SS eS ee ~~ BARTONIA PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHILADELPHIA BOTANICAL CLUB SPECIAL ISSUE Spt to wet2 | An Account of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Founding of the First Botanic Garden in the American Colonies by John Bartram UBLISHED BY THE CLUB Acapemy or NAtuRAL SCIENCES, , PHILADELPHIA Issued December 31, 1931, as Supplement to Number 12 BARTONIA Proceedings of the Philadelphia Botanical Club. A journal devoted to the Flora of the eastern United States, especially of eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. Subscription Price, $1.00 Numbers 1-10, 50 cents each. Later numbers, $1.00 each. Address DR. FRANCIS W. PENNELL, Edi Academy of Natural Sciences, Logan Square, Philadelphia, Pa. eee BU: a hed fray ne imei oo Se B i) rtram’s home at Bartram’s Garden, Fifty-fourth Street and Schuylkill River, Philadelphia, Penn- Jo 3a sylvania. Photograph taken in July, 1931, by the James L. Dillon Company. on 1 156 Ye oa gUPRPL An Account of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Founding of the First Botanic Garden in the American Colonies by John Bartram Celebration held in Philadelphia, June fifth and sixth, nineteen hundred thirty-one built, tea was served, and there, under the trees planted by him or his sons, the peace of a perfect June evening enabled us to relive something of the past. Effort is now being made to develop the Garden on historic lines. While some of the original plantings survive, much has been lost through the years; we are grateful therefore that care is being taken to restore the plants that are known to have grown here a century or more ago. Such a policy must make the Garden of John Bartram increasingly a place of pilgrimage. THE JOHN BartRAM CELEBRATION COMMITTEE. CONTENTS Papers read at the Meeting at the Academy on June 5th. John Bartram’s Life and Botanical Explorations. Dr. RopNEy Howarp TRUE 7 Professor of Botany, University of Pennsylvania The Work of William, Son of John Bartram. Dr. WITMER STONE 20 Vice-President, Academy of Natural Sciences Significance of John Bartram’s Work to Botanical and Horticultural Knowledge. Dr. JoHN HENDLEY BaRNHART 24 Bibliographer of the New York Botanical Garden Note on John Bartram’s First Interest in Botany. Dr. JoHN H. BARNHART 35 Restoration of Plants in Bartram’s Garden by the Fair- mount Park Commission of Philadelphia. Mr. SAMUEL NEWMAN BAXTER 38 Landscape Gardener, Fairmount Park Commission Bartram Bibliography ........................ Dr. JouHn H. Barnwart 51 Permanent Bartram Exhibition at the Academy of Natural Sciences Mrs. Epwarp M. Cueston 68 John Bartram’s Life and Botanical Explorations RODNEY H. TRUE Mr. Chairm We ae eae afternoon to PupeapiicEM the life and achievements of one who was rated ‘ a plain unlettered man,’’ a farmer living in the colony me Poa some- thing over two centuries ago. Other men whose names come down to us from those years were his honored friends and acquaintances. We hear of Benjamin Franklin, the philoso- pher; of James Logan, the proprietary representative in the Colony ; of Dr. Cadwallader Colden, high official in the Colony of New York; of Dr. Fothergill, famous London physician ; of Sir Hans Sloane, the physician to George II; of Linnaeus, the great organizer of Natural History; of Peter Collinson, the English cloth merchant doing business in two hemispheres. It is hardly strange that these men should have been remem- bered because they had their hands on the great affairs of their time and places. But what has preserved along with their names, that of ‘‘the plain unlettered farmer’’ from the banks of the Schuylkill? He did two things that made his name known even to our present day; he added greatly to mankind’s store of knowledge and—he planted a garden. These results were the outcome of a life of extraordinary physical effort directed by a mind consumed by a curiosity to know and possessed by the instinct to preserve the knowl- edge gained in a lasting record written in living things. There was, in those days of discovery, an eagerness for infor- mation concerning lands only just being realized, this eager- ness springing in part from the possibility that treasures of unguessed value might be found and in part from the disinter- ested urge to know the unknown. It was an age in which alert and expanding minds were eagerly and romantically exploring new worlds. Something like this is now to be seen in the wide-spread interest in the physical world. As we are (7) 8 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF now all keenly watching for new developments in the physics of the atom, in the source of cosmic rays and in the structure and extent of the universe, so then electricity was engaging the attention of the kite-flying Franklin ; of Eliot, the farmer- preacher of Connecticut; of Governor James Logan here in Philadelphia; of Bartram, the farmer-botanist on the Schuyl- kill and of the body of intelligent men. This same eagerness was also fully felt in the mother country where the cloth merchant, Collinson, the Dutch physician-botanist, Gronovius, the Duke of Norfolk, Lord Petre, Queen Ulrica and even King George himself kept their knowledge up to date through con- versation or correspondence with scientists and with others interested in science. John Bartram came rather suddenly into conscious relation with this spirit and was soon in the circle himself. Against such a background, we must agree that his studies stand out as an eminent individual contribution. Let us for a moment trace the familiar story of his ante- cedents. It was believed that the Bartram family in England was of Norman French origin. In time, the religious fermen- tation that drove many Englishmen to seek greater freedom in the New World where the crust of custom and law had not yet hardened sufficiently to restrain a measure of freedom, also drove a group of Derbyshire families to the New World where, following the lead of William Penn, they arrived in 1682, the year in which Philadelphia was founded. The com- pany settled in what is now Darby in the county of Chester. Here they took advantage of their new found liberty, and in the same year formed a meeting at Darby. Among the mem- bers was John Bartram, who had brought with him from England three sons, John, Isaac and William. William mar- ried Elizabeth Hunt of the Darby meeting and they had three sons, John, James and William. John, the eldest son, became the botanist whom we to-day celebrate. He was born in 1699, inherited a farm near Darby from his uncle Isaac, and seems to have been a farmer all his life. Here he had an oppor- tunity to cultivate a taste for natural history that had been FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 9 with him even in childhood. He learned the virtues of the plants about him and with this information he seems in his earlicr days to have administered to the sick. It is said that he added surgery to medicine and relieved his neighbors who, remote from the city, were in need of skilled help. His inclination toward medicine appears at times in his later writings and observations. While still a young man he underwent an experience that might be likened in its effect on him to that wrought on Saul of Tarsus when the great wig shined on him while on his journey to Damascus. The young farmer-physician, resting from his ploughing, EE more carefully than had been his wont, the details of the construction of the flower of a daisy. This aroused a train of meditation that resulted in what we may fairly call a conversion. *‘This seeming inspiration suddenly awakened my curiosity, for these were not thoughts to which I had been accustomed. I returned to my plow, but this new desire did not quit my mind.’’ In spite of the prudent caution of Mary Maris, his wife for four years, in spite of his lack of money, he had to ‘*follow the gleam.’’ ‘‘ At last, I could not resist the impulse; for on the fourth day of the following week, I hired a man to plough for me and went (as many a man in search of wisdom has gone) to Philadelphia.’’ Here he bought books on botany in a language he could not read. He hired a schoolmaster to teach him Latin and so intent was he on his subject that in three months he could read Linnaeus. Now his fate was sealed. He studied the plants of his place and of his neigh- borhvod. He soon ranged more widely and began that life of pilgrimage that brought much of the plant life of the eastern part of our country to light and enriched his beloved science as it probably never again can be enriched by any one man. Usually he stayed at home until the early fall saw the harvest over and then began a tour into the unexplored country about him. Sometimes it was toward the Blue Mountains to the 1For a erases Sone of ‘‘John Bartram’s first Interest in Botany’’ see page 10 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF northward, sometimes eastward into Jersey with its weird plant population, sometimes to the south into Maryland. In his travels he often stayed with Friends of other meetings. His traveling began to take a wider swing when he was about thirty years old. He had lost his wife, Mary, and in 1729, after two years, had married Ann Mendenhall of Con- cord Monthly Meeting. Apparently Ann either did not share Mary’s objections to the life of exploration or accommodated herself and the family affairs to it. At all events, John traveled farther than before. It seemed desirable to him, as to his tribe since, to bring home something from his travels, something that could witness to the wilds explored. Accord- ingly, he began to bring back and plant seeds and roots of interesting things seen. He needed a place specially dedi- eated to science and beauty, for he found great beauty in many of the new plants seen. Hence on September 30, 1728, he purchased at sheriff’s sale a tract of ground that became in time his garden. What another man had not found worth the taxes, or perhaps what another man had been forced un- willingly to give up, became the cherished home of John and Ann Bartram. ith his own hands he fashioned out of the stone of the region the house that became his home, probably in 1781. These years from 1728 to 1731 seem to have brought much cause for happiness to Bartram. He again had a helpmate, he had begun his garden and had set his house in it. He had seen treasures that botanists had never seen before. He had often known the thrill of discovery that comes rarely to the botanist of the present time. But he had fallen out with the Friends at the Darby Meeting and they had rewarded his determined lack of orthodoxy by excommunicating him. He seems to have taken this action in a manner that testified strongly for his sincerity. He continued to go to Meeting and to enjoy the fellowship of Friends, declining to let this official disapproval alter his course of life either in following the inner light that had shone in him or in enjoying the help- ful association with his fellows. That he remained firm in FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 11 his convictions is shown by the inscription engraved by him on a stone block built into the wall of his new house some years later. **Tis God alone, Almyty Lor The Holy one, by _ ‘adored: John Bartram, It still witnesses to John Bartram’s fundamentally deep religious character and to the steadfastness of his mind. The religious note here sounded appears and reappears in his letters and journals and a real and rugged eloquence breaks forth at times into a sublimity of expression recalling that of the prophets of old A reverence and wonder at the mighty works of the Creator seen in some of the wildernesses visited by him find their way into descriptions of things seén and into his explanations of how things came to be. John Bartram was a man of faith and the more he saw the deeper grew that faith. Not long after he began to plant his garden his fame had begun to spread among those ‘‘of curious mind.’’ Franklin’s Junto fellowship begun in 1727 had not included Bartram, but it did include a middle-aged Philadelphia mer- chant of agreeable personality and inquiring mind, Joseph Breitnall. Franklin describes him as a scrivener but that he had financial dealings with the London cloth merchant, Peter Collinson, seems certain. Like the other men in Junto, Breit- nall had a mind busy with more than papers and merchandise. He too was a naturalist and as such a brother under the skin to John Bartram. Peter Collinson in England was a man of wealth doing a business in cloths both at home and in the Colonies. He was also one of the men ‘‘of curious mind,’’ and likewise a naturalist. He had some inklings of the rare things to be had in America and pestered his American corre- spondents to get plants and seeds for him. They did a little, but far too little, for the enthusiastic Collinson. Fimally, he took the plain hint from one of his friends who would buy cloths from him but would not be bothered about plants and seeds. So he asks Breitnall, Dr. Samuel Chew and perhaps 12 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF other Philadelphians to give him the name of some one who would serve his purpose. Both recommended Bartram and thus began the lifelong connection that soon became not only a business relation but one of close friendship. Collinson himself was a Friend, like Bartram, given to plain and some- times emphatic statement. In the thirty-eight years during which they exchanged seeds, plants, letters and plain speech, relations were sometimes momentarily disturbed by the great eagerness of Collinson who little appreciated the herculean labors performed by Bartram in getting the desired plants for him and by John’s reproaches at his lack of appreciation. And, as the later years came on bringing the crisis of the Revolution, Peter could not sympathize very deeply with the colonies and John regretfully drew back from the mother country. But although Peter could see an excuse for mas- sacres by the Indians in the wrongs they had suffered at the hands of the whites, John in a quite un-Friend-like attitude said that the only remedy was to ‘‘bang them a plenty.’’ Again John was unorthodox. But he and Peter never allowed the deeper current of their friendship to be disturbed. As the interchange of plants, seeds and opinions between Bartram and Collinson became known and fruitful, other eon- nections were made by Bartram with Europeans wishing either to enlarge their collection of rarities, or with men of science seeking knowledge of the New World. Sir Hans Sloane, Royal physician to George II, whose huge . later became a basis of the British Museum, was on Fothergill, a wealthy London physician, and later nga of William Bartram’s travels to Florida, was another. Among the correspondents most flattering to Bartram’s reputation was Queen Ulrica of Sweden. He was also solicited by the leading naturalists of Europe. The name that has grown with time, that of Linnaeus, the Swedish systematist, is among those who valued Bartram and who received his plants and his let- ters. The Dutch Gronovius wrote Bartram letters in such curious terms that Bartram begged him to use a language that he could understand. FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 13 In his own country he became the botanical ‘‘central’’ car- rying on a correspondence with Colden in New York, Dr. John Mitchell and John Clayton in Virginia, Jared Eliot in Con- necticut and Dr. Garden in Carolina. Ellis, Philip Miller of the Gardener’s Dictionary, James Gordon, Mons. Dalibard of France, Martha Logan, ‘‘the fascinating widow’’ of Charleston and author of the first American book on gardening, Colonel, later General, Henry Bouquet of Fort Duquesne fame, Thomas Lamboll and Henry Laurens are among the well known people of his time with whom he corresponded. He traded ideas often and abundantly at shorter range with Ben- jamin Franklin. Dr. Dillenius of the University of Oxford interested Bar- ram in mosses. John writes to Mark Catesby, the author of the elaborate and gorgeous volumes on ‘‘the Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands’’—‘‘ Before Dr. Dillenius gave me a hint of it, I took no particular notice of Mosses, but looked upon them as a cow looks at a pair of new barn doors.’’ His interest in mosses eventually received recognition when a beautiful American genus was named Bartramia to commemorate his name. It is hardly to be wondered at, therefore, that the plain unlettered plowman impelled by the consuming loyalty that grew out of the contemplation of the daisy should receive open and flattering recognition from scientific organizations even before the end of his long life. Through the friendly Collinson’s influence several of his contributions found their way to the Royal Society in England and were there printed. When the American colonies, Pennsylvania taking the lead, with Franklin as prime mover, established its own American Philosophical Society, it was to be expected that Bartram, by now recognized as the first American botanist, should be a member. On April 5, 1744, a society was formed with about a dozen constituting members, Bartram being one. In the remaining minutes allotted to me, I shall discuss briefly the travels of John Bartram. It must be borne in mind that well established and comfortable roads in his time 14 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF were to be found mainly near larger centers of population and ran out from these into sparsely settled, remoter regions. These roads frequently amounted to little more than well- marked trails, in many cases following those used by the Indians. When these roads ceased, the traveler was obliged either to continue along less marked Indian trails or to enter the untracked wilderness. To the botanist, the object sought was not primarily a route of travel from one place to another but rather access to regions in which rare or interesting plants might be found. Accordingly, in trying to make clear to friend Peter Collinson some of the problems of the collector, he says that his route led him usually into regions in which travel was difficult and often dangerous. He writes in the same vein to Alexander Catcot in 1742, ‘‘thee may suppose I am often exposed to solitary and difficult travelling, beyond our inhabitants, and often under dangerous circumstances, in passing over rivers, climbing over mountains and precipices amongst the rattlesnakes, and often obliged to follow the track or path of wild beasts for my guide through these desolate and gloomy thickets.’’ A glance at Lewis Evans’ map of the Middle Atlantic region in 1749 shows that roads to the northward stopped at the Kittatiny Mountains or clung to the Delaware River. New Jersey being nearby and less rugged was naturally more accessible and was often traversed by our botanist. One road into Delaware led to the Atlantic Coast at Lewes, another to the shore of Chesapeake Bay. Roads to the westward were more adequate because of the considerable settlements in that direction, as Lancaster and York. These parts of the country were easily reached and were probably repeatedly studied. He made several longer trips, however, that deserve a p mention. On these trips he made brief notes on the character of the landscape, principal kinds of forest trees seen and geo- logical features with special mention when fossil outerops were ee He included meetings and doings with the and I believe rarely failed to mention the seeing of a camake Sometimes his journal contains amplifications, FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 15 explanations of possible causes of phenomena seen. He seems to have sent these journals to his European correspondents, especially to Peter Collinson. In two instances, Peter Collin- son got them printed in England, but by far the greater number seem to have remained in manuscript. It is to be hoped that these still exist and that they may sometime be carefully examined by some one competent to judge their value for publication even now two hundred years later. To follow the always-wandering Bartram can not be at- tempted at this time. Three of his journeys however had some wider significance and have been rather clearly traced. Some idea of the restless activity of this botanist, who was also running a farm, may be gained from his correspondence. In 1735, at Collinson’s suggestion, he followed the Schuyl- kill River to its source and in 1737 he finished the preparation of a map of the regions traversed. In 1736 he visited the Rattlesnake Mountains and went into the Jerseys. In 1737 he went to the westward to Conestoga and planned his first longer trip, this time to the southward. He set out in the fall of 1737 apparently going down through Delaware and the Eastern Shore sections of Maryland and Virginia, thence up the James River by way of Williamsburg to the mountains, turning northward through the Shenandoah Valley. On this trip he reports seeing a cave so remarkable that he took the pains to prepare a plan of it. On this expedition he traveled 1,100 miles in five weeks. Travels up the Delaware to Minne- sink on the west side of that river on the line between West Jersey and New York, iris-like flowers from Cape May, balsam from firs gathered in the Catskill mountains, and an indefinite journey probably not of great length ‘‘along our sea coast”’ are noted in 1742. In July 1743 in company with the interpreter to the Indians, Conrad Weiser, he went on one of his most important journeys, this time beyond the Blue Mountains across a region little known, to the Onandago country near the present site of Syracuse, N. Y., where a meeting was to take place between Indians of the Six Nations and representatives of the colony 16 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF of Virginia. There had been trouble and some killing and all parties desired peace. John went along in order to make bservations on the plants, animals and physical characteristics of this wild inland region. With the help of the early maps of Lewis Evans and William Scull it is possible to follow his journey fairly well. We may take a minute and follow him a little more closely on this one journey. Leaving Darby on July 3 he crossed the Schuylkill to Philadelphia and, probably taking the Ridge Road, came to the Perkiomen Creek near its junction with the Schuylkill. He spent the night at Marcus Hulin’s in Mana- tony south of the Oley Hills. On the Fourth he crossed the Schuylkill, perhaps near where Pottstown now stands to the west bank instead of following the usual trail on the eastern side to the present site of Reading. He ascended the Flying Hills, south and west of Reading, so called, he remarks, be- cause it was the home of great numbers of wild turkeys that were seen to fly down from thence into the valleys. This brought him to near Reading and the high hills in the neigh- borhood of Wernersville. He saw the Blue Mountains beyond the Tulpehocken Vale, passed a strikingly large spring, near the Sinking Spring of to-day, and, turning westward along the road that soon ended in the wilderness, reached the vicin- ity of Womelsdorf, the home of Conrad Weiser, his compan ion from this point onward. After spending the night at Weiser’s, the two crossed Tulpehocken Creek where, accord- © ing to Evans’ map of 1749, the road ended and they set their faces toward the Blue Mountains. They crossed the Little Swatara and spent the night of the fifth at William Parson’s plantation six miles from the Blue Mountains. The next day saw them through the first range probably northwest of Rehrersburg in the town of Bethel and showed them two gaps in the second range. They probably crossed this mountain at Pine Grove, passing over the principal branch of the Swatara and traversed intervening swamps, hollows and small ridges, perhaps ‘‘St. Anthony’s Wilderness,’’ of the maps that time, to the last great ridge. They spent the night on~ FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 17 Laurel Creek, perhaps Deep Creek of present day. One more ridge crossed and they came to Double Eagle, now Spread Eagle Creek, going steadily northward. Here they turned westward and from the top of a high hill, with shells in the rocks, saw the Susquehanna. They spent the night at Ma- honey. On the 8th they crossed the creek and went north- ward along the eastern bank of the Susquehanna that led them to the junction of the West and East Branches of that river to an important Indian town then called Shamokin, later Fort Augusta, now Sunbury. A day was spent in re- connoitering this region, the tenth seeing them again bound northward along the western branch of the Susquehanna to the great westward bend where Muncy Creek joins it. They soon held northward to Lycoming Creek and westward to Bur- nett’s Hills, and, leaving the ‘‘Impenetrable Wilderness’’ with the ‘‘Endless Mountains’’ of the Eaglesmere region still farther to the eastward, reached the watershed separating the waters of the east and west branches of the Susquehanna. Crossing this they turned eastward to Towanda Creek. It was now July 16 and they were on water that flowed north- ward at Owego on the present state boundary line. It seems probable that here their course led north by the valleys of East Creek and Tioughnioga River past the present site of Cortland, N. Y., perhaps to Tully Lake, then over the Goose- berry Mountains. They made their camp on July 20 near their destination. Indians, who had joined them at Shamo- kin, like them en route to the council, were sent ahead to the place of rendezvous with wampum and word that they were coming. Next day Table Mountain with its