCHIUMS ize _ taken for a voucher when possible; it was cut at the level of the ground. The following table of measurements shows some of the changes that took place in this transplant. The length of the stalks of the sterile blades has been measured from the surface of the ground, which is usually the point of separation of the sporophyll. The first two sets are from the two specimens of whole plants from the original locality preserved as vouchers. The four sets following are from the transplant 670-B of years as indicated: MEASUREMENTS OF WILD PLANTS FROM TUOLUMNE MEADOWS, 8,600 Fret Evry. Stalk of Width of —— of Length of sterile sterile erile ovoehuil lade blade . lade ich tthe Plant 1 4 in. 22 in. 12 in. 24 in. Plant 2 = in, a uk, 1g in. 4 in. MEASUREMENTS OF PLANT 670-B TRANSPLANTED TO MATHER, 0 Fret ELEv. 1926 ame 8} in. 5% in. Not developed 1927 8 in. 53 in. in. 1928 33 i in. 74 in. 5 in. Not developed 1930 32 in 7 in. 42 in. Not developed The re measurements and observations indicate that by transplanting B. Coulteri from full sun at 8,600 feet to light shade at 4,600 feet the following changes took place: The length of the stalk of the sterile blade increased 5 to 7 times; the width of the blade increased more than twice; the length of the blade increased 2 to 3 times; and the sporangiophore lengthened 23 to 3 times. The plants lost their characteristic extreme stoutness and EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. Fie. 1. Typical viene of B. Coulteri from pede 7 meadow at Tuolumne Meadows, 8,600 feet Fig. 2. Sterile blade of V-527 at the time hy Seana atti to ade in 1922. ne Fig. 3. Sterile blade from preceding plant after growing in shade m prec at 8, ay feet regen until Fic. 4. Specim 27 from plant 670-B transplanted in 1923. re Mather, 4, 600 feet elevation. 124 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL the small stiff ultimate segments became much larger, thinner in texture, and not at all crowded. In fact, the plants in their new environment in the Transition Zone differ in no way from typical specimens of B. silaifolium Presl. So it is obvious that B. Coulteri does not deserve the rank of a species or subspecies. It is merely an ecological phase, which may be known as B. silaifoliwm forma Coulteri (Underw.) C. C. Hall, comb. nov.? The range of forma Coulteri is from the Sierra Nevada of middle California north to Washington and east to Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. After 1922 and 1923 the climate at Mather became drier and drier. The small stream that in those years flowed through the ‘‘old central gardens’”’ far into July scarcely flowed after June in the later years of these experiments. Also, normally, there is little or no rain- fall at Mather after early June until late September. It is mainly to this increasing dryness that the writer at- tributes the smaller size of the fronds and the absence of sporophylls in the years 1928 and 1930. Botrychium silaifolium Pres] is retained by the writer as the name of the large Botrychium of the Pacific coast, rather than B. multifidum subsp. silaifolium (Presl) Clausen. Typical B. multifidwm is unknown in this area. Neither that species nor intergrading forms from this region are represented in the herbaria of the Oregon Agricultural College, State College of Washington, Uni- versity of Washington, Stanford University, California Academy of Sciences, or the University of California. Dr. Robert Clausen in his monograph of the Ophio- glossaceae cites a collection from British Columbia under B. multifidum ssp. typicum, but does not seem entirely satisfied with the determination, for he says (p. 32), 2 Based on Botrychium Coulteri Underw. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 25: 537. 1898. WESTERN BoTRYCHIUMS 125 ‘‘There is also a collection from eastern British Columbia which has seemed best referred here.’’ II. Borrycurum stmpuex Hircue. Botrychium simplex Hitche. is also a species of the Hudsonian Zone in California. It grows in abundance in several places along the Tioga Road from Porcupine Flat to Tioga Pass. Large and luxuriant plants were seen at Poreupine Flat at an elevation of 8,200 ft., growing on grassy hummocks on a wet slope south of the creek. At Tuolumne Meadows (8,600 ft.) it grows in abundance between the Dana and Lyell Forks of the Tuolumne River. Robust plants were found at Moraine Flat (9,000 ft.), which is at the left of the Tioga Road as it climbs up and out of Tuolumne Meadows. At Tioga Pass (9,945 ft.) it grows around the small alpine lakes. Other colonies were seen, but at the above localities the writer made eollections and studied the forms of the rond. All stages of development from simple fronds to the pinnate and ternate forms of the sporophyte were seen in each locality. The idea that there is a ‘‘strain’’ con- sisting of only the ternate stage, i.e, B. simplex var. compositum (Lasch) Milde as recognized by Clausen, is probably due to the natural impulse a collector has of putting into the plant-press the largest specimens that he finds, which would be plants of the ternate stage. When a new colony starts, the first sporophytes would quite certainly be the forms with simple fronds. After- ward the stages of frond-development would increase yearly until all forms of the frond would be present. It is conceivable that for several succeeding years there might be climatic conditions which would prevent the germination of spores, in which case all the plants of the colony would progress to the ultimate ternate stage. 