Q Ki ug 2 VS BOSTON JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, CONTAINING PAPERS AND COMMUNICATIONS TOP TO THE . BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, - Mi 1845-7. PUBLISHED BY THEIR DIRECTION. VOL. V. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. BOSTON: CHARLES C. LITTLE AND JAMES BROWN. | MDCCCXLVII. : pos ES atl Mon CS i CONTENTS. P Art. l. Nature of the Strata, and Geographical Distribution of the Organic E Remains in the Older Formations of the United States. By James Hatt. Art. II. Descriptions of the Fishes of the Ohio River and its Penis By Jaren P. Kirtianp, M. D. (Continued from Vol. IV. pag Arr. I. A Mapes pd of the North American Histeroides. "ir ^ Lr Conte, F. L. S. &c. Arr. IV. E dé Ösd of Uranium i in the Bori Locality at Kako; N.H. By J. E. TzscHEMACH -—- T. V. Description A a New seat of alii. By Lisis s R. Ginn 8, Professór of Math d Chemistry in the College of Charleston, S. C. Art. VI. Further accounts of some of the Birds of Yucatan. By SAMUEL Nc Jr. M. VIL. A furt ié Enumeration € of some Alpine id odi ition of. New , A.M. 93 ea qst By Epwanp TUCKER Art. VIII. Characters of some new inicr and Species of Plants of the N at- ural Order gone from the "ied Mountains and Upper California. d Asa Gray, M. D Arr. IX. D ipt f Six North denote Cikicen: By Faxon Babe a D., F. R. and L. S. iiec si Member of the Socie T. X. S attem d to prove that Cottus cognatus of Richardson, el viscosus of Haldeman, and Ura nidea ae of D an are one species, and are Pliers “ai Cottus m of Linneus. By w.O “Ayres, Ens Hart- ford, C 116 AnT. XI. Dust ofa Spenmact Whale, aia three oisi Ceteostaa: By J. B. S M-p 137 S. JACKSON Art. XII. Musci of Hii REEE AA By join Lévis Rosera, A.A.S 172 AnT. XIII. E ER aid Fija of ü ieii of the United — By Nicuoras MARCELLUS vens Hr erg em tinued from Ex IV.p.896.) . . XIV. Descriptions d d some Tom and Interesting Insects, inhabiting =e United States. By Joun L. Lz Con ART. Plante Lindheimeriane ; an Missile of the Piani Ésilecied dk te, and distributed to snbueribets, by F. Lindheimer, with Remarks one tions of New m es, &c. By GzoncE ENGELMANN and AsA à 2 Aar. XVI Presciption of ‘ie Fishes of Lake Erie, the Ohio CE ART their <. XVIL Daa of Marine Shells, inhabiting the Coast of the Unitec States. ttn Philadelphia. 189 203 ibutaries. By Janzp P. Kirt M. D. (Continued from p. 32.) 265 "lost of Fossil Fon vi Contents. Page. z Art. XIX. Em of Shells from the Coast of Africa. zd AUGUSTUS 290 A. Govrp, M. AnT-XX. E on Meloesetus viisa, Natt. (Echinocactus, Torr. and CHER. 293 Gr.) By J. E. Tescuem Arr. Lm Notice of "- um of Lingtstuls. By juried odiis M.D 294 ART. XXIL, Notices of New ana of P Secs, ma TRA for 297 uniting several supposed distinct Species. By Francis Arc > Arrt. XXIII An Account of Two PERR A Trains of i ie Erratic Blocks, in Berkshire, Mass, with an Attempt at an Explanation of the Phe- nomena. d Prof. Henry D. Rogers and Prof. WirLrAw B. RoGER AnT. XXIV. Descriptions bd the Fishes of Lake Erie, the Ohio River, and their Tributaries. ByJarep P. Kinttanp, M.D. (Concluded from p. 276) Art. XXV. Anatomical Desi of the Animal of Littorina ms ME Lam. By Josern Leip ArT. EL Notice of a new Gouns of Plants of the Order azine By Asa G By Nicnotas MancELLvs Hentz, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. 310 330 8 Arr, hyn esce and Pures of the Trdiekies of the United Staten. 352 Arr. VII. On the dies Meuse of America. By J. E. Tae MACHER 370 Arr. XXIX. Notice of ds Geological Position of the iden dt de Cas- toroides. Quest. By . James Ha LLL, Esq., one of the New York Mte "An ‘Audtocical DOCU of the same. By JEFFRIES Wenas N, M: D, Prof. Anat. and Phys. in Med. Dep. of Hampden and Sydney College. ArT. XXX. ON in Sand nim the Sahara Desert. T Joun Ba- 402 con, Jr. M AnT. XXXI. poate ini Mineralogical Fragments, By C. 7. lide M.D 405 ArT. XXXIL On the Habits of Baltic Secale. From a velis uira D: 412 to Dr. Storer. By J. B. FoasvTu, M. Art. XXXIII. Description of S eren vereris (ose-throatd Tanager) By SAMvEL Casor, e M.D Gorilla, a New Species of Orang from the Gaboon sane by Thomas S Savage, M. D., Corresp. Memb. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist deme dina the same. By JEFFRIES t— M. D. pee Prof. Anat. in Harvard Uni versity. ; Aut. XXXV. Desi ptions it Pies of the Kedidss of the United — - MancELLUS HENTZ ee ma. scien V.p - hah Description and Analysis of three Minerals "€ Lake See S aue By J. D. Waits erae "The x (its inept a Rasorial seul nota a Rapacius Bird. By Samven Cazor, M. 490 * . 443 Art xxxvi Dissection of Scy brevipi jeune By s. Keenan, E ri * E & d é L^ | = & de co e * s "n = ag a ¥ E i oe & P á x ; p * ; - >? & à Bo STO Me | -JOURNAL T NATURAL. HISTORY. : * * UA k " OLUME V.— NO.*I id | LI. M d i VO UM. ~— NO Ly Bei uL * - | a s à é. : ^ Boc T 3 " " : k ; LJ a d x 1 ^ JANUARY, 19%. g ee TE d zwi $ | NATURE OF THE STRATA, AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION | OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS IN aee FORMATIONS OF THE et. iue UNITED STATES. By James Harr. Read bi Aie Association of Ameri- E. 1 can ieee and Bperelists, at their Fourth anual Meeting, held int A | bany, Ani , 1843. ho S * : Tür. investigati on ks ofa sedimentary dep reveals to us t ni conditions the bed of the formerly existing. , and is ata nts, rhage history an Fite ate. (oe eae ich Ee. the — thickness of strata in one dit ? ^ do others more Or less distant. "Tie d irs, per- * pt river, As this means. spread widely oer ibited by myriads of living T TA $ — $ * " uo * E & ; 3 Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains ài A : v. "The present Gulf Stream carries ard, we know not how many miles, the mud and other detritus furnished by, the Am- azon; the Mississippi and other streams, and the lighter mate- rials are often stranded®on the north-west coast of Scotland. At the same time the solid substances have doubtless formed a deposit upon the bed of the ocean over a large part of Ecu it has traversed. Thousands of living shells are‘annually cov- . ered by the sudden deluges of mud near the shores; while - =" those at a greater distance live more quietly, or are perhaps | able to escape from this overwhelming destruction. š E + The,scenes how enacted in our present oceans, have bii the same through successive periods in remote ages, though perhaps under different circumstances. We know, however, Pa our deposits of sand and M pak to some extent also the caleareous oot ve been derived from certain sources, nd that they have beer pread in like manner over the bot- om, enveloping the living forms thereon. It is evident that the comparative thick or tenuity of a deposit, and the T or finer Aes its particles, indicate its proximity = to the source, përhaps the ‘shore of a continent, or perhaps a . Te OO doin A Ld A linanite peaks, near-to, or above the surface of the water. - The presence of pebbles often points conclusively to the prox- $i imity of J ands. while a finely comminuted p is idence : of greater distance from shore. c Under these circumstances we may expect that. the living 4 beings, tating the bed of this ocean, v would vary in dait ter, not only upon different kinds of Pat different p . distances from land, and at differen depths o of wale im e. : I have met with no essay upon the ge phical dinbi : tion of fossils in the older rocks ; and the few facts here and - E gleaned, serve rather to stimulate ttai to satisfy curio- . - y It has been a favorite opinion of many, and frequently PU that the condition of this. ancient ocean was uniform, © and vi i moderate; and that the uniformity of organic — Products affords proof of the same. Without pretending: tore- - fute any r theories or to establish general Eu for me * w | ofs the Older Forge. of the United States. 3 whole continent, or for the whole globe, I shall merely oferta ~: few facts which have fallen under my own observation, and this with the hope of calling the attention of other observers to -the subject, and aid in deciding the true cause and amount of variation in palzozoic characters when examined over wide districts. We shall doubtless be led, eventually, to see in all these changes the influences of depths of water, distance from, or proximity to land, and the influence of the nature E of that deposit which formed the bed of the ocean, on which the animals lived. Every one of these “causes, and perhaps : other minor ones, have influenced the present character and = condition of our older fossiliferous deposits. All these circum- stances influence the Organic, roductions of our presentocean, whatever may be the . te; and we have every proof at the same causes operated i in this ancient sea; where, although¥lepth and temperature may have been more anit i yet these could not have been paramount to all other influ- ences: These rocks, which are generally k known by the terms “of Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian Systems, and to which we e have, in New York, applied the term New Yonk Sverrw are known. to be of great extent in this country. The rei arche "m F - | very p development, the P range, AE paratively co d condition of these rocks in our country, | p an opportunity Qe i ee ipa ppdition of- T A n ib teria Waa adopted to iishal, since at that time the divided i into Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian, all of which are p evidently on one men in this country; ni also well ascertained that the Camb m 7 fore known, is, to a g extent, if not gei — of dy We abel t . of the Silurian period. — at : * di - 5 E Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains - reefs, can be satisfactorily determined by the organic contents of the strata. I bave, in other connections,' lcd to point out the comparative developments of the different strata extending from the valley of the Hudson to the Mississippi River. Hav- ing travelled over this ground, I am acquainted, for the most part, with the variations in lithological and paleontological i eS i oe characters. I have also profited largely by the labors of the — western geologists ; and I may here again acknowledge my ob- ligations to Dr. Locke, Dr. Owen, Dr. Houghton, and other — ile i who have freely communicated to me information . ncerning the west. In this investigation we will first consider the changes in f. lithological character which these strata undergo in a westerly direction, as well as their greater or less development. . The lower rocks which the section on the Hudson valley ex- 1 hibits and which are well developed in several parts of New | York, are only seen at: few points within the range of my - ations westward. - ne of these is at Frankfort, Ky., and — in n the neighborhood of that place; and the same strata, accord- - ing to the observations of Dr. Owen, appear upon the Mis- sissippi at Prairie du Chien and about the moni of Wis consin River. is At Frankfort, Ky., it is EROS 4 to say what is the com- parative development of the Potsdam sandstone and calciferous - | sandrock, but the succeeding limestones bear the same charac- | i ter as those of New York, and contain the same fossils. Upon the Mississippi, Dr. Owen has represented a sandet below the limestones which are the ëifuivalent of the birdseye and Trenton limestone. This ne holds the place, "and is probably the continuation of the two lower rocks of the inten, as seen in New York. — — _ 1 See section across the country from New York to the Mississippi River, Trans- actions Association of American Geologists and Naturalists, Vol. * P late | Iso, Report on the Geology of the 4th District, N. Y. Geol. E " of the Older Formations of the United States. — 5 The same fossils which typify these limestones in New York are likewise found in Kentucky and near the mouth of the Wis- consin River. The large Orthocerus, and some other shells from the latter place cannot be distinguished from those of New York, and if we may credit the observations, made many hundred miles to the northward of this place, similar fossils are equally typical of the strata. In this instance, therefore, we find a uniform composition or material over an extensively wide area, with little apparent difference in the degree of development, and the same association of organic remains. In this instance, therefore, we are forced to admit a very uniform condition in the depth and character of bottom of this primeval ocean. What facts would appear from an examination farther south and west we cannot infer, but we already know that there is sufficient width from north to south to disprove any inference that this great east and west extent was merely the margin of an ocean. The strata extend northward from New York far into Canada, and from the eastern part of that province stretch westward over a great breadth of country on the north of Lake Ontario. Again they appear in an isolated patch in Kentucky and in Tennessee; while in Virginia and Pennsylvania, as shown from the Reports of Professors W. B. and H. D. Rogers, they form a broad belt upon the eastern margin of the sedi- mentary formations, thus proving uniform conditions over this wide ocean. Many species of fossils, which in New York are regarded as typical of the lower limestones, are found both i.m Pennsylvania and Virginia, accompanying the same strata. = » The next group which we have to consider, occurs in. New .. the line of section westward we find these rocks ario in . Ohio, but with some change in their lithological features. The prevailing character here, and also in Indiana, Kentucky, and on the praes s River above Dubuque, is that of a calcareous aggregation of strata, with interstratified marl, and more rarely T impure pii e, The whole of this group, together with the 6 Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains inferior calcareous strata, has received, in the Ohio reports, the — name of BLUE Limestone. The thickness of the deposit is ap- - parently less than in New York; the arenaceous matter has | nearly disappeared, while the argillaceous portion is much di- minished, and instead of shaly slate, is, for the most part, an . incoherent marl, or soft shale. Calcareous matter at the same time has greatly increased, so that from forming scarcely an important feature at the east, it is the predominating material. — We are now to inquire what changes, during the period of this — deposit, occurred in the organic beings inhabiting the ocean — bed. : In New York, shells of the Dimyaria, as Modiola, Cypri- - cardia, and Nucula, with Pterinea, are the prevailing forms ; ‘ while the Brachiopoda, with the exception of two or three spe- — cies, are rare. In Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, the Brachiopo- — da, in the forms of Atrypa, Delthyris, Orthis and Strophomena : abound, to the almost entire exclusion of the predominating genera of New York. Itis true that the fossils characteristic — of the same strata in New York are found, but would by no - means be considered the typical fossils of the rock at the west. | Cyrtolites ornatus, Pterinea carinata, and one or two Modi- ola-like fossils, which are the reliable forms with us, are found — associated with a far greater proportion of Strophomena, Or- - this, Delthyris, Atrypa, being in fact the least prominent fos- sils of the group. ie The same character of strata, just noticed, holds good upon the Mississippi River, and the same folsils are found as in Strophomena are usually the only New York fossils of tl group at the west, which attract notice. - per . Corals and Crinoidea, are infinitely more abundant in this group throughout all western localities than in New York. These are probably dependent upon, and in some degree a source of, the great predominance of calcareous matter. - The ‘Crustacea have greatly increased in numbers over those of the same group in New York, though the species there con = of the Older Formations of the United States. T are continued, with several others. Among the new species are two of the genus Isotelus, which differ essentially from the species of that genus in the Trenton limestone. At the same time, however, the species of the genus occurring in the Tren- ton limestone in New York, and which are rarely or never known in the Hudson River Group, are quite abundant in this position, at the west. In this instance, their continuation to a higher position, seems due to an increased proportion of cal- careous matter, and perhaps also to other more favorable con- ditions. The dark and highly calcareous mud of the Trenton limestone, appears to have been the favorite resort of these animals in New York, while as the deposit became more purely argillaceous, they disappeared. At the west, on the other hand, this deposition of calcareous mud continued almost to the close of the period. Of the Shawangunk, or Oneida conglomerate, we have little or no knowledge in the west, the only representative of this rock and the Medina sandstone being some impure sandy strata at the termination of the group last described. These, at all the localities examined, consist of gray calcareous sandstone, with anadmixture of green shaly matter in spots, giving to the rock in some places a speckled appearance. Since fossils are few in these rocks, even in New York, it may be passed without further notice for the present object. à The Clinton Group in New York is one of the most varia- ble assemblages of materials of any known group. In some . . places it consists of a large development of shales and thin — flagstones, sandstones and conglomerates, with oólitic iron ore, and a small proportion of carbonate of lime. In other places consists of an almost equal development of shale and lime- _ stone with iron ore, and again the shale or iron ore have nearly : or entirely disappeared. — At the west, this group appears to be scarcely separable from the limestone above, and consists almost wholly of calcareous matter. One of the most characteristic fossils of this group in New York is the Pentamerus oblongus, which, however, in 8 Hall oa the Strata and Organic Remains. that State, is scarcely foünd to the west of the Genesee River. In Ohio, Indiana, and even in the "Territory of Iowa, on the west side of the Mississippi River, this fossil abounds, but often so associated with calcareous strata as apparently to be a fossil of the next group; and I am by no means quite satisfied that it does not ascend into the Niagara Limestone. This fact proves conclusively that the Pentamerus oblongus lived in great numbers in the central part of New York, while over an immense area, between this point and the western part of Ohio and the Peninsula of Upper Canada, it did not exist. At the - same time fragments of Crinoidea, apparently identical with those of the Clinton Group in New York, occur in various places in Ohio and in the same position. The Niagara Group consists of a shale and limestone, and is one of the most interesting groups in the State of New York. The shale is highly fossiliferous, containing corals, crinoidea, shells and trilobites, while the limestone abounds in corals, almost to the exclusion of all other forms. | This group, at the west, appears asa great mass of limestone, - the shale, so characteristic of itin New York, having entirely — disappeared. The fossils of the limestone at the west are also - corals, with few of any other character. The fossils of the shale | are consequently absent over all the great tract of country occu- - pied by the States of Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, Wis- consin and Iowa. 3 There is here evidence of a vast augmentation of calcare- - ous matter in a westerly direction ; for this group, which, in - the centre of New York, is but a Pus feet in thickness, gradu- - ally increases in that direction until, at Niagara Falls, it is about - two hundred and fifty feet, including the shale ; while a at the * west it has acquired a. thickness little less than one thot : feet. Sam it will also be remembered, is mally limestones, Adis ditio k may require qualification, for I have recently seen es Crinoidean from E Ee is known in New York only in the — he ; NM Group. June 3d : of the Older Formations of the sbinited States. 9 with the exception of nodules and iei layers of chert, which increases in proportion as we advance westward. The Onondaga Salt Group, which in New York, at the point of its greatest development is about one thousand feet thick, has greatly diminished at the west, and in all situations where I have examined it, is but an insignificant mass. It retains, it is true, the essential characters of the same in New York, but from being destitute of fossils is of less interest than many of the other rocks, and of little consequence for illustrating the pre- sent subject. Helderberg Limestones. Succeeding to the Salt Group we have an extensive series of limestones which are well developed at the Helderberg and Schoharie. These are highly fossiliferous, abounding in the Brachiopoda, Cephalopoda, Trilobites, Crin- oidea, Corals, &c. We are greatly indebted to my friend John Gebhard, Jr. for the extensive knowledge we. possess of those fossils, and to him,more than to all others, is due the credit of bringing to light the numerous and beautiful collec- tions of the organic remains of that region. These limestones, except the two upper ones, all disappear before reaching the western limits of New York. The two higher divisions of the series are well developed in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, and réappear on the Mississippi River. "The general character of the rock remains the same, and the - fossils are identical, proving that throughout this. wide range of country the condition of the ocean bed was uniform, and the character of its inhabitants the same. Specimens, collect- . ed in Ohio, in Indiana, or Kentucky, can scarcely be guished from those of the Helderberg ; the color of the mass, Lis true, is somewhat lighter, but otherwise thore i is no percep- difference : The E eohi selenurus and a species et Calymene (C. crassimarginata) seem to be quite as characteristic at the west and south-west as in New York. It is true that some of the New York fossils Sea els at the west, and it is also true A421 2 thet other nak Still, the occurrence 10 Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains of the same species of Trilobites, Strophomena, Orthis, Del- thyris and Atrypa, while the nature of the deposit is unchang- ed, proves a condition in nowise essentially differing from the same period in New York. With the limestones, just described, terminate all the impor- tant calcareous formations of New York. The Marcellus Shales and Hamilton Group, consisting of . shales and shaly sandstones, succeed the limestone, forming an. important part of the series in New York. The thickness of the whole is scarcely less than one thousand feet, and it pro- bably contains more individual fossils than all the rocks and. groups below this point. In the eastern part of the State these formations consist of dark or black slaty shales, and dark or olive-greenish sandy shales, and impure sandstones ; towards the west the are- naceous matter diminishes, and there is a great increase of mud; and finally, in western New York, the whole con- sists of an immense development of grayish blue shales still . abounding in fossils. Farther west, as in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, the lower member of this great group, consisting of black shale alone, is visible, having diminished from one thousand feet in thickness to one hundred or even fifty feet, in some places. The same group, from being highly fossiliferous, asin New York, has become apparently non-fossiliferous in its western extension, though in Obio a few species do occur." This group also furnishes one of the most interesting and instructive examples of the gradual change in lithological cha- racters and final disappearance of fossils, of any in the system. - As just remarked, the prevailing character of the mass in eastern New York is that of a sandy shale. The most nume- rous fossils in this part of the Stateare of the Cypricardia and . Modiola-like forms, with Nucula, and large numbers of Avicula ; the pe ores, as Delthyris, Orthis, &c., are in the minii ü $ De Clapp ai Dr Owen, Ga Die H E Nea tye he h di d fossils in this shale near th of the Older Formations of the United States. 11 except in a few instances, and even here they do not bear the marks of great perfection. Although one or two species appear in great numbers, they do not acquire that perfect development of form which they do farther west; as for example, Delthyris mucronata. As we go westward, however the Avicula, Cypri- cardia, &c., gradually diminish in numbers and the Brachi- opoda become far more numerous in species and abundant as individuals. This group, therefore, at the two extremes of the State, pre- sentsa very different lithological character, and an association of fossils so unlike, when the most common forms are considered, that they would scarcely be recognized as the same. In the western part of the State there seems to bea larger proportion of caleareous mud, and there are also immense numbers of corals which are not common in the eastern part of the State. "The lithological changes, here enumerated, are strictly in accordance with the common laws relating to mechanical de- posits. Ifthe source of this great group was in the east or south-east, the sandy matter would first fall to the bottom of the ocean in its transport, the fine mud would remain longer suspended, and its greatest development would only occur after the sandy deposit had begun to diminish; and such pre- ‘cisely we find to be the actual condition. "The sandy matter diminishes, the finer particles only continue to be transported, and there becomes a gradually increasing admixture of finer mud. At length the finer siliceous portions are almost lost, . and finally too, the soft mud itself has all sunk to the bolt and the ocean beyond is clear — a deep blue sea. Now ìt is very natural to inquire (when we are able to ‘ace le almost uninterruptedly over more than a thousand i üfide-of extent, which must have been covered by an ocean,) what were the conditions of its bed? In what direction was the continent that bounded it, or theislands which raised them- selves above its surface? And what evidence have we, if any, of increasing depth. as we recede from that ancient shore ? i From the facts before. us it would appear, both from the na- 19 Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains ture and condition of the organic remains, that a greater depth - and a more quiet state of the waters prevailed in a westerly di- rection. The increased number of the Brachiopoda, and their more perfect development, are strong facts in favor of this view, while the great numbers of Cypricardia and Avicula in the east- ern part of the State, upon the sandy mud, prove a more shal- - low sea and greater proximity toland. In truth, the nature and - condition of the deposits, with all circumstances attending them, — alone, proves clearly the increasing depth of water and distance — from shore as we progress westward. The nature of the or- - ganic remains proves them to have been influenced both by - distance from shore, depth of water, and nature of the sediment. - With the exception of a thin bed of limestone, all the suc- - ceeding deposits, as far as the Old Red Sandstone, may, for the | present purpose, be considered as one group, which includes | the Genesee slate, Portage and Chemung Groups. | This series consists of shales and alternations of their onal : layers, and flagstones, with more rarely thick-bedded sand- ! stones. The lower portion is mostly shale, while the arenaceous matter increases toward the upper part. Their calcareous bands sometimes occur, and these are often entirely compa of organic remains. : Towards the west there isa gradual increase of shale and a constant diminution i in thickness of the whole mass. In the mostly unlike those of the group below, though several of the same species are known to occur. The diminution in thick ness, which takes place within the State of New York, is accot panied by a decrease in the number of fossils. sils is perceptible as we proceed westward, namely, the incre a of the forms of Brachiopoda over those of Cypricardia, Avicul 7 fe, or the ae and Monomyaria. True it is, howevé Nes MP 1 the condition of the ocean which are accor of the Older Formations of the United States. 13 panied by changes in the organic remains. We sometimes find a series of strata where the Delthyris, Atrypa, and Orthis abound ; and again, above or below this point may be a series where few : of these forms are seen, while the strata are crowded with Avicula, Cypricardia, and Modiola, with perhaps a few Stro- phomena. Large numbers of Fucoides appear in this group, which continue for a long distance east and west, and are of essential service in recognizing certain portions. As we pass into Ohio, this group, which in its greatest exten- sion in New York is scarcely less than two thousand feet thick, has diminished to four hundred or five hundred feet. Here we find a few of the prevailing forms of Delthyris, Strophomena and Atrypa, while others are exceedingly rare. Still farther west, in Indiana, the mass may be said to be almost non-fossil- iferous, scarcely any fossils being noticed throughout its whole thickness. From its constant decrease m thickness in a west- erly direction, it doubtless entirely or very nearly disappears from thinning out, in the vicinity of the Mississippi River. This group must be considered the termination of the rocks of the New York system, which attain a greater development in this part of our country than perhaps in any other part of the world. The facts show that in all the calcareous formations where there is uniformity of composition, there is little change in organic remains over wide areas. Again when we find a change in the lithological character of strata, there is a corresponding change in organic contents. This is fully illustrated in the 2 Hudson River Group and some of the higher rocks. The gra- dual change in mechanical deposits at different distances from heir source is also attended by a change in the nature of the ssils, as exhibited in the Hamilton and Chemung Groups. L ing a view of the great area between metamorphic ranges on the east and the Mississippi River, we find that dur- ing the period elapsing from. the commencement of fossil- iferous deposits to th Hudson River Group, 5 which may be termed. the am era in organization, E 14 Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains there is evidence of a higher degree of vitality over the west- ern portion than in the eastern. The number of species and individuals greatly predominated over those of New York, par- ticularly towards the close of the period. When we come to the second period, which includes the great calcareous deposits, we find that organization was more fully developed in that portion now the State of New York, than at any other known point to the west or south-west. As proof of this, we need only point to the beautiful series of fossils from the Niagara Group, and the lower part of the Helderberg limestones, few of which are known beyond this — State. 35 In the third division, which includes all the rocks of the system above the limestones of the Helderberg, we find even a greater difference between New York and the south : and west. In this series we have more forms than in all the rocks | below, while the individuals of many species can only be ~ enumerated by myriads. The sea emphatically teemed with — life; and if vitality gives pleasure, then the sea was filled - with happy existences, which flourished in full vigor, and in : the greatest perfection. - Look, however, at the great portion of that ancient ocean bed z occupied by Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky and Illinois, - and over the far west beyond the Mississippi. From the pe- — riod of the final deposition of the Helderberg limestones to the — commencement of the carboniferous era, this vast expanse was "T. comparative solitude. Instead of the busy multitude throng: e ing every part of the sea farther east, this was cold, dark, and deep ; presenting no beautiful corals, nor the still more beauti: ful and singular Crinoideans, and with but few of the shells of — the eastern waters, it more resembled a primeval sea, where 3 vitality had but just assumed its place among the laws of na- _ We here learn that our most fossiliferous strata may, at one - extreme, be destitute of these characters, or that these forms of the Older Formations of the United States. 15 . maybe so extremely rare, that they cannot be relied upon. We can thus easily perceive how these strata, when in prox- imity to hypogene or metamorphic rocks, and where the supe- rior connexion is obscure, may be mistaken for the older slates, reliance being placed upon the presence or absence of organic remains. ‘Such were the different conditions of this wide expanse of ocean during the period which elapsed from the commencement of organization to the period when this system of rocks termi- . mated. We must now be prepared for even greater changes . in this ocean, both in its organic contents and in the compara- tive conditions between its eastern and western extremes. . Succeeding what we have denominated the Chemung _ Group, we find in New York a considerable deyelopment of : red sandstones, greenish and red shales and gray sandstones with conglomerates. The whole series constitutes the equiv- . alent of the Old Red Sandstone of Europe. This series is | distinguished from the rocks below, not only by its different » lithological character, but by its organic remains, which clearly . Mentify it with the formation just named. — . Its greatest thickness may be about two thousand feet in the 5 eastern part of New York and in Pennsylvania, but it thins rap- idly westward, and in New York, can scarcely be identified be- Yond the Genesee River. Here is the most rapid thinning out of ‘Vast thickness of strata which, so far as we know, do not réap- pear ina westerly direction. The organic remains consist of few shells, unlike those below, with an immense number of. s ates and fragments of the bones of fishes. In this rock within le State of New York, no species of the Brachiopoda have | been found ; the only fossils, besides the scales and bones of _ ‘shes, being a shell allied to Cypricardia and great nambers of . Vegetable remains, a ea ___ Succeeding the Old Red Sandstone is a coarse conglomer- 5 made up of white quartz, pebbles and coarse sand. Now after the thinning out of the former rock, this conglom- Tests upon the rocks of the Chemung Group. This is- ^c 4 16 Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains seen throughout the whole of western New York and in Ohio, as far as the western limit of the Alleghany Coal Basin. After taking up the same line of observation where these rocks re- appear in Indiana, we find the following arrangement. The rocks of the Chemung Group are succeeded by fine, gray argillaceous sandstone, which contains intercalated beds of oólitic limestone, with fossils entirely different from any at — the east. ‘This sandstone passes upwards and is succeeded by — a limestone differing essentially from any limestone below it, - and holding a place which presents no rock of this kind at the east. Succeeding this limestone we have the same conglom- - erate, which in New York, some parts of Pennsylvania, and in the eastern part of Ohio, rests upon the Chemung Group. During one period in the eastern part of this ocean, while | the Old Red Sandstone was being deposited, there is apparently no equivalent deposit in the west, unless the gray sandstone and — oölitic limestone are its Si Should this prove to be - true, on farther examination, (and I have lalsdiyubt of it) : then we have a more gradual passage and int of produets in the passage of the Old Red, or even from the ibo. 3 mung Group of New York to the Carboniferous period than — from the Chemung to the Old Red as it appears in New York. — Again, in the western part of this ocean, was accumulated 4 that immense deposit of limestone, occupying so much of the — Mississippi valley, during which period there was no deposi- : tion of importance at the east, and during both these periods a large portion of surface appears to have received no deposit _ at all. 5 We have, then, the lower inne of the Great Coal Foe mation resting in one place upon the Chemung Group, again — upon the Old Red Sa ndstone , and finally upon the Limestone, - which underlies the great cond basin of Illinois. What may — have been all the operating influences it is perhaps ee 3 to say, but such are some of the facts. * - It will be perceived that, with a single exception, all the- mechanical deposits diminish in a — Seeiee while |. AED. Ls of the Older Formations of the United pt 17 the caleareous or chemical deposits i increase in A same di- rection. * The origin, therefore, of the deposits of sand and mud has been at the east, while circumstances more favorable to the production of corals and the formation -of calcareous matter, have existed at the west. i We also find that dependent upon, or neni with these operating influences, have been the character, degree of devel- opment, and number of organic forms which inhabited the . ocean. We find that all those. forms which flourished most . Upon, or were dependent upon, a calcareous bottom, increase ina wonderful degree toward the west, while those affecting sandy or muddy bottoms, are more abundant at the east, be- i coming nearly or entirely lost at the west. The aer cu stages are marked by admixtures of the two kinds of forms, and "d — abundance of forms which flourish in calcareous The speculations in regard to the conditions of this ancient . ocean during these periods, Id occupy too much time at . Present, and we can only hastily glance at some conclusions. Si okts evident, from the fact that these calcareous deposits are .. often succeeded by immense mechanical depositions i in the form _ of mud and sand, that the condition of the ocean bed changed u intervals. The growth of corals would only take place at . €ertain depths, and below this they would all perish. Now it . Would seem that the bed of the ocean was subject to oscillations, i by Which in one place, covered with corals and calcareous mat- fer, itsank down and allowed an immense deposition of sand and. mud to accumulate ; and again, this deposit ceasing, the bed pt of the Ocean gradually returned to the condition in which it ` again Supported a growth of corals a. ad -their accompanying or- . ganic forms. ‘The thinning out therefore of a calcareous de- : cmd. pe a condition of the ocean unfit for supporting : : which were the principal agents in giving origin | those immense calcareous deposits of our country. Such ? may infer was its ec much of the eastern por- VOL. y. — enh ex Q > i sted: in the bed of this ancient sea, and such some of the - ‘strata over portions of country which can be examined con- . ‘and from intermixture of mechanical deposits as well as other | " Le f Ba 18 Hall on the Strata and ganie Remains tion of this c tinent, during the | mo of the a lime- ne beds of the Mississippi valley. LA New York we find every one of our limestone formations succeeded by a deposit of mud, which would put an end to all | growth in the corals, t times it it appears that this mud was rapidly accumulat This immense ocean was evidently margined on the east by a continent which supplied all the detritus. forming the me- chanical deposits; perhaps by the influx of mighty rivers, - bringing down mud and sand ; that during some periods there _ was a cessation of these ‘deposits, and at the same time the — calcareous formations were preserved, with their infinite variety i of organic forms. The influence of these mud deposits and — turbid waters did not however, extend throughout the whole D, area ; and beyond their reach, the corals of various kinds, the 1 Guides, and many other beautiful forms flourished in secu- rity, while iey were prevented from extending TONS their . Such sails appear to havilibeon 1 the collditions which ex- 3 causes which have influenced the distribution of organic re- mains, over its bed, during the period of the Silurian or New York system. If we find such changes in the nature and condition of the eiae agat. tinuously, what may we not expect should we undertake to compare rocks of the same age when separated by three thou- sand miles of ocean? It is very plain, that all mechanical de- — posits must essentially change, when traced over such great i us deposits, , also, whether supplied from — Orals, must essentially change in devel- opment or condition, both fra inequalities in the ocean be bed, a causes. Since, also, we find a considerable variation in th aspect and contour of the same o of Rei at. Vene A. E p & E ? bre Older Formations of T ed that.an equal, if not rei difforerice ftam tle ‘normal type’ may exist upon the two sides of the Atlantic. 4 It is very clear that we are not to expect perfect identity ih T - formations at distant points, but it is ET plain, that there is such a general similarity that, by t of organic remains, we are able to decide with certainty t 16 approximate age and * position of any stratum ; the greater or less proportion of calcareous matter must, at all periods, have operated in a very essential manner upon the development of the corals and __ testacea, as we have abundant evidence in the examples cited. _ It is, therefore, of the first importance that the lithological : Deere, be studied in connection with the organic remains, i in order to enable one to form a correct jüdgment, in relation identity in the age and position of strata. We have already inte d to an important case of this -kind where the aug- ntation of calcareous matter at the west, during the period Of the Hudson River Group, has caused a continuation of the * ionii of the Trenton Limestone in great numbers, almost en- : z tirely to the close of that period. It is doubtless, in a great . degree, owing to such differences in lithological characters, . nd the consequent rest ng of peculiar organic forms, however, which have heretofore attended this comparison are * becoming less, and we confidently believe that when we shall . become bulis: acquainted with the geographical distribution of organic remains, and their dependence upon the lithological — one as the type, refusing to notice the intermediate i unite not only the two, but the four nominal species oe of the strata, we shall find little oe in x Harno * > of the same age to th pest and ^. e nir- The result ] Nore. — E in 18 13, some oot A d of compa organic forms in the older > strata of ‘New York, and those l species which, ize, and somewhat in — ici in fact identical ; and that in nearly all cases, the west erand ipi ie individuals have acquired a much greater development than those in New — York, Thus the same species is known by different names in - New York and Ohio, and even in Ohio and Kentucky the old _ and young of the Same species are known by different names. | Within the past few. months I have also had an opportunit y E of , Wenn a collection of fossils from Eastern Canada w those of New York and the. west. This lection : ingly submitted to my cdi gan, cial Geolo n either in the Sifurian System of Mr. Murchison or by’ Captai ^ “Portlock, im his report on the county of Londonderry, and- “parts of Tyrone and Formae Several forms figured by | the latter, ate identical with species und in the Hudsol River | G : ; essential importance in prihatos to light the » Bceting tii and in.developing this most interesting 1 important subje were! Distribution of nem emains in. a k ass of the Ohio river. 6 ge. E3 ; : Ed chrysops. names, nd - Venim p. 22. se © multiline Le Sueur: Cuv. et Valenc., Hist. Nat. des Pois. t. iii. p. 488. c js. t. lii 488. Labrar multilineatu vs Cur. et Valenc. Hist: Nat eae E lindrie; PW compressed d É | length of the fish ; vum jaw prom- edge, with a mémbranous expansion extending between the two spines, the superior less prominent. The posterior and — d inferior edge of the preoperculum serrated. Eyes large, con- y ex and full. Trides es a golden‘ se E Mouth large. and 2 rue asperous, from numerous minu! 6 à Body regularly oval; | abdomen full and round ; un a 2. straight, slightly influenced by the curvature = FER the interstitial me ne of sal fins two, disti Aen ; the Mite » d t d IX 31 E 4 m en PEat7e6:! Lo €* Sé Edi fhe Ohio sz | Dine; silvery add iridescent, "b several indue brown or - x blue stripes extending the whole length of the fish. Throat and abdomen white. Dorsal, caudal, and anal fins dusky, . bluish, or sometimes livid. Pectorals ue with ined „lines extending alon Habitat. ome, E rie, rare D. 9— 1-4; C. 16 3; m RE | tarni I haveing: with but three specimens taken in the Ohio River. They were more dusky colored, and had — shorter and more acutely | lobed tails than those in Lake Erie, - where the species, is very abundant. This fish | readily takes © the baited hook, and is much esteemed for eating. Lesueur > dm) his species in the Wabash River, and sent it t France under the na Lof Perca apg. s spt fict name is retained by. Cuvier in his * SE Poissons,” _. The specimens we have s udinal stripes as that descr n * kj ah à s PLATIROSTRA. Le Sueur. - n P. edentula. Le Sueur. "The Toothless Spoonbill. Platirostra edentula. be Sueur. J. A. N. S el. p. 2 t PR 5 ape Tongs Expedition. a D. us = "ue Kirtland, Rep on Zool. of Ohio y ai Ta Dekay’s Rep. on the Fishes of N. prb he. Plate VII. Fig. 2. . This fish An a few instances wandered up the Ohio River, | ~ but ! have never nal so fortunate as to obtain a view. of A b3 * 4 z $ e T | - and snout covered with long osseous plates, Poi are radiated, and interlocked at their extremities: these are in pairs, "m . on the head, and about six other pairs along the snout. d Ween the extremities are other smaller plates so as to fill the j eam The orbiculars. are strong, forming the base of tl ni snout, and extend to about half its length. Both its sides i Micipica - with Small stellifori n € each other, and present the a 43 _ tion, supporting the membranous skin of the snout. Eyes . small, oblong, above the articulation of the upper jaw ; nostrils © small, ; double, one above the other, in front. of the eyes, but a " a little more elevated. Jaws equal, without teeth, maxillar and ? Nm close together, and;in length equal. s " 1 v ane and narrow ; ien oi of the mouth LÀ 2 i operculum, which articulate with each other. ii "n skin E supports all these bones, expanding and attenuating to a point’ ® 3 eer, almost to the end of the pectoral fin, and covering . the wide branchial aperture on each side. - |. "Branchie large: ah. arcs have two rows of T bristles, in close connexion, directed towards the front. s defend a broad membranous expansion, that accomp: the interior centre of each arc, between the bristles, the the membranes being furnished with small and very ca rtilaginous laminze, and behind the arcs is a membrane, to support the g^ str emities, - e sliðulder bones a s : Aso VOR $& = i á * : 4 = S À , t t 24 ~ Fishes of the Ohio i wards the eyes, towards ihe silos 3 in front of the preopercu- ` 1 lum, across the neck, extends on each side of the back, begin- ning to decline a little in front of the dorsal fin, and terminates | at the tail. In its whole length are to be seen minute ramifi-- straight and curved, more or E distant from each "Length from the end of the at to that Of the tail three . feet ten inches... Snout, from its extremity to the p twelve — i inches hw and three inches wide. | | P. 26; D. 58; V. 40—50; A. 56; C. uma : : Dr s sicot was mm up jum a pe Res 4 men, the colors are not portrayed. We copy therefore the — ` following from the Appendix to Major Long’s expedition to — sthe ‘source of St. Peter's River, &c., ronan by Mr. Say. 1 Credo is from life. lor above livid brown, imas ito body, but. with d j| k h spots placed in circles or ovals on the head " as dne as the gill opening, on the upper part and sides o 4 st about the eyes and on the unwrinkled part of we ! wegill-ec ver ; ^ ig the upper jaw, and on the wrinkled part of " wu with abbreviated lines of small blackish spots; | . «belly white, with a few spots on the middle ; ; fi : ns dusky, pec- | torals and ventrals white before and. behind; gill-covers capa- or broadly united beneath, and each iad. tapering to a somewhat obtuse point, which nearly attains to 1e E line of the anterior origin of the ventral fins; on the up Ese beneath the termination of the d i endo four | feet eight i ; ET OU E - 2 * and its Tributaries. r. . 295 n $ Rostrum, from the anterior ioiii of the eye to the tip, fourteen and a half inches. “ In the gills of this fish were several lamprey eels (Petro- ae» of a small species.. The paddle-fish is frequentl * to leap out of the water in the manner of the sturg They spw to a somewhat larger size than the measure abo i | Fecorded." i" ET P^ - Observations. I am indebted to Dr. B. p. Brown, Presi- dent of the Western Academy of Natural Sct att a = Louis, f the accompanying sketch. Drs. King and Engel* > . man, of that city, inform me that.this fish inhabits the large lakes on the American bottoms which are connected with LA . Mississippi River. One specimen which Dr. Engelman ex- © 4 MM, Weighed seventy-nine pounds; and another, t i i The color above was deis earls black, LI to green- - ish gray ; below grayish wille; flesh oily, ‘taste isagreeable. te D length seventy inches; length of the shovel “sixteen 4 _and a half inches ; sgreadth, one fourth of the distance from We ip; four i inches; breadth of the tail, twelve inches. TU « bilobed , Semicigcular ; lobes-equ al. $. | this fish is undoubtedly confounded by the faber, pe Jh io with the Polyodon folium. ` | b y : EU s * AcipENsER. Lin. j Plata Raf. * The Shovel-n ! a — 26 e Fishes of the Ohio Body pentagonal, — Dorsal scales 15, -— | and spinous. Lateral scales 40 serrated, abdominal scales 11, - d similar. Dorsal-fin trapezoidal; caudal very long, the upper — lobe scaly above, and with a long, filiform, terminal procesai Length from onë to eight feet. a | Color. Head and body nem brownish, ean pure white. ‘Hab. Ohio River at Cincinnati. > D. d inferior lobe 18, superior 60; A. 14, V. 90; 1 “e POMS wo ! , Observations. The form of the head and snout of this sin- Kr. lar fish, resembles somewhat that of the scoop-shovel, and . 8 j p originates its common name. It is taken in considerable — © numbers in the vicinity of Cincinnati during mer and - “autumn, and is often exposed for sale in the silts: The ; “flesh is e; ble, though not much esteemed. The most com- - mont observer will at once distinguish it from the other speciés 4 à of the ge Beni un S - t pute ue EN ^ : eni * E3 Leuciscus. Klein. how * T cL e AER .Raf. The common Shiner of Ohio. © og Rutilus plagyrus. Raf. Ichthyol. Ohio, p: 50. : )& "E Plate VIII. Fig. 9. ds E. Head obtuse ; nose slightly truncated ; mouth diagon T dw Eve peso Body com p A eae 2i. nf * carinated; b : . length of 1he | : s Color. Olivaceous F b brown on the be and head. i a r d silvery on the sides, and operculum ; all cen: ;—8 brown she extends fron the base | * i * and its Tibutariess 27 4 $- Ho. Every permanent stream in the State of Ohio. W9; C20: À.9. V.9. P.15-2 99 r Observations. Some døubt exists, whether this is the P * is of Mr. Rafinesque, yet it is so Goin in every western * m, that he could not have overlooked it, and proba had it in. view when hé made out his description, as it is noticed — . "inder no other name that I can discover. His description is not, however, satisfactory. Our specimens arë furnished * with diag E a and not vertical mouths; the color of the fiasis æ Ld te and not olivaceous ; alid: the number of rays im - the candal-fin is not the same as inthis. * & | & id Luxus. Raf. EX * ; L. Kentuckiensis. Raf. The Kentucky Shige e B. d Sarih Kentuckiensis. neque Ichthyol. Ohiensis, p. 48. = I. Rep. 2 the eom of one Camplogue, p. 169. á Plate VIII. EN 3. >$ "Head rather small and coud, smooth i rides, pm * studded with minute tubereles on its upper surface in A i: "males. Jaws équal, eyes circular and large. © ge ly fusiform, compressed laterally, the back iab P e Lateral-line —— * 98 Fishes of the Ohio which are of a faint blue, that fades into silvery White on the abdomen. J Length from three to five inches, Hab. Mahoning River. . RI D.8;.C. 99; d. 8; P. 12. d 5. DOeesitli. The ted and dorsal fins were not red in -specimens I examined, as they are described to be, by - Rafine and the anal fin contained 8 rays, instead of 7, the i ~ number. le. mentions, still I have no doubt we both had the . * due species in view. It can hardly be mistaken for aapi T otherpunless it is the Luxilus compressus. The colorgof the - 1 fins, the size of the scales, and fuller form of the body will at | & oncé distinguish it. + í . * » d» oa 3 1" 9 Cenrraronus. Cuv. TE. >? Rise ud Le guod The Black Bass. il | ae Maie gs TUS TN laris. ape Ichth. NER 30, 31. i 3 d Raf. Ichthyol. Ohiensis, p. 3 R ES ichla fi 1. Le Sueur. Journ. Mead: font: Sciences, vol. CENE 316. e 3 " Kirtland, Report on the Zoology of Ohio, p e Ohiensis. fe Sueur. Journ. Acad. Nat t. Sciences, 6 ii. * 218. Q ^ - Plate IX. Fig. 1. "ode This species has been so well described by Le Sueur, t we E substitute his account for our own, | Fourteen or fifteen transverse upwards than the posterior one. * * Description. & two extremities, 4 and its Tributaries. ; 29 ; Í » teriorly, intermaxillary long and narrow ; teeth very small, numerous, pointed, curved, and serrated in the manner of a card, on the jaws, palate and extremity of the vomer ; inferior * E hardly-longer than the : superior jaw, mandible strong, en- ; ged spoon-shaped ; eye small and réussi iris white, brown and red; pupil small, and of a deep color; dorsal fin high, | rounded behind, arcuated before, and very low at its junc- d tion with the soft part, the spinous rays imbricated and re- _ lined into the longitudinal cavity of the back ; anal rounded, ^ shorter than the soft parts of the dorsal, with three spinous rays anteriorly ; ; pectorals moderate, rounded , thoracics trun- r3 cated, hardly longer than the pectorals, distant from the anals, E and arm ith a strong spinous ray ; caudal slightly emar- © ginate, lobes rounded, sid seventeen principal rays, including _ | ~ the lateral flat ones, beyond which are eight smaller ones; a E scales rounded, not denticulated, sub-irregularly placed, large : r x the sides, smaller on the back, small upon the back of the neck, very small under the belly, throat andcheek, and a little $ " rger on the preoperculum, and sub-operculum ; there are also very small ones between the rays of the mur caudal * fins; general color "brownish-olivaceous, deep and fuliginous “Upon the back, lighter on the sides, the middle of the scales browned with a black margin; anal fin greenish ; posterior E part of the dorsal and the caudal violaceous, abdomen aud iind bluish and violaceous. The thirteen, fourteen, and h many olivaceous oro lateral line is ur dulated | The color d. in the dying d it is then ae a find in the ‘lagoons about our rivers and the lake, any | Bass at a certain stage of growth. 30 Fishes of the Ohio — .—. 4 gonus Artedi, Le Sueur, vol. i. part 2, p. 231,) itgis salted, to preserve it till sold. They are taken at all seasons of the year, by the seine and hook and line. We observed them at Erie in the month of July, 1816, and at Buffalo, at which latter place we captured many with the seine. A variety oc- | curred at Lake George; of which the specimens appeared to us to have the lower jaw more advanced. The —— name them Black Bass. “B. 6; P. 18— 20; T. 5; D. 10—15; À.3 — 19; C; al. 1.4. E vation. This species presents such a variety of forms, colors and habits, and is so much influenced by age, | ‘sex, seasons and locality, it is not remarkable thatits varieties — should have been described as distinct species. Still I am . convineed that the synonymes I have here enumerated em- - brace only one true species, and am inclined to add to them - the Cichla minima of Le Sueur, as I have never been able to ; that answers to his description, except the young of the Black | "This species is found universally in our western waters d It frequently is taken by hooks, and in seines, and also gives. amusement to our marksmen in the spring, when it runs into | shallow water for the purpose of spawning. At that time it is often shot with rifles. Its flesh resembles in flavor that of. the Black Fish (Tautoga Americana, Cuv.) and by many per- sons is esteemed as the best fish for the table that our west waters afford. s The drawing ‘was made E an n unis elonged men from Lake Erie. Leuciscus. Klein. a l- Se der as Esta Storer’s Deu. * . — and its Tributaries. 31 -arated by a longitudinal sulcation ; nose obtuse, somewhat conical, projecting beyond the mouth ; nostrils large, on a line . With the eye. Eyes oblong-oval; iris silvery, and slightly gilt, on inner margin ; pupils black, operculum and preopercu- lum smooth, lustre bright silvery. Mouth diagonal, and when closed the lower lip is nearly concealed beneath the snout. Body elongated, slightly compressed laterally ; back rises . rapidly from the head to the dorsal fin, from thence to the tail it slopes more gradually and uniformly. Abdomen expands - beneath the pectoral fin and then continues of the same size to . the vent. It then rapidly diminishes to the tail. Lateral line straight, except that near its base it curves as ugh as the upper edge of the operculum. Dorsal fin elevated, trapezoidal ; caudal elongated, bilobed, with the tip of each lobe acute; anal jin falls short of the - * dorsal; ventral horizontal, and reaches to the vent; pectoral : we nearly horizontal, does not attain to the ventral by | an inch. _ Length 8 inches. Head 12inch. Tail 15. zt of the ý body at the commencement of the dorsal fin ik _ Color. Back and upper surface of the body id head oli- ' *vaceous, sides silvery, and of a brilliant metallic lustre, with a nt. Three or four exterior rays of each lobe of the caudal » Sometimes milky and opaque, and the intervening — ! B5; 0.99: ADs: V9; B. T ^. I formerly considered it a variety of the R. plugiv f. but farther observation has satisfied me that it is a 4 bowel band extending the whole length of the lateral line. Pectoral and ventral fins yellowish, anal white and trans- 32 Le Conte’s Monography of E while the young of the true plagyrus bear a close resemblance - to the old. This last species is found in every spring, run and rivulet in Ohio, and the former I have never met with except . in the waters of the lake, where it is frequently taken in seines while fishing for other species. It affords me pleasure to, ded- - icate it to my friend D. Humphreys Storer, M. D., to whom I am indebted for essential aid, and many important suggestions, in arranging and describing our western fishes. Art. HI. —A MONOGRAPHY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN HISTE- | ROIDES. By Jonn Le Contes, F. L. 8.; &c. Mur ee g Sept. 10, 1844. Tue little attention which has been paid to Entomology in | this country, has left the greater portion of our insects entirely - unknown ; and we are chiefly indebted to foreigners, for Xx | names and descriptions of those with which we are acquainted. — The difficulty of ascertaining even these is justly much com- plained of ; for nowhere can be found collected together the - various works through which they are scattered. In order, as ographies of such genera of Coleoptera as may appear molti worthy of investigation. Those which contain the greatest number of new species, may not always prove the most so; therefore, in selecting the family of the Histeroides for the first of the series, although the greater part of the species ha been long known, it is hoped that it will not prove one of the least interesting. In the year 1811, when Baron Paykull published his Mo ) ocnaPHiA HisrERorpuM, he was able to describe but nin & species, of which, he considered about fourteen natives of North America. Twenty-six years af Count Paiste. in hi EI North American Histeroides. 33 been received from this country. In the following pages sev- enty-five species are described ; probably not more than one half of what may be hereafter discovered ; for we have seen none that inhabit the northern and western parts of the conti- nent, the region of the Rocky Mountains, and the country beyond them, where all the productions of nature differ $0 rë- markably from what are found on the Atlantic coast. One species of Saprinus from the Oregon Territory, which we have seen, differed remarkably from every other species of the genus; it could not be considered as having any strie on the elytra. Eleven other species of this genus are said.to have been brought from the same country, but not a single Hister. Hereafter it ay be necessary to add a supplement to this paper, which w M. not fail to do, whenever a sufficient number of species shall be collected to render it proper. ` In following Mr. Erichson's distribution of this family into the genera which he has proposed in Klug's Entomological Annual, it isby no means to be understood, that an unqual- ified approbation is given to the arrangement of that distin- guished naturalist. Many of the generic characters on which he seems to place the greatest reliance, are far from being so . 8pparent as he supposes; and they frequently bring together . Species whose form, or habit, or manners ought to have placed . them far from each other. We have not however, attempted _ to remove any of these from the genera in which he has placed them ; but have been satisfied with pointing out the more ev- . Ment discrepancies. dà e nomenclature, the name gi à 34 Le Conte's Monography of E possible to ascertain that it had been previously described, or even named in any catalogue or private collection. As there can be no difficulty hereafter in determining what species of this family are known, I invite all those whose atten- tion is turned towards the study of Entomology, to communicate to us any which may not be noticed in this Monography, that they may be hereafter added, with such as we may our- selves detect, to a supplement; and we shall be pleased in re- turn, to furnish any of which we have duplicates that may be wanting in their collections. Familia insectorum Coleopterorum cui nomen Histeroidüm vel Histeridarum imponitur, characteribus sequentibus facile dignoscitur. A Antenne angulate sive fracte, scapo elongato, funiculo 7-articulato, clava 3-articulata, scilicet articulis arcte junctis. Maxille cornee, malis plerumque membranaceis, barbatis. Labiwm corneum; ligula — obtecta, paraglosss membranaceis, porrectis. . Palpi omnes filiformes. Thorax, lateribus leviter marginatis, antice profunde emar- ginatus, postice elytris arcté contiguus. | Elytra abdomine breviora, posticé truncata, interdum pauio rotundata, margine laterali plus minus inflexo. g Abdomen segmentis quinque compositum, obtusum, breve, segmenta postrema compressa, superiore et inferiore manifeste disjunctis, tertioque superiore margini postico segmentorum superiorum a latere solum conjuncto, ita ut extremitates ejus inter tertium et quartum penultima segmenta superiora, trian- gulum parvum, angustum formant. Pedes posteriores basi distantes. Corporis forma, insecta heecce variant; rotunda, ovalis, o longa, nunc valdé convexa est, nunc tenuis et depressa : in excrementis, cadaveribus et fungis putridis nec vitam i is m * = North American Histeroides. 35 pauca tinctibus letioribus adornantur. Omnia feré striis distincte insculpta sunt in capite, thorace et elytris ; hæ sculp- ture tamen, interdum in capite aut in thorace nonnullorum cessant; perpauca omnino levia sunt. Stria in fronte im- pressa, impressio frontalis vocatur; stri: que thoracis latera occupant, strize thoracice laterales ; harum si una solum adest, anticé aliorsum tendit, interdum ambiens; si dus, interior solum ambit. Elytrorum pagina superior, a margine ad su- turam utrinque, septem striis longitudinalibus adornatur, qua- rum exteriorem (ad normam Paykullianam) marginalem signo ; hec in multis speciebus deest; sex aliarum, quinque prime a margine introrsum numerate, dorsales audiunt; sexta vero, suture proxima, suturalis. In epipleuris striæ alters: laterales conspiciuntur: preeterea in humerum, ad basin elytrorum, altera stria brevis et obliqua adest, versus marginem tendens, quz humeralis nuncupatur. Pro ratione forme, dispositionis, et longitudinis relatives harum striarum, species optime desig- nantur Omnes hujus familie species, exemplum sequens Ill. Dom. Erichson, in tres turmas distribuimus, prout caput retractile vel porrectum, et prosternum lobatum vel simplex sit. TURMA PRIMA. Caput porrectum. Prosternum simplex, id est, sine lobo anteriore: unum hujus turme genus nostras est Hololepta. TURMA SECUNDA. Caput retractile, et lobo anteriore elon- gato prosterni obtectum: hujus turmæ genera sunt Platyso- ma, Omalodes, ne Epierus, Tribalus, Dendrophilus, « et Paromalus. TURMA TERTIA. Capit retractile, prosterni p ei mar- gine anteriore obtectum. Saprinus, Teretrius, Plegad Onthophilus et Abræus nobiscum inveniuntur. ` TURMA. PR Corpus planum, valdé depressum M . Caput retractile, mandibulis porrectis. - ird 36 Le Conte's Monography of * Labium corneum, latum, breve, profundé emarginatum, laciniis divergentibus, subacuminatis, Ligula cum palpis medio labii lateris inferioris inserta. Scrobiculi antennales nulli. Genus HOLOLEPTA. PAYKULL. Mandibule zquales. Mazille sub labio inserte, coriacex, edentule, elongate, intus ciliate. Ligula bifida. Palpi inzquales, articulis cylindraceis. Labrum corneum, convexum, subemarginatum. Antenne funiculo sensim incrassato, articulis duobus primis subzequalibus, clavatis, tertio, quarto -et quinto subrotundis, sexto et septimo disciformibus. Corpus planum, valde depressum, tenue. | Caput, fronte lateribus acuté terminato, super antennarum insertionem in dentem parvum prolato. 3 horax postice leviter bi-emarginatus, angulis posticis pes | minus obtusis. Prosternum latum, planum, anticé plus minus rotundatum, | postice in mucronem obtusé rotundatum porrectum. | Elytra posticé obliqué truncata, angulis posterioribus exe rioribus rotundatis. antic dilatate, 4-dentatæ, spinula basali interiore sulco femoris congruo adaptata ; intermedie et posticee late: extus suleatw, ille 4-dentate, hæ 3-dentate apparent, phe omnium terminales inzquales. Tarsi filiformes, graciles, articulis quatuor primis setis duabus subtus instructis, quarum una minuta. at Abdomen planum, segmento superiore penultimo grandi, elytris complanato, ultimo angustissimo, perpendiculari eclivi. # zs RE LS _ Sub cortice arborum emortuarum habitant. SÉ corpus cute comeo obiectum, mandibule valide | |" tri-articulate, articulis longitudine subæqu ie North American Histeroides. 37 bus, duobus primis apice incrassatis, ultimo graciliore, terete. Abdominis segmentum ultimum superius, duobus cornibus validis; basi unidentatis ; inferius, utrinque bidentatum, dente interiore majore. Lines longitudinalis a capite per omnia corporis segmenta imprimitur. Larva Hololeptica que in Monographia Ill. Baronis Paykullii depingitur, revera cujus- dam muscz larva fimicola est. 1. H. rossurams. Tab. I. Fig. 1. d Capite et thorace foveatis ; 9 thorace sub-foveato vel simplici. .Ely- tris siriis rudimentalibus. $ Hololepta fossularis, Say. 9 Hololepta «equalis, Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. V. Habitat sub cortice arborum emortuarum, presertim Robinize pseudo-acaciæ. Atra, nitidissima. Caput utrinque foveolatum, antennis piceis. Thorax leviter marginatus, margine antice ambiente, angulo anteriore foveato, interdumque linea longitudinali an- tice abbreviata per medium leviter impressa ; lateribus pauci punctatis, Elytra striis duabus rudimentalibus basalibus, ex- teriore longiore, sulco laterali subintegra, punctata. Sternum leve ; prosternum apice non punctatum ; mesosternum apice Vix emarginatum. Abdominis segmentum penultimum supe- rius læve, lateribus pauci et grossé punctatis; ultimum punc- "A tum ; segmenta inferiora, exceptis lateribus, levissima. "P o. HDisema. Tab. I. Fig. 2 - Capite foveato ; thorace d foveato, Q simplici; ferina stris | exteriore i integra, rins valde interrupta. icd te Hololepta lucida, Dejean Cat. : Ee nitidissima. Caput utrinque foveatum ; “antenna cem. Thorax tenui-marginatus, margine ambiente, linea is anctatis, Elytra striis duabus, stria exteriore inte- ees dilatata, j interiore valdé abbreviata, punetüm oblon- NF €" 38 Le Conte's Monography of $ gum basilare referente, punctoque simili apicali, sulco laterali punctato, subintegro. „Sternum læve, prosternum apice punc- tatum; mesosternum antice non profundè emarginatum. Ab- dominis segmentum penultimum superius læve, lateribus grosse punctatis. Ultimum punctulatum, segmenta inferiora lateribus exceptis, lzvissima. TURMA SECUNDA. Corpus convexiusculum aut depressum. Caput retractile. Mazille prope labium insertze. Ligula lateri inferiori labii haud procul ab. apice affixa, vix unquam labio zqualis. Scrobiculi antennales semper adsunt, interdum tamen min- ime profundi. Tibie anticz dilatate. Genus PLATYSOMA. Lzacnu. Mandibule exsertz, zquales, dentate. Maxille intus barbatz. Palpi maxillares articulo tertio secundo paulo longiore, quarto vero, secundo duplo longiore. Palpi labiales articulo tertio, secundo paulo longiore. Labrum triangulare, subdeflexum. Labium semicirculare, interdum emarginatum. Antenne funiculo sensim incrassato, articulis. obconicis, primo longiore, ceteris longitudine æqualibus, capitulo oyali. Scrobiculi antennales profundi. Thorax postice, recté truncatus aut subrotundatus, angu- lis posterioribus rectis. Prosternum sub-elevatum, posticé rotundatum, lobo an- teriore lato, acuté prominente. Mesosternum breve, anticè, profundè et latè ema Tibia omnes extus denticulatæ, anteriores angu terminalibus inæqualibus, quarum una brevissima, alte et valida, © W j i North American Histeroides. 39 . Tarsi subgraciles, subteretes, articulis quatuor primis seta inferiore apicali instructis; unguiculi bini æquales. Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo plus minus an- gusto, ultimoque semicirculari, perpendiculariter declivibus. Corpus plus minus depressum, interdum elongatum, aut etiam cylindricum. Frons concava. Species omnes hucusque cognite sub cortice arborum emor- tuarum inveniuntur; in quibusdam thorax strià notatur que margini contigua est, sed ab angulo anteriore recedit, et postea anticé ambit, sive cum margine confluit. 1, P. Carotinum. Tab. I. Fig. 3. Thorace stria marginali. Elytris striis tribus primis dorsalibus integris, quarta, quinta et suturali anticé abbreviatis. Tibits anticis 5-dentatis. Hister Carolini, Paykull, Monog. Hist.: Hister sordidus, Say, loc. cit. supra. Habitat sub cortice arborum. Nigrum vel piceum, nitidum. Frons sub-concava, linea transversali impressa, antennis ferrugineis. Thorax subcon- Vexus, stria marginali antice ambiente, angulo anteriore a margine satis remota, postea veró margini valdé approximata. Elytra subconvexa, striis primis dorsalibus tribus integris, equalibus, quarta et quinta paulo poné medium, suturali ad medium anticé abbreviatis, interstitiis striarum ad elytrorum apicem, puncto oblongo sive striola; marginali nulla, hume- rali satis conspicua ; lateralibus quatuor antice profundioribus, epipleurse lineato-punctate. Sternum puncticulatum, proster- num apice punctatum ; segmenta abdominis inferiora levia, et excepto ultimo, lined postica punctata. Tibie e 9-dentatz, dentibus anterioribus approfiiMe intermediis € posticis spinosis. totum rufum; unum nec stria aha utrinque Ld . 40 Le Conte's Monography of x 9. P. DEPRESSUM. Tab. I. .Fig.4 Capite et thorace lateribus punctatis. Elytris striis tribus primis dorsali- ; bus integris, suturali utrinque abbreviata. Tibiis anticis 4-dentatis. Hololepta depressa, Paykull. Habitat cum priore. Supra nigrum, nitidum, infra piceum. Caput leve, fronte concavo, linea transversali impressa. Thorax strià laterali, anticé ambiente, angulo anteriore a margine satis remota, postice vero margini valdé approximata ; lateribus punctatis. - Elytra apice rufo-submarginata, lateribus medio coarctato-im- - pressa, striis primis tribus dorsalibus integris, equalibus, prima et tertia basi dilatatis, quarta medio, quinta pone medium antice abbreviatis, suturali utrinque abbreviata aut nulla, mar- — ginali nulla, humerali distincta, lateralibus duabus integris. Sternum punctatum; segmenta abdominis inferiora levia, | parcé punctata. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 4-dentatis, denti- bus binis anterioribus a ceteris remotiusculis, interm 3-dentatis, dente apicali bifido, posticis bidentatis. - Variat totum piceum. Refert priorem, sed corpus angus- tius, et puncta pygidialis grossiora sunt. Etiam in Europa | invenitur. 3. P. rARaALLELUM. Tab.I. Fig. 5. Elytra striis dorsalibus omnibus integris, equalibus, suturali antico paulo ; abbreviata. : Hister parallelus, Say, loc. cit. sup. Habitat in provinciis australibus. æ a Nigrum, vel nigro-piceum. Caput punctatum, fronte con- cavá, linea transversa leviter impressa ; antennis piceis, clavà pallidiore. Thorax punctatus, marginatus, margine antice non ambiente. Elytra puncticulata, striis punctatis, d bus omnibus integris, suturali anticé versus basin” abbreviata, marginali obliterata, vix conspicua, hum tincta ; lateralibus duabus, superiore anticé lata, | | totum subtus punctatum, abdominis segmen 5 Noris dsnossenn. Iustertides. 41 riora grosse punctata. Tibie antice 4-dentate, intermedie 3-dentatz, postice bi-dentate. * 4. P. coarctatum. Tab. Fig. 6 Elytris striis quatuor integris equalibus, quinta et suturali abbreviatis, hae breviore. Habitat cum priore. Nigro-piceum. ^ Caput punctatum, fronte concava, linea transversa. Thorax punctatus, marginatus, margine antice ambiente. Elytra puncticulata, striis profundioribus punctatis, dorsalibus quatuor primis integris, quinta ante medium abbre- viata, punctoque oblongo adverso ad basin ; suturali ad medi- um abbreviata, humerali distincta, marginali nulla, lateralibus duabus superiore antic? lata, profunda. Corpus totum subtus punctatum, abdominis segmenta superiora punctata. Tibie antice 4-dentate, intermedie 3-dentate, postice bi-dentate. Refert prius, sed corpus angustius et puncta pygidialia mi- nora. 5. P. enacing. Tab. 1. Fig. 7. Elytris striis ^ quatuor integris, qualibus, quinta et suturali abbreviatis, illa brevior Hister y i nd -Say. loc. cit. cum priore. Piceo-nigrum. Caput. punctatum, fronte concavo; kadi transversa, antennis rufis. Thorax punctatus, marginatus, margine ambiente. Elytra levia, linea apicali punctorum, - stris punctatis, dorsalibus quatuor primis integris, quinta et suturali anticé, hac ante medium, illa vero ad medium abbre- viatis, marginali nulla, humerali distincta, lateralibus duabus Pais anticé lata, profunda. Corpus totum subtus punc- abdominis segmenta superiora sparse. punctata. -Pedes is anticis 4-dentatis, intermediis 3-dentatis, posticis dove ad speciem ET a Paykullio olim datum 49 Le Conte's Monography of 6. P. cyzinpricum. Tab. I. Fig. 8. Fronte excavato. Thorace stria marginali. Elytris striis quatuor dorsalibus et suturali integris. Hister cylindricus, Paykull. Cylistus cylindricus, Godet, Dejean Cat. Habitat cum prioribus. a Cylindricum, nigrum, vel rufum. Caput punctatum, fronte acute emarginata, valdé excavata, stria transversa nulla; an- tennis ferrugineis. Thorax punctatus, marginatus, stria mar- ginali profundiuscula, anticé cum margine confluente, et am- biente. Elytra puncticulata, stris profundis punctatis, dor- salibus quatuor primis cum suturali integris, quinta anticè paulo abbreviata, suturali basi extrorsum arcuata, humerali distincta, marginali nulla; lateralibus duabus, superiore profundiore. Corpus totum subtus punctatum, mesosternum acuté: emargin- atum. Abdominis segmenta superiora grosse punctata. Tibiæ antice 4-dentatæ, intermedize 3-dentate, posticee 2-dentate, - harum duarum dente apicali bifido. Species heecce cum sequente ab aliis recedit, forsan revera genus distinctum, sicut a Dom. Godet, haud ita pridem habita, sed ab Ill. Erichson ad hoc genus relata. Frons subacute lat- _ eribus terminatur, et super antennarum insertionem in dentem parvum profertur, non solum concavus est, sed etiam profun- - dé excavatus, parsque posterior prominet et acute emarginata — est. d T © P. ATTENUATUM. Tab. I. Fig. 9. * Fronte excavato. — Elytris striis dorsalibus quatuor primis et suturali i in- tegris, quinta e serie punctorum constituta, Habitat cum prioribus. Amicitiæ Dom. Zimmerman insec- tum hoc debemus. 3 .Cylindricum, nigrum vel piceum. Caput fronte acuté emarginato, valdé excavato, stria nulla ; antennis ferrugineis. Thorax punctatus, ma stria i antice cum margine confluente et am P pe DUE . Š ai ie North American Histeroides. 43 Elytra inconspicué puncticulata, striis punctatis, dorsalibus quatuor primis cum suturali integris, quinta, e serie punctorum constituta, post medium anticé abbreviata, suturali basi ex- trorsum arcuata, humerali distincta, lateralibus duabus, infe- riore vix conspicua. Corpus totum subtus punctatum, ab- dominis segmenta superiora punctata. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 4*dentatis, intermediis 3-dentatis, posticis bi-dentatis. Genus OMALODES. DEJEAN. Mandibule exsertze, equales, subdentate, longitudine caput sub-zequantes, Marxille intus barbate. Palpi maxillares breves, crassi, subcompressi, articulo tertio secundo paulo breviore, quarto vero duplo longiore. Palpi labiales breves, articulis duobus ultimis equalibus. brum parvum, triangulare, apice deflexum. Labium semicirculare, emarginatum. Antenne, funiculo apice incrassato, articulis subrotundis, primo majore, capitulo globoso aut ovali. crobiculi antennales angusti, profundi. orax postice sub-bi-emarginatus. Prosternum sub-elevatum, posticé rotundatum, lobo ante- riore quantum recurvo. Mesosternum antice sub-emarginatum. bie compresse, anteriores dentate, intus ciliate, € riores unica serie dentato-spinosz. | graciles; anteriores articulis quatuor primis spina minima, inferiore, apicali instructis, primo sub-elongato ; En | teriores articulis. quatuor primis brevibus, equalibus, extus spinis duabus brevissimis, intus quatuor longis instructis. Un- guiculi bini equales. Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo magno, sexangu- ultimo perpendiculari, ovali, parvo, segmento penultimo lateribus dilatato. | Crassum, convexum. De moribus hujus — insectorum nibil certum scimus. & * Lo 44 Le Conte's Monography of * ]. O. nonzarr. Tab. L Fig. 10. Thorace lateribus punctatis, stria margini valdé approximata. Elytris ue: dorsalibus dies uatuor, marginali valde abbreviata, suturali nulla. Tibus omnibus 4-dentat Habitat ad EE longam Noveboraci. Ater, nitidissimus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata, profunde et acuté emarginata, emarginatione profunde im- pressa, ita ut caput duabus protuberantiis instructum videtur; lateribus punctatis; magis vero postice. Thorax lateribus punctatis, stria marginali integra, ambiente, angulo anteriore a margine satis remota, postea tamen valdé approximata, vix distincta. Elytra versus basin dilatata, striis dorsalibus tribus, prima integra, posticé leviter impressa, sparse punctata, se- cunda subintegra, interdum anticé paulo abbreviata, postice in foveam profundam, subrotundam desinente, tertia postice ad medium abbreviata, suturali nulla, marginali post medium an- tice abbreviata, humerali leviter impressa ; inter striam primam - dorsalem et humeralem striola parva; laterali unica. — Corpus subtus punctatum, mesosternum vix a poststerno stria separa- tum ; abdominis segmentum superius ante-penultimum breve, carinatum, penultimum lateribus latè impressis, punctatis. Pedes punctati, tibiis omnibus 4-dentatis, dente anticarum anteriore emarginato, sive bifido, posteriore minimo. Species hec Omalodem Omega, Kirby, huc usque solum in Brasilià repertum valde refert; sed mihi donata fuit utpote insule longe hujus provincie tüdigek: vir tamen a quo insee- tum receptum fuit subdolus erat et insidiosus. Cum s Kirbyana collata, satis distincta apparet. * 2. O. Hannzrsm. Tab. k Fig. 11. Punetatus. Thorace bistriato, striis integris, eaten 4 striis omnibus integris. T'büs anticis 4-dentatis. Habitat in Pennsylvania, a Dom. Harris commu Ater, ) opacus, totus supra et subtus punctatissimus. im ssion je frontali sub-incurva. Thorax postice : sub-t E catum. North American Histeroides. 45 emarginatus, striis marginalibus duabus integris, approximatis, anticé vero remotioribus, exteriore margine prope confluente, interiore antice. ambiente. Elytra, striis omnibus dorsalibus integris, quatuor primis per paria approximatis, suturali inte- gra; inter secundam et tertiam striam dorsalem altera est, brevis et obliqua ; humerali nulla, marginali interrupto dis- locata, parte anteriore curvata, satis profunde impressa, pos- teriore recta, vix distincta, e punctis majoribus solum constituta, laterali unica. Mesosternum et poststernum medio depressum, vix stria separatum. Tibie antice 4-dentate, dente anteriore emarginato, intermedi et postiez 8-spinoso-dentate. Gruus HISTER. Linnzvs. Mandibule exserte, vel porrecte, ut plurimum equales. Mazille coriacee, intus ciliate, apice acuminate. Palpi maxillares articulo primo brevi, secundo tertio duplo longiore, quarto elongato, tertio triplo longiore. Palpi labiales breves, articulo primo minore, tertio secundo duplo longiore. Labiwm sub-emarginatum. Labrum laté et leviter emarginatum. Antenne sub frontis margine inserte, funiculo versus api- cem incrassato, articulo primo arcuato, majore, longiore, cum- que secundo obconico, ceteris subrotundis, capitulo ovali. crobiculi antennales ut plurimum rotundati, plani, pro- fundiusculi aut nulli. margine posteriore subrotundatus, et (duabus spe- ciebus sectionis ultime exceptis) uni-vel bi-striatus. — - Prosternum subelevatum, postice aut bie east T rie Ne Mesosternum ut plurimum emarginatum. Tibie compresse, anteriores ut plurimum. extus dentate, res extus serie spinularum gemina, omnium spinis ina us. pe compressi, iris quatuor primis equalibus, setula ; , quarum exterior brevior et gracilior est. 46 Le Conte's Monography of Unguiculi bini, «quales. Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo quinquangulari, | declivi, ultimo perpendiculari. Corpus crassum, convexum, rotundatum aut ovale Genus hecce plurimas comprehendens species, ut labor investigationis et determinationis levior sit, in sectionibus quinque divideretur; in hac divisione norma Paykulliana quodammodo sequitur. Insecta hec omnia in cadaveribus, excrementis, et fungis putridis habitant. $ I. Thorax bistriatus, elytra stria marginali. $ IL Thorax bistriatus, elytra stria marginali nulla. $ III. Thorax unistriatus, elytra stria marginali. $ IV. Thorax unistriatus, elytra stria marginali nulla. $ V. Frons concava; Thorax unistriatus aut estriatus, prosternum bistriatum, elytra stria marginali nulla. Species anomalz, forsan postea genus distinctum efformature. $ 1. "Thorax bistriatus, elytra stria marginali. 1. H. arcvatus. Tab. I. Fig. 12. horace striis integris, margine remotis. Elytris maculis duabus mag- - nis, aurantiacis. Tõibiżs anticis bi-dentatis. | Hister arcuatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. V. part 1- Habitat ad maris oras. | Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. Thorat | margine ciliatus, striis integris, margine remotis, interstitio in- terdum punctato. Elytra ad basin dilatata, maculis duabus — magnis, lunatis, aurantiacis, foveaque transversali utrinque ad ; apicem impressa ; stria marginali, tribusque primis dorsalibus » integris, quarta ut plurimum obsoleta, vel medio valdé inter- : rupta, quinta anticé valdé abbreviata, suturali integra, abbreviata ; lateralibus duabus. Prosternum compres- sum, medio incurvum, lateribus punctatum ; mesosternum leve, anticé profundé emarginatum. Abdominis segmenta superiora JTOSSÈ | punctata, inferiora punctata, medio levia: pleure d North American Histeroides. 47 sutæ et (sicut in omnibus) punctate. Femora magna, ferru- | ginea, levia; tibie antice valdé dilatate, exterius vines bi-dentatze, dentibus magnis, obtusis, integerrimis. Nota. Elytrorum strie, exceptis tribus RV valde variant. 2. H. merparivs. Tab. II. Fig. 1. Thorace striis integris, posticé subcoeuntibus. Elytris striis quatuor dorsalibus integris: tibiis anticis 4-dentatis. Hister merdarius, Paykull, Monog. Hister. Habitat in excrementis bovinis. Ater, nitidus. Caput subtilissimé punctatum, impressione frontali emarginata. Thorax parum convexus, striis laterali- bus integris, posticé subcoeuntibus, exteriore margine approx- imata, interiore basi reflexa, interstitio plus minus punctato. Elytra paulo infra basin dilatata, striis punctatis, marginali tribusque primis dorsalibus integris, quarta interdum anticé paulo abbreviata, quinta medio, aut pone medium abbreviata, vel solum e duobus punctis constituta, suturali medio abbre- viata, laterali unica. Prosternum lateribus parce punctatis, mesosternum leve, subemarginatum. Segmenta abdominalia inferiora lateribus punctata, anticé medio levia, linea postica punctorum; ultimo medio impunctata. Pedes nigri, femori- bus punctatis, tibiis valde dilatatis, anticis 4-dentatis, dente anteriore trilobo. 3. H. osrvsarus. Tab: II. Fig. 2. Thorace Striis integris, subparallelis, posticé subcoeuntibus, exteriore - inflexa, Elytris striis quatuor dorsalibus integris. Lene entatis, ped obtusatus, Harris, Trans. Nat. Hist. gist of Hart- ford, No. I. H. morio, Dej. Cat. Habitat in excrementis bovinis. m, impressione rontali emarginata, Thorax convexus, sábtitiscimi punctu- ats, Striis punctatis integris subparallelis, postice subcoeunti- 48 Le Conte's Monography of bus, interiore basi parum reflexa, exteriore vero basi inflexa, | interstitio levi. Elytra paulo infra basin dilatata, fovea utrin- que ad basin et ad apicem impressa, lineaque transversali punctorum apicali, striis punctatis, marginali, tribusque primis dorsalibus integris, quarta anticé paulo abbreviata, quinta et suturali valde poné medium abbreviatis, suturali tamen paulo longiore, laterali unica. Prosternum punctatum, mesosternum leve, antice emarginatum. Segmenta abdominalia inferiora . punctata, ultimo medio levissimo. Pedes nigri ; tibiis subtus punctatis, anticis valde dilatatis, 6-dentatis, dente anteriore emarginato, ceteris acutiusculis, duobus inferioribus minutis., Interdum adest linea punctorum inter striam marginalem, - et primam dorsalem. 4. H. rwwuwis. Tab. II. Fig. 3 Thorace stris a margine remotis, sub-equalibus, parallelis. Ælytris striis quatuor dorsalibus integris. Ttbiis anticis 4 seu 5-dentatis. i Hister immunis, Erichson, Klug’s Jahrbücher, 1. . Habitat in excrementis bovinis. Ater,nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata, inter- | dum emarginata. Thorax subtiliter punctatus, striis margina- libus a margine remotis, parallelis, subsequalibus. Elytra stria marginali, tribusque primis dorsalibus integris, quarta antice parum abbreviata, quinta et suturali poné medium valde abbreviatis, interdum postice ad apicem arcuatim con- vexis, laterali unica; linea punctorum inter striam margina- lem et primam dorsalem. Prosternum punctatum. „Mesoster- - num leve, antice vix emarginatum. Abdomen segmentis omnibus grosse punctatis. Pedes picei, tibiis 4 seu 5-den- tatis, dentibus parvis. 5. H. srvercus. Tdi II. Fig. 4. Thorace striis subequalibus, margine approximatis, Elytris ee tuor dorsalibus integris. — Tiliis anticis 5-dentatis. * Hister stygicus, Dej. Cat. abitat in provinciis australibus. North American Histeroides. 49 Ater, nitidus. Caput, fronte puncto impresso, impressione - frontali rotundata vel sub-pentagona. Thørax, striis margin- alibus margine approximatis, parallelis, subaequalibus, exteriore paulo breviore. Elytra foveola transversali utrinque ad basin, et ad apicem impressa, stria marginali quatuorque primis dor- salibus integris, quinta valde poné medium, et suturali ad me- dium abbreviatis, laterali unica. Prosternum lateribus puncta- tum; mesosternum leve, anticé vix emarginatum ; segmentum abdominale primum inferius, exceptis lateribus, levissimum, ceteris punctatis. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 5-dentatis. 6. H. Hinni. Tab. II. Fig. 5. Punetatus, thorace striis equalibus, interstitio angusto. Elytris striis quatuor dorsalibus integris, quinta et suturali abbreviatis. Tibiis anticis 5-dentatis, Hister Harrisii, Th Fauna boreali Americana, Vol. IV. H. ambiguus, Dej. Cat abitat in ratent bovinis. Ater vel brunneus, nitidus, supra et subtus punctatus, Caput impressione frontali emarginata. Thorax stris mar- ginalibus margine approximatis, qualibus, parallelis, interstitio angusto. Elytra impressione parva, transversali, sublunata, utrinque ad basin, stria marginali, quatuorque primis integris, quinta et suturali abbreviatis, illa medio, hac ante medium, lateralibus duabus. Mesosternum antice subprofundé emarginatum. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 5-dentatis, dente o minimo. 7..H. mgPLETvs. Tab. Il. Fig. 6. Punetatus, Thorace striis integris, qualibus, interstitio angusto. Ely- — striis omnibus dorsalibus integris, quinta antieà incurvata, marginali Posticé abbreviata, iiis anticis 5-dentatis. ; Hister repletus, Say, MSS. Habitat in provinciis borealibus ; e Mus. fon. Horis : Piceus, nitidus, subtus pallidior, supra et subtus punctatus, | Caput i impressione frontali obtuse emarginata. Thorax striis VOL. V, 4 50 Le Contes Monography of marginalibus margine approximatis, integris, interiore postice incurvata, interstitio angusto. Elytra striis quatuor primis dor- - salibus integris, qualibus, quinta et suturali paulo brevioribus, illa anticé incurvata, et interdum posticé cum quarta arcuatim conjuncta; lateralibus duabus. Mesosternum antice subpro- fundé emarginatum. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 5-dentatis, dente anteriore majore obtuso. 8. H. nzviezs. Tab. Il. Fig. 7 Thorace striis subsequalibus. Elytris stria marginali abbreviata, tribus _ dorsalibus integris. —Tibiis anticis inermibus. Hister levipes, Germar. H. simplicimanus, Dej. Cat. Habitat ubique in stercore bovino. Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. - Tho- rax subciliatus, striis marginalibus subæqualibus, exteriore margini approximata, posticè parum abbreviata, interiore in- tegra, basi incurvata, quasi rotundato-hamata. Elytra stris. tribus primis dorsalibus integris, æqualibus, quarta medio valdè interrupta, interdum partibus serie punctorum connexis, - interdum solum punctum ad apicem et basin, quorum basale - i majus et oblongum est, quinta omnino cessat, suturali integra ad basin recurva, marginali ante medium abbreviata, laterali- - bus duabus. Prosternum puncticulatum, lateribus punctatis ; mesosternum lieve, anticé emarginatum. Segmenta abdomina- - lia inferiora impunctata, superiore ultimo vix punctato. P -— picei, tibiis anticis inermibus. i ES 9. H. rzparus. Tab. II. Fig. 8. il Thorace punctato, striis marginalibus inæqualibus. Elytris striis uibus dorsalibus integris. Tibiis anticis 5-dentatis, Hister melanarius, Dej.. Cat. Habitat ubique in excrementis bovinis. l Ater, nitidus. Caput punctatum, impressione frontali emar- d ginata. Thorax punctatus, magis ad latera, striis marginali- bus inequalibus, interiore basi paulo abbreviata, exteriore mat- gine approximata, valdè abbreviata. Elytra striis panetais rhe A ee ed te eee North American Histeroides. 51 marginali, tribusque primis dorsalibus integris, tertia interdum basi dilatata, quarta propé basin, quinta et. suturali post me- dium, illa valdé, abbreviatis; laterali unica. Prosternum lateribus punctis paucis ; mesosternum leve, antice leviter emar- ginatum.. Segmenta abdominis inferiora punctata, anticé levia. Pedes nigri, tibiis anticis 5-dentatis, dentibus parvis, anteriore emarginato. Nomen Dejeanii specie alteri jamdudum adscitum. 10. H. punctirer. Tab. II. Fig. 9. Thorace punctulato, striis inequalibus. Ely/ris striis vix punctatis, quatuor dorsalibus integris, marginali dislocato-interrupta : zibis anticis. 5-dentatis. ' i Hister punctifer, Paykull, Monog. Hist. Habitat in Pennsylvania. ; Ater, nitidus, punctulatus. Caput fronte profunde exca- vato, impressione frontali rotundata. Thorax striis marginali- bus inzequalibus, exteriore margini approximata, medio abbre- viata, interiore remota, subintegra. Elytris striis excavatis, vix punctatis, quatuor primis dorsalibus, integris, quinta pone ium, et suturali ante medium abbreviatis, marginali dislo- - cato-interrupta, hoc est, stria ultra elytrorum medium versus humerum ascendit, ibique interrupta est, pars anterior vero extrorsum curvata, a humero descendit et alteri, aut paulo post extremitatem anteriorem jungitur, aut sine junctione ap- Propinquans preteriit: lateralibus duabus. Corpus totum subtus puncticulatum ; mesosternum emarginatum. Segmentum abdominis ultimum superius, utrinque impressum. a. a+ ticæ 5-dentatæ, dentibus TIP — arginato, ultimo minutissima. Nr o S "XI. H. DECISUS. Tab. II. Fig. 10. Thorace punctatissimo, striis inequalibus. Elytris striis profundé punc- tatis, quatuor primis dorsalibus integris, marginali dislocato-interrupta. anticis crenato-denticulatis Habitat i in Georgia cadaveribus. 52 Le Conte’s Monography of Ater, nitidus. Caput punctatum, impressione frontali emat- ginata. Thorax punctatissimus, striis marginalibus punctatis, inæqualibus, exteriore margini approximata, pone medium abbreviata, interiore integra. Elytra punctulata, striis pro- fundé punctatis, quatuor primis dorsalibus integris, quarta tamen reliquis interdum paulo breviore, quinta post medium, suturali vero ante medium anticé abbreviatis: marginali dislo- cato-interrupta, parte dislocata brevissima, lateralibus duabus. Sternum punctatum ; mesosternum antic emarginatum. Seg- menta abdominis inferiora punctata. Pedes nigri, tibiis anticis crenato-denticulatis. . H. asspreviarus. Tab. II. Fig. 11. Thorace puncticulato, striis inequalibus. Elytris striis exaratis, pr% fundé punctatis, vri dorsalibus integris, marginali interrupto-dislocato. Tibiis anticis 4-den icd reat, Fabr., Syst. Eleut. H. striatopunctatus, — bee rper in psa bovino. | ` Ater; nitidus. . Caput ‘punctatum, impressione frontali ro- - d tundats, aut emarginata, palpis ferrugineis. Thorax punétic- | ulatus, striis inzequalibus, exteriore margini approximata, ad | medium posticé abbreviata, interiore integra, basi paulo incur- - vata. Elytra strüs exaratis, profundé punctatis, quatuor | primis dorsalibus integris, quinta pone medium abbreviata, - suturali autem antice ante medium, et etiam postice paulo | abbreviata, marginali dislocato-interrupta, latéralibus duabus. - Prosternum puncticulatum, apice et lateribus peoria mée sosternum puncticulatum, anticè emarginatum. Segmenta ab- dominis inferiora punctata. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis de : tatis, dentibus subobtusis, superiore emarginato. : 13. H. siripvs. Tab. II. Fig. 12. — Thorace puncticulato, striis inzequalibus. Elytris striis exaratis, po punetatis, quatuor dorsalibus integris, qute interim. gın dislocato-interrupta, Tibiis anticis 4-dentatis CREE Hister bifidus, Say, loc. cit. North American Histeroides. 53 Habitat in excrementis et fungis putridis. Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali emarginata. Thorax puncticulatus, stris inzqualibus, exteriore margini approximata, ante medium abbreviata, interiore integra, basi paulo incurvata. Elytra stris exaratis, profundé punictatis, quatuor primis dorsalibus integris, quinta medio valdé inter- rupta, parte anteriore breviore, suturali ante medium abbre- viata, marginali dislocato-interrupta, lateralibus duabus, exte- riore abbreviata. Prosternum apice punctatum, mesosternum anticé emarginatum, puncticulatum. Segmenta abdominis in- feriora punctata, primo levi. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 4-den- ticulatis, dente inferiore trifido. * 14. H. sprerus. Tab. IIL. Fig. 1. Thorace margine postico punctato, striis subeequalibus, interstitio levi. LElytris striis tribus integris, quarta et suturali abbreviatis, quinta pené obsoleta, marginali dislocato-interrupta ; tibiis anticis 2 seu 3-dentatis. Habitat i in Georgia, in excrementis. Ater, nitidus. Caput. punctatum, impressione frontali sub- integerrima. Thorax margine postico presertim ad latera Punctato, striis marginalibus subzqualibus, subintegris, paral- lelis, interstitio levi, exteriore postice paulo breviore, margine approximata. Elytra fovea transversali utrinque ad apicem impressa, striis latis, punctatis, tribus primis dorsalibus inte- gris, æqualibus, quarta pone medium, vel ad medium abbre- Viata, anticé e punctis constituta, quinta pene obsoleta, ut plurimum e punctis paucis, suturali anticé ad medium abbre- Viata, marginali dislocato-interrupta, parte superiore impressa, antice abbreviata, inferiore pene obsoleta ut pluri mum e punctis constituta, lateralibus duabus. Prosternum Puncticulatum, mesosternum emarginatum, leve. Segmenta abdominis posteriora inferiora levia, lateribus punctatis. Pedes Picei, tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dentibus obtusis. Pars dislocata strive marginalis interdum cessat. 54 Le Conte's Monography of * 15. H. curratus. Tab. Ill. Fig. 2 Thorace stris inequalibus. .Elyiris striis dorsalibus quatuor integris, marginali utrinque valdé abbreviata. Tibüs anticis 3-dentatis, dente an- itat in Pennsylvania. Dom. Melsheimer benevole com- municavit. Ater, nitidus. - Caput pahchetum. impressione. frontali sub- rotunda, antice plana. Thorax striis ineequalibus, exteriore brevissima, postice valdė abbreviata, interiore integra. — Elytra striis quatuor primis dorsalibus integris, quinta et suturali antice abbreviatis, illa ad medium, hac vero ante medium, marginali brevi, utrinque valdé abbreviata, lateralibus duabus. - Prosternum punctatum ; mesosternum emarginatum, lave. Ab- dominis segmenta inferiora levia, lateribus punctatis. Pedes picei, £ibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dente anteriore emarginato. 16. H. perurator. Tab. III. Fig. 3. © "Thorace stris intequalibus. Elytris stris tribus dorsalibus epi quarta et quinta obsoletis, marginali obsoleta. Tibiis anticis 3-dentatis. ^ Hister depurator, Say, loc. cit. ; H. anthracinus, Dej. Cat. . Habitat ubique in fungis putridis, et excremento bovino. Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. Tho- rax stris inequalibus, exteriore margini approximata, medio posticè abbreviata, interiore integra; Elytra striis punctatis, tribus primis integris, tertia interdum ante medium ; abbreviata, quinta et suturali obsoletis, vel solum e punctis paucis constitutis, sepe tamen adsunt quinta et suturalis plus minus abbreviate, marginali obsoleta, e punctis in lineam dispositis constituta, sepe vero cessat; lateralibus tribus. istorum apice punctatum ; mesosternum vix emarginatum. enta abdominis inferiora, exceptis lateribus, levia. P Hi picei, tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dente inferiore sspe Thoracis stri& interdum integre,zequales, et etiam postice abbreviate. Species admodum varians. bees eat Pe Ma rS dir North American Histeroides. 55 $H. Thorace bistriatus, elytra stria marginali nulla. 17. H. sirpeLAGraTUS. Tab. III. Fig.4 P Thorace striis equalibus. Elytris duabus ue magnis arcuatis ru- bris, striis tribus integris. Tidiis anticis bi-dentat Hister bi-plagiatus, Dej. Cat. H. bidratt; Lat. Habitat iñ provinciis australibus rarius. Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. Tho- rax striis integris, exteriore margini approximata, interiore remota. Elytra maculis duabus magnis rubris, striis tribus primis dorsalibus integris, quarta pone medium antice abbre- Viata, interdum obsoleta, quinta parva aut obsoleta, suturali ante medium anticé abbreviata, interdum vix conspicua, late- ralibus duabus. — Mesosternum anticé emarginatum. Segmenta abdominis inferiora, exceptis primo et ultimo, linea postica punctorum. Pedes nigri, tibiis anticis bi-dentatis, dentibus magnis. 18. H. crvmis. Teb IH. Fig. 5. i Thorace striis inequalibus. Elytris striis solum tribus, integris. Taf anticis edentatis Hister cikis, Erichson, in Mus. Berolinensi. Habitat in Massachusetts et Pennsylvania a Dom. Melsheim- er et Zimmerman receptus. : Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. Tho- Tax striis inæqualibus, exteriore ante medium posticè abbre- viata, interiore integra, postice extrorsum tendente. Elytris stris solum tribus, integris, suturali nulla, humerali distincta, lateralibus duabus, superiore punctata. Sternum læve, meso- sternum anticè emarginatum. „Segmenta abdominis inferiora, exceptis lateribus, levia. Tibie antice ums: edentatze, paucis serraturis parvis superius instructs. 56 Le Conte's Monography of 19. H. mpistincrus. Tab. III. Fig. 6 Thorace stris equalibus. Elytris striis quatuor dorsalibus integris. Tibiis anticis 3-dentatis. Hister indistinctus, Say, loc. cit. s in excrementis, a Dom. Zimmerman benevole missu E ped nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. Tho- rax striis equalibus, punctatis, exteriore margini approximata. Elytra strüs exaratis, profundé punctatis, quatuor primis dor- salibus integris, quinta et suturali valdé abbreviatis, interdum obsoletis, suturali vero semper evidentiore, lateralibus duabus, inferiore punctata. Prosternum punctatum, mesosternum antice leviter emarginatum, leve. Segmenta abdominis inferiora . posticé lineato-punctata, primo et ultimo levibus. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dentibus obtusis, anteriore - emarginato. 20. H. Americanus. Tab. III. Fig. 7. ace striis inequalibus. Elytris striis miden dorsalibus EM ta basi introrsum versa, Tibiis anticis 3-den Hister Americanus, Paykull. Habitat in excrementis bovinis ubique. Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali antice transverso- | deplanata. Thorax stris marginalibus inzequalibus, exteriore margini approximata, ante medium postice abbreviata, inter- dum obsoleta, interiore integra. Elytra apice rufo marginata striis impunctatis, dorsalibus omnibus integris, quinta ut pluri- mum basi introrsum flexa, suturali ut plurimum anticè paulo abbreviata, interdum cum quinta dorsali conjuncta, later tribus. Prosternum apice punctatum ; mesosternum non emat- ginatum. Segmenta abdominis inferiora levia, lateribus punc- tatis. Pedes picei; tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dente anteriore emarginato. Stria quinta dorsalis interdum non arcuata, et stria exter VE CT SEES E IS ME ane EE TERR HET NU rp i gii" e ries North American Histeroides. 57 * 21. H. pispar. Tab. III. Fig. 8. Thorace striis inequalibus, exteriore brevissima. Elytris striis dorsali- bus tribus, cum suturali integris. — Tibiis anticis 3-dentatis. Habitat in Georgia rarius. Niger, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali emarginata. Thorax stris ineequalibus, brevissimis exteriore margini ap- proximata, interiore integra. Elytra apice rufo submarginata, striis primis dorsalibus tribus, suturalique integris, quarta medio valdé interrupta, partibus serie punctorum connexis, quinta parva, utrinque abbreviata, interdum obsoleta. Pro- sternum apice punctatum ; mesosternum non emarginatum. Seg- menta abdominis inferiora levia, lateribus parcè punctatis. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dentibus magnis obtusis. $ HL Thorax unistriatus, elytra stria marginali. 22. H. sepecemstriatus. Tab. III. Fig. 9 Thor orace stria subintegra. Elytris stris quatuor dorsalibus integris, — quinta et suturali anticé connexis, stria marginali gemina. Tibis anticis — 3-dentatis, el. Hur sedecem-striatus, Say, loc. cit. Habitat ubique in excrementis. Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. Tho- rax stria marginali subintegra. Elytra apice punctata, striis exaratis, profunde punctatis, quatuor primis dorsalibus inte- gris, quarta tamen antice paulo breviore, quinta et suturali - *equalibus, anticé paulo abbreviatis et arcuatim connexis, stria marginali gemina, exteriore integra, interiore abbreviata et cum humerali juncta, lateralibus duabus, integris. Proste apice et lateribus punctatum ; mesosternum non emarginatum. Segmenta abdominis inferiora lævia, et exceptis primo et ultimo linea postica punctorum, lateribus punctatis. Pedes Picei ; tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dentibus obtusis, anteriore emar- ginato. 58 Le Conte's Monography of * 93. H. cocNaTus. Tab. III. Fig. 10. Thorace lateribus punctatis, stria marginali posticé abbreviata. Elytris striis quatuor integris, ques et suturali anticé abbreviatis. Tibiis anticis 5-dentatis Habitat Noveboraco. Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali emarginata. Thorax lateribus punctatis, stria marginali postice paulo ab- breviata. Elytra stris quatuor dorsalibus integris, quarta tamen ceteris paulo breviore, quinta post medium, et suturali medio vel ante medium antice abbreviatis, marginali antice - pauló abbreviata, lateralibus duabus, interiore posticé abbre- viata. Prosternum punctatum ; mesosternum leve, emargina- tum, lateribus punctatis. -Abdominis segmenta inferiora, ex- d ceptis primo et ultimo (que levia) punctata. Tibiis anticis | 5-dentatis. Stria dorsalis quarta interdum integra est, et cum suturali | arcuatim conjuncta; hzc conjunctio tamen et arcuatio ut | plurimum rüdimentales aut obliteratze sunt. | * 24. H. wmanRcmNICOLLIS. Tab. III. Fig. 1]. , Thorace punctieulato, stria exarata, integra. mar striis dorsalibus | tribus, marginalique integris. 