"BOTANICAL GAZETTE reaenmieeeietaiatemnnaaedl EDITORS: M. COULTER, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind. CHARLES R. BARNES, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. J. C. ARTHUR, N. Y. Agric. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. VOLUME X1 1886 CRAWFORDSVILLE, INDIANA + PUBLISHED BY THE EDITORS. ae sence a ies ees TABLE OF CONTENTS. Ce Asa Gray (portrait) . j : . Charles R. Barnes. Birthday Congratulations Pollen-spores of Tradescantia Vincues (plats 1) J. M. Coulter and J. N. Rose. A new larval Entomophthora (plate m) =. J. @. Arthur. Some Arctic grasses (plate 111) . . F. Lamson Scribner. The Life and Labors of Linnezus. : . A. P. Morgan. Notes on the flora of eastern Virginia. . Lester F. Ward. Development of the root in Botrychium ternatum (plate rv) ouglas H. Campbell. On some recent notes and descriptions of Eriogonex in Pro- ceedings of the California Academy of Sciences C. C. Parry. Botanizing in Texas . Mildews of Indiana Edward Tuckerman— J. N. Rose. I. Biographical Sketch. : . Prof. Goodell. II. Bibliographical Sketch . . . Henry Willey. Revision of North American Hypericaceze 54 J. Reverchon. 56, 211 60 73 74 John M. Coulter. 78, 106 Origin of the flora of Indiana Harvey Thomson. 88 Scribneria, gen. nov. (plate v) : E. Hackel. 105 A trip to Willoughby Lake, Vt. . : "Walter Deane. 112 Specimens and Te me rma . page Mirtindale J. W. Chickering, C. E. Bos, W. Chapman, Be. Cray J . Davis, C. E. Smith, Gerald McCarthy. . 129 iv BOTANICAL GAZETTE. How to collect certain plants (Ill.)_. f : : . 135 Cactuses. . : Geo. orga Parasitic fungi : . A. B. Seymour Willows. . é T. S. Beb : E. W. D. Holway Catices:; . i i, H. Bailey, i Marine algve (2 ALB, Herve rasses . FL. Fresh water alge . Francis Wolle ba ' Thomas Mor ong, - or : ill — ; ; Eloise Butler Mosses . E. A. Rau, Clara E. Cummings — Nos W. A Farlow Chara Slime, moti A. Rex Lichen F.L. Sargent Bacteria. ; “Willian Trelease Fleshy fungi. : AP. Morgan Yeasts : W. G. Farlow C. H. "Peck, H. W. Ravenel The ony Herbarium of Harvard University, a s) harles R. Barnes. 151 The National Herbarium at oe George Vasey. 153 The genus Asimina . Asa Gray. 161 Revision of North teens species of Nave (plate v1) ns Thomas Morong. 16 Gras-es of Yellowstone National Park. I. F. LZ. Seribner and Frank Tweedy. 169 Outline for study of chemical botany . — Lillie J. Martin. 178 The flora of our southwestern archipelago. Wm. 8. Lyon. 157, 330 Structure and distribution of the resin-passages of white pine (plate vin) : : tta L. Knowles. 206 Notes on Campanula ee : : Oe W. Barton. 208 Botany at the American Association . ivoee Botanical Club of the American kaeeonias 5 ‘ . 224 Entertainment of the Botanists at Buffalo 4 ; ; , 229 Essay toward a revision of Dodecatheon —. .Asa Gray, 231 The Development of the Gymnosporangia of the United States . ‘ . W. G. Farlow, 234 The theory of i pee Pia joulaesan diseases. D. E. Salmon, 241 Memoranda of a revision of North American Violets. Asa Gray, 253, 289 Synopsis of North American pines, based on leaf anatomy (plate viz) . John M. Coulter and J. N. Rose. 256, 302 Notes on the mode of pollination of Asclepias (plate vim) rles 1 yertson. 262 — Certain a constituents of plants cousiccad in relation to their morphology and evolution Helen C. DeS. Abbott. 270 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vv The relative value of cultures in liquid and solid media in the diagnoses of bacteria . . Theobald Smith. 294 Botanical character of the black rot, Physstoapore Bidwellii, Sacc. (plate rx). F. Lamson Seribner, 297 The bulliform or hygroscopic solic of grasses os sedges compared (plate xX) : ‘ ‘ V. J. Beal. 321 Hierochloa borealis F a Deane. 326 Notes on Care®—VIII ees (plate x1) L. H. Bailey, Jr. 328 BRIEFER ARTICLES— Anemone nudicaulis n. sp... dct Pts : Asa Gray. 17 Dispersion of some tree seeds . . ‘ ; ‘ ete Js Beal. 17 Anemonella thalictroides : ; : ‘ ‘ i Asa Gray. 39 Edmond Boissier . i : . ‘ epee de A syn 39 Sections of native woot = 4 40 he tumble weed of the west Sit ¥ alee C. E. Bessey. 41 Aspidinm vere Swe. i: euglthiie ani ele T. J. W. airing 63 A cheap camera : : d : “ ; ‘ 4 oo J.R. Lowrie . : i , ‘ ‘ « ho Porter... 64 Primula Cusickiana , Gray ; C teline dole ds BE oer. ot On me obation of authorities. a , ; . .« Gen. Bentham. 91 Thalictrum 2 : = « Wm. Tretease. 92 The pen Tulas ‘ : see . W. G. Farlow. 93 The gr aa’ of Coulter's Manual . ; ; . F. Lamson bt pia 95 Seas on 2 ; Tasey. 116 On the oka eiiens of species in Cacti hs An aasiea, bee Yarn. M47 Herbarium notes in back num ‘ : : i ; . 156 Mounting delicate nan : : : ak Seym . 156 Liqnid fish glue ase ed. eee 157 ree eet of thick specimens cS Trelease C. E. Bessev. 157 Cal ni Obiapoenetes n. *P- cae wd: irae 80 Ara i : ‘ . ZL. G. Yates. 181 Vimithkth Dp. oe: eee Tuckerman ead i ne a spaen bols 1 ee Vancouveria . ‘ ; : : Z é : . Asa Gray. 182 How to make pockets (ay ) C. R. Barnes, 183 nical d ‘ ; E. J. Hill. 183 Collecting fossil plan pened on Ayelet dhortey.. 4A Drying plants out of pee in wet weather 5 : . John Macoun. 185 Herbarium cases (III. C. E. Bessey, Win lease. 186 alis aurea and its allies : ‘ . Asa Gray. 188 Development of Reestelize frou Gymmosporangia W. G. Farlow. 189 The Arillus in Asimi Asa Gray. 190 Gymnosporangium macropus on Pyras coronaria . B.D. Halsted. 190 Notes on Arisema triphyllum : omas Meehan, 217 Dr. sake A 8 Seite to the Cerestes) club . ‘ ; . .Asa Gray. 245 Orange scab F. Lamson Scribner. 246 Expu wisi ee ey ‘seeds 0 f Sporobolus cryptandras (IL) . Wd. Beal. 247 The biology of timber trees with special relate to the requirements . B. E. Fernow. 247 An aerate ‘Peronospora plate vit. op ae BEY aS i 272 John Goldie, gardener and bo Va. 2 6 ale hee mmole . . °... « « (Jehu Deindl Sk 24 vi BOTANICAL GAZETTE. BRIEFER ARTICLES— Continued— Testa of the seeds of Sdyctnagnatg (plate vim.) . . Chas. U. Stockbarger. 274 Some notes on Hyp hn M. Coulter. 275 How the hamble ei parece nectar from Physostegia Virginiana. J. Schneck. 276 Home-made bacteria — (Il1.) T. J. Burrill. 276 A case in teratolo A. Crozier. 3 Puccinia Malvacearum in Massachus G. Farl 09 Making ings with a dissecting 2 a (Il 1.) F. L. Scribner. 310 Plan for emaaads work in chemical botany (IIl.) “Lillie J. Martin. 311 Some addi a to the sylva of North pene a y Chas. S. Sargent. 313 New Gra Poe George Pon 337 Ambrosia s bidentata ak trifida. x i ‘ : . Asa Grav. 338 partie nse in Indiana ° ; i : Rose. 338 eorge Martin : : js : : reer fered ad "Rothrock. 338 Pec new Californian plan Volney Rattan, 338 A oe gta ae ment in Naboratory practice Byron D. Halsted. 339 Alaskan p F. H. Knowlton. 340 EDITORIAL ‘ 18, 41, 65, 97, 118, 157, 191, 248, 279, 315, 340 NICAL GAZETTE.— Plant teudshowa and botany.—Treatment of - siccate.—Citation of authorities. Ripene topacage for botanical research.— Lite ture of ice: och “a ed.—The sketches of Dr. Asa Gray.—The Ga — the port “amepe ns ae and wor' .-A botanical jection of ‘hie Ake®: "S—Re Sistinent stations.— Physiological botany in Am contributions.— Botanical activity.— Recognition of reat an wor ak. OPEN nee 20, 43, 67, 98, 120, 192, 250, 281, 316, 341 Seeds wanted. Asa Gray The dispensaries 6 ee A Phallu M. B. Flint The Agriceliatel department. Some yeh ; Botany at Harv Reverchon’s texan oy Has ies ad Franklin Collins W. G. Farlow FE. Davenport tlue for = herbarium, W. W. Bailey rofun Bail: Quisqu Nasturtium lecuutre pt v2 M Bailey, ge . double — Z os. F. James \ rrangeme of herbarium. Ww. J. Beal Tamarack “ipa Thomson li C I I I begins L é " Fertilization of Cinpaaeln: Barnes Pe sepervins ght * ec Coulter jiquid glue . . H. Oyster Concerning 1. . W. W. Bailey Arrangement of herbaria Wm. Trelease, W. W. Bail Ee . H. Knowlton asic ieoy and a dredge Thos. Morong n the he ae waa W. Bailey ne F. Sinteni’s Puerto- Rico ar . Urban Spores of Pilobolus Ww. J. Beal iola tricolor, var. arvensis. os. P. Hari be aiming substances within scieaal - Brayton ines rs Botanical Club N. J. Colman Second bloom ing of Salix humilis. iver A. Farwell Orientation of cassia leaflets. W. W. Bailey Eupatorium exinene J. Franklin Collins TABLE OF CONTENTS. vil CURRENT LITERATURE. . 21, 44, 68, 99, 121, 194, 218, 282, 317, 341 Bausch’s “ Manipulation with the microscope Fe: ck’s “ Report of the botanist Peis e’s “ "Synopsis ve the inet ages ga n’s “ Revision of Cana- dian Raaunculacee.”—Coulter’s “ Man of Roc a - Moeetata Botan 7 Zopi’s “Zur ee und Biologie io Pilzthiere.”—Gray’s “Sup- plement and Indexes to Synoptical Flora.”—Allen’s “ English Worthies: ig r eff bs } n he $ see i r. and Coulter’s ‘“ Hand-book of oa daeeciton,” ary’s “ Vorlesungen tiber Bacterien.”—Hueppe’s “ Die Methoc en der Bacterien- a g” and English Fup sses. —— Watson i Co) togams, n hysiolog Dra gendorff’s * Plant chet ema Me gy ibe: and Wilson’s “General biology.”— 8 Synopsi of North American Cari sone AND cicero . 22, 47, ae 103, 125, 158, 195, 219, 251, 286, 319, 342 BoranicareG Vou, XI. JANUARY, 1886. No. 1. Asa Gray. BY CHARLES R. BARNES. (WITH PLATE A.) Asa Gray was born in Sauquoit, Paris township, Oneida Co., N. Y., on the 18th of November, 1810. His father had been ap- prenticed to a tanner and currier and must have been still work- ing at the trade when this eldest child was born, for the little house which was his home stood on the tannery premises, and where his father established a tannery. Here the monotonous oceupation of feeding the bark-mill and driving the old horse that turned it was assigned to the child. His schooling began at the age of three years, and at six or seven he was a champion speller in the numerous “‘ matches ” that enlivened the district school. Later, he attended, for a year or two, a “ select ” school taught at Sauquoit by the village pastor’s son, and at twelve or thereabouts he was sent to the Clinton Grammar School. Here he stayed two years. His summer va- cations were spent in the hay or corn-fields, for his father had begun to buy up the Jand cleared by the Furnace Co. for char- coal, and to turn his attention to farming. After leaving the Clin- ton school he went, in October, 1825, to the academy at Fairfield, | mt Herkimer Co., seven miles north of Little Falls, where he re- ~ 2 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [Jan. mained a year. His father, who thought an investment in land better than one in a collegiate education for his son, persuaded him to begin at once the study of medicine. He therefure entered the “ Medical ‘College of the Western District ” (located at Fair- field) in the autumn of 1826, whose courses of lectures in chem- istry he had attended the year before while at the academy. The annual sessions were very short. In the spring and summer of 1827 he studied with Dr. Priest, of Sauquoit, returning to the medical school inautumn. In that winter, 1827-8, he chanced to read the article Botany in Brew- ster’s Edinburgh Encyclopedia. He was greatly interested, bought Eaton’s Manual and read its pages eagerly, longing for spring. He sallied forth early, discovered a plant in bloom, brought it home and found its name in the Manual to be Clay- tonia Virginica, the species Caroliniana to which the plant really belonged, not being distinguished then. In the same spring he became a pupil of Dr. John F. Trowbridge, of Bridgewater, with zled him, hoping to get assistance from Professor Hadley. He These botanical studies continued to oceupy his leisure. In the summer of 1829 he collected largely, and in the summer of In the latter part of May and June he delivered his first course of lectures on botany, Dr. Beck, who had been lecturing _ previously, having given up the engagement. With the money ~~ 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 3 thus earned, he made a collecting tour through western New ork, going as far as Buffalo and Niagara Falls. About this time he received an appointment as teacher of chemistry, botany, geology and mineralogy ina private school for boys in Utiea, controlled by a Mr. Bartlett. is first summer vacation was spent ina trip through southern New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, collecting plants, fossils and minerals. At Bethle- hem he spent a day with Bishop Schweinitz. Arriving in New York City, in September, m met Dr. Torrey for the first time, and went with him ona collecting trip to Tom’s River, N.. uring the next summer he was employed by Dr. "Torrey to collect in the “ pine barrens” of New Jersey, and the regions about Little Egg Harbor, Wading River and Quaker Bridge were scoured by him. On one of his excursions he fell in with an entomologist who proved to be Major Le Conte. Many of the plants which he collected in this locality came into possession 0 reene, and are to be met with in various herbaria labeled “Coll. Greene.” The winter was spent at the Bartlett school, but the spring saw him on another collecting tour along the Black river, During the summer he gave a course 0 ectures on min- eralogy and botany at Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., for Professor Hadley. In the autumn he gota furlough from the Bartlett school in order that he might be Dr. Torrey’s assistant in chemistry in the medical school at New York. During this winter, 1834-5 (?), he lived with Dr. Torrey, and worked all the spare time in his herbarium. At this time he issued the first century of “ Gra- mine and Cyperacee of North America.” In December, 1834, he read his first paper before the New York Lyceum of Natural History, entitled: “A Monograph of N. Am. Rhynchospore,” and a second one, “A notice of some new, rare or otherwise in- ames plants from the northern and western portions of the \. Y.” In February or March he returned to his school york ! apes but the summer again found him collecting plants and minerals in northeastern New York.. An account of the min- erals then ee forms his first contribution to the American Journal of Scie He exp Sotat fs return to New York in the fall, as Dr. Tor- rey’s silient and to this end had resigned his pattie in the Bartlett school. But the autumn brought a letter from Dr. rey saying that the prospects of the school were so poor that he could not afford to employ him. Nevertheless he went to New York, assisted Torrey as he had opportunity, and issued the sec- d century of “ Graminez.’ 4 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ Jan- In the summer of 1835 he returned to his father’s home with some books received from Dr. Lehmann, of Hamburg, in ex- si for plants. In this summer he planned and partly — «Elements of Botany,” and when he retarned to New < in ale autumn, arranged for its publication. It appeared in hha ; 1836. In the fall of this year he was appointed curator of the collections of the New York Lyceum of Natural History, and in its new building he made his home. There he wrote two papers: “Remarks on the structure and affinities of the Ceratophyl- lacexe ” and “ Melanthacearum Am. Sept. Revisio,” both of which were published in 1837. As the duties of his curatorship were light, and he had time on his hands, Gray took hold of the work of making a preliminary revision of some of the orders for the Flora of North America, which had been planned by Torrey. He was at this time awaiting the sailing of the exploring expe- dition to the South Pacific, to which he had been appointed botanist in the summer of 1836. The departure was long de- layed. When the “ Wilkes Expedition” finally sailed it was with a smaller fleet and a reduced staff. In the meantime (1838) Dr. Gray was elected professor of Natural History in the just- organized University of Michigan, and when the staff of the Wilkes expedition was to be diminished he resigned in favor of the assistant botanist, Wm. Rich. As in the year or more in which he had been working at it, Dr. Gray had sonny oa so much work, Dr. Torrey invited him to become joint author of the Flora of North America. In July, 1838, the first 08 and in October, 1838, the second part of this work was issued. Having gotten so far, it was necessary to consult the American collections in European herbaria. Dr. Gray therefore asked a year’s leave of absence from the Univer- sity of Michigan, that he might go to a urope. This was grant- ed, and a considerable sum of money was placed in his hands by the trustees to be expended in uitehanilig books for the infant University. He sailed in November, 1838, and went at once to Glasgow, where he was the guest of Dr. W. J. Hooker. In England he consulted various public and private herbaria, and met Arnott, Greville, Graham, Balfour, Boott, Bentham, Robert Brown, Ben- nett, Lambert, Lindley, Bauer, Ward, Menzies and others. In March, 1839, he crossed to the continent and made an extensive tour of the principal points of interest, keeping in mind always the chief object of his visit. In Paris he met Mirbel, Adrien Jussieu, Brongniart, Decaisne, Spach, A. Richard, Montagu ue, 1886. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 5 Gaudichaud, Delessert, Jacques Gay and Boissier ; at Lyons, Se- ringe; at Montpelier, Delile and Dunal; at Vienna, Endlicher and Fenzl; at Munich, Martius and Zuccarini; at Geneva, the De Candolles and Reuter; at Halle, Schlechtendal; at Berlin, Klotzsch, Kunth, Link and Ehrenberg; and at Hamburg, his early correspondent, Lehmann. His letters to Dr. Torrey, which contain a complete account of his journey and doings, are still in existence. When he returned, late in 1839, he fuund matters at Michi- gan University still in a somewhat chaotic condition, and the trustees were willing to extend his furlough. Accordingly he Mts. in North Carolina. In January, 1842, he made his first visit to Boston, as the guest of B. D. Greene. While there he made the acquaintance of President Quincy of Harvard College, and in April the Fisher Professorship of Natural History was tendered him. This he accepted, and went to Cambridge in July. This position he holds to the present time. At Cambridge he devoted his time to the reorganization of the botanic garden and the necessary instruction of students, giv- ing whatever time he could command to continued study of the voluminous and important collections which poured in from all sides, especially from the government surveys of new territory and the assiduous work of individual collectors. The results of this study, of the highest importance, are embodied in various memoirs in different publications. This embarrassment of riches caused the suspension of the Flora of North America. “Manual” appeared. When the Wilkes Expedition returned, all its material was put into his hands. The report on these col- lections forms a large quarto volume with an atlas of one hund- red royal folio plates. It is not possible, however, to enumerate even the most important of his writings since 1842. They are scattered through the American Journal of Science (of which he 1 Pages 185-400 were issued in the spring of 1842, and the remainder of vol. ii in Feb- Tuary, 1843. 6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [Jan became associate editor in 1853), the Annals of the N. Y. Lyceum of Natural History, the Memoirs and Proceedings of the American Academy, Hooker’s Journal of Botany, the Jour- nal of the Linnean Society, the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, the North American Review, the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, the American Naturalist, and the BoTan- ICAL GAZETTE. Every one is familiar with the text-books, passing through many editions, which have made his name a household word, and which fully demonstrate that scientific truths can be popularized without being distorted or transformed into errors. Many learned societies of this country and Europe have honored themselves and im by electing him to membership and to offices of honor. For over fifty years he has been a member of the oldest natural his- tory society in Europe, Academia Ces. Leopoldino-Carolinee Na- ture Curiosorum, from which he received, on the fiftieth anniver- sary of his election, a letter of congratulation. In 1864, his offer to Harvard University of the immense and’ priceless herbarium which he had accumulated, on condition that a fire-proof building be erected to contain it, was accepted and the herbarium building put up. The special library attached to the herbarium, consisting of nearly 5,000 volumes, and over 3,000 pamphlets, i is very lar gely due to his generosity. Since 1873, at which time he retired from the work of instruc-. tion, he has devoted himself rao oy to the preparation of the Synoptical Flora of North America, a work which will represent, when complete, the greater pie of the labor of a lifetime. No continue until he has finished this masterpiece of scholarly fever ing and critical acumen. Birthday Congratulations. VERSITY OF Mic SECRETARY’s OFFICE, ANN ARBOR, ie conher 16, 1885. Professor Asa Gray, M. D., LL. D., Cambridge, Mass.: My Dear Sir: The Senate of the University of Michigan wish, as a body, to be represented among the many friends who will join in pay- ing their respects to you on your approaching seventy-fifth birth- day, and to that et has adopted a congratulatory address, of 1886. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 7 which I have the honor, as Secretary of the University Senate, herewith to transmit to you a copy. At the same time, allow me to recall the privilege I had, more than a quarter of a century ago, of sitting under your instruction, and personally to extend to you my most cordial greetings and congratulations, Very respectfully yours, W. H. Perrer. [Congratulatory Address, adopted by the Senate of the University of Michi- gan, November 9, 1885.] - To Professor Asa Gray, M. D., LL. D.: The Senate of the University of Michigan, mindful of the approach of the seventy-fifth anniversary of your birth, take great pleasure in sending you their greetings on the occasion. We congratulate you that life and health and usefulness have been prolonged till three-quarters of a century have passed over your head Ye entertain the hope that many years of activity yet remain. With our congratulations we beg to give expression to a lively sentiment of gratitude for services rendered to your chosen science during a long and devoted life. You found the science of botany barred by a hedge of technicalities against the approach of the common student. You have made it the delight and inspiration of the youth of the land. You have subjected the science of botany in its higher departments to lucid and masterly exposition. Many of the comprehensive and critical reviews of the Ameri- can flora have proceeded from your pen. The botanical pages of the American Journal of Science reveal labors sufficient in vol- ume and value to fill and honor a lifetime. And those labors are yours. We hail you as the Nestor of American botany. Few of us there are who do not feel gratefully proud to testify our personal obligations to you for aid and inspiration in our earlier studies ; and none of us fail to appreciate the services and onor which you have rendered to education and cultivated scholarship. We recall the catholic spirit and breadth of view with which you have treated questions of the interpretation and philosophy of science. We thank you for your acute but just and conservative criticisms and estimates of the doctrine of evo- lution through natural selection, at a time when the doctrine was new and rising into overshadowing importance which filled many honest minds with apprehension. We thank you again for stepping to the defense of fundamental religious truth through the power of the very philosophy which so many thought sent into the world 8 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | Jan. to destroy religion. But for all that you have done we do not release you from service. We expect you to serve yet many years the cause of education and sacred truth ; and we expect to concede you the highest honors of all for the labors which, we trust, are to adorn the last quarter of your century. With us the pleasure of these congratulations is quite pecu- liar, since we can hail you as an ex-professor in our University. Your memory readily reverts to the crude infancy of this insti- tution, when your name was chosen to stand first in its list of professors. You recall your actual participation in the labors of our early organizers; and we trust that while your recognized gifts of mind and heart found early employment in a broader field than was offered in Michigan, you have never ceased to en- tertain an interest in the University which you aided to inaugu- rate, and have some personal satisfaction in seeing the slender shoot of 1838 grown to the dimensions of the sturdy oak of 1885. Accept, Respected Sir, Our Kind Remembrance And Our Cordial Greeting. DR. GRAY’S REPLY. CAMBRIDGE, Mass., November 20, 1885. Prof. W. H. Petiee, Secretary of the Senate of the University of Michigan: DEAR Sir: I can not well say how deeply I was touched and gratified by the Congratulatory Address from the Senate of your University, which I found on my table on the morning of my seventy-fifth birthday, accompanied by your official and friendly note. I was particularly impressed with the breadth of its survey of the la- bors of my life, and with the discriminating reference to some of them which would escape ordinary notice. I beg you to convey to the Senate my grateful acknowledgement of the very kind notice thus taken of my endeavors. recognize, moreover, the fitness of its intimation that I should make the most of the few years that may perhaps remain. I am happy to be able to de- clare that my appetite for work is as yet unabated; also that labor is still attended with joy rather than with the sorrow which the Psalmist contemplates. I am much pieased that, although a deserter from the ranks before the war began, I am generously recognized as an ex-pro- fessor of the University of Michigan. I suppose that the only direct service I ever rendered it was that of getting together, when in Europe in 1838-9, the books which were the small 1886. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 9 foundation of its library. I well remember the gratified feeling with which, long afterwards, I incidentally heard that the first President of the University, on viewing this slender collection, expressed - opinion that the books had been well selected for the purpos I have never ceased to be particularly interested in the Uni- versity in which I expected to pass my life. I regret that cir- cumstances have hitherto almost wholly prevented me from per- sonally verifying the impressions which I have received of the amplitude of its appliances for the higher education io of the worthy and efficient use that is made of them indeed, glad that I have lived to see the acorn which was ne platited in my youth develop into “ the fre ne oak,” vigorous and benef- icent in its youth, and rich in the promise of future years. May its leaf never wither nor its fruitape fail. Please convey to the Senate my heartiest thanks for such “kind remembrance and cordial greetings,” and believe me to be Very truly yours, Asa GRAY. LINES On Dr. Asa Gray’s Seventy-fifth Birthday, November 18, 1885, Oft times it haps the singer’s voice is ect hen most is needed eloquence of so And oft the heart, though stirred by passions strong, So is it with myself. - ie wenls } f On this birthday, when friends a come to praise His virtues and his works. To such as he There cometh certain immortality ! % GEORGE E. DAVENPORT. TO A. G. On his Seventy-fifth Birthday. Just Fate, prolong ea pe Segal -spent ose indefatiga e been as gaily innocent. ret fragrant as his flow November 18, 1885, cae ames RusseLt Lowen. 10 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ Jan. TO DR. ASA GRAY. November 18th, 1810-1885, Over the earth is reachless, living Pe In flaming marvels that de fy the sig Under the — are brilliant inings, but dead; Who toil a g them are igi The orld of g That oves bet iWesitis With sweets and alo ors, flowering turf and height— Comes ¢ ty Bede health and beauty as with bread, ae eas ondly, foot and hand and ben Till we are ated and healed as vail as fed The child, the feeble, and the lusty man, Each finds a mother in the green earth’s ‘plan, Thou who art wise with searching all her looks, books ; H es Into thine own, as bless their native nooks. Ferns, grasses, ancient trees of might y mould Whose mazy roots run deep, whose aim is bald, Their varied forces in thy life have told; For, while int ent on flower or tree or sod, Thy soul’s full eye hath been "Leela to God. ARLOTTE Fiske BATES. The Pollen-spore of Tradescantia Virginica L. ~~ BY JOHN M. COULTER AND J. N. ROSE. (WITH PLATE I.) The pollen-spores of Tradescantia Virginica are exception- ally favorable for study. With the simplest appliances, and with few staining reagents, both nuclei can be demonstrated, the de- velopment of the pollen-tube can be watched, and the descent of the nuclei plainly followed. We have not been able to consult Hartig’s paper,’ in which is recorded the original discovery of two nuclei in pollen-spores, among which he includes those of Tradescantia, but the general facts pertaining to the subject are well presented in the works of Strasburger and Sachs, and re- cently summarized in this prt by Goodale. In fact, to Stras- burger is due most of our knowledge of this interesting subject, his latest views being presented in the first part of his Neue Un- Q Karsten’s Botan. Untersuch. ili. 1866. BOTANICAL GAZETTE,1886. 1 eZ COULTER & ROSE on TRADESCANTIA. xo REE pegene t Peekedaad 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 11 tersuchungen,’ published in 1884. The only original paper upon the subject published in this country is that of Barnes on Cam- panula Americana.* All these authors agree in their testimony as to the difficulty of performing this work, and so the demonstration of these recon- dite, but very important, facts has been left entirely to trained investigators. Knowing that the pollen-spores of monocotyle- ons were much more favorable for study than those of dicotyle- dons, which are certainly too difficult for ordinary observers, and desiring to discover some plant in which these almost inaccessi- ble facts could be seen with comparative ease, the pollen-spores of Tradescantia were selected. ‘The result was so signally suc- cessful, and the methods were so repeatedly tested, that we pre- sent them in this paper. flowers that had been open for some time, such seeming to re- spond more readily. A power of 250 diameters was constantly used in the work, though the figures of the plate are drawn larger (460 diameters) for the purpose of securing clearness of detail. e spores are elliptical in optical section, and the extine is so thin and so free from the customary markings of pollen-spores that the details of the interior can be easily seen, In a few min- ? For review see Bot. Gazette, x. 328. ® Bot. Gazette, x. 349. *Practical Botany, p. 16 * Physiological Botany, p. 430. 12 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ Jan. utes, at most five or ten, the swelled up sufficiently to show their apalatte and usually e two nuclei became plainly visible. Figures 1 oe show some of ete most common positions. In the os adie e of these nuclei we use that of Strasburger in his Neue Unter suelnnge followed by Barnes in the paper al- ready referred to, exactly the opposite of that of at ee in his Botanisches Pr -acticum, and Sachs in his Text-book.° generative nucleus is a thick, worm-like filament, tapering ms both ends, and always more or less coile ts appearance is exactly that gured by Bernimoulin in his studies’ in the division of the nucleus in the pollen-spore mother-cells of the same spe- cies. The vegetative nucleus is round or oval, of much smaller size, and some of its positions with reference to the generative nucleus are shown in figures 1-4. In some cases, as in figure 4, the generative nucleus is seen almost to encircle the contents of the pollen-spore. In figures 5 and 6 is seen the small cell cut off from the larger ¢ one, containing the generative nucleus, and form- ing the generative cell. The generative nucleus always lies against the intine wall, and its apparent central position in some cases, as in figures 1 and 3, is explained by the fact that it is ly- ing against the upper or ‘lower wall in the figure. The wall which cuts off the generative cell seems to be simply an ectoplas- mic layer of protoplasm,*° and not in any case cellulose. That this layer is often difficult to demonstrate seems to be due both to the fact that the generative nucleus almost entirely fills its cell, and that it is so transparent that only an exceptional position will bring it into view. Usually within fifteen minutes, or at most half an hour, the pollen-tube can Le seen developing from the larger or vegetative cell. It breaks through the extine at one end of the spore, and the broken edges of the extine can be seen turning back from the emerging tube, figure 7. The generative nucleus retains its po- sition until the pollen-tube is of considerable length, when it e seen shifting its position towards the side of the pollen- vets from which the tube is ee (figure 8). The stream- in the nuclei themselves. The fact that the nucleus of the vege- tative (large) cell invariably remains towards the further end of the spore until the generative nucleus passes into the tube, seems ® Second English edit., p. 5 7 Note sur hy Division des Sirus dans le Tradescantia Virginica. Bull. Soe. Roy. bot. Belgique, t. xxiii 8 Sachs’ Text-book, 2d English ed., p. 583. 1886. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 13 figure 13. Oy the size of the generative nucleus it was hoped that its division could be demonstrated, but such was not the case. Although in some instances it was suspected, it was not clear enough to be certain. After the generative nucleus had entered the tube, the nucleus of the vegetative cell seemed to be carried forwards, and when the former had proceeded some distance down the tube, the latter was swept into it, and followed along at considerable interval (figures 10, 11,12, 13). The vegetative nucleus retained its struc- ture perfectly as far as we were able to trace it in the cultures. The nuclei in the spores could always be demonstrated after a short immersion in the sugar solution, without the use of a stain- ing fluid, but of course were brought out much more distinctly by it. The nuclei in the pollen-tubes, however, were never seen, with certainty, without staining. e method employed was as follows : drop each of magenta solution and ordinary acetic acid was placed upon a slide, the cover-slip with hanging drop of sugar solution containing the developing pollen-tubes was let down into it, and then, after a moment or two, glycerine was run under.” In this way the nuclei in the tubes receive a dark stain, while the intine is left colorless. Of course there are other and better methods and stains, but our ebject was to use only such reagents as could be obtained at any drug store. Crushing a Stained pollen-spore resulted as shown in figure 17, by which method the shape and structure of the nuclei can easily be studied. It should be said that in many cases both nuclei were not visible, as is represented in figures 14 and 15, although this fact should not be connected with the spores that are exceptional in other re- spects. In many instances a tube began to develop from each end of the pollen-spore, as shown in figure 15, but one was usually Stronger than the other. Quite frequently a pollen-tube devel- oped from one side instead of the end, as represented in figure 14. These two cases would seem to indicate more than one point of emergence, contrary to the general rule among monocotyledons.” ®*Sachs, Text-book, 2d English ed., p.583; Strasburger, Neue Unt hungen, p. 15 1° Or the magenta and acetic acid were added directly to the culture drop, allowed to Standa moment, and then inverted and mounted in a drop of glycerine, "Sachs, Text-book, 2d English ed., p. 555. 14 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, | Jan. In rare cases pairs of spores that had not completely separated were seen, but evidently mature, as in each one the two nuclei were demonstrable (figure 16). Sometimes, in strong and rapidly developing tubes which had attained considerable length, the in- tine of the pollen-spore seemed to be pulled away from the extine, or as though it had fallen in or was pushed in by external pres- sure which the more rigid extine resisted, as shown in figures 12 and 13, and finally became knotted up at the tube end of the spore. In conclusion, then, the results intended to be presented in this paper are: : 1. That in Tradescantia Virginica, by using the simplest appli- ances, and in a very brief time, the two nuclei of the pollen-spore, and their descent into the pollen-tube, can be demonstrated. 2. That in this species the generative nucleus is a large worm- like spindle, and precedes the vegetative nucleus into the pollen- tube. A New Larval Entomophthora. BY J. C. ARTHUR. (WITH PLATE It.) The clover-leaf weevil, Phytonomus punctatus Fabr., is a com- paratively new insect in this country. It was first brought to public notice in 1881' as very destructive to clover in Yates county, N. Y. It has now extended considerably, being abun- dant at Buffalo, and in the adjacent part of Canada, and is also re- ported from Indiana. It is supposed to have been introduced from Europe, where it is common, but looked upon as innoxious. In last of May and first of June of this year, the larvee were found in a clover field at Geneva, N. Y., dying in vast numbers of some parasitic fungus. Again,in October and November, they appeared in the same manner over a large lawn. At the latter date as fulla study of the fungus was made as limited time would permit. It proves to be an undescribed species of Entomophthora, and may be characterized as follows: Entomophthora Phytonomi (n. sp.)—Mycelium abundant, branched, non-sep- tate, colorless, 9-12 in diameter, on the ventral surface of the insect growing out in form of rhizoids to act as holdfasts; hymenium over the whole surface except the head, 35-45” deep; conidiophores branched at the base, as thick as the mycelium ; spores oblong, colorless, 24-28 long by 7-10u thick. Resting spores not seen. In the larve of Phytonomus punctatus Fabr. Geneva, N. Y., May—June and October—November, 1885. 1Riley, Amer. Nat., xv, p. 751; Rep. U. 8. *t Agric., 1881-2, p. 172; Lintn rst Ann. Rep. Insects of N. Y., p. 252. pe a 2, P. er, Fi 1886. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 15 The habit of the larve isto feed during the night and remain concealed during the daytime, but when attacked by the fungus they crawl as high as possible before daylight, coil around the edge of the object, usually horizontally (figure 1), and do not again descend. Until ten o’clock in the morning most of them are still able to crawl about when disturbed, but are sluggish. B noon the insect dies, and the rhizoids fasten it firmly to the sup- port. Some hours afterwards the normal yellowish or pea-green color is changed to a dull gray by the appearance of the hyme- nium. The spores are produced late in the afternoon, and during the night they are discharged ; by morning only a small shriveled and blackened mass remains, while the objects beneath are powdered with the colorless and evanescent spores. the dead insect be placed on a pane of glass over night, the body will be surrounded in the morning by a halo of spores nearly two centimeters in di- ameter. When the atmosphere is damp enough during the night, the mycelium grows out over the whole body as a white pubes- cence. This is the usual course of development. A larva dissected an hour ur two before its death shows a mass of interlacing hyphe (figure 9) among the muscles which line the outer wall of the body ; the viscera are still unaffected. The hy- phe are quite uniform in size, with finely granular contents and vacuoles of various sizes, and are extensively branched. s the mycelium grows it encroaches upon the internal organs, and eventually fills up the whole cavity of the body, except that it does not enter the alimentary tract or the trachex. The internal organs, except the two just named, together with the fluids of the body are entirely consumed by the fungus. The larva when now cut across presents a firm interior traversed by the cavity of the alimentary tract (figure 5). In some cases, however, certain bac- teria, and occasionally yeast, have become so abundant before this stage is reached that the tissues are converted into a slate- colored liquid, and the growth of the fungus is checked. The rhizoids appear before the hymenium is formed, but whether before the insect is dead or not was not determined; nor was it ascertained on just what portions of the ventral surface they oc- eur. They will extend a full millimeter in length when the in- sect is removed from the supporting object and placed in a dam atmosphere. They consist of straight colorless hyphz, with walls much distorted and ends somewhat flattened The hymenium, which surrounds the whole body, presents a uniform thickness when not grown in a very moist atmosphere (figure 11), The conidiophores branch at their base (figures 6 and 8), 16 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [Jan- and each bears a spore, formed by abstriction (figure 8). I was unable to see, either in fresh or alcoholic preparations, any ‘partition wall between the conidiophores and the hyphe from which they arise, but do not feel entirely convinced in regard to the matter, as I found it difficult to separate them well, owing to the compact interlocking of the branches. Swollen hyphe with granular contents (figure 10) were a few times seen among the conidiophores, but they could hardly have been paraphyses. No sterile hyphz projected beyond the hymenium under ordinary circumstances. When the dead larve are placed in a damp at- mosphere over night, the mycelium grows out a millimeter or so beyond the surface of the body in straight or somewhat coiled hyphz (figure 7); these do not appear to be elongated econidio- phores, or true paraphyses, but a luxuriant growth of the my- celium. The spores are very regular and uniform in size (figure 3). When mature they are projected from the body of the larva, as in the common house-fly fungus, and like those adhere to what- ever they touch. Spores gathered in May and kept dry till No- vember measured, when examined in water, a little less than fresh ones, 21-27» by 6-8», had one end slightly pointed, and exhibited a central non-granular spot (figure 2). Fresh spores. are uniformly granular,and both endsare the same shape. They germinate in water in two to six hours by pushing out one to several tubes which grow irregularly and to indefinite length (figure 4). The protoplasm is filled with vacuoles, but does not all collect at the advancing ends of the hyphe nor are there septa formed as in the closely ‘related E. spherosperma Fres. Their behavior when germinated in moist air was not observed. Spores kept upon glass in the laboratory gave but a small per cent. of germinations after five days. is fungus is intimately related to E. spherosperma Fres. (E. radicans Brefeld), the habit of growth being the same so far as investigated, but differs in ultimate shape of spores, septation of hyphe, the various measurements, ete. Although observed as late as Nov. 20, when cold weather set in, no mummified larvee an epidemic of economic importance ; whether it could be prop- agated at will is yet to be determined by experiment. BOTANICAL GAZETTE,I886. sie Arthur, del. ARTHUR ON ENTOMOPHTHORA, N. SP. 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 17 XPLANATION OF PiatE II.—Structure and development of Entomoph- tho a Picient: Fig. 1, rh position of larvaof Phytonomus punctatus at tip of a blade of grass when sick with Entomop hota, x 5. Fig. 2, spores examined in water from a dry specimen gathered nearly six months before. 430. Fig. 3, spores a few hours aiter maturity. X 430. Fig. 4, successive stages of ger- Vv a peripheral border of hymenium and the alimentary tract at center empty ex- cept a little undigested food. 5. a 6, two ey phe at an early stage in the development of the pepe x 4 30. Fig. 7, a coil of hyphe from the pubescence on larye in dam atmpen ner. 250. Fig. 8, A, hyphe bearing four conidiophores, a b ¢ d, ionuuata stages in the formation of a spore. & 430. ig. 9, myceliu wey ate among the muscles ba an early stage of the disease. 150. Fig. 10, sw alle ends a by! Soe led with granular protoplasm won with- out vacuoles. < 480 nium c, and subjacent myceliu > the spores have all been icceies, ’s shagls mature spore; drawn from an S atcohol specimen. 430. BRIEFER ARTICLES. nemone nudicaulis, n. sp.—I wish to direct the attention of any of our botanists, who may next summer be visiting Lake Superior, to a singular Anem- one. which grows in bogs and on banks near the water at Sand Bay, Minne- sota, very near lat. 48°, and in or near the Canadian boundary. All I know of it is from a specimen sent to me in a letter, dated August 8, 1870, from Mr. Joseph C. Jones, then of the U.S. Steamer Search. He wrote that the plant was found growing in mossy ground, close to the water’s edge, and also in the bogs, and that it grows in the manner of Coptis trifolia. I believe it has filiform root stocks, like those of Anemone Richardsoni, and the radical] leaves are so like those of that species that I inadvertently mistook the plant for that species. But the involucre consists of a single petiolate leaf, very like the radical, or else is wholly wanting. And the akenes are tipped with rather short and hooked _ very unlike the long ones of ae nore Arctic species. A flowering is a desideratum.—Asa GRA rsion of some tree sasite: inate twenty-five rods to the north- west of my foot-path on the lawn, there are two large white_birch trees, still holding fruit of the last summer. Along the depressions of foot-steps and the mark of an occasional sleigh in the snow may be seen large numbers of birch seeds, looking as though some one had scattered bran on the snow. Most likely many other seeds went further, as there was fair sailing beyond. For some years past I have often observed the distribution of the winged fruits of the tulip-tree, of which there are several on our lawns. In autumn part of the fruits drop off, falling near the tree, but even in the grass and weeds every wind tosses them a little further on. Before snow came this year there were certainly many of them ten rods from the nearest bearing tree. When the snow comes others are torn from the trees and may often be seen for a quar- ter of a mile going before the wind on the snow, which may be only very 2 18 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ Jan. rr packed. I have known persons who stoutly maintained, from experi- made, that the wings of the fruit of the tulip-tree ibitititet to little, Pies they did not carry the fruit through the air like a miniature balloon. The nuts of the basswood have also frequently been seen drifting on the snow before the wind, ai ided by the decurrent bract which is attached in such a way that the fruit teiabar is not likely to remain flat on le snow or on the ground. Numerous other Sabie could be eited, but we shall leave the rest of them for some of the sharp students who are dd ping botany in winter.—W J. BEAL, pensions College, Mich. EDITORIAL. WITH THIS INITIAL NUMBER of a new decade before us, it is impossible not to think of the change since a single naked sheet made its appearance a little more than ten years ago and announced its desire to become the organ of bot- ani It was projected by one whose determination to make it succeed was unfailing, and so through non of all kinds the Gazerre made its way. irable articles came in slowly, subscriptions still more slowly, — advertisements not at all, the constant financial loss being set over agains constantly increasing experience. At last botanists thought re struggle Sa been long enough to show vitality, and articles and subscriptions began to come in more rapidly, until the Gazerre has entered upon its second decade with growing interest and vigor in botanical studies. The history of this journal can be taken as an index of botanical iat i and this country is to be con- gratulated that its botanists are so thoroughly aroused and energetic that the botanical activity in this country, many young men, strong, A Ea and well-equipped, having entered the field. The Gazerre proposes to s sataie, 0 assist, to record this activity, and no honest worker need fear that pe work will be lost. And so this journal, strengthened by the struggles and successes of ten years, faces its second decade with the marks of undoubted success, and as it deserves, so will it expect the hearty support of every American botanist. A LITTLE REFLECTION will show that the recent sale in New York city of orchids Senne to the Morgan estate, at which single plants brought from to ndred dollars each, has some relation to the pr of botanical science. as this age any science is stimulated into increased activity by its objects becoming of commercial value. In the domain of electrical and me- 1886. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 19 chanical sciences the importance of their nied has had a reciprocal influence upon the further development of them $ pure sciences; plenty o illustrations to the same end might be taken ici. chemistry, mineralogy, zool- ogy and other departments of learning. A case, analogous in some respects: to that under consideration, is the wholesome lian of veterinary science in this country during the last few years, a progress to be traced in so me degree to the great increase of thorough- bred and valuable stock whose owners demand the services of skillful and learned practitioners. The increased cultivation of rare and costly plants must in a similar way lead to a demand for additional knowl- edge in regard to various physiological, pathological and even structural mat- ters which have a bearing upon their growth and well-being. The important question of timber in this country has led to the admirable oo work of Professor Sargent in connection with the tenth census; in Germany, where the necessity of forestry knowledge has been still more keenly felt, much attention as been devoted to the diseases of trees, involving a careful investigation of the life histories of a number of species of fungi. Thus in many ways which the reader will have no difficulty in calling to mind does the market value of a class of objects have an indirect influence upon the recondite investigations ien C) fluence real and effective however, is a readiness on the part of those holding commercial interests to accept scientific facts and to encourage their discovery. In agriculture, horticulture, floriculture, etc., it is unfortunately true that there is great backwardness in seizing and a pits scientific results and methods, which hinders the advancement of those professions and at the same time fails to afford a needed stimulus to new investigations regarding plants and kindred subjects. Still there is hope of better us for PS future; the fashion for orchids, roses, chrysanthemums, or other flowers, may not now mean much to the botanist, and yet in so far as s any Hae rete is Seite exerted upon botanical science it is beneficial. Ir so HAPPENS that one pe - editors has been using for reference both the dispensatories alluded to “ R.” in an “open letter.” The opinion ex- pressed by him is amply borne ae by our experience. The descriptive terms botany are seer used and (Spain which are important are en- tirely overlooked. Of course it is to be remembered that the dispensatories are not written ae botanists, but for pharmacists and physicians, and this fact necessitates the use of somewhat less technical language. It is, however, a 2 to be ihitseoes upon, that the absence of technicality ought not to mean in- uracy. One of the volumes referred to is especially negligent in the matter of quoting authorities for the scientific names of plants. This frequently ren- ts the identification of the plant named quite impossible. many changes are constantly being made in the nomenclature that it is not to be expected that such works as these should keep up with them, though an attempt should be made to use the best established names. But in the midst of such changes and for the reason that the names are foot 3 the Jeast that can be done is to quote the. authority for whatever name is used. When the next revision of these two very useful books is made, by all means let the editors use every en- 20 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ Jan. deavor to have the botanical portions as complete, exact and reliable as possi- present they are neither exact nor reliable, though the latest editions are nals better than former ones. E CUTTING UP of published exsiccate and distribution of the er ormnee in the general herbarium is advocated by Professor agit in the American Naturalist for December, and the method has much to commend it. This cites all the specimens of a group together and makes iste prec n simple and easy. The saving of time and patience may be well illustrated by an attempt to find a particular specimen in the unindexed and voluminous collections of von Thiimen for example, which, unless much time is taken, may lead to no other result than doubt whether it occurs there or not. Uniform treatment of this kind has been generally adopted in the large phanerogamic herbaria of the country, and it seems to us could well be extended to the cryptogamic col- lections—in fact that there should be, when possible, but a single series in each herbarium, erie from the protophyte to the highest angiosperm THE not far distant, we believe, when phanerogamic botanists will do as tol, yologs and reap are now doing in quoting authori- ties for plant names, i. ¢., cite not only the name of him who combines the generic and diuiid names, but ie the one who first distinguished the plant and assigned to it a specific name, The burden of synonymy is growing greater day by day THE ERAL INDEX to the first ten volumes has been somewhat delayed in its preparation, but will soon be ready. OPEN LETTERS. Seeds wanted. Proiessor Schiibeler, of Christiania, Norway, whose works upon t the history of calniwated plants and the changes that have occurred in the distribution of indigenous vegetation are so rel known, ened desires fresh seeds of our In- bar rice, Hydropyrum esculentum, or Zizania aquatica. If any of our western botanists can supply them hey ‘will much obiive him, and also the subscriber, ASA ane: The Dispensatories. I have had occasion to consult extensively the a ect bone of pa Navona and U. S. Dispensatories, and am much surprised at the looseness t und in the use of botanical terms and the frequent bisccahey 6 of the botanical jn formation (?) there given. Surely, in works of such prominence and impo ance the very best botanical sleos ought to be employed to contribute thie ‘ps sete tion, as has apparently been done in the chemical, pharmaceutical. and thera- peutic parts. Perhaps a w ie ae m the GazeTrE would be of influence upon the next editions of these A Phallus. lf the reply be within the scope of the Gazerrs, I should be very eco ie know if there be any means of extirpating from the soil the spores of a 1886. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 21 presi Phallus. I do not know the species, but for a day or two — they appear above the ground the odor of carrion prevails, and as soon visible, t i S. ey in r loamy soil, and follow one another in most an any "application to the ground can destroy them I should sii yaniy obliged eed informa MartHa Bock&e Fur The Agricultural ii Denadimiack. I was very much interested at Ann Arbor, last August, in two things con- ne ore with this department, viz: the action of the botanists with reference to h coura ing the sintitoaial herbarium what i ght to be, and t yen no given to the new work under the charge of Prof ibne take ie ans of asking, either the editors of t ZETTE, or the officers of the Agri- inetd i perbeepon what en the r of the acti these two cases? has be sult know of many botanists ready to peoriy in both these directions if they can oleae: the necessary informat Bs ITs CURRENT LITERATURE. me Ai of the Microscope. By Edward Saaiehy Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. Rochester, 1885. 12°. 96 pp. Llu he author has attempted, in this on work to describe the parts of a microsco be and their uses in such aclear and concise manner that the beginner, confronted for the first time with a ar “inieroscope may have no difficulty in firm’s salen oce ne one twice in the work, and that it is as free from any adver- well be. On i vot rei 2 compound microscope, 0 ves and eye-pieces, saponep for il how g icr mend the work to all ithe ome zn aan roscope, especially those who a Snaalees full masters of the ment, and it would also be ex- cellent . put into the hands of the any preg at the beginning of his Thirty. — Annual Report of the N. Y. State Museum of core History: Report of th e Botanist. By Charles H. Peck. Albany, 1885. 8vo. pp. 77-138. “ ates. of the Mascon staff are to be cee under their immediat superyision, an e work of the botan ist which has been partially inter- rupted for two years through political interference, has fully resumed, and the result is seen in the description of sixty-six new s in the present report, including a curious fungus on flies, assigned to a new genus, ppendicu- I Am aph of t New » k ies of Lactarius oe Pluteus is also given, containing forty and nine species respectively. eck says very truly that “a nce Pie een of our cymenaareeiel fungi is greatly 22 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, [Jan. needed,” and we think Be is just the person to write it. But if this is too great an undertaking at present, why not bring aie a monograph of the New York species with colored Sane to be printed i ”, _Mus eum series vs BASES! volumes ; it would be of great scientific iad and o ng cre uthor. For the information of those who ma y not eS of the fac we will state that the vie report of the botanist, ci ha was over fistributed, may be found in Assembly Document. 89 for 1879, vol. 6. seis SP - a Bate ia and Yeast Fungi and allied species. By W. B. Grove and Windus. London, 1884. 12°. 