126 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL Such continued adverse conditions probably seldom occur. At Tioga Pass, where existence is difficult, the plants of B. simplex are small. In the writer’s collection from this locality, which contains several forms of the sterile blade, there are plants with ternate fronds which mea- ‘ sure as little as 14 inches in height, including the sporo- phyll. Each of these small plants has a sheath at its base made up of several layers of the stalk-bases of previous fronds, indicating that these tiny plants are several years old. They appear to be depauperate; they are certainly not young plants of a ternate ‘‘strain.’’ Several western botanists who have examined colonies of B. simplex re- port that they too have always found present the various forms of the frond. It would seem to the present writer that in the west there is little evidence of a variety of B. simplex which produces only ternate fronds. The stage of B. simplex with the simply pinnate blade is sometimes confused with its close relative, B. Lunaria. Usually the pinnate blade of B. simplex is long-petioled and rises from near the rootstock; but when the plant must push up through leaves, shifting sands, short thick grass, or other vegetation, the commonstalk elongates, carrying the blade to the surface or up into the light, in which case the blade is usually sessile or nearly so. A good example of a similar response is seen in the closely related species, B. pumicola Coville. The blade of that species is carried up by a long stalk through the pumice gravel to the surface of the ground and there is sessile against the sporophyll. Many plants of B. pwmicola were observed for this character by the writer at the type locality on the rim of Crater Lake. Mr. Elmer if Applegate, who with Dr. Frederick V. Coville collected the type and has collected the species several times since, confirms this observation. The conclusion to be drawn WESTERN BotrycHIUMS Ed 4 is that the length of the commonstalk depends on en- vironment and that a sessile or nearly sessile blade is associated with an elongated commonstalk. The writer is not acquainted with B. Lunaria in the field and so cannot say what the relation of its blade to the surface of the ground may be. Through study of herbarium specimens no definite characters have been found by which to separate the pinnate stage of B. sim- plex from B. Lunaria, except that B. Lunaria is a larger, stouter plant with a comparatively broad, usually sessile blade. It is not surprising therefore that the pinnate Stage of B. simplex is sometimes determined as B. Lunaria. In addition to specimens from the herbaria mentioned earlier in this paper, the specimens of B. simplex and B. Lunaria in the herbarium of Pomona College have been studied. In all this material there is not a fully developed, typical, robust plant of B. Lunaria from the stage of B. simplex is sometimes determined as B. Lunaria. both as to identification and distribution. In the her- barium of the University of California is a collection by Baker and Nutting from near Whitehorse Lake, Modoc County, California. It consists of ten plants, all of which are stoutish and simply pinnate, with no indication of becoming ternate ; and it is probable that although young seasonally (collected June 20), these plants from the extreme northern part of the state would have expanded into typical B. Lunaria later in the summer. Several recent California collections determined as B. Lunaria or B. Lunaria var. minganense have been investi- gated by the writer and found to have been collected with ternate plants of B. simplex or to have grown not far from colonies of B. simplex. Other collections, such as those made by Dr. Philip Munz and Dr. Ivan Johnston on the Coldwater Fork of Lytle Creek in the San Antonio Mountains of southern California are all plants with 128 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL simply pinnate blades, but none of these are of the com- paratively large robust type of B. Lunaria. Nor are there in these collections any of the unusual and interest- ingly cut forms which Frére Marie Victorin found on the Mingan Islands and named B. minganense. It is hoped that for a better understanding of B. simplex and B. Lunaria collectors will search a colony for all stages of the species