7355s anticis 5-denta i ister marginicollis, Dej. Cat. | Habitat Noveboraco, in stercore bovino. " Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali vinadee levis- simè emarginata. Thorax puncticulatus, punctis lateralibus | : majoribus, stria marginali exarata, integra, margini approxi- "3 mata. Elytra stria marginali, tribusque primis d l integris, quarta et quinta ante medium, et suturali ad medium anticè abbreviatis; laterali unica. Prosternum apice puncta- — tum ; mesosternum non emarginatum. Segmenta abdominalia inferiora (exceptis primo et ultimo) punctata. Tibie antic® 5-dentatze, dentibus validis, acutis. Stria quarta dorsalis, interdum integra. North American Histeroides. 59 25. H. exaratus. Tab. III. Fig. 12. Thorace stria integra. Elytris striis tribus integris, reliquis anticé paulo abbreviatis, equalibus, quinta et suturali anticé subconnexis. Tibiis anticis 3-dentatis. Hister exaratus, Dej. Cat. Habitat in Georgia et Carolina: Niger, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali anticé transyer- so-deplanata. Thorax puncticulatus, stria marginali integra. Elytris striis tribus primis dorsalibus integris, reliquis cum suturali anticé pauld abbreviatis, æqualibus, quinta et sutu- rali anticé arcuatim subconnexis, tertia et quarta interdum eodem modo posticé junctis ; stria marginali anticé abbreviata, € serie punctorum constituta; humerali levissima, vix con- spicua, lateralibus duabus, inferiore antice abbreviata. Pro- sternum apice punctatum ; mesosternum non emarginatum. Segmenta abdominis inferiora lateribus punctatis. Pedes picei ; tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dente anteriore magno. _ Species hæcce optimé hanc familiam cum sequente con- jungit. . * H s 4 * SIV. Thorax unistriatus, elytra stria marginali nulla. 26. H. sr-macunatus. Tab. IV. Fig. 1. : Thorace punetieulato, anticé bi-foveato, stria abbreviata. Elytris postice, diagonaliter rubris, striis dorsalibus integris. — Tibiis anticis 4-dentatis. ister bi-maculatus, Linné. H. obliquus, Say, loc. cit. H. erythopterus, Fabr. til itat in excrementis bovinis, in locis sabulosis. weed : Ater, nitidus, Caput punctatum, impressione frontali emar- ginata. Thorax puncticulatus, foveola subrotunda in angulo antico utrinque impressa ; stria marginali a margine remota, pone medium abbreviata. Elytra ab angulo feré exteriore anteriore, ad angulum interiorem posteriorem diagonaliter rubra ; striis omnibus dorsalibus integris, subeequalibus, scilicet quarta et quinta reliquis paulo brevioribus, suturali ad me- dium antic abbreviata, lateralibus duabus, antic? abbreviatis. 60 Le Conte's Monography of Prosternum apice punctatum ; mesosternum non emargina- tum. Segmenta abdominis inferiora, exceptis primo et ultimo, punctata. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 4-dentatis, dentibus ob- tusis: Coris anticis ferrugineis. $ V. Frons concavus. Thorax unistriatus aut estriatus. Prosternum bistriatum, elytra stria marginali nulla. 91. H. susrorunnus. Tab. IV. Fig. Thorace punctato, stria marginali subintegra anticé non ambiente. Elytris striis dorsalibus integris, suturali abbreviata. Tis anticis crenato- 6-dentatis. Hister subrotundus, Knoch, Say, loc. cit. Dendrophilus granarius, Dej. Cat. ; Habitat in stercore bovino. Piceus, nitidissimus. Caput punctatum, fronte concavo, marginato, impressione nulla; antennæ rufæ, clava picea. Thorax punctatus, magis vero lateribus, stria margini approxi- mata, ad angulum superius curvata et a margine recedente, anticè non ambiente. Elytra posticè angustata, utrinque ad "apicem extrorsum rufa, striis dorsalibus integris, suturali ante ; medium anticé abbreviata, humerali distincta ; lateralibus dua- bus, superiore post medium antice abbreviata, inferiore punc- tata. Mesosternum non emarginatum, sed obtusè acuminatum, posticè pauci-punctatum. Sr abdominalia inferiora, exceptis lateribus, lævia. Pedes rufi, tibiis anticis serrato 6-dentatis. | Variat totus niger, et thorace nigro, elytris rufo-piceis. 28. H. vernus. Tab. IV. Fig. 3. Thorace stria nulla. Elytris punctatis, striis quatuor pr intern quinta eum suturali abbreviata. Tibiis anticis serrato 6-dentatis. Hister vernus, Say, loc. cit.; Dendrophilus peliciriu, Dej. Cat. : Habitat i in excrementis, prxsertim in provinciis a iger, nitidissimus. Caput punctatum, fronte M North American Histeroides. 61 ginato, concavo, impressione nulla ; antennis rufis, clava fusca. Thorax stria nulla, punctatus, magis vero lateribus. | Elytra posticé plus minus rufescentia, striis punctatis, quatuor primis dorsalibus integris, quinta et suturali anticé medio, vel paulo ante medium abbreviatis, humerali distincta, lateralibus dua- bus, superiore anticé post medium abbreviata, inferiore integra, punctata. Corpus subtus piceum punctulatum. Mesosternum non emarginatum, sed obtusé-subacuminatum. Abdominis segmenta inferiora lateribus punctata. Pedes picei; tibiis anticis serrato-6-dentatis. 29. H. nanus. Tab. IV. Fig. 4. # Thorace stria marginali subintegra, anticé non ambiente. Elytris striis dorsalibus integris, quinta introrsum arcuata. Tibiis anticis serrato-den- tatis. Dendrophilus nanus, Dej. Cat. abitat ; Piceus, nitidus. Caput punctatum, fronte concavo, impres- sione nulla; antennis rufis. Thorax punctatus, magis vero lateribus, stria margini approximata, ad angulum superius curvata et a margine recedente, anticé non ambiente. Elytra utrinque ad apicem extrorsum rufa, striis dorsalibus integris, quinta basi introrsum arcuata cum suturali conjuncta, suturali ut plurimum integra, interdum vero basi paulo abbreviata: humerali distincta, lateralibus duabus, superiore post medium anticé abbreviata, inferiore integra. Sternum meu. Pedes rufi, tibiis anticis subtiliter serratis. pecimen nostrum imperfectum et mutilatum. Epierus sit; attamen partes quze restant, ad hoc genus religant. ! Genus EPIERUS. ERICHSON. Mandibule retractz, plan æ. “aville mala interiore intus, exteriore-ad apicem solum 62 Le Conte's Monography of Palpi maxillares validi, articulis. primis tribus brevibus, quarto elongato-ovali, longo, acuminato. Palpi labiales articulo ultimo ovali, crasso. Labium apice sub-bi-emarginatum, dente obtuso subpor- recto. Labrum semicirculare. Antenne in frontis margine inserts, funiculi articulo primo elongato, obconico, ceteris multo minoribus, zequalibus, capitulo ovali compresso. Scrobiculi antennales profundi. Thorax margine postico rotundato, elytris arcté junctis. Prosternum subelevatum, bistriatum, apice truncatum. Mesosternum apice subemarginatum. | Tibia breves, anguste, anticæ compresse, extus serratie, d spinulose, intermedise serie exteriore spinarum, posticze unica spinula apicali, spinule terminales omnes subinzequales. : Tarsi graciles, articulis quatuor primis seta utrinque subtus - instructis, articulo primo secundo breviore. a bdomen segmentis duobus superioribus ultimis brevius : lis, penultimo subarcuato, oblique declivi, ultimo semicircular, | penultimo :equali, pene perpendiculari; segmento inferiori - primo latissimo, reliquis multo angustioribus. : orpus parvum, ovale, convexum ; capite et thorace esti r tis. Elytra striis sex. Species omnes hujus generis sub cortice arborum emortui- rum vitam degunt. l. E. wiGRELLUs. Tab. IV. Fig. 5. Punctatus, stris omnibus integris, punctatis, lateralibus tribus : nia anticis serratis Hister nigrellus, Say, loc. cit. ; Dendrophilus pini Dej. Cat. ; Foiea pulicarius, Erichson. Habitat ubique. a wes Bitidus, Caput punctatum, fronte convexo, impre 1 antenne rufæ. Thorax punctatus. Elytra pi North American Histeroides. 63 ticulata, striis omnibus integris, punctatis, humerali vix dis- tincta, lateralibus tribus exaratis et profunde punctatis. Ster- num et epipleure punctate, prosternum striis parallelis, meso- sternum leviter emarginatum. Segmenta abdominis superiora puncticulata, nitidissima, segmenta inferiora lateribus puncta- tis.. Pedes rufi; tibiis anticis subtiliter serratis. * 9. E. minor. Tab. IV. Fig. 6. Thorace punctato. ^ Elytris punctulatissimis, striis omnibus integris punctatis, lateralibus duabus. Tibiis anticis ciliatis. Habitat in provinciis australibus. Ater, picéus, vel etiam rufus. + Caput punctulatum, fronte convexo, impressione nulla, antenne rufee. Thorax puncta- tus. Elytra punctulatissima, striis omnibus integris, punctatis, humerali vix distincta, lateralibus duabus. Sternum parsque epipleurarum superior punctata, prosternum striis parallelis. Segmentum abdominis superius ultimum punctatum, segmenta inferiora lateribus punctata. Pedes rufi vel nigri, tibiis an- ticis crenato-ciliatis. A refert, sed duplo minor. Genus TRIBALUS. Enicusow. Mandibule retracte, "—— interiore ciliato, dente parvo instructo, Maxille ambe intus barbate. alpi n: uon, articulis primis tribus brevibus, ultimo elon ium MU iot ae m semicirculare, apice subtruncatum. ; Antenne prope mandibularum basin insert, arcu vix MN primo, vix reliquis majore; ‘capitulo ovali, run iens antennales profundi. aa poses rotundatus, angulis posterioribus acutis. Subelevatum, latum, postice truncatum, lobo anteriore ore trilobo. | 64 Le Conte's Monography of Pedes longi, recti. Tibia antice plane, subgraciles, extüs serrato-spinose, spine terminales minutissime, posticæ sub-compresse, serie exteriore spinarum parvarum sparsim instructe. Tarsi graciles, articulis quatuor primis subtus fasciculato- pilosis, posteriores articulo primo reliquis minore. bdomen segmento superiore penultimo angusto, plano, obliqué-declivi, ultimo majore, semicirculari, perpendiculari. Corpus parvum, breve, subquadratum, punctatum. Elytra striis rudimentalibus. Species unica in Georgia et Carolina invenitur, sub corte arborum emortuarum latens. * ]. T. Americanus. Tab. IV. Fig. 7. ! Punetatissimus ; elytris striis obliteratis ; lateralibus duabus, tibiis iner- mibus Hemiephesiona, niger, obscurus, punctatissimus, marginatus, | | oribus, paulo evidentioribus, suturale et marginali nt cosi duabus. Tibiis omnibus inermibus. Genus DENDROPHILUS, Leacn. Mandibule exsertze, breves, late. is Maxille mala exteriore apice solum, interiore intus bar Ba | Palpi maxillares articulo primo minuto, ultimo ae or lindrico, subacuminato. Palpi labiales breves, articulo primo minutissimo, vix : tincto, secundo subobconico, tertio ovato. Labrum brevissimum rotundatum. Labium breve, rotundatum, subemarginatum. ~ Antenne articulo secundo majore, longiore, cæ quinque sequentibus crassiore, hi parvi, breves et aequales sth Octavo duplo latiore, capitulo arcté conjuncto, ita ut D North American Histeroides. . 65 lum quadriarticulatum videtur. Capitulum compressum, ovale, truncatum. Scrobiculi antennales profundi. Thorac brevis, postice rotundatus, ip P posterioribus acutis, scutellum elongatum. doseternum subelevatum, posticé subrotundatum, hbo’ an- teriorė breviusculo. - Mesosternum latè et profundè emarginatum. Pedes breves. Tibic late, extus obtusè angulate, apice rotundate, spina brevissima exteriore instructe, spines terminales, preter unam quæ tibiis anticis inseritur, parvze, breves. Tarsi longiusculi, articulo primo longiore. Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo angustissimo, ulti- mo majusculo perpendiculariter declivi, inferiore primo latis- simo, reliquis angustis. "pus convexum, crassum, ovale. Sub cortice arborum emortuarum habitant. 1. D. PuwcruLATUs. Tab. IV. Fig. 8. Punetatus, Elytris stris dorsalibus duabus primis subintegris, sube- qualibus, reliquis abbreviatis, suturali nulla. —T'büs anticis crenatis. Hister punctulatus, Mélsheimer, Say, loc. cit. Habitat in Pennsylvania rarius. Pi iceus, opacus, supra et subtus punctatissimus. Elytra i rufo-marginata, striis dorsalibus duabus primis subinte- gris, subsequalibus, tertia et quarta inzqualibus, ante medium Posticé abbreviatis, quinta valdé postice abbreviata, suturali nulla, marginali utrinque abbreviata, humerali vix neta, lateralibus duabus, superiore profunda. — Prosternum stris par- lis; mesosternum profunde emarginatum Tibiis antic a, apice obliqué truncatis. 66 Le Conte's Monography of Genus PAROMALUS. Enricuson. Mandibule exserte. Antenne articulo secundo longiore, obconico, ceteris brevi- bus, :equalibus, capitulo ovali, compresso. Scrobiculi antennales lati. Thorax postice rotundatus, angulis posterioribus subobtusis, elytris vero arcte aptatis. Prosternum subelevatum, plus minus postice rotundatum, lobo anteriore subdeclinato. Tibie anteriores late, subarcuate, spina terminali unica, . valida, curvata, posteriores anguste, intermediæ margine ex- teriore spinosz, postice spina solitaria apicali. Tarsi articulis quatuor primis brevissimis, subcompressis, utrinque subtus seta instructis. i: Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo angusto, ultimo parvo, semicirculari, subfornicato, perpendiculariter declivi, inferioribus, primo excepto, angustis. Corpus parvum, plus minus depressum, vel planum. 1. P. mquauis. Tab. IV. Fig. 9. Punetatus. Striis omnibus plus minus obsoletis. Tibiis anticis sub- 4-dentatis. Hister equalis, Say, loc. cit. Paromalus complanatus vat; Erichson, loc. cit. Habitat ubique sub cortice arborum emortuarum. Oblongus, niger, nitidus, punctatus. Caput, fronte — Thorax tenuiter marginatus, margine anticé non ambiente. T Elytra stris dorsalibus ut plurimum duabus, prima utrinque abbreviata, interdum medio valdè interrupta, secunda basali obliqua, marginali utrinque abbreviata aut nulla, humerali distincta, lateralibus duabus integris. Sternum levi puncticulatum, prosternum striis parallelis ; mesosternum antioè atum. Fen picei, tibiis anticis sub-4-denta parvis, acuti North American Histeroides. 67° * 2. P. arrinis. Tab. IV. Fig. 10. Punetatus. Elytris striis dorsalibus, excepta prima, obsoletis. Tibiis anticis sub-quadridentatis. . Habitat sub cortice arborum emortuarum. Noveboraci rarissime. Oblongus, niger, nitidus, punctatus. Caput fronte plano. Thorax leviter marginatus, margine antic? non ambiente. Elytra stria dorsali prima exarata, antice abbreviata, reliquis rudimentalibus, basalibus, obliquis, humerali distincta, mar- ginali exarata, utrinque abbreviata, lateralibus duabus integris, superiore profundiore. Sternum ut in precedente ; prosternum stris anticé abbreviatis. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis sub-4-den- tatis, dentibus parvis, acutis. 3. P. pisrRrATUs. Tab. IV. Fig. 11. Punctatus, Elytris striis obliteratis, duabus primis abbreviatis, suturali evidentiore. Tijiis anticis dentato-crenatis. Paromalus bistriatus, Erichson, loc. cit. Habitat sub cortice arborum. Niger, ovalis, convexus, punctatus.. Antenne rufæ. Ely- fris stris obliteratis, prima dorsali rudimentali, brevissima, secunda posticè abbreviata, medio interrupta, versus basin reclinata, suturali evidentiore, utrinque abbreviata, marginali et humerali nullis, lateralibus duabus, superiore punctata, in- feriore leviter impressa, anticè abbreviata. Sternum — es rufi, tibiis anticis arcuatis dentato-crenatis. de Poran: Tabs Vi Doe Punetatus, Elytris stria unica, abbreviata, striis lateralibus integris. inis Segmento superiore ultimo levissimé puncticulato. P. seminulum, Erichson, loc. cit. SES labitat in Carolina, a Dom. Zimmerman benevole missus. Niger, nitidus, oblongo-ovalis, convexiusculus, punctatus. rufe, clava pallidiore. Elytra stria dorsali unica, '68 Le Conte's Monography of ante medium postice valdé abbreviata, satis profunde impressa, suturali levissima, vix conspicua, utrinque abbreviata, later- alibus duabus, integris. Sternum . 3. Hister incisus, Knoch-Erichson, Klug’ s Jahrbücher der Insectenkunde, Erster Band, p. 134. ` echar tbicularis, ater, opacus. Frons stria profunda, medio sub- obliterata. Thorax lateribus ciliatis, bistriatus, striis antice Paulo abbreviatis, sulcis parvis prope marginem anteriorem, “ubprofundis. Elytra stria suturali et marginali nullis, qua- Or primis dorsalibus integtis, quinta post medium anticé 86 Le Conte's Monography, &c. abbreviata, laterali leviter punctata. Tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dentibus acutis. Long. 4 lin. 4. Saprinus placidus, Erichson, Klug's Jahrbücher, &c. p. 189. Niger, nitidus. Caput punctatum, fronte stria transversa, antennis piceis. Thorax zqualis, subtilissimé et distincte punctatus, punctis lateralibus anterioribus crebrioribus et pro- fundioribus. Elytra postice fortiter punctata, striis profundis punctatis, stria. dorsali prima integra, reliquis medio abbrevia- tis, suturali integra (sed in parte descriptionis priore, abbre- viata dicitur) marginali nulla, lateralibus duabus, superiore profunda, inferiore levissima. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis den- tatis. Long. 14 lin. 5. Saprinus mancus. Hister mancus, Say, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. V. p. 4 * Black ; head punctured, compressed before and destitute of ruge. Thorax densely punctured, punctures smaller on the disk, and particularly behind the middle: elytra densely punctured, a transverse common space near the base humerus impunctured, marginal stria entire; dorsal stri# abbreviated rather behind the middle, feet piceous-black: anterior tibie not dentated, but with remote, short, thick spines. Length 3, of an inch. Saprinum fraternum referre dicitur, sed stria prima dorsalis corripitur, tibieque antice edentate sunt. 6. Platysoma venustum, Dej. Cat. Ceruleus, nitidus, antennis pedibusque piceo-rufis. Ely- trorum striis omnibus integris. Habitat in Carolina et Georgia. cipes heec ex icone speciei hujus facta est. . Abreus? levigatus. Hister levigatus, Paykull, Monog. p- si Tab. XI. Fig. 1. . “Ater, nitidus, supra impunctatus; caput marginatum. Thorax tenuiter marginatus, valdé convexus. Elytra e Sor, subglobosa, striis tantum terminali, laterali, et mar- i abbreviatis. Pectus subtilissimé punctatum, abdomen um, elytra v vix excedens. Pedes picei, tibiis omnibus | gs EE "m => Sh Teschemacher on Uranium. B S Ant, IV. — ON THE OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM IN THE BERYL LOCALITY AT ACWORTH, N. H. By J. E. TEscHEMACHER, In April, 1841, I read a paper before this ciety, an- nouncing the discovery of Uranium in the well known Tour- maline locality at Chesterfield, in this State; and that I had found it not. only among the Tourmalines, but also in the quartz which accompanied them. l Several boxes of minerals, from Acworth, New Hamp- shire, the celebrated locality of the enormous beryls, having recently arrived here, they were submitted to me for examina- on. i Acworth is about one hundred miles, in a north-easterly direction, from Chesterfield. In these boxes were several of the large blue beryls, many of a pure white, from translucent to opake, and a few of a beautiful bright yellow color, varying in the same specimen from clear transparent to perfect opacity. These last were nearly all imbedded in a dark, smoky quartz, perfectly resembling that at Chesterfield, and like it splintery, from the immense pressure to which it had been subjected, and which has so much injured the beauty of the accompanying beryls. : On breaking several of these specimens of quartz I was much pleased to find the uranium mineral, precisely of the ne appearance as that at Chesterfield, in small green-yellow Cubical Plates, and in one piece there was a considerable quantity of the yellow pulverulent oxide. I beg to present two specimens for the collection of the Society ; the uranium on them is not very abundant, although sufficient to shew its existence, ` This locality not being mentioned in either of the recent UPcations in this country on Mineralogy, by Alger and Dana, I presume this mineral has not hitherto been observed * 88 Teschemacher on Uranium. there, which surprises me, as the spot has no doubt been many times examined. I think it not at all improbable that the fine deep yellow color of the beryl, imbedded in the quartz, may be owing to an admixture of uranium, but I have not yet had an oppor- tunity of trying it. One chief object, however, of this communication, is to point out this occurrence of uranium of the same appearance, and under the same. circumstances, as a fact which with others connects these two localities geologically. Professor Hitchcock, in his last able Report on the Geology of Massachusetts, states the Chesterfield locality of Tourma- line to be an enormous vein of granite in mica slate, which is the character of that region, nearly corresponding with the direction of the layers of the slate. This vein of granite is crossed obliquely by a vein from six to eighteen inches in width, containing the red and green Tourmaline, Albite, quartz, &c., or rather the quartz forms the central part of this vein, the Albite lying on each side of it, and the Tour- malines passing through both. The beryl locality at Ac worth, is a vein of coarse granite, passing through the gneiss which prevails in that part of the country. These then, are clearly intrusions of matter from below, and the character and actual appearance of the intruded crystalline rocks show clearly an action under tremendous pressure ; while the simi- larity of the rocks renders it highly probable that this action took place at the same time in both localities. Now, alt one hundred miles is but a very short distance for such ac tion, yet it may be considered as one link in a long chain, 8 portion of a line in a delineation of direction, to guide n - incite students to further and closer examination. The whole of this region contains beryls, dispersed in va- rious localities, but these beryls have clearly been formed and crystallized under different circumstances, and perhaps have undergone action, whatever it may be, at different epoch : m the beryls of Siberia, or from those of various in South America. Gibbes's Description of a new Salamander. 89 The beryls I possess, from Limoges, in France, somewhat resemble those from Acworth and Royalston, while the com- mon beryls from Bavaria bear a greater similarity to those from our locality at Bowdoinham. From the beryl locality at Grafton, N. H. I received, five years ago, quite mes speci- mens of a brilliant color, transparent and clear, but much injured by pressure. I cannot conclude this short paper without remarking that the mineralogy of this country offers a vast and almost un- trodden field to the aspiring student, and one in which the harvest which presents itself may not prove merely unprofit- able honor. Art. V.—DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SALAMANDER. By Lewis R. Gisszs, Prof. Mathematics and Chemistry in College of Charles- ton,S.C. Read Aug. 21, 1844. SALAMANDRA MELANOsTICTA. Gibbes. CuamacrER. Toes four; inferior surface silvery white, dot- n with jet black spots; snout yellow ; tail twice the length of dy. Description. Head large for size of animal, with a very obtuse snout; nostrils latero-anterior; iris narrow, golden ; pupil black; neck contracted, with a cutaneous fold under- neath. Body cylindrical, tail nearly so, a little more than twice the length of the body.. Limbs slender, each terminat- ing in four digits. e Conon. Snout light brownish yellow. Above, body ashy Wn ; limbs and tail brownish orange ; spots scattered over the whole surface. Beneath, throat, body and tail, silvery White, beautifully marked with jet black spots & of inch in siae like ink-dots on a white ground ; hence the specific Duuwstows. ‘The fixed points taken are the tip of the 90 Cabot's Description of snout, the junction of anterior extremities with body, the junc- tion of posterior extremities with body, and the tip of tail, dividing the whole length of the animal into an anterior, a middle, and a posterior portion. , Inch. Anterior portion : : 0.3 Middle do. ; : - WT Posterior do. ; n 1.6 Total length 9.6 Hasirs, &c. Found in Abbeville district, South Carolina, early in April, 1844, under old logs in open woods. Very lively and active in its motions. Remarks. Very near the S. quadridigitata Holbr., but dif fers from that in color and markings. That is pale straw color above ; this yellow on snout, brown on body, brownish orange on tail and limbs. That bluish silvery white beneath ; this silvery white with jet black spots 4; inch in diameter. That, above, has few minute dark brown spots, approaching verte- bral and lateral lines ; this, above, has numerous distinct, black, scattered spots. These two species are, I believe, the only ones known with four toes, and might form a subgenus or even a separate genus. Art. VL — FURTHER ACCOUNTS OF SOME OF THE BIRDS OF YUCATAN. By Samver Casor,Jr. M D. Read January 3, 1844. PYRRHULA RAPTOR, Plate XII. Tus bird is very numerous throughout Yucatan, and does great damage in the fields and gardens. It feeds principally on grain and seeds, and is very voracious and destructive It is called in the Maya language, Tsapin. em 7 aedi 103 inches long. Bill 1 inch long. Diameter at above down, 3 of an inch; from side to side of. Birds from Yucatan. 91 an inch. Nostrils small, oval, partly covered by feathers. Upper mandible somewhat inflated, arched from base to point, overlaps under mandible slightly. Tarsus one inch long. Middle toe to end of claw 11 inch long. Wing to flexure 4;inches long. Tail rounded, consisting of twelve feathers; - middle ones 4$ inches long, lateral ones 4 inches; first pri- mary shortest, fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest. Color. Head and.chin, extending down the sides of neck, and in a crescent across the upper part of breast, black; cheeks dark steel-grey. A line over eye from the base of the bill almost to hind head, throat, part of breast and chin, white. Nape, back, tail and outer barbs of primaries and secondaries yellow-olive, shafts dark brown. Breast, belly and thighs cinereous. Vent and under tail-coverts light bay. Bill black, legs brownish. Female, 93 inches long. Dark cinereous brown on head, cheeks, back, wings and tail. Line over eye, chin and throat, white. Upper part of breast and sides greyish, lower part of breast, flanks, abdomen and vent, light bay, darkest at vent. PICUS DUBIUS. Casor. The specimen from which this description is taken was shot near Uxmal, November, 1841. 1 have named it dubius, because I at first thought it to be Picus Carolinus, and mentioned it as such in the Appendix to the second volume of Stephens’s “ Travels in Yucatan,” p. 475; but when I compared the two birds, after my return to this country, my mistake was very evident, the Picus dubius being nearly an inch the longest, and having twice the num- ber of white bands, besides other differences. ; This bird is not uncommon in Yucatan, but, owing to the above-mentioned mistake, I procured but one specimen. í - Male, 93 inches long. Billli inch along ridge; 1; inch ong gape. Tarsus $ of an inch long. Tail 3j inches long, of ten feathers. First primary shortest, third and 92 Cabot's Birds of Yucatan. fourth longest. Color. Whole top of head and neck bright vermilion. A white band, one fourth of an inch wide, crosses the forehead. Spot of bright vermilion at the base of the bill, above the nostrils. Back, wing coverts and secondaries, black, crossed with about thirty transverse, white bands Upper tail coverts white. Lower tail coverts black and white, in wavy lines. Tail feathers black, except the two outer ones, which are tipped and spotted on the outer edge with dull white. Cheeks, line over the eyes, chin, breast and flanks, light cinereous ; almost white on the chin, darker of the breast and the sides of the neck. Abdomen light vermil- ion. Bill horn-black. Legs slate color. Iris reddish. PICUS PARVUS. Capsor. I saw only one specimen of this bird, from which this de- scription is taken. It was procured early in December, 1841, in the neighborhood of Ticul, Yucatan. | Male. Length 6:1inches. Bill £ ofan inch. Tarsus 5,9 of an inch. Tail 2} Mehes: consisting of ten feathers. Color. Crown, red, with a light spot near the quill of each red feather. Back, wing coverts, secondaries and primaries, black, barred with white. Cheeks black, with a white stripe from the base of the bill to the ear. White line over the eye. Chin, throat and breast, white; breast marked with black spots. Vent and under tail Eu white, banded with black. Upper tail coverts black. Two outer tail feathers barred with black and white. White marks on the outer edge of the third feather; rest of the tail black. Legs bluish black. Bill horn-colored. Tris hazel. First primary shortest, second, longest: PICUS YUCATANENSIS. Casor, I saw only two of these birds, and procured this one "- men in March, 1842, on the road from Chemax to Yalahao. ` Male. Length 8{ inches. Bill one inch along gape, } z along ridge - Tail 3 inches, of ten feathers. Tarsus ; of an i Tuckerman's Lichens of New England. 93 First primary shortest, third and fourth longest. Color, Top of head, cinereous black. Hind head, nape, along the super- ciliary ridges to the base of the bill, scarlet. A patch of the same from the base of the lower mandible along the ramus to the angle of the lower jaw. Space between the eye and bill, and extending under the eye to the side of the neck, greyish, with darker bars, growing more distinct towards the neck. Chin black, spotted with white. Neck, breast, abdomen, up- per and under. tail coverts and flanks, olive, transversely barred with yellowish white. Back, upper wing coverts, outer edge of secondaries, and outer edge of primaries, olive. Two outer tail feathers- yellowish, others black with some yellow the upper part. Iris hazel. Legs bluish. Bill horn- color. This bird resembles P. Brasiliensis very closely, but. differs from it in having the top of the head cinereous black inst of scarlet. Ast. VI.—A FURTHER ENUMERATION OF SOME ALPINE AND oe LICHENES OF NEW ENGLAND. By Epwarp Tuckerman, .M. AFTER some years study of the Lichens of our alpine dis- Victa, the writer has attempted to give a synopsis, with descriptions, of the lichenose vegetation generally, whether al ne or not, of the White Mountains. From this the fol- lowing observations are drawn, as well as (with one excep- tion) the subjoined list of new or rare lichens. It need hardly sald that scarcely any of the results to be noticed are more than approximate ; and that time only can show how many of are not in some degree or other erroneous. New facts vec Continually, illustrating either genera or species ; there 5 very much unsettled in all the scientific arrangements of the Order ; and though I may attempt to state definitely the little 94 Tuckerman's Enwmeration of we know, I must yet repeat that nothing here pretends to be more than the present amount of — of a single observer. Our alpine and mountain lichens may properly be com- pared with those of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Scotland. Of the first tribe, P4RMELIACEZ, of Fries, ten genera oc cur in the European district, of which eight are at present known in and about the White Mountains. 'To take up in order, the genera of this tribe — the forms of I. Usnea, reduced now by Fries to varieties of a single species, occur also, though to some degree modified, with us; while we have also the luxuriant U. longissima, not as yet found in Northern Europe. VERNIA’ is represented in the European district by 8 species, one of them disputed and little known; while we have 4 species. II. RawarrNa has 5 species belonging to Scotland and Sweden, (but of these 2 are maritime ;) in our mountain district I find only two. Of IV. Cerrarta, 10 species occur in the European region, and the same number in ours, though of these last 3 are peculiar to America. V. Nernnon is represented abroad by 4 species, all of which occur als with us. VI. PErrTiGERA has 7 species of which we have sit. VII. SoLorına has 2 species, of which, though both ar now known to be American, neither has as yet occurred at the White Mountains. Of VIII. Sricra, there are known in the European district 8 species, in ours five. IX. PARMELIA of which large genus about 87 species occur in Scotland and Sweden, many of which are however maritime or otherwise limited, or rare, while we can reckon at present about 5L And X. GvarEcTA has in Scotland and Sweden 2 species neither of which is as yet known here. Belonging to the second tribe LECIDINE 2, of Fries, there are 5 Genera in the European district referred to, all of whi are found in ours... Of the Genera of this tribe, STEREOCAULON -1 Reference is made throughout this paper to the Lichenographia of Evernia as there constituted, contains not only the species upon which me ; , but species also of Diod, Alectoria and Cornicularia- some Lichens of New England. 95 is represented abroad by 7 species; here by four. CLADONIA has about 25 species in the foreign distriet; itis however no. little to say that we can reckon perhaps 18. Bxowvczs, re- duced by Fries to the single species roseus, though common in New England, has never occurred to me about the Moun- tain. Brarora, a genus, which I hope to have more oppor- tunities to study, and which is probably well represented with us, has in Sweden and Scotland about 24 species, while we can as yet perhaps hardly reckon 8. Lecinea, like the last, requiring long observation, has been most thoroughly investi- gated in Sweden, where about 39 species are recognized: as yet I can reckon only about 13 here ; but this includes proba- bly nearly all the more remarkable ones. Of the third tribe GRAPHIDEÆ of Fries, there are three genera in Sweden and Scotland, two only of which I have met with here. Umwnsinrcania has 8 species in the European district, and we have 9, two of ours being however peculiar to America, O»kenarHA has 5 species abroad, while we can reckon 4 as yet known. Lercanacris, scarcely represented in the foreign district, is-as yet wholly deficient here. Of the fourth tribe CALICIEZ, there are 2 genera in Scot- land and Sweden. Perhaps this may be called on many ac- counts the most puzzling group of Lichens. "There is certainly Done upon which so much labor has been bestowed by eminent Lichenists, In this country very few species have been ascer- tained, and these almost entirely the commonest and most “vious forms. It is not every eye that can see a Calicium ; nor are they easily to be found, where the attention is dis- tracted by numerous other objects. Of Cosrocvsr there are 3 species in the foreign district, of which we have probably one. Of Carreruw there are about 22 species in Sweden and , d, while we have only 5 as yet known. This number 1s however larger than that given by any American writer. The fifth tribe SPHÆROPHOREÆ, contains 2 genera, of which we have one. Of SeuxnorHoRoN three species occur m Scotland and Sweden. Of these, two are abundant and 96 Tuckerman’s Enumeration of fertile with us ; and I have found a single specimen of a plant resembling the third species more than either of the other two; more specimens are however needed to determine it. SırnuLa, the other genus of this tribe, is represented in the European district by a single species, peculiar as yet to the extreme. northern parts of the Scandinavian peninsula. Belonging to the next tribe ENDOCARPE 4, Scotland and Sweden possess four genera, three of which occur in our region. Of four species of Enpocarpon found in the European district, although three of them are common New England plants, only one, and that the least conspicuous, has occurred to me at the Mountains. Of Prrrusaria, represented abroad by five species, I can only reckon two. Of TugrornEa there is buta single species in Sweden and Scotland: we have this, and another, peculiar to our own Flora.. . Of the tribe VERRUCARIE.£, there are 2 genera in the for eign region ; we have one of them. Srcesrria has 2 species, both unknown here. Verrucaria has 15 species, of which we have 5, and also one peculiar to our Flora. The last tribe is LIMBORIEZ, containing 4 genera, which exhibit the lowest developments of lichenose vegetation, and a near approach to a fungoid character; so much so that one genus may be said to hang between Lichenes and Fungi— and several species have been referred to both Orders by botanists.. Four species of these Genera belong to the Euro- pean district referred to. I have as yet detected neither of them here. Several genera remain to be noticed, asks to de Order BYSSACEJE. As constituted by Fries, this Order in- cludes Nostoc, Cenogonium, Ephebe, Collema, &c., which differ from Lichenes in their homogeneous structure ; and are analogous to the Ulvaces, just as true Lichenes may be to be to the Fucaceæ. Of this Order three genera, ‘coma referred to the Lichenes, are found in Scotland and Sweden, . and also occur in our region. These are CoLLEMA, Lzrr0- (€x, and: Eruese. The whole number of species. that T some Lichens of New England. 97 have been able to determine is about 165. As the Leprarie, Spilomata, and Variolarie are excluded; and as a large number of Acharius’s species, heretofore universally received, are, in accordance with the Friesian Method, reduced to va- rieties, this number must be allowed to embrace probably much the largest part of the Lichenes of a region so limited as the White Mountains. ‘The comparison above attempted with Scotland and Scandinavia, might more justly have been made with a particular district in one of those countries, as Dovre in Norway, but for this I have not the necessary authorities. Usnea longissima, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 626., Ach. Syn. p. 307., Fries Lichenogr. p. 19., in Obs., Parmelia longissima, Spreng. Syst. IV. 277. On firs and other trees, where they begin to diminish in height, on the mountains, abundant, and occurring five feet long. Frequent also at the base of the mountains in cold swampy woods. Distinguished by its terete, almost simple thallus, clothed with short, very regular horizontal fibres. Our plant agrees perfectly with the original Saxon lichen; and I possess what seem to be forms of the same species from South America, New Holland, Africa, Evernta ochroleuca, (Ehrh.) Fries Lich. p. 93., y. sarmen- fosa, Fr. l. c., Lichen sarmentosus, Ach., Parmelia, et de- — Alectoria, Ach. On the trunks and branches of = the mountain forest; resembling a pendulous Usnea. The rigid, fruticulose variety a, which was referred by Acha- "us to a different genus, has not occurred, though I have apa two specimens belonging to the species, which resem- ble it sufficiently to encourage further search. BS a Cernanra nivatis, (L.) Ach.— In fruit; found for the me the present season. Hooker says it has never oc- curred in this state in Britain. Peuricnra malacea, Ach. Syn. p. 240., Fries Lichenogr. P- — On the ground, and rarely on shrub firs, above the limit trees: Tt also occurs at a much less elevation, as in the VOL. v. ~ of 98 Tuckerman’s Enumeration of Notch. Remarkable for its very spongy fragile fronds, which are sometimes large. Both in habit and apothecia it resem- bles P. canina, to which Acharius compares it, but Fries con- siders it nearest to P. aphthosa. : Sricra glomerulifera, (Lightf.) Delis. Stict. p. 129., Fries Lich. p. 54., Lichen glomeruliferus, Lightf. Fl. Scot. p. 853; Lobaria, Hoffm., Parmelia glomulifera, Ach. Meth., Lich., et Syn. — On old trunks, where its very large coriaceous fronds, covered with scutelle, are conspicuous. Common in New England, and occurring also on rocks. Fries follows Delise in referring this, and the allied Parm. herbacea, to Sticta, with which genus they agree not only in habit, but also in pos sessing cyphelle. These were observed by Delise in S. her- bacea, but not in S. glomerulifera; and he even thought it doubtful (Hist. Stict. p. 130.,) whether they occurred in the latter species, in which moreover, Fries does not seem himself to have detected them. Their existence was known however; to Mr. Borrer, in whose herbarium I had first. the opportunity of seeing a specimen with this development well marked; and I have since found them on a Scottish specimen abun- dant. Our plant is remarkable for the entire absence of the green glomerules, which, though an irregular development form a striking feature of the European lichen. ; PanwELIA (Imbricaria) incurva, (Pers.) Fries Lich. p. 70» Lichen, Pers., Lobaria, Hoffm., P. recurva, Ach. Meth; Lichenogr., & Syn. p. 206. — On rocks with P. centrifuga in the alpine and subalpine region ; descending also to tbe - Notch. Infertüile. Et P. (Imbricaria) ambigua, (Wulf.) Ach. Meth. p. 207., Fri Lich. p. 71., Lichen, Wulf., Psora, Hoffm., Lobaria, Hoffm., Imbricaria, Decand. — On decaying wood from which the bark has fallen ; also on living trunks of firs, and more rarely on rocks, White Mountains. Fertile. e P. (Imbricaria) aleurites, Ach. — On - decaying woodi trunks; and rarely on rocks. Fertile. I have never found the fruit except on my specimens from the White Mountains- some Lichens of New England. 99 P. (Physcia) detonsa, Fries Syst. Orb. Veg. (fide ips.) P. Nove’ Anglie, Mihi olim, P. aquila, Muhl. Catal. ? — Trunks of trees, but not very general, fertile: on the coast I have found the best specimens on rocks. | Distributed by me under the name above cited, but not published. Professor Fries pronounced the lichen to be his P. detonsa. -It resem- bles P. aquila considerably, and may therefore be the plant so named by Muhlenberg. — . ui (Physcia) Aypoleuca, Muhl. Catal., Eaton Man., P. spe- ciosa 9. hypoleuca, Ach.! Syn. p. 211., P. speciosa, Ach. herb.! 'uckerm. Enum. Lich. N. Eng. in Bost. Jour. III. 988. — Trunks of trees; near Boston, and southern parts of New Hampshire. Certainly a distinet species. No descrip- tion was published by Muhlenberg, but this defect was sup- plied inthe sixth edition of Eaton’s Manual. The name is hot very appropriate ; and might well have been speciosissima. P. (Amphiloma) rubiginosa, (Thunb.) Ach.; Fries Lich. p. 88., — B. ‘conoplea? Fr., P. conoplea, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 467, Pannaria, Delis. — Rocks of the Notch. Two small infertile specimens are all I have seen. ‘They perfectly re- semble my specimens of the foreign lichen, but of themselves re insufficient to place the matter beyond doubt. This is a very curious section: of. the genus, and everything that may tend to illustrate it in our Flora is interesting. p (Amphiloma) lanuginosa, Ach. Meth., Lichenogr. p. 465, Fries Lich. p. 88.— 8. Fr. Lichen lanuginosus, Ach. Lich. Suec., Imbricaria, Decand., et Lepraria incana, Auct. = 100 Tuckerman's Enumeration of plant is mostly white so far as I have seen in all states ; the foreign plant is often of this color, but ochroleucous portal My Fries. P. (Placodium) straminea, Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl., and Ach. Lich. p. 432., Fries. Lich. p. 109, Lichen, Wahl. Lapp. p. 417., t. 98. f. 1, Lecanora, Ach. Lich. p. 432., et Syn. p. 180. — Rocks of the Notch, not abundant, but fine and fer- tile. This lichen has hitherto been found only on the coasts of the Icy Sea, in Finland, Spitzbergen, and Greenland. 'Though I have seen no authentic specimens of the foreign plant, I do not hesitate to refer our Parmelia to it. The color of the scutelle, at first reddish brown, becomes almost black. We have the species also on the coast, where I have several times observed it. P. (Placodium) murorum, (Hoffm.) Ach. Meth. p. 1955 Fries Lich. p. 115., Lichen, Hoffm. , Lecanora, Ach. Liche- nogr., Placodium, Decand., Ravi Hook. — Rocks and stones near the sea, at Nahant; often in company with P. ele gans, and beautiful rock forms of P. parietina. P. saxicola, and what I almost think may turn out to be P. oreina, are = fine lichens at Nahant. P. (Patellaria) oculata, (Dicks.) Fries Lich. p. 135., —4 Fr. Lichen epibryon, Wahl. Lapp. p. 408. — 8. Fr. Lichen oculatus, Dicks., Engl. Bot. t. 1833., Isidium ?. Ach. Meth. p: 140., Turn. and Borr. Lichenogr.. Brit, p. 103., Hook. Br. Fl. Limits Ach. Syn. p. 148., Lichen dectyliferus; Wahl. Lapp. p. 414. — Trunks of trees, rare. The description bf Borrer, and the figure in English Botany leave nothing to be added to the history of this Lichen, And the doubts of the English Lichenists respecting its scientific arrangement, al confirmed by Acharius's latest judgment, and by Fries. The variety 8. is an excellent example of that peculiar anamorpho sis of the thallus of Lichenes, which, under the name " Isidium, long passed for a distinct genus. -.P. (Urceolaria) verrucosa, Fries Lich. p. 186., — a. Urter laria, Fr. Lichen. panyrgus, Wahl, Urceolaria, Ach, Meth die some Lichens of New England. 101 U. mutabilis, Ach. Lichenogr., U. verrucosa, Ibid., Scher. Spicil.— 8. Pertusaria, Fr. Thelotrema mammosum, Pers., Lichen glomeratus, Schleich., Porina glomerata, Ach., Pertu- saria, Scher., Endocarpon globulare, Sommerf. — Upon dead mosses and sticks; common throughout the alpine region of the White Mountains. “Species multis rationibus valde in- signis," remarks Fries, to whom we owe the complete de- termination and history of the plant, whieh the synonymes show to have been understood very differently by different botanists, Srerzocauton corallinum, Schreb., Laur. in Fries Lich. p. 201. S. dactylophyllum, Floerk.!, S. Réssleri, Hochstett. (auct. Fr.) — Stones ; very fine in the Notch. * Podetia plurima in densum ciespitem basi conjuncta, et saxo innata." The species of this genus, continues Fries, differ very much as the Peltigerze, but are limited with more difficulty on ac- count of their protean habit. The scales of the present spe- “les are digitate, often much like the branches of Sphæro- phoron globiferus, S. paschale, (L.) Ach., Laur. in Fries Lich. p. 202.— stones, and on the ground, commonly in large sods or masses, from the alpine region to the Notch. “Plurima _ "eüa vulgo densissime stipata, (nec czespitoso-juneta ut in — Priori) sepe latas plagas saxorum occupant." Fr. 8. condensatum, Hoffm., Laur. in Fries Lich. p. 203., S. con- stisidenm, S. pileatum, et S. Cereolus, Ach. (auct. Fr.) >. paschale, £, Wahl., S. Meissnerianum Floerk.! — Rocks, "ot Uncommon, from. near the subalpine region (on Cutler's bes to the Notch, rarely fertile. The lichen called S. Ce- reolus by Acharius, and figured in his Methodus, is what our ue lee It occurs also on the coast. - pe - Cenudatum, Floerk.! D. Lich. IV. p. 13., Laur. in Fries Lich. P. 204. Sommerf, Lapp. p. 196. 2 Lich. 1. c= Rocks ; fron the alpine regions to the pe: ; not commonly fertile. It is not rare on other moun- Ru 102 Tuckerman’s Enumeration of of one of the writer’s previous papers belongs to this species, no description or notice of which had been seen by him, when his description was made. The state is remarkable for its large peltate granules looking like apothecia, and occurred in the Notch. Crapowia cespiticia, (Pers.) Floerk.! Clad. p. 8., Bæomyces Pers., Ach. Meth., Lichen, Engl. Bot. t. 1796., Cenomyce, Ach. Syn. p. 249., Scyphophorus, Hook. Br. Fl. II. 237. — Decayed mossy trunks, and on the earth. Podetia very short; sometimes indeed hardly visible, when the apothecia (which are of a rather light reddish brown) appear sessile on the lobes of the thallus. ; ; C. delicata, (Ehrh.) Floerk.! Clad. p. T., Lichen., Ehrh, Beeomyces, Ach. Meth., Cenomyce, Ach. Lichenogr. — De- cayed trunks ; rather rare, White Mountains. The above name is appropriate to this lichen, both as respects its thallus and its podetia. These last-occur from a line to an inch in length. C. fimbriata, (L.) Fries Lich. p. 222., — a. L. C. fimbriata, Hoffm. — 8. tubeformis, L. C. fibula, Auct. — y. radiata, L. Lichen, Schreb., Cladonia, Hoffm., Bsomyces, Ach. Meth. Cenomyce, Ach. Lich. — Rocks ; and on the ground ; particu- larly in districts that have some years since been burnt ovef, — throughout the White Mountains. - It will illustrate the difi- culties of this genus to observe, that of the three species here set down, each a distinet" natural . production, and presenting with us the very same features it presents in Europe, so that neither could be mistaken by a botanist here or there, — tW? are hardly reckoned varieties by Fries, though adopted ® species by Floerke, while the third is reduced by Floerke to * variety, and unhesitatingly recognized as a species by Fries I have several other Cladoniæ, new to me, still under & amination.’ ^ Biarona placophylla, (Ach.) Fries Lich. p. 257., Baeomyce* e | GER LR me Pers, srt cta, wd amsmmcre al ew tou PI a fasi d ARENAEN M some Lichens of New England. 103 Ach. Meth. p. 325., t. 7. f. 4., Ach. Lichenogr. p. 574., Wahl. Lapp. p. 449., Ach. Syn. p. 281. — On the ground, in a sandy soil; Great Willey Slide; also with B. byssoides on the sandy banks of the Ammonoosuck, near Mount Washington. Re- markable for possessing an orbicular lobed thallus, like that of some Parmeliz, together with stipitate apothecia, like those of Beomyces. It has hitherto been found only in Lapland by Wahlenberg, and in Norway by Professor Blytt. B. rivulosa, (Ach.) Fries Lich. p. 271., Lecidea, Ach. Meth. p. 38., Syn. p. 28. — Rocks ; alpine region, and in the Notch, oftener sterile. . Lineolis nigris limitata decussataque,” Ach. This striking feature is owing to the black hypothallus. I have several interesting Biatoree under examination. Lecea sorediata, (Muhl.) thallo cartilagineo-membranaceo eviridi glaucescente cinerascente laciniis linearibus obtusis subcanaliculatis multifidis irregulariter complicatis (soredife- ris ;) hypothallo crasso, e czeruleo-nigro ; apotheciis adpressis tenuiter marginatis demum convexis nigris. — Lecidea sore- diata, Muhl.! Catal. p. 105., Ach. Syn. p. 54. Lichen alo- matus, Willd. ! herb. — 'Trunks, common and fertile, White Mountains. The description of Acharius is so brief, that I have attempted another. It is singular that no other descrip- _ tion exists, and that no other American writer besides Muhi E 3 enberg has noticed this interesting and conspicuous lichen. Unptcarra pustulata, (L.) Hoffm. Fries Lich. p. 350., Lichen, L., Lecidea, Ach. Meth., Gyrophora, Ach. Lichenogr., Gyromium, Wahl. — et Gyrophora papulosa, Ach. Lichenogr. P. 226., Muhl. Catal., Torr. Catal., Hals. Syn. View., Tuck- "UM. Lich. N. E. I. c. Umbilicaria levis, Pers. (fide Ach.) Gyr. bullata, Willd. herb. ! — Rocks of the Notch; ascending to the alpine region, fertile. I have ventured to restore our plant to U. pustulata. From this it was separated by Acha- Non account mainly of the absence of the “ flocculose- stieuloso ” granules which occur commonly in the European ichen, as well as a slight difference in the color of the upper Surface. But these granules, as now understood, are of little te 104 Tiiskerin i Fnumerátión; &c. importance, whether we follow Meyer in considering them abortive apothecia, or Fries, as analogous rather to the glom- erules of Sticta glomerulifera. They are said to occur on other species, and I have found them more than once on the American plant. "There is a smaller, thicker, glaucous form of our lichen in the alpine region, very much resembling a state of the species which occurs at the Cape of Good Hope. Apothecia at first patelliform, then plicate, and finally lirellif- erous. The U. pustulata of Michaux is not this species, with which his description very ill agrees, but U. Pennsylva- nica; as I ascertained by examining the original specimen, in his herbarium. O»zcnarna atra, Pers. Fries Lich. p. 367. — Smooth bark; not uncommon. Caricom subtile, Pers. Fries Lich. p. 388. — Dead trunks from which the bark has fallen; common at the White Mountains. C. trachelinum, Ach., Fries Lich. p. 390. — Decayed naked J wood, with the last; White Mountains. Epnese pubescens, Fries. Cornicularia, Ach. Meth.— . Rocks now and then moistened by water. By some con sidered a true Alga, and by others a Lichen, Fries arranges es production as a distinct genus of his order Byssace®: I have not found the apothecia. | ge "E * * Ant. VIL — CHARACTERS OF SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PLANTS OF THE NATURAL ORDER COMPOSITE, FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND UPPER CALIFORNIA. By Asa Gna, M. D: Tue plants here described are selécted from a collection made by Lieutenant Fremont, of the United States "Tope graphical Engineers, during his recent exploring tour to the Rocky Mountains, Oregon, and the region that lies betwee? Upper California and the Rocky Mountains, a part of had never been visited by any scientific person. I shall not Led New Genera of ‘Composite. 105 attempt to delineate Mr. Fremont’s particular route, as the whole account of his perilous journey will soon be given to the public in an official report, which, doubtless, will even exceed in interest the graphic narrative of his earlier journey to the Wind River Chain of the Rocky Mountains... Suffice it to say, that having explored the country about the Great Salt Lake, and gathered a rich scientific harvest in that singular and hitherto unvisited region, he attempted to cross the Rocky Mountains in mid-winter, to the head-waters of the Arkansas River. Baffled in this attempt, his provisions ex- hausted, and, I add with deep regret, having lost by sad mis- haps his most interesting botanical collections, he was obliged to fall back to the settlements on the Rio Sacramento for sup- plies. He then rapidly recrossed the Californian and the Rocky Mountains to the Arkansas, through a region of the highest scientific interest, and reached St. Louis, we believe, in June last. His botanical collections were doomed to fur- ther mishaps, by storm and flood, during the latter part of the journey; so that his friend and our distinguished asso- ciate, Dr. Torrey, received only the débris of a collection of dried plants, which, considering the circumstances of the un- dertaking and the fact that researches in natural history were merely incidental to the main design of Mr. Fremont's tour, — E Was originally of wonderful extent as well as richness. T b Composite of this collection have been kindly submitted to me for examination. - it, as some months must elapse be- ore a description of the new species will appear in the forth- Coming part of the Flora of North America, by Dr. Torrey and myself, I have deemed it proper to notice, in the present : a few novelties in this family, which, in the course of a vig examination, have arrested my attention. Among the plants of the Asteroid tribe, I notice a new Species of a very marked and characteristic genus of the ! Report : i Missouri River and p Port on an Exploration of the country lying between the pou the Rocky Mountains, on the line of the Kan and Great Platte Rivers. 1843. Senate Document, No. 243. — 106 Gray, Characters of some Rocky Mountain region, viz. Townsendia ; — a genus found- ed by Hooker upon a single species, but to which Nuttall has since added four more, and still others will doubtless reward the exertions of future explorers. The present addi- tion (Townsenpia Fremonru, Torr. & Gray, ined.) resem- bles T. incana, Nutt. but has longer and narrower leaves, and larger heads even than T. sericea, Hook. The bristles of the pappus are also somewhat scariously fringed towards the base, so as to become almost squamellate. Somewhere in the vicinity of this genus, we must place a dwarf, annual, daisy- like plant, of very remarkable characters, which I now pem to describe. MONOPTILON, Torr. & Gray, ined. Composite-Asteroidee : Subtr. Asterinew : Div. Asteree. Capitulum multiflorum, heterogamum; floribus radii 1-se- rialibus ligulatis foemineis, disci tubulosis hermaphroditis, om- nibus fertilibus. Involucrum fere uniseriale Erigerontis. Re- ceptaculum convexum, nudum. “Corolle tubus radii et disci sparse hirtus: ligule obovato-oblonge. Styli Asteroidea- rum; rami fl. hermaph. appendiculo triangulari obtuso ter- minati. Achenia oblongi-obovata, leviter obcompressa, spat sim hirtella, binervia (ad margines) vel in radio trinervia. ` Pappus conformis, duplex; exterior e coronula brevissime crenulata persistente; interior, seta. capillaris unica, caduca. discum adzquans, basi scabrida, apicem versus sensim clava- timque plumosa! — Herba annua, exigua, depressa, villoso- pubescens ; ; foliis sparsis oblongo- vel lineari-spathulatis, inte- gris; capitulis subsessilibus vel bracteatis. Flores disci flavi: ligulæ ut videtur albæ, cæruleo vel lilacino tinctæ. M. sELLIprroRMIS, Torr. & Gray. (Tab. XIH. Fig. 1-6) We are unable to give the locality of this highly curious ns the number attached to the specimen having been ! It was probably gathered in the southern ranges of the Rocky new Genera of Composita. 107 Mountains. The generic name is expressive of its most striking peculiarity, that of a pappus composed of a solitary mose bristle ! Many specimens occur of that group of biennial Asters which form Mr. Nuttall’s genus Dieteria, and which are characteristic productions of the wide arid tracts which oc- cupy so large a space both on this side and beyond the . Rocky Mountains. These specimens tend to confirm the opinion I had already expressed,’ that three of Nuttall’s pro- posed species must be reduced to one. ` Mr. Fremont’s collection also affords us a new genus in the yellow or homochromous series of Asteroid plants. It is a low shrubby plant, which furnishes a connecting link between several genera that accord in habit but differ in technical character; such as Gutierrezia (Brachyris, Nutt.), Amphia- chyris, and the section Euthamia of Solidago. Its disk-flow- a have nearly the pappus pilosus of the latter; while the single ray-flower exhibits the pappus paleaceus of the former: it the paleæ, however, are narrow, squamellate, and variously and irregularly concreted. Like Amphiachyris, the ray-flow- ers only appear to be fertile; although the ovary in those of the disk is fully formed. The generic name which I have - Chosen alludes to the combination of these two kinds of pap- Pus in the same plant. ` AMPHIPAPPUS, Torr. & Gray, ined. Compositz-A steroidecw : Subtr. Asterinez : Div. Chrysocomee. ; $ Capitulum plerumque 7-florum heterogamum ; nempe, flore radii unico, ligulato, foemineo, fertili, et floribus disci 46 tubulosis, hermaphroditis, sed sterilibus? Involucrum obovoi- I; squamis 6-7 subzequalibus, chartaceis, ovalibus, con- “avis, subcarinatis, appresso-imbrieatis. Receptaculum an- "à b : 1 Flora of North America, ii. p. 100. 108 - Gray, Characters of some gustum, subalveolatum. Ligula brevis, obovata, discum vix excedens: corolla fl. disci e tubo gracili ibiishdibnl in limbo profunde 5-fido; laciniis lineari-oblongis revoluti Styli rami breves Linosyridis; appendiculo ovato-deltoideo superati. Achenium radii oblongo-obconicum vel obcompres- sum, villosum, pappo uniseriali paleaceo (e squamellis pluri- bus setaceis nunc basi, nunc fere ad apicem sæpius in pha- langes vario modo concretis,) achenio dimidio breviore supera- tum. Achenia disci, ut videtur infertilia, turbinata, glabra, pappo piloso uniseriali elongato instructa ; setis rigid denticulatis, valde inequalibus; majoribus imo sepe sub- complanatis et ramosis, seu potius cum minoribus nonnullis pl. m. concretis. — Frutex ramosissimus 1-2-pedalis, glabrius- culus. Folia alterna, brevia, spathulata, mucronata, vix punc- ticulata, integerrima, sessilia, vel in petiolum brevem attenuata. Capitula numerosissima, in corymbis fasciculisve aggregata more Solidaginis $ Euthamiz, vel Gutierreziz, sed squamte involucri nec ad apicem herbacez, nec forsan glutinose. Flores aurei. A. FagwowTu, Torr. & Gray. —. Mr. Fremont collected this plant at several places along "the Mohave River, &c., somewhere between California and the Rocky Mountains, in April. We must here mention a fine addition to the Oregon genus Pyrrocoma, which, although perfectly distinct both from P. carthamoides and P. radiata, belongs to the typical section of that genus, which it therefore helps to strengthen. It may be thus characterized. Pyrrocoma roLiosa, (Torr. & Gray, ined.): humilis, € radice crassa perpendiculari multicaulis, glabrata ; caulibus confertim foliosis ; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis (1-2-uncialibus,) integerrimis, mucronato-cuspidatis ; summis in squamas invo- lucri lanceolatas acuminatas mucronato-setigeras sensim transeuntibus; ligulis numerosis exsertis; corolla fl. disci- pappo sequilonga. new Genera of Composita. ` 109 The involucre may be compared with that of Liatris squarrosa, The close alliance of this genus with Aplopappus proper, which it appeared to replace in the northern hemisphere, I have elsewhere alluded to. But in Mr. Fremont’s collection - we have at length a very striking species of true Aplopappus; perfectly congeneric with the typical Chilian forms. It was gathered among the Mountains of Upper California; and is remarkable for its very long and showy rays, as well as for its rigid, undulate and tortuose leaves, not unlike some Muti- siaceous plants. The latter peculiarity is indicated by the specific name. APLOPAPPUS TORTIFOLIUS (Torr. & Gray, ined.): fructi- culosus, lana decidua tectus et pube brevissima | scabridus ; ramis inferne foliosis, apice in pedunculum longum nudum monocephalum productis; foliis coriaceis, semiamplexicauli- bus, elongato-lanceolatis, spinuloso-dentatis lobatisve, undu- latis, vario modo tortis; squamis involucri hemisphserici sub- ulato-lanceolatis, imbricatis, granuloso-scabridis, extimis tomen- loso-canescentibus ; ligulis (ut videtur flavis) 30-40 linearibus, prelongis ; pappo rufescente; acheniis sericeo-villosis. Of the tribe Senecionidez there are several novel plants, Which are not in sufficiently good state for satisfactory deter- mination. I notice, however, a new Balsamorhiza, unless it ^ should prove to be a form of B. deltoidea, Nutt., and what appears to be a new Cheenactis. There is also an Actinella, Which is perhaps a variety of A. Torreyana, with the heads immersed among the leaves, "The printing of the third part of the Flora of North America was arrested at a point which Just excluded the account of the most showy known species of this genus; one which Mr. Fremont collected in his first Journey, On the Wind River Chain of the Rocky Mountains, Dear the line of perpetual snow. I may be excused, therefore, or inserting its specific character in this place. Acrinetia GRANDIFLORA (Torr. & Gray, ined.) : depressa, “tomentosa ; caulibus numerosis e caudice crassa, simpli- ee 110 Gray, Characters of some cibus (4-5-uncialibus,) sparsim foliatis, monocephalis; foliis radicalibus pinnato-partitis demum glabratis, segmentis lineari- bus integerrimis vel 2-3-fidis, caulinis supremis linearibus fere integris ; squamis involucri valde lanati biseriatis, lineari- bus, «qualibus; pappi paleis circ. 6, angusto-lanceolatis, acuminatis, corollam disci subszequantibus.— Capitulum ratione pl. magnum, eaque Gaillardiz aristatze semulans. Besides one or two genuine species of Layia, the collection contains a new plant of the same isomorphous group, which, with entirely the aspect and floral structure of Callichroa (Calliglossa) Douglasii, and with what may be deemed the rudimentary representative of the peculiar plumose hairs of the pappus of Layia, has a proper pappus paleaceus, that dis- tinguishes it from both these genera. I propose, therefore, to describe it under a name indicative of its principal characteris- tic, and which may be taken as a subgeneric appellation, in case that future discoveries should require, as they not very impossibly may, the union of Layia, Callichroa, Calliglossa, and even Oxyura, into one genus. CALLIACHYRIS. Torr. & Gray, ined. Composite-Seneeionidee : Subtr Heleniee: Div. Madies. Omnia Callichros subgen. Calliglosse, Torr. & Gr.; sed - pappus paleaceus; paleis 10-12, subzequalibus, lanceolato- ovatis, subulato-aristatis, corolla paulo brevioribus, basi pilis 2-3 elongatis utrinque instructis. Corolle tubus pilosus - Herba annua vel biennis, facie omnino Callichroz = glossæ) Douglasii. C. Fremontu, Torr. & Gray, ined. — Mr. Fremont gathered the plant in the mountains of Cali- fornia, in March. _ The Cichoraceous plants of this collection apparently belong to known genera, and mostly to described species, ' with the ing very interesting exception. ieri m new Genera of Composita. 11t 2 ANISOCOMA. Torr. & Gray, ined. Composite-Cichoracew : Subtribe Scorzoneres. Capitulum pluriflorum. Involucrum cylindraceum ; squamis subscariosis adpressis obtusis; interioribus 5-7 lineari-oblongis subzqualibus; exterioribus 4-6 multo brevioribus, subrotundis, , imbricatis et quasi. calyculatis. Receptaculum planum, squa- mellis nonnullis piliformibus inter flores exteriores onustum. Achenia turbinato-fusiformia, sericeo-pilosa, erostria. Pap- pus duplex; exterior coroniformis, crenulatus, persistens ; in- terior e setis denis rigidulis uniserialibus, basi nudis, supra medium plumosis constans, decidua, inequalis; nempe setis 5 corollam subeequantibus, et 5 alternantibus iisdem dimidio brevioribus. — Herba annua (biennisve?) glabra, acaulis ; foliis. radicalibus linearibus pinnatifidis, lobis brevi- bus, hine inde mucronato-denticulatis. Scapi simplices, nudi, spithamzei, monocephali, foliis multo longiores. Capitu- um unciale. Flores lutei: pappus niveus.. A. acavLIS, Torr. & Gray. (Tab. XIH. Fig. 7—11.) The single specimen of this plant from which our figure is taken, Was not accompanied by any ticket or number, by which its particular habitat may be ascertained. à n conclusion, I have to offer my thanks to Mr. Isaac Sprague for the drawings which illustrate this brief paper. EXPLANATION OF TAB. XIIL Fig.1. Monopiilo S6 Paene : aM aud sulco Mo n bellidiformis, of the natural size. 2. The receptacle a deflexed irole. 3. A ray-flower. 4. A disk-flower. 5. Style from a disk- the a, 6. An achenium, crowned with the exterior coroniform pappus, and with meeeg inner pappus of a solitary plumose bristle, All but fig. 1, are variously . dut 7. Anisocoma acaulis, of the natural size. 8. Two of the setaceous pales sue. - 9. A separate flower, with the pappus. 10. An achenium, with bristle, or coroniform pappus. 11. One of the larger and I of the inner Pappus. All but fig. 7 are magnified. * 112 Boott’s Descriptions of six 4 Ed Art. IX. — DESCRIPTIONS OF SIX NEW NORTH AMERICAN CARI- CES. By Francis Boorr, M.D., F.R. and L.S., Corresponding Member of the Society. Communicated October, 1842. ^C. Boorrrana, Bentham MSS. New Orleans, Drummond, No. 560. 1833. Drorca! spicis cylindricis, nudis, basi attenuatis. Stig. 3. Perigyniis (floriferis) obovatis, erostratis, obtusis, hirsutis, ore subintegro, squama lata, obovata, acuminato-cuspidata, rubro- purpurea, apice albo-membranaceá angustioribus breviori- busque. Culmus gracilis, debilis, scaber, octopollicaris, superne nudus. Folia culmi brevia, angusta, vaginantia ; radicalia longissima, 3-2 lin. lata, carinata, scaberrima, culmum sepe plus duplo superantia. Spica mascula 12-14 lin. longa, lin. lata: feminea 17-2 poll. longa, 1j lin. lata (uno exemplo sSpicá minori ad basin superioris arcté contigua, aucta.) Squamz omnes late, obovate, abrupte acuminato-cuspidate, apice albo-membranacez, tenuissimé ciliate, sanguineo-pur- puree, nervo pallido. Stig. 3, longissima. Perigynium (floriferum) 1j lin. longum, 3 lin. latum, oblongo-obovatum, basi attenuatum, hirsutum, apice serrulatum, viride, purpureo tinctum, ore integro vel bidentato. “2. C. nvariwa, Boott. Texas, Drummond. Spica e spiculis 3-5 composita, basi masculis, alternis, ap proximatis ; terminali pedunculatá, inferiori bracteatá. Stig. 2: Perigyniis ovatis, acuminato-rostratis, antice oblique fissis, margine latiusculà albo-hyaliná alatis, serrulatis, squamá t ovati acuta, pallidé ferruginea longioribus. © : Cespitosa. Culmus sesquipedalis, debilis, sulcatus, 50 - perne scaber. Folia 3-1 lin. lata, culmo breviora, apic* * new North American Carices. 113 attenuato-scabra * ligula pallide ferruginea, truncata. Spica glauca, colore pallide ferrugineo tincta, subsesqui-pollicaris : in maturis, e spiculis 3-4, inferiori interdum -longè setaceo- bracteata ; in junioribus, ex eadem cespite anté anthesin, e spiculis 5, duabus vel tribus inferioribus setaceo-bracteatis, composita. Squamæ scariose, pallide ferruginesm. Spicule 4-6 lin. longze, 3 lin. late: ; terminalis basi attenuata, peduncu- lata, infima interdum bracteà trinervi setaceá hispida, spicam superante, suffulta. Perigynium 2! lin. longum, 1 lin. latum ovatum, acuminatum, rostratum, bidentatum, anticé oblique fissum, leviter nervosum, divergens, apice viride, basi strami- neo-pallidum, margine albo-hyalina, undulata, tenuissime ser- rulatà cinctum. Achenium 1: lin. longum, oblongo ellipti- cum, stramineo-pallidum, pellucidé puncticulatum, basi styli equali terminatum. 7 3. C. stczrormis, Boott. New Orleans, Drummond. No. 432. Spica decomposita, nuda, subpedali; ramis superioribus abbreviatis, congestis; inferioribus elongatis, remotiusculis, Selaceo-bracteatis. Spiculis parvis, apice (superioribus ovatis interdum omnino) masculis. Stig. 2. Perigyniis ovatis in rostrum. lineare longissimum subalatum serrulatum bicuspi- datum productis, nervosis, squama ovata mucronata scariosa triplo longioribus, , Vulmus tripedalis et altior, superne nudus, angulis acutis- "nA, scabris. Folia 6 lin. lata, culmum superantia, superne marginibus dentieulato-scabra; vaginis membranaceis - præ- - Spica 7-12 poll longa; 1-2 poll. lata: spieule bracteis brevibus setaceis suffulte. Squamæ pallid scariose. *ri&ynium 3 lin. longum, ¢ lin. latum, plano-convexum, ner- vosum ; rostro (2 lin. | : è ala ice altissime in. longo) anguste alato, antice * Achenium 1 lin. longum, è lin. latum, ovatum, acumina- um, stramineo- pallidum, basi styli incrassato terminatum. 3 8 | VOL, v, * * 114 Boott's Descriptions of six / 4. C. Curisryana. Boott. Texas, Drummond. Spicis masculis 3, cylindricis, mediá sessili, reliquis pedun- culatis: fcemineis, 6-7, remotis, interdum apice masculis, oblongis vel cylindricis, exserté pedunculatis, erectis, mediis ternatis geminatisque; extremis solitariis. Stig. 3. Peri- gyniis triguetro-ovatis, acuminatis, breve rostratis, ore scarioso oblique fisso, squamá ovata acuta longioribus. Culmus bipedalis, superne gracillimus, basi foliosus, pars spicas gerens pedalis. Folia crebra, 1-1} lin. lata (junioribus setaceis mixta), attenuata, culmum subzequantia, marginibus scabra. Bracteæ vaginantes, foliaceze ; superiores setace®. Vaginæ inferiores pollicares. Spice — pallide, concolores, pollicares: mascule 1-3 lineas late, approximate, infima ` vaginata, setaceo-bracteata: foemines 3 lin. late, remote, ex- sert& pedunculate : medie ternate geminateque : extreme solitarize : vel omnino fæmìneæ, vel plus minus apice masculé: Pedunculi setacei, hispidi. Squamæ mascule obtuse, mar gine scariose ; foeminew acute, scariose, glabra, vel apice dorso scabree. — Perigynium 23 lin. longum, ? lin. latum, ov tum, triquetrum, obsoleté nervosum, glabrum vel superne mat- gine scabriusculum, rostro cylindrico brevi acuminato-attenua- tum, ore hyalino, oblique fisso. Achenium perigynio plis quam dimidio minus, triquetrum, stramineo-pallidum, basi styl equali terminatum. Stig. 3, longs. Amiciss. W. Christy, F. L. S., eheu ! nimium cito mortuus benevolé communicavit. C. Cherokeénsis, Schw.? ex icone monog. N. Am. Carice & 25, fig. l, et e descrip. spicis ovato-cylindricis, solitariis perigyniis bidentdis foliis rigidiusculis gaudet. Forsan tame? planta Drummondiana hic referende. 5. C. microponra. Torr. Galveston Bay, Texas, Drummond, 3d Coll. No. 439. : © picis masculis 2~4-superioribus contiguis, sessilibus; * " new North American Carices. 115 feriori subremotá incluse pedunculata ; extremis majoribus: femineis 3—4 cylindricis, acutis, remotis, exserte-pedunculatis, apice masculis. Stig. 3. Perigyniis (floriferis) oblongis, ob- tusis, nervosis, ore aperto subemarginato, squamá ovata cus- pidatà brevioribus. Radix repens, rudimentis foliorum striatis lanceolatis acutis tectus, fibris lignosis instructus. Culmus 1—1 1 pedalis, gracilis, obtusangulus, sulcatus, glaber, vel apice scabriusculus, basi foliatus ; pars spicas gerens pedalis, e basi ad apicem bracteis vaginantibus instructus. Folia 11-23 lin. lata, culmo bre- Via. Bractee vaginantes, large foliacea, culmum super- antes, serrato-scabres; vagine 3 lin. ad 2 poll longs. Spice mascule 2-4 ; extrem: majores ; terminalis 1—1 1 poll. longa : superiores contiguze, sessiles, inferiores bracteate ; infima subremota, inclusé pedunculata ; squamis pallide ferru- gineis, lanceolatis, cuspidatis. Spice feminee 3-4, erecte, 12-15 lin. longz, 1 lin. late; e masculis et inter se inter- valis sub 2-3 pollicaribus remote, exserté pedunculate, acute, basi sublaxifloree, superior vel binc superiores apice mascule ; pedunculis strictis 1-91 poll. longis. Squame uni- nerviæ, pallidze, margine scariose, ovate, longè hispido-cuspi- ate. Perigynium (immaturum) 18 lin. longum, $ lin. la- tum, nervosum, obtusum, olivaceum ; ore aperto subemarginato. 6. C. ALvEATA. Boott. Texas, Drummond, 3d Coll. No. 440, 441. Spicá mascula 1, cylindrica: femineis 2—4 ; superiori vel ) rioribus ‘ M one binis supe ovata, acuta vel cuspidata, trinervosá, paululum brevioribus. . “adix repens. Culmus subpedalis acutangulus, scaber, pars Picas gerens 3-5. pollicaris, Folia 1-2 lin. lata, culmum su- ntia vel eo breviora, marginibus apiceque attenuata scabra.. Bractee superiores squameforme, setaceo- 116 snow on the identity of cuspidate, "hui crescentes, foliaceee, vaginate, culmum subequantes ; vagine superiores obsolete, infima 4-7 lin. longa. Spica mascula pollicaris, 2 lin. lata, sessilis vel pe- dunculata. Squam:e mascule ferruginez, margine pallide, late ovate, obtuse ; nervo viridi in squamis inferioribus infra apicem evanescente, in superioribus rarius in mucronem bre- vissimum producto. Spice fæmineæ 6-12 lin. longe, 2-3 lin, late: vel 2 erecta, superior subsessilis, inferior exserté pe- dunculata: vel 3-4; superior vel bine superiores apice mas- cule, una vel dus spice mascule approximata, sessilis vel brevi inclusé-pedunculate : inferiora remota, longè exserte pe dunculata, rarius basi composita. Squam:e fceminez late, Ovatæ, acute, medio viridi, 3-4 nervose, ferruginee : inferiores cuspidate. Perigynium 1% lin. longum, $ lin. latum, olivaceum, costato-nervosum (nervis albis); glabrum ; ore aperto integro. Achenium (vix maturam) 1? lin. longum, $ lin. latum, fuscum. j ' An. C. microdonta distincta? Differt numero spicarum; squamis omnibus plerumque obtusis, £rinervatis ; foliis me tioribus apice attenuatis. T. X. — AN ATTEMPT TO PROVE THAT COTTUS COGNATUS OF endi", COTTUS VISCOSUS OF HALDEMAN, AND URANI DEA QUIESCENS OF DE KAY, ARE ONE SPECIES, A: ARE IDENTICAL WITH COTTUS GOBIO OF LINN/JEUS. W. Avnrs, East Hartford, Ct. Is the Fauna Boreali-Americana, Dr. Richardson describes a fish, which he obtained from the Bear Lake, belonging t° the genus Cottus. He says it is very much like the River Bullhead, so common in Europe, and that he can hardly point out any characteristics which may distinguish it. €— mitted some of his specimens to Cuvier, and they wel returned with the note, “ tres semblable au C. gobio.” sil | he-thought it advisable to describe them as belonging 10? - E Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 117 ka distinct species ; he did so, applying the specific name cogna: tus. His account is very full and complete, and leaves us in no doubt in attempting to determine his species. In 1837? Mr. Haldeman published, in a small pamphlet, a brief notice of a Cottus, which he supposed to be new, and which he named viscosus. From his description, we could searcely identify the fish, but fortunately we have other means of information. In 1843, Dr. De Kay’s Report on the Fishes of New York; appeared. In the northern part of the State he had found a fish, which he supposed to be undescribed, and for which he felt compelled to institute a new genus. He called the genus Uranidea, from the position of the eyes ; the species he named quiescens. His description is by no means precise, and his figure is not accurately drawn; but, as in the case of the viscosus, we are able from other sources to decide with cer- tainty, in regard to the species intended by him. July 5, 1842, Mr. C. H. Olmsted brought to me two spe- cimens of Cottus, which had been taken in asmall stream, in Manchester, Ct. On examination, although I found that they agreed in all respects with Dr. Richardson's description, and Were evidently his C. cognatus, I was unable to see in what they differed from the Cottus gobio. In this Mr. Olmsted coincided with me; indeed, the opinion was first suggested by him. We visited the place where they were obtained, and found the species very abundant. I have since taken these fish, at different seasons of the year, of different sizes, and of both sexes; I have examined them closely, with the help of all the descriptions to which I could obtain access; - Thave tried them by their internal anatomy, and by their external appearance, and I cannot come to any other conclu- “on, than that they are identical with the Miller’s Thumb, or River Bullhead, which is found so abundantly in the streams ! hout many parts of Europe. ^ ^ — mr : We know, from unquestionable testimony, that the species of Mr. Haldeman and Dr. De Kay are identical with the one & 118 . Ayres on the identity of now under consideration. It seems to me, therefore, certain, that the three specific names, cegnatus, viscosus, and quiescens, and the generic name Uranidea, should be suppressed, as referring to a species which had been before described as Cottus gobio. ‘The correctness of this opinion I will endeavor to show in the following pages. The best description of the gobio which I have been able to find, is that given by Artedi. My attempt will be to show the perfect resemblance which our fish bears to the one de- ‘scribed by him. The descriptions by Bloch and Cuvier would also be introduced, but want of space forbids. The account of Artedi is in Latin, of which I give a translation as correct and faithful as I can make it. The title by which he distinguishes the species is, “ Cottus alepidotus, glaber, capite diacantho.” His description is as follows. « 1. Head transversely flattened, broader than the body it self, more convex and unequal above than below. 2. Body gradually tapering from the head to the tail, and almost conically-terete, or a little Sompeimed toward the tail; three or four inches long. 3. Snouta little curved apvd jaws of almost the same -e - It cannot be distinguished whether the nostrils are dou- in or single, but there is found on each side a little valve; 9' barbule, very short and scarcely observable,in the place where the nostrils are commonly seen. 5. The eyes are not in the sides, but above, in the middle part of the head, very near to each other: pupil green; iris dusky yellow. 6. One of the plates of the head on each side ends in & point, bent in and recurved Ti Branchiostegous Mersan convex, and, as it were puffed out with air, containing six curved rays on each side. - 8. Mouth quite large and toothed, and indeed | | _ «. Many litile teeth, situated in more rows than oe k: side, on the limbs of the maxillaries. La d Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 119 . 8. In the anterior part of the palate is a little bone, rough with small teeth. ; « y. In the throat above are two little bones, rounded, rough with small teeth ; and below, between the branchiz, also two, smaller and more oblong, sprinkled with little teeth. The middle of the palate, and the tongue are smooth. 9. The lateral line is very conspicuous, almost straight, or in the anterior part bending a little toward the belly. 10. Skin scaleless, slippery, and somewhat mucous. ll. Color dusky, or tawny yellow, on the back and sides, but marked with spots or blotches, somewhat large and black, sometimes transverse and sometimes irregular, on the posterior part of the body. Head above blackish ; belly whitish. 12. Pectoral, anal, dorsal, and caudal fins varied with black and yellowish. 13. Fins on the back two, almost contiguous to each other. The anterior one is small, of seven short rays, which are un- divided at the apex, but still not simple. The membrane of this fin is red on the upper margin. The second dorsal fin is almost joined to the first, varied with black spots, of seventeen rays, sometimes sixteen, undivided on the apex; the middle ones longest. 14. The pectoral fins are varied with black spots, large, Somewhat rounded at the end, of fourteen rays, of which the middle Ones are longest, the extreme ones shortest. All undi- vided at the apex, except two or three in some specimens. - The membrane does not extend to the summit of the rays, Whence these fins are on the margin, as it were, serrated. — i 15. The ventral fins are whitish, small, situated beneath, like the pectorals, of four rays, of which the two middle ones oo longest, the last one undivided at the apex ; the rest are, at the apex, bifid. : _ 16. The anal fin is also spotted, of thirteen rays, some- times fourteen, undivided at the apex ; the middle ones are » as in the other fins. ae | .. Vi. The caudal fin'is varied with black and dusky spots, of LI x» 120 Ayres on the identity of eight rays, long and much branched at the apex, except the extreme ones, which are smaller and undivided. At the end the fin is not entirely even, but a little rounded. 18. Branchiz on each side four, of which the two middle ones are provided with a double row of somewhat rough tuber- cles on the concave side. 19, Liver large and undivided, of which the greater part is situated on the left side; of a clay color. 20. Stomach large, and round like a little bag, filled with small coleopterous insects. Four oblong appendages at the lorus un Intestine once reflexed, then running straight to the anus. 22. The seminal vessels of the males, or the ovaries of the females, seem indeed double, but in the lower part they unite, and are included in a very black membrane. 93. Kidneys and urinary vessels quite large, are seen in the lower part of the abdomen. . 94. Peritoneum blackish. . 95. Vertebrz generally thirty-one, much EE on the sides. Ribs about ten on each side, slightly fixed to the vertebrz by cartilage. Inches, Lines. Entire length, 9: 9 from the snout to the maddie af the pene 2 to the spines on the side of the head, 9 s pamening of the pectoral fins, 6 " : ventral, 6; H d first dorsal, — á * end of the same, " 1 2 * beginning of the anal fin, a We oe * end of the same, oe of . od " second dorsal, 2... oh *. beginning of the caudal fin, 25 4 “Greatest breadth of the head, ` : ü 1 e = at the pectorals, . » -— €. aged: perpendicular to the anus, . -> 47 4 m ub « to the caudal, L1 + Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 12] I have thus given, as I believe, a correct and literal transla- tion of Artedi’s description. The perfect and very remark- able agreement of this with our fish, I will presently endeavor to show; and I may here remark that this account, though written more than a hundred years since, is more exact and precise than any other which I have been able to find, Though one or two points might, apparently, be amended, yet taken as a whole, the description is most admirable, and reflects great credit on its author ; it is, in fact, vastly better than the majority of the descriptions which are published in our day. _ I will now attempt to prove that the specimens which we obtain in Connecticut present nothing by which they may be specifically separated from those of Europe, and that, of course, the name by which they should be known is Cottus gobio. In order to do this, I will, in the first place, give a descrip- tion, drawn from specimens taken in Manchester, Ct. And though I have taken a single one as a basis, whose measure- ments, &c., I have given, the account is not drawn from a single fish. I have examined very numerous specimens, living and dead, of all their different sizes, of both sexes, and at almost all seasons of the year, and points in which I should have been in error from an inspection of one fish, have been Corrected from an examination of many. The dimensions are not those of a specimen of the largest size. Entire length, two inches and six-tenths; length to the middle of the eyes, two-tenths ; to the end of the preopercu- Spine, nine-twentieths; to the beginning of the pecto- rals, five-tenths; to the origin of the ventrals, eleven- twentieths ; to the beginning of the first dorsal, seven-tenths ; to the end of the same, one inch and three-twentieths ; to the end of the second dorsal, one inch and nineteen-twen- tieths; to the beginning of the anal fin, one inch and two- tenths; to the end of the same, one inch and eight tenths ; to the inning of the caudal fin, two inches and one-tenth. $ 199 Ayres on the identity of Greatest breadth of the head, six-tenths ; at the pectoral fins, nine-twentieths ; at the anus, three-tenths ; at the cardi fin, one-tenth. Mouth, seven-twentieths of an inch in width, plentifully supplied with teeth. In the upper jaw we find the inter- maxillaries, which are short, densely crowded with them; they are small, very sharp pointed, and sometimes curved. In the lower jaw they are also very numerous, the band of them becoming broader and more dense toward the front part of the jaw. "The vomer is covered with them, as are also the upper pharyngeals (forming a rounded patch on each,) and the lower pharyngeals, which are longer and narrow. ‘The palatine bones and the tongue are smooth. The eyes are situated on the top of the head, three-twen- tieths of an inch in length, elliptical in form, one-tenth of an inch from each other. The lateral line arises at the superior angle of the opercu- lum, and bending very slightly downward, passes back nearly straight to the caudal fin. A row of large and distinct mu- cous pores begins at the front of the lower jaw, and passes back on each side, as far as to the end of the preoperculum. Besides these there are numerous pores, much smaller, scat- tered irregularly on the top and sides of the head. The nostrils are very difficult to distinguish. When the skin is removed, the nasal cavity is found extending almost the whole distance from the orbit of the eye to the maxillary bone. When the skin, however, is in place, this is not dis cernible, and all that we can see is a small aperture, some what tubular, apparently single, opening directly into the centre of the cavity. Around it are several of the mucous pores, one or two appearing to communicate with the cavity; but the only proper opening of the nostrils is, I believe, the one already mentioned. | -.. On each side of the head are two spines. One of them is at the inferior angle of the preoperculum ; it is short Stou Mns: flattened vertically, curved — ending Coltus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 193 in a point not very sharp. It is not prominent, but easily felt by passing the finger from behind forward, covered entirely with the skin, and only about one-twentieth of an inch in projecting extent. The other is smaller and not so strong; it is situated at the anterior inferior angle of the operculum. Until the integuments are removed it is by no means easily seen, though it can be distinguished. It is not prominent, and the finger may be passed over it in the opposite direction to that in which it points, that is from before backward, with- out detecting it unless close attention is given. When the skin, however, is taken off, it is apparent at once. It is only about half the length of the preopercular spine, and is less curved. These four (two on each side) are all the spines that I have been able to detect on the head. The operculum ends in a flattened point, but it is not worthy of being called a spine, being weak and flexible. The skin is smooth, scaleless, covered with a thick mucous Secretion. The body tapers from the head gradually ; it is Tounded at first, but toward the tail it becomes compressed. — The branchial membrane is thin, nearly transparent. The fish, like most others of the genus, often inflates it to the ut- most when it is taken from the water, and the membrane c remains in this condition even after the fish is The colors are various, scarcely any two specimens being alike in this respect. The younger ones almost always have colors more strongly marked than the adult fish, the groundwork being lighter and the bands darker. The more Senéral arrangement of the colors may, perhaps, be stated ds; the prevailing color of the side light yellowish brown, With numerous blotches of darker brown, sometimes but not -ays amounting to irregular vertical bands which occasion- ally cover the greater part of the side. The head is in gen- et. darker than the body. The under side of the body, from - lower jaw to the caudal fin, is yellowish white. The first sal fin is of a light brown, with dark spots, and occasion- 194 3 Ayres on the identity of ally with bands; the upper margin of the fin is red. The second dorsal, pectorals, and caudal are colored like the first dorsal, except that they are destitute of the red margin. The ventrals are nearly transparent. The anal is like the second dorsal, but not quite so dark. The first dorsal arises seven-tenths of an inch from the tip of the upper jaw; it is nine-twentieths of an inch in length, four-twentieths in height, rounded, highest at about the fourth or fifth ray. The rays are feebly spinous. The second dorsal arises at the termination of the first. It is sixteen-twentieths of an inch in length, six-twentieths in height, somewhat rounded, the rays articulated but not . branched. "The pectorals originate at the termination of the branchial membrane; they are oblique in their insertion, so that the posterior point of their origin is about even with the tip of the operculum, and in advance of the first dorsal. "They are five- twentieths of an inch in length, twelve-twentieths in height, rounded, highest at the fifth ray counting from the top. The tips of the rays extend beyond the membrane, so that the fin appears digitate. The rays are articulated, and all simple. (I have not found any in which the rays were not simple; though it may not be a constant character.) The ventrals are situated on a line with the posterior eX tremity of the origin of the pectorals. "They are one-tenth of an inch in length, nine-twentieths, in height. The anal arises nineteen-twentieths of an inch from the tip of the upper jaw. It is thirteen-twentieths of an inch in length, seven-twentieths in height, somewhat rounded. — The caudal fin is five-twentieths in length, ten-twentieths in height, not quite even at the extremity, but a little em Branchial rays. 6. Fin rays; D. 8— 16; A. 10; Deeg P. 14; €. 10. I will give now a description of the abdominal organs as 1 have found them to exist in the species under consideration. ne: ] the internal structure as a matter of the greatest Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 125 importance in settling a question of identity in species, since it presents characters much less likely to prove variable than those which are merely external. The liver is large and rounded; it occupies the whole breadth of the abdomen, and in a fish of the size described (two inches and six-tenths) is three tenths of an inch in length. It is light yellowish red in color, entire, showing but one lobe ; the greater part of it lies on the left side. The stomach is large and rounded ; the «esophagus enters it near its extremity on the left, the pylorus is situated at the opposite end. The ceca are four, oblong, blunt, and rounded, placed around the intestine close to the pylorus; the longest, in a fish of two inches and six-tenths, is two-tenths of an inch iù length. The intestinal canal, which is narrow, runs back a little distance, turns forward and passes almost to the pylorus, and then turning again runs nearly straight to the The ovaries are two, elongated, rounded in front, tapering posteriorly. Before their termination they apparently unite and become one. Still I think the excretory duct is not single, but double. As to this, however, I have not been able to satisfy myself entirely ; if the duct is double the two branches are very closely connected. The membrane sur- rounding the ovaries is dotted with black. The organs of the male are somewhat similar in form to the ovaries of the female, but are more angular in front. They are much lighter in color, being almost white, and do not unite into one but con- Unue separate throughout their whole length. The seminifer- ous ducts are very apparent, and pass back perfectly distinct from each other, opening posterior to the anus. = The kidneys extend more than half the length of the abdo- ae No traces of a urinary bladder can be discerned. A Urniferous duct passes back on each side; as it descends to "5 termination it is posterior to the one from the generative organs but opens, I think, at the same place with it. The 126 =, Ayres on the identity of This completes my description. And now in what does our fish differ from the European. The general shape of the body, all its proportions, the jaws, the peculiar structure of the nostrils, the situation of the eyes, the branchial membrane and rays, the teeth in their various positions (except the max- illaries) the lateral line, the surface of the body, the colors, the position and colors of the fins, all agree in the most com- plete and perfect manner. The only points in which there is the slightest want of coincidence are, the spines on the side of the head, the teeth on the maxillaries, and the tubercles on the branchial arches. In regard to the preopercular and opercular spines, it may be remarked that this is one of the items in which Artedi and Bloch do not agree in their description of the European fish. Of course one of them must be wrong, and from the nature of the case it seems probable that Artedi is the one who is if error. In our American fish the opercular spine is very small and will not be detected without close observation, and in the gobio it may very easily have escaped the notice of Artedi. Bloch mentions two spines, but his description and figure contradict each other. The figure agrees with our specimens but the description does not. The want of correspondence, therefore, between our fish and this part of Artedi's descrip- tion seems a matter of very little value, and one on which no argument can be founded for the separation of the species. In regard to the teeth we have another point of discrepancy. Artedi says they are “on each side on the limbs of the max- illaries." There is here also, apparently, an error in Artedi's | account, because it contradicts the common, and almost uni- versal, arrangement of the teeth in fish. "The teeth of the upper jaw are in general situated on the intermazillaries. In- deed I know of no fish in which there are teeth on the max- illaries, with none on the intermaxillaries, as Artedi has stated in regard to the gobio. © I have written thus far in reference to these items of difer ence, in order to show that they present no argument against - Li Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. Hn the specific identity of the American and European fish, even were we destitute of other means of proof. But very fortu- nately we are not thus destitute. Through the kindness of Mr. Yarrell, the distinguished English ichthyologist, I am in possession of specimens of the undoubted Cottus gobio. And to my esteemed friend James J. Bolton, Esq. of Cambridge, England, I am indebted for others, taken in the Avon near Bath, and received in very perfect condition, having been in spirits only the little time requisite for reaching this country. I have examined these specimens very closely, and have com- pared them with ours (from Connecticut) and by this examin- ation I am only rendered (if possible) more firm in my belief that the European and American species are identical. Two instances of discrepancy have presented themselves, containing specific characters which appeared of some impor- lance; I refer to the spines on the head, and the teeth in the upper jaw. I have said of each of them, in the preceding pages, that the discrepancy originated in an error of Artedi, and have perhaps been thought presumptuous in thus assert- Ang. I did it, however, on what seemed to me absolute au- thority, an examination of perfect specimens of the species to which his description refers. I find in particular that the two ‘pines on the sides of the head, the opercular and preopercu- 5 are precisely alike in the fish of both countries. The minute opercular spine, pointing downward and forward, ex- ists in the English specimens exactly as in those from Con- necticut; It is certainly singular, but it is nevertheless true, that this little spine has been overlooked by every describer cept Bloch, and even he, as I have already mentioned, has them erroneously, though the error is perhaps caused. bya transposition in copying or in printing. — = The teeth in the upper jaw, also, no longer present any difficulty, They conform, as we might suppose, to the ordi- nary arrangement of the teeth in fishes, that is, they are sit- “ated on the intermaxillaries, These bones are short, not Aa the two I cannot assert, for I have not had an opportunity 198 LS Ayres on the identity of half the length of the maxillaries, densely crowded with short teeth. The maxillaries are destitute of teeth. One thing more remains, the structure of the branchial arches.. It is at the most a matter of very small importance, for Artedi’s account simply implies that the outer and inner arches may be without tubercles, though it makes no assertion at all in regard to them. But small as it is it cannot lv allowed to stand, for where it would make a difference no difference exists. A double row of tubercles on the second and third arches, and a single row on the first and fourth are found in all my specimens. The last point, therefore, of apparent discrepancy is gone; the resemblance is perfect. But I will not dwell upon this at present. We come now to consider the abdominal anato- my of the fish ; and here if the two species are not identical we may expect to find a difference. But it is here that we have, as I think, our strongest reasons for believing that the gobio is the fish which we find in America. It was this which removed every doubt from my own mind and fully satisfied me that the three or four nominal species were ac tually but one. The liver, the stomach, the ceca, the in- testine, the urinary organs correspond in the most minute particulars not merely in description, but on actual comparison by dissection. If we examine with the greatest care each - item in the account of the anatomy which Artedi has given us, and then compare them with those which I have present- ed, in the description of our own fish, we shall find that the two accounts might have been drawn from the same specimens, it every respect except one ; that is a part, of what relates to the generative organs. Phases in the male, continue distinct throughout their whole length, instead of uniting posteriorly into one; and neither they nor the ovaries of the female are included in a membrane which is * very black." - That the organs of the male do not perfectly correspond i a male of the European fish, and it may be that # Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus-gobio. . 199 comparison would do what it has done in the previous cases of apparent difficulty, only serve to strengthen our argument. But in the female, the membrane surrounding the ovaries. is certainly ** very black,” while in our fish it is only dotted with + black. Here isa difference ; and to it we can afford to allow its full weight, for it is the only one which we can find, either external or internal. Is it sufficient to separate the species? At the least, we may doubt. Here then we may rest the argument, as to the identity of the European species with the one which we find in Connecti- cut. "Three or four points of apparent difference presented themselves; but they were only apparent, and have disap- peared, with the exception of one solitary item. What rea- son then have we for supposing that fish, which correspond 80 perfectly, are specifically distinct. If both occurred in the Waters of this country, it would seem a matter beyond ques- tion that they should be arranged under one name. And though their specific identity is an exception to the rule which prevails in regard to the fresh water fishes of Europe and America, and consequently may be by some considered improbable, still the perfect coincidence between the two will not allow me to doubt, and I must conclude therefore that the Cottus gobio is a native of America and is found in at least . One stream in Connecticut. | I have thus far attempted to prove but the first point which Was proposed. It now remains to be shown that this species has been described, as an inhabitant of North America, by three authors ; and that they have applied to it two generic, and three specific names. We will take the descriptions in their chronological order. The first is that of Dr. Richardson. - If we examine his account we shall find that tbroughout the . Whole of it, his object is to show that his fish is distinct from gobio, apparently a very difficult matter, and one in -regard to Which he is not able fully to convince even himself. He says on comparing his specimens ver) minutely with an English VOL. y, | 9 Vaiss 130 — ^ Ayres on the identity of specimen of the gobio, the principal difference he could detect was, in the American fish, a ** greater height of the dorsal and anal fins." He mentions two other points of discrepancy. » One of these was in regard to the first dorsal fin which, in the American spécimens, was about a twelfth of an inch longer than in the English, occasioning a corresponding decrease of length in the space between the first and second dorsals. 