M.

BOTANICAL MISCELLANY;

CONTAINING

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

or

SUCH PLANTS AS RECOMMEND THEMSELVES BY THEIR
NOVELTY, RARITY, OR HISTORY,

OR BY
THE USES TO WHICH THEY ARE APPLIED IN
THE ARTS,
IN MEDICINE, AND IN DOMESTIC CECONOMY;

TOGETHER WITH

OCCASIONAL BOTANICAL NOTICES AND INFORMATION.

-
WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, LL. D., F. R. A. & L. S., &c. &c.

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW,

VOL. IIL |^?

LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET.

MDCCCXXXIII.

TWO SCIENTIFIC BOTANICAL NOTICES,
BY THE LATE

DR. HENRY MERTENS,

NATURALIST ON BOARD THE SINIAVIN, CAPT. V. LUTKENS, BOUND ON A RUSSIAN
VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY ;

WRITTEN AT KAMTSCHATCHA, IN OCTOBER 1827:
THE FIRST CONTAINING
AN ACCOUNT OF VARIOUS SPECIES OF FUCI;

THE SECOND DETAILING

AN EXCURSION TO THE TOP OF THE WERSTOVOI,
AT NEW ARCHANGEL, IN NORFOLK SOUND.

[Extracted from the ** Linnea,” a Botanical Journal, conducted by D. F. L. Von Schlechtendat.
Fol. IV. January 1829.}

* WE met with Fucus pyriferus, for the first time, near Falk-
land Islands: it thence was seen in greater abundance as we
approached the stormy latitudes of Cape Horn, diminish-
ing, however, in frequency with the increased distance from
land, and occurring in the greatest plenty as we steered along
the coast of Chili. "The waves of the sea carried it past our
vessel in large masses, like floating islands, which were
sometimes even covered with aquatic birds. At the Bay of
Conception, this plant encumbered the shores, becoming
rarer about Valparaiso, and I think to have seen it for the
last time when we left this coast, which is very poor in
marine productions. Knowing that the Fucus pyriferus is
mentioned by authors as a native only of the Southern
Hemisphere, I was surprised to meet with it again on the
North-west Coast of America.* The whole of Norfolk
Sound is filled with it, and it grows upon all the islands ;

* I have myself found this Fucus among marine rejectamenta in the Bay of
St. Francisco, New California, situated in 37° 48/ N. latitude. (Chamisso. )

VOL. III, B :

2

occurring, though in less profusion, at Unalaschka, and not
appearing at all on the islands to the eastward of the Aleu-
tian, nor on the more northerly island of St. George. Not
a single sea-weed was to be seen on the shores of the Mat-
weis Island. I was enabled by some specimens which I
collected on the strand of Sitcha, to ascertain the nature of
the fructification in this group of Fuci; it is situated, as a
cristate portion of the leafy substance, immediately above
the vesicle, which is distinguished by its darker colour: the
root is precisely that of a Laminaria.

* Among the rejectamenta of the sea, another gigantic
Fucus* occurs, both in the Bays of Conception and Valpa-
raiso, and equally plentiful at either place; but 1 cannot
determine it with certainty. A much-branched root, similar
to what we see in Fucus saccharinus, esculentus, &c. produces
a round stipes, extending to some feet in length, and of the
equal diameter throughout of 13 inch. Its substance con-
sists of wide irregularly-sized cells, filled with a thick gela-
tinous mass, This stipes expands into a frond, 2-5 feet
broad, and above an inch thick ; ramifying, frequently, into
long, at first flattish, but afterwards rounder thongs, or to
speak more correctly, cord-like twigs, which measure nearly
30 feet, and terminate in almost thready points. The
stipes and frond assume, in drying, the consistency of
leather; but the twigs, which, when fresh may be even
braided together, when exposed to the influence of the
parching heat of Chili, snap like glass, even when the great-
est care is used in handling them. I have with difficulty
preserved some specimens in a tolerable state. This sea-
weed forms a favourite article of food with the poorer classes
of Chilenos, who prepare a savoury soup from it. It has
nothing in common with F. digitatus; nor do I venture to
place it among the Laminaria, though even F. buccinalis has
been arranged there.

= * Fucus antarcticus (Chamisso in Choris’ Voyage Pittoresque Traversée de
Cronstadt au Chili, p. 7. t. 7.) Bot. etus d Fl. Apr. 1823:— D' Urvillea —
of Bory de St. Vincent. (Chanisso.)

3

- *' Norfolk Sound, which I may call the Bantry Bay of the
North-West coast of America, is equally rich in beautiful
Fuci as in rare and remarkable marine animals of every
family ; and I doubt if a more delightful strand for sea-weeds
is to be found. The variety of species equals the number in
which they occur. Of the known kinds I only cite the fol-
lowing from a momentary recollection: F. tomentosus, floc-
cosus, Larix, herbaceus, asplenioides, costatus, punctatus, ul-
voides, saccatus, &c. I here saw F. vesiculosus again, in the
greatest plenty, but growing only on stones, and varying
from the European plant, by producing no vesicles, which
at first induced me to look upon it as a variety of F. cera-
noides. The Kalosches eat the lower part of its stipes, both
raw and cooked: I have tried it in the fresh state, but could
perceive no peculiar flavour. F. esculentus and saccharinus
are plentiful, and both of them are eaten, as is F. edulis,
which is chiefly collected for winter store. F. costatus is
certainly not recognisable from Turner’s figure; it is of a
firmer substance than digitatus, attaining the length and
breadth of saccharinus, whose various forms it commonly
assumes. The fructification is in roundish protuberances,
which commence in a broad lower part of the base of the
frond, and terminate towards the middle of the same point,
running along both sides of the ribs. "The various occupa-
tions that filled my hands at Sitcha, would not allow of my
paying particular attention to the unknown and perhaps
new species which abounded here: one, however, was too
remarkable to be passed over in silence, the more so, as it
is quite a feature in the appearance of Norfolk Sound. A
root, ramified in the manner of the Laminarias, produces a
stipes, like packthread, and everywhere of uniform thick-
ness, about 2 or 3 feet long, and suddenly swelling at the
end into a perfectly round, large, bladder nut. 'The upper
portion of this hemispherical body bears a tuft of geminate
leaves, mostly rising on five peduncles: but in the division
of these peduncles, there never exists such a symmetry as
that the fifth is found exactly in the centre and opposite to
the point of insertion of the stipes at the vesicle; rather,

B2

4

there were 3 on one side, and 2 only on the other. In
some rare instances, I noticed but 4 leaf-stems, 2 on either
side. ‘The summit of the vesicle always presented an open
space: the leaves are lanceolate, sharply attenuated at both
extremities, their substance like the frond of F. Phyllitis,
about 1j to 2 feet long, and measuring 2 inches in their
greatest breadth ; some longitudinal nerves appear, of uncer-
tain number, running from the base of the leaf to the middle,
where they are lost in the substance. Such is the configura-
tion of this Fucus in a young state; when older it alters so
as to be scarcely recognisable, and then only acquires that
remarkable appendage, which I before alluded to, and which
I shall now proceed to explain. In advanced age, the stipes
becomes immensely long, without, however, increasing pro-
portionably in thickness; for whilst it remains at the base
of the stoutness of packthread, its diameter, at 10 or 15
fathoms distance, scarcely measures 2} lines. Gradually,
the vesicle changes into a turnep-shaped, or retort-like
cylinder, more than a fathom long, measuring, at its broad-
est dimension that supports the leaf near the end, 4-6
inches and even more, in diameter, while the lower end
gradually and quite imperceptibly loses itself in the stipes.
'The formation of the frond keeps an equally gradual ad-
vance: the leaves described above are numerously divided
in their length, the nerves of the young leaves indicating
their future points of separation. Entangled at their bases by
matting together, these attain a very great length and an
equal increase of breadth; the tuft now covering an immense
surface with its crowded masses. In one specimen, by no
means the largest, which I examined, I calculated that there
were upwards of 50 leaves, each 27 feet long. The Russians
call this Fucus, (to which I had previously given the spe-
cific name of Lutkeanus, in honour of our worthy Com-
mander, who daily shows himself more zealous in favouring
our Natural History labours,) See Otter Kohl, or the Sea
Otter’s Cabbage. "The valuable animal, Lutra marina, makes
particular choice of this sea-weed, as its favourite refuge and
residence; delighting to rock and sleep on the long cylin-

5

drical bladders, which, like enormous sea-serpents, float on
the surface of the water, and individually sweep between the
little islands, rendering the channels impassable, even for
boats. From the information that I collected from various
Russians and Aleutians concerning its duration, this Fucus
is annual. In autumn it is cast in great quantities on shore
by the then prevalent storms, where it soon decays, and in
spring not the least trace of it is to be seen. -The Aleutians
employ the stipes, which is said sometimes to be 45 fathoms
long, for fishing-lines:* I purchased one of them. I once
saw the Kadiakensers, in Sitcha, make use of the cylinder as
a siphon, for pumping the water out of their Beidarkas; an
use to which it is well known that the F. buccinalis is often
applied at the Cape of Good Hope. Owing to the moist
climate of Sitcha, the drying of this sea-weed is attended with
considerable difficulty. I hardly ever succeeded in pre-
serving a tolerable specimen of the cylinder or bladder,
though I bestowed much pains and labour on the operation,
for this part generally dissolves completely, or if dried, the
leaves then become brittle as glass, and fall to pieces with
the slightest touch. The opening of the bladder and dis-
charging the water which it uniformly contains, only hastens
the process of decomposition: though the bladders of F. pyri-
Jerus, if similarly treated, always dried quickly and well, I
have preserved some young specimens in spirits. The fruc-
tification of this Fucus consists in dark-coloured, more or
less elongated spots, irregularly scattered in the substance
of the leaves. In the Bay of Illulak I only saw it in one
place, and never again afterwards.

* I was not able to find Fucus Menziesii at Norfolk
Sound, though I repeatedly sought for it. Many of the
sea-weeds which I had observed at Sitcha, appeared again
at Unalaschka: those with perforated fronds seemed to be
the most interesting kinds. Here I first saw the beautiful.
Fucus Clathrus, which Agardh, in 1821, placed in the list
Specierum inquirendarum, although he had before him the

* We saw these fishing-lines at Unalaschka, but had no opportunity et.
examining the Fucus which produced them, (Chamisso.)

6

specimens that Chamisso had brought home. The Botanist
will derive no more information respecting this interesting
Fucus from Agardh's subsequent work, published three
years after, in which he simply says, * Fucus Clathrus, lamina
stipitata ecostata cribrosa spiraliter involuta." The ocean
hardly boasts a more beautiful production than this: it is
generaly about the height of a man, very bushy and
branched, each branch bearing a broad leaf at its extremity,
which unfolds spirally, and by this gradual development
produces the stipes with its branches and lateral divisions.
A spiral border, wound round the stipes, indicates the
growth of the frond, The frond presents a large, convex,
bent lamella, without nerves; or to a certain degree a leaf,
of which one-half is wanting, for the stipes may be consi-
dered as a central nerve. A number of rather long narrow
perforations, arranged in a radiate form, give the frond the
appearance of a cut fan; these foramina being coeval with
the formation of the frond, and apparently not owing to
inequalities of substance, as Turner thinks is the case in
F. Agarum. At first, these foramina, which are situated
near the stipes, and where the frond is bent in, are round,
and have their margins turned outwards; but by the subse-
quent growth of the frond, they become longer, and their
margins disappear; in the middle of the frond they are like
true clefts, but nearer the margins, from the greater deve-
lopment of the leafy substance, they are more contracted in
their breadth, and therefore seem round. The frond has a
complete and entire margin, but is frequently torn; its sub-
stance is coriaceous. I have never detected any fructifica-
tion. The root resembles that of the larger Laminarias, but -
is more woody. This Fucus is very plentiful in the Bay of
Illulak, and round the whole island of Amaknak. It clothes
the rocky shore, like a thick hedge, for a space of 60 or
80 feet, forming, at a little distance, a very pleasing feature
in the scenery. Its stalk is often adorned with the elegant
Fucus asplenioides, which is nowhere found more luxuriant

and perfect; in the Bay of Awatscha it is less numerous,
smaller, and not so much ramified.

7

Besides the curious Fucus just described, I also possess
three other species with perforated fronds, quite distinct
from one another: but from the quotations in Turner and
Agardh, it is impossible to ascertain which of them is really
the plant that Gmelin, (whose work, alas! I cannot here
examine,) originally named F. Agarum; a single glance at
Gmelin’s figures, however indifferent these might be, would
clear up the point, so unlike one another are these species,
even at first sight. All three are inhabitants of the coast of
Kamtschatka; at Unalaschka I remarked only one of them,
and on other coasts I did not see any of this family. The
most beautiful, which is at the same time the largest
and most frequent at Unalaschka, I was obliged to look
upon as Fucus Agarum,* though I cannot conceive how
Turner could give so bad a figure; at Kamtschatka I only
saw the species represented in the Historia Fucorum, although
the resemblance there is far from perfect. Some circum-
stances in Turner’s and Agardh’s descriptions lead me to
suppose, that this is the true F. Agarum, t. 32, and that the
former author figured, under that name, a plant which I
shall quote farther on, as F. eribrosus, n. sp. The stipes,
rising from a strong, ramified root, 2-3 inches long, pre-
senting a semi-spiral twist, 3 lines broad and 2 lines thick,
almost suddenly stretches into a nerve, an inch in width,
which runs through the frond, 2 or 2} feet long. The form
which the frond describes, is generally oval; only as the
substance of the leaf, from the nerve towards the margin,
increases very considerably in bulk, so the form becomes
indistinct, owing to the folds and sinuosities thereby occa-
sioned. The proportion between the length of the half
margin of the frond, and that of the nerve, is about 1 to 7;
for instance, in a specimen, of which the nerve measured
18 inches, the length of the margin, from the base of
the nerve to its termination, was 10 feet and even more.
'The whole of the frond is perforated with a number of
generally almost circular, irregularly placed holes; varying

* Correctly so." Professor Mertens,

8

in diameter from £ line to an inch. In most instances, these
foramina are larger, the nearer they are to the nerve; and
in that situation, their margin is mostly undulated, so as to
have a crenulated appearance. This circumstance gives the
frond a very pretty and characteristic aspect; which the
other species do not possess. The margin of the leaf is per-
fectly entire, neither serrated nor waved, its whole consist-
ency very firm, and almost cartilaginous. The second Fucus
of this family, which may certainly be referred to Turner’s
figure, I have called F. eribrosus. It differs essentially from
the former individual, and, in general, scarcely attains a
third of the size. The frond is even, scarcely waved at all,
and nearly as membranous as an Ulva: its form is oval-lan-
ceolate, somewhat cordate at the base. The whole frond,
properly speaking, is perforated like a sieve; the holes,
which are more or less round, present but little difference
in their size, the largest being about 3 or 4 lines in diameter.
There is nothing of that crenulated appearance in the
margin which marks the preceding species. The younger
holes, situated nearest to the base, are peculiar in having
their margins alternately directed to one or other side of
the frond; the nerye, which at first is somewhat broader
towards the middle of the leaf, is very narrow at its base,
even slenderer than the stem, which has the uniform thick-
ness of twine, and is about 2} inches long. I saw this
species frequently clothed with a web-like, new, and unde-
scribed Sertularia. It occurs in the Bay of Awatscha only.

“Lastly, the third species, which I have called F. per-
tusus, differs from the two others in its perforations not
appearing at first: for instance, at the base of the fronds,
instead of holes, we there observe only small cavities,
and bladder-like protuberances, in which the substance of
the leaf is afterwards seen to be wanting, and which finally
form the circular, though more or less distorted, foramens. -
Similar protuberances and hollows cover the whole frond
between the holes. In the form of the frond it probably
bears some affinity to the first species, but the imperfect -
specimens which I have hitherto found do not enable me to

9

prove it. The substance is exactly analogous to a cabbage-
leaf, and there is some resemblance in the inequalities of its
upper surface. The Harbour of St. Peter and. St. Paul is
the only station that I remarked for this plant, where it is
one of the species most abundantly thrown up at this season
of the year.

* [n the environs of Illulak I found many and very singular
varieties of Fucus esculentus : Unalaschka being, as it were,
the central point in the range of this species. In some indi-
viduals, the fronds were unusually broad, even resembling
the foliage of the Banana ;* and, like them, there were long
lacerations in their substance, caused by the violence of the
waves: the nerve, in this variety, was round and homo-
geneous; in another form, it was very broad and decidedly
quadrangular, besides being hollow and nearly compressed
at intervals, so as to assume an almost jointed appearance:
the frond was also generally very narrow, frequently only
like a bordered fringe to the nerve; in another variety it
assumed a spirally twisted form. The fruit-bearing pinna
also was very polymorphous; sometimes quite round, fre-
quently oval, and occasionally acute on both sides. The
extremes of these aspects were most dissimilar, though con-
nected by such gradually intermediate gradations, that it
was impossible to say where one ended and another began.
The Kamtschatkan specimens are all remarkable for the
smallness of the fructiferous pinna. The Bay of Awatscha
at Kamtschatka, though generally poor in marine produc-
tions, yet afforded me, besides all the kinds above noticed,
many other interesting species, some of which are decidedly

* The Fucus esculentus certainly bears a striking resemblance to the leaves of
the Banana, When the Rurik, in the spring of 1817, was entering the harbour
of Unalaschka, our friend Kadu from Ulea stood by my side on the quarter-
deck, gazing silently at the new country to which we were taking him: its
mournfully barren shores, its heights covered with snow. But when he saw
this Fucus floating round the vessel, he hastily caught my hand, and exclaimed
with rapture, “ Kaibaran! Kaibaran!” (Bananas, Bananas!) Reluctantly
undeceived, he soon afterwards, when we landed, begged that I would plant
some of the Cocoas which he had with him, to supply future food for the people.
( Chamisso.)

10

new. ` One of them is a Laminaria, its frond is simple and
like a ribband, frequently a fathom in length, nerveless, with
a spathulate base, of which the auricles are turned and
twisted inwards, on which account I have given to this
species the name of F. Cornucopie. The stipites, of which
two spring from each root, ascend in opposite directions,
and strike down a few fibres from their under-side; soon
after, each stipes expands into the spathule that I have
described. This Laminaria, which comes nearest to L.
saccharina, can neither be confounded with it, nor with any
other: it always grows singly; though the roots of six or
eight individuals are often so interwoven, that they cannot
be easily separated. Perhaps the F. bifidus, Gmelin, is but
an imperfect and ill-described specimen of this plant.

* A second, hitherto undescribed and no less rare species
on the coast of Kamtschatka, is completely spongy, and
might, at first view, be taken for a Spongia; but a slight
examination of its internal structure removes all doubt of
its vegetable or fucoid nature. It may rank near F. tomen-
tosus, and consequently belongs to the genus Codium of
Agardh: I have provisionally called it F. dam«ecornis ; the
sessile and variously divided frond, cut in many irregular
segments to the very base, each segment being again digi-
tate and lobed, gives it a resemblance to the anthers of a
fallow-deer. "This sea-weed is chiefly found growing on the
stems of F. Clathrus ; its colour is a brownish purple, and
its touch and appearance resemble Manchester velvet. The
circle which a single frond describes often exceeds a foot;
its thickness is about a line; and when cut through, there
appear many yellow granules, filled with a fluid, imbedded
among fibres. This species dries very readily, contrary to
expectation, and in doing so, exhales no unpleasant odour.

“ The third new species which I shall enumerate, is here
found very plentifully, though good specimens are rare;
Turner mentions it in his Historia Fucorum, though both
his figure and description leave many points in doubt, as
the Kamtschatkan form of F. saccatus. Agardh quotes this
form as the original and true appearance of F. saccatus,

il

from which, however, it is very different, the latter being
plentiful both in Norfolk Sound and here. I say nothing of
the aspect of the plant, which Agardh has tolerably well
described; but shall only state that the internal substance
of the two is perfectly heterogeneous. In the American
species, the sack is round, the membrane which constitutes
it very thin; and if this sack be full of sea-water, the con-
tents, on its being pressed with the finger, escape forcibly
through a number of pores on all sides: while in most of
the individuals which occur here, the sack collapses laterally
like parchment, and the little water which it contains is
not sent out to any distance by compression. The colour
of the sack in this kind is always red. :
* [ must here take notice of another species, most nearly
related to the first; in which the base of the sack is prolonged
into a point, whilst in the other kinds it is constantly
rounded off. I found the American species only on F. vesi-
culosus, which occasionally grows here on such stones as are
periodically washed by the tides. "To conclude, I farther
mention that at Sitcha, I gathered still another saccate kind,
inhabiting F. Larix. Iam, however, yet doubtful if it properly
belongs to the Fuci, as its sack shows a tendency to pass into
a gelatinous membrane. F. digitatus occurs here in various
shapes; a dozen different aspects of it now lie before me,
which merge imperceptibly into one another. Whether
Agardh's species, Laminaria reniformis, brevipes, and even
Belvisii, have been accurately examined, is doubtful. The
fructification is in darker, more elevated, and sinuated
portions of the frond. The F. evanescens, Agardh, which
Chamisso gathered here, I can consider as nothing more
than a variety of F. vesiculosus, although it is the only Fucus `
occurring here of this form. I have sought everywhere, and
in vain, for F. Myrica; and I am still doubtful as to F.

12

—SECOND EXTRACT;

Containing the Account of an Excursion made by Dr. H.
Mertens, to the summit of the Werstovoi at New Archangel,
in Norfolk Sound :—from a Letter addressed to a friend at
St. Petersburg.

PREFATORY REMARKS BY ADRIAN VON CHAMISSO.

* Nonrork Sound (called Sitka or Sitcha by the Russians),
of whose luxuriant vegetation this learned Naturalist here
displays to our view a striking portrait, is situated in the
57th degree of north latitude, on the north-west coast of
America, to the eastward of that extensive gulf formed by
this part of the continent; which, again, under the 60th
degree N. lat. stretches in an opposite direction westerly,
being changed by a great volcanic mountain, and then pro-
longs itself further W.S.W. to the Peninsula Alaschka and
the chain of Aleutian Islands. At the west of Norfolk
Sound, a space of 4000 miles in breadth (calculating 60 to
each Equatorial degree) extends between the American and
the opposite Asiatic shore: interrupted only by the above-
mentioned tongue of land of Alaschka. If we compare the
lofty forests of Sitcha with the wintry coasts of Kamtschatka,
where 4° more southerly, at St. Peter and Paul, the birch
only attempts to rise into a kind of tree, we shall here find
a confirmation of that law which proves, by comparing the
climates of Lisbon and Philadelphia, Paris and Quebec,
England and Labrador, Drontheim and Iceland, that coun-
tries, situated to the east of the sea, possess a milder tem-
perature than those which are placed on the west of the
ocean, This theory fully explains the facts. The sea is
the great equalizer of temperature: just as the east winds
always blow between the tropics, so do the westerly winds
predominate in a higher latitude. These confer on the
western shores of the continent to which they arrive, wafted
over a warm sea, a milder winter; and, on the contrary, a
severer one to those which they reach across a cold and

13

snow-covered continent. The sea-breeze, that conveys
‘warmth in winter to the north of Europe, has first, as a
land-wind from Greenland, carried cold to the island of
Iceland; and the collating of meteorological observations
proves indeed that an opposite state of temperature takes
place in Iceland and in the north of Europe; so that our
colder winters and colder months answer to milder winters .
and months in Iceland, and vice versa. But Europe is
favoured above all the countries situated under the same
degree of latitude. It forms the western border of the con-
tinent to which it belongs: the gulf-stream bears into the
eastern portion of the Atlantic Ocean a body of waters,
warm from tropical latitudes; while the continent of Africa,
lying in a position with respect to Europe which in other
parts of the world is held by cooling seas, heats the air
which thence floats, in the upper regions of the atmosphere,
from the Equator towards the Pole. The south winds,
those currents of the lower strata of African atmosphere,
with their glowing influence, adorn the northern skirts of
the Mediterranean with the productions of the Tropics, so
that the palms are even seen extending beyond the 43° N.
latitude. These are among the most evident, though not
perhaps the most decided proofs of the advantages which
Europe enjoys as to climate. The sea-winds may not be the
sole vehicle for the conveyance of heat with which our
northern districts are favoured; for, according to Wahlenberg;
the mean temperature of northern Europe is lower than that
of the earth. Under the 46? N. iat, an equalization takes
place between them; and more northerly the first decreases
quicker than the other. In the north of Europe, towards
the 71? N.lat, springs and winter-flowing brooks may be
seen, the ground does not freeze beneath its covering of
snow, and the frost never penetrates into well-protect

cellars. To the north of Behring's Straits, on the contrary,
the earth never thaws, nor even at the Polar Circle in
Kotzebue’s Sound; it is found everywhere hard. frozen, a
few inches below the growth of vegetati oat while under
that crust, and below a very thin layer of x the ice may

14

be seen in places having nothing in common with the glaciers -
of our own country. The Esquimaux, being unable to break
the ground for the purpose of interring their dead in mother
earth, lay the bodies flat on the ground, piling drift-wood above
them, and placing blocks of stone on the top, to protect them
from beasts of prey. The Tschuktschi, on the coast of Asia,
burn their dead.

* If we collect, examine, and compare the accounts of the
northern line of coast in Asia and America, the descriptions
of these arctic regions will be found to agree, in all essential
particulars, with what we have ourselves witnessed at Behring's
Straits. The ground is everywhere frozen, and beneath the
scanty verdure which sometimes clothes the soil, the ice is
frequently as hard as a rock." *

** In the belief that a description of a spot which is remark- —
able for its botanical productions will prove more interesting —
to you than a whole sheetful of promises and assurances of
regard, I proceed to conduct you, without farther preface, to
Norfolk Sound, a place which is rich in every kind of natural
beauty; and I beg leave to accompany you in an excursion
from the sea-coast to the summit of the Werstovoi. By this
means I hope to succeed in giving you a general idea of the
vegetation of the environs of New Archangel. As it was
quite low tide when we landed, we were obliged to walk for
some distance over the stony spots which, at high water, are
covered by the sea. A particular state of Fucus vesiculosus
covers the sharp stones with an olive-green, moss-like cover-
ing; and by its slipperiness renders walking unpleasant: the
singular F. saecatus was also seen here and there, while F.
ulvoides and F. punctatus appeared in plenty, like red lobes

* At the mouth of the Lena and Mackenzie Rivers, what may be reckoned
as the tertiary formation contains Mammalia of the antedilavian world. In
confirmation of this fact, we here only allude to Gmelin (Fi. Sib. Pref.), Adams,
Wrangel, Mackenzie, Franklin, Georgi (Beschreib. des Russ. Reiches 9. 1. B.
P. 20.), though more authorities might be quoted.

15

woven into the green mat. Where the water stood between
some of the stones, we were sure of meeting with the beauti-
ful F. floccosus ; and in similar situations F. Larix prevailed,
covered with a new species, probably belonging to the sac-
catus tribe. F. mammillosus and gigartinus were not rare.
On small insulated stones, grows a long intestinal Ulva; but
F. asplenioides particularly attracted our attention by its
lovely colours; while F. Aerbaceus lay stretched on this red
ground, as if ready for the herbarium, displaying its peculiar,
lettuce-like, uniform green hue. Nearer the land, you reach
the boundary marked by the occasional overflowing of the
sea; it is distinguished by a belt of marine plants, from which
I only selected F. Lutkeanus (n. sp.), F. costatus, saccharinus,
esculentus, and here and there F. edulis. We here leave the
district of the sea, and proceed, for a time, along the proper
strand. Arenaria peploides, Glaux maritima, some creeping-
rooted Carices, and a Juncus which seems to hold the place
of our maritimus, are perhaps the first Phanerogamic Plants
that occur. A few steps inland, the Veronica serpyllifolia,
mingled generally with P. Anagallis, is seen growing close to
the ground. This is likewise the habitat of Potentilla anserina
and ruthenica; under them occurs, here and there, a very
pretty small Sisyrinchium, glittering with beautiful blue
flowers. Even at a distance, two Plantagines and a Triglo-
chin are distinguishable from the plants already mentioned,
by the peculiar hue of their green. Between these, the lovely
Dodecatheon generally delights to grow, and in some spots a
Pedicularis (asplenifolia?). But the most numerous plants
on this strand are certainly an Elymus, that produces a most
remarkable spike, and a Bartsia,* with yellow flowers, often
growing two feet high. Large individual stones are covered
with a particularly beautiful Potentilla; among the crevices of
these stones grows a most lovely Campanula, with large blue
bells ; while a three-leaved umbelliferous plant, and a Selinum,
as it appears (here called Petruschka), delights in similar

* Probably our Castilleja pallida B, wnalaschensis, Linn, II. p. 581. (Ad. v.
Chamisso, )

16

situations. . But in the shade of masses of stone, particularly
inland, towards the forests, are found two species of Angelica
and Heracleum, on which I am unable to decide. Among
them the Sarana* and Fritillaria are frequently seen. Pisum
maritimum, Cochlearia danica, Ranunculus acris, Galium
boreale, Geum intermedium, a Rumex, Turritis hirsuta and
glabra, and a Cardamine, are also not uncommon. But
I will detain you no longer from the forest, towards
which, if you enter into my feelings, you must already have
cast many a glance, and along whose border we proceeded
with some difficulty, bending under branches of trees and
climbing over colossal trunks, which frequently impeded: the
path. But farther it was impossible to penetrate; the high
tide reaches the gigantic inhabitants of the forest, and we were
compelled to proceed along the boarded path which the enter-
prising Governor Baranow formed for his own daily walking,
and which is in part kept up by his successors. I dare not take
you immediately into the thicket, you will be fatigued by the
frequent and vain attempt to penetrate through, and thus lose
the strength which is requisite for the farther prosecution of
our excursion: and this labour would take away all power of
enjoyment. Meantime, let us examine a little the general
aspect of the Forest. It principally consists of two kinds of
Fir: of which the species are not correctly determined. The
Russians, who inhabit Sitcha, call one of them the Pine ( Yely
or Jelj), the other the Larch (Listwenj), though neither bears
the least similarity to the trees which are thus named in
Russia. Both are referrible to Michaux's genus Abies. The
Pine, as it is called, seems to me analogous to the North
American Pine (Pinus balsamea). Both of these trees must
be peculiarly eligible for masts, and building-timber, in
general, as they attain an immense height; yet the wood of
the Pine is not much prized. It is said to be of short dura-

* Lilium Kamtschathense, L, — The state of this plant that occurs at Unalaschka,
and which we suppose to be that of America, differs materially from the Kamt-
schatkan species, and is probably a peculiar one, Lilium quadrifoliatum of Meyer,
in Relig. Hankeane, Fasc. II. p. 126. (Chamisso.)

17

tion; that of the Larch, as it is called, lasts much longer.
Besides these trees, a particularly beautiful balsamic-scented
Alder, here called the White Alder, grows on the skirts of the
forest, with a Crategus, now ornamented with its large flowers,
and a Sorbus, of which the fruit is already set. In the
underwood, the Rubus odoratus ( R. Nutkanus) abounds, which
is seen in our Europæan gardens; but.here it has only white
flowers, and produces no fruit. Mimulus guttatus encircles
the wood, and is nowhere found in greater luxuriance. Now,
we have at length reached the much-wished for path, and
you will soon find yourself in the heart of these immense
forests, among trees, the grandeur of whose massy trunks
you never imagined before. The axe scarcely ever echoed in
these woods; indeed, the surrounding wilderness is immense,
and strikes the beholder with a feeling of horror. For cen-
turies, these trees have never fallen but under the weight of
years; and their mouldering remains give rise, without alter-
ation of form, to future generations of trees: again to flourish
and again to die! Nevertheless, the abundance of shrubs,
herbs, and mosses, which clothe these hoary forests, and rise
over the natural graves of their former denizens, impart to
the scenery an air of vigour and of youth. Beneath the hills
thus formed are dangerous hollows, into which the feet sink
among the relics of accumulated years, deceitfully covered, as
they are, by a new growth of herbs and Cryptogamic plants.