and will revisit, for as many succeeding years as possible, seemingly pure stands of these Botrychiums. III. Borrycurum BoREALE MILDE A comparison of Milde’s illustrations of B. boreale and B. crassinervium Rupr. with herbarium specimens of these species from Sweden and Norway has led to the conclusion that B. crassinervium represents only the fully developed robust state of B. boreale. Since there is no need for giving such plants varietal rank, B. crassi- nervium becomes a straight synonym of B. boreale Milde. The herbarium specimens examined are as follows: Swepen: C. Baenitz 4225; C. Hakansson, Aug. 31, ed Even Tratteberg 635; Gottfrid Lidman, July 4, 1 Norway: C. Baenitz, Aug. 11, 1892. IV. BorrycHiuM PINNATUM ST. JOHN _ It is evident, as Clausen has indicated, that Dr. Harold St. John did not realize that his B. pinnatum, collected in the state of Washington, was the same as B. crass nervium var. obtusilobum Rupr., collected in Unalaska by Eschscholtz. The writer has not seen the Eschscholtz specimens but accepts Dr. Clausen’s opinion. There 1s 4 eood specimen in the herbarium of the University of Washington collected in Kamtchatka in 1928 by w. J. Eyerdam, and young stages collected in Alaska and 3 Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 26: 763. pls. 51, 55. 1858. WESTERN BorrycHiIums 129 British Columbia are represented in various western herbaria. Dr. St. John had at hand all ages of this plant, including abundant material of fronds in the climax of their development, collected by William Suksdorf on Mount Adams. He recognized in this material a distinct species, but he was mistaken in stating that the blade is reflexed in the bud, a point which Dr. Clausen has already corrected. That its relationship is with B. boreale Milde and B. matricariaefolium A. ch is ap- parent. The geographical range of B. pinnatum is aes dis- tinct from that of B. boreale to the west and of B. matri- cariaefolium to the east. It extends from Kamtchatka and Alaska south along the Pacific coast to isolated oc- currences in the mountains of Washington and the high- lands of Oregon, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colo- rado. In Colorado, Mr. E. Bethel collected it at Glacier Lake, Boulder Co., July 5, 1914, this collection being the basis of B. matricariaefolium ssp. hesperiwm Maxon & Clausen. On sheet no. 694,412 of the United States National Herbarium are two plants of his collection, both collected early in the season. The specimen at the left is a young plant. These plants are matched by specimens of B. pinnatum collected on Mount Adams by Suksdorf (no. 1220; sheet no. 119,100, herbarium of the State Col- lege of Washington). Bethel’s plants were collected more than a month earlier than Suksdorf 7075, on which B. pinnatum was based. This earlier date of collecting, at an altitude 1,000 ft. higher, may account for the lack of fully expanded fronds in the Bethel collection. In the Ira W. Clokey Herbarium, deposited at the University of California, is a fairly well developed mature plant of B. pinnatum collected by Bethel and Clokey (no. 3987A) near Glacier Lake, Colorado, July 20, 1921. The later in the season a Botrychium is collected, the better devel- 130 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL oped is the blade. This is especially obvious in specimens of B. silaifolium that have the preceding year’s fronds attached Even if Dr. St. John had been aware that he was re- naming B. crassinervium var. obtusilobum, there is no nomenclatorial rule requiring the use of that varietal epithet as the specific name. The synonymy is as follows: BoTrRYCHIUM PINNATUM H. St. John, Amer. Fern Journ. 19:11. 1929. Botrychium crassinervium var. obtusilobum i ha Beitr. zur Pflanzenkunde des Russ. Reiches 11: 1859. Botrychium boreale subsp. i atl Bone) Clau- sen, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 19: 81 Botrychium matricariaefolium Mie hesperium Maxon & Clausen, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 19: 88. 1938. BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA. Trailing Bommerias in Texas Este McEnroy SLATER We know where to find Bommerias—after a rain. Last year there was a spread of them up by Indian Springs, where a persistent line of bright water slides out from under gray rock that shelves away from the steep slant of one of the lower peaks of the 20-mile range, ‘‘The Franklins,’’ which begins in our town, El Paso. Our canyon lies above Fort Bliss, the big Army post. It was windy that Sunday morning when our party of three women, two Scotties, and a College of Mines boy climbed the boulder-interrupted trail. We found every- thing but Bommerias, and had grand moments looking | back down the view framed by canyon walls, across the Rio Grande valley far below, past distant peaks to the beautiful whirling, circling horizon turning every shade of blue and every shade of green, 60 miles away. BoMMERIAS IN TEXAS oes vir- ginianum, ages 