1f this character were constant it might be of some value ; but it is not. The dorsals of the gobio vary much more than the small fractions of an inch here referred to. In one of those sent me by Mr. Yarrell the interval between the first and second dorsals is two and a half lines, the fish being four - inches in length. (These are precisely the numbers stated by Dr. Richardson, and it is possible that the specimen now in my possession is the very one from which his measurements were taken; it certainly agrees with them in every respect.) In one of those received from Mr. Bolton there is no interval between the fins; they unite so pérfectly that the membrane of the first dorsal is attached to the first ray of the second to the height of a twelfth of an inch. In another the two fins unite, but not so strongly, the membrane of the first dorsal reaching to the base of the first ray of the second. In another there is an interval between the two, but it is less than in the first instance. And the length of the first dorsal varies according to the union of the two fins or the space be tween them. The discrepancy noted in this case is, therefore, of no importance. In regard to the height of the dorsal and i! fins it may observed, that the comparison was made by means cimens preserved in alcohol, from which the measurements . could scarcely be taken with so much accuracy as from the recent fish. I do not mean to imply that Dr. Richardson is i error here, for I have no means of knowing that such is. the fact ; but certainly, a difference amounting to but little more - than a twelfth of an inch, for that is the greatest — Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gao. 131 tioned, may be under such circumstances, without- hesitation pronounced tó be slight. But one thing remains — a little diversity of shape in the branchial rays. In the English specimen they were stronger and flatter. Now from all this what must we infer? Of course we may take Dr. Richardson's testimony in his own favor ; for his endeavor was to show that. his species was distinct from gobio, and taking that testimony what does it prove P Does it prove a want of specific identity? If it does, that want of identity depends upon two things ; the slight diversity in the _ branchial rays, and the discrepancy (if we may call it so) ix the dorsal fins. That these are sufficient to establish a dis- tinct species I cannot believe. It appears to me that varia- tions no greater than these are only what we may find in a dozen different specimens of almost any species, particularly a Species belonging to a genus so variable as Cottus. And I cannot but be persuaded, therefore, that Dr. Richardson would have acted more correctly if he had yielded to his own convictions, and given us a description of his Bear Lake speci- mens under the old name gobio. _ And that the little fish which we find in Connecticut is Identical with the one described under the name cognatus " does not, I think, need further argument. * The two descrip- tions already given (Dr. Richardson’s and the one from the Connecticut specimens) fully show that this is the case. 2 1 Cannot see m what respects these two accounts do not per- 1y correspond, and why they may not apply to the same To institute a detailed comparison between the o, tions, item by item, seems an unnecessary wearying of aa tience, though it might be done with the most perfect cer- = tanty of a satisfactory result. I have examined them and the living specimens with the most rigid scrutiny, and I be- lieve that the fish which was the cause of my —— species which 1S P'ésent communication is identical with the found in the Great Bear Lake. : 139 * Ayres on the identity of We come now to speak of the Cottus viscosus of Mr. Halde- man and Uranidea quiescens of Dr. De Kay. Of these, how- ever, our notice may be brief, for we are fortunately in pos- session of the means of determining at once to what they refer. Iwill copy the account given by Mr. Haldeman, and endeavor to show that the description contains gps which may prevent its referring to the same species. It was published in a pamphies; containing other descrip- -nn and i is as follows. OTTUS ViSCOSUS. Body very slender, yellowish cloud- pm black, the first dorsal fin edged with a very nar- row line of orange. The fin rays are, D. 7 —17; P. 14; V.3; A. 12; C. 13, of which 11 are long. "Total length, — 3 inches. Snout to first dorsal ray, 0.84, and from here to the last dorsal ray, 1.5. The anus is midway between the snout and base of the caudal rays. "The lateral line is straight from the middle of the first dorsal fin backward. Hab. — ern Pennsylvania. Obs. “ae resembles C. gobio, but the proportions are d "This is m whole description. It is scüircel sufficient to enable us to determine to what jit refers, but so far as it goes; it agrees with our fish, and, as I believe, with gobio. Mr Haldeman says it differs from this latter species in its propor- 4 tions, but if so, they must be proportions which he has not mentioned here, for these correspond most perfectly. There is but one thing more to be considered, the species described by Dr. De Kay. He has attempted to’ establish # new genus, but I cannot see that it is needed. In Cottus, taking the description which Dr. De Kay has Li himself given, we have the “ Head large, depressed. Body without scales. Dorsals distinct, or slightly connected. Ven — trals under the pectorals, and with three or four rays. ; de, or preopercle, armed with spines, occasionally both. Tee h velvet like, on the jaws and anterior part of the vomer. Here we have every character of Uranidea, except — Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 138 two “Eyes nearly vertical,’ and “teeth on the tongue.” That these two would be of themselves sufficient to separate a genus, we may doubt ; but we need not allow even them to remain. In all the species of the genus Cottus with which I am acquainted, the eyes are situated very near the top of the head; and in C. Grenlandicus and C. eneus, the character, “Eyes nearly vertical," may be applied with as much propriety as in Uranidea. As to the other item, * Teeth on the tongue,” I must be- lieve that Dr. De Kay has made a mistake, even in the description of his own species; for I have examined numerous ‘imens of it, and in them the tongue is certainly smooth. t may be, however, that the one described by him presented: an exception to the general rule in the species, for I find a. somewhat analogous case in a. pecimen of my own, which shows three or four teeth on each of the palatine bones, simi- lar to the teeth on the vomer, while in all my other specimens those bones are perfectly smooth. There. is not, therefore, a single point in which Uranidea differs from Cottus, and the species, quiescens, whic Dr. De Kay has described, is not entitled to rank as the type of à new genus.» And apparently its claim to be considered a new species is no better. In the description we find nothing * which May prevent our believing that it relates to Cottus gobio. As to the proportions, we cannot judge, for they are not given. The only items in which the description fails to ‘Ome Perfectly with the species to which the present commu- nication refers, are... the teeth on the tongue — the rays of the ventrals— and the branchial rays. Of the first of these I have already spoken. ‘The second is like the first; itið ~ + "Pparently caused by an error in the description. The deh- = p, Pine of the ventrals probably escaped the notice of Dr. Kay, and the soft rays seem, in many instances, to be - ho ntil the integuments are removed. All my specimens, Wever, show that they are four, and that, of course, the fin contains five rays. The last mentioned difference I count of - $ 134 Ayres on the identity of very little value, for the branchial rays, like those of the fins, so often vary in their number, that very little dependence can be put upon them. Dr. Richardson even goes so far as to say; that there is commonly a difference of one ray in the | right and left sides of the same specimen. I have not found them to vary so uniformly as this, still they do not furnish a . character which is by any means constant. We may, doubt, therefore, whether a difference no greater than this, and en- . tirely unsupported by any other, is worth regarding. . Butit has been mentioned that we have other means of settling the identity of C. viscosus and U. quiescens with our species, than simply trusting to the descriptions, and to that we now come. Mr. C. H. Olmsted, of East Hartford, Ct., in May, 1843, while in Albany, was examining the collection of fishes, &c., belonging to the State, the results of the r survey. Among them he found one, which Dr. Emmons informed him was the identical specimen from which Dr. De Kay drew up his description of U. quiescens. Mr. Haldeman was present at the same time, and said that that was also his C. viscosus. Here, then, we have testimony, which is all that. we need. Mr. Olmsted is perfectly familiar with the spe jes which we find in Connecticut, and which both he and myself. believe to be the Cottus gobio. He could not possibly have. mistaken any other for it; and he assures me that it is identi- . cal with the fish in the New York collection, the Uranidea of Dr. De Kay. It was this which induced me to say, that Í had examined large numbers of specimens of Dr. De Kays species, and was satisfied that he was in an error, in regard to the teeth on the tongue, and the ventral rays. For knowing + from Mr. Olmsted that the description referred to our Cor. a necticut fish, I considered myself justified in so saying ; 1^ them the tongue is certainly smooth, and the ventral rays a five. . Dr. De Kay, therefore, has, as I believe, acted without warrant, in attempting to establish the genus Uranidea. - It differs from Cottus in nothing, and of course is not require And not only so, but the species which he has placed in it,and > » i | « & - "Rh, N Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 135 due A d di ud ape - ' called quiescens, is identical with the one which had been . described so many years before, the Cottus gobio. “ee ^ If now I have succeeded in establishing the point for which - I have been laboring, I have brought in a principle which is of some importance. I have proved an exception to what Was before regarded as a universal rule — that no fish of Europe, which is confined to the fresh water, is also a native of America. It is believed that this rule applies to all. It is _ true, that in the Fauna Boreali-Americana, Dr. Richardson ^. - describes the Pike of Europe (Esox lucius) as an inhabitant of the lakes and streams of the Fur Countries. - But there — is every reason to believe, that the species which he ob- ^ . i tained was merely the one so common in the States, (E. reti? s culatus of Le Sueur,) and that the European Pike has. never beenfound as a native on this side of the Atlantic. And I am not aware that any other fresh water species of Europe has been retained by the more recent writers as a fish of this country. The fact, therefore, of the apparent universality of this rule may seem to some a reason for refusing to believe that the species which we have had in view throughout this article, is specifically identical with the Millers Thumb of | gland. Indeed it was so, at first, with myself; but when I mined more closely, and found the matter to stand as I - & have endeavored here to state it, I could not resist the accu- mulation of evidence. 3 : Fan - The gobio, the efore, as a native of America, seems to be somewhat widely “dispersed. Dr. Richardson's specimens were obtained in the Bear Lake, in lat. 67°; Mr. Haldeman — says it occurs in Eastern Pennsylvania ; Dr. De Kay ob » in the Northern part of New York ; I have found it in necticut, and that it exists in various other parts of the Unite _ States is extremely probable. | It is only in Connecticut that I have had an opportunity to & observe it, and I will mention what little I have learned as to it there. I have seen it in but one stream, in Manchester, mt seven miles east of Hartford. The stream passes a 4 * 1 * * » Use * 8 E " : - a E^ 136 denn on the identity of Cottus co & K m y É + d a, very little distance north of the churches i in That village, : -ina mile or two below joins the Hockanum. . The p of the stream in which I have found them most abundi ina deep ravine ‘directly north of the west end of the villagi "The rocks which form the ravine are chiefly sandstone. From these issue numerous springs, whose waters unite with the - „and render it extremely cold. I have found the fish ther parts of the stream, but only very small ones, and ere of rit mr In the ravine, however, summer’s p they are abundant, and it E 4 3 that J m ‘a all my specimens at different times. . They lie in the places w vhere the water issues directly from the rocks, and ar ; most commonly concealed under the stones, which cover the bottom of the stream.. When the stones are removed, so as to expose them to the sight, they swim off with tolerable rapidity — a foot or two, and drop on the bottom again, lying often with the body a little bent, as if ready for an instant start. They at, however by any means quick i in their motions, or pai: - ticul timid, and may be taken by means of a FS but Tittle trouble. Their food appears to con nute insects ; that. they ever eat small fish is, hese The only M species found in that ] pa stream, so fat as | have observed, are Salmo fontinalis, , Michi Catostomus Bostoniensis, Le Sueur; a uciscus atronasis i Mitch. ; ; the last being much more abundant than the othe! The spawning time of the Cottus is “apparent | in Ma and April, being earlier than it is in the Bear. > p “‘tioned’by Dr. Richardson, 3 which, however, i is "only a 26 the difference of latitude we might expect. I have never see any specimens quite so large | s the one described by him- — , - These few facts comprise of any importance that I havé ob erved, as to the species, A end with them I close my : mans on Bof Cottus mti as incluia among the Fishes of Amenit Leconte Jr. del. We NIIS TW M Sy 1 Centrarchas Wüscatus. 2 Lenenens Storertanius. Cottus Gobio.r | PL.XI. W.O-Ay HaT del #.C Cabot del Boston. Lith. ef FW Bougd PYRRHULA RAPTOR L.Male. 2 Female. 3 I a list A objects collected in GEM since P : accou UMS 385 acknowledging receipt of Proceedings and presenting its own publications ; — Academia di Bologna, May 26, 1855, presenting its publications and other valuable books; — George B. Blake, Esq., in reply to the vote of thanks passed at the meeting of the Society April 2. June 4, 1856. ADJOURNED ANNUAL MEETING. Dr. Chas. T. Jackson, Vice-President, in the Chair. The Committee appointed to audit the accounts of the Treasurer, reported that they had made their exam- ination, and found the accounts correctly cast and prop- erly vouched. The report was accepted. The Committee appointed at the last meeting to nominate a candidate for the office of President, were further instructed to report the names of two or more Persons as candidates for this office, at an adjourned meeting; and it was also voted that the meeting, when adjourned, should be adjourned to the time of the next regular oe to hear and act upon the report of said Committee A seventh letter was read from Mr. E. Samuels, giving — $c Kev called hi Socie s Eoi to "e fact rm that Mr. Samuels's letter mentions that he had obtained two specimens of California Red-tailed Hawks, shot on their nests, with their eggs. . PROCEEDINGS B: S. N. H.— VOL. V. E ‘SEPTEMBER, 1856, ^ 386 This is an interesting and important acquisition, and may at last enable us to determine with certainty a disputed point in our ornithology, and to remove whatever confusion still remains. There are three varieties of North American hawks, each of . which is probably a distinct species, in regard to which some eonfusion has prevailed. These are the common Red-tailed Hawk of the Atlantic States, (Buteo borealis,) B. Swainsoni, and the California Red-tail, described by Nuttall as B. montanus. The last has only recently been admitted to be a good species. In regard to all three there has been some difficulty in determin- ing their specific distinctions, and they have been more or less confounded by writers. Mr. Audubon gives for the B. Swainsont a figure of the Red-tail, and Mr. Cassin, in his Synopsis of the Birds of Prey accompanying his illustrated work, confounds the Western Red-tail with Swainson’s Buzzard. Soon after its publication, having an opportunity to examine three genuine specimens of the latter, he is convinced of their distinctness, and that he had till then never seen a genuine B. Swainsont. 1n the same paper, however, Mr. Cassin expresses the belief that there is no specific difference between the eastern and western Red-tailed Hawks. This opinion, however, he has since recalled. His attention having been called to differences in their eggs, in the cries of the bird, and finding also constant differences in their plumage, he has since admitted the Western bird to be a distinet species, to which Mr. Nuttall’s name of Buteo montanus belongs Mr. Samuels’s specimens of ‘the birds and eggs will, without doubt, afford satisfactory evidence of the correctness of these conclusions, and determine this interesting question beyond further doubt. : Dr. Kneeland presented, in the name of Dr. James C. Parkinson, of Bridgeboro', New Jersey, descriptions of two new Argonauts, A. Conradi, and A. fragilis. A. Conradi.— Oblong ovate, surface minutely granulated, a - the granulations being chiefly in the grooves between the ribs, Tor and on the tubercles: very few on the ribs. Sides convex : . toward the carina, plane toward the lip. Ribs rather S% > oe rm the umbo: broad, elevated, except anteriorly, where 387 they become nearly obsolete ; straight, entire, not fureate ; long and short ribs alternating. Back broad, anterior and posterior third convex; middle third concave, anterior third, studded with small tubercles. Tubercles on anterior and posterior thirds of carine small, nearly obsolete: on the middle third of each carina, seven very large tubercles, broad at the base; compressed laterally near the apex ; terminating in an acute edge, curving outwardly. Sinus furnished with a thick callus continued to the margin of the lip. Lips convex. Aperture subquadrate oblong ; narrowing somewhat anteriorly. Angles acute; spineless; everted. An- terior half of the shell milk white, except near the sinus, where it is pale purple; posterior half pale fuscous. Subsinus, carine, and large tubercles, dark fuscous; a white, longitudinal, central line running through it, between carine. Anterior half of shell polished, remainder dull. ength, 23 inches. Breadth, 1} inches. Aperture : ami li inches ; width, 1 inch. Obtained at New Nantucket, Pacific Ocean. I have named this shell after the distinguished T. A. Conrad, Whose labors in the Testaceological field are well known and universally appreciated. No. 2. A. Fragilis.— Oblong ovate, very thin, frail, sides Smooth, without granulations, having numerous opaque, minote milk-white spots distributed over them ; ribs numerous, inter- rupted, a few entire; subfurcate, somewhat waved. Back — flat. Tubercles many; rather small; generally of a size. Sings large, furnished with a callus, which is attenuated towards the edge of the lip, and is carried across the base of the aperture, from one sinus fo the opposite, in a flattened arch ; wm dn 3 : r ; arch rests one side of the nucleus of the shell; which is NOT IN- ch VOLUTED hike other species, but rises in a cylindrical form, o inch above the arch from which the inner side springs; it has much the appearance, in shape, of the end of the finger of a glove. Around this cylinder are a number of lines of growth ; (o Otherwise it iş smooth, somewkat waved, and destitute of tuber- d cles for the distance of i inch from the apex; lips eonvex. Aperture, ovate oblong. | : 388 which is fuscous, posterior half of carinæ are also of the same color, with a white, central, longitudinal line running along the centre. Angles, which are rounded in the adult, acute in the young shell, somewhat everted, pale, purplish brown. Shell translucent. ngth, 2} inches. Breadth, 12 inches. Aperture: length, 2 inches ; width, 14 inches. Dr. Kneeland also presented, in the name of Dr. Parkinson, an uncommonly large and perfect shell of Nautilus pompilius, very much larger than any in the Society’s cabinet. Also, a very curious insect from the Sechelles Islands, called the “ leaf-fly,” or the “ fly-leaf,” “ la mouche feuille." He read the following description of the insect from the * Mauritius Watchman,” of the 8th of January, 1849 :— * Among the insects of this Archipelago, none is more re- - markable than the mouche-feuille, as it is very appropriately named. The male and female insects differ considerably n appearance; and it is the latter only which deserves the fore- going title. The male is about an inch and a half long, and possesses some slight resemblance to a grasshopper in the form of the head and horns, nor is the body unlike that of that insect. The wings are of an exceedingly weak gauze-like texture, of à very pale green color, and are rather shorter than the body. Their powers of motion are extremely limited, being confined, as far as our observation has extended, to a slow and feeble walk. We have never seen them attempt to fly, nor do they appear to - possess any instinet of danger. S “They delight principally in the Badamier, a tree which flourishes remarkably well at Sechelles. To the leaf of this, the female insect bears a most astonishing resemblance- The entire length is from an inch and a quarter to two inches, and tbe, m breadth in the widest part about an inch and a quarter. X. m .. head might easily be mistaken for the broken stalk of the leaf, ae to which the neck bears a perfect resemblance. The xu: esent the exact form and color of the young leaf, and the vems 389 which traverse them have precisely the appearance of the ribs of the leaf. A kind of suture which seems to unite the wings in the centre, though they are really detached, presents a ridge perfectly analogous to that of the leaf stalk. The legs are flat, and of such a form as closely to resemble those little abortions of leaves which are frequently found on the Badamier. Another remarkable circumstance is the change of color which these insects undergo. As the leaves on which they feed wither, they lose their bright green color, and become yellow; whether they resume their green color with the leaves or not, is not known. No insect is more harmless and defenceless than this; their sole safety consists in their escaping observation by the close resem- blance to the plant on which they feed. Their greatest enemies are ants, which prey upon them with great avidity, cutting out Pieces of their wings and carrying them off, until the poor insect 1S completely dismembered. They seem sensible of no pain during this attack, for we have repeatedly seen ants eating the wings, while the fly continued its own repast on the badamier lea without interruption ; nevertheless, death ensues. They eat Ih the same way as caterpillars, cutting in a circular direction, but they are far from being so voracious as these insects. They drink frequently, plunging their mouths into the dew-drops, and drinking by suction. I Ehe mouche-feuille attains its full growth in about four — onths, and then begins to lay, and deposits an egg daily for about three months, when it dies. The eggs are of a dark . rown color, and much resemble in shape the Carambole, but. With a little knob at each end. They are about three lines in length, and one and a half in diameter at the largest part. I s from eighty to ninety days the young are hatched, and are then - wt of a reddish brown color, nearly an inch long, and perfectly mh —— T Without Any appearance of wings. It seems incredible that E _ “ect of such a size could have been contained in such an egg. As they Stow, the color gradually changes, and the wings appear, but we are unable to detail minutely the stages of | their growth ; ur but We believe it to differ from that of almost every other insect p: E they do not change their skin. They were formerly found in all parts of the islands, but are now rarely met with 390 This genus has been called Phyllium by Illiger and Westwood ; and Mantis by Fabricius and Donovan. Dr. Durkee exhibited three living specimens of Elater noctilucus, or Lightning Spring-beetle, brought from the Island of Cuba, eight weeks since. Dr. Zabdiel B. Adams was elected a Resident Member. June 18, 1856. ADJOURNED ANNUAL MEETING. Prof. Jeffries Wyman in the Chair. The Committee on nomination of a candidate for the office of President, presented a report, in accordance with their instructions at the last meeting. The report was read and accepted. It was voted to defer the balloting for a President until the hour of 9 o’clock. Mr. T. T. Bouvé read a letter from Dr. James Deane; of Greenfield, requesting the loan of specimens of fossils, = aid him in the preparation of his work on the fossils 0 the Connecticut Sandstone. It was voted that the Curator of Geology be Ta powered to loan Dr. Deane such specimens as he mig desire. An eighth letter was read from Mr. E. epe accompanied by a list of specimens sent from C — Dr. Brewer read a letter from Mr. Robert Kennie 5 2 391 of West Northfield, Cook Co., Illinois. Mr. K. proposes to exchange fossils, reptiles, birds, and fishes for a copy of the Journal of the Society. It was voted that a copy of the Proceedings, and of such numbers of the Journal as are not scarce, be for- warded to Mr. Kennicott in consideration of his proposed exchange. Dr. Brewer called attention to an interesting fact noticed by Mr. Kennicott, viz: that Plotus anhinga (Snake Bird) is found in Illinois; also that the Wood Ibis ( Tantalus loculator) is common in Southern Illinois, where it probably lays its eggs. Mr. Kennicott saw the latter bird frequently near Cairo, in August and Septem- ber of last year. At the meeting of May 21, Mr. N. H. Bishop presented samples of a peculiar crystalline salt which he ha brought with him from South America. Mr. Bishop’s account of this peculiar mineral is as follows : — It is found mixed with the soil in greater or less abundance, from San Luis de la punta, (a town on the western side of the pampas of the Argentine Republie, where the grass plains ZIP NO and the travera or desert commences,) to the foot of the Andes, San Luis lies in Lat. 339 16/ S., Long. 66° 27’ W., and is the capital of the province of the same name. From this town, Westward, the soil is almost worthless, until the River Mendoza is — — reached, where irrigation commences. D . The soil is very light and dry, not compact in the nr. due ; » probably caused by the dryness of the atmosphere and absence 9f water; for when Mr. Bishop crossed that part of the TAPT they were obliged to purchase water that had been caught in oles for the use of cattle. Stones are rarely met with; where J do exist, at the base of the Andes, he did not observe the of this salt There are several spots on the v meen San Luis and Mendoza, furnishing a poor quality of 392 grass, which is fed upon by the cattle which are driven across the continent to the coast. With the exception of these spots, the country between the above-named towns, and extending many leagues to the north and south, is a dreary desert, covered with a low growth of thorn bushes and a few species of gnarled trees, some of which bear pods. his substance penetrates the earth from a few inches to 4 couple of feet. It is particularly abundant at certain places east of the town of San Juan, where the ground is covered with a thin incrustation. It is here exceedingly painful to the eyes from the reflection of the sun’s rays, and the inhabitants are constantly affected with inflammation of the eyes. he method of treating the soil by the natives is very simple. The water is conducted from the rivers Mendoza and San Juan (which take their rise in the Cordillera) through a sequia or - canal, around squares of level land, at irregular intervals of time, and, to use their own expression, they wash off the salitre. Then a plough, constructed of two pieces of wood, is brought into service, and turns up from six to eight inches of the soil, which goes through the same washing process as the "fime After two or three repetitions of this operation, a shallow soil is obtained, partially free from salitre, in which wheat, clover, pumpkins, melons, ete., are raised. The remaining salitre, i cording to the belief of the natives, is exhausted by successive .— crops, and after several years of tillage, the soil is suitable ied the vine. Oranges, peaches, quinces, olives, figs, etc flourish. Within à few years, large tracts of land have been made exceed- ingly fertile by the process above described, and could the New England plough be introduced there, the process would be far more valuable. Dr. A. A. Hayes, communicated the following as results of his analysis of the saline mineral, presen by Mr. Bishop : — ; the ted * . The specimen was a white, crystalline solid, formed by he ae __ of a saline solution, when the pellicle formed on the surface falis to the bottom m. Along the line of junction, crystal Sea E . Union of two layers of salt, as often results the evaporation 393 but the forms are indistinct. These crystals readily scratch cale spar, and dissolve without residue in water, affording a solution, which, by evaporation at 150° F., leaves the salt with some of the original physical characters. It readily parts with a portion of water by heat, and when the temperature is raised to redness, it fuses quietly into a transparent, colorless, anhydrous fluid; on cooling, an opaque, white, crystalline solid remains. In this climate the specimen attracts moisture, and therefore has not a fixed amount of water constituent. It consists of water, sulphuric acid, soda, magnesia, chlorine. - Mixed with it are traces of crenate of iron and lime, with sandy grains of earth. One sample afforded — Water : i ; : ; =l 6.420 eerie sola è i i i a : 49.658 Sod ; : j : 23.798 i i E : à : $ . 9.904 Chlorine : » x " * .260 100.000 Three fragments from different masses were taken, and the . following substances found : — i; Wat : : Sulphate of Soda : 48.00 . 4 "Magnesia 34.20 sh 7 HOW x Cllocide Sodium , 1.91 1.79 Crenates Lime and Iron .90 with Silicie Acid ee 0.17 A : Sand : : 0.06 . 100.00 100.00 - Pe varying amounts of water given, are illustrative of dis “sorptive power of the salts in the atmosphere of this place. E 90° F., the amount of water was 15.20 in 100 parts, | Wich exceeds by four parts, the ~~ negessary to form — P : Proin of the two salts prese i _ Analysis does not show the*two culate to be in deii | 394 proportions in the masses, but the crystals may be a double salt, composed of one equivalent of sulphate of soda, and one equiv- alent of sulphate of magnesia; each retaining an equivalent of water. In the masses, the closest approximation is 42 parts of sulphate of magnesia found, instead of 46 parts required. 'The communieation of Mr. Bishop embraces interesting facts. 'These saline deserts cover extended areas, in different parts of South America, and, so far as he has been able to learn, the saline matter differs in kind at the different points. The ten- dency of saline matter contained in any soil is to rise through the aid of moisture to the surface, where, the water escaping, the salt is deposited. This effect, contrary to the gravitating influ- ence, is the most common cause of deserts, and may be exerted everywhere, when the evaporation of water from a given surface becomes much greater in amount than that surface receives in the form of rain and dew. The cultivation of saline deserts by washing down the saline matter, exhibits the opposite action of water in restoring fertility, and it is by no means essential that the water should contain organic matter to insure the full effect, as the soil of deserts generally contains all the organic matter of many years’ accumulation. Dr. Wyman made a few remarks on some of the habits of the painted tortoise (Emys picta) during the breeding season, which he had recently observed. Dr. Wyman also gave some account of the develop- ment of the dorsal cord in the Alewive, (Alosa vernalis.) The dorsal cord has been generally described as terminating anteriorly between the auditory capsules, and, in consequence 1t has been inferred that the true vertebral column does not exte beyond the basilar portion of the occiput; and that the occiput is the only part of the cranium which has a vertebral structure- In the Alewive, he had seen the dorsal cord, in the earlier specimens, uniformly extending as far forwards as the space between the eyes, and consequently into the region of the ah- — — terior sphenoid ; subsequently, as the face is enlarged, the anono, part of the cranium seems to be carried forwards, and then n a 395 dorsal cord is seen between the auditory capsules only. If the dorsal cord is to be regarded as an index of the extent of the parts considered serially homologous with vertebrz, then it may be inferred that the vertebral column extends originally through the base of the cranium, and consequently that the cranium conforms to the vertebral type. Dr. Wyman also gave some account of the habits of the Alewive in depositing its eggs, as observed in Fresh Pond, in Cambridge. The eggs are about 4, of an inch in diameter, and are laid in April and June in the greatest abundance; the localities selected being usually gravel or sandy bottoms, but sometimes they are laid among small stones, and in five or six inches of water. The alewives move ordinarily in small shoals along the borders of the pond, but varying from two or three to very numerous pairs. The males follow the females very closely, and when entering a small shallow cove, often some of the number are pressed entirely out of the water on the shore. The Corresponding Secretary announced the receipt Eo» of the following letters, viz: — ide From the Royal Society of. London, March 8, 1856, acknowl- — edging the receipt of the Society's publications; das Bibliothe- kariat der K. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, January 12,1856, acknowledging the same, and presenting various works ; from the same, January 20, 1856, asking for duplicate copies of all works presented by the Society, and offering to reciprocate With its own publications ; die K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, November 1, and December 30, 1855, presenting its pub- lications; der Zoölogisch-botanischer Verein, Wien, December 12, 1855, presenting Vols. 3 and 4, and parts 1, 2, and 3 of Vol. 5 of its Transactions, and inquiring as to the reception o Vols. 1 and 2; George Frauenfeld, Wien, December 12, 1855, Presenting publications of his own and asking an exchange on ae part of the Society. S Dr. Brewer announced the second arrival of specimens, : ~ Principally of Birds, Plants, and Eggs, from California, - 396 collected by Mr. Samuels, and forwarded by the Smith- sonian Institution, accompanied by a catalogue by Prof. Baird. After some remarks by the chairman upon the advan- tages and feasibility of summer excursions into the country and to the seashore, for the study and collection of objects of natural history, it was voted that a com- . mittee be appointed to take into consideration the sub- ject of such excursions ; and Messrs. Bouvé, Binney, and Brewer were chosen this committee. The hour appointed for the choice. of a President having arrived, Messrs. Ellis and Binney were appointed a committee to collect and count the votes, and after the first ballot, Professor Jeffries Wyman was declared unanimously elected. Prof. Wyman hesitated in accepting the office thes tendered to him, expressing great diffidence in his ability to serve the Society acceptably in the capacity of Presi- dent, at the same time signifying his willingness to promote its welfare in any way that lay in his power He thought. he could do this better in his private capacity than as its presiding officer. Several gentlemen having urged in the most emphatic manner the acceptance of the office so cordially offered him, Prof. Wyman begged the Society would allow him time for consideration on the subject. Mr. Benjamin J. Jeffries was elected a Resident —. Member. 397 DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. April 16, 1856. . very valuable donation of Australian Birds, Mammals, and Fossils, made by the Government Museum of Natural History, at Melbourne, upon the "agen of Oliver H. Holden, Esq., of that city, formerly a resident „as fol female; rka oe male; Spheniscus minor, Little Pen eii Lestris catarractes, Skua Gull; Ardea Nove Hollandie, White-fronted Hero ecurvirostris rubri- collis, rasie male and female ; Eöpsaltria Australis, Yollow-bresstod. Rasy male and female; Xema Jamesonii, Ji 's Gull; Lobivanellus lobatus, Spur- Winged Plover, or Alarm-bird; Hema empto White-breasted bem catcher; Spatula rhynchotis, rabiem. ‘Shovell er, Little Teal: Malacorhynchus membranaceus, st Shoraiien; fon d rhyn- — Shoveller, female s Schani clus magnus, Great Sandpiper; Anas punctata, Chestnut- proe Duc i Petroica multicolor, Scarlet-breasted Robin, ma aja and female ; antopus leucocephalus, MaA headed Stilt ; pe acidea berigora, Brown or Eastern Coa Bernicla jubata, Wood Duck, male and female; Nycticorax Culedonicus, d Bi rd; Biziura lobata, ur k Du ck, male and female; Anas superciliosa, Australian Wild Duck; Athene (?) connivens, pei Owl; Cuculus inornatus, Unadorned — ; Rallus pectoralis, Cuv., ectoral Land d Rail; —— — Little Scrub Pigeon; Pe Aie chal- coptera, Bronze-winged Pigeon ; Diano galerita, White Cockatoo ; Dacelo gigantea, Laughing doo eser hina — White-bae ked Magpie; — delic ; Delicate Ow d Quail, wu and fe E Cygnus atratus, Black eid 2; pia m Australi n Tringa; ps i Collu s mats Biu ec Entom myza; Colluri Harmonious | cla, fem Phalacrocorax carboides, Ded n Cormorant; thoni minima, Little come Myzantha garrula, Miner; Euphema aurantia, Orange- bellied Gras s-Parrakeet ; Acanthogenys rufogularis, Spingchecked Honey-Eater; ynchus cornic Cidadan, Friar Bird; Rallus Lewinii, Lewin’s Water-Rail; — Pennantii, Lory ; Anthochera carunculata, "Co mmon Wattle-bird;. thamii, oii Spotedsided Finch; Cthenicola — Little Cthonicola, 2; , Red-eared Lorikeet 6235 Platycercus Satin Bower-Bird, rate hi punctatum, Spotted Ground-Thrush; paoa pond comis; Pachycephala glaucura, Grey-tailed Pair opna peras usos, E, cer Rainy Cuculus inspergivs, Brash € uekoo ; Crac- — ird; 2:3 lluricinela; ^ a 398 Stipiturus malachurus, Emu Wren; Glyciphila nie ae Honey- Mc ; ed osmictus scapulatus, King Lory, yov Halcyon sanctus, Sac Hale Rhipidura rl — B Black vade ' Flyeate tcher ; * Sericom telo, Allied getien Trichoglossus pusillus, Little Stringy Bark F arkai us Australis, Australian Pipit; Anthochæra lunulata, Little Wattle-Bird; ome macroptera, Great-winged Micrceca winged Cuckoo; Pachycephala pectoralis, Banded Thickhead, male; Rhipidura mosacilléides, Black Fantailed Plyen tcher ; — discolor, Swift Lorikeet, ie ditto, female ; Ptilotis leucotis, White red Honey-Eater; Anthochera pawehe, Little Wattle-Bird; daro pee White-are Honey-Eater; viridis, New Sout E be Grio female; E Medo Great-winged Mino ien ^m dr Daea ; Anthus Australis, Australian n Pipit; Ptilotis auricomis, Yellow-tufted A ; ditto; Melithreptus -Eater; Pardalotu pe ‘Spotted — — — Honey Pardalote, male and ii fbl: Estrelda temporalis, Red eyebrowed male . and aae; Pardalotus striatus, Striated Pardalote; Rhipidura pele ‘white ee Fantail, — and — ; Sitella chrysoptera, Orange-winged Sitella; billed Spine- Dil ; Melithreptus lunulatus, L ated ey-Eater ; eum, Swallow Dic li. cillatus, White-plumed Honey Eater; Acanthi chrysorrhea, Yellow-tailed A iza; Ptilotis ch faced Honey-Eater ; Melipha stralasiana, Tasmanian Honey-Eater ; M. ndie, New Holland Honey-Eater ; Acanthiza lineata, Striated Acan thiza ; Pelecanus conspiccillatus, Australian Pelican.— Mammals: Brush-tailed Opossum, White tes Cat, Kangaroo Rat p "Wallabee; Kangaroo, Common - and Young Bandicoot, and a parcel of Fossils from Flemington A pou of fifty-four species of Land Shells; by Dr. John Gundlach, of Hava: A Crustacean from St. Simon’s Island, Georgia; by Dr. Jame es C. pact Muse, of — New Jersey. May 21st. A specimen of Py curo solitarius, from Cambridge; by Dr- ES N. cdm Two specimens of Emydes and two young Alabama Turtles; bY A specimen of Sulphuret of Iron; Crystals of a com mpound salt of sulphate of soda and magnesia taken from the surface of the soil; and two eggs of Athene cumicularia, Burrowing Owl, all from South America; by Na- thaniel H. Bishop. The b body of a young Lion a few days old, and a Embryo; by Dr. S. Durkee. An Embryonic Buffalo; by Dr. S. Kneeland, Jr- Bequest of the late President, Dr. John C. Warren, as follows: A skeleton of 8 Chimpanzee, together with a set more or less complete of unarticulated bones of the Dromedary, and the casts respectively marked as follows: Femur and Me tatarsus of the Dinornis gigas, New Zealand; Humerus of the Hylsosaurus ; Toe bone (phalangeal) of the Hylzeosaurus Mantelli; Toe bone (proximal Lara 8 » of the ; Four casts dubai or. nail bone (distal. phalangeal) of a — of. el wo Ciun w nei rag small bone ofthe toe of the hind foot of the e OE ort ae ; Lower Jaw of a e 599 June 4th. An uncommonly large and perfect shell of Nautilus pompilius, and a specimen of the Leaf-fly or Fly-leaf, from the Sechelles Islands; d Dr. James C. Parkinson, of New Jersey. A specimen of Agalmatolite; by Dr. C. T. Jack- son. Two shell s of Bulimus undatus, Wiss B. zebra; two eggs of Piin militaris, South American Meadow Lek both from South M by N. H. ish Bishop. The skull of an Sheen Terrier Dog; by E. A. Sam June I Four specimens of Salmo e: Organ, lm Tax from Moose- head Lake; Dr. Augustus = Hamlin, of Bangor. The skin i an animal, probably of < Jerboa kind, from Africa; by Rev. Louis B. Schwar BOOKS RECEIVED DURING THE QUARTER ENDING JUNE 31, 1856. Boston, 1856. From the Quastionum een Liber. Auctore J. F. Lobeck, Fasc. I. 8vo. 1850. ii Pr Memoir of Hon. — Lawrence. By Hon. Nathan Appleton. 8vo. Pamph. uthor e Author. Contributions to the Anatomy of the Invertebrata. No. 3. apaa ns. By Prof. Owen. 4to. Pamph. London, 1853. From the Au Army Een Pet for 12 years, from 1843 to 1854. 4to. Wash: ington, 1 1855. rom ription of a Skelton gs the Mastodon giganteus of North America. By John €. Warre . Fro m the Aui Jahresbericht. ie Naturforsehenden Gesellschaft in Emden, fur 1854. $vo. Pamph. Emden Fro hsonian Institution. On the nea Foa oh Be ee eal River. By James Deane, M. D. asa dus, d ene. Philadelphia. From the Author. oto 1866. From the Author. Aa Geology. By H. W. Dawson. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1855. From thé. "Transsetions of the Illinois State Agricultural Society. 8vo. Vol. I. 1853-4. rom Springfield, Illinois Descripti . Kennicott jon du Terrain Houiller de la imper Par MM. Dufrénoy et P hos = Beaumont. From A. i _4to. Paris, 184 aoe of the reesei Association for «dm Advancement of | Ta meting at tid, and 9th meeting at Providence. 2 Vols. 8vo. Be, 1856. From the Association. oo Sur l' Arragonite. Par M. Ha vite uy. 4to. sem orte Sur la Réunion de la Pyenite avec la Topaze. M.Hauy. 4to. Pamph. ; cis des a Galvaniques. Par J. fene 8vo. Pamph. Paris, ne nie From A. A. Hi quiete in Victoria. By W. Von Blandoweki. 8vo. Pamph. m dr coe og = aer ne de 1834 & 1845. Parle Vicomte d' Archie 1 ea - 400 Transactions of the Philosophical pee of Victoria. Vol. I. 8vo. Mel- bourne, 1855. From Dr. Charles T. Jackso ssumé Explicatif d'une Carte Géologique des Etats Unis et jd NE A de l Amerique du Nord. Par Jules Marcou. 8vo. Pam : mail @une Classification des Chaines de Montagnes d’une partie de l'Amerique du Nord. Par J. Marcou. 8vo. Pamph. Paris, 1 1855. — Institut Impérial de France. Rapport ne un Memoire s M. J. Marcou, relatif | 1 des Chaines de Mon , agnes d'une partie de rd du Nord. Par MM. Eli lie de Beaumont, Durity, e t E. de Vero Rapporte : ie Turk 1855. From J. Ma: es Aa ue Iu works of rM. Jules Marcou. From Charles T. Re 3 e SHE r New York Medical Times. Vol. V. Nos. = 8,9. 1856. : = oN rk Journal of Medicine. Vol. XVI. No. 3. TA vatis American Journ al of Science is Arts. No. 68, for May, 1856. of the California Am of Natural Sciences. Vol. I. Part n Francisco. o iraa of the Elliott Dol; = Natural History of Charleston, S. C. No.1. 8vo. pp. 1-24. erhandlungen des Zodlogiseh-Botanischen Vereins in Wien. Band HI., IV- - und Band Y. 1,2,3. 8to. Wien, itzungsberichte ec. T eus der Wissenschaften. Band XVI. Heft 1,2, 3. € 1855. 8vo. Wien. eft 2 — Warttembergische Naturwissenschaftliche Jahreshefte. Received in Exchange. Annals and "repas d Natural History. th 99 for March, 1856, No. 100 - for April, No. 101 for td * SpE » ks A ^" . Genera of Recent Same By H. and A. Adams. Part2d. 8yo- London, © = — March, 18 + A = t£ » . _ Proceedings of the Zoülogieal Society of- iere with Illustrations. Pas oe 248-59. 8vo. London, 1853. From the Courtis Fund. dives American Merchants. By Freeman Hunt. Vol. I. 8vo. New York, a Ne of Edmund Burke. Vol. III.. Bohn’s Edition. 12mo. É . Life of Schamyl, ts ume of the Circassian War of Independence against. Russia. By J. M. M n, 1856 Bosto: Encyclopedia fevum Vol X. 4to. Boston, 1856. : a The Roman Exile. By G. Gajani. 12mo. Boston, 1856.. er : The Attaché in Madrid, or Sketches of the Court E Isabella. H. 12mo. : Erork, 1856 a í bis y T the Plymouth Pintle. By Wi e tions of the Table-Talk of- Taea Ro i l By Thomas E ve 8vo. New York, 1896. BOSTON JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. VOLUME V.— No. II. OCTOBER, 1845. ART. I. — DISSECTION OF A SPERMACETI es dn THREE SER CETACEANS, By J. B. S. Jacks ae ont ; September 7, Turse dissections were made in p spring of 1842, Me 3 each other in quick succession, affor orded a very fa! Aha [ER 138 Dr. J. B. S. Jacksons 1 Dissectio: "A. rr observations were founded upon the dissection of seven differ- ent -species, and that one of the number was a spermaceti whale, though he says that some of them were only super- ficially examined ; it does not appear whether this was the case with regard to the whale, but it may be suspected, as he mentions only two of the internal organs, the heart and the tongue. Dr. Alderson describes the heart particularly, and notices the form of the thyroid cartilage, and G. Cuvier figures the body of the hyoid bone. The osteology, and some of the external organs, as they may be called, have been fully de- scribed ; but, as I have found nothing more concerning the internal structure than what is above mentioned, I shall give my notes of this dissection in detail. The second specimen examined was probably the Delphinus delphis, and the third the Phocena globiceps. The fourth consisted of the organs merely of the common porpoise. These three last dissections, of which full notes were taken, will not be given in detail, bat chiefly those points in the description of particular parts which I have not found noticed by authors, or which differed from their descriptions ; 7 organs will also be described, which are not mentioned the authors above quoted, or whose existence has been denied. OF THE SPERMACETI WHALE. This was a very young specimen, and was taken in Vine- yard Sound, about fifteen miles from New Bedford, on the 29th of March, 1842. On the 31st it was brought on the Providence Railroad to this city for exhibition, and on the w night of April Ist, with the assistance of Dr. William Henry — Thayer, I removed the organs; these were carried to 6^ — Medical College on the following day, and v ined. Lcd c . On its arrival at the railroad depot, it . 8,053 pounds. After the removal of the organs, the body having been stuffed to about its natural size, and care!u vere there exam" —— found to weigh Ed : Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 139 .. . sewed up, the measurements were as follows : — From a line |... With the anterior extremity of the head to the tip of the tail | 16 feet, to the rudimentary dorsal fin 9 feet, to the anterior fin about 4 feet, to the vent 10 feet 2 inches, to the eye 3 feet 2 inches, to the external orifice of the ear 3 feet 8 inches, to the angle of the mouth 2 feet 10 inches. Accord- .. . ing to Mr. Owen, “ When brought forth, the young cachalot = is usually twenty feet in length ;" but the present individual could not have been recently born, as the foramen ovale was completely closed. Vertical diameter of the head just in front 9f the opening of the mouth 34 inches, and of the largest part of the body 3 feet, the abdomen having, perhaps, fallen in somewhat since the removal of the organs ; anterior fin 18 inches long and 9 inches wide. The dorsal fin, or hump, forms a very obtuse angle, and is ill defined, being about 10 inches in length, and 2 or 3 inches in height, there being also between it and the caudal two or three quite small finlets. Span of tail 19 inches, and 4 inches wide midway. -Lower Jaw to the angle of the mouth 20 inches ; right eye. I+ inches long ; the left not examined, as the animal laid upon that side, and I was not aware, at the time, of the difference that had been observed, the left being, according to F. Cuvier, always . perfect, and almost useless. Orifice of the external ear - aout the size of a goose quill. The circumference of the body before the removal of the organs was, according to the Owners, 9 feet. ; .^8 to the general outline, it resembled the figure in tlie - aturalist’s Library, (vol. vi. pl. 8,) about as nearly as one. Individual would be likely to resemble another of a different - - "Be and sex. The small finlets, however, are not shown in — = figure, and the under part of the body near the caudal fin 55 much less prominent than it was in the present specimen ; pus the externa] surface also was everywhere quite black, remark- imd smooth, and elastic like India rubber. " ae pi i$ as in the other cetaceans. The skin, known generally as the blubber, was about 3 inches thick where cut _ eS eee dt or^ a CE CM EL TEE rw del, 2 Oe cu gir 5 Ve e - 140 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a through, and the muscles resembled those of other large mam- malia as to color and texture. The teeth in the lower jaw had not yet come through. Some have described teeth as having been found concealed beneath the gum in the upper jaw of adults; this fact, how- ever, is questioned by some of the highest authorities. I will, therefore, give the testimony of a very intelligent observer, pt. Benjamin Chase, of Nantucket, who, having been for many years engaged in the sperm whale fishery, is well acquainted with the subject, and has allowed me to use his name, and to give the result of some of his observations. He states that he has more than once seen teeth of a considerable size in the upper jaw of the adult females, though always covered by the gum ; the males, he says, being much larger, are cut up differently, and in such a way as not to expose the teeth. The roof of the mouth was smooth, light colored, and hollowed as if to receive the lower jaw, which is quite narrow in front. The tongue was 33 inches in length, the free extremity being 7 inches long, and 6 inches wide. Mr. Hunter describes it in the sperm whale as. * almost like a feather-bed ;” but in the present specimen, which was quite fresh, it was not remarkably soft. The surface was not so flat as it often is in the ceta- ceans; towards the edges anteriorly were numerous small | fissures and granulations, and, posteriorly, there were several quite prominent glands, but generally it was sufficiently smooth. In structure it seemed wholly muscular, whereas in the Green- land whale, it furnishes a large quantity of oil. The body of the os hyoides resembled the figure in Caviers. Oss. Fossiles, and was 12 inches transversely across the base; and 6 inches on the median line ; this was connected by tWO — intermediate cartilages, 3 inches in length, with the styloid bones, which were 9 inches long and 1i inch in diameter. o Dr. Todd remarks, with regard to this bone in the cetaceans, d (p. 572,) on its “ slight degree, or total absence of connection — one of section with the larynx,” but nothing of the kind was observed in a - Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 141 The esophagus was 20 inches in length from the*ericoid cartilage, and not remarkably capacious ; muscular coat thick, and lined by a smooth cutis and cuticle. The stomach in this order of animals, as in the ruminants, is composed of several cavities, the number being generally four or five. In the present case there were but three, and | the appearances have been most perfectly represented in a i figure drawn by Dr. J. Wyman, Plate XIV. : The first cavity (marked 5 in the figure,) is commonly de- scribed as a mere ovoid dilatation of the cesophagus, but here it is nearly of a globular form, projects so far towards the left ‘Side as to form a cul de sac, as in the human stomach, and - is altogether about the size of a man’s head ; the size and form of it, however, probably depend somewhat upon the age of the animal, as in case of the ruminants. The cutis and cuticle are continued throughout from the cesophagus (a), and, where they abruptly terminate, the second cavity is supposed to com- mence. The inner surface was sufficiently smooth, but the cu- icle being partially detached, there were seen upon its under surface, numerous rounded papille, corresponding undoubtedly With follicles in the cutis. "The muscular coat in this, as in all di 9f the other cavities, was tolerably thick. Mr. Hunter sup- ~ Posed the first cavity of the stomach in the cetaceans to be a mere reservoir, as in the ruminants; but this idea is now fully disproved, and the object of the ‘cuticular structure remains Unexplained. In the case of the sperm whale this structure 75 particularly remarkable, considering the nature of its food, Which, according to Mr. Beale, is the soft squid, this being, as bose he remarks, the only animal which it ejects when wounded; —— T. the same observation has been repeatedly made by - " ee E Chase, and the confirmation is important, as being so ¢ i B : . SPPoSed to the statement of F. Cuvier. (p. 298.) In the , Present case nothing was found in any one of the cavities but oS little Water, and some fine greenish sand, the animal not : having taken any food, probably, since it was separated from eR eee — Vy ee HE eee Rs 149 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a The second cavity of the stomach (c) differed entirely from | that of the cetaceans generally. In the first place, the œso- phagus opened about as freely into it as into the first. cavity. Secondly, the communication between it and the second was | very large, measuring 15 inches across when cut. open, and it f was not surrounded by projections of any sort. Thirdly, in- — — stead of being spherical, it was much elongated, and terminated | at the further extremity in a blunt point, measuring 20 inches i in length. Fourthly, the characteristic ruga: on the inner sur- - face were nowhere strongly marked, and towards the first cavity were even wanting. The mucous coat was about half a line in thickness, quite dense, and showed upon the cut edge a slight appearance of fine, whitish, perpendicular and parallel lines, this structure being often described as highly glandular in the cetaceans. The third cavity (e) which evidently corresponds to the fourth, as generally described in the cetaceans, arose from the second about midway (d), was of an elongated form, quite narrow at its commencement, but becoming dilated and curved upon itself towards its further extremity. Externally it measured 30 inches in length, 3} inches in diameter for the first four inches, and 18 inches at the largest part. ‘The mucous coat, as compared with the second cavity, was less rugous, thinner, less dense, and without any of the linear appearance. There 18 generally a very small, intermediate cavity between this and the second, of a spherical form and marked by distinct orifices, appeared rather larger than the first cavity, the largest diameter — being about 13 inches, and the transverse about 6 inches. - B was extensively and intimately connected with the third cavit» but the opening between them was exceedingly small LE , ; vd measuring only } inch in diameter, the two appearing not. 99 Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 143 like one cavity divided by a septum, through the centre of which a small circular hole had been punched. This cavity, which was largest at its commencement, rapidly diminished in size, and soon made an abrupt turn upon itself, almost imme- diately after which the intestine (h) was well marked. The mucous membrane was thinner and softer than in the other cavities, and quite free from rugæ, the whole thickness of the parietes in these two last cavities being less than in that of the first. On the most careful examination nothing like pylorus was found, neither was there any sudden change in the thick- ness or structure of the mucous coat, as described by G. Cuvier, so that if the question had not existed, I should not have thought of this cavity as otherwise than a dilatation of the intestine ; a similar dilatation I have twice seen in the dromedary. (Journal B. S. N. H., IV. 7.) The intestine, being cut away from the mesentery, was found to measure 260 feet, or just 16} times the length of the animal. Before being opened, it measured, on an average, about one inch in diameter, near the upper extremity 12 inches, midway or. rather below, less than an inch, and for the last 12 feet, it dilated from about 2! to 8! inches; cæcum wanting, as it was in all of the other specimens. "The contents were for the most part pasty, and colored by bile ; throughout the last 30 or 40 feet, they were of an intensely deep brown color, thin at first, but towards the last having a thick, glutinous consistence, Mucous coat thin, but very firm ; muscular rather thick. "The valvulæ conniventes were most remarkably de- veloped from near the commencement of the intestine to within = about 40 feet of its termination ; instead of being transverse and interrupted, as in man, they were more or less oblique, and apparently continuous ; this being quite obvious in some Parts before the intestine was opened, so that it appeared as » re were a spiral valve within ; the effect of this would be .. to add to the already great length of the intestine, and balance _ iD Some measure its small size. The valves were 1; or 2 _lines in width, very regular, and so close together as nearly to 144 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a overlap, the intervening mucous membrane being traversed longitudinally by very numerous fine lines. Along the first few feet of the intestine the surface was generally smooth, but there were a number of folds of mucous membrane which might properly be called valvulee conniventes, not being con- tinued entirely across the intestine ; these were about one inch apart, and į inch in width midway. About 40 feet from the termination of the intestine, the valves became smaller and more irregular, and soon the mucous surface assumed a very peculiar appearance, the change, however, being gradual ; the portion opposite the mesentery continued thin and nearly or quite smooth, whilst the remainder, consisting of one half or two-thirds of the whole intestine, was extremely thick and rugous, the rugs being very broad and mostly transverse, though many were longitudinal; no mucous follicles were seen here, nor indeed in any part of the intestine, except a few very small ones in the rectum, and yet it was impossible not to regard this as a glandular structure, analogous, perhaps, to the Peyerian ; the mucous membrane throughout the last 20 or 35 feet was smooth. Finally the rectum opened in the sulcus which gave outlet to the vagina. 2 The liver was a broad, flat, very regular organ, divided into two lobes, of which the left was decidedly the largest, differing therein from each of the other specimens, and from what been generally observed in the cetaceans; the right measured 24 inches in length, the left 25, and the whole organ trans versely 34 inches; thickness 2 inches; no trace of a third lobe. Color and structure not remarkable. Gall-bladder wanting, as usual, in the cetaceans; duct, near the liver as reticulated upon the inner surface, and measured li inches — transversely. The spleen was a soft, dark red organ, somewhat lobulated, of a flattened, oval form, and about 10 inches in length ; also r a second, about an inch in diameter, and connected with the 2 first by cellular membrane ; several of these are | P od found in the cetacea, and I am not sure that there were no others in the present case. Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 145 : The kidneys, of a flattened, lozenge-like shape, were formed, . 9s usual, of an aggregation of small glands about the size of afilbert. One of them measured 19 inches in length, 14 inches at the broadest part, and 2 inches thick. There was no marked pelvis at the commencement of the ureter. The bladder was 1 small and flaccid, containing scarcely any fluid; before being à opened it measured 10 inches in length and 4! inches across - fhe fundus. Mucous and muscular coats not remarkable. Í The urethra, which opened close to the clitoris was 11 inches ; in length, and one inch transversely when cut open ; muscular Coat quite thick. Of the genital organs. The external fissure, 8 inches in length and 2: inches deep, received the opening of the vagina about midway, and posteriorly the rectum ; anteriorly was the clitoris, a dense, greyish organ, having somewhat the form of a patrot’s beak, and measuring 1; inches in its two principal diameters, Outlet of vagina transverse and contracted, the posterior lip being a very thick, rounded mass ; outlet of rec- tum also surrounded by numerous, rounded masses of the size of filberts. The whole canal, from the outlet to the division into the cornua uteri, which was quite abrupt, measured 32 inches; the first 12 inches were smooth, and measured x 1j inches transversely when cut open, gradually diminishing . Wierwards to 3 inches at the bifurcation. Where it began to Contract, transverse rug: were seen, and soon became as Strongly developed as in the ruminants, or even more so, be- ng 5 inch in width and almost overlapping; these are also TOSed by an infinity of longitudinal ruge. "The muscular n" va 2 or 2! lines thick, and extended up into the ruge, —— becoming thinner in the upper part of the uterus and in the - : fiie Superiorly, the transverse rugæ became less d, and just below the bifurcation they nearly or quite disap AS in the ruminants, the limit between the vagina and the _ “Uterus was not marked. One of the cornua only was exam- ined ; this was 19 inches in length, and 3 inches transversely When eut open; longitudinal rugæ on the immer surface very 146 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a close and well marked. The Fallopian tube, cut open, was extremely thin and delicate, its mucous coat being thrown into fine longitudinal folds; 2: lines transversely where it leaves. the uterus, and about 8 lines at the further extremity, though at this last part it cannot be said exactly where it terminates, since it finally expands into a delicate membrane, as it does in some other animals. The ovaries were of a flattened, oval form, and 3: by 13 inches ; surface somewhat fissured ; a single incision being made through one of them, no vesicles were seen. On each side of the genital fissure, and very near to it, was another, about 5 inches in length, at the bottom of which was felt the nipple. F. Cuvier says, (Op. cit. p. xxiv.) “On ignore le mode d'accouplement des cétacés souffleurs. Personne jusqu à présent n'en a été témoin. L'opinion la plus probable, c'est qu'ils s'unissent couchés tous deux sur le côté. Steller dit que son manatus (le Stellére) s’accouple avec la femelle couchée sur le dos.” Hunters opinion appears to be very absurd, though Mr. Beale quotes it without remark. Now, on this point, Capt. Chase's observations were exceedingly interesting, and were stated by him with full confidence. He informed me that he had more than once had the most favor- able opportunity of witnessing the act in the spermacetl whale, in the right whale, and in the “ porpoise ;” in the two first, it continues for a few minutes, but, in the last, it 1S almost momentary ; the position is horizontal, and not upon the side, nor does the female remain supine, but, being close to the surface of the water, they occasionally turn so a$ alter- nately to bring the top of the head above the water, evidently for the purpose of respiration. The right whale, he t mis: breeds at particular seasons, but the spermaceti at any season of the year; and he agrees with most observers in never having seen more than a single young one at a time about an old female; in cutting up one of these last, he has seen “a bucket-full of thick, rich milk” discharged from the à Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans: 147 3 Of the heart, the ventricular portion was formed very _ much as in the tortoises, measuring 16} inches transversely, whilst, from above downwards, the right side measured but 7, and the left 8 inches. In the place of an apex, there was a broad surface, and rather a depression on the median line, as if it were the first step towards a separation of the ventri- - eles, as seen in the dugong. Vrolik (Ann. des Sc. 1838) . Speaks of the semilunar form of the heart in some of the = eetaceans, but this was the only instance in which it was found, in the four specimens here described. The right auricle was about. twice as large as the double fist; form not remarkable, neither was its thickness; appendix well marked, and its cavity traversed by a mesh of strong, muscular fibres. oramen ovale quite closed, and the fossa very little marked. No Eustachian valve, neither was there in either of the three other specimens, Coronary vein one inch in diameter, and Opened at the usual place; no valve found in any one of the Specimens, One superior cava, which soon divided; one inferior cava, measuring, transversely, 8 inches, when cut 9pen in its passage behind the liver, and entering the heart as Soon as it had passed through the diaphragm. Right ventricle from about ! to ? of an inch thick; the inher surface being very irregular from strong, muscular bands. "cuspid valve 14! inches along its adherent edge. Pulmo- _ Dary artery 3! inches from upper edge of valves to bifurca- . on, 9 inches in circumference on inner surface, and about 2 lines thick. Left auricle rather smaller than the right. Parietes gene- Pd thin, but having numerous very strong and prominent poc columns on the inner surface. Appendix well — Br ies Fossa ovalis less distinct than on the right side. an the left ventricle the muscular columns were so numerous, "56 and prominent, that it was difficult to measure the Pirietes, but the average thickness was not far from 1} inches, ae of the apex being 5 lines. Circumference of mitral me... adherent edge 11 inches; corde tendinie very nu- FETU U LT. mi À Ree 148 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a The ascending aorta measured 4 inches to the first branch at the arch; no marked dilatation, the circumference on the inner surface being 8! inches; parietes 3 lines thick. The ductus arteriosus formed a cord 2: inches long, and § of an inch in diameter, externally, but the canal remained. open so as to allow the passage of an instrument about 1 of an inch ‘in diameter. The persistence of this opening is quite re- markable, even in a cetacean, not having been found in either of the three other specimens, except in the dolphin, which was foetal. The arch of the aorta gave off three vessels. The first, 6 inches in circumference externally, divided at once into two branches, one of which was traced in sitü, and was found to be the right carotid, the other taking the direc- tion of the subclavian; these vessels were of about equal size; and it is remarkable that they were so, considering the great bulk of the head as compared with the anterior extremities. The second vessel arose only half an inch from the first, was 5 inches in circumference, and consisted almost wholly of carotid. The third vessel arose from the aorta 5 inches beyond the second, was 3! inches in circumference, and may — have been a superior intercostal, such as was afterwards fou in the dolphin. vA I regret exceedingly not to have seen the intercostal t plexuses, one of the most interesting structures in the ceta- — ceans, and one of the discoveries of Mr. Hunter which the — French have endeavored to appropriate; they were not Over — looked, but the first examination was made under too unfavor- : able circumstances for observation. d edo The vena porta, the vena cavà where it passes behind the - liver, and the hepatic veins, are said to be dilated into reser- voirs in some of the cetaceans, to be used, like the ples ; during the time of submersion; but nothing of the kind wa — found in the present case. One singular fact, however, W" — I have not seen noticed, was observed in all of the four s E mens; and that was, a pel is ence of the umbilical wine eem POE F Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 149 ment, and which opened into the vena porta; of course, it would be found in the dolphin, which was foetal; in the ` whale, it was nearly or quite as large as the thumb. The lungs consisted, each, of a single lobe, as in the three other specimens, and were of a regular, flattened, oval form, the left measuring 25 by 14 inches. The air-cells were not visible to the naked eye, being much smaller than in man; moreover, they did not communicate through the lung, but through one bronchus a definite portion of the lung only could be inflated, as in the other mammalia, the surrounding structure remaining quite collapsed. Neither did they so communicate in any one of the other subjects, except in the dolphin, the experiment being fairly tried in each of them. The fact of this communication was first noticed by Mr. Hunter; but he seems to apply the observation to the ceta- cea in general, G. Cuvier, (An. Comp. vol. vii. p. 108,) or rather Duvernoy, makes the same general statement with regard. to the carnivorous cetacea, and mentions particularly the dolphin and the porpoise. The trachea was 8 inches in length, 4 inches wide, and much flattened antero-posteriorly. Rings about seven in number, but very irregular, as in all of the other specimens ; Some quite broad, some narrow and running into each other: No membranous portion, neither was there in either of the. other subjects. The left primary bronchus was 6 inches long, right 5 inches; and, from this last, just at its origin rather than from the trachea, as generally observed in the "Placet, arose a third smaller bronchus, which went to the: - Pet part of the right lung. In the division of the bronchi- Pasa WaS nothing very remarkable; some very small glands | WENO" Seen in" the niacous: membrane, and beneath it were” ; well-developed transverse fibres. E ag “he laryna is one of the most interesting organs in the 2 in; being elongated upwards so as to project into the Cuire: hares, or internal orifice of the blow-hole, thus ing, for the purpose of respiration, a direct commu- 150 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a nication between the external air and the interior of the lungs; the soft palate extends very far backwards, and the strong muscles in that region, contracting about the larynx, cut off all communication between it and the cavity of the mouth. In the collapsed state in which the organs were after their removal from the body, the glottis stood erect three inches above the posterior edge of the soft palate, and it was 23 inches in width, the anterior lip being the largest. It appeared to consist of an anterior and a posterior cartilage, covered by a thin membrane and by cuticle, the whole bearing some gross resemblance in form to a turtle's back ; down the back of the anterior cartilage there extended a ridge, and along the opposite one a corresponding groove, allowing the two to close very perfectly together, and superseding the necessity of a proper epiglottis, which organ seemed to be wanting, thoug it really existed in the form of the anterior cartilage. ‘The thyroid cartilage is 3 inches in length anteriorly, 6 inches pos teriorly, and the same for the width on one side; form very regular. Cricoid not remarkable. ; The blow-hole, situated on the top of the head, at the very extremity, and rather towards the left side, was 63 inches long, and in the form of an f, as observed by Alderson and also 5 Beale. F. Cuvier says, in one part of his work, (p. 989) that the form is semicircular, though in a supplement, (p. 384) » quotes largely from Beale’s work, which was then recent, : so far corrects himself as to say that it has the form of an * The direction was longitudinal, though Hunter makes it ue | verse. Captain Chase states, that when the whale blows out the orifice becomes circular, and that in an old one he has — ; it as large as a bucket ; as to the formation of the spout, about : which there has been and is still so much question amongst T authors, he regards it unequivocally as the vapor of the expired : air with the addition of a very small quantity of water that gets into the blow-hole from Without, the water that 15 ik in with the food being discharged, he thinks, as it was rece ? and not through the blow-hole ; his observations, then; agree - Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 151 with those of Mr. Beale, who, on this point, is the best of all authorities. - Captain Chase has seen the blow-hole cut open, and describes it as a single, continuous tube, about as large as a man's arm, and without any lateral cavities such as are found in the dolphin ; inner surface smooth, and black; it extends backwards near the top of the head as far as the eye, and then turns down to the throat ; this last descending portion he has never examined. The following parts have been preserved for the Society's Collection : — 1st, the stomach, with the cesophagus, and com- mencement of the intestine ; 2d, portions of intestine, show- ing the structure at different parts ; 3d, the heart, and large vessels; 4th, the tongue, palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea and large bronchi ; 5th, the genital organs ; 6th, a cast has been made of one of the kidneys. Since this dissection was made, I have had an opportunity to examine the entire lower jaw from six different subjects, and I would here give the result of these observations, as there seem to be some erroneous views with regard to the teeth ; also, recently, Dr. Henry. Wheatland, of Salem, has examined three others, and sent me his observations, which will be added to the above. The first specimen was from a sperm whale that was said to have made 110 barrels of oil, and that was taken only a ... Week before, by a vessel bound into New Bedford. The length a ee cee) ee | AS Ye A eet DS eed RI Ce ~ the os on the median line was 16: feet, and from the back tooth to the articulating surface 51 feet. The teeth were generally more or less movable, the gum being still quite fresh; posteriorly Y were small, and appeared but little above the gum; on might side there were 25, regularly arranged, but on the only 24, the number often varying, not merely in different viduals of the same species, as a general rule in the ceta- left indi Seans, but in the same individual on the two sides; the ninth 3nd tenth from the front, on the left side, though of full size, "ere so close together as fairly to touch, several of the teeth : about them not being opposite to those upon the other side, as they generally were. 159 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a The second specimen was from a whale taken the year before between Cape Hatteras and the Bermudas, and said to have made 100 bbls. of oil. Length on the median line 15 feet 7 inches ; between the articulating surfaces 53 feet, and to the back tooth 5: feet ; on the right side there were 25 teeth, and on the left 27, opposite to each other towards the front, but soon became irregular, and were more so than in the other specimens ; towards the front also they were quite pointed, but further back rounded or ovoid ; the back teeth were much the smallest, the surface being worn so as to show the struc- ture. F. Cuvier says, that fifty-four is the greatest number of teeth that has been met with, and that the number increases with the size of the animal ; but, if this last is in proportion to the length of the lower jaw, the rule does not apply to the present specimens. He says, moreover, that they are conical in the young and ovoid in the old; they were conical in the small and undoubtedly young specimens presently to be men- tioned, but so were the anterior teeth in this second specimen, which belonged to a full grown adult. The same author thinks that the sperm whale sheds its teeth, and that, too, more than once; and T. R. Jones (Comp. Anat. p. 666,) has an.idem - with pea to the cetaceans, that, as they advance in 386 new teeth are formed in the back of the jaw, w whilst those in front drop out, the alveoli becoming absorbed ; but, in the present specimens, I found nothing to favor either of t ns; the front teeth in the largest individuals were periods preserved, there were nowhere any deficiencies, and there were in one of the smallest specimens about as man teeth as are generally found in the adult. : The third specimen was 8 feet 5. inches in length, 3. feet 9 inches between the articulating surfaces, and the same 10 ie the back tooth. There were 20 teeth on each side, arranged regularly opposite to each other, and very little if at all worn; . anteriorly they were comparatively large and strong; midway more slender, and posteriorly small. ae "The fourth, specimen was 7 feet 10 inches in length; 4 ud : between the articulating surfaces, and 3 feet 2 inches to back tooth ; on the right side 26 teeth: and on the left 23 ; Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 153 The fourth specimen was from a young animal, said to have been 18 feet long, and to have made 14 bbls. of oil; taken within three days’ sail of Nantucket. It was about 5 feet 8 inches in length, and had 23 teeth on each side, but, as these were cemented in, the number cannot be so fully depended upon ; all of them were pointed. The sixth specimen, which is in the Society’s Cabinet, is 5; feet in length, 2 feet 9 inches between the articulating sur- faces, and the same to the back tooth. The teeth, which are connected by a strip of dried gum, and are perfectly loose in the sockets, are 25 in number on the right side, and 24 on the left, besides an anterior one on the left side, which has evidently been lost; all of them pointed, and some hardly Piercing the gum. With the jaw, is the entire cranium, 6: feet long, and corresponding generally with G. Cuvier's description and figures (Oss. Foss. vol. v. pl. xxiv.) ; the petrous portion of the temporal bone, however, remains on one side, and, in- Stead of being free, as usual in the cetaceans, is as closely connected with the base of the skull as any other bone. The seventh specimen (these three last were examined by D r. Wyman) was 15! feet in length on the median line, 5 feet 1 inch between the articulating surfaces, and 4 feet 9 inches to the back tooth. On the right side 26 teeth; on the left 25, ides a back one, which seems to have been removed. ` The eighth specimen is 7: feet in length, between the articulating surfaces 3 feet 8 inches, and to the back tooth 3 feet 2 inches ; 24 teeth on each side. The ninth specimen is 8 feet 2 inches in length, between articulating surfaces 4 feet 2 inches, and to the back tooth 3 feet 8 inches; 23 teeth on each side. d DISSECTION OF A FGETAL DOLPHIN. aga About a fortnight after the dissection of the whale, I re- ceived from Dr. Storer a specimen of the above, which was sent E him by Dr. William Prescott, of Lynn, with the following description of the mother, from whom it had just been removed. 11 ' " Da E dd VOL. v. 154 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a The length was 71 feet; color dusky black on the back, white on the belly, and lead-colored on the sides ; a dusky line, from one to two inches in width, commenced a little above the eyes, and, passing along the sides, was lost in the lead color within 18 or 20 inches of the tail, and another, much less dis- tinct, ran parallel to this. Very exact measurements were also given of the position and dimensions of the external parts. 'The animal had just been harpooned, and seemed to be quite new to the fishermen. The fœtus must have been mature, or very nearly so, being 38 inches, or nearly half the length of the mother. Accord- ing to Mr. Owen, the cetacea, in general, are remarkable for the large size of the fœtus at birth. It had Sir William Jar- dine's characteristics of a true dolphin, the “ convex forehead and the snout in form of a beak, distinguished from the fore- head by a marked furrow;" in form, moreover, it pretty nearly resembled the Delph. delphis, L., as figured in the Naturalist’s Library, though it will be shown to differ in structure from that species, if, indeed, it is always the same species that is described under that name. The back was of a dark bluish gray, and the belly nearly a salmon color, but this last may originally have been white, as the same change color was observed in the D. globiceps ; no longitudinal stripes, as in the mother, but some very indistinct, broad, transverse stripes were seen towards the back. 'The teeth had not yet appeared. Since the dissection the animal has been stuffed, and the specimen is now in the Boston Museum. As to the number of vertebrx, there were 7 cervical, 14 dorsal, and 55 posterior to these. In the Dauphin ordinair? (by which is understood the Ð. delphis, L.) there are by G. Cuvier to be 14 dorsal, and 52 posterior to these (Anat. Comp. i. 103,) though in tlie Oss. Fossiles (v. 303) ‘he says the dorsal are 13, and the whole number, without the cervical, 60, leaving 47 only posterior to the dorsal; ^ Cuvier (Cet. p. 140) quotes this last. Lesson (Cet. P: - says there are 13 dorsal and 53 lumbar in the n i, Sperm Whale and other Cétaceans. 155 phin, and in Griffith's Cuvier the same numbers are given ; Sir William Jardine says 12 dorsal and 52 lumbar. Of the cer- vical vertebrae, the first and second were large and scarcely movable upon each other; the other five were much smaller and rather more movable, the second being more, and the seventh less developed than in the D. delphis, accord- ing to Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 303) ; these vertebrae, he says, are fused into a single piece, and yet, he elsewhere says, (Anat. Comp. i. 105,) that in the dolphins the atlas and axis only are united, the other cervical vertebrze remaining separate, though extremely thin. Lesson (Cet. p. 226) describes the six first as quite thin in the D. delphis, and the last as some- what thick. These discrepancies, upon so important a point as the number and form of the vertebrae, can only be explained by the confounding of species, and, with regard to the present individual, its specific appellation must be left undetermined. The stomach, with the cesophagus, and part of the intestine, having been inflated, dried and varnished, showed the form, and, to a certain extent, the structure of the different cavities, better than if they had been laid open, and from this specimen a Very correct drawing was taken by Dr. Parker. (PI. XIV. fig. 2.) The esophagus is 5: inches in length, and about 7 lines in diameter ; the first cavity of the stomach (a), which is perfectly identical with it in structure, dilates gradually, and is l; by 1 inch. The second cavity (b), continued in a line with e esophagus, is about 1: inches in length, and terminates in à blunt cone, so far corresponding with the general description by Mr. Hunter and others of the first; it differs, however, ruurely in structure from what is here described as the first, . 8 More red, thicker, and much more muscular; the two are also separated by a deep groove externally, and a corres- - Ponding fold of membrane within, though they still com- aiia freely, (portions of the cavities have been cut away 80 as to show their interna] relations) ; it is equally remarkable, then, whether considered as an additional cavity, or as a mod- “aon of the first, which is so generally uniform in shape and 156 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a structure ; and it is the more interesting as something of the kind was found in the globiceps. Sir E. Home has described and figured (Phil. Trans. 1807) the stomach of the very species (D. delphis, L.) which the present individual most nearly resembles externally, and the first cavity is continuous and uniform, as usual in the cetaceans. The third cavity (c); generally described as the second, is 2 inches by 1 inch, curved upon itself, and communicates freely with the first; in the recent state it felt very thick and fleshy, and now strongly marked rug: are seen upon the inner surface, giving it some- what of a coarse honeycomb structure. The fourth, not seen in the figure, is a small, rounded cavity, about 1 inch in diam- eter, and resembles the intestine in structure now that it 18 dried ; its communication with the third is not two lines distant from that between the first and third cavities ; in some of the cetacea this small cavity is said not to appear externally. The fifth cavity (d) is about 3} inches in length, somewhat dilated at first, but towards the further extremity about four lines in diameter; it is very strongly bent upon itself, and in structure resembles the fourth. Between the third and f cavities, the fourth and fifth, the fifth and the sixth, as many would have it, there is stretched a thin transverse septum, pe™ forated by a very small opening. : 'The intestine was 20 feet 8 inches in length, or about ws and a half times that of the animal, whereas it should be eleven or twelve times, according to Fred. Cuvier (Cet. P 89? G. Cuvier does not give the length in the dolphin or papa”; but merely remarks upon it as “ passablement long.” Just at its commencement it is considerably dilated, and measures In the dried specimen (e) 1 inch in diameter; this is 8 E described as an additional cavity of the stomach (as above stated,) but, in the present ease, from the gradual diminution of size and the absence of anything like an abrupt curve, such as was noticed in the whale, it is impossible to regard it other- wise than as part of the intestine; the con i ipm | the last eavity of the stomach is very small. The folds in the | Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 151 mucous membrane were wholly longitudinal and not abundant. One narrow Peyer's patch, 8 inches in length, was found below the middle of the intestine, and two smaller ones higher up; they were not strongly marked, though the follicles were distinct ; no other appearances of glands, except in the rectum, where they were very numerous though minute. The dif- ference in length and structure of the intestine in this specimen and the last, was very remarkable. ` The hepatic duct opened, as usual in the cetacea, into the dilated portion of the duodenum, two lines only from its com- mencement, and not near its termination, as stated by G- Cuvier; neither was there any dilatation of the duct in its passage through the parietes of the intestine, as described by him, or rather by Duvernoy, in the common dolphin. (Anat. Comp. vol. iv. part 9d, p. 531.) The hepatic veins were large. The umbilical vein opened largely into the vena porte, but the opening into the general venous system was not found. No dilatation of the vena ports: near to the liver was observed, as has been described in the dolphin. ! The heart, which is generally described as semilunar, had ks apex quite marked, contrasting strongly with the whale’s, as 1 did also with regard to the muscular columns, which were not strongly developed in any of the cavities. The fossa ovalis was quite marked, at the bottom of which was an exceedingly delicate membrane, and at the upper part of this, was the foramen ovale, which seemed quite small; the ductus arteri- asus, also, was small. , The aorta, which was not dilated, as some have described It in the dolphin, sent off two vessels from the arch close ^ The right gave, first, a large branch, whieh was ow as the superior intercostal, and yet the recürrent ich of the par vagum passed around it, as if it had been the of Vian ; secondly, a large branch which entered the base the skull, and may be called the internal carotid ; thirdly, a smaller branch, which also passed up the neck, and may be called the external carotid ; fourthly, a large trunk, 158 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a which subdivided into, first, the subclavian; and, secondly, a large branch which followed the phrenic nerve, and was distri- buted like it upon the diaphragm, sending off a very’ small internal mammary artery near its origin. The left innominata divided mainly like the right, but the subclavian was acci- dentally cut off. The left superior intercostal arose separately from the aorta, one inch beyond the second great trunk, a vessel corresponding in situation being also found in the whale. The plexus on each side of the spine was well marked, and, on cutting away extensively the wings from the bodies of the vertebra, it was seen to pass freely into the spinal cavity, and completely to surround the theca, being there very strongly marked. In the lower part of the abdomen the plexuses were not so distinct. "The air-cells communicated, so that through one of the secondary bronchi the whole lung could be inflated ; in size they about equalled those of man, being considerably larget than in the whale. The muscular fibres, which have been described as surrounding the lungs, I did not find. The trachea was much flattened antero-posteriorly, and fifteen rings were counted on one side. Just above the bifurcation a large bronchus was given off to the upper part of the right lung, and in the substance of the lungs the rings were continue nearly or quite down into the smallest tubes, as has been often "Phe spiracle, or blow-hole, being exposed on one side by à longitudinal section through the skull, was found to be a regt- lar and continuous passage for about one half its extent UP wards from the fauces. The upper half was very Heg being dilated mainly into two large sacs, each of which probably hold $jss. or more, and which seemed to burrow beneath the skin as the finger was passed into them through the external semilunar orifice ; the expulsor muscles these sacs were very large. Mr. Hunter says of the cetacea generally, «J could eid observe anything like a thyroid gland.” It existed, boWeYe^ — 3 would Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 159 in the present case, as a soft mass, of a dark red color, situated just below the larynx, and in form and size resembling the same organ in man ; it was also found in the globiceps, and I think it must have existed in the porpoise. I was not aware, when these observations were made, that this body had been met with in any of the cetaceans, but I have recently seen Mr. Owen's statement that it is found in the porpoise and bottle-nose dolphin.' ` The thymus gland was quite large, and, in structure ap- peared to resemble the same in man, though, on a single trans- verse ineision, I found no cavity. Whole length 3i inches ; body 14 by 15 lines, and crura half an inch in width. represented in the Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology. The vasa deferentia were large and quite distinct, and opened Separately on each side of the verumontanum, which was also quite large. The vesicule seminales are wanting in the cetacea, according to the best authorities, and as shown in this and the two next dissections ; Pallas has described them in the Beluga, as quoted by F. Cuvier, (p. 211) but this is the only case, $0 far as I can learn, in which they have been observed. In the present case there is a marked dilatation of the last half inch of the vasa, this portion being firm, white, smooth on the inner surface, and measuring 1 inch transversely when cut open. A similar dilatation was found in the globiceps and porpoise, and yet I have not seen the fact noticed by any anatomist. ? The brain was from various causes unfit for a full examina- tion. The weight of the cerebrum was 57 ounces, (avoir du ^s 5, and of the cerebellum 1; ounces. The two upper tubere quadrigemina were of medium size, but the two others were x ince i prelo UPS, A , j H hay. this paper was read before the Society, some additions and alterations 160 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a very large and directed obliquely outwards. In place of the corpora pyramidalia and olivaria was a defined, circular, raised mass, about : inch in diameter and very unlike Tiedemann’s figure of the D. delphis. The spinal marrow was rather small and uniformly so, closely invested by the dura mater, as remarked by Mr. Hunter, and formed. the cauda equina at about the tenth vertebra from the dorsal. The cerebral nerves generally were large, except the first pair, of which no trace could be found ; externally, the portio dura, the par vagum and some others appeared immensely large. 'The pupil of the eye was of an elongated, rather oval form, and not heart-shaped, as in the D. delphis, according to F. Cuvier, Lesson, and Sir William Jardine ; lens spherical ; pig- mentum not continued over the choroid coat, which has rather &greenish hue; numerous and distinct orifices of glands were found in the conjunctiva where it is reflected over the globe, the mucous secretion from which Mr. Hunter supposed w answer the purpose of the lachrymal gland, which is small in the cetacea. The external opening of the ear was just large enough to admit a small pin, and communicated with the 1n- ternal organ apparently by means of a single cartilage. OF THE PHOC(ENA GLOBICEPS. (Cuv.) This animal was harpooned near the bath-house at Craigie's bridge, June 16th, 1842, and I saw it on the same day. It looked quite thin, and on the right side the surface was -— even to a considerable extent, as if cicatrized ; this appear ance is interesting, as something of the kind seems tO have been observed in another individual of the same species” Mr. Couch, (Mag. of Nat. Hist. July, 1842.) It was of an uniform, dark slate color, except on the belly, where -— ‘ass ill-defined, narrow, clouded, white streak, extending from * d neath the jaw to about the anus, being much -broader an whiter in some parts than others, and most so beneath the jaw. “Weight estimated at 255 Ibs. si e n e. The figure at the end of the volume, by Dr. William © Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 161 Parker, represents the animal as it appeared after the removal of the organs; and, from the rounded form of the head, the slight projection of the upper jaw, the narrow, elongated, pointed anterior fins, and the color as above described, I think there can be no doubt of its being the globiceps. Measurements, taken on the first day, were as follows: from the anterior extremity of the head to the centre of the tail, 7 feet 2 inches; to the pectoral fin, 20 inches; to the dorsal, 38 inches; to the blow-hole, 92 inches; to the eye, 91 inches; to the penis, 4 feet 1 inch, and to the anus, 4 feet 8 inches. Span of tail 21 inches, with a notch 1 inch deep in the centre; pectoral fin 51 inches across the base; 21 inches along the anterior edge, and 15; inches along the posterior. Dorsal fin about 15 inches across the base, 18 inches along the anterior edge, and 6 inches along the posterior. Circum- ference in front of dorsal fin, 3 feet 10 inches; blow-hole concave anteriorly, and 13 inches across, from tip to tip; eye iof an inch. The external opening of the ear was so small as only to admit a pin, and was not found till after the cartilage had been cut through ; according to Cuvier, and the statemen 18 repeated by Sir William Jardine and by Mr. Beale, this opening was not discovered in any one of the seventy globiceps stranded in Brittany in 1812; one of these specimens was sent to G. Cuvier, besides many of the heads and other parts, (Oss. Foss. v, 985); but I do not find that he alludes to the external ear, nor scarcely to any other point of anatomy, except the Stomach, which he describes in the Anatomie Comparée. ; Of the teeth, there were counted, on the left side, nine m the upper jaw and three in the lower, several of them being quite loose. On dissection, there were found to be nine ou ch side in the upper jaw; in the lower, eight on each side, _ behind these two others on the right side which were con- siderably smaller than the rest. | -— The stomach inflated and dried, is represented in Plate XV. rawn by Dr. J. Wyman, and portions of the parietes having Cut away as in case of the dolphin, the communication 162 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a between the cavities was distinctly shown. The Ist (b) was 11: inches in length, and 42 inches in width superiorly. The 9d (c and c) was of a somewhat globular form, and smaller than the first, with which it communicated largely ; when recent, it felt about as thick as the first, though evi- dently quite different in structure; and, on being dried, the characteristic rugæ are distinctly seen. Between these two, is a small supplementary cavity, partially seen in the figure (d), of a crescentic form, extending about half round the organ, and opening largely throughout its whole extent into the first cavity, with which it seems to be connected; the parietes, however, are thinner than those of the first; it is separated from both the cavities by broad septa, and the limits externally are well marked, so that it should perhaps be rather regarded as a distinct cavity. The third cavity (e) is quite small, but perfectly distinct, and equal to be- tween one and two inches in diameter. The fourth (f) 8 about three times as large as the last, and equally distinct, of a rounded form, and quite prominent. "The fifth (8) , elongated, curved upon itself, and thin like the two last ; it 1s 13} inches in length, following the curve, and about 6} inches in circumference midway, though larger at the two extremities. Connected with these is what has been described as an ad- ditional cavity of the stomach, but which, as above stated, I should certainly regard as a dilatation of the intestine. This cavity (h) is 32 inches long, 7: inches in circumference at 15 commencement, and 3j inches at its termination, at which last part there is a marked contraction (i), but without the feel of anything like pylorus. Immediately below this, the intestine omes suddenly much thicker, as if from the commencement of valvulæ conniventes. As in the dolphin, the second and third cavities of the stomach, the third and fourth, the fourth and fifth, the fifth and sixth, as many would call the last, are divided by a thin, transverse septum, perforated by a $t "The intestine was 57 feet, or eight times the length of the Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 163 animal. Being cut open, it measured transversely 1} inches on an average, 9! inches at the upper or largest part, and 2 inches at the largest part of the rectum. |. Valvulee conniv. strongly developed, except in the last 10 or 12 feet, and most so in the upper part; the valves were transverse, instead of being oblique as in the whale; and it is remarkable that G. Cuvier should not have mentioned these in the globiceps, when he is speaking (Anat. Comp.) of the longitudinal folds in the intestine of the porpoise and the dolphin; neither is anything said by Mr. Hunter of marked transverse rugze, nor by F. Cuvier, nor Lesson, so far as I have seen. In the last 10 or 12 feet, the mucous membrane was in irregular folds, more longitudinal than transverse. No Peyer's nor other glands seen. Muscular coat thick, the longitudinal fibres being quite marked at tlie upper part. The intestine termi- nates at last, not directly upon the surface of the body, but In a fissure eight or ten inches in length. The right lobe of the liver was from two to three times as large as the left. The vena cava passed in a groove behind the organ; umbilical vein pervious, opening freely into the vena porte, but seemed to be gradually obliterated towards the umbilicus. The hepatic duct ran directly to the intes- 2 then turned abruptly, and ran along the dilated portion of intestine, forming a part of its parietes, and opened just E = contraction between this portion and the proper in- testine. The duct was considerably larger where it turned than at first, measuring about half an inch across when cut pen ; continued large and thick in the parietes of the intes- tine, but without any dilatation. 2 gor - The pancreas was a well-defined organ, 2 by 4 inches in extent, white, quite soft, but glandular as in man. The duct "Pened into the hepatic, where it turned, and was 7 lines “cross when cut open in the substance of the gland. - Spleen connected with first cavity of stomach; a dark red, very firm organ, of a flattened spherical form, about 4 inches in diameter, and 1i inches thick; also two smaller, supple- mentary organs. - 164 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a The heart was a strongly developed, muscular organ, not flattened, nor unusually broad, the apex being sufficiently marked, though between the ventricles there is a considerable groove. Ventricular portion 7 inches across the base, and about 5 inches long. Some muscular interlacement in ap- pendices of auricles. Foramen ovale closed, with very little of a fossa on the right, and none on the left side. Tricuspid valve 71 inches along the adherent edge, and well developed. Right ventricle 4 to } of an inch thick, and the muscular columns: rather coarse. Pulmonary artery 42 inches in cir- cumference just above the valves, and aorta 3? inches. Left ventricle one inch at thickest part. "The aorta dilated consid- erably, though gradually, towards the arch, where it gave off two large branches of about equal size, and afterwards a smaller one; all of which seemed to be distributed very much as in the dolphin. Intercostal plexus well marked. A large vein, entering the right side of the thorax between the upper dorsal vertebrze, was undoubtedly the azygos, as described by Breschet (Annales des Sc. Nat. 1834) in the phocoena. The lower cava received a large vessel from the lower part of the thorax, just before entering the auricle. The lungs were very tough or leathery to the feel, coarse in structure, and invested by a thick membrane. organs were pretty extensively diseased, being infiltrated with a light yellowish substance, something between pus and lymph, though nowhere hepatized, and without any well-marked tuberculous deposit. At the anterior inferior part of each lung-was a large gland, similarly diseased, great numbers of enlarged lymphatics being seen on the outer surface of the lungs going to these; several glands were also found in the neck and about the lungs, enlarged and diseased. Mr. J. Coüch, above quoted, remarks, that sped of the cetaceous animals taken. in England have run them- selves on shore; a circumstance which has been ascribe > with much appearance of probability, to the influence of sickness." Trachea, 4i inches long, and lj inches Wide; * Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. — 165 rings very irregular. Bronchus, 2 of an inch in diameter, sent off from about the middle of the trachea to the upper part of the right lung; the primary bronchi were about 1} inches long, and the rings were continued into the smallest tubes that were opened. Thyroid gland in the usual place, dark red, and soft; 3j inches transversely, and about 1: inches longitudinally. This body, as already stated, Mr. Hunter did not find in the cetaceans. The thyroid cartilage was quite irregular, the limit between this and the epiglottis not being felt. The cricoid was well developed posteriorly, but anteriorly it. terminated in two rather blunt points, which, though they approximated, did not unite; the same is found in the beluga; according to Dr. Barclay, (Wernerian "Trans. 3d vol) and he is the only Writer, so far as I have seen, who has mentioned the fact ; I believe it existed also in the porpoise. Epiglottis about 35 inches long, and 2 of an inch wide, though wider at the top. Arytenoid cartilages about 3 inches long, not rising quite so high as the epiglottis, nearly united at the top, but more separated below; and seeming to run into the cricoid. Glottis quite distensible. Pharynx contracted about glottis, but, above this, capacious. Mucous follicles in the posterior nares, and the muscular structure strongly developed, as described by Hunter, and as they were in the dolphin. lhe renal capsules, situated above the kidneys, were about to 2 inches in diameter, and 3 or 4 lines thick. Bladder . a4; portion towards the urethra long and narrow, as it was in the porpoise, ae. Testes and epididymis very much as in the dolphin; the *i inches by 2 of an inch. The vasa deferentia were us nearly to the bladder, then straight, and, for the last ches, so near as to appear like one tube. Behind the “ader, they were 1! lines in diameter; and, on being cut Open, the parietes were found quite thick, and the canal H 2 in 166 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 1: lines across. For about 2 inches before their termination, they became quite thin, and the canal increased to 5 lines; dilatation not sudden ; opened at last separately on the veru- montanum by a small orifice or slit. Connected with the vasa deferentia, and forming undoubt- edly a part of the genital system, was a single canal, 2j inches long, opening on the verumontanum, just in front of the vasa, and so closely connected with them as not distinctly to appear, except for about ! of an inch just before the vasa came together. At this last part, where it terminated in a cul de sac, it appeared as large as the vasa, but was thinner, and the cavity larger, the inner surface being white and rugous. It afterwards became smaller, but, before termina- tion, the cavity enlarged to 5 or 6 lines. No glands seen on the inner surface. A similar canal was found in the porpoise. Prostate large; ducts large and numerous, and o on each side of the verumontanum. - Penis 11 inches in length, and 1; inches in diameter midway ; no septum ; fibrous parietes thick and dense. The last 41 inches tapers to a point, and is free, though concealed beneath the surface of the body. «Erector muscles strongly developed, but the acceleratores less so. A strong retractor pair, also, appearing like one muscle, arose near the perineum, and was inserted about the commencement of the free portion of the organ. FESSA The animal having been purchased for the Society; the bones were macerated with a view to the skeleton; but they were found to be too imperfectly ossified, some of epiphyses being not merely separate but scarcely formed. The vertebre were 58 in number; bodies of 6 of the cervical co-ossified ; 11 dorsal, as stated by Cuvier in the globiceps (Oss. Foss. vol. v.); but posterior to these were 40, whereas he makes but 37. The cranium corresponded suffi- ciently well with his description and figures of the globiceps (pl. xxi.), with which it was very carefully compared, Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans 167 under surface of the superior maxillary bones in both our specimens, however, are less broad and flat than he represents them. In the young one, there is considerable space between the occipital ridge and the nasal bones, formed, I suppose, by the interparietal bones fused to the occiput; the foramen opticum is not formed, but, in the place of it, a deep notch in the ant. sphenoid ; in the post. sphenoid is a large foramen, which I supposed to be the carotid, bat no rotundum nor ova- le, neither was there in the old specimen, though the optic was well formed. The condyloid foramina, in both specimens, were found in the lateral portion of the occiput. No bony tentorium, though, in the old specimen, it was "well marked. The sternum was composed of four pieces, the third being in two lateral portions, and the fourth quite cartilaginous ; deep notch in the first, as stated by Cuvier. Eleven pairs of ribs, the last five being connected only with the transverse pro- cesses of the vertebree, as stated by Cuvier ; cartilages ossified. Pelvic bones about 93 inches long, and half an inch in diam- eter. As to the phalanges, from the very imperfect degree of Ossification, the exact number was not ascertained, but they did not seem to correspond with Cuvier's description. - _ ANATOMY OF THE PORPOISE (ProcexA communis, L.) `- July 13th, 1842, Dr. Storer saw and examined a specimen that had just been taken at Nahant. Length 4 feet 5 inches. Externally it resembled the figure of the common porpoise in the Naturalist’s Library, though the form of the head was more like that of the Cape porpoise in the same plate. Pectoral fins “colored above, like the upper part of the body generally, but White below; in the work just quoted they are said to be brownish. Dorsal emarginated just back of the tip, and at the “pper part, anteriorly, it exhibited quite a number of small tuber- cles or dentations. At the suggestion of Dr. Storer, the organs Were then carefully removed by Mr. Johnson, of Nahant, and on the following day, were sent to me in a perfectly fresh state. 