fruits and vege- tables was crossed, then water flowed toward Lake Ontario, and the Onondago long house somewhat south of where Syra- cuse now stands came into view on July 31. To Bartram’s great regret the return trip nearly retraced this route, but before he returned Bartram took a side trip to Fort Oswego on Lake Erie while the treaty was making at Onandago. A brief journal, such as he usually prepared recounting his travels, was sent to his friend Collinson in England who had 18 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF it printed wretchedly in 1751. This journal notes hard climbs, dismal vales, glorious far views, the prevailing forest trees, types of soil, doings with the Indians and, wonderfully enough, marine shells in the rocks on high mountains. Some of the difficulty of corresponding in those times of uncertain travel and of wars in progress on sea and on land is realized when John complains that he prepared and sent three copies of this journal before one reached England. The two earlier copies went in boats picked up by French priva- teers. Time forbids more than the briefest mention of other trav- els. In 1753, with his son, William, now fifteen years old, to keep him company, he ascended the Delaware to the vicinity of Milford or Port Jervis, then across to Goshen in New York and up toward the Hudson to Cadwallader Colden’s place west of Newburgh. In 1760 one learns of a trip to Charleston, 8. C., in which he met Mrs. Martha Logan, the she and vigorous author of the first American book on Gardenin In 1761, after the English had ede Fort Duquesne and christened the place Pittsburgh, he visited it and received from his lasting friend Colonel Henry Bouquet, the hero of the situation, the first pecans that found their way into the east. With these he greatly aroused the curiosity of his English friends, Collinson and Gordon. Next year finds him on a long trip that brought him into the interior of South Carolina, to the southwest border of Vir- ginia, to the New River and through the Shenandoah Valley in the direction of home. He saw the famous Natural Bridge, Luray Caverns perhaps, Hot Springs and other won- ders that stirred him to a real eloquence. This trip yielded an interesting crop of letters and a journal with maps never printed. 1763 finds him near home visiting Great and Little Egg Harbor but planning a long trip to Florida. England had just assumed charge of this new colony and it was agreed that it needed investigation. Through the intervention of FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 19 Peter Collinson, John Bartram was appointed Botanist to the King in April, 1765, with a modest money allowance and authority to proceed. By September 19, he and William were safely on their way as far as Carolina. Georgia and Florida were visited and a journal of his travels to the head of the St. John’s River was published in several editions under the chaperonage of Dr. William Stork, a man greatly interested in the first land boom experienced by that since ee a state S was Havteam? s last long trip. He was sixty-six years old 2F was beginning to feel the weight of years. He h suffered much hardship and the help of his boy John as well as that of the rather difficult but talented William was gladly accepted. As the Revolution came on, the country was much disturbed and John complained bitterly and often of the dangers from savages let loose. So he traveled less, probably giving more time to his garden that had now taken on somewhat the char- acter of a nursery for the production of plants for the many customers at home and abroad. His garden, speaking to him of hardship and not rarely of peril, of triumphant discovery, and of peace, was to him far more than his fertile farm acres that quietly and Damages f had yielded their prosy increase through the yea As the naa between the mother country and the colo- nies wore on, war came to his very garden, to his very door. It is said that Howe’s progress up the river toward Philadel- phia troubled him greatly and as Howe entered, our old bota- nist started on his last long journey. Much might be said on this occasion about the life of Bar- tram. But, when it is all summed up, we find that we have had to do with a simple-minded but far-seeing, beauty-loving apostle of Nature—all his life a zealous convert with a mission humbly but greatly conceived and executed with all the pow- ers that he possessed. He wrote to Collinson—‘‘My head runs all upon the works of God, in Nature. It is through that telescope I see God in his glory.’’ The Work of William, Son of John Bartram WITMER STONE When two men of the same family have achieved distine- tion in the same or kindred fields of research, it becomes de- sirable to clearly differentiate their accomplishments, as well as the time and extent of their activities. oday, it seems proper for us to distinguish the services to sieiaiied of John Bartram, the father, and William Bar- tram, the son, and it is my privilege to speak briefly of the latter. William Bartram, the third son of John Bartram and Ann Mendenhall (his second wife), was born at the Bartram home on the Schuylkill on February 9, 1739, when his father was in his fortieth year. The son at an early age showed a strong tendency to inherit his father’s deep interest in nat- ural history and the latter, determined that the boy should have every possible assistance, encouraged him in a natural talent for drawing and saw to it that he was thoroughly grounded in French and Latin. In writing to his close friend Peter Collinson, of England, when William was about fifteen years of age, John Bartram says: “‘I design to set Billy to draw all our turtles, as he has time, which is only on Seventh Day afternoons and on First Day mornings for he is constantly kept at school.’’ Later the elder Bartram fearing, like many a parent of a budding naturalist in later years, that natural history and drawing were neither of them a source of livelihood, appren- ticed young William to a Philadelphia merchant, and after serving out his time he was established as a trader at Cape Fear, North Carolina. This enterprise, however, was not successful, and John Bartram who, in 1765, was about to undertake his exploration of the Floridas for the King of England, decided to take his son with him. This expedition was a revelation to William (20) FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 21 and evidently definitely determined his future career as a naturalist After his return home, Peter Collinson, to whom samples of his drawings had been sent, became much interested in him and obtained orders for natural history drawings from the Duchess of Bedford, Dr. Fothergill, and other patrons of science in England. This led in 1773, under the patronage of Fothergill, to William Bartram’s explorations of portions of Florida, Georgia and the Carolinas; these covered some five years or until about the time of John Bartram’s death. After this William made his home at the Bartram house with his brother John, who had inherited the property, for William never married. Here he lived in the midst of the now famous sepia absorbed in his work, happy in his congenial sur- ings, and removed from the bustle of the neighboring ae He was offered a professorship of botany in the University of Pennsylvania but declined on account of poor health. 