112 p Le 87 Diepestions. tg ie a thes two classes of laut f given by Winter in the las tion of Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen staal von Deutschland, etc., ates ua — basis for several English works, and n ore serviceable than the one in han prey =~ ha if the book is iaeetaaiie a Hila pote from that work, with notes aealaies and some additional species, principally from Van Tiegher, Burrill, Kock and Hausen, Additional cuts are also introduced from various sources, of teas h the most interesting are those from Dallinger showing flagella A cha apter is given to forms which are inadequately known, or whose i ould i pope Thin, Engelmann, Warming, Van Tieghem, Klein, Ehrenberg ont ma "This, in ts present unsatisfactory state of knowledge regarding these nute organisms, provides a very useful manual, giving good oe and istration, and igo “gsr bine to some extent the synonymy and literature. The e nume and clear, but in many instances have lost in — meee oduc- tion saiech of = 2g cety of Rae ne that gives individuality to the organ An _sretnon Sa feature of the work i i es chapter on plamibossion | in which rog of classi i others, but asses by Zopf. They views et the latt ter on pleo ‘ morphism apt its dangers i are discussed, 9 ope with a statement se the true nature of s among th ara to the rank of the yeast plants i ln space is given to - hypothesis of Hest id, who sald he them to be a conidial stage of other fungi, probably — ices s give information “regarding t the unit of micro-measurement, B duced by schizophytes. A full staining index completes the Th ork. e excellent pean of the work and no less excellent contents should bring it into the hands of many workers NOTES AND NEWS. RANZ, Baron L bea tebe known as monographer of the Salicornie, died in ati, Italy, August 12, 18 AN APPARATUS to hibeilessins before classes or large audiences the manner in which e cambium gives rise to wood and bast, a been devised by Dr. F. Noll, of Heidelberg, and is highly spoken of by Professor Sach: Dr. WInTER, of Leipsig, and C. H. Demctrio, of St. Louis, rere in Hedwigia, a list of 350 species of various kinds of fungi collected in Missouri. Twenty-five new species are described, including six of Septoria and eight of Cercospora. Str JosePH D. HOoKER, aiter twenty years’ service, resigned the Directorship of the 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 23 Kew Sarno on November: 30. ‘Being wehipees of wateinsetative duties he will have more wh time fo r THE ronan L OF PERE LOGY ake its first year with an expression of satisfaction at its reception and success, and promise of more va gate igscee Acer for beginners, and biological ‘ieeeties of eminent my vsiteiie for the ng yea VERY CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION is devoted to Ph forms of common wild plants in Sweden, judging from ane Sesageiny descriptions of named sorts the Botaniska Notiser. They are species, some well known in this country as weeds, of hak genera as Epilobium, COOKE’S PROVISIONAL LIisT of the British Blige OLE praange in nigatacg reaches in the December issue to No. 478, haying j ntered the us Septoria. Pyreno mere um, + in piace ye now Sathis a3. O34. One kek of hens numbers a Sedlback es hucice AND » ep CINES es wom America, fine in Cincinnati, is a far more importa serial to peepee st" 1 botanists than its name would indicate. Its matter is and fresh, and toa considerable degree neti botanie:; Bi includes synonymy, sented by maps vi he latte is es nted on excellent paper and the illustrations are copious and admirably execu E of ~ anes ($100) : is sre for the — lon a mo nee on a class or aire of “stint October, 1889. y be easaed in English, and is to be sent to to the Société ae Physique et d’ roan soo hinenn Jas eneva, Switzerland. en prize was founded P. De Candolle. It would be a matter of just pride - — rea lly able m i prize in plant embryology, which is announced in our advertising colu ¥. Emicu has made extended researches upon the self-purification of natural w (detailed in Biedermann’s Centraiblatt fiir Agrikultur Chemie) and finds that aaa cab hat ozone an i exposed t the water has been sterilized by boiling or germs are in any J ded. e entire tenia of desoentuae of rivers and other open channels is obviously removed from the of chemistry and becomes purely biologica AUCTION sale of iver Morga n :toagighenes of rag sin New York City some ntio: The sale Aneter over 1,450 pia vate very few of them in flower at the time, for is said 0. A imen of Van $2,000. ‘ e n southern Phillipine islands, and first flowered in eultivation pri t two years ey An- other equ plant of this species is sent y Mr. F. L. Ames of North Easto: ass. I gh 0 $750 ai all fk one going to mites. THE ANNUAL FUNGUS FORAYS of Englan ee are an interesting feature of mycologic study in that country. They are agree” arran d by he societi es t o some co oe oe in e Nat. Hist. Society and the Leicester Nat. Hist Society one ‘day ack. and the Woolhope ‘our days Cth ay STRASBURGER i i Ger re: zg B ical Society on the _ wa Sere limits | s within which plants specifically distinet will permit effective grafting 0 or budding, and ti He grafted a large number oi various 24 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [Jan. Pp is vice versa. Almost all of the grafts ‘‘ took”’ and union was complete, The best results were obtained bale Datur: ra Stramonium on Solanum, the specimens of which formed good-sized t a small quantity of atropine! He also succeeded in grafting the Scrophularineous Schiz zanthus Grahami on Soianum, a most interesting result, and probably the first authentic instance of the union i to tempt this nt e was le develops on Schizanthus. The further results of these experiments and the promised “arses investigation will be looked for Sart ape The present paper is published in Berichte d. deut. bot. Gesell. iti, XXXIV. (Nov 9, 1885). one sar Sates is to be an to the esd eee TETASOTS of age ewe esion of the morphol ina a recent paper’; sepoune the i idea aging in the C of th are car 1s which bear th and that ers ‘iets ‘aint of 1 tiene scales is not eon to the coalescence of two organ s, i bract and carpellary sal apo and Fruchtschw a as . laime ‘by sbme, but 9 produced ty mere swelling morphological aummuniie: s the Decksch — ag Simbu sea others as the ee a ee Fruchtschuppe as the placenta formed saxil. This placenta, in- stead o maining emall, —— se x eee: in size, the more riots id growth of the under side reverses th t fin: ally encloses them completely. According to this view of course the cone of these veo ister be considered a single flower and not as an inflorescence. Much has been said on both sides—and still it is doubtful where the truth is. An account of the development of pa cones of fourteen species of Cupressinez and Abietinex forms the bulk of the paper. a . ED a case of symbiosis between a ee and the roots - LM trees has hear described by Frank § beta the Bericht oder a chen botanischen Ges fun invests fee sank sothat the nutritive shai pass ce the my celium before entering th To thi gs applies the term Mycorhiza, ‘andi in a more recent arse aus tot the same subject makes é resumé these statements: 1. Mycorhiza is a symbiotic oS of which pera sal trees are capable under certain conditions. This has been rved in almost all Cupulifere, in Conifer and Sa — in the Betulacee re neat to hea raaine in fl linden and Prunus Jepine osa. 2. Mycorhiza is formed only in a soil which contains humus or unde- composed vegetable matter. The develo eae - mycorhiza diminishes with os poverty and increases B with t the richness of th t has been. observed to il di ret vod + ‘2 vary even ifferent Biahats of ‘organic matter. 3. The fungus of ee. pani to the tree, in addition to the necessary water and ‘oruanie and mineral nutritive matters, substances derived di- andd of o nt vention of the mycorhiza fungus. 4. The old theory of the direct heinewe of green plants by Stee will be revived spate with a weet ‘meaning. 5. ete rtance of humus and fallen leaves for the ical su pe 1 pport. 6. chiefly of , as in fous it assists in the ; production vas va stq titi vegetable seater sal where Sa ce — te recon ane of veg ébris is high] aahs ul, tbo iti can ren nutrition humus becomes a necessity on account o e absence “ gril as in andes Hypopitys. It is to ve noticed, a aaicted that in neither of his eee on the subject has Frank cinco bs ance is sterile and no cultures or infection experiments have been eastis do rved facts are interest- gand probably important, wat it — be sel to hold sane: noel his hypothesis of sym- - 1 iBeitriige zur Kenntniss der Entwickelungsgeschichte und des anat h S sor Tenet der Cupressineen und der Placenten der deastaoa.-Plare, Won: 30, 3 30, , L885. 2Band iii, heft 4, p. 128. ’Berichte d. deut. bot. Gesell, iii, XX VII; Nov. 19, 1885. In this he shows the existence of ‘- same symbiosis between the fungus and roots of jr ree a Hy} opitys. i PLATE Ill. BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 1886 a Ze = Z SS ==. a wo - -SCRIBNER ON ARCTIC GRASSES. VOL. XI, NO. 2.—-BOTANICAL GAZETTE.—FEB. 1886. Some Arctic Grasses. F. LAMSON SCRIBNER. (WITH PLATE II.) DESCHAMPSIA BREVIFOLIA R. Br. in Parr. 1st Voy. Suppl. p- 291. (1823).—The finding of what we believe to be the typi- cal form of Robert Brown’s D. brevifolia, by Lieut. A. W. Greely in 1882, near Ft. Conger, Grinnell Land, latitude 81° 44’, leads us to restore to its specific rank this truly Arctic grass that has been classed by many recent authors as only a variety or form of D. cespitosa. We do not find it represented in any of the numerous Rocky Mountain collections which we have examined, and the only approach to it among our Arctic collections is a spe- cimen from Schumagin Island, Alaska, collected by M. W. Har- rington in 1871-2. The Alaskan plant is about three times the size of the one from Grinnell Land, but in other respects there is no essential difference. The figure we have made is drawn from one of Lieut. Greely’s specimens and shows the habit of the plant, natural size, with enlarged illustrations of one of the spikelets, The following is copied from Brown’s description : folio brevioribus, ipsa basi integra; ligula lanceolata; supremum brevissimum, terum obsoletis, apice eroso multidentato, dorso sepius infra medium aristata; ar setacea, recta, denticulata, valvulam ipsam vix vel paulo superanti; superiore longitudine inferioris, angustior, dinervis, apice bidentato, quandoque semifido. Puippsta aLGIpa R. Br.—Mr. H. N. Patterson, who is well- known both as a collector and a com iler of useful and neatly printed check-lists of plants, has been spending the season in the ocky Mountains, gathering in botanical treasures, and among his interesting finds is Phippsia algida, a curious little grass, allied to Coleanthus and Sporobolus, that has not before been discovered south of Alaska. Mr. Patterson collected it in wet, gravelly places about Chicago Lake, Georgetown, Colorado. It may not be so rare within our limits as now appears for its low, moss-like growth and aquatic habits render it very likely to es- 26 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ Feb. cape notice. Our figure is taken from Trinius, Jcones, and shows. very well both the habit of the plant, excepting that it is densely cespitose, and the minute characters of the spikelets. The outer or empty glumes are very small and the lower one is sometimes wholly wanting. AGROPYRUM VIOLACEUM, Hornem.—This grass was collected at Ft. Conger, Grinnell Land, by Lieut. Greely and Dr. D. L Brainard. The specimens are fine, 8-15 em. high, with short spikes and densely pubescent glumes, a character observed in Greenland specimens collected by Thomas M. Fries. The figure illustrates one of the specimens nearly natural size. In 1883 Mr. Wm. M Canby collected at the Upper Marias Pass, Montana, alt. 8,000 ft., specimens of this Agropyrum in which the leaves are much narrower than in the Scandinavian plant and pubescent, as are also the floral glumes. The outer glumes are smooth. All the glumes are remarkably broad with very short awns. EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.—A, Deschampsia brevifolia R. Br.; entire plant, nat. size and spikelet enlarged. B, Phippsia algida R. Br.; entire plants and details of flowers. C, Agropyrum violaceum, Hornem.; entire plant, nat. size and spikelets enlarged. The Life and Labors of Linnzeus. A. P. MORGAN, Previous to the time of Linnzeus, the science of botany was in a chaotic state. Discoveries there had been, it is true, and the science had made much progress ; each discoverer seemed disposed to attach most importance to what he found out himself and pro- ceeded to establish a system of classification upon the particular feature which he had investigated. The method of Cesal pinus was founded on the fruit, that of Rivinus on the number of petals of the flower, that of Tournefort on the figure of the same. All were artificial because they took into consideration only one or a few features of the plants. . e problem of the great botanists of all times has been to find a natural system, one in which every plant will be shown in its perfect relation to all other plants. With this problem all the distinguished botanists of Linneus’ time were busily engaged. Haller at Gottingen labored doubtfully, sometimes despairingly, over his Prodromus of a German Flora and Enumeration of the Plants of Switzerland. Dillenius at Oxford improved Ray’s Synopsis and labored faithfully upon mosses and other plants. 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. at Bernard de Jussieu, while arranging the great Jardin des Plantes at Paris, pondered deeply the problem of a natural system. Bot- anists of lesser note were all occupied with the same question. While at the university in Upsala, in 1829, Linneus was prompted by reading a discourse by Vaillant, on the structure of flowers, to examine very closely the stamens and pistils of plants. These appendages he discovered to be essential to the vegetable and to assume as much variety as the petals; hence he conceived that they might be made the basis of a new system of classifica- tion. He thus early laid the foundation of that sexual system which he afterwards wrought up to such perfection. According to this system were arranged all his succeeding botanical obser- vations. : The Linnean or sexual system is briefly as follows: All known plants are divided into 24 classes, the characters of which are established upon the number or upon the difference of situation or arrangement of the stamens; the orders as far as possible on a similar number, situation or arrangement of the pistils. For example the classes are Monandria, Diandria, Triandria, ete. ; stamens and pistils are present in all of the classes,to the 23d. The 24th class is the Cryptogamia containing even to this day many plants the mode and organs of whose fructification are not yet ascertained. Linnzeus did not publish his system till he went to Holland, in 1735. Having paid a visit to Dr. Gronovius, of Leyden, the latter returned it and saw his Systema Nature in manuscript, which astonished him, and he requested Linnzus” permission to get it printed at his own expense. The Dutch botanists received Linneus with the utmost cordiality and all immediately embraced and adopted his system. He rearranged one day overthrow his own system. He gruffly called in question the genus Dillenia, named by Linnus in his honor, but whic 28 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ Feb. still holds good with nine species of Asiatic plants, and which furthermore has given name to the natural order Dilleniacez. Linneus received word that the celebrated Prof. Haller, at Gottingen, contemplated writing against his new method. De- precating this he wrote to Haller the noblest protest that ever man made; from it we may make many valuable extracts. He said: troversy with you; my wish is rather to act in conjunction with you; I should de nd o e injurious nsequence? Time is too precious, and can be far better employed by me, as well a) young to take up arms; wl once taken, can method ; on the contrary, in my Systema, I have said: “No natural botanical s yet been constructed, though one or two may be more so than have been invented. Probably I may, on a future o ents of such a one. Meanwhile, till that is discovered, artificial systems are indispensable.” Haller’s reply was cordial and removed all cause for anxiety He pronounced the report to be false; it had not entered his mind to disturb a young man of so much merit in the science of botany, in the commencement of his fame and fortune. Linneus was delighted and very grateful. “I rejoice with all my heart,” he wrote, “that the rumor was unfounded, for in- deed you and Dillenius are the only people I would not wish to have for adversaries.” The life-long correspondence between these two great men is exceedingly interesting. Before returning to his native country Linnzeus went to Paris and visited the Jussieus. Although “they would not stir a step from the method of Tournefort,’ yet they received him most hospitably and made him very welcome. They showed him their herbaria and that of Tournefort, and the large collection of books belonging to. Dr. Isnard. They made excursions to Fontain- bleau and Burgundy solely for the purpose of showing Linnzus of Sciences, and Du Fay proposed to Linneus to become a Frenchman, in which case the Academy would appoint him one of its members with an annual salary. His correspondence con- tinued with Bernard de Jussieu, who, though continually plan- 1886. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 29 ning the natural system, afterward published by his nephew, recommended the works of Linneus to his pupils and caused them to be published and sold at Paris. Although the Oxfordian professor held aloof from the Lin- nean system, nevertheless it was speedily adopted and put in practice in England and America. His faithful disciples, Johm Ellis and Peter Collinson, were unwearied in their efforts to pro- mulgate his doctrine. They were rich merchants, actively en- gaged in trade, and with a love for natural history pursuits. Through their shipmasters they gathered plants from every coun- try in the world and sent them to Linneus. Their correspond- epee was extensive, especially with America, and through them Linneus obtained most of his American plants. f After a while the mighty Solander, one of Linneus’ pupils, was sent to London. He sailed round the world with Captain Cook, and returning to London, laid the foundation of the Hor- tus Kewensis of his friend Aiton. By his elegant and engaging” manners he gained the favor of those high in authority, and over- threw at court the old regime in the person of the great Dr. Hil. When a king’s botanist was to be appointed for the provinces Ellis and Collinson secured the place for their friend John Bar- tra wm. Linnzus had several occasional correspondents in America, though most of the plants seem to have been sent through Ellis and Collinson. His Excellency Cadwallader Colden, Governor of New York, addressed him stately and learned letters from his residence at Coldenham. He favored and assisted the enterprises of his stu- dent Peter Kalm, and facilitated his journeys through that part of North America. Linnzus named a genus for him, Coldenia- His daughter was an excellent botanist and had mastered the method of Linneus. John Ellis writes: “This young lady merits your esteem and does honor to your system; she f drawn and described 400 plants in your method only.” She figured and described the Gold-thread. Ellis sent her characters to Linneus and begged him to call this plant Coldenella. ohn Bartram was unwearied in his labors and gathered everything into his garden at Philadelphia that he eould lay his hands on. He was much beloved by Dr. Garden, of Charleston, and they visited each other often. When Bartram was appointed king’s botanist in America, Dr. Garden appeared to be greatly astonished. He wrote to Ellis: “Is it reallyso? Surely ohn is a worthy man; but yet to give the title of ‘king’s botanist’ to a man who can scarcely spell, much less make out the characters 30 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ Feb. of any one genus of peat appears to me rather hyperbolical. Pray how i is this matter? n was a very scholarly man; he was educated at Edinburgh ; his letters to’ Linneus were addressed in elegant _ Latin. He practiced medicine at Charleston, S. C., till after the revolution, when, with many other royalists, ‘he felt compelled to return to Great Brits ain. He attempted twice to penetrate through the wilderness to the Mississippi river, but was compelled to re- turn by the danger arising from the disturbed state of the coun- try. He sent many plants as well as animals to Linnzus through Ellis and directly. He was very anxious to have a plant named for his friend pa valued correspondent, Ellisia; he sent speci- mens and figures of the plant and persisted in his choice a long time. But Linneeus decided that his plant belonged to a genus already established; this was a great disappointment to “him Ellis named the e elegant genus Gardenia after him The difficulties of shipping plants and sending letters in that day are well illustrated in many of his letters. ae soak and packages were captured by the French time and again, and his dJamentations are pitiful. He writes to Ellis after one “iia: dis- -aster: My grief at my own and your ee 7" tama a . Rawivel chen A few days cago I Suaed that both Captain Coats and Cheeseman were taken and with them ‘the two most er bie et of seeds chang eee I could promise or even hope to A hes ure for ere was every kind that you mentioned in your letter to me an eee new and bike shrubs sence es. They were a care- ‘ae * me go ‘a SEs 2 abe yr fo) f=) oO tal 7) ° ee tq -p* 7] te o o Q we “= to) = “ a's = os te ® i=] ° o i Rm 8 5 ® Sc 2 < The Linnean ersten of classes and orders held sway for a hun- years and many people in this country, not yet very’ old, Biadied tg Lincela: s Botany. Even after the recognition of the natural system of Jussieu, it was customary to prefix to floras the Linnean system as a key to the genera. No other such conve- nient artifical classification of plants was ever invented, and the im- petus it gave to the study of plants throughout the civilized world was never equaled. The facility with which the plants of a lim- ‘ited region could be marshaled into regular order was wonderful and young men and women, and old, too, took to the study of botany; it became the craze of the time. Linnwus sent his stu- dents abroad and busied himself with arranging under their proper lasses and orders the plants from the uttermost parts of the earth. The latest edition of his ag Ans Nature contained more than 1,200 genera and nearly 8,000 species. It is a. cabal fact that pastes did not at first perceive the 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 31 great value of the binomial nomenclature. He established the classes and orders of the sexual system and bent his energies to describing and defining genera with greater precision. He con- tinued to distinguish species by the explanatory phrases of the older botanists. Some examples from the Flora Lapponica will illustrate this. Three species of Violet are named thus: 76. Vio foliis cordato-obtusis, pedunculis caulinis. 7. Vion foliis cordatis oblongis, pedunculis fere radicatis. 