168 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a i ; The first cavity of the stomach was somewhat heart-shaped, and had a marked mamillary process at the apex, though no corresponding depression internally. Length 8 inches, and transversely, at the upper part, 6 inches. Cuticular coat thick, dense, dead white, and much more rugous than in the œso- phagus. Cavity nearly full of half-digested fish and bones, showing that it is not a mere reservoir, as Hunter supposed. Second cavity, of a regular, elongated form, somewhat curved upon itself, 7 by 3 inches before being cut open, and very thick to the feel. The orifice was not far from the «esophagus, and admitted the fore-finger, but the outlet was considerably smaller; no projections about the orifice, as stated in the Cyclop. of Anat. & Phys. Contained only a little thick liquid. Mucous membrane everywhere thrown into dark red, very thick and prominent, longitudinal, close-set rugze, and, in cut- ting it across, the linear appearance was seen, which has been described by Sir David Brewster in the porpoise as tubu- lar (Cyclop. of Anat. & Phys.) ; the limit between this and the cuticular coat of the first stomach was strongly defined, but there were not the strongly marked rug about the orifice, described by G. Cuvier. Muscular coat thin, allowing the ruge of the mucous membrane to be seen through from the external surface, like the convolutions through the membranes of the brain. "The third cavity was exceedingly small, though as distinct as any of the rest; limits externally well marked, and measured 1; by 3 inches. "The orifice is amongst the ruge of the second cavity, a short distance from its extremity, and admits the last joint of the little finger, so that it can be passed about within its cavity ; the outlet is from 4 to 5 lines in diameter. Structure and feel of this and the next, thin am membranous. Fourth cavity, quite serpentine in form} inches following the curve; transversely, about 1j inch mie way, and 13 inch at each extremity, before being opene® ; outlet 2; lines in diameter. Contained little or nothing: Mucous membrane firm and moderately thick. = "Intestine, 61; feet, or nearly 14 times the length of the 1 I Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 169 animal, varying considerably from the last two specimens, as they all three do from F. Cuvier's statement. (Cétacés, p. 86.) Lower half, generally about the size of the fore-finger, increas- ing somewhat downwards, though, for the last foot or more, it becomes much smaller ; upper half, to a considerable extent, smaller than the little finger, though longer at the very upper part ; according to F. Cuvier, the diameter of the intestine, in the * dauphins et marsouins,” is regular, diminishing but very little from the pylorus to the anus; these would include the Present. specimen and the globiceps, as well as the dolphin, and yet his remark is not confirmed in either case. The dila- tation at the commencement of the intestine was strongly marked : 4! inches long, and 23 inches transversely at com- mencement; parietes about as thick as the intestine below, ut the mucous membrane of the two differed greatly in structure, and the change was rather abrupt, though there was no contraction nor anything like a valve. The mucous mem- brane of the dilated part was quite smooth, polished, some- what transparent, and, after being in spirit for one night, showed several opaque points which were evidently glands, Whereas that of the intestine immediately below was just the reverse, opaque with marked longitudinal rugz. These rugæ extended more or less throughout the intestine, but were not. very numerous, being much less than in the dolphin; none transverse, Several patches of Peyer’s glands were seen, } to + ch wide; generally several inches, and one of them 15 inches in length ; the follicles, which were small, and very m Set, were not situated directly upon the inner surface of intestine, but upon a distinct fold, which was attached to ~ mucous membrane by its centre only. Cuticle continued about 3 inches within the rectum. Some inflammation and en- Frei t of the solitary glands was observed, and some of ! Were ulcerated, bebe lobe of the liver two or three times larger than the ^w ee vein pervious, as above stated. Some disease “US Organ also, being such as I have occasionally seen Tv 12 170 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson’s Dissections of a in man; apparently a partial obliteration of the ducts, and a collection of the secretion beyond. The hepatic duct opened directly into the dilated portion of the intestine, upon a little protuberance, half an inch before the rugous portion of the intestine began ; no dilatation. The pancreatic duct opened into the hepatic, not far from its termination. Spleen about 2 of an inch in diameter, and closely attached to the first cavity of the stomach, with three or four others of the size of peas scattered in the omentum at some distance. The lungs were fleshy to the feel, but much less so than in the globiceps ; air-cells quite as large as in man. The cricoid cartilage had been cut through in the removal of the organs, but from what remained, it appeared, as in the globiceps, not to close anteriorly. A dark red, firm body was found in the place of the thyroid gland, but this, too, had been cut across. In the bronchi were great numbers of thread-like worms, probably filariæ, and quite a collection were seen hanging from an open ulcer upon the inner surface of the stomach ; severa ascarides were also found free in the cavity of this last organ. ~ Of the heart. The apex was well marked, and the structure not remarkable. Fossa ovalis rather deep, but foramen closed. Two vessels given off at the arch of the aorta close together, and a third a little way beyond. The festes, 3; inches long, and 1: inch wide, appeared much enlarged, or swollen, which probably was the case, 8 the animal was killed during what is supposed to be the rutting season. Epididymis not separated from the gland, as in - globiceps and dolphin. Vasa deferentia tortuous at first, but straight for some distance before termination, whereas, accord- ing to G. Cuvier, they are tortuous, in the porpoise, aS far as the opening in the urethra ; opening separately upon the veru- montanum, which is moderately developed. Before termin?" ting they dilate, as above stated, measuring from four to five lines transversely, when cut open. Here again was an organ, similar to that above described in the globiceps, and which 5 go onc ntfi. un i maw nash CN wee Ly Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 171 being so small as to be overlooked. A single canal, opening on the verumontanum, just in front of the vasa deferentia, and closely connected with these last, so that it did not appear except for about 11 inch before the vasa came together. At this last part, it was much smaller and thinner than the vasa, and, as it extended upwards, it became so small, thin and trans- parent, that, when first seen, I took it for an enlarged lymph- atic ; it tapered off to a point, and was gradually lost. After it joined the vasa, the cavity enlarged considerably, so that a probe moved freely within it, and it contained some transparent, viscid fluid, whereas that in the vasa was more opaque. This organ is not mentioned by G. Cuvier in his description of the genital organs of the porpoise, as quoted by F. Cuvier, (Cétacés, p. 172,) neither has it before been observed in any of the cetaceans, so far as I can learn. The prostate was tolerably large, and seemed to be a tissue of ducts filled with a transparent, viscid fluid ; the under sur- face covered by a strong muscle. _ The penis seemed very large for the size of the animal: 18 inches from the tip to the membranous portion, and 43 inches in circumference at the largest part. Free portion concealed beneath the surface of the body, 6 inches in length, and taper- ing, though not quite so pointed as in the globiceps. No septum. Mr. Hunter remarks, on the urethra, as being near = centre of the organ in the porpoise, but in the present case it was not much more so than in the mammalia generally. The retractor muscles seemed to be continuous with the muscles about the lower part of the rectum, and strongly de- i » though the erectors were smaller than in the globi- This finishes the detail of these dissections; and I think they Prove the truth of what has been said with regard to the iii les and omissions that are to be found in the standard facts c. bove quoted; and I have only further to add, if the PW gy confirmation, that the most important parts from three specimens, as well as those of the first, have been Preserved, and can at any time be reéxamined. 172 John Lewis Russell on the ART. XII. — MUSCI OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. By Jonn Lewis RvssELL, A. A. S., Corresponding Member of the Boston Society of Natural History, &c., &c. Read December 4, 1844. "Wocvr» we seek for elegance amid the minuter wonders of the vegetable kingdom — for delicacy of structure; for in- stances of exquisite design, or for subjects of patient and instructive study ; to no department of scientific research may we turn, with greater hope of success, than to the Mosses. Their tiny roots; their curious leaves, rigid and like bristles in some, or broad or simple in others, or of the most complicated tissue of network in others, — in all, a great variety : and so fitly adapted to the circumstances of their places of growth ; their anomalous floral organs, but dimly shadowing forth the sexual lift in phenog plants ; the grace of their fruitstalks, (sete); the proportion, of their capsules; the peristome of a simplex or else of a complex character; the columella invested with spores (seeds) and operculum, to protect them from injury when immature ; the veil or calyptra surmounting the whole, and cast aside, when no longer needed, by a variety of ingenious devices; their mode of propagation ; utility to man; and indirect agency in the economy of the material world : superadded, the names of illustrious men who have made them their study, — these, and other circumstances beside; render an accurate knowledge of them an object of value and of con- stant interest. 2906 The species mentioned in this paper, were determined from specimens, collected, as will be seen, in the vicinity of Boston ; many of which were presented to me by different friends, and others collected by myself. "Those about which I entertained doubts, were compared with authentic American, British i European specimens, in several herbaria, especially !n rich collections of B. D. Greene, to whose generosity and cope ration I am most particularly indebted. For their systemate arrangement, I have mainly followed the Synopsis of Gener? Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 173 adopted by Hooker in the second volume of the British Flora, Part I! Muscr Acrocarri Asronur. Mosses with terminal fruitstalks; capsules destitute of a mouth (stoma) in consequence of the adhesion of the lid (operculum.) Puascum patens. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 20. Muscol. Brit. P- 7, tab. 5. Br. Fl. p. 3. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 338. wet soil ; fruit in September. Chelmsford! P. itia. (Linn. Muscol. Brit. p. 6, tab. 5. Brid. pe P 1. Brid: Bry. Univ. I. p. 37. Sandy soil: Ply- Mvscr Acnocangpi GyMNosTOMI. 7 Mosses with terminal fruitstalks ; lid deciduous; mouth of the sinyale without a fringe (peristome. ) ceci Brid, Meth, M sous Nova Muscorum, &c. ; a Sam. El. a e Goth, 1819. Brid. Musc. Rec. Muscologia Recentiorum ; a Sam. El. a Bri 3 vols. 4to. Brid. Sp. Muse, El. a Arare Gothæ Li PU. pem Universa, &c.; a Sam. El a Bádel-Brider sme 1826, ^ vols. d Drummond: d's Musei Americani. Monsen collected in British North America, uring fes Second Land Expedition under Sir John Franklin, K — T orum Frondosorum. Op. P w— Editum a Pappleinces to the same work: or, Species peste a Sam. - Muse, Fr. ty i dim «8r. Suppl. Supplement to thé above work ; in several pou by = — Hook, § Greville : in Brewster's Journal of Science. Vol. i kc Londón, 1 t mi Hooker and Taylor's Muscologia dy A Flora, Vol. ii.: or, the English: Flora of Sir ir James Ea r xxiv., Cryptogamia. By Wm. Jackson Hooker, LL. D., F. , 1833 Musei "tige i vols. London, 1818. Muscoru ndon, 1768, (the plates.) Dna of jme in the the Dillenia Herbarium ; Li G. A. W. Amott, Esq. and Wil- J. Hooker: in ’s Journal of Botany, vol. i. pp. 88, 97. — 174 John Lewis Russell on the Spuaenum squarrosum. (Weber and Mohr.) Muscol. Brit. p. 14, tab. 4. Br. Fl. II. p. 5. Finely in fruit. Tewksbury, B. D. Greene ! S. obtusifolium. (Ehr.) Br. Fl. 1. c.. With the tops of the stems and branches rose-colored, without fruit: Man- chester, Oakes ! also — var. 8 minus. Br. Fl. 1. c. With fruit. Hingham! S. acutifolium. (Ehr.) Br. FI. l. c. Schwaégr. Suppl. I. p. 15, tab. 5. Danvers! also, in water of four feet depth, in Magnolia Swamp, Manchester, Oakes ! Gymyostomum fasciculare. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 38, tab. 4, .5-8. Muscol. Brit. p. 93, tab. 7. Br. Fl. II. p. 9. Sandy sol. Chelmsford ! G. truncatulum. (Hoffm.) Var. « (capsule turbinate.) Br. Fl. p. 8. Muscol. Brit. p. 22, tab. 7. Chelmsford ! — Var: 8 (capsule oblong.) Muscol. Brit. l. c. Br. Fl. l. c Sandy garden-walks: fruit, October. Salem! - G. pyriforme. (Hedw.) Muscol. Brit. p. 24, tab. 7. Dill. Muse. tab. 44, fig. 6. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 38. Vicinity of Salem ! ; ScnisTIDIUM. Brid. Bry. Univ. tab. 1. S. serratum. Wilson, in Drummond's Southern United States Musci, No. 20. Growing with Phascum patens. Chelmsford! Fructification, March. AxrcrTANGrUM ciliatum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 40. Muscol. Brit. p. 96, tab. 6. Br. Fl. II. p. 11. Common on bowlders, rocks and stone walls, appearing very green in moist weather. A. filiforme. (Hedw.) Catalogue of Plants growing with- out cultivation in Massachusetts, appended to Hitcheock's Geological Report of the State, &c. Brid. Sp. Musc. I. p. 23, sub Anictang. ciliato, and considered a variety. Collected by Andrew L. Russell, on Taghannoe Mountain, Sheffield ! - oss Mvscr Acrocarpi Pertsromt. Mosses with terminal fruitstalks; lid deciduous; mouth of the capsule furnished with a peristome. Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 115 APLOPERISTOMI. (With single peristomes. ) Diruyscium foliosum. (Mohr.) Muscol, Brit. p. 32, tab. 8. Br. Fl. IL p. 13. "This little moss seems to have a wide distribution and various situations of growth. I have found it in the pine woods of Sandwich ; on shady hill-sides at Ply- mouth; in similar situations at Hingham; in profuse abun- dance on a hard-trodden path in woods at Danvers, literally affording a carpet of bristly perichztia; I have specimens from Dr. Porter, Plainfield! and it occurs also, in abundance, about Ipswich, Oakes ! Terraruts pellucida. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 45, tab. 7, fig. 1. Muscol Brit. p. 33, tab. 8, &c. Abundant on decaying stumps of trees in shade of woods, and easily distinguished by its peristome of four teeth, and the frequent occurrence of rosular, obcordate leaves on the tops of the barren stems. ! Plymouth ! Ipswich ! SPLACHNUM ampullaceum. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 39. tab. 9. Br. Fl. IT. p. 15. Schwaéer. Suppl. II. p. 52. Shady borders of woods, Manchester, Oakes ! Wzissra microdonta. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 67, tab. 11, fig. 1-13. Synonym. Weissia viridula 8 microdus. Brid. Bry. Univ, Į, p. 335. Crevices of rocks at the limekilns, Chelmsford ! ‘also on shady borders of woods, South Hingham ! Fructification, October. - "+ Controversa. (Hedw.) Muscol. Brit. p. 84, tab. 15. Fruit in November, Hingham ! W. acuta, (Hedw.) Muscol. Brit. p. 87, tab. 15. Br. Fl. II. p. 24, Vicinity of Boston. B. D. Greene! W. lanceolata. Hooker & Taylor. Muscol. Brit. p. 80, tab. 14. Br. FI II. p.20. Sheffield ; Andrew L. Russell ! Gronna pilifera. (Pal. de Beauv.) Brid. Bryol. Univ. I. P. 173. Synonym. Grimmia Pennsylvanica, Schwaégr. Suppl. tab. 25. On rocks, Brookline. George B. Emerson! also, finely in fruit, in similar situations, South Hingham ! 116 John Lewis Russell on the G. maritima. ('Turn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 66, tab. 13. Schwaégr. Suppl. I. p. 95, tab. 22. On rocks, Nahant, B. D. Greene ! G. alpicola. (Swartz.) Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 165. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 77, tab. 15, fig. 1-5, (leaf not sufficiently ellip- tical.} Considered to be hardly distinct from Grimmia apo- carpa. Hab. Nahant, B. D. Greene! G. pulvinata: (Smith.) Muscol. Brit. p. 68, tab. 13. Synonym. Fissidens pulvinatus : Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 158, tab. 40. Abundant on rocks: Young fruit appearing in November. Chelmsford ! ! Dipymopon purpureum. Hook. & Tayl. Muscol. Brit. p. 113, tab. 20. Br. FI. II. p. 28. I have beautiful specimens of this moss, from the western part of the State, received from Dr. Porter ! ; D. capillaceus. (Schrad.) Muscol. Brit. p. 119, tab. 20. Resembles some of the smaller Brya. Occurring with perfect fruit in January, Hingham ! also Salem ! ; "TurcHosrowux pallidum. Hedw. St. Cr. vol. I. tab. 27. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 489. “Environs of Boston,” B. D. Greene ! Var. 8 strictum. (Swartz.) Schwaegr. Suppl. tab. 123: a more delicate and smaller form, occurring at Ply- mouth !. Hingham ! Dicranum. § Leaves bifarious, Fissrpens. Hedw. D. (Fissidens) adiantoides. (Swartz) Br. Fl. I. p. 36 Muscol. Brit. &c. tab. 16. In shade of woods, and neat water: Hubbardston! Hingham ! Chelmsford ! — $$ Leaves inserted on all sides of the stem. Dicranum glaucum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 135. Schwaegr: Suppl. I. p. 187. tab. 48. Br. Fl. I. p. 37, &c. Western Massachusetts ; with fruit, from Dr. Porter ! with fine fructi- fication, from Manchester, Oakes! also common in woods about Boston ! : Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. "A79 D. flagellare. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 130. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 422. In dense tufts at the roots of white cedar ( Cupres- sus thuyoides, Linn.) in sphagnous swamps, Hingham! Scituate ! also Ipswich, Oakes! Obs.. The flagella must not be mistaken for young fructification just rising, which they resemble in a striking manner. | D. heteromallum. (Linn.) Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 128. Dill. Muse. tab. 47. figs. 37, 38. Muscol. Brit. &c. tab. 18: In perfect fruit, December, Hingham! also abundant near the habitat of Oakesia Conradi (Tuckerman,) at the cemetery, Plymouth ! — D. varium. (Hedw.) Muscol. Brit. p. 102. tab. 17. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p.435. Chelmsford! Hingham ! $4 D. scoparium. (Hedw.) Muscol. Brit. p. 101. tab. 18. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p.410. Common. Chelmsford! Hing- ham! Salem! Ipswich! &c. D. rugosum. (Dill. Hoffm.) Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 414. Synonym. Dicranum polysetum. (Swartz.) Schwaégr. Suppl. I. p. 165. tab. 41. In pine woods, near the Middlesex Canal, Chelmsford ! also Ipswich, Oakes ! D. strictum. (Schleicher.) Schwaégr. Suppl. I. p. 188. tab. 43. Hingham ! also Ipswich, Oakes ! D. longifolium. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 130. Muscol. Brit. p. 83. tab. 16. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 430. Prospect Hill, Waltham ! ` 7 — $$$ Capsule swelling at its base, Oxcormonvs, Bridel. E (Oncophorus) falcatum. Brid. Bry. Univ. E p. 389. edw. Sp. Musc. p. 150. tab. 32. fig. 1-7. “Environs of Boston? p. D. Greene ! ; : pem " TonrvrA unguiculata. (Hook. & Tayl.) M uscol. Brit. P. T. tab. 12. Br. Fl, IL p, 45. Plymouth, Andrew L. Russell ! T. P OLYTRICHUM. $ Calyptra nuke © ATHARINEA. Ehr. P. (Catharinea) undulatum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 98. 178 John Lewis Russell on the Muscol. Brit. p. 43. tab. 10. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 102. Margin of brooks, Chelmsford ! Plymouth ! ; P. (Catharinea) angustatum. Brid. Sp. Musc. I. p. 79. Hook. Musc. Exot. tab. 50. Brid: Bry. Univ. II. p. 105. On moist, grassy banks. Common. Synonyms. P. (Catharinea) incurvatum. Mihi. Journal Essex County Natural History Society, p. 92 (where dele * Polytrichum levigatum Wahl.") — Polytr. controversum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 98. Dill. Musc. tab. 46. fig. 19. Brid; Bry. Univ. II. p. 105. A va- riety, growing on decayed trunks of trees, and also on the ground in shady woods. Chelmsford ! — $$ Calyptra invested with filaments, Pouxrricuum; Auct. P. commune. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 46, tab. 10. Br. Fl. p. 49. Abundant in sunny pastures, and varying much gr size. _ P. piliferum. (Schreb.) Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 142. Mus- col. Brit. p. 44, tab. 10. Common on rocks; distinguished by its long, pellucid, hair-like, pointed leaves. P. Pennsylvanicum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 96. Dill. Muse. tab. 55, fig. 12. Synonyms. Polytrichum boreale, Mihi, in Journ. Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Soc. p. 92, (a dwarf condition.) Pogonatum brevicaule. -Brid. Bry. Univ. Il. p. 144. This is a small species, with leaves closely appressed to the stem, and subject to much variation in the length of 1 peduncle. Abundant on sandy soil, gravelly banks, = Chelmsford! Hingham! Finely in fructification amidst & thick stratum of pale green, confervoid filaments, (its primor- dial growth.) December. South Hingham ! J DiProrznisTowtr. (With double peristomes.) | Funaria hygrometrica.. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p- Musc. tab. 62. fig. 75. Muscol. Brit. p. 121. tab. burnt spots in woods; also by road sides, Chelmsford ! 172. Dill. 90. On In Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 179 shade of woods, Danvers! Hingham! Plymouth! On garden paths, Salem ! 3 $ Orrnorricuum. (Obs. Sometimes the inner peristome is wanting. | 1 Species with single peristome. O. saxatile. Brid. Sp. Musc. II. p. 9. — Meth. p. 110. — Bry. Univ. I. p. 274. . Vicinity of Salem! tt Species with double peristome. O. affine. (Schrad.) Muscol. Brit. p. 197. Br. Fl. II. p. 94. A small species on bark of trees. Common. , O. Hutchinsic. (Smith.) Muscol. Brit. p. 131. tab. 21. Schwaégr. Suppl. II. p. 145. tab. 138. Br. Fl. II. p. 56. rocks, among ‘Anictangium ciliatum. Chelmsford ! O. strictum. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 289. On rocks ; Ips- Wich, Oakes ! also Chelmsford ! — $$ Leaves or foliage crisped : Urota, Mohr. O. (Ulota) crispum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 162. Brid. Meth. EI, = Bry. Univ. I. p. 299. Muscol. Brit. p. 133. hs 21. On trunks of white maple (Acer eriocarpum, M’x.) Hingham | also Ipswich, Oakes ! x : : DnvswoxprA, Hooker, in Drummondi Musci Americani. D. clavellata. (Dill) Drummondi Musci Am. No. 62. Jnonyms. Orthotrichum clavellatum. Hooker & Gre- ville, in Brewster's Edinburgh Journal of Science, Vol. I. p. 114, tab. 4. Dill Musc. tab. 85, fig. 17. — Gymnostomum Prorepens. Hedw, Sp. Musc. p. 35, tab. 3. — Leiotheca a. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 728. On trees, Waltham: also Ipswich, Oakes ! $ Brrum. With a single fruitstalk. B. androgynum, Hedw. Sp. Musc, p. 178. Dill. Musc. 180 John Lewis Russell on the tab. 31. fig. 9. Muscol. Brit. tab. 98. Fruit in June: Chelmsford ! also finely in fruit, May, Hingham ! B. palustre. (Swartz.) Br. Fl. II. p. 57. Muscol. Brit. tab. 98. In moist situations and among bushes in edges of woods; generally furnished with barren heads (capitula.) Young fruit November, Chelmsford ! — B. argenteum. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. tab. 99. Br. Fl. IL. p. 60. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 181. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 657. On hard trodden paths; garden walks ; old walls, and on soil in pots of cultivated plants: fruiting in October. Common. p. 201, tab. 29. Dill. Musc. tab. 50, fig. 6. In rocky pas- tures and roadsides: fruit in early spring. Common. y B. nutans. (Schreb.) Br. Fl. II. p. 61. Muscol. prit. tab. 29. Dill. Muse. tab. 50, fig. 61, &c. On old decaying stumps of trees: fruit in June. Capsule and fruitstalk of an orange-red color when mature. Hingham ! B. ciliare. Greville, in Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, of New York, Vol. I. p. 273, tab. 23. Resembles B. ligulatum, Schreb., and also B. affine, Blandov. much more, but distinguished from the former by serratures at the edge of the leaf, consisting of articulated cili#, and from ud latter by a solitary fruitstalk; Margin of brooks. Hingham “Environs of Boston,” B. D. Greene! Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 181 — $$ With several fruitstalks, Porra, Bridd. B. (Polla) roseum. (Schreb.) Br. Fl. p. 63. Muscol. Brit. tab. 299. Synonyms: Mnium roseum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p.194. Dill. Musc. tab. 59, fig. 77. — Bryum rosaceum. M'x. Fl. Bor. Am. II. p. 306. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 696. On comparison of specimens of this superb moss with the Bryum roseum of Europe, it would certainly, at first sight, seem to be distinct, although considered identical in Drum- mond's Musc. Amer:- Its habit is very much like that of Bryum umbraculum, Hooker, Musc. Exot. tab. 133. It is a profuse fruit-bearer, producing frequently five peduncles from the same stem, exceeding in size the European co- species, and remarkable for its beauty. In shade of pine Woods, on decaying logs and stumps of trees. Chelmsford! Also Tewksbury, B. D. Greene! Y also possess specimens without fruit, which I gathered at Lancaster, N. H., near the White Mountains. B. (Polla) rostratum. (Schrad.) Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. tes Muscol. Brit. p. 208, tab. 30. Synonym: Bryum neirostr um. Brid. Meth. p. 119. On wet rocks, Hing- B. (Polla) punctatum. (Schreb.) Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 306. Muscol. Brit. p. 207, tab. 30. Synonym: Mnium Puncatum, Dill. Musc. tab. 53, fig. 81. An elegant species. “n the margin of Cold Spring Brook, Hingham! Also Ips- wich, Oakes ! B. (Polla) cuspidatum. (Linn.) Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 702. uscol. Brit. tab. 31, Br. FI. IL p. 64. Fruit in April. "mslord! Also Ipswich, Oakes! Also Hingham! =~ (Polla) hornum. (Linn. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 695. tah C9. Brit. p. 209, tab. 31. Br. FI. IT. p. 64. Dill Musc. ge fig. 71. Gathered in fine fruit at Tewksbury, by "serene! Also without fruit, Hingham ! | 3. (Polla) marginatum. (Dicks) Hook. and Tayl. Mus- col. Brit. p, 208, tab. 31. Br. Fl. II. p. 64. Syn. Bry. ser- 189 -< John Lewis Russell on the ratum. Brid. Meth. p. 119. — Bryol. Univ. I. p. 689. With young fruit, October. On moist rocks, Prospect Hill, Waltham! AnnHENOPTERUM heterostichum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 198, tab. 46, fig. 1-9. M'x. Fl. Bor. Am. II. p. 313... Brid. Meth. p. 121. Synonyms: Mnium heterostichum. Brid. Bryol. Univ. II. p. 19. — Bryum heteropterum. © Dill. Muse. tab. 45, fig. 11. Shade of woods, Hingham! ‘Environs Bartramia longifolia. Hooker, Musc. Exot. tab. 68. Brid. Bry. Univ. Il. p. 39. In the crevices of shady rocks. Common. ' B. fontana. (Swartz.) Br. Fl. II. p. 67. Muscol. Brit. p. 146, tab. 23. Dill. Musc. tab. 44, fig. 2. On rocks over which water trickles. Danvers! B. crispa. (Swartz.) Brid. Rec. Musc. Vol. 2, Part IIL table 1, fig. 4. Brid. Sp. Musc: III. p. 84. — Bry. Univ. II. p.41. Duxbury! also Ipswich, Oakes ! ; Buxsavmia aphylla. (Linn.) Br. Fl. II. p. 68. Muscol. Brit. p. 143, tab. 92. Dill. Musc. tab. 68, fig. 5. A single specimen, discerned by B. D. Greene, in the pine woods at Sandwich! Also, a group of several, in a shady spot in woods, South Hingham! (This moss may be justly com sidered rare, as well as singular and curious ; and, with exception of the single specimen gathered several years since by Mr. Greene, it never came under my. observation, until I found it comparatively plenty, in the autumn of 1843, just rising into fruit in November.) Moscr Prevrocarrr PrnisTowtr. Mosses with lateral fruitstalks: mouth of the capsule fur- nished with peristome. APLOPERISTOMI. ~ (With single peristome.) kum intricatum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. Pp- 85: Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 183 tab. 18. fig. 1-5. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 179. Brid. Meth. p. 127, &c. On apple trees, Chelmsford! On Elms; Hing- ham! Found also at Ipswich, by Mr. Oakes! (Its habit is densely czxespitose, with surculi irregularly extending outwards, and bearing short, upright branches.) Fruit in December. Pt. hirtellum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 83, tab. 17, fig. 6. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 188, &c. Synonym. Pterigonium hirtellum. Schwaégr. Suppl. p. 108. Investing the bottoms of trunks of trees with a dense, green layer, elegantly extend- ing itself upwards in feathery surculi, and generally abundant in fruit; in which state, after the fall of the operculum, may be easily seen the white teeth of the peristome, singularly co- hering at their tips. Common. : Levcopon brachypus. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 210. From collections of B. D. Greene, under the name of Leucodon eviselum, and gathered by him in Tewksbury! Also from Ipswich, Oakes ! DIPLOPERISTOMI. (With double peristomes.) A. Interior peristome with free ciliæ. Neckera pennata. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 200. . Br. FI. II. p. Tl. Muscol. Brit. Suppl. Tab. 4. On trunks of birch and of some other trees, Hingham! abundant at Hubbardston ! also Ipswich, Oakes ! our N. cladorhizans. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 207, tab. 47, fig- Ii. M'x. Fl. Bor. Am. II. pp. 307, 308. In the shade. Chelmsford ! ere N. seductrix. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 208, tab. 41, fig. 8-13. . Brid. Meth, p. 138, Near the roots of trees, Chelmsford! . P- Interior peristome consisting. of a reticulated, conical membrane. Foxrıvatts antipyretica. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 140, 22. Dill Musc. 33, fig. 1. Brid, Bry. Univ. II. p. 655. 184 John Lewis Russell on the Rivers’; streams ; brooks, Common. Seldom found with fruit. Larger than the European co-species in length of stem and breadth of foliage. Hingham! Chelmsford! also Marshfield, Dr. Porter! F. squamosa. .(Linn.) Muscol Brit. l. c. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 657. A smaller, flat-leaved species. Western part of the State, Dr. Porter! Also, found abundant in brooks at Hingham ! F. capillacea. (Dickson.) . Muscol. Brit. p. 142, tab. 22, Br. Fl. p. 74. Dill. Musc. tab. 33, fig. 5. Brid. Bry. Univ. Il. p. 660. Hingham! Also from Dr. Porter ! F. subulata. (Pal.de Beauv.) Brid. Meth. p. 186. — Bry. Univ. II. p. 661. Hanging on bushes, principally the Ce- phalanthus occidentalis, Linn., in partially desiccated mill- ponds, and full of fruit in November, Chelmsford ! also, in similar situations, Hingham! Obs. ‘The occasional depriva- tion of water seems necessary to produce fructification in species of mosses whose habitat is in streams. c. Exterior peristome, consisting of sixteen lanceolate, linear, acute teeth, bent inward; interior, of a membrane split to the base into as many cilia, which are frequently connected by transverse bars. - Curmacium Americanum. (Rich'd.) Brid. Sp. Musc. II. p. 45. —Bry. Univ. II. p. 273. A beautiful, tree-like moss, and not uncommon. Hingham! Chelmsford! Waltham! Also Ipswich, Oakes ! pn. Exterior peristome, consisting of sixteen subulate teeth, bent inward ; interior, of a membrane split into sixteen linear, equal cili, or processes. Lzskra compressa. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 231, tab. 56, fig. 1-7. Brid. Meth. p. 141. — Bry. Univ. II. p. 287. On the ground, and at roots of trees. Plymouth! Hingham! Ipswich ! - L. acuminata. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 224, tab. 56, fig- 14-18, Brid. Meth. p. 144. — Bry. Univ. II. p. 296. | Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 185 roots of trees, with both ripe and immature capsules. ^ De- cember. Hingham! Plymouth! “L. imbricatula. Hedw. Sp. Muse. l. c. t. 52, fig. 1-6. Brid. Meth. l. c. — Bry. Univ. p. 298. Abundant on trunks of trees, twigs; and pieces of wood, very near to streams. Hingham ! L. gracilescens. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 222, tab. 56, fig. Op. cit. II. p. 74. — Bry. Univ. Il: p. 314. Ipswich, from +E attenuata. (Schreb.) Hedw. Op. cit. p. 230. Dill. Muse. tab. 42, fig. 66. Brid. Meth. p. 147. — Bry: Univ. p. 817. Among jungermannie and lichens on bark of fruit- trees. Chelmsford ! E. Outer peristome of 16 teeth; inner, of a membrane cut into-16 equal segments, with filiform processes between Hxrxvw riparium. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 152, tab. 94. D ill. Muse. tab. 40, fig. 44, x. Growing on stones in brooks. Fruit in December. Hingham! Chelmsford ! E — H. salebrosum. (Hoffm.) Brid. Bry. Univ. IL. p. 477. On grassy banks, among rocks, and in pastures. Common. Hingham! Salem! &c. H. polyantha. (Hooker.) Muscol. Brit. p. 164. Suppl. | Tab. 5. Br. Fl, p. 82. (A Leskea?) In young fruit, De- “mber. Hingham | i C. B H. | rum. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 168, tab. 25, Brid. Meth, p. 164, . Bry. Univ. Il. p. 444. Common bon bushes in very wet situations, or near brooks. Hing- H. splendens. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 262, tab. 67, fig. 6-9. Muscol, Brit. p. 170, d Dill. Musc. tab. 35, fig. 13. YOL, y, 13 C rii : a 186 John Lewis Russell on the In the deep shade of woods. Hingham! Also Ipswich, Oakes ! H. proliferum. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit, p. 170, tab. 25. Br. Fl. p. 85. Dill. Musc. tab. 35, fig. 14, and tab. 83, fig. 6. In woods and among bushes. An elegant species, and liable to considerable variation. Chelmsford! Hingham! Also Ipswich, Oakes ! H. minutulum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 260. Brid. Sp. Muse. II. p. 141. — Bry. Univ. IL. p. 578. In woods, on the ground. Fruit in November. Hingham ! H. prelongwm. (Linn.) Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 399. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 258. Dill. Musc. tab. 35, fig. 15, &c. On overflowed banks of streams. Young fruit in May. Hingham ! Scenes a H. rutabulum. (Linn.) Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 276. Br. Fl. II. p. 88. Dill. Musc. tab. 38, fig. 29, &c. Shedding its seeds (spores) in April. Hubbardston! i H. sipho. (Pal. de Beauv.) Brid. Meth. p. 154. — Bry. Univ. II. p. 391. On overflowed rocks in ravines, &c. Fruit in August. Hingham! NOH H. undulatum. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 153, tab. 24. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 397. “Environs of Boston," B. D. Greene ! ' 1 H. serpens. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 155, tab. 24, On roots of alders, (Alnus serrulata, Willd.) and on decaying wood. Fruit in May. Chelmsford!. Very common. A species subject to very great variation. E j tá H. Schreberi. (Willd.) Muscol. Brit. p. 159. Dill. Muse. tab. 40, fig. 47. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 420. Hingham: Also Manchester, Oakes ! io EET H. Boscii. (Schwaegr. Brid. Bry. Univ. Il. P- A. Synonym: Hypnum illecebrum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. P- 252, tab. 66, fig. 1, 2, (leaf and capsule.) On shady rocks and on decaying stumps of trees in moist places. Hing- -H. eatenulatum. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p.450. M an Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 187 Brit. p. 160, tab. 24. Not Hypnum conferva, Schwaegr. Near Marblehead ! Dall H. moniliforme. (Wahl.)- Muscol. Brit. p. 159, tab. 24. On dry rocks. Hingham! j H. abbreviatum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 249, tab. 45, fig. 1-4. In wet situations, on roots of trees, and in crevices of rocks. Fruit in November. Hingham! H. cordifolium. (Hedw.) . Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 565. Muscol. Brit. p. 179, tab. 96. Synonym: Hypnum phyllo- rhizans, (Pal. de Beauv.) fide Brid. Op. cit. Vicinity of Boston, B. D. Greene! Also about Hingham! Obs. The leaves vary in shape, and frequently throw out roots at their tips. ! H. triquetrum. (Linn.) Br. Fl. II. p. 91. Drummond’s Musci Americani, No. 182. Dill. Musc. tab. 38, fig. 98. On shady hillsides. Fruit in May. Chelmsford! Hingham! Ipswich! Also finely in fruit at Mount Auburn, Cambridge! H. fluitans. (Linn.) Br. Fl. II. p. 93. Dill. Musc. tab. » Hg. 33. In a small brook, Chelmsford ! H. cupressiforme. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 189, tab. 97. Br. Fl. IL p. 95. Dill. Musc. tab. 37, fig. 23; and tab. 36, fig. 22; and tab. 41, fig. 53. A most common speciés, on- rocks, trees, &c. and liable to very many varieties. Fruit in -AnUary. Chelmsford! ‘Hingham! Ipswich! On the liv- ing trunks of red cedar, (Juniperus Virginiana,) and of the hemlock-spruce, (Pinus Canadensis, L.) it produces most elegant, slender ramuli of more than. 12 inches length, and Without fructification ; in which “condition. it becomes the H. cupressiforme var. 9 filiformis, Brid. Bry. Univ. IL. p- Qo OF var. y tenue, Muscol. Brit. l. c. Of this variety- I have found large specimens of much beauty in Hingham! | : Serrulatum. (Mubl., Hedw.) Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 735, tab. 60, fig. 1-4. Brid. Meth. p. 154. —Bry. Univ. Il. p. 390. Grassy banks, in the shade, Duxbury! Woods, Hingham | Chelmsford! Also Manchester, Oakes ! H. eurvifolium. (Muhl., Hedw.) Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 188 Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 285, tab. 75, fi 9. Brid. Meth. p. 178. —Bry. Univ. II. p. 613. Grassy banks, and by roadsides. Fruit in Jan- uary. Common. Hingham! ; H. imponens. (Muhl., Hedw.) Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 290, tab. 77, fig. 1-5. Brid. Meth. p. 179, &c. Hingham! Ips- wich! H. reptile. (M’x.) Brid. Meth. l.c. — Bry. Univ. II. p. * Environs of Boston," B. D. Greene! -H. molluscum. (Hedw.) Br. Fl. II. p. 96. . Muscol. Brit. p. 191, tab. 27. Dill. Musc. tab. 36, fig. 90, A. Finely in fruit in a white cedar swamp in January. . Scituate! - H. crista-castrensis. (Linn. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 981, tab. 76, fig. 1+4. Br. Fl. p. 96. Muscol. Brit. p. 191, tab. 27. In woods, on perpendicular faces of rocks, and similar shady situations, not uncommon, and of most elegant contour. Hubbardston! Also Manchester, Oakes ! "d . Dovstrut Species. Hrrxvw filicinum? (Linn.) Br. Fl. p. 92. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 286, tab. 76, fig. 5-10. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. P. 527. Barren stems, collected at Sheffield, by A. L. Ru sell Gymnosromum ovatum? (Hedw.) ' Muscol. Brit. P. 21, tab. 7. With leaves more obovate, and furnished with shorter hair point, than described in work cited, but pro ducing in great abundance the gemme in the middle -—-— nerve, on the upper side of the leaf. On trunks of - Chelmsford and Hingham! a yas Araneides of the United States. 189 ART. XIIL — DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF THE ARANEIDES OF THE UNITED STATES. By NicHoLAs MancrrLvs Hentz, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, [Continued from: Vol. IV. page 396.] 4. DOLOMEDES SCRIPTUS. Plate XVI. Fig. 1. — Description. - Pale brownish; cephalothorax varied with black and white ; abdomen with a broad blackish band intet- sected by waved white lines, and usually edged with whitish, pale spotless underneath ; feet varied with obscure brown, ultimate joint tipped with blackish. Observations. This species was found in great numbers on the margin of a stream under stones. The two triangular black spots, visible on the cephalothorax of D. wrinator and D. lanceolatus, are obsolete on this. Many were examined, and agreed with this, only the white edge of the band being less distinet in some. Habitat; Alabama. March. 5. DOLOMEDES ALBINEUS. Pine XyL. 154 . c — Description, Mouse-colored ; abdomen varied with angu- lar markings above, beneath with a yellowish longitudinal and, edged with black ; feet with alternate black and white rings, the white rings formed by long white hairs; the legs have also a few black bristles ; male with legs 1. 2.4. 2. As - 8e as D. tenebrosus nearly. . : ju es doe tak vations. This species which, at first sight, might be en fór D, tenebrosus, does not dwell habitually in caves and cellars, but ig usually found on the trunk of trees, yet in dark shady places. Several females were found, and a male, also, One of those females was captured by a child, who transfixed her hom with a pin. Finding she was full 190 - Hentz's Descriptions of the of eggs, I was dios to see whether she could survive the wound. I placed her in a glass jar, and, according to my ex- pectations, nature made an effort, that she might live for the protection of her progeny. The wound, which in other cases would have proved immediately mortal, healed readily, and after remaining inactive about tliree days, she made a cocoon of a light brown color and orbicular, in which her eggs were placed. She held it constantly grasped in her cheliceres, and seemed intent on watching it to: the last, but the effort being made, her strength failed ; the wound opened again, and the fluids running out, she very gradually lost all her muscular powers, but faithful to her duties, the last thing which she held was the ball containing her future family. Can maternal tenderness be more strikingly S Habitat. Alabama. : _(Řipuariæ ae 6: DOLOMEDES URINATOR. ~ . Plate XVI. Fig. 3. "Doortehos: Livid brown, somewhat hairy ; ` cophalothorax with obscure marks uniting towards the centre, two approxi- mate wedgelike black spots on the disc; a black spot behind the external posterior eyes ; abdomen died with curved black- ish lines, and with eight, ten, or twelve white dots : surrounded with black ; feet with brownish rings. z EE E This large spider is found near water, on which it runs with great swiftness.. Wher closely pursued, " dives under the surface, and conceals itself under some leaves or rubbish till danger is past. It is to this species, esed : though possibly to D. lanceolatus; that must be refi sketch sent me by Dr. T. W. Harris, with the description oi the web made by the female. T have not yet been fortunate enough to find the web of either species. I have found a specimen of this, on the 3d of March, in Alabama, batir p the sunshine on the south side òf a tree, on the Cypress creek. I took it for Mrcrommara Carolinensis, not* | ts. large: size, but its markings O. Araneides of the United States. 191 entirely with this; only its general "m bordering on testaceous or pale brown. 3 Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 7. DOLOMEDES LANCEOLATUS. Plate XVII. Fig. 12. Description. Brownish ; cephalothorax with two appróxi- mated triangular black spots, and a yellowish band round the disc which does not extend to the margin, and is interrupted at base ; abdomen with a yellowish band, which has on each side two branches directed towards the disc ;. feet varied with rings. i z : Observations. This spider is always found near or on Water, running on it with surprising agility, preying often on large aquatic insects. A female of Dolomedes was twice found on high bushes by my friend, T. W. Harris, in Milton, Massa- chusetts, * on a large, irregular, loose, horizontal web, at one extremity of which was situated her follicle, or egg-bag, cov- ered with young. The parent appeared watching them at some distance.” "This spider can dive and stay a considerable time under water, to avoid its enemies.. It was found in Mareh, in Alabama, under stones near a stream of water. — en, - North and South Carolina, Massachusetts, Ala- a. : ; gos 8. DOLOMEDES SEXPUNCTATUS. Plate XVI. Fig. 5,6. i ; Greenish ; cephalothorax with a blackish margin, a. white line ea side, terminating at the anterior angle, disc bla green with a longitudinal paler line in the centre ; abdomen Sreenish black with four white dots near the base, and four. TR minute ones nearer the apex. Male same color ; cephalo- 'orax pale blackish green, a pale yellowish line each side ; Pectus pale, with six black dots; abdomen greenish black above, with four black rings near the base, sides and venter PON ‘eee sl P" 192 Hentz’s Descriptions of the cinereous ; trophi and first joints of feet pale testaceous under- neath; thighs unspotted apple green, the other joints gradually deeper towards the tip. Observations. This species dwells on ponds, and dives with great agility, hiding itself under floating leaves or rubbish when pursued. Habitat. North Carolina. Genus Micrommara. Latr. (Sparassus, Walck.) Characters. Cheliceres moderately strong ; mazille par * allel, rounded at the extremity ; lip short, rounded, wider near the base ; eyes eight, subequal, in two rows, the upper one longest, A from the base towards the lower row ; feet long, slender, second pair longest, then the first and fourth, the third being the shortest. ~ Habits. Araneides making no web for dwelling, but wan- dering and casting some irregular threads to arrest their prey ; making a tent among leaves for the protection of the cocoon and the rearing of the young. ks. I could not adopt the two families of Walck- enaer, because the eyes, when large, are unequal; this shows the great affinity between Micrommara and DorowEDES. My first tribe, the Arcuats, approaches very closely to that sub- genus, particularly Mickommata undata. Tribe I. Anrcuatx. Lower row of eyes straight, middle eyes of the upper row larger, or borne on tubercles. Tribe Il. BrancvaTz. Upper per and lower rows of eyes bent and opposed, the lower „being bent dece the base, eyes equal or subequal. (Arcuatæ.) 1, MICROMMATA UNDATA. _ Plate XVI. Fight. - ` "estaceous or yellowish ; oan Araneides of the United States. 193 & broad, brownish band; abdomen with a scolloped, dusky band ; feet slightly marked with dusky. Observations. This spider is usually found on blossoms, watching for prey, in the manner of Tuomtsus. It seems per- fectly distinct from M. Carolinensis, but specimens occur in which the cephalothorax is much wider: is it owing merely to the state of the abdomen, which has become narrower when the eges are laid? It makes no web, but, when attacked, it leaves a thread behind. This is a .common species, which does not reach the size of D. Carolinensis. . Habitat, Alabama. All seasons. 2, MICROMMATA SERRATA.. Plate XVI. Fig. 8. ` Description. Pale yellowish gray ; cephalothorax with two parallel, longitudinal, narrow, greenish bands ; abdomen with a narrow, scolloped, brownish band above, beneath with two longitudinal blackish lines, approaching each other, and be- coming narrower towards the apex ; feet slightly marked with grayish rings, in all specimens, 2.1.4.3. A small species. Observations. This singular little spider is commonly found on plants, particularly on broad leaves, more abundantly in damp places, It spreads its feet, and seems fond of basking in the sunshine, Its webs are various ; sometimes it throws out only a few threads on the upper surface of a leaf ; at other limes, it makes a web in the tops of bushes, like that of several Species of THerrpium ; and it has also been found in a web “milar to that of Aceena, but open equally at both ends. I had once supposed that this might be the young of M. undata ; . m convinced it is a very distinct species, never acquir- mg a large size, Habitat, North Alabama. Summer. (Biarcuatæ.) 3. MICROMMATA MARMORATA.. teu Plate XVI. Fig 5- Description, Pale gray or whitish ; abdomen with an ob- * 194 - Hentz's Descriptions of the _solete scolloped band, grayish black ; feet, varied with grayish black, 2. T. à. 3., or sometimes 2. 4. T. 3. A large species. Observations. This spider lives on trees and bushes, where it watches for prey, with extended legs. A female was found “in May, in the leaf of a Morus multicaulis. It had made its cocoon there, and surrounded itself with a snow-white tent in all directions. ‘Transferred under a tumbler, it moved its cocoon twice before it could be satisfied with a new location, and made another smooth, white web. It remained con- stantly by its cocoon, which it embraced closely with its long legs. The cocoon is white, orbicular, and suspended by one thread in the middle of the tent. Habitat. North Alabama. 4. MICROMMATA CAROLINENSIS. f Plate XVI. Fig. 9. Description. 'Testaceous or brownish ; cephalothorax with two approximate longitudinal darkish bands on the disc ; ab- domen with two longitudinal rows of abbreviated lines, and S rows of small dots within these, white; sometimes attaining great size, 1.84, nearly two inches, from the end of the first pair of legs to that of the fourth. ideis pedi Observations. This spider is found wandering on trees, walls, &c., and sometimes in houses, in search of prey. na very destructive of flies, and very vóracious. Its aen usually made under some large leaves, is white, orbicular. The mother hatches her progeny, and continues with the young for some time after they are come out; the young liv- ing together under a common tent. A specimen was Kan z in December, the cephalothorax of which was wider, the ai row of eyes straight, the abdomen small -and tapering; Y only a few abbreviated lines. Was this a distinct species : A male was found, Alabama, April, measuring over three inches from the end of one of the second pair of legs to the end of the other. ^. Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama- Araneides of the United States. - 195 aeree Oxyores. Latr. (Sphasus, Walck.) à ^ Characters. — Cheliceres elongated, fang short; mazille narrow, elongated, tapering towards the tip ; lip as long as, or longer than the mazille, tapering towards the tip ; eyes eight, subequal or unequal, in four rows, two smallest ones forming the first, two largest ones forming the next which is wider, two smaller ones forming the next which is widest, two small ones forming the last which is not as narrow as the first; feet, first pair longest, the second and fourth nearly equal, the third being shortest. - p abis. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, except around the cocoon, but casting some threads to secure their prey ; cocoon conical, surrounded with points, placed in a tent made between leaves drawn together as a covering. Remarks. The habits of this singular subgenus are very similar to those of the tribe Arsorex, of the subgenus Doro- MEDES. ‘They are found on the stems of trees, or on the blossoms of umbelliferous plants, with their legs extended, like Tuomtsvs or Micrommara, and patiently waiting till some un- suspecting insect comes within their reach. P d 1. OXYOPES VIRIDANS. Plate XVII. Fig. 2. Description, Tender grass-green ; cephalothorax with small brown spots on the sides and at base ; abdomen with yellow- ish, oval spots, edged with brownish, obliquely turned towards the centre, about four each side ; feet and palpi pale, hairy ; thighs and palpi with minute black dots beneath ;. feet, 1. 2 E 3, Large size. Ce Observations, This elegant species is by no means com- — It is usually found on umbelliferous plants, where, like a Micrommata or Thomisus, it watches for the insects attracted by the blossoms. A specimen, taken in-September, was kept “everal weeks in a glass vessel, where it soon made a cocoon > 196 - Hentz’s Descriptions of the of a conical form, with small eminences, to which are attached the threads that hold it suspended firmly in the air, as that of Tueripium verecundum. After it. was finished, the mother watched it constantly, never leaving its unprotected family. Unfortunately, a rat, finding its way into the room, ate the watchful parent, leaving the cocoon, out of which the young were hatched on the 14th of October. These were of a deep orange color, measuring full 0.9 inch. The cocoon was of a pale greenish color. These habits show an affinity to. Microm- ‘mata. It is possible that the mother carries its + young like Lycosa. i Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 2. OXYOPES SCALARIS. " Plate XVII. Fig, 4. | Description. Gray, varied js white and black; “feet hairy. — Observations. This KORAP is usually found on trees, wan- dering after prey. It has the habitus of a Lycosa, and was observed by the writer for some time, before it was discovered that it belongs to a distinct subgenus. It is sought after by, and becomes the victim of the different species of the genus Spuex, a hymenopterous insect, which makes tubes of clay for the reception of its eggs, and in which it deposits great num- bers of spiders, that are benumbed by its sting, but not entirely deprived of vitality, so that they continue alive till, the egg of the Sphex being hatched, the young larva finds in them fresh nourishment. It is common, shpen fogod at all. Habitat. North Carolina. i - OXYOPES SALTICUS. ;Plate XV L Fig. 10; , Deeription Pülexorquiusinhs 5 cephalothorax with fot ongitudinal blackish „lines; abdomen, above, with- vé Araneides of the United States. 197 slender, abbreviated, black and brownish lines, underneath whitish, with a longitudinal blank band ; feet with very long hairs or bristles. Observations. This species, usually found in the woods, is extremely active, leaping like an Arrus.. It is rather rare, but very distinct from any other. Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 4. OXYOPES ASTUTUS. Plate XVII. Fig. 1. Description. Cephalothorax golden yellow, with four ob- scure, subobsolete, narrow bands; pectus with blackish marks each side ; eyes, palpi, and trophi at base, black ; abdomen greenish, with a silvery tinge; feet grassy green, hairy, 1. 9. 4. 3. OF.1. 4. 2.3. . Observations. This being adult, is much too small to be taken as the male of O. viridans. It has some affinity with O. salticus, but it is not probable that it will prove to be the male of that spider. When enclosed in a glass tube, it spun a Web like that of Theridium, but composed of only a few threads, lt was found in April, and also in September, strictly agreeing in size and markings. <> : Habitat, Alabama. September. Genus Lyssomanes. Mihi. Characters. — Cheliceres moderately strong ; mazille par- allel, short, rounded ; lip conical, slightly truncated at tips “Yes eight, unequal, in four rows, the first composed of two very large eyes, the second of two smaller ones, placed far " —- apart, on a common elevation with the two forming the third row, which is narrower, the fourth about as wide, composed of two eyes placed on separate elevations ; feet, first pair longest, then the second, then the third, the fourth 198 Hentz's Descriptions of the Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, cocoon. Remarks. The singular spider which serves as the type of this new subgenus could not with propriety remain in the subgenus Arrus, in which the position of the eyes is subject to very slight variations. Its habits are analogous. This is the only spider in which the legs diminish in length from the first pair to the fourth. This subdivision will serve as link between OxroPEs and Artus., LYSSOMANES VIRIDIS. Plate XVII. .Fig. 8. Description. Tender grass-green ; cephalothorax with some orangé-colored hairs near the eyes, and a little black line on its disk; abdomen with six or eight black dots, some- times wanting. The two lowest large eyes are black, but appear green when seen sideways; the other six eyes stand on four tubercles. To mé pa v the thighs, which are bare. 1.9.3.4. Observations. This elegant species is very active, and apparently fearless, jumping on the hand that nanan it, Habitat. North and South Carolina. Genus Arrvs. Walck. | (Salticus, Latr.) Characters. Cheliceres strong, not long, except in some males; maxille parallel, widening above the insertion 7 the palpi, cut obliquely above the lip; lip as long 0$, 9" longer than, half the length of the maxilla, widest above the base, bluntly truncated at tip; eyes eight, unequal, in three rows, the first composed of four eyes, the two middle ones largest, the second composed of two very small eyes, placed behind the external ones of the first, the third com on conn ind mms animes pes o feet varying in length. Araneides of the United States. 199 Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, but concealing themselves in a silken valve, for the purpose of casting their skin, or for hibernation. _ Benarka, I have formerly stated my reason for preserving the name Arrvs, given by Walckenier to these araneides. The species being very numerous, it would facilitate their study to arrange them in suitable subdivisions ; but this is a difficult task. The families proposed by Walckendée are. vaguely characterized and insufficient. The relative position of the eyes offers some variations, but I could not succeed in obtaining satisfactory characters for subdivision from those Variations. As the least objectionable mode ; I have taken the relative lengths of the legs for the formation of my six fami- les; that classification is somewhat artificial, but so is any other proposed. Moreover, the fifth tribe (that of the Salta- tori) offers a very natural subdivision. The third pair of legs, when longest, enables spiders to leap to an astonishing ditiócó; The habits of the subgenus Arrus will be best described as the history of the different species. Tribe T. vdd, first pair of legs py ene and largest, the fourth ne (Pugnatoriæ.) 1. ATTUS AUDAX. Plate XVII. Fig. 6,7.. Description. Black; abdomen with a spot, several dots and lines, White ; ehdliconss brassy green ; feet with gray and white hairs, 1. 4. 9. a 3 Jed ations. There is some cuca in idees to the distinetion between this and A. 3 punctatus, but. there can be little doubt that there are two different species. This rie 8 very bold, often jumping on the bani ex threat- Hii Massachusetts 200 Hentz’s Descriptions of the 2, ATTUS INSOLENS. Plate XVII. Fig. 8. Description. Deep black; abdomen above, orange-red, with six blackish spots, wholly black beneath; cheliceres metallic green ; the tip of the second joint of the palpi and the feet are varied with tufts of white hairs; the rest of the hair is black, except on the abdomen, where it is rufous above; feet, 1.4.2.3. A male. Obetrectione. This species is probably rare, having oc- curred only once. . Habitat. North Carolina. - 3. ATTUS CARDINALIS. Plate XVII. Fig. 9. Description. Scarlet ; $ -cephalothorax . darker. at base ; 5 cheliceres scarlet at base, steel-blue at their apex; palpi black ; feet black, two last joints rufous at base, 1. 4. 2. Observations. 1 do not remember whether this spider was found by me, or given by Mr. Dutton, - Habitat. Southern States? 4. ATTUS CAPITATUS. Plate XVII. Fig. 15. Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax with a narrow. white band each side, and a whitish spot on the disc; second. jo of palpi covered with white hairs; abdomen above with a narrow, curved, yellowish white band near the sides, benealt yellowish on both sides; feet with a few white hairs, 1. 4-2 A male. Observations. This spider has great affinity with m militaris, but is sufficiently distinct. The female probably differs from this in markings, and possibly is among ™Y e Araneides of the United States. 201 descriptions ; but this can be established only by future ob- servers, who; after all my labors, have still a wide field before them to perfect the history of the spiders of North America. This was. communicated to me by Mr. Thomas R. Dutton, a young naturalist of great perseverance, energy, and dis- crimination, who collected it in Georgia. 5. ATTUS MILITARIS. Plate XVII. Fig. 10, 11. Description. Rufous, varied with brown; cephalothorax with one, sometimes two, white spots; abdomen above with. two longitudinal blackish bands, on which are oblong white dots, which near the base are usually joined so as to form -a narrow band, beneath whitish with a blackish longitudinal. d. Male rufous. or piceous; cephalothorax with a spot and a band around the anterior portion, and a narrow longi- tudinal line on the disc, white ; abdomen above with a white band on the margin, which does not quite reach the apex, Pale grayish brown beneath; feet, in the female, 1. 4. 3.2. in Sb LL23 Co Observations. Much as the sexes differ from each other, I cannot doubt their constituting one species, having repeat- edly found them enclosed. quietly in the ‘same silk tube, and having always found the males and the females with the characters given above. The spots and markings of these Spiders are formed by hairs or scales, which have certain metallic reflections. The motions of this spider are slow, and exhibit caution; it is found usually on trees, and often nates under the bark of decaying trunks. The m e remarkable for his enlarged, nearly horizontal cheliceres, is” à very bold little fellow, always ready for action, and det : j ined: to see all things for himself, raising and turi ng h „ad towards the object that approaches him, and usually Tus "pon his enemy instead of ingloriously retreating. z; P*cles is a common one. | Habitat, | North Carolina, Alabama. VOL. v, 14 209 Araneides of the United States. 6. ATTUS MULTICOLOR. Plate XVII. Fig. 13. Description. Cephalothorax black, with a pale, irregular band each side of the dise; abdomen metallic green, with a band at base, and a diagonal spot each side, orange, and with eight small white spots; underneath obscure gray, with re- flections of green on the pectus; feet rufous or pale, varied with pieeous, í. 2. 4.3 ^ -— | Observations. This species is related to A. otiosus and mystaceus, but distinct from both by the absence of the tufts of hair on the cephalothorax, and other characters. The palpi are pale yellow, and there is a black band more or less visible on each side of the abdomen. i Alabama. June — August. - 7. ATTUS SEXPUNCTATUS. Plate XVII.- Fig. 14. Description. Black ; cephalothorax with the two posterior eyes near the base, which is wide and suddenly inclined s nearly a right angle with the upper surface, cheliceres with - strong inner tooth, and a long, curved fang ; abdomen with six dots, and a line in front, white; feet, 1. 4. 9. 3., first pair with enlarged thighs and quite long. _ Observations. 'This cannot be confounde fasciolatus, which is also designed from a female. characters derived from its cheliceres, it approaches mum. I suppose it must be a rare species, having ne with any other specimen. a -. Habitat. North Carolina. -. d with Arrus fe EPIBLE- ver met Some New and Interesting Insects. 203 ART. XIV. — DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW AND INTERESTING INSECTS, INHABITING THE UNITED STATES. By Joun L. Le Cowrr. Read November 6,1844. . s $ i i Tue Scarites subterraneus has long been known to be sub- ject to great variations ; but I am not aware that any one has attempted a division of this species, on sufficient grounds. On comparing a remarkably large specimen from Georgia with others from the same locality, I discovered several very evident, though apparently slight, differences ; and on continuing the examination with numerous specimens from various parts o! our republic, I became convinced that no less than six different Species have been heretofore confounded under the name of Subterraneus. Of these, three are large, and three small. The large ones, as far as I am aware, are never found in the Eastern or Middle States, and the only two, with the habits of which I am acquainted, are invariably found under the bark of dead trees, while the small ones live by burrowing in the earth, under stones and pieces of wood. This difference in habits, conjoined with the variation in size, would, long ago, have justified the formation of at least two species, had the Science of entomology been cultivated, on this continent, with the attention that its'importance merits. , z indolence of our entomological observers is the more deplorable, as we are few in number, ànd therefore more is to > expected from each individual. The field of research is still open, and any one who travels in it, with even ordinary “are and attention, will not fail, under the numerous stones Scattered on its surface, and on the weeds which apparently obstruct his path, to discover as fine insects as have ever Sraced the cabinet of a Hope or a Dejean. -l trust t iat the day is Past, when our insects must be sent to Europe for determination, Are we to be bound by the mere dictum of Some European entomologist, of equal indolence with our- selves, who chooses to name the insects which we have dis- covered ? Where should our insects be better known than in m 904 Le Conte's Descriptions of the country which gives them birth ; but in what civilized land are they less studied ? These remarks may appear rather high- flown to one who is not interested in the subject; but I trust I may be pardoned for this outburst of feeling, for, with Juvenal, * siccum jecur ira," when I see— shall I say ship-loads ? — of our finest insects sent off to Europe, with no authority but a cabi- net name, or perhaps not even with that, until some person of more than ordinary industry, into whose hands they chance to fall, describes them, and acquires great praise for doing that which he ought not to have had a chance of doing. Can it be wondered at that there is so much confusion about the synony- my of our species, when they are published in every country of the globe, but deri in which they ought to be € ? T ,BeanrrEs SUBSTRIATUS. Tab. XVIII. Fig. E Mandibularum parte exteriore "wg levi, profundo, lined elevata ae diviso ; parte interiore oblique striata. Habitat in provinciis dusted sub cortice ae emor- tuarum. Long. lin. 141-12, lat. 41-31. S. substriatus. Haldeman, ` Proceed. dad uk Se. Philad. . S. otus nosis, MSS. "Caput postice leve, anticé rugoso-striatum ; mpressionibus frontalibus magnis, profundis, rugosis, quae partem int am elatam, arcuatam et leviusculam complectuntur ; lineaque obliquà ab angulo anteriore ad i impressionem frontalem exten- dente, cum lineà transversali vix conspicua angulum formante. Mandibule exterius lineis duabus elevatis, ad apicem conjunc- tis, quee suleum profundum formant, versus basin lined alierà elevata, obliqua divisum, paucisque rugulis indistinctis nota- tum; interius, sicut in omnibus, oblique. striate. Antenné articulis quatuor primis glabris, reliquis pilosis. . Thora” se lunatus, basi medio leviter emarginatus ; impressione pot sali anteriore distinctâ, margine remotâ, margine - confluente, vix conspicuá ; basalibus obliquis, bre bros: pm ~~ some New and Interesting Insects. 205 fundis, leviter punctatis. Elytra leviter striata, striis levibus, tertia punctis tribus impressis, primo prope basin, secundo ad dodrantem elytri, tertio prope apicem sito; margine exteriore; sicut in omnibus, granulato. Tibie mide interne bi-dentate, externé. sub-quinque-dentatz, dentibus tribus anticis magnis validis ; ; intermedize pue duabus externis. 2 SCARITES EPHIALTES. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 2. Ma nüibulis totis obliqué striatis ; jas anticé rugoso ; impressions frontalibus rugosis. Long. lin. 143, lat. Habitat cum priore rarius. Caput antice profunde rugoso-stridtum, postice pere paucis leviter i impressis instructum ; ; impressionibus frontalibus magnis . profundis, longioribus, togok parte intermedià rugulis indistinctis notata, elatiore, lineaque obliqua sicut in priore impressá ; linea transversá paulo evidentiore. Mandibule, Sicut in priore divise, sulco oblique striate. | Thorax lateribus rugosis, praesertim ad angulum anteriorem ; ceteris cum priore quadrat, sed i impressione transversá anteriore a margine minus remotå, rugisque solitis pauld evidentioribus. Elytra striata, striis levibus, i tertia punctis tribus, sicut i in priore sitis. . Tibia et antenne sicut in puecedente, pan ope 3. cmd INTERMEDIUS. . Tab: XVIIL Fig. 3. Mandibularum suleo. valdé profundo indiviso, levi.. Impressionibus fron- - talibus ne, rugosis, prófündiori ibu * * ticé rugoso-striatum, posticé rugulis vix cons Pid oculos ; ; impressionibus frontalibus | ltiocibus paiar rugosis, lineáque solita ad angulum. capitis ex. tendente nte, rugulis paucis notata; lined transversà obsoleta. sulco indiviso, excavato, levi. Thoraz, quàm in Precedente » paulo angustior ; impressione transversà anteriore, 206 Le Conte’s Descriptions of margine approximata ; basalibus parvis, subrotundis, incon- spicué punctatis. Elytra leviter striata, strià quintà prope basin dilatata, tertià ceteris paulo evidentiore. Interstitio quarto puncto ad quartam partem a basi, striaque tertia punetis duobus posterioribus situ rio impressis. Ceteris praeceden- tes refert. | 4. ScanirEs SUBTERRANEUS. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 4- | ibu Taram wilco levi, rugulis solum paucis indistinctis ; uipa bus frontalibus Imvibus. Long. lin. es lat. 23. ‘ Habitat ubique. - . : cut Rn P S. subterraneus, Auctorum. E Caput leve, impressionibus frontalibus iii; profundis, vix rugosis, parte complexá minus elatá ; lineà obliquá fortiter im- pressá, transversá, satis distincta, fóvelidue parvá.anté impres- sionem.sità. Mandibule sulco levi, rugulis paucis indistinctis notato. Thorax basi leviter emarginatus, impressione trans- versá anteriore, medio subsinuatá ; linea longitudinali profunda ; impressionibus basalibus leviter impressis, inconspicué punc- tatis. Elytra thorace paulo angustiora, striata, striis punctatis, tertiâ punctis tribus solitis, sed secundo ad Ape magis v proximato. Sekai PERRO refert. 5. vler a AFFINIS. Tab. XVII. Fig. 9. _Mandibularum sulco lineà obliqua elevatà diviso, levi 3 impressionibrs frontalibus rugasis, lined obliquà solità — distincta. Long. lin- i lat. 23. ; ig oe Habitat ubique. oe Caput antice rugoso-striatum, pisi) dint cuite ; impresi- onibus frontalibus rugosis, longioribus, lined obliquá et trans” versa satis distinctis. Mandibule sulco levi, linea obliquà elevata diviso. Thorax basi leviter emarginatus, rugis enit ; ad angulum anteriorem, impréssione transversà anteriore; m : dis. n: margine approximata ; longitudinali mediocri : impressionibus- basalibus satis distinctis, leviter punctat? - some New and Interesting Insects. 207 Elytra satis profundé striatis, striis levibus, tertià punctis tri- bus i impressis, primo ad trientem, ceteris situ solito. Tibie antice externé 3- dentate, dentibus validis. - 6. ScagrrES PaATRUELIS. Tab. XVII. Fig. 6 Mandibalaram sulco profundo, excavato, levi; impressionibus frontalibus profunde rugosis. Long. lin. 6$, lat. 24. . Habitat in Georgia, sub lignorum fragmentis. -Caput antic rugosum, posticè leve, rugis paucis ad oculos ; impressionibus frontalibus latis, profundis, rugosis, et striatis ; linea obliqua solità profunde i impressá, rugis quibusdam signatá, alteráque. brevi, levi, aliorsum infra tendente, Ma sulco. profundo, excavato, levi, indiviso. Thorax omnino ut in S. subterraneo, Elytra profunde striata, striis vix puncta- tis, tertia punctis tribus solitis. Ceteris preecedentem refert. M Avpvsoxi. Tab. XVIII. Te T. Vi iridis ; capi te thoraceqne c:neo-micantibus; elytris margine laterali au- 166, fascià rit sinuatà, abbreviatà, guttà posticà submarginali, lunuldque terminali 3] Habitat ad ripas Penn Yellowstone, apud Fort Unions upra viridis; caput thoraxque ceneo-micantes: illud inter 90065 rugosum, postice cyaneo-marginatum ; oculi brunnei ; antennae æneo-obscuræ ; labrum album, medio satis porrecto, acutè tridentato, - "Thorax granulatus, impressionibus solitis ; margine toto viridi-cyaneo. — Elytra: levissimé granulata, punctis crebris elevatis: nitidis : ; tenuiter aureo marginata ; fascia, media subsinuata, utrinque abbreviata, gutta postica Juxta aA maculáque terminali albo-testaceis. Peso Subtus viridi-eneo splendens; thorax subtus -cupreus. Ab- M viridi et cyaneo ipm: Reset cuprei, tarsis ob- Pian. preelarissimo ` 3.3. Andubon; qui a Territorio Perana hanc naag m cum sequenti , 208 Le Conte’s Descriptions of Carosowa LEPIDUM. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 8. Nigrum, elytris nigro-brunneis, profundé striatis, transverse rugosis, foveisque viridi-ceneis triplice serie. Habitat in Territorio Missouriensi. Latum, sub-convexum, nigrum. Caput ‘rugosum, impres- sionibus inter oculos latis. "Thorax rugosus, anticé vix emar- ginatus, lateribus valdé rotundatus, margine tenuiter reflexo: basi plana, impressionibus transversis leviter notatis, linea longitudinali nulla : -basalibus profundis, fortiter punctatis, feré cribratis. - " Elytra. nigro-castanea, medio pallidiora, . pro- fundé striata, et transversé rugata; foveis viridi-aureis serie triplice impressis, punctoque elevato medio foveæ singule. Specierum omnium Americanarum mihi notarum minima, et formosissima. C. rmRisTE. "Tab. XVIII. Fig. 9. Nigrum, elytris obsoletissimé ee punctisque moe triplice serie impressis. Habitat in "Territorio Missoutofist: Ovatum, subelongatum, posticé subconvexum, nigrum. Caput anticé punctatum, posticé minuté rugulosum; impres- sionibus leviter notatis, posticé incurvatis. - Thorax leviter punctato-rugosus, punctis versus basin majoribus; antice vix emarginata, lateribus rotundatis, posticè tenuiter depr posticis infra basin ferè planam extendentibus ; pressione transversa anteriore nulla, posteriore leviter notata : linea longitudinali obsoletà: impressionibus basalibus ordina- riis, profundé punctatis, Elytra obsoletissimè punctato-striata, rugulis paucis transversis, valdé indistinctis; foveolis minime piofindi quaque puncto mediali. elevato, triplici serie im- p im- S o indistinctum, Say, (quod a Comite Dejean: sub nomine Peto descriptum est,) valde refert, sed majus et us est: striæ- foveæque elytrales : vix conspicuæ ; f autem C. indistincti i nigro-cyanex. d longa Di some New and Interesting Insects. 209 Dyriscus wanoiwrcoLLIs. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 10. - Ellipticus, supra viridi-olivaceus, infra brunneus ; ; thoracis limbo, scutello, PA margine pedibusque testaceis. Habitat in flumine Missouri. 9 Ellipticus, supra viridi-olivaceus. Caput parte anteriore testaceo, macula angulari, verticali, angulo posticé spectante rubro-testacea: antennz et palpi testacei. "Thorax xqualis, punctis paucis ad latera; testaceo latè marginatus, margine postico medio dilatato. Scutellum testaceum, puncto elevato utrinque. . Elytra testaceo-marginata, posticé ad apicem varie- gata; poné medium leviter punctata, punctisque obsoletis triplici serie notata. Infra brunneo testaceoque variegatus ; abdomen brunneum. "Trochanteres postici acuti, divergentes. Pedes testacei : ; tibiis tarsisque posticis piceo-brunneis. hucusque latet. Lamia Bruun. Tab. XVIII. F ig. ll. Nigra, transversé albo fasciata. — Habitat in "Territorio Missourienék: - gud etigm in provinciis australibus. ) Nigra; nitidissima. Caput deflexum, fronte albo irrorato ; fasciis duabüs lunatis pon? oculos, vertice coadunatis, albis. Antenne: articulo quarto sequentibus vix longiore, corpore paulo longiores, articulis duobus primis pilis grisescentibus. — subcylindricus, impressionibus transversis duabus, basi ' Spinà magná, valida, acuta e lateris medio utrinque procedente ; ; anticé et posticé albo marginatus, linea perpen- i subincurvá, basi dilatatà ejusdem coloris. Scutellum , L^ Elytra nigro et albo irregulariter ost aibad - gine externo et suturali albis. Subtus € m macula nigra nitida utrinque mesosterni. - edes ~ In honore Johannis G. Bell, ornithologi illustris, a quo = erat hzc insignis et pulcherrima species. | vidi em exemplas, E Novum nm capis i E 210 Engelmann and Gray, ART. = oe LINDHEIMERIANJE; AN ENUMERATION OF THE ANTS COLLECTED IN TEXAS, AND DISTRIBUTED TO mel , BY F. LINDHEIMER, WITH REMARKS, AND DE. SCRIPTIONS ni NEW SPECIES, &. By Gzonge ENGELMANN and Asa Gray. A Mz. LinpuemeER’s plan for exploring the botany of Texas, and preparing specimens of dried plants for distribution, was announced in Silliman’s Journal for July, 1843.. The collec- tion of that season, owing to various misfortunes, having been much smaller than was anticipated, it was thought best to defer its distribution until that for the year 1844 should come to hand. A part of the second collection was Jost in the course of transmission to St. Louis; those which were received in sufficient quantity for distribution extend the number to 318. Mr, Lindheimer is now entering upon an unexplored field west of the Colorado River, and we may confidently, expect that a rich harvest of peculiar plants W will reward his efforts during the present season. This collection will be assorted and distributed without delay, and our ac- count of them duly published in the pages of this journal. The collection of 1843 was made on Galveston Island, around Houston, on the Brazos, &c. The series commences with some species of Ranuncutus, allied to R. pusillus, which, having been long since distinguished by Dr. Engel- ‘mann, and communicated to various botanists under the following names, the pr adi as assigned by him are here given. m $: Rima Danses (Engel Mig): p erecto ramosissimo basi bispido; foliis petiolatis, inferioribus oyatis Subcordatis denticulatis, superioribus lineari-lanceolatis, basi petiolorum membranacco-dilatata bracteisque ciliatis ; petalis = oblongis sepala ovata obtusa longe superantibus ; plurimis ; carpellis subglobosis acutis minutim tuberculosis in capitulum globosum congestis. — Margin of ponds, dc Boer Plante Lindheimeriane. 911 Houston. April. A span to a foot high, with conspicuous bright yellow petals. 9. R. rracnyspermus (Engel. MSS.): caule ramoso gla- bro; foliis petiolatis, inferioribus plerumque orbiculato-ovatis obtuso subintegris, superioribus lanceolatis lineari-lanceola- tisve denticulatis, basi petiolorùm membranaceo-dilatata brac- teisque subciliatis ; sepalis 3-4 ovatis reflexis petala 3-5 minima linkdri-apatliolita superantibus; staminibus 5-10; carpellis compressis obtusis undique tuberculosis in cipue oblongum seu cylindrieum congestis. — Margin of ponds near Houston, &c. April, May. 3. R. TRACHYSPERMUS, 8 ANGUSTIFOLIUS (Engel. MSS. y foliis omnibus lanceolatis lineari-lanceolatisve ; — and. y? (an spec.?) Linpnemert (Engel JMSS.): folis inferioribus ovatis; sepalis -3+5 ovatis obtusis patentibus petala 3 lineari- spathulata cquantibus; carpellis compressis obtusiusculis tu- berculosis in capitulum globosum congestis. — Near Houston, &c. but not growing together with No. 2. 4. CLEMATIS CYLINDRICA, Sims. A narrow-leaved variety ; the herbaceous stem beginning to flower in April, when only A foot orso in height. Houston. 9. C. reticunata, Walt. Houston. -June 6. Anemonr CAROLINIANA, Walt. Prairies, Houston. Feb- = March. : T. Coceutus Casas, DC. Tiesto Ji une. .8. Srrepranruvus uyacintuores, Hook. Bot. Mu t. ! 3516. West of the Brazos. July. 9. Crtsratinua EnOsA, Nutt.; Torr. & Gr. FL I. p. - prairies on the Brazos. Mni. 39. CrLEowELLA- ipee DC. High prairies. sos of Houston. April, A ugus = ee "s Porveara retia Torr. & Gr. FL. Lp. 130. West of the Brazos. August.— More or less branched. up ovate, with glands along the dann. on the face - 12, P. mcansazA, Linn. Hasan: April 212 Engelmann and Gray, 13. KnawERIA LANCEOLATA, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. New York, II. p. 168. The root of Krameria lanceolata is ligne- ous, 2 to 3 lines thick, and very long, of a dark red color, and has the same chemical and medicinal properties as the South American Ratanha, (root of K. triandra, R. & As the plant appears to be common in some parts of Texas, it might become valuable for collection and export.' 14. DROSERA BREVIFOLIA, Pursh. Galveston Island. April. 15. HELIANTHEMUM CAPITATUM, Nutt. gi Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. p. 151.) H. polifolium, Torr. & Gr. l.c., which name is Bibtienpied 1 in the genus. The clusters are seldom capitate. ay. 16. Leonea Dmvwwowpu, Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. p. 154. With the preceding. 17. Hypericum GvMNANTHUM (A. sp): : annuum, wile sim- plici vel superne ramoso erecto quadrangulari; foliis € basi cordata ovatis ovati-oblongisve amplexicaulibus 5—7-nerviis pellucido-punctatis; cyma dichotoma pedunculata strictius- cula laxiflora aphylla, nempe foliis floralibus-in bracteis parvis lanceolato-subulatis diminutis; floribus pedicellatis ; sepalis lanceolatis acutis petala superantibus; ; staminibus- 10-12; 1 Professor A. Braun, after ME the AN of species of this genus, has suggested that the natural a of Krameria æ, rather than Polygalacee. And, in ww at Pon in 1 apnd the. two glandu- tals cover in exstivation the stamens ; they cannot therefore belong to an interior circle, as Bentham supposes. The e ovary is one-carpe ( the type of Polygalacee) and irregularly one-sided, like the ovary of Leguminose + it is imperfectly veas by. the inflection of the placenta, as in some Legimin; but in both cases are t ys side by side ; on the on in Po z one is before the other. Krameria may, then, be red a pentandrous Teg minosa, where one or two stamina are abortive. In K. lanceolata, Pra, it is the lowest stamen, à y cien the we connected petals, which is wanting; but, in some idee a steri ent occupies this place; it corresponds with the free 1 10th most Sila flowers, as the four others, which are united in A. k are analogous to the tube of nine connected filaments. The lateral sessile peal with the carina, and the three others, whose claws are connected, W pin the five sepals alternate with them, as the stamens alternate The $c resembles somewhat the indehiscent M od legume of an Ona m and, m all the specimens we have examined, it one-seeded when MAE ipm ua Plante Lindheimeriana. 913 capsula ovato-conica calycem vix superante uniloculari; se- minibus flavis longitudinaliter costatis. — Clayey soil in pine woods near Houston. June. Also in Louisiana, Arkansas, &c. not uncommon. This is the plant mentioned in Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. Amer. under H. mutilum. It appears so different from the ordinary form of that species, that we are obliged to separate it. It varies from 6 to 20 inches in height. : 18. Paronycuta Dmuwwoxpn, Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. p. 110. 49. P.-seracea, Torr. & Gr. l. c. West of the Brazos, with the preceding, &c. — ; > 90. SiteNE. Anrieruina, Linn. var. suSGLABRA ; and 91. var. LvicaTA; the leaves smooth, and with smooth margins. Galveston. | - 92. Lixuw Berenprert, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3480. Sandy downs of Galveston Island. April, May. Perennial? No doubt distinct from. L. rigidum. Styles connate above the middle. The name should, if we mistake not, be L. Ber- 23. XaNTHOXYLUM Carotintanum, Lam. “‘ Pepper-iree, Toothache-tree.” March. : 24. Sina LixpnEIERI (n. sp.): annua? pu erula; caule. erecto ramoso; foliis linearibus vel oblongo-linearibus serratis basi Subcordatis ; stipulis lanceolato-setaceis petiolum sub- *quantibus ; -pedunculis folium demum :equantibus ; carpellis 10-19 reticulato-rugosis, apice breviter birostratis extus pu- bescentibus et angulo interno in dentem subuncinatum brevem — productis. — Prairies east of the Brazos. June to "gust. (Also collected in Louisiana by Dr. Car ter.) About 2 e high ; ie eaves 1-2 inches long, and 2-4 lines ide. Peduncles articulated about three-fourths of an inch below the fruit, Flowers (the yellow corolla an inch or more n diameter) and fruit larger than in S. rhombifolia, from which the carpels of the present species differ by their shorter and blunter horns, reticulated sides, and by the tooth project- * 914 Engelmann and Gray, ing from the internal angle at the summit. S. Elliottii has narrower leaves, shorter peduncles, and about 9 orbicular car- pels, which are only slightly bimucronate. 25. Marvaviscus DnuuuoNpn, Torr. & Gr. Fl. L P. 230. Wet places, Houston. August. Leaves 4 or 5 inches in breadth. This proves to be a very ornamental plant in culti- vation. 26. Vrris BIPINNATA, Torr. & Gr. Prairies, Houston. une. a 9T. Vicia — ANA, Nutt. Galveston and Houston. April. e: (om 28. VicNA GLABRA. Savi? Thickets, Houston, &c. June, July. — The’ plant is hirsute, but the leaves are almost glabrous when old; the flowers hardly larger than those of the garden bean; the vexillum: pale yellow, the carina deep yellow. | begino compressed, somewhat torulose, black, hirsute with whitish hairs; thé seed black, with a white hilum. "The leaflets are broadly oval; but there isa variety B ANGUsTIFOLIA, which has Lingeolate or linear-lanceolate leaves. - Near brackish water on the coast of Galveston Pay July. 29. Ruynenosta minima, DC. ; Torr. & Gr. Fl. 1. p- 681. Houston. September. 30. R. weNisPERMOIDEA, DC. With the preceding, in hard, clayey soil. 31. DavnENTONIA LONGIFOLIA, DC. Houston. August. 89. TEPHROSIA ONÒBRYCHOIDES; Nutt. A variety with silvery pubescence, and somewhat persistent stipules. Flow- ers white, soon turning to pale scarlet; the vexillum green in the middle. Puis from Houston to the Brazos. Apri, August. “i: Se Rd 83. T. VIRGINIANA, Pers., and . E pis 84. Ixp1GOFERA LEPTOSEPALA, Nutt Homan and the Brazos, June, July. , . 95. PsoRALEA RHOMBIFOLIA, Torr. d Gr. Fl. L P 303. Sandy places, Galveston Island, May. (Also collected by Dr. + Plante Lindheimeriana. 215 Wright. Stems diffuse, decumbent, from a filiform, often tuberiferous root. Leaflets of the lower leaves orbicular, of the upper rhombic-óvate and mostly acute. - Peduncles in our specimens commonly shorter than the leaves. Legume mem- branous, suborbicular, rostrate, transversely dehiscent ; the upper part strigose-pubescent, the lowér glabrous and some- what rugose. Seeds orbicular, compressed, The singular transverse dehiscence of the’ pod appears to confirm the opinion that Psoralea belongs to the tribe Hedysaree. 36. P-osrusitLoBA, Torr. & Gr. l.c. Dry prairies east of the Brazos, flowering early in the season. Legumes glandular. | The allied, but distinct, P. floribunda is wrongly described as “canescent but not glandular,” whereas the plant is gen- erally glandular, often very much so. 87. Amorpua PaNiCcULATA, Torr. & Gr. Fl. Y. p. 306. "Dhickets, Galveston Bay, and west of the Drazos. June, July. A stately plant, 6 to 9 feet high, the long spikes clustered in ample. panicles. 88. A. GLADRA, Dey. DC. prodr. 2. p. 256. Wet prairies, Houston, &e. 39. Danza AUREA, Nutt. West of the Hresog, June to August — 40. — OBOVATUM, Torr. y Gr. Fl I. P 310. : August. À : P. PHLEOIDES 8 MICROPHYLEUM; Torr. & Gr. k. c. Sandy elevations in the prairies west of the Brazos. July. 42. P. . VIOLACEUM, Michx.: a pubescent variety. | 43. P. ovr eLonvM, Nutt. On the Brazos. August. 44. 'TarFOrLIUM REFLEXUM, Linn. Galveston... May. - ÁsrRAGALUS NorraLLiNvs ? rricnocarrus, Torr. & [^ Fl I. p. 334. Coast of Galveston Island, on soil com- Posed of fragments of shells; while A. Nuétallianus is found in prairies in the interior of ‘the island. The present variety, if such it be, has rather shorter as well as hairy pods, with usually 7-8 seeds-in each cell, while in the true A. Nuitalli- anus there are qinpiy 10-12: 916 Engelmann and Gray, 46. A. teprocarpus, Torr. Gr. I. c. April, with the preceding. "e 47. Mimosa sTRIGILLOSA, Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. p. 399. Tet- ramerous, octandrous. Hard clayey soil. April, June. — We have this plant in cultivation. The foliage is nearly as sensi- tive to the touch as M. pudica. 48. NEePTUNIA LUTEA, Benth. in Hook. do Bot. IV. p. 356. Acacia lutea, Leav. ; Torr..& Gr. l. c. Moist prairies; April — June. 49. Acacia HIRTA,. Nutt. in. Torr. & Gr.l.c.; and 50. Ê craBRroR. Dry, open woods around aca May, . June, and frequently flowering again in September. 51. Acacia Farwestana, Willd. ; Benth. Nearly the only shrub on Galveston Island, where it attains the height of 6 or 7 feet, and forms considerable thickets. Its odorous flowers are producéd in April or May. Certainly indigne to TA and probably also to Florida. 59. LYTHRUM ALATOM, var. y, Torr. & Gr. Fl. ke p. 482. * L. foliosum, n. sp.” Engel. MSS. (who has noticed two states, viz., 1. stamineum ; filaménts as long as the darker colored pete; the style ioi -exceeding the calyx, and the ovary frequently sterile? 2. stylosum ; filaments as long as the calyx only, the style as long as the apparently smaller and paler petals, or longer.) But, if a distinct pigias it » fall under L. lanceolatum, Ell. 53. CExornrRaA Drummonpu, Hook. iita of — April, May ; also in the autumn. 54. CE. LixrFor1A, Nutt. Galveston Island. 55. CE. speciosa, Nutt. Houston. April, May.. 56. Œ. nBousiPETALA, Nutt. in Torr. & Gr. Fl. Lp 495. This handsome speciés, so remarkable for its acute or acumi- _ nate petals, has been cultivated in the botanic garden of Har- vard University from seeds received from Mr. Lindheimer. specimens have broader leaves and petals than those from Arkansas ; the upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile and somewhat cordate. The pods are cylindrical-prismatic, some- Plante Lindheimeriane. 21T what hairy and often incurved. (Œ. bifrons, Don, has . rounded petals.) Galveston to the Brazos. June, July. 91. Lupwiera mRTELLA, Raf.; Torr. & Gr. l.c. Houston. 58. L. LINEARIS, var. PUBERULA : caule ramosissimo angu- lato foliisque junioribus minutim puberulis ; lobis calycis tri- angulari-lanceolatis acuminatis tubum squantibus capsula elongato-turbinata subpedicillata dimidio brevioribus; petalis flavis conspicuis. — Prairies and road-sides, Houston. June, September. Also in Alabama; Louisiana, &c.; these char- acters gradually shading away into the ordinary L. linearis, in its branching forms, so that we cannot consider it as a dis- tinct species, , CES r 99. Jussimza pecurrens, DC. Houston, &c.- 60. Gaura sinuata, Nutt. Steep river-banks, &c., west of the Brazos, August. 61. Gaura LINDHEIMERI (n. sp.) : perennis, erecta, vir- gato-ramosa, strigoso-pubescens vel hirsuta ; foliis infimis spathulatis lyrato-pinnatifidis sinuatisve, caulinis sessilibus lan- ceolatis acutis sinuato-dentatis vel undulatis, supremis plerum- qe Integris ; bracteis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis scariosis caducis ; calycis tubo ovarium sessile zequante segmentis (in alabastro hirsutis) multo breviore ; petalis 4 spathulato-rhom- deis breviter unguiculatis subadscendentibus staminibus 8 styloque deflexis paulo brevioribus ; nuce tetraquetra circum- scriptione oyali utrinque acuta, faciebus usque ad medium Carmato-costatis fere levigatis. — Prairies from Houston to the Mae flowering from April to May, and through the summer. is Parai garden of Harvard University, where it is cul- Mee. om seeds collected by Mr. Lindheimer, it also flowers wae the whole summer, and proves to be a very showy and a ègant species, It attains the height of from 3 to 6 feet, of us SOptOUs racemose branches produce a long cession °ssoms which are of a large size for this genus. The Petals, which are often three-fourths of an inch long, are pure always . nging to rose color ; the calyx is reddish. Flowers iz and octandrous. ‘This is probably the De v. 15 : 918 Engelmann and Gray, same as the 'Texan plant referred by Spach to G. tripetala, Cav.; but it does not agree with the figure of Cavanilles, nor exhibit any trimerous flowers. . 62. Erynerum coronarum, Torr. & Gr. Fl. Y. p. 604. Bottom woodlands on the Brazos. August. 63. Cynoscrapium pinnatum, DC. 8 pumiLum. Differs from the larger and erect form (which is usually a foot or two in height,) in its low and diffuse stems, its umbellets with only four or five rays, and few or no involucral leaves. Prairies, Galveston. April, May. 64. Leprocautis romiwATUs, Nutt. Galveston Island. 65. DiscoPLEvRA caAPILLACEA, DC. Galveston. May. 66. Spermacoce GLABRA, Michx. Near Houston. Sept. 67. MrrnEoLA PETroLATA, Torr. & Gr. Swampy thickets west of Houston. . 68. Potypremum procumsens, Linn. Houston. June. 69. Hepyoris Boscu, DC. Houston. May and June. - 70. VERNONIA ANGUSTIFOLIA, var. y Torr. & Gr. Wet prairies west of the Brazos. July. 71. Liatris eLecans, Willd. Houston to the Brazos. 72. L. acipora. = L. mucronata, Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. P 70,non DC. Houston to the Brazos, in wet praries. Au- gust, September. In the Flora of North America, this species; which is apparently common in Western Louisiana and Texas, was hesitatingly referred to L. mucronata, DC., from tho character of which it differs in some respects, principally ` the form of the involucral scales. But among Lindheimer § plants, some specimens of what is no doubt the true L. mu- cronata, DC. occur, (which have been distributed in some sets, probably mixed with L. acidota,) and which render it clear that the present is a different, although very ™ y allied species. We have accordingly given a new que The diagnosis may be expressed as follows ; the habit, sd &c. being nearly the same in both; and the involucral ane more or less ciliate when young. —— SA L. mucronata : capitulis in spicam strictam arcte digesti; Plante Lindheimeriane. 219 invol. squamis ovalibus obtusis abrupte mucronatis ; pappo plumoso achzenio pubescente vix longiore; caudice’ globoso. — Capitula (3—5 flora) et flores magnitudinis illorum L. tenui- ore. Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer ; near Houston, and near the mouth of the Brazos. 7 ; L. acidota : capitulis in spicam strictiusculam sepius elon- . gatam digestis; invol. squamis oblongo-lanceolatis (extimis tantum ovatis) purpurascentibus, sensim acuminato-cuspidatis ;. pappo plumoso achenio puberulo subglabrove longiore; cau- dice perpendiculari inerassato e cormo globoso. — Capitula (sepius 3-flora) squamze floresque iisdem L. mucronate duplo majora. Western Louisiana, Hale: Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer. i 13. L. ACIDOTA, 8 vrERNALIS: caulibus humilibus (spi- tham. — pedal.) multicipitibus ; spicis brevibus laxiusculis ; ca- Pitulis sepius 4—5-floris. — Wet, sandy prairies, near Houston. April, May. . 74. L. pvcwosrAcuxa, Micha. Houston to the Brazos. August. | zh 75. Evparorium ROTUNDIFOLIUM, Linn. Houston. Aug. T6. E. ixcanNaTUM, Walt. Thickets near Houston. Sep- tember — October. (This delicate species, which is quite rare Ih herbaria, grows abundantly on the rocky banks of the French Broad River, North Carolina, about ten miles below Asheville.) TI. Mreanta scannens, Willd. Houston, &c. 78. Aster PHYLLOLEPIS, Torr. & Gr. Fl. Il. p. 113. Prairies, Houston. June — October. RIGERON scaposum, DC. Quicksands of the downs of Galveston Island. April, and continuing to flower unti October, "e 80. Guriraukza Texana, Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. p. 194. Dry, barren soil, Houston. September — October. 81. Sorrmpaco nitipa, Torr. & Gr. Ll c. Prairies on an a Bayou, 50 miles south of Houston. September, 920 ; Englemann and Gray, 82. S. TENUIFOLIA, Pursh. Wet prairies. October., 83. S. LEr A, Torr. & Gr. l. c. Wet prairies, Houston. September.— We have. two forms; one with broader leaves and larger heads, bearing about 5 disk and 11 ray-flowers ; another, with narrower leaves and smaller heads, which have about 3. disk and 10 ray-flowers. v 84. S. Boorrn; Hook.; Torr. & Gr.l.c. Houston. July — September. 85. S. rortrronta, Ell, With the preceding. .86. Bicetovia Nup&TA, B vincara, Torr. & Gr. l. c Prairies on Chocolate Bayou. September. " . 87. BRADBURIA HIRTELLA, Torr. & Gr. Fl. U. p. 250. Prairies, in hard, clayey soil, west of the Brazos. July, Au- gust. — The flowers of this very interesting and pretty plant are certainly yellow (a point which could not be positively determined from Drummond’s specimens,) and the genus was therefore rightly placed i in the homochromous series. - HerERoTHECA scapra, DC. Houston, &c. July. . 89. Ciinvsopsis GRAMINIFOLIA, Nuitt.; and . 90. C. piosa, Nutt. Houston, &c. 91. Amprosta CORONOPIFOLIA, Torr. & Gr. l. c. Sub- saline prairies, Galveston Bay, &c.. July. -92. BERLANDIERA TOMENTOSA, B DEALBATA, Torr. & Gr. l. c. Sandy prairies west of the Brazos. June. 93. ZINNIA MULTIFLORA, Linn. With the preceding. 94. EcnmiwaAcEA ANGusTIFOLIA, DC. Pine woods near Houston. April, May. The slender and original form of this species, which varies much as does E. purpurea. ` The peduncles are scarcely incrassated at the summit, the head hemispherical, with 8 to 13 narrow, rose-colored rays... The northern form, (E. sanguinea, Nutt.) is a much stouter plant, the peduncle much thickened at the summit, tlie head twice the size, and at length conical, with 12 to 16 dark. red E Both forms are quite variable. 95. RupsECKrA ALISMJEFOLIA, Torr. g Gr $a c. Houston ió the Mason. tn Plante Lindheimeriane. 99] 96. HzerraNTHUS cUcUMERrFOLIOS, Torr. & Gr. Fl. II. p. 319. Sandy soil, west of the Brazos. July, August. The mottled stems, with the leaves all cordate and coarsely toothed, and the narrow involucral scales quite reflexed and tapering gradually into long subulate points, are uniform in all the speci- mens. The foliage is deep green. s .97. H. precox (n. sp.): annuus vel biennis; caule his- pido ramoso ; foliis alternis longe petiolatis (subcinereis) leviter serratis deltoideo-ovatis in petiolum abrupte attenuatis, infimis tantum cordatis ; pedunculis elongatis monocephalis ; involucri foliolis lanceolatis, subulato-acuminatis"discum vix superanti- - bus; corolla fl. disci atro-purpurea gracili ; achenio piloso ; paleis pappi lanceolatis puberulis. — In loose sandy soil im- pregnated with salt, Galveston Island. April and May; in eultivation flowering from June to October. Plant 11—9: feet high; the heads about as large as in H. cucumerifolius, to Which it is nearly allied ; but from which it is constantly dis- tinguished by its smaller size, the slightly toothed and seldom cordate leaves, the broader and more abruptly pointed in- volucral scales, the slender disk-corollas, the nearly flat (instead of hemispherical) disk in fruit, &c., &c. 3475 x REG 98. H. occrpENrALIs g PLANTAGINEUS, Torr. & Gr. L c. Bottom lands, south of Houston. August, September. , 9. H. gicus, Desf. Fertile prairies. June — August. 100. H. aneustironiws, Linn. Wet prairies. June— Aug. 101. Congopsis Dnavwwowpu, Torr. & Gr. l c. Sandy downs of Galveston Island. May — October. i ; 102. C. trxcrorra, Nutt. Prairies on Galveston Island. 103.. Gartnarpia picta, Don. Galveston Island, on a soil formed of fragments of shells. May. à rae 104. G. Aumr.yopox, Gay. In sandy or gravelly soil, west of the Brazos, May—July. This species is equally showy with the preceding in cultivation: the copious rays are deep neat fame-color, with brown-purple at the base, and under- neath. weno: Í LI 105. G: taxcEOLAT A, Michx. Galveston Island, &c. | 222 Engelmann and Gray, 106. Panaroxra Trexana, DC. Wet. prairies, Houston. August. Annual,.as is P. Hookeriana also. 107. Hymenoparrus AmTEMIsLEFOLIUS, DC. Open oak woods, &c.; west of Houston, &c.; flowering from March to September. Radical leaves very variable. 108. HELENIUM TENUIFOLIUM, Nutt. Open woods. Sep- ~ tember. 109. Leproropa sBracuypopa, 8 (purpurea.) Torr. § Gr. Fl. IL. p. 388. May. 110. MansmarLia cxsPrrosa, Nutt. Dry prairies, Hous- ton, &c. The specific name is singularly inappropriate, at least as applied to the Texan plant ; for the stems are single, scattered, and not at all cespitose. The lowest leaves are often lanceolate-oblong or spatulate. 111. Eeveres AnkaNsawa, Nutt.; Torr. & Gr. Fl. Il. p. 411. (E. Texana, Engel. MSS., but agrees very well with the original Arkansan plant. A. Gr.) Downs of Galveston Island, April, May, and also in November, when it has very diffuse and decumbent stems, somewhat woody at the base ; but the plant is surely annual. After flowering, the tube of the corolla of the outer disk-flowers, as well as those of the ray, become enlarged and corky at the base ; and the inner part of the disk is sterile. It is quite a handsome plant jj cultivation. The numerous rays are pure white above, and usually marked with pink underneath. 112. GNaPHALIUM PuRPUREUM, Linn. var. (G. spicatum, Lam.?) . 113. Euch VigomsiaNUM, Miche. Open meee: March to May. 114. Centaurea Americana, Nutt. Moist pa preis Houston. July. 115. PynnHOPAPPUS e DC. Dry prairies, May, June. . 116. Losera cnawpuLosa, Walt. Wet prairies and woods. September. A more or less scabrous form: bracts lanceolate from a broad base; the sinuses of the calyx very slightly re Plante Lindheimeriane. : 223 flexed. The specimens collected in shady places. are less rough ; the tube of the calyx is either hispid or nearly glabrous. 117. Vaccinium arsoreum, Marsh. Woods. April. 118. AscnEPIAS PAUPERCULA, Miche. Swamps near the coast. Stem 4—6 feet high. Root tuberous. June. 119. SgurERA maritima, Reichenb., Decaisne. (Lyonia, Ell.) Wet, saline prairies, Galveston, &c. May. 120. SapBaTIA campestris, Nutt. Contrib.- Fl. Arkans. &c. Flowers April to May, and again in August and Sep- tember ; in dry prairies. 91. S. canvcosa, Pursh: a variety with rather longer calyx lobes than usual. Shady margins of streams near Hous- ton. May, June. 122. Gitta comoworrronra, Pers.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. VII. p. 313. Dry prairies and open woods. June, July. 123. Cuscura NEvRoPETALA, Engel. in Sill. Jour. XLV. P-.75. minor. A smaller, earlier flowering form, growing in drier places, mostly on Petalostemon multiflorum, but also on Liatris, and even on Euphorbia corollata. It approaches C. hispidula so. much that, not improbably, further investi- gation of living plants may prove both to be only varieties of à single species, for which the name of C. porphyrostigma would be most appropriate, as all the forms that would belong to it, are distinguished from every other known North Amer- ican species by the purplish-brown stigmas. Another remark- able variety is : : f ; 124. Ç, NEUROPETALA, Engel. y LrrroRALIs: cymis pani- culatis ; floribus majoribus pedunculatis; tubo corolle late campanulato calycis segmenta late ovata acutiuscula subcari- nata et lacinias limbi enervias ovatas abrupte acuminatas. crenulatas patentes subequante ; squamis tubum su quant : bus. — Seashore of Galveston Island, on Lycium Carolinianum, Borrichia frutescens, Iva frutescens, &c. Flowers in May. Dif- ferent from the inland form by the much it te — campanulate flow ing in spring; by the hardly cari- nate, broader, wilds came aasi ef lobes of the 224 Engelmann and Gray, corolla, which are rarely somewhat nerved ; stigmata also pur- ple, and anthers purple or yellow. — ( Engel.) 195. C. cuspipata (Engel. n. sp.) : caule filiformi ramosis- simo ; floribus pedunculatis in cymas laxas bracteosas disposi- tis 5-fidis; tubo corolle cylindrico sepala usque ad basin libera: SA concava (exteriora cuspidata) et lacinias limbi S ovatas acutiusculas. uninervias erectas s. patentes superante ; staminibus limbo brevioribus ; squamis ovatis fimbriatis tubum sub:quantibus ; stylis filiformibus ovario (minuto) globoso pluries longioribus ; capsula globosa corolla marcescente ob- tecta. —Var. e. pratensis; floribus minoribus ; calyce bracteis paucis involuerato ; tubo corolle subcylindrico calycis et co- rolle segmentibus paulo longiore ; staminibus limbi laciniis ova- tis acutiusculis duplo brevioribus ; stylis ovarium parvum duplo superantibus. — Dry prairies west of the Brazos, on Tephrosia, Bradburia, Ambrosia, &c. June. — Var. g. nvwrpa : floribus majoribus ; calyce bracteis pluribus involucrato ; tubo corolla infandibuliformi calycis et corollee segmenta duplo superante ; staminibus laciniis limbi lanceolatis acutis paulo brevioribus ; stylis ovarium minutum quater superantibus. Bottom lands of tlie Colorado, on Iva ciliata, Ambrosia trifida, &c. August 1844, (No. 276, infra.) — A remarkable species. The stems are very much branched, filiform ; inflorescence loose panicu- late, pedicels with many epulae bracts, some of them sur- rounding the calyx like.an involucrum, similar in shape but smaller than the sepals; sepals somewhat lacerate or crenu- te, ovate, carinate, (the carina less distinct in. the var. B) : cuspidate, interior ones rather obtuse, all concave, poa ^ bricated. Lobes of corolla thin membranaceous, with a middle nerve, formed by large ‘oblong: or linear cells ; when dry, convolute; the exterior ones generally somewhat cuspi- date, thei interior ones obtuse ; at the base the lobes are dilated and cover one another, more than in any other North Ameri- can species. Styles remarkably slender and and long, about the en th of the stameñs, but elongated afier flowering, when the corolla assumes an urceolate shape, and finally « covers like 2 Plante Lindheimeriane. 295 hood the upper part of the globose capsule.— It appears to be an intermediate form between Cuscuta proper and Lepi- danche. The var. ê has larger and thinner flowers, of paler color, and the lobes of the corolla lanceolate and acute. Engel. 196. C. penracona, 8 caLvciNA, Engel. | Wet prairies. June. 127. C. verrucosa, Eng ^ l. c. Dry prairies. July.’ , r ian undescribed North American species, collected in the Alleghanies of Vir- ginia and North Carolina by Dr. Gray and Mr. Sullivant, in the autumn of 1843, is here appende (This e ence s kg ud n. 2 but, just as these sheets came under my o ^is rvation grow on Urtica, San Aster, Solidago, Rudbeckia, sii Some other plan After pan. ‘and careful investigation, and with some e hesitation, I have - mitted this mountain plant as a distinet species, different fi .vulgivaga. The racteri offers so many different forms: and sizes of the pe that ot were necessary ; and they are found in the tissue of the corol pei is ever destitute the large pellucid dots constantly — in C. valid aga, but i “specially about the tube, of regular, somewhat elongated, hexangular ‘alia cay distinguishable in d ied specimens anki a common glass. In the common species, nc ns rlobos, as — to a bifid point; it duet ony other known Ameri ze pising ae ems POR deer C. (Leripaxcun) COMPACTA (Choisy): ceaule ramoso; T sessilibus = ratis paris; sepalis sub-novem Vi 226 Engelmann and Gray, 198. Ipomma sacrrrata, Desf.; Choisy. June— Sept. 199. CosvoLvuLus aquaticus, Walt. Wet prairies west of the Brazos. Often 10 feet long. July. 130. Nama Jamaicensis, Linn.? Sandy prairies, &c. near the Brazos. June. Annual. 131. LITHOSPERMUM TENELLUM, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) V. p.88. On the Brazos, &c. April— August. . 132. HELIOTROPIUM curassavicum, Linn. Galveston, &c. 133. H. rvuxparUM; Swartz ; DC. prodr. 