1791 he published his famous ‘‘Travels,’’ the result of his explorations in the South, and one of the most fascinating of the earlier treatises on American natural history. Its perusal shows that William Bartram, while primarily following his father’s footsteps in botanical research, was equally versed in the science of zoology, while the results of his early schooling are evident in his literary style and expression. In this vol- ume he presented accounts of the birds that he had observed and, what is more, a complete list of the birds known to him as inhabiting the country from Pennsylvania to Florida and west to the mountains. This was a landmark in the progress of American ornithology next in importance to the work of Catesby and the first ornithological eorvinaage worthy of the name, written by a native Ameri Unfortunately Bartram neither conformed to the mae of Linnaeus’ **Systema Naturae’’ in naming his birds, nor did he provide descriptions; consequently, although we can recognize the many species that are here mentioned for the first time, we eannot use his polynomial names and thus bestow credit where credit is due. ? meas Zanthozylum binifalnes pete en eae Peppertree-Leat Prickly-Ash Zelkova keakit Keake’s Zelkoy: Bartram Bibliography JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART Published Writings of John Bartram (1699-1777) BOOKS (1) Medicina britannica: or a treatise on such physical plants, as are generally to be found in the fields or gardens i in to the late ingenious Mr. song and the learned Dr. Sim. Pauli. Adapted more especially to ed Riterc of those, whose con- dition or situation of life deprives them, in a oreat measure, of the helps of the learned. By Tho. Short, of Sheffield, M.D. r his notes throughout the work, shewing the places where many of the described plants are to be found in these parts of America, their differences in name, appearance ae ous from those of the same kind i n Europe e; and an containing a description of a mealies of plants conan to America, their uses, virtues, &ec. London printed: Philadel- phia re-printed, and sold by B. Franklin, and D. Hall, at the Post-Office, in Market-street. MDCCLI. Title-page [1], iii- xx, 1-339, 1-40, 1-7. ‘‘Mr. Bartram’s Preface to this work’’ occupies pages xvli— ; ‘‘Mr. Bartram’s Appendix’’ comprises the last 7 pages, separately paged; and Bartram’s annotations are scattered ‘throughout the work,’’ as stated on the title-page. (2) Observations on the inhabitants, climate, soil, rivers, productions, animals, and other matters worthy of notice. By Mr. Peter Kalm, a Swedish gentleman who travelled there London: Printed for J. Whiston and B. White, in Fleet-Street, 51 53 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF 1751. (Price one shilling and six-pence.) Title-page, i—viii, 9-94, frontispiece. (2a) ae of the preceding.] Reprinted by W. F. Humphrey, Geneva, N. 1895. This is a fiage toe pare reprint, but not in facsimile; the Shaan is much reduced in size, and two illustrations are added A map of Pensilvania, New-Jersey, New-York, and ae three Delaware counties: By Lewis Evans, MDCCXLIX; (2) A view of the fall of Niagara, from the Gentleman’s Mics, February, 1751. (3) An account of East-Florida, with a journal, kept by John Bartram of Philadelphia, Botanist to His Majesty for the Floridas ; ; upon a journey from St. Augustine up the River St. John’s. London: Sold by W. Nicoll, at N°. 51, St. Paul’s Church-Yard; and G. Woodfall, Charing-Cross. (Price four shillings. ) Bl 767.] Title-page [i], iii—viii [introduction], [i-iv, Sohanaan 1-xxli ‘introduction, 23-90, title-page to Journal, 1-70 The first introduction is signed ‘‘ William Stork, M.D.’’; the dedication, ‘‘ William Stork.’’ Although not so indicated on the title-page, this was the second edition of Stork’s work; the first edition, about six months earlier [1766], did not con- tain Bartram’s Journal. The second title-page, preceding the last 70 pages, reads ‘‘A journal, kept by John Bartram of Philadelphia, Botanist to His Majesty for The Floridas; upon a journey from St. Augustine up the River St. John’s. With explanatory notes.’’ (3a) An account of East Florida; with a journal, kept by John Bart of Philadelphia, Botanist to his majesty for The Floridas, upon a journey from Bt. Augustine up the River St. John’s. London: Sold by W. Nicoll, at No. 51 St. Paul’s we teen and G. Woodfall, Charin: ge (Price | four shillings.) [On page 2, the reverse cof the title-page: ] Fernandin Florida, 1881: eine od from the original edition of 1765, at the “office of the Florida Mirr —50. Teartiean’ $ journal occupies pages 29-50. There is a foot- note by the editor of the Mirror, which is very misleading, on page 9. The original edition could not have been ‘‘of 1765,”’ for the later entries in Bartram’s journal were dated in Janu- ary and February, 1766 FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 5g (4) A deseription of East-Florida, with a journal, kept by John Bartram of Savage aap Botanist to His Majesty for The Floridas; upon a journey from St. Augustine up the River St. John’s, as far as the lakes. With aamaeogt bo- tanical notes. Illustrated with an accurate map of East- Florida, and two plans; one of St. Augustine, aa the other of the bay of Espiritu Santo. The third edition, much en- larged and improved. . . . London: Sold by W. Nicoll. Bs ie 51, = paiet s fig Yard; and T. Jefferies, at Charing- , Geogr to His Majeaty. MDCCLXIX. Quarto. Cro Title. _page i adic on fi, ii], i-viii [introduction], 1—40, title-page to Journal, i—xii [introduction to Journal], 1-36, 3 maps. The second title-page reads ‘‘A journal, kept by John Bar- tram of Philadelphia, Botanist to His Majesty for The Flor- idas; upon a journey from St. Augustine up the River St. ohn’s as far as the lakes. With explanatory botanical notes.’’ (5) A description of East-Florida, with a journal, kept by John Bartram of Philadelphia, Botanist to His Majesty for tanical game Illustrated with an accurate map of East Flor- ads, and two plans; one of St. Augustine, and the other of the y of Espiritu Santo. The fourth edition. . London Printed for Faden and Jefferys, the Corner of St. Martin’s s Lane, eee ee Geographer to His Majesty; and W. Nicoll, at N°. 51, St. Paul’s Church-Yard. MDCCLXXIV. (Pagination a maps as in the preceding (third) edition.) The portion of the title-page omitted above, in the case of editions 3 and 4, consisted of these lines: Hie Segetes, illic borage felicius Uvae Arborei fructus alibi, atque injussa virescunt ramina. onne ie eroceos ut Tmolus Odores, India mittit Ebur, iste sua Thura Sabaei? Virg. Georg. PAPERS IN PERIODICALS (6) A letter from John Bartram, M.D., to Peter Collinson, F.R.S., concerning a cluster of small teeth observed by him at the root of each fang or great tooth in the head of a rattle- 54 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF snake, upon dissecting it. Phil. Trans. 41: 358, 359. 1742. (The letter dated 17 July 1734.) Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1750 Abr. 9: 60. 1747. Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1800 Abr. 8: 409. 1809. Extract of a age from Mr. John Bartram to Mr. Peter tr F.R.S., containing some observations concern- ing the alt-marsh mee, = ae and the fresh- water mudele of Penns Trans. 43: 157-159. wef. 3. 1745. (Read. * Rye 1744.) Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1750 Abr. 10: 860, 861. 1756. Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1800 Abr. 9: 70, 71. 1809. (8 ) An — of some very curious wasps nests made of clay in Pensilvania; by Mr. John Bartram: communicated by Mr. Pete i: Calne. Phil. Trans. 43: 363-366. 1745. (Read 25 April “W745. ) Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1750 Abr. 10: 847, 848. 1756. Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1800 Abr. 9: 123, 124. 1809. (9) A description of the great black wasp, from Pennsyl- vania, as communicated from Mr. John Bartram to Mr. Peter Collinson, F.R.S. Phil. Trans. 46: 278, 279. pl. 4, f. 20. 1750. (Read 21 December 1749.) Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1750 Abr. 10: 848, 849. 1756. Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1800 Abr. 9: 699. pl. 12, f. 9. 1809. (10) Some observations on the dragon-fly or Libella of Pensilvania, collected from nek John Bartram’s letters, pag municated by Peter Collinson, F.R.S. Phil. Trans. 46: 325. 1751. (Read I Pebriney TDD. ) Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1750 Abr. 10: 845, 846. 1756. Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1800 Abr. 10: 4, 5. 1809. (11) A further account of the Libellae or May-flies, from Mr. John Bartram of Pennsylvania, communicated by Mr. Peter Collinson, F.R.S. Phil. Trans. 46: 400-402. 1751. (Read 5 April 1750.) Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1750 Abr. 10: 846, 847. 1756. Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1800 Abr. 10: 28. 180 FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 55 (12) Extract of a letter from Mr. John Bartram, of Phila- delphia, to Benjamin Franklin, LL.D., F.R.S., relating to a remarkable aurora borealis. Phil. Trans. 52: 474. 1762. (Read 25 February 1762.) Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1800 Abr. 11: 614. 1809. (13) Observations made by Mr. John Bartram, at Pensil- Mam on the yellowish wasp of that country: in a letter to Mr. Peter Collinson, F.R.S. Phil. Trans. 53: 37, 38. 1764. (Read 24 February 1763. ) Abstract in Phil. Trans. 1665-1800 Abr. 11: 685, 686. 1809. (14) Notices of the epidemics of Pennsylvania and New- Jersey, in the years 1746, 1747, 1748, and 1749. Phila. Med. & Phys. Jour. 1’: 3-5. 