8. Vion foliis subrotundis cordatis pedunculis radicatis. These species he afterward called Viola biflora, Viola canina and Viola palustris. The labor of handling these long names is apparent from the following extract from a letter from Dillenius to Linneus: Iny coast of Gothland, which you judge to be Polygonum erectum augustifolium, flori- di. i oliis gramineis, w bs nor do I object. But it is by no means Tournefort’s tiflora, perampla radice, whose flowers are more scattered : d. The plant, the object of all these maledictions, seems to have been Gypsophila fastigiata L. appeared what Haller emphatically termed Linnzus’ “maximum opus ct wternum,” the Species Plantarum. To giv this work its utmost perfection had been the author’s object for many years, and to this all his other botanical productions were in some measure only preparatory, as the rightly ascertaining of species is the great end of all method. It is in this work that Linnzus first employs trivial names, as he termed them, which are single epithets, expressive as far as possible of the essential Specific differences among the species of a genus, or, In default of these, of some striking and obvious character; not seldom they are local terms or the names of the first discoverers. Although the Linnean classes and orders for plants have passed away yet it is wonderful how well the Linnzan genera and species have stood the test of time; this is owing to the re- markable exactness of his descriptions as well as his keen per- < 245, 150. 6; 1gs. 4-6. Transverse sections through the young bundle of a lateral root. 18 practically complete. ph, phloem. ry, xylem. 245. i Fig ei selattadiaa! Foe da of the bundle of a main root, of about the age of Fig. 6, showi : ids, tr. ‘ v% 8 6, showing the primary tracheids, #7 adie ob with node 54 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [Mareh, On Some Recent Notes and Descriptions of Eriogonex in the Pro- ceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. C.. Cc. PARRY. The present energetic and successful botanical collector of the California Academy of Sciences, Mrs. M. K. Curran, having lately undertaken the very different work of systematic description in the published Proceedings of the Academy, the views there pre- sented naturally call for some notice in the current pages of bo- tanical literature. Having lately given some attention to the study of Eriogone the writer was naturally much interested in seeing whatever new light might be thrown by recent discoveries on the difficult prob- lems of systematic classification, and having been kindly favored with authentic specimens and published notes from the above source, the following suggestions are respectfully offered. The old difficulty of strictly defining genera and species, that in the idea of a species in a short description requires a thorough knowledge of the subject and a methodical mind.” In the brief pages 1-4 of the Calif. Acad. Proc. for 1885-86 Mrs. Curran claims to have data, mainly derived from her own recent discov- eries, to invalidate some of the long established genera of Erio- gone, even at the risk of merging all into the single polymor- phous genus Eriogonum. To properly substantiate such a claim we would naturally look for very important discoveries, but, as __ far as the pages referred to show, only two are brought to light. The first of these is a very well marked Eriogonum, closely re- lated to the well-known E. angulosum Benth., showing in fact no essential difference either in involucral characters, or internal bracteoles, only indeed remarkable for the excessive wooliness encompassing the flowers, on which the very appropriate specific name, 4. gossipinum, is based. On the strength of this normal species, however, Mrs. Curran proceeds at once to demolish the Nattallian genus Nemacaulis, and hastily constructs a section of Eriogonum, “Braeteolata,” in which it is snugly ensconced, being 1886. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 59 somewhat strangely followed by a species (E. Greggii) which she knows only from description. aving on a previous study of this genus carefully examined its character, and at one time even ventured to anticipate Mrs. Curran’s conclusions in merging it into Eriogonum,as E, Nema- caulis, on the advice of other experienced botanists, a second sober thought induced me to withhold my rash hand, and while still seeing how a further development of involucral characters, by uniting the lower series o spiral bracts into a true whorl, would break down the generic distinction, till this is accom- plished the genus may well stand as Prof. Gray suggested, one of the very best of the Eriogonex genera. Therefore t not the botanical verdict will be in the case under consideration “not proven,” and Nemacaulis Nuttallii Benth. will still escape an italicised reduction. Coming next to Chorizanthe, the above writer, after designat- ing two unimportant varieties, comes out with a detailed descrip- tion of a minute, inconspicuous plant (barely three inches high), under the name of Chorizanthe insignis. “Why so designated -does not appear, either from the specimen or description. At the same time nota single character is given to keep it out of the genus Oxytheca, as at present defined, the entire absence of basal Spurs, as well as an increased number of flowers, with obscure bracteoles at the base, clearly separating it from C. leptoceras, which it outwardly resembles, and, therefore, unmistakably a genuine Oxytheea, nly approximating, as one would naturally expect, the allied but very distinct genus Chorizanthe. Having thus glanced at the descriptive work, we may go back to the pre- Iminary views with which the descriptions are prefaced. While realizing fully the difficulties that seem to crowd upon the path of discovery in the clear definition of the Eriogonous genera, we fail to get any light here in the confused statements made. Instead of which there are crude views of relationship, such as comparing the involucroid perianth (2) of Lastarriza, With the entirely normal one of Ho listeria, to which it has not the most remote resemblance, and which the author of the genus failed to recognize in his clear description. _ The “theory ” of a reduced perianth in Chorizanthe Lastar- ria is demolished in a single paragraph by the inability of the Writer to recognize under her microscope a character which the Original deseriber clearly laid down, which is (perhaps in rather _ &n exaggerated way) shown in the published plate, and which all - Subsequent descriptions have plainly stated, viz: a series of lok appendages alternating with the stamens, reasonably representing 56 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, | March, a reduced perianth. Only one other point in this connection, om which the writer feels competent to express an opinion. What Prof. Gray once suggested, but with an important reservation, might be the equivalent of an involucre in Lastarriva in the sub- tending whorl of cauline bracts, is utterly inadmissible from the fact that besides the so-called perianth, they encircle invariably the extending axis, thus showing that it is a true cauline and not a floral appendage. This is also clearly not the case in Oxytheca luteola (or any other Eriogonous species), where as in the former case the irregular whorl of spines enclose only the cluster of bracted perianths. ; n conclusion, may we not express the earnest hope, in the true interest of systematic botany, that before botanical science is loaded down with useless synonyms, or made obscure by crude speculations and rash innovations, those who venture to leap will first take a long and careful look. Botanizing in Texas, I. J. REVERCHON. By “ botanizing ” I do not mean taking a railroad and stop- ping at such and such a station, taking a ramble or two in the neighboring hills, or sometimes jumping from the cars at a coal station, tempted by some tantalizing plant, and running back with only the top of said plant, at the call of the imperious whistle, and after that running may be a hundred miles before stopping again. That is not my way, as the railroads do not pass exactly where many nice things are found, and I don’t care to be in a hurry. So we started, my wife and I, and Robert Freeman, April 8, 1885, from our home in Dallas county. Freeman was a fine fellow, exactly fit for driving, hunting, fishing, and other duties invaluable on such a trip. Had we met some strayed Apaches or unruly Mexicans, he would have been equal to the emergency. ur covered wagon, drawn by a good team, was packed wit provisions, drying papers, arms, ete. It would seem as if we were fixed to travel any length of time, and over any extent of country. I will not venture to describe our appearance, and must not forget that I am writing for botanists, anxious that I begin to botanize. The evening sees us in the “ Lower Cross-timbers,” a vast belt of sandy post-oak land that extends a long distance north 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. a7 and south, and separates two regions of extensive prairies. As the season was very backward few plants were in bloom, and I will only mention the Astragalus distortus. After that we reached some cretaceous hills bordering a vast prairie, and here for the first time a botanist traveling from the east will find Actinella scaposa, Scutellaria Wrightii, and Quercus virens, all three very common through the west. Along the streams he would notice Vitis rupestris. After crossing some extensive prairies we come in sight of the valley of the Brazos. There are limestone bluffs intermixed with sandy patches of post-oaks, some fine prairies, and beautiful clear streams. There we collected Psoralea esculenta, Townsendia sericea, Vesicaria recurvata and densiflora, and Berberis trifoliata. The mountain cedar (Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjungens) also appears for the first time. e crossed the Brazos near Comanche’s peak, and reached the Paluey’s valley the next day, through a sandy forest interspersed with rocky prairies. Along streams we collected Ranunculus macranthus. We find nothing new in this valley, nor in the re- gions south of it for about twenty miles, consisting of woods, prairies, and hillocks. : n the 17th we crossed the Bosque river, and found ourselves in an extensive prairie, where was discovered a rare plant, Am- sonia longiflora. We also admired the numerous shades of Cas- tilleia purpurea, whose flowers vary from dark red to white, and from orange to light straw color. About Cowhouse creek and Lamposas river we were detained over a week by nearly continual showers. On the prairies we noticed Gaura coccinea, CEnothera Greggii, and Melampodium cinereum ; along the streams, Clematis coccinea and Nemophila Phacelioides ; while the characteristic species of the limestone bluffs are Astragalus Reverchoni, Psoralea hypogza, Erodium Texanum, Vesicaria Engelmanni, and a Sisyrinchium that I ex- pect has no name yet. IL also found a little patch of Dodeeatheon Meadia. On some rocky hills were the following: Morus par- vifolia, Mimosa fragrans, Arenaria Benthami, Galium Texense, Acalypha Lindheimeri, Erysimum asperum, and Hedeoma acin- vides ; in clefts of the rocks the two ferns Notholena dealbata and Cheilanthes lanuginosa. : April 25th we reached Lamposas, a town celebrated for its beautiful sulphur springs, which attract many people. Near this place I noticed for the first time Thamnosma Texanum, Astra- galus Wrightii, and Menodora heterophylla. At Lamposas we took the San Saba road, due west through a 58 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, prairie country dotted here and there by high rounded hills. On the next day, after crossing through a deep ¢ gap between two pic- turesque bluffs, erowned with shrubbery, we left the cretaceous formation for the red ge Hemet sandstone. Instead of good grazing prairies there was poor, gravelly, rocky or sandy soils, all hoary with chapper sia or thickets. These thickets are 1 mostly formed by the following shrubs: Prosopis juliflora, Diospyros Texana, Colubrina Texensis, Lippia lycioides, and Opuntia lepto- caulis. Among other plants 1 note Astragalus Lindbeimeri, Cooperia pedunculata, Cereus paucispinus, Cassia pumilis, and Argythamnia ophioides. In nearing the Colorado the country is more regularly sandy, and we found Senecio ampullaceus and Festuca sciurea in abundat We crossed the Colorado the 27th. It is a deep stream, bor- dered on both sides by precipitous bluffs, on which I found Cheilanthes tomentosa and Alabamensis, and also for the first time the beautiful Pellea flexuosa. After traveling two or three miles west of the Colorado, over a red sandstone country, we found ourselves again ina hard lim stone region. Here the rains overtook us again, and we were compelled to pay a little more attention to the botany of that place. Here the little prairies were dotted with the very beauti- ful Phlox Reemeriana ; the streams were bordered with Mimulus Jamesii, var. Texensis ; while on the rocky bluffs I noticed Se- laginella rupestris and Rhus virens. On the 30th, the journey was resumed in spite of threatening weather We descended the San Saba valley, full of mesquit (Prosopis julifiora), where I bine a plant apes abundant on the plains of western Texas. It is an Apium proper, but not the same plant that was collected Kee me and distributed by Mr. Cur- tiss. This one must have another name, as the plant found on the plains is certainly the one collected by Capt. Pope. In a branch of San Saba river, I noticed some Schollera graminea in bloom. At San Saba we took the Llano road south, and soon afterward pitched our tent in a small valley that would have been a fine place for any one to stop, but to me it looked like a botanist’s paradise. There was a long hill all capped with perpendicular rocks, where were found Tinantia anomala, pe te 4indheimeri, Bouchetia erecta, Abutilon Wrightii, Gon lobus_ reticulatus, and a a good many more that I have a lenis mentioned. Beyond this valley lay a country all intermixed wit sands or rocky hills, and very disagreeable to travel over. In the valleys the principal trees are mesquit and post oaks; on the hills, mountain cedars and Quereus Durandi. We finally camped 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 59 on Cherokee creek, in a better looking country. The creek was full of Nuphar advena, and the banks were lined with Carex co- mosa, and a remarkable variety of Carex acuta. The 2d of May we reached the granite region of Llano. It first appears as a few granite boulders cropping out among the post oaks, and along with them we noticed the following plants: Tephrosia Lindheimeri, Sida Lindheimeri, and a small plum tree (Prunus glandulosa) covered with fuzzy, unripe fruits, looking very much like small peaches. The people said they were “awful” good when ripe. 1e Babyhead mountains were soon in view, a dark mass of nearly naked granites. I was disappointed in finding but two plants I had not seen before, Pellea Wrightiana and a Selagi- nella that our best authorities have considered only a form of rupestris. ‘In spite of that honorable opinion I am very much inclined to think it a different species. Beyond those hills, in a sandy valley, we collected Vesicaria grandiflora, Hymenatherum Wrightii, and an Indigofera considered by some to be leptosepala, bat quite different in appearance. t the town of Llano, after we had crossed the river of that name, we turned our faces toward the setting sun, going up the Llano valley. There in the sandy forests were found Dalea nana and lasiathera, Paronychia setacea, Eritrichium Texanum, Vesi- caria argyrea, and Houstonia humifusa. n the 4th, being along the Llano, we stopped on account of humerous species calling my attention. In the scanty soil among the rocks that border the tumultuous Llano were discovered Boerhaavia tenuifolia, Nicotiana repanda, Gilia incisa and acerosa, Bouteloua Burkei, and a shrubby Croton not yet named. In the river Herpestis chameedryoides was found. e next day, after crossing a very poor country, a perfect desert, where Plantago Patagonica was about the only thing grow- Ing, with here and there a tuft of Hermania Texana not yet in bloom, we pitched our tent at the very foot of House mountains, a mass of bold, denuded rocks, quite high for Texas, where there are no true mountains this side of the Pecos. This proved to be @ very interesting locality for a botanist, and for a-tourist it is certainly so. And now I am sorry we did not stay there a week instead of three days. Duri ng that time I had my hands more than full. The ferns were Woodsia obtusa, Notholena Hookeri, ella flexuosa (with immense fronds) and Wrightiana, Cheilan- thes Lindheimeri, and a variety of tomentosa near Eatoni. ' 60 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, Mildews of Indiana. J. N. ROSE. The following mildews were collected in the vicinity of Wabash College during the past season. It is not presumed to be a complete list, but merely a beginning, which it is hoped may lead to the cataloguing of all the species of the state. I have also listed the hosts upon which they were found, mentioning those plants which, as far as could be learned, had not before been reported as hosts. This is the first attempt made in this state to determine the various species of this group. The list comprises 11 species and 29 hosts, which have been preserved in the herba- rium of the college. ave followed in the specific descriptions Cooke’s “ Hand- book of British Fungi,” Bessey’s “Erysiphei of the United States,” and “ Earle’s Podosphiera,”' and have used to good advan- tage in collecting hosts Trelease’s “ Parasitic Fungi of Wiscon- sin.” Such notes have been added as have come under my own observation, and when the description has not been complete I have added other characters and pointed out differences. These it is hoped, may be of use in an early revision of some of the ill-defined species. 1. Uneinula cireinata C. & P. On leaves of Red Maple. While the perithecia are quite large, .14mm. in diameter, they do not equal those found by Bes- sey on the Silver Maple. Asci only from 8 to 10. 2. Microsphera Friesii Lév. Very abundant on the leaves of the Lilac. Common every- where. 3. Microsphera Russellii Clinton. Found abundant on leaves and stems of Oxalis stricta, espe- cially on plants growing in moist, shady places. 4. Microsphera Platanii Howe. On leaves of Sycamore. Common. 5. Microsphera Grossularie Lévy. On Sambucus Canadensis. As far as I can learn, this is the first time this species has been found on the Elder in this coun- try. Cooke gives it as a host in his Hand Book. Farlow men- tions the Elder as the host of M. Hedwigii; while Trelease gives it for M. VanBruntiana. While our specimen does not corre- 1Botanical Gazette, IX. 24. 1886. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 61 spond very well with the description given by Bessey for M. Grossulariz, yet it is more like this than either of the two spe- cies just mentioned. The following characters more nearly de- seribe our specimens: Perithecia scattered on both sides of the leaf, globose, minute, .07-.09mm. in diameter. Reticulations prominent. Appendages 10 to 15, prominently dichotomous, - to 6 times branched and spreading, clear throughout their length ; spread of branches equal, exceeding the diameter of the perithe- cia; ultimate branches often quite long, tips blunt. Asci 3-7, ovate, containing from 3 to 4 spores. 6. Podosphera oxacantha DC. (P Kunzei Lévy. P tridactyla Wall. On the Persimmon and Quince. Bessey gives P. Kunzei, while Trelease adheres to tridactyla. In this species we follow Earle, who has carefully worked out the literature of the subject and has made a special study of this genus. See Boranicar Gazetrer, Vol. TX, p. 24. Neither of the above hosts are men- tioned in any of the reports which I have at hand. The Per- simmon is the first host outside of Rosacee upon which this spe- cies has been found. The perithecia, however, are few and scat- description of Earle more nearly includes it. The speci- men from the Quince gives the following characters: Amphi- genous, fruiting on both sides of the leaf, abundant especially on the upper side. Perithecia dark brown, .08mm. in diameter. Appendages about as long as the diameter of the perithecia, 5 to 16, colored for more than half their length, 3 to 4 times branched. 