Here are two different species of Claytonia, one with red, the
other with white flowers: the latter reminded me of our
Cerastium aquaticum. A Maianthemum, with larger inflor-
escence than that of our country, abounds here everywhere.
Cornus suecica produces such luxuriant blossoms that it
might be mistaken for C. florida. ` Pyrola uniflora is plenti-
ful, and Dalibarda fragarioides creeps over the decayed stems.
A Calla (Dracontium Kamtschaticum), whose spatha rivals
that of C. ethiopica, and with zebra-striped foliage, springs
up in damp places. The commonest shrub is the large
frutescent Azalea; mingled with Rubus spectabilis, glowing
with flowers and fruit. Two species of Ribes, one resembling
our R. rubrum, and the other R. nigrum, are equally beauti-

VOL, III. c

18

ful. A Sedge, similar to our Carex Buxbaumii, is here a
particular ornament to the woods; while a Streptopus holds
the place of our Convallaria multiflora, and both the Trientalis
and Linnea are as abundant as in the woods of Germany.
I observed a Malavis, with green and red flowers, and a.
Cymbidium, whose form recalls that of Corallorhiza, with
Lathrea Stelleri, were seen in damp spots. A Vaccinium, of
which the fruit is daily served up like Bilberries, occurs at
almost every step. Suddenly the rushing noise of a river
breaks on the ear, and a different scene is opened to view.
The copious waters seem to expand before you, as the surges
of the wild mountain-current roll through their native forests ;
the banks graced with a totally dissimilar vegetation from
what has hitherto prevailed, though the larger trees appear
to be the same. Here alone is seen the solitary species of
Saliz which the environs of Sitcha afford; it resembles acu-
minata of Hoffm., yet looks as if distinct. But Aquilegia
Canadensis, a new Spiræa, a’ Sonchus, with flesh-coloured
flowers, a Doronicum, the beautiful Epilobium, a bulbiferous
Poa, like P. bulbosa but two or three feet high, an Elymus,
that holds the place of our E. arenarius, and a lovely Luzula,
are representatives of plants scarcely before noticed. Here
are three or four Sazifrages, a Rumez, similar to R. digynus,
and a beautiful Arabis, which grows among naked stones in
the river. Epilobium montanum, obscurum, or tetragonum, an
Aconite, and some Stellarie, increase the number and variety
of species, Various Ferns, which are, however, types of
those which prevail with us, grow in great luxuriance. The
opposite side of the river wears a similar garb, the wood
being the same, only even thicker. But the Panax horridum,
which had hitherto been met with only here and there, as a
little shrub, soon gives to the country a peculiar character;
growing in great luxuriance, and in every respect assuming
the form of the tropical Cecropias. It is difficult to wind
through the underwood which it sometimes exclusively forms:
sometimes it takes the creeping position, at other times it
rises like a Palm, and spreads out its broad and umbraculi-
orm leaves. It is fortunate that the prickles, although

19

numerous and sharp, are tender, being only attached to the
epidermis of the plant; so that when the hand is covered with
& good glove, it is easy to grasp it boldly, particularly the
older stems. A Sazifraga, perhaps Pennsylvanica, grows on
fallen trunks of trees in remarkable luxuriance. At last, by
degrees, we reach the foot of the mountain, and commence
its ascent; this is truly a work of labour, attended by no
small difficulties, which I shall endeavour to describe, and
thus aid you to surmount. On the little hills at the base grow
Epilobium alpinum, and the smaller bushes already noticed.
The constantly wet ground (for it rains here almost through-
out the year) adds considerably to the unpleasantness of
walking: for it yields under the traveller's feet; and if you-
attempt to climb up by the fallen stems, or to support your-
self ever so gently upon one of them, the whole of the mossy
bark will frequently strip off from it, and betray you into a
fall. Besides, the mountain is, in many places, very steep,
and the wood almost impenetrably dense. Happy will you
here be if you can detect a gulley, in which a current
runs down; though the steepness of its declivities frequently
obliges you to return. "Though the vegetation is everywhere
much alike, yet here the trees become thinner, and the proper
region of the Panax commences. We had even descried,
when out at sea, these clearer spots in the dark Pine forests,
and mistook them for broad-leaved trees. It is true that in
such places the lofty stems of an Alder, here called the Red
Alder, and destitute of balsamic scent, were seen singly
scattered among the surrounding shrubs of Panax. But the
wood which now appears again, in increased denseness, before
us, consists particularly of a noble Thuja, called, on account
of its agreeably scented wood, Duschnik, also Duschnoie
derewo (scent-wood). It is the timber most valued here. The
tree indeed occurs frequently lower down, at the foot of the
mountain, and even to the sea: but so scattered that it is
necessary to search for it among the more predominant
Pine trees which conceal it from view; but here it constitutes
almost the entire timber, and the Pine and Larch are seldom
seen: the latter, however, not ceasing quite so soon as the
C2

20

former. A Blechnum, which we never noticed before, was
not unfrequent in this district; Pyrola secunda appeared, now
and then, with a little Lycopodium, and higher up we found
a beautiful Convallaria, allied to latifolia, but distinguished
by its red flowers. A yellow-flowering Viola occupied large
patches of the ground in the now much thinner wood, where
we entirely lost sight of the Panax, Rubus, Ribes, with the
other shrubs. A few straggling Vaccinia and Azaleas alone
remain; and although the eye should fail to detect it, yet the
scent would infallibly betray the existence of a Valerian, which
grows only at this high elevation. It is allied to our officinalis,
or perhaps more properly to V. Phu; yet it may constitute
a distinct species. The smell of the root is pungent, and
more powerful than that sold in our apothecaries' shops; the
Russians call it Koloschenskiai Koronj (Koloschen root), because
the aborigines of this country hold it in high repute; employ-
ing it in almost every complaint, and ascribing to it wonderful
medicinal virtues. On account of the great difficulty which
attends the gathering of this plant, it is much prized, and the
Kaloschans are very unwilling to barter their whole stock
of it. Here we first saw the singular Pyrola * of Eschscholtz,
which I had begun to despair of finding: but it was only in
bud, a few flowers appearing in some sunny situations, while
the former year's fruit might be seen along with the young
leaves. The wood is hereabout very thinly scattered: the
Thuja is of stinted growth, and a Pinus, very similar to our
P. Mughos, appears associated with it. This species, which
the people call Tanne (Sosna), is usually of low growth, and
may also be found in the less elevated spots, not pong the
woods, but growing in turf moors.

* But now again we are come to a difficult place, and we
reach the first cross. It is not safe to cling to the plants of
Empetrum; a better hold is afforded by the Pyrola, which
_ strikes root among high stones. At this increased elevation,

a new vegetation presents itself. The ground is thickly

* Fruticosa, ramosissima, habitu Azalee aut Menziesic.

21

covered with Andromeda tetragona, and another species which
I propose to call empetrifolia ; a Menziesia, with green flowers,
appears among these, and the stones are clothed with a
tufted creeping Saxifrage, similar to S. Sternbergii. In the
vicinity of the snow, which here covers large tracts, grow
a peculiar Dodecatheon, and a Menyanthes with reniform
leaves, which I had observed much larger in the half-dried
swamps below. A delightful Aster reminded me of the
Amellus of our country; Geum montanum (?), Andromeda poli-
folia, Empetrum nigrum, and, hidden among these, Coptis tri-
foliata, Azalea procumbens, some alpine Grasses, and vernal
Carices ; these complete the picture of this region: a picture,
certainly, which is equally characteristic of the summits of
many mountains of similar elevation. But ascending yet
higher, and coming to the last cross, we shall find a spacious
meadow, adorned with a large Anemone, a red-flowered
Bartsia, an alpine Ranunculus, aud many of the plants before -
enumerated. The shrubby Pine woods have altogether ceased

here; as well as a kind of shrub, which is generally confined

to the tops of mountains, and which I omitted to notice in its

proper place. This species seems to have altogether escaped

the notice of the inhabitants of Sitcha; none, to whom I showed

it, seemed to be acquainted with it. It is an exceedingly

beautiful, thickly growing shrub, not described, at least, in

Sprengel’s Systema, with small obovate es of a same

colour on both sides.

« Thus I have led you, in desc ioi; to the Ps at
which all who have hitherto ascended this mountain, pause,
and begin to return: but farther on is the naked rocky
summit, which I cannot help inviting you to climb with me.
To do so, we must certainly descend a considerable way;
but among the snow we shall be likely to find some handsome -
alpine plants. We slide down, therefore, on the snowy fields,
and soon reach the foot of the pyramidal point. It is here
extremely difficult to proceed among the perfectly naked
stones, which, slipping under one's feet, roll down into the
deep abyss below. A single false step, an involuntary trust to
the projecting point of a loose stone, and the unwary traveller

22

drops into a chasm, which it makes one tremble only to
behold. Here and there, a small Carex peeps from the chinks
of the rock ; a graceful Juncus and a Draba may also be seen.
But near as a Cerastium may grow, it is dangerous to attempt
to cull it. The Achillea, which forms a rather large patch,
may be more easily procured. These difficulties being over- -
come, you at length reach the summit, perhaps bringing a
Pedicularis, a Cerastium, and a new Sazifrage with you; but,
once on this elevated spot, where scarcely five individuals
can find. a footing, the piercing cold forbids you to look
round; besides, a dense fog envelops this region, preventing
the possibility of a prospect; and with benumbed hands,
which scarcely grasp the few specimens that you have col-
lected in the ascent, and trembling feet, you commence a
descent, the dangers of which are in reality much greater
than those which you encounter in gaining the summit. In
returning, we will vary our track, and explore the produc-
tions of a swampy moor which lies at the foot of the
mountain. Here is a lovely little white-flowered Gentian,
and a Carex, which seems identical with C. microglochin, and
is the most prevailing plant. This day’s excursion may per-
haps produce twenty to twenty-five Reed-Grasses; and a
richer collection of larger plants. Among them are Veratrum
album, Scirpus multicaulis, Eriophorum Scheuchzeri and gra-
cile, Drosera rotundifolia, Vaccinium Oxycoccos, and Vitis-idea,
and a species near to V. uliginosum, Ledum palustre, Andromeda
latifolia, a large Helonias, a Myrica, Juniperus prostratus, Ar-
butus Uva-ursi, Polygonum viviparum; on the margin of the
lake, which it is necessary to skirt here, are also found Coma-
rum palustre, Potamogeton natans, Nymphea lutea, Montia
Jontana, Menyanthes trifoliata, Hippuris vulgaris, Juncus sub-
verticillatus, and three different Sanguisorbas, as also some
Umbellate. We are now, thanks to Providence, near -the
establishment again. Zsopyrum fumarioides grows on the
stumps of felled trees. At last, between the houses, you have
again Chenopodium album, Urtica dioica, Matricaria Chamo-

milla (its flowers without rays), Sisymbrium Barbarea, Alsine
media, and several common weeds.

23

* Now, my dear friend, you have my botanical account of
Sitcha: I wish that you may be pleased with it, as I have
drawn it up at some cost of time and trouble, in order to
prove to you, however inadequately, the gratification that I
derive from the remembrance of those happy hours that I was
so fortunate as to pass in your company."

. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

OF THE LATE
CAPTAIN DUGALD CARMICHAEL, F.L.S.
By the Rev, Corin SurrB, Minister of Inverary.

[Concluded from p. 343, vol. 2.)

CaPrAIN CARMICHAEL returned from the Isle of Bourbon to
the Cape of Good Hope with his regiment in the year 1814;
and the various success with which he pursued his inquiries
into the natural history of the Cape and its neighbouring
districts, has been already detailed in the preceding pages.
In July, 1815, on a requisition being made by the Earl of
Moira, then Governor-General of India, for as many troops
as could be spared from the Cape of Good Hope, the 72d
regiment was selected for that service, and ordered to proceed
for the Peninsula. ‘As the call was extremely urgent,” con-
tinues Captain Carmichael, ** we were embarked as fast as the
vessels could be equipped for us, and each was directed to
make the best of her way to Bengal. The Morley transport,
carrying the head-quarters of the regiment, and in which I
sailed, was the last that cleared Table Bay, and this: mm
place on Sunday the 9th July, 1815.

* On the parallel of 38°, on which we ran Bios our iini
tude, we found the weather uniformly disagreeable. A hazy
atmosphere, the horizon circumscribed by a muddy bank of
clouds; strong westerly winds, increasing frequently to
furious gales; and showers of sleet or hail, with a high
tumultuous sea that knew no interval of tranquillity. Such

24

was the weather we experienced during the first three weeks
ofthe voyage. After gazing so long on the blue expanse of
the ocean, there is something exhilarating.in the aspect even
of the most barren and inaccessible rock; and the sight of
the gloomy island of St. Paul, obscured as it was by a thick
veil of mist, was yet the more welcome to us, as it was the
point from which we were to direct our course for a more
genial climate.

* 'Though it was the depth of winter when we made this
voyage, and the sky almost constantly overcast, yet the
quantity of rain that fell was inconsiderable; we had frequent
showers, indeed, but they were neither heavy nor of long
continuance. But it is naturally to be expected that the
quantity of rain which falls on the sea should bear but a small
proportion to that which the sudden variations of temperature,
and the inequality and elevation of surface, cause to Roms qua
on the solid parts of the globe.

_ * From thetime we left the Cape, until we reached the Island
of St. Paul, we were daily surrounded with flocks of ocean-
birds, among which I recognized Diomedea exulans, spadicea,
and fuliginosa, Procellaria pelagica, gigantea, equinoctialis, and
Capensis. The last of these, known by the name of the Cape
Pintado, is easily distinguishable from its congeners by the
singular variegation of its plumage, and the comparative
shortness of its wings.

** What these birds chiefly subsist on, it iiuid be difficult
to say; as we could observe no indication in our track of
any species of fish likely to serve them as food. They are
seen anxiously on the search all day long, never soaring to
any height, but skimming close over the surface of the waves.
The greediness with which they pick up such offals as happen
to float in the wake of ships, is a proof that whatever may be
the nature of their ordinary food, its Puppy s is at times -
carious.

** One of their articles of temporary resource we had more
than once occasion to advert to, the dead carcasses of ceta-
ceous animals. We never passed one of these that we did
not observe surrounded by myriads of Albatrosses and Petrels,

25

gorging themselves on the putrid carrion. -While the moun-
tain of corruption was thus attacked from above, the underside
was demolished by shoals of sharks, and other ravenous
fishes; and their combined efforts never ceased until the
weight of the skeleton overmatched the buoyancy of the flesh,
when the mangled remnant sunk to the bottom.

*'DIhese birds feed occasionally on molluscous animals,
which was more than once proved, by inspecting their
stomachs, wherein I invariably found the beaks and eyes of
a species of Sepia. These eyes are of a very singular struc-
ture. The crystalline lens, like that of fishes, is of a globular
form, but separable into two hemispherical portions, and
consists of thick concentric coats of a cartilaginous texture,
and beautiful pearly whiteness; the latter the effect, no doubt,
of maceration in the bird's stomach.

* From the day we past the 30? degree of latitude, the
Petrels and Albatrosses disappeared, and we saw few birds of
any description during the rest of the voyage. The Flying-
Jish began to appear in latitude 28°, and attended us until
we arrived in the Ganges. An error with regard to this fish
has crept into Linneus’ System of Nature. After the specific
definition of Hxocetus volitans, we meet with the following
observation: * By means of its long pectoral fins, it is able

to raise itself out of the water, and suspend itself in the air
for a short space, till they become dry, which it does for the
purpose of escaping from the jaws of predatory fish; and in
its flight it is exposed to the talons of aquatic birds, hovering
over the waters to catch it.’
© « [t is not, I am inclined to believe, by means of its. pec-
toral fins that the Flying-fish raises itself out of the water, ——
but by means of its tail, the only propelling fin with which
it, in common with all other fishes, is furnished. The pectoral
fins act merely as poises, and during its progress through
the water, are disposed close along its sides. In its aerial
flight, they sustain it by their mere expansion, in the same
manner as we observe many birds, particularly the Albatrosses,
fly for a length of time without any motion of their wings.
When the Flying-fish shoots out of the water, it carries both

26

its pectoral and ventral fins expanded to their full stretch,
but without the slightest perceptible motion; the original
impulse enabling it to prolong its flight to the distance of
two or three hundred yards. Sometimes it grazes the crest
ofa wave, gives two or three strokes with its tail, and flies
off again with renewed vigour. Flights of this length are,
however, but rarely taken, and but by individuals of full
growth; the ordinary flight, when a shoal of them dart up
together, seldom exceeding a few yards. With regard to
the assertion, that the Flying-fish is exposed to the talons of
aquatic birds, I have only to observe, that it is rather unusual
with aquatic birds to be furnished with talons; but if there
are any so provided, I will venture to say that they are not to
be found in the latitudes frequented by the Flying-jish.

* For some days before we made the land, we were warned
by a manifest change in the sea, of our approach towards the
head of the Bay of Bengal. From the deep indigo-blue of
the ocean, it passed imperceptibly into a dark olive-green.
Even in Balasore Road, where we lay for a night at anchor,
its colour was the same until about an hour before we weighed
anchor next morning, for the purpose of crossing the sand-
heads, when we observed it suddenly change to that of burnt
brick, approaching in a rapid current from Point Palmyras,
and before our anchor was up, the whole Bay, as far as we
could see, was of the same colour. This phenomenon was
caused by freshes in the River Kannaka descending with the
ebb-tide, and diffusing themselves over the Bay.

* We were but a few hours under weigh, when we fell in
_ with a pilot-schooner, from which a pilot was sent on board

. to take charge of the ship. "There are twelve of these vessels
under the orders of the Marine Board in Calcutta, several of
which constantly ply off the sand-heads, for the purpose of
furnishing ships with pilots to conduct them through the
intricate navigation of the Hoogly. They are about 150 tons
burden, and each of them is commanded by a branch pilot,
having under him two masters, four mates, and as many
volunteers. The rate of pilotage from the sea to Calcutta is
from 100 rupees for a vessel of nine feet draught, to 600 for

27

ships of 23 feet. Foreign vessels are charged double, and
for all ships outward-bound there is an additional charge of
one-tenth.

«The Sand-Heads are the termination of five or six diver-
ging banks, separated by as many branches of the Hoogly,
and forming a submarine Delta, fifty miles in diameter; which
is annually enlarged by the spoils of the continent, carried
down by that river during the period of its inundation. We
sailed in through these banks, along what is termed the
Eastern Channel, till we arrived off Saugur Island, where
our progress was arrested by the ebb-tide, and we remained
for a night at anchor. At this point, the mouth of the river
is fifteen miles across, and displays an uniform expanse of
muddy water, running at the rate of five miles an hour.

« From the time we passed Saugur, the ship was constantly
surrounded with swarms of boats that issued from the creeks
and borders of the river, with bread, fish, fruit, eggs (for the
most part addled), and a variety of other minor articles.
These boats are of a peculiar form, resembling, in some
measure, those known on the west-coast of Scotland by the
name of Norway skiffs. They consist of a few stout planks
of teak, stitched together with the fibres of the cocoa nut;
and are plied with a rude sort of oars made of an oval piece
of board attached to a shaft of bamboo; the rowers squatted,
like so many tailors, on a kind of half deck of loose boards,
placed athwart-ships, while the steersman stands on the stern,
with a huge oar, which he manages so as to steer and scull
the boat at the same time. ‘The whole river is covered with
boats of this description, employed in fishing. The nets are
stretched across the stream, and suffered to float up and down
with the tide, Mine by means of small PESTRE or ee
of Bomba :

* Except the awkward fot of diir bonis "n ios :
rowing them, I could remark little to discriminate the Ben-
galees who ply on the Hoogly from the savages of the South
Sea Islands, as depicted by our circumnavigators. The most
prominent characters of both are similar ; a finely proportioned
figure, agreeable features, a glossy black skin, strong lank

28

hair, cut in the most fantastic fashion, noisy gabble, lively
gesticulation, and almost primeval nudity.

* After we passed Diamond Harbour, the scene became
more interesting. The tide usually rises from tweiity to
twenty-four feet, and the current, during the reflux, runs
down at the rate of eight miles an hour. The effect of this
prodigious rise and fall, so often repeated, was highly curious.
During low-water, the ship floated at the bottom, as it were,
of a broad canal, confined by high muddy banks, sloping at
an angle of twenty degrees; but at full tide, she was buoyed
up above the level of these banks; and we could see the
water bursting over them, and inundating the adjacent plains.
Over this space were scattered numerous small islands,
covered with groves of Mango-trees, and of Palmyra, and
Cocoa Palms, shading with their rich foliage the hamlets of
the peasantry. The inundated ground bore a crop of rice,
the stalk of which growing in proportion as the flood rises,
the ear is kept above the surface, and spreads a soft verdure
over the plain. . pA ases

* From this rich and delightful scenery, our eyes were
often attracted to objects of a very different nature. When
a Hindoo lies at the point of death, his relatives carry him
to the bank of the river, where they lay him along, and in
order to accelerate his departure, stuff his mouth and nostrils
with mud. . As soon as he has expired, the body is committed
to the stream, where it floats up and down with the tide,
until it is either swallowed by an alligator, or runs aground,
and becomes a prey to the jackals and vultures. = — .

...* This horrible practice, founded on the principles of the
Hindoo religion, renders the passage from Diamond Harbour
to Calcutta extremely disgusting to Europzeans, and entirely
destroys the pleasure they are so well disposed to enjoy, after
a tedious voyage, in surveying the beauties of the surround-
ing country. They cannot cast a look upon the passing
stream. without being shocked at the sight of numberless
human bodies bleached by the sun, buoyed up by their own
corruption, and devoured by the carrion crows that perch
on them as they float along; and should they glance their

29

eye to the banks, it is only to see the kites, vultures, herons,
and pariah dogs, actively engaged in the same work. The
shades of night relieve the eye from this revolting spectacle,
but these no sooner set in than the howlings of the wolves
and jackals assail the ear, and announce their approach to
partake of the same horrid banquet. A short residence in
the country, however, reconciles Europeans to all these
objects; and the water of the Hoogly is esteemed by our
seamen next to that of the Thames. The natives them-
selves, it is hardly necessary to say, are so indifferent, that
I one day saw a Hindoo washing his mouth at a small eddy
of the river, where a putrid body lay floating directly under
his nose. ks

«The banks of the Hoogly, for five or six miles below
Calcutta, are distinguished by the name of the Garden Reach,
a name derived, probably, from the Botanic Garden which
occupies a great part of that space along the right bank,
while the left is adorned with a succession of elegant villas.
In sailing up to Calcutta, after passing the Dock-yard, we
first come to Fort- William, situated on the left bank of the
river. Built on a low alluvial plain, the external appearance
of this fortress presents nothing grand or imposing; but on
entering within its gates, every one must be struck with the
extent, regularity, and beauty of its works. ‘Towards the
river, the outworks approach within a hundred yards of the
water. The ditch is very broad, and one half of it is regularly
filled by the tide. The scarp is double, with an intermediate
berme of twenty-five feet, strengthened by an impenetrable
hedge of Trophis aspera. The lower scarp is on a level with
the plain; the upper elevated so as to command the glacis.
Platforms in brick-work are laid all around. the ramparts
for 32-pounder guns, on which, including the outworks, a
train of 400 pieces of cannon may be mounted. With
a view to preserve the beauty of the works, the ramparts
are not cut for embrasures, nor are the guns mounted. ` In
this climate, artillery, and more especially gun-carriages,
exposed to the weather, become speedily unserviceable.» Even
the ramparts themselves would soon yield under the com-

30

bined influence of the sun and rain. Add to this, that the
command of labour in Calcutta is so great, that, in case of
sudden alarm, the whole works will be completed for service
in the course of a few hours.

* Fort- William contains an extensive armoury, a cannon
foundery, a bazar or market-place, and excellent barracks
for 2000 infantry. So far as concerns the Europzean garrison,
the duty of the Fort is abundantly easy. The main guard
consists of a captain, two subalterns, and sixty privates, who
have no other duty to perform but to lounge about the guard-
house for twenty-four hours, and pay the customary honours
to such general officers as pass near their post in the morning
and evening. From seven o’clock in the morning, till five in
the afternoon, they pay no compliments, but strip off their
uniform, and lie down on couches under the verandah of the
guard-house. A guard of a subaltern and thirty privates
. mounts over the Vizier Ali, confined in one of the magazines,
which has been converted for his sake into a state prison,
and where this unlucky chieftain has been incarcerated for
the last fifteen years.

* The defence of the gates abd works of the Fort i is en-
trusted to the Seapoys, or native troops, a battalion of whom
is constantly on duty here, and relieved monthly from the
native cantonment at Barrackpore. ‘These Seapoys are most
admirable sentinels. The punctuality with which they exe-
cute the orders given to them, admits of no relaxation. There
is a strict prohibition against the introduction of wine or
spirits into the Fort for the use of the troops; and the schemes
by which the Europzean soldiers endeavour to evade it are
sometimes uncommonly ingenious; but they hardly ever escape
the vigilance of the Seapoys; and the number of the punish-
ments for this offence is as creditable to the one as it is dis-
graceful to the other. Every delinquency of this nature is
tried by a garrison court-martial, composed of the officers of
the main guard, with two subalterns from the garrison; and
the usual award is twenty or thirty days' solitary confinement
on bread and water. The system of corporal punishment is
fast dying away throughout the army in India. There was but

3l

one instance of it during our stay in Fort- William, and that
was in the case of a native artilleryman, who was convicted
of desertion, and after receiving his punishment, instantly
dismissed the service. If corporal punishment were always,
as in this instance, followed by dismissal, it might still have
its use in the army, as applicable to cases of inveterate delin-
quency, but, as it has hitherto been administered, no man
possessed of the ordinary feelings of humanity will regret that
it is falling into disuse.

* At the time we arrived in Bengal, the annual inundation
of the Ganges was at its highest point, and the waters just
beginning to abate. "The weather was extremely sultry, and
seldom refreshed by a breeze. Showers of rain, accompanied
with lightning, fell almost daily. The ordinary range of the
thermometer was from 86? to 90? in the shade, and it rarely
sunk more than two or three degrees during the night. _

* The soldiers began very soon to suffer from the diseases
of the climate. Bilious fevers, and affections of the liver,
degenerating into obstinate dysenteries, carried numbers of
them to their graves. "These distempers, virulent under the
most favourable circumstances, were aggravated in a tenfold
degree by that intemperance in the use of spirituous liquors,
which forms the deepest stain on the character of a British
soldier. The ration of provisions allowed to the soldier by
the India Company is extremely liberal; but the practice of
issuing out spirits, as part of it, is attended with the most -
ruinous consequences, and causes, I am well convinced, the
loss of one-half of the Europzan soldiers that perish in India.

* The recruits sent out to the King's regiments are mostly
young lads, who are slightly, if at all, tainted with the vice of
drinking. By a general, but most pernicious regulation,
these youths are daily plied, during the voyage, with an —
allowance of half a pint of ardent spirits, which the greater -
number of them reject at first with loathing. But the force -
of example, and the ridicule of their more debauched asso-

-ciates, soon conquer their scruples, and they learn in due
time to swallow their dram without reluctance. Thus, by
the time they arrive in India, they are pretty well prepared.

32

for the unlimited use of that poison, which its extreme cheap-
ness in this country enables them to indulge in; and, speedily
degenerating into confirmed drunkards, are either prematurely
cut off, or become an useless burden on the service.

* [t has been remarked that, notwithstanding the daily issue
of spirits to troops on board ship, they are less sickly during
the longest voyage than they ever are in quarters. The reason
is obvious. In the former case, they are restricted to a
moderate allowance, regularly distributed; and were it pos-
sible to limit the consumption to the same quantity in quarters,
no mischief would accrue from indulging the soldier to that
extent; but as matters stand, it is notorious that the gra-
tuitous dram acts merely as a stimulus, provoking an irresist-
ible thirst that is not to be quenched on this side of brutal
intoxication.

** À great number of Palankeens attend pie at the
Fort, where they wait, like so many hackney-coaches, for
employment, at the rate of a rupee (half a crown) a day.
Each palankeen is borne by four bearers, and is usually
attended by a fifth, who carries a large umbrella to shade
the sunny side of the vehicle. A person may either sit in it
or stretch himself at full length, and is carried along in the
easiest manner imaginable, at the rate of four or five miles
. an hour. Officers, on their arrival from a cold climate, are
apt to disdain this mode of conveyance as bordering too near
on effeminacy. But whatever may be thought of it in the
country, the palankeen is indispensable in Calcutta, where
the crowds of foot passengers, hackeries, and beasts of burden,
raise such volumes of dust, and obstruct the way in such a
manner, that the streets are rendered in a great measure im-
passable. The heat is, moreover, so intense, and the air so
close and sultry, that a person languishes directly under a
profuse perspiration, that renders his clothes as wet as if he
had plunged over head and ears in the Hoogly.

* 'The theory of the subdivision of labour may not, perhaps,
be quite familiar to the hirelings of Bengal; but I will ven-
ture to say, that no class of people have reduced it more
systematically to practice. The instant you arrive at Calcutta,

33

you are surrounded by a set of men called Sircars, who show
you a profusion of certificates testifying to their honesty,
diligence, and so forth. They are a sort of small brokers,
who seek to be employed in providing you with clothing,
furniture, every thing, in short, that a stranger requires, and
knows not where to look for. Among other necessaries,
they will provide you with servants, for whose honesty they
promise to be responsible; and such as arrive here without
friends to receive them, must have recourse to this mode of
equipment, though it frequently exposes them to the grossest
impositions.

** To consider the number of these fellows that contrive to
insinuate themselves into your service, would be laughable, if
it were not such a grievous burden on your finances. "They
pretend to justify it on the score of their religion. It is
against one man's caste to clean your shoes, against another's
to brush your coat; the barber who shaves your chin would
lose his caste were he to touch the basin in which you wash;
and the man who makes your bed confines his services to
that office. When I arrived in Fort- William, my Sircar fur-
nished me with three servants, and I thought him abundantly
liberal, but when I came to settle accounts at the end of the ~
month, I found my domestic establishment was swelled to no
less than nine. Every one of the principals had his deputy,
and of the deputies several had their assistants. H

“It is hardly possible to guard against the roguery of énoh
a crowd of idle people, constantly on the alert to take advan-
tage of your carelessness or inexperience: every stray article
is sure to disappear; no matter how small its value, they can
turn it to account. But the most serious danger is, that your
Sircar, or the servant who has charge of your keys and your
purse, should prove dishonest. ‘Toaman whose daily expen-
diture is less than a penny, a few hundred rupees would be a
fortune for life. Such a temptation, therefore, is hardly to be
resisted, where the means of escape are so easy; and should
he yield to it, and run away, it is ten to one that the Sircar
who recommended him will abscond also, and leave you with-
out the smallest chance of recovering your property. d

VOL, III. -D

34

« The city of Calcutta stands to the north of Fort-William,
leaving a clear esplanade of about a thousand yards. What-
ever may have been the case with the territorial possessions,
the improvement of the capital, under the Company’s govern-
ment, has been rapid beyond example. Within the memory
of thousands, still alive, Calcutta was a miserable rush-built
Indian village, without commerce or police, At this day it
embraces a population of half a million; its harbour, compre-
hending the whole course of the river downward, displays the
flags of all the nations in the universe; and its native mer-
chants, secure in the fruition of their riches, are seen driving
along its streets and environs, in London-built carriages,
drawn by Arabian horses,

* The English part of the city, called Chouringee, is built
in a style of superior elegance, The precautions adopted to
obviate the effects of a burning climate have been such as to
give scope for the display of a great deal of taste in orna-
mental building. The houses are surrounded with verandahs
supported by columns of all the ancient orders, and perhaps
a few more. Tbe windows are numerous, to admit a free
circulation of air, and the excess of light is softened by green
Venetian blinds. During the prevalence of the hot winds the
doors and windows are shaded with mats, made of the roots
of the Kuskus (Andropogon muricatus), which being kept con-
stantly wetted, communicate a refreshing coolness and balmy
odour to the air in passing through them. To aid this refri-
gerating process, the apartments are usually furnished with
Punkabs, a gigantic sort of fan, consisting of a frame of wood
in the form of a parallelogram, covered with calico, and
extending nearly the whole length ofthe room. This machine
is suspended from the ceiling, and kept in constant motion

over the heads of the company by an attendant, who pulls a
cord attached to its lower edge.

** Calcutta is surrounded by extensive tracts of wooded and
marshy ground, which, in the hot season, send forth such
swarms of winged insects, that the inhabitants suffer the tor-
ments of a plague of Egypt. In the day-time they hardly
show themselves, but no sooner are the apartments lighted for

35

the evening, than they pour in in myriads from all quarters,
and flying directly towards the light, speedily extinguish it
under piles of the dying and the dead. Such as escape with
the loss of their wings, drop down, and crawl on the table, or
into the dishes and wine-Glasses, leaving it at the option of
the party concerned either to swallow them or to fish them
out. To guard against this source of annoyance, the candles
are usually covered with glass shades, but thus prevented from
destroying themselves, these little tormentors fly about the
room at random, and you have to guard your mouth, eyes,
and bosom, from their intrusion. "Their variety is infinite,
but the most offensive of the whole is a small green Cimez,
which attaches itself more particularly to your clothes, dif-
fusing all round the genuine odour of the bug. "The only
one which forbears to annoy you at this period is the Moskito,
but it is only to attack you at leisure after you have retired to
bed.

* The Botanic Garden is situated on the right bank of the
Hoogly, some miles below Calcutta, and occupies an area of
five miles in circuit. It was originally established about 30
years ago, and by the unremitted attention of Dr. Roxburgh,
who superintended it till within these few years, its catalogue
of plants amounts already to four thousand. After his return
to Europe it was for some time neglected, but is now placed
under the charge of another experienced botanist (Dr. Wal-
lich), whose zeal for the science promises to rival that of his
predecessor. 'The assemblage of plants from the eastern
boundary of Bengal, Silhet, the Garrow and Nepaul Moun-
tains, is peculiarly interesting. The Cape plants do not
thrive here, nor is it surprising, as no soils can be more oppo-
site in their qualities than the rich alluvial loam of Bengal
and the hard gravelly clay of Southern Africa. =

“The garden is peculiarly rich in Palms, the constant
intercourse between Bengal and the Indian Archipelago
having been the means of introducing a great variety of
this elegant family of plants. Among others, a fine grove
of a rare species, the Sagus Rumphii, presses itself on the

attention. It has been supposed by many persons that the
D2

36

first idea of the Gothic column and arch was suggested by
the stem and fronds of the Palm. If any thing could confirm
in that opinion such as entertain it, it would be the appear-
ance of this grove, than which nothing can approach nearer
to the finest specimens of that style of architecture. The
trees are arranged in regular avenues, crossing each other at
right angles, and the height of the stems is so equal, and the
arching of the fronds so true, that I could hardly persuade
myself that such perfect symmetry could be attained without
the assistance ofart. The foliage is so thick overhead, that not
a ray of light can penetrate from above, and so completely is
vegetation destroyed in the shade, that while walking through
it, I fancied myself treading the cold paved floor of a Gothic
cathedral. |

* [ also observed in the Garden some fine specimens of the
Palmyra or Toddy Palm (Borassus flabelliformis), called in
India * Taul or Tala? The Palmyra and the Cocoa (Cocos
nucifera) are extensively cultivated throughout Bengal, and
both of them are remarkable for the variety of useful purposes
to which they are subservient. From both of them is extracted
the liquor called Toddy, which is procured by cutting off the
flower-stalk, and attaching to the stump of it a bottle, a joint
of bamboo, or a calabash, to receive the sap that flows copi-
ously from the wound. This sap tastes exactly like the milk
of the cocoa-nut, and possesses an aperient virtue which
recommends it to the generality of Europæan settlers, but it
must be used very soon after it has been collected, otherwise
it begins to ferment, and acquires an intoxicating quality.
This fermented liquor, subjected to distillation, yields an
ardent spirit of the most pernicious kind, known by the name
of pariah arrack. "The annual produce of one of these trees
is valued at eight or ten rupees. The crust of the Palmyra
stem is extremely hard, and split into five or six divisions is
used in constructing huts and bungaloes. The leaves resemble
those of the Latania, and are used as hand-punkahs or fans;
for which purpose the loose extremities are pared off to a cer-
tain form, and the border secured by a net-work of wire.
These fans are usually painted of a variety of gaudy colours.