9, p. 539. Banks of the Brazos. June. 134. Evroca urrsuta = Phacelia hirsuta, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. l. c. p. 191. Pine woods near Houston. March and April. Corolla with 5 very obscure pairs of squamelle at the base of the tube. Ovary 5—10-ovuled. (Vide No. -— 280, infra.) Also Texas, Drummond’s Coll. 3, E » interioribus HiMndtibes, tubo comle Sato calycem et lacinias limbi lineari- uperante; staminibus limbo brevioribus; squam is pinnati- fido-lacini iatis; orario cum ecd stylos subequante ; capsula uorum subacu rolla marce xin obtecta 1-4-sperma, — North Mein to Alabama, im the icm on shrubs, frequently on evergreens; on Corylus rostrata, Buncom: Co., N. ences on the same, ‘ee on Andromeda sodas or spinulosa, 0 of Negro Mountain, N. Carol., Prof. A. a and Mr. W. S. Sullivan; in Ala- bama, on Prinos glaber, Dr. rsen (Herb. ay.) ei is clearly the Cuscuta compacta of iie monograph, (and of e prodr. : e notice ehlonoa instance of two nearly allied species, one growing in the mountainous region Southern States, the other one in the riesen lowlands. Analogies offer in y rules, and much more slender and mos stly smaller flowers. p s the compact scales of the calyx considerably, and is much narrower in pro- portion to its length ; it gives, therefore, to the capsule which it à more pointed appearance, pee the capsule itself is nearly globose. This a itin ance of the vestiges of the corolla on the capsule distinguishes this species c. Bem after flowering. The corolla a ceder to be Sie pacem reete eccle pe run Plante Lindheimeriana. 227 135. Sotanum Texense (n. sp.): perenne, inerme, to- mento stellato incanum ; caule (pedali) herbaceo erecto ramoso; foliis (2-4-unc.) petiolatis lanceolatis undulatis sinu- ato-dentatis integerrimisve sparsis; racemis terminalibus ; pe- dunculis flore longioribus fructiferis deflexis; calyce 5-fido ; corolla violacea extus ad carinas stellato-pubescente ; stamini- bus æqualibus ; baccis flavis. — Road-sides, prairies, &c., Houston to the Brazos. June— September. (This is also No. 200 of Drummond’s Third Texan Collection. We like- wise have specimens from Dr. Wright.) 136. Puysanis pusescens? (P. maritima, M. A. Curtis, MSS.) "Coast of Galveston Island. April — November. 131. Herprstis Monniera, Humb. & Kunth. Wet places. June, July. ^ í 138. Coxonra muutiripa, Benth. in DC. prodr. & Torr. & Gr. Fl. ined. (Capraria, Michx.) Brazos. July. 139. Bucunera ELoNcATA, Swartz, Benth. l. c. Gal- veston to the Brazos. April, May, and again in July. Flow- ers smaller than in B. Americana, the teeth of the calyx and racts less acuminate. ~ 140. Hen»zsris nigrescens, Benth. Brazos, &c. August. 141. Grrarpia spicirtora, Engel. MSS. G. maritima 8 grandiflora, Benth. in DC. prodr. ined. Margin of brack- ish ponds, Galveston Island. 142, PEN TsTEMON Cosza, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser .) V. p. 182. Ravines near Houston. May. 143. ScurELLARIA Drummonpu, Benth. Lab. p. 441. On ‘soil Composed of fragments of shells, on the coast of Galveston Island, May. Apparently annual: stems 10 to 29 inches high. 144. S. CARDIOPHYLLA (n: sp.): puberula; caule erecto (1-2-pedali) ramoso; folis omnibus petiolatis corda Man Sularibus obtusiusculis caulinis, grosse crenatis, floralibus gradatim minoribus integrioribusque lato-cordatis vel deltoideis, "ummis bracteiformibus ; floribus axillaribus oppositis ; corol- lis pubescentibus calyce pedicello longiore plus triplolongiori- —. bus.— Var. 8, humilior, foliis omnibus parvulis. — Open woods, 228 Engelmann and Gray, &c. near Houston. Flowering through the summer. Dr. Engelmann has likewise collected the smaller variety at the Hot Springs, in Arkansas. Fruiting specimens of this well- marked species also exist in Drummond’s Texan Collection, (No. 209, Coll. 3,) but we find no allusion to it in Bentham’s fine Monograph of the Labiatz. The smaller forms might be confounded with S. parvula, but even the floral leaves are distinctly petioliate, broadly triangular-ovate, or cordate, and more or less crenate-toothed ; all are shorter than the corolla, which is three-fourths of an inch long ; the uppermost scarcely exceeding the calyx. The cauline leaves are from one to nearly two inches in length, and considerably resembling those of S. saxatilis, Riddell: those of the elongated flower branches scarcely half an inch long. Achenia strongly tuber- culate. Root apparently annual. 145. Sarvia AzumEA, Lam. Houston. May to September. 146. Hypris raprara, Willd. Houston. September. 147. Puysosrecia Vincintana, Benth., var. foliis ovalibus oblongisve subdenticulatis. | (Dracocephalum variegatum, Vent., Ell.) Wet prairies west of the Brazos. July. i 148. P. Vinaiwiawa, var. foliis lanceolatis argute serratis. : Dry, sandy soil. Houston. - September. p 149. Tricuostemma picnoromum, Linn. September. 150. Teucrium CuszwsE, Linn., Benth. Lab. p. 668. Galvestom Island. April, May. 2 nd i 151. Mosanpa Linpueimenr, (2. sp.) : caule glabro supet- ne piloso subsimplici ; foliis ovatis acuminatis subcordatis grosse serratis glabris glandulosis margine scabris, petiolis brevibus basi pilosis; bracteis acuminatis integris capitulum laxum subsequantibus ; calycibus glandulosis, dentibus subu- latis diametrum tubi subequantibus, fauce villosa; coro" glandulosa et villosa. — Prairies and margin of woods, 10 clayey soil. April to June, and again in October. — According . to Mr. Bentham’s view, this would probably be deemed @ ariety-of M. clinopodia ue 152. M. puncrara, Linn. Houston. July. . T Plante Lindheimeriane. 299 153. M. aristata, Nutt. in Benth. Lab. p. 318, in Mem. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) V. p. 186. Prairies east of the Brazos. June. 154. Verpena stricosa, Hook. Compan. to Bot. Mag. I. p.176. Roadsides, near Houston. April —July. Lower leaves obovate and tapering into a winged petiole, doubly incisely toothed ; the upper tri-multifid. The hispid pubes- cence of the stem is not appressed. The foliage, the more slender spikes, and the much shorter fruit distinguish the species readily from V. stricta. i 55. V. spuria, var. caulibus erectis; bracteis brevioribus. Dry prairies, Galveston, to the Brazos. March to J uly. 156. Zapanta NODIFLORA; Lam. var. foliis lanceolato-cu- neiformibus. Downs of Galveston Island. ' April. 151. Dipreracantuus (Pantcunarta, folia floralia in brat- leas parvas reducta, ideo cyma trichotoma terminalis) vupr- FLORUS (n. sp.): parce pilosus, demum glabratus; caule ereeto herbaceo ;" foliis ovalibus ovato-oblongisve obtusis mar- gine obsolete repandis basi in petiolum attenuatis; cymulis trifloris in cymam laxam - glanduloso-puberulam congestis ; bracteis lineari-lanceolatis pedunculis multo brevioribus ; tubo corollæ apicem versus sensim dilatato calycis lacinias atten- uato-subulatas duplo triplove longiore ; capsulis puberulis sub- clavato-cylindraceis vel oblongis utrinque acutis 8-1 2-spermis calycem equantibus. — Open woods at Sim's Bayou, near 9ufton. May to July: Also, in Drummond’s Texan Col- lection, (Coll. 2, No, 221, and 3, No. 957.) Stems one to hà feet high, simple or branched from the base, slender, pubescent when young, as well as the leaves and petioles, with scattered hairs. Corolla two inches long. Anthers st e What included; the lobes slightly mucronate at the base. n2 a simple lamella, with a mere rudiment of the second oe. —This well marked species differs from the rest of the Senus in its inconspicuous bracts, and naked, more explicate inflorescence, which entitle it to the rank of a distinct sec- E 930 Engelmann and Gray, 158. D. cin:osus, N. ab E. in Linn. XVI. p. 294. = Ru- ellia ciliosa, Pursh. Open woods, Houston. June. 159. DiawrHERA HuwrLISs. In clear water. June. 160. DICLIPTERA BRACHIATA, Spreng. Shady woods, Houston. June — September. Seeds hispid, with short, minutely glochidiate bristles." 161. Urricurarta suBULATA, Linn. Wet prairies of Gal- pe Island. April. 2. SawoLus EBRACTEATUs, H. B. K. Sandy brackish id Gafvéstón. April. It is singular that this should have been overlooked by Duby, in DC. Prodr., as a North Ameri- can plant. It was recorded as such by Torrey in the report on the plants collected in Major Long’s Expedition, and is not uncommon along the coast from Florida to Texas. The leaves in the Testi plant, as generally in our specimens, are obovate or broadly spatulate, tapering into pretty long winged petioles, which are decurrent on the mee 163. PLANTAGO GNAPHALOIDES, Nut aa Island. 164. P. amisraTA, Michx. Miete: &c. 165. RESINE cELOosrorpEs, Linn. Houston. " September. 166. OrLorueca Frorrpana, Nutt. © Prairies and — woods in loose sandy soil, west of the Brazos. August. 167. Ertoconum Lowarronruw, Nutt., Benth. 8 PLANTA- GINEUM : foliis brevioribus latioribusque. Dry prairies west of Brazos. July, August. The same form occurs in mond's Third Texan Collection, No. 352. 168. PonycowELLA ERICOIDES. =. Gonopyrum America- num, Fisch. & Meyer, in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (ser. 6.) IV. p. 144. Prairies, west of San Felipe, on =. Brazos. 1 Among mee ack ape a few specime ens were received of the m justicieflora, Hook. € o Bot, Mag. Y. p. 176, which has also sss distributed by Dr. Riddell, d. -— name of Eberlea. We refer it to the Tr R. B * To the character given by Hooker, for the most part inet e may 8er; that the stem and leaves are somewhat fleshy, and that the upper lip of is not entire, but. adh. The hens. of the shorter pair of stamens are owe than the others, ius are polliniferous and 2-celled. The plant grows in f Plante Lindheimeriane. 231 Jay. " low shrubby plant, 1-2 feet high, with the aspect of aheath.' - ! This plant also occurs in Drummond's Texan Collection (No. 19 & 348 of 3d Coll.) ; from which source — Fischer and Meyer obtained the specimens, upón which oa established the genus Gonopyrum.' But their genus must be reduced to Polygonella, from which it 1 differs only in the rodite, in ced d dioico -poly- ` POLYGON ELLA, Miche. (Trib. Rumicee, Meyer.) Polygonella and Gonopyrum, Meyer I. c. supr. Flores dioico-polygami vel hermaphroditi iti. Perigonium ——— — um; phyllis seriei exterioris 2 immutatis fructif. reflexis, seriei ssc 3 erectis planis post anthesin ampliatis conniventibus fructum triquetrum im ifo den eas l 3 i i posit ub t 6 in axi albuminis rectiu s istic: ramosissimi glabri : in planitiebus aridissimis Am t calidioribus vi es; is ochreatis (ochreis brevibus nudis unidentatis) ; foliis crassiusculis parvulis linearibus spathulatisve TAT eR vam vel in axilli m ula. tis; floribus Aera vel roseis) pa cato-r se et appresse — reato-bracteati quasi aralit pedicillis sitine articulatis, fructi- feris pend ndulis ; racemis s sayin, pani iculatis 1. E: polygama : foliis cun 1 sepalis ovalibus ad e eie ; filamentis tribus basi ovato-dilatatis vix aut ne vix dentatis ; Mn. brevissimis. — Polygamum polygamum, Vent. Hort. Cels. n m E a I. p. 458. Polygonella a Michz.! Fl. II. p. 240; "Nut 6 (sub Polygono); t Gen. Vasc. Comm. p. peus num Penta i gracile, Nuit. Gen. — In arenosis (sandy pi ») Carolin mt Georgie ! Floride (Bartram ? Peen !) et, fide Nut. -— : virido-carinata ad anthesin su v tcm ; f ribus basi T. bidentato-dilatatis us quasi obcordatis ; stri longas lis. — Gonopyrum Americanum, Fisch. q $ Meyer, in Mem. Acad. St. . l. c. supra. — In planitiebus aridis Texas, Drummond ! Lindhcimer ! PM dea duplo majores qn dente, ramis cassonbus, e For the first spec “pug opted the older specific name of Tenes, in usd of that of Mi Micha, chiefly because it is. the largest-leaved species - the Piipan Bonum articulatum Linn., whi ich is by Nuttall and Meisner, to Poly- ; joined, y gonella, with which, indeed, it nearly accords in habit habit (though an annual herb) = enlarg ng has all the sepals uniform and erect rect in fruit, the three inner not at and the embryo is lateral as in Polygonum. 232 Engelmann and Gray, 169. Srituinera sytvatica, Linn. Prairies. April — June. 170. S. LicusrRINA, Michx. Thickets near water-courses, Houston. May.— The staminate flowers are rather conspicu- ously pedicillate, not brevissime pedicillatis, as described by ichaux. 171. Piriwoenyruw Linpueimert (m. sp.): annuus, stel- lato-tomentosus ; caule (4—5-pedali) erecto ramoso; foliis longe petiolatis e basi ovata subcordatave lanceolatis sæpe acutato-mucronatis, inferioribus denticulatis ; floribus fcemineis paucis ad basin spicee mascule ; staminibus sub-12 ; stigmati- bus plerumque 12; seminibus vix compressis. — Dry prairies, Houston to the Brazos.. Also, Texas, Drummond, and West- ern. Louisiana, Leavenworth. A taller, more upright plant than P. capitatum (Croton, Michz.,) with larger and less - canescent leaves; the lower 4—5 inches long, and gradually acuminate to an usually sharp point, on petioles 3 inches long. "The spike in fruit is less capitate, and the seeds are smaller and less compressed. Something like intermediate specimens : between this and the P. capitatum, his also grows. in A remaining species, the Polygonum fimbriatum of Elliott, which has been deemed a near ally of Polygonum polygamum, may be taken as thé type of a new genus, viz. $ THYSANELLA, A. Gr. , n pre a boo pomami, Sarina eta gokat Aig phyllis omnibus argine scariosis et eroso-fimbria s, duobus oribus cordato-sagitta ttatis pie dtiherin come nterioribus de orones pectinato- -fimbriatis. tamina 8 : filamenta filiformia perigonium adequa Qon sr air t - num: s 3, filiformes; stigmatibus meee ibus — i neler tall v ew alate — Herba glabra, (b ipedalis, in arenosis on gia v vigens, m vitgatis strictis ; ; s folis angusto-linearibus e cng tis acutatis adr sessilibus rbatis ; floribus ned ratenioao- -spicatis ; - Feste solitariis vel geminis, E faic im tim ochreato-bracteatis ; ers —_— truncatis iu en aris princi; Si redes. in medio articulat TT ne (which were collected by Dr. Leavenworth either in Georgia or mi: S are apparently all sterile. The fruit and seed i is, therefore, unknown [i "not certain the ou increase in flowering. gw $5 Plante Lindheimeriane. 233 Texas, render it doubtful, however, whether this plant is spe- cifically different. Seg (1, 26, 172, GEISELERIA GLANDULOsA, Klotzsch, in Erichs. Ar- chiv. I. (1841) p. 254. Dry woods, Houston. May, June. The calyx of the sterile flowers is 5-parted, and the stamens’ 9 or 10. 173. CROTON ARGYRANTHEMUM, Michx. Margin of woods, Houston. . April— June. "The ovary is on an orbicular, not 9-glandular disk. : 174. EurnonB1A BrcoLom (m. sp.): annua; caule erecto foliis bracteisque undique villosis seu pilosis ; foliis subsessili- ~ bus oblongo-lanceolatis vel lineari-oblongis cuspidatis basi ob- tusis ; bracteis lineari-ligulatis elongatis basi attenuatis margine membranaceis decolorato-albidis ; glandulis involucri villosi margine petaloideis. suborbiculatis ; capsulis dense lanatis; seminibus sparsim rugulosis. concoLor: marginibus deco- loratis bractearum angustissimis aut subnullis ; foliis latioribus. ` Prairies near Houston. June— September. Also Texas, Drummond. Arkansas, Beyrich, &c. A- handsome species, _ resembling E. marginata, but distinguished by the narrower hairy leaves, much narrower bracts, &c. 3 15. APHORA MERCURIALINA, Nutt. -in Trans. Amer. Phil... Soc, (N. Ser.) 5, p. 174. Serophyton pilosissimum, Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulphur, p. 53. In denudated soil, dry prairies, &c, Arkansas and Texas. May — July. Endlicher having entirely overlooked this genus of Nuttall’s, Mr. Bentham has lately characterized it anew under the name of Serophyton. 9 his excellent character we have only to add, that the P S are sometimes dicecious, or subdicecious, as, indeed, is sentoned by Nuttall in the case of the original species. What N uttall takes. for sterile filaments in the fertile flowers, Bentham describes as petals, and so Nuttall's name becomes unmeaning, which, however, is no great objection. Mr. Bentham’s Californian species must, therefore, bear the name of Aphora lanceolata. His remaining Texan species, the Aphora Drummondii, was also collected by Lindheimer, but voL: v. 16 & 934 Engelmann and Gray, not in sufficient abundance for distribution. It is a less hairy plant. Under No. 306 we describe a foürth species, A. hu- milis, which we also find in Drummond's second collection, No. 930. The leaves in A. mercurialina, as in A. Drum- mondii, often turn purplish, in drying. In No. 322 of Drum- mond's third collection, the leaves are oblong-ovate, or ovate- lanceolate, and often acute or acuminate, as in Lindheimer's specimens. In No. 963 of the second. collection they are mostly ovate-orbicular. i 176. TRACIA URTICÆFOLIA, Micha. Houston, &c. April. . T. betonicæfolia, Nutt. ? vi 177. Puytiuanruts PoLYaoNorpzs, Nutt. (Maschalanthus, Nutt. = Phyllanthus proper, Linn., Juss., etc.) Grassy banks. July. : 178. Cyrposcotus sriMULOsUs. = Jatropha stimulosa, Linn. Houston. July. . ' — 119. Urtica purpurascens, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (N. Ser.) V. p. 169. Thickets, Galveston Island. ; “180. Quercus vinENs, Ait. Moist woods. along the coast. f à i 181. Taxopium pisticnum, Rich. Houston, &c. à 182. Sacrrranta stupiex, Pursh.? Ponds in clayey soil, near Houston. June— September... Our plant has rather rigid linear-lanceolate leaves; the calyx as well as the ovate acute bracts are a little pubescent; the fertile flowers are 0n . Short, the sterile on rather long peduncles ; the stamens from 20 to 30; and the carpels in fruit are compressed, rostrate, and falcate. Larger specimens, collected near the coast, with broader leaves, &c. bear larger flowers, with 40 to 50 stamens. 183. S. srononirera (m. sp.): stolonibus radicantibus ; foliis submersis lato-linearibus acutis, emersis lineari-lan A tis 3—5-nerviis; scapo simplici; bracteis ovatis acutis Ve obtusiusculis brevibus; pedunculis subternatis omnibus elon- satis ; staminibus 12-16 ; carpellis compressis oblique sūbor- biculatis breviter mucronatis. — S. graminea, Nutt. in Trans. - Plante Lindheimeriane. 935 Amer. Phil. Soc. l. c. p. 159. Ponds near Houston. Sep- tember, &c. ' 184. Commetyna aNGUsTIFOLIA, Michx. Houston. May. 185. Xvnis Canorixiswa, Walt. 8? scaBRA: scapo apice magis ancipiti, aciebus subtilissime serrulato-scabris. X. sca- bra, Engel. MSS. Prairies, west of the Brazos.. July. - 186. X. suLBosa, Kunth, enum. IV. p. 11, (ex descr.) With the preceding. The North American species still need thorough revision. . 187. Hypoxis erecta, 8. xsrivaLIs: scapo subunifloro folia subeequante ; capsulis subglobosis, (ut in «.) In prairies Which have been burned over in spring. July. . : , 188. H. erecra, y. LEPTOCARPA (H. leptocarpa, Engel. MSS.) : floribus minoribus; capsulis prismatico-oblongis el- lipticisve ; seminibus in singulis loculis: uniserialibus 4-6. Sandy soil, along rivulets, June — August. 189. Evsryris PURPUREA. (Nemostylis ? purpurea, Herbert, in Bot. Mag. sub. t. 3779.) Open woods and prairies, from - Houston to the Brazos. June, July. Also, Texas, Drum- mond, and Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale. The diagnostic characters of this genus and Nemostylis are subjoined. A Phia, Herb. differs, according to the character,’ in having the mner divisions of the much more unequal perigonjym navicu- late, and differently shaped from the outer, in the very short filaments, &c., and in being tuberiferous instead of bul- iferous, ' >, woe Specimens of several of these I ridaceous plants, of very simil in the drj state, appeai : hia, specimens of the Herbertia exrülea. Uuder No. 415, we have ylis acuta (geminifiora, Nutt. Ixia acuta, Barton,) as well as Gelasine In the latter the filaments are certainly monadelphous, and the style bas hree short and « lobes: A $ 236 Engelmann and Gray, multo breviora. Stylus brevis (filamenta adeequans,) tenuis, apice trilobus ; lobis bipartitis, partitionibus in stigmata filifor- mia radiatim productis. 7 EUSTYLIS. Perigonium hexaphyllo-partitum, conforme, patens ; tubo nullo; segmentis obovatis planis, tribus interio- ribus modice minoribus. Filamenta distincta, e basi lato subulata, antheras subpanduriformes post anthesin immutatas æquantia : connectivum latum basi apicemque versus praeser- tim dilatatum, loculis marginalibus. Stylus elongatus (stamina adeequans,) ad apicem infundibuliformis, trifidus ; lobis bifidis, partitionibus in stigmata filiformia recurvia attenuatis.— Habi- tus, bulbus, capsula, etc., omnino Nemostylis. s 1 GywNADENIA Nivea. (Orchis nivea, Nutt.) Moist prairies near Houston ; April to June. The ovary remains straight; the labellum is therefore posterior. -The outer lat- eral divisions of the perianth are also produced at the base on he upper side into a triangular blunt auricle, which is not noticed in Nuttall's description. The anther-cells are parallel and approximated. = i i ‘sighs *191. SPIRANTHES VERNALIS (n. sp.): radice fasciculata ; caule foliato ; foliis linearibus, superioribus sensim minoribus vaginantibus lanceolato-subulatis ; sepalis petalisque basi .co* hzerentibugggblongo-linearibus, lateralibus angustioribus label- lum reflexüm crenulatum apice non dilatatum wquantibus vel superantibus. — Moist prairies, Galveston and Houston ; April, May. — Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender ; lower leaves often 5 to 6 inches long, 2 lines wide ; bracts ovate, acuminate. Eume much as in S. cernua, from which it is distinguished by s short lip, &c. — a ij ina M : -199. THALIA DEALBATA, Fraser. Swamps on the n September. — The seed appears to contain three embryos f which only the central one is fully developed. e il . 193. Juncus HtrrRANTHos, Nutt. in, Trans. Amer- Ph Soc. (N. Ser.) V. p. 153. Galveston Island.. May- . 194. Ponreperta LawciroLra, Muhl. July. = — —— 195. SwrLAx LaNcEoLATA, Linn. Rich shady soil neat Plante Lindheimeriane. 231 .water-courses. July.— Climbing to a great height. ‘The rhi- zoma bears tubers which are called ** Indian bread” in Texas. Leaves varying from narrowly lanceolate to almost’ ovate. n prickly below. . CoorgniA. Drummonni, Herbert. Dry prairies from coin to the Brazos; flowering from June to November, but mostly in July, and only after heavy rains. '197. ArgTRISs aurea, Walt. Houston. April. v198. Serna (Kamassa, sed perigonium regulare) ANGUSTA (n. sp.) : gracilis ; foliis linearibus apice longe attenuato-seta- ceis flaccidis scapo brevioribus; bracteis e basi lanceolata membranacea subulatis pedicellos erecto-patentes subzequanti- bus ; alabastris oblongo-linearibus ; foliolis perigonii linearibus obtusis stamina duplo superantibus. — Open woods and prai- ries, in south-western Missouri and Arkansas, as well as Texas: flowering from April to May in Texas, but from May to the middle of June in Missouri and Arkansas, when S. esculenta, growing in the same region, bas matured its seeds. "The present plant i is more slender than S. esculenta, with narrower leaves, sepals, ete. ; but perhaps it is only a variety. — We are slow to believe that the Oregon species belongs to a different Benus from the eastern. 199. ALLIUM MUTABILE, Micha. Dry open woods, Hodston. April. The capsule, in all our specimens, is one-seeded ; the flowers usually rose-red, but sometimes white. : 200. Rupria maritima, Linn. Salt water ponds, Calvo ton Island. 201. Cyperus vecetus, Linn. Wet prairies. May. 202. C. ovunaris, Torr. In dry and wet plaget Api to June. à 303. C. TETRAGONUS, Ell. Dry cit near Houston. i and June. Style 3-cleft. - Fuirena uispipa, El. Springy places west of the . August. 205. Exrocnanis ARENICOLA, ; (Torr. MSS.) : culmis sub- ! compressis sulcatis e rhizomate repente przelongo ; eM 238 Engelmann and Gray, spicis ovatis obtusis multifloris ; squamis rufescentibus mem- branaceis obtusis margine scariosis; stylo trifido; achenio obovato compresso triangulari opaco tuberculo distincto rostrato acuto multum majore setas 6 tenues subexcedente. —Galves- ton Island, May, creeping in the loose sand. . (Also along the southern coast of the United States.) 206. Scirpus LACUSTRIS, Linn. Galveston. May. 207. SPARTINA JUNCiFORMIs (n. sp.): humilis (1-2 peda- lis) ; foliis convolutis. angustis, caulinis paucis brevibus, radi- calibus czespitosis culmum subequantibus ; spicis 8-10 oblongis sessilibus ad rachin leviusculam adpressis; carina glumarum longitudine subequalium paleæque | inferioris ciliato-hispida. Saline prairies near the coast. May.— Plant with the foliage and much the aspect of S. juncea ; but with the spikes and flowers different from that species, as well as from S. levi- gata. A few specimens. of a taller variety were collected in July. 208. Caedm. TRUNCATA, Torr. Woods, Houston. May. 209. Uxiota cmacrtis, Michx. Variety with broad and hairy leaves, the florets undeveloped. Houston. June. 210. Panicum (OnrHoPOGON) HIRTELLUM, Michz. Hous- ton. June. 211. ANpROPOGON AVENACEUS, Micha. Houston. ‘Sept. 1 I wish to subjoin the character of a remasenlile Scirpus, which has been discov- ered this season, near Providence, Rhode Island, by Mr. Olney (the author of a Cata- logue of Rhode Island Plants, 1845,) ones name | am desirous it should bear-, zm Orxzv: (n. sp. A. Gr. J: PRET im 2-7-pedalibus aphyllis capi tis; stylo bifido; setis 6 vem bispidulis achenium obovatum ode Island, Mr. S. T. Olney. This species is most t allied ed to s. pungens, m - 1 especially arkably ous nnd Dr. Kniesk eX from whose specimens I have added the Pm ge the achenium ; as the fr vi bos Sled o rin thin eat ia the Elle he E NBN ary VE DER D: aas > E y m rs TE * ^ Plante Lindheimeriana. ; 239 212. LEPTOCHLOA mucronata, Kunth. August.. 213. Poa (EnacnosTIS) CAPITATA, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (N. Ser.) V. p. 141; the submasculine plant ; and 214. The subfeminine plant of the same species, which has _ the spikelets much less crowded. Sandy places in the Brazos bottom. July. COLLECTION SECOND, 1844. Mr. Lindheimer's Collection of 1844, was made between the Brazos near San Felipe, and the Colorado River, in the neighborhood of Cat Spring of Mill Creek, the settlement of Industry, and thence westward towards the Colorado, and along its bottom lands. The prairies are partly of a light and even sterile sandy soil, and partly of a stiff clayey soil. The bottom lands consist of a stiff black soil, Near Industry, and on the Colorado, rocks of a secondary sandstone (probably a subcretaceous formation) appear, on which several species of Cactus are found. In the prairies ant-hills are not uncom- mon, and on old and deserted ones a rich harvest of peculiar plants may be made. The numbers run on consecutively from the end of the former year's collection. Additional ` Specimens of the following plants of that collection, gathered again in. 1844, are distributed to subscribers (without being reckoned) under their former numbers, namely: No. 7. Cocculus Carolinus, DC., in fruit. — 8. Streptanthus hya- cinthoides, Hook., with linear leaves; the flowers nodding, the long siliques erect. — 18. Paronychia Drummondii ; hand- Some specimens, gathered in May, just coming into flower. — 24. Sida Lindheimeri, nob. ; specimens in finer state than before, — 29. Rhynchosia minima. — 39. Dalea aurea. 2-40. P etalostemon obovatum. Root ligneous, perennial. "The Spikes, which are an inch in diameter, are at length prolonged - the length of six or eight inches. — 49. Acacia hirta, with npe pods.— 51. Acacia Farnesiana; on the Brazos, &c. Undoubtedly indigenous, flowering in March. — 55. CEnothera 940 Engelmann and Gray, : speciosa. — 60. Gaura sinuata. — 80. Gutierrezia Texana. — 83. Solidago leptocephala. — 94. Echinacea angustifolia. — 96. Helianthus cucumerifolius. — 104. Gaillardia amblyodon. — 107. Hymenopappus artemisiefolius ; with the leaves, as usual, extremely variable ; some of them occasionally obovate- lanceolate, and perfectly entire. — 110. Marshallia czepitosa; growing in scattered plants on the dry prairies near the Mill Creek. — 137. 'Herpestis cuneifolia, in fruit. — 138. Buchnera Americana 8. parviflora, in flower. — 145. Salvia azurea. — 153. Monarda aristata, which in the inland parts of "Texas appears to take the place of M. punctata near the coast.— 161. Utricularia subulata. — 167. Eriogonum longifolium f. plantagineum. — 169. Stillingia sylvatica, in fruit. — 174. Euphorbia bicolor. — 175. Aphora mercurialina, in flower. — 184. Commelyna angustifolia, — 199. Allium mutabile. Shady moist places on Mill Creek. April, May. Larger specimens than those gathered in 1843, near Houston, 12 to 20 inches high, the umbel not bulbiferous. Ovary with. a crown of three scales, which disappear as the capsule ripens, (in this respect unlike A. stellatum and A. reticulatum,) 6-ovuled ; the capsule 1-3-seeded. — 189, Eustylis purpurea: rather common between the Brazos and the Colorado. April—Au- gust. — 198. Scilla angusta, nob. Dry prairies west of the Brazos, April. 4 cH 215. Brasenta PELTATA, Pursh: Specimens in fine fruit, gathered in July in clear rivulets between the Brazos and the 216. Draga cusErFOLIA, Nutt. in Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. 108. Dry grassy places, March.—In some specimens the silicles are almost, if not quite, glabrous. D, micrantha, Nutt., which differs only in the like respect from D. Caroliniana, is probably therefore a mere variety of that species. ao dad 217. Vesicarta AURICULATA (n. sp.) : annua, caulibus dee cumbentibus canescenti-hirsutis ; foliis sparsim pilosis, infimis lyrato-pinnatifidis sinuato-dentatisve basi attenuatis, etens Planta Lindheimeriana. 2941 amplexicaulibus repando-dentatis subintegrisve ; petalis obova- to-spathulatis sepala pilosa colorata subduplo superantibus ; filamentis e basi inflata abrupte subulatis ; antheris linearibus ; ovarii loculis 3—4-ovulatis ; stylo cum stigmate globoso siliculis vix stipitatis globosis glabris breviore ; seminibus subsex mar- ginatis. — Dry prairies near San Felipe. Feb.— March. 218. NASTURTIUM TANACETIFOLIUM, Hook. & Arn. Sandy bottoms. February and March. — Siliques sometimes spread- ing or even reflexed : in other cases considerably incurved and erect... 219. iiinis CANESCENS, Aah A very canescent form. April — May. . .920. Porveana ansa, Nutt. (P. Beyrichii,. Torr & Gr.) Prairies. April — May. Lower leaves sometimes obovate- spatulate, -.. 221. Hypericum uacuLATUM, Walt., Torr. & Gr. Margin of woods from Galveston to the Celoriho. May; t. ..999. PARONYCHIA picHorowa, Nuit. Sandstone rocks near Industry. Sept. — Oct. 223. AnENARIA PrTCHERI, Nait, Prairies. March. Betale emarginate,. 924, PrELEA TRIFOLATA, B. MOLLIS, Torr. & Gr. Fl. £4 680. Along water-courses. Houston to the Colorado. April. 925. ÆscuLus Pavia, B. piscotor; Torr. y Gr. Dd along the banks of Mill creek. . March. 226, SAPINDUS manemvaTUs, Willd. Popularly called “Wild China-tree,” forming trunks about a foot in diameter, in fertile woods. The specimens with ripe fruit were onthe ered j in August. 921. Ruamnus ossi Walt. Small dew fotming thickets in wet places on the prairie west of San Felipe; = ering in. May. With it there is a small-leaved variety, with flowers more crowded, &c. 228. R. LANCEOLATUS, Pursh. "Thickets- March. $229. TernRosra: onoenycnomes; Nutti; with short and tust: , &c., differing somewhat from the variety distributed under Ra 32. West of San Felipe. May. AR Engelmann and Gray, 930. AsTRAGALUS CARYOCARPUS, Ker. Prairies west of San Felipe. April. 231. Lupinus suncarnosus, Hook. Prairies. April. Plant 5 to 15 inches high, branching from the base, with rather smaller and paler flowers and more silky or- woolly inflo- rescence than the nearly related L. Texensis,—of which a few specimens were intermixed in the collection. 232. Cassia CHAMÆCRISTA, var. CINEREA, Torr. & 6r. Sandy places in woods along the Colorado. August. The leaves bear setaceous glands between the 4 to 6 lower pairs of leaflets ; the gland below the lowest pair is stipitate ; and the 5 alternate anthers are shorter. |. snas. 233. ArcaRoBTA cLANDULOsa, Torr. & Gr. FI.I. p. 399. “This shrub, or small tree, about 10 feet high, with a stem 6-8 inches in diameter, either grows sparsely or forms thickets in the low prairies. It is called musket-tree by the Texans. It is first found as a low shrub on the San Bernardo prairie, west of San Felipe, but becomes larger and more frequent westwardly, giving a new character to the vegetation, as in the musket-thickets on the Colorado, along the borders of which several Cacti, hereafter enumerated, are abundantly met with. It ripens its pods at the end of August.” .Lindheimer.—The leaflets vary, often on the same specimen, from narrow linear to oblong, and even broadly elliptical. Lindheimer's speck mens are some of them in fine fruit, showing that the species is totally distinet from .4. dulcis, (of which Bentham con- jectured it might perhaps be a variety,) and also presenting some peculiarities that call for more particular remark. The mature legumes are from 5 to 7 inches long, raised on a SUPE which is often an inch in length: they are narrowly linear, more or less curved or falcate, very slightly compresse® strongly torose, and from 9 to 20-seeded : the epicarp is € taceo-membranaceous, and contains a considerable quantity of sweet farinaceous pulp which surrounds the seeds, or rather the coriaceous investment in which the seeds are singly CoP tained. For each seed is enclosed in a distinct and alm Plante Lindheimeriana. 243 bony almond-shaped putamen, derived, we suppose, from the endocarp or lining of the carpel, though, for the want of young pods, we are unable to trace its formation. But in the ripe legume; these several husks, which are perfectly closed, are entirely unconnected with each other. They are placed obliquely in the pod, of which they occupy nearly the whole breadth. The flattened, oval seeds (about 3 lines long) do not fill the cavity. On examining an Algarobo pod from South America (the fruit, as we presume, of A. dulcis,) we find that the seeds are invested by a similar covering, only that itis much thinner and paper-like, and apparently does not separate spontaneously from the pulp. We have not seen the fruit of Prosopis spicigera ; but we hope that this character may help to sustain the genus Algarobia, which, after having been separated from Prosopis by Mr. Bentham, has since, by the same author, been again reduced to a section of that genus. Our own species, however, would still have to be distinguished subgenerically from the typical Algarobia thus. $ Prrorr- RENA. Legumen lineare, subteres, torosum, polyspermum ; seminibus singulis in nucleo endocarpico coriaceo inter pulpam nidulante clausis, —In a species of Srrompocarpa, collected by Capt. Fremont, (the curious fruit of which should separate it generically from Algarobia,) this papery lining is continuous, or merely collapsed where the seeds are deficient. . - SCHRANKIA ANGUSTATA, Torr. & Gr. l.c. May — ‘August... - 235. Desmanravs mnacuvnosus, Benth. (Darlingtonia, DC); the var. glandulosa, Torr. & Gr. under Darlingtonia ; — fruiting specimens, collected in July. - Es uude 936. Prunus GLANDULosa, Hook.; Torr. & Gr.. Lo “Low shrubs on sandy hills west of the Brazos, flowering m February. Fruit yellowish-red, as large as a middle-sized cher- 1y.” Lindheimer. It is probably a Prunus, therefore, but the half-grown fruit upon one of our specimens is juiceless, and still clothed with the tomentum of the ovary: ^ | ' 937. P. onacitis (n. sp.): ramis subinermibus ; foliis lan- 944 Engelmann and Gray, ceolato-oblongis vel ovato-lanceolatis utrinque acutis grosse serratis (serraturis plerumque patentibus mucronulatis eglan- dulosis) supra puberulis subtus cum petiolis brevibus eglandu- losis tomentoso-pubescentibus; stipulis setaceis glanduliferis petiolum squantibus; umbellulis 2-3-floris; pedicellis calyci- - busque (laciniis ovatis obtusiusculis) pubescentibus; petalis orbiculatis; ovario glabro. — P. Chicasa 8? normalis, Torr. § Gr. Fl. I. p. 467. Open post-oak woods west of the Brazos, where it is called Post-Oak Plum. A low shrub, with leaves only one to two inches long. Doubtless a distinct Species, which should stand between P. Chicasa and P. glandulosa. 938. CExorurna sERRULATA, 0. SPINULOSA; Torr. & Gr. An unusually large-flowered form ; the petals an inch in length. Sandy, dry, or moist prairies. May — June. 3 239. GAURA LONGIFLORA (Spach): elata, pilis brevibus "undique canescenti-puberula ; caule erecto paniculato-ramo- sissimo ; foliis lanceolatis lineari-lanceolatisve utrinque angusta- tis mucronato-acuminatis, sparsim repando-denticulatis, rameis multo minoribus linearibus integerrimis; spicis ramosis laxi- floris; bracteis linearibus deciduis; calycis segmentis tubum plerumque superantibus ; petalis spathulatis longe unguicu calyce et staminibus brevioribus ; nuce sessili ovata canescente 4-carinata nervis 4 intermediis leviter notata. — G. exaltata, Engel. MSS. G. biennis, 8. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gr. Ft. I p. 517. — Prairies at the margin of woods between the Brazos and the Colorado, &c., where it often exclusively covers large spaces of ground ; flowering in August and September. Plant taller and much more branching than G- biennis (6 —9 feet high) with narrower leaves, smaller flowers (the pe ad ing from white to reddish,) and much smaller and, when npe; rounder fruit. The G. filipes, 4. major, Torr. & Gr. I, c, 18 confused with this species. Spach described from an imper- fect specimen collected in Louisiana, by Drummond. - specific name has no particular applicability. . 940. G. Daummonnu, Torr. & Gr. lc: Dry banks and ‘road sides. Canescently pubescent; the leaves often sinuale" Plante Lindheimeriane. A - toothed, calyx-segmehts longer than the tube. Petals deep red in the dried specimens. 941. G. parvirtora, Dougl. Sandy prairies, &c. July — August. Ovaries and fruit clothed with a .close, soft pubescence, i 242. STENOSIPHON vIrGATUS, Spach. High prairies on the Colorado, and on rocky soil. " 943. Jusstma occrpENTALIs, Nuit. Along rivulets. July. Petals obcordate. | /944. Opuntia FRAGILIS, Nutt., var. rrutescens. (O. fru- tescens, Engel. MSS.) Near the Musket-thickets, (vide No. 233,) on the Colorado ; often acquiring the height of four or five feet, with a branching ligneous stem, covered with light gray bark, and sometimes with lichens. It bears bunches of small capillary spines, with one larger one (4-5 lines long ;) these disappear from the older stems. "The wood is hard and close-grained. The younger branches are green and terete, (or angular when withered,) and bear the ultimate articula- tions, which are about an inch long, and very easily break off. hese bear when young, like other Opuntie, short terete Subulate leaves, with a single spine in their axils, and above this a bunch of small ones. The specimens are not in flower, but are covered with the obovate umbilicate searlet fruits, Which are about eight lines long, fleshy, but not juicy, and contain very few (2-5). white, ‘compressed seeds. What is most remarkable, these fruits are often proliferous, and bear from one to four or five new branches from the upper bunches of spines. The fruit either falls off with these branches, or else dries up, persists and finally forms part of the Stem.! - + ú Pr te " ! Though a : lide doubt thapghis is - nga unable to institute a proper comparison, I have : i fragilis of Nuttall, attaining s^fuller growth in that warm region than on the though not in j (most of them n : lmann, whose account of them is a flowering state, by Dr -— nor myself have access to A _ Engelmann and Gray, 945. SEDUM sparsirLorum, Nutt. Naked places in the San Bernardo prairie, between the Brazos and the caeno April — May. any adequate or authentic collection of Cacti, so as to institute the proper com- parisons. . Gg. ** Mr. Lindheimer has sent seven other Cacti, mostly in living specimens, namely: 1. Opuntia, sp. without fruit or flower, probably O, D It attains the —— of several feet, with large obovate joints, and a few : - Miodio? Perhaps O. ena ut very » ny. —" 3. MAMMILARIA SIMILIS (n. sp.): cæspitosa; axillis tuberculorum juniorum paulo tomentosis demum glabris; tuberculis ovatis supra leviter sulcatis (sulco jasi j qualibus radiantib mdatis ; sparsis globosis coccineis. — Sandstone rocks, near Industry. Evidently near M. simplex, at least to Nuttall’s sii of that name, bit cespitose, forming tufts often @ A— in diameter. Flowers not seen. Berries scarlet, of the size of a large pea. Seeds numerous, subglobose, serobieulate, Pom with. an m white hilum. : ed living plants but ers ton not p flow red. 4. M A (n. M 8g b: i: e o un DB. — i: bracteis oblongis ovali- erini acutis, marginibus latissime albidis sæpe pl. m. crispis; ramulis villosis. — Bottom lands of the Colorado. August. — Seeds —— as in the diog fne of E. marginata. 804. Pitixoenvrux caprrarum, Klotzsch, (ef. “No. 171) Low prairies, on the Colorado. September, October. ý . 305. TERANE TEXENSIS, Klotzsch in Erichs. Archiv, (1841) I. p. 252. Croton muricatum, Nutt. iñ Mem. Amer. hil. Soc. l. c. p. 173. Prairies on the Colorado, the sterile and fertile plants generally intermixed, and covering large Patches of ground. An annual plant, about three feet -high. Leaves often lanceólate-óblong, and half an inch wide; those of the fertile plant greener above than in the sterile, as de- scribed by Nuttall, but often’ wider rather than narrower. Stigmas 20-24.. The hypogynous disk orbicular. — Klotzsch wrongly describes the stem as suffruticose, and has not noticed the flocciferous soft tuberculi of the capsule, w which are as evi- dent in our Drummondian specimens as in those of Lindhei- i. The H. ene Torr. in Fremont's Report, 1843, 262 Engelmann and Gray; “306. Arnora (vide No. 175, supra) mvwmas (m. sp.): strigoso-pilosa ; caulibus basi ramosissimis adscendentibus dif- fusis ; foliis oblongis ovato-lanceolatisve obtusis basi attenuatis brevissime petiolatis superne demum glabratis; capitulis axil- laribus folio multum brevioribus paucifloris ; petalis in fl. masc. calycem paulo superantibus lanceolatis, in fl. foemineo subulatis glandulis disci brevioribus. — In hard clayey soil, west of the Brazos. March — August. (Also, Texas, Drummond, Col- lection Second, No. 230,and Dr. Wright.) Plant 6 to 8 inches high ; the base of the stem ligneous. - Leaves an.ineh or an inch and a half long. The clusters contain one fertile and about four staminate flowers. The fruit and seeds not half the size of those of the two other Texan species; the latter globose and rugose, as in the other species, at first curiously striate-reticulated, but when old more even. / 301. Tracts BREVISPICA (n. sp.) : multicaulis, ramosa; de- cumbens; ramis apice flexuosis vel subvolubilibus ; foliis e basi cordata truncatavé triangulari-lanceolatis (superi fere linearibus) irregulariter acute dentatis parce pilosis petio- latis; spicis folio oppositis multo brevioribus ; flore fcemineo ad basin unico, masculis paucis ; capsulis hispidulis. — Black, clayey soil, in the prairies west of the Brazos. May — uly. Differs from T. urticæfolia (perhaps not specifically) in thé procumbent stems, which often form diffuse tufts two or three feet in diameter, and the. smaller and narrower leaves, as well as the short — and pelle: flowers and fruit; the latter is less. hispid. 3908. FORESTIERA ACUMINATA, Poir. Banks of- i. Juste, near San Felipe. March. It extends as for north as on the - Wabash, in Illinois.' —.809. Quercus CINEREA, pone Sandy, hilly soil ; fom ing groves in the. pretio west of the Brazos, along - wiih Iu CRASSIFOLIA, Nutt. vas pining "eap by Hu 5 vided 1 ne for the second infe in September. - into eight li dier ace the ovary ; and fruit ar b n 5s t Plante Lindheimeriane. 263 + Q. obtusiloba ; flowering in February. A small tree, crooked, and much branched ; the earliest flowering species in Texas. 310. ieo DIVERSIFOLIUS, 8. spicatus, Engel. in Sill. Jour. 46, p. 102. Clear rivulets, in prairies, west of San Felipe. April. Leaves 5—1—13-nerved. 311. P. warans, Linn., Var.? foliis infimis elongato-lan- ceolatis utrinque FERMER pellucidis. breviter petiolatis, se- quentibus longius petiolatis sensim magis oblongis et coriaceis; summis natantibus oblongis viu Uode fructibus lenticulari- compressis margine acutiusculis. — In clear water and pools, West of the Brazos. - June. Intermediate in its characters between . P. natans and P. fluitans; and in the absence ofthe upper leaves, very difficult to distinguish from P. lucens. 312. Xyris torta, Smith, Kunth, Enum. 4, p- IV. (ex char.) Springy places. May. Also, i in Drummond’s Texan Collection. /813. SYSIRINCHIUM MINUS (n. 8p.): pumilum ; BEM T an- cipiti ramoso folioso ; spatha paulo inzquali flores :equante vel subexcedente ; perigonii segmentis (cceruleis) ovatis exte- rioribus. PREERIAN capsulis obovati-ovalibus glabris. — Margin of pools, &c. in the prairie west of San Felipe. April. Distinguished from the other North American species, by the smaller size of the whole plant (3-6 inches high,) the much branched stem, the ovate, not obcordate or emarginate, lobes of the perigonium, and the form of the capsule. Spathe hot mucronate, about 4-flowered.- Seeds numerous and — small, i impressed-dotted, black. s 314. HasnawrHus Texanvs, Herb. Low prairies of the Colorado; in black, clayey soil; flowering in September. Pe rigenium reddish-oran e outside, yellow within. = tees -Etrocuanris ain R. Br. varo Ponds and s on Mill Creek, ds *OTiapsacus erase, Micha. Prairies. April, * 311. d E MACBODRUR Micha » Bienes 318. SEO POLYPHYLLA, Michz., 4. Braun. On. the . AE Wa, 264 Engelmann and Gray, Plante Lindheimeriane. clayey bottom of clear rivulets, in the prairies between the Brazos and Colorado. July, and the whole year round. ** No. 151. Monarpa LixpuxiwEn:r of this enumeration Pod be the same as M. scasna, Beck, in Sill. Jour. X. P 260, which name should therefore be adopted. 1 Tn addition to the enumeration Jd the North American Chare, published in 'Silliman's „Journal, Vol. XLVI. p. 92, (January, 1844,) we ion the — “Notices, commiunicated by Professor Wish: Mr. Lindheimer has a tee Texas specimens of Chara Jeilis ae 1 (ineom- plete specimen,) cand of uissima, Desv. * This last, as wel e specimens from husetts, may eh distingnished as var. Americana; i dnd less densely glomerate, but ximat n the European form Chara ias yphylla, A. Br., is * very Sanit tih. plant, occurring i in many differ- ent forms in America, Asin; and the Sandwich Islands. Professor distin- guishes seven | subspecies, yphylla Mo (Ch. polyphylla, A. Br. in Regensb. Bot. ' Zeit. nm» 70; Ch. Michauzii, A. Br. in Sillim. Journ. l. e. -No. 11; Ch. capillata pE and subspecies of the remarkable group of ind oda, A: Br. The here are five species now known, belongtig to this c ; and of these Ch. polyphylla i Ad me — ous, and wi widest spread species. — The Gymn nopode are di: guished by ha ice own (often very short) joint of the otherwise coated lane ly om fe illated branchlets) naked, or destituie of the. ring. b. Ch. poly yphylla slp (Ch. č "dica, Bert.) Gua deloupe, dl iie. slender, with smaller, more elongated seed vessels (sporangia) and €. Ch. poa Ns mae (Ch. zeylanica,. Klein in Willd.) Ceylon, ps cherry, Madras, d. Ch. olhas villa j e. Ch. polyphylia Mahipieta (Ch. foliosa, Mublenb. i in Willd. ; ; Slim. Journ L. .€., p.93, No, 10.) Pennsylvania, Er Very near : subspecies Č Ld ica, and distinguished from a. Michau y the-bracts being mach lon — ; sporangia, while they are — æ prediis f. polyphylla Humboldtiana, (Ch. co compressa, H. B. K. ) New Andalusia Humboldt, A variety with edis. of the e joints of the leaves destitute of the Ch. polyphylla. armata, (Ch. armala, p eae TB Roni d x "Sandwich ans, b. Distinguished by the stronger spen and also A hemi upper joa and smaller se els. A second species, pie from Ch. prigis but also. be longing 10 Gymnopodes, has been collected by Dr. Engelmann, in lakes in the bottom E of the nr sippi, near Saint Louis ; it is called by Professor Braun - «...'€h. sejuncta, a, more slender and greener plant than the. last, bat t principally dis- tinguished by the seed vessels (sporan gia) and globules ( thers) being always fi (i Drainehleta,) never as in most other t.— Martius eer mu — x and more slender, e E ia, and the the Brazilian Fishes of the Ohio and its Tributaries. 265 ART. XVI.—DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FISHES OF LAKE ERIE, THE a RIVER, AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES. Bv Jaren P. KIRTLAND, (Continued from page 32.) Carosromus. Le Sueur. C. communis. The Brook Sucker. proa communis. Le Sue J. A. N. S. Vol. I. p. 96, and fig. gracilis. The Brook Sucker. Kirtland, Rep. on Ohio, pp. 169, 193. vs communis. $ Dekay’s Report, p. 196, pl. 33, fig. 106. T " i " Hist. Nat. des Poissons. Cuv. et Vol. y t. xvii. p. 426 ; Plate XIX. Fig. 1. Head slightly elongated, small, quadrangular, narrower sag the body ; eyes small; iris silvery ; nostrils double. Mouth and lips delicate, rather small. Body sub-cylindrical, slightly compressed laterally, fusi- form, the scales minute behind the operculum, gradually en- larging towards the caudal-fin ; lateral line straight, running above the middle of the body. Dorsal fin quadrangular, the ribs ae the rays bléchishe Caudal fin small, obtuse, rather lunated than lobed. The Fays at their extremities are usually blushed with red. Anal fin narrow, attains to the base of the pr^ Pectoral fin ovate: lor. The back and head olive and iridescent; sides silvery ; beneath, pearly white. Sth, 12 to 18 inches. a ecc a Hab. Big and Little Miami, and the Mahoning.: 4 pr - and also in most of the smaller streams. ; D. 14; C. 18; A. 8; V. 10; Pcdüsyya si Observations. A fish, which I suppose to be the male of this species, may be seen on the ripples of the small streams, ing in great numbers in the spawning beds during the a month of June. At that time the rays of the anal fin are — VOL, v, 18 x” 266 Fishes of the Ohio studded with prominent tubercles, which appear to be decid- uous at the close of the spawning season. Its body is so poor and slender at that time, that it has very little resem- blance to the females or to itself at other seasons. C. bubalus. Raf. Buffalo Sucker. Brown Buffalo. Catostomus bubalus. eT St Icthyol. Ohiensis, p. 5 yi » Kirtland’s Rep. on Zeal. of Ohio, pp. 169, 192. Plate XIX. Fig. Head one fifth of the total length, rounded, rapidly de- clivous, gibbous between the eyes and on the forehead, com- pressed laterally ; back gibbous, sub-carinate ; abdomen recti- linear, thicker than the back; lateral line straight ; scales large, somewhat radiate with minute lines. Dorsal jin long; commencing as far forward as the ventral, and terminating over the middle of the anal fin, the anterior apes dente the posterior low and horizontal. -. Caudal fin bilobed, the lobes: idus! in length; the lower beóndéi Anal fin trapezoidal, actitely terminated, — as far as the base of the caudal. Ventral fin nearly medial. Pectoral fin does not extend as far back as the s comte: ment of the dorsal. Color* Back and head brown, sides bronzy and ipo abdomen whitish, iris gilt. Length, from one to three feet. Hab. Ohio river. D. 98;.C. 1855 Ay 135 Vg Pró tape: Observations. 'This is the largest species of Catostomus found in the western waters. Its flesh is eatable, but coarse, and not highly esteemed. "The color and form vary. with. age. - The young is sary elliptical. in its outline, and is often sold in the market as distinet species, under the name of Bufalo Perch. al ‘= and its Tributaries. 967 C. elongatus. Le Sueur. Missouri Sucker. Black Horse of the fishermen. koci elongatus. Le Sueur. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. I. p. 103, and fig. niger. af. - Jch. Ohiensis, p. 56. i elongatus. Le Sueur. Kirtland's Report, oe 169, 192. :: s " Dekay's Report, p. 2 A " e Hist, Nat. des a t. xvii. p. 455. Plate XIX. Fig. 3. Head conic-cylindrical, elongate, and glaucous. Nose pro- jects beyond the mouth ; nostrilsdouble, circular, the anterior smaller. Mouth small, semicircular ; lower lip with promi- nent papillæ, posterior edge acute.. Eyes small, circular ; iris narrow, yellow or silvery. The head is one-sixth of the total length, and narrower than the body. - Body regularly fusiform, gradually widening from the base of the head to the dorsal fin; and, from thence to the tail, more gradually tapering. At the dorsal, the diameter of the body is one-fifth the total length. Abdomen full between the Pectoral and ventral fins, and the body cylindrical at d point, Dorsal fin long, equal to one-third the length of the fish, low, with its anterior portion elevated and falciform. It extends posteriorly as far as the anal fin. Caudal fin acutely lunated, the superior lobe the longer and narrower, scales eiktend upo the base and terminate abruptly. Anal fin small, trapezoidal, scaly upon its base. Ventral and pectoral fins falcate. Color. The head dusky above, coppery on. its sides. Back black, often slightly mottled. Sides and eiit lusk, cupreous. Fins dusky and livid. or Gcrm 2 to 3 feet, and weighing. iia Q to 15 pounds. Hab. Ohio River. D. 35; C. 18; A. 8; V. 9; P. 15 rays. Observations, This singular fish is not uncommon in the Cincinnati market at certain seasons of the year, — in 268 Fishes of the Ohio the spring and autumn. It migrates down the river at the approach of winter. The peculiar color and form distinguish it from all the other species of the Catostomi. As an article of food, it is esteemed more highly than any other of this family. Le Sueur drew his figure, published in the Ist vol. of the Journal of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences, at Philadelphia, from a dried specimen ; and, with the exception of the dorsal fin, it has little or no resemblance to the recent fish. C. Duguesni. Le Sueur. Pittsburg Sucker. Red Horse of the fishermen. . Catostomus Mime The While Sucker. Le Sueur. Jour. € N. Se. Vol, I. p- 1 5, and fig. i í udis 3 a; Kirtl. Report, pp. 169, 192. x: a ao " " Dekay's Report, p. 20 à £ Hist. Nat. des Pois. t- xvii. m Phe XX. Fig. t Mae. ' "d Plate XXI. Fig. 2. Female. Marr. .Head small, protuberant before the eyes; mouth and lips not large; eyes circular. Body regular faaifo back slightly gibbous before the dorsal fin, rectilinear behind it. Dorsal fin trapezoidal, falcated on its upper edge, the two first rays elongated and recurved, color a bright carmine. udal fin deeply and acutely bilobed ; the lobes pr fleitet, and at their extremities incurved ; color the game as the dorsal. Anal fin extends sei the base of Abt aiek oval, - acute at its extremity ; color bright carmine. Ventral fin terminates posterior to the dorsal, orange-color. Pectoral fin at its point extends as far as the commence- ment of the dorsal, ovate, slightly falcate ; color the same as the ventral. pee alee 12 to 18 inches. Colar of the back and forehead Picasso en and its Tributaries. 269 sometimes iridescent with pale blue; sides coppery ; beneath the throat and abdomen white. The colors vary in specimens from different localities, and in different seasons of the year. Hab. The Ohio River and all its larger tributaries. FrwALE. The female differs from the other sex by having a larger head, mouth, and lips, Jarger trilobed scales, a quad- rangular dorsal fin, with the caudal fin less deeply bilobed and the lobes broader. The color of the fins.is also different ; the caudal, anal, and dorsal of the female being of a dusky olive or brown, and the pectoral and ventral a dull orange. Length from 1 to 2 feet. | Hab. Ohio River and its tributaries. Observations. The size, contour, and color of the male and female, as well as the forms of their fins, differ so much, that they are often mistaken for different species. Hence, I have deemed it expedient to give a drawing of each sex. It is also very difficult to distinguish the male of this species from the male C. anisurus. The absence of the deep sulca- tion before the eyes and of the elevated protuberance on the hose in the one, and their presence in the other, will always enable us to decide the point correctly. The color of the former is also darker and more cupreous. — The Red Horse Sucker remains permanently in our waters, and, during the winter, collects into numerous shoals in the deeper waters. It rarely, if ever; bites ata baited hook, but 15 taken in great numbers by seines and nets. As an article of food, it is not highly valued. C. anisurus. Raf. White Sucker. White nose of the rman, i eee ua Catostomus anisurus. . Ohio Carp Sucker. Raf. Ichth. Obiensis, P- 5t: Plate XX. Fig. 9. uw elongate; nose prominent, with an elevated pro- ance ; between the protuberance and nostrils is a trans- 270 Fishes of the Ohio verse sulcation. Lips of the female large and prominent; those of the male smaller. Body short, thick, and slightly compressed on the sides. Dorsal fin emarginate, quadrangular, the angles rounded. The tip extends nearly as far back as the vent. Caudal fin large, bilobed, the upper lobe narrower, longer, and falcate. Anal fim oval-acuminate, and reaching the base of the caudal. . Ventral fin extends beyond the base of the dorsal. Pectoral fim attains near to the dorsal, but not to the ventral, as described by Rafinesque. Length, from one to two feet. Color. The body and head brownish above, sides and ab- domen silvery. Dorsal and caudal fins olive, anal reddish, ventral and pectoral orange-colored. . Hab. Ohio river, and most of its tributaries. D: 17; C.929:; A.8;; V.—— P. 15 rays. The number differs in different specimens. —__ gib Observations. A superficial observer would hardly distin- guish this species from the Red-Horse Sucker (C. Duquesnii) yet its specific characters are evident, and are permanently established. The deep, transverse 'suleation before the eye» the elevated protuberance on the. nose, and the silvery lustre of the sides and abdomen will, under all circumstances, dis- inguish it. Es pints The drawing was made from a female eighteen inches 1n length. The males are smaller, more elongate, and less gib- ” bous on the back and forehead. x id This species is common, and is taken in great quantities by means of weirs, seines, and sometimes with a hook. Its ses is soft, tasteless, and abounding with numerous small bones. It does not migrate from the small streams during the winter. and its Tributaries. ; 971 C. melanops, Raf. Black-nosed Sucker. Spotted Sucker. Catostomus melanops. Black face Sucker. Raf. Ichthyol. Ohiensis, p. 57. hj s Spotted Sucker. Kirtland's Rep. pp. 169, 193. Plate XX. Fig. 3. Head conical, one-fifth the total length, nose somewhat de- pressed, forehead slightly elevated behind the eyes; eyes small, circular; iris dusky; nostrils anterior to the eyes; lips of a medium size. Body uniform, elliptic, full, cylindric; back slightly gib- bous before the dorsal fin; sides hardly compressed ; ab- domen tumid ; diameter equal to one-fourth the length. Dorsal fin quadrangular, small in proportion to the body. Caudal fin of medium size, slightly lunated. Anal fin reaches the base of the caudal. Pectoral fin short, small and elliptical, does not extend to the commencement of the dorsal. Color. The nosé, forehead and back dusky or blackish, the sides of the head and upper portions of the operculum marked with irregular patches of the same color; the mouth and lips white; the sides of the body often reflect a steel Srey or metallic lustre, and the base of each scale is im- Pressed with a number of abbreviated, dusky lines, which give the sides a striped or banded appearance, like the Labrax chrysops. - aim line obsolete ; scales rather large. Length 18 inches. | | Hab. Ohio and Big Miami Rivers. "nd D.13; C. 18}; A. 9; V. 9; P.16ry& 9 Observations. Rafinesque's descriptions do nof ` re E: Ply to this rare species, but I believe it is the one for which they were intended, I therefore retain his name. The form And color distinguish it from the other members of this family. It is not esteemed for food even as highly as many of them. Ed 272 Fishes of the Ohio Exociossum. Raf. E. dubium. Kirtland. The Sucker-mouthed Chub. Exoglossum Lesueurianum. Rough-nosed Dace. Kirtland’s Rep. pp. 169-193. Plate XXI. Fig. 1. Head somewhat elongated ; eyes small, prominent; upper jaw projects two lines beyond the lower, which is small, semi- . Circular, and mostly concealed by the projection of. the upper when the mouth is closed ; lips circular, the lower reflected, after the manner of the Catostomi, only smaller and less fleshy. Body gibbous on the back, before the dorsal fin, cylindri- cal, slightly compressed on the sides; abdomen full; scales small oval, Dorsal and anal fins trapezoidal; caudal fin bilobed, the upper lobe acuminate, the lower obtuse; pectoral fin fal- cate, subovate. - i Color. Irides, golden yellow, head and back olive, opet- culum iridescent; sides dusky, abdomen white, fins fulvous. Length, from 4 to 6 inches. Hab. Yellow Creek, Poland, Trumbull Co., Ohio. D. 8; C. 90; A. 1; V. 8; P. 14. ed . Observations. "The only locality in which we have met with this fish is in the deep and dark glens of Yellow Creek, below the village of Poland. It there confines itself to the ripples in the most retired situations, where the stream, Over shadowed with clusters of the. spruce pine, winds among — rocks. During the spring it readily bites at a baited hook, and may be taken in considerable numbers, At that season the males are thickly armed, on both the head and body, with spinous tubercles, which are deciduous, and drop off at the approach of summer, " We formerly supposed it to be the Cyprinus Mazilingud of Le Sueur, the Exoglossum Lesueurianum of Raf., but 2 and its Tributaries. 273 closer examination renders it certain that it is not that species. In the peculiar form of its mouth it resembles some of the Catostomi, but the form of the body and fins more nearly assimilate it to the genus under which we have placed it. We usually find it associated with the Semotilus biguttata, and in the habits of the two there is a strong resemblance. C. nigricans. Le Sueur. Mullet. Mud Sucker. p. 102. The Black Sucker. Storer’s Rep. on Fishes of Mass. p. 86. Kirtland's Report, pp. 169, 193. - g The Black Sucker. Dekay’s Rep. p. 202. y x " Hist. Nat. des Poiss. t. xvii. p. 453. Catostomus nigricans. Le Sueur, Jour, Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. I. se « e Plate XXI. Fig. 3. Head large, quadrangular, more than one-fifth of the total length of the fish ; eyes oblong, with a profound impression neath. Body subquadrangular at its junction with the base of the head ; cylindric and tapering from the dorsal-fin to the tail ; abdomen full and rounded. 5 Dorsal fin quadrangular, elevated before. Caudal fin deeply lunate. Anal fin, at its tip, reaches the base of the caudal. Ventral fin falcate, extends beyond the dorsal. mU ectoral reaches as far back as the commencement of the Color. - The back and head dusky brown ; sides olive and | wn, blotched with 4 or 5 transverse dusky brown bars, Which are interrupted in their course on the sides; abdomen and sides cupreous ; sides of the head iridescent and cu Length 12 to 16 inches. 7/00. Every permanent stream in the west. D.11; C.18; A.8; V. 9; P. 18 rays. - Servations. 'Thisis the most common species of Sucker, Loue 274 Fishes of the Ohio and is taken in great numbers by means of seines. It is com- mon in the streams of the middle, northern and western States. During winter it is a permanent resident, and does not even seek the deeper waters. As an article of food it is not valued. Levciscus. Klein. L. dorsalis. Raf. Common Chub. Semotilus dorsalis. Bigback Chubby. Raf. Ich. Ohien. p. 49. - * Smooth-headed Chubby. Kirtland's Rep. p. 169. Plate XXII. Fig. 1. Head full, round and conical, united to the back with a deep suture. +» ` Body cylindric, back gibbous before the dorsal fin, and lon- gitudinally sulcate. _ Caudal fin slightly bilobed, the other fins rather small ; the pectoral do not attain to the ventral, the dorsal is anterior to the vent. | Length 6 to 10 inches. . Color. Fins fulvous, the anterior part of the base of the dorsal and the centre of the base of the caudal marked with a dark brown or black spot; head and back bronzed ; a brown - stripe extends'from the base of the tail to the head above the lateral line} abdomen white and silvery. . i D.8; C. 20; P?; V.8; A.8. Hab. All of the western streams. E x Observations. We have been disposed to consider this as only the female of the |S. cephalus, but dissections do not sustain us in that view, and we are compelled to follow Rafi- nesque's arrangement. He makes it a distinct species. RON It is difficult to distinguish the young of the two species but’ the smaller size of the head and mouth, and the more graceful form of the body of the present species, will always enable us to draw the lines of distinction between the two that and its Tributaries. . Bt : * ^. ae X Scierocnatuvs. Val. Ska vw S. cyprinus. The Carp. Le Sueur. J. A. N. S. Vol. I. p. 91, and fig. Catostomus cyprinus. The Carp. Le Sueur. 1 Regne Animal, Griffith's trans- Labeo cyprinus lation, p. 381 Paoul a The Sailing Sucker. Raf. Ich. Ohiensis, p- 56. rpio ? ol; ve Can; Sucker. A m d age. Raf. Ich. Ohien- velifer. Carp of the Ohi reine — pp. 169, 192. lide cyprinus. The NA -finned Chabe Dekay’s Report, p. 194. TM Sderognathus cyprinus Hist. Nat. . preme eri. i p. 474. eee Plate XXII. Fig. 2. : Head short, small, compressed laterally, about one-sixth of the total jeugth : operculum radiated with diverging, iridescent €s; mouth and lips small; nose rounded. Body oval, compressed, the relative diameter varies with age ; abdomen thicker than the back, slightly flattened be- neath. Back carinated under the anterior half of the dor- sal fin. Dorsal fin deeply falcated, the anterior rays longer than the diameter of the body in young specimens, but dec ^ Portion decreases in the old. . Caudal fin deeply bilobed, lobes equal. Anal fin acute, reaches the base of the caudal, Ventral fin short. 3 pect Som ectoral fin ovate. 2 en Color. The dorsal and anal lins dusky d the other fins faint vermilion or orange. The- head, back, and . gth 12 to 18 inches. Hab. Ohio River and Lake Erie. D. 253; C. 1855 A. &; V. 10}; P. 16 rays. Observations. It is very rare in Lake Erie, but abundant 216 Fishes of the Ohio, &c. during the whole year in the Ohio. As an article of food, it is not much valued in the market of Cincinnati. It is called the Lake Shad by the fishermen at Cleveland. L. diplemia. Raf. Red Sides. Warty Chub. Semotilus diplemia. -Warty Chubby. Minny. Red-fin. Raf. Ich. Ohien. p. 50. « t : hub. Kirtland's Rep. p. 169. Plate XXII. Fig. 3. Head compressed laterally, flat between the eyes; snout rounded, and in the males warty ; operculum bordered behind with a diaphanous membrane. Eyes flat, circular, situated near the top of the head. Under jaw slightly projecting. Back elevated, sides flattish, lateral line flexuous ; scales on the sides oval and elongated perpendicularly. Color. The back olive, abdomen white and silvery, the sides iridescent and violaceous, marked with irregular and in- terrupted black lines on the posterior edges of the scales. Fins orange color in the females, violet or red in the males. Length 2 to 4 inches, Hab. All the western streams. D. 9; C. 22; 4.9; V. 85 P. 14. Observations. The number of rays in the different fin : vary in different specimens, which will account for a E crepancy between the descriptions of M. Rafinesque an myself. | : . Great numbers of this fish collect on the ripples 1m yi smaller streams during the spring of the year, and mU extensive beds, in which they deposit their spawn. mp thé period, they return to deeper waters, and lose much o : brilliancy of their colors during the remainder of the year. * Illustrations of Fossil Footmarks. ZU ART. XVIL —ILLUSTRATIONS OF FOSSIL FOOTMARKS. By James EANE, M. D. Read Feb. 19, 1845. Tue design of this memoir is to present some obvious facts and ideas connected with the recent discovery of footprints upon the stratified sand-stones of Connecticut River. Those Who have not access to original examples, can hardly compre- hend the intrinsic properties of these fossils, much less appre- ciate the profound truths they reveal. The descriptions, which are brief, will be elucidated by pictorial auxiliaries, without Which it would be an impossible task to convey adequate notions of these beautiful, splendid mementos of beings long since swept from the earth. It was not, indeed, until recently acknowledged that these vestiges were due to animals, whose organization was doubtless perfect as those of living types; but a true interpretation unseals a long chapter of the earth's infant history. This doctrine is no longer controverted, or, at least, it is recognized by all who have examined the facts. It may be resisted when conflicting with cherished opinions; for the discovery fixes the limits of perfect forms of animated existence immensely lower in the scale of advancement than hitherto had been established, — « The discovery," says a distinguished author," “upon the sands of the great Triassic ocean, was as unex- pected and startling as the human footsteps to Crusoe on his desolate island.” The announcement that signs of air-breath- Ing, warm-blooded animals existed upon a rock of the geo- sical antiquity of the new red sandstone, was an innovation. upon the systems of modern geology, and was received with extreme caution. But T must here be allowed to assert that I never once doubted that the impressions were due to the agency of extinct birds, nor hesitated to describe them as "es ; and the opinions originally advanced, founded upon meontestable analogies, finally prevailed. 1 Mantell, Medals of Creation. 278 Dr. Deane’s Illustrations Several obstacles concurred to create suspicion: the relative age of the rock, the high point of perfection which the im- pressions indicated, the anomalous size of many of the creatures, and, above all, the impossibility of seeing original specimens. It was contended that they might have been produced under adventitious circumstances, or be assigned to huge biped reptiles, inasmuch as quadrupedal monsters existed in this remote era, which was emphatically one of colossal life. But these evasive objections could not resist the force of facts, and were successively overthrown. It seems incredible that there should be any pause in acknowledging the unavoidable origin of the impressions. It might as well be denied that recent imprints upon snow were made by existing animals. From the laminated structure of the rock, it had, for a long time; been used in various domestic ways; it had been made the object of scientific examination; yet, with every favorable op- portunity for discovery, it was not finally made until 1839, and then by accident. But it is unnecessary now to narrate particulars. In the demonstration of these fossils, we must apply the laws of comparison ; or, in laying down the proposition that they are referable to birds, their relations to existing types must appear. Pl. XXII. f. 4, represents the osseous distal extremity and phalanges of the Heron (Ardea cinerea) left foot. Count- ing the ranks in each individual toe, the inner one has "^ the middle three, and the outer four (excluding the posterior toe.) Now this is the method in existing tridactylous birds, and is the basis of analogy. When we examine the foot, oT trace its impression upon yielding snow or mud, the number and order of the lobate swellings corresponds to the divi- sions shown by the engraving. The insertion of the nails i5 identical in the living and extinct species. If it can be further proved that the number of feet and the order of progression e rresponds, we then. have irrefragable proof of the kindred affinities of extinct and existing races. These conditions d - "exist. The faultless impressions, represented °Y ae of Fossil Footmarks. ; 279 the drawings, compare with no created thing other than me footprints of birds. In rare instances even, the papillose im- pressions of the integuments are true to the very life. In pursuing the line of footsteps upon the rock, it is invariably composed of alternate feet, the long and short toes in their relative positions, and the middle one pointing out the place of the advanced opposite foot. "These unequivocal analogies therefore prove, what was self-evident, that no other known animal could have produced the impressions upon the sand- stone rocks. An inspection of the plates, it is believed, cannot fail to overwhelm all doubts as to the nature of these splendid fossils. Each represents a foot specifically distinct, yet the general resemblance is very striking. The toes in these examples are exceedingly massive: a provision adapted to resist the soft [A Wey 7 Fig. 1 Eee tuc ii dias gsi oened pug Saw eoo o v LA aoc E os Ca . RN Fig. 2 ER ao E a y 2: “Lari epi EP - ^ QU. Fig. 3. Cal bottoms traversed by the birds. Pl. XXIII. f. 1, is a fac-simile a Superb species found nowhere but at Turner’s Falls. Tt was à short-legged, heavy bird, as we know by the shortness of the as' compared with its size, by the zigzag direction of a Connecting the impressions, and by their depth even upon consolidated mud. Fig. 3, in the diagram, represents the comparative size of the foot with the stride, which was, in this instanee, 14 inches, and also the irregular direction from [step t The weight of this bird was such that the bottom of impress is moulded smooth as glass, and the toes sink so 280 . Dr. Deane's Illustrations ep that the form of the heel, or metatarsal protuberances, is lso impressed. There is a numerous class of impressions at Turner's Falls, having a strong family likeness to this species, - differing but little except in size. It consists of all grades, . from that of the plate down to two inches in length, having the same thick, stout toes, blunt nails and heel depressions. So intimate is the resemblance that it is impossible to separate them into specific divisions. As an existing fact of their being merely different individuals of the same family, the imprints are almost always associated upon the same surface. I have a slab in my cabinet, nine feet long by four wide, which con- tains sixty fine imprints arranged in nine or ten independent lines, and although the size of feet and length of stride differs thaterially, I can detect no other certain specific characters. In the collection of Dr. A. Binney, of Boston, is a beautiful example of this class derived from Turner’s Falls. ` It may be inferred that Pl. X XIII. fig. 3, is an individual of this group, but it is not so. It certainly presents à similitude to the eye, but the nails are very short. It is a graceful, little footstep, and belongs to'a light, tall bird, and constitutes ? perfect contrast to the preceding example. This is inferred from its immense stride as compared with its diminutive foot, and from the fact that the feet fall in nearly a direct line. Fig. 1, in the diagram, shows these relations. The stride 1$ twenty-one inches, or one-half longer than Fig. 3- i seen too many instances of this variety to suppose that this 18 a running gait ; besides, there is always a slipping of the foot when the bird runs, the impress often being several inches advanced from the spot where the foot first strikes the gr ound. This beautiful species is found only at Turner’s Falls, and i$ very rare. s proe - In Pl. XXIII. fig. 2, we see the representative of a Tace large birds, some individuals of which attained an enormous .. Size. They were elevated upon long legs, as the stride indicates, _ Which, in this instance, was twenty-eight inches, and it 1$ pens arly four feet. Fig. 2, in the diagram, shows the relations. - of Fossil Footmarks. 281 The original of the plate is extremely shallow, the clay 4 much indurated at the time when the impression of the was given. This we know by the flattening of the phalangeal . protuberances, and because the points only of the claws are to be traced. This is a splendid example of these speaking inscriptions of past times. The class represented by it em- braces examples from three inches, and, I believe, less than that, to fourteen inches in length. I presented a specithen: of the latter measure to Dr. Mantell, of England, the joints of which were thoroughly flattened by the resistance of the stif- ned mud to the enornious pressure. Its middle toe was eight and one half inches in length exclusive of the claw, and its geometrical figure was identical with the central toe of the plate. I have a large slab in my collection, transversed by five individuals, whose feet present a remarkable difference in size, but are conformable in all. other respects. There is one peculiarity that characterizes this species, which, is the slight divergence of the toes; these members lying in contact, simply ing up an attenuated ridge of mud between them. Another peculiarity forms a contrast to this feature, and it is the di- vergence of the claws of the lateral toes, which point outward àt a great angle, while the toes are arranged in parallel order nearly - lam sure that the flatness of the joints is caused by the resistance of an unyielding medium. This prominent species i5 widely distributed through the layers, its great physical Powers sustaining it through a great proportion of the period 9f the sandstone deposition. ! It will be understood by these remarks how difficult it is to arrange many of the footprints by specific nomenclature.’ The sustaining affinities to the foregoing species and to y others, are great, and I have ever hesitated to apply *Pecific names to such examples as I have discovered or de- dr the footprints were collected into families or Stoups, according to their affinities, and represented by elabo- ‘ate drawings, it would constitute a feasible method of con- "eying ideas of the diversity; elegance and beauty of these VOL. y, 19 "e 989 James Deane's Illustrations remarkable fossils. The utility of artificial nomenclature based ipon modifications of a single organ of the animal economy, appears to me to be questionable ; it is by the eye alone that we judge of. distinctions, it is the form and not the substance that we investigate. Many of these forms, it is true, exhibit the clearest specific characters ; but, on the other hand, many, equally distinct, cannot be separated and arranged by mere methods of classification, however ingenious, so as to convey to the mind positive ideas of distinction from others so nearly resembling them. I, of course, do not speak in disparagement of the opinions entertained by others who are better qualified to decide upon and execute a different measure, but simply state the difficulties always to-be encountered in any classifi- cation of this subject, whether artificial or natural. The immense magnitude of some of these footprints 18 extremely well calculated to fill us with amazement. I have just spoken of a footstep fourteen inches in length ; but I have in my possession consecutive impressions of a tridactylous foot which measures eighteen inches in length by fourteen in breadth, between the extremities of the lateral toes. These stupendous vestiges were recovered by Mr. Marsh and myself at South Hadley Falls. - Each step will hold half a gallon water, and the stride is four feet. It is not possible to cob ceive of the grandeur and magnificent proportions of this tremendous bird. It was, upon the lowest supposition, four or five times larger than the African ostrich, and, on this basis could not have weighed less than six hundred pounds. In all probability, its weight was much beyond this estimate. Every step the creature took, sank deep into the stratum; and the substrata bent beneath the enormous load. If an ox walk over stiffened clay, he would not sink so deeply as did this mighty bird. He sustained to the feathered tribes of his day the relations of the ostrich to existing races, and his co'09" _ frame well fitted him to endure the turbulence of the era "^ - of Fossil Footmarks. 283 which supplied him with subsistence. Throughout the period of the entire deposition of the new red sandstone, his gig: traces abound ; while other varieties, although powerful, seem to have been successively annihilated. LEA On the other extreme, there are footprints not one inch in length, with a stride of three or four inches, and between these limits there is an easy grade, in point of dimensions. Many have the fourth toe projecting backward, like the heron, with sometimes a claw standing out at right angles, or nearly so, from it. Some few have an immense projection of the heel backward, larger indeed than the foot itself. ‘There is a slab in this place; forming the ceiling of a vault, contain- ing two consecutive impressions of enormous size, stride four feet, with three immense toes,’ and an appendage pointing directly backward nearly half a yard in length, and several inches in breadth. The diversity is truly astonishing, and, view the subject in any of its aspects, we turn from the con- templation in astonishment. As a family or order these birds Were doubtless waders, having left their traces upon the mud- dy shores and shallow bottoms of the ancient waters. They are therefore intimately related to the existing Order Gralle. I have never seen but a single species that appears to be palmated, or at most semipalmated. ; These birds existed over a country of great extent, from the northern terminus of the sandstone basin in Gill, Massa- chusetts, into Connecticut, where they disappear; but indica- tions of them have been discovered in New Jersey, and indeed in Pennsylvania, in a rock of still greater age. ‘They occur "pon both banks of the Connecticut, but invariably upon the eastern declivity of the Trap formation, upon which the sand- stone inclines, and the evolution of the igneous might not only have been the elevating agent of the sandstone rock, but also of its conversion: into solid rock. "Phe irruption of the 'Sneous rock occurred upon the upper verge of the stratified Portion of the sandstone formation, where it was alternately 984 James Deane's Illustrations of Fossil Footmarks. submerged and exposed to the solar action when it was th resort of multitudes of birds, great and small. Quadrupeds congregated with the birds. The species whose imprints I have discovered are quite small, apparently of the Batrachian or marsupial order, there being the same relative distinction between the anterior and posterior feet. Bones have not yet been found associated with imprints; it may be that the argillaceous materials of the rock destroyed them, but the probable conjecture is, that if the bodies of these animals were deposited upon the narrow tract upon which the footsteps were impressed, they were swept away by the succeeding overflow of the waters. The sandstone beds are inclined between five and thirty degrees, and it is of . Course upon the upper extremity or limit of the inclined sur- faces that explorations are made. "These sandstone rocks are truly prolific in the evidences of ancient life, and the zealous explorer of their contents will. never go unrewarded for his labors. In this brief notice’ there are many important con- siderations which cannot even be alluded to; itis necessarily very imperfect, written without method or arrangement; but if any ideas have been communicated or confirmed, it will not have been written in vain, and the subject may be resum at a future time. These eloquent inscriptions upon the sandstones of Con- necticut River teach a lesson and a moral which the genlus of man never has accomplished: They teach us of the un- changeableness of creative design in perpetuating races of animals through a period of time which cannot be compre- hended or even conjectured, contrasted with the frailty of all human schemes. The transit of a bird over the earth’s SUI" face is as enduring as the earth itself, while the proudest mon" uments of man crumble to dust, or, as it is faithfully expressed, the places that once knew him know him no more forever. - Greenfield, August, 1845. Some New Species of Marine ‘Shells. 285 ART. XVIII. — DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF MARINE SHELLS, INHABITING THE COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. By Henry C. Lea, Philadelphia. Read Nov. 20, 1844. T Puonas semicosrara. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 1. Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Nov. 1844. P. testa sub-triangulari, posticé producta et want, anticé oblique truncata, tenui, albidá, diaphaná, anticé inflata et costatá; costis transversalibus, muricatis, magnis, crebris, posticé obsoletis; sulco uno longitudinali, a nati- bus decurrente ; margine basali eurvato ; margine-dorsali vix recto; natibus valde inflatis; lamina dorsali parva ; cochlea ligulata, acutissima, incurvà. Shell sub-triangular, posteriorly produced and acute, ob- liquely truncate anteriorly, thin, whitish, diaphanous, anterior- ly inflated and costate; ribs transverse, muricate, large, nu- merous; posteriorly obsolete; one longitudinal sulcus running - from the beaks; basal margin. curved ; dorsal margin almost straight; beaks very much inflated; dorsal plate small; cochlea ligulate, very acute, incurved. Long. .17. Lat, .32. Diam. .16 poll. Hab. South Carolina. Remarks. The transverse ribs are rather large, very regu- lar, and distant from each other about their own width. They are muricate, or covered with small, arched scales, from the anterior margin to the longitudinal sulcus, when they suddenly become smooth, and soon after disappear. The rest of the shell has a few small, transverse lines of growth F É F S 8 d$ F^ $ s A [e] a 5 e. E- ®© S S I a EN "I of the area of the shell, extending from the beak nearly to the basal margin, and from the anterior margin a little more than one-half to the posterior end, is somewhat in- crassated, and raised above the surrounding surface. To this 286 H. C. Lea’s Description of part are confined the coste and sulcus, and it presents the appearance of a secondary shell. Anteriorly, its margin 1s sinuous, which causes a similar bending of the ribs. The rest of the shell is nearly smooth, very thin, and diaphanous. This curious little species I found among some shells sent to my father many years since, from South Carolina. It has not the most distant relationship to any of its congeners as yet described in this country. Although it might seem to be an immature shell, from its small size and extreme thin- ness, yet, from the peculiarity of its growth, being centrally incrassated from the outside, I am inclined to think that it had reached its full period. - Borta sretacata. PI. XXVI. Fig.2. Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., l. c. . B. testa cylindrica, sub-quadrata, renal albidá, polita, eburned ; os oceultà ; anfractu ultimo superné calloso, inferné striis transversis parvis; apertura superné arctata, inferné ovatà; columella plico magno et pues ell cylindrical, sub-quadrate, thick, whitish, polished, ivory-like; spire concealed; last whorl with a callus above, and small transverse striæ below; mouth narrow above, ovate below ; columella with a large and a small fold. Long. 15. Lat. .07 poll. Hab. Shore of New Jersey, near Cape May. Remarks. The stri on the base are small and insignifi- cant. "The columella has a large oblique fold, about —- fourth the length of the shell.from the base; below aro takes an undulation, scarcely deserving the name of a su and descends suddenly to join the outer lip. The colume is continuous posteriorly, and, above, it widens out into 3 callus at the region of the spire, where it turns round, is produced into the outer lip. The substance of the shell . is thick, smooth, and ivory-like. — . e : There is no danger of confounding this little shell with any of the genus in the United States. The two folds at onc? listinguish it, and it is the only species with an occulied i and plicate columella. - | T w E some New Species of Marine Shells. 287 Lrrromma Lunara. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 3. Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., l c. A . nea; spirå elevatå, conicá, acutå ; suturis inconspicuis ; q ’ planis, costis transversis magnis, crebris; anfractu ultimo angulato, usque ad basim costato; aperturà obliqué ellipticà ; labio acuto, undulato; colu- mellà inferné latissimá, planà. . L. testå quadrangulari, imperforatà, crasså, costatà, lutescente vel brun- Es ui cans è; Shell quadrangular, imperforate, thick, costate, yellowish or brown ; spire elevated, conical, acute; sutures small, incon- spicuoùs; whorls four, flat, with numerous large, transverse cost: ; last whorl angled, costate to the base; mouth oblique- ly elliptical; outer lip sharp, undulating; columella below very broad and flat. Long..07. Lat. .05 poll. Hab. Coast of New Jersey, near Cape May. Remarks. The general outline of the shell is remarkably quadrilateral, almost rhomboidal. The whorls are flat, and covered with numerous revolving coste, which are much smaller on the base of the last whorl. The outer lip is very sharp, and with à waved edge caused by the exterior costs. For a short distance inside, there are sulci, corresponding to the ribs. "The thickening of the columella commences about half Way from the top of the mouth, and continues round the base towards the. outer lip, forming a broad, erescent-shaped area, which is very remarkable. The substance of the shell 75 exceedingly thick. The color is mostly brown, turning to yellowish where the thinning of the outer lip commences. : I met with a number of these pretty little shells among the interstices of a stone overrun with Serpule, found at Cape May. I was at first tempted to suppose it the young of some -Other species; but it has all the characteristics of a mature shell, in the thickness of the substance, number of whorls, broad columella, &c. I know of no species with which it could be confounded. : : : 288 H. C. Lea's Descriptions of CiauLA moBUsTa, Pl. XXIV. Fig. 4. Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., l. c. C. testà ovato-acuminatá, perforata, levi, crassà, albà ; spirà brevi, sub- acuta; suturis impressis; anfractibus quinque, ad suturam superiorem sub- latis ; anfractu ultimo rotundo ; basi levi; perforatione arctata, pro- funda ; aperturi ovata, magna. — Shell ovate auie perforate, smooth, thick, white; spire short, sub-acute; suture impressed ; whorls, five, some- what angled at the superior suture; last whorl round ; base smooth; perforation narrow, profound; mouth ovate, large. Long..10. Lat. .07 poll. Hab. Cape May, (N. J.) Remarks. The substance of this little shell is quite thick and stout. The surface is occasionally slightly wrinkled by minute lines of growth. "The whorls are five in number, in- crease rapidly in size, and have a small angle, or shoulder, immediately at the superior suture, which has thence the ap- pearance of being deeper than it is in reality. The mouth is arge, ovate, acute above, and rounded below, with a sharp Mes. lip, and continuous posteriorly. "The inner lip, indeed, is almost separated from the last whorl by the umbilicus, which is long, narrow and profound. This little ‘Shell I found on the beach at Cape May, and | I obtained but a single specimen, yet I feel no hesita- tion in pronouncing it distinct from any species hitherto de- scribed. In outline it is not unlike immature specimens pi the C. minuta, (Turbo minutus, Totten) but differs from it entirely in the thicker substance, more robust form, and - separation of the columella from the preceding W whorl. | color, too, they are essentially different. C-mopesta. PI XXIV. Fig. 5. Proc. B. S. N. H, l C, testå ovatà, imperforatà, lævi, tenui, diaphaná, virido-corneà með; spid vi hona, haud acutà; suturis parvis; anfractibus qoam e | infra ne fotudiao: 3 basi levi; aperturà ovatå, superné a acutà EN imperforate, smooth, thin, pee" Ls some New Species of Marine Shells. 289 & horn-color; spire short, ovate, not acute; sutures small; whorls four, flattish ; last whorl round ; base smooth ; mouth ovate; acute above, rounded below. Long. .10. Lat. .06 poll. Hab. Long Island, near Brooklyn. Remarks. The spire varies somewhat as to length in dif- ferent specimens. The whole shell is of a uniform dark greenish horn-color. There is a slight depression about the umbilical region, but in no specimens that I have examined does it amount to a perforation. The whorls are but slightly convex, and the sutures small, which gives the shell a very regular appearance. The margins of the mouth are united over the last whorl by a very thin plate of calcareous matter, which in some specimens is almost obsolete. "This little shell appears to be quite common on the shores of Long Island, _ just below Brooklyn, where I found it cling- ing to the arido sur of stones below high water mark. It approaches the C. minuta, but is easily distinguished by the absence of the umbilicus, and by its dark color, » bgdes _ the flatter whorls and regular spire. C.rurricunus. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 6. Proc. B. S. N. H., 1. c. conica, Mk suturis hates 5 sn frastibus EN ei anfractu ahim sub-bullato ; perforatione parva, arctatá, lunatá ; aperturd ovatà ; columella crassa, anfractu ultimo pene disjuncta. Shell elevated, conic, perforate, smooth, thick, tawny ; spire very much exserted, conical, obtuse; sutures small ; whorls six, convex; last whorl slightly bullate; base smooth; Perforation small,- narrow, lunate; mouth ovate ; cdbsnile thick, ies disjoined from the last whorl. Lat. .05 po Hab. PAA Carolina. * Remarks, The substance of the shell is very thick and Color, a light yellowish ind sometimes ap- P'oaching to white. im surface is occasionally somewhat Wrinkled with lines of growth. The spire is elevated, and 290 Dr. Gould’s Descriptions of Shells composed of about six convex whorls. The columella is thick, and somewhat raised above the surface of the last whorl. ' This shell I obtained, together with the Pholas semicostata. It differs essentially from all its congeners on this coast. Perhaps the Cingula aculeus, Gould, is its nearest analogue, but there can be no danger of their being confounded. ART. XIX. DESCRIPTIONS OF SHELLS FROM THE COAST OF AFRICA. By AvcvsTus A. Goutp, M. D. Read April 23, 1845. Tue following shells, with many other fine specimens of rare species, were collected by Charles J. Bates, Esq., As sistant Surgeon, United States Navy, and by his permission I offer the following descriptions. The Pholas were found living, and imbedded in lime stone. The others, with two fine species of Tellina, a Cytherea probably new, and a Sigaretus were brought up, at one time, by the anchor; = * "e locality I have failed to remember. : Pnuornas Brancuiata. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 7. ,Strucetà: dorso secutis tribus obtecto, unico magno umb duobus marginalibus lanceolatis, duobus quoque ventralibus ; apo exili, flexuoso-falciformi. : Long. 11; lat. 2 poll. Shell egg-shaped, posteriorly pointed, rather solid, of a dingy white color, its surface divided into three nearly triangular areas; the anterior one is largest, and its v portion is sculptured by close, concentric, finely Serra striæ, while beneath it is smooth and polished ; the middle sarea is marked by very fine transverse strize ; and the ot rior one is remarkable for a series of concentric, horny, shining, flexible lamine, resembling the branchize of some c ry The back is protected by a very large, rounded, firm we . from the Coast of Africa. 29] over the umbones, as broad as the shell, into which the mar- ginal plates intrude posteriorly, nearly to its centre. "These latter are slender and lanceolate, and may perhaps be more properly considered as one, so closely are they united. "There are also two firmly united lanceolate plates along the basal margins. The apophysis is slender, compressed, falcate. The shell is entirely closed, except a small, vertically com- pressed, posterior opening, which was probably enclosed by a tubular appendix. Indeed the proper valves seem to terminate acutely, at a little distance within the present opening, which seems to be constructed by an accretion much like that formed on Lithodomi. This Pholas belongs to the same group as P. Californica, Conrad, (P. Janellii, Desh.) and with others, which are in like manner closed anteriorly, and have supplementary ventral valves, have been separated as a subgenus from the gaping species under the name. " Pholadidea. PsawwoBrA riGLiNA. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 9. Testà erassá, sub-ovali, esr cipi rufo-cinered ; anticé rotundatà ; Posticé hiante, Sub-rostratà, valdé flexuosa, apice emarginatà: valvis con- centricé laminoso-striatis, radiatim ticdu: natibus elevatis, attigentibus ; dentibus cardinalibus divaricatis : intus alba, punctis numerosis i indentata. Long. 31; alt. 92; lat. 12 poll. ” Shell thick, nearly equilateral, suboval, acutely rounded before, posteriorly gaping, somewhat rostrate, very strongly Waved or folded, and emarginate at apex. Color a reddish- asn, Surface marked with close and somewhat E P aint other; margin behind the beaks straight and excavated. Hinge teeth divaricate, two in the right and one in the left ve. Within white, indented with numerous large punc- tures. Siphona] scar linguiform, narrowed at base, extending half the length of the shell. 992 Dr. Gould’s Descriptions of Shells. Nucuua BicUsPIDATA. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 8. esta albà, transversá elongato-ovatá, sub-cylindricá, anticé rotundatà et triplicata, posticé productà, tricarinatà, bicuspidatà ; valvis obliqué coneinné aratis,. preter spatio excavato inter carinas serratas; cardine dentibus anticis ad 12, posticis ad 26. 4 Long. 2; alt. 1 poll. Shell milk-white, shining, elongate-ovate, sub-cylindrical ; anterior extremity rounded, having three very distinct folds radiating from the beaks ; posteriorly produced, and rendered emarginate by a deep, smooth excavation running from the beaks between the acute, serrated keels, two of which are approximate and above it, near the upper margin ; the other running to the inferior posterior angle, and terminating in projecting points. 'The sides are obliquely and regularly grooved, with fine acute striæ. The serratures of the carin® are produced by the strie of growth, and there are two to each of the oblique furrows. Teeth of the hinge about 1? _ before, and 26 behind the beaks. Interior highly polished ; . cavity of the beaks profound. Nassa TunBINEA. Pl. XXIV. Fg 10. Testa solidà, ovata, apice productá, albidà ; anfr. 9 sub-tabulatis, plicis umerosis acutis et ae volventibus profundis ad 13 de cussatis; basi spiraliter striati; apertura à parva, stricta, angulato-ovali ; erenulato, intus ME yaks columellari.erecto, granulato Long. 3; lat. } poll. Shell solid, whitish, topshaped ; whorls nine, the last one very large, and sub-globose, the posterior whorls not conforming to the others, but prolonged into a slender apex, so that bes profile outline of the shell is concave. Surface cov 7 regular and numerous sharp folds, which are crossed by deep and regular revolving stris, about 4 on the posterior, on the large whorl, thereby producing a regularly granulatec surface; around the canal are fine spiral lines. pet 5 small, narrow, elliptical, angular above ; lip ome somewhat ‘inflected, deeply sulcated within ; columella with folds, and an erect callus; canal broad and strongly cect labio acuto, Note on Melocactus viridescens. 293 Nassa: ELATA. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 11. Testa elongato-conicá, cinereo-albidá ; anfract. 8 tabulatis, marginatis, posterioribus plieatis, penultimo glabro, ultimo anticé striato; apertura angustá, ovali, albá ; labro acuto, anticé crenulato, intus striato. Long. 32 ; lat. 3; poll. A pretty, dingy-white shell, its slender, elongated forin giving it somewhat the aspect of a Terebra. It is remarkable for its varied sculpture. There are 8 flattened, turreted whorls, with a marginalline near the suture. "The six upper ones are marked with regular, somewhat distant, acute folds; the last but one and the upper half of the last are smooth, and ` the lower half is occupied by about half a dozen regular, deeply impressed, revolving strie. Aperture small and nar- row, less than half the length of the shell; lip sharp, some- what sinuate near the front, and rendered serrate where the revolving strie cut it; striate and white within; callus on the columella rather sparing. ART. XX. — NOTE ON MELOCACTUS VIRIDESCENS, Nvrr. (ECHI- " NOCACTUS, Torr. & Ga.) By J. E. TEscHEMACHER I see to communicate to the Society that I have just re- ceived from San Diego, California, a living specimen of Melo- cactus viridescens of Nuttall, MSS. communicated to Messrs. Torrey and Gray, and published by them in their invaluable Tk on the plants of North America, as an Echinocactus. this difference of opinion arose probably from Nuttall’s de- | iption stating that the flowers proceeded from the upper clusters of spines, whereas the flowers of Melocactus proceed from the woolly head characteristic of this genus, in which they are usually imbedded. But Nuttall also states that the fruit is smooth; this is a character of Melocactus, the fruit of Echinocactus being generally more or less scaly from the s “remains of the sepals; Pfeiffer says rarissime levis. My specimen is about 5 inches high, and 9 inches diameter ; the boum are radiating, very —_ and transversely striate ; d 4 E " 294 & Di W yman's Notice of | | i four of them (Nuttall says three) in each fascicle are larger than the rest, but the upper and lower spines are the largest. ese spines are rather poisonous; wounds inflicted by them are almost certain to fester. In other respects, it agrees with Nuttall's description ; but it has a distinct woolly head, which is, however, small, and depressed, in the centre of the plant. There are no flowers now on the specimen, but the scars left by them exist. On these scars several seeds remain, exactly as may be seen on other Melocacti, of which the fruit has dried off. The scars are behind the fascicles of spines, near the axis, and not in the centre of the fascicle as in Echino- cactus, and, from their close proximity to the woolly. head, were probably immersed in the edge of it.. Nuttall observes that they are seldom laterally clustered; there were, however, two young plants laterally attached to my specimen, which I have removed ; and, although they are very dry, I shall take every pains to revive them. From this examination, it is clear that this plant will have .. to be restored to the genus Melocactus, in which Nut originally placed it. The native name of the plant is Choyas. x —. Boston, 14th April, 1845. Pa J ART. x ies OF: Wo SPECIES OF ances PELA By JEFFRIES mmunicated peo 17,1846. ^ Tue genus eh Froelich, is eyiioo jiu with that of PrwTASTOMA of Rudolphi. — According to its organizati p, it ranks: Nematoid entozoa, or Coelelmintha of Owe Lamarck, led into error doubtless, by the external resem of some of the species to Tania, associates * them with his Vers planulaires, which are nearly synonymous with the Parenchymata of Cuvier, and Sterelmintha of Owen. Lin- * guatuke are met with in various parts of the animal em so many .! Animaux sans Verteb. Tome III. p. 592. Rudolphi gave the TASTOMA, supposing that t En. cmm the lodgment of the hooks were 50 xa Re 9 AU Ww $ siu. aie x and in organs entirely dissimilar. Lamarck gives instances of — individuals found in the lungs of the hare, the liver of ‘the goat, urinary bladder of the frog, human ovary, anterior tibial vein of man, and frontal sinus of the dog and horse. They have also been found in the throat of the Champsa sclerops, lungs of Crocodilus acutus, and the intestines of various fishes. As regards their habitat the Linguatule are some- what remarkable. For the most part the species of the dif- ferent genera of Entozoa are confined to certain classes of - Organs or tissues. "Twnie, Echinorynchi, Ascarides, and others, as a general rule, infest the intestinal canal; Cysti- Cercus. ‘the aveolar tissue ; Trichina, the muscular, &c. But rarely do we find the species of a genus so widely diffused, in such different tissues, as those belonging to that under con- . sideration. The presence of hooks about the mouth would seem to indicate that a free surface was the habitat most Congenial to’ their organization, and such is the fact as re- gards most of the species. The anatomy of Linguatula tæ- nioides has rer completely described and figured by Owen' and Diesin # bem. ARMILLATA. Pl. XV. Fig.3. Body cylin- areal, slightly flattened on its inferior face, and surround- d by about twenty distinct rings, separated from each other € wide interval. The length of the different specimens, - all of which were fe : les, varied from three and a half to four : E. a inches ; the greatest diameter being about four-tenths of an ads The rings, which form the most puo pe Cdi n ` The head is homer — $4 and on the in- T : omg Soc. Vol. I. p. 235. ; ee da gen re Pentastoma. Annales Mus. de Vienne, Vol. L, E two Species of Linguatula. = 295 s * A we i e ee “DE Wyman, on two Species of Linguala. w te ' ferior face is provided with four cavities, (Pl. XV. Fig " - arranged i ina curved au S apis with an ac un (PL XV. Fig. br EA rar e | en between these hooks, is. 1 ae Situated the mouth, a . simple orifice. Posteriorly, the body - i-a sabe N a conical point, in the middle of the inferior da ER of which is situated the. anus. The intestine, g ai straight. ranous canal, extends from one extremity of the strai E aeu cavity to the other, and is loosely attached to the | P dorsal parietes. The extremely long and convoluted ovidadts k occupies the larger portion of the abdominal cavity, n does not, except near the posterior extremity, invest the in sia f he integuments are covered by a thin cuticle " 3 *A of this species were all found by Dr. Thomas A = ! intestine of the Python dre procured - | ; Cape Palmas. l specimen, Pl. XV. Fig. 6, was gie ae South American Boa, to the surface of which it was eiue, in company with three or four others of a At is three and a half inches in length, and | nterior fourth, e il 20 81 exceed an inch and to be males. |. Was supposed o .