7. Phyllactinia suffulta Reb. (P. guttata Lév.) On leaves of Dogwood and Hazel; very abundant on the latter, 8. Spherotheca Castagnei Lév. n Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Bidens frondosa, B. chrysan- themoides, Hieracium, Lactuea, Erigeron. All of these, except- ing the first two, are new hosts. Cooke’s description is not suf- ficient to include all these forms. I make the following notes from our specimens: Mycelium often abundant, web like, and commonly persistent. Perithecia globose, very minute, but vary- Ing in size, .07 to .10mm. in diameter, on both sides of the leaves and often on the branches and stems, abundant in pate es. Ap- pendages equalling or exceeding the diameter of the perithecia. Ascus with few spores, generally 8. 62 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, 9. Erysiphe tortilis (Wall.) Lk. On Clematis Virginiana. Our specimens are amphigenous, as given also in Bessey’s notes. Spores generally 4, often 5 and 6. With these two exceptions the description of Cooke corre- sponds with our specimens. The plants on which this mildew were growing were in a very sickly condition. 10. Erysiphe lamprocarpa (Wall.) Lév. On Cnicus altissimus, var. discolor, Verbena urticifolia, Am- brosia artemisizefolia, Helianthus doronicoides, H. annuus, Acti- nomeris squarrosa, Vernonia fasciculata, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Solidago Canadensis. This is one of our most common and best known mildews. The conidial stage occurs in the early part of summer and lasts until fall. 1e mycelium is generally very abundant, covering the foliage with a whitish web-like mass. The last six hosts are not given in any of the lists to which I have had access. 11. Erysiphe communis ( Wall.) Schl. On some Anemone and Ranunculus abortivus. Our Anemone specimens give the following points: Perithecia abundant on petiole and blade above and below, very dark brown. Append- ages 10 to 15, sometimes very long, lower half slightly colored, tips clear. Asci 3 to 4: spores 3 to 5, mostly 4. Perithecia quite variable in size, reaching .11 mm. in diameter. This host plant was found growing in a patch of Ranunculus abortivus which had this mildew upon it, and from which it had probably spread to the Anemone. In the Ranunculus specimen I noted asci from 2 to 6, with spores ranging from hree other species were reported in the laboratory last year, but as the specimens were not preserved I could not verify the work, and so dispose of them as nearly as possible from the meager descriptions in the laboratory notes at hand. Uncinula Americana Howe. n the leaves of the grape. A species found on the Elm, and doubtless belonging to the genns Uncinula, is given, but does not come under any of the three species assigned to this host as given by Bessey. The notes give number of asci 10 to 12; spores 5. C. H. Peck is the only one in this country who has reported finding this mil- dew on the Elm, and hence I judge it must not be a very common form. After a most searching examination of many leaves I was compelled to give up without finding a single perithecium. The species reported from the Beech is probably Phyllactinia suffulta Reb., as Cooke says it is commonly to be found here. 1886. | BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 63 A species was found by me growing abundantly on Poa pra- tensis in November and again late in December mn Bessey calls Erysiphe communis Schl., while Trelease assigns to E. graminis DC. As yet only the conidial phase has been studied and finding of perithecia will be necessary to positively decide the species BRIEFER ARTICLES. Aspidium Oreopteris Swz.—The only American station for this species has been the Island of Unalaska, where it was discovered by Mr. M. Turner in 1878, but by the past season’s searches of that indefatigable worker, Professor Macoun, Naturalist of the Geological Survey of Canada, it is now located on the North American continent proper, and no less than about 1,600 miles east of the former station. It was found August 22, 1885, on Mount Dawson, at thesummit of the Canada Pacific Railway pass through the Selkirk Range, British Columbia, a little south of lat. 51°. The patches, which were fairly abundant, grew on a comparatively dry slope of the mountain, at an altitude of 6,500 feet, or a little less, and also in wetter soil and at a greater altitude, « on a neighboring mountain, the upper slopes of which were covered by a glac The ae of the Canadian plants are narrower and more graceful look- ing, both as a whole and in all their parts, than those of the Unalaskan and most European forms, but Professor Eaton, to whom a specimen was sent, writes hithortn rv, rded The largest of the specimens received from Mr. Macoun has fronds 1} feet high, of which 33 inches forms the stalk, while the middle pinne are only 2} inches long. The segments, the basal ones of which are often large in propor- tion to those next them, are but little more than a line in width, and the under surface is but very slightly glandular.—T. J. W. Buraess, M. D., London, On- tario, Canada. A Cheap Camera.—A good rue for a more expensive camera-lucida for the microscope can be made as follow ut a piece of thin metal, brass or ‘sodest or even tin will do, in the form of a letter L. After smoothing the edges, bend one limb into an unclosed band, to clasp the end of the eye-piece after the cap is remo oved. Clasp the other limb near its juncture with the ring, with a pair of pliers, and twist it on its own axis through an angle of 90°. On the outer end bend a cock-eye to hold a piece of wood, in the end of which make a slight split and insert the edge of a cover-glass to serve as a mirror. Of course both the image and the pencil-point are seen by looking through the glass, the former by reflected and the latter by transmitted light. The iight reflected is sufficient to give good definition when ordin nary powers are used. In this way each member of a class an easily make a camera for himself. 64 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, [ March, J. R. Lowrie.—On December 10, 1885, the death of J. Roberts Lowrie Esq., in the 63d year of his age, occurred at his residence in Huntingdon county, Pa. A son of the Hon. Walter Lowrie, at onetime U. S. Senator from the state, he was born in the town of Butler. From Jefferson College he received his first academic degree, with honor, in 1842, and devoted himself to the study of law with his uncle, Judge Lowrie, of Pittsburg, afterward Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. As a field for the practice of his profession he chose Hollidaysburg, in Blair county, but a year or two later removed to War- riorsmark, a village at the base of the Bald Eagle Ridge, near the Alleghanies, where he spent He remainder of his life. Having married Mary, the daughter of Mr. Jo hn Lyon, the senior mem ber “a a firm which owned one bs the —— and many ihoogaaa acres of mountain ad covere with ‘Gries: he thee ame Thus situated he had ample means and Goeenaiity for the study of the natural sciences, to which he was strongly inclined. Of these, botany was his favorite, as a visitor would soon discover from the full and choice array of botanical works on the shelves of his library and the herbarium which occu- pied a place in the same room. His love of trees and shrubs Gina toa passion, and he was well acquainted not only with all the wild arborescent veg- etation in his neighborhood, but, soon after coming to Warriorsmark, converted the extensive grounds attached to his mansion into an arboretum, Wien now may be seen, after the lapse of more than thirty years, splendid specimens of many beautiful and remarkable species, native and exotic. In the creation of this park he was guided by thorough scientific knowledge and excellent taste. May it long flourish as a monument to his But his attention was not confined to the auhttvation of trees and shrubs. To him the entire flora for many miles around his home was an object of spe- cial interest. He made large collections of the rarer plants, and by his efforts one species new to science was brought to light (Prunus Alleghaniensis Porter), and a number new to the state, of which may be ee Ilex mollis Gray, La- thyrus ochroleucus Hook., Symphoricarpos racemosus Mx., var. pauciflorus Robbins, Phlox ovata L., Pinus pungens Mx. (since found shes haee), Listera convallarioides ook. The circumstances under which the last was obtained will furnish a pata illustration of his energy and zeal as an explorer. On a botanical trip to Meadows, an elevated mountain-bog in Center county, he made his way very slowly, and with great toil for a considerable distance, iva a dense wall of rhododendrons to an open space where he gathered the e plant, its only Shee ations south of N. New York, and then, sith his treasure in hand, by the aid of a compass, struggled back iitrodgh the jungle to the point where he had entered—a difficult and dangerous feat which occupied several hours. n n Mr. L. was tall and rather slender. His eye was keen and his ovements quick. In temperament he was grave but cheerful, and to his in- timate friends a most agreeable companion, decided in his opinions but toler- ant, a man of sterling integrity and great influence, a in his manners, hhsapetabio, and above all an earnest Christian. Requiescat in pace. omas C. Porter. 1886. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 65 EDITORIAL. THE success which has heretofore attended the issue of special numbers leads us to hope that the one announced for June, to cover the work of the field and herbarium, will meet with a hearty response from collectors (and what botanist is not a collector ?). The object in view is not to bring together all that might be said in reference to the collection and preservation of plants, our Space would not permit that, but to present new and less known methods an observations. Almost every one who gathers plants has some special method independent treatment, which, although well understood by specialists of each - class, are unknown or imperfectly known to others. rder to combi t tainment with instruction some short narratives connected with herborizing will be acceptable. The material for this number will be partly presented as gathered into herbaria or exsiccate, including the various sorts of flowering plants and ferns, the mosses and liverworts, fresh and salt water algz, lichens, fleshy, parasitic and other fungi, and even the bacteria. There are smaller 8roups in each of these classes to which general methods are not applicable, and which eall for special mention. Material for this number should be sent mas early in April as convenient. Borany IN AMERICA was never in a more flourishing condition than at the present time. American systematic work, especially that emanating from Harvard, has long stood in the front rank, but other departments of the sciznce man writers. The Gardeners’ Chronicle of England calls it “one of the most useful Summaries yet issued.” This may be taken as an index to our ad- vancement in the teacher's sphere. It would not be hard to trace a connection etween good didactic works and the increase of original research. In the latter we are surely making notable progress. Nature, in noticing the Associa- 66 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, ‘tion number of this journal, took occasion to say of the botanical papers pre- ‘sented at Ann Arbor, that “these furnish meena evidence of the goo work doing in this ay of science on the American continent, and will not suffer from comparison with a similar record at any o ‘ae recent gout of -our own [British] asctaeti ” Some of the papers are mentioned as “giving -especially good evidence of a capacity for original work.” American botanists mmay well feel encouraged at these signs of intellectual prosperity. THERE ARE TWO things that we would like to see our systematic botanists The first has reference to the citation of authorities. It is the most evi- dent injustice to ignore and lose sight of the author who originally defined a species. This becomes painfully evident when by some change in our notions of ont limitations whole groups of species are set adrift, to be caught up and named in a wholesale way by some one who had nothing whatever «o do with able the species. In such a case it would be very simple to cite two authorities, one in barnes? referring to the author who originally published the species, under whatever name, the other the authority asnow quoted. This would not only be rae tak would also facilitate reference to the literature of the species. The first author holds a peculiar relation to the species that should be acknowledged ns Te It is his by right of discovery, and what ever name it may afterwards be called does not affect this fact, and should not prevent his name being forever connected with it. The other thing is in reference to generic names. It is our belief that a name once used for a genus should never be so used again even if the genus has been reduced to a synonym. This should be especially avoided within the limits of a single order. ‘There is no telling when the old genus may appear again, and then the new one must be renamed and synonymy becomes confused. THE NEw Eprrors of the Torrey Bulletin have made a change in the dress of that journal and have increased the number of pages to sixteen, using larger type and dividing the articles more prominently. The January number opens with a —— of North American species of hci by Dr. Gray. The “In- German ees bite — that there will be enough sound American litera- ture to keep thi always full, but we doubtit. Weare glad tonote the increasing xia of the Bulletin, and wish its new editors susie success. p of explanation seems to be necessary regarding the place of pub- lication of the first ten volumes of the GazerrE. Cataloguers and indexers have fallen into natural mistakes in regard to this matter by assuming, in the absence of any direct statement to the contrary, that the printers were also the publishers. e prominent index goes so far as to style it “a migratory pub- m has had but two offices of publication. From November, 1875, to August, 1879, it was some from Hanover, Indiana, and since that time from Crawfords- ville, India Tue TORS were more disappointed than subscribers could have been when the Scans number of the Gazerre appeared with the cover of the last 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 67 decade. It was one of those things which happen, no one knows exactly how, It is proper to say that the same mistake will not be repeated. HE NUMBERS of the Gazerre for 1885 were mailed on the following dates: 1, Jan. 8; 2, Feb. 14; 3, Mar. 14; 4, April 24; 5, ing 7 6, June 4; 7, July i: 8, hag. it: Sane 10, Oct. 7; iL, Noy. 11; 2, Dee. OPEN LETTERS. Reverchon’s Texan Ferns. I have received from Mr. eect ale a set ty = aides recently — by him in South-Western Texas, and find, a uch rare ferns as Pellwa aspera, Pellvea { ee Pollen Wrightzeas (typical demas, Notholena candida and Aneimia exicana, well represented. e .,, AS So hese species have long been a desideratum to bota anists, they will be glad to know that there is now an opportunity to secure specimens from & collector whose eteton is so well known. »k upon the kindness of Prof. Eaton for a more goes nel pip Nsom aay Medford, Mass. Gro. E. Davenport. A ee for A sos saeco It ng still = d an interest in he rbar ria, to know that carriage gu ue is an excel- to a formidable amount I have been able to quickly and surely discharge by bie 5 a ta The glue, which is a semi-fluid, easily thinned by water, “omes in tin cans of various sizes, and prices from 30 cents upwards. Given the glue, the saratoc has then only to provide the small boy to apply it. Brown University, pre idence, R de W. W. Balrzey. De profundis. ire A curator of a museum is often placed in a predicament. I am convinced “tig considerable experience, that connected with every young herbarium, at st, there should be an underground railway for the transportation of tras to some tany Bay. I can not segs aioe to smilingly bow off a henele- i... his w ey Scientific interests and those of sentiment may not always coincide. He hi Y, too, be one of the persons back of the academic throne, and hence, as nted above, the curator must be receptive gel bland. But, then, must he it odds and ends? lt i os | sequen ce, to be co ae to hunt oa te three or four sep- 68 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March, not our botanical books be always placed’ in connection vr the herbarium? When, for instance, vie pesiree a volume of the Prodromus, is it quite fair to ex- pect him to walk a er of a mile, or even to ae his special building for it? May this “gro ow he not wholly ineffectual ! Brown University, Providence, R. I. W. W. BaILey. Hypnum im Barberi. In a letter lately received from Mr. J. Cardob of Slenay, France, he says that Mr. Renauld has concluded that Hypnum Barberi Renauld, of which a description was published in the American Naturalist, vol. XVIII, shows be We ieley Colleg CLARA E. CuMMINGS. Dispersion of tree-seeds. own get een are confirmatory of Professor snore note in the Jan GazettE. I have long held the ‘opinion that the seeds of the birches ual larches, that here spring up so freely in an open field, are istribated chiefly eh ns of Br drifting snow, or rather by blowing ekaee the surface bey ria er J. Vroo St. Sisie, New Brunswick. Tumble-weeds. While speaking of “ tumble-weeds” other than those ot our own country, Dr. Bessey might have mentioned bi cur ious Crucifer, Anastatica Hierochun- eurl inwards ae form a globular mass which the wii uproot sod roll shots at their will. On being moistened the branches straighten and pe pods open. Undoubtedly this habit of “tumblin sil has been pelted by these different species to secure wider dissemi inatio Cambridge, Mass CURRENT LITERATURE. hes Gray, Dh of “seine America. Supplement and Indexes to Gamopetale. sa ae ‘his The p sah published in 1878, containing the Gamo- petal after ane ite. The embracing the Composite eneeeres in 1884. As some years must ela betere ; e whole work can be completed it became necessary to publish a supplement to contain additions and rection: This oO er pa n rst iss ‘ exhausted, the whole of Gamopetalie have been bound into a single volume, with such changes as can be made upon electrotype plates, containing also this — and new indexes. impossible to note with any fullness the changes proposed, when the Medi va pplemenit of 80 pages is devoted to nothing else. The point of chief interest tanists is that they can now obtain a single authoritative book ce) which brings up to date all our knowledge of the Gamopetale of North America, and that they can obtain it at a price so reasonable that no botanist ‘he princip al changes naturally occur in the orders after it aires ite. An interesting addition to our flora is Littorella lacustris, discovered at several northern stations by our Canadian botanists and others. The recasting of 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 69 Gilia, to include Collomia, is a very vapatie od pre i and naturally some changes in nomenclature follow. The revision of the section of Phacelia, which soins | es seats vise Neo- Maz icahe: etc., has brought viet to some of us whose spec aid no attention to the o group char The Se ay group of Borraginacez takes on no te ie appear- ance, as already noted in these pages, and the genus Kryaiedia pte es most its ‘gah he genus Mimulus i - erg revised in view of Mr. E. L. Greene’s new ar- rangement a Bull. Calif. Ac € most important shane have already appeared ry Shige oh e cations, and chiefly in the Proceedings of the American A .. - earnest wish of bas tsss fade that the author he has so fully ona cenies this portant group of Dicotyledons may be given thet ae and strength to finish the great work of which this forms so important a par English Worthies: Charles Darwin. By Grant Allen. 16°. pp- vi, 201. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1885. rding to his announcement in the preface, rie y ics Allen makes no cial relations, except so far as these touch his pcientifi c renin He deals with his position as a thinker and worker, eto ed out especially his relation to the doctrine of evolution and to those who had preceded him in its develo opment and advocacy. Prominent among ice o were preparing Sh way for Dar win and his work are mentioned Bu n, St. otra beam: e, Era eats Darwin, t o part of the book makes a more pleasing impression upon the reader gre the chapter entitled “The Period of Incubation,” in which the a suthor dwells on the patience and painstaking of the author of the Ori igin ‘A esi Darwin’s was en ius of the type € 80 well described by some one as being wa faculty for work.” T t how ri as h work, to thick its a nemies can only oppose a upported denial. Mr. en takes no pains to eeneent ike ‘tact that his doaictloiener of the theory that of its great expounder. The undercurrent of extreme mate- boo : whole w eee ing and opportunities of knowing are perhaps quite “ to Mr. Allen’s, who body mawilling to cept materialism as the outcome of t e Darwinian theory. ba in respect for ak opinions would have well become the writer 4 this at- active volum Ue itomoleaare Athmung ; von W. Pfeffer. Extracted from ——? pp. 3-685, This ex extract oo without the least intimation of its source, ot _ tunate omission. In it Dr. Pfeffer continues the discussion on intramolecular mapiration, the ae experiments being based on the salle of our country- D. W. ; Wilson, to whom full acknowledgement is made. Fn ; cumton of the ; method ‘of experimentation used, t together with a figure o 70 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. | March, apparatus, is Jeo haeatg by the details of saat bogs with seventeen differen plants, phanerogams and cryptogams, in various stages, ve leafy wes Lilgicackn tes or entire plants, = various : degrees of temperature and illu : I ai tion. In the ifferent experim ts the ratio of the intramolecular to the: ace m 1.e.I+N) v sfr i i celsa, to rene in seedlings of Vicia faba at 23° The gre ies — of the pa- > per is occupied by a discussion of these results and critical re upon the theoretical eiulanaion of the phenomena of normal and ieeeiiaghooelic respi- NOTES AND NEWS. Dr. HeNry G. BULL, of Hereford, England, a mycologist, died October 31, 1885, at the age of 67. Dr. Basak the well-known mycologist, died at Geneva, Switzerland, November 24, —e pe nace LSPAUGH’S third fascicle of American dicinal pl I pp d, containing 30 Pio ei with descriptive texts. THE BEPORT of the Forestry Commission of New Tern pentse, eS, is a hundred-page t he . OysTER, of Paola, Kansas, ies published a peeniog ue of Bort American plants, nek seems to be well done, and is surely sry D PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION in the ae of horticulture and forestry is the title na a eae? of Sap ee <: pages, by Charles W. Garfield, containing valuable in- form. ED ACCOUNT of the apenas pear blight, written by Dr. J. H. Wakker, has- bre pubis in i rene ndsche Tuinbouwblad, a — ardening rei of Holland, with a rtaining e disease is ieee in that country. ngage EpOUARD MorREN has distributed his adres ey ee La oserqueasec et - bate lité des végétaux.’’ It was delivered at a public meeting o yal tees ath of bapeie and is a delightful nah ik ofa on interesting shies oy DES CHAMPIGNONS is being published soit regu eer of Paris, ener gives the principal eatble and pesoneus mnshroomis of Fra The authors are MM. Richo an t lored plates, ual is issued in aeiatine ata reasonable price. : THE HERBARIUM of Columbia rye ees York City, is being removed to the third floor of the library building. This w any advantages, not the least of which will 2 a thorough protection against fire i $e “nat ing being fire-proof. It will be several onths before the work of removal is complete. PROF. . BessEY has been appointed State Botanist of Nebraska, and ‘ sum of tw ree me dollars, or so much thereof as may be n paren was eppopraed pay the. incidental expenses e onnected with the appointmen nt. With i tis country well WOPKE Ts N THE JOURNAL oF Boraxy se Febroary, Sitios Britten sina eis: to show that the genus Brodixa ofS n older name, Hookera . = sbury. Itisa t of justice to Sali d th i well presented that dass to be no reason ee not accepting the change. In that their if IN THE BULLETIN of the Royal Society of Rilcto, Vol. eg pss ON on has mare lished a monograph of the genus Thalictrum, with five plates representing the types of akenes. The genus numbers 79 tage ies, of lacie gg have about 10, The name T. Cornutt he suppressed, which brings p T. corynelium C., but Dr. Gray claims that As i peyonan ahi. i liest and well Mublenberg’s 1 name, therefor, 1 this species will ryt hereafter 1 te known, - ms among American botani 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. i THE FitcHpurG (Mass.) High School, under pene st its science teacher, E. Adam: Hartwell, has prepared a catalogue of the plants of Fitchburg and vicinity. os is i hse by the Agassiz Association of that place, and is cute soot oie is na preci and order of sequence are used, but as the result of seven seasons’ aes me is an ex- cellent showing WE cuiP the following lines ab wngre! Dr. Asa Gray from the tiie “eke of adpoal 6. They were called out dy ps eel s biographical sketch in the New York Sun: ‘En A sh botanists vai Asa Gray as themselves es, despite nb accident of his birth on +e other side of the Atla ntie, anc g 1e€ land of his birth.’ WINTER WEEDS is the subject of an illustrated article in Vick's meyers for February, by Warren H. Manning. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Veronica peregrina, Linaria Canadensis, eon inflata betty ou ricum mutilum, Spergularia mig Malva rohan altel and Stellaria edia are mention ed. Although most of poe ually classed as annuals, the power o young Cote to endure the winter, and often ‘et n the flowers whenever the weather is mild, makes them in effect biennials. They ti 1 led wint 1 oxox Louis RENE vie LASNE ae Ly Hyéres on hos uit second of December a tt Though he ork for the past twenty yea his‘name is fam mous hy #0 n of his classical researches aa various groups of phy es- pecially t the Tuberaceze, Tremellinew, Nidulari ex, ae Ustilaginez. His work upon the eals well known. 1 ious g ps of t tant ich isa Synopsis of Podos Much of his laborious | research was shar red b ve paar Ch. Tulasne, Ming aa some Sais ago, their most celebrated joint work being Selecta Fungorum Carpolog: Pror. J. C. ARTHUR has just eis his annual report for 1885, as See of the New York Agricultural Experiment Sta The report shows great activity and, better than all, a desire te grapple with okay are ; ans living problems. The ave ports from agricultur. Coulis oe the usual tables ut very per oes — from Still more unimportant nts, upon kind of work. This report ia chic 4 wit b pla nt diseases, the _ presented secre as itlewa: Pear blight, proving of sine fruit, rotting of tomatoes, st and mildew of lettuce, rot- ting of cherries and plu leaf we i aon and their _— tes. ae Ls of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific each ta for 1884-5 ¢ ns one hundred This society draws its snark in part the University. of North a pane bbe Ppl does credit both t o the society and to the university. oe chief bots cal a Rev. M. A. Cur tis by Dr. Thom: m t bot i also notes on transpiration of plants, ey of Ilex leaves, citric and malic acid in pea- huts, cypress in North Carolina quaternary, ee the _ and abnormal leaves of capa a aoe Venable, Schweini et Holm Hyam THE N FLORA is the subject of arecent communication to the Linnean Society by John rath eatin with the origin of the Andean flora, the author remarks that a quarter of the phane erogams of the region are Composite, probably the highest proportion own in hen region, and peed of fore ais — characteristic group is t Mr. Ball co f Composite, arguing their great antiquity from the soasetas of forms, the localization of some great groups, and the cosmopolitan dis- Persion of o Allowing for all ie a peared of origin, or even several lines of dean ho Tato the Rocky Mountains of North America, brows about be the ae okie _conneetion through Central Ameriea and Mexico, is dise oniacee and Hy- drophyllacew are both noted as orders whose original ne may ket cusiee western North America, having feebly spread ova along the Andes. The order Loasacez. on the contrary, poet a South America 72 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ March. AMANITINE and its antidote is the title of an article by C. Macilyaine in the Journal a Psa th for January ane February, reprint ted from the sage ica : and Surgical aapetie: This dea rooms, as an t pointed out by Julius A. Palmer , of Bostor n, in a communication to the Mon iteur Scientifique in 1879. The alkaloid was Jantnied as early as 1868. This poison, when taken i system, does not manifest itself till a lapse of eight to fifteen hours; one the characteristic symptoms leaden or ash-colored hue of the ski Theo ecessful antidote is atropine. It had been tested upon the lower animals previous to pel season of 1885, at which time it was first tried upon “sg Brean ‘cet in a Penn- sylvania from eating the pois onous Aman st be given under the direction ofa physicia an. Poly yporei, Boleti, Hy Pua yp Pica Bes sits ycoperdons do ae ntain a poi son, but may wobcasie n disturbance of digestion by being too old, p erin dec: nyed, possessing al nape or bitter principe, ¢ or Paes Seon Magier ond si such cases a use of swee oil and whis side THE LITERATURE on is full of k the respiration of plants. Two notable pa- pers by MM. Bonnier and rie are » added to their previous contributions in —o French journals. The first of these, Recherches sur | oppew des plantes,! is summarized by the authors as follows: 1, The ratio of the gaseous exchanges “ hb gore n has not the same value at different stages of development. In general, it mum during the period of germination, and a maximum about the middle = the de development, in an ee a anehe aor the long- tived plants, the ratio of O to COz passes through the maxi (autumn) during the seasons of successive years. . The intensity of respiration varies Nie! ‘he ‘development, Annual plants show rae f fi ering.» Perennial ge he also. have tw maxima, t the ti f f unfolding of the buds = a — at the time of floweri 1 thing, th er - tory intensity inferior to that of those with caducous leaves whe second paper, La fonction cee chez les végétaux,? is based upon all the pre- vious work of the writers. From it the following general statements may be taken: 1, Withi in wite limits, for the ae plant, * s given meomCNs, the ratio . hot scous exchanges i , the temperature and the illu mination. 2 The atio of gaseous exe hanges varies with the development of the plant. 3, Ina cei time oe intensity sp respiration inereases, mo sian and — ipceiorap te i = wi temperature, an It also in i with the humidity of the air, and decreases with the illumination. ~— scodiasp meee and lengthy lnpwsonnnels sy J. Herail, Son the comparative anatomy of the f the subject ape ra material to it. The ength of the paper te r 100 pages) fo: rbids endian gto of m than the pentin conclusions of the author, which are as follows: 1. Theu ‘i of aes ae the stem structure pers ists t throughout all the modifications or variations to —e _ — is subject. 2. Pp pl and nothing is at present known of their causes. 3. Cons idering the modifications to which the histological structure of the elements of the various tissues are subject, it may be said: (a) that the Pe fe of ign grees is papturons of the mode of life, but eral fi ing an Sg etam igo dige wag than i in Lect of ordinary habit; ; (b) that the liber escapes in ure ae, 1s, others. ing de 1 Viti have these vessels very rsmall (ec) that the cortical portion (ap rtai ence of the conditions of camrenctere nome is it is considered from: e same medium): the structure of this portion of the stem is generally identical in a given family and does not vary whether the plant is twining or erec’ 1Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. vii, ii, iad 315-364, 2Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. vii, ii, 365-380, ’ sur l’anatomie compatée de la des dicotylédones : Ann. Sci. Nat.» Bot., sér. vii. ii. p. 201-314. 6 plates. ei o . VOL. XI, NO. 4.-BOTANICAL GAZETTE.—APRIL, 18886. EDWARD TUCKERMAN. I. Biographical Sketch. [The following sketch is condensed from the notice of Dr. Tuckerman in the Amherst Record of March 17, which we understand is from the pen of Prof. ‘Tyler.—Eps.] _ Edward Tuckerman, professor of botany in Amherst College, died on Monday the 15th instant, at his residence in Amherst, of which town he was a citizen for more than thirty years. Edward Tuckerman was the eldest child of Edward and Sophia (May) Tuckerman, and was born in Boston December 7, 1817; prepared for college at Ingraham’s school and the Boston Latin school ; entered the Sophomore class at Union College 1834, being graduated B. A. in 1837. Thence he proceeded to Cambridge and entered the Harvard Law School, taking the degree LL. B. in 18: He remained at the Law School till 1841, during which time he took a special course at the Divinity School, and then went abroad and studied several years in Germany, devoting him- self particularly to the study of history, philosophy and botany. eturning to this country, he joined the Senior class of Har- vard College, being led to that step by friendship for several of its members, and graduated with them the following year. Subsequently received the degree of M. A. from both Harvard and Union, and LL. D. from Amherst. A taste for the natural Sciences very early manifested itself, and during his course at Union College he was appointed curator of the museums. His Connection with Amherst College dates from 1854, the years pre- Vious being spent in the pursuit of his favorite studies at Cam- bridge. In Amherst he held the position of lecturer in history from 1854-55, and again from 1858-1873, and professor of Ori- ental history from 1855-58. It was not till 1858 that he was appointed to the chair of botany, which he held thereafter till the ay of his death. a was married May 17, 1854, at Boston, to Sarah Eliza Sig- ourney, daughter of Thomas P. Cushing, and leaves no children. Professor Tuckerman was a student all his life, and studies once begun were never relinquished till feebleness and the inroads of disease compelled him to lay them aside. He was a specialist, and yet he was not one, for he was a scholar in the truest sense of the word, and his attainments were as wide and varied as his reading. His linguistic acquirements were remarkable, and his literary correspondence with foreign scientists was carried on In other languages than his own. In his use of words he was espe- 74 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April, cially nice and discriminating, selecting those which best inter- preted the meaning he wished to convey, and frequently antici- pating their use, giving them a force which has since been recog- nized and accepted. His literary work commenced at the age of fifteen, and between 1834 and 1841 we find him contributing to the Churchman a se- ries of fifty-four articles entitled “ Notitia Literaria ” and “Adver- saria,” embracing a wide range in criticism, biography and the- ology. As we read their pages we scarcely know which to wonder at most, the extent and thoroughness of his reading, or the ripe- ness and maturity of his expression. The boy of seventeen was a full grown man in the stature of his thought, and we can well understand the astonishment with which he was regarded when he first presented himself before the scholars with whom he d long been in correspondence. This same interest in general literature followed him through his life. In 1865 he edited a reprint of “ New England Rarities” by John Joselyn, Gent. few pages of this quaint volume are devoted to descriptions of plants, most of the species intended being identified by the editor. } Scattered through the publications of the Antiquarian and Genea- logical Societies will be found many of his contributions, and re- cently he has written several articles, chiefly criticisms, in the Church Eclectic. Notwithstanding his close and unwearied application to the chosen study of his life, he still found time to keep abreast of the literature of the day in theology, history and travel. He was a pioneer in the study of the flora of the White mountains, and the ravine which bears his name and the contributions to Starr King’s “White Hills” will be a lasting monument to the enthusiastic student who so thoroughly explored them. His scholarly ability was recognized at home and abroad by election to membership in many literary and scientific societies. Il. Bibliographical Sketeh. HENRY WILLEY. o attempt is made in the following sketch to enumerate anything but . the scientific writings of Dr. Tuckerman. ] Prof. Tuckerman commenced the study of lichens in 1838, and made explorations in the vicinity of Boston and in the White mountains. The results of these studies appeared in the Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History under the following titles: ‘An enumeration of some lichens of New England,” read Dee. 5, 1838, vol. ii. pp. 245-261 ; “A further enumeration,” etc., 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. i) read in March, 1840, vol. iii. pp. 281-305; “Further notice of some N. E. Lichens,” read in March, 1841, vol. iii. pp. 438-464 ; “A further notice of some alpine and other lichens of New En- gland,” vol. v. pp. 93-103, January, 1845. These papers give the first notices of the alpine lichen flora of the White mountains, and contain an account of the systematic classification of lichens up to that time, as developed in the writings of Linneus, Achar- lus, Fries and others. In “Observations on some interesting plants of New England,” in Am. Jour. Science, xlv (1843), 27-49, he mentions two lichens, one of which has not, however, held its place as a species. In 1845 at Cambridge appeared “An Enu- meration of North American Lichens.” The first part of this little work is an essay on the natural systems of Aken, Fries an licher, which is followed by a general view of the structure of lichens and an enumeration of those of North America, arranged according to the Friesian system. The “ Synopsis of the Lichens of New England, the other Northern States and British America,” Cambridge, 1848, was the first full descriptive list of our lichens published in this country. It enumerates and describes 295 spe- cies of which twenty are new. n Lea’s “ Catalogue of the plants of Cincinnati,” Philadelphia, 1849, is a list of 53 lichens arranged by Prof. Tuckerman. In Agassiz’s “ Lake Superior,” Boston, 1850, is a list of seventy-one lichens arranged by hi pinions in regard system. In the Am. Jour. Sci, 1. xxv. 422-430 (May, 1858) and Xxvill. 