37

Separated longitudinally, according to the natural division of
the leaf, the segments of it are used by the natives to write on
in lieu of paper. They trace the characters with an iron stile,
by a series of punctures through the cuticle of the leaf, and
render the writing legible by smearing it over with a compo-
sition of lamp-black and cocoa-nut oil.

“ There is a singular bird, of the Heron tribe, that fre-
quents the environs of Calcutta during the rainy season, the
Ardea dubia, I believe, of Linnzus. It stands five feet high.
Its bill is eighteen inches long, triangular, tapering to a point,
and roughened by the exfoliation of its substance; the eyes
small, and of a pale blue colour. Its head and neck are
covered with a few straggling black hairs instead of feathers,
Its breast, belly, interscapulary region, greater wing-covers,
and tertiary quill feathers, are ash-coloured; and its wings,
back, and tail, dark blue. Its legs are white, and peculiarly
long and slender. But what distinguishes it from all other
birds, is a cylindrical membraneous pouch that depends from
the base of the neck, while the upper part of it appears like a
large puckered wen between the shoulders, It has the power
of inflating or contracting this bag at pleasure., In the former
state it measures eighteen inches in length, and about four
inches in diameter. For what use this grotesque appendage
serves the bird I never could learn, It is generally believed
to be the crop, in which the bones, that constitute a great .
proportion of its food, are macerated. "This opinion, how-
ever, I cannot assent to, for though I watched many hundreds
of them in the act of swallowing large bones, I never could
trace the progress of one to the pouch.

* These birds, which are known by the nickname of Adju-
tants, from the peculiar solemnity, perhaps, of their strut,
resort in myriads to Fort-William, where the large consump- -
tion of beef and mutton yields them a copious supply of their
favourite food. Every day at one o'clock, they regularly -
take their stand in front of the barracks, and furnish a fund of
amusement to the soldiers by their scrambling and quarrelling
for the fragments that are tossed among them. The larger
beef-bones occasion them some trouble in arranging their

38
parallelism with the bill, but I never saw an instance of any
being rejected on account of its size.

“ The voracity of the Adjutant encourages soldiers to play
off their wit at times in rather a cruel manner. An instance
of this kind occurred lately, when a mutton-bone, charged
with gunpowder and a lighted fusee, was tossed among a flock
of them, and the unlucky individual, to whose lot it fell,
instantly blown to pieces. The perpetrator of this inhuman
prank was tried by a court-martial, and deservedly flogged.

“These birds inherit a great share of the dulness and
apparent stupidity of their tribe. In the day-time, they stand
for hours motionless in the squares of the Fort, some on one
leg, some on both, and by way of varying their posture, occa-
sionally squat upon their hams, or lie fairly down on their
belly. At night, they perch upon the battlements of the
Fort, or among the topmost branches of Uvaria longifolia,
that shade its squares, where they roost, insensible to the
intrusion of a whole legion of Flying Foxes (Vespertilio Vam-
pyrus), that resort every evening to these trees to feed upon
their fruit. E

“The annual festival in honour of the Hindoo divinity
Doorga Pooja, was celebrated in Calcutta on the 9th, 10th,
and 11th October. During that period the whole city was in
an uproar, and exhibited a spectacle resembling what we read
of Venice at the time of'the Carnival: religious processions
during the day, and at night the houses of the principal inha-
bitants illuminated, and thrown open for the reception of all.
well-dressed people. These houses are built in the form of a
hollow square, and on occasion ofthe festival the central court
is covered over with an awning, and the ground with a car-
pet. "Three sides of it are occupied with seats for the com-
pany; on the side fronting the entrance is an elevated recess
wherein the image of the godess, in a recumbent attitude, is
exposed to view, carved in wood, and gorgeous with finery.
This recess is hallowed ground, which all may gaze on, but
none are permitted to enter. In the céntre of the area stand
two or three Natches, or dancing girls, clothed in flowing
robes of silk bedaubed with tinsel, who sing and dance in

39

honour of the divinity, accompanied by as many performers

on a musical instrument resembling a guitar. In this music

there is little that is interesting to an Europzan, in the sing-

ing less, and in the dancing nothing at all. These women,
with their dark complexion, dishevelled locks, and distorted

attitudes, appear like so many witches in masquerade.

* Kuropzeans are admitted to the Natches, as these fêtes
are termed, without scruple; but officers in uniform are
received with peculiar distinction, a visit from them being
looked upon as a great favour. As soon as they enter, the
master of ceremonies ushers them forward to the post of
honour, next to Doorga, and after they have sate down

sprinkles them over with áta of roses.

* These festivals are the drain by which the revenue of
the opulent Hindoos returns into the general circulation.
The household expenditure of these people is extremely
moderate, but a single festival will cost from 20,000 rupees
to ten times as much, in alms to the poor, donations to the
priests, and decorations to a wooden image, which is, after
a few days’ parade, tossed unceremoniously into the river. A
man may be very religious, and expend profusely from
motives of conscience; vanity, or the spirit of emulation,
may urge another to equal extravagance. But taking man-
kind in the gross, it may safely be assumed that there are few,
who, after exerting all their faculties in the accumulation of
money, will not feel some reluctance in dissipating it with so
little enjoyment, and I question whether this is not the part
of their religious duties which the Hindoos perform with the
least alacrity, and one, the frequent recurrence of which,
would go farthest to shake the principles of their faith. If
the Europzans could, by the force of example, lead the ©
- wealthy Hindoos to enlarge the scale of their personal expen-
diture, it would tend to give them a disrelish for the unmean-
ing festivals of Doorga Pooja, and pave the way in all pro-
bability for a more ceconomical creed.

“ This is a change, however, not likely to be bronght
about in a hurry. The prominent talent of the British does
not appear to be that of conciliation. We have had large

40

establishments in India for upwards of a century, and our
influence extends now over the whole of this immense region;
yet that influence, all powerful as it is in political and com-
mercial affairs, has not had the slightest effect in approxi-
mating the natives to us in a social point of view. The
manners, the dress, and the domestic ceconomy, of those
even who are in the habit of daily and hourly intercourse
with us, are the same as they were the first day we set foot
in India. i
* Religion has lent her aid to strengthen and perpetuate
the difference which originally existed between the manners
of the Hindoos and those of their conquerors. With the for-
mer, religion is omnipotent, it prescribes their food, their
dress, their trade, and every action of their life. With the
latter, its mandates too often go for nothing, or, if they pro-
duce any effect, it is by their tacit influence on the moral
conduct. The Hindoo bears a superstitious veneration for
every thing possessed of life: the Briton venerates nothing,
but sacrifices all, without distinction, to his appetite or his
amusement. The former worships 833 millions of gods,
male or female, some with two arms, some with two hundred;
the latter, so far as can be gathered from his actions, wor-
ships neither god nor goddess. So little influence, unhap-
pily, indeed, does religion appear to possess over our conduct,
that the more intelligent Hindoos regard us as a nation of
enlightened Atheists, and would look upon conformity to
our faith as tantamount to the abjuration of all religion.
“The military force of the Presidency of Bengal consists
of two regiments of light dragoons and six of infantry,
King's troops: one regiment of Company's Europzan artil-
lery, eight regiments of native cavalry, and thirty of native
infantry, each of two battalions of 1000 rank and file. With
such a force judiciously managed, the Governor-General had
good reason to look for a speedy and successful issue to the
war in Nepaul. His anticipations were, however, disap-
pointed, and the determined resistance and repulse sustained
at the opening of the campaign, made a deep impression on
his Lordship's mind. In the first alarm he sent off for

Al

reinforcements far and near, to Java, Ceylon, Mauritius, and
the Cape. The successive arrival in the Hoogly of troops
from all these stations, was the first and only intimation the
Council had of their having been called for, and as the panic
was by this time considerably abated, our reception was not
quite so cordial as we expected. It was shortly after decided
that the greater part of the auxiliaries should be sent back
to their respective stations.

* On the 19th of November we were ordered on board a
flotilla of small sloops which were to convey us to our trans-
ports anchored off Saugur; and I embarked in the head- |
quarter ship, the Lucy and Maria. Saugur is the most
westerly of a vast series of islands which, under the general
name of Sunderbunds, form the base of the gigantic Delta.
These islands are covered, for the most part, with impene-
trable forests, intermingled with Jungle Grass (Saccharum
spontaneum), that grows to the height of 12 or 15 feet, and
affords a secure retreat to the wild hogs, deer, and royal -
tigers, the joint possessors of this pestilential territory. The
latter are so numerous and so bold, that it is dangerous to `
cast anchor near the islands, or to navigate the creeks that
separate them. It was no more than a week since two
natives were carried off from boats approaching too near
the shore, one of MEA was Eve umet fon mcn to
Calcutta, = © gr

« We sniled-from figu im 24th Norétahitt; iride:
breeze, that soon wafted us beyond the dangers of the Sand.
Heads. We had every reason to be satisfied with the ship
and the accommodations provided for us on this voyage.
In all contracts for the conveyance of troops, the Indian -
government stipulates with the master of the ship for mess- -
ing the officers. For this purpose the usual tocó is
six rupees per day for each officer, four of which are charged —
to the Honourable Company, and two to the indivi et
'The Lucy and Maria, I may observe, is the same ship, hei
called the Trowbridge, i in which I went from the Cape to
Mauritius: She is a stout, teak-built vessel, registered at
715 tons, but, so wide is the difference between the regis- -

42

tered and the real tonnage of some vessels, that Captain

Barclay assured me, his cargo, the last voyage he made to

England, weighed upwards of 1300 tons. It is only mixed

ladings, however, that can be stowed to this amount; a cer-

tain proportion of heavy goods, such as saltpetre, rice, or

sugar, paying a freight of about £15, with light goods, such

as cotton, &c. at 50 cubic feet the ton, and yielding a freight

of £18. He made the last voyage, from Calcutta to the

Thames and back again, in 12 months. Her freight for the

voyage was £20,000, and all expenses of repair, wages, &c.

came to about half that sum. The original cost of building

her was £40,000, and the materials are of so superior a

quality, that she will wear well to the age of fifty years.

All her cables and standing rigging are made of Coire (the

fibres of the cocoa-nut). Ropes fabricated from this mate-

rial, with certain preparations, are reckoned much superior to

those made of hemp. The strands are dipped in a compo-

sition of tar and fish-oil, and deprived of all the superfluous

stuff by means of a machine before they are twisted together.
This preparation renders them indestructible either by fresh

or salt water. Coire cables are so buoyant as to float in -
water, which saves them from wearing against the bottom in
foul ground.

* Our voyage was pleasant, but unreasonably tedious,
owing to baffling winds and long protracted calms. Our
chief amusement on the passage was the usual one of catch-
ing sharks and bonitos. We killed a great number of the
former, and among the rest, a blue shark (Squalus glaucus)
10 feet long, with a couple of sucking fishes sticking to its
side. On opening its stomach we found nothing in it but
two or three small fishes of the genus Tetrodon, and a tin
porringer half full of burgou, that had dropped overboard
in the morning. The shark is usually surrounded by a
group of Pilot-fishes, which play about it in the same man-
ner as a flock of small birds are sometimes seen playing
round an owl. "The attachment that prompts animals of
such opposite natures to associate with each other is gener-
ally believed to be reciprocal. It appears to me, however,

A3

to be exclusively confined to one of the parties, the Pilot-
Jish, and to be neither more nor less than a parasitical attach-
ment, founded on the frequent opportunities it enjoys of
picking up the small scraps scattered about by its ravenous
associate in the act of devouring its prey.

* The Sucking-fishes (Echeneis Remora) are not so constant
in their attendance on the shark as the pilot-fish, but when
they do accompany it, I have no doubt they are urged by
the same selfish motive. When fatigued with its own exer-
tions, the Remora fixes itself on the shark, and is carried
along without any further effort than that of sticking fast.
The instrument of adhesion is a flat process covering the
crown of the head, and surrounded with a fleshy border. It
consists of seventeen transverse bony plates, overlapping
each other, and divided by a longitudinal septum. When
this instrument is to be put to use, the Remora applies the
crown of its head to the skin of the shark, then raises the
bony plates on their edge, like the plates of a Venetian blind,
while the fleshy border adhering firmly prevents any com-
munication from without, and thus a vacuum is formed
which it requires a strong force to overcome. The outer
edge of the plates is rough like a file, to prevent their sliding
along the object against which they are applied. "The ordi-
nary colour of the Remora is purple, but it possesses the
faculty of changing it suddenly from that to pulberhite,
This I had an opportunity of rep y « dn
two individuals we caught, which I dins dive for a ebole
day in a bucket of water.

* In the organization of this singular little. fish, we have
to admire the wisdom of nature in the adaptation of means
to ends. Why the Remora should be furnished with the
means of transporting itself by foreign assistance, is a ques-
tion which no one, so far as I know, has attempted. to solve.
But having been so furnished, we can easily perceive that
the instrument has been placed on the only part of its whole
body where it could perform its functions with effect. The
Cyclopteri are provided with an apparatus intended for a
similar purpose. In them it is situated on the breast, but as

A4.

they adhere to fixed bodies, it might be placed on the head,
belly, or side, and still serve the end in view. In the
Remora, on the contrary, designed to adhere only to moving
bodies, and to be carried along by them, the crown of the
head is the only part where the sucker could be placed so
as to be used with safety to the animal, If it were placed
on the chin, it would impede the action of the gills, and on
any central part, such as the breast, belly, or side, the fish
could not preserve its parallelism with the moving body
without greater exertion and fatigue than the use of the
instrument could save, and if it once yielded to the force of
the water, the anterior part of the body would bend back,
and the spine perhaps would be broken before it could dis-
engage itself.” — :

In 1817, one of those circumstances which enable the
enterprising officer to distinguish himself, even in times of
peace, furnished Captain Carmichael with an opportunity of
extending his scientific knowledge. The British Govern-
ment having deemed it expedient to take possession of
Tristan da Cunha, motives of curiosity led the subject of
our memoir to apply for permission to accompany this expe-
dition, which embarked in November, 1816. "The detach-
ment consisted of about 50 men, with a captain, 2 subalterns,
and a medical officer. Captain Carmichael has detailed the
result of his observations on the natural history and produc-
tions of that remote and little known island, in a paper, pub-
lished in the Linnzan Transactions, which procured him
considerable attention, being the first distinct account that had
been given of the spot in question. His name was accordingly
associated with Tristan da Cunha, and he has frequently
told me, that his astonishment was not small, when on revi-
siting Britain, he found himself enrolled among the Fellows
of the Linnzan Society, and styled “ of Tristan da Cunha.”

As Captain Carmichael’s account of Tristan da Cunha is
published in a work necessarily of very limited circulation,

45

and as this memoir of his life would be imperfect without
some notice of it, some extracts from it shall now follow.

* We sailed from Table Bay on the 2d November, 1816;
a liberal supply of agricultural instruments, with a team of
labouring oxen, and some cattle for breeding, having been
sent on board at the same time. Two days after, we encoun-
tered a heavy gale, during which, the animals, standing
unsheltered on the deck, were so much injured by the roll-
ing of the ship and by the sea washing over them, that they
all died before we arrived at our destination, The westerly
winds, which usually prevail in the high southern latitudes,
protracted our voyage to the 28th November, but we had
the good fortune to come to anchor in fine weather, and
landed all the stores without loss or damage.

* Tristan da Cunha is situated in 37? 6 S. lat, and in 11° ©
44/ W.long. The whole island is apparently a solid mass of
rock in the form of a truncated cone, rising abruptly from
the sea, and ascending at an angle of 45 degrees to the height
of 3,000 feet. This mass is surmounted by a dome 5,000
feet high, on the summit of which is the crater of an old
extinguished volcano.

* The island is of a circular form, kad about nine leagues
in circumference. In various places the sea beats home
against the salient angles of the mountain, rendering it
impossible to walk round the island. Between those points
a narrow beach has been formed, by the gradual accumula-
tion of the fragments of rock daily precipitated from above,
and is covered in some few places with a layer of fine black
sand resembling gunpowder, which is, however, kept in
constant motion, being washed away by one gale, snd cast |
up by the next. ©
. — *'The face of the mountain, as far as ; the ess of the

dome, is mostly covered with brushwood, intermixed with |
fern and long grass, which veil its native ruggedness. — In
many parts, however, it is completely bare, and presents to
view the edges of a vast number of strata, arranged horizon-
tally, or at slight degrees of elevation. These strata. are
generally 5—10 feet thick, and vary essentially in their i inter-

46

nal structure. ‘The greater number are of solid rock, of a
bluish-gray colour and extreme hardness, in some instances
homogeneous, in others exhibiting crystals of hornblende,
felspar, and olivine, sparingly scattered, or forming more
than a moiety of the compound mass. Between these, are
frequently interposed beds of scoria, cohering from the effect
of partial fusion; of tufa, studded with crystals of augite; or
of ashes, condensed by the pressure of the superincumbent
mass. The latter, still retaining in a great measure their
friable nature, moulder gradually away, and leave the more
compact strata in projecting shelves.

The mountain appears to have been rent asunder by
some violent convulsion, and the fissures filled up by a hard
stony mass, of a bluish or reddish colour, and of the nature
of trap, forming regular veins, the ramifications of which
can be traced by the eye to a great height in the face of the
rock. The sides of these veins, where they come in contact
with the rock, are invariably in a semi-vitrified state, and
exhibit obscure marks of crystallization. Along the north-
west side of the island there runs a belt of low land, about
six miles long, varying from a quarter of a mile to a mile in
breadth, and presenting to the sea a perpendicular front,
from 50 to 300 feet high. The whole of this plain is a con-
fused assemblage of stony fragments, scoria, and other vol-
canic products, resting on a bed of lava. All these matters |
are in a progressive state of disintegration, and the greater
part of them reduced to mere nuclei imbedded in their con-
stituent elements in the state of a black indurated earth.

* The northern extremity of the plain is, in a great mea-
sure, cleared of its wood. By setting fire to the grass, the -
trees have been so far scorched as to destroy their vegeta-
tion, but they still lie strewed along the ground, and it
will cost some labour to remove them. The rest is yet ina
state of nature, covered with an impenetrable copse.

* The surface of the plain, though apparently smooth and
even, while clothed with its native herbage, is in fact
extremely irregular, being everywhere broken by small
ridges of loose stones, concealed under a mere scurf of soil.

AG

Between those ridges, however, the soil is pretty deep, and
consists for the most part of the remains of decayed vegetables,
with here and there a substratum of alluvial earth, approach-
ing to the nature of clay. It is soft, spongy, and retentive
of moisture, and possesses most of the characters of peat.
This soil has been found admirably adapted for the produc-
tion of culinary vegetables, but is far too light to support
the weight of trees or large shrubs.

* This plain is the onde part of the island that is the least
susceptible of cultivation, and serious obstacles oppose the
conversion even of this to the purposes of agriculture.
With the exception of the few spots already mentioned,
where the earth washed down by the rain has accumulated,
the whole of the ground, before it will be fit to receive the
plough, must undergo a regular trenching in order to remove
the scattered stones, and to loosen the hard earth, which lies
immediately underneath the surface, and incorporate it with
the vegetable mould. After this preliminary operation, there
can be no doubt that the soil will yield a fair return in all
sorts of Europzean grain.

* The ascent to the peak is practicable i in sundry places,
but the undertaking is attended with serious difficulties and
not free from danger. I went up on the 4th of January,
accompanied by Dr. Evans, a couple of servants, and a
guide, who had been there some days before. Weexperienced
some obstruction at the outset, in making our way through
the long grass (Spartina arundinacea) which grows along
the lower part of the mountain in close entangled tufts. As
we advanced, our progress was retarded by the extreme
steepness of the ascent, and the loose incohesive nature of
the rocks, which we could hardly venture to touch, lest their
fragments should fall upon our heads, nor did we run less
risk in availing ourselves of the branches of the arborescent
Phylica to support our weight, for the greater proportion of
these being rotten, we were obliged to choose with caution,
as a mistake might prove fatal. After a laborious effort of
three hours, however, we gained the table land, and there
discovered, to our mortification, that the upper region of

48

the mountain was completely obscured. Urged by a strong
west wind, the cloud broke from time to time against the
sides of the dome, and gaye us a transient view of the peak
at a height and distance that were by no means encouraging.
After resting, however, for a few minutes, we proceeded
across the base of the dome, trusting that the cloud would
be dissipated by the meridian sun; nor were we in this
respect altogether disappointed. . In the meantime, we found
the ground, as we advanced, a perfect swamp, studded with
tufts of small rushy plants, that gave way under the slightest
pressure. Here also we had to pass through extensive
patches of fern (Lomaria robusta), the stems of which, like
junks of old cable, trail along the ground, and cross and
recross one another in such an intricate manner, that it
required all our circumspection to avoid stumbling over
them. Further on, the ground becomes more firm, but is
perforated in all directions by the various species of Petrel,
which resort in myriads to the island during the season of
incubation and burrow in the earth. The weaker tribes of
these birds are devoured in vast numbers by the Skua Gulls,
which pounce upon them as they come out of their holes in
the evening, and leave nothing but the bones and feathers to
attest the havoc made amongst them. The surface of the
dome is furrowed on every side with ravines, which take
their rise among the scoria of the peak, deepen as they
descend, and open in tremendous chasms on the edge of the
precipice. The various portions of the surface thus cut off
in a great measure from all mutual communication, grow
narrower and narrower as you approach the base of the
peak, and dwindle at last into bare ridges of scoria, so sharp
and so steep, that the wild goats of the mountain dare hardly
venture to tread them. That ridge, in particular, over
which we must either have passed, or returned without
accomplishing our object, is, for at least 50 yards, not more
than 12 inches in diameter. The wind blowing in violent
gusts at the time rendered it the more difficult to maintain
that strict equilibrium of body, the slightest bias from which,
either to one side or the other, would precipitate any of us

49

in an instant to the depth of several hundred feet. We got
safely over it, however, though with some trepidation, and
in a manner as various, I believe, as the number of our party
would admit of.

* A short way beyond this ridge, vegetation ceases; not
so much, however, owing to the elevation of the ground, as
from the total want of any kind of soil wherein plants may fix
their roots. From this point to the summit, a distance of
about a mile and a half, the whole is a mass of scoria, frag-
ments of cellular lava, and all sorts of volcanic refuse, con-
stantly slipping under your feet, and rendering the toil of
ascending excessive. For nearly a mile, we walked along
a ridge of blue lava, which seems to have been at one time
covered over, but afterwards left exposed by the recession of
the loose matters which covered it. In grain and colour it
resembles the veins which intersect the island mass; but is
disposed on the slightest stroke to break into small amor-
phous fragments. ^

* The crater is nearly a mile in circumference, its borde
is irregular, the south side being 200 or 300 feet higher
than the north, by which we ascended. At the bottom of it
there is a pool of water about 150 yards in diameter, to
which the descent by the north side is gradual and easy.
Its depth appears to be inconsiderable, as we could discover
the bottom more than half-way across, and its border is
covered with rounded fragments of cellular lava, which float
about at the humour of the breeze. The water is pure, and
untainted with any mineral solution. From the peak we
could discern the distant ocean on all sides, over the cloud
which still shrouded the lower part of the dome, but no part
of the low land can be seen at any time, being covered by the
projection of the table land. I found several mosses on the
summit of the peak, and some lichens, among others the
L. paschalis. There was also a large patch of snow a con-
siderable way down its side, and another within the crater.

_ Besides the principal crater, which terminates the peak,
there are several others scattered over the declivity of the
dome, which must have rested for ages quiescent, as they

VOL. III. E

50

are now covered with verdure. Two of these are situated
near the edge of the table land, looking down on the land-
ing place.

* As we walked down the mountain on our return, we
passed among flocks of albatrosses, engaged in the process
of incubation, or tending their young. There are four
species of them that breed on the island, none of which
hatches more than one egg at a time, the Diomedea spa-
dicea, exulans, chlororhynchos, and fuliginosa; the two former
are at no trouble in constructing their nest, merely choos-
ing a dry spot of ground and giving it a slight concavity
to prevent the egg from rolling out of its place. The
egg is white, very large, and of a peculiar shape, being
uncommonly long in proportion to its diameter, and equally
thick, or nearly so, at both ends.

* The Black Albatrosses (D. fuliginosa) are at this season
gregarious, building their nests close to each other. In the
area of half an acre, I reckoned upwards of an hundred.
They are constructed of mud, raised five or six inches,
and slightly depressed at the top. At the time we passed,
the young birds were not more than half grown, and covered
with a whitish down. There was something exceedingly
grotesque in the appearance of these birds, standing on their
respective hillocks, motionless as so many statues, until we
approached close to them, when they set up the strangest
clattering with their beaks, and if we touched them, idis
on us a deluge of fetid oily fluid from the stomach.

“ The D. chlororhynchos builds its solitary nest in some
sheltered corner, selecting, in particular, the small drains
that draw the water off the land into the ravines. "There it
runs up its nest to the height of 10 or 12 inches, of a cylin-
drical form, with a small ditch round the base. A curious
circumstance with regard to this bird, is, that when irritated
the feathers of its cheeks are separated, so as to display a
beautiful stripe of naked orange skin, running from the cor-
ners of the mouth towards the back of the head.

All of these birds nourish their young by disgorging
the contents of their stomach. They are never observed

51

to carry any article of food in their bill; those substances,
indeed, from which they derive the chief part of their susten-
ance, the blubber of dead whales, seals, and sea-lions, would
melt away if caried in the bill to any distance. We could
not help admiring the utter unconsciousness of danger dis-
played by them at our approach; they never showed the least
disposition to move out of our way; even when kicked or
pulled off their nests they made not the smallest show of resist-
ance, but quietly returned to their post, or stood still until we
passed on. "Their plumage is in the finest order, copious, and
without the least stain. They find great difficulty in getting
on wing, and must run 20 or 30 yards along the ground with
expanded wings before they can get fairly under weigh. We
had the curiosity to take one of them by the point of its wings
and fling it over the rock, yet though it had several hundred
feet of clear fall it never recovered itself, but dropped down
like a stone. On this account, when not engaged with their
young, they usually rest upon the edge of the precipice, from
which they can launch at once into the air: and on entering
again upon that difficult part of our route, we had to kick up-
wards of a dozen of them to the right and left of us before we
could get on. We arrived at the cantonment about sunset,
after a most fatiguing journey of 14 hours. -

* In viewing the general structure of the island, and com-
paring its diminutive size with the great number of spiracles
crowning its summit, and which must all have been at one
time or another in a state of activity, there can remain little
doubt that the whole of it is of igneous origin. "The solid
foundation on which it stands is undoubtedly lava. "The plat-
form which forms the plain is also a sheet of lava, and though
the face of it at one part breaks into prismatic columns, after
the manner of basalt, yet the bed of semivitrified rock on
which it rests seems to leave no room for doubt with regard
to its origin. An entire hill, 700 or 800 feet high, near the -
centre of the plain, is composed of nothing but stratified tufa.
The plain is encumbered with large detached masses of por-
phyritic stone, and with others enclosing crystals of sulphur or
of augite, which seem to have been ejected in — present

E2

59

state from the interior of the mountain; and in one instance I
met, near the base of the mountain, and under one of its strata,
with a specimen of the convoluted lava, so common in the

Pays-brülé of the island of Bourbon.

“The climate of Tristan da Cunha is so mild, that the
herbage remains uninjured throughout the year. Snow is
never seen on the low land: and the only indication of win-
ter is a transient sprinkling of hoar-frost, too slight to give
any serious check to vegetation. ‘The thermometer, during
summer, rarely ascends beyond 74? in the shade, and stands
at about 110? when exposed to the meridian sun. At night
it occasionally falls so low as 48? or 50».

* If we may give credit to the information of a man of the
name of Currie, who has lived on the island for the last six
years, its climate may be regarded as one of the most rainy in
the world. According to his account, the months of January,
February, and March, are the only period throughout the
year in which fair weather may be expected with any degree
of certainty. During the other nine months, the rain, he told
us, is almost perpetual. How far the latter part of his state-
ment may be correct, remains still to be proved; but it was
our misfortune to experience the fallacy ofthe first, for from the
28th November, the day on which the detachment landed, to
the 30th March, when I quitted the island, it rained, on an
average, every second day.-

“ This excessive humidity is not, however, entirely charge-
able to the latitude in which the island is situated. Of this
we had frequent and tantalizing proofs, for at the very time
that the rain poured heaviest down, we could plainly distin-
guish from under the skirts of the cloud which hung over us;
the distant horizon illuminated by the rays of the sun.

_ * The power which high mountains possess of condensing
the moisture of the atmosphere, and precipitating it in the
form of rain, is nowhere, indeed, more apparent, or more
unremittingly exerted than on this island. The upper region
of thé mountain is usually involved in a thick cloud, which
not only obscures the whole island, but extends its shade to
some distance over the surrounding ocean. From this cloud

53

the rain descends in heavy and protracted showers, for the
most part on the lower grounds only, but occasionally on the
summit also. In the latter case, its fall is announced by the
sudden appearance of torrents of water, pouring in a hundred
channels over the edge of the precipice, dashing down from
cliff to cliff, and forming a series of cascades, the most mag-
nificent, perhaps, on the whole face of the globe.

* With such a moist climate, and such frequent rains, it is
a circumstance worthy of remark, that the island is but scantily
supplied with running water. The only permanent stream of
any magnitude in the whole island, is one which gushes out
of the base of the mountain, immediately behind the canton-
ment. Excepting this brook, you meet with nothing from one
end of the plain to the other but the dry beds of mountain
torrents, impetuous, indeed, while they flow, but ceasing with
the shower to which they owe their existence. This singular
deficiency of springs may perhaps be attributed to the nature
of the rocky mass of which the island is formed. Though
regularly stratified, the rock is cracked and split in all direc-
tions, and the rain, transmitted through the spongy, absorbent
soil, penetrates easily into its fissures, and sinks down at once
to the level of the sea, where it may be seen along the shore,
gushing out through the sand on the reflux of every tide. _

* Notwithstanding the frequency of the rains, the climate
appears to be abundantly healthy. Not a symptom of sick-
ness appeared among the soldiers during the four months I
remained on the island.

*'DThe spot pitched upon for the cantonment is at the
northern extremity of the plain, about half a mile from the
landing place, and within range of cannon-shot from the anchor-
age. It is plentifully supplied with excellent water from the
stream already mentioned, which runs close by it, and which
even during the hottest days of summer, maintains the low
temperature of 50°. This stream, after running its course for
about half a mile, precipitates itself in a cascade over the
face of the rock into a small sandy cove, where boats can
easily put in, to supply shipping with wood and water.

* The prevailing winds off Tristan da Cunha blow from

54

the westward and southward. Strong gales are frequent, but
rarely continue above 24 hours. They never blow quite home
on the island, but incline upwards at some distance from the
shore, and striking against the face of the mountain, are beat
back on the low land i in furious whirlwinds.

* The sea immediately round the island is fathidpiablts to
the distance of a mile and upwards. The bottom is every-
where rocky and covered with a gigantic species of sea-weed
(Fucus pyrifer), which, after growing from the depth some-
times of 20 fathoms or more, stretches along the surface of the
water, and preserves it in some degree smooth and unruffled .
during even the highest winds.

“ This is a circumstance of the more importance, as the
coast abounds in a variety of excellent fish, which will prove
a valuable source of subsistence should the island come to be
permanently inhabited. Among these are several species well
known at the Cape of Good Hope. The Snook (Scomber
serpens), the Horse-mackarel (Scomber Trachurus), the Roman
Fish, another species of Scomber, and the Jacobeever (Scorpena
capensis), The best fish, however, and fortunately the most
abundant, is a Chetodon, I should think, but which is figured
by Forster as a New Zealand fish, under the name of Sparus
Carponemus. ‘To the genus Sparus it has certainly no affinity,
if the form and disposition of the teeth are of any value in
forming the character. This fish usually grows to the weight of
five or six pounds, and is remarkable for this circumstance, that
when pulled up by the hook it discharges from its vent a large
quantity of air, that follows it in large bubbles. A large
species of Perca is sometimes caught in the deep water.
Among the rocks are found an undescribed species of Calli-
onymus, and a most beautiful Labrus. I saw one Exocetus
exiliens that dropped on board a ship while at anchor, and
which measured 18 inches in length. The only shell-fish I
observed were a Chiton, a diminutive Cardium, a Patella, and
two Buccinums. A large Crawyish is found in abundance, and
of good quality: the Sepia octopoda, and an Echinus, with a
small land insect, belonging to the old genus Cancer. et
species of Corallina are common on the rocks.

55

* Two species of the Seal are the only quadrupeds on the
island that can be considered as strictly indigenous, the wild
goats and hogs having been introduced since its discovery by
the Europzeans.

** The Bottle-nosed Seal, or Sea Lion (Phoca leonina). 'The
colour of this animal is bluish-gray along the back, approach-
ing to white on the belly. It sheds its hair once a year, which
falls off in large irregular patches, giving the animal at that
season a most ragged and uncouth appearance. The full-
grown male measures 20—25 feet in length, and yields 70 gal-
lons of oil. The female is considerably smaller; when irri-
tated, it has a curious manner of protruding its snout and
inflaming the skin over its nose; but there is nothing like the
crest with which the head of the animal is adorned in Shaw's
Zoology. The whole figure is, in truth, a complete caricature,
without the slightest resemblance to the original.