4. (15) Additional observations on the se a Phila. Med. & Phys. Jour. 1': 65-67. N 180 (16) [Memorandums concerning the earthquakes of North- America.] Supplement. Phila. Med. & Phys. Jour. 1° 67. N 1804. Besides the above, William Darlington, in his ‘‘Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall’’ (1849), published 96 letters of John Bartram; on pages 194 and 195, John Bar- tram’s ‘‘A journey to the Katskill Mountains, with Billy, 1753’’; and on pages 383-388, John Bartram’s ‘‘A brief ac- count of those plants that are most troublesome in our pas- tures and fields, in Pennsylvania, most of which were brought from Europe.’’ Published Writings of William Bartram (1739-1823) BOOKS (1) Travels through North & South Carolina, Santa ae & West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the extens tories of the Muscogulges, or Creek Chadetanay ey the ions t : ishe Gia at: plates. By ‘William Parham. Philadelphia: Printed 56 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF by James & Johnson. M,DCC,XCI. Title-page [i, ii], i- xxxiv, 1-522, frontispiece, 7 (unnumbered) plates, map. (la) Travels through North and South oe. Georgia, East an nt of the soil and natural productions of those regions; together with observations on the manners of the Indians. Embellished with copper-plates. By William Bartram. ee bear by James and Johnson. pri Johnson, in St. — 4 = 1792. i-xxiv, 1-520, index [i-vii] ; frontpiece: pl. 1 1b) Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West 3 we Cherokee Country, the aor territories of the Mus- cogulges r Creek Confederacy, and os —_ of the Chactaws. Con- taining an account of the soil and n Sr rohiedone of those regions; together with observations “e the manners of the Indians. ermergts with copper-plates. By William Bartram. Dublin: For J. Moor Jones, R. M’Allister, and J. Rice. 1793. i-xxiv, 1-520, index (i xii], frontispiece, pl. 1-7, ma Hone, Travels eager oe North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and est Florida, the Cherokee Country, the ppemnntee en of the Araeoguiges or Creek Confederacy, and the country of the Chactaws. Ci an account of the soil and n xtneal ‘roditions 2 those re- gions; together with observations on the manners 0 Indians. Em- bellished with copper-plates. By William Bartram. “the second edition in London. Philadelphia: sire ed James and Joh 1791. Lon- don: Reprinted for J. Johnso St. Paul ~ Chareh-Yara 1794. i-xxiv, 1-520, index [i-vii], froutipeee, pl. 1-7, (1d) The travels of William Bartram. (An American eee 5: Travels ernie nae! North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and We: st Florida, by W Bartram.) [New York], 1928. Mets saslea: Publishers. Fab nies [Not illustrated. (2) William Bartram’s Reisen durch Nord- und Siid-Karo- lina, Georgien, Ost- und West-Florida, das Gebiet der Tschero- kesen n, Krihks und Tschaktahs, nebst umstiandlichen Nach- richten von den marae erat dem Boden und den Naturpro- dukten dieser wenig bekannten grossen Linder. Aus dem Englischen. Mit erliuternden Anm merkungen von E. A. W. Zimme ofrath und Professor in Braunschweig. “Mit upfern. Berlin, in der Vossischen Buchhandlung. 1793. The translator and editor, Eberhard August Wilhelm Zimmermann (1743-1815), was a German mathematician and geographer FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 57 (3) Reizen door Noord- en Zuid-Carolina, Georgia, Oost- e West-Florida; de landen der Cherokees, der Muscogulges, of William Bartram. Uit het Engelsch vertaald, door J. D. Pas- teur. Te Haarlem, bij Francois Bohn. 3 volumes. 1794-97. The first volume has an engraved title-page, with a vignette of ‘‘Mico Chluecco, Konig van de Siminoles’’ (this corresponds with the frontispiece in the English editions) ; the second and third volumes have type-set title-pages. ee so6 na 1. MDCCXCIV. Title-page, i-xxvi [Inleiding], Inhoud [i, ii], vo 2 2. T weede stuk. MDCCXCV. Inhoud [i, ii], 227-500. Fe 3. Derde en laatste stuk. MDCCXCVII. iii-x [Inhoud], 501- The translator, Jean David Pasteur (1753-1804), was a Dutch zoologist, who also translated various other works into his native language from French and English. (4) Voyage - les parties sud de 1l’Amérique septen- trionale ; savoir: les Carolines septentrionale et méridionale, la Georgie, ‘les Florides orientale et occidentale, le pays des Chero- kées, le vaste territoire des Muscogulges o u de la confédération Creek, et le pays des Chactaws; sonbeaniie des détails sur le sol et les productions naturelles de ces contrées, et des obser- vations sur les moeurs des sein iy qui les habitent. Par illiams Lee Aton Imprimé a Philadelphie, en 1791, et a Londres, en 1792, et trad. de 1 wha par P. V. Benoist. Tome prem ier (et second). A Paris, Chez Carteret et Brosson, libraires, rue Pierre Sacral. n® Be 7. ugour et Durand, _ et maison Serpente. An Vu 1799]. Vol. 1. Title-pages, 1-459, Agee sas pl. 1, 2, map. Vol. 2. Title-pages, 1-437 The translator, Pierre haa Benoist (1758-1834), was a French publicist, who also translated other works from English. (4a) [Same as preceding, except] A Paris, Chez Maradan, Libraire, rue Pavée Saint-André-des-Ares, n° 16. An IX [1801]. PAPERS IN PERIODICALS (5) Account of the species, hybrids, and other varieties of the vine of North America. Med. Repos. II. 1: 19-24. Jl 1803. 58 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF (6) Anecdotes of an American crow. Phila. Med. & bie es Jour. 11: 89-95. N 1804. Reprinted in Jour. Nat. Phil. 12: 194-198. N 1805. (7) Some account es the late Mr. John Bartram, of Penn- sylvania. Phila. Med. & Phys. Jour. 17: 115-124. N 1804. (8) Description of an American species of Certhia, or creeper. Phila. Med. & Phys. Jour. 1°: 103-106. pl. 1. My 1805. (9) Conjectures relative to the scite of Bristol, in Pennsyl- vania. Phila. Med. & Phys. Jour. 1?: 131-133. My 1 1805. (10) So on the pea fly or beetle, and fruit cur- culio. (Read July 14th, 1789 [with additions, January, 1808].) en Phila. Soe. Prom. Agr. 1: 317-323. 1808. (11) Observations on the Arie and Cherokee Indians. By William Bartram. 1789. With arog and Bap cater in notes ese 2 ETS G[eorge] S Tran thnol. Soe. 3: I. 1853. (Also Fal pe in facsimile, 1909.) ate me above, Witmer Stone has published the bird migration records of William Bartram, 1802-1822 (Auk II. 30: 325-358. pl. 9-11. J1 1913). Publications relating to John and William Bartram, and the Bartram Garden This bibliography makes no claim to completeness, but is placed on record as the groundwork upon which some one may build a better one at some time in the future. Of course no attempt whatever has been made to enumerate all of the gen- eral and biographical eyclopedias which contain accounts of one or both of the Bartrams. [Abbot, Elizabeth 0. Bartram’s Garden, Philadelphia, Pa. " Ceensem by the John Bartram Association, March, 1904. 1-15, 7 plat ars just Bier the title diivtions for reaching a Bagger and on the pegs half of the page a second title: John Bartram, Born near Darby, Pa., 23rd. March, 1699. Died at Bartram’s re erry September, 177. [The book was published anonymously, but the FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 59 larity of title-page and other details would seem to show that it was also prepared by the — of the next item.] Re-issued, Au 1907. Abbot, sony naep eit Bartram’s Ga ite Philadelphia, Pa. Issued by igs John Bartram gatos, March, "1904, Re-issued with new plan of Garden, etc., August, 1907. Re-issued, 1915. 1-40. 9 illustrations On the lower half of the title-page this repeats the ia counal title of the 1904 edition. The plates are mostly different, thus as frontispiece in- stead of the i portrait of John Bartram is substituted the moss Bartr amia haller sip Bager Shannon, 1891-.] American botanical gardens Tr English poetry. Missouri Bot. Gard. Bull. 16: ‘115-122. pl. 86. N 1928. Discusses the influence of William Bartram’s Travels on the poetry of Wordsworth and Coleridge. [Anonymous.] (“A Massachusetts subscriber.” Trees and pleasure grounds in Pennsylvania. Horticulturist 5: 251- 255. D 1850. The anonymous writer, referred to by the editor of the Horticulturist as ‘‘our fair corresponden nt,’’? was probably Isabella Batchelder (1819- 1901). She then lived in Cambri gs, Massachusetts ; Darlington with his Memorials of Bartram and Marshall ; and in the ntti year, 1851, became the wife of Thomas Potts James, the bryologist. [Anonymous.] The Bartram tribute. Published as an auxiliary aid to the purposes of the td en Labi by the ladies of St. Jam ie Taare’ ag al Church. ‘¢ Bartram ? Kingsessing, June 13 & 14, 186 Pe sisoag biographical sketch of John Bartram, or nd of letter f Iwan Anonymous. ] Account of the Bartram garden, published in ‘‘The Horticulturist’? in 1850. Revised and correc oa d by the author, and now printed for the peapieinc al air in aid of the U. S. Sanitary Commission. Sold at the Féte ampétre held at Ba rtram for the same ahseek. May 18th, 1864. Printed b y C. Sherman, Son & Co. 1-11. No ‘isdeioa: the title appears only on the paper cover. eT ] n account of the a a garden, Philadelphia, published in ‘‘The Horie ultarist in 1850. vised and corrected by the author. Printed for the Central Fair in aid of the U. S. Sanitary Commission. Sold at . ith an added American trees and herbacious plants most of which are now growing and producing ripe seed in John Bartram’s garden.’’ Philadelphia, Newman F. Me Girr, 1929. [1-8.] 60 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF [Anonymous. ] mh Bartram’ 8 roles 3 pa ead at a reunion of ‘the descendants of John Bartram, held at wet gE sixth month, 8th, 1893.’ Bailey, Liberty Hyde, 1858-. In Bartram’s garden. Meehan’s Monthly 7: 50. Verses; accompanied by notes on Bartram and his iter iby Thomas Meehan]. Barnhart, sien Hendley, 1871— [John Bartram.] Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 18: 239. 18 D 1917. . Hoprinted, emia modified, in Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 2t:80.. ‘*¥?? [9 Ap] Barnhart, John Hendley, 1871-. [William Bartram.] Jour. N. Y. Bot. anaes Be 239, 240. 18D Seth Reprinted in Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. «Ry [9 A 920; and, slightly modified, in the same tactile on: 308. 0d, Sates So, Se 24: 27. [19] F F 1993; 24: 224. **O?’ [10 N] 1923; and 27: 197. [27] S 1926. Barnhart, John Hendley, 1871-. [William Bartram.] Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 22: 124, 125. ‘‘Jl1’’ [24 S$] 1921. Reprinted in Jour. ak Bot. Gard. 24: 108. ‘‘Je’’ [18 Jl] 1923, and 29: 6. [28 Ja] 1 Barnhart, John Hendley, 1871-. ae Bartram.] Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 22: 127. ‘‘Jl’’ [24 8] Rep rinted in Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 151. [31] Au 1923, and 29: 150. Pras Ji 1928. Bédier, Charles men irae — Etudes critiques iscusses on pages ‘01 508, 206-219, 224-226, arene 264, 265, 269, la 273, 277, 278, 283-287, and 290, the influence f William Bartr am ’s Travels upon the work of Chateaubriand. tten, James, 1846-19 Britte: Bibliographical sttng xe John Bartram’s Travels. Jour. Bot. 44: 213, 214. Je 1906. Bunting, Morgan, 1863-1929. Genealogical chart of the Bartram family. [Broadside.] Darby, Pa., 1895. [Cadbury, Henry Joel, 1883-.] eam abiepaee of John Bartram. Bull. Friends Hist. Assoc. 17: 16— roa 28, FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 61 Capen, Oliver Bronson, 1878- Chapter VII. John Psoreih, In his: Country homes of famous Americans. 157-160. O 1905. ilbert, 1881-. L’exotisme américain dans l’oeuvre de Chateaubriand. i-x, 1-305. Dise ses, on pages 254-272, the Hcransemres of William Bartram’s Trove: upon the work of Chateaubri Chinard, poner 1881-. Chateaubriand: Les Natchez, Livres I et II. Contribution 4 #: étude des sources de. a Univ. Calif. Publ. Mod. Philol. 201- 264. 23 Ja Coleridge, Ernest Hartley, 1846-. Coleridge, Wordsworth, and the regs a William Bartram. Tran s. Roy. Soc. Literat. II. 27: 69-92. Cooper, Lane, 1875-._ Methods and aims in tudy of literature. i-ix, 1-239 191 Discusses, on pages 11 . 15 116, 119, 120, 124, and 125, the eden illiam Ba deb *s vels upon the writings of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Bow Cooper, Lane, 1875-. Travellers and observers, 1763-1846. Cambridge history of American literature. 1: 185-214. 1917. The travels of John a William Bartram discussed on pages 194-198. C[ooper], gents 1875-. Bartram, Willi In oe = 1870-1931. Dictionary of American came: 2: ‘98, "99. Coues, OO 1842-1899. Fas thologiae redivivi. No. 1—Bartram’s ‘‘Travels.’’ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1875: 338-358. 1875. Crévecoeur, Michel Guillaume Jean de, 1735-1818. (“St. John, J. Hector.’’) Letter From Mr. Iw_n Al_z, a Russian gentleman; describing the visit he paid = = request to Mr. John Bartram the celebrated Pen- sylvani agree In his: Letters from an American farmer. 247-269. London 732. Also in ia er editions: 247-269. London, 1783; 189-204. Philadel- phia, 4 Mr 1793; rete 280. New York, 1904; 182-197. London (Every- man’s ge ary), [19 In the Philade ee edition of 1793, the name ‘‘Iwan Alexiowitz’’ is spelled joes in the chapter-title and at the en nd of the chapter; and the name Bartram is a, si correctly erceckoak Iwan Alexi mmonly regarded as a myth, but is more key to be a prciniraitead or "thi ne vat and middle names of a real person; for 62 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF why should Crévecoeur (St. John) de gurgedh this letter, while acknowl- edging all the others as the product of his own pen? Crévecoeur, , Michel Guillaume Jean de, 1735-1818. (“St. John, J. Hector. Bilfte: + Bri ef. Von open Iwan Al_z, einem Russischen Reisenden. Beschreibung _— auf meinen Vorschla, ag, bey Herrn John Bertram, em_ beriihmte Pensylvanischen Kra gods home’. Los Apsley Besuches. te | his: Sittliche Schilderungen von Amerika, in Briefen eines Ameri- kanischen _Guthsbesitzers, 357-388. Liegnitz aa Latnais 1784, translated from the English. sepia tot Michel Guillaume Jean de, 1735-1818. (“St. John, J. Hector.’’) Lettre écrite par Iwan Al-z, gentilhomme russe, é un de ses amis en Europe, dans | ae uelle il décrit la visite qu’il fit By 1769 a Jean Bertran, botaniste de Pensylvanie, & ageing ped du roi d’Angleterre. Phila- rey Tok 12 ig rh 1769. In his: Lettres un cultivateur américain. aT 1. This 2 +k. purporting to be a translation from the English, Has really on y different sh the English neha ontaining several times much matter and differently arranged; author was French by birth, aad ae w this edition through the pre while Re a visit to his native land. posted said to exist with imprint: Paris, 1787. Darlington, William, 1782-1863. Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall. With notices of their botanical contemporaries. i-xv, 17-585. oo elphia: Lind- say & Blakiston. 184 9. [With 4 enema uU : are most troublesome in our pastures and fields, in Pennsylvania, most of which were brought from bir tea 7? pages 383-388; and a sketch of William Bartram, pages 288— Dillingham, William Henry, ieee A tribute to the — of Peter Collinson, with some notice of Dr. Darlington’s Mem orials of John Darton and Hum umphry Marshall. Sec- Devoted ost as m tr: inson. The ‘first edition’’ does = em to have been issued separately; it ap red anon. us! a magazine, the preceding brs under the titl aie Collinson’’ (Bibl. Repert. ’& Princeton Rev. 1 Dock, Mira Lloyd. Bartram’s garden to-day. Gard. & For. 9: 122-124. f. 138-15. 25 Mr 1896. [Doughty, J.] og age gir of William Bartram. Cab. Nat. Hist. & Amer. Rural Sports 2 portrait. 1832. FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 63 The portrait. is the first engraved one of William Bartram; on page i is included a brief biographical sketch of John Bartram Faris, John Thomson, 1871-. How John Bartram learned nature’s lessons. In his: The romance of forgotten men. 24-33. 1928. Fox, Richard Hingston, 1853-. apa in the eighteenth century: Peter Collinson, John Bartram. In his: Dr. John Fothergill and his friends. 157-181. 1919. Fox, Richard Hingston, 1853-. John acca abt Friends Quart. Exam. 1915: 145-153. Ap 1915 Gee, William Parham, 1888-. William Bartram. Bull. Univ. 8. C. 72: 17-19. S 1918. Harshberger, John William, 1869-1929. Jo ram. Se his: The nears of Philadelphia and their work. eae [Au] 189 se ent red plates; and the pe kalgy coat-of-arms is repro- dient in color as the frontispiece of the volum Harshberger, John William, 1869-1929. William Bartram. In his: The botanists of Philadelphia and their work. 86-88. [Au] 1899. Harshberger, John William, 1869-1929. The old gardens of Pennsylvania. I. Bartram arboretum and park. Gard. Mag. 32: 78-80. O 1920. Kelly, Howard ips ee John Bart In his e American medical botanists. 49-59. [Ap] 1914. “T With 2 Enaillaseaa plates. ] L., J. H. Bartram’s diary. Gard. Mo. 11: 132, 133. My 1869. William Bartram’s diary, 1802-08. L[ippincott, James Starr], 1819-1885. Sketches of Philadelphia botanist IIl. John and William Bartram and Humphrey Marshall. Gard. Mo. 2: 271-273. S 1860. Lowes, John tote 1867-. The road to Xanadu. chia in ae ae of the imagination. i—xviii, 1-639. Boston and New Tor Taig n Mifflin Company. 