* entozoa, it greatly P AN. 33 ii TOTAM Stomáóh of a Dolphin, 2^ - 3 et a oe > g ae M '* rie A we T b » 2 E e lam s VOL.V iu Y e cA A eet QC» Araneides of the Hentz's 4 E ——————— a e y p up S i a : n neg eae tricte kf Scafites BS substriaius Hald Ha Scarites affinis Le C. fig. 9. Galosoma tristi Le cites @phialtes Lel Tie G-Scarites patruelis Le C ie.10 Dytiscus margimoollis. Le »tarite: rmedius n Bio 7 indel omi Le i Lamia scalator. Fabr Jalosom a " Le G "artes subterranens Tu B Ss a ( EQ iss a ORO Gt WE Tappan Se h — Fig. 2-Catostomus bubalus. Raf mtis uet Les. ^ j w F Tappan $c ale) fig. 2-Catostomus - anisaris Raf. 4 ze” s, Raf. : YOLV. PL.XXI XX OX Y X X Y XXXV CM * A C iS vih aa SIE P CE n: x Tigl-Exoglossum dubium. K Fig. 2 - Catostomus f: Fi i 5 18.1; Leuciscus dorsalis Ref. — ři ha € 3-Leuciscus aped PL. XXIL 2-8 Selyathus cyprinus Les f^ WDA MAT ap ? iy: Uer end e A Ai es ur $^ : ; MUXX TT A TOA. BOSTON JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. VOLUME V.— No. III. JUNE, 1846. Art. XXII.— NOTICES OF NEW LOCALITIES OF RARE MINERALS, AND REASONS FOR UNITING SEVERAL SUPPOSED DISTINCT SPECIES. By Francis Atcer. Read January 7th, 1846. Puaconire from New York. This rare mineral, which comes to us principally from Bohemia and Ireland, I have dis- covered among a suite of specimens of various kinds found on New York Island, near Harlem, by Messrs. Mathews and Johnson, of New York city. The specimens, which event- ually proved to be this mineral, were labelled Stilbite ; but their appearance was so peculiar, that I questioned at the time Whether they had been correctly designated, and determined to examine them carefully at my earliest convenience. I have since received two other specimens, better characterized than the first, from Mr. Johnson. The crystals are in a geode form, implanted on calcareous spar, and associated with silver-colored Mica and a few scales of Oligisto-magnetic iron ore. They are OL. v. 20 298 Alger’s Localities of Rare Minerals, of a wax or honey-yellow color, have a waxy lustre, and the smallest individuals are translucent. They are brittle, break- ing with an uneven fracture, have none of the foliated structure : of Stilbite, and afford no indications of cleavage. Hardness superior to that of Stilbite, and equal to that of Chabasite. Their surfaces are roughened or pitted, so as to reflect no image by which they could be subjected to measurement by the goniometer. Before the blowpipe, a fragment of the mineral swells and intumesces slightly, like the Bohemian and Ferroe Chabasite, and fuses into an opaline, blebby bead ; at the mofhent of ignition, in the outer flame, it gives out a beautiful green phosphorescence, which I have also noticed, in a less degree, in the Phacolite from Ireland. It is soluble in hydrochloric acid. The crystals, at first sight, appear to be rounded, and to have no determinate form; but, on closer examination, some of the smaller and more isolated ones are found to be nearly perfect double six-sided pyramids, precisely similar to the Phacolite from Bohemia, differing from it only in color and lustre. I cannot doubt that, like that mineral, they are secondaries to a primary rhombohedron, probably of the same measurements, and are also identical with it in com- position. The absence of well defined cleavage is unfortunate, but this is a defect which applies equally to the foreign min- eral. Nor is the rhombohedral cleavage of ordinary Chabasite, of which Phacolite is by many supposed to be only a variety, by any means easily determined ; in fact, Sir David Bee has suggested, from optical investigations, whether the primary form of Chabasite be not a prism. ; Is Phacolite a variety of Chabasite, or distinct from it? Tamnau, of Berlin, in his very complete little essay on Chaba- sites, has given very good reasons for uniting the two; while Breithaupt has maintained them to be distinct. The primary rhombohedron of Phacolite, according to Breithaupt, 1$ Ton P, 94°, that of Chabasite P on P, 94° 24’. Phillips makes the last 94° 46’. The analyses of Anderson and Rammels- berg would seem, at first, to show a marked difference 1n their and Union of Supposed Distinct Species. 999 composition, a difference which is also shown by the different analyses of common Chabasite, resulting in varieties havi different formularic expressions. For example, Acadiolite contains three per cent. more of silicic acid than common Chabasite, and is a tersilicate of lime and the other isomorphous bases, instead of a bisilicate of the same bases.: The minera- logical formula of Acadiolite is, 3 Al Si? + (Cal, N, K,) Si? + 6 Aq., while that of Chabasite is, 3 Al Si? + (Cal, N, K,) Si? + 6Aq. Rammelsberg is inclined to regard Phacolite as a mix- ture of Acadiolite and Scolecite (lime mesotype,) the latter containing an additional atom of water. By uniting the atoms of both, he thus states the chemical formula for Phacolite : 2 R Si + AF SP + 10H. | As the analyses stand, (compare Berzelius’s and Thomson’s with the two just referred to,) Phacolite differs from Chabasite in containing three per cent. less of silicic acid, and three atoms less of water. Now it is obvious that these differences are insufficient to authorize a Separation of the two minerals, unless there be a want of agreement in crystallographical and other characters, greater than that as yet pointed out. An equally valid reason could be urged for the separation of Acadiolite from Chabasite, on the ground of a difference in their composition, had not the examinations of Prof. G. Rose proved an exact agreement in e angles of their primary crystals. So, also, of Levyne and melinite, which are now admitted to be only varieties of C basite, their occurring forms all being secondaries to the Same primary rhombohedron. ‘The evidence of the identity 9f any two minerals is best shown by the incipient or inter- mediate passages of one into the other, in the same specimen. am not aware that, in the case of the Irish or Bohemian Phacolite, such evidence has been adduced ; no tendency of the sort is shown in the specimens I have examined, from those e wie Suppl. to his Handwörterbuch, p. 112. Tt was on these grounds that Chabasite. Proposed to separate Acadiolite, > wall as the — Poggendor.f's Annalen, xxv. 495. 300 Alger's Localities of Rare Minerals, countries. Now one of my specimens, from New York, has the distinct form of Chabasite (the perfect rhombohedron,) and of Phacolite (perfect double six-sided pyramids.) The first form, however, is rare; the incipient replacements are also shown ; but these crystals have not the full perfection of waxy lustre reflected by the ultimate form of Phacolite, —a singular effect, attributable, probably, to the nature of the solvent in which the molecules were suspended. Approach of twin-crystals to the Phacolite form. These, as they are sometimes presented, would, unless carefully exam- ined, be mistaken for the true form of Phacolite. The most perfect specimens I have seen, are from Nova Scotia. They consist of two rhombohedrons united in the usual manner, each crystal turned half round, but having their superior edges and lateral angles deeply replaced. The approach to the form of Phacolite is thus produced : the edges and angles not stand- ing out in relief, as they ordinarily do in these twin forms. The strize, parallel with the edges of the two rhombohedrons, so intersect as to show the compound nature of the crystals. Dr. C. T. Jackson has a fine specimen of this variety from the Two Islands, in Nova Scotia, of a wine-yellow color; I have another pure white, from the same place. Yitro-cerite. This rare mineral is found, associated with Brucite, in rolled masses of limestone, in the town of Amity, Orange county, New York. I have, as yet, seen sanción specimens of it, which I found among some fragments of lime- stone containing Brucite and mica, in the duplicate collec- tions belonging to the late Dr. Horton, of Edenville. It at- tracted my attention as being unlike fluor spar, which it was supposed to be at the time, and I have now satisfied myself that it is Yttro-cerite, though I have not gone so far as to detect the Yttria, the presence of which in the mineral cannot be indicated by mere blowpipe experiments alone. It has n° crystalline structure, but appears in thin layers, or seam? which sometimes amount to scarcely anything more and Union of Supposed Distinct Species. 301 peach-blossom, or purple stains, penetrating the seams of the limestone: precisely the character of this mineral in the speci- mens I have of it, from Finbo, in Sweden. With this it also agrees in hardness and color. When heated in a glass tube, it slightly decrepitates, shows no phosphorescence, gives out moisture, and becomes milk-white ; at the same time, there is a perceptible burnt smell. When its powder, moistened with sulphuric acid, is placed in a platinum crucible, hydro-fluoric acid is given out by the application of heat, and the usual reaction on glass is produced. "The pulverized mineral, heated with fused salt of phosphorus in an open glass tube, also shows the same reaction, the glass losing its polish where the moisture is deposited. In these experiments I was careful to separate the mineral entirely from the Brucite ; but I have not been able to obtain fragments sufficiently free from carbonate of lime, to enable me to give its blowpipe characters in detail, or subject it to any other trials. I hope to be able to obtain better specimens at an early day, and then to complete its examination. The mineral is very characteristic, and, in the hand specimen, cannot be distinguished from the Finbo va- riety, Ottrelite identical with Phyllite. The name of Phyllite, from gviior, a leaf, was given by Dr. Thomson to a mineral, Which was discovered and sent to him for analysis by Prof. Nuttall. It comes from Sterling, Massachusetts, and is dis- "eminated, in small, thin plates, through what appears to be an argillo-micaceous slate. Some of these plates are angular and others rounded, not appearing to have any regular crystal- ins form ; yet, in a few instances, they present the distinct form of rhomboidal tables. Color, brownish-black, or grayish lack ; lustre, shining and semi-metallic; opake; fracture, “neven, The knife makes a faint impression upon them. In ‘trong transmitted light, the thinnest disks present a greenish Color. Before the blowpipe, on charcoal, it becomes magnetic, but does not fuse even on the edges; with double its bulk of 302 Alger's Localities of Rare Minerals, borax, it slowly dissolves into a dark iron-green glass. Its composition, as stated by Dr. Thomson, is as follows : Silica, 38.40 Alumina, 23.68 Peroxide of iron, 17.52..." Magnesia, mg: 6.80 Water, 4.80 100.16. Ottrelite was discovered by M. Desclozeaux, and analyzed by M. Damour, in 1842. A full description of it is given in the Annales des Mines, for that year, vol. ii. p. 357. It occurs in small disks or plates, of a grayish-black or greenish-black color, with considerable metallic lustre, disseminated through a gangue which appears like a greenish argillaceous slate. These disks present no distinct form in the specimens I have exam- ined, their edges being rounded, as in the case of the Phyllite; but Desclozeaux has referred them to a hexagonal prism, or to an acute rhomboid deeply truncated by a plane perpendicular to the axis, or deeply compressed in that direction. He also obtained a cleavage parallel with that plane. Minute frag- ments are translucent, and show a greenish color by trans- mitted light. Before the blowpipe, it fuses, alone, with difficulty, on the edges, into a black, magnetic globule. k dissolves slowly in borax, giving the reaction of iron, and with ate of soda, shows the presence of manganese. Its constituents are as follow : Oxygen. Ratio. Formule. Silica, 43.34 22.51 4 B Alumina, 24.63 11.50 2 2AlSi-+ (Fe, Mn.) Si Protox. of iron, 16.72 2.80 -- Aq. Protox. of man- 5.63 1 Water,” 566 508 1 2A Si-+ (Pe, Mat) SP : 3H. 98.53 Dr. Thomson’s analysis affords a different formula, and, 8c and Union of Supposed Distinct Species. 303 cording to his method of determining the atomic proportions, Phyllite is a simple silicate, (the atoms of silica and bases being equal,) consisting of nine atoms silicate of alumina, three atoms silicate of peroxide of iron, three atoms silicate of man- ganese, and one atom silicate of potash.' The occurrence of so large a proportion of potash in the mineral is not a little remarkable, and I would suggest whether it may not have been derived from the gangue of slate, from which it is difh- cult to obtain the mineral entirely free. Its infusibility before € blowpipe would seem to show this. It has been suggested, also, that a part of the iron may have been in the state of protoxide. It seems impossible, without some such supposi- tion, that substances, so closely resembling each other in all their physical characters, should differ so much in chemical Composition. Now, if the potash be left out, and the peroxide of iron be changed into protoxide, the ratio between the atoms of acid and bases is nearly the same as in Ottrelite, if we unite the atoms of magnesia and iron, as isomorphous with each other, Ottrelite, also, is not easily separated from its matrix, but the larger size of its plates would seem to render it more easy to obtain pure specimens for analysis ; and it is to be ob- Served that Damour repeated his analysis, and obtained pre- cisely the same result. It is remarkable that Rammelsberg has alphabetically inserted Phyllite, but has given no formula lor its constitution. It seems proper that the name of Phyllite, on the ground of its priority, and because it expresses so well the ordinary appearance of the mineral, should stand, and that of Ottrelite be abandoned.’ Dysluite identical with Automalite. 1 am satisfied, from recent observations, that these two minerals, as they occur in New Jersey, should form but one species. The difference in ? Outlines of Mi ; . Dr. Thomson's atomic weights, founded upon e d E ds pie multiples of the atomic weight of Ydrogen, vary somewhat from Berzelius's. à : ‘ BU senis the a € has supposed Phyllite to be identical with Gigantolite. t ii den. c analysis of Gigantolite with Damour's analysis above, the evidence of their iden JY (supposing Ottrelite to be a purer variety of Phyllite) is much more marked, . the atoms of acid and bases is nearly the same in 304 Alger's Localities of Rare Minerals, hardness, color, specific gravity and pyrognostic characters, can be accounted for by the well established fact of the iso- morphous replacement among the constituents of certain min- erals which do not differ in crystalline form. In Dysluite, we have but thirty per cent. of alumina, the acting acid principle in the mineral, while, in Automalite, we have sixty per cent. But the peroxide of iron, which is isomorphous with the alumina, amounts to nearly forty-two per cent. Now, if we suppose about thirty per cent., of this peroxide of iron, to have replaced the same number of atoms of alumina in Automalite, and the eight per cent. of protoxide of manganese to have re- placed so much of the oxide of zinc, we make up, very nearly, the essential constituents as shown in the analyses of Auto- malite by Ekeberg and Abich. It is to be observed that the latter chemist puts down the iron as protoxide in the Franklin Automalite. If it should prove that the iron exists in Dysluite in both states of oxidation, the twelve per cent., remaining out of the forty-two, may be protoxide, replacing so much oxide of zinc. So that, in this view of the case, the 17 per cent. oxide of zine + 11 per cent. protoxide of iron + 7 per cent. protoxide of manganese — 35 per cent. oxide of zine; which is nearly the exact quantity found by Abich in the crystals from Franklin. We may then state the constituents as follow : Oxygen. Ratio. Alumina 30.49 14.24 3 Peroxide of iron, 3000 . 919 j 22-3 Protoxide of iron, 11.93 2.12 Protoxide of manganese, 7.60 m TH 5 Oxide of zinc, 16.80 3.34 Here it is evident that the atoms of acid and bases are to each other as three to one, which is the case, also, with Automalite, taking Abich's analysis, and grouping the isomorphous bases, us: Oxygen. Ratıo. Alumina, 57.09 26.66 3 Oxide of zinc, 34.80 6.92 } i 22 "i 872 1 Protoxide of iron, 4.55 1.04 and Union of Supposed Distinct Species. 305 Dr. Thomson, the only chemist who has analyzed Dysluite, reckons all the iron as peroxide, and as the principal basic constituent of the mineral, which, in his view, consists of the aluminates of iron, zinc and manganese. Rammelsberg, in stating the analysis, has given both oxides, and. the atoms of alurhina and peroxide of iron, as put down by him, are 22.80, and those of the isomorphous bases — protoxide of iron, pro- toxide of manganese and oxide of zinc— are 7.83 (7.891) ; thus giving the same ratio as that above stated. But other reasons may be urged why Dysluite should be regarded only as a variety of Automalite. 1 have seen speci- mens on which there were crystals well claiming the name of Dysluite, as well as others equally entitled to the name of Automalite; while there were yet others, evidently passing from one into the other, ——the bright and perfect crystals of Automalite gradually losing their lustre, becoming porous, - comparatively brittle and soft. I think if these circumstances had been attended to in the early history of the mineral, the name Dysluite would long since have departed from the cata- logue of mineral species. Polyadelphite. As Dana, in the new edition of his min- eralogy, has very properly included this mineral under the species garnet, I merely refer to it, to give further evidence of the correctness of his opinion from circumstances connected with its occurrence at the locality. It is evidently a granular, imperfectly crystallized yellow garnet, and the specimen which I received, ten years ago, from Prof. Nuttall, contains mechan- ical mixtures which it would be impossible to separate from it, *0 as to give us entire confidence in its analysis. To these, I eve, we may attribute its departure in composition from common brown or yellow garnet, though it does not differ much from the brown garnet of Franklin, analyzed both by r. Thomson and Mr. Seybert. : Beaumontite of Levy, and Lincolnite of Hitchcock. Ina Paper read before the Boston Society of Natural History, and since published in their Journal, and in the American e 306 Alger’s Localities of Rare Minerals, Journal of Science, (vol. xlvi. p. 235,) I gave my reasons for classing these two minerals with Heulandite. That Beau- montite is Heulandite, I believe, is no longer doubted in this country or Europe. An analysis of the mineral, by M. Delesse, has appeared since the publication of my paper,’ and it agrees with all the other analyses of Heulandite, excepting in the slight excess of silicic acid. In this respect, it offers an example analogous to that of the variety of Chabasite called Acadiolite, in which the silicic acid forms a larger atomic pro- portion of the mineral, without causing any appreciable variation in the angles of the crystals. As to Lincolnite, I must think that the various papers, that have been called forth in relation to it since my first communication appeared, have established its indisputable identity with Heulandite. Peculiarities in the modifying planes, have given rise to a secondary form, rarely observed in Heulandite. "These consist in the enlargement of the planes f (Phillips,) or ë (Dana,) so as nearly to obliterate the primary planes M; being, in fact, the reverse of what we usually observe in Heulandite from other localities. In the measurements by Prof. Hitchcock and Prof. Shepard, the angle of f on T was mistaken for that of M on T, and in the figure given by Prof. Hitchcock, it 15 evident that the planes lettered M should be f. The true value of f on T is 115° 10 (Dana); Prof. Shepard's last measurements made it 116° 17'. : ererite. I am compelled, at last, to declare my convic- tion that the specific nature of this mineral can no longer be maintained. Connell’s analysis of an Irish Gmelinite, which agrees with Lédererite in all its physical and crystallographical characters, has shown also an identity in chemical composition. The phosphoric acid, detected by Mr. Hayes, must be viewed as an accidental constituent, varying probably in different 1 Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. for 1843, t. ix. p. 395. Phillips’s Min. P- — 416. ? For the figures see Am. Jour. of Science. vol. xlvi. p. 234, and vol. ni. p. Am. Corroborative evidence of the correctness of my opinions, by the editors of the rec + b y £ ^£: Jour. + J 4" and Union of Supposed Distinct Species. 307 crystals, or, in some of them, not existing at all. Some of the Zeolites, in the Nova Scotia trap, have been found associated with small crystals of phosphate of lime, and it is not impos- sible that some of the minutest of these may have intercrystal- lized with the Ledererite. We regret that we have not been able to obtain other specimens to enable Mr. Hayes to give it a reéxamination. For comparison, I subjoin the analyses of Ledererite and Gmelinite. Ledererite. Gmelinite. Silica, 49.47 : Alumina, 21.48 18.05 ime, 11.48 6.13 Soda 3 , .94 3.85 Phosphoric acid, 3.48 Potash, 0.39 Protoxide of iron, 0.14 0.11 ater, 8.58 21.66 98.56, Hayes. 98.75, Connell. Now, if the phosphoric acid, in Ledererite, is united with lime as an accidental mixture, 2! per cent. of the lime should be taken from the 11.48 per cent found in the mineral: this brings the proportion down nearly to that obtained by Connell. Mr. Hayes was not able to determine the weight of the water With accuracy, owing to the small quantity of the mineral Operated upon. As the loss (1.44 per cent.) was mostly water, we may suppose, with Rammelsberg, that Ledererite is melinite containing (1?) its quantity of water. The chemi- formula for Gmelinite and Chabasite is thus : m 1 . Excepting the absence of striæ, and the shorter dimensions of Prismatic planes of its crystals, the Irish Gmelinite precisely fre Handuirterbuh, i. 150. Rammelsberg unites Chabasite and Gmelinite, the "38 soda Chabasite, the last as lime Chabasite. This is in accordance with Tamnau, who has ¢ tablished their identity on erystallographical grounds. ‘The close Pre of the two minerals was, however, first shown by Prof. Mohs. See his Vol. ii. p. 105. 308 Alger's Localities of Rare Minerals, resembles Ledererite ; their hardness, lustre, color and. blow- pipe characters are the same. The appearance of hexahedral cleavage, on which Dr. Jackson originally founded the chief claim of the latter to the character of a new species, was only imperfectly produced by heating the crystals, and not by ordinary mechanical cleavage. This could not be effected, the mineral breaking, in all directions, with a vitreous fracture. Dr. Jackson agrees, with me, that it can no longer be retained as a distinct species. While preparing my edition of Phillips’s Mineralogy, I re- quested Mr. Hayes and Dr. Jackson to make several analyses for me with particular reference to that work. As some of these have not appeared in any other form, I wish now to make a permanent record of them, in order that they may be seen where they might not otherwise reach. The first are of the Nova Scotia Chabasite (Acadiolite,) which Hoffmann has distinguished from common Chabasite, by its containing 3 per cent. more silica, and for which Rammelsberg has given a formula differing somewhat from that of Chabasite. (See first part of this article.) Silica, 52.02 52.20 Alumina, 17.88 18.27 Lime, 24 6.58 Potash 3.03 Soda, 4.07 l dei Water, 18.30 20.52 .. 99.60, Hayes. 99.69, Hayes. These results agree with those obtained by Hoffmann,’ in his analysis of the same mineral, the specimens of which were presented to him by Charles Cramer, Esq., of St. Petersburg. Washingtonite of Shepard, analyzed by Mr. J. S. Kendall, under the direction of Dr. Jackson, gave these results: 1 Amer. Jour, of Sc. vol. xxx. p. 366. and Union of Supposed Distinct Species. 309 Oxygen. Ratio. Titanic acid, 25.98 4.82 1 Peroxide of iron, 51.84 10.36 2 Protoxide of iron, 22.86 5.08 1 99.98 The atomic proportions are thus, nearly one atom titanic acid, two atoms peroxide of iron, one atom protoxide of iron; or, a trititaniate of i iron, consisting of two atoms trititaniated per- oxide and one atom trititaniated protoxide. If we unite the magnesia and lime with protoxide of iron, in the following analysis of an IImenite. from Arendal,’ by Mosander, we obtain Precisely the same result. The crystalline form of the two Varieties is also the same, and there can be no donbt of their identity as one species.’ Titanic acid, 24.19 Boise of iron Nu 53.01 rotoxide o ifou Magnesia and Lime, 1.01 d RBB? i referring to the analyses of Ilmenite from other localities, it will be seen that the essential constituents, titanic acid and the two oxides of iron, so interchange with each as to produce different varieties, but all having the same crystalline form. = enlin of Breithaupt à te rhombohedron, PonP 86° 10^, for the Ilmenite. Shepard, employing oia planes of the Washingtonite, makes P on P 86». Prof. Shepard fou fou nds Shown to be distinct, i n any essential manner, from the axotomous pae S, or from C richtonite (including Ilmenite) : indeed, it nene most pr » hos these minerals are not onl y identical in their angles, but are isomorphous eM ì iron,” tage vol. xliii. p. 365. The analysis, now, would seem ‘toy the groundwork Si des piety 310 Rogers’s Account of two Remarkable Art. XXIII. — AN ACCOUNT OF TWO REMARKABLE TRAINS OF ANGULAR ERRATIC BLOCKS, IN BERKSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, WITH AN ATTEMPT AT AN EXPLANATION OF THE PHENOMENA. By Pror. Henry. D. Rogers and Pror. Wittram B. Rocers. Read Dec. 3, 1845. Tue origin of the drift or diluvium, that extensive, super- ficial stratum of loose, fragmentary, rocky materials, which covers, in one unbroken sheet, the northern portions of both continents, from the highest latitudes explored to the parallel of the Alps, in Europe, and to 40° or 41°, in North America, has, for many years past, been one of the most interesting questions in geological dynamics. In the recent discussion, which it has received from some of the most eminent of the cultivators of science, on both sides of the Atlantie, this question has been shown to involve an inquiry into the nature and mode of action of nearly all the great physical agents concerned in the revolutions of the earth's surface, the transportation of soil by icebergs, the pushing forward of moraines by glaciers, and the more rapid strewing of débris by violent continental inundations. It connects itself, therefore, with investigations into the former climates of the world, and into the changes in the dis- tribution of its lands and waters, and it, consequently, requires a knowledge of the great secular and paroxysmal disturbances in the earth's crust, from whence these and all the other sur- face revolutions have proceeded. The object of the present brief paper is not so much to present our views of the whole train of causes explanatory of the origin of the drift, —a discussion which would lead to ? wide investigation into the efficacy of nearly all the physical agents and changes above referred to,— but it is simply xf test, by certain unexplained phenomena, the relative merits © the several hypotheses of drift-action, most in favor with geo- logists. The phenomena, to which we here allude, are those of Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 311 certain long and narrow trains of large and angular blocks, seen, in the mountainous districts of New England, resting upon the surface of the more rounded materials of the ordinary drift. There are many conspicuous trains of this description in New Hampshire, Vermont and Massachusetts. One striking example, to be met with in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, has been already the subject of instructive notices by Dr. S. Reid, of Richmond, who resides in its immediate neighborhood, and Dr. Hitchcock, of Amherst College. The earliest account of this very curious train was given by Dr. Reid, in 1842, in the Berkshire Farmer, a newspaper printed at Lenox ; that by Dr. Hitchcock was read to the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists, in May, 1844; and a still more detailed description, by Dr. Reid, was submitted to the same society, at their meeting in May, 1845. Neither Dr. Reid nor Dr. Hitchcock has ventured upon any hypothesis to account for this and other similar lines of bould- ers; but the latter observer, on the other hand, influenced by a spirit of philosophic caution, confesses that he finds so many difficulties on any supposition which he can make, that he “ pre- fers to leave the case unexplained, till more analogous facts shall ave been observed." Having, in the month of August last, While engaged in some observations on the geology of the Taco- me chain and the Green Mountains, been permitted, through the kindness of Dr. Reid, who guided us along this enormous stream of stones, to trace it to its source, and study with suffi- cient care its instructive features, we feel a desire to add to the descriptions already published a notice of a few omitted Points, which appear to us to deserve a record from their theoretical importance. Believing that all the phenomena of the drift Stratum, as seen in Berkshire, and, indeed, throug om the continent, do admit of intelligible explanation, upon the views we entertain of paroxysmal action, we propose to Submit these doctrines to the ordeal of the facts observed by - Reid, Dr. Hitchcock and ourselves. Standing on the most westerly elevated spur of the Taconic 312 Roger’s Account of two Remarkable chain, in Canaan, New York, a little west of the Massachusetts line, and about four miles south of the Lebanon Springs, we may perceive two remarkable trains of thinly scattered erratic blocks, stretching, for many miles, in a south-easterly direction, across the valleys, and up and over the parallel intervening mountain barriers of Berkshire. These trains are of extra- ordinary length ; the most northerly of the two extending, ac- cording to the observations of Dr. Reid, who has traced them over the fields, and through tracts of forest, a distance of nearly twenty miles. They are only approximately. straight and parallel, for they bend sensibly at several points, and diverge a little as they recede from their place of origin. Their average width is about three or four hundred feet, and the distance between them is from one third to one half of a mile. The blocks composing these trains are, for the most part, of enormous size ; the smaller ones being generally several feet in diameter, while others are ten or twenty feet, and a few are even thirty feet or more. One of the largest lies not far from the residence of Dr. Reid, in the neighborhood of Richmond meeting-house, and therefore nearly four miles from its source. It has been ascertained by him to be nearly fifty feet long, forty feet wide, and about fifteen feet thick, five feet of its thickness being imbedded in the gravelly drift. Its weight probably exceeds two thousand tons. The fragments, in both trains, are rather thinly scattered, the distances between them being generally several times their own dimensions ; but there are localities where they lie almost in contact. : While these erratics are of various sizes in the same neigh- borhood, there is a perceptible, though, of course, very gradual, diminution in their average bulk, as we follow them to the south-east. It is true, blocks of very great magnitude, like the one just referred to, are met with, even several miles remote from their parent stratum ; but, when we compare the mean size of the fragments, at any given locality, with that - another spot, a mile or two further on, we discover an obvious Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 318 diminution. ‘This declension in size must be regardéd, in connection with theory, as a crucial. fact, wholly inexplicable upon the iceberg theory, which supplies no reason for such gradation. The masses which have travelled furthest seem.to be no more worn at their edges than the others, a circumstance in strict accordance with the theory we shall here advocate. The blocks have, been described as presenting no evidence of attrition. It Gs true, their corners and edges are not rounded off, nor are their surfaces smoothed and furrowed, like those of the tite boulders of the general drift which sup- ports them. Their angles are, however, perceptibly blunted and worn, and their surfaces all indicate a certain. amount of erosion. Nevertheless the boulders and pebbles of the true drift, below them, have a very different aspect, being entirely covered with the traces of a long-continued and violent rubbing, Another very curious and significant fact, already noticed by Dr. Reid and Dr. Hitchcock, is, that these blocks do not mingle with the general drift, but merely rest upon it. In a somewhat deep excavation on the Western Railroad, and at other places, the worn and furrowed fragments of the drift are seen to support these angular erratics, but to contain none below the level of the soil. The greater number of these angular blocks are, it is true, imbedded to a trivial depth, Usually an unimportant portion of their thickness. Many of them appear to have been suddenly split, as if by impinging violently upon the spots where they repose; the broken halves hear each other, sometimes almost in contact, sometimes Several feet asunder, but always with their fractured surfaces unworn and rough, as if the pieces came to rest very soon after bursting. face Se lt is another circumstance worthy of observation, that these “matics differ from the drift below them, as much in their mineral nature, as in their shape, size and situation. While Seneral drift, in any neighborhood, is composed of frag- Ments. torn from the outcrop of all the strata, especially the 21 YOL. v, 314 Rogers's Account of two Remarkable less easily destructible, which occur for many miles north-west of it, smoothed and rounded by their mutual attrition, and mingled in the most heterogeneous manner, these trains con- sist of one special kind of rock, readily distinguishable from every other in the region both by its composition and external aspect. It has a distinct greenish color, is excessively tough, and is partially, and in some masses almost entirely, crystal- line. The fracture and composition plainly show it to be a rock altered by igneous action, and in that intermediate state towards full crystalline development, in which a determination of its component minerals is attended with some uncertainty. It contains much glassy felspar in apparently incipient for- mation, a green mineral like Nephrite, and perhaps. Picros- mene. So well marked are all its external features, that the observer finds no difficulty in recognizing any isolated frag- ment of it; he perceives, at a glance, that the blocks do not belong to any of the zones of argillaceous or talco-argillaceous slates, vitreous sandstones, and semi-crystalline limestones, which the trains cross, but he identifies them at once with a particular hard and massive stratum found nowhere but in the very summit of the high ridge in Canaan, where it projects, 45 a narrow rib, along the sharp and somewhat broken crest. After tracing either of the two long and narrow belts of angu- lar stones, north-westward, for many miles, across successive valleys and their intervening ranges of hills, and finding, as 1t were, no parentage in any of the strata beneath for these far- strewn surface blocks, the geological traveller feels extreme amazement when, upon clambering to the torn and narrow crest of the Canaan ridge, he sees at last the separate source of each of these immense streams of stones. There each train suddenly terminates, and there, in the very crest of the mountain, is the material from which the whole collection of fragments must have been derived. As observed by Dr. Hitchcock, the very places whence the fragments were "ne tured, are still visible. The observer is surprised to notice that each train originates in a distinct depression in the crest Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 315 of the mountain, each of the depressions being at the head of a very steep and rugged ravine, on its easterly flank, the long- est train beginning in the largest depression. The knob, which fills the space between the two indentations, is not, as sup- posed by Dr. Reid, the starting place of either of these trains. Gazing westward from the crest, we look in vain, down the declivity on that side, or upon any of the lower ranges of hills towards the Hudson valley, for a single block like those which $0 thickly sprinkle its eastern slope. ‘Turning, however, to the eastward, and tracing the longest and most conspicuous stream of fragments, we notice that, while all the principal ridges and valleys of the district range about 20° west of south, the train takes a course which varies, in different parts, from 50° to 35° east of south; and here it is essential to . remark that this is the general direction of the diluvial furrows and scratches upon the strata of the district, and coincides With the direction taken by the rounded drift. It will be in- structive to notice a little in detail some of the changes which this gigantic pathway of stones exhibits. Descending the eastern flank, the blocks, which are here of huge dimensions, are thickly crowded along the great gutter or ravine. They 9 not stream directly down the mountain, as if they had merely rolled to the foot by their gravity, but they take an oblique line, and cross the valley in a direction of about 45° fast of south. At a point about three quarters of a mile from i commencement, and near a small Shaker village, the train Inclines perceptibly (about 10^) more to the southward, and, in this course, it climbs the slope of the next mountain barrier, the Richmond range. On the brow of the mountain it re- Sumes its first direction, crossing, for a mile or more; its broad summit exactly over the highest point of one of its most con- ‘Picuous knobs, elevated nearly one hundred feet above the Point in the Canaan ridge whence the train started. It then descends the eastern slope, in a line about 5^ more towards the east, and here contains an unusual number of the larger 9f fragments, there being, according to Dr. Reid, in 316 Rogers's Account of two Remarkable a length of three quarters of a mile, more than fifty boulders of the capacity of from one to two thousand cubic feet, the belt in this part being only two hundred and fifty feet wide. Entering the Richmond valley, it presently deflects as much as 20° to the south, altering its course from S. 50° E. to 8. 30° E. The belt is now hardly two hundred feet in breadth. From this last elbow, which is near the Richmond meeting- house, the train, having a breadth of from two hundred and fifty to three hundred feet, extends, in a line approximately straight, across the Richmond valley, a distance of about four miles. It then ascends the mountain west of Lenox, which it passes at an elevation about as great as where it traverses the knob of the Richmond ridge. On the eastern declivity of the Lenox mountain, the larger boulders measure from eight hun- dred to one thousand cubic feet. Gaining the Lenox and Stock- bridge valley, which is about one hundred feet lower than the Richmond valley to the west, the blocks become less nu- merous, and there are portions of the belt where they are almost absent, while, in intermediate sections, they occur thickly crowded. The train ranges on, crossing the southern corner of Lenox, and the whole of Lee, in which it passes the Housatonic river. It afterwards enters Tyringham, where it climbs the broad and rather lofty belt of hills called the Bear- town Mountains. Beyond the Lenox ridge, its average direc- tion is S. 35° E. Dr. Reid, from whom these measurements are principally derived, has followed it a distance of more than twenty miles, and thinks that he did not reach its termination. The other parallel train he has traced, from its adjacent source in the Canaan mountain, through a length of about ten miles, but is not sure that he reached the end. The blocks in this train are rather more sparsely and less uniformly scat- tered. Between these two trains, very few detached blocks are found. [See Plate XXV.] The two conspicuous trains, here described, are not the only ones in the district, though the rest have not as yet bee? traced in detail. Dr. Reid, in his communication to the Asse Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. — 311 ciation, speaks of having met with several others farther to tlie south, and originating, probably, in the same mountain crest. When the observer turns his attention to the relative abun- dance of the rocks, he is surprised to notice that they are both more numerous and larger on the eastern than on the western slopes of the ridges, a condition of things apparently incom- patible with their transit along the surface of the ground, as, in that case, each barrier of hills would check their eastward speed, and cause a greater accumulation upon the western declivities. We shall endeavor presently to explain the cause of this greater abundance upon the eastern sides of the ridges. The height of the Canaan ridge, above the valley on the east, is hearly seven hundred feet, while that of the knob, where the train passes the Richmond mountain, is perhaps as much as eight hundred feet, and the next or Lenox mountain is but little lower. Other long and narrow lines of huge erratic fragments are seen elsewhere in Berkshire, and abound, we think, in nearly all the mountainous districts of New England. One such train, originating apparently in the Lenox ridge, about two miles to the south of Pittsfield, crosses the Housatonic valley, South-eastwardly, as far at least as the foot of the broad chain of hills in Washington. Some very extensive ones are to be seen on the western side of the White Mountains, in journey- Ing from the Notch towards Littleton. Every train observed by us has exhibited essentially the same phenomena as those We found to characterize the trains of the Canaan mountain ; and whatever explanation will apply to the latter, must involve * cause general and energetic enough to reach the others. igh We shall now proceed to suggest a possible origin for these Temarkable streams of surface blocks, aiming to confine our- selves to a strict induction from the foregoing facts, and the known laws of action of the great physical agents concerned 0 geological revolutions. : We entirely concur with Dr. Hitchcock in rejecting Mr. Lyell’s explanation of the drift, which would make slowly- 318 Rogers's Account of two Remarkable floating icebergs the agents in the dispersion of these erratics. He justly asks, By what agency could the blocks be raised upon the backs of the icebergs ? How could one large iceberg have loaded itself with enough of these huge fragments to strew the ground, as thickly as we see, for so many miles; and who will believe that successive icebergs could tear off and bear away successive blocks in precisely the same direction, so as to lengthen out the train? But there are other difficulties besides these which here suggest themselves. If we suppose, with Mr. Lyell, the surface of all the land now covered with the drift to have been submerged below the sea, it is obvious that only the advanced edge of the base of a drifting iceberg, striking the summit of the Canaan ridge, could load itself with any fragments. But, in this case, even if it could gather a - sufficient freight, there seems to be no adequate cause pro- posed for the linear and uniform scattering of the blocks, be- ginning with the very spot where they were just caught up. The dropping or spilling of boulders and soil from the surfaces of icebergs, is due, we know, to a gradual melting, chiefly, of the portions not immersed, while, in this imaginary case, the parts sustaining the boulders, being low in the water, would, certainly, not nielt fast enough to cause so copious a deposition as we see. But there is another difficulty. The top of the Taconic range is higher, as we have seen, than the source of the blocks in the Canaan ridge, and any iceberg, sunk deep enough to impinge upon the latter, would have found its pro- gress to the south-east effectually arrested by this higher barrier. To this latter objection it is not sufficient to reply, that the main Taconie ridge may have gained its present superior elevation, since the dispersion of the erratics, during a supposed subsequent slow rising from the sea of all this drift- covered region. Such answer would be equivalent to the as- sumption of an anticlinal bulging of the crust, under not only the Richmond and Lenox ridges, but beneath the still loftier Beartown chain; whereas the uniformity in the dip of the folded strata, in the two first ridges and their included valleys, Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 319 shows that no such local lifting of the region has taken place. The entire absence of any evidence, in the position of the drift itself, of an alteration in the configuration of the surface since its deposition, produced either by secular or paroxysmal actions, is a sufficient demonstration that, whatever change of level may have oceurred, has been a general continental rising, as in the case of Sweden, shared alike by the valleys and mountains. The total absence of any undulations in the level of the marine clay beds of the river valleys, from the coast of Maine to the Hudson and St. Lawrence, is a conclusive proof that this uplifting has not been local, but general. But a more comprehensive refutation of this hypothesis of the origin of the drift from wandering icebergs, during an era 9f general permanent submersion of the land, and compara- tively tranquil currents, is presented by the undeniable fact that the bed of every quiet sea must inevitably become the receptacle of fine-grained sediments, of some depth at least, entombing forms of animal and vegetable life, and which no subsequent denudation of its bed can altogether obliterate. But in connection with this great stratum of the drift, there is not to be discovered a solitary oceanic fossiliferous deposit to show that the land was then stationary below the level of the “a. That the drift-dispersing waters were above the land We do believe ; but their presence there was transient, in the Condition of a vast inundation, and while the level of the con- tinent was nearly what it is and has been since the appearance of the human race, According to another hypothesis, that which imputes the transport of boulders and erratics to the agency of glaciers, trains would be regarded as so many great moraines. But the well-known absence in the United States of lofty mountains penetrating the atmospheric level of perpetual snow, and acting as centres of dispersion for alpine glaciers, and the Proof afforded by the universal north and south direction of the strewn materials, and the furrows on their rocky floor, that RO such centres of dispersion existed, make the application, 320 Rogers's Account of two Remarkable to our conünent at least, of this favorite theory of the Swiss geologists altogether inadmissible. And, moreover, Dr. Hitch- cock has already exhibited the absurdity, in the special case before us, of supposing a glacier to be capable of conveying a moraine, from the ridge in Canaan, across another ridge higher than the one from which it started. Since it has been beauti- fully demonstrated, by Prof. Forbes, of Edinburgh, that every glacier is partially plastic, and actually flows onward, though very tardily, in a species of semi-fluid current, floating its moraines along with it, we see that it can no more ascend a barrier higher than its snow-fed source, than can running . water. But turning from these speculations, as too unsatisfactory, we now proceed to inquire whether there is not another pos- sible mode of transport of fragmentary rocky matter, by an agency in the economy of our globe much more widely active, and more in harmony with the facts to be explained. This agency, to which we are disposed to attribute the phenomena we have described, is the paroxysmal, or sudden and violent, disturbance of the slightly flexible crust of the earth, causing; in the period of the northern drift, a partial elevation and dis- placement of the bed of the great frozen sea which occupies the arctic latitudes, and sending its waters, with all their ice, in a sudden inundation, over all the northern lands of the two continents. Before undertaking to account, by this cause, for the special phenomena of the boulder. trains of Berkshire, we - Crave permission of the reader to explain oup views of the nature of continental inundation, as they are expressed in an address, delivered by one of us, in May, 1844, to the Associa- tion of American Geologists and Naturalists. ** The paroxysmal theory, I cannot but think, will be found, on careful examination, to be more in agreement with the : mitted laws of physical dynamics than either of the more popular. hypotheses of the day... This. doctrine, appealing t° the proofs which our science furnishes of the sudden disturb- ances.of the level of the different tracts of the earth's surface, Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 391 at all periods of geological time, merely supposes that, at the epoch of the drift, the polar half of the northern hemisphere was the theatre of violent, and perhaps frequently repeated, movements of the earth’s crust, each particular disturbance emanating, probably, from a different local region. These disturbances, which are conceived, by Von Buch, De Beau- mont, Hopkins, De la Beche, Sedgwick, Phillips, and other distinguished geologists, to have been of the nature of simple paroxysmal elevations, and by ourselves, to have consisted in an energetic and extensive undulation of the crust of the earth accompanying each sudden rise, are deemed suflicient to have caused a rush of the northern waters over all the higher latitudes of Europe and North America, covering the surface with an almost continuous sheet of gravel and bould- ers, and polishing and scoring the whole rocky floor. “The chief cause of hesitation, with many minds, in em- bracing a theory so much in harmony with the general physi- cal history of our globe, bas arisen from their not recognizing à force sufficient to dislodge and sweep onward blocks of the huge size which we sometimes encounter, or to drive the detrital matter up and over the high mountain barriers, across Which, by some process, it had travelled. So long as no de- finite estimate had been made of the velocity of the current which Would result from a given amount of paroxysmal eleva- ton, such a distrust of the energy of diluvial waters was natural and prudent; but we are in possession of facts and Seneralizations calculated greatly to exalt our conceptions of power. _ “Tt has been shown, by Mr. Hopkins, of Cambridge, reason- g from the experimental deductions of Mr. Scott. Russell upon. the properties of waves, that * there is no difficulty us accounting for a current twenty-five or thirty miles an hour, if We allow of paroxysmal elevation of from one hundred to two hundred feet;" and he further proves that a current of twenty San hour ought to move a block of three hundred and ‘wenty tons, and since the force of the current increases in 322 Rogers’s Account of two Remarkable the ratio of the square of the velocity, a very moderate ad- dition to this speed is compatible with the transportation of the very largest erratics anywhere to be met with, either in America or Europe. * Holding in view these demonstrable conclusions, let us consider the far more enormous velocity which a broad, general current would derive from that mode of paroxysmal action, earthquake undulation, which constitutes, as we have endeav- ored to show, an essential feature in all movements of eleva- tion. Regarding such disturbances as a true billowy pulsation of the flexible crust of the globe, we have deduced, from data connected with some of the best authenticated earthquakes, the extraordinary progressive velocity of the undulations of the ground, and have shown that, when the pulsation has been imparted to the sea, the vast waves engendered have moved at the amazing speed of five miles or more per minute. Making every abatement for resistance from the comparative shallowness of a continental inundation, the phenomena © earthquakes fully justify us in the belief that the broad and rapid onward undulations of the ground would be propagated to an uplifted sea above, and the gigantic billows be propelled, across the surface of the heaving land, with a velocity, and a propulsive energy, approached by no other possible terrestrial current. * If we will conceive, then, a wide expanse of waters, less, perhaps, than one thousand feet in depth, dislodged from some high northern or circumpolar basin, by a general lifting; of that region, of perhaps a few hundred feet, and an equal su sidence of the country south, and imagine this whole mass converted by earthquake pulsations, of the breadth which such undulations have, into a series of stupendous and rapid-moving waves of translation, helped on by the still more rapid flexures of the floor over which they move, and then advert to the shattering and loosening power of the tremendous jar of the earthquake, we shall have an agent adequate, in every way; t° produce the results we see,—to float the northern ice from Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 323 its moorings, to rip off, assisted with its aid, the outcrops of the hardest strata, to grind up and strew wide their fragments, to scour down the whole rocky floor, and, gathering energy with resistance, to sweep up the slopes and over the highest mountains.” Let us endeavor to dilate our thoughts to a just conception of the scene here feebly hinted at; let us picture an ocean freighted with its ponderous bergs and fields of ice, rushing across the tops of the mountains, and thrown, by the earth- quake undulations of its temporary bed, into a series of enor- mous billows, each of which would possess a breadth, as it can be shown, of several miles, and a velocity of from five to ten miles per minute; and then advert to what would happen as the vast masses of solid ice, rivalling in magnitude the hills themselves, and borne forward with almost the velocity of a cataract, impinged with full momentum against the summits of the higher ridges. While a wide, diffused sheet of fragment- ary matter, the mingled wreck of all the strata, would be driven along at the bottom of the rapidly moving flood, scour- ing the rocky floor, and grinding itself into rounded forms by its rolling motion and tremendous attrition, the summits of the Yet submerged hills would be shot away as it were by the striking of the rushing ice, and an enormous speed imparted to the broken pieces. As this speed would be sustained by the swift motion. of the general current, and the yet greater velocity of the vast billows or waves of translation, the projec- tile distances of the blocks, or their course through the water, ore they came to final rest, might be even as much as Several miles.' That the fragments might be conveyed thus Ssions by a violent stroke of a large mass of floating ice, is strikingly con- firmed, we think, by the interesting fact already observed by Dr. Hitchcock, that See the places where the ragged fragments were torn off, and the fracture Pi ick Sgestion here made, that the crest of the ridge was scooped off at each of i wy ot the n rounded drift, EM indentations in the backbone of the ridge, we should look for a smooth and line, e curving surface in the shallow notch, whereas we really see a broken out- : the ragged edges of the strata, indicating that the top of the moun- 394 Rogers's Account of two Remarkable far will seem more than probable if we pause and consider the conditions of their motion. The suspended blocks, losing, as we know, more than two-fifths of their weight from the buoy- ancy imparted by the fluid, would be carried onward a great distance before they could descend through several hundred feet of water; and after they had struck, it is very obvious that many of them would maintain a rapid progress for some distance further, bounding and rolling forward upon a floor of loose detrital matter moving in the same direction, and still impelled by the pressure of the onward current. Upon these considerations we may understand why the blocks, in retain- ing their original angular or fragmentary shape, should ex- hibit partial traces of abrasion at their edges, and why they should rest imbedded in the rounded drift to so small a depth. But there is a much more efficient power exerted by cur- rents, and precisely such as would be exercised by a great and rapid inundation sweeping over an irregular surface of plain and mountain. We here refer to the lifting or buoyant power of the great whirlpools or gyratory funnels, which the inequali- ties in the velocity of the current, produced by the local ob- structions in its bed, would infallibly engender. When the true nature and stupendous energy of this mode of fluid mo- tion are duly contemplated, and its special agency in the general inundation fitly considered, it will account, we think for all the previously unexplained features of the boulder trains, including the perplexing phenomena of their great length and extreme narrowness. We cannot in this paper assign ourselves sufficient space to discuss critically the dynamics of gyratory fluid motion; but the attentive reader will be satisfied, from the close analogy of such vortices in rushing water, to those terrific whirls which arise in the more attenuated fluid of the atmosphere, under the forms of the tornado and the waterspout, that their func- tions are strictly identical. Nothing in the natural history of tain has been violently ploughed off; precisely as if by the concussion of som? huge solid body moving with irresistible momen Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 395 the atmosphere is more notorious than that the uprooting and far-scattering tempest of the tropics has an excessive gyratory momentum at its centre; by which it actually lifts and bears away the most ponderous and bulky objects, even trees, beams, animals, and houses. It is equally well known that its path is linear and very narrow, the upborne fragments being strewn along, dropped out, as it were, from the apex of the whirling funnel. Precisely the same lifting and carrying action is seen in the mimic funnels which we make experimentally in a shallow sheet of water, or behold in almost any rapid brook. That the particles in the whirlwind or waterspout, and, by analogy, in the whirlpool, rotate, round the axis of the vortex, in ascending and widening spirals, is a fact expressly men- tioned by all who have been presented with opportunities for observation. This spiral motion in a waterspout was per- ceived by Captain Beechey near Clermont-Tonnerre, and was distinctly seen, in another near Bermuda, by Governor Reid, who, in his valuable Treatise on the Law of Storms, speaks of his having beheld the phenomenon through a telescope. lt has been established beyond all controversy by Mr. Red- field, who has cited some very interesting details to show that à rapid ascending whirl is producible artificially, when a large mass of combustible matter, such as brushwood, is set blazing, in a calm day, in an open field. The upward whirling column, thus caused, extended, in one instance, to a prodigious height, and had a swiftness which the beholder describes as exceeding all his previous conceptions of the velocity of wind. Nearly every reader of travels is familiar with Bruce’s glowing descrip- tion of the tall pillars of sand which he encountered in his traverse of the Nubian Desert— their tops reaching to the very clouds, while their diameters, at the ground, scarcely exceeded a few feet, and stalking over the vast plain with majestic slowness, or chasing each other with the speed of the Swiftest horse. These were evidently the same phenomenon as the Waterspout, possessing the same enormous upward | power. The elevating and transporting energy of 396 Rogers’s Account of two Remarkable the waterspout, or whirlwind, is manifested, also, in those in- stances of the sudden showers of fishes from the upper air, of the occurrence of which, in India and elsewhere, we have the most incontestable evidence ; and it is strikingly exemplified in the results of one at Olziitiidnde, which so nearly emptied the harbor that the greater part of the bottom was uncovered. The learned Professor CErsted, of Copenhagen, who states this latter fact in a paper in Jameson's Edinburgh Journal, adduces several instances to prove the great distances to which waterspouts have transported the largest objects. He attri- butes the upward tendency of the air, in the interior of the whirl, to the resistance which the rotating particles encounter at the circumference, forcing them into the only direction in which they can yield to the pressure, namely, upwards." Keeping in view, then, the true mode of action, and prodi- glous power of the whirling current, and the enormous Mo- mentum of the impinging ice, we may arrive, we think, at^a satisfactory solution of all the phenomena of these boulder trains. In the first place, the velocity of that portion of the northern flood which swept across the Berkshire hills must have been excessively great. Coming from the north-west, from the elevated region of the Adirondack, the current must have been greatly accelerated by pouring down from a height A more accurate explanation of the lifting action of the whirl yr be that, W e Vi think, — Mead ascribe it to the diminished molecular tension in part aused by the ce effort of the particles to press awa way from ru line, or, in bá words, by the centrifugal force due to their rotation. d diminished vein on, though not bom of a sensible rarefaction © of the RUF such as would happen were t T O ng column air, will still, as it would gated from above. T: subjacent fluid, urged upwards by the undimin! therefore predominating, pressure of the remoter and comparatively quiescen will be con Mae to rise along the axis of the whirl, very much as air a along the heated flue of a chimney, but, uniting to this pini motion the acq revolving one, it will, necessarily, move in a regular asce ascending wu moreover, of the progressive reduction of the lateral pressure towa the particles of liquid rise, their gyrations will continually widen, $0 as 5 to A conical, or more nearly a ma figure ied if the ary ot winter is sion vhi of the ‘time E “37 4 unnel-s path particles will b d depression will form at the surface. Te Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 391 of several thousand feet, in a course of fifty miles, into the low, broad valley of the Hudson. Few persons are aware of the enormous speed which such a declivity would, of itself, impart to a deep and wide-spread stratum of water. The only currents we can actually observe are the confined and shallow ones of rivers, and of the tide in certain obstructed straits, and, in these, the velocity is kept down by the very trivial declivity of the channel, and by the disproportionate friction and resistance produced by the proximity of the shores and the bottom. Yet, notwithstanding this retardation, we may notice how rapidly the current of any river is accelerated when a freshet deepens its stream by only a few feet or fathoms. When the waters of the Ohio are swollen, they have a mean velocity of several miles an hour; yet the slope of its bed does not exceed eight or ten inches per mile. And the Gulf Stream, that stupendous river in the Atlantic, pos- Sesses, from the mere fact of its great depth and breadth, and . ils exemption from friction, a velocity of more than three miles an hour, although its actual descent is almost inappreci- able. How terrific, then, must have been the speed of a con- Unental inundation, unconfined by any shores, and deep enough to °vertop the summits of our highest mountains, and moving, In some portions of its progress, down the long-inclined planes of the surface, with a slope even more than fifty times as great as that of the most impetuous rivers. In the case before us, the Waters, hurrying thus along the Adirondack slope, would Sweep, unresisted, across the wide valley of the Hudson, and Tüsh, with incalculable violence, against the western crests of the Green Mountains and the Taconic chain. At a certain Stage, early in the dispersion of the flood, the ice, which, until “en, had rushed unchecked across the highest peaks and ridges, would, necessarily, subside to their level, and would, here and there, strike with a force which no imagination can Conceive, Standing on the Canaan Mountain, it is easy to see, as we look north-westward, towards the lower plain of the Hudson, and discern no barrier, in all that quarter, that could break the fury of the inundation, that this sharp and narrow 398 Rogers's Account of two Remarkable | ridge stood exactly in the place to receive the brunt of the impinging ice ; whose vast momentum would be derived, not merely from the force of the general current, but from the still more tremendous impulse of the great waves of trans- lation, generated in the rocking crust, and launched, in suc- cessive surges, ahead of the current itself, full against the opposing barrier. For the production of either of the boulder trains, we have only to conceive, then, that a large island or berg of ice, driven forward at the extremely rapid rate we have endeavored to picture, suddenly struck the top of the ridge a little below the actual crest. A broad, shallow, and ragged notch, or depres- sion in the summit of the mountain, would be the inevitable consequence of the tremendous collision. That part of the solid strata which received the blow would be broken into huge angular fragments; but no sooner would the blocks thus dislodged be sent forward into the current, than they would be gathered in and prevented from dispersing by the immense vortex or whirlpool which would naturally form e, the waters moved in their rapid course past the prodi- gious stationary block of ice thus made to impede their progress. ‘The whirlpool would form just over the top of the mountain. It would possess an excessive gyratory force com- mensurate with the check received by the swiftly-moving cut- rent; and, in virtue of this, it would exert in a high degree that lifting or upward-floating power, which we have seen to belong so conspicuously to every vortex. Winding the broken blocks within its narrow, whirling column, and advanbing ™ the direction and with the progressive speed of the general current in which it was rapidly spinning, it would float pen- dant from the surface of the water, indifferent, in a great measure, to the inequalities of the land beneath. Be forming to the onward course of the inundation, it W only deviate with the changes in the path of the general cur rent itself; and, hanging from the surface to the bottom, it would rise and fall with every great undulation on the bosom of the flood. Wherever the apex of this slender, water ould - Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 399 funnel touched the ground, the gyratory and sustaining velo- city being checked, it would spill a portion of its ponderous burden, and thus strew in its march the long, narrow, and gi- gantic pathway of stones which we behold. So long as its apex dragged the bottom, this discharge would proceed, and there would be produced a continuous line of fragments; but Whenever its level undulated, either from varying depth or vast swells at the surface, it would touch the bottom only in- termittingly ; and thus it would alternately strew and miss, precisely as the whirlwind of the tropics moves in bounds or long undulating skips, now uprooting the earth, and now mov- ing lügh above the tops of the trees and houses. In this way We may explain the interruptions visible in especially the shorter and less regular of the trains. Whenever the vortex passed either. of the mountain barriers lying across its path we can see that its containing apex might have its velocity of gyration somewhat disturbed and retarded; and to this cause perhaps is attributable the increased abundance of the boulders on the south-eastern ‘lope of the Richmond mountain. In relation to the alternations in the course of the train Where it climbs the Richmond Ridge, and again where it Teaches the broad valley.beyond, it is not difficult to perceive Ow the last or main elbow at least might be occasioned. We have only to reflect that the general current would natu- Tally change to a somewhat more southerly direction, as it met, In this deep, wide and unobstructed valley, with other portions x the coming in more nearly from the north, rushing lon- e udinally along the mountain chain. The extreme violence "ith which the blocks would be occasionally hurled from the apex of the revolving column, against the ground and against = other, will sufficiently account for several of them being Split, with their fragments still contiguous to each other, as if force which impelled them was from above, and not that of Onward horizontal current. — Vou, belie ve that the vortices or gyratory currents V c 22 330 Fishes of the Ohio here described, have been necessary and most potent agents in the dispersion of erratic blocks, particularly such as lie in long and narrow surface trains, we wish equally to advocate the efficiency of that other gigantic force of transport which water possesses when it moves in the manner of those enor- mous waves of translation, whose origin, functions and energy we have endeavored to exhibit to the reader. The boulders of New England give evidence of having been conveyed by both these agencies, the more angular and nar- row trains by the lifting power of vortices ; the more worn, im- bedded, and irregularly scattered blocks, by the propelling ac- tion of the general current and its mighty waves. Art. XXIV. — DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FISHES OF LAKE ERIE, THE OHIO RIVER, AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES. By Janep P. KIRTLAND, D (Concluded from page 276.) PrwELopvs. Cuv. P. catus. Lin. Bull-head. Cat- fish. | am rw ia vol. Silurus catus. Lin ak nal d EM Common Freshwater Cat-fish. Mitchill, Trans. Lit. an Phil. Soc. N. RE vol. i. P. die c à Pimelodus nebulosus. Lo Mémoires a Muséum ,vol. v. P- 149. T " H : Biens Refs p. l L Le Pimélode chat. Pimelodus catus. Cuv. et Val. xv. P- 12 Le Pimélode nebuleux. Pimelodus nebulosus. TT E. s l. Pimelodus catus. Common Cat-fish. jns nep. p. 182, Pl XXXVII. fig. 119- Plate XXVL Fig. 1. Head flattened above and beneath, widest at its base, full the eyes. Jaws equal. Cirrhi eight, arranged, tw? and its Tributaries. 331 on the upper jaw, four on the lower, and one at each angle of the mouth. These lateral cirrhi as long as the head. Eyes small. Iris dusky, with a narrow golden circle next the pupil. Body gibbous before the dorsal fin, rounded and fleshy on the back, somewhat compressed laterally, especially behind the ventral fin. Abdomen full, and pendulous behind the pecto- ral fins. Lateral line curves above the tip of the operculum. Dorsal fin commences behind the pectoral. Adipose fin approximate nearly to the tail. Caudal fin truncate. Anal fin attains to the base of the caudal, with its tip ex- tends beyond the adipose. Ventral fins ovate and horizontal, extending at their ex- tremities to the anal. Pectoral fins serrated on the posterior edge of the spinous ray, situated beneath the extremity of the operculum. olor. Head, back, and superior portions of the sides, fuliginous ; coppery beneath the throat ; whitish on the abdo- men. Fins livid, and cirrhi dusky at their tips. Length from six to twelve inches. ` abitat. Most of the ponds, lakes and still waters in the United States, D. 1—6; C. 19; A. 21; V. 8; P. 1— 7 rays. Observations. I am indebted to my brother, George Kirt- land, for the drawing of the species. It was taken from a specimen obtained in the Mahoning river. Griffith, the trans- lator of Cuvier’s Régne Animal, in speaking of fish, asserts that “the inhabitant of the waters knows no attachment, has re language, no affection ; feelings of conjugality and paternity ~'e Dot acknowledged by him.” Had that author seen, as I have done, 9n several occasions, the old of this species of fish, lead- ng about her brood of dusky fry with the most maternal care, e defending them, with the greatest vigilance and activity, “gainst the approach of a frog, tortoise, or any voracious fish, he would have qualified his assertion. A person desirous of witnessing this fact may have repeated 332 Fishes of the Ohio opportunities, by placing himself in a convenient position, along the “old river bed,” near Cleveland, in the month of June, when he may see the old of this species of fish, moving cautiously about with her brood, and watching them with as much care as a hen does her young flock in a farmer’s yard. P. cerulescens. Raf. Blue, Brown, or Silvery Catfish. Pimelodus cerulescens. Blue Cat-fish. TA A Ichthyol. Ohiensis, p. 63. i «c « &« i ep. pp. 169, 19 x: « dae Ohien. p. 62. (Young.) t IN pa í & « [ wo Bier d aged.) « « « « Kirtland's Rep. E. i» ug “ — angyrus. Silvery “ Raf. Ichth. Ohien. p. . pede locality. Plate XXVII. Fig. 1. Plate XXIX. Fig. 1. (Young.) Head flattened above the eyes, convex and full beneath i throat, more than one fifth of the total length. Eyes = oval, with the iris of a golden yellow. The two lateral si bels extend beyond the pectoral fins, their extremities bla with the advancement of age they become relatively shorter ; : of the inferior barbels, the two external are the longest. € furnished with numerous clustered teeth. Operculum in tinct, margined with a membrane. Body oval, broad ; back slightly elevated, the dorsal fin on the summit ; abdomen full. Dorsal fin ovate, more elongated in the young. Adipose fin broad, oblong-oval. d Caudal fin merely lunate in the old specimens, deeply an acutely forked in the you Anal fin widé and zd in the old, acute posteriorly in the young. of Ventral fins sub-circular, attain with their tips to the base anal. and its Tributaries. 333 Pectoral fins oval, the spinous ray is serrated on the posterior edge, the serratures sometimes are oblitergted by age. Color. Back, head, and sides of the body, dusky or lead- colored ; forehead dark brown ; sides of the head yellowish ; belly and throat white. ó . Length. The specimen from which I made the sketch was twenty-two inches long; the breadth, perhaps, was greater than usual for specimens of that size. It is frequently seen, in the Cincinnati market, four or five feet long, and weighing sixty to eighty pounds, and sometimes even one hundred and twenty pounds. Hab. Lake Erie and the Ohio River. D. 1—6; €. 90; A. 30; V. 8; P. 1—7 rays. Observations. This species is becoming popular as an article of food. It bites readily at a baited hook, and is often taken upon “ set lines," as well as in seines. _ The young specimen represented was five and a half inches in length, The young is, almost universally, considered as a distinct Species by the fishermen, and was described, as such, by Rafi- hesque, under the name of P. maculatus. In the Cincinnati market, at this age, it is known under the name of “ channel- cat.” The body is of a faint lead-color, and. beautifully maculated P. cupreus. Raf. Yellow Catfish. « US cupreus. Yellow Cat-fish.. Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohien. p. 65. 3i Kirtland's Report, pp. 169, 194 ; catalogued, not descri ee s y « “ Dekay’s Report ; catalogued, not described. Plate XXIX. Fig. 2. " Head equal to one quarter of the total length, depressed and flattened above, gibbous behind the eyes, wider than the 334 Fishes of the Ohio body. Mouth medium size; jaws furnished with numerous minute teeth; upp@yjaw projecting. Eyes circular, situated above and behind the angles of the mouth. Body smooth, compressed laterally behind the ventrals. Lateral line nearly straight. Dorsal fin short and little elevated. i Adipose fin small and narrow, and does not reach as far behind as the termination of the base of the anal fin. Caudal fin entire, truncate. Anal fin rounded on its anterior angle, acute at its posterior termination. Ventral fins sub-circular, short. : Pectoral fins short, serrated on the posterior and superior edge of the spinous ray, the serratures pointing obliquely up- wards, inwards and backwards. Length. 1 have seen them four feet long, weighing from seventy to eighty pounds; but they frequently grow much larger. Rafinesque says that they sometimes weigh two hun- dred pounds. Color. The upper surface of the head and back is oliva- ceous ; the sides and beneath, coppery-yellow ; and the fins often orange or reddish. Hab. Lake Erie, Ohio River, and their tributaries. D. 1—7; C. 945; V. 1—1; Pi 1—1; A Se Rafinesque says the anal fin has only 15 rays ; in my spec men, 24 can be distinctly seen. Observations. This is the handsomest and most gracefully formed of any of the western cat-fish. The yellow epp. color seems to be a permanent character, in all localities, and under all circumstances. "The general contour of the fish, as well as the color, will distinguish it from every other species. Its lateral barbs are usually short, and reach only half the length of the head. It readily bites at a hook, and is also taken in seines. The young are valued as an article of food. and its Tributaries. 335 P. limosus. Raf. Mud-Cat. Pimelodus limosus. Mud Cat-fish. Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohien. p. 66. i " nebulosus. € te = “ “ p.64. (A variety -) s * » s Kirtland's Report, pp. 169, 194 ; catalogued, not described. » " " " Dekay's Report, p. 187 ; not described. Plate XXIX. Fig. 3. Head flat, compressed above and beneath, not as wide as the body, but exceeding its perpendicular diameter, one quarter of the total length. The extremity of the lateral barb attains to the pectoral fin ; the two middle of the four inferior barbs stand forward of the line of the two exterior; the two superior are anterior and superior to the eyes. Lower jaw the longer, Projecting, Eyes small, circular. ody declivous and depressed before the dorsal fin, com- Pressed laterally behind it; abdomen protuberant laterally, flattish beneath. Dorsal Jin equal to the pectoral, the spinous ray invested with a membrane. Caudal fin flat, truncate, entire. Anal fin rounded, its tip extends near to the commence- ment of the dorsal and beyond the adipose. Ventral fins situated in a sulcation formed by the sudden contraction of the abdomen. Pectoral fins falcated, the posterior edge of the spinous ray Serrated, Saler dusky, clouded with irregular muddy spots on the head and back, and lighter gray on the abdomen and throat. Length eighteen inches. Hab. Ohio River. D. 1—71; €. 90; A. 15; V. 9; P. 1—10 rays. Observations, "The muddy clouded color, and the flat- nir aud elongated form, distinguish it at once from every 336 Fishes of the Ohio species, except one that is occasionally exposed for sale, in the Cincinnati market, under the name of “ mud-cat," and which Rafinesque has described as the P. nebulosus. I, however, consider it as merely the old of the present species. It is much larger, and proportionately shorter and broader, than the one figured. 1 have never seen the young, unless our present species be considered as such. The skins of both look as though they had recently recov- ered from some extensive eruptive disorder. They are not much esteemed for food ; but, I believe, it is owing solely to their forbidding complexion. Norvmus. Raf. N. flavus. Raf. Yellow Backtail. Noturus flavus. Yellow Backtail. Rafinesque, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, p. 68. “ e t « Kirtland, Rep. on Zool. of Ohio, pp. 169, 195. Pimelodus flavus. Young Cat.fish. Dekay’s Rep. p. 187. Plate XXVI. Fig. 2. Head much flattened above and below, wide behind the eyes, more than one fifth the total length of the fish. Eyes circular, small, prominent; pupil black ; iris yellow. Nose elongate, covering the tip of the lower jaw. Lateral à; two, not as long as the head; superior barbels on a line between the eyes and nostrils, nearer the latter, extending beyond the tip of the snout; inferior barbels four, the po exterior more remote from the lower lip than the two interior, and double their length. Teeth numerous in both jaws Body broad, and convex anterior to the ventral fins, back and belly flattened, compressed laterally from the ventrals to the base of the tail. Lateral line flexuous at its base. Anterior dorsal fin low, the soft rays more elevated than the spinous ray; posterior dorsal soft, commences over the anal-fin, and gradually expanding as it progresses backwards, and its Tributaries. 331 is continuous with the caudal, which terminates a little behind the anal. The decurrent posterior dorsal involves in its course the rudiments of an immature adipose fin, which is not, how- ever, discoverable in every specimen. Tail truncate. Anal fin elongate and widened behind. Ventral fins ovate, small and horizontal. Pectoral fins short, rounded and horizontal. Color. Back and head yellowish olive ; sides yellow ; nose, throat and abdomen, white ; fins diaphanous, sligh tly dusky. Length from four to twelve inches. Hab. Mahoning River and Lake Erie. A.D. 1—7; A. 17; V. 8; P. 1—7 rays. Observations. The decurrent form of the adipose dorsal and caudal fins induced M. Rafinesque to separate it from the genus Pimelodus and constitute a new genus. The propriety of his course may, perhaps, be questioned, though I have fol- lowed it in preference to making a new synonyme. This species is occasionally taken, in seines and with hooks, near Cleveland, and, during low stages of water, I have fre- quently discovered it, beneath flat stones and logs, on the "pples in the Mahoning River, where it is called the young cat-fish by the fisherman. In that stream, it is, invariably, of a delicate bronzy-yellow, and of a less size than in Lake Erie. It might, perhaps, with propriety, be considered a distinct Species, Perca. Lin. P. flavescens. Mitchill. Yellow Perch. Bodianus flavescens. Yellow Perch. Mitchill, Trans, Lit. and Phil. Soc. P 2 NX» 421. i rca flavescens, Cuv. et Vab ii. p. 46 & American Perch. Rich. Faun. Boreal. Amer. iii. p. 1. i pl. LXXIV se Bodia ; Common Perch of Ms. Storer’s Rep. p. 5. P, Jlavescens. Yellow Perch e Kirtland's Rep. pp. be ii "rea flavescens, Amer. Yellow Perch. Dekay’s Rep. p. 3, pl. I. fig. 1. " * “ M & Linsley's Cat. of Fishes of Conn, 338 Fishes of the Ohio Plate XXVII. Fig. 2. Vide Storer's Report on the Fishes of Massachusetts, p. 5. Our specimen agrees, in every particular, with his description, except in the relative size of the two dorsal fins, which are correctly represented in the figure. The transverse bands were eight. It is common in the waters of Lake Erie and its tributaries, but did not originally inhabit those of the Ohio. Since the constructing of our public works, it has found its way into the tributaries of that river. Hyopon. . Lesueur. H. tergissus. Lesueur. Toothed Herring. Hyodon tergissus. Lesueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Se. i. p. 366. « * — ANotched.fin Hyodon. “Rich. Faun. Boreal. Amer. : iii. p. 235. ; "i o Moon-eyed Herring. Kirtland’s Rep. p. 170. s - River Moon-eye. Dekay's Rep. p. 265, pl. XLI. fig. 130. Hyodon clodalus. "^ "Lesueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Se. i. p. 367, | l. XIV. « « Larger Herring. Kirtland's Rep. pp. 170, 195. [7 T Lake Moon -eye. Dekay's Rep. p. 266, pl. LI. fig. 164. Plate XXVIII. Fig. 1, 9. - a. male, b. female. Head short, compressed laterally, one fifth of the tota! length. Nose short and rounded. Eyes large and c peri iris gilt. The jaws and palate furnished with numerous teeth; lower jaw shorter than the upper. Body flat; the back nearly straight before the dorsal fim from thence abruptly sloping to the base of the tail ; abdomen of the male, straight or slightly incurved, of the female, rounded and more convex. and its Tributaries. 339 Dorsal fin quadrangular, elevated before, emarginate on its superior edge. Caudal fin acutely bilobed ; lobes equal. Anal fin of the male, rounded on the anterior angle, deeply emarginate in the middle; of the female, acute on the an- terior angle, with the edge falcated. Ventral fins with a squamous appendage above their bases. Pectoral fins arise beneath the operculum, falcate, and do . not reach to the ventrals. Color. The fins diaphanous and white; the body and back bluish, silvery and iridescent; head and operculum silvery and iridescent. i D. 14; C. 20; A. 31 or 32; V. T; P. 13 rays. Observations. This fish abounds both in Lake Erie and the Ohio River. Itis not very highly valued for eating. An inspection of the plate will convince any one that Le- Sueur made two species from a mere sexual variety. Fig. 1 is his H. tergissus, and fig. 2, H. clodalus ; the former is the male, the latter the female ; but it is due to him to say that he suggested that such might be the fact. Rafinesque describes several other species, which I have not had an opportunity to obtain. Esox. Lesueur. E. estor. Lesueur. Muskallongé. Pus estor.. Pike, Pickerel, Maskallongé. Lesueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sc. i. p. 413. [11 Griffith’ 390. " * ie Maskinongé. : Rich. Faun. Boreal. Amer. iii. p. iat. Fei o Muskallongé. Kirtland’s Report, pp. 169, 194. — y Muskellunge. Dekay's Report, p. 222. Plate XXVIII. Fig. 3. Head gradually sloping from the base to the tip of the upper jaw, longitudinally depressed between the eyes, and transversely before them. Nasal openings twain, anterior 340 - Fishes of the Ohio oval and larger, posterior lunate, on a level with the upper edge of the pupil. Lower jaw longer than the upper; teeth, on the anterior margin, numerous, inflected, and smaller than those on the sides. Dorsal and anal fins sub-conical, former the larger. Caudal fin bilobed ; divisions acute. Pectoral and Ventral fins small, falcate. Color. Pupils black ; irides golden. Upper surface of the head and back, greenish-slate, with the centre of each scale of a little lighter hue, throwing off a beautiful green and golden iridescence ; sides of the head and gill covers, slate and silvery, blending. Sides of the body, with a golden and silvery groundwork, maculated with irregular, perpendicular rows of brownish oblong or round spots ; fins yellowish, macu- lated in a similar manner, only more faintly ; under surface of the body and head, white. P.16; V. 12; A. 20; D. 21; C. 20; B. 16. Hab. Lake Erie. Observations. Lesueur’s description is indefinite and er- - roneous, and we can form no other conclusion, after much investigation of the matter, than that he must have had before him a specimen of the E. reticulatus, instead of the E. estor, while he was engaged in writing it. The two species, at first view, resemble each other so much, that their specific distinc" tions might be easily overlooked by one not familiar with them. These distinctions are, however, so permanent and invariable, that they are recognized by every experienced fisherman, 35 well as by men of science who have closely examined their characters, ; Sex has been supposed, by some persons, to give origin to these differences; but we have repeatedly found them to be equally evident in both sexes of the two species. The contour of the E. estor is more oval and graceful, that of E. reticulatus is more oblong. The lobes of the caudal fin are pointed and acute in the former, and rounded in and its Tributaries. 341 latter. The dorsal and anal fins of the one are subconical and acutish, and rounded and more obtuse in the other. - The coloring of the two affords a very evident distinction. The ground color, on the sides of the present species, is al- ways light, a mixture of golden and silvery lustre, maculated with dark, oblong or roundish spots ; while, on the other, the ground coloring consists of dark reticulations, relieved with irregular yellowish spots, not placed in rows. Our fishermen say that “the muskallonge is spotted with black, and the pike with yellow.” A comparison of the figures of the two will fully illustrate these specific distinctions. Others can be discovered in the form and size of the teeth, and bones of the head, particularly the jaws. Lesueur’s remarks, in regard to the emarginate scales, Presenting the appearance of the letter V, are more applicable to the E. reticulatus than to this species. Is it not probable that he only knew the muskallonge by reputation, and that he made out his description from a pike, supposing it to be differ- ent from the species he had met with in the Atlantic States ? The muskallonge confines itself exclusively to the deep Waters of the. Lake, except for a few days in the spring, when it runs into the mouths of the rivers to spawn. The pike is Common, at all seasons, in deep and still waters of the rivers d Lake. Epicures consider it one of the best fishes of the west. Since the first settlements of the shores of Lake Erie, its numbers have very sensibly diminished, and it now is rather Scarcer at its proper season. We saw one, taken near the “leveland Harbor, in April last, that measured over five feet i length, and weighed more than sixty pounds. Specimens = occasionally affected with tenia, filiaria, and other parasitic orms. . : 342 Fishes of the Ohio Corrus. Linn. C. gobio. Linn. River Bull-Head. Cottus gobio. Linnzi Syst. Nat. p. 452. * cognatus. Bear-lake Bull-head. Rich. Faun. Boreal. Amer. iii. p. 40. * viscosus. Haldeman, Supplem. to an Account of a “ Monograph of the Limnia- dz,” &c. p. 3. Uranidea quiescens. Little Star-gazer. Dekay’s Report, p. 61, pl. V. fig. 14. Coltus cognatus ; Cottus viscosus ; : Uranide. q ; Cottus gtbio. Ayres, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. v. P. We have met with a few specimens of this species in the Mahoning, a tributary of the Ohio River, and have also re- ceived specimens, from the upper lakes, through the politeness of Elisha Staling, Jr., of Cleveland. As it is figured and de- scribed, by Mr. Ayres, in Vol. V. of this Journal, it is only necessary to allude to it as one of The Fishes of Lake Erie. and the Ohio River, and their Tributaries. The series of descriptions of the Fishes of the Ohio and its Tributaries being now brought to a close, the following synopsis of the families, genera and species is appended. Besides answering as a catalogue of these fishes, so far as at present known, it will serve as an index to the volume and page of the Journal, where the description of each may be found ; thus abridging the labors of the student who might otherwise be obliged to extend his search through eleven different numbers of the Journal. PERCIDE. Perca flavéscen Saeima dis. è maculàta. capròdes, . blennióides, ovem AERA $ loperca americana Centirchs hxschatns, Li e eus " asciatus, . pend Serene vulgaris, [1j TRIGLIDZ. Cottus góbio, Gasterósteus ineénstans, CIENIDJE. Corvína óscula, DÆ Fimeladus mY zi e A " limésus, . Notirus flavus, .. CYPRINIDS, Leuciscus Mosen ímilis, T Rere [1] cép halus erythrogáster, erysoléucas, indem la. Storeriànus, dors osea : diplémi Piméphales kine; Catistomus aur éolus comm 8, t Scleognithus eyprin ey plied: Exogléssum b. eae : and its Diodak, Tributaries Vol TP i vV. 4 HI. 274. * 976 po M x « 348 i 3A IV. 237 ica. 480 IV. 939 QUAM c. Ill. 469 “` A7 " — 472. V. 342. III, .278. III. 350. V. 330 " — 333 « — 332 w — 9335 j «* 336 . o XH. 999. : u fh [11 344 " — 845. IV 2s n 305. «* 7306. 2 v — W "8. 96, “ — 974. “ ^ 976. IH. 475 III. 349. V. 265. “ — 966. [1 267* zs [1 268. OPTS die. ; « 971. &« 273. IV. 275. mare Nr A. BE 277 spa eer See uw ye rp 344 Leidy's Anatomy of the Animal ESOCID.£, Esox reticulàtus, ` . CIV. sag x: "o Bier, . $899. XXYIHL 3 SALMONIDZ, "-— am i j: ‘ c aie XIV. X goab,. 5. P 2 25. II. 2. Corégonus albus, £ F . arr > SVs. Artedi, . " . IV. queo OC CLUPEIDZ. ! Pomólobus chrysochlóris, $ EFE o Ve oe Amia calva, s . s IH 478. X AIX. 1 Chatàéssus ellipticus, . š C IV. 006. X. 1 Hyodon tergíssus, . : V. 338. XXYVIIL 1,2. SAURIDJE, es apnea oxyürus, . cr EES o ee L 1. ferox, . . : - 18. 8 2. " platóstomus, s wc 20. " 3. GADIDA, Lota maeulósa, . : ^ IV. .. 94 III. L. ANGUILLIDÆ, ílla lütea, . 3 = = RT OGL XI. 2. PETROMYZONIDZ, € Petromyzon argénteus, . n III. . 349, IV. 3. Ammoceetes céncolo i e 473, XXVIL 1. STURIONID AE. Acipénser rsen : i IV," IV, FE " platorynchus, " OS (ECOL (b Polyodon fàlium, . : z Wo i. 1. Platiróstra edéntula, . x ae OV Ow . XXV.—ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ANIMAL oF Ei ANGULIFERA, LAM. By Joszen Lemy, M.D. Comm nicated July 16, 1845. Arter removing the shell of the animal, two parts are ei servable: Plate XX. fig. 1, —one (1), corresponding to the $ I : In revising the descriptions of the western fishes for the pages of the — to follow Rafinesque's arrangement in my Synopsis. pat of Littorina Angulifera, 345 by its turbinated form, composed of a mass of viscera contained in a sac and the branchial cavity ; the other (2), placed below the former, the foot, surmounted, in front, by the head. Upon examining the animal more closely, we find, protrud- ing from the head, two non-retractile tentacula (3), at the outer part of the base of each of which, placed upon a small prominence, is the eye (4). Between the tentacula, the head is elongated into a sort of rostrum (5), at the extremity of Which is the mouth. On the right side of the head, in the male, projects a body (6), terminated by a disk or sucker (7), probably useful in retaining a hold of the female during pro- creation ; from its posterior face protrudes the penis (8), which is capable of elongation. During repose, the penis is bent back against the side of the visceral sac, within the branchial cavity, The foot. itself (9) has the same general appearance and Composition as in all Gasteropoda. It is excavated, above, for the reception of several viscera; has a large retractor muscle (10), which originates from the columella of the shell, mserted into it; and has, placed upon its upper part behind, an operculum (11). Upon the lower whorl of the turbinated mass of the animal, on the outside. of the visceral mass, and extending as far back % the second whorl, is placed the branchial cavity. Its entrance, situated just above the head, is a large opening, ex- tending from side to side, and corresponds with the orifice of the shell of the animal, when the foot and head are extended. branchia (12) is stretched into a membranous expanse ming the outer wall of the cavity ; its anterior, thickened edge is the collar (13); and it is laterally attached to the Sutside of the junction formed by the visceral sac with the margin of the excavation of the foot. A distinct branchia does not Project from one side of the branchial chamber, as is ai in other pectinibranchiate gasteropods, but the outer Wall of the cavity has a branchial arrangement on its internal vi OL, v. 93 346 Leidy's Anatomy of the Animal be intermediate to the lung of the pulmonated gasteropods and the distinct branchia of the order to which the animal under description properly belongs. From the branchia, on the left side, courses the branchial vein (14) to the heart, situ- ated at the posterior part of the cavity. "The heart (15) is systemic, composed of an auricle and ventricle, and is enclosed within a pericardium. From it pass off two aortic branches ; one of which (16) is seen, in the figure, in its course to the head; the other goes to the liver. On the right of the heart, and separated from the réspira- tory chamber by a membrane, is the renal organ (17) ; its duct passes along the outside of the rectum. The visceral sac (18) is musculo-membranous, and has its origin from the lateral edges of the retractor muscle of the foot and the margin of the excavation of the foot. It extends to the very point of the turbinated mass of the animal, and encloses the greater part of the digestive and generative appa- ratus. The mouth opens into the cavity of a muscular organ, the i buccal mass (19); this contains a cartilaginous body, consid- ered as the tongue, upon the surface of which is placed part - of a lamina having a very complex arrangement of hooklets uponit. This lamina is about one and a half inches in length ; it protrudes from the buccal mass behind, and forms a coil (20), which is terminated by a small glandular body. A portion of this lamina, highly magnified, is represented in fig. 2. From the upper part of the buccal mass proceeds a short cesophagus to the stomach. The stomach (21) passes upwards, forms a duodenal pouch (22) for the reception of the hepatic duct from the liver, and terminates in the small intestine (23); which, after a turn in the liver, joins the rectum, upon 7 right side of the animal. ‘The rectum (24) courses along the right side of the pulmonary cavity, and terminates by a com” tracted, unattached and projecting extremity (25), immediate? beneath the collar, on the right side of the animal. ee The salivary glands (26) are small, situated on each side of Littorina Angulifera. 341 the cesophagus ; they empty, by two ducts, into the cavity of the buccal mass. The liver (27), conjoined with the testicle (28), in the male, or the ovary of the female, forms the superior portion of the turbinated mass of the animal. From the testicle, in the male, _ proceeds the vas deferens (29), on the outside of the rectum, to join the penis. In the female, from the ovary, proceeds the oviduct, having nearly the same appearance and the course of the vas deferens of the male ; it terminates by a projecting extremity, just on the outside of the projecting extremity of the rectum, The nervous centres consist of the supraceso- phageal ganglia (30), the stomatogastric ganglia, a small gang- lion on each side of the cesophagus, and the subcesophageal ganglia, all connected by the appropriate commissures, and giving off nerves. "To the subcesophageal mass, composed of ‘Wo apparent ganglia, is attached the auditory apparatus, Which consists of two vesicles, each containing two large oto- conites. The otoconites are translucent, and composed of Concentric lamellae ; this is evident from their appearance under the microscope, after having been submitted to pressure, as represented in fig. 3. REFERENCE TO THE FIGURES. Il. The operculum ; 12. The branchia; 13. The collar; 14. Branchial Vas 15. Heart; 16. Aortie branch to the head ; 17. The renal organ ; = Its duct; 18. The visceral sac, laid open; 19. The buccal mass; 93 $ coiled palatal lamina; 21. Stomach; 22. Duodenal pouch ; ` Small intestine; 24. Rectum; 25. Extremity of the rectum; 26. def, glands ; 27, 28. The liver and testicle conjoined ; 29. The vas mil i 29*. Cut extremity of the vas irm (its co: ! ection to the estroyed) ; 30. Supracsophageal ganglia. i Fig. 9 "acie a eben of Fg uncinated palatal surface, highly Fig. 3 represents the organ of hearing, highly magnified. 348 Gray's Notice of a New Genus of Arrt. XXVL —NOTICE OF A NEW GENUS OF PLANTS OF THE ORDER SANTALACEJE. By Asa Gray. Read before the Boston Society of Natural History, March 18, 1846. Tue incomplete characters of the plant which is the subject of the present communication are now published mainly in the hope, that by directing the attention of local botanists towards it, the information which is still needed may be the sooner obtained. My earliest knowledge of the plant in question was derived from some specimens in the herbarium of the late Zaccheus Collins, Esq., now belonging to that zealous botanist, Mr. Elias Durand. The specimens were ticketed ** Milledgeville, Geor- gia; from Dr. Boykin.” If they were communicated to Mr. Collins himself, as appears to have been the case, Dr. Boykin was, so far as I can learn, the discoverer of the plant; though, perhaps, not aware of its interest ; since it has not again 0c curred in the collections of the plants 6f Georgia, which he has so liberally distributed among northern botanists. It was m the spring of the year 1842 that these specimens fell under my observation, through the favor of Mr. Durand, who obliging furnished me with a portion of them. They are leafy branches of a shrub, with staminate flowers only. My next information was received from my friend and cor- respondent, the Rev. M. A. Curtis, of North Carolina, who, m the summer of 1839, near Lincolnton in that State, noticed a shrub quite new to him, but destitute of any vestiges either of flowers or fruit. Having seen a leafy specimen, I have no doubt of its identity with the plant above mentioned. Mr. Curtis revisited the locality last summer, for the special purpose of ascertaining what this unknown shrub could be. He was disappointed, however, being unable to find a single plant of the kind over the whole ground, where it was quite abundant six years ago. : It was with great pleasure that I met with a specimen of this plant, for the third time, in February last, in a small but in- Plants of the order Santalacee. 349 teresting collection made around ‘Macon, Georgia, by Professor J. Darby, the author of a good elementary treatise on “ South- ern Botany,” and the former principal of a seminary of high character at that place, but who has recently accepted the mathematical chair in Williams College; Massachusetts. The unticketed specimen is finely in blossom, but, much to my disappointment, the flowers all proved to be staminate. Still the materials in my possession, imperfect as they are, suffice to show that the shrub in question belongs to the small and highly interesting order of Santalacea, and that it is nearly allied to the genus Comandra of Nuttall. With my present informa- tion, I know of no other genus with which it may be immedi- ately compared. In inflorescence it agrees with Comandra, except that the peduncles are axillary, and the short pedicels strictly umbellate. The calyx, disk, and stamens are quite similar, and, above all, the anthers are connected with the lobes of the perigonium by the same singular tufts of cobwebby hairs. The observed Points of difference are, first, that this new plant is apparently diecious. The staminate flowers do not exhibit the slightest trace of a gynzecium. The turbinate calyx-tube is accordingly hollow to the very base, and is lined with the thin disk through- out. In the second place, the present plant isa shrub, attain- ing the height of several feet, if I correctly remember Mr. Curtis’s Verbal account, and presenting somewhat the aspect of a Vi- burnum ; while the two species of Comandra are low herbs, With at most a suffratescent base. And thirdly, what is of More importance, the leaves, which are alternate in Comandra, ate uniformly opposite in our plant. They may perhaps be Compared with those of Nemopanthes, Raf. (Ilex Canadensis, Michz.), except that they are mostly acute at both ends. applying to Professor Darby for further information, I learn that this shrub has been to him an object of special in- terest for the last ten years, although he has never found it except upon one spot, only a few rods square, where it is | t forming bushy shrubs, two or three feet in height. 350 Gray's Notice of a New Genus of The pistillate flowers appear to be very scarce. In August, 1841, however, Mr. Darby obtained the unripe fruit, which, he remarks, is * baccate, one-celled, one-seeded, apparently inferior, but there is no cohesion of the ovary with the calyx ; style one.” Mr. Darby had regarded the plant as probably a new genus, but, on account of its free calyx (and having also apparently overlooked the tuft of hairs, &c. in the staminate flowers, which indicate its close relationship to Comandra) he had referred it to the wrong natural order. Indeed, if the calyx-tube does not cohere with the ovary, an unexpected anomaly in the character of the order Santalaces is here pre- sented. We are at present unable to verify this point; Mr. Darby's fruiting specimens having recently been lost by ship- wreck, along with many other invaluable specimens and notes, on their way from Georgia.' In directing the attention of the botanists of Upper Carolina and Georgia to this interesting shrub, I would specially request that the pistillate flowers and young fruits may be preserved in spirits, in order not only that the peculiarity already alluded to may be satisfactorily determined ; but more particularly, that the structure of the ovula and the fecundation, so peculiar in this natural family, may be duly studied. For the same reason; specimens of the pistillate flowers of Pyrularia, Michx. (the Hamiltonia of Muhlenberg,) and also of Buckleya of Torrey; preserved in spirits, are especially desired by the writer. As I have no doubt that this shrub adds another to our few genera of this interesting order, I am desirous that it should bear the name, and commemorate the botanical services and zeal, of Professor Darby, one of its discoverers, to whom a large part of our still incomplete knowledge of the plant is mainly 1 In answer to a particular inquiry, Mr. Darby informs me, by letter, that his memory is not positive as to the want of cohesion between the calyx and the dd that some notes, made with the plant before him, were unfortunately lost w! the specimens. He remarks, also, that the mature fruit was not soft and pulpy: he supposed from the earlier stage that it would prove to be. It is, therefore, ri bably similar in texture to that of Pyrularia or Buckleya, or perhaps even dry, Plants of the order Santalacee. 351 owing. I append, therefore, its technical characters, as at present known. DARBYA, gen. nov. ord. Santalacearum. Flores dioici. Masc. Perigonium simplex turbinatum, ad medium 4—5-dum; lobis ovatis patentibus. Discus crassius- culus, perigonii penitus tubo adnatus, margine 4 — 5-crenatus. Stamina 4—5, e sinubus disci, lobis perigonii opposita: fila- menta brevia, subulata : anthere biloculares ; loculis fasciculo filarum araneosarum ad basin lobi perigonii annexis. Fem. ignota. Fructus . . . ; stylo unico superatus, unilocu- laris, monospermus. Frutex in Georgia et Carolina superiori vigens, glaber, cortice griseo. Folia opposita, uncialia, mem- ranacea, ovalia, margine integerrima, subundulata, breviter petiolata, venosa, subtus pallidiorà. Pedunculi axillares, soli- tarii, folio breviores, ebracteolati, umbellam 3 — 8-floram geren- tes; floribus parvis virescentibus, intus flavidis. Darsya vwsrELLULATA.