* These animals pass the greater part of their time ashore,
never quitting it unless when disturbed, or when, urged by
hunger, they repair to the reef to feed on the sea-weed. They
may be seen in hundreds lying asleep on the sandy beach, or
concealed among the long Spartina grass which borders the
sea-shore. These huge animals are so little apprehensive of
danger, that they must be kicked or pelted with stones before
they make any effort to move out of one’s way. When
roused from their slumber, they raise the forepart of their
body, open wide their mouth, and display a formidable set of
tusks, but never attempt to bite. Should this, however, fail
to intimidate the disturbers, they set themselves at length in
motion, and make for the water, but still with such delibera-
tion, that on an expedition which we once made to the oppo-
site side of the island, two of our party were tempted to get
astride upon the back of one of them, and rode him fairly into
the sea. bee i See I NIME

« The Falkland Island Seal (Phoca australis). This species
grows to the length of five or six feet. The fur on the back
is dark brown, intermixed with long hairs tipped with white.
The throat and breast are cream-coloured, the belly rufous.
The vibrissee of the male are white, very long, some of them

56

12 inches, and hang down over its breast. The fore feet are
placed near the centre of the body, which enables it to sit
erect, in an attitude much resembling that of a Penguin.
Though these animals herd occasionally with the sea lions,
they are much more shy in their nature, and speedily forsake
those parts of the island where they are liable to intrusion.
They bark like a dog, and are of a bold, ferocious disposition. _

« The wild hogs secrete themselves in the deepest recesses
of the wood, whither it is impossible to pursue them. Their
ordinary sustenance is the root of the Wild Celery and the
Pelargonium; but they occasionally prowl along the shore,
and feed on the carcasses of seals and sea-lions that fall in
their way.

* The wild goats have retreated to the highest ridges of
the mountain, where they are equally secure from disturbance.
From the very small number, however, that has been seen
there, it may be inferred that they have not greatly multiplied.

. The only land birds on the island are a species of Thrush
(Turdus Guianensis?), a Bunting ( Emberiza Brasiliensis?), and
the common Moor-hen (Fulica Chloropus). These birds have
spread over the whole island, and are found on the table land
as well as on the low ground. The Fulica conceals itself in
the wood, where it is occasionally run down by the dogs; the
others fly about the cantonment, and are so tame as to suffer
themselves to be caught with a hand-net. The latter proved
extremely destructive to-our garden, nipping off the young
plants as soon as they appeared above ground, but their ordi-
nary food is the larvee of certain species of Phalena, and the
berries of the Empetrum and Nerteria.

** Of aquatic birds there is great abundance. I have already
mentioned four species of Diomedea. There are six species
of Procellaria, among which are the P. gigantea, cinerea, and
vittata. The last, and the other three, which are smaller, are
night birds, never appearing on the wing till after sunset.
They may be caught in any number by kindling a fire of
wood. Attracted by the light, they flutter round it, like moths
round a candle, till at length, the greater part, dazzled by the
glare, plunge into the flame and perish. The Larus Cataractes

. 89

is the common tyrant of all the smaller birds, and destroys
them in multitudes. There are two species of Sterna, the
S. stolida, and one which varies very little from the S. Hirundo.
The former builds in trees, and lays a solitary egg. I never
saw the nest of the latter. —

* The Crested Penguin (Aptenodytes Chrysocoma) conceals
itself among the long grass, and in the bottoms of the ravines
where they open upon the shore. Here they assemble in
countless multitudes, and keep up a moaning noise which can

be heard at a great distance; and combined with the roar of
. the surge, re-echoed from the mountain and the bold inhos-
pitable coast around you, is calculated to excite a train of
ideas by no means pleasant. It is owing, perhaps, to the
scantiness of its plumage, that the Penguin swims heavier
than any other bird, no part except the head appearing
above water. This gives it undoubtedly a peculiar facility of
diving and pursuing its prey under the water; with the same
view, perhaps, its eyes appear to be uncommonly sensible to
the stimulus of light. In every bird that I had an opportunity
of examining, the pupil was contracted to a mere dot.

** There are no reptiles of any kind on the island, and the
only insects I observed are three small species of Curculio,
four of Phalena, one of Hippobosca, two of Musca, one
Tipula, one Spheroma, and one Oniscus. The latter has
multiplied astonishingly in the soft vegetable soil, and proved
a great nuisance to us, creeping up the roofs of our tents and
dropping thence upon our beds during the night. The com-
mon window-fly of the Cape was not observed until two
months after our arrival; but before I left the island it began
to be troublesome.

« The Flora of Tristan da Cunha is as copious, perhaps, as
the situation and extent of the island would warrant us to
expect; but with the exception of cryptogamous peni it offers
nothing of peculiar interest. "

* "The only plant on the island that approaches to ree size
of a tree is a species of Phylica. This plant occupies not only
the whole of the plain, but has also spread over the face of the
mountain, wherever its roots could insinuate themselves into

58

the crevices of the rock. In favourable situations it grows to
the height of 20 feet and upwards, measuring from 12-18
inches in diameter. Its trunk is extremely crooked and
twisted, but the wood is hard, close-grained, and, according
to the report of a ship-carpenter, who examined it, would
make excellent timbers for vessels of 60 tons and under. Its
bark possesses a slight degree of astringency. Owing to the
lightness of the soil, and the frequency of high winds, these
trees rarely stand upright, but lean against the ground, and
cross each other in such a manner, as to make it a business of
extreme difficulty to penetrate to any distance through the
wood.

** Besides the Phylica, there are only two shrubby plants
on the island, both of which belong to the genus Empetrum,
and may be only varieties of one and the same species. "They
possess no quality to recommend them, but that they grow on
the most barren spots, where nothing else could vegetate.

* Of the herbaceous plants, the most remarkable is a gigan-
tic species of Spartina (S. arundinacea). This grass overruns
the whole of the island, from the upper edge of the table land
down to the sea-shore, accommodating itself to all soils and
situations. It springs up in large close tufts, which when full
grown, are borne down by their own weight, and lean upon
each other in such a manner that a man may roll himself over
them without any danger of sinking. Its stems grow to the
length of 6 or 7 feet, and are of a solid, almost ligneous,
texture, and covered with a profusion of leaves. This grass
makes an excellent and durable thatch, and the young leaves
are eaten by horses and oxen.

* The Wild Celery grows in nasi over all the low
ground, and attains a great size, its stem sometimes measuring
upwards of 3 inches in diameter. It possesses in a high
degree the flavour of the garden celery, and by proper man-
agement might be brought to equal it in every respect.

* A species of Chenopodium (C. tomentosum), of a strong
balsamic odour, is common round the cantonment. An infu-
sion of the dried leaves of this plant is used as a substitute for
tea by the Hottentots sent down in charge of the cattle. The

59

soldiers employ for the same purpose the leaves of the Pelar-
gonium, which scarcely yield to the others in strength of odour.

* The low ground is overrun with a species of Acena (A.
sarmentosa), a plant of no apparent utility, but an intolerable
nuisance to such as have occasion to walk over the ground
where it grows. Its fruit is a sort of dur, which on the
slightest touch fixes itself on a person's clothes, and falling in
an hundred pieces covers him all over with an unseemly crust
of prickly seeds, not to be got rid of without infinite labour."

The Alacrity, merchant brig, having arrived with stores and
cattle at Tristan da Cunha, Captain Carmichael embraced the
opportunity of returning by her to the Cape.

** We left the island,” he continues in his Journal, * on the
31st March, and by the aid of a strong westerly breeze accom-
plished the voyage in ten days. It was not till eight days
after our arrival that a French brig put into Table Bay, that
had touched at Tristan da Cunha ten days before I left it.

* After remaining for about a month at the Cape, I em-
barked again on board the Marianne brig, of 180 tons, to
return to Europe, having with several other officers of the
regiment, been placed on half-pay. We sailed from Table
Bay the "th May, and in 14 days ran down to St. Helena.
There, however, we were not permitted even to cast anchor, for
which we felt the less regret, as the aspect of theisland was not
peculiarly inviting, and the Ex-Emperor of France was reported
to be inaccessible to strangers. In the short stay we made off
the anchorage, we remarked the extreme vigilance with which
this important personage was guarded. A ship of war was
stationed at every accessible point on the lee-side of the island,
and others were cruizing to windward, boarding every vessel
that hove in sight, ascertaining her country and destina-
tion, and charging her, unless in extreme distress, to steer
wide of the island. After taking on board a few casks of
water sent us from the Newcastle, we stood on, and on the-
morning of the sixth day made the island of Ascension.

60

* Having run down to the lee-side of the island, we there
found H. M. S. Spey at anchor, and we dropped ours at a —
short distance from her. As this island is within a few days’
sail of St. Helena, and directly under its lee, even small boats
might navigate with little risk from one to the other. The
British government, conceiving it possible that Napoleon
might contrive to elude the vigilance of his guard, and effect his
escape by some such conveyance, thought it advisable to station
a cruizer here, with a view to take him up on his arrival, and
to keep off any vessel that might be engaged by his adherents
to look out for him and secure his retreat, while, as a further
check on such a project, a party of fifty or sixty seamen with

a proportion of officers, is stationed permanently on the island.

* This detachment, though settled here ever since the
arrival of Napoleon at St. Helena, is still lodged under can-
vas. If we consider the sum of downright bodily suffering,
independently of all privations, to which these men are
exposed, with only a thin sheet of canvas to ward off the
direct rays of a vertical sun, and without a blade of herbage
to temper its still more oppressive reflection from a burning
volcanie soil, we must say that the necessity ought to be
urgent indeed that would justify the exposure of so many
valuable lives to such a trial. The tents are pitched on the
acclivity of a hill about four miles from the landing place, and
close by a small puddle from which with care and industry
they contrive to squeeze about 70 gallons of water in 24 hours.
On this, the only spot in the whole island where the slightest
trace of water has been detected, they have laid out a small
plot of garden ground, and strive to rear a few of the more
hardy culinary plants; but their labour is rendered nearly
fruitless by the rats, which destroy the greater part of them
before they come to maturity. These noxious vermin are
supposed to have been introduced by an American vessel which
was wrecked on the island some years ago, and they have
since multiplied at such a rate that 1700 of them are said to
have been killed by the party in the course of one month.

They subsist chiefly on the eggs and young of the —

which breed in myriads on the island. —

61

* A suite of barracks and store-houses is now erecting close
to the landing place; and at an enormous expense, it would
appear, for the island itself affords nothing but the stones;
the lime and timber are brought from the Cape, where these
articles are no bargain, and the carpenters and masons also,
at the daily hire of a dollar and a half a head. So destitute,
indeed, is this miserable spot of every thing contributing to -
human comfort, that the ship stationed here is under the
necessity of making a voyage from time to time to the island
of Tristan da Cunha for wood and water, a voyage that may
be reckoned at an average of six weeks or two months.

** A battery of 14 guns has been erected on a mass of lava
that commands the anchorage. Opposite to the latter there
is a smooth beach of fine white shell-sand, half a mile long,
and flanked by projecting moles of lava. "The border of the
island is indented all round with ridges of the same material,
which run a short distance into the sea, and break the con-
tinuity of the beach. The surface of these ridges consists of
broken scorious masses, piled on each other in that sort of
confusion of which a person may form a faint idea who has
remarked the manner in which ice becomes accumulated
when driven by the wind to the lee-side of a lake on the.
breaking up of a hard frost.

** The island is about 24 miles in circumference, and appears
to be entirely of volcanic origin. Its surface is covered with
numberless conical hills, from 200 to 2000 feet high, which
were the spiracles of so many subterraneous fires. They are
remarkably smooth, and apparently mere accumulations of
blood-red scoria and cinders. The central ridge, or peak,
estimated at 3000 feet high, is of a greenish hue, indicating a
commencement of vegetation; but the low ground and the
conical hills are entirely destitute of plants, with the exception
of a species of Euphorbia, which I found growing prod
in the fissures of the lava close by the shore. "T ri

* In the rainy season vast quantities of pumice are mabed
down from the hills, which, pulverized in its progress, is
blown about by the wind, and fills the crevices of the lava
with an impalpable dust. I have no doubt that this pumice

62
dust would be found of service in polishing metals and
marble, and as it is an abundant product of the island, it
might be turned to good account.

* The crew of the Spey, as well as the party on the island,
are fed during a certain season of the year on turtle. These
reptiles come ashore in the night-time to deposite their eggs.
A party is sent in quest of them, who turn as many as they
want upon their backs, and leave them there without the
power of moving, until a boat is sent round to fetch them
home. The females alone are thus caught, the male turtles
never coming ashore. They are of the species called the
Loggerhead, and weigh from 300 to 600 pounds. The epi-
dermis of this kind is as thin as parchment, and quite
unsuitable for any of the purposes of real tortoise-shell; but
I am inclined to think it might be converted to ornamental
purposes of various kinds. If smoothed and underlaid with
gold or silver foil, it would make elegant book-covers. It
might also serve all the purposes for which shagreen is used.

- * The officers of the Spey made us a present of a couple of
turtles for sea stock, which weighed about 400 pounds. We
killed one of them a few days after we left the island. It
made excellent soup, but its flesh, as might be expected, was
insufferably coarse. On opening it there were found about
200 perfect eggs, and twice as many half formed, having
nothing but the yolk. ‘These eggs do not ripen, it would
appear, in regular succession, nor all at once, but in lots con-
sisting of a certain number, such, perhaps, as the animal can
lay in the course of a night, after which it returns to its own
element and enjoys a respite for some time, till the next divi-
sion comes to maturity. The eggs of the turtle are about the
ordinary size of a hen's egg, but perfectly spherical. The
external covering is a white pellicle encrusted with a calca-
reous matter that rubs off when the egg is roughly handled.
The white never coagulates on boiling, but the yolk becomes
hard, and has precisely the taste of pease-pudding. Each egg
has a large dimple on it, probably to leave room for the

expansion of its contents while exposed i in the hot "x TE |
the evolution of the young.

63

** The longevity of the turtle, under a total abstinence from
food, has been frequently remarked. One of ours was brought
alive to England, and during a passage of two months, lay on
its back upon the quarter-deck without any attention but having
a wet swab placed under its head, and a few buckets of salt
water dashed over its body every morning.

* We quitted Ascension the 28th May, after remaining
there 24 hours, and on the 2d June crossed the line in 23?
10' under the impulse of a fine south-east trade wind, which
followed us to about 4' north, where, after an interval of one
day's squally weather, we took up the north-east trade. I did
not remark while crossing the line, either on this or any of
my former voyages, that tremendous roll of the sea, which is
said to prevail there, and which is attributed by theoretical phi-
losophers to the increased oscillation of the ocean necessarily
resulting from the greater diameter of the globe at the equa-
tor. Itwould require, indeed, no unusual powers of reasoning
to prove, that in those parts of the ocean where the wind
blows constantly and invariably from one point of the com-
pass, without ever either swelling to a tempest or lulling to a
calm, the waves can never rise to any dangerous magnitude.
It is only during the calm that immediately follows a gale, or
in that part of the sea which lies just beyond the sphere of its
action, that this roll is ever remarked. It is, accordingly, in
the latitudes of the variable winds, and off the great conti-
nental headlands, that it mostly prevails, and in no part of
the ocean is it of more frequent occurrence, or more alarming
magnitude, than off the southern promontory of Africa.

* We did not see many flying-fish or albicores until we
crossed the line, but from thence to 22? north, we were daily
surrounded by shoals of both. The former were of two
species, the common .Zzocetus volitans and the E. evolans.
The latter is larger, much less abundant, and readily distin-
guishable during its flight by the purple colour of its pectoral
fins. Numbers of both species, darting about in the dusk of-
the evening, struck against the rigging and dropped on board,
while many more, flying lower, dashed themselves against the
sides of the vessel, and fell dead or stunned into the water.

64

As no instance ever occurred of any falling on deck after the
night was fairly set in, it may be inferred that they cease
flying during the dark, probably because their enemies cease
then to pursue them.

* The Albicore (Scomber Thynnus) seemed to weigh from
100 to 200 pounds, We hooked several, but our bonito
tackle was too weak to hold them, and they invariably snap-
ped either the line or the hook. "The spring they make at
their prey would, independently of their mere weight, break
any tackle of ordinary strength. They dart four or five yards
out of the water, and frequently catch the flying-fish at that
height, at other times they follow it as it flies above them, and
seize it the instant it drops into the water. From their con-
stantly attending the course of the vessel and our never
observing any pursuing a different course, I am inclined to
believe it was the same shoal that followed us the whole way.

* We no sooner parted company with the Ælbicores, than
we fell in with the Gulph-weed, or Sargasso (Fucus natans).
This singular plant, which alone enjoys the privilege of rang- _
ing over the ocean at large, forms at times entire patches of
more than an acre in extent; at other times, its tufts arrange
themselves in parallel lines at the distance of 20 or 30 fathoms
asunder, in conformity to the direction of the wind. The
weed itself is of a dull orange brown colour, but appears
surrounded with a halo, the water seen through the branches,
as well as that which immediately surrounds the outline of
the tuft, being of a vivid ccerulean blue, strongly contrasted
with the dark indigo hue of the sea. The small crabs, also,
which nestle among this weed, are surrounded with a similar
halo when they swim from one tuft to another.

** On the 8th July we came to anchor in Fayal Roads, and
remained there for two days. The morning after our arrival
the whole of us went ashore, and waited on the British Con-
sul, Mr. Parkin, who, according to the etiquette of the place,
introduced us to the Governor, a young military officer from
Brazil, and afterwards to the Judge. He then took us to
visit the American Consul, Mr. Daubeney, who showed us
his house, the best built, by far, and best furnished dwelling in

65

+

the island, with a small garden, neatly laid out, and kept in
excellent order. From thence we strolled to a convent of
nuns, from whom Mrs, -Robertson purchased a parcel of
artificial flowers of ordinary workmanship, and on our coming
away had a kiss from the Lady Abbess, a matron-looking
woman of fifty, a favour which we could not prevail on her to
extend to the rest of the party. From the nunnery we went
to the Franciscan monastery, but saw only one friar, the rest
being engaged at a funeral procession, He was a lad of 16,
habited in a black frock, with a white cord tied round his
waist, the instrument of flagellation, but seemingly of too
slight a texture to make any serious impression on his skin.
Next morning we went, still accompanied by our obliging
Cicerone, to view the house of the Spanish Consul, lately
deceased, whose widow, a finè woman, and a native of the
island, showed us the grounds, and was uncommonly polite
and attentive to us. The house stands on an eminence, over-
looking the town and bay, and commands an extensive view
of the most romantic scenery that can be conceived.

* Fayal, or Villa Orta, contains about 4000 inhabitants,
and, though not the residence of the Governor-General, is the
largest and most commercial town in the Azores. It consists
of one principal street, running parallel with the shore, and
faithfully conforming to all its sinuosities. A number of
minor streets, or rather lanes, branch from it in all possible
angles but the rightone. These streets were originally paved
with blocks of lava, which wearing unequally away through
time, have left them in a deplorable state of ruggedness. The
houses are mostly old and decayed, the walls white-washed,
the windows latticed, but rarely glazed, those on the ground-
floor iron-grated, and all of them edged with a black funereal
border. 'The convents are numerous, and apparently coeval
with the first settlement of the island, but now bearing evident
marks of that general decadence which impends over the faith
that reared them. jt vidc

*'The common people are extremely civil to strangers,
invariably saluting them as they pass, and the citizens and
friars usually follow the same practice. The peasants go very

VOL, III. F

66

poorly clad, some with straw hats, some with Montero caps of
coarse cloth; the cart-drivers with long goads over their
shoulders. The women wear long blue mantles, with enor-
mous hoods, at the bottom of which you can scarcely discern
the human face divine.

' * The island, to a certain height, is cultivated like a gar-
den. The fields are small, but regular, and bear crops of
wheat and maize, the former ready for the sickle, the latter
half grown, and to be reaped in September or October. The
lea fields are covered with a crop of yellow lupine, which when
it springs to a height of three feet, is ploughed down to serve
as manure. The soil is extremely light, and easily laboured.

* The riding cattle are mules and donkeys. Horses are
rarely used, being considered dangerous on account of the
imperfection of the roads. The carts are drawn by a couple of
oxen, yoked by the neck, and having their near horns attached
to each other by a thong, a necessary precaution against their
injuring passengers in the narrow lanes. These carts are
extremely rude and clumsy, the body solid, shaped like a
battledore excavated in the fore part to receive the nether end
of the oxen. The wheels are of three pieces of solid plank,
fashioned like those of the Irish car, the iron binding several
inches thick, with the external edge not above an inch thick,
admirably adapted for cutting up the lanes into ruts, which
they do in no time, to the depth of ten or a dozen inches
through the solid lava. In this process of grinding they make
a horrible creaking noise, which, when half a dozen carts
follow in a string, is heard at a vast distance, sounding like
an ill-tuned band playing an Irish lament.

..* All the butcher-meat required for the consumption of the
town is slaughtered on Friday, when the citizens must lay in -
their stock for the week. Beef and mutton are pretty good at
334. per lb.; poultry good at 6d.; eggs remarkably large at
2d. per dozen; potatoes tolerable at ls. 6d. a bushel; bread
execrable, black, and sour; fish plentiful, and in great variety.

* Fayal owes its origin to subterraneous fire, and seems to
have suffered some tremendous convulsion, by which whole _
hills and headlands have been overturned. On its summit

67

there is a crater (caldero) four miles in circuit, having a lake
at the bottom, round which the Dicksonia arborescens grows
in such profusion, that the silky down of its stems is used by
the principal inhabitants as stuffing for their mattresses.

* The town exports a great quantity of white wine, of a
good quality, selling at from £20 to £25 a pipe. It is made
in the adjacent island of Pico, mostly the property of the
merchants of Fayal. ‘The peak of Pico is estimated at 1172
toises high. On the summit, which is of difficult ascent, there
is an enormous crater, from the centre of which rises a sub-
sidiary cone, as if the summit had sunk to a certain depth
into the bowels of the mountain, without any cree of
its form.

* The population of the island of Fayal is computed at
22,000 souls, an immense multitude for a mere speck of land
not above 40 miles in circumference. It is accordingly crowded
to redundance, and to all appearance wretched. Sailing along
the coast, we could not perceive, in a great tract of cultivated
land, a single farm-house, or any building whatever, except
here and there a huge monastic pile that seemed to lord it
over the circumjacent grounds. "Fo see the dwellings of the
peasantry you must traverse the fields, and there, if you look
sharp, you will find their wretched hovels thrown up against
the corner of the stone pec a cue maples ig for se spon

for human beings.”

Captain Carmichael soon found that the crowded metropolis

of London was not congenial to his retired habits, and he

spent the winter of 1817-18 in Edinburgh; but even there,

the opportunities afforded him of cultivating scientific acquaint- _

ances with less pain to his reserved manners, did not com-
pensate for the pleasures of a country life. He felt that cities
were rather fitted for the habitation of the inquirer and

deseriber than of the observer, and in 1818 he returned to

Argyleshire, to hold yet more familiar converse with the scenes

of his childhood, and to find OO €
F

68

productions which had escaped his early notice. During the
years 1818-19 and 1819-20, he resided near Oban, and prin-
cipally with that sister to whom allusion has been made
already, employing his time in making a fair copy of the
journal from which the following extracts are taken, as well
as in collecting the Phenogamous plants and Mosses of the
neighbouring districts.

In 1820, the farm of Ardtur, situated near Lismore, the
place of his birth, was advertised to be let, and, being well
calculated for the residence of a naturalist, he rented it. It
was there that he turned his inquiries almost exclusively to
Acotyledonous plants. Lichens, Fungi, and Alge, in their turn
excited his curiosity, and in each of these departments he was
fortunate enough to add greatly to the list of Scottish species.
If success is ever due to industry, he might claim it. The
objects that had few or no charms for others, or were too
common to attract their notice, possessed the highest interest
for him. Each leaf, each rotten branch, was examined by him.
No bank, no tree, was passed over; wliatever the state of the
weather might have been, he might still be found pursuing his
researches, and it is a cause of happiness to his friends, that
when his cold ashes claim no notice, the days on which he
thus laboured are bright with the fruits which he gathered.

But the Alge constituted his favourite pursuit. Conveni-
ently situated in respect to the sea, the little farm of Ardtur,
which he has rendered well known in the “ British Flora,”
possesses a shore of about one-third of a mile in extent, which
is varied with occasional rocks and small islands, where the
tide flows rapidly, but is in general smooth, with a gentle
declivity towards the deep. "There is thus a considerable
extent of shore left dry by the ebbing of the tide, and a favour-
able field opened to the Algeologist. '

- Urged by these local advantages, as well as by the repre-
sentations of Dr. Hooker, who gave him the free use of his
library, Captain Carmichael applied himself to the study of
marine plants with the utmost devotedness. Every day found
him watching the receding of the tide, and he continued for
several years examining the stations which he had searched

69

times without number before, and that with as much minute-
ness as if they had been new to him. There was much that
was remarkable in this part of his conduct, and his success
shows the difficulty of setting limits to the Flora of any par-
ticular country, as well as the impossibility of discerning where
botanical discovery may cease. He never wandered beyond |
the limits of his little farm.

During his intervals of relaxation from these his favourite
pursuits, he might generally be found reading the new pub-
lications of the day. Exceedingly silent in company, he dis-
liked visiting, and, being unmarried, the hours of his solitude
were many, and generally improved. The course of his
reading was extensive, and he read with the eye of a critic.
He often took a general outline of the plan of the author, and
made such observations as show the workings of a philosophic
mind.

The following reflections, drawn forth by the remarks of
different authors, are so just, and so fully expose the impro-
priety of reasoning, with a false love of wisdom, from final
causes, that they cannot be too frequently considered. “Itisa
mistake to suppose that the glory of God is to be promoted by
that puling philosophy at present so much admired, which
serves to please and amaze the public at the expense of the
feelings of the man of science, whom it disgusts. True reli-
gion must always grow with true knowledge, and the pious
contemplations of pious men, ascribing final. causes for facts
with which they were but partially acquainted, has often
brought ridicule on that wisdom which they would exalt, and
contempt on the doctrines which they would support. The
passage which calls forth these reflections is this:

* < Jetés, says our author, ‘sans defense au milieu des vo-
races habitans de la mer, voyageant par troupes nombreuses
que des reflets brillans et argentés font distinguer au loin, les
poissons volans (Exocetus volitans) eussent sans doute disparu
d'entre les étres vivans, si la nature ne leur avait donné, dans.
leurs nageoires pectorales, des moyens propres à s'échapper
des vagues, et à voler a la surface des eaux dans lesquelles
leurs ennemis habituels les poursuivent sans cesse."

70

** The above paragraph sets out with a truism that might as
well have been omitted. Constituted in all other respects as
it is, there is no denying that the Flying-fish, if deprived of
its pectoral fins, must soon cease to exist; but so would every
other fish subjected to a similar amputation, By the same
rule of reasoning it would not be diffieult to prove that the
human race owe their existence to their legs, for if they were
docked of their locomotive members, the species must soon
be annihilated. But until mankind lose their legs, and the
* Ezocetus’ their wings, we may rest assured that both will
multiply as fast as the sea and the earth will supply them
with food.

* Sound reason has not a more active or insidious foe than
this morbid sensibility, which addresses itself to the heart
instead of the head, endeavouring to work on our sym-
pathy at the expense of our understanding. This is the rock
that lies perpetually in the way of sentimental travellers and
novelists, and on which they never fail to strike. They select
for themselves an individual or a species, a flea, or a flying-
fish, or a Welsh Curate, no matter what it is, provided it be
sufficiently weak, and can be made sufficiently miserable.
They make this a type, clothe it with all the attributes of
interest, and overwhelm it with all the cireumstances of love,
then cry over their work till their imagination becomes heated,
and they see in the whole round of creation nothing but
rapine, oppression, and misrule. These enthusiasts never
raise their eye from the individual that has thus fixed their
attention, or look up to the steady march of nature, in which -
partial evil is made subservient to universal good. They are
ever sighing after the happy age of gold, when the flying-fish
played at hide and seek with the albicore, the wolf slept with
the lamb, and the lion ate grass like an ox. But peopleof
sober minds, who suffer not their imagination to run away with —
their judgment, reasoning on what has been from what actu-
ally is, are agreed that such an age never did exist, and never
can exist, while the laws remain in force which the PER has
imposed on his sublunary works.

* From the astonishing power of reproduction REER inthe

71

smaller tribes of animated.beings, they would in a short space
of time overstock the air, the earth, and the waters. It may
thence be inferred, that this faculty was bestowed on them
with a view to meet the demands of those larger animals of
which tbey serve as the natural food. The herring and the
pilchard of our own seas, are preyed upon by foes, more
numerous, and more formidable than those which pursue the
flying-fish within the tropics; yet it has never been remarked
that the shoals which annually visit our coasts are falling off
in their volume. The boundless wastes of Africa are covered
with herds of antelopes, buffaloes, and wild horses. In the
woods that skirt those plains, the lion, the tiger, and the
panther lurk for their prey. It is to be presumed that they have
followed the same system from the period of their creation
downwards, yet those regions are to this day as well stocked
with graminivorous animals as if lions and tigers had never
existed. This consideration, it is to be hoped, will set the
hearts of sentimentalists at ease, or assuage, at least, their
sympathetic feelings."

The following passage in Darwin's Physiologia also leads
him to the further examination of this subject:

* The bitter, narcotic, and acrid juices of plants, are secréted
by the glands for the defence of the vegetable against the
pee ofa insects rad dvor Mentis Bie
ologia. —

- *'[his is mere cuiu. SB mri red cena
of the author's assertions, utterly unwarranted by facts. It is
an acknowledged axiom that nature does nothing in vain; yet
we cannot well imagine her more idly employed than in fur-
nishing plants with that dubious sort of armour which rarely
contributes to their security, and proves, in numberless in-
stances, an incitement to their destruction. In the first place,
it may be safely affirmed, that there hardly exists a vegetable,
some part of which does not serve as food to some description
of animals. But in order to form a correct judgment on this
matter, the history and ceconomy of the plant must be studied
in the country where it is Ric Men plants are

72

transported into foreign climates, the animals for which they
served as food seldom or never follow them. ‘To mention a
few among a multitude of examples in disproof of the above
position, the leaves of the Calla ZEthiopica, the most acrid of
plants, are the favourite food of the Sphynz lineata in its larva
state, In Mauritius, the Blatta Americana devours the leaves
of the Argemone Mexicana, equally acrid, and more nauseous
than the Calla. In the same island the fiery berries of the
Capsicum are eaten by the Gracula tristis or Mayana, and
greedily devoured by the common poultry. The common
Nettle, whose sting is poison, is furnished with numerous and -
well known parasites, and I have no doubt, that if the Upas
tree itself, of which the learned physiologist has given such a
terrific description, were closely examined, it would be found
covered with insects. i

“ Such being the fact with regard to the inferior animals,
let us see how matters stand with respect to man. Our East
Indian commerce furnishes ample proof that the most pungent
products of the vegetable kingdom afford no security against
depredation; and the unlimited consumption of opium and
tobacco is equally conclusive against the infallibility of nar-
cotic juices. On the contrary, like the half-reasoning parent
of combs, as Johnson calls him, who is destroyed for the sake
of his tusks, these vegetables are destroyed in countless mil-
lions for the sake of those very juices which were given them,
it seems, for their protection. It savours too much of human
views of partiality and patronage, to fancy nature conferring
privileges on certain plants for the purpose of exempting them
from the common lot of the vegetable creation, which is evi-
dently intended to serve as food for the higher description of |
beings, as these, after their death and decomposition, serve in
their turn as food for vegetables. The plants that appear to
be the least liable to animal depredation, are certain tribes
belonging to the class * Cryptogamia, the Ferns, Lichens;
and Mosses; yet none of these, so far as I know, are furnished
with deleterious juices."

He is led to carry the same views farther, by a somewhat

73

similar passage in Huber on Bees, which asserts that all the
wisdom, ingenuity, and power of the Bee, were given exclu-
sively for the benefit of man.

* There is something ludicrous, if it were not a gross im-
peachment of divine wisdom, in this sentiment, which has,
nevertheless, established itself among us as a standing maxim
or article of faith, and pervades all our writings, as wellas our
ordinary style of language. Whatsoever we have subdued by
fraud, force, or ingenuity, becomes, according to this sweeping
canon, our indisputable property, and was made entirely for
our use.

** [t was, no doubt, part of the scheme of creation, that man
should convert to his use such of the productions of nature as
were necessary to his physical existence. So far it may be
admitted, they were made for his use. But is he singular in
this respect? Is it not a general system of adaptation, which
is common to him with every organized being upon earth ?
Man draws the greater part of his nourishment from the
vegetable kingdom, but so does a vast proportion of the infe-
rior animals, while others share with him in the spoil of the
animal kingdom. Man appropriates to himself the produce
of the industry of certain classes of animals, but does that
establish the principle, that those animals were made for his
use, and for no other purpose? This we can hardly admit,
without the counter admission, that man was made for the use
of those animals that derive their nourishment from his car-
cass, or from the produce of his industry. Thus the mite,
lodged in the crevice of a Cheshire cheese, and the familiar
little insect, the emblem of love, that sucks its aliment from
human blood, have a right to consider dairy-maids and
beggars’ brats as created expressly for their use. A closer
study of the ceconomy of nature would go far to cure us of
this folly, by opening to our view that system of mutual de-
pendence and reciprocation of services established throughout |
the whole chain of existence, which is altogether irreconcileable
with the gratuitous assumption that every thing was made
for us. The word of God, which gives man the rule over the
creatures, nowhere says they were created for Aim."

TA

The reserve which characterized Captain Carmichael's man-
ners in company disappeared in the society of his intimate
friends. His greatest delight was to meet with a person with
whom he could converse freely on general topics, and then
the range of his knowledge, the acuteness of his observations,
and the accuracy of his reasonings, were fully elicited. On
these occasions he generally suggested a subject of discussion,
taking obvious pleasure in grappling with the intellect of his
friend, and ascribing to his reasonings the measure of merit
due to them. His favourite topic for conversation was the
progress of knowledge and free inquiry.