1927. Discusses, in much detail pee il, pease 452-455, 586-588), the influence of William Bartram ’s Trave els nm the imagery of Coler- idge’s poem, ‘‘ Kubla Khan,’’ of Wordsw rth’s ‘*Ruth,’’ and ia other writi of these two authors; and even, ‘‘ sublimated, ?? of Lafcadio Hearn’s ‘‘To the Fountain of Youth.’ 64 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF Mease, James, 1771-1846. Bartram’s botanic garden on pes eon came near Philadelphia. Gard. Mag. Loudon 7: 665, 666. D 183 ~ — 1826-1901. The n handbook of at gos i-xv, 25-257. Phila- delphia: ag pceeteny Grambo, and Co. iginally planned to discuss only oe trees of Bartram’s Garden, which it a special attehtiin. vies foatarts on page 38 of this sae of BARTONIA. Meehan, Thomas, 1826-1901. The old botanical garden of Bartram. Gard. Mo. 27: 26, 27. Ja 1885. [Meehan, Thomas, 1826-1901. ] John Bartram. Meehan’s Monthly 1: 31. Au 1891. Meehan, Thomas, 1826-1901. ] John Bartram. Meehan’s Monthly 3: 126. Au 1893. NEE Thomas, ic ten, John Bartram’s wood-shed. notre s Monthly 6: 17. Ja 1896. [With an iiinetration. - page 11.] [Meehan, Thomas, 1826-1901.] History of John Bartram. Meechan’s Monthly 9: 96. Je 1899. Meyer, Friedrich Albrecht Anton, 1765-1795. N at rats aus William Bartrams Reisen, durch Nord- und Siidearo- lina. 1, Annalen 1: 283-298. 1794. Middleton, William Shainline, 1890-. John Bartram, botanist. Sci. Mo, 21: 191-216. ‘‘Au’’ [Jl] 1925. Miller, William Tyler, 1869-. (Miller, Wilhelm” Bartram, John. Cyclopedia of American hartieultore. 133. 14 F 1900. Reprinted, with slight modifications, in Standard cyclopedia of horti- culture. 1564, 1565. 12 My 1915. prone Charles Theodore, 1824-1901. Bartram. Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 6: — 31 J1 1901. eee chiefly to Bartram’s travels in Alabam Morris, aa SAB a William Cass 1906: 1-9. F 1907. Bie 2 unnum- bered err ie ‘of nas i is ; portrait of William Bartram.] [Nitzsche, George Erasmus, 1874-.] The Bartram Memorial ew Old Penn Weekly Rey. 1‘: 1. 5 D 1902. With a portrait of John Bartram (but William’s father or brother?). FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 65 Owen, 7homan eS mesos Bartram. : History of Alabama, and dictionary of Alabama ae 3: “09, 110. 1921. ese renee 1822-1891. The self- — American botanist. Wood’s House- hold Mag. 9: 167-169. O 1871 Bs rem D[pnald] — 1898-. John. In: Johnson, Allen, 1870-1931. Dictionary of joo biography. 2: 26-28. 1929. [Pyle, Howard, 1853-1911.] Bartram and his garden. Harper’s New Mo. Mag. 60: 321-330. F 1880. (Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927.] [Bartram’s garden.] Gard. & For. 2: 86. 20 F 1889; 2: 120. 6 Mr 1889; 2: 156. 27 Mr 1889. gametes neg Sprague, 1841-1927.] John B Gard. & For. 9: 121,122. 25 Mr 1896. Simpson, Henry, 1790-1868. John Bartram. In his: The lives of eminent Philadelphians, now de- ceased. 31-36. 1859. Simpson, Henry, 1790-1868. William Bartram. In his er lives of eminent Philadelphians, now deceased. 36, 37. portrait. 59. Smith George, 1804-1882. artram, John. In his: History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, 444, 445, 1862. [Stickley, Gustav, 1858-.] A picturesque old house in ae ae recalling the adventurous lives d B Craftsman of John an iam arly American botanists. 24; 193-197. pl. My 1 913. Stone, Witmer, 1866— Bird migration records of eo Bartram. 1802-1822. Auk IT. 30: 325-358. pl. 9-11. J1191 Plate 9 is a portrait of William Bartram. ra. Witmer, 1866— Some early American ornithologists. II. William Bartram. Bird Lore 7: 162-164. 1 Je 1905. es D[avina], 1869-1921. John (1699-1778). In: Kelly, Howard Atwood, 1858-. A Saoete of American medical biography. 1: 56, ‘57. 1912. 66 TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF ~— rinted sone dears? , with slight eg i in: Kelly, How- ard Atwood, 1 urrage, Walter Lincoln, 1860-. American modical rere 70, 7. [S] 020." sf os. = Som unt of the nursery gardens and the state of horticulture in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia, with remarks on the Aig of the emigration of British gardeners to the United States. Gard. Mag. Lon- don 8: 272-217. Je 1832. Wynne was then foreman of the Bartram Garden. [Youmans, William Jay, 1838-1901.] Sketch of John and William Bartram. Pop. Sei. Mo. 40: 827-839. Ap 1892. [Youmans, William Jay, 1838-1901.] A portrait of William Bartram. Pop. Sci. Mo. 41: 561, 562. Au 1892. The portrait here discussed was published in the sae number of Pop. Sci. Mo. (S 1892), facing page 577. Youmans, William Jay, 1838-1901. John Bartram, 1699-1777, — Ne Bartram, 1739-1823. In his: Pioneers of Science in Ameri 4-39. pl. 1896. The plate is a portrait of witha Bartram. Catalogues of the Bartram Garden From time to time (annually, it is supposed), for many years, trade catalogues were issued from the Bartram Gar- den, but they were of an ephemeral character, and few seem to have been preserved. The earliest of those now existing is probably that reproduced in facsimile by McGirr, in his re- print of the anonymous ‘‘ Account of the Bartram garden”’ (1929) ; the facsimile shows no date. There are copies in Philadelphia of the catalogue of 1807, 1828, and 1836, and the catalogue of the national library in Paris lists one for 1814. If others exist, it is desirable that the fact should be placed on record, as they are documents of much value in their bearing upon the history of American horticulture. The owner of the garden when the earlier catalogues were published was John Bartram Jr. (1743-1812); his brother, William, lived with him, and may have taken some part in the preparation of the catalogues. FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN IN AMERICA 67 Reprinted in facsimile in McGirr’s reprint of the ** Aceount of the Bartram Garden’’ (the eg item entered under ‘‘ Anon.’’ in the preced- ing list). (2) A catalogue of trees, shrubs, and oe a plants, gine sed to the United States of America; cultivated and disposed of by John hilade parts of the globe. Philadelphia: ae by Bartram and Reynol No. 58, North Second street. 1807. 1-3 (3) A get of trees, shrubs and herbaceous a eg. morta to the United Sta of America, cultivated and for Bartram’s Botanical Carbon Philadelphia: Printed by R. & W. ore “i814. 1-63. (Not seen.) (4) erie putaloune of fruit and rg agg trees nny shrubs, e plan Page cultivated 7a for + Bartram’s Botanic Garden, =p somes ig, ear Gray’s Bod po from *Philadel- Robert Carr, Proprietor. Philadelphia: Russell and Martien Mattes 1828. 1-4 gsessin, Robert Carr, a PI Philadelphiz: William §S. Martien, printer. 1836. i-iv, 1-56. Permanent Bartram Exhibition at the Academy of Natural Sciences At the time of the Celebration an exhibition of books, letters, and personal possessions of John and William Bartram was made possible by the generosity and cooperation of various institutions and individuals. Much of the material could be assembled only for this special occasion, but such interest was aroused that a permanent exhibit has been opened at the Academy of Natural Sciences. In this are shown photographs of the herbarium specimens collected by John Bartram and now in the British Museum, copies of paintings by William Bartram, photographs of drawings by William Bartram, books which belonged to Peter Collinson, drafts of letters of John artram, copies of William Bartram’s Travels, ete. and ete. The following additions deserve especial — (1) A copy of ‘‘The Characters of Linnaeus,’’ given to John Bartram in 1743 by Doctor Gronovius us, and bearing ’s signature. To commemorate the 200th an- versary this book was presented to the John Bartram Ausooiation by Miss Mira Lloyd Dock in June, 1931, ‘In grateful appreciation of hap received from Doctor John M. Marfarlane in her _ of John Bartram’s life and collections in 189 1897.’ (2) John Bartram’s silver watch, sean by Hutchins in Lon- don about 1670; loaned to the sted Bartram Associa- tion by Nathaniel Penrose Grimm, a direct descendant fe) e botanist. (3) ge Boge: by John Bartram on his travels in the Caro- and Florida to fasten at night to the neck of his ‘ad e horse; loaned bed Morris Bartram, a direct de- scendant of the botani (4) — used by John Barbacs on his botanical trips; ante e rank Bartram, a direct descendant of the — (5) Sieve fee 1772, saa by William Bartram; given to e John m Association June 1931. by Miss rade Hovgate-Hall former President of the Associa- tion. 68 BARTRAM CELEBRATION COMMITTEE 1931 Mrs. Bayarp HENRY Chairman Mr. CHarues M. B. CADWALADER Mrs. Epwarp M. CHESTON Dr. JoHn M. Foae, JR. Mr. Farman R. FURNESS Mrs. Horatio Gates LLoyp Dr. Francis W. PENNELL Mrs. S. Bartram RICHARDS Mr. JouHn C. WISTER