— Hab. near Milledgeville, Geor- gia, Dr. Boykin, and at Macon, Professor Darby : also at Lincolnton, North Carolina, Rev. M. A. Curtis. lintended here to record some observations made last season, Upon the ovula and fecundation of Comandra, which, although exhibiting the same general plan as in Thesium, according to the investigations of Decaisne, appear to differ considerably in “ome particulars, But as the season approaches when I may be able to repeat and extend my observations, these remarks are for the present deferred. —— 359 Hentz's Descriptions of the Art. XXVII — DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF THE ARANEIDES OF THE UNITED STATES. By Nıcnoras MancELLvs Hentz, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. (Continued from vol. V. page 202.) 8. ATTUS FALCARIUS. Plate XXI. Fig. 1. Description. Cephalothorax and abdomen covered with yellowish gray hairs, hairs longer in front of the abdomen; feet, 1. 4., very stout, 2. 3. bservations. Very distinct from any other by the form of its abdomen. : Habitat. Alabama. 9. ATTUS BINUS. Plate XXI. Fig. 2. Description. Blackish ; abdomen pale bluish gray ; yn two parallel, longitudinal, blackish lines above ; feet, 1. 4. 3 ?- Observations. I never found but one specimen of this very distinct species. Its abdomen was very much distended, and it moved very slowly. Habitat. Found on Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina. Tribe II. Lucrarorirm ; fourth pair of legs longest, the Jirst next and largest. 10. ATTUS NUTTALLI. Plate XXI. Fig.3. Description. Piceous ; abdomen pale gray above, with e oblong scolloped, black, longitudinal band surrounding a smal white spot ; feet, 4. 1. 2. 3. Observations. This probably very rare species was found in the hot-house of the botanic garden. at Cambridge, in the Araneides of the United States. 353 presence of the distinguished botanist and ornithologist Thomas Nuttall. Habitat. Massachusetts. 11. ATTUS CASTANEUS. Plate XXI. Fig. 4. Description. Black or piceous, with some long black hairs, and short, thick, yellowish down, particularly distinct on the abdomen, which has a whitish line at base, continued on the Sides to near the middle ; sides of the abdomen, with oblique lines, whitish ; venter with four white lines, all the lines being formed by whitish hairs; dorsum with four or six obsolete dots ; feet rufous, with blackish rings, 4. 1. F. 3., the fourth long- est and slender, the first next, very stout. Observations. This spider is perfectly distinct from any other yet observed. It must be rare, having occurred only once, under a stone, in March. Habitat. North Carolina. 12. ATTUS TJENIOLA. Plate XXI. Fig. 5. Description. Black ; cephalothorax with a white fillet on each side, continued to near the base ; abdomen with two longitudinal, narrow lines, composed of white dots or abbrevi- ated lines ; tarsi dark rufous or blackish. 4. 1. 2. 3. Observations. This is not a rare species, and shows only à moderate degree of activity. Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 13. ATTUS ELEGANS. Plate XXI. Fig. 6. Description, Pale rufous ; cephalothorax with eyes nearer the apex than the base, second joint of palpi piceous ; abdomen 354 Hentz's Descriptions of the metallic green with yellow and red reflections, a white band, widest in front and continued on the sides, but not reaching the eyes; feet, 4. 1. 3. 2, with a slender black edge externally, thighs of first pair black, knee pale. Observations. This graceful species is readily distinguished from any other, and is not very rare. Habitat. Southern States. Tribe HI. Instp1osm ; legs equal in thickness, the fourth longest, then the fifth. | ` 14. ATTUS FAMILIARIS. : Plate XXI. Fig. 7. - Description. Pale gray, hairy ; abdomen blackish, with a grayish, angular band, edged with whitish ; feet, 4. 1. 2. 3. Observations. This very common spider, almost domes- . ticated in our houses, by its habits, deserves a longer notice than others. It dwells in cracks around sashes, doors, be- tween clapboards, &c., and may be seen on the sunny side of the house, and in the hottest places, wandering in search of prey. It moves with agility and ease, but usually with a certain leaping gait. -The moment, however, it has discovered a fly, all its motions are altered ; its cephalothorax, if the fly moves, turns to it, with the firm glance of an animal which ' can turn its head; it follows all the motions of its prey with the watehfulness of the falcon, hurrying its steps or slackening its pace, as the case may require. Gradually, as it draws near to the unsuspecting victim, its motions become more com- posed, until, when very near, its movements are entirely 1m- perceptible to the closest observation, and, indeed, it woul appear perfectly motionless, were it not for the fact that it gradually draws nearer to the insect. When sufficiently near, it very suddenly takes a leap, very seldom missing its 8T I saw one, however, make a mistake, for the object which it watched was only a portion of the wing of an hemipterous 17 sect entangled in a loose web. It took its leap and grasped Araneides of the United States. 355 the wing, but relinquished it immediately, apparently very much ashamed of having made such a blunder. This- proves . that the sight of spiders, though acute, is not unerring: Before leaping, this Attus always fixes a thread on the point from which it departs ; by this it is suspended in the air, if it miss its aim, and it is secure against falling far from its hunt- ing grounds. These spiders, and probably all other species, a day or two before they change their skin, make a tube of white silk, open at both ends ; there they remain motionless till the moulting time arrives, and, even some days after, are seen there still, Probably remaining in a secure place, for the purpose of re- gaining strength and activity. Habitat. Throughout the United States. 15. ATTUS TRIPUNCTATUS. Plate XXI. Fig. 8. : Description. Black ; abdomen, with metallic reflections and white and orange-colored hairs, with a central spot and two short bands white, which are surrounded with deep black ; cheliceres brassy green ; feet, 4. 1. 5. 2. Observations. This is perhaps the most common Attus in the United States. It is usually found on dead trees, under the bark of Which it takes refuge, and also hibernates there, in tubes of strong white silk. The spots are often of an orange Color, instead of being white. Habitat. The United States. 16. 'ATTUS MYSTACEUS. Plate XXI. Fig. 9. ^ Description. Gray ; varied with whitish. spots; cephalo- thorax with four tufts of bristles in the region of the eyes; feet, 4. 1.2. 3, This large and very distinct species is not 356 Hentz's Descriptions of the rare on the eastern side of the Alleghany mountains, as far north as the 35? of latitude ; but it has not been found by me in Alabama. Habitat. North Carolina. iz. ATTUS OTIOSUS. Plate XXI. Fig. 10. ` Description. Blackish, mostly covered with white hairs; cephalothorax black at base and anteriorly, two tufts of hairs each side on the region of the eyes; abdomen with a band at base, and several angular spots, white, and with a longitudinal green band more or less covered with hairs and edged with a scolloped black line each side, beneath white with a black . band very wide at base and tapering towards the apex where it branches out ; feet varied with rufous and black, f. 4. 2. 3. the fourth slightly longest when separated from the body. A large species. Observations. This spider, related to A. mystaceus, was found in mid-winter, enclosed in silk tubes, under the bark of dead trees, where great numbers were hibernating. Habitat. North Alabama. ids 18. ATTUS FASCIOLATUS. Plate XXI. Fig. it. Description. Black ; cephalothorax with three grayish spots ; abdomen with three small spots, two abbreviated lat- eral lines, and an anterior one white ; feet varied with rufous, 4.152 8. Observations. This spider seems to be quite distinct from A. tri-punctatus, but may prove only a variety of that species: Habitat. South Carolina, Massachusetts. 19. ATTUS RUFUS. Plate XXI. Fig. 12. - Description. Rufous; abdomen with a yellowish u Araneides of the United States. . 351 band anteriorly which extends to the sides, on the disk four white dots, and four smaller grayish ones, the dots surrounded by black rings which usually unite in the form of a longi- ' tudinal band on each side, beneath pale, with three sub- "pa longitudinal lines; feet, T. T. 9/3. or 3.2, in the male i 4. 9, 3. Observations. This spider, which is not very common, is found on plants, and is not remarkably active. In the male, the abdomen is white around and between tlie bands. Habitat. United States. 20. ATTUS PODAGROSUS. Plate XXI. Fig. 13. Description. Cephalothorax piceous black ; abdomen pale brownish, white at base, with a scolloped dusky band; feet bright rufous, joints tipped with black, with.some hairs, 4. 1. 2. 3. À large species. Observations. This may be readily distinguished from A. Tupicola, to which it is closely related. Habitat. Alabama. N ovember. 21. ATTUS RUPICOLA. Plate XXL Fig. 14. D escription. Rufous, very hairy ; abdomen. brownish, With a paler band and two blackish dots; feet varied with blackish, in the female 7. 1. 2. 3., in the male 1.72 3. A large Species, —: . Observations. ‘The male, which resembles the female, has variably its first pair of legs longest and stoutest. This "Pecies was repeatedly found in cavities of limestone rocks on * margin of a river, moving cautiously and slowly on the pry ep ethers omer eae | Pübitat, - Alabama. September. 358 Hentz's Descriptions of the 22. ATTUS NUBILUS. Plate XXI. Fig. 15. Description. Pale gray; cephalothorax with a tinge of rufous at base, and many obscure markings ; abdomen with obscure, waved bands ; feet with blackish rings, 4. 1.2. 3. A somewhat small species. Observations. This spider is common, usually found on the stems of plants. Habitat. Alabama. May —July. 23. ATTUS HEBES. Plate XXI. Fig. 16. Description. Brownish ; abdomen white, with a greenish spot surrounded with four black dots, near the base, and a black fascia near the apex ; feet, 4. 1. 3. 2. Observations. This probably rare species was found on the ground, having fallen from a tree. Habitat. Massachusetts. 24. ATTUS PARVUS. Plate XXI. Fig. 17. Description. Grayish ; abdomen with six or eight ab- breviated transverse lines, white ; feet varied with rufous and black, 4. 1. 9. 3. Observations. A somewhat obscure species, which I believe I have seen in the North. Habitat. North Carolina, Massachusetts? - 25. ATTUS RARUS. Plate XXI. Fig. 18. Description. Blackish ; cephalothorax with green scales and some yellow ones anteriorly ; abdomen with green scales, Araneides of the United States. 359 except on a black band which surrounds the disk, a yellow band at base, extending each side, but which does not reach the middle, one large yellow dot each side near the middle, two little dots on the disk, and four terminal abbreviated bands white ; beneath blackish, abdomen with some yellowish hair which form two or four sub-obsolete, abbreviated, longi- tudinal lines ; feet, T. 1. 2. 3. Observations. This very distinctly-marked species is probably very rare, as it occurred only once. Habitat. North Carolina. June. 26. ATTUS NIGER. Plate XXI. Fig. 19. Description. Deep black ; legs pale testaceous, 4. 1. $3 Observations, This small species is remarkable on account of its activity in running and leaping. Habitat. North Carolina. 27. ATTUS? GRACILIS. ` Plate XXI. Fig. 20. Description. Rufous; cephalothorax very prominent an- enoly ; Wider behind the middle ; abdomen narrower, slender, fusiform, nipples long ; feet long and slender, 4. 1. 3. 2. bservations. This cannot be Synemosyna scorpionia ; but may ultimately be referred to that division. abitat. Alabama. August. j Ue IV, Merron ; legs sub-equal in thickness, the ourth longest, then the third. — 25. ATTUS LEOPARDUS. — Plate XXI. Fig. 21. Description, Cephalothorax black, rufous about the eyes, 360 Hentz's Descriptions of the with a curved white line each side ; abdomen with two op- posed lenticular black bands surrounded with white, pale gray underneath, with two sub-obsolete longitudinal, whitish lines ; feet rufous with many black rings, 4. 3. 2. 1. Observations. This spider is common. The female is often found under stones with its cocoon, which is white. Habitat. Alabama. May. 29. ATTUS PUERPERUS. Plate XXI. Fig. 22. Description. Testaceous or yellowish ; intermediate small eyes, and the two last, borne on elevations; abdomen with about twelve black dots, underneath with a black spot near the apex ; feet, 4. 3. or 5. 4. 1. 2. : Observations. Mr. Thomas R. Dutton, who brought this from Georgia, gave me another one, which was not, like this, replete with eggs. The abdomen not being distended, the dots appeared less regular and distinct. Habitat. Georgia. 30. ATTUS VITTATUS. Plate XXL. Fig. 23. Description. Cephalothorax and trophi rufous varied with blackish ; abdomen gray, with reddish curved bands; feet pale rufous or yellowish, 4, 3. (uns in the male 4. 1. 2. 3. and speckled with black dots. Observations. With some hesitation, I refer to the same species the drawings of a male, and that of a female, which I had considered as distinct, on account of the difference in the respective length of the legs. In the genus Arrus that char- acter is sometimes a sexual distinction. : Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. Zraneides of the United States. 361 Tribe V. SALTATORI® ; third pair of legs longest, then commonly the fourth. 31. ATTUS CORONATUS. Plate XXII. Fig. 1. Description. Pale dusky ; cephalothorax varied with black, a scarlet spot between the eyes and the cheliceres ; abdomen with two curved bands and about three spots, white ; pale beneath without distinct spots; legs, with first pair stoutest, black on the internal side, 3. 4. 1. 2. Observations. The bright scarlet, spot on its front gives to this spider a whimsical air of fierceness, which is heightened by its attitudes and singular motions. The lighter spots on the cephalothorax are produced by yellowish hairs. It is not very rare. It is probably quite distinct from A. cecatus. Habitat. Alabama.. May — July. 32. ATTUS C(ECATUS. Plate XXII. Fig.2. Description. Brownish obscure ; cephalothorax with a red Spot under the eyes, and with a basal spot and large fascia * ; abdomen varied with black and brownish obscure, pale bronzed beneath ; feet, first pair stoutest, black with a line of yellowish ‘scales above, antepenult joint with two long, black scales or spatule, thighs with thick tufts of black hairs, the other legs varied with black and brownish, 3.4. 1. e. A small iiei; ; Observations. This species, though very different in mark- ing, is very closely related to A. coronatus. Habitat. Alabama. September. 33. ATTUS PULEX. Plate XXII. Fig. 3. VOL, v. 24 362 Hentz's Descriptions of the with piceous, edged widely with blackish towards the base; abdomen nearly orbicular, piceous, varied with whitish spots, and a band at base; feet varied with piceous, 3. 4. 1. 3. small species. Male like the female. Observations. This little spider is common near the ground, where it may be seen moving with sudden, rapid motions, and jumping, like a flea, to great distances. It is a well-characterized species. abitat. Alabama. April— May. 34. ATTUS ROSEUS. Plate XXII. Fig. 4. Description. Cephalothorax white, blackish at base; : ab- domen roseate, with a whitish base ; feet pale yellow, 3. 4. n ions. This small species is not unfrequently found on grass, in May and June. Habitat. Massachusetts. 35. ATTUS VIRIDIPES. Plate XXII. Fig. 5. cription. . Cephalothorax rufous, with black bands and spots ; abdomen white, with two black angular bands ; an- terior feet greenish, the other feet varied with rufous, blackish and white, 3. 1. 4. 2. Observations. This small spider is usually found on the ground, on sand or on grass, in constant activity. When any object approaches it, it lifts itself on its posterior limbs to reconnoitre the enemy or the dns lt never was seen large- Habitat. South Carolina. | 36. ATTUS AURATUS. Plate XXIL Fig. 6. Description. Black ; palpi, sides of the cephalothorax, and four spots above, sitidby white; abdomen with a un an circular band, golden. color ; feet varied with rufous, mA * Araneides of the United States. 363 Observations. This beautiful species seems to fear the light; for 1 never found it except when inclosed in the old shells of the pupæ of some hymenopterous insect. It is rare. Habitat. South Carolina. 37. ATTUS MULTIVAGUS. Plate XXII. Fig. 7. Description. Piceous ; palpi pale; abdomen gray, with curved bands, dots and a spot white, pale underneath with a longitudinal darkish line and a pale one each side, all sub- obsolete ; feet, 3. 4. 1. 9. A middle-size species. Observations. This species in markings resembles A. fasciolatus, but is quite distinct from it. Habitat. Alabama. April. 38. ATTUS CRISTATUS. Plate XXII. Fig. 8. Description. Pale brownish ; cephalothorax with small dusky marks, palpi very small; abdomen with curved dusky lines, and a tuft of white hairs at base, pale underneath, with " sub-obsolete, approximate longitudinal paler lines; feet Nec. Observations. The tuft of white hairs on the base of the abdomen, and projecting over the cephalothorax, is not pecu- ar to this species alone, but by other characters it is suffi- “ently distinguished. itat. Alabama. July — August. Tribe VL Ampunatorre ; legs usually slender, vw Pur longest, the fourth next. | 39. ATTUS MITRATUS. Plate XXII. Fig. 9. Description. Pale above and beneath ; cephalothorax with 364 Hentz's Descriptions of the a broad pale brownish band ; abdomen with a pale brownish band, interrupted with yellowish in about three places ; feet, . 4. 9. 3. A small species. Observations. This is not a rare species. It is usually found on plants, moving slowly on the stems. Habitat. Alabama. April — May. 40. ATTUS SYLVANUS, Plate XXII. Fig. 10. Description. Piceous; cephalothorax reddish anteriorly, ` with a yellowish spot on the disk, and four oblique slender lines of the same color ; abdomen with two parallel longitudi- nal yellowish lines; thighs rufous at base, except the first pair ; feet, 1.3.2. 4. Observations. This graceful species is found commonly on the trunks of trees, moving rather slowly, and walking backwards when threatened by an enemy. It moves its an- terior feet like palpi, as if to feel its way in its progression. t 41. ATTUS SUPERCILIOSUS. Plate XXII. Fig. 11. Description. Cephalothorax black between the eyes, deep ferruginous at base, covered anteriorly with golden or greenish scales, a tuft of hairs between the eyes ; abdomen black, with the same kind of scales, the absence of which forms obsolete blackish lines on the disk, beneath with such scales also ; pectus and thighs glabrous, ferruginous ; feet with a bae fillet externally, antepenult joint of first „pair with a tuft o black hairs, 1. 4. 2. 3. : Observations. This singular species can be readily tinguished by the tuft of hairs placed above the lower ro eyes, and resembling eyebrows. It is probably rare. — dis- w of Araneides of the United States. 365 42, ATTUS MORIGERUS. Plate XXII. Fig. 12. Description. Cephalothorax ferruginous, covered with silvery down, through which the color can be seen, par- ticularly about the eyes; abdomen above dark brown, covered with silvery down, four spots and a band glabrous; beneath pale ; feet pale yellowish, with some hairs, 1. 4. 2. 3. Observations. This little spider may be seen usually on leaves, where it frequently makes its tubes. It has been seen on the hickory and the mulberry trees. Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. April, May. 43. ATTUS CYANEUS. Plate XXII. Fig. 13. Description. Brassy green; body short; feet, 1.4.3. 4 Small. Observations. This small but brilliant spider is found on plànts, during all the warm season. | Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 44. ATTUS CANONICUS. Plate XXII. Fig. 14. Description. Rufous, or deep orange ; abdomen with a longitudinal row of black dots, seven or eight on each side above ; feet with black rings ; cephalothorax and anterior part 9! the abdomen covered with dense yellowish rufous hair. Feet, 73.2.3. | Observations, Found in Cambridge, Massachusetts, ia Habitat. Massachusetts. erus 45. ATTUS OCTAVUS. Plate XXII. Fig. 15- Description. Grayish brown ; abdomen above with eight 366 Hentz's Descriptions of the large black dots, two green spots, and some white marks, gray beneath ; feet rufous, 1. 4. 2. 3. Observations. This is a common species in the south. A specimen was found with legs 4. 1. 3. 2., shorter, and with blackish rings. Is it a different species? It is not probable that this can be referred to A. hebes. Habitat. Alabama. July — August. Genus Eprsnemcom. Mihi. Characters. Cheliceres very long, slender, horizontal, in both sexes, fang nearly as long ; mazille parallel, wide al base, narrowed above the insertion of the palpi, cut obliquely on both sides towards the point ; lip conical; eyes eight, unequal, in three rows, the first composed of four, the two middle ones somewhat larger, the second composed of two very small ones placed nearer the third row, which is com- posed of two larger ones ; feet, first pair longest, then the fourth, the third or second shortest. Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, cocoon, Remarks. "The characters of this subgenus are quite suffi- cient to separate and distinguish the species composing it from Arrus. Even allowing that the character derived from . the extreme length of the cheliceres were limited to the males; the great number of species contained in Arros would author- ize naturalists to separate such as have that character under . separate denomination. But it seems that this peculiarity may be confined to the females in some species; as, & "^ of E, palmarum was found with short cheliceres; but these were nevertheless horizontal. 1. EPIBLEMUM PALMARUM. Araneides of the United. States. 367 abdomen with a whitish band on each side above ; feet whit- ish, except the first pair which are rufous, 1. 4. 2. 3: Observations. Cuvier, in his Regne Animal, IV. p. 264, says that some males of Arrus have elongated cheliceres. But this was a female ; and a male was found in North Caro- lina, corresponding to this in every particular, except that the cheliceres were not elongated, but they were horizontal. The subgenus Arrus is so large that some good subdivision is required. Like TETRAGNATHA, this spider extends its legs in one line along the twig or blade on which it rests. Habitat. South and North Carolina. A male was found in Alabama, corresponding with this in every respect. He was bold, and moved with a ludicrous motion of his first pair of legs, which he waved to and fro, advancing towards the body which was extended against im, 2. EPIBLEMUM FAUSTUM. Plate XXII. Fig. 17. Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax with the margin and two spots white ; abdomen with the base and four short lines White; feet, 1. 4. 3. 9. Observations. This species was found common in Cam- bridge, Massachusetts, on walls, on the south side. Habitat. Massachusetts. Genus Synemosyna. Mihi. MMC ud Characters, Cheliceres short in the females; mazille slightly inclined toward the tip, truncated at tip ; lip short, rounded ; eyes eight, unequal, in three rows, the first com- Posed of four eyes, the two middle ones largest, the second composed of two small ones placed nearer the first than the third, which is composed of two larger eyes ; feet slender, 368 Hentz's Descriptions of the the fourth pair longest, the other three variable ; body elon- gated, nodose, abdomen contracted near the middle. abits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, but silk tubes, for hibernation, ranning on plants like ants; which they resemble; cocoon. _ rks: This differs in many points from Myrecta, Latr., Ann. des Sc. Nat. IV. p. 261, and yet seems to be closely related to it. That subdivision is not known to me, though it is said in that work that some species are found in . Georgia. In Myrmecta the cheliceres are large, in this, they are small, at least in the females ; in that subgenus the maxil- lz are rounded and hairy, the abdomen is much shorter than the cephalothorax, and they have other characters which do not belong to this. HPV I have already pointed out the features, and proposed a name for this singular subdivision, in a paper published in Silliman’s Journal. I have, since writing that article, discov- ered one species, in addition to the three mentioned there. They are all anomalous, and differ from each other in many points; while they agree in the characters which I have a9 . signed. "They hibernate in silk tubes, under the bark of trees. 1. SYNEMOSYNA FORMICA. Plate XXII.. Fig. 18. Description. Rufous; cephalothorax very long, contracted in the middle, tapering towards the base, and with two lateral yellowish spots ; abdomen contracted in the middle, also with two lateral yellow spots, each where the contraction appears ; feet slender, varied with yellowish and black, 4. 3, L 2., tibi® of the first pair and part of the tarsus black underneath. Male with. very large cheliceres; legs, 4.1.3.2. Observations. "This spider cannot be placed in the sub- genus. Myamecta, of. Latreille, as described in the fourth vol of. the An. des Sc. Nat., or in vol. IV. p. 261 of the Règne Ant Araneides of the United States. 369 mal, for the following reasons: the eyes are very unequal in size, and not placed in the manner described ; the cheliceres are large only in the males ; and the length of the feet is not the same. It is possible, however, that the insects drawn by Abbot belong to this division; for, being very small, probably the situation of the eyes may not have been correctly observed. Be this as it may, the subgenus Myrmecia, or Myrmecium, is closely related to this. : I had seen individuals of this species running on the blades of grass and stems of weeds, long before I distinguished them from ants. "They move with agility and can leap, but their habitus is totally different from Arrus. They move by a regular progression or regular walk, very different from the - halting gait of that subgenus. Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 2. SYNEMOSYNA SCORPIONIA. Plate XXII. Fig.19. ` Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax with two sub-obso- lete, pale spots; posterior eyes placed near the base, and re- mote from. the rest; abdomen slightly contracted near the middle, with a yellowish indented spot ; feet rufous, 4. 1. 2. 3., ‘st pair very stout; sexes alike, the cheliceres not being en- larged in the male. : Observations. This small spider is somewhat rare, and Was found in the winter months. Habitat. North Carolina. 3. SYNEMOSYNA EPHIPPIATA. Plate XXII. Fig. 20. Description, Rufous ; cephalothorax wide in the region of the eyes, tapering towards the base ; abdomen depressed fore the middle, widest beyond the middle, a transverse band near the middle, piceous towards the apex ; feet, 310 J. E. Teschemacher on the with the interior edge, black, two last joints of second pair black, penult and antepenult joints of the leg of the fourth pair dusky, 4. 2. 3. 1. bservations. "This is a very distinct species, found hiber- nating in silk tubes under bark, making such tubes when con- fined. "The male, with cheliceres not enlarged, was found agreeing with the above description in the minutest particular. This shows beyond any doubt that the species is‘distinct from S. formica. Habitat. Alabama. December. 4. SYNEMOSYNA PICATA. Plate XXII. Fig. 21. Description. Black; legs varied with rufous and black, si cond pair black beneath, fourth black except the knee which is pale beneath ; palpi pale, basal joint piceous ; feet, 4. 3. 2. 1. bservations. This is evidently distinct from the other species, particularly by its form. I once enclosed a male and a female of this species in a glass tube. They very soon formed separate habitations of silk ; but on the third or fourth day, the male was dead near the tent of the female, and she had made a lenticular white cocoon, containing four eggs 95 large as those of large Araneides. That female had a white streak on each side of the abdomen. Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. Arr. XXVIIL. —ON THE FOSSIL VEGETATION OF AMERICA. By J . E. TESCHEMACHER. From the labors recently bestowed on fossil vegetation, and the renewed attention it has attracted from men of science, it seems highly probable that this department is about to share Fossil Vegetation of America. 371 largely in the general advance of natural history, and, in con- sequence, to shed light on many abstruse and doubtful points of geology. That the nutritious vegetation of the present day is chiefly a fuel which, by a process of combustion, builds up man and other animals, and that the portion of this vegetation not formed for nutrition is still but fuel to be burnt during its decay by the oxygen of the atmosphere, are well-founded doctrines lately promulgated by Liebig, by Dumas, and Boussingault. From the “ Balance of Organic Power,” of the two last authors, I make the following short extracts : ; - * Light arrives, and, with the concurrence of carbonic acid _ nd nitrate of ammonia, the vegetable world, the grand pro- ducer of organic matter, is developed. Plants further absorb . the chemical force, which reaches them from the sun, and enables them to decompose carbonic acid, water and ammo- nia; plants are embodiments of a reducing power of greater virtue than any other that is known, for no other will decom- pose carbonic acid in the cold." in. *In our eyes, therefore, the vegetable world con- stitutes an immense magazine of combustible matter, destined to be consumed by the animal world, and in which this last finds the source of the heat and locomotive power, which it turns to account," — — But as, with the exception of a few mollusks, which might have fed on fuci abundant in a fossil state, animals did not exist during the growth of the vegetation of which the coal is ormed, the mind is inevitably led to the following reflection. That the vegetables of this period, not being intended for conversion into the higher state of animal organization, would Probably consist of such as were least fitted for this purpose. dingly, we find them akin to our present families of Ycopodiaceæ, Equisetacez, none of which are nutritious, of Filices, the root of only one of which is edible (Pteris escu- lenta,) of Coniferæ, of which the kernels of the seed alone are "Sed. "The character of the so-called Gramineæ, of this 319 J. E. Teschemacher on the period, is very doubtful; the recent fern Vittaria, and some others, when without fructification, being scarcely distinguish- able from them. The same may also be premised of what are called the Cycadeæ, or Cycadites, of the Coal formation. It would be strange, if animals existed in quantity (which they did, if at all) on the quiet estuaries where the coal vege- tation is supposed to have grown, and been entombed, that their remains should not be found in abundance, in deposits where the finest lineaments and texture of the vegetable forms have been so well preserved. Indeed, the very existence of the coal beds themselves seems to prove that the vegetation of that day was not consumed by air or animals. On the ‘other hand, if the vegetation of the subsequent periods had not been consumed by the atmosphere or by animals, there seems no valid reason why they should not also have existed in the state of coal. _ It is quite probable that a vegetation with so little nutriment could never have supported the enormous animals which fill the earth immediately afterwards. I will here offer one more quotation from the same work as the previous one. *'Then come animals, consumers of matter and producers of heat and force — true instruments of combustion. Itis in them, unquestionably, that organized matter acquires what may be called its highest expression. In this new capacity; organized matter is burnt, and, in giving out the heat or elec- tricity which constitutes and is a measure of our force, 1t 8 destroyed, and returned to the atmosphere from whence it had originally come. The atmosphere, therefore, is the my5- terious link that connects the animal with the vegetable, the vegetable with the animal kingdom.” But, as there were no animals, this link was not then re- quired, and the reflection hence arising is, that an atmosp^ more appropriate then prevailed. These recent developments of science render highly probable the philosophical theory of Brongniart, of the existence of an atmosphere, at er highly charged with carbonic acid gas. As this is a point © Fossil Vegetation of America. 873 very great importance to the study of fossil vegetation, let us remark how it agrees with other phenomena observed. The copper ore recently brought from New Jersey, consists of the blue and green carbonates and the sulphuret. This latter forms a kind of nucleus imbedded in the carbonates. From every appearance, the whole was originally sulphuret, the exterior of which, to a considerable depth, has been de- composed, and converted into these carbonates. The most probable cause of this conversion is the contact of the sulphuret, after its ejection from below, with carbonic acid dissolved in liquid : precisely such a liquid as might be expected to be formed from a surface of water with a superincumbent atmos- phere of carbonic acid. According to all appearance, this decomposition, and conversion of sulphuret into carbonates, is not now proceeding ; the action was probably arrested when the nature of the atmosphere was changed. It is not uncom- Mon to find sulphuret of lead converted into carbonate, but I have never seen any instance so clear and striking as that of copper ore from New Jersey. Crystals of carbonate of lime are often found in a state of mposition, and-I have several specimens on which fresh crystals are deposited on the half-decomposed crystal. Chem- ists are well aware that, although carbonate of lime is in- soluble in water, it is soluble in water charged with carbonic acid; on the supposition of an atmosphere of carbonic acid . Sas with which the immense extent of surface water would be Inpreenated, these phenomena are easily explicable. Nor should it be forgotten that, the density of carbonic acid Sas being 1524, the present atmosphere 1000, the increased Pressure of the column would countervail a high temperature, and permit the water to retain a.considerable quantity of the gas in solution. bonsoir , ,, From these considerations arise others of much importance. Plants growing under conditions of heat, humidity and atmos- Phete specially appointed for them, without reference to any 9ther elass of animate beings, although of an organization re- 314 J. E. Teschemacher on the sembling that of the vegetables of the present day, may pos- sibly have varied considerably in the time and the manner of their growth ; and, although we have yet no data on which to found calculations, there is no reason why the growth and development of the vegetable might not have then been as extensive in one year as it is now in many. While several reflections on the little we know concerning the internal organization of fossil plants seem to favor the idea of a rapid growth, I am not aware of any which militate directly against it; but a lengthened discussion thereon, in the present state of our knowledge, would perhaps be premature ; I shall, there- fore, pass it over until a future opportunity. Professor Pictet, in his lately circulated discussion on the distribution of animal fossils, propounds several generalizations, or laws. The fourth of these is as follows: “ The species which have lived in ancient epochs have had a more extensive geographical distribution than those which exist in our days." The study and comparison of fossi] vegetables seems, even at this early stage, to point to an almost universal distribution of the same genera and species during the period of the coal formation ; and as the opinion seems generally to prevail that the plants of which the coal is composed grew where they are now deposited, the same conditions, climate and atmosphere, under which they vegetated, must have existed throughout the whole area, wherever coal-fields are found. If, by means of the study of fossil vegetation, we can arrive at conclusions favorable to the existence of an extensive unt formity of climate, and an atmosphere differing in density as well as in temperature from the present, points of much inter- est are gained in the important geological question of the 1n- tensities of action during the early epochs of the globe, —? question on the discussion of which probably hangs the fate of most of the theories of the day. In establishing a nearly universal (tropical) climate by the discovery, in large and distant areas, of the same genera and Fossil Vegetation of America. 315 species of plants which formed the coal, coupled with the law of Professor Pictet, we also establish a gradual diminution of the extent of this climate at the more recent date of the pre- valence of animal life, this gradual diminution continuing, at still more recent periods, until the present epoch ; —a fact of great value in comparing the ancient and the present condi- tions of the crust of the globe. Some difficulty has been felt with regard to the idea of an extensive area of uniform climate, from the supposition that the short period of light of an arctic tegion would not be sufficient for the growth of plants of so much luxuriance as those of the Coal formation. But it ap- pears to me that this difficulty vanishes under the following considerations. Plants have their times of alternate growth and hybernation, or rest; the latter might take place during the period of dark- hess, and their growth during the period of light. This, in an atmosphere of carbonic acid, with great heat and humidity, might be very rapid. The time of hybernation might be thought long ; but be it remembered that a plant is but a modification of a seed, and the period of rest of a seed, until I$ vegetation is called forth by favorable circumstances, is by . To means definite. Fern seeds have been known to vegetate after having been for many years at rest in the herbarium ; and although there are no experiments on record contrasting the length of the vitality of seeds with the length of rest which “€ same plant will endure, yet enough is known to prevent this length of hybernation from being an insuperable objection. l have a bulb, Stenomesson, which was two years in the Pocket of one of the officers of the Exploring Expedition ; it Stew and has flowered several times. To this may be added that the darkness near the poles is never very intense; and this might not have been without influence on the vegetation, Particularly of the lycopodiaceous and fern tribes, many of which naturally flourish best, now, when constantly in the densest shade, ~ Hence, the importance of working up carefully the details 316 J. E. Teschemacher on the of this branch of geological knowledge becomes manifest. “It is, therefore, with the greatest satisfaction I observe that Messrs. Brongniart, Góppert, Unger, and others, whose talents and industry have already conferred such invaluable benefit on this study, appear resolved to renew and extend their labors. have examined the few specimens which chance has thrown in my way, and these are chiefly fossil Filices ; but, even in this already well-labored field, there is considerable that is new, still to be gleaned, particularly as regards the ex- tensive coal-fields of the American continent. The only diffi- culty that exists is in obtaining specimens to study. The comparison and identity; then, of the fossil flora of this continent with that of the European and the Asiatic conti- nents, and more particularly of the flora which prevailed during the formation of the coal, may be assumed to be points of much interest. I will take this opportunity to observe that, I feel certain, future developments will show highly resinous plants to have largely participated in the formation of coal, (these plants being also the least nutritious for animals and best adapted to the formation of coal,) and also to express my doubt of the usually received doctrine that anthracite is a bituminous coal altered by heat, notwithstanding the instances adduced. The experiments and observations of Prof. Bailey, of West Point, are calculated to throw light on this subject ; it is on similar observations, made during the last three or four years, that this doubt is partially founded. 4 The number of fossil ferns described by Brongniart, in his Histoire des Vegetaux Fossiles, is about two hundred. f these, only twelve are from localities in America, and of these twelve, three have not yet been described as found in Europe. Nor has Unger, in his Synopsis published 1845, increased the number. Mr. Lyell, in his Travels in North America, has made several additions, and Dr. C. T. Jackson, in his Report on the Geology of Rhode Island, has figured several from the black shale above the coal at Portsmouth, in that State ; but Fossil. Vegetation of America. ~ 377 itis evident much remains to be done, both in. the discovery of new species and in deciding on synonyms. : The late acute and very philosophical investigations by Presl, and by J. Smith, of Kew Garden, of the ferns of the present day, and the consequent arrangement of them by these gentlemen into divisions, dependent on the combination and position of the veins, as well as on the mode of fructifica- tion, will render great assistance to the student of this portion of the fossil flora ; for, as yet, the venation must hold tlie first Place in deciding on its arrangement. The outlines of these characters have been beautifully developed by Brongniart: in his above work, and although Géppert has delineated many instances of fossil fructifications, and, with Unger, introduced several judicious modifications of Brongniart’s views, the vena- tion must still retain its weight. Sternberg’s great work on this subject I have not seen. The fern recently brought by Mr. Cuming from the Island of Luzon, Dryostachyum (J. Smith,) resembles, in the venation of its sterile frond, the fossil genus hropteris of Brongniart, while its fertile frond may almost be identified, in outline, with the fossil PAlebopteris propin- 4, of the same author ; rendering nearly certain the proba- bility, which he suggested, that these two fossils are the sterile and fertile fronds of one species. Clathropteris, also, resem- bles, in venation, the sterile frond of Aglaomorpha (Psygmi- Nn Presl,) a recent fern ; but the fertile frond differs some- - What from the form of Phlebopteris. — The figure of Woodwardia floridana (Schk.) given by Goppert, Syst., tab. XXI., does not contain the venation now considered characteristic of this fern; his division Woodward- Hes, among fossils, will therefore probably not stand. His figures of these latter, also, exhibit the same deficiency. m The venation and position of the sori in Hemitelites, Góp- Pert, does not agree with Hemitelia, as now restricted by Pres! to H. capensis. The group of recent Cyatheacec, when Moperly arranged, so as to exhibit the full value of its vena- ?; Compared with the fluctuating character of its indusium, VOL. v. : 95 378 J. E. 'Teschemacher on the will no doubt admit, as strong resemblances, many of the fos- sil Pecopteridez of Brongniart. This is very striking in his P. punctulata, which Géppert calls Hemitelites giganteus var. punctulatus. It now nearly resembles the Cnemidaria of Presl; and Góppert's H. Brownii (Phlebopteris contigua, Lind. & Hutt., vol. II. tab. CXLIV.) is, in venation, more like the sterile frond of Woodwardia, tab. XX XVIII, than any of the Cyatheacez. Nearly the same observation will apply to . H. polypodioides, Phlebopteris polypodioides, Brongn. ; but here the appearances of the fructification in the fossil differ from those of the recent fern. ' These remarks might be extended if necessary, and they are of interest, as the venation is the chief character of the fossil fern. But my object, at present, is more to collate the fossil vegetables among themselves, than to institute a com- parison between them and our present vegetation ; this will be better pursued as a distinct branch of inquiry. lt is, how- ever, surprising that so much has already been effected in the arrangement of materials, the connecting links of which are in such a defective state. 3 There seems to be some confusion among the divisions into which fossil ferns have been arranged by authors. Neuropteris, Odontopteris, Otopteris and Cyclopteris, which, with a few others, constitute Unger’s order Neuropterides, exhibit several instances of this. Neuropteris Dufresnoyi, of Brongn., tab. LXXIV., if the figure be correct, is certainly an Odontopteris, although still retained as Neuropteris by Unger. Odontopteris crenulata, of Brongn., tab. LXXVII bis, fig. 2, is the Neuropteris serrata of Sternberg: it has clearly * medial vein, although attached by its base to the rachis. Several other instances might also be adduced ; and eve? Sphenopteris appears to share in the confusion. For— Sphenopteris palmetta, of Brongn., (Asplenites palmelta, of Géppert,) is clearly a Neuropteris, and is classed with this division by Schimper and Mougeot, and by Unger. 2 Fossil Vegetation of America. 379 Sphenopteris dilatata, crassa and obovata, of Lindley and Hutton, are, I think, properly classed by Unger with Cyclopte- ris; and it is probable that several other Sphenopterides must share this fate. : Cyclopteris digitata, Brongn., tab. LXI bis, and tab. LXIV. of Lindley and Hutton, is certainly, as Brongniart well imagines, the leaf of a Conifer resembling Salisburia. The curving in of the margin of the petiole, previous to its expan- sion into the leaf, is a character which, in my mind, sets the ' question at rest. And, if so, other Cyclopterides may be the same, some even of the Odontopterides are liable to the like suspicions, and Brongniart has lately expressed an opinion that oeggerathia is also a Conifer. Beinertia, of Góppert, Gatt. Foss. Pfl., tab. XVI. fig. 5, of which many of the veins originate in the rachis, is, I think, wrongly placed by Unger among the Pecopterides. I have - Sven a figure (d, plate XXXV.) of a fragment from Mansfield, Mass., which resembles Góppert's figure of this fossil in every- thing but the divisions of the pinnules, these being deeper in my specimen than in Gópperts. I think this belongs to Neuropterides, | The numerous family of Pecopteris, of Brongniart, depend- ant almost on a single character, is evidently susceptible of à much more lucid arrangement ; and, although this has been effected to a considerable extent by Unger, in his Synopsis, it 5 yet capable of amelioration. Pecopteris, of Brongniart, is the most difficult division to identify: to do it successfully, "equires numerous specimens, with much patience and labori- ous study, "3T or Fossi, VEGETATION FROM American LOCALITIES. « CALAMARIÆ. Unger, Syn. Pl. Foss. = the orders Caramrres and Equisetites I have several ‘Pecimens from Nova Scotia and from Mansfield ; they are, ever, so small that I prefer to pass them over at present. 380 J. E. Teschemacher on the Of Asreroruyuurres | have, A. comosa, Lindley & Hutton, from Nova Scotia, and A. equisetiformis, Brongn., from Mansfield. Of Hippurrres, Lindley & Hutton, H. longifolia, from Nova Scotia. FILICES. Unger, Syn. Plant. Foss. Pecopteripes, Id. Beinertia, ? Gópp. Syst., (plate XXXV. fig. d.) Although possessing but a few fragments, they so closely resemble Góp- pert’s fig. 5, tab. XVL, that I have ventured to place it here, believing however, as I have before stated, that it should be classed with Neüropterides. From the anthracite coal at Mansfield, Massachusetts. Diplazites longifolius, Gópp. Pecorrenris longifolia, Brongn. te XXXVI. fig. c. From the shale overlying the coal, Portsmouth, Rhode Island. Alethopteris lonchitides, Sternb. P. lonchitica, Brongn. From Pictou, Nova Scotia. A, Serlii, Gópp. P. Serlii, Brongn. Plate XXXV. a, a. From Mansfield. From what I have seen, the two varieties of Brongniart, Europea and Americana, I think, are not distinct enough for a division. A, muricata, Gópp.?. From Mansfield. P. muricata, Brongn. ? : It is with much doubt that I place this fragment with A. muricata. The impression on the stone is beautifully clear, and, if the leaves did not lap over, I should be rather inclined to refer it to A, Ottonis, Gépp., tab. XXXVII, fig. 3» 4 Fossil Vegetation of America. 381 found in large-grained sandstone of the coal formation ^ Wielun, Poland; perhaps in specimens laid down in fíatüre's steat and earliest herbarium, the distance between the leaves is not of specific importance. 4. Cistii, Gópp. P. Cistii, Brongn. From Mansfield. This is also found at Wilkesbarre, Penn- sylvania. ; P. Loschii, Gópp. and Brongn. E Plate XXXV. fig. f. Of this I have only the bilobed leaf ; but the resemblance of the specimen to Brongniart's figure (Hist. Veg. Foss., tab. XCVI. fig. 64) is so striking, that there is little doubt of its identity. P. borealis, Gópp. and Brongn. um This has hitherto only been found in the aluminous schist in Greenland. My specimens, which very closely resemble those in Brongn., Hist. Veg. Foss., tab. CXIX. fig. 1 and 2, are from Mansfield. ] do not question the identity. P. abbreviata, Gópp. and Brongn. Sydney coal mines. P.? Mansfield. Hemitelites Trevirani, Gópp. - Siganteus, id. P. gigantea, Brongn. From Mansfield and from Nova Scotia. Although doubt- fal respecti i the tracing of the veins seems ng these specimens, g lees à as Góppert's fig. 4, tab. XXXVIII., and tbe —_ quite resembles his fig. 3. Cyatheites Schlotheimii, Gópp. : Cyathea, Brongn. i Plate XXXVI. dm c. From the black slate voti es Coal, p ortsmouth, Rhode Island. On plate qo mu. s * Portion of a stem from the anthracite region, Mans ^ la pa “achusetts, which evidently belongs to this group. 1t ıs more than appears on the plate. 382 J. E. Teschemacher on the Connected also with Cyatheites is the fig. a, on plate XXXVI. This has the foliage usually attributed to C. arborescens (the Pecorreris arborescens of Brongniart, tab. CIII. fig. 2 and 3) ; but it will be seen that the stem resembles that of a Lepi- dodendron. The figure is very correct. The only observation I shall venture at present is, that it appears to me rather to belong to Conifere than to Filices. This is from Pictou, Nova Scotia. NzvnorrEnipEs, Unger, Syn. Plant. Foss. N. flexuosa, cordata, and angustifolia. They are plentiful both in the anthracite region at Mans- . field, Massachusetts, and in Nova Scotia ; but from the former locality I have several perfectly orbicular, detached leaves, which probably belong to N. heterophylla. Brongniart’s idea of the fossil fructification of this fern is now known to be erroneous. On almost every specimen, from both the above localities, fine lines may be discovered, crossing the veins at an obtuse angle, and almost parallel with the midrib; they are very cleat under the microscope. Although these lines crossing the veins may hardly be supposed to be fructification ; yet, as they occur on no other fossil leaves, they are worthy of attention and consideration. Odontopteris Brardii, Unger, Syn. Pl. Foss. $ s Brongn. Hist. Veg. Foss. Plate XXXIII. From the black schist, Portsmouth, Rhode Island. This singular and beautiful fossil, hitherto only found in the coal mines of Lardin, near Terrasson, in France, cannot fail to be immediately identified. "The figure here given !5 diminished about one-third. I have already stated my doubts as to many of the Neuropterides, and particularly of Cyclopte- ris, belonging to the Filices, suspecting them rather to be Conifers. "The knots, or joints, on the stem, are so strongly marked in Brongniart’s figure, as well as in the specimens in Fossil Vegetation of America. 383 from Rhode Island, that it is surprising he should have passed this circumstance over entirely without observation. Géppert does not mention this fossil ; he, probably, had never seen it. He has described and figured two fossils, Asplenites nodosus and Aspidites nodosus ; but in neither are the joints distinet enough to leave no doubt of their being such. There are but few recent ferns possessing joints. "These I have not seen, and am therefore unable to compare them ; but it is a char- acter which adds to the probability of Odontopteris Brardii not belonging to the ferns. On comparing the specimen from Rhode Island, it will be seen that the form of the termination of the pinne differs much from that given in Brongniart, tab. LXXV. The lower pinnule differs, also, in form, from the others ; but I have seen none so regularly irregular as those in his tab. LXXVI. There is a great peculiarity in this as well as in most of the other specimens from Portsmouth ; the pinnules are of quite a different form on each side of the stem. The same will be ob- served in Cyatheites Schlotheimii, plate XXXVI., and it occurs alo on other specimens. I think it can only be attributed to | Some variation in the pressure when entombed, but cannot make up my mind as to the mode. "There is the same ap- Pearance in Brongniart's figure of Neuropteris Villiersii, tab. LXIV. fig. 1. Neuropteris and Odontopteris. Plate XXXIV. Of these I find no resemblance in the works to which I have access. I would observe that the petioles are net quite so distinct in the specimen as in the figure ; still they doubtless exist. Were it not for this circumstance, one 5 more like N. Villiersii, Brongn., the other like Cyclopteris i us of the same author. I do not offer to name them for fear of adding to those pests of natural history — synonyms ; ut will rather wait until the group of NEUROPTERIDES shall undergo thorough revision. I would here state that the fossil figured (plate XXXV. d) as Beinertia, is probably the same as 884 J. E. Teschemacher on Fossil Vegetation. Brongniart’s N. Dufresnoyii, which is certainly an Odon- topteris. NzvnoPrEnis gigantea, Sternb., Brongn. From Pictou, Nova Scotia. If the distance between the pinnules is a sufficient distinction, this specimen is clearly N. gigantea, and not N. flexuosa. The pinnules in this are i to $ inch long; in Brongniart, and Lindley and Hutton, vol. I. tab. LII., they are from į to 1 inch long. SPHENOPTERIDES, Unger, Syn. Plant. Foss. My fragments of this group, all from Mansfield, Massa- sities are so small that I scarcely dare venture on descrip- tion; yet the very existence of these fragments proves the existence of the species. With great doubt, therefore, I refer, fig. b, plate XXXV., to S. Dubuissonis, Unger and Brongn. Cheilanthites, Gópp. - Nor do I see any better appropriation of fig. e, on the same ; although the dots on the specimen bear the regularity of loactifieation: Both are from Mansfield. . Fig. g, on the same plate, also from Mansfield, I refer, doubtingly, to S. Gravenhorstii, Brongn. tab. LV. fig. 3. Cheilanthites, Gópp. HYDROPTERIDES. Unger, Syn. Pl. Foss. MARSILEACEX, Id. | Sphenophyllum emarginatum, Brong. Prod., from Mansfield. ^ truncatum, — * A ff : dentatum, sie is aes Tov n Nova Scotia- and ^ * erosum, c «c x: Castoroides Ohioensis. 385 "There are several specimens, on the nature of which I feel much indecision ; they are chiefly from Mansfield. "These I shall reserve for the present for more light. Most of the vegetable impressions from Mansfield, when taken from the roof of the mine, were covered with a hard substance of a fresh olive-green color, which gave them the appearance of being yet alive. The color is now paler. This substance varies in thickness from 3, to à of an inch, is chiefly silex, and generally only covers the extent of the vegetable impression. It is thickest on the stem of Calamitee and Equisetaceæ. I have not yet subjected it to rigid analysis. The new and extensive field, opened by the working of the vast coal formations of the American continent, and the gen- eral progress of science, will undoubtedly engage many in the interesting pursuits of the chemical, microscopical and botani- cal examination of vegetable fossils; from the knowledge ac- quired in these, added to renewed labors in the field, we may reasonably hope for developments of the greatest interest to geology. Those who have studiedéthe subject must have perceived that, although plates give an idea of the outline of form and Venation of fossi] plants, yet, unless the artist himself is well in their distinctive characters, the specimens themselves are indispensable to, form correct opinions : by careful inspec- on of these, distinctions are much more readily apparent. ART. XXIX.— NOTICE OF THE GEOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CRANIUM OF THE CASTOROIDES OHIOENSIS. . By James Hatt, Esq., One of the New York State Geologists, Also, ‘ AN ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SAME. By serm «in MAN, M. D., Prof. Anat. and Phys. in Med. Dep. of Hampden and Sidney lege. With three Plates. I. GEOLOGICAL POSITION. , Tue cranium was received from Rev. Benjamin Hall, D. D., President of Geneva College, and was discovered in a swamp 386 Hall and Wyman on on the farm of Gen. W. H. Adams, of Clyde. The situation in which it was found is an elevated plateau or level tract of land, a portion only of which would be denominated a swamp, though the whole surface is covered with a peaty soil which supports a heavy growth of elm, hemlock and ash, with some maple and beech. This elevated ground is the summit level, from which the waters flow in opposite directions, into ake Ontario on the north, and into the Clyde river, and thence into the Cayuga and Seneca lake outlets on the south. The precise locality of the fossil was near the termination of a shallow ravine, or the bed of a small stream, which flows into Lake Ontario, in a northeasterly direction. The extent of this level tract is about five or six miles, while its width, in most parts, is much less. Along nearly its entire length a canal of eight or ten feet deep has been exca- vated, and in this excavation, about eight feet below the sint face, the skull was found, the lower jaw separated some little distance from the cranium. À section at this place, and at numerous others near the same spot, presents the following &haracters : 1. Muck, or vegetable soil, supporting a heavy growth of timber, two feet or more insthickness. 2. Fine sand, with occasional thin bands of clay, often con- sisting of alternating layers of sand, twigs, leaves and other fragments of vegetable matter, and much blackened thereby ; two to three feet thick. 3. Muck or peaty soil, composed of decayed fragments of wood, bark, leaves, &c., enclosing trunks of trees of large size; about four feet thick. SKULL or Casrororpes OnI0ENSIS.’ | 4. Fine sand, with shells of Planorbis, Valvata, Cyclas, &c» one to two or three feet thick. f 5. Ancient drift, with northern bowlders and fragments ° the teeth of the 1 Among the fossil wood above mentioned, were plain marks of be one of that beaver, and but for the size of this skull I should have supposed it to race. Castoroides Ohioensis. 387 the sandstones and limestones, which occur in place a few miles farther north — depth unknown. The thickness of 2, 3, and 4, is variable, though the bottom of No. 3 usually varies little from the depth of eight feet from the surface. A glance at the section reveals the true period of the deposit, showing conclusively that the whole is a lacus- trine formation, made subsequent to the deposition of the an- cient drift, (No. 5,) which is characterized by its foreign materials, while in the later deposit not a pebble of the size of a pea can be found. ; The section of the bank of the Sodus canal presents the char- acter here given, for the space of a quarter of a mile or more, in a north and south direction. To the southward the stratum No. 3, With trunks of trees, &c., gradually disappears, and the two layers of fine sand are united in one, which is still surmounted by the vegetable soil above, and rests upon the drift below. This sand is regularly stratified, the lines of division being al- Most perfectly horizontal, and very regular. "Towards the north the sand generally gives place to clay, with the disap- pearance of the fossil woody &c. The direction of the fallen trees in No. 3 of the section, as Well as of the branches and twigs in No. 2, indicaté that dur- ing the deposition of these materials, the direction of the cur- Tent was towards the north or north-east; and this is corrobo- tated by the fact that the southern part of the deposit is Wholly composed of sand, while the clay increases towards the north. From what I can learn of its elevation, it corresponds very nearly with the “ridge road” bordering Lake Ontario, Which I have fully described in my Report on the Geology of New York. The portion of country now under consideration doubtless formed at that period an estuary through which a Considerable body of water flowed into Lake Ontario, and "Pon the bed of which has been deposited the sand, fallen trees, &c., of this formation. Indeed it appears quite proba- that this was a part of a great estuary, through which the Vaters of the Cayuga and Seneca lakes flowed into Lake On- 388 Hall and Wyman on tario; the existence of which I have shown to be probable at pe time when the latter lake ‘stood at the elevation of the ‘ridge road." . This view has received additional proof from the excavation along the Sodus canal, which passes through the locality under consideration. From this excavation we can demonstrate that for five or six miles north of Clyde there is no barrier of solid rock rising to a height sufficient to prevent the ‘water flowing from the outlet of Canandaigua lake, at Clyde, into Lake Ontario. Indeed the excavation already made to the surface of the drift, does actually drain the water from this outlet at Clyde, during high water in the streams, and were this channel excavated a few feet’ deeper, it could be made the outlet not only of the waters of Canandaigua lake, but also of the waters of Cayuga and Seneca lakes, which now pass into Lake Ontario by the Oswego river.’ I am informed by General Adams, that he has caused the whole distance along this line to Lake Ontario, to be probed, and there is no rock within twenty or thirty feet of the surface, proving the entire practicability of draining these marshes In that direction ; — a project worthy of consideration. The condition 6f the surface, at the time of the existence of this animal, is a matter 6f much interest ; and admitting to be true what we consider as having been pretty well demon- strated, namely, that Lake Ontario was at an elevation of one hundred and fifty or two hundred feet above its present one, and having a direct communication with the smaller lakes on the south, we are able to show that extensive tracts wou have been marshes and estuaries, with the more elevated ! To those unacquainted with the physical features of this part of the country, s may be necessary to state that the outlet of Canandaigua lake and the waters ® Mud creek, a stream which drains the deep valley west of Canandaigua lake; qr the Clyde river, which unites with the outlets of Cayuga and Seneca lakos, jd t Cayuga marshes. The descent of this river from Clyde eastward is so little, that 2 strong south wind, pressing the water northward in these two lakes, elevates féet water in the river at Clyde, from which place, as we have seen, a cutting of Lem ent be. "ees an outlet into Lake Ontario, or into the channels of streams flowing " Castoroides Ohioensis. 389 ridges of drift only raised above the level of the waters, giving a vastly greater proportion of this kind of surface than at pre- sent. Thus far the bones of the mastodon and elephant hav® all been found at a higher elevation than the relic under con- sideration, and this is precisely what we should expect, with the condition of surface we have described. The animal in question doubtless found the extensive marshes, with wooded margins and intervening higher grounds, well adapted to its wants and mode of life. That its remains have been so rarely met with, may be explained from the fact, that very few ex- tensive excavations have been made in situations likely to contain them ; while the smaller and more elevated marshes, where the bones of the mastodon have been found, are more accessible and oftener excavated. Therefore, from all we know at present, this animal may have abounded on the marshy borders of the former Lake Ontario, when the now fertile re- gions of Oswego, Wayne, Monroe, Orleans and Niagara coun- ties, as well as the corresponding parts of Canada were mostly covered by water and marshes. So far as the general features are concerned, and the rela- tive age of the deposition, there cannot remain a doubt ; and although as yet no other bones have been found with this cra- nium, we feel justified in referring its period to that of the Sreat mastodon and other animals of our country, whose re- Mains have been found in similar situations. The relative level of the surface of the country, at this place, varies very ittle from that of Rochester, where. the bones of a mastodon Vere found some years since.' The bones found at Genesee, Many years since, were proved to have occurred in the marl of a Swamp, over which was deposited a layer of peaty mat- _ r^ All the other situations, where similar bones have been ; correspond to this one in general characters, with per- the partial exception of the tooth of a mastodon found : "€ Geological Report of the Fourth District, N. Y., 1843, p. 363. L yell. See as above. iut 390 Hall and Wyman on at Niagara, in a modern alluvial, in which, however, were found fluviatile shells of existing species. © From all the facts adduced, it will not be questioned that the remains of the mastodon do occur in situations proving their existence upon the surface subsequent to the period when it has undergone any great change. Or, in other words, the surface of our globe had arrived at its present condition, essentially, at the period of the existence of the mastodon and other animals whose remains are associated with it. Now although the specimen in question was not found associated with remains of this kind, yet the deposit in which it occurs is of the same age, and the shells are of existing species. We might be willing to admit its existence without this attempt at proof, but it is still desirable to establish, beyond doubt, the fact. The only fossil bones of a similar animal before known, are the lower jaw, together with the upper incisor and the radius. These bones were found with those of the mastodon, in the bottom of a peat swamp in Ohio, at the depth of fourteen feet from the surface, resting on a bed of pebbles and gravel, a they are represented as considerably worn by attrition before their deposition. Their position being upon the surface of these drifted matters, even were that deposit the older drift, would not prove them coéval, since they are preserved in the “ care bonaceous mud," which was evidently a quiet deposition 1n the shallow basin, made long after the coarser materials at the bottom had been deposited. At the same locality, (two miles north of Nashport, between the Muskingum and Licking val- leys, on Wakitomika creek,) were found also the bones of @ ruminant animal, at the depth of eight feet from the surface. This was in all probability coéxistent with the animal in ques- tion and the mastodon. The discovery of this relic has added a very interesting species to the ancient Fauna of the state of New York, of which we before possessed only the remains of the mastodon, the elephant, and possibly a deer, a jawbone and teeth of last animal having been found in a swamp, with the bones of the mastodon, in Greenville, Greene county, New York. Castoroides Ohioensis. 391 Although attaching little importance to the discovery of Wood gnawed by beavers in these swamps, I may notice, in connection with the present example by General Adams, following : “Mr. Williams, one of the assistant engineers, has informed me, that at the summit level of the Genesee Valley Canal, at New Hudson, four miles from Cuba, several deers’ horns and the horn of an elk, [ Elaphus canadensis,] were found twelve feet below the surface, in a muck deposit. In the same situ- ation, a piece of wood gnawed by beavers was also found. These are all the remains of existing animals, but their posi- tion is the same as that in — the remains of the mastodon are found." : From the few facts which have come to our notice, we are induced to believe that the geographical distribution of this animal must have been very extended ; for its remains have been discovered in New York, in Ohio, and, as we have been recently informed, in the neighborhood of Natchez. H. ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CRANIUM. Among the fossil remains of extinct Mammalia heretofore discovered, those of Rodents do not appear to have been 'undant, nor remarkable for their size. In no instance, ex- cepting that of the Castoroides, have they excelled or even equalled the bones of the existing Capybaras of South Amer- ica, which are by far the most gigantic Rodents belonging to the actual condition of the globe. The largest fossil species referable to the order above mentioned, belong to the ses Castor * ( C. Europ«eus, ) and Trogontherium,’ (T. Cuvieri, 2 Geolotieal Re k, p. 367, note. port, Fourth District, New York, p. e en British Fossil Mam anh Birds, p.190; C. iced Umen Wer t L p.55; C. fossilis, Goldfuss ihe T. Xt. Ld Trogonth. Werneri, Fisch., Mem. de la Soc. des c en onth. Cuvieri,, carts Mem. de Iw des. Nat. de Moscow, T. II. p. 250; tragonth. Cuv., Oss. Foss. T. V. Pt. L p. 59; T. Cuvieri, Owen, British Foss, Mam. and Birds, p. 184. 392 Hall and Wyman on the first identical with the existing European species, and the second about one fifth larger. ® Remains of the Castoroides Ohioensis, consisting of an imperfect half of a lower jaw, an incisor tooth of the upper, and a radius, were first brought to the notice of the scientific world by Mr. J. W. Foster, one of the assistants in the geo- logical survey of. the State of Ohio; they were exhumed: in company. with a. cranium belonging to the genus Ovis, molar teeth and bones of Mastodons, elephants and other animals.’ The generic characters deduced from these remains, by: Mr. Foster, are as follows: “'Teeth — incisors, } 1, destitute of canines; molars, * 4; total, 20; incisors of the lower jaw, con- vex in front, and longitudinally striated ; posterior surface: angular, smooth, and slightly concave. The grinders are obliquely traversed by six ridges or folds of enamel.” ‘The oroides was an animal closely allied. to the beaver, but far surpassing it in magnitude ; its life was probably aquatic; and its food consisted of vegetable substances, which it gnawed off with its powerful incisors.” ? An accurate cast of the lower jaw above described,’ was made, and now exists in many museums in the United States. On comparing this cast with the lower jaw of the cranium now under consideration, no question can exist as to their belonging to one and the same species ; but on reviewing the generic characters given by Mr. Foster, as will be seen here- after, they will be found insufficient to characterize the genus; and as regards the molar teeth, his description is not in aC cordance with the anatomical peculiarities of those organs. 1 Second Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Ohio, p. 81, et seq. ; Am. Journ. Science, Vol. XXXI. p. 80. ? From a notice of th ins in the American J Lof Science, Vol. XXXL p.80, it would appear that the radius was ten inches in length, two inches across ur "X ^ extremities, however, were mutilated. The lower incisor was mu less cur than the upper, and has a length. of nine inches: the lower jaw itself measwe eight i - : Castoroides Ohioensis. 393 Until the present. time no description of an entire cranium has been published, and as far as can be learned, the present is the first instance of the discovery of one in a perfect con- dition. It is that of an adult, measures 10.5 inches in length, and 7.2 inches across the broadest part of the zygomatic arches; the transverse diameter of the occiput is 5.5 inches, and that of the narrowest part of the cranium, between the orbits, is 1.9 inch. In its general outline it resembles that of the Castors ; but in its dentition it more closely resembles the Capybaras than any other Rodents, and among the Pachy- dermata, it presents close analogies to the elephants. To the Structure of the pterygoid fosse, analogies are found in the ndatras. . On comparing the cerebral portion of the skull with that Which lodges the nasal cavities, the former is relatively much smaller than in the Castors, Ondatras, and Capybaras. In Castoroides the longitudinal diameter of the cerebral cavity is less than two-fifths of the entire length of the skull; in the astor the same cavity is one-half, and in the Ondatra more than half the length of the skull. The upper surface of the cranium is much more flattened than in the Castors, and the interparietal crest extends the Whole length of the sagittal suture — posteriorly this crest has an elevation of nearly half an inch, where it is crossed by an- other, which separates the occipital from the coronal region ; anteriorly it terminates in two diverging ridges, which are lost on the upper edges of the orbits. A triquetrous bone rela- tively much smaller than in the Castor, exists at the union of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures. The Occiput resembles that of the Castors but is more de- Pressed, having a transverse diameter of 5.5 inches, and a ver- tical one of 2.6 inches; its plane inclines forwards so as to an angle of about 80° with the base of the skull. The ramen magnum is very regularly oval, like that of Arctomy 5, !5 transverse diameter measuring 1.2 inches, and the vertical VOL. y, 26 394 Hall and Wyman on 0.6 inch — unlike the Castors, Ondatras, and Capybaras, it is destitute of an emargination on its upper border. The occi- pital condyles are semi-terminal, forming a gynglimoid articula- tion with the atlas, which allows a free vertical motion on the vertebral column, but precludes the possibility of any buta very slight one in a lateral direction. The basilar portion of the occiput has a slight ridge on the median line, and at its union with the sphenoid bone there exist two conical projec- tions, united by a transverse ridge, and are codssified with the inner pterygoid processes, thus forming a part of one of the entrances to the posterior nares. ; The tympanic portions of the temporal bones present very nearly the same conformation as in the Capybaras; at the inner extremity, however, there exists a broad plate or pro cess having a concavity forwards, which enters into the forma- tion of the posterior limit of the pterygoid fossa. The external auditory meatus, like that of the Castors, consists of a long tubular process, about an inch in length, and ex- tending upwards and forwards in a curved direction; the external orifice of which scarcely exceeds that of the common aver. In the development and conformation of the pterygoid ps cesses, the Castoroides differs from all the existing Rodentia. Both processes articulate with the tympanic bone, but the de- velopment of the external plate is by far the greatest ; the internal, however, has the remarkable peculiarity of being curved inwards towards the median line, so that the most prominent part of its convex surface is brought in contact with that of the corresponding process of the opposite side. In consequence of this, the entrance to the posterior nares, or e meso-pterygoid fossa, is completely obstructed in its mid : portion, and instead of one large quadrangular orifice, as 12 other Rodentia, we have two distinct orifices ; one of the 2x superior, of a pyriform shape, the circumference of which 15 ormed in part by the posterior extremities of the pterys°” processes, and in part by the anterior or basilar portion of the Castoroides Ohioensis. 395 occipital bone ; the second, inferior, is formed by the origins of the same processes and the posterior edges of the ossa palati. The pterygoid fossa has a depth of about two inches, which, added to the great breadth of the outer process and the curva- ture of the inner, gives an extraordinary surface for the origin of the internal pterygoid muscle. The fossa serving for the origin of the external pterygoid muscle, involves the whole of the greater wing of the os sphenoides, and is more remarkably developed than in any of the allied genera. The triangular-shaped palatine space comprised between the two ranges of molars has a length of two inches; posteri- orly it is 1.8 inch in breadth, but anteriorly is so much con- tracted as to leave a space of 0.3 inch only between the first molars, The posterior palatine foramina are elongated ellipti- cal openings, having a longitudinal diameter of 0.5 inch, and directed obliquely outwards. he ossa palati terminate anteriorly, opposite the space be- tween the first and second molars, at which point commences à ridge, at first not well defined, but afterwards becoming well Marked, and extending as far forwards as the foramen incisi- vum ; commencing in front of the first molar, on each side, is ‘nother ridge, less distinct, and terminating on the side of 1e same foramen. In the Castors the central ridge extends backwards quite to the posterior edge of the palatine bones. The incisive foramen, which in the Castors, Ondatras, Mar- mots, Agoutis, & c. acquires so great a size, is in the Casto- Toides Proportionally remarkably small, scarcely allowing the of an ordinary probe. : The anterior edge of the first molar is situated just in the middle of the base of the skull, but in the other genera above "eerred to, it is always in advance of the same point. The alveolar portion of the intermaxillary, situated just below the rasal orifice, presents a deeply indented and roughened sur- face, Serving for the attachment of the upper lip, doubtless "nüsua]ly developed in order to conceal the large incisor 396 Hall and Wyman on teeth. "The nasal orifice is more quadrangular, but otherwise resembles that of the Castors. The zygomatic arches project farther from the side of the cranium, but are much more slender than in the Castors, es- pecially behind the post-orbitar process of the malar bone; the orbitar process of the frontal bone is small. The zygomatic process of the temporal is also more slender, and the groove or channel serving for the lodgment of the condyle of the lower jaw is destitute of the ridge on its outer border, which is so well marked in the Castors, Ondatras, and Capybaras. The infra-orbitar foramen presents nearly the same conforma- tion as in the Castors, but is provided externally with only a very slight projection of bone. The right inferior maxilla alone exists, and is in a perfect condition, excepting only the incisor tooth. Its length from the angle to the edge of the incisive alveolus is 7 inches, and its breadth from the top of the coronoid process vertically down- wards, 33 inches; all the processes are remarkably developed, and indicate the existence of powerful masticatory muscles ; inferiorly it is remarkably broad and almost flat, from 1.5 to 1.8 inch in breadth, and terminating posteriorly in a triangular sur- face, the apex of which is turned inwards ; in these peculiar- ities it contrasts with the jaws of all existing Rodents. The condyloid and the coronoid processes are more nearly on the same level than in the Castors, the neck of the former being proportionally longer, and the plane of the whole of the ascend- ing portion of the jaw forming an angle of about 45° with the shaft of the bone, the condyle being turned inwards. Imme- diately beneath the triangular notch, which separates the con- dyloid from the eoronoid process, on the outer surface, there exists a deep fossa, which is limited inferiorly by the projec- tion formed by the walls of the cavity lodging the base of the incisor teeth. The insertion of the masseter muscle is plainly indicated by a very deep triangular impression, the apex ? which is directed forwards. Castoroides Ohioensis. 397 On the inner face of the bone, the fossa, serving for the inser- tion of the inner pterygoid muscle, occupies the whole of the angle of the jaw, the surface of which is much increased by the development, on its edge, of the thin plate of bone which ex- ists in the Castors, but is very slight. A well-marked fossa is also noticeable at the base of the coronoid process, and a well- defined oval impression 2 inches long, and 1 inch broad, situ- ated just below the molares, indicates the existence of a pow- erful mylo-hyoid muscle. The muscular depression at the symphysis indicates a corresponding power in the digastricus and genio-hyoideus. From the above descriptions it will be seen that in its oste- ology the Castoroides has greater analogies to the Castors than to any other genus of Rodents, but differs materially from it, however, in the forms of those parts which serve as origins to the muscles of mastication. It now remains to examine the structure of the teeth, and to institute comparisons between them and those of the allied genera. The incisors have been already described by Mr. Foster, in his notice of the lower jaw ; they have a triangular form, one of the faces presenting forwards, and one of the angles back- wards. The enamel on the two lateral or posterior faces is smooth and thin, while that on the anterior is much thicker, and deeply grooved or fluted, the grooves corresponding with Others less distinctly marked on the surface of the dentine. The alveolus lodging the incisor of the lower jaw extends as far back as the angle, and the whole tooth has a length of be- tween 10 and 11 inches. The superior incisors have curves lesser radii, and are much shorter, but are similarly grooved on the anterior face, and are exposed for the distance of about three inches. In none of the existing genera are the grooves the enamel so distinctly marked. : . The molares form a continuous grinding surface in both Jaws, that of the upper slightly convex, 2.5 inches in length, tof the lower concave having a length of 2; inches, and 398 Hall and Wyman on elevated anteriorly so as to form an angle of nearly 45? with the body of the bone. The molars of both jaws diminish in size from before backwards, in which respect they differ from those of the Capybara. In the lower jaw the first molar has two deep grooves on the inner and one on the outer lateral surface ; the other three have a single groove on each side, so that the grinding surface of each tooth has something like an hour- glass contraction in the middle. In the upper jaw the reverse state of things exists, the last molar having the same peculiar- ities as the first in the lower. In their structure the molar teeth do not resemble those of the Castors, to which they have been compared. They are all compound, consisting, like those of the Capybara, among Rodents, and those of the Elephant among Pachyderms, of a series of laminze of dentine, invested with enamel, and united to- gether by means of an interposed ceementum or crusta petrosa. In the first molar of the upper and the last of the lower jaw, four such laminz exist, while in each of the others there are but three. The worn grinding surface presents a series of sections of these laminze, which are more or less contorted on the inner and outer border of the tooth, giving the appearance in some parts of the union of two adjoining laminse, but which does not actually take place in any instance. Thus we have teeth constructed. upon an entirely different plan from that of the castors, in which they are simple, the ridges on the grinding surfaces being formed. merely by invo- lutions of enamel, and not unlike that of the posterior molares of the Capybara, which consist of a series of laming, united by means of crusta petrosa. In the last-named animal, however, the number of laminz is thirteen, and the interspaces are 1M- perfectly filled with coementum, so that the edges of the teeth are more or less serrated ; but in the Castoroides the number of laminz does not exceed. four, and the crusta petrosa fills the whole of the interspaces. In the anterior teeth of the Capybara, there is an involution of the enamel at the edge which does not exist in the Castoroides; | Castoroides Ohioensis. 399 On reviewing the description of this cranium we find that it presents analogies to the genera Castor, Fiber and Hy- drocherus. Osteologically considered, the cranium bears a stronger resemblance in its shape to that of the Castors, than to either of the other genera; but in its dentition the type is wholly different, as is also the conformation of the pterygoid processes and fossx. Compared with the Castors, the relative capacity of the cranium is much smaller, and the occiput more depressed ; the occipital condyles admit of a free and extensive motion vertically, but only a very limited one in a lateral direction ; the foramen magnum has a depressed oval form, and is des- titute of an emargination on its upper edge. It differs from all other Rodents in the size and conformation of the ptery- goid processes and fosse ; especially in the incurvation of the internal processes and the consequent subdivision of the en- trance to the posterior nares. It differs entirely from the Castors in the compound nature of the molar teeth, and in the flutings of the incisors ; in the diminutive size of the inci- sive foramina, and in the conformation of the lower jaw with reference to the insertion of the muscles of mastication. In the Hydrocherus the principal analogies are found in the Compound nature of the molar teeth, from which those of the Castoroides, however, are readily distinguished by the Posterior molars of the former having an increased number of hamine ; by the complication of the anterior molars in conse- quence of the involution of the enamel on the inside of the teeth"of the upper, and the outside of those of the lower jaw, and by the serrated edges caused by the existence of a small quantity only of crusta petrosa between the la is * In the Fibers the pterygoid fosse are largely developed, à the entrance to the posterior nares has the same conformation as in other Rodents. Sy $ . All the fossæ and processes which serve as origins or inser- S to the muscles, (and consequently the muscles — selves.) of the lower jaw, are much more remarkably devel- 400 Hall and Wyman on oped in this animal, than in the members of any of the allied genera of Rodents: they are indices of the great force with which their powerful incisors may be used. The well-marked depressions which indicate the insertions of the mylo-hyoid, digastric and genio-hyoid muscles are also interesting. The functions of these muscles are twofold ; first, to elevate or bring forwards the os hyoides, as in the act of deglu- tition, the lower jaw being a fixed body ; this, however, requiring but a very moderate amount of muscular force: second, to de- press the lower jaw, which they can do only when the os hyoides is rendered immovable by the action of the sterno-hyoid and sterno-thyroid muscles. It is with reference to this last func- tion, the depression of the jaw, that the muscles in question are so remarkably developed, and thus supply a powerful an- tagonistic force to that which moves the jaw in the opposite direction. This force would frequently be brought into play in disengaging the teeth, when firmly imbedded, as must sometimes happen, in the woody substances which they were ghawing or cutting. The great length of the portion of the incisor teeth im- bedded in the alveoli, is scarcely less remarkable than the other peculiarities of this skull. The final cause of the great length and the curved form of the incisive teeth of the Cas- toroides as well as of the Rodents, in general, would seem to be twofold ; first, to increase the surface of the attachment of the tooth, and thus afford more points of resistance to the pressure applied to its free extremity during the ordinary Use; secondly, the curved form serving to transmit that pressure to the convex surface, instead of the base of the tooth; this last being always in a growing condition, is from necessity pulpy as well as highly vascular, and, therefore, incapable of sustaining any great degree of pressure. Though a matter of great interest, it is hardly possibly to form a very correct estimate of the size of the Castoroides, almost the only data offered to us being those given by the cranium. The length of the skull of this animal is 10.5 Castoroides Ohioensis. 401 inches, and its greatest breadth 7.9 inches. According to Professor Emmons, the skull of an old female beaver, meas- ured, from the tip of the nose to the crucial ridge, 4.9 inches, and its greatest width 3.9 inches ;' an adult skull in my own cabinet gives precisely the same measurements. The skull of the Castoroides is therefore a little more than double the size of that of the common beaver, (Castor fiber.) According to Dr. Richardson, the largest. beavers which he had an oppor- tunity of measuring, had a length of 2 feet, 6 inches; Dr. Godman estimates the average length at about 2 feet; assum- ing the proportions of the Castors and Castoroides to be the same, we should have the entire length of the latter amount- ing to about 5 feet. The generic characters of the Castoroides which have been deduced from the cranium just described, and which, on com- Parison, will be found to differ materially from those given by r. Foster, are as follows.? Teeru. Incisors, 1 1; Canines, ??; Molars, 2 1; total, 20. Molars consist of thin lamine of dentine, surrounded by enamel, and united by crusta petrosa. The first in the up- Per and the last in the lower jaw, have four such laminz, and the remaining teeth have only three each ; the grinding surface is slightly concave in the lower jaw, and slightly con- vex in the upper, the enamel forming only a very small pro- lection above the dentine and crusta petrosa. The internal pterygoid fossze are largely developed, and the internal ptery- goid processes are so far deflected inwards as to touch on the median line, and divide the entrance to the posterior nares - transversely, thus forming a superior and an inferior orifice. , Report on the Quadrupeds of Massachusetts, p. 51. : * Common usage scii iois would justify us in substituting a new — oF that of Castoroides, especially since the generic characters have been very differ- ently defined from what they were in the orìginal description. The name Castor- ides, however, having gone into general use, it would therefore seem desirable that ?! should be retained, i 402 Bacon on Polythalamia ART. XXX.—POLYTHALAMIA IN SAND FROM THE SAHARA DESERT. By Joun Bacon, Jr., M. D Tunere is in the Cabinet of our Society a specimen of Sand from; the Desert of Sahara, which I find to be partly com- posed'of microscopic Polythalamian shells. I am unable to state from what part of this widely extended desert it was ob- tained. The society having committed this specimen to Dr. Charles T. Jackson for chemical analysis, a portion was kindly placed by him in my hands for microscopic examination. Under the microscope, the sand is seen to consist mainly of irregular quartzose grains, of a reddish-yellow color, and a pretty uniform size, ranging between $ and jj of an inch. Wefcanfreadily understand the facility with which the wind raises in clouds and conveys to great distances sand so fine as this. These grains are more or less rounded on the angles and edges. A few minute quartz crystals are also met with, presenting the usual six-sided prism with pyramidal termina- tions, and rounded in the same manner. Among the translucent. particles of quartz, a considerable number of rounded opake grains, of a white color, may 5e perceived by the unassisted eye. Some of these were sub- mitted, under the microscope, to chemical tests, and proved to be calcareous. In order to examine them microscopically, the sand was put up in Canada balsam, on slips of glass, and covered by thin mica or glass. Being now viewed by trans- mitted light, with a moderate power, the white grains (to which the balsam communicated a degree of transparency) were at once seen to be Polythalamian shells; generally muc _ broken, and presenting a worn and rounded exterior ; 8° that nothing satisfactory could be made out when they were exam- ined by reflected light. Between one and two hundred specimens were from a considerable portion of the sand, but only six o species could be made out. In the figures accompanying x obtained or seven this in Sand from Sahara Desert. ` 403 paper, all the forms are represented which appeared specifi- cally distinct. It is, however, very possible, especially as my acquaintance with the genera and species of the polythalamia is but slight, that other species may have escaped notice among the large number of worn and broken specimens. The figures given were sketched by means of a camera lucida eye-piece attached to one of Chevalier's Horizonto- vertical microscopes. They are all drawn to one scale, indi- cated by fig. 10, (Pl. XX.) which represents 3% of a millimetre, magnified equally with the sketches. By means of this scale, the dimensions of the specimens figured can be readily ascer- tained, I have determined two only among the species figured. The one represented in figs. 1 and 2 is the Textilaria globu- losa: fig. 9 is the Rotalia globulosa. Figs. 3 and 4 I have no doubt belong to the genus Textilaria ; probably fig. 4 is the T. aciculata. "The cells of these polythalamia are often partially or entirely filled with opake calcareous matter. More generally, the cells are empty ; or only dark spots, such as are represented in figs. 2, 7, and 9, are seen in them. The aver- age size of the shells is about the same as that of the quartz grains. But there are many fragments present which must have belonged to larger individuals than any that were found entire. No siliceous infusoria were met with. The imper- fect state of the specimens prevented my giving outlines of them in other positions than those in which they are figured. For the same reason, it was not practicable to estimate accu- tately the proportion of individuals belonging to the several Species represented, but the Textilaria globulosa and the form "Presented in figs. 6 and 7, are the predominant species. Only a few specimens of Rotalia globulosa were found. I am unable to draw any conclusion with regard to the Beologica] age of the Desert Sand from the presence of these Poly thalamia, The species Textilaria globulosa, and T. acicu- fa; and Rotalia globulosa are among the most prevalent forms 9f the chalk formation ; occurring in the cretaceous strata of 404 Bacon on Polythalamia, &c. all parts of the globe, and often making up a large part of the rock. But they occur also in the tertiary strata, though there accompanied by various larger forms belonging to genera peculiar to that period. Whether the fragments mentioned as present in the sand are such as would allow us to refer it to any of the divisions of the tertiary, my slight acquaintance with the subject does not enable me to decide. The poly- thalamia of the chalk are not extinct species, having been found living in our present seas. It has occurred to me that these in the sand might possibly be recent; but the circum- stance that many of them have their cells completely filled with calcareous matter renders it very unlikely. The major- ity, however, are empty ; but such is also the case with those which I have examined from both the secondary and tertiary strata. From Mr. Weaver's Abstract of Ehrenberg’s Memoir on the Microscopical Structure of Chalk, &c., published in the Annals of Natural History, for 1841, I find that Ehren- berg is aware ‘of the existence of polythalamia in the sand of the Libyan Desert, but no mention is made of any of the species present. Through the kindness of President Hitchcock, of Amherst College, I have been favored with a portion of the specimen of Sand from the Desert of Arabia, described by him in an article on the Geology of Western Asia, contained in the Transactions of the American Geological Association, pa? 352. Its general appearance is similar to that of the spect men from the Sahara Desert, except that the eye can detect no caleareous particles in it. The quartz grains are, however; larger, (averaging 4, of an inch,) and appear more transparent and of a somewhat deeper color. 'This specimen proved e be entirely free from polythalamia, consisting merely of red- dish-yellow quartz grains. C. T. Jackson on Crystals of Galena. 405 ART. XXXI— CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL FRAGMENTS. By C. T. Jacksos, M. D. Remarks on the Formation of Crystals of Argentiferous Galena, by Sublimation. Ar the meetings of the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists in Boston, New Haven and New York, I pro- posed to account for the origin of several metalliferous veins, by sublimation of their ores or constituents. In favor of this theory, I mentioned that a considerable loss was sustained in smelting lead ores, owing to the evaporation of the sulpburet of lead at the temperature required for its reduction ; and called the attention of geologists to the quantities of sulphuret of lead which rise in the chimneys of smelting works, and to the particles of sulphuret of lead which fall on the roofs of the buildings, and on the surrounding soil. It was ascertained by Berthier, that when galena is kept fused in a crucible, lined with charcoal, in which the reduction of the lead could not take place, a considerable portion of the galena was actually lost by sublimation. It is also known, that although silver is regarded as fixed in the fire, and does hot volatilize when exposed for weeks to the heat of a porce- hin furnace, it is partially sublimed with the vapor of lead in the Process of cupellation ; and that the last portions of litharge lown Over, contain a notable proportion of silver. : lt appears probable, that argentiferous galena is also vola- tile under certain circumstances ; and from some phenomena Which I observed at the Shelburne mines, and in the crystals af lead ore which I have examined, it would seem that the origin of those veins and crystals can be demonstrated to have risen from vapor of the ore. A cavern was struck by the miners, at the depth of about twenty feet, and the walls of this crevice were found to be Covered with crystals of argentiferous galena, associated with 406 C. T. Jackson on Crystals brown spar and quartz. "The crystals of argentiferous galena are in the forms of octahedra, having their solid angles re- placed by single planes, and rhombic dodecahedra with their surfaces rounded and dimmed by decrystallization, or by ir- regular deposits of minute particles of the ore. There are also some cubic crystals which have their surfaces much al- tered, and their angles effaced or blunted, and which present depressions in the planes of the cube, as if the ore had sunk, in a semi-fluid state, into a cavity. Some of the crystals exhibit the most decisive proof of their igneous origin, and have undergone a sort of eliquation, the in- terior of its mass having flowed out, and left the exterior crust in the form which the crystal originally assumed on cooling of its surface. Some of these crystals are somewhat larger than a hen's egg, and form very beautiful specimens to illustrate the origin of the ore, and would ornament the cabinet of a mineralogist. We may suppose that the cavern in which these crystals occur, was originally filled with molten galena, and that the ore ran out from it into other crevices, and left the cooled and crystallized ore on the walls; or that an open crevice allowed the vapor of lead ore to sublime into the chamber, and that the crystals were deposited on its surface by their cooling action. The appearance of the walls seem to indicate the latter theory as the most reasonable; for the crystals of lead de were deposited upon the quartz and brown spar crystals; which do not appear to have been bathed in the molten ore. I should assign“the same origin to the resplendent octahedral crystals of black cupriferous blende, which are sprinkled over the surface of this cavern, and to the crystals of copper PY rites which are associated with the lead ore. Assay of a Specimen of the Crystallized Argentiferous Galena from the Cavern in Shelburne Mine. ~ Two hundred grains of the ore, reduced with carbonate of soda and the iron of an iron crucible, yielded 147 grains metallic lead, or 73.5 per cent. of Argentiferous Galena. 407 One hundred grains of the lead cupelled for silver, yielded 0.27 gr., or 54, lbs. per ton. In this assay there was a loss of sulphuret of lead by subli- mation ; for, according to its atomic formula, we should have obtained, if all the lead was saved, 86 per cent. "This exam- ple is sufficient to show how much galena is generally lost in the process of reduction. It is rarely the case that we obtain more than from 79 to 82 per cent. of lead by reduction, when the ore contains 86 per cent. of that metal; but the tempera- ture in this operation is so moderate that none of the sulphuret of silver volatilizes. There is reason to believe that some of the metalliferous ores that are fixed in fire have been raised in vapor in combination with other materials. Thus, tin may have been raised in combination with fluorine, and by decomposition of the fluor- ide by water, the oxide of.tin would be deposited, as has been suggested by M. Daubrée. In other cases, we may suppose one of the elements of a Combination to have existed in the rocks, and the other ele- ment may have been sublimed, and entered into combination With it, as may have been the case in the formation of iron Pyrites. Specular iron ore, although oxide of iron alone is fixed, owes its origin to the decomposition of the chloride of ion; and the oxide rises in vapor and crystallizes on the walls of a crevice in the rocks. Composition of the bones, tusks and teeth of the Mastodon. Although it has long been known that a small proportion of animal matter is found in some fossil bones, it has until now to demonstrate that the bones, tusks and teeth of the American mastodons contain nearly if not all of their car- p aginous matter, and that they differ but little from recent nes, There seems to be some confusion as to the term fossil ; “othe supposing that a fossil must necessarily be petrified, or 408 C. T. Jackson's Analysis have its animal matter replaced by mineral elements. This is not necessary to constitute a fossil ; for, under favorable cir- cumstances, animal matter in bones may be preserved for an indefinite length of time. When an animal is buried in sandy soil, through which rain water freely percolates, the animal matters are quickly decom- posed, removed by solution, and by a slow combustion or ox- idation, effected through the agency of the oxygen gas of the air, dissolved in the water, there being about twenty per cent. in bulk of oxygen gas dissolved in rain water. If, on the other hand, an animal is buried in clay or marl, but little wa- ter can flow through it, and air does not gain free admission ; hence the animal matters remain in the bones, and even the de- composed flesh remains in the form of a black mould around the bones, and the clay has a strong odor of animal matter. In the tertiary clay marls of. Westbrook, Gardiner, Augusta; Bangor, Lubec, South Berwick, and Kittery, in Maine, the membranous matter forming the epidermis of extinct species of shells, remains undecomposed, and the clay has a strong smell of sulphureted hydrogen gas, like that of ordinary dock mud. [n some cases, the animal matter of the epidermis of the shells has proved more permanent than the carbonate of lime of the shells, which is not unfrequently removed by the acids in the clay, leaving the form of the shell perfectly repre- sented by its membrane and mould in the clay. When the skeleton of the seal was dug up in the clay marl of South Berwick, from a depth of thirty feet, the workmen noticed a black mould surrounding the bones, and a strong smell of animal matter was perceptible in the clay. If animal matters are so well preserved in the tertiary de- posits, it will not appear strange that the bones of animals n the more recent deposits should have preserved their animal tissues. : The bones which I have analyzed are those of the American mastodon. A quantity of the chips of bone cut from near the second molar tooth of the jaw of a young mastodon, belonging of Mastodon Bones. 