* In the arts and samda he once said, “in astronomy,
chemistry, medicine, the progress of improvement in modern
times has been rapidly advancing, but in law, and the otber
moral sciences, the impulse has been in the opposite direc-
tion. Our ancestors were, on those topics, it seems, wiser
than we are, and their mandates are to be propped and pro-
tected from the sacrilegious hand of innovation as if they had
been the oracles of divine truth. The reason is obvious
enough. The former are open to the whole world, nor has
any one the power, however it might be his interest, to obstruct
their progress; the latter, on the contrary, are strict and inve-
terate monopolies, in the possession of powerful and active
corporations, who feel deeply interested in guarding them
from the most distant approach of change. This is the clog
that impedes the wheel of reform, and which, sooner than
suffer it to revolve, would see the whole machine of govern-
ment torn to pieces."

"With these sentiments, it may cow be supposed that he

was not of that number who look to the future with despon-

dency. A strong regard to general improvement, and hope,
which loves to paint a desired object reflecting the sunbeams,
made coming ages appear bright to his eye, and in one of
these discussions concerning the past, and the influence of
science on the future, in which he delighted, he thus elegantly
expressed himself: “There is in society a numerous, and, no
doubt, well-meaning class of people, who regard the human -
race as in a progressive course of degeneration. "These

75

admirers of the past view the march of time through a moral
telescope, one end of which points to what has been, the other
to what will be. When they look at the former, every thing
appears magnified and softened, and surrounded with a bril-
liant halo; but when they would scan the latter, instead of
turning their instrument, they apply their eye to the opposite
extremity, and thus see the field of view contracted, and the
objects scattered over it shrunk almost to atoms.”

Hehad pursued his daily search for plants during four years
before the writer of this memoir became acquainted with him;
yet then, and for several years after, he went to “the ebb,”
wading perhaps for hours, sometimes up to the knees, some-
times much farther, and few spring-tides passed, in which he
was not rewarded with the new or the rare. ‘The day on
which he got nothing, he said nothing, and he wished to
forget it; but the next day he went forth in hope, as to a
field in which fresh laurels might certainly be won.

His disregard to bodily comforts on these occasions
proved very prejudicial to his health. Instead of changing
his wet clothes upon his return, he sat down to examine his
plants. If he found any to be new, he proceeded, while they
were yet fresh, to figure them, as he always maintained that
the delicate fibres of the Alge were torn in drying, so that
they never re-assumed their natural appearance. With clothes
all dripping he sat down to this office, which the fastidious-
ness of his taste, and his love of correctness, often rendered
tedious, and though shivering with cold, he always persisted
in his work till it was finished, by which time the water had
partially evaporated before a large fire, and he maintained
that it was unnecessary to change his dress. Such habits, in
a climate not the most favourable, could not fail to affect the
constitution of the most robust, and this was eminently the
case with that of Captain Carmichael. He did not calculate
that while he gratified his botanical ardour, he brought
debility and decay on his bodily system; or that he rendered
a speedy grave, and shortened opportunity of acquiring
knowledge, as certainly the consequence by sitting in damp
clothes, as he would have admitted ignorance and uselessness

16

a
to be the necessary results of non-exertion. He contended
against nature, but she prevailed. His strength sensibly
decreased, week after week, till September, 1827, when,
without any previous change in his habits, or any illness to
indicate the approach of death, it was found that he had not
appeared at his usual hour in the morning. There were none
in the house but domestics—they entered his room and found
him in bed,—but the pillow he rested on was that of eternity;
he had gone from the contemplation of nature to the presence
of nature's God !

ON THE PLANTS WHICH ARE CALCULATED FOR
THE FORMATION OF FENCES IN THE ISLAND OF
JAMAICA. By James MACFADYEN, or Jamaica, M.D.

(Read before the Jamaica Society for the Promotion of Agriculture
-and other Useful Arts.)

{Communicated by Dr. Macfadyen.]

TuERE is perhaps no part of rural ceconomy, as practised in
this country, that appears more defective to the experienced
agriculturist, than what relates to the care of our roads and
fences. Yet nowhere can these be more requisite, or, were they
properly attended to, would prove of greater service. The
most promising crops may be irreparably injured in one night
by the inroads of cattle, and the loss sustained from stock on
badly constructed roads, has been known, on some estates,
to exceed two thousand pounds.

It is my intention to confine myself at present to the
subject of enclosures, trusting that if there be little novelty,
there may be something useful in my remarks. —

In establishing a fence, we have first to select the materials
of which it is to be formed; and, secondly, to take care of it-
after it has been made.

77

Fences are of four kinds, the ditch, the wall, the paling,
and the live fence. The three first are unsuitable to this
country; the ditch, from its lodging stagnant water, and soon
becoming filled up with the soil washed into it by the heavy
rains; the wall, from its harbouring vermin; and the paling,
from the expense of the first cost, and, in this climate, the

rapidity of its decay. It is the live fence only we shall notice,
as being the least expensive, the most durable, and best
fulfilling the purposes intended.

There are many plants in this country well adapted for a
live fence. In employing such as we have reason to think
have never yet been tried for the purpose, we ought always to
make choice as the subjects of our experiments, of those which -
are most addicted to throw up suckers from the root, and to
branch near the bottom of the stem, as it is one of the best
qualities of a fence to be thick and bushy near the ground.
We have also to take into consideration the character of the
climate, some plants being adapted to a dry, and others to a
wet one. Hence the enclosures of parishes which are only
occasionally visited by showers, ought to differ from those of
. districts where the supply of rain is abundant.

1, One of the commonest fences in the country is the
Pinguin (Bromelia Pinguin). Its advantages are, that it
thrives in almost every climate, that it serves the purpose
of a fence almost as soon as planted, and requires very
litle labour to keep it in order. On the other hand, it
has always a ragged and unsightly appearance, and, unlike
the Hawthorn, the Lime, and the Logwood, rather defaces
than beautifies the aspect of a cultivated district. It is also
a harbourage for one of the most destructive vermin the
island is scourged with. Altogether, it ought never to be
planted from choice, there being other plants answering the
purpose equally well, and being free from its defects. It
will, however, in all probability, be always a favourite in this
country, the little trouble required in planting and keeping
it in order, recommending it to the characteristic indolence
of the inhabitants. This plant is cultivated from suckers,
which take root readily. In the wet parishes it thrives best -

78

when planted on the top of the bank thrown up in forming the
ditch, so that the superabundant moisture drains off readily.
In the dry districts, on the contrary, where it is apt to suffer
from long continued droughts, it ought to be set in level
ground.

2. The Spanish Dagger (Yucca aloifolia), a species very
common in this country, has also been cultivated for fences.
It is not so unsightly as the Pinguin,but requires time before
it fulfils the purpose of a fence, the suckers or heads from
which it is planted not acquiring the requisite height till
- the end of the first year. Upon the whole, it ought never
to be applied to this purpose, being unornamental, and by
no means so useful as many others. lt must, at the same
time, be confessed, that in the flowering season it is far from
ungraceful, its stem being covered with dark spiny leaves,
and surmounted: with its snowy thyrse-like inflorescence. |

8. Several Cacti are employed for fences; but more com-
monly in the East Indies and. the Windward Islands than
with us. This tribe is well adapted for the dry districts,
their structure enabling them to be content with a scanty
and occasional supply of moisture. Those which are distin-
guished by the name of Cerei erecti, as well as some of
the Opuntie, are what are most commonly used. They
form pretty good fences. We might, however, object to
their appearance, as conveying an idea of sterility; and to
their being easily cut or broken down. Altogether, they
are only admissible where none of the other plants we pro-
ceed to enumerate will grow. Like all the succulent family,
their propagation is easy, as they take root readily from
cuttings or joints; and when the old plant dies and decays,
suckers come up. Of these, one (or more if requisite) may
be preserved, and planted in the place of the old: one, ae
stool of which ought previously to be removed.

4. We now come to a different description of serials in
the cultivation and training of which more skill is required
on the part of the husbandman. As the same system of
management suits them all, we shall dwell more particu-
larly on the cultivation of the Lime for the purpose of a

79

fence, our remarks on this head being applicable to all the
rest.

The Lime (Citrus Limonia) is a. tree of little elevation,
loftier than the Citron, but lower than any of the other indi-
viduals of the Orange tribe. In general aspect it is regular,
with a yellowish-green leaf, oval-pointed, the length double
the breadth. The corolla is delicate, the stamens from 20
to 30 in number, and the pistil lengthened out, or sometimes
wanting. ‘The fruit is a berry, small and ovoid, its pericarp
or rind thin, yellow, aromatic, interiorly adhering to the pulp.
The perisperm is composed of many cavities filled with a
whitish aromatic acid pulp. The seeds are small, externally
yellowish, internally white.

This is a native of the East, having been unknown to the
ancient Greeks and Romans. It was first brought, along
with the Orange, into. Syria. and the adjacent countries bor-
dering on the Mediterranean, by the Arabs, they having
become acquainted with it in their conquests in the east.
From thence it found its way, during the crusades, into the
southern districts of Europe, where it has since continued
to flourish. It was probably brought to these islands by the
Spaniards, at an early date after their discovery.

The Lime is of rapid growth, forming, if proper care has
been taken, a fence in two years and ahalf. It is best raised
from seed, sown in the line we wish the fence to. be estab-
lished. It prefers a cool and rather moist climate, an
soil of loose rich mould. It often succeeds even in | wet soft
land, where the logwood fails. The land in which it is to be
planted should always undergo some previous preparation, but
as this is seldom attended to, the seeds or roots being com-
monly placed on a hard, impervious, and, it may chance to be,
meagre soil; no attempt having been made to loosen the co- _
hesion of the particles by tillage, or to enrich the ground by —
proper manures and composts, it is no wonder if the fence fre-
quently comes up straggling and stunted, with. large gaps,
and of a sear and sickly aspect. The soil, indeed, in this case,
requires as much careful preparation as in any other branch
of cultivation. When this is attended to, the roots penetrate

80

the loose mould easily in search of nourishment, and our :
plants spring up healthy and vigorous.
The same care should be continued during the first three
or four years. Weeds are to be cleared away, and the soil
loosened occasionally, laying up a few inches of soil about the
roots. It will even be advisable to apply occasionally some
well digested and fresh soil. With such precautions, we
cannot fail in establishing a fence, composed of plants in high
and vigorous health. For the first year and a half, or two
years, this will be sufficient. About the end of this period,
however, we commence pruning; and on the time and man-
ner in which this is performed, much of the future beauty
and utility of the fence depends. Many commence this pro-
cess too early, scarcely giving the plants time to shoot before
they begin to curtail them. The consequence is, that the
hedge becomes useless, for instead of thickening, as was
intended, it gradually fills with shrubs of numerous, but
weak and stunted branches, having the same appearance as
those plants in pastures which have been subject to be fre-
quently cropped by stock. A premature decay is brought
on, the repeated removal of the young shoots exhausting
the parent, by stimulating it to over exertion. Instead of
this, it should be laid down as a rule, that the fence be
undisturbed till it has attained the height at which it is to |
remain, viz. five or six feet from the ground: when, for the
first time, a gentle pruning becomes necessary. We ought
to leave the main stem untouched, shortening the side
branches, and suffering those near the root to grow long,
and gradually tapering up in a wedge-like form. By this
means young lateral shoots will spring out and fill up every
interstice, till the whole presents in time the appearance of
a solid leafy wall. This pyramidal form we ought in our
future prunings carefully to preserve. By this means all
the branches, those at the bottom as well as the top, will be
alike exposed to the sunshine and the rain. Suckers will
spring up, branches from the bottom of the stem will spread
out and again divide, so that the base of the fence being broad
and thick, it will keep out even the smallest kinds of stock.

8l

Whereas, were we, as is usually the custom in this country,
to round off the top, we should have the stems near the root
naked and bare, with wide intervals, allowing free ingress
and egress to all kinds of destructive stock.

When we wish to fill up gaps in a fence of this kind, it is
requisite, after preparing the soil, to make a selection of
healthy vigorous plants. Previous to putting them in the
ground, we ought to cut down those on each side to a short
distance from the surface, so that an opportunity may be
afforded for the new plants to establish themselves.

When a hedge has been neglected, and allowed to grow
up high, it is still capable of being formed into an useful
fence. For this purpose, it must be cut down close to
the ground, at the same time loosening the soil about the
roots. If this be done, numerous shoots will soon make
their appearance; which, if pruned into the shape formerly
recommended, will shortly form a Dronsifn) and sufficient
fence.

5. We now come to the Logwood (Hematorylon Campe-
chianum), another excellent material for fence-making. It
may be raised from seed or suckers. The plants employed
should be at least a year old. Previous to planting, we
ought to assort them, separating the weak from the strong,
so that plants in different states of size and strength be not
placed together, the consequence of which would be, that
the hedge would not be uniform in growth, the stronger
individuals becoming luxuriant and outgrowing their neigh-
bours, which would soon become sickly and die. On the
contrary, when the plants are in the same condition of health,
and of the same age, as those around them, they go on
together keeping pace in their growth. "The system of prun-
ing recommended for the Lime applies equally to the Log-
wood. It should be allowed to stand untouched till the end
of the second year, or till it has attained the height at which it
may remain. We are then to trim the lateral branches, leaving -
those at the bottom long, and pruning gradually shorter as
we approach the top. If treated in this manner, it forms a
hedge superior to almost any other, not excepting even the

VOL. III. G .

* 82

Hawthorn, which in appearance it so much resembles, It is
unfortunately, however, invariably mismanaged, the Negro
who is directed to trim the fence merely shortening the exu-
berant branches without any attention to form, the longer
ones being partly cut through, and interlaced with the neigh-
bouring branches. Hence, while the fence is thick and
bushy at the top, where it is least required, it is thin and
straggling below.

The Logwood prefers a drier soil than the Lime, so that
where the fence passes over a wet piece of land, we ought to
introduce the latter to complete the line.

6. The Bontia daphnoides, or Wild Barbadoes Olive, forms
a beautiful fence. It is destitute of thorns, and protects
solely by the closeness with which its branches grow, pre-
senting an almost impenetrable barrier. "5. The Jerusalem
Thorn (Parkinsonia aculeata); 8. the Barbadoes Pride; 9. the
Mimosa Nilotica, or Gum-Arabie Tree, as it is improperly
called; and, 10. the Erythrina Corallodendron or Coral-Tree;
(known among cultivators of Cocoa by the name of Madre de
Cacao,) have all been employed in fence-making, and demand

the same treatment as the Lime and the Logwood. The two
last named are of peculiarly rapid growth. I may here
mention, that in the drier districts it would be expedient to
give a trial to the common Ebony (Amerimnum Ebenus, W.).
It is of rapid growth, and flourishes in river-courses with
scarcely a particle of soil, frequently attaining the height of
20 feet. Altogether, it is probable it may prove a
substitute for the Cacti and the Pinguin, which deface the
vicinity of Kingston.

11. The Bamboo ( Arundo Bambos, L.),* if carefully attended
to, is capable of forming a very excellent fence. It should
be trimmed with a flat top; suckers as they spring up
being carefully removed, and only the lateral shoots allowed
to remain. This description of fence has the disadvantage
of harbouring vermin, and unless great care be taken,

cadunt

* I might have noticed here the Rosa involucrata, which has been found to

83

strong thick suckers will spring up, and produce ah unsightly
appearance. It also exhausts the soil in the neighbourhood,
its rapid growth demanding all the moisture and nourish-
ment within reach. Hence, not even the hardiest weed
can thrive in the vicinity of Bamboos, not so much from any
thing deliterious in the shade, but because théy só com-
pletely deprive the soil around of moisture and nourishment.
Thus, instead of protecting springs, they soon dry them up;
the rapidity of their growth, which exceeds that of almost
any other plant, speedily draining all the sources of water. *

12. I may, in conclusion, mention a few plants which pro-
mise to fulfil the purpose of an ornamental fence. Such is
the Justicia picta, or variegated-leaved Justicia. This ought
to be trimmed with a level top. The Pomegranate also is
peculiarly suitable. I am not aware that the Lawsonia
inermis, or Tree Mignonette, has been tried, "There is no
doubt, however, of its succeeding. The Cuphea viscosissima,
Allamanda cathartica, Gardenia florida, and several others,
might be added to this list.

As for the bordering of garden walks, I may merely alltide
to the Rosa semperflorens, Euphorbia Pseudo-Ipecacuanha,
and the Justicia pectoralis, or Balsam-herb. The Portulaca
pilosa, the Sesuvium Portulacastrum, and the Heliotropium
curassavicum, have all been tried in the Bath garden,

These few remarks are submitted to the Society, in hopes
of directing to this subject the attention of some member
possessing greater opportunities of practical observation.
It is, indeed, a reproach to our husbandry, that one of the
first objects to which attention ought to have been directed,
has been in every way so much neglected. Possessed of the
best materials for fence-making that any country can boast,
we have the worst enclosures; and though two or three years
be sufficient to establish even those kinds which are the most
tardy in their growth, we prefer going on in our old ed

STEF] dex.

~ Med ce amies eh ceto EE.
ing on the young shoots keeping down the growth, NC MAdona!
care is required, -
G2

84.

method. It is to be hoped that the labours of this Society
may not be ineffectual in improving this, as well as other
defective branches of our rural ceconomy.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY;

PRINCIPALLY OF THE SOUTHERN PARTS OF THE
PENINSULA.

By Ricuanp Wieut, M.D., &c. &c.
[Continued from page 360 of Volume IT)

XXI.
AEGICERAS FRAGRANS.
Pentanpria Monoeynia. Nat. Ord. MynsINEX.

Cal. 5-partitus, foliolis oblique imbricatis. Corolla hypocrate-
riformis. Filamenta inferne connata. Anthere sagittatze,
loculis cellulosis. Ovarium polyspermum. Stigma simplex.
Theca coriacea, cylindracea, follicularis, monosperma.
Semen intra thecam germinans, integumento incompleto
calyptriformi. Albumen 0. Embryo erectus. Cotyledones
brevissimee. Plumula conspicua.—Arbor parva, littoralis,
inter Rhizophoras intra tropicos proveniens, sed usque ad
lat. 34° austr. extensa. Folia sparsa, integerrima, pagine
superioris excretione salina. Umbellæ terminales. Flores
albi, fragrantes. Br.

JEgiceras fragrans. (SuppL. Tas. XXI.)

Æ. fragrans. Kon. in Ann. of Bot. v. 1. p. 129, cum Ie.
Br. Prodr. v. 1. p. 534.

JE. majus. Geertn. de Fruct. v. i. p. 916. t. 46. f. 1. Willd. Sp.
Pl. v. 1. p. 1185. Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veget. v. 4. p. 511.

Rhizophora corniculata. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 635.

Mangium fruticosum corniculatum. Rumph. Herb. Amb.
v. 3. p. 117.

A stout, very ramous, milky shrub, 10 or 12 feet, rarely
more, in height. Branches round, glabrous; bark brown;

85

young shoots somewhat 4-angled. Leaves alternate, opposite,
or sometimes three together, obovate, obtuse, immarginate,
entire, glabrous, coriaceous; speckled beneath with darker
coloured spots; both sides perforated with numerous small
pores, scarcely visible to the naked eye. Umbels terminal,
simple. Flowers pedicelled, numerous, white, on a thick,
short, woody peduncle. Calyx 5-parted; segments contorted,
membranous on the margins. Corolla hypocrateriform,
5-cleft; segments lanceolate, acute, reflexed, as long as the tube;
tube hairy within, a little longer than the calyx. (In the draw-
ing the tube is represented somewhat too long.) Stamens 5;
Jiiaments firmly united at the base into a tube, externally hairy,
and edged with a thick downy ring; free portion of the fila-
ments subulate. Anthers oblong, 2-celled, opening longi-
tudinally. Pollen lodged in a double series of smaller cells,
formed by numerous firm transverse partitions, separated by
a common longitudinal one. Pistil: germen superior, cylin-
drical; style tapering, the length of the stamens ; stigma simple.
Pericarp a curved, rounded, acuminate, smooth, 1-seeded fol-
licle, opening on the conyex side. Seed conformed to the
follicle; radicle superior, connected with the receptacle by
a long flattened thread, (funiculus; integumentum incomple-
tum? Br.) cotyledons elongated, vobis ge
inverse, conformed to the seed. -

This plant is a native of salt Saray Scull on the banks
of rivers near the sea. Several of the mouths of the Cavary
which enter the sea in this district afford situations favourable
for its production, and in such places it is very abundant,
flowering and ripening its fruit during the greater part of the
hot season.

Super. Tas. XXI. A.—A branch with flowers and fruit.
Fig. 1, Flower cut open and showing the stamens. Fig. 2,
Stamen; the anther showing the pollen-cells. Fig. 3, the
Pistil. Fig. 4, Fruit from which the theca or follicle is
removed; showing the Embryo with its imperfect calyptri-
form integument, &c., natural size. The rest of the dissec-
tions are slightly magnified.

86
XXIL
COMBRETUM HEYNEANUM.

DE Monoernia. Nat. Ord. ComMBRETACER.

Gen. Cuan. Calycis limbus infundibuliformis, 4-lobus, deci-
duus. Petala 4, inter lobos calycis inserta. Stam. 8, biseri-
alia; ex his 4 petalis opposita altius inserta et longe exserta.
Ovarium 2-5-ovulatum. Stylus exsertus acutus. Fructus
4-pteri, I-locul., 1-spermi, indehiscentes. Semen angulatum,
pendulum. Cotyledones plica media reflexee cruciato-diva-
ricatee.— Frutices arboresve subscandentes. Folia sepius
opposita integerrima. Spicee terminales et axillares interdum
paniculate. DC.

Combretum Heyneanum; scandens, foliis oppositis ellipticis
acutiusculis coriaceis glabris basi in petiolum attenuatis,
spicis paniculatis axillaribus terminalibusque folio bre-
vioribus, bracteis minutissimis, calyce intus villoso.
(Suppt. Tas. XXII.)

C. Heyneanum. Wall. Cat. of E. Ind. Comp. Mus. n. 4001.

C. Coromandelianum. Wight, MSS.

C. laxum. Roxb. Hort. Beng. (non alior.)

Verragay. Tamul.

A large, scandent shrub. Bark pale brownish-coloured,
smooth; branches rounded. Leaves opposite, petioled, broad,
elliptico-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, glabrous, entire,
slightly decurrent on the petiole, between 4 and 5 inches long,
and about 2 broad, of a light shining green colour. Spikes
panicled, axillary, usually alternate, but sometimes opposite,
occasionally forming a rather large terminal panicle. Flowers
small, white, furnished at the base with a bractea, but so small
that it is not easily seen, unless closely looked for. Calyx
subcampanulate, superior, 4-cleft, hairy within; segments
ovate, acute, reflexed. Corolla of 4 small white obovate petals,
shorter than the calyx, and inserted in its divisions. Stamens
8,in a double series, those opposite the petals forming the
inner series. Filaments very long, filiform, variously bent and
widely spreading, their bases hid by the hairs of the calyx.

87

Pistil; germen 4-sided, inferior, sessile, forming a sort of
pedicel for the flower. Style one, filiform, shorter than the
stamens: stigma blunt. Fruit 4-winged, l-celled, 1-seeded ;
wings spreading, purple. Seed 4-sided, pendulous.

This is a common plant, found all over the country, in strag-
gling solitary bushes. From my own knowledge, I can state
its habitat as extending from near Cape Comorin to the middle
of the Northern Circars; how much further I know not. It
is to be met with in flower and fruit the greater part of the
year, but in most perfection during the cool season.

Surry. Tam. XXII. Fig. 1, Bud with its bractea, and Fig. 2,
Front view of a flower:—magnified. Fig. 3, Section of a
capsule :—wnatural size.

XXIII, XXIV.
VALLISNERIA SPIRALIS.
Diccra Dranpria. Nat. Ord. HypnocHARIDEX.

Gen. Cuar. Flores dioici.—Masc. Spadin conicus undique
tectus flosculis; spatha inclusus. Perianthium 3-partitum.
Stam, 2,—Fem, Spatha monophylla, uniflora, Perian-
thium 3-6-partitum. Stigmata 3, bifida, extus quandoque
appendiculata, Bacca unilocularis, eplindrasea, polys-
perma. Semina parietalia. Br. .

Vallisneria spiralis; scapo foemineo spirali, foliis natantibus
linearibus obtusis apice serrulatis. Br. (SuppL. Tan.
XXIII, XXIV.)

V. spiralis. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1441. Willd, Sp. Pl.v.4. p. 650, Br.
Prodr, FI. Nov, Holl. v. 1. p.345. Spreng. Syst. Veget. v3. p. 900,

V. spiraloides. Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. "11.

Vallisnerioides palustre, &c. qum Gen. p. 3. t. W,

Ambul. Tamul.

Leaves radical, linear,obtuse, serrulate on the margin, about
3-nerved, varying in length according to the depth of water
in which the plant grows, from 8-4 inches to more than a foot.

Mare: Scapes axillary, one or two inchés long, cylindrical.

88

Spatha ovate, compressed, 2-leaved ; the leaves united at their
margins, and bursting at the apex. Spadiz somewhat shorter
than the spatha, conical, covered on all sides with innumerable
shortly pedicelled, very small flowers. Calyx petaloid, 4-parted ;
segments somewhat unequal, obtuse, reflexed, thus forming a
little float to keep the two short diverging stamens above
water after the flowers are separated from the parent plant.
Stigmas obtuse; pollen consisting of small transparent globules.

FEMALE: Scape spiral, capillary, of considerable length.
Spatha tubular, 2-cleft at the apex, nearly as long as the
spadix. Calyx 3-cleft; divisions short, obtuse, triangular.
Corolla none. Stamens 3, sterile, inserted on the spadix,
alternate with the segments of the calyx, very small. Style
none. Stigmas 3, spreading, petal-like, hairy on their upper
surface, and 3-cleft. Capsule (a berry, Br.,) cylindrical,
2-4 inches in length, including many parietal seeds.

In small water-tanks throughout India: to be found, perhaps,
all the year, but principally during the rainy and cool season.
It is marked as annual by Roxburgh; but this is perhaps an
error. It extends itself rapidly by runners from the roots.

- (Dr. Wight is, no doubt, correct in referring this to the
V. spiraloides of Roxburgh; but on comparing the plant
with the V. spiralis of Europe, it appears to be identical
with it, and to haye a very extended range, being found also
in New Holland and in North America.—2H. 7

Suprt. Tas. XXII. Male plant. Fig. 1, Extremity of a
leaf. Fig. 2, Flower-bud, taken from the spatha. Fig. T
Flower :—magnijied.

SurPrL. Tas. XXIV. Female plant. Fig. 1, Upper Wero E

of a flower, with part of the spatha. Fig. 2, Section of the
germen, showing the arrangement of the uten We

XXV.
PLADERA VIRGATA.

— 'TETRANDRIA Monoeynia. Nat. Ord. GENTIANEA.
Cal. elongatus, 4-dentatus. Cor. infundibuliformis, limbo

89

irregulari. Stamen unicum reliquis minus. Stigma bilobum.
Capsula supera, 1-locularis, 2-valvis. Semina numerosa.
Pladera virgata; annua erecta tetragona, ramis oppositis
alternisque, foliis inferioribus lanceolato-spathulatis 3-ner-
viis reliquis cordatis acutis, floribus terminalibus panicu-

latis. (SuppL. Tas. XXV.)
P. virgata. Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 1. p. 417. Spreng. Syst.
Veget. v. 1. p. A81. Cham. et Schlecht. in Linnea, v. 1. p. 198.
Exacum diffusum. Wild. Sp. Pl. v. 1. p. 637.
Gentiana diffusa. Vahl, Symb. 3. p. 4t.
Canscora diffusa. Br. Prodr. v. 1. p. 451.
Centhera. Tamu.

Annual. Stems erect, ramous, 4-sided, angles sharp;
branches axillary, at the base opposite, slender, ascending,
dividing into alternate branchlets, in this resembling the upper
part of the main stem, each branch of which repeatedly divides
into two, until they finally terminate in three or five flowers.
Leaves opposite, below spathulato-lanceolate, rather obtuse,
above very broad, cordato-ovate, or nearly orbicular, sessile,
somewhat amplexicaul, glabrous, thin, entire, very sharp-
pointed. Flowers pale lilac-coloured, terminal. Calyx
tubular, 4-cleft, segments acute, 3-nerved. Corolla funnel-
shaped; tube the length of the calyx; limb 3-cleft, segments
nearly equal, obtuse, spreading, one of them a little larger,
with a deep cleft or plait in the middle, for the reception of
the larger stamen. Stamens 4; filaments attached near the
top of the tube, three of them short, bearing yellow anthers,
the fourth much larger, with a deep orange-coloured anther,
which becomes erect when about to shed its pollen, having
been previously lodged in the groove of the corolla. Pistil:
germen cylindrical, about half the length of the tube of the
corolla; style filiform; stigma 2-cleft, its segments revolute,
flattened, downy all over. Capsule cylindrical, within the
withered corolla, 1-celled, 2-valved. If wounded before it is
quite ripe, a quantity of milky juice exudes. Seeds very
numerous, attached to the margins of the valves. _

A native of wet soil; found near tanks, and on the banks of

90

water-courses. The specimen figured was gathered near
Negapatam in February.

SurPL. Tas. XXV. Fig. 1, Flower. Fig, 2, Flower laid
open to show the pistil :—magnified.

XXVI.
PTEROSPERMUM SUBERIFOLIUM,
Monave.puia Potyanpria. Nat, Ord. Byrrneriacez.

Cal. 5-partitus, basi subtubulosus, nudus involueratusve.
Pet. 5. Stam. 20, quorum 5 sterilia. Stylus cylindraceus.
Stigma crassiusculum. Capsula lignosa, 5-loc., 5-valvis.
Semina in alam producta, albumine parco aut nullo. DC.

Pterospermum suberifolium; foliis obovato-cuneatis apice
irregulariter subtrilobis lobo medio acuminato subtus
canescentibus, pedunculis axillaribus 1—3-floris, petalis -
lanceolatis, involucro nullo. (Surrr. Tas. XXVI.) :

P. suberifolium. Wild. Sp. Pl. v. 3. p. 728. (non Sims in Bot.
Mag. t. 1526. nec Roxb. MSS. Cat.) De Cand. Prodr.
v. 1. p. 500. Wall. Cat. Mus. E. I. C. n. 1166.

P. canescens. Roxb. MSS. Cat. cum Ic.

Pentapetes suberifolia. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 959. Cav. Diss.
3. p. 130. t. 43. f. 2.

Pterospermadendrum suberis &c. ** Ammann Act. Petrop.
8. p. 215. t. 14."

A considerable £ree, with rough bark and ramous slightly
spreading heads. Branches round, dark brown, the young
shoots at first covered with white powdery down, after-
wards becoming of a rusty brown colour, Leaves alternate, on
short rust-coloured petioles, coriaceous, strongly nerved,
smooth, bright green above, white beneath, somewhat unequal
at the base, and unequally 3-lobed at the apex; the middle
lobe larger, acuminate. Peduncles axillary, or sometimes from
a little above the axil, short, rust-coloured, from 1 to 5-flow-
ered. Flowers white. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, tubular at the
base; segments linear, acute, externally of a rusty brown, green
within, 5-angled before expansion. Petals ovato-lanceolate,

91

obtuse, white, shorter than the calyx. Stamens 20: filaments
united at the base; the five sterile ones larger than the rest,
hairy. Anthers erect, subulate. Pistil: germen superior,
shortly pedicelled. Style the length of the stamens. Stigma
thickened, villous, Capsule pedicelled, egg-shaped, covered
with white powdery down, 5-valved, 5-celled: partitions from
the middle of the valves. Cells 4-seeded, two to each parti-
tion. Seeds compressed, terminating in a long obtuse wing.

This tree is, I believe, rather rare: those individuals from
which the preceding description was made, are, I believe, the
only ones I have met with in their native habitat. They grow in
sandy soil, about five miles from the sea-coast. The trunk is
short, about two feet in circumference; the branches ascending,
but pendulous towards their extremities. When I first saw
them in October, they were loaded with fruit, but not a single
flower could be found. The drawing was taken in May, and
the fruit attached to the specimen is the production of the
preceding year. It is used as timber by the carpenters, but
I am ignorant of the quality of the wood.

(To Ammann’s figure I have not an opportunity of referring ;
but that of Cavanilles entirely accords with our plant. Dr.
Roxburgh has fallen into an error in calling this plant Pter-
ospermum canescens, and in taking for the true suberifolium
a very different species; the same, indeed, as is figured, and
under the same name, in Bot. Mag. t. 1526, having leaves
and flowers twice or thrice the size of our plant, and a 3-
leaved involucre surrounding the calyx.—H.] ;

SuPPL. Tas. XXVI. Fig. 1, Stamens and pistil, Fig. 2,
Seed :—natural size.

XXVI
UTRICULARIA STELLARIS. o
Dianpria Monoeynia. Nat. Ord. LeNTIBULARUE. .—

Cal. diphyllus, labiis eequalibus indivisis. Corolla personata
labio inferiore basi calcarata. Stamina 2, do" apice
intus antheriferis. Stigma bilabiatum. = =

Utricularia stellaris; foliis radicalibus compositis laciniis

92

setaceis utriculiferis, scapi utriculis verticillatis barbatis,

calcare obtuso labio breviore. (SurPr. Tas. XXVII.)
U. stellaris. Linn. Suppl. p. 86. Vahl, Enum. v. 1. p. 19.

Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1. p. 113. (excl. syn. U. inflexe Forsk.)

Roxb. Corom. v. 2. t. 180. FI. Ind. v. 1. p. 143. Hoem. et

Schult. v. 1. p. 194. Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. 1. p. 62.