200-206 (Sept., 1859), were two supplements to an “ Enu- 76 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April, Charles Wright; a portion of this collection was issued in 1864 under the title “Caroli Wrightii Lichenes Cubs curante E. Tuckerman.” The other portion was sent to Dr. Nylander, of Paris, for determination, in whose hands it remained for many years, when transferred to Dr. J. Miiller, of Geneva, Switz- erland, by she it was issued in 1884, but with most of the plants still unnamed and undescribed, much to the disappointment Be those who had purchased this noble collection hoping to find i an aid in the determination of tropical lichens. The bint ations of the Pyrenocarpe were, however, published by Dr. Miil- ler in 1885, and that of the Graphidex may perhaps be expected before long. The “ Lichens of the Wilkes’ Exploring Expedition,” pub- lished in 1861, were described by Se Recaps, illustrated with admirable drawings by Mr. Sprag The “ Lichens of ate, Geoler. and the Rocky moun- tains,” pp. 35, Amherst, 1866, f vreshadowed the systematic views which the author had iat ‘ol sok he was preparing to de- velop in his subsequent work, the Gen The “Lichens of the Hawaiian fis ” collected by Horace Mann was published in the Proceedings of the Am. Acad. vil. 223-234 (18 The“ Geological and Natural History survey of North Caro- lina” by Rey. M. A. Curtis, oi 1867, contained a list of lichens of which it was said that it had been arranged by Prof. Tuckerman. But he refused to sipenstodge it as it had been made up from an old list with changes and additions which he had not been permitted to see. In 1872 appeared the result of over thirty years’ study, obser- vation und refiection, the “ Genera Lichenum ” pp. xv. 281, Am- herst. Always adhering to these systematic views, he adapted to them the changes rendered necessary by the growth of knowledge while maintaining their main features. The main features of this work are the comprehensiveness of its views, its ample discussion, derived from a wide range of knowledge, and almost requiring an equal knowledge duly to estimate them, its comprehensiveness in regard to the limitation of species, and its rejection of the chemical tests by which species have been indefinitely multiplied in Europe. is views have met with scant recognition there where it has become the custom, as he once wrote, to. consider ev- ery marked variety as a species and every marked species as a genus; but if lichens survive the onslaughts now making on them by those who deny their autonomic existence, the philo- sophical views of Tuckerman must at length prevail, and they 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 77 should be the guide of future students of this difficult class of lants. It now remained for Tuckerman to embody his ideas in a de- seriptive work including all the North American lichen flora, the first part of this work “A synopsis of the North American Lichens comprising the Parmeliacei, Cladoniei and Ceenogoniei,” pp- xx. 262, was published in Boston in 1882. In this work his conservative views in regard to species, and his admirable faculty of bringing together allied plants and showing their relations, are finely exhibited ; while the descriptions are models of clearness and conciseness, and have not their equals in the English or any other language. But this work was destined to remain incom- plete. His health began to fail, he frequently became discour- aged, he suffered the demands of others upon his time to divert him from its regular purpose, and he felt pained at the absolute want of public recognition abroad of his first part. But still he labored on as long as possible, up to within a few months express- ing his determination to go on. But it could not be, and his mon- ument is incomplete, though it is to be hoped that some portion of his manuscript may be in a condition that will enable it to be is- sued in a final supplement. : only remains to notice some minor lichenological publi- cations: Can lichens be determined by ckemical tests? American peiaet, il, 104-107 (1868), takes the negative side of the ques- lon. __A catalogue of plants growing without cultivation within thirty miles of Amherst College, by Edward Tuckerman and Charles C. rost, Amherst, 1875, lichens, pp. 5 ‘ : The question of the gonidia of lichens, Am. Jour. of Science, III. xvii. 254-256 (1879), in which reference is made to the dis- coveries of Dr. Minks, in regard to the microgonidium, which he regarded as firmly established, and as deciding the question as to the autonomy of lichens. ‘ _ Lichens of the Howgate Polar Expedition of 1877-78, Wash- ington 1879, pp. 167, 168. ek. ~ Two lichens of Oregon (Sticta Oregana and Rinodina Hallii), Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, v. 20 (1874). ‘ : ___ , Lecidea elabens, Flora, 1875, pp. 63, 64, an exclamation against this name being attached to Lecidea melancheima Tuckerm. ea of Kerguelen’s Land, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vi, 57 Be i __ U.S. Exploration of the 40th parallel, Washington 1872, lichens, p. 412. 78 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April, . S. Geological survey west of the 100th meridian, Wash- ington, nthe lichens p. 350. New western lichens (Lecidea Brandegei, L. Pringlei, Aco- lium Sti. Tncobs Pyrenothamnia Spraguei), Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, x. 21 (188 so Ramalina (R. crinita), Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, x. 48 1883). Two lichens of the Pacific coast Ape is melanaspis Ach., Staurothele Brandegei Tuckerm.), Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xi. 25 (1884). This was his last publication. There may be one or two short papers on lichens in the Amer- ican Journal which are not noticed here, but they are not im- portant. [We take the liberty of adding to the above list the following: n Oakesia, a new genus of the order Empetrez, Hooker’s London Jour. Bot. i (1842), 443-447. numeratio methodica Caricum quarundam, Schenectady, Riggs, 1843.—In a letter to Mr. Willey toaeetn taht this the author says: “I send a brochure of mine upon CAREX written some 20 years since when I was salaralsfy: familiar with the com- mon species both of Europe and America * * * T collected in most parts of the north of Europe in 1841-2 and formed a whole of which I gave afterwards to Boott of London. Since his death the poegail part of this has been returned tome.” This little several new species, ce Jour. Sei. it ¢ bas), 2 4-232. bservations on some American geste of Pecan, Am. Jour. Sei. IT. vii (1849), 347-360. Lichenes, Pacific R. R. Rept. vi. 94 (1857).—Ebs.] Revision of North American Hypericacex.—lI. JOHN M. COULTER. Having studied the North American species of Hypericacez with all the material to be had at Cambridge, it seems to be proper, before putting the results into a more permanent shape, to present them to botanists for their criticism, that they may test them in the herbarium and field, and that the limitations of cer- tain species may be Better dekact. It is with the earnest request 1886. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 79 that botanists will thoroughly examine this work during the com- ing season that this paper is “presented, and any specimens which will correct either the ii hierag or ts dee given will be received asa great favor. Of course work don the Harvard Herba- rium is ‘of itself an acknowledgment of ths great courtesy that prevails there, and the patient criticism given to these pa 28 y r. Gray has given to them probably their greatest value ong ‘three genera may be grouped and characterized as fol- ws *® Hypogynous glands none. Sscyrum. Sepals 4, very unequal, decussate; the two outer very ie Se flat; the inner much smaller. Petals 4, aides convolute in sesti- vation, deciduons. Stamens numerous, distinct. Ovary one-celled, with 2 to 4 parietal aia styles 2 to 4, distinct or united below: stigmas not capi- tate. Capsule 2. Hypericum, Sepals 5 (rarely 4), similar, Petals 5 (rarely 4), ob- lique, convolute in estivation, deciduous or marcescent. amens numerous into phalanges. Ovary one-celled with parietal placentiz, or 3 to 5-celled with placente in the axis: styles 3 to 5, distinct or united even to the apex: stigmas often capitate. Capsule conical to globose. * ® Fypogynous glands three. : 3. Elodea. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricate in wstiva- tion, deciduous. Stamens 9 (rarely wares alee triadelphous; the large “range-colored glands alternating with the phalan Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, distinct : stigmas not capitate. Capsule pe piocavier} ice. 1. ASCYRUM L. St. PETER’s-wort. Low suffruticose leafy plants; with small black-dotted leaves and Heanly solitary light ad flowers ; PS gel bibracteolate. 903; T y; 56 ; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 211, t. 91; Reith. & Hook. Gen. ae x wins excl. syn. Isophyllum.— genus de 5 oe peculiar to Eastern North America and the West Indi * Diffuse : a waar hay i hori and winged above: leaves nar- cep at the base, not clasping : sepals very small (about half line long) = pe petalold ¢ Notale aeeat a as ng as the outer sepals: styles two, dis a or united. Pedi icels long (} ie 3 inch), pipcocreee near the base: inner sepals ES or nearly so: styles as long as the ovary. A. pumilum Micux. Low (8 to 9 inches), with spreading low. leaves linear-oblong to oval, ego spatulate or narrowly obovate, 2 to 4 lines long, about a line wide: pedicels becoming more or less reflexed: petals oe little longer than 80 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [| April, the ovate, acute or obtuse outer sepals.— Fl. ii. 77; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i A. pauciflorum Nutt. Gen. ii. 15; rota in DC, Prodr. i Pine barrens of Georgia and Flor The specimens examined were ail Ha vlgrines collected ae Canby, Chap- man, Curtiss, and J. D. Smith. The original station given by Michaux is in Georgia, in which he is confirmed by Elliott sid RGHEL as well as by subse- quent collections. t T Pedicels shorter (a line or two), bibracteolate close to the flower: inner sepals evident: styles short 2. A. Crux-Andree L. Low (half to a foot or less), much branched at base, generally decumbent: leaves narrowly obovate- oblong, 4 to 13 inches long, 3 to 4 lines wide, more or less plainly biglandular at base: pedicels about a line long: outer sepals ovate or cordate-ovate, mostly obtuse: petals linear-oblong to narrowly obovate.—Spec. ed. 2, 1107, excl. Pluk. syn. (which is Hypericum mutilum), not ed. 1, 787 , fide Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 671 ; *Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 155; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 156, in part. A. multicaule Michx. FI. ii. 77. ° From Nantucket, pee Tats the pine-barrens of New Jersey to Vir- ginia, E. Texas, and S. Ili The narrow-leaved sel ots of this range should be referred to the fol- lowing species, with which A. Crux- Andre has unfortunately been confounded. The western forms all seem to be taller and more robust than those of the At- lantic States. In reference to the confusion of the synonymy of A. Crux-An- drew and A. hypericoides consult Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 671, where the best course wt tt the difficulty is suggested. The specimens examined were from tucket (Mrs. Owen), New Jersey (Gray, Parker), Pennsylvania (Porter), Vir- ginia (Curtiss, Dana), S. Llinois ( Vasey), W. Tennessee (Foner), E. Arkansas. ( Harvey, 52), E. Texas (Hall, 36 in part). . hypericoides L. Taller (1 to 2 feet), more erect, branched above: leaves linear to linear-oblong, 3 to 10 lines ong, a line or two wide, btabescsereept biglandular at base: pedi- eels longer: outer sepals u ually narrower, often acute.—Spec. ng 1, 788, as to Plum. syn., red. 2, 1108, excl. Pluk. syn.; Chois. n DC. Prodr. i. 555, in part; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 112. A, Cruaz-Andree Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 156, in part; Griseb. Plant. Cub. 40 Chapm. Fl. 38; ne of all southern authors. A, Cru var. angustifolium Nutt. Ges. ii. 16; Torr. & Gray, FI. 1. 156. A, Plumieri BEL Bot. Misc. xiii. 19, t. 3, f. 3. South Carolina to oe Louisiana, and Texas. Also in the Bermudas, W. Indies, and Mexico 1886. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 81 Much uncertainty has arisen from attempting to reduce A. hypericoides to a form of A. Crux-Andrez, but the larger more branching habit, narrower leaves with conspicuous basal glands, as well as a decidedly more southern range, serve to distinguish it. The Bermuda and Jamaica plants are typical forms of the spe- cies, and can by no means be taken for forms of A. Crux-Andrex, but those of the continent are more apt to be perplexing. The specimens examined were from S. Carolina Seagusg el! Florida (Curtiss, 243), Louisiana (Drummond, 90 and 92), Texas (Hall, 36 in part, Lindheimer), Mexico (Berlandier, 989, 2419, Botteri, 373), Cuba ( Wright, 2129), Jamaica (Alexander, Grisebach, 1497. 811), Betninds aie 331 in part). clasping: pedicels 2 to 6 lines fein: inner sepals 3 to 6 lin ya ng, sometime se as oi us the onter, seldom pel en petals mostly much inner than the. outer 4. A.stans Micux. Leaves oblong to oval, Ty sessile and somewhat clasping, an inch or two long and 5 or 6 lines wide: pedicels bibracteolate near the middle : outer asa ovate to oe lar-cordate; inner ones lanceolate: styles short.—Fl. ii. Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 555 (but not “ 2-styled”); Torr. ton - 1, 157; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 212, t. 91. A. hypericoides L. Spec. 788, as to Pluk. syn.; Pursh, 373. Barrens of New Jersey and E. Pennsylvania to F ladda; Louisiana, and W. Texas, In a southern form (var. obovatum Chapm.) the lower leaves taper to the base and become almost obovate. The specimens examined were from New Jersey (many collectors), E. Pesnayiveve ae F eres (Curtiss, 244), Lou- isiana (Drummond, 91, also Hale, a very 1 imen), W. Texas ( Young). A. amplexicaule Micux. Leaves ovate- cordate, often becaily so, clasping, half an inch or more long and nearly as wide: pedicels with very small bractlets near the base or none: outer Sepals broadly ovate-cordate, resembling the leaves ; inner ones linear-lanceolate : aie abaus as long as the ovary. woth fis Torr. & Gray, FI. i. A. stans Willd. Spec. iii. 1473. A. stans var. § Chois. Prodr. Hyper. 61. A. Cubense Griseb. Plant, Cub. 40 ee right, 2198). Hypericum tetrapetalum Lam. Dict. iv. 153. Georgia and Florida. Also in Cuba. € specimens examined were from Florida (Buckley, Palmer, Curtiss, Gar- ber), Georgia, and Cuba ( Wright, 21 2, HYPERICUM Tourn., L. Sr. Jowy’s-wort. Herbs or shrubs; with cymose yellow flowers ; the sessile leaves 82 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ April, Fl. i. 157; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 213, t. 92,93; Benth. & Hook. thys, Brathydium, Myriandra, Roseyna, and Isophyllum of Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. v. 367.—A genus of about 160 species, widely distributed, but chiefly of northern temperate regions; all but three of the 29 North American species restricted to the Atlantic Es . H. setosum L. Spec. 787, with the character only “floribus digynis, foliis linearibus,” represents no plant known to Linneus, but is a complex wholl founded on a phrase of Gronoy. Fl. Virg., which belongs to H. pilosum Walt., and to one of Pluk. Alm., which is H. nudicaule Walt., whence the “digynis” and the suggestion of the specific name. H. elatwm Ait. Hort. Kew. iii. 104, proves to be H. hircinum L., or some nearly related Old World species. . triplinerve Vent. Hort. Cels. t. 58, must also be an Old World species, related to H. hyssopifolium L. 21. Sepals and petals 4, or occasionally 5: stamens numerous, distinct styles 3, at first united into a long sharp beak, becoming distinct: capsule 1- celled, the placentx projecting : branching shrubs.—Isophyllum Spach. 1. H. microsepalum Gray. Decumbent or erect, half to a foot high or more: leaves very small, oblong-linear, 3 or 4 lines long, hardly a line wide, obtuse: flowers showy, about an inch in diameter, clustered at the summit of the branches: sepals slightly unequal, linear to oblong, mostly obtuse, much shorter than the somewhat unequal petals: capsule oblong-ovate, 2 to 3 lines long ; seeds oblong, minutely striate and fitted—Watson, Bibl. Index, Polypet. 456. Isophyllum Drummondii Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. v. 367. seyrum microsepalum Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 157; Gray, Gen. Il. i. 212; Chapm. FI. 39. Georgia and Florida. This species is intermediate between Ascyrum and Hypericum, and Spach separated it from both by founding the genus Isophyllum. The habit, small and nearly equal sepals, and long beak-like styles, all belong to Hypericum, while the 4-merous flower associates it with Aseyrum. As the flowers are also sometimes 5-merous it seems most proper to consider it an outlying species of ypericum. ‘ 22. Stamens very numerous, distinct, or more or less united into sets. * Styles 5, united below, distinct above; stigmas capitate: capsule 5-celled, the placente turned far back from the axis: tall perennial herbs with large Jeaves and flowers. 1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 83 - H. Aseyron L. Usually branching above, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves ovate-lanceolate, clasping, mostly acute, 2 to 5 inches long, about an inch wide, pellucid-punctate with elongated dots: flowers an inch or two in diameter, solitary at the ends of branches and in terminal cymes: sepals lanceolate to ovate, acute, 4 to 6 lines long: capsule ovoid-conical, 9 lines long; seeds terete, with slightly winged rhaphe.—Spec. 2 ed. 1102; Maxim. Pl. Nov. Asiat. iv. 162. H, pyramidatum Ait. Hort. Kew. iii. 103; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 158; Gray, Manual, 84, H. aseyroides Willd. Spec. iii. 1443; Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 545, Hook. Fl. Bor,-Am. i, 109. H. macrocarpum Michx. FI, ii. 82. From Canada to Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and E. Pennsylva- nia, westward to N. Illinois, lowa, Michigan, Minnesota, the Winnipeg valley, and probably farther northwest. Also throughout northeastern Asia, and in r plant can not be distinguished in any way from the Asiatic, and was included with it in the original Linnean description (“ Habitat in Sibiria, Can- ada, Pyrenzis.”) Maximowicz (I. c.) has called attention to the identity of the North American and Asiatic forms, and a careful comparison of specimens has fully confirmed his opinion. _ **Styles united into a long, sharp beak, becoming distinct; stigmas minute, not capitate: more or less shrubby plants. TStyles 5: capsule 5-celled : bushy shrubs with crowded leaves. Rocky shores, Canada, Niagara Falls, and about the Great Lakes. tT Styles 3: capsule completely 3-celled: branching shrubs. 4. H. Buckleyi M. A. Curtiss. Low (half to a foot), widely branching from the base: leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base, half to an inch long. 2 to 4 lines wide, paler beneath and more or less black dotted: flowers solitary and terminal, on long peduncles, sometimes in threes, about an inch in diameter : sepals obovate, not half as long as the petals: capsule conical, 4 to 5 84 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [April], lines long: seeds striate, with prominent rhaphe.— Am. Jour. Sci. 1. xliv. 80; Chapm. F). 39. Cliffs, mountains of North Carolina and Georgia. 5. H. prolifieam L. Leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, narrowed at base, mostly obtuse and mucronulate, 1 to 3 inches long, 3 to 9 lines wide, with smaller ones in axillary fascicles: flowers numerous, half to an inch in diameter: sepals unequal, foliaceous, lanceolate to ovate, mucronate, much shorter than the petals: capsule lanceolate to ovate, 4 to 6 lines long; seeds striate-—Mant. 106; Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 547; Torr. & ray, Fl. i. 159, exel. var. 7. H. rosmarinifolium Lam. Dict. iv. 159; Torr. & Gray, l. c. Myriandra ledifolia Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. v. 365. From New Jersey and District of Columbia, to Alabama, Arkansas, Mis- souri, Kentucky, Illinois, and Minnesota. This species varies greatly in size, and in width of leaves, the southern forms. often approaching the next species in appearance, but readily distinguished by the much larger and fewer capsules and flowers. 6. H. densiflorum Pursu. More shrubby and taller, some- times 5 or 6 feet high, much more branching: crowded, narrower and shorter: flowers much more numerous and smaller: sepals smaller, not foliaceous : capsule 2 to 3 lines long.—Fl. 376 ; Chois. 1. c. H. galicides Pursh, 376, not Lam. HT. prolificum var.(?)y Torr. & Gray, 1. c. H. prolifieum var. densiflorum Gray, Manual, 84. Myriandra spathulata Spach, 1. e. Pine barrens of New Jersey, to Florida, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas. Large leaved forms from New Jersey (Canby) seem to intergrade with the last species, but the characters of capsules and flowers plainly indicate H. den- siflorum. Between closely related species it is to be expected that intermediate forms will occur. Tf TStyles 3: capsule 1-celled, or almost 3-celled by the projecting pla- cente : shrubby at least at base. { Placente projecting nearly to the center of the ovary. = Sepals broad, ovate, foliaceous: flowers large and showy, solitary or in leafy cymes: leaves rather broad and somewhat coriaceous: shrubby. H. aureum Barrram. Widely branched above, 2 to 4 ie . feet high: leaves oblong, more or less attenuate at base, obtuse or acute, 1 to 3 inches long, 3 to 9 lines wide: flowers often solitary, 1886. ] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 85 1 or 2 inches in diameter, very showy: sepals very unequal, often enclosing the capsule: petals orange-yellow, firm, reflexed mens excessively numerous: capsule oyate- conical, ae lobed, 3 to 5 lines long.—Travels, 383; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. A. frondosum Michx. FI. ii. 81; ponsced in DC. Prodr, i. 544. H. aseyroides var. 8 Poir. Suppl. iil. H, amenum Pursh, 375; Nutt. pes ii. a. Chois. 1. ¢. South Carolina aud Gigis, to Tenneewes, Alabama, and Tex aries much in the size of its leaves and sepals, the seca eae usu- ally having smaller leaves. 8. H. myrtifolium Lam. More or less branching: leaves