409 to the collection in Harvard University, was given me by Dr. John B. S. Jackson. This bone had a dark brown color, was tough and firm, and had evidently undergone no decomposi- tion, though it had become penetrated somewhat with oxide of iron. On immersing portions of the bone in water acidulated with chlorohydric acid, the mineral matters and bone salts were removed, and the cartilage remaining was found to be much larger than the original bone, from its absorbing water after the removal of the phosphate of lime, &c. This cartilage, on being washed free from acid and boiled in Water, was converted into gelatine, which formed a good glue. On burning off the animal matter from a portion of the bone, there remained 57.4 per cent. of bone salts, and the animal matter was 42.6 per cent. The bone earth had a light brown color, owing to the presence of peroxide of iron. Analysis of the bones of the great Mastodon, belonging to Dr. John C. Warren. A portion of one of the vertebral spines was sent me for analysis, which gave the following results. One hundred grains on being pulverized and dried at a temperature a little above 919? F, lost 6 per cent. of water. On burning off the animal matter, 64 per cent. of bone salts remained, and 30 Per cent. of animal matter was burnt out. The bone salts had a strong blue color, which was deeper than that of the artificial ultramarine formed by burning ordinary bones, and "as probably due to the presence of sub-phosphate of iron. Another portion of the bone, dried at 300° and then burnt, eft 72.97 per cent. of bone salts, and the animal matter Would amount to 27.73 per cent. There was some decom- Position of the cartilage in this case, so that the amount of animal matter is stated too low, the previous analysis being more exact, By immersing portions of this bone in diluted acid, the whole form of the bone was represented in carti- Us matter, and glue was made by boiling it in water. VOL. y, 97 410 Jackson's Analysis of Analysis of the tusk of a Mastodon from Benton County, Missouri. Specimens furnished by Dr. J. C. Warren. On examination of this tusk it was found to have under- gone partial decomposition ; the interior had become white and earthy, while most of the exterior plate of ivory had un- dergone but little change. The white, earthy-looking matter in the middle of the tusk, on analysis, yielded 4.60 per cent. of water, 6.20 per cent. of animal matter, and 89.20 per cent. of bone salts. The exterior plate analyzed, yielded Water, : ‘ : 4.6 Animal Matter, : i ; -— M. Bone Salts, . > s ý i 69.2 100.0 The hard ivory of the tusk yielded Water, . ; : : i 4.600 Cartilage, conis iss i ; . 30.800 Phosphoric acid, : ; ; 27.424 Lime, . : i ` : . 36.024 900 Magnesia, ` : . : Fluorine, Carbonic acid, &c., by loss, — -252 100.000 I etched a piece of glass with the fluohydric acid obtained from the bone salts of this ivory. : A portion of the ivory digested in water acidulated with chlorohydric acid, gave a tough and elastic piece of cartilage of the size and shape of the piece of tusk subjected to s action. Analysis of Mastodon teeth from Benton County, Missouri. Specimens from my collection. A portion of the ivory of the root of one of these teeth was Mastodon Teeth and Tusks. 411 immersed in dilute muriatic acid, which left a mass of very elastic cartilage, larger than the piece of ivory subjected to its action. The cartilage was of a yellowish-white color, and presented delicate filaments of membrane hanging to its sur- face. The appearance of the cartilage was like that obtained from the ivory of the tusks, but was more firm. The following analyses were made in my laboratory by Mr. Joseph Peabody. Analysis of the sound Ivory of Mastodon tooth. Water, .. : ; . f 8.64 Animal Matter, — . i i 9 23.28 Phosphate of Lime, . . j 56.198 Carbonate of Lime, —. , . 9.844 Magnesia, . i ` ; i 0.99. Soda and Fluorine, by loss, . . 0.588 100.000 Analisis of the internal portion of same tooth, the decom- posed Ivory. Water, . í ; š . 4.84 Animal Matter, . ‘ ; : 6.84 Phosphate of Lime, i i 73.476 Carbonate of Lime, . . . . 9.604 — Magnesia, i : i i 0.96 Soda and Fluorine, by loss, . i. 4289 100.000 From the above researches, it is evident that the term ivory, 9f the teeth, is appropriate, not only on account of its physical resemblance to the ivory of the tusks, but also from its simi- arity in chemical composition to true ivory. The mastodon th has no cement like that of the teeth of elephants. We have yet to analyze the enamel of the mastodon tooth, and shall communicate the results of our researches hereafter. 412 Forsyth on the Habits Analysis of the Ear-bone of a Fish. We are not aware that the ear-bone of the fish has hitherto been subjected to a chemical analysis, but it presents a strange anomaly in comparison with ordinary osseous matter. Atten- tion was called to it from the fact, that it is used by the natives of some countries, as a remedial agent; and though, at first sight, this might be deemed fanciful, yet on examination we find an unusual quantity of carbonate of lime to be present, which may act as an antacid. The carbonic acid was first esti- mated by calcining the bone, and restoring, with carbonate of ammonia, the carbonic acid driven off; and secondly, by treating the powdered bone directly with hydro-chloric acid, in an apparatus nicely counterpoised with chloride of calcium tube attached, the acid contained in a tube within being weighed with it, so that when the acid was brought in con- tact with the powder, and again weighed, the only loss was the carbonic acid, which escaped with effervescence during the digestion ; this served as a check on the previous trial, and exactly confirmed it. Water, * E ; é : 0.92 Animal Matter, . . : : . 92.44 Carbonate of Lime, . i : 10.08 Phosphate of Lime, ; : . 16.16 Phosphate of Magnesia, i 1 0.40 fens ts T 100.00 This ear-bone presents a marked exception to the quantity of cartilage contained in the other bones of fish, which usually exceeds that of higher orders of the vertebrata. ART. XXXIL— ON THE HABITS OF SALMO FONTINALIS. From ® Letter addressed to Dr. Sronzm, by J. B. ForsyT#, M. D- Tur few observations I have to communicate vae habits and peculiarities of the salmon trout, were made €U of Salmo fontinalis. . 413 ing a residence of ten years in Sandwich, Cape Cod, where the facilities for that purpose are very abundant. It may be well to premise, that the distance, at this point of the cape, from one bay to the other, varies from five to ten miles, and the land is gradually elevated from each shore till it reaches the centre, and consequently the streams, for the most part arising from springs, are short, terminating in creeks upon the marshes. Many of these are of sufficient magnitude for mill sites, and are therefore crossed by permanent obstruc- tions; and hence it frequently happens, in the short space of a quarter of a mile, you find specimens of both, as they are familiarly called, the fresh and salt water trout. The following varieties in color and appearance have been observed. 1st. Those having the upper part and sides of a pale brown, gradually becoming less so, till it terminates in White on the under part, having a silvery appearance when first taken from the water, and covered with small, distinct scales ; the circular yellow and red spots very indistinct ; generally found in the marshy creeks, or in open streams, where the Sun has free access, They are well fed upon minnows and shrimps, have a plump appearance, and are the variety mostly Sought after by those who desire the trout, in its highest per- fection, for the table. They are taken, mostly, between the months of January and July. They vary in size from one fourth of a pound to four pounds ; but I have never seen one to exceed two and a half. 2d. "Those having the upper part and sides of a dark brown, having a dark green appearance, terminating in white 9r orange underneath, and covered more or less with round, Yellow spots, with a bright red centre, color varying according to the location ; and generally not so plump and well fed as those above mentioned. ^ 3d. Those having the upper part and sides of either a light ° dark brown, with spots more distinctly marked on the dark than the light ; underneath, the color uniformly ferruginous or orange, 414 Forsyth on the Habits Each of these varieties is found both in the streams com- municating with the salt marshes, and in those which are en- tirely cut off from them, by permanent obstructions. The first named variety, however, is nowhere found in so great perfection as in close approximation to the salt creeks. The difference between the salt and fresh water trout, in this vi- cinity, seems to be only in name, so far as I have been able to determine, with ample opportunities in taking them, and with specimens before me. The peculiarity of these varieties seems to depend entirely upon the location, and the nature of the soil at the bottom of the stream they inhabit. The first variety is found in clear water, with light gravelly bottom, and where the banks are not shaded by shrubbery, but where they are almost constantly exposed to the rays of the sun. The second variety inhabits streams which are for the most part shaded by trees, or which take their rise in, or pass through, peat bogs. Thus, in one stream, the trout caught at the head of it were always of a very dark brown, almost black, highly marked with yellow and red spots, while those taken near the - mouth of the stream were of a light color. One of these streams arises from a deep basin of dark water, thirty feet in diameter, and ten feet deep, surrounded by a peat bog, where the fish taken, so far as I know, have been uniformly of a dark brown. In other streams, having a bottom of iron ore, they are uniformly marked with orange underneath, the color of the upper part and sides appearing to depend upon gd amount of exposure to the sun's rays. These observations are made independent of any of the changes of color or mark- ings which take place during the spawning season. i About the first of January these fish are found congrega! together at high water mark, and seem to have come down the stream for the purpose of locating themselves 10 the marshes, where they can obtain food. So uniform are - in this, that for a number of years, it was my custom to - one particular stream, during this month, and I wu - sure to find them assembled in waiting for me, witbin 4 of Salmo fontinalis. 415 rods of the same spot, in number I cannot say how many, but I would take of them, varying from sixty to seventy-five. During the months of February, March and April, they be- come separated, and are distributed the whole length of the creeks, and about the first of May, begin again, in small num- bers, to ascend the stream. ‘This they continue to do as the season advances, and their means of sustenance increases, (which is principally insects and flies,) till about the middle of October, when they are found in great numbers, as near up as they can conveniently get to the origin of the stream. This is their spawning season, and having deposited their spawn, they begin to wend their way down the stream, for the most part in a body, till they reach again the marshes. These fish were formerly taken in considerable numbers, With a kind of net used in the herring fishery ; but this me- thod of taking them is, I believe, prohibited by legislauon. They are now taken, for the most part, with line and hook, bated with minnow, shrimp or earth-worm ; or, at some sea- sons of the year, with the artificial fly, more especially in the fresh ponds. Two other methods of taking them have been Tesorted to in the small streams, both of which deserve a pass- mg notice; the first is by titillation, so called, and the second,. hooking them up by the caudal extremity, decidedly the mean- _ est way of taking them. The method of taking them by titillation is this: about the *Pawning season, they are found, for the most part, in the small and narrow head streams, and seem more sluggish than at any other season of the year, and less inclined to take the bait, Having arrived at the edge of the stream, the hand is carefully and gently passed along under the banks, till it comes in contact with the fish, generally near the tail. The Utillation then commences, and the hand is made to approach towards the head, till sufficiently forward to prevent slipping through the fingers, when by a sudden grasp it is landed upon shore, the fish remaining perfectly quiet during the pro- 416 Cabot’s Description of Pyranga Roseo-gularis. cess. This mode of taking. them I have practised in one stream three years in succession, and taken many fine trout. The unscientific mode-of hooking them up by the caudal extremity, is also practised at the spawning season, when they are averse to taking the bait, and where the stream is deeper and wider. The manner is as follows. A large sized hook, made very sharp, is fastened to the end of a long straight stick, or piece of whalebone, ‘The fish is then sought and generally found beneath the root of an old tree, or under the shadow of a log, with the head and part of the body out of sight; the hook is then carefully introduced near the extremity of the fish, and by a sudden jerk, is inserted so as effectually to se- cure him. ART. XXXII. — DESCRIPTION OF PYRANGA ROSEO-GULARIS, (ROSE-THROATED TANAGER.) By Saxvzr Caso, Jr., M. B Mare. Top of head, outer edge of primaries, and seconda- ries, and surface, of greater and lesser wing coverts, the tail and its upper coverts, bright brownish red. Under side of tail and its under coverts, throat, and flexures of wings; bright rose color. Back and posterior part of cheeks, dark brownish ash color. Anterior part of cheeks, breast and belly, light ash- colored. ‘Twelve tail feathers. Bill strongly toothed, horn- color on top, lighter beneath. Legs and feet, horn-colored. Total length, 6; inches. Length of bill, » of an inch along the ridge, and $ along gape, 5 of an inch across at base, 7 through from above down. Tooth situated at 3 of an inch from point of the bill. Tarsus rather more than $ of an inch in length. Tail, 26 inches long. Wing from flexure, 3} inches. I only saw one pair of these birds while I was in Yucatan, of which I only procured the male, from which the above de- scription is taken. He was shot on the road from Chemax to Yalahao, on the 5th of April, 1842. SSMUS = 4 Fig.10 Anatomy of Littorina angulifera., Tolythalamia from Sand of Sahara. rj e "a E el | QW ey «d P e P) a P ie (Fig 13. WH Tappan Se Hentzs Araneides of the U. States. S a 3 e e v F W oe ES el ae E P" X e a — P -~ A foe "AE. | SA $ Se ee a epee d 2 * i $ © es Q t- N at. a " E eu S 3 A aT M RES ARE E d sd bh Pd on on apd 'ob s . fis pes spa EE x the E * jm nu zc as at / X i Lun es i af. N am [em ` of. . States. Henfzs Araneides of the U Pl. Map, Illustrating a paper on two rains of * Erra * he Blocks. by Prof. H.D.Rogers and Prof. W.B.Rogers. ( S Pontoosue. )] {ff \ ^| ff i il I erttaf Leld. F & T . PL. XXVI. WH Tappan $c Fig. 1. Pimelodus catus. Lin. Fig. 2. Noturus flavus Raf. YOL.V. IP Rikin disc Wh Wi W “FH. Tappan. se Fig.1. Pimelodus ccerulescens. Raf. Fig.2. Perca flavescens Mitch Pl. XXVI, I j I f | VOL. V. ` ; : : Sos PL. XXVII JEREELL CENSUM EUNT RU uc PIQPNUL Nan Bike. cl we SPAN CARAS EON E ‘whland dei. —— panes Wit Tappanso. mee 2. Hyodon Wi sem Les Fig. a. "Ksox estor. w BOUVE or E LITH — c D i s uc SN acpi pei - vi - comandi — e €——Ó — - - — rr PL. Ud XXXIV. Et. Ew BOUVÉ LITH. or p——————————— - — mb oe PE x< ^ >< mt ot | | | | —————— MÁÉ RR =£ w.BQuvt. LITH. -OF B EEV, PI. XXXVI. F LITH. OF Ë W BOUVE PLATE XXXVII. \ \ \ ‘ t à à \ X i , / \ , / 1 / z i / / i L i ! Li i i t i t j f i t f i i í r j G. & W. ENDICOTT LITH. NEW YORK. BNSIS., Foster. P1.1. OBilOEN SI ON STONE BY F. SWINTON . A 4 PLATE Won ocn quoe pe m us ENDICO!! INIH., NEW YORK wW SWINTON y o p 18t 1&0) JE IN $$ JC S CASTOROILD PLATE XXXIX. . s D.& W. ENDICOTT LITH. N.YORK. CASTOROIDES OMIOENSIS. PL3. BOSTON JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. VOLUME V.— No. IV. DECEMBER, 1847. RT. XXX —NOTICE OF THE EXTERNAL CHARACTERS AND e ariin OF TROGLODYTES GORILLA, A NEW SPECIES OF ORANG ROM THE GABOON RIVER, By Tuomas S. Savacz, M. D., Corresp. "eie Boston Soc. Nat. ; OSTEOLOGY OF THE SAME, By JEFFRIES Wyman M. D. Hersey Prof. Aust. in Harvard University. Read Aug. uc 1847. Four species of anthr T id Simi; commonly ES as Orangs,* have been described by naturalists; of these, three are found in the eastern pali either on the continent of Asia, or the islands of Borneo, Sumatra and Java, and a fourth on the western coast of Africa. In the East there exists - 4 Simia n Lin. -Fithesus vite ge S. ae Cone. Mets Art. Simie, Vol. XE een _ The term tm Orang, more am, incorrectly written Ourang, is strictly ap- war to the Eastern species only. p is a Malay word, which means a rea- being, and is also given to man and the elephant, Outan means wild or of woods ; Orang-outan wild man, Cambang outan, wild hic Outang, the word | used as the adjective, signifies a robber. ee imei igne ox. Vol. L, p. 87, note, Doa * 418 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, is the species most frequently exhibited in an imma- ture condition, in America and Europe, and is ob- tained in Cochin China, Malabar, and Borneo.’ I. S. Wurmbii, Fisch. Pongo Wurmbii, Kuhl. Grand Ourang-outang, Geoff. Dusky orang ; from Borneo. HI. S. Morio, Owen. Of this species the cranium has been described by Prof. Owen,’ but its external characters - are not yet well known to naturalists. In Africa is found IV. Troglodytes niger, Geoff. Chimpanzée, Black Orang, Engé-eco, Jocko. This doubtless is the Barris of Praid de Laval, the Smitten of Bosman, Quimpésé of De la Brosse, and the Quojas moras of Tulpius. The existence of a second species in Africa, does not appear to have been recognized by naturalists, nor in fact has there been hitherto adduced any evidence on which its exist- ence might be predicated, except the vague statements of the different voyagers and travellers. But these, resting princi dly on information derived from the natives, and not on te l observation of the narrator, are in general so n in with absurd and marvellous accounts, that they have been de- servedly regarded as unworthy of credence. i In two of the published narratives, however, the e existence A of a second species has been distinetly referred to. Andrew Battell, an English sailor, while a prisoner of the Portug ^ - nd in Angola, speaks of the “two monsters,” the “- É Engeco."* This last, or as it is called by the natives o 1 Cuvier, cit. Vol. L, p. 5 Pu Zoolog. Soc. Lond: vd. IL p. 168. 1841. sr of these two monsters is called Pongo, in gs, fi zh D dens o goeth ms s clasped a ier ot his necke, when he goeth puo build shelter for the raine. They ! Habits, and Osteology of a New Orang. 419 Gaboon, the Enché-eco, is the common name for the Chimpan- zée, and it is highly probable, though Battell has given no dhihücters by which it might be recognized, that the Pongo was the animal which forms the subject of our communication. The “Ingena,” referred to by Bowdich, in his mission to Ashantee, is probably the Engé-ena of the natives of the Ga- boon, though his statement, that the animal was “ five feet high and four across the shoulders," detracts from the credibility of his narrative. Whatever doubt may have heretofore existed, the following notices of the habits, and external characters, and descriptions of the crania and some of the bones, will serve most satisfactorily to confirm the statements of Battell and Bowdich, with regard to the existence of a second Afri- can Orang, and to demonstrate that it is as specifically distinct from the Troglodytes niger, as from the Orangs of Borneo and um. The specific name, gorilla, has been adopted, a g isa in the woods, and upon dte for they eate no kind of flesh. They cannot > ag ia have no understanding, more than a beast. The people of the countrie, ‘Mey travaile in the e mke fires where they piepe in the night ; dubii g when they are Upon his moth When they die among themselves, they cover the dead m heapes of boughs and wood, which is Md mene} in the forrests. je em of Andrew Battell. Purehas, n ie. [ede and mant extraordinary subject of ae on Natural a erii compared with i ding 490 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, term used by Hanno, in describing the “wild men” found on the coast of Africa, probably one of the species of the Orang. 1. NOTICE OF THE EXTERNAL CHARACTERS AND HABITS OF THE ENGE-ENA. While on the voyage home from Cape Palmas, I was unex- pectedly detained in the Gaboon river, latitude 15/ N., and the month of April (1847) was spent at the house of the Rev. J. L. Wilson, Senior Missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to West Africa. Soon after my arrival Mr. Wilson showed me a skull, represented by the natives to be that of a monkey-like animal, remarkable for its size, ferocity and habits. From the contour of the skull, and the information derived from several intelligent natives, I was induced to believe that it belonged toa new species of Orang. I expressed this opinion to Mr. Wilson, e a desire for further investigation, and if possible, to de- by the inspection of a specimen alive or r dead. Se with interest into the matter, and promise his i hearty coöperation. Having been a resident at that vom for several years, well acquainted with the chiefs and ple, pos- sessing in an eminent degree their regard, and speaking fedy their bango he was enabled to secure. to me advant ges ;4 signal importance to my investigations. - ‘T did not suc however, i in obtaining the animal, but several crania of the two sexes, and of different : ages, v other import B m x y the skeleton were received. These p z ! We arrived at a bay called ded Southern. Fom; at the amet yhic J island like the former, having a lake, and in. this lake another. ear filo s savage Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 421 examination, and I now proceed to give the results of my investigations on its External Characters and Habits. It should be borne in mind that my account is based upon the statements of the aborigines of that region. In this con- nection it may be proper for me also to remark, that having been a missionary, resident for several years, studying from habitual intercourse, the African mind and character, I felt myself prepared to discriminate and decide upon the proba- bility-of their statements. Besides, being familiar with the history and habits of its interesting congener, (Troglodytes niger, Geoff.) 1 was able to separate their accounts of the two animals, which, having the same locality and a similarity of habit are confounded in the minds of the mass, especially as but few, such as traders to the interior and huntsmen, have ever seen the animal in question. In this last fact stated we find an explanation of the confusion, inaccuracy and exagger- ation which characterize the occasional references that have been made in books to both animals, the sources of such in- formation being transient visitors and voyagers. If it be ad- missible to base and sustain a proposition on human testimony, then to my mind the existence of this new species of orang, aside from the evidence of its skeleton, is established, and the account that I now submit of its habits, authentic. It is on Such grounds, and with such convictions I venture to place my . Sütements on record, leaving them to the future for confirma- tion or correction. _ The tribe from which our knowledge of the animal is de- : "Wed and whose territory forms its habitat, is the Mpongwe, . "feüpying both banks of the river Gaboon from its mouth to _ “ome fifty or sixty miles upwatd. The face of the country as ; You proceed inward is undulating and hilly, well watered with ‘Steams and rivers, and abounding with indigenous fruits. The river is visited for purposes of trade in ivory, ebony and . **"WOOds by vessels from different parts of America and Eu- en Te. In view of this fact it may seem surprising that the ani- jm ld be unknown to science, and without its proper 492 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, place in systems of Zoology. But this is accounted for by the fact that its immediate habitat is back some distance from the coast, and its habits and ferocity such that it is not often en- countered. "The natives stand greatly in fear of it, and never attempt its capture except in self-defence. If the word * Pongo' be of African origin it is probably a corruption of Mpongwe, the name of the tribe on the banks of the Gaboon, and hence, applied to tbe region they inhabit. Their local name for the Chimpanzée is Enché-eko, as near as it can be anglicised, from which the common term “ Jocko" probably comes. The Mpongwe appellation for its new con- gener is Engé-ena, prolonging the sound of the first vowel and slightly sounding the second. The habitat of the Engé-ena is the interior of Lower Guinea, while that of the Enché-eko or Chimpanzée is nearer the sea- board. Its height is above five feet, it is disproportionally broad across the shoulders, thickly covered with coarse black hair, which is said to be similar in its arrangement to that of the Enché-eko. With age it becomes gray, which fact has give? rise to the report that both animals are seen of different colors. Head. The prominent features of the head are, the great width and elongation of the face, the depth of the region, the branches of the lower jaw being very deep and extending far backward, and the comparative smallness of the cranial portion ; the eyes are very large, and said to be ces of the Enché-eko, a bright hazel ; nose broad and flat, sligh T elevated towards the root; the muzzle broad and prominent, lips and chin with scattered gray hairs, the under lip highly mobile, and capable of great elongation when the animal i5 enraged, then hanging over tlie chin; skin of the face ears naked, and of a dark brown approaching black. The most remarkable feature of the head is a high ridge pA crest of hair in the course of the sagittal suture, which mee posteriorly with a transverse ridge of the same, but kn es inent; running tound from the back of one ear to the Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 493 The animal has the power of moving the scalp freely forward and back, and when enraged, is said to contract it strongly over the brow, thus bringing down the hairy ridge, and point- ingthe hair forward so as to present an indescribably ferocious aspect. Neck short, thick and hairy; chest and shoulders very broad, said to be fully double the size of the Enché-eko's; arms very long, reaching some way below the knee, the forearm much the shortest; hands very large, the thumbs much larger than the fingers. Abdomen very broad and prominent, the hair thinner than on the back, legs bowed like the Chimpanzée’s, but the muscles larger or better developed. No tail nor callosities ; a small tuft of hair at the extremity of the os coccygis ; the genitalia similar in both sexes to the c parts in the Chimpanzée except their larger size in the Their gait is shuffling, the motion of the body, which is never upright as in man, but bent forward, is somewhat rolling, or from side to side. The arms being longer than those of the Chimpanzée it does not stoop as much in walking; like that animal it makes progression by thrusting its arms forward, testing the hands on the ground and then giving the body a jumping, half swinging motion between them. In this "wit is said not to flex the fingers as does the Chimpanzée, ‘esting on the knuckles, but to extend them, thus making a fulerum of the hand. When it assumes the walking posture to Which itis said to be much inclined, it balances its huge Xy by flexing the arms upward. They live in bands, but are not so numerous as the Chimpanzée’s ; the females generally exceed the other sex in number. My informants all agree in assertion that but one adult male is seen in a band ; that the young males grow up, a contest takes place for mas- tery, and the strongest, by killing and driving out the others, establishes himself as the head of the community. The silly Stories about their carrying off women from the native towns, w 434 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, and vanquishing the elephants, related by voyagers and widely copied into books, are unhesitatingly denied. They have been averred of the Chimpanzée, but this is still more preposterous. They probably had their origin in the marvellous accounts given by the natives, of the Engé-ena, to credulous traders. Their dwellings, if they may be so called, are similar to those of the Chimpanzée, consisting simply of a few sticks and leafy branches supported by the crotches and limbs of trees ; they afford no shelter, and are occupied only at night.' They are exceedingly ferocious, and always offensive in their habits, never running from man as does the Chimpanzée. They are objects of terror to the natives, and are never encountered by them except on the defensive. The few that have been captured were killed by elephant hunters and native traders as they came suddenly upon them while passing through the forests. : It is said that when the male is first seen he gives a terrific yell that resounds far and wide through the forest, something like kh—ah! kh—ah! prolonged and shrill. His enormous jaws are widely opened at each expiration, his under lip hangs over the chin, and the hairy ridge and scalp is contracted upon the brow, presenting an aspect of indescribable ferocity- The females and young at the first ery quickly disappear ; he å approaches the enemy in great fury, pouring out his horrid cries in quick succession. 'The hunter awaits his approach with his gun extended; if his aim is not sure he permits animal to grasp the barrel, and as he carries it to his mouth (which is his habit) he fires ; should the gun fail to go off, the barrel (that of an ordinary musket, which. is thin) is | between his teeth, and the encounter soon proves fatal to the unter. 1 The natives ridicule this habit of the Engé-ena. "They call him 2 fool, to m house without a roof, in a country where they have so much rain. They " roof, not so much sense as a certain bird, which makes a large nest with a tight round then it daubs the inside with mud, and unfolding its wings vun a house. M: Nace are all E and the inside smoothly Baie SE fts habit Ly Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 495 The killing of an Engé-ena is considered an act of great skill and courage, and brings to the victor signal honor. A slave toan Mpongwe man, from an interior tribe, killed the male and female whose bones are the origin of this article. On one occasion he had succeeded in killing an elephant, and return- ing home met a male Engé-ena, and being a good marksman he soon brought him to the ground. He had not proceeded far before the female was observed, which he also killed. This act, unheard of before, was considered almost superhuman. the man’s freedom was immediately granted to him, and his hame proclaimed abroad as the prince of hunters, It is said that this animal exhibits a degree of intelligence inferior to that of the Chimpanzée ; this might be expected from its wider departure from the organization of the human subject. I could not ascertain that more than one or two at most of the young had ever been captured. One was taken and kept for a year by a native, and then sold toa Frenchman, but it died on the passage home. Whether the skeleton was preserved is not known. No information respecting its habits in a state of domestication could be had upon which reliance might be placed. In the wild state their habits are in general like those of the Troglodytes niger, building their nests loosely in trees, living 9n similar fruits, and changing their places of resort from the force of circumstances. The Amomums, which constitute in every locality of the Orangs a prominent article of food, I found to be of entirely “tent species from those at Cape Palmas. At the latter Point but one species and a small variety, with acid pulp is known, but at the Gaboon at least three. ‘They eat only those Species which have an acid pulp or arillus: Fruits distin- Suished by the opposite qualities of acidity and sweetness are "ien with equal zest. The stem of the Saccharum officina- rum, the fruit of the Elais Guineénsis or oil palm, Carica Papaya, Musa sapientium, and several others unknown to Botany are prominent on the list.. Here, as at all other points 496 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, on the coast, the orangs are believed by the natives to be human beings, members of their own race, degenerated. Some few, who have put on a degree of civilization above the mass, will not acknowledge their belief in this affinity ; such profess to view them as embodied spirits, the belief in trans- migration of souls being prevalent. They say that the Enché-eko or Chimpanzée has the spirit of a Coastman, being less fierce and more intelligent, and the Engé-ena that of a Bushman. The majority however, fully believe them to be men, and seem to be unaffected by our arguments in proof of the contrary. This is especially true of the tribes in the im- mediate vicinity of the locality. They believe them to be literally ** wild men of the woods." They are generally eaten, and their flesh, with that of the Chimpanzée, and monkeys at large, occupies a prominent place in their “ bill of fare.” I. DESCRIPTION OF THE CRANIA AND SOME OF THE BONES OF ; THE ENGÉ-ENA. The collection of crania and bones brought from Africa by Dr. Savage, and which served as the basis of the following descriptions, consists of four skulls, two males and two females, one of each in a perfect condition, and all of them adult ; a male and female pelvis, the long bones of the upper an lower extremities, and a few vertebrae and ribs. The crania of the males are much larger than those of the females, and exceed in their longest diameter the skull Ji well characterized Negro by two and a quarter inches; e y nearly one inch the diameter across the zygomatic arches. The sutures were entirely obliterated in one, anc in the other, a condition similar to that of the crant i adult Simia satyrus; and of the older crania of the Troglodyt niger, in both of which all sutures sooner or later disap = When viewed laterally, the- incisive alveoli in both See Table of Admeasurements, - '* See Boston Journal of Nat. Hist. Vol. IV. p. 370. Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 427 Orang and Chimpanzée form a strong projection below the nasal orifice, but are most conspicuous in the former, giving the lower part of the face that remarkable degree of prominence which is socharacteristic. In the Engé-ena the outline of the face is straight from below the superciliary ridges (Pl. I. and IT.) to the edge of the incisive alveoli, and when the head is so placed that the edge of the lower jaw is horizontal, the facial line makes with it an angle of about 45°. The facial angle according to the usual method of measuring it (the supercil- lary ridges excluded) is about 30". According to Mr. Owen that of S. satyrus is 30^, and that of Troglodytes niger 35°.’ The most remarkable peculiarity, one which strikes the ob- Server at sight, is the great development of the interparietal and occipital crests, as well as of the superciliary ridges, (PI. I.) all of which give the head great angularity of outline, causing it somewhat to resemble that of S. satyrus, and to con- trast with that of T. niger, on which there are no crests, and the superciliary ridges of which, though well developed, are much more curvilinear and smooth. Both crests are quite thin on the free edges, and are elevated about 1j inches above the skull; the occipital extending across from one mastoid Process to the other, and the interparietal extending forward at Night angles to it terminates near the centre of the coronal Fegion in two strong diverging ridges, which are directed to the outer angles of the orbits, including between them a *eply concave triangular space. The superciliary ridges are much more prominent than in the Chimpanzée, especially at their union over the nose, and the apertures of the orbits are more nearly square. A single large supra-orbitar and a small Ifra-orbitar foramen exists on each side. The two fol- ng peculiarities, pointed out by Prof. Agassiz, exist in all “© crania, and are specific characters ; one of them is drawn m the structure of the infra-orbitar canal, which in the panzée forms a deep groove terminating in the spheno- ! Trans. Zoolog. Soc. London, T. p. 372. 498 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, maxillary fissure, its depth remaining uniform to its termination ; but in the Engé-ena this canal becomes gradually less deep from before backwards, and at the fissure is scarcely obvious.’ The second character is derived from the internal walls of the orbits, which recede from each other in descending towards the floor, thus leaving a large pyramidal space for the lodgment of the os ethmoides, and serving to increase the capacity of the maxillary sinuses. The foramen lacerum of the orbit, which serves to trans- mit the IIT, IV, part of the V, and the VI nerves, and which in the human cranium has an elongated form, is in the Engé-ena very nearly round, having a diameter of only two or three lines. The spheno-maxillary fissure is much more narrow and contracted, forming only a linear opening between the orbit and the zygomatic fossa. á The ossa nasi are firmly co-ossified with each other and with the surrounding bones, but their outline is sufficiently distinct. They have a more triangular form than in the Chimpanzee, the apex being much more acute, and on the median line pre sentsa ptominent ridge. In four skulls of Chimpanzées the nasal orifice is of a triangular form, the angles more oF less rounded, and the apex directed upwards; in three of the skulls of the Engé-enait is nearly square, and in the fourth ap- proaches the triangular form, but the apex is directed down- wards. The form of the posterior nares also in the two spe cies is materially different; in the Chimpanzée the transverse diameter of the orifice exceeds that of the vertical, but n the Engé-ena the vertical is twice that of the transverse, a condition which results from the elongation downwards of the superior maxillary bones; the posterior edge of the palatine bones in the new species is emarginated on the median line 9$ e S. satyrus, while in the Chimpanzée it is either destitute ' an emargination or extended into a spine ; the lower edge of the ae = ^ * In an adult cranium of the Chimpanzée belonging to Dr. J. C. Warren, this canal posteriorly is completely closed over, as in t Habits and Osieology of a New Orang. 429 vomer in the Engé-ena is thin and delicate, and articulates imperfectly with the palatine bones, the reverse condition exist- ing in the second. If the length of the bony roof of the mouth compared with its breadth is an index of inferiority, the Engé-ena certainly occupies a lower position in the animal Fits than the Chim- panzée ; in the latter the breadth is to the length as 1.5 inches to 2.8 inches, and in the former as 1.5 inches to 3.9 inches. The incisive canals, which in the Chimpanzée open into the mouth by two distinct orifices, in the Engé-ena are but imper- fectly separated from each other at their termination ; a single oramen on each side exists midway between the incisive fora- men and the edges of the alveoli laterally, which is represent- ed in the Chimpanzée by two or more smaller foramina on each side. After the cranial crests and ridges there is no one character by which the head of the new. species may be more easily dis- tinguished from that of the Chimpanzée than by the zygomatic arches. In the latter they are thin and slender, especially at their posterior part, and the superior edge is very nearly hori- zontal. In the new species the arches are much broader, more Massive, at their posterior third suddenly arched upwa, e the Zygomatic fossæ much deeper ; a well marked E indicates the attachment of the strong masseter mu | = Tespects they resemble. the emitting varii of the satyrus.’ pr of the. male € crania only was in a condition to permit. an examination of its cavi Supe bees galli existed, e =e plates of the = g ove the plane of the cribriform. plate $ the os eim enclosed t Between: gem a de de- 430 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, pression. The mastoid cells of the temporal bone were largely developed, and were continuous with other cells of similar size situated in front of the auditory meatus; large cells also ex- isted at the inner extremity of the petrous bone. As in S. satyrus, the foramen magnum of the base of the skull is elongated, and has an emargination on its posterior edge, and the anterior condyloid foramen is double in one ot the males, though in the other crania the second or venous canal is very minute compared with that which transmits the hypoglossal nerve. (XIth pair.) A well developed ridge on the temporal bone, (corresponding with the “ vaginal process” of the human anatomist) extends from the carotid foramen to the auditory meatus, but there is no obvious surface for the attachment of a styloid process. A stout cylindrical process a obliquely terminated, the extremity somewhat roughened as if for a muscular attachment, is situated just behind and beneath (the head being in its natural position) the orifice of the Eustachian tube. x "The lower, jet presens a degree of massiveness and strength ination of the great surface for the attachment of the tem- poral muscles, and the great size of the zygomatic arches. In its general conformation it resembles that of the Simia satyrus, but surpasses it in size, although the projection of the face in the last is the greatest. Its ascending portion is nearly ver- tical, and contrary to that of the Chimpanzée and Oring; the coronoid process is more elevated than the condy: loid.” - The dental formula, as in the Orangs and the Caten osi. 7 is Bene the same as that of. man,’ m incisors 7 E = canines + i; premolars 2-2 2 , molars i; rur = diese "The middle i incisors had been lost, i of the Females, i in which his were much worn, ermina e o by Prof. a Op Gs Fal dl Mc this is not the ¢ s belong Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 431 a broad straight edge, while the lateral incisors were pointed, very closely resembling a human canine. The interval be- tween the lateral incisors and the canines in both sexes was proportionally less than in the Chimpanzée, though there could not be said to exist any great regularity in this respect in the different crania. The canines of the males were much larger than those of the females, but the points were too much abraded to render it practicable to determine exactly their original length. ‘The canine of the male, worn as it is, meas- ures 2.2 inches, and projects about an inch below the edge of the alveolus ; that of the female, which was not worn, pro- jected only 0.7 inch below the edge of the alveolus. In both Sexes these teeth were laterally compressed with a slightly trenchant edge behind, and on the inner face impressed with two distinct grooves. The premolars are equal in size, the _ external cusps longer and more pointed than the internal ; the . molars have each four cusps the two external the longest, the _ own having a more rhomboidal form than in the Chimpanzée ; | the third molar is the smallest of the three, and in all, the Anterior cusp on the inside is united by an oblique ridge to the . Posterior cusp on the outside. . Tn the lower jaw the lateral incisors are much longer than. E the middle, and. are separated by a small space from the ca- | . Pines. "The first premolars have blunt stout conical crowns, _ With the rudiment of a second cusp on the posterior and inner E edge 5 the second premolar is the smallest, has two cusps on E Ats anterior ge, with a third much smaller on the posterior . Mher angle, a rudiment of a fourth cusp is seen on the outer . "mgl. Of the molars, the third is the largest, and the first EOS oet of the series ; all have three cusps on | two on the inside, in which respect they resemble those of Chimpanzée, and differ from the Orangs. “In the true . '9n*eys (Cercopitheci) the Gibbons and the Orangs, the last „oar of the lower jaw has a square quadri-tuberculate crown, Ke that above." 1 i EE : 1 Owen, Op. Cit. Vol, I., p. 442. 432 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, The heads of the two females, as will be seen by reference to the table of measurements, were both smaller than those of the males. A small occipital crest exists in both, but the in- ter-parietal is entirely wanting in one, and is represented by a very slight ridge in the other, though both, as is shown by the teeth being all protruded and more or less worn, have reached the adult period.. The crania are much more smooth, the out- lines less angular, and the general expression of the face far less savage and brutal than in the males. In the younger of the females the dentes sapientie were perfectly protruded, and some of their points slightly worn; in this head, as well as the others, the cranial sutures had become obliterated, but some of those of the face were still obvious, viz. the zygo- matic, the malar, and a portion of that between the maxillary and intermaxillary bones, and between the ossa palati. The inferior maxillary bone is smaller, and its ramus much more narrow than in the male, a condition corresponding with the less perfect development of the canine teeth. Two infra-or- * com amina existed in one of the females, but only one m “Trunk. Of the vertebral column only a few bones € served ; two adjoining cervical vertebre probably the fifth un sixth, were remarkable for the great length of the spinous pro cesses, the longest of which, measured from the inside of ~ spinal canal (posterior face) had a length of 2.4 inches, the ongest process in the neck of the Chimpanzée was 9? Elundées — e are quema The last dorsal, and the first two lumbar vertebree iue. : Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 433 dering it almost impracticable to balance the trunk on the base of the sacrum, or to maintain with ease an erect attitude un- aided by the arms. All the long bones of the upper extremity are remarkable for their great size and strength. By reference to the table of admeasurements it will be seen that the scapula is two inches longer, and nearly two inches broader than that of an or- dinary man. Instead of having the narrow and elongated form of the Chimpanzée, the bone is more nearly equilateral, and recedes farther from the human type in having the fossæ above and below the spine more nearly equal ; the spine itself is not so well developed, and after passing the middle of the bone is Tepresented only by a slightly prominent ridge, which termi- nates but a few lines above the middle of the posterior edge of the dorsum. The supra-spinous portion is more nearly in . the same plane with the inferior part than in either man or the T. niger; the acromion process is broad and flat as in . an, but is more straight, its curves are larger, and it is destitute E of the prolongation inwards which characterizes the same part E mman. The glenoid cavity prešents the form of that of the ¥ human Scapula, except that its superior extremity is deflected _ towards the base of the acromion instead of the coracoid pro- 3 cess. A subscapular fossa exists, which is subdivided into a three smaller fossze, and the coracoid process is much stouter in man, its terminal portion forming a right angle with bone. ... The humerus, seventeen inches in length, exceeds that of the adult S. satyrus by 2.6 inches, has its bicipital groove as tabe Chimpanzée, more on the anterior face than in man ; its 1 of Tosities are largely developed, indicating the great strength the rotator muscles; and the impressions formed by the at- nent of the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi are very sly marked on each side of the bicipital groove, having “A a length of about three inches, indicating the great i Of the Upper extremity, the clavicles and bones of the wrist and hand were 434 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, strength of these suspensory muscles of the body, and which are so essential to an arboreal life. The humerus is slightly twisted, though less so than in man, but there is not the prom- inence of bone corresponding with the insertion of the deltoides, its anterior face being uniformly concave, and the posterior convex, as in the Chimpanzée. The smaller head is less spherical, the trochlear portion less deeply emarginated, and the internal edge of the trochlea less prominent than in the T. niger, but as in the latter, the humerus has a perforation of its inferior extremity. In the proportions between the length of the humerus and ulna, the Engé-ena recedes less from the human type than the Orang or the Chimpanzée. In S. satyrus the ulna 1s nearly an inch longer than the humerus, in T. niger the two bones are (as in Mr. Owen's specimen’ ) nearly equal ; in the Engé-ena the ulna is to the humerus as 1 to 1.2, and in man as 1 to 1.5 very nearly. (See table.) "The radius more stout and massive than in the Chimpanzée, has the same curved . form necessary for that constantly pronated condition of the hand essential to their climbing habits. The sacrum was broken through the body of the fifth ver- tebra; the canal was complete as far as the broken edge; and the intervertebral spaces, except the first, had become oblitera- ted. As in the Chimpanzée compared with that of man; the sacrum was long and narrow, and its anterior face more nearly straight than in either. The articulating surface {facet articulaire) extends down on each side as far asa point m th way between the third and fourth sacral foramina, its breadt as in the Chimpanzée, being proportionally much less than in man ; the broadest part is at the lowest extremity, om very narrow above; in man the surface is much broader, LI the breadth more nearly uniform throughout. Here agam; ia 4 have a mark of the inferiority of the higher Quadruman?; > "He 3 Op. Cit. p. 375. In a skeleton presented to the Boston Society of Nal : . History by Dr. Savage, the ulna is 0.8 inch shorter than the humerus. Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 435 want of strength in the pelvis, resulting from diminished articu- lating surface, and consequently a want of adaptation to sustain the erect position. *In the Chimpanzée the iliac bones are long, straight and expanded outwardly above, but narrow in proportion to their length ; the posterior face is concave for the lodgment of the glutei muscles, the anterior surface nearly flat, and stretching outwards almost parallel with the plane of the sacrum."' “In the Orang, the ilia are rather more expanded than in the Chim- panzée."* "The ilia of the Engé-ena make a much nearer ap- proach to the human type than either of the animals above- mentioned ; the space between the anterior spinous processes is proportionally larger, the wings are much broader, the ante- rior face has a deep concavity, the dorsum has a correspond- ing convexity, but is destitute of the semicircular lines indica- ting the origins of the glutæi muscles, and the superior spinous processes are farther in advance of the plane of the sacrum. The crest of the ilium is destitute of the curve like an F which is characteristic of the human pelvis. If, in the upper extremity, the Engé-ena approaches nearer . io man than his congeners in the relative lengths of the ulna and humerus, he recedes much farther in those of the humerus and femur. In the Chimpanzée the humerus and femur are almost exactly of the same length, but in the Engé-ena the ^umerus exceeds the femur by three inches, a disproportion . “ery nearly the same as that which exists in the correspond- ing parts of the S. satyrus. As in the Chimpanzée, the h of the femur has an impression corresponding with the at- tachment of the round ligament, but the greater trochanter is Proportionally stouter, the shaft of the bone is more curved, od the inner condyle much longer, so that when the two condyles rest in a horizontal surface, the shaft of the bone has “inclination outwards as in man, instead of a direction nearly Vertical as in the Chimpanzée. Owen, .- WEB, Trans. Zool p. 5 Ks og. Soc. Lond. vol. i. p. 351. Owen, Op. cit. p. 363. 436 Savage and Wyman, External Character, The two articulating surfaces on the upper extremity of the tibia are situated on different planes, the internal, the lowest is concave, and the external convex. The depressed concave surface corresponds with the longer condyle of the femur, so that the one compensates for the other, and when the bones are in place their axes are very nearly in the same line, The tibia is more cylindrical than in man, and is destitute of the ridge separating the internal and posterior faces. HI. GENERAL REMARKS. From the preceding descriptions there can be no reason to doubt that the Engé-ena is specifically distinct from the Enché-eco or Chimpanzée, the only member of the sub-genus Troglodytes hitherto recognized by naturalists. From the Enché-eco it is readily — 1. By its greater size ; . 9. By the size and forth of the superciliary ridges ; * 3 M the existence of the large occipital and interparietal | crests e males, and by rudiments of the same in the 4 By the great strength and arched form of the zygomatic arches ; 5. By the form of the anterior and posterior nasal orifices ; 6. By the structure of the infra-orbitar canal ; : 7. By the existence of an emargination on the posterior edge of the hard palate ; x 8. 'The incisive alveoli do not project beyond the line of the rest of the face as in the Chimpanzée and Orang; e 9. The distance between the nasal orifice and the edge - P. the incisive alveoli is less than in the Chimpanzée ; » Dr. 1 Prof. Owen estimates the height of the Chimpanzée at “ about y four cag de feet — m Savage gives as the result of the measurement of four adults, that two were 366.) i En ies , and two “five feet nearly.” (See Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist «Vien compared s ments of the Engé-ena given in the subjoined table, ' be for ahi riri ones ot the Enché-eco, will j justify the assertion that 4. must Ed TAM. Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 437 10. The ossa nasi are more narrow and compressed su- periorly ; 11. The scapula is more nearly equilateral ; 12. The ulna is shorter in proportion to the humerus; 13. The ossa ilia are much broader, more concave on the anterior face, and the anterior spines project farther forward. The Engé-ena in the strength of the zygomatic arches, in the existence of the occipital and interparietal crests, and in the strength and size of the lower jaw, approximates the Orangs, but is readily distinguished from all those yet de- scribed, 1. By its large superciliary ridges ; 2. By the straight outline of the face ; 3. By the existence of a fifth tubercle on the last molar of the lower jaw ; 4. By the existence of a round ligament in the hip joint; 9. By the more anthropoid conformation of the pelvis; at In having the cerebral cavity more depressed behind the ce; T. In having the ulna shorter than the humerus. It should be borne in mind that the above distinctions are Rot based upon observations made upon a single specimen, but upon the examination of four adult crania of the Engé-ena, . two males and two females, and upon six adult crania of the E é-eco. In no one of these last has there béen found any approach to an interparietal crest, nor have they in any instance deviated materially in their dimensions from those given i in the table. The temporal ridges are generally separa- ted from each other by a space varying from half an inch to * Of the adult ura of the himpanzée, t there are two in the Cabinet of the Bos- a Society of N: tual History, one in that of Dr. J. C. Warren, two in that of the rademy of Natural tural Sciences in Philadelphia, and one in my own collection, 438 Savage and Wyman, External Character, one or two inches, according to age, but in none of them isto be seen even a rudiment of the interparietal ridge. The skull of the Engé-ena recedes much farther from the human type than that of the Enché-eco, in its greater devel- opment of the cranial crests and ridges, in the greater elonga- tion of the upper jaw downwards and forwards, in the length of the bony palate, no less than in the much more brutal and ferocious expression of the face; in this last respect it even surpasses the Orangs of Borneo and Sumatra. In the conformation of the pelvis, as indicated by the broad and concave iliac bones, the projection forwards of the ante- rior spines, it is, on the other hand, the most anthropoid of all the Simiade. The central portion of the ilia acquires a cer- tain degree of transparency in both sexes, and the same has been noticed, though to a less extent, in the pelvis of the En- ché-eco. This observation is interesting in connection with the results obtained by Vrolick with reference to the marks of degradation in the Negro, an index of which he finds in the ab- . sence of this character. Certainly, a much more satisfactory . index of degradation is to be derived from the general shape of the bones, and their approximation in form to those of the semi- erect animals with which they have been compared ; and the exact measure would be the amount of deviation from the Caucasian type. 1 “The pelvis of the male Negro, in the strength and density of its substance, and t bones wr hinh HON of the p resembles the pelvis of the wild beast, while we contrary, the,pelvis of the female of the same race combines lightness of sub h of bone are so closely united. This transparency was found only in one er udi in which, however, the part in question when held up to the light, yet ap! how- f diplóe int i en the bony plates." ^ Delicate À itis difficult to separate fro jue aller breadth of the sacrum, the smaller extent of the haunches, &c^ Pr wehes into the Phys. Hist. of Mankind, 4th edit. vol. i. p. 324- ; mitthe — Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 439 l'rom an examination of the narratives of travellers, and the works of some naturalists, it will be found that no one pecu- liarity is more strongly insisted upon than the ability and dis- position of the Orangs to assume and maintain the erect atti- tude. An attentive examination however, of their organization, as compared with that of man, gives the most conclusive evi- dence on the other hand, that they are not constituted like him for the erect position, a conclusion abundantly supported by the observation of living specimens exhibited from time to time in America and Europe. Evidence is yet to be adduced that any Quadrumanous animal whatever, assumes or maintains the erect attitude in its ordinary and natural movements. The gait of an Orang walking on its legs alone, is one of great in- stability, the animal showing by its bent position like that of an infirm old man, by the attitude of the arms, the constant effort to balance itself, and its disposition to get assistance from surrounding objects, that such a mode of progression is one of extreme difficulty. The conditions for walking erect, as manifested in the human skeleton, are as follows: l. The head must be balanced, or very nearly so, on the atlas ; 2. The curves, and the general direction of the vertebral - Column must be such that the centre of gravity of the trunk ‘Shall be over the plane of the pelvis, passing through the heads 9f the thigh bones ; : ! 3. The lower extremities on which the pelvis rests should 5 the axes of the thigh and leg in one and the same vertical Sblane : H A 4. The feet should be directed at right angles to the axes of ; the sole resting on the ground. Ue These conditions are found to co-exist in man, and in man p alone ; they are not found in any of the anthropoid animals hitherto described, nor is there any nearer approximation to hem in the species now under consideration, unless it be the existence of a pelvis a little more perfect in its conformation — 440 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, than in the congeners. The natural attitude of the Orangs on the ground is semi-erect, aided and supported by one or both of their long arms ; the Chimpanzées and Orangs resting on their callous knuckles, and the Engé-enas on the palms of tbeir hands. If they at any time support themselves on their legs alone, their heads droop, the trunk is bent forwards, the thighs are flexed, and their feet inverted, all which necessarily results from the mechanical arrangements of their skel- eton. The foramen magnum and (consequently the occipital condyles), instead of being situated in the middle of the base of the skull as in man, is situated in the middle of the pos- terior third, from which results the greater preponderance of the head forwards.’ The vertebral column is concave throughout nearly the whole of its anterior face, and in the lumbar region especially, deviates from the form of that of the human body, in which it is strongly convex. ‘This results from the anterior portions of the bodies of the lumbar vertebra in the Orangs having . the vertical diameter of the anterior face shorter than that of the posterior, so that when they are piled one above another, the superior ones incline forwards, and will necessarily cause the whole superimposed trunk to preponderate in that direc- tion, consequently throwing the centre of gravity forward in à proportional degree. The bent position of the body necessarily involves a greater or less flexion of the legs, in order that a portion of its lower part should be thrown behind the centre of gravity, to compen- sate ina measure forthe upper portion including the head, which is thrown in front of it. jdence 1 The position of this foramen in the Orangs is correctly regarded as an e cunis of degradati ion. Semmering has imagined that an approach to it existed in ween an) rm X. aue ap inthe 3 vx Urat that of the Caucasians ; so that the difference between the Nese * Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 441 Lastly, the feet are always inverted, in consequence of the mode of their articulation with the leg. Living habitually in trees, and the natural locomotion being that of climbing or swinging from limb to limb by the aid of long and powerful arms, their feet are so constructed as to enable them to apply the soles against the sides of the trunks and branches, consequent- ly requiring them to be in planes, either really in, or approx- imating to a vertical direction. When on the ground, there- fore, they are from necessity obliged to walk on the outer edge of the foot, and this with the other peculiarities of their Organization, gives them an unstable gait, contrasting with that of man, who, habitually walking erect on a horizontal sur- face, has the soles of the feet necessarily in a horizontal plane. The organization of the anthropoid Quadrumana justifies the naturalist in placing them at the head of the brute creation, and placing them in a position in which they, of all the animal Series, shall be nearest to man. Any anatomist, however, who will take the trouble to compare the skeletons of the Negro and Orang, cannot fail to be struck at sight with the wide gap which separates them. The difference between the cranium, the pelvis, and the conformation of the upper ex- tremities in the Negro and Caucasian, sinks into comparative insignificance when compared with the vast difference which exists between the conformation of the same parts in the Ne- Sro and the Orang. Yet it cannot be denied, however wide the separation, that the Negro and Orang do afford the points Where man and the brute, when the totality of their organ- zation is considered, most nearly approach each other - (442) TABLE OF COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THE CRANIA AND BONES OF SIMIA SATYRUS, TROGLODYTES NIGER, TROGLO- YTES GORILLA, AND MAN Simia | Trog. | Trog. Gorilla, à | Somat niger. | maie. |female. wes From the posterior jiire of the wo to margin of incisors 6 | 7.3 |12.0 | 9.10} 9.6 xreatest lateral diameter of cranium at post auditory s 5.4 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 52 | 5-4 Smallest lateral diameter of cranium behind orbits 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3-4 - Diameter of face across zygomata 6.0 | 4.8 | 6.5| 5.5 | 5-7 [Diameter of face outside of orbits 4.2 | 40 | 4.9 | 43 | 49 |From posterior plane of occiput to fronto- nasal suture 4.7 | 6.3 | 7.3 | 6.5 - x |From fronto-nasal suture to marg x inc 44 |4,4 | 4.81 4.519 ‘Breadth of zygomatic fossa 1.1$|-1.7 | 1-4] -a Inter orbitar s ; Dose oe one. 5-L DIDA DAE 1 Lateral diameter of orbit . `. VS LITICE Der Vertical | “ fa aaa ui oo oi ac aided NE Length of bony sell : : : 3.3 | 2.10| 3.7 | 3.4 | 17 Length of lower j jaw r from ee to sy mphysis .16.215.0(1 2.0] 65 s $ 5.6 | 3.8 z From dis to condyl La ee 3.10| 2.5 ee Breadth between v angles (inside) . uy . 3.9 | 1.10| 4.5 | 3.8 7 [Breadth of ram : 2 27:012] 1-00 Seen Height o : : ; 2.4 | 4.6 | 4.3 2. "p ER EXTREMITY. 7.0 Length of scapula al along base : -I 5l e a S 24 6: j ; 2.0 extremity ty of. spine from upper angle 4.5. s ppe E 13.4 |10.9 [17.0 a~ LI LI LI - . ^ LI 1234 10.0 1 im pr fe v Tc Hos [a= 10.6 | PELVIS. Length d ee ; e P NOS : 3.4 | 6.0 3.4 |2.6 | 3.7 Breadth of pelris between spinous processes of ilia |11.5 | 9.3 oe i ; : 4.9 | 4.2 | 8.0 | 7- Length » be exit n " 9.10| 9.10/14.0 |12.0 | ntero-posterior diameter of pelvis from symphysis f base of sacrum . $ aii 5.5 | 5.0 8.0 rse diameter of — M RM ee 4.0 | 3.5 ae symphysis ^. | 2.0 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 2.3 diameter of obturator fura 1.9 | 1.7 | 2-1 | 2-2 outside of on Ming ischii te to ; thai ofthe other | 5.8 | 6.0 5.8 OWE; MITY. s wea oe uer ce MES NES UN : XE 9.0 | 8.5 {11.5 bof ERTEBRUE — 12th. DORSAL, | Transverse diene ter mare E x : Antero-posterior “ ^ E g 0.9 z S Vertical diameter of anterior face . i ; P 9. of pot * ose Es 0.9 SE hie patecior dài L * ro- ior iameter (ug Es PRS 0 Transverse diameter . . . edes i Vertical ie . eso s 0. io To ee 0 Rogerio er c PE Araneides of the United States. 443 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. I. Head of Male, profile. In this view, are to be seen the imn developed inter-parietal crest and superciliary ridges, the broad and curved aH arches, and the expanded ramus of the lower jaw. Prate I. Head of Female, profile. The attr PAR crest here exists in a ditare condition only, and the ramu e lower jaw is much more narrow than in the male, but the curve ot ES zygomatie arch is quite acp Prate III. d of Mate, front view. This represents the head so placed dis the bea of the lower jaw is horizontal, in which position the cranium proper almost disappears behind the superciliary ridges. The occipital crest cannot be seen in this position. "The middle incisors of the upperjaw were missing. Prare IV. Fic. 1. Head of Female, front view. The teeth of this head are irregularly arranged i in the lower jaw; the canine of the right side is opposed to the lateral incisor of the upper jaw, and the right middle incisor is to the left of the median line. Fic. 2. An ideal representation of the teeth of the female. ART. XXXV.— DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF THE ARANEIDES sag THE UNITED STATES. By Nicuotas Marcerius HENTZ, Tuscaloosa, 1 abam Bog i Kee [Continued from Vol. V. page 370.] Genus THomisus. Walck. Characters. — Cheliceres small, cuneiform, fang . maille pointed at tip, more or less inclined over rho ; lip pointed at tip, wider in the middle than at base, as long | as, or longer than, half the length of the maxille ; eyes eight equal or subequal, commonly in two rows of four each, the _ Posterior one longest, bent from the base towards the anterior One ; feet, commonly the first and second pair longest, or the second al cond alone longest. : ae Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, | L 444 Hentz's Descriptions of the but casting irregular threads, cocoon flattened, usually placed under leaves, watched by the mother till the young are hatched. Remarks. Well was it remarked by Walckenaer, that a subgenus so easily recognized as Tuomisus is nevertheless excessively difficult to characterize. There is not one feature save the small size of the cheliceres, a secondary character, which is not liable to vary in the different species, and yet, the sub-division is a natural one. Nay, the sub-genus Puiro- DROMAS Which seems to correspond to my first tribe, the Dz- PRESS, does not appear to be sufficiently characterized to be separated from this, at least if my Tuomisus vuLcanis can be referred to it. Secrion I. HETEROPOD.E. Four posterior legs shortest. Tribe I. Derressæ. Legs very long, equal in thick- ness, body flattened. ; i. THOMISUS VULGARIS. Plate XXIII. Fig. 1. Description. Pale grey, abdomen with four impressed dots, body flat; legs with indistinct darker rings. Observations. "This spider, commonly seen on fencing or prostrate timber, like those of the same genus, moves side- ways and backwards, but it is much more active than T. celer. When pursued by an enemy, like Arrus and EPeina, it leaps and hangs by a thread, which supports it in the alr. Habitat. United States. Tribe II. Caxwcmoipes. Legs very long, four anterior . ones largest, abdomen oval. 2. THOMISUS ALEATORIUS. Plate XXIII. Fig. 2. : ue m. Cephalothorax greenish yellow, region ate : Araneides of the United States. 445 eyes reddish with whitish lines between and before the eyes, trophi piceous ; abdomen yellow with six impressed dots, yel- low underneath ; feet, two first pair piceous, third and fourth greenish yellow. A small species. Observations. This little spider is not rare, usually found on plants. Habitat. Alabama, September. Tribe. IIT. Pyrironmes. Legs moderately long, abdo- men pyriform. 3. THOMISUS FEROX, Plate XXIII. Fig. 3. Description. Brownish yellow ; cephalothorax with a dusky band each side, abdomen with four or six angular pron spots ; two anterior pair of feet hairy. Observations. 'This common species is found on plants With the same habits as T. celer. I have found in Alabama, in April, a male and a female on a bush; the male was grasp- ing her with his long legs. His abdomen was not truncated, and its marking was somewhat different from that of the female. This spider is apt to vary in color and marking. Habitat. United States. 4. THOMISUS FARTUS. Plate XXIII. Fig. 4. — Description. Pale yellow ; cephalothorax with an amigo fascia in the region of the eyes; abdomen with a marginal red : band not reaching the apex, and five or seven impressed A .. the band sometimes obsolete. 4 _ Observations. This elegant species first found on. the | 4 spicata in the Cambridge botanic garden, and often cen | since in various places, is always found on plants. It —— atches its cocoon, which is attached usually under a leaf, eun 446 Hentz's Descriptions of the like that of a Coccinella, and remains near, till the eggs are hatched. It varies in marking, and I have one species with red spots on the back of the abdomen. It is nevertheless distinct from T. celer, and may be T. citreus, Règne An. IV. Habitat. Massachusetts, Alabama. 5. THOMISUS CELER. Plate XXIII. Fig. 5. Description. Pale yellow, with a slight tinge of grass green, particularly the legs. "Two curved rows of impressed dots on the abdomen ; lateral eyes not borne on tubercles. Observations. This spider is found usually on blossoms, where it remains, patiently waiting for Diptere, other small insects, and even butterflies, which it secures with amazing muscular power. It moves backwards and sideways more commonly than forwards. Sometimes seen larger, though ES never attaining great dimensions. Habitat. Found in South Carolina, North Carolina, Mas- sachusetts, Alabama, Ohio, &c. : Tribe IV. Ocurarx. External eyes borne on tubercles, eyes equal, 6. THOMISUS PIGER. Plate XXIII. Fig. 6. Araneides of the United States. 447 è 7. THOMISUS ASPERATUS. Plate XXIII. Fig. 7. Description. Pale, covered with short bristles ; cephalotho- rax, outer eyes of second row tuberculated, with two blackish bands, and a few longer bristles about the eyes; abdomen pale brown above, pale glabrous underneath ; feet, first and second pair with brown rings, third and fourth with fewer bristles. Observations. This spider, which is found on plants, seems quite distinct from any other, though the species of this sub- genus are very variable. Habitat. Alabama. September. 8. THOMISUS PARVULUS. Plate XXIII. Fig. 8. Description. Rufous; abdomen yellowish with a trans- verse band black, near the apex ; third and fourth pair of legs greenish or yellowish ; first and second pair longer and slen- der in the male. Observations. 'The external eyes appear to be larger, on account of their being placed on elevations. This species is common, and frequently found on the blossoms of umbellif- erous plants, Habitat. The Southern States. Tribe V. Tusercunats. A tubercle on the abdomen, .— “ternal eyes larger, tuberculated. 9. THOMISUS CAUDATUS. Plate XXIII. Fig. 9. E — Description. Dusky; abdomen with a tubercle or tail . behind above the apex, about six small black dots on the disk ; Pale beneath, with a longitudinal band, and sides blackish ; feet, 3 TE : | 448 Hentz's Descriptions of the Observations. This species is not rare. It is sometimes found wandering in mid-winter. The eyes are unequal in size, the two lower external ones are largest, and the four ex- ternal ones are borne on tubercles. Habitat. Alabama. Section IJ. EQIPEDES. Four posterior legs not inva- riably the shortest. Tribe VI. Fiuurrepes. Feet slender, long, second pair longest, then the fourth. 10. THOMISUS? DUTTONI. Plate XXIII. Fig. 10. Description. Pale grey ; cephalothorax with a longitudi- nal rufous band ; abdomen long and slender, with a like nar- row band, and two minute black dots near the apex; legs yellowish, 2. 4. 1. 3. Observations. ‘This singular spider was communicated to me by Mr. Thomas R. Dutton, who collected it in Georgia in 1838. The alcohol in which it was preserved may have changed its colors. Habitat. Georgia. Tribe VII. not determined ; eyes in four rows. 11. THOMISUS? DUBIUS. Plate XXIII. Fig. 11. Description. Pale; cephalothorax with two slender lon- gitudinal blackish lines edged with greenish ; abdomen with a similar green edged line, which bifurcates towards the base; and has one small black dot on each bifurcation; feet, first pair wanting, second very long, fourth next, third shortest. Observations. This singular spider was unfortunately mu- tilated when discovered, and the drawing was left unfinished, _as I hoped other specimens would occur ; none however, were . ever found. There is an affinity in some points between oe x . Habitat. North Carolina. Araneides of the United States. 449 THOMISUS? TENUIS. Plate XXIII. Fig. 12. Description. 'Testaceous, downy ; cephalothorax with a longitudinal white band, and a tuft of hair between the eyes ; abdomen with two interrupted longitudinal whitish fillets, four long nipples; feet bristly, 2. 1.2 3. | Observations. 'This is undoubtedly congeneric with my Thomisus dubius. But knowing nothing of their webs nor of habits, | still refrain from making any generic distinction. These will probably form the type of a new sub-genus. This one was found enclosed in the clay nest of a Sphex. . Habitat... Alabama. Genus Crvuzriowa. Latr. Characters. — Cheliceres long, fang moderately long ; maxille parallel, wider above the insertion of the palpi, lip widest in the middle ; eyes eight, equal, in two rows, the lower one nearly straight ; feet, the fourth or the first pair longest ; body usually of a pale or livid color. _ Habits. Araneides sedentary, watching their prey, and Inclosing themselves in silk tubes ; cocoon orbicular. Remarks. This sub-genus like Thomisus, cannot be char- acterized with any precision, owing to the variations in the form of the trophi, the position of the eyes, &c. It is nev- ertheless a natural subdivision of Aranea. The species com- Posing it have nocturnal habits; little therefore, is known of their history. They dwell under leaves, under bark or stones, Where they may be found in silk tubes, from which they seldom issue during the day. proe e o: Tibet- Daxapzs. Eyes, posterior row bent toward the base, fourth pair of legs longest, then the second. : 1. CLUBIONA PALLENS. Plate XXIII. Fig. 13. white ; abdomen varied with plumbeous T. - Descri iption. Livid 450 Hentz's Descriptions of the spots above, and four small dots near the apex underneath ; feet, 49 13 Both sexes alike. Observations. This spider is found in silk tubes, con- cealed under the bark of decaying trees, where it spends the winter. 'There isa spotless variety which may prove a distinct species. abitat. North Carolina, Alabama; common. : 2. CLUBIONA OBESA. Plate XXIII. Fig. 14. Description. 'lestaceous or brownish, abdomen with a longitudinal more or less distinct brown band above. Observations. This spider, usually found concealed in silk tubes, was sometimes seen in the blossoms of the Mag- nolia seeking for prey. It is perfectly distinct from Clubiona inclusa. Habitat. . Massachusetts, North Carolina, Alabama. "Tribe IL Hamaprvyapes. Eyes, posterior row bent from the base, lip emarginate, first pair of legs longest. 3. CLUBIONA PISCATORIA. Plate XXIII. Fig. 15. Description. Dingy rufous; eyes sub-equal, two middle ones larger ; abdomen pale, piceous, with a sub-obsolete spot near the base, four nipples, two external ones bi-articulate. Feet long, 1.4. 9. 3. Observations. The, difference between the eyes of this and those of my Clubiona obesa prevents my referring them to the same species. The pulmonary orifices are white, un- der a gloss. This spider made an even web like AGELENA- Wandering at night. Habitat. Alabama. 4. CLUBIONA TRANQUILLA. ` Plate XXIIL Fig. 16. „Deep rufous or piceous; abdomen greyish impressed | dots. fk with bie Araneides of the United States. 451 Observations. It is difficult to learn much of the habits of this spider, which moves chiefly at night. A male anda female were found in Alabama in July, in the folds of an old ' piece of paper, near a silk tube of extreme whiteness, which was probably destined to receive the eggs. Always found in a tube except at the approach of winter, when it is sometimes found wandering. Habitat. Common in the United States. Tribe IIL. Nympux. External eyes approximated, lip emarginate, first pair of legs longest. 5. CLUBIONA INCLUSA. Plate XXII. Fig. 18. Description. Livid white, or pale yellow ; cheliceres, last joints of all the feet and of the palpi tipped with black ; a longitudinal dusky line beginning at base of the abdomen. Observations. This spider was always found in tubes of white silk, the female watching her cocoon, which is covered With a very thin coat of silk ; the eggs are loose and not glued together. It probably moves out only at night, as its pale Color indicates. The young are deeper in color even than the mother. Habitat. South Carolina, North Carolina, &c. Tribe IV. Fort. External eyes not touching, lip trun- x d at tip, fourth pair of legs longest. 6. CLUBIONA FALLENS. Plate XXIII. Fig. 17. | Description. Yellowish or rufous; cephalothorax with blackish lines; abdomen pale, with two rows of sub-obsolete dots, and two abbreviated rows of smaller ones obscure, same color underneath ; feet hairy, particularly the third and fourth Pair, in the female, «1.23 and in the male Tras. The Sexes marked alike. _ Observations. Were it not that the eyes are differently 459 Hentz's Descriptions of the placed, this might be taken for C. celer. Males and females were found in silk tubes constructed on leaves. A male was found in November, with imperfect blackish rings on the legs; one more distinct at the base of the antepenult joint. Isita variety or a distinct species? Habitat. Alabama. October, November. 7. CLUBIONA GRACILIS. Plate XXIII. Fig. 19. Description. Yellowish; cephalothorax with two longi- tudinal bluish bands; abdomen with two longitudinal bands of numerous small red dots, the bands uniting towards the apex; feet, hairy, 4 19.3. "The sexes alike. rid Observations. This very active spider is often seen in mid- winter on a mild day apparently migrating in great numbers, being supported in the air by a long thread, and borne by the breeze. Once, many were seen in December, thus approach-: ing alarge tree, under the bark of which they probably "E tended to hibernate. A variety, perhaps a distinct species, was found, destitute of dots or bands; it was concealed in a silk tube on a leaf. Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 8. CLUBIONA CELER. Plate XXIII. Fig. 20. Description. Pale ; cephalothorax with angular markings near the edge, and some lines; abdomen pubescent, with in- distinct dots; feet, hairy. Male resembling the female in every point of markings. . Observations. This little spider was found in December, suspending itself from a thread, and moving with great activity: A male somewhat larger than the scale was found in Alabama, April, wandering about at night. Habitat. . North Carolina, Alabama. vinted at tip, feet variable. Tribe V. Cavernosm. Eyes in two sub-par allel a Araneides of the United States. 453 9. CLUBIONA? AGRESTIS. = Plate XXIII. Fig. 21. Description. Livid green ; abdomen purplish brown, with four impressed dots; feet, 1. 4. 2. 3. Male of a-piceous color. Observations. The male and the female were found un- dera stone. The female has two curved rigid shining eleva- tions under the vulva, forming an arch open towards the base. It is with some hesitation that I place this species in this sub- division. Habitat. Alabama. March. I0. CLUBIONA IMMATURA. Plate XXIII. Fig. 22. Description. Yellowish rufous, middle lower eyes black; abdomen immaculate pale green; legs with very short hairs, dak 9.3. ` Observation. 'This was found in a cellar. Habitat. Alabama. October. Tribe VI. Not determined. 11. CLUBIONA ? SUBLURIDA. Plate XXIV. Fig. 1. Description. Pale yellowish ; cheliceres very large; ab- domen with two obscure sub-obsolete lines, same color beneath With a few minute brown spots ; feet, long, slender, 1. 4. 9. 3. T Observations. This spider was found upon a bush, with- out any web, It displayed great activity and vigor. When t rest it had its legs spread out. Habitat. Alabama. July. 12. CLUBIONA ? SALTABUNDA. Plate XXIII. Fig. 23. — Description. Pale; cephalothorax with a few obscure . . Marks near the edge, palpi with bristles; abdomen with two 494 Hentz’s Descriptions of the rows of blackish dots, and a few minute ones towards the sides ; pectus with a scolloped black line on each side ; venter with four or five small spots, and many small dots black ; feet, slender, 1. very long, 4. 2. 3. à; Observations. This spider is found in the fields, wander- ing, and running with great activity. It leaps like Arrus, and like it too, it leaves a thread behind to secure its flight. A female found in November, made a tube or tent as a residence in the vial in which it was enclosed. ‘The male resembles the female. Probably congeneric with Clubiona ? sublurida. Habitat. Alabama. May, November. 13. CLUBIONA? ALBENS. Plate XXIII. Fig. 24. Description. Pale bristly ; abdomen deeper in color, ven- ter with its base and three spots, pale green, pectus with a line each side, pale green, nipples, four long ones and two short. Feet, very long and slender, 1. 4. 2. 3. First much longest. i Observations. This is undoubtedly related to my C. sal- tabunda, and with it will probably constitute a new subgenus at some future time. Habitat. Alabama. Genus HerryLLUs. Mihi. SiLLIMAN's J. Vol. XXI. p. 102. Characters. Cheliceres moderately large, without teeth ; mazille parallel, wider above the insertion of the palpi, cul obliquely above; lip about half the length of the mavilla, narrower towards the point ; eyes, eight, sub-equal in two parallel rows of four each, both commonly bent towards the base; feet, the fourth pair longest, then the first, then the second, the third being the shortest. Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, but running about with great swiftness, and hiding under tones, crevices, &c. Cocoon unknown. T OA qu. Araneides of the United States. 455 Remarks. This sub-genus, very closely related to CLusiona, is very well characterized notwithstanding the similarity. The character derived from the respective length of the legs is very constant, showing the property of being fast runners in all the species of this division. In habits they differ wholly from Crvsrowa, being in fact wandering Araneides. "The swiftness with which they run is truly surprising. They are not exclusively nocturnal, being often seen to run in the brightest sunshine. Tribe I. Brevirepes. Legs strong, rather short, maxilla long, cut obliquely above. 1. HERPYLLUS ECCLESIASTICUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 2. - Description. Black; cephalothorax with a whitish longi- tudinal band ; abdomen with an abbreviated band, and a spot ite. Observations. ‘This spider is not rare, found between boards and crevices in dark places ; running very fast, chiefly at night; I never could find its cocoon or its permanent dwelling-place. Habitat. The United States. 2, HERPYLLUS ATER. Plate XXIV. Fig. 3. a Deseription, Deep glossy black, immaculate, feet rather ort, Observations. This species, readily distinguished from H. descriptus, Which has long slender legs, is found running with Sreat rapidity on paths and frequented places. It is diurnal, and when pursued it seeks shelter under stones or leaves. It has the same habits with H. bicolor, to which it is related. "Hübitat, Pennsylvania, New England. 456 Hentz's Descriptions of the 3. HERPYLLUS BICOLOR. Plate XXIV. Fig. 4. Description. Rufous; abdomen bluish black, with about six impressed dots. Male same colors. Observations. This common species is found usually on the ground or under stones, leaves, &c., running with great rapidity. The female almost invariably kills the male and eats him, after the calls of nature are satisfied. It is related to H. ater. Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama, and probably the United States. 4. HERPYLLUS BILINEATUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 5. Description. Whitish ; cephalothorax above, and abdomen above and beneath with two longitudinal black bands some- what curved; feet yellowish. Male with the same marks. Observations. This spider is remarkably active, usually found on trees. No species of this sub-genus is more distinct, and invariably spotted in the same manner. It is not rare. Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 5. HERPYLLUS ORNATUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 6. Description. Golden. rufous ; abdomen with abbreviated and interrupted transverse bands blick; feet, yellowish, varied with black, thighs of two anterior pairs of legs black. " Observations. Wandering on paths, and very active, in woods or unfrequented places. The young usually has pri abdomen black, with transverse whitish bands which are formed by hairs. Habitat. North Carolina. 6. HERPYLLUS DESCRIPTUS. Plate XXIV. Fig.7. editos Black ; abdomen with an basti longi- Araneides of the United States. 457 tudinal band, golden rufous; two anterior pairs of legs with last three joints brownish or paler. Observations. There are probably several species very similar to this. A large specimen was found in Alabama, with no yellow spot on its abdomen, its legs with a few stout bristles, its two posterior thighs had two whitish bands above, and the base of its abdomen had a whitish spot, these bands and spot formed by short hairs. Another specimen occurred with the whole disc of the abdomen red, the abdomen hada peduncle one third the length of the cephalothorax, the chel- iceres were more prominent. Are these two distinct species ? This is closely related to H. ornatus. Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 7. HERPYLLUS CROCATUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 8. Description. Piceous black; abdomen darker, with a saffron-colored band widening towards the apex, blackish beneath ; feet, fourth pair hairy. Observations. This species inhabits houses, hiding in cracks, under boards, &c. It does not vary in marking, and 55 very well characterized. Habitat. Alabama. November. 8. HERPYLLUS LONGIPALPUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 9. Description. Black ; palpi nearly as. long as the cephalo- lorax ; abdomen with sub-obsolete transverse white bands ; feet spotted with white ; immaculate black underneath. Observations. The spots and bands in this, as well as in most of the other species of this sub-genus, are produced by Scales or hairs which are quite deciduous, and hence there "I Many varieties of markings. This spider moves with the "apidity of lightning. "Habitat. Alabama. September. - . 498 Hentz's Descriptions of íhe 9. HERPYLLUS MARMORATUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 10. Description. Black, varied with whitish markings formed by deciduous scales; feet, 4. 1. 2. 3. Fourth pair stoutest. Observations. This can scarcely be the male of my H. longipalpus. Habitat. Alabama. 10. HERPYLLUS VARIEGATUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 12. Description. Cephalothorax ‘rufous; abdomen blackish with three whitish bands, the middle one as an inverted 1; feet, varied with piceous and rufous. Observations. 'This spider, drawn from a specimen col- lected by Prof. Peck of Massachusetts, was immersed in spirits ten or twelve years at least, before it was painted. The colors may not be correctly represented in consequence of that. A specimen was found in North Carolina, and also one in Ken- tucky, in a silk tube, which had only two bands on the abdo- men, and the external eyes of which were placed nearer together. These will probably be found to belong to another species. Habitat. Massachusetts ? 11. HERPYLLUS CRUCIGER. * Plate XXIV. Fig. 11. Description. Gray ; abdomen with spots and dots black. Observations. This spider is really black, but covered with grey hairs or scales which ean be easily rubbed off, and which are arranged on the abdomen somewhat in the form of a cross. It moves with great celerity, and hides under stones, &c. Habitat. North Carolina. 12. HERPYLLUS VESPA. Plate XXIV. Fig. 13. Description. Piceous; cephalothorax with the middle i Araneides of the United States. 459 lower eyes black ; abdomen usually deeper in color, with four impressed dots, separated from the cephalothorax by a whitish peduncle, utiderücdth with a pale spot over each pulmonary orifice, Observations. This spider, like other congeneric species, runs very fast and conceals itself under stones. It is com- mon. It may be that Agelena plumbea will be referred to this. Habitat. Alabama. 13. HERPYLLUS ? RAMULOSUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 14. Description; Obscure brown ; abdomen with two diverg- ing bands and several spots pale Sines; spotless pale beneath. Observations. This may be referred to Cuusrona, as it bears some affinity to C. celer and others. Habitat. Alabama. May. 14, HERPYLLUS? PYGM(EUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 16. Description. Piceous ; sd and palpi paler; feet, 451.3. A very small species. Observations. This species is referred to this division with but little hesitation. It is probably not common. It was found wandering. Habitat. Alabama. August. Tribe IL Lonerepes. Legs slender, long, maxilla short, truncated. 15. HERPYLLUS? AURATUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 15. Description, Bright rufous ; abdomen brilliant zy color above and beneath, with four ikada white lines above, and four on the sides towards the base, with a tinge of silvery Steen around the vulva in the female; feet, filiform, long and Z uae towards the extremity, particularly the fourth 460 Hentz's Descriptions of the Observations. This beautiful slender species moves like a mouse, and with such rapidity, as to make it quite an arduous undertaking to capture it. The male and female have been repeatedly found with the same colors and marking. One specimen, soon after being inclosed in a glass tube, made a beautifully wrought tent like that of Arrus, open at both ends. It would seem that this spider has a fixed place of abode, from which it issues for hunting excursions, for a female was observed by some children, several times on the same plant, repeatedly escaping to the ground when pursued, until it was at last taken in the very same spot. A female ina state of gravidity was found September 30th, agreeing 1n every description except in having obscure bands in the form of an A ; about four distinct ones, near the apex. Habitat. Alabama. August, October. 16. HERPYLLUS ZONARIUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 17. Description. Brown ; abdomen piceous, with two trans verse white bands interrupted in the centre, unspotted beneath ; feet varied with brown and yellowish. A small species. : Observations. This little spider is probably not a variety of H. auratus. Its feet are not so filiform. It runs WI great celerity. Habitat. Alabama. September. 17. HERPYLLUS TRILINEATUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 18. Description. Rufous; abdomen with three transverse golden yellow lines or bands produced by hairs, rufous un- spotted beneath; feet, slender and long, paler towards the extremity, penult joint blackish, particularly of the first and second pair. Both sexes alike. Observation. This spider was found wandering- Habitat. Alabama. April, May. Araneides of the United States. 461 18. HERPYLLUS PARCUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 19. Description. Rufous; abdomen with some transverse sub- obsolete obscure bands near the apex, where the abdomen is covered with hair which turns pale green in a certain light, pale underneath ; first two pair of legs with two rows of knobs on which long hairs are inserted. A small species. Observations. This spider is usually found under logs in the woods. It is strongly characterized, and cannot be taken for any other. The hairs or bristles on the knobs of the legs are laid close on the leg, and are not visible to the naked eye on that account ; they are probably susceptible of voluntary Motion, for defence. ` Habitat. Alabama. July, September. 19. HERPYLLUS ALARIUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 20. Description. Cephalothorax pale rufous, with a scolloped Margin darker; abdomen obscure piceous with four or five transverse bent lines yellowish ; feet, pale, first. pair. with the top of the thighs and the two next joints blackish hairy, se- cond pair with a blackish ring on the antepenult joint. A small species, z Observation. This species was found under a board. Habitat. Alabama. Tribe III. Doubtful. 20. HERPYLLUS? DUBIUS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 24. Description. Black; abdomen with two white spots ; feet rufous, thighs black. VOservalions. This species, unfortunately not completely Painted, was found running on walls. Hbi South Carolina. 469 . Hentz's Descriptions of the Genus 'TEcENania.. Latr. Walck. Characters. Cheliceres moderately long ; maaxille parallel, rounded, very slightly inclined towards the lip ; lip short, rounded at tip; eyes eight, equal, in two rows, anterior one composed of four eyes in a straight line, posterior one longer, curved towards the base ; feet, fourth pair longest, then the first, the other two nearly equal. Habits. Araneides sedentary, making in obscure corners an horizontal web, at the upper part of which is a tubular habitation where the spider. remains motionless till some in- sect be entangled in the threads. Remarks. The distinction first proposed by Latreille between this and the Acetena of Walckenaer should be pre- served. The habits of the spiders differ considerably, and the position of the eyes is so different as to point out the necessity of a separation. I would have preserved the name pne to this division ; but confused ideas would arise from ributing to a Viligims the name, which, though legitimate, esa more properly to the whole family of spiders. These make webs of slender texture in dark places without the addition of the strong cross threads which AGELENA adds to the horizontal texture. It is only at night that d can be seen at work in the construction of their webs. |. 1. TEGENARIA MEDICINALIS. JOURNAL or THE Acan. or Nar. Sc. Puran., II. p. 53, pl. V. fig. hs Plate XXIV. Fig. 21. Description. Pale brown ; turning to bluish black ; ceph- . alothorax with a blackish pii on each side; abdomen và with black, or plomboous and brown; feet varied with black- ish. 2 Observations. This species which was described by the author in the Journal quoted above, is found in every — dark place in the country. For some time the use of its Araneides of the United States. 463 asa narcotic in cases of fever, was recommended by many physicians in this country; but now it is probably seldom used. The author being absent from Philadelphia when the second volume of the Journal was published, a strange mis- take was committed. "The publishers caused a delineation of my Lycosa lenta to be printed instead of the original draw- ihg of this species, which was probably lost; and as soon as they were informed of the error, they caused an imperfect delineation of this species to be substituted, which may be seen on Plate V., along with some representations of crystals of Zircon, published by Dr. G. Troost. The palpi of the male of this spider are very complicated, as may be seen by the drawing. The colors vary much. On the 28th of February, I observed a male specimen of this species in a dark corner, apparently devouring another spider. On moving them with a straw I discovered that the other was a female of the same species, and not dead, but With its legs closely folded on its body, and perfectly motion- One of the palpi of the male was buried in the vulva of the female, and could not be extricated by the efforts which e made to avoid my intruding straw. I threw them on the Sround and had ceased to watch them, when suddenly I saw | female escaping from him, apparently in great terror. In the meanwhile, the male, from whose cheliceres she had "aped, had seized a small bit of stick as a substitute, and "an about with ludicrous haste, seemingly out of his senses for Some time. This fact may prove that the female of spiders is hot always the tyrant and oppressor of the other sex. | itat. The United States. 2. TEGENARIA PERSICA. discs Plate XXIV. Fig. 23. | : Description, Pale gray ; cephalothorax with serrated black: lines; abdomen obscure, with about eight pale oblique spots, p ntral line blackish, upper mammule very long, obscure ~ Sata, with indistinct markings; feet varied with many 464 Hentz's Descriptions of the blackish rings. Male not differing from the female; feet, T r or £423. A small species. Observations. This is quite distinct from T. medicinalis, by its size, markings, and particularly by the respective length of the legs, the first pair of which is very frequently as long as, or longer than, the fourth. It makes its web on the trunk of trees, with a winding tube turned downward, very much like that of Acgrgxa. I often found it on the peach tree. It never was found larger than the mark on the plate. Habitat. Alabama. September. 3. TEGENARIA? FLAVENS. Plate XXIV. Fig. 22. Description. Yellowish ; cephalothorax rufous; abdomen long and slender ; feet slender, 4. 1. 2. 3. iir - Observations. I do not remember where this was found, and it would be well to know what web it makes. It has all the characters of Tecenarta. It must have been some time hiskey, and the color may have changed. a Genus herme Walck. Characters. Cheliceres strong ; maxilla slightly inclined, rounded externally ; lip conical, as long as, or more than the length of the maille ; eyes eight, equal, two anteriorly, four in a row curved anteriorly, two behind the intermediate ones of the second line; feet, fourth pair longest, then the first, then the second, the third being the shortest, upper mammule very long. ti -- Habits. Araneides sedentary, making in the fields, on bushes or stumps a large horizontal web, with a tubular itation, the web connected with strong crossed threads extend- - Remarks. The name of Walckenaer is preserved for the reasons given in the remarks upon Tecenarta: = No spider is more common or familiar to the eye of every + Araneides of the United States. 465 one who rambles in the fields than the first species of this sub-genus. Its habitus is totally different from that of Te- GENARIA; it is very voracious, attains an immense size, and probably lives many years. 1. AGELENA NZEVIA ? Bosc. Plate XXX. Fig. 1, 1a, young. Description. Rufous hairy, cephalothorax with two lon- gitudinal black bands, abdomen blackish with two longitudinal rows of whitish dots. Feet very hairy, with joints terminated by a blackish ring. Observations. This species, common in the United States, makes a large horizontal web, spread on bushes or on the grass, with a tubular retreat which terminates in some crevice in the ground, a stump, or any convenient hole to hide itself; Strong cross threads are attached to the bushes above the web. It varies very greatly in size, and is remarkably voracious. hen very young it makes its web on the ground, on high- Ways; and in the morning, when the earth is covered with dew, myriads can be seen in April and May. Habitat. Common in all parts of the United States. 2. AGELENA? PLUMBEA. Plate XXX. Fig. 2. Description. Pale rufous; abdomen leaden color, with four impressed dots, the six nipples long ; same color beneath, one pale spot each side of the base of the abdomen, over the Pulmonary orifices. Observations. This spider was found in North Carolina Under a stone, in a silken tube. Another specimen was also found under a stone in Alabama; it was discovered watching à cocoon made of thin but strong white silk, containing about fifty or sixty eggs of a’ whitish color. As its web was not seen, it may not belong to this division, and may be ultimately referred to HenpvrLvs. Habitat, North Carolina, Alabama. 31 466 Hentz's Descriptions of the Genus Cyrroropnia.. Mihi. Characters. Cheliceres small; maille short, inclined over the lip ; lip wider than long, triangular ; eyes six, sub- equal, two very small, placed near together in the middle, two larger far apart placed above, and two placed each on a tubercle on the side; feet, fourth pair longest, then the first, the third shortest. Habits. Araneides sedentary, making a cocoon. Remarks. This anomalous spider appears to be related to Eprira. I found it in the attitude of one, suspended from a thread or web which I would have examined carefully, had I not taken it as a new species of that sub-genus. It has cer- tainly six eyes only ; its cephalothorax is flattened in the mid- dle, being deeply excavated behind ; the last joint of its palpi are terminated with a small nail; its abdomen is gibbous and rugose, covering anteriorly a great part of the cephalothorax, with four mammule and a cauda ; the two anterior pair of legs are directed forward, and the other two in the opposite direction, so that the sternum has a vacant place in the middle. The trophi are nearly those of Errira, but approach TuE- RIDIUM. ‘The cheliceres are very small, but capable of recip- rocal motion. CYLLOPODIA CAVATA. Plate XXX. Fig. 3. Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax deeply excavated at base for the reception of the abdomen; abdomen varied with white dots and lines, five tubercles covered with tufts of scales on each side above, the second from the base hornlike ; feet, 4. 1. 2. 3. two anterior pair directed forward, the other two turned backwards, leaving a vacant space on the sternum. Observations. This was found on a twig near an ErxiRA- Habitat. Alabama, October. Sub-genus Proprpomus. Mihi. Characters. Eyes eight, placed near together, four in Araneides of the United States. 467 front, making a straight row, two on each side, forming a curve with the external ones of the first row, and leaving a space above, external ones sub-oval, two middle ones round and black ; maxille triangular, wide at base, pointed at tip ; cheliceres very large, fangs long and bent ; feet tance e : . CONTENTS OF NO. II. ArT. XI.—Dissection of a S Whale and three other Cetaceans. .By J. B. S. Jackson, M. D. Arr. XII.—Musci of Eastern Massachusetts. By John Lewis M A. A. 8. Azr. XIII. cM: and Ficeres of the Araneides of the United States. By Nicholas Marcellus iom Te Alabama. nt tinued from Vol. IV. page 396.) Arr. XIV. — Descriptions of some New and Interesting set nha iting the United States. By John L. Le Con Art. XV.—Plante Lindheimeriane; an Enumeration of the Plants col- lected in IM and distributed to Subscribers, by F. Lindheimer, with Remarks, and Descriptions of New Li seen &c. By George = mann and Asa Gray. Arr. XVL eain of the Fishes of Lake Erie, the Ohio River, and ir ies. hy Jar “Arr. XVIL. iios of Po Fossil ne By James Deane, M. D. ART. XVIII. — Descriptions of some New Species of Marine Shells, In- habiting the Coast of the United States. -By — C. Lea, E phia. Arr. XIX SOMME OS of Shells from the Coast of vm Dy Au- gustus A. Gould, M. D: . T. XX.—Note on reus Ria viridescens, Nutt. i inest Tor. isi Gr. By J. E. Teschemacher . Arr. XXI. —Notice of E Species of Lingus. LE TUM wy- n man, M Bag b» "n í* wed P. Kirtland, M. D. apu from . 189 qr mtes am rene rog ntt qr Ra a O I L MAP IRAE HA WI ES BS rtg S N IC N U M 9 C RS AN E P CONTENTS OF NO. IIT. Arr. XXIL—Notices of New Loéalities of Rare Minerals, and — la uniting several supposed Distinct Species. By Francis Alger. Art. XXIIL.—An Account of two Remarkable Trains of Angular P: : X Blocks, in mec im Main bniens with an Attempt at an Explana of the ar nomena. By Prof. Henry D. Te um He e" D gers Arr. XXIV.—Descriptions of the Fishes of Lake scs the — bases and a y Tributaries. By Jared P. Kirtland, M. D. . m ArT. XXV.—Anatomical Description c the EUM of ps A Lam. By Joseph Leidy, M. D. Art. or a ES LE of a Pa Genus = enin " the ss — By Asa Gray. : Art. XXVIIL— Descriptions and Figures of the Araneides x ud ia : Sta tates. By. Nicholas Marcellus Hentz, Tuscaloosa, Alabama XVII —On the Fossil Sesion of Anma. e = E. Teche Cas- | a of the -— of tbe By np Esq, one = the New York State B Jeffri i IRA. M.D., ttn ae - TRIX Ne toroides Masses —.* Geologists. Also & * An Anatomical Deseriptio on of the Same. . Anat. and ‘Phys. in NAE Tore | descr x CONTAINING PAPERS AND COMMUNICATIONS | - READ BEFORE THE = CONTENTS OF NO. IV. (nei M. D. Corresp. Memb. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.; Ostealogy of the same. LY Jeffries Wyman, M. D., Hersey Prof. Anat. in Harvard. Uni j