Radical shoots, between three and four feet long, ramous,
subimmersed. Leaves in whorls of four or five, cut into
numerous forked filiform segments, appearing hairy under the
lens, each bearing close to the fork a firm, cartilaginous, trans-
parent, obovate bladder. The scape springs from the axil ofa
branch, and rises to the surface of the water, in which situa-
tion it is retained by six or eight ovate, oblong, sessile, cellular
bearded bladders, attached to about its middle. "These have
been called bractee, but, in my opinion, erroneously, as the
flowers are furnished, besides, with scales or bractee, at the
base of each pedicel, as in the other species of this genus.
They ought, therefore, rather to be considered supports
(fulcra) or floats, than bracteas. Pedicel compressed, at first
erect, afterwards drooping. Calyx of two ovate, acute leaves.
Corolla ringent. Spur blunt, not much shorter than the under
lip, bent forwards in the hollow of one of the calyx-leaves.
Stamens 2, shorter than the style; anthers incurved, approxi-
mating. Style erect. Stigma peltate, hairy, the anterior edge
. hooked over, and embracing the anthers. Capsule globular,
I-celled. Seeds numerous, attached on all sides by a large
globular receptacle.

This pretty little plant is found floating near the surface of
tanks and standing water, in most parts of India; above
which, during the cool and rainy seasons, it elevates the small
clusters of yellow flowers which mark its presence. This
species differs greatly in the form of the stigma from the other
individuals of the genus, two of which now before me have a
funnel-shaped stigma, with a portion of the edge dilated,
forming a little lip or tongue, which laps over the anthers,
apparently to catch the pollen. |
SurrL. Tas. XXVII. Fig. 1, Flower. Fig. 2, Section of

young fruit :—magnifted. j

93

- XXVIIL-
BERGIA AMMANNIODIES. Var. TRIANDRA.
Decanpria? Monoaynia. Nat. Ord. EraTINEX.

Gen. Cuar. Cal. 5-sepalus; petalis cum sepalis alternantibus.
Stam. 10, quorum 5 cum petalis alternantia, 5 petalis oppo-
sita (in B. pentandra et in B. ammannioidi abortu nulla.)
Ovarium ovoideum, 5-loculare, loculis multiovulatis, 5 stig-
matibus stellatim dispositis coronatum. Carpella in cap-
sulam ovoideam verticillata, unilocularia ; valvis marginibus

introflexis; placenta centrali 5-gona, lobis in loculis promi-
nulis. Semina numerosa, lobis placentee centrali ope funi-
culi brevissimi affixa, oblonga vix arcuata; tegumento
crustaceo striatulo punctis elevatis micantibus consperso.
Camb.

Bergia ammannioides ; caulibus erectis ramosis, foliis obovato-
ellipticis acutis in petiolum decurrentibus serratis pubes-
centi-asperis (vel glabris) floribus 3-5-andris 3-5-gynis.
(Surre. Tas. XXVIII.)

B. ammannioides. Roth, Pl. Ind. Or. p. 219. Roxb. Cat.
Hort. Bot. Cale. cum Ic. De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 390.
Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. 2. p. 423.

B. pentandra. Cambass. Fl. Seneg. p. 42. t. 12.

Lechea umbellata. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 12595? gs a s

8. floribus 3-andris. (Surrr. Tas. XXVIII.) .. ek Pres

Root filiform, descending, white. Stem erect, rounded, -
ramous, everywhere rough from numerous capitate hairs.
Leaves opposite, subspathulate, lanceolate, sessile, acutely
serrated, veined, the veins thinly scattered with capitate hairs.
Stipules 2 to each leaf, membranous, ciliate on the margin.
Flowers axillary; pedicels whorled, from 12 to 20 in a whorl.
Calyx deeply 3-parted ; segments triangular, acute, coloured
on the margin. Corolla: petals 3, pale reddish, or pure white,
abont the size of the calyx, and alternate with its segments,
between which they are often found projecting when the calyx
is closed, Stamens 3, opposed to the calyx, a and shorter than
it. Anthers large, 2-celled. Pistil: germen superior, » 4, 5,

94

or even 6-celled, each cell furnished with its own sfyle and
stigma. Styles short, approximated. Stigma obtuse, red.
Capsule purple, cells equalling the number of stigmas; parti-
tions formed of the inflexed margins of the valves. Seeds
many in each cell, ovato-oblong.

The figure, No. 2, represents an individual differing from
the above in being quite smooth, but in all other respects
the same.

These plants are frequent in moist sandy soil, springing up
during the rains, and continuing to the end of the cool season.
The drawing was made about the beginning of February.

It appears to me that the genus to which this plant ought
to be referred, is still undetermined. I think, however, that
Elatine is the one that approaches most nearly in its charac-
ters to those above given. What Willdenow’s Lechea
verticillata is, it is not easy to conjecture. The **caulis repens”
is altogether at variance with this plant, though in other
respects they correspond so much, that Roxburgh gives
that species as a synonym for his Bergia ammannioides,
which I have no doubt is this very plant. I think it is also
Roth's B. ammannioides, asit agrees well with his character of
the species, as quoted by De Candolle and Sprengel, though
differing in the number of stamens assigned to it, and, 1 pre-
sume, of the other parts of the flower, as these all correspond.
This may be a variation from the usual form, in the same
manner as the styles vary in different flowers, from 3 to 5,
even on the same plant. Upon the whole, I think we have
reason for believing this plant the Bergia ammannioides of
Roth; but the question still remains to be determined,
whether or not it ought to be referred to the genus Elatine.

[It does indeed appear, that the number of parts in the
flowers of the Genus Bergia, and especially in the present
species, is liable to much variation; yet Cambassedes, in his
“© Memoire sur les Elatinées,” ( Mem. du Mus. d’ Hist. Nat.”
v. 18. p. 230,) says of it, ** Genus vix ab Elatine diversum,
nisi numero partium floris quinario." Hence, the justness of
Dr. Wight's remarks will be apparent; and the present indi-

95
vidual, at least, might, without any violence to nature, be
united to Elatine.—H.] -

SurPL. Tas. XXVIII. Fig 1,2, Flowers. Fig. 3, Section
-of a capsule. Fig. 4, Portion of the stem, with glandular
hairs :—magnified.

XXIX,
MICROCARPZEA COCHLEARIFOLIA.
Dianpria Monoeynia. Nat. Ord. ScRoPHULARINZ.

Microcarpsa cochlearifolia; caulibus prostratis subsarmen-
tosis, foliis oppositis subrotundo-spathulatis carnosis, flori-
bus axillaribus sessilibus geminatis. (Surrr. Tas, X XIX.)

M. cochlearifolia. Sm. in Rees’ Cycl.

Peplidium humifusum. Delile. Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. 1. p. 43.

Pederota cochlearifolia. Koen. et Rottl. MSS. in Herb. nostr.

Hedyotis maritima. Linn. Suppl. p. 119. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1.
p. 566.

Oldenlandia maritima. Roth, Pl. Ind. Or. p. 97. Spreng.
Syst. Veget. v. 1. p. 446.

Amampacharisy. Tamul.

Stems filiform, diffuse, prostrate, somewhat sarmentose,
Jointed, rooting at the joints. Leaves opposite, shortly petioled,
varying in different plants from spathulate to orbicular, entire,
glabrous, fleshy. lowers axillary, sessile, in pairs, small,
white. Calyx tubular, persistent, slightly 5-cleft; segments
obtuse; the £ube contracted by five plaits, which gradually
disappear as the enclosed capsule enlarges. Corolla 5-lobed ;
one of the lobes a little larger than the rest. Stamens 2, within
the corolla: filaments attached to the middle of the tube, thick,
short, angularly incurved. Anthers approximated, roundish,
situated on, or rather in, the thickened apex of the filament.
Pistil: germen superior. Style thelength of the stamens. Stigma
red, compressed, hooked over the anthers. Capsule about the
size of a coriander seed, 2-celled, fragile. dieto n Humorous,
ovate, attached to a large central receptacle. .

96

A humble plant, growing in patches on the borders of
tanks and wet grounds; every branch of which within a few
joints of the parent plant takes root, and produces a new set
of plants and branches. "There can be no doubt that this is
the plant which Smith describes, (and of which he probably
received specimens from both Koenig and Rottler,) as I have
specimens in my herbarium labelled by Rottler, ** Pederota
cochlearifolia.” It is in flower and fruit for several months
during the rainy and cool season. I have only found it in
the Tanjore country, and therefore suspect that it is a rare
plant.

[Sir James E. Smith is probably correct in referring this to
the Microcarpea of Mr. Brown. The general structure of
the flowers is the same, and in reference to Mr. Brown's
remarks upon our plant, “that it differs principally from
Microcarpea in the valveless capsule,” Sir James observes,
that though the capsule “ usually breaks at the sides,” yet
* traces of two distinct valves, each with a narrow partition
from its centre, may easily be perceived, and these sometimes
separate regularly at the top in the usual way, even to the
base, as we find by examining various specimens.” —H.]

Surry. Tas. XXIX. Fig. 1, Flower. Fig. 2, The same laid
open; the pistil, Fig. 3, being removed. Fig. 4, Section
of the germen :—magnified.

XXX.
VILLARSIA MACROPHYLLA.
PrwrAwpRiA MowocYNia. Nat. Ord. GrwriAwE:S aff. Br.

Cal. 5-(8-) partitus. Cor. subrotata, limbo patente, 5-(8-) par-
tito, laciniis disco plano basi barbato v. squamulato, mar-
ginibus adscendentibus sestivatione inflexis. Stamina 5
(ad 8) laciniis alterna. Stylus 1. Stigma bi-(-5-) lobum,
lobis dentatis. Glandule 5 hypogynee, staminibus alterna.
Capsula polysperma, unilocularis, bivalvis (in aquaticis

- evalvis), valvularum axibus seminiferis. | Folia simplicia.—
Herba natantes vel paludose. Folia alterna, raro opposita,

97

petiolis basi dilatatis, semivaginantibus, integra vel dentata,
subtus in plerisque punctata. Flores vel subumbellati axillares,
nunc petiolum insidentes, vel paniculati terminales. Corolla
sepius flava, laciniarum marginibus fimbriatis vel integris. Br.

Villarsia indica; foliis alte cordatis orbicularibus coriaceis
repandis 3-nerviis, pedunculis umbellatis ex apice petio-
lorum, corolle laciniis superne hirsutis, capsula evalvi,
seminibus globosis echinatis. (SuppL. Tas. XXX.)

V. indica. Vent. Choix des Pl. p. 9. Roem. et Schult. Syst.
Veget. v. 4. p. 119. Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. 1. p. 582.

Menyanthes indica. Linn. Fl. Zeyl. p. 79. Sp. Pl. p. 20%.
Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1. p. 811. Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 2. p. 31.

M. macrophylla. Roth, Nov. Pl. Ind. Or. p. 105.

Cumada. Jones in Asiat. Res. (ed. 8vo.) v. 4. p. 248.

Nedel-Ambel. Hort. Mal. v. 11. p. 55. t. 28.

Nympheza ceramica. Rumph. Amb. v. 6. p. 173. t. 12. f. 3.

an.

Petioles rounded, glabrous, in deep water very long, proli-
ferous. Leaves orbicular, attached near their centre, and
divided on one side down to the petiole, hence cordate, very -
slightly repand on the margin, thick, coriaceous, 3-ribbed,
reticulated with veins, glabrous, light shining green above,
brownish beneath. Peduncles aggregated on the apex of the
petiole, filiform, 1-flowered, furnished at the base with a com-
mon membranous bractea. From the same point one or more
new petioles spring, producing a fresh crop of flowers when
the first is past. Calyx 6-8-parted; segments linear, acute,
about half the length of the corolla. Corolla 5-6-8-cleft;
segments lanceolate, spreading, very hairy within, pure white;
tube yellow. Stamens alternate with the segments of the
corolla, equal in number; filaments adhering to the throat,
and continued to the bottom of the tube; the free part erect,
subulate, incurved. There are no inferior alternate glands.
Anthers erect, subulate, 2-celled, dark-coloured. Pistil: ger-
men superior, globular, l-celled. Style cylindrical, erect,
terminating in from 3-5 white membranous umbilicated stig-
mas. Pericarp 5 capsule evalvular, 1-celled, with from 3-5
rows of seeds attached to its sides. The seminal receptacles

VOL, III. H

98

correspond in number with the stigmas. Seeds rough, len-
ticular, attached by a short pedicel.

This most beautiful aquatic is in flower all the rainy and
cool season, and certainly cannot be adequately represented
on paper; at least the accompanying drawing falls very far
short of the richness and beauty of the original.*

The present species differs from the usual character of the
genus Villarsia, in having the whole disk of the limb of the
corolla bearded, and in wanting the sterile filaments or glands;
and certainly strengthens the arguments of those who object
to the separation of this genus from Menyanthes on the char-
acters hitherto assigned, If the floating evalvular species
only were removed, there would, perhaps, be less room for
objection, as the distinction would be supported, both by the
difference of habit and the form of an important organ, the
seed-vessel. But so long as the separation is made to rest on
the presence or absence of sterile filaments or glands, and on
the greater or less extent of beard on the segments of the
corolla, this species must be divided from Villarsia, and
united with Menyanthes, unless kept separate by the difference
of the leaves. On these grounds I agree with Smith and
others, in thinking that these genera are not sufficiently distin-
guished by the characters now assigned to them.

[Mr. Brown, indeed, has long ago observed, that Menyan-
thes differs from Villarsia, principally in the disk of the cor-
olla being longitudinally bearded, in the margin being simple,
(destitute of fringe, which, indeed, is the case with some
acknowledged Villarsie,) and the ternate leaves. It may,
therefore, not unreasonably be questioned, whether the latter
should form a genus distinct from the former. In adopting
it, we follow the now almost universal arrangement of authors.

The species requires a very careful revision; more than one
having, we suspect, already been confounded with the P. indica;

—

* The figure is faithful, but the artist has selected small leaves, and their
thickness cannot well be represented. They are usually as large, and very
similar to those of Nuphar lutea, or N. advena. — Ed. ;

99

yet this can scarcely be accomplished, on account of the
extreme delicacy of the corolla, except from an examination
of recent specimens. That the present is the Menyanthes
macrophylla of Roth, Pl. Ind. Or., as my friend Dr. Wight
has considered it, there can, I think, be no question, and that
it is the plant of Linneeus, provided the figure of Rheede and
Rumphius are authorities for his species, I feel almost equally
certain. So, also, I believe it to be the Cumada* of Sir W.
Jones, in siat. Res. (Svo. ed.) v. 4. p. 249, which he has so
accurately described, as even to notice * seeds appearing
rough, with small dots or points;" only he has quoted
Tab. 29, ( M. cristata, Roxb.) of Rheede, instead of Tab. 28,
(M. indica. L.). Roxburgh's M. indica, Fl. Ind. v. 2. p. 31,
I should have referred hither without hesitation, were it not
that he terms the seeds “ obovate,” and does not notice the
rough points with which they are covered. But his descrip-
tion is otherwise excellent, and the figure, among the drawings
in the Museum of the E. India Company, of which a copy is
now before me, is highly characteristie of our plant. From my
valued friend, Mr. Parker, I have received specimens of a
Villarsia from Guiana, and a drawing made by Mr. Ankers, the
flowers of which bear the closest affinity with our present spe-
cies; but the leaves are smaller and far less coriaceous; and if it
be the same as a plant I have received from Dr. M‘Fadyen,
of Jamaica, the seeds are comp sse. Me
free from raised points. "This may, perhaps, be the V. Hum

boldtiana of Kunth. Very different from all these is the
M. indica of the Bot. Magazine, t. 658, with deep yellow
flowers, but whose native country is not stated in that work.
Dr. Wallich, however, says that it is found in Nepal, and that
_ the young stalks are there employed in making Curries, (see
Fl. Ind. v. 2. p. 31. note.) Sir James Smith (in Rees’ Cyel.)
et M
— an inhabitant of the Cape of Good "—

"The Taian namo for this and oer atl aqu plants, menning

delight of the — Sir W. Jones.
H 2

100

SuprPL. Tas. XXX. Fig. 1, Flower laid open. Fig. 2, Sec-
tion of a capsule. Fig. 3, Seed:—more or less magnified.

XXXI.

BRYOPHYLLUM CALYCINUM.
OCTANDRIA TreTrRAGYNIA. Nat. Ord. CrassuLACE.

Cal. inflatus ante florescentiam vesicularis vix ad medium
4-fidus, lobis 4-valvatis. Cor. gamopetala hypogyna, tubo
longo cylindraceo basi obtuse tetragono, lobis 4 ovato-
triangularibus acutis. Stam. 8 tubi basi adnata. Glandule
4 oblonga.

Suffrutex carnosus erectus ramosus glaber. Folia opposita
crassa petiolata; alia impari-pinnata, segmentis 1-2-jugis
interdum nullis, terminali maximo interdum solitario, omni-
bus ovatis crenatis, crenis punctum opacum in plantulum
Jacile evolutum gerentibus! Cymæ paniculate terminales.
Flores flavo-rubentes. Calyx fere Silenis inflate.

Bryophyllum calycinum. (SurPr. Tas. XX XI.)

B. calycinum. Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 3. Sims in Bot. Mag.
t. 1409. De Cand. Prodr. v. 3. p. 396.

Cotyledon pinnata. Lam. Encycl. v. 2. p. 141.

Calanchoe pinnata. Pers. Syn. Pl. v. 1. p. 446.

Verea pinnata, Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. 2. p. 260.

Cotyledon rhizophylla. Roxb. MSS.

C. calycina. Roth, Nov. Pl. Ind. Or. p. 217.

" Roots fibrous, peer d stoloniferous; the lower part of
the stem speedily rooting, when by accident it is bent so as to
approach the ground. Stems erect, rounded, glabrous, the
old ones marked with the scars of fallen leaves. Leaves op-
posite, decussate, petioled, simple and ternate, or pinnate;
leaflets 6-7, elliptic, slightly cordate, glabrous, fleshy, crenato-
serrate, coloured on the margin, readily, when removed and
suspended in the air, producing a new plant from each serra-
ture. Petioles embracing the stem, glabrous, purple, speckled.

101

Stipules none, except a thick fleshy margin, which connects
the petioles. Cymes panicled, large, leafy at the base; branches
dichotomous, many-flowered. Flowers large, pendulous,
greenish, mixed with purple. Calyx cylindrical, inflated,
4-cleft at the apex, lobes about i the length of the tube,
united by their edges into a 4-sided conical point. Corolla
marcescent, tubular, 4-cleft, nearly twice the length of the
calyx; segments acute; tube puckered round the germen,
presenting, when the calyx is removed, the appearance of a
head and neck; limb purple. Stamens 8, shorter than the
corolla; filaments slender, subulate, attached to the neck-part
of the corolla; anthers linear. Pistils: germens 4, substipitate,
each furnished at the base with a compressed, nearly square
gland. Styles the length of the stamens; stigmas simple.
Capsules 4, 1-celled, 1-valved, many-seeded. Seeds borne on
the inflexed margin of the valves. I have not seen ripe seeds.

I do not know whether this (which indeed has no Tamul
name) is truly a native* of India; if not, it is now naturalized
and found extensively distributed. It seems to prefer a moist,
rather rich soil, and flowers during the cool season. The
drawing was taken from a plant which flowered in my garden,
and which I found apparently in a wild state about a year
before, and transferred to its present place. There was
no attention paid to it as to watering, or cultivation. It
was brought from a moist shady situation, and planted in
a dry, rather exposed one, and there produced the large
handsome panicle of flowers which is represented on a
greatly reduced scale. 'The separate flower is about the
natural size—the whole plant was four feet high. Two other
larger plants blossomed at the same time; and a gentleman
tells me he has plants in his garden considerably larger than
mine. In two of my plants the flowering-stem is producing
fresh shoots. In the other I suspect it will die. ^

SuprpL Tas. XXXI. Fig. 1, Flower. Fig. 2, The same

—

* [t is said to be à native of the Moluccas.

102

laid open. Fig. 8, The pistil and glands. Fig. 4, Section
of a young fruit. Fig. 5, Portion of a leaf throwing out
new plants from the crenatures of the margin :—natural size.

XXXI.
BUTEA FRONDOSA.
DiapErLPHiA Decanpria. Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSÆ.

Cal. campanulatus, 5-dentatus, dentibus 2 sup. approximatis
subconnexis. Corolle vexillum lanceolatum patens, carina
alis et vexillo æqualis incurva. Stamina diadelpha (9 et 1).
Legumen stipitatum plano-compressum membranaceum
indehiscens apice 1-spermum. Semen compressum magnum.

Arbores Asiatice inermes. Folia 3-foliolata 1l-juga cum
impari, foliolis stipellatis amplis ovato-rotundis. Racemi
multiflori, floribus ternis breviter pedicellatis sub calyce
bibracteolatis. Corolle intense coccinee, Calyces pube
sepius nigricante velutini. |

Butea frondosa; ramulis pubescentibus, foliolis subrotundis,
obtusis emarginatisve subtus subvelutinis, corolla calyce
quadruplo longiore, dentibus calycinis subacutis. (SUPPL,
Tas. XXXII.)

B. frondosa. Roxb. Asiat. Hes. v. 3. p. 469. Pl. Cor. t. 21.
Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 3. p. 911. De Cand. Prodr. v. 2. p. 415.
Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. 3. p. 186.

Erythrina monosperma. Lam. Dict. v. 1. p. 391.

Plaso. Rheede, Hort. Mal. v. 6. p. 29. p. 16, 17.

Porasat Marum, Tamul.

A middle-sized. tree, with rough cracked cinereous bark:
inner bark thick, soft, white, exuding when first wounded a
transparent gummy juice, which changes to red, and then con- .
cretes into clear shining ruby-like grains. Branches rounded,
rough, their flower-bearing extremities pendulous from the
weight of flowers. The young shoots, petioles, and under
surface of the leaves are thickly covered with short whitish
powdery-looking down. Leaves petioled, ternate, the termi-
nal leaflet very broad, slightly emarginate at the apex, cuneate

103

towards the base; the exterior side of the lateral pair
dilated very much, and hence nearly twice the breadth of the
inner, all beautifully marked with veiny reticulations. Sti-
pules, two short, firm, pointed bodies at the base of the
petiole; there are smaller ones of the same kind to each
pedicel. Hacemes terminal, drooping. Rachis, pedicels and
calyx clothed with soft, brownish pubescence. Flowers
large, bright scarlet, marked with darker lines. Pedicels
ternate, rounded, about an inch in length, jointed at the apex,
and furnished at both ends with small pointed deciduous
bracteas. Calyx campanulate, swollen on the upper surface,
2-lipped ; upper Zip entire, or only slightly emarginate; under
one 3-toothed, teeth pointed. Corolla; vezillum silky above,
broad, lanceolate, reflexed; claw arched within the calyx, hence
the swelling there. Wings lanceolate, spreading, below termi-
nating in a thick fleshy ear, one-half of a deeper red than the
other. Keel arched below, and cleft nearly half its length,
marked on each side, near the base, with a deep depression
for the reception of a plait of the wing. Stamens diadelphous,
9-1, the separate one adhering so firmly to the base of the
vexillum, that it comes off with it in removing that petal;
anthers oblong-linear. Pistil: germen pedicelled, oblong,
linear-lanceolate, compressed, downy. Ovules 6, the two last
larger. Style filiform, compressed, the length of the stamens,
hooked at the point, Stigma small. Pericarp: legume stipi-
tate, compressed, pendulous, 5-6 inches long, downy, taper-
ing somewhat towards the base, but varying much in this
respect, l-seeded at the apex. Seed compressed.

[This splendid tree is a native, according to Dr. Roxburgh,
of the low lands upon the coast, but is far more abundant
among the mountains, casting its leaves in the cold season,
which appear again with the flowers in the months of March
and April. The seed ripens in June and July. According
to the same author, the Lac insects are frequently found on
the small branches and petioles of this tree. From natural
fissures, as well as from wounds made in the bark during the
hot season, a beautiful red juice exudes, which hardens into a

104

ruby-coloured astringent gum, which Dr. Roxburgh suspects
may be found useful in medicine; and the flowers yield a
beautiful, but apparently not very permanent, bright yellow
dye.—H.]

SurpL Tas. XXXII. Fig. 1, Legume :—natural size.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

TO THE

ENUMERATIO FILICUM, Parr I. LvcoropiNEA.
Given at Page 360 of Vol. II. of this Work.

By R. K. GREVILLE, LL. D., & Wm. J. Hooxer.

LYCOPODIUM.
l. L. Selago. Has. Peru. Ruiz and Pavon, in Herb.
Lambert. Van Dieman's Land. R. W. Lawrence, Esq.
4. After L. vernicosum, :
L. brevifolium. Hook. et Grev.

Caule erecto dichotomo robusto, foliis late ovatis nitidis
arcte reflexis margine subdenticulatis, capsulis axillaribus.

Has. Peru. Ruiz and Pavon, in Herb. Lambert.—The
mode of growth is similar to that of L. Se/ago and its allies,
but it is more robust, and at least a foot in height. The short
reflexed leaves give it a most striking appearance.

6. After L. crassum,

L. axillare. Roxb. in Beats. St. Helena, p. 312.

Has. St. Helena. Roxburgh—The stems are for the most _

part simple, and the whole plant nearly related to Z. crassum.

9. L. rigidum. Has. Chimborazo. Ruiz and. Pavon, in
Herb. Lambert.

105

10. L. setaceum. Having carefully examined Mr. Don's
original specimens, we are enabled to refer this plant to
L. pulcherrimum of Wallich.

19. L. acerosum. According to authentic specimens in
Sir James Smith's E. Herbarium, communicated by Thouin
to the younger Linneus, from the Isle of Bourbon, this is
the true L. verticillatum of Linn. fil. and Swartz: but not of
Willdenow and other writers.

24. L, verticillatum. Having ascertained that this is not
the plant so named by the younger Linnzus, we wish it to
bear the appellation of L. protensum, Hook. and Grev.

29. L. struthioloides. We have examined Heenke’s speci-
men, named by Presl himself, in the Lambertian Herbarium;
and find it to be in no respect different from L. laxum of that
author, which also exists in the same collection.

41. L. Flagellaria. This plant must likewise be referred
to the L. laxum of Presl, with which it agrees in every essen-
tial particular.

72. L. clavatum. The arke variety discovered in
the Rocky Mountains by Mr. Drummond, and named by us
monostachyon, was published by Dickson in his Hortus Siccus
Britannicus, fasc. f. no. 18., but there is no station attached
to the specimens in Sir James E. Smith's Herbarium.

87. L. Jussizi. In the Lambei ian Herbarium are speci-
mens of L. Jussiæi, named by Bonpland ; and others of L.
Henkei, named by Presl: these we have compared, but with-
out detecting any distinctive characters. ZL. Hænkei may,
therefore, be regarded as a synonym of L. Jussiai.

92. L. decurrens. 'This plant we have determined to be
the L. scariosum of Forster, (Florule Insularum Australium
Prodromus, 1786, p. 81,) by means of his own specimens in
the Lambertian Herbarium. That name is therefore to be |
preferred. |

94. L. involvens. Authentic specimens oa Tikapi in

the Banksian Herbarium, enable us to refer out L. ya
tum to this species.

106

95. L. circinale. The synonym of Don, Prodr. Fi. Nepal.
belongs to L. caulescens, as we have ascertained by an exa-
mination of Mr. Don's own specimens.

After L. circinale,

L. lepidophyllum. Hook. et Grev.

Densissime czespitosum, caule bi-tripinnato ubique folioso, -
foliis arctissime imbricatis coriaceo-rigidis obliquis late ovatis
obtusis margine scariosis subtus pallidis rufescentibus, stipu-
lis folio simillimis.

Has. Near San Blas, Mexico. Capt. Henry Dundas, R.N.
Peru. A. Caldcleugh, Esq.—Closely as this remarkable spe-
cies resembles L. involvens in its appearance and mode of
growtb, it is well distinguished by its broader and obtuse
leaves and stipules, which are, moreover, furnished with a
thin scariose border. The stems are about six inches in
length, and, including the branches, somewhat more than an

inch in breadth. Spikes 2-3 lines long, acutely quadrangular..
= 104, L. pennatum. We find, upon inspecting Mr. Don’s
original specimens, that this species should be transferred to
the group we have called Platystachya.

108. L. anceps. Henke’s own specimen, named by Presl,
in the Lambertian Herbarium, does not differ from £L. flabel-
latum, L.

133. After L. pumilio,

L. radiatum. Aubl. Pl. de la Guiane, p. 96%.

Has. Guiana. Aublet.

143. L. stoloniferum. We find, upon examining authentic
specimens of the L. stoloniferum of Swartz, in the Banksian
Herbarium, communicated by himself from Hispaniola, that
we have committed an error in regard to the present plant.
The species we named L. Peppigianum is the true plant of
Swartz, and was indeed transmitted to us as such by our
friend Professor Kunze. Thespecific appellations of the two
plants will, therefore, have to be transposed, and the syno-
nyms of our L. stoloniferum referred to what we have errone-
ously called L. Peppigianum. The stations belonging to the

107

true L. stoloniferum, are, therefore, Jamaica and Hispaniola.
Swartz. Cuba. Dr. Peppig.

156. L. integerrimum. This name, given by us to what we
supposed a new Indian species, must give place to that of
ornithopodioides ; since we have cleared up the difficulties in
which the latter plant was involved. In Hermann’s Her-
barium, deposited in the Banksian Collection, are the speci-
mens which are the authority for the description in the Flora
Zeylanica; and also another specimen, so named by König,
who likewise refers to Hermann's Herbarium. Both are the
same as our L, integerrimum.

160. After L. radicatum,

L. prelongum. Hook. et Grev.

Caule decumbente bipinnatim ramoso ad basin folioso apice
distanter et simpliciter pinnato longe attenuato radicante,
ramis ramulisque brevibus, foliis ovato-oblongis rigidis ob-
tusiusculis minute denticulatis basi superiore ciliatis, stipulis
folio duplo minoribus oblique ovatis basi inzequaliter auricu-
latis denticulato-ciliatis subeuspidatis, spicis brevibus.

Has. Presidency of Madras. Dr. Wight—Plant from
twelve to twenty inches in length; slender, alternately
branched, in a very regular manner; the lower branches
(except one or two at the base, which are three or four inches
long) are about two inches in length, bec | ly
shorter and more simple as they approach. the extremity, to
which, however, they are continued. It is a very elegant
species, of a lively green colour, and quite distinct from L.
radicatum, to which it is allied.

180. After Z. anomalum,

L. brachystachyum. Hook. et Grev.

- Caule stolonifero decumbente: apice seen = A
ramoso folioso, foliis horizontaliter pectinatis saturate viridibus -
ovato-oblongis coriaceo-membranaceis paululum falcatis ob-
tusis integerrimis basi superne dilatatis, stipulis oblique
ovatis longe cuspidatis subdenticulatis, spicis perbrevibus.

Has. Ceylon. Macrae, in Herb. Bentham. A large

108

robust species, above a foot in length, throwing out numerous
stout stolones, three or four inches long. Habit very much
that of L. atroviride, but apparently more decumbent. Caul-
ine leaves near two lines in length; those of the branches
somewhat shorter and narrower. Spikes about three lines
long.

181. After L. tenerum,
L. Macraei. Hook. et Grev.

Caule stolonifero suberecto superne bi-tripinnatim ramoso,
ramis brevibus, foliis horizontalibus ovato-oblongis obtusis
margine superiore basi valde dilatato ciliato, stipulis folio oc-
tuplo minoribus ovatis longe aristatis serratis, spicis elongatis,
squamis ciliato-serratis.

Has. Ceylon. Macrae, in Herb. Bentham.— Plant eight
to ten inches long, or perhaps more, as the specimen in Mr.
Bentham's Herbarium is not perfect. Leaves of the stem
somewhat approximate, a line and a half long. The branches
are about an inch in length, arranged alternately at intervals

of half an inch: the ramuli are only two or three lines long.
Spikes beautiful, an inch and a half long.

L. ornatum. Hook. et Grev.

Caule stolonifero suberecto? tripinnato, ramis elongatis
plumosis, foliis oblongis horizontaliter pectinatis margine
superiore denticulatis obtusis paululum falcatis, stipulis ova-
tis denticulatis mucronatis, spicis subuncialibus. _

Has. Sumatra. Miller, in Herb. Banks. This very
elegant plant resembles our L. Wallichii both in size and
habit, but is at once to be distinguished by its unilateral fruc-
tification.

L. calostachyum. Hook. et Grev. ET :

Caule stolonifero decumbente bi-tripinnatim ramoso, ramis
elongatis, ramulis brevibus, foliis horizontaliter pectinatis lete
viridibus ovato-oblongis membranaceis obtusis basi superiore
valde dilatatis ciliatis, stipulis ovatis denticulatis longe et
oblique cuspidatis, spicis brevibus, acras denticulatis majori-
bus pulcherrime pectinatis. : j

109

Has. Ceylon. Macrae, in Herb. Bentham. A remark-
ably beautiful species, the numerous elegantly pectinated
spikes giving it a light and graceful character. The specimen
from which our description was taken is not entire, but the
whole plant is probably six or eight inches in length: the
branches are three or four inches long—the ramuli about
an inch—the ultimate ones supporting the spikes only a few
lines in length. The spikes are from one-third to half an
inch long. The stipules are minute, and furnished with a
stramineous aristate point, nearly as long as themselves.

OBSERVATIONS ON SOME BRITISH PLANTS,
PARTICULARLY WITH REFERENCE TO THE
ENGLISH FLORA OF SIR JAMES E. SMITH.—
By W. Wiutson, Eso.

[ Continued from Tage 412 of Volume II)

30. Paris Sei — Woods near Over, Ciesehito, May
16, 1827.— Leaves sessile, as I think. Styles violet-coloured,
as well as the depressed, 4-sided germen. Flower-stalk with
8 angles, and as many deep furrows.

31. Butomus umbellatus.—Anglesea, September, 1898.—
The fruit a single capsule, apparently, with 6 folliculose valves,
whose edges, though separating above, are closely united
below. Seeds lining each side of the valves for some distance
near the margin.