147 106 ; vulgare var. ape eige 55, age 0 levigatum, 55, multi- Polystichum acrostichoides, 98; EE can Roe of § es and Ferns, 57 Descene, George R. peiinen gla- bella in Adams County, Ohio, 71 Psilogramme, 91, Pteretis, 42, 54, 55, 56 7 Pteris is vittata Hardy in Washing- Pterie 9, 43, 49, 53, 54, 56, 91, hs A j aquilina var var. - Januginoss, pes tea, 31; eee al; ‘lati- uscula, 9; multifida, 7; vittata, Pyecnodoria cretica, 64 Rafinesque, C. S. New Names for Ferns and Fern Allies Proposed DY, 41, Range of Notholaena delicatula, Rattle age Fern t Fern tte ed be Oe Report of dge of Ilect Cominit te, 38: Pde ons, 39; of 34; of tao 35; of be ete Pe 36 ngage Chin R. The es of Chinese Ferns, XXXI, 31; Hunt Kennet Ferns og the Vicinity of Charleston, , ermine ead Pr” Gualterio. Bos Nuevas Local duces Chile- in Tourian. -fir oe 33; Shaver, Jesse W. Som Gen- niet Notes on Ferns, 34; "We ath- he ‘Aeeentine as ager ce 783 T. Guide to ed. 2 anesiog a ba hand ry, y eet iiptontecie 91 Rhizakenia, 97 Schizaea, 4 Sciphofilix, 44, 97 ——— lix, x, 44, 97 edb ly 48, 54; hemionitis, 48; officinale, 48 Selaginella ap rizonica, S34. 395) 216. 337 nsa, 113; e und, 114 114, gs RS & ly dii, 114, shee 118; Parishii, pis; 116 115, 117, tortiplia, 118" Wal acei, 113 sigpe ccur- nae Ott Dryopteris jogos i Spuneuees, 107; Some Gen- 148 — Notes on Ferns (Review), Shields, Edward M. Porcupines and Ferns, 57 Sinopteris, 32 Sivetes, 98 sl Pre Ie tte Trailing rias in Texas, 130 tno» 1 Clif brake, 13 Spe 2b k G. Cyrtomium fal- “Ais nte ering Outdoors in Penneiivanta, 13 Star Cloakfern, 131 Stenochlaena, 49 St. ohe. Edward P. More About the Distribution of Ferns Florida, 59 Struthiopteris, 42, 54, 56 dpe om in the Ophioglossaceae : rychium, subg. Sceptridium, Svenson, Henry K. Report of the Treasurer for 1942, 37 Synotelis, 98 Tectaria, 87, 90, 91; Amesiana, 61 Thelipteris, 43, 99 bie ogre 43, 99; macilenta, 61, acrorhizoma, 61 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL To the Paramo de Chaqui Trailing Prec in Pexnie 130 a Boschianum, 60; Pe- tersi Two Botrychium Records, 70 Two Colorful Oriental Ferns for the Garden, 110 Type Species ‘of Cheilanthes, 67 Vittaria, 90; lineata, 60, 64 Wagner, W. Hybridiza- tion by Remote Control felt Waters, C. E. uisetum prae- ltum i Bqn : Weatherby, A. The e Species of Notholaena (ileviow w), 78; The Group of ae 1 Xotho- Parishii, 1138; Range laena delicatula, eA : Type ern Ferns, ed. 2 Pellaea glabella on Masonry, Whitney, Elsie G. Report of the Secretary for eee oodsi : Catheartiana, sh, “rt oregana, 10 Woodwardia virginica, 75 ERRATA Page 50, line 23; for DISCOLOR read BICOLOR. Page 50, line 35; for discolor read bicolor. Page 51, line 12; for discolor read bicolor. THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB MEMBERSHIP Including Bulletin, Memoirs, and Torreya, $5.00 a year PUBLICATIONS Bulletin. pacoap a July, August and ry poameag estab- lished 1870. Price $6.00 ar; single numbers 75 cen Bi on 7 > cstabliched 1901. Price $1 Oe a year, Manuscripts nighgege for publication in the coat r To should be addressed to Harotp W. Ricxetrt, Editor, T bia Nese York Botanical Gatien. Bronx Park, (Fordham Branch P. O), ), New York City. —_ emoirs. Occasional, established 1889, Price, $3.00 to $5.00 a volume. Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta within 00 miles o. vot New York City, 1888. pistnindh er rb Subeerrians and other business munications should be ad- reasurer, Harold 3 Scthenke: New York Botanical Garden, Bronk Park (Fordham Breck P.O.), New York City CASTANEA Published by the Devoted to the botany of the interesting Southern Gesture Ketan ——— monthly except during June, July, August, and euaity poesia: Middl. makccakie & UG teak DR. EARL L. CORE, Editor THE shia od Bade PUBLISHED BY TH SULLIVANT MOSS SOCIETY The o ay magazine in English wholly has to M and eT are -monthly ; illustrated ; for eginner as well as for the professional. Yearly subscription ae the United States, $2.00 including Se berekin in the vo pa ae! MOSS SOCIETY, with free service of Curators for beginner: osses, Hepatics, ids WINONA H. WEL Dr. LCH DePauw “gi seagrass A Soe indiana Dr. a *s University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee THE HERB GARDEN OF THE ein chaos BOTANIC GARDEN Culinary herbs: their culture, ie pia, and use. Part Il. "Posting with — By Elizabeth Rem Van Brunt and Mak Sev Riddle Sve 42 pages, 2 illustrations sex oo map. Price, ECOLOGY Botanical Editor: CuarLes E. OLMSTED Zoological Editor: Thomas Park Esta 1920, to _ Subscription, $5 a year for com- plete volumes (Jan. to Oct.). Back volumes, as available, $6 each. Single numbers, $- cents. Established 1916. Heese: Subscription, $6 a year for ~ complete volumes (Jan. to Dec.), Single numbers, $1.25 post send Beek oe as available, $7.00 each. Foreign postage: : partment ent F, Brooklyn Botanic Garden 4 1000 ) Washington Aven Brooklyn, N. Y., ae ee erence rome cee seem me a