32. Andromeda polifolia.— W oolston Moss, May 26, 1827.
—Stamens not attached to the corolla; for, in an advanced
state, the corolla may be detached, leaving the dilated hairy
filaments still adhering to the receptacle; yet it sometimes
happens otherwise. Perhaps the filaments may have a slight
connexion with the — occasionally, as in Kaeietan
Vitis Idea. 5

33. Saxifraga iuto dicii 1896,-June. ot, 1828.—
Flower-stalk at the outside of the radical leaves. Petals with

110

two yellowish spots near the claw. Calyz-segments not re-
flexed. Pollen red. Capsule two-celled, in each cell are
two contiguous linear receptacles, one on each side of the
line of dehiscence.

34. Saxifraga tridactylites.—Anglesea, May 8, 1828.—If the
germen be really inferior in this, and the similarly constituted
species, how can the calyx be termed monophyllous? I would
rather think it 5-leaved, even when the germen is superior.—
Seeds not very evidently angular, but with a prominent line
on one síde, striated and somewhat dotted, not compressed,
rather larger at the upper end. When growing on sunny
limestone cliffs, this plant is altogether of a bright red colour,
and is then very elegant.

35, 36. Saxifraga muscoides and pygmea.—Not having seen
Specimens of either, I can only venture to suspect that these
are but varieties of one species; certainly there is nothing in
the characters or descriptions of Eng. Fl. to justify their
separation. Moreover, I consider that there is nothing
but the superior calyx which can permanently distinguish
we from S. cespitosa.

87. Saxifraga cespitosa.— T wll dá, 1825.—Examined 17th
dish. 1829.—I approve of the description in Eng. Fl., and
at present am inclined to believe it a distinct species. . In my
specimens, the radical leaves are 8- or 5-cleft, some of them
entire; those of the short lateral shoots entire or 3-cleft;
the shoots are so very short as to be almost undiscoverable,
and the ffowering-stems were consequently almost contiguous.
Petals very small, hardly twice as long as the segments of the
calyx, 3-ribbed. It was very scarce, and I could find only
two small roots, from which I obtained about 6 fowering
specimens. A root of Sazifrage, brought from Snowdon in
1820, (by my brother,) which has hitherto been considered
as S. palmata, I find, on examination, to answer very exactly
to S. cespitosa £. of Eng. Fl. and agreeing also with what is
there said of the cultivated plant from Brandon mountain.
The Snowdon plant has acquired by culture rather long prò- _
cumbent shoots, the leaves of which are all 3-lobed, never
5-lobed, unless just below tbe flowering-stems; the lobes

111

obtuse, short, and often very broad, not spathulate, copiously
fringed with jointed hairs of various lengths, the short ones
often glandular. It is true that, in this case, the lobes of the
leaves are not rounded at the extremity, as in the wild spe-
cimens from Twll da; and though they are always much
more obtuse than in the cultivated varieties of S. hypnoides,
hereafter enumerated, they are sometimes terminated by a
point; but it will be found that the point is not cartilaginous,
as in S. hypnoides, but only a terminal jointed glandular hair, in
every respect similar to those observable in the margin of the
lobes. The ribs of the leaf will also be found rather different ;
the broad common base of the lobes having 5 ribs, instead
of 3, uniting much lower down the foot-stalk than is common
to S. hypnoides; thus the middle lobe is 3-ribbed at the base,
and the lateral lobes 2-ribbed, and sometimes 3-ribbed; all
of them furnished with lateral veins above. The radical leaves
are usually 5-lobed. The petals, notwithstanding their size, .
are merely obovate, and 3-ribbed, never furnished with lateral
veins, as in many of the wild and most of the cultivated states
of S. hypnoides. The germen in this, as well as in the wild
. plant from Twll dá, is remarkable for its broad rounded base,
which, with the very broad and obtuse segments of the calyx
and leaves, fully establishes, as I think, the relationship
between the cultivated Snowdon plant, and the wild one from
Twil dà, and will keep both from all the varieties, wild or
cultivated, of S. hypnoides, as essentially distinct, though
assuredly very nearly connected. The seeds of the cultivated
plant are rough, and, like those of S. hypnoides, in the Twll
dà specimens, they seem wholly smooth; but as they are
immature and, I think, abortive, I do not consider that cir-
cumstance important. Of the wild state of the Snowdon plant
I know nothing, and I have never been able to find a Sazi-
frage at all resembling S. cespitosa upon Snowdon, so that it
must be rare. Of the authenticity of the plant now in culti-
vation, as having been really gathered spomina Pe
not the least doubt.

ge x pite equcits of Sazifrage has now been detected

112

on the high mountains of Aberdeenshire by Dr. Graham, as
stated in British Flora, ed. 2, p. 195.—H.]

38. Saxifraga hirta.—l could never find a Sazifrage in
Wales sufficiently hairy to justify this name, or in that respect
at all approaching to cespitosa. When it acquires rounded
petals, and the ribs are furnished with lateral veins, it becomes
S. platypetala. When the segments of the leaves are narrow
and widely spreading, it then passes for S. leptophylla.

After a careful and minute examination of a great number
of specimens from Wales, and of plants in a cultivated state,
I have come to the conclusion that Saxifraga hirta, platypetala,
leptophylla, and hypnoides, are varieties of one species; they
are, moreover, so intimately connected by. intermediate states,
that it is hardly practicable to define their limits, even as varieties.
The following arrangement is the best that I can think of :—
.. Saxifraga hypnoides.—Examined January, 1829. )
Speciric Cuar. Radical leaves 3- or 5-cleft; those of the

- procumbent shoots undivided, or 3-cleft; all bristle-pointed,
and more or less fringed. - Segments of the calyx ovate,
pointed. Petals roundish, obovate, or oblong, 3-ribbed,
with or without lateral veins.

a. S. hypnoides.— Eng. Fl. v. 2. p. 277.—Leaves of the trailing
shoots undivided, sometimes with axillary buds. Stem bearing
from three to seven, usually erect, sometimes drooping flowers.
Petals elliptical, entire, 3-ribbed; sometimes as broad as those
of S. platypetala, and like them furnished with lateral veins;
sometimes very narrow, notched, or pointed. The procumbent
shoots in this variety are sometimes very short, and sometimes
destitute of axillary buds, which appear to be neither a con-
stant character nor confined to this variety. A root exactly
answering to S. hypnoides of Eng. Fl. from Dove Dale in
Derbyshire, is not altered by culture, except that the axillary
buds on the shoots are not so numerous as in wild —
from the same place.

—.. &- S. platypetala and dentine Ii Fl.— Leaves of the pro-
cumbent shoots either undivided or 3-cleft. Petals usually
broad, with or without lateral veins. _

This is closely connected with the preceding and fol-

113

lowing varieties, and perhaps should not be kept separate
from y. Flowers, in some instances, drooping; generally
erect. Calyx-segments sometimes narrow. Petals on as
in the last.

vy. S. platypetala and hirta.—Eng. Fl.—Leaves of the pro-
cumbent shoots mostly 3-cleft, the lobes usually broad, the
middle one 3-ribbed at the base. The common base of the
lobes mostly very broad, and tapering downwards into the
more or less elongated foot-stalk. Flowering-stem three or
twelve inches high, the flowers, in some instances, few and
crowded upon short branches near the top; sometimes there
are seven or nine flowers; the branches axillary, and often
placed at distant intervals along the stem. Calya-segments
variable in breadth and length. Petals variable, as in the
foregoing; in some instances very long and narrow, with a
notched extremity.

The procumbent shoots are frequently furnished with
axillary buds. By cultivation, the leaves in autumn become
very large and 5-lobed, the lobes spreading, and in some
degree spathulate. A root exactly answering to S. platypetala
of Eng. Fl. brought from Wales, was found not materially
altered by culture while in a flowering state; but in the
autumn following, the leaves of the shoots were almost uni-
versally 5-parted, and the lobes broadly spathulate.

3. S. leptophylla.—Eng. Fi. v. Vu PES ene
cumbent shoots deeply 3-cleft; lobes Hinton, cand
widely

In this, the iom vary much in breadth and
length. Petals obovate or elliptical, 3-ribbed; seldom fur-
nished with lateral veins. Intermediate states occur, in which
the leaves of the stem have narrow, wide-spreading lobes,
while those of the pacem ibo: are Saeed as in
the var. a. i

* Flowering-stem Pais ae die conan leak

This can scarcely be termed a variety, yet it is not readily
altered by culture, though perhaps its habit is not strictly
permanent. Except in having the flowering-stem at the ends
of the shoots produced in the spring; there is nothing to

VOL. III. I

114

distinguish it. A root from Snowdon was not altered in the
garden at the time of flowering, in the following year; but as
it was soon afterwards destroyed I had not ‘opporthnigg to
make further observations. In the autumn following, the
leaves were found very large, having from five to nine spread-
ing segments, or doubly 3-parted. In the flowering state
they corresponded with the variety 2. On the other hand,
wild specimens from Twll-di, with terminal flower-stalks,
rather belong to the variety y.

In some of the wild specimens from Wales, I observe the
anthers to be minutely pointed; in other cases their lobes are
spreading below. In a few instances the filaments are
scarcely, if at all, dilated at the base. The stigmas appear to
be of uniform structure, accidentally variable in size and
direction; equally so on the same individual plant as in the
different varieties. In one or two of the Snowdon specimens,
I find the ribs of the leaves, especially of the foot-stalks, very
strong and prominent. The calyz-segments are, in every
instance, 3-ribbed. The flowers in a dried state are either
quite white, or, in some varieties, yellowish or cream-coloured,
indicating almost a specific difference, and the ribs on the
petals are in some individuals much more conspicuous than
usual. The seeds, so far as I have observed, are always
rough, either ovate or roundish. Embryo nearly central, with
2 cotyledons.

39. Saxifraga affinis—The character and description would
hardly induce me to admit it as a species—if cultivation should
be found not materially to affect it, I would not altogether
refusé to receive it, but if the plant has been only partially
examined, and the description made from one or two speci-
mens only, I should have serious doubts concerning this plant.

40. Saxifraga incurvifolia.—If the obtuse incurved segments
of the leaves should be found constant, I may consider it dis-
tinct from S. hypnoides and the varieties, but it would perhaps
not be very easy to distinguish it from S. cespitosa, with
which the calyx-segments seem to correspond. The «upright
shoots" may vary by culture or otherwise, as is the case with
S. cespitosa, and, as it appears, also with S. elongella.

115

41. Saxifraga denudata.—It is hardly necessary to observe
that this isa very doubtful species. "The reflexed points of the
calyx-segments are very general in the varieties of S. hypnoides,
and the lanceolate shape of the segments probably accidental.

42. Saxifraga elongella.—]t is hardly possible for this to be
any thing else but a variety of S. hypnoides, if the description
bea faithful one.

43. Saxifraga letevirens.—The recurved points of the seg-
ments of the leaves may possibly distinguish this as a species,
but at present I think its claims very doubtful.

44. Saxifraga pedatifida.—The very long narrow segments
of the calyx, if constantly as long as the capsule, may furnish a
specific character: in other respects, I should think it might
prove a state only of the var. leptophylla, the leaves of which
by culture become doubly 3-parted.

45. Silene acaulis—Twll-di.—May 30, 1828.— Leaves
connate at the base, sessile. The * cloven scale” at the base
of the limb of the petal is aed of two. prominences,
hollow beneath.

46. Arenaria verna.—Scotland.—July 20, 182'7.— The fila-
ments certainly arise from a glandular disk, but at first sight
only the alternate ones, between the petals, are glandular at
their exterior base, where a single horizontal pore is observ-
able. (In Cherleria sedoides there are two, one at each side.)
In these specimens I do not perceive the leaves (previous to
being dried,) to be 3-ribbed at the back, though in dried Welsh
specimens it is evident enough. The seeds (in Welsh speci-
mens,) are not sessile upon the receptacle, but some of the
upper ones have stalks nearly three times their own length.

47. Arenaria rubella.—Mael Greadha.—July 23, 1827.—
Calyz leaves 3-ribbed with membranous edges, slightly covered
with viscid hairs. Petalsentire, shorter than thecalyx. Filaments
from a glandular disk, those alternate with the petals bearing
the glands at their exterior base, or seated upon them. An-
thers white, though sometimes inclining to red. Styles three,
four, or five. Stigmas linear, slightly recurved. Flower-stalk
and upper part of the s/em viscid, the former of a purplish

colour. Leaves 3-ribbed, (the ribs parallel, prominent on
12

116

each side of the leaf) bluntish, without points, those of the
stem rather broader than the rest, all of them linear, flat;
the upper part of the stem bearing ovato-lanceolate bracteas,
which are membranous in the margin and fringed below.
Calyx slightly spreading when in flower, almost as long as
the flower-stalk. Several stems arise from the same root,
often bearing two flowers. Seeds kidney-shaped, rough or
granulated.

48. Cherleria sedoides.— Ben Lawers.—July 13, and August
16, 1827.— Calyx 1-leaved, deeply divided into 5 segments ?
Stamens from a glandular disk, those filaments alternate with
the petals, having at their base two yellow glands, one on
each side; the other filaments are placed between the glands,
not at their backs—the glands project beyond the insertion
of the adjoining filaments and have a pore at their extremities.

49. Cotyledon Umbilicus.—Anglesea.—July 4, 1828.—I
find theanther 2-valved. Filaments inserted between the valves
and extending to the centre; the two valves becoming
reflexed and externally concave. In this state the anther is
versatile, but previously not evidently so. Nectaries deep
yellow, not red.

50. Sedum dasyphyllum.—Conway.—June 11, 1828.— Nec-
taries yellow, obovate and notched, or almost obcordate. Pistils
sometimes 8, always equal to the number of petals, nectaries,
and calyx-segments, and the stamens twice as many. Those
Jilaments alternate with the petals are longer than the rest.
Calyz-segments very fleshy, convex on both sides.

51. Sedum anglicum.—Anglesea.—July 8, 1828.— The fila-
ments opposite to the petals are connected to the bases of the
petals, and even those which are alternate with them are in
some degree connected in like manner. I cannot perceive a
red rib on the petals. Nectary dark red, as also the
anthers. : | di os

52. Sedum reflerum.—Roofs at Aber.—July 11, 1828.—
Segments of the calyx with concave backs. Petals keeled at the
back, above twice the length of the calyx, channelled above.
Anthers oblong, yellow. Nectaries yellow, very short and
abrupt, their length less than the breadth, flattened. . Fila-

317

ments awl-shaped, compressed below, and pubescent on the
inner side near the base.

53. Sedum PForsterianum.— Little Ormeshead.—June, 1828.
—Segments of thecalyz very seldom elliptical and obtuse. I find
them generally broadly ovate, bluntish, flat, or with the sides
sometimes slightly reflexed, and like the flower-stalks, glau-
cous. Petals four times as long, lanceolate, bluntish, keeled.
Filaments as long as the petalé subulate, somewhat flattened
below. Germens lanceolate, tapering. Stigmas indistinct.
Nectaries oblong, slightly notched, flattened, broader at the
base than at the abrupt summit, one at the base of each ger-
men, opposite the petals. Stem-leaves mostly erect, acute,
fleshy, the upper ones rather flattened, and all of a dark
purplish-green colour.—Perhaps the compact, hemispherical
or round-topped cyme, is the best mark by which to distin-
guish it from S. reflexum.

54. Cerastium vulgatum.—May 15, 1827.—Petals cloven,
but not very deeply so. Five stamens longer than the rest,
alternate with the petals and glandular at the base.

55. Cerastium semidecandrum.—April 25, and May 15, 1827.
— In some situations the plant is entirely procumbent; some-
times upright.—Stems constantly branched. Calyz-leaves
acute, otherwise corresponding with Eng. Fl. Petals striated
or furrowed. Each of the filaments seems to have a nectary
at its base.—Hugh Davies appears to have been but ill
acquainted with the plant, he having noticed the most com-
mon appearance as a singularity, under the name of Cerastium
humile.—v. Dav. Wel. Bot. |

56. Cerastium alpinum.—Craig Calleach. nt uly 13, 18271, —
On comparing this with Welsh specimens of C. latifolium, I
can find no essential difference in the parts of fructification.
They differ in habit. C. alpinum has the stem, 1 think
invariably, simple, erect, with fewer leaves than in latifolium,
the upper pairs of leaves very distantly placed. The anthers,
pollen, filaments, stigmas, petals, calyx, and — are -y
similar in these two species.

57. Cerastium latifolium.— Snowdon.— August 7, 1828.—
Petals with 5 or" strong, prominent ribs at the base, subdivided

118

once or twice, upwards; to their bases are attached five of
the stamens, the other stamens are glandular at their exterior
base. Germen on a very short stalk. Stigma decurrent
along the inner side of the style. Anthers incumbent, versa-
tile, roundish or oblong. The capsule is longer than the
calyx, bent above. Leaves fringed, the upper surface nearly
smooth; the lower surface clothed with upright hairs.
Pubescence consisting of jointed hairs seldom tipped with
glands, deflexed on the stem; widely spreading on the
flower-stalk. The stem branched and procumbent, often with
axillary flower-stalks. Grows in moist situations on the rocks,
and by no means plentiful in Wales.

58. Spergula saginoides.—Craig Calleach.—July 27, and
August 7, 1821.—'The filaments alternate with the petals have
a nectary at the exterior base as in Cerastium. In the half
ripe fruit the stalk is drooping, or bent downwards. Capsule
a little longer than the calyx, and, I believe, formed of “five
distinct valves, very blunt and recurved at the extremity,”
though I have never observed them to separate to the very
base, generally only half-way; yet the sutures are visible at
the base, and it is not difficult to separate them completely.
-The capsule, though drooping while immature, at length erect.
Seeds on stalks of twice their own length.

59. Spergula subulata.—Anglesea.— May 7, 1828.—I cannot
distinguish it from S. saginoides. The calyx-leaves after im-
pregnation of the flower, are somewhat keeled.

60. Lythrum Salicaria.—September, 1826.—' The partition
of the capsule has a cylindrical fleshy column, or rec in
the middle, to which the seeds are attached at their narrow
ends. Seeds obovate, convex externally, flat on the other side,
bordered at the summit, and appearing as if notched.

(To be continued.)

119

EXTRACT OF A LETTER, RELATIVE TO THE
VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS AROUND LA-
HOOGHAT IN KUMOAN. From A. K. Linpsay,
Eso. M.D. or tHe How. THE E. I. C. Servicer, ro G. A.
W. Arnott, Eso. or ARLARY.

[Dated Lahooghat, 23d January, 1831.)

* I rear that you will find my written account of the botany
of these regions as imperfect in its way as is the box of speci-
mens which I have prepared for you. Yet I have an idea
that a distinguished botanist like yourself may glean some-
thing, even from such a poor description as the following must
be: without further preface, therefore, I shall commence,
only I beg of you not to look for arrangement. As I cast an
eye round the hills, a tree or a plant may be suggested to my
mind, and down shall go what I have to say about it, with-
out reference either to Linnzeus or Jussieu.

*'Thisstation is situated in 29°24’ N. lat. and 79° 57’ E. long.
It is about 5700 feet above the sea, with moderately high ranges
of hills on all sides, and is as of irregular surface as you
would expect, considering that within ten hours’ walk there
runs the Kalee river, (which divides the British and Goork-
alee territories,) the bed of which is more than 4000 feet
below us; and towards the north flows the Ramesur river on
its way to join the former; the bridge over it is about five
hours’ walk from hence, and not quite 1500 feet above the sea,
The soil in this vicinity lies thinly upon mica slate and quartz :
not far in any direction the soil is even worse, being wholly
disintegrated granite, scattered over which are immense round
masses of that rock. Beyond the Ramesur, the country is
far more fertile, the hills being much less abrupt, and lime-
stone being a prevailing rock. The temperature here (Lo-
hooghat) is remarkably pleasant; great heats or excessive
cold being equally unknown; the annual mean I have endea-

”

120

voured to arrive at by several methods, and the truth seems
to be somewhere between 57? and 60». We have periodical
rains, and the seasons arrange themselves into cold, hot, and
rainy, as in the plains of India. Nothing can exceed the
uniformity of temperature during the rains, the thermometer
being steady for nearly four months, about 66? at sunrise, and
75° at 24 p. M. At that season there is a complete change in
the vegetable world, tropical plants taking the place of fami-
liar-looking, almost Scotch weeds! During the cold season
(the daily range being from 32? to about 56?) there are few
flowers, and as the weather is generally dry, all kinds of
vegetation are much burned up, Dandelion, Thyme, Rasp-
berry, and the useful Paper Daphne, (ID. cannabina,) being
the only flowers that survive. The thermometer is sometimes
5° or 6° below freezing, but even at the coldest time of the
year it is generally above that point. The extremes for
1829 were 26°7 and 83°-3, for 1830, 27°-2 and 81^6. The
hot weather, which in these hills is often refreshed by thunder
storms of hail and rain, is the season for a botanist, the
variety is so great: the grandeur of the plants may be superior
in the rains; but April and May, spent by a botanist (I often
wish that I were one) in traversing the 80 miles of straight
line, from the plains of Rohilkund to the snow-line of the
Himalaya, over many ranges with corresponding deep
vallies, would appear to me to afford greater variety than the
same distance in any part of the world. What Wallich has
done, I know not, but till his time, this elysium for a botanist
has scarcely been visited; at least I am not aware of more
than a few straggling species described by Dr. Hamilton
Buchanan, or Hardwicke. By the bye, I have often been
much struck with the irregularity of the geography of plants,
with reference to elevation. Exposure, and soil, but chiefly the
former, seem to have considerable influence in the distribu-
tion; for instance, in the great valley of Ramesur, (which I have
often to cross to visit an out-post at Petoragurh,) on the side
looking to the north, the Firs (Pinus longifolia), leaving, above,
Oaks and Rhododendra, accompany Sal trees (Shorea robusta)
and a dwarf Date, down to the very river ;—cross the bridge,

121

and there are neither Firs, Dates, nor Sal; but Citrus, Bassia,
Bauhinia, Phyllanthus, Ficus continue to the ridge, immediately
over which Firs, &c. commence again.

“The hills hereabouts are universally terraced where there is
soil, the terraces rising over one another like steps of a stair,
and of more or less breadth, according to the angle which
the hill-side makes with the horizon; the agriculture is, con-
cisely, as follows :—Wheat and Barley are sown in November
and reaped in May and June; Rice, (both on dry and
irrigated fields,) Buckwheat, and several small grains; as Cyno-
surus and such grasses, Turmeric, Pulse of various sorts, Sesa-
mum, and Maize, are sown in June, and gathered in Septem-
ber and October; also, as vegetables, Cucumbers of various
sorts, Potatoe, Capsicum, Tobacco, Amaranthus, and Arum.
The cultivation, of course, varies according to the elevation,
some high villages grow quantities of fine Hemp, for making
bags, in which borax, grain, and goods of all kinds are car-
ried. Plantains, Sugar-cane, and Ginger, do not grow near this
place, but are abundant in the lower warm districts, where,
too, Lemons and Mangoes arefound growing wild, and Oranges,
if planted. Manure is universally used in the in-lying
fields (those near villages); by the liberal use of it at each
sowing, two crops are obtained annually ; straw, leaves, grass,
ferns, &c. are used to litter the cows and buffaloes to produce
the dung; and when the turn comes for the out-lying fields,
(I thus term patches of good soil cleared and. cultivated
now and then in the jungles,) the cattle are stationed near
them for a time till a sufficiency of dung be collected; these
fallow fields are turned over with a pick-axe-shaped hoe,
some months before ploughing-time; and when the turfs are
dry they are collected into little za man: verge due
ashes are spread before ploughing.

“The woods around us are Spasi; ica ikai
magnificent tree, Rhododendron arboreum. The splendour of
the forests above, in March and April, owing to this beautiful
tree, is quite indescribable. Oak of three species occurs, (or
perhaps only varieties of Q. Jlex;) large patches are covered
by groves of Deodar, (Pinus Deodora,) and where these are

122

thickly spread, they admit of no others, it is a grand and
most useful tree; the Cher (Pinus longifolia,) is more gener-
ally scattered, and grows at a much lower level than the
Deodar, though they are often seen mixed: the other smaller
trees chiefly confined to ravines and glens, are Holly, a Pear,
(with a small round fruit,) Peach, (with tasteless white flesh,)
Cherry, a fine creeping white Rose, which often covers and
hides a large tree, Horse-Chestnut, Eleagnus, Kaephul, (Cori-
aria?) Viburnum, and Lonicera, also Andromeda. Around the
villages again, is always a fine show of Walnut, Pomegranate,
Apricot, Mulberry, and Nettle Trees, (the latter really gigan-
tic, and the tender leaves are used as greens), About temples
only, is a beautiful tree, with most fragrant flowers during the
rains, which I suppose to be Phillyrea angustifolia. Willows,
(one weeping,) abound in wet places.

* The smaller shrubs which beautify our bill-sides are chiefly
Jasmine, (yellow and white,) Barberry, of two kinds, (the first
has prickly holly-like leaves, and flowers in March, the other
has much more entire leaves, though there are generally two
or three prickles, and flowers in June, the fruits of both are
excellent); Raspberry, of two sorts, (one with yellow fruit,
which flowers in February and March, another with black
fruit, flowering in June, the berries of both are very good);
Hawthorn, of two kinds, (one erect, and the other grows in
convoluted woody bushes, rising very little above the ground);
a dwarf Holly; a Laurel, tasting strongly of Cinnamon;
several species of Ivy; a gigantic Asparagus ; two Hyperica;
the Daphne cannabina; two species of Clematis; and a few
others, of which I cannot even determine the genus. Whe-
ther most to blame my own stupidity, or the antiquity of my
books, as the cause of failure, is a question I cannot answer—
it may be owing to both.

* Of smaller plants, the fields are covered in spring i
Tulips, while the wheat and barley are only peeping upwards;
in the water-courses a yellow Ranunculus, and the Primula
dentata everywhere abound ; on shady banks a yellow-flowered
Strawberry, and what I suppose a Tiarella, are prevalent;
the fruit of the former is quite tasteless, though of a brilliant

123

crimson; near the houses are Thlaspi, Potentilla, Ozalis,
Leontodon Taraxacum, Sonchus, Echinops, Mentha, Thymus,
at least three species, as many of Viola, Silene, Rumex,
(both ‘ Sourocks and Dockens!”) Plantago, Salvia, Gnapha-
lium, Cerastium, Scutellaria, Cynoglossum, (two at least,) Cam-
panula, Glechoma, Malva, three Gentians, (one the G. Chi-
rayita, so much used as a bitter and febrifuge, by Europzeans
and natives, ) Campanula, Geranium, and towards the rainy sea-
son, two species of what I suppose to be an Csbeckia, three of
Orchis, (of one of which, the bicornis, I guess, we make very
excellent salep, digging up the roots in September and Octo-
ber,) Scabiosa, Begonia picta, Datura, Atropa, Delphinium,
Anemone, three splendid species of Arum, a Cassyta, some
beautiful Lilies, a white one particularly grand, some Cucur-
bitaceous and Malvaceous plants, the places of which I cannot
more decidedly fix, and in some warm spots many Canne
and Jrides. There are hundreds of Grasses, Syngenesious,
Leguminose, and Labiate plants, of which I can say no more,
than that I often admire them, and as often regret that I amno
botanist. Of the fine Mosses, Ferns, and others of the Cryp-
togamia, I had better say nothing—which is about as much
as I know.

“ This is also a wonderfully rich country in Zoology.
I feel convinced that a naturalist (in the extended sense
of the word,) would find as many novelties in all the king-
doms of animated nature as Humboldt or. Spix did in Ame-
rica. As relates to mineralogy, there may be less interest,
though remains of Shells have lately been discovered in the
snowy range, and there is perhaps much that would be
brought to light by a well-versed geologist. In this imme-
diate vicinity, we have masses of granite, mica, and clayslate,
quartz, and limestone, that I should think could not much
interest a geologist; but in glens, where the torrents have
laid open the structures, veins containing metals have been
found, and iron and copper have for ages been extensively
obtained in these mountains. |

* I may shortly allude to the vegetable productions that are
used in.domestic economy, or in commerce, in this part of the

124

world. Of fruits, we have Walnuts, Apricots, Mulberries, the
White Peach, Pomegranates, red and white Raspberries,
Barberries, and Kaephul, all at this level, and very good of
their kind; the Cherries are not edible, but make capital
cherry-brandy; the Pears are harsh, and scarcely eatable
until they are decayed, when they are very good. ‘The Vine
and cultivated Peach grow here, and flower luxuriantly, but
the fruit does not ripen so high; Oranges, Plantains, and
several Limes and Lemons, as well as Mangoes, are all brought
from the warm vallies; Plums have been introduced and
thrive most admirably; Apples and Quinces do not come to
much perfection; Strawberries, and all British vegetables,
seem to agree extremely well with the climate and soil. Of
Timbers—the Toon (Cedrela) is found rather below our level;
the Sal also; the Deodar pine affords excellent durable deal,
of it our houses are built, (the wood-work I mean,) the other .
Fir is not so durable or large for timber, but it supplies
excellent tar, and where Deodar is not procurable, as at Al-
mora, the wood is employed in house building. Walnut, Cherry,
and Oak, are used in limited quantities as timber, the last
universally as firewood. The Rhododendron is despised both
by carpenters and cooks, and little of it is consequently cut.
The bark and leaves of the Laurel above-mentioned, are
carried down to be used as substitutes for Cinnamon; Chi-
rayita is also conveyed to the plains in very large quantities to
be sold at the Company’s medical depots, and to native drug-
gists. Hill Capsicums and Turmeric are both much valued
below, and of course carried down; excellent paper is made
from the Daphne cannabina, as follows:—(few insects touch
it, and it is very strong, and consequently much valued)
*the bark is taken from the shrub in the cold season, (De-
cember and January); it is first well cleared of epidermis by
a knife, then boiled with a large admixture of wood ashes and
water for four or five hours, and thoroughly pounded by a
wooden mallet on a smooth stone, afterwards well bleached
in running water, the pulp is then ready to be spread on the
moulds, the heat of the sun only being sufficient to dry it’ A
coarse sugar is made from the flowers of the Bassia, and a

125

concrete oil from its fruit. The rosin which exudes from the
wounded Pinus longifolia, is exported to the plains under the
name of gundabirosa, and by distillation from it very good
oil of turpentine is obtained.

- *] lately ascended a mountain which rises from the frontier
river to the height of 8160 feet; it was in November, an un-
favourable time for observing its vegetable productions, yet the
scale on which Rhododendrons grew near the top, attracted my
notice, and they seem more at home at that elevation than with
us. Oaks, too, were gigantic; a Rubus and Bamboo we also
noticed, which are unknown here. The last, which seldom
attains the girth of the little finger, is used for mats and
baskets. The Daphne and Chirayita were in great perfection ;
but I mention this journey that I might introduce a very
curious circumstance. While we were scrambling over icy
. rocks, certainly more than 7000 feet above the sea, I was
astonished to see fine Palms scattered here and there, far
above the region of firs, among oaks and hoar-frost! they
were of a respectable height, perhaps 24 feet, with the flabelli-
form leaves of the Borassus flabelliformis of the plains, or toddy-
tree, and to my eye they differed in no degree from that tree,
which luxuriates in the hot plains of Bengal, and of which I
had not seen a single specimen since entering the hill pro-
vinces—can it be the same? If it be, I suppose it a singular
case of a palm being indigenous in Bengal, with a mean
annual temperature of 78? and upwards, and also in a bleak
mountainous situation, where the annual mean cannot reach
94^. I know of no palms with fan-shaped leaves, except
the toddy-tree, and some of very diminutive size, which may
account for my pnm it a Borassus." |

_ NEW WORK ON CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY.

[We have pleasure in mentioning, that W. H. Harvey, Esq. of Sum-
merville, near Limerick, is preparing a work, to be published in monthly
numbers, on the new or little known Cryptogamic Plants of the British
Isles: the drawings and engravings, as well as descriptions, will be entirely
executed by himself; and from our knowledge of Mr. Harvey's zeal and
acquirements, we can confidently recommend it to Botanists.]

126

BOTANICAL REMARKS.
By rue Rev. J. Farquuarson, F.R.S.

[ ABoUT two years ago I took the liberty of putting some ques-
tions relative to the geographical limits, and elevation abovethe
level of the sea, of the Scotch Fir and other native trees, to the
Rev. Mr. Farquharson of Alford, Aberdeenshire, whose resi-
dence affords him peculiar advantages for pursuing such inves-
tigations. The results of his observations, as far as they were
then carried, were highly interesting, and constitute a Memoir,
which is published in the 2d Volume of the “ Edinburgh
Journal of Natural and Geographical Science,” to which I must
refer those who desire information on that head. Mr. Far-
quharson has not discontinued his researches; and those rela-
tive to the Oak, and the stations of some other British plants,
have just been communicated to me in the following extract
of a letter, dated 19th November, 1831.—H.]

“I have to communicate to you a few notices concerning
those questions on which our correspondence began, and I
think you may confide in their accuracy: the most important
regards the Oak.

* [ think I stated to you that this tree grows here to an
elevation of 700 feet, and that our plantations of it are Quer-
cus Robur—that many remains of oak-wood dug out of the
ground, and constant tradition prove it was formerly a native
here, but whether the aboriginal tree was the Robur or sessili-
fora, Y had been unable to ascertain. I have since examined
carefully the only native tree, of the existence of which in this
valley I was then aware. It is obviously a sucker, and a very
thriving one, from the large root of an old tree, formerly cut
down; and although it does not flower, the leaves and leaf-
stalks leave no doubt that it is the variety of sessiliffora,
named the Durmast Oak.—But the indication regarding the
species of our former native forests, afforded by this solitary
plant, is now fully confirmed by an examination of another con-
siderable remainder of native oak, pointed out to me in October

1277

last, by the Hon. Walter Forbes of Brux, and of the existence
of which, as it is surrounded by one of his fir plantations about
six miles from this place, I was not aware. It is an old oak
stool, of 3 or 4 acres, of very much stunted trees, none of the
stems exceeding 6 inches in diameter. They, however, bore
this year an abundant crop of acorns, which were all strictly
sessile on the catkin. The leaves are not cottony below like
those of the tree above-mentioned; but have longish slender
stalks, obviously different from those of Quercus Robur in
our plantations. I have received testimony from some aged
persons, that they remember the cutting of old trees at this
place, from the roots of which the present stunted ones have
grown, so no doubt remains of their being native.

“The position and condition of this stool mark well the
height to which the sessiliffora will grow. It extends up the
face of a steep hill fronting the south, and the trees dwarf
out at its upper edge at the height of 750 feet above the sea:
the planted firs fitrounding it above, as on all the other sides.
This, then, may be considered the extreme height of the ses-
siliflora in lat. 5'1? 15.

“These trees, though small, obviously have very seldom lost
their extreme yearly shoots by the frost; and in this they
differ greatly from our planted trees of Quercus Robur, the
annual shoots of which are killed half-way down almost every
year. The tree, of course, does not thrive, and never equals
half the size of the Beech or Mountain Elm planted under
equal circumstances. Besides, the Robur very rarely flowers,
although we have plantations 92 years old. We may, there-
fore, I presume, be deemed just on the margin of its natural
limit in the bottom of the valley 400 feet above the sea.

** I perceive, from your British Flora, that the inferiority of
the wood of the sessiliflora is questioned. It is now certain
that tree was once common in this part of Scotland; but
although we have several ancient buildings, none of them are
constructed of it, but of Fir. Does not this show that either
the Oak buildings have perished, or that our ancestors already
knew to put more trust in the Fir? ings, is full of

ancient buildings of Q. Robur.

128

* Three plants have very curious localities; at the sea-shore,
and again on the highest mountains. They are Silene inflata, 6.5
Cochlearia officinalis, and Statice Armeria, (Hooker's Fl. Scot.)
I have found them all on the upper mountains of the Don
and the Dee; but strictly confined, as far as I could perceive
on a pretty extensive examination, to limited tracts of serpen-
tine rocks, and the immediate margins of the streams below,
and not remote from such regions. I am not aware that this
curious fact has been formerly attended to. It shows the
influence of soil. 'The serpentine contains magnesia, not
otherwise found in our primitive district.*

* Although I have no authority for so doing, yet I cannot
resist the pleasure of telling you, that our friend, Dr. Alexan-
der Murray, discovered a patch of Linnea borealis within three
miles of this place, to which he directed me in October last:
*at Coreen, about 20 yards west of the foot-path leading
from Culhay to Dubstone, in the north opening of a deep
dingle that passes through the top of the hill^ The plant is
there 1100 feet above the level of the sea, growing in a strag-
gling manner over a space of about 200 square yards, amidst
a tall, but rather open, growth of Calluna vulgaris, mingled
with Arbutus Uva ursi and Vaccinium Vitis Idea—no wood
near; stems trailing, of various lengths, but many of them a
yard or two long, rooting for a great part of their length. Dr.
Murray found it in full flower in July: the soil deep with dry
bottom, but from the position, at the foot of a bank, receiving
the full effect of every shower. I had formed no proper con-
ception of the singular elegance of this plant. I transferred
several slips of it to the garden here, where they obviously
took root immediately, and if it prospers, I should conceive
it might become a great favourite in the flower-garden."

nci tm

* The circumstance of these plants being confined, on the mountains of Aber-
deenshire, to limited tracts of serpentine, is certainly remarkable ; but I can
hardly think it is the case on other mountains. For both in Britain and upon
the continent, I believe these maritime plants to be common and almost univer-
sally found also on the more elevated mountains, whatever may be the nature of
the soil. — ZH. í :

129

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF
SOUTH AMERICA AND THE ISLANDS OF
THE PACIFIC. By W. J. Hooker, LL.D. anD
G. A. W. Anuorr, Eso. A. M. F. R. S. E.

Uxpzn this title it is our intention to describe a very consi-
derable collection of plants, from. certain portions of South
America, existing in our Herbaria and derived from various
sources, "This memoir was, in the first instance, undertaken
with the view of making known to botanists the vegetable
treasures brought home by Mr. Cuming from different
places, principally from Peru and Chili, and some of the
islands of the South Seas, and which alone constitute an her-
barium of nearly 1400 species, collected and preserved in the
most careful manner, and distributed with such numbers
attached to them, as we have retained in the following list.
But as we had received many of the same plants from other
sources: for instance, those of Chili from Mrs. Maria Graham
(now Mrs. Callcott), from our valued friends Alexander
. Cruckshanks, Esq. and Dr. Gillies, Messrs. Lay and Collie,

the naturalists in Captain Beechey’s expedition,* from Mr.
Bridges and Mr. Mathews, two excellent collectors, who are
still engaged in the same pursuit, the former in Chili, the latter
in Peru; from the Horticultural Society, and from Professor
Lindley, chiefly gathered by the collector, Mr. Macrae;—those
of Peru from Mr. Cruckshanks and Mr. Mathews ;—those of
Juan Fernandez from Mrs. Graham, Mr. Douglas, and Dr.
Scouler ;—and those from the islands of the Pacific from the
venerable Menzies, Messrs. Lay and Collie, and Mr. Ma-
thews, —we gladly embrace the opportunity thus afforded us
of noticing the whole of them together. We should certainly
have confined our attention to the. vegetable productions of -
the western side of the Andes. were it not for the circumstance
that Dr. Gillies, whose residence was for many years at

_* The plants collected by these gentlemen are in course of publication, under the
title of “ Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage, by Messrs, Hooker and Arnott.”
VOL, III. K

130

Mendoza, at the eastern foot of the Andes, had made several
excursions, on the one side, across the Cordilleras to the
shores of the Pacific, and on the other, across the Pampas to
the Atlantic, thus, as it were, connecting the botany of those
remote and highly interesting regions. In his different
journies, and in his excursions to the unfrequented heights of
Uspallata, and to the still more unknown mountains of
San Luis and Cordovas, Dr. Gillies carried with him a
degree of scientific knowledge and a philosophical spirit of
inquiry, such as have fallen to the lot of few travellers.
Again, we find the collections we have received from Mr.
Tweedie and the late Mr. Baird, from Buenos Ayres, the
Uraguay, and a part of the Banda Orientale, so much allied
to those of Dr. Gillies from the Pampas, that we should not
do these individuals justice if we did not include their plants
also. Mr. Baird, if we mistake not, went to Buenos Ayres
as gardener to a Scottish agricultural establishment that had
been formed there, and appears to have possessed a good
deal of enterprise, to which we are perhaps indebted for the
plants that he sent us. Of their exact locality we only know
what may be learned by the following extract of a letter
received from him, that bears date ** Buenos Ayres, July 1,
1830. I undertook an expedition into the Missiones of
Brazil, for the purpose of procuring the three following
plants, the Yerva de Paraguay, commonly called Paraguay
Tea, the Cedar (Araucaria Brasiliensis), and a plant which
the natives call the Weeping Tree, and of which they aver that
when touched, even on the warmest day of summer, it showers.
down a fluid, similar to a shower-bath. I got to within 15
leagues of the place where these plants grow, but want of
water unfortunately compelled me to return. I brought
home a good many plants, principally Air-plants, and a
quantity of seeds. I saw also a beautiful tract of country,
and was absent seven months, spending most of the time in
open boats; but a great misfortune befel me in a. severe
feverish attack, from which I suffered six weeks, and lost all
my plants and specimens of birds, &c. that I had previously
collected. My illness took place at St. Anna, a spot that

131

you may find laid down on the map, near the Uraguay River.
Here I encountered a most severe shower of ice or hailstones,
some of them measuring from 8 inches to a foot in circum-
ference; the bark was stripped from the trees by the force
with which they fell, and had a. gun been fired upwards
among the trees loaded with large shot, it could not have
done more damage." Mr. Tweedie’s plants appear to have
been collected in nearly the same districts.

We. shall divide our collections into three portions. I.
Those of Extra-Tropical South America. - II. Those of
Peru and some allied territories: and III. Those of the
Islands of the Pacific.

1. Extra- Tropical South America. n

In this region we comprise the plants of our collections
found in Chili, including the islands of Chiloe and Juan Fer-
nandez, the Andes of Chili and of Mendoza, Mendoza with its
plains or Pampas, and portions of San Juan de Cordova, as far
as Buenos Ayres and the Banda Orientale. These, with the
results of the labours of two excellent foreign botanists, MM.
Bertero and Póppig, who are still zealously collecting in Chili,
when they shall be made known, will, we hope, give a toler-
able idea of the vegetation of the last-mentioned country, at
least. From M. Bertero, indeed, we have received a beauti-
ful collection of Juan Fernandez plants; but being without
permission to publish them, and. as that able botanist intends
to do so himself, we have. abstained from all notice of them,
except in those cases wbere we possess the same plant from
other sources ; and then we have felt that we should be doing
M. Bertero a mahifest injustien were we not to take notice of
his, often, previous discoveries, and were we not to adopt his-
MS.* name, where such name was not Sinon noe
other reasons objectionable. —

Although Fueillée, Molina ses Ruiz ih Passi published
— of A yet the — — ef; »— exten-

Á€—————— he. ie do
K 2

132

sive district were little known to us till recent travellers visited
it Among the first must rank Mr. Cruckshanks and Dr.
Gillies, who have not only enriched our Herbaria with many
new and rare species, but our green-houses with many of
their choicest ornaments. The residence of the former
highly intelligent naturalist for a great length of time in the
country, and his extensive excursions to Mendoza in one
direction, and to Lima and Pasco in Peru* in another, have
been productive of results highly favourable to science.

Mr. Cuming collected in various departments of natural
history, and with a zeal that reflects great credit upon him.
From Chiloe in the soutb, and along the coast at Maule Pro-
vince, at Conception, Valparaiso, and to Coquimbo in the north,
and from the coast inland to the Cumbre, an elevated pass in
the Cordilleras, he has omitted no opportunity of gathering
the best specimens of such plants as the season afforded. In
many places he was greatly benefited by the friendly advice
and the still more valuable assistance of Alexander Cald-
cleugh, Esq. to whose exertions, in various ways, natural his-
tory is much indebted.

'The numbers between hooks, which follow the names of

. Mr. Cuming and Mr. Mathews, are those with which we
have received their specimens, and under which they have
been sent to others. But we must observe, that we cannot
be answerable for every individual plant having been trans-
mitted with precisely the same number; mistakes will occur,
and a label is liable to be displaced, sometimes by the sender;
sometimes by the receiver, and in both cases accidentally;
while the consequence is, that the names will not always be
found to correspond with the species so numbered. In regard
to Mr. Cuming's plants, the greatest care, however, has
been taken to distribute them correctly with the collections of
the following botanists, and for which one of us (Dr. Hooker)
is himself, in a great measure, responsible: namely, those of
Mr. Brown, Mr. Bentham, Professor Lindley, Dr. Graham,

* See the interesting and instructive Journey to Pasco of Mr. Cruckshenke,
published in the 2d volume of this Miscellany, P 168.

133

Mr. Arnott, Dr. Greville, Mr. Shuttleworth, and Professor
Henslow.

f: (1.) Clematis Bonariensis, Juss.— Woods of Entro Rios

w

and clay-banks of San Isedro, Tweedie. Mendoza, Dr.
Gillies.—8. sericea. El Rio Quarto and Punta del Same,
(Prov. of Cordova), Dr. Gillies.—Our specimen from
San Isedro has broader foliage than the others.

(1.) Thalictrum rutidocarpum, DC.—El Cerro del Morro,

(Prov. of San Luis), Dr. Gillies.

- (1.) Anemone decapetala, Linn.— Valparaiso, Mr. Cruck-

shanks; Mathews ; Cuming (N. 645.) Conception, and
Baths of Collina, Macrae. Magote Aspera, Andes of
Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Banda Orientale, Tweedie.

. (2.) Anemone triternata, Vahl.— Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.

- (1.) Ranunculus humilis, Collie in Hook. and Arn. Bot. of

Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 4. t. 2.—Conception, Messrs. Lay and
Collie.

» (2.) Ranunculus (Hecatonia) trisepalus, (Gill. mst.); erectus,

ramosus, foliis omnibus longe petiolatis ellipticis integris
obscure dentatis glaberrimis subtrinerviis, pedunculis.
oppositifoliis folii longitudine, sepalis 3 cito reflexis, petalis
abortivis, capitulo oblongo, carpellis (sub-20) obovato-
globosis subcompressis pulcherrime punctatis stylo bre-
vissimo mucronulatis.— Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies. Val-
paraiso, Cuming (No. '106.)—4. folis latioribus basi
cordatis. Marsh woods of Rio Porana, Tweedie.—Al-
lied to R. pusillus, and especially by means of our var.
8. to R. Bonariensis ; but the carpels are distinctly and
beautifully punctated, the sepals constantly three, and
the petals very minute or abortive. This, with R. fla-
gelliformis, belongs to the genus Cesalea of St. Hilaire,

_ distinguished by the ternary arrangement of the floral

coverings, which it is not always easy to observe in the

dried plant, and which character must exclude several,

otherwise very closely allied, species.

134

7. (3.) Ranunculus flagelliformis, Sm. in Rees’ Cycl.—Val-

paraiso, Bridges; Cuming (N. 414.); Mathews (N. 292.)

8. (4.) Ranunculus Cymbalarie, Pursh.— Banks of the river

Tenuyan, (Prov. of Mendoza), Dr. Gillies.

9. (5.) Ranunculus sceleratus, Linn.— Buenos Ayres, Dr.

© Gillies. Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 365.)

10. (6.) Ranunculus Chilensis, De Cand. ?—Hook. et Arn. in

Bot. of Beech. Voy. v. l. p. 4. t. 3. Valparaiso, Mr.
Cruckshanks ; Bridges; Cuming (N. 562.)—8St. Hilaire
places this species in the genus Cesalea, and De Can-

- dolle says the flowers are minute; but in our specimens

we always find the petals large and numerous, and so

- also Schlechtendal describes them. It is possible that

our and Schlechtendal's plants may be distinct.

11. (7.) Ranunculus peduncularis, Sm. in Rees’ Cycl.—R. poly-

12.

13.

petalus, Gill. mst.—Los Palomades, Valle del Tenuyan,
Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies—This appears to be
very variable, especially as to pubescence, and is most
readily distinguished by its globose head of carpels,
which have a long incurved persistent style; the stem
has usually only one leaf and one flower, rarely two
leaves and two flowers; the sepals are refexed; and the
habit is that of R. bulbosus.

(8. Ranunculus muricatus, Linn.—Buenos Ayres, Dr.
Gillies. Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 384.)

(1.) Drymis Chilensis, De Cand.—Juan Fernandez,
Douglas; Bertero; Cuming (N. 1328.) Valparaiso,~_
Mr. Cruckshanks ; Macrae; Bridges; Mathews (N. 223.);
Cuming (N. 644.) Curico, (Chili), Dr. Gillies —The
Juan Fernandez specimens have the leaves lanceolate and
slightly glaucous beneath : in those from Valparaiso they
are generally elliptical and exceedingly glaucous beneath;
but Mr. Cuming’s specimens from thence have nar-
rower leaves that are glaucous on both sides. We
fear the D. Chilensis must merge into D. Winteri,
judging from spe quen at the Straits of
Magellan.

135

14. (1.) Lardizabala biternata, R. et P.—Conception, Cuming
(N. 803.) Valle del Rio Claro (Chili), Dr. Gillies.
Nom. vernac. Cogul.

15. (1.) Cissampelos australis, St. Hil.—Uraguay, Tweedie.

.16. (1.) Berberis Chilensis (Gill. msi); spinis tripartitis
subzequalibus folio longioribus, foliis- coriaceis rigidis
late obovatis cuneatis grosse subquinquedentatis dentibus
spinosis rigidis obscure reticulatis subtus glaucis, racemis
multifloris nutantibus folium eequantibus, baccis globosis
nigris czesio-pruinosis monospermis stylo apiculatis.—
Province of Talca, (Chili) Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso,
Bridges. Nom. vernac. Michay.—The spines are brown,
and nearly equal in length. This species approaches to
B. flexuosa, and to the following.

17. (2.) Berberis ruscifolia, Lam.—Buenos Ayres and Monte
de San Antonio (Province of Cordova), Dr. Gillies.

18. (3.) Berberis corymbosa, (Hook. et Arn.); spinis brevi-
bus trifidis (sæpe nullis), foliis submembranaceis obova-
tis mucronatis integerrimis petiolatis reticulatim venosis,
racemis erectis corymbosis folium zequantibus, pedicellis
gracilibus.—Juan Fernandez, Mrs. Maria. Graham;
Douglas ; Cuming (N. 1338.)—Nearly allied to B. lati-
Jolia, Ruiz, and Pav. Fl. Per. t. 282. (from Peru), but
that has the peduncles single-flowered and fasciculated,
whereas our plant has long and corymbose or almost
umbellate racemes.

19. (4.) B. glomerata, Hook. et dim in Bot. of Beith Voy.

` v. 1. p. 5.— Coquimbo, Messrs. Lay and Collie. _

20. (5.) B. actinacantha, Mart. in Schultes.— Baths of Collina,
Macrae. Valparaiso, Bridges; Cuming (N: 434.);
Mathews (N. 235.)—var. 8. minor; folis minoribus
cuneatis cordato-rotundatisve sessilibus petiolatisve, petio-

- lis nonnunquam folio longioribus,—Valparaiso, Cuming
(N. 158.) Of the var. 8., as we are disposed to consider i it,
we have two specimens; one without flowers, which has
most of the leaves nearly cordate and frequently upon a

136

long slender petiole; in the other the inflorescence and
spines, though smaller than «, are similar in structure. -
21. (6.) Berberis Grevilleana, (Gill. mst.); spinis tripartitis
validis inzequalibus, foliis coriaceis rigidis anguste obova-
tis cuneatis angulato-spinoso-dentatis (dentibus subquin-
que) reticulatim venosis basi in petiolum brevem attenu-
atis, pedicellis unifloris 3-4 aggregatis folio brevioribus.— .
Vallies of the Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Nom.
vernac. Pexe.
22. (1.) Berberis buxifolia, Lam.—Chiloe, Cuming (N. 24.)
23. (8.) Berberis empetrifolia, Lam.—Elevated places in the
: Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Cordilleras of Chili,
Macrae; Cuming (N. 229.)—1n addition to these spe-
cies, Dr. Gillies possesses a specimen gathered by him
in the Province of Maule in Chili, which may probably
be referred to B. virgata of Ruiz and Pavon, although
it is very short, and wants altogether the characteristic
long branches of the plant from Peru; the two indi-
viduals correspond in all other respects. In Maule, its
vernacular name is Navanja.

. 24. (1.) Argemone Mexicana, Linn.— Pampas of Buenos
Ayres and Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso, Cuming
(N. 164.)

25. (1.) Fumaria capreolata, Linn.— Valparaiso, Messrs. Lay
and Collie. Common in the orchards and gardens of
Buenos AH Tweedie ; ; Dr. Gillies.

26. (1.) Siding nibns DC.—Sides of mountains near
Valparaiso, Bridges ; Cuming (N. 168.)

27. (2.) Cardamine nivalis, (Gill. mst.) ; glaberrima erecta
basi decumbens, foliis pinnatis, foliolis 5—7 ovalibus
angulatis, terminali majore obovato, siliquis linearibus
elongatis pedicellisque erectis stylo acuminatis, petalis
calyce duplo triplove longioribus.—Upper spring, below
the Cumbre, Andes of Chili, Dr. Gillies.—' This resem-
bles some of the states of C. hirsuta, but has larger

137

leaves, with longer and more erect pods and pe-
dicels.

28. (3.) Cardamine hirsuta, Linn.— Conception, Messrs. Lay
and Collie. Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks; Mathews
(N. 231.)—var. g. simplicifolia. Valparaiso, Cuming
(N. 603.) ; Mathews (N. 340.)

29. (4.) Cardamine affinis, (Hook. et Arn.); foliis pinnatis
foliolis subquinque lateralibus linearibus, terminali maxi-
mo obovato angulato-sinuato, superioribus ternato-pin-
natis, foliolis omnibus sublinearibus terminali semper
majore, petalis obovatis unguiculatis calyce duplo longi-
oribus, siliquis (vix maturis) erectiusculis gracilibus in
rostrum tenuissimum attenuatis.— Valparaiso, Bridges.—
This bears the same relation to our C. tenuirostris, as
C. hirsuta does to C. parviflora, differing only in the rela-
tive breadth of the leaflets, particularly of the terminal one.

30. (5.) Cardamine tenuirostris; Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of
Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 6.—Conception, Messrs. Lay and
Collie.

31. (1.) Draba Gilliesii, (Hook. et Arn.); dense pubescens,
foliis oblongis dentatis, radicalibus numerosis in petiolum
attenuatis, caulinis remotiusculis sessilibus, petalis calyce
duplo longioribus (albis), racemis fructiferis elongatis,
siliculis elliptico-oblongis acutis contortis glabris pedi-
cellum zequantibus, stylo elongato persistente.— Cordil-
lera of Chili; below the Cumbre, Dr. Gillies.—8g. stylo
longiore. Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 317.)—This,
with theD. violaceaand D. alyssoidesof Humb. and Kunth,
and a new species, D. grandiflora (Hook. and Arn.),
from Antisana in Peru, found by Prof. W. Jameson,
formasmall groupe distinguished by their soft foliage, long
style, and large white or purplish (not yellow) flowers,

inhabiting exclusively the Andes of South America.
~ Ourpresentplant bas somewhat of the habit of D. incana ;
but the flowers are much larger, the. fructified racemes
are considerably elongated, and the silicules are always
twisted. In addition to this species, Dr. Gillies also

138

found a solitary specimen of D. magellanica at Cerro del
Porcura, Andes of Mendoza.

32. (1.) Vesicaria arctica, Rich.—Hook. 77. Bor. Am. v. 1.
p- 48.— V. andicola, (Gill. mst.)—Los Cerros del Morro,
de las Achiras, and del Porlezuelo, province of San
Luis, (4000-6000 feet,) and Los Arenales, Villavicenzio,
and San Rafaelle, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies ;
Mr. Cruckshanks.— The — is pubescent, the (lowers
fragrant.

33. (1.) Thlaspi Andicola, (Hook. et Arn.) ; glabrum, foliis
subcarnosis oblongis integerrimis radicalibus petiolatis
caulinis sessilibus, petalis calyce duplo longioribus,

ovario subsexovulato, stylo filiformi ovarii vix longi- ———

tudine.— Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 318.)

34. (2.) Thlaspi Magellanicum, Pers. ?—Cerro del Porcura,
Dr. Gillies.—Dr. Gillies’ specimens are in fruit only,
so that the size of the petals is uncertain: they approach
very closely to our last species.

35. (1.) Cremolobus ? dinearifolius, (Hook. et Arn.) ; pusillus
herbaceus, foliis linearibus integerrimis, racemis dense
paniculato-corymbosis, siliculae lobis subglobosis rugosis
immarginatis, stylo thecaphorum sequante.— Coquimbo,
Cuming (N. 905.) — This curious little plant is not more
than two incbes high, and yet appears to be an entire
specimen, wanting, however, the root, which is probably
annual; it is branched and panicled above, where the
linear and somewhat fleshy leaves are -situated. It
differs from Cremolobus by the turgid lobes of the silicule,

_ which are quite destitute of margins, and ipay ae
form the type of a new genus. -

36. (1.) Sisymbrium officinale, Br.—Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie.

37. (2.) Sisymbrium? <Arnottianum, (Gill, mst.) 5 erectum,
glaberrimum, ramosum,foliosum, foliis (superioribus) cor-

139 '

dato-ovatis obtusis sinuato-dentatis, calyce patulo petalis
(albis) duplo breviore, siliquis linearibus (unciam longis),
pedicellis patulis, stigmate subsessili bilobo.—El Morro,
province of San Luis, (4500 feet; and Villavicenzio,
Andes of Mendoza, 5000 feet, Dr. Gillies.

38. (3.) Sisymbrium Zrio, Linn.?—Near El Cerro Dorado,
and Villavicenzio (5000 feet,) Andes of Mendoza, Dr.
Gillies.—' The state of our specimens precludes our
ascertaining this plant with certainty ; the petals appear
white.

39. (4.) Sisymbrium stenophyllum, (Gill. mst.); erectum, gla-
berrimum, ramosum, foliis anguste linearibus inferioribus
parce et grosse dentatis, superioribus integerrimis, calyce
patulo, sepalis (purparascentibus) margine diaphano
petalis (albis) parvulis brevioribus, pedicellis patentis-
simis, siliquis linearibus gracilibus erectis, stigmate sub-
sessili umbilicato.—Las Achiras, province of Cordova,
(3000 feet,) El Porlezuelo de la Casa de Piedra; Andes
of Mendoza, (7000 feet,) Dr. Gillies.

40. (5.) Sisymbrium sagittatum, (Hook. et Arn.); erectum,
strictum, glabrum, foliisinferioribus lanceolatisin petiolum
latum attenuatis subruncinato-pinnatifidis, superioribus
sensim minoribus et angustioribus sagittatis integerrimis,
calyce patulo petalis breviore, siliquis longissimis line-
aribus gracilibus pedicellisque patentissimis, nte
sessili obtuso.— Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 429.) `

41. (6.) Sisymbrium leptocarpum, (Hook. et Arn.) ; erectum,
ramosum, glaucescens, foliis lanceolatis sinuato-dentatis
pinnatifidis inferioribus petiolatis superioribus sessilibus, '
calyce patulo petalis duplo breviore
aceo, siliquis" longissimis pe

stigmate sessili RE —Cordillera o
(N. 315.) Turo e cor ac doe ELE a E de
42. (7.) Sisymbrium ini (Gil. mst.) ; asss, is
ramosum, flexuosum, basi frutescens, foliis omnibus petio-
latis triangulari-ovatis dentatis, siliquis linearibus elon-
gatis tortuosis pedicellisque patentissimis, stigmate pel-
tato umbilicato subsessili, calyce patulo.—Jarillal above

43.

140

Mendoza, on the way to Villavicenzio, Dr. Gillies.—Our
more perfect specimens are 5 or 6 inches high, the
lower part decidedly fruticose; but we possess, also from
Dr. Gillies, branches that are nearly a foot in length,

` gathered from much larger plants.

(8.) Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt.—Valparaiso, Mr.
Cruckshanks. About Mendoza, Baths of Villavicenzio,
western descent of the Uspallata mountains, Rio Quinto,
province of San Luis, and Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.
Cordilleras of Chili, Cuming (N. 235.)

44. (1.) Erysimum? pusillum, (Gill. mst.); radice descen-

dente collo multicipi, foliis radicalibus lineari-spathulatis
integerrimis carnosulis sparse ciliatis, scapo 1-foliato
vel nudo glabro, pedicellis 5—6 subcorymbosis, siliqua
lineari brevi pedicello subduplo longiore, loculis 8-sper-
mis, stigmate globoso subsessili.—El Cerro dela Porcura
and la Cumbre de los Andes de Chili, (12,000,) Dr. Gillies.
This has much the habit of a Draba, but the siliquee are
toolong, and the radicle is dorsal; the valvesare sostrongly
carinated and concave as to render the pod tetragonal.

MarutEwsia. (Hook. et Arn.)

Calyx zequalis, clausus. Petala lanceolata, unguiculata, ungue

calycem excedente, limbo siccitate torto. Stamina
edentula. Stylus subnullus: stigma capitatum. Silicula
sessilis, elliptica vel lanceolata, valvis planis reticulatis
medio uninerviis. Semina plurima, immarginata: radi-
cula dorsalis subobliqua.—Suffrutex ramosus valde folio-
sus. Folia subfasciculata, lineari-lanceolata, pinnatifida,
minute pubescentia subtus pallidiora, pilis stellatim ramo-
sis. Racemi elongati. Flores majusculi, ii: ? sicci-
tate fulvi. Siliculee magne plane.

45. (1.) M. foliosa, (Hook. et Arn.—Tas, XCVI.)—Valpar-

aiso, on the cliffs at Playa Ancha, Bridges; Mathews
(N. 186.) ; Cuming (N. 642.) — Although it may be diffi-
cult to distinguish this plant generically from Draba, yet

46.

4T.

48.

49.

141

on account of its great difference in habit we have no
hesitation in availing ourselves of the position of the
radicle and some other characters of minor note, to
separate it as a new genus. In character it seems also
to approach very closely the Stenopetalum of Mr. Brown,
and should rank next to it. Bridges sent this plant as
a Schizopetalum, and we are inclined to suspect it to be
the S. lanatum of Miers, yet undescribed.

Tas. XCVI. Fig. 1. Flower. Fig. 2. Stamens and
pistil. Fig. 3. Pistil. Fig. 4, 5. Silicule (natural size).
Fig. 6. Embryo. Fig.'7. The same, cut transversely :—
magnified.

(1.) Senebiera pinnatifida, DC.—Valparaiso, Mathews
(N. 325.) ; Bridges; Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.

(1.) Lepidium spicatum, Desv.—Valparaiso, Bridges;
Mathews (N. 183.)—g. foliis laciniato-pinnatifidis. Val-
paraiso, Cuming (N. 370.* bis?) ;

(2.) Lepidium ruderale, Linn.—Abundant at the Jarillal
above Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

(3.) Lepidium Bonariense, Linn.—Buenos Ayres, Dr.
Gillies ; Tweedie.

50. (4.) Lepidium bipinnatifidum, Desv. a possa, Bridges:

51.

52.

Cuming (N. 151.) ; Messrs. Lay and Pole:

(1.) Capsella Bursa-pastoris, aaa pio,

Messrs. Lay and Collie. Pampas, Dr. Gillies. -

(1.) Menonvillea linearis, DC.—«. foliis angustis plerum-

que indivisis.—Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks ; Cuming
(N. 518.) Coquimbo, Cuming (N. 889.) Conception,
Messrs. Lay and Collie.—g. robustior, foliis latioribus
subcarnosis ssepe pinnatifido-divisis.— Valparaiso, near
the sea, Mathews (N. 344.) ; Cuming ~ Mad: Cordil-
lera of Chili, Cuming (N. 192.) 7

puta.

Tru We find a No. 370 to be a Corrigiole,

142

53. (1.) Hexaptera pinnatifida, Gill. et Hook. in Bot. Miscel.
v. l. p. 350. t. 12.—Quebrada de Rios in Andes of Chili,
Valle Hermosa, and Valle Tenuyan in Andes of Men-
doza, Dr. Gillies.

54. (2.) Hexaptera spathulata, Gill. et Hook. 4. c. tab. 13.—
Elevated places in the Andes between Chili and Men-
doza, Dr. Gillies.

55. (3.) Hexaptera cuneata, Gill. et Hook. 2. c. tab. 14.—
Between Cortaderos and Rio de las Vacas, in Andes of
Mendoza, Mr. Cruckshanks. Valle del. Rio Mendoza,
near Ladera de Jaule, Dr. Gillies.

56. (1.) Schizopetalum Walkeri, Sims.— Santa Maria, Cor-
dillera of Chili, Dr. Gillies. . Valparaiso, Mr. Cruck-
shanks ; Cuming (N. 709.)—This. varies as to pubes-
cence; and we are uncertain whether S. danatum of
Miers be a variety or whether itbeour Malesia foliosa:

57. (1.) irom heptaphylla, Linn. tolum Mtn Tweedie.

58. (2.) Cleome. psoraleefolia, DC.—El Maslemisle, pro
vince of San Luis, Dr. Gillies. :

59.. d» Cleome affinis, DC.— Missions of Brazil, Tweedie.

ATAMISQUEA, Miers.

Calyx 4-sepalus, sepala 2 exteriora (inferius et superius) ovata,
obtusa, concava, intus villosa: interiora 2, iis alternan-
tia, multo minora, oblonga, obtusa, villosa. Torus car-
nosus fundum \calycis tegens, triangularis, angulis in
dentes productis unicum superiorem liguleformem,
duos laterales minutissimos. Petala 4, lineari-lanceolata,
obtusa, concava, intus villosa, duo e margine tori ad
latera ejus. dentis superiores oriuntia, duo ad dorsum
dentium lateralium. . Stamina ima basi monadelpha:
androphorum villosum- globosum basin thecaphori cin-
gens, ad latus superius valde gibbosum: filamenta 6
glaberrima, sursum curvata; septimum? abortivum,

. brevissimum, spinulæforme, inter duo superiora. An-
there oblongæ, biloculares. Pistilum clavatum acumi-

143

natum, sursum curvatum: stylus brevis: stigma acutum,
simplex. Thecaphorum elongatum (semiunciam longum),
lepidotum. Bacca? globosa, indehiscens, crustacea,
dense lepidota, stylo apiculata, monosperma. Albumen 0.
Embryo carnosus, albus, incurvus; cotyledones magne,
crasse, invicem longitudinaliter plicato-convolutze: . radi-
cula teres, lateralis (= 0), supera.—Frutex durus, ramo-
sus. Rami feretes, grisei, sublepidoti, ultimi angulo recto
divergentes, recti, sensim attenuati (ideoque in parte fruti-
cis inferiore spinescentes ?). Folia in ramos ultimos alter-
nantia, brevissime petiolata, lineari-oblonga, basi apiceque
emarginata, supra canaliculata viridia, subtus lepidota,
nervo carinata. Pedunculus axillaris solitarius simplex.
Calyx atque petala externe lepidota.

60. * 1.) Atamisquea emarginata, Miers, Chili, v. 2. p. 529.—
Uncultivated places about Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—Nom.
vernac. Atamisqua.—As there are no descriptions accom-
panying the catalogue at the end of Mr. Miers' work, we
could not have ascertained the present to be the plant
intended by him, had not Dr. Gillies informed us that he
was present when Mr. Miers proposed. to give it the
above generic name. Its s pFaipn pim sie

61. (1.) Azara serrata, Pen aniisi Mathews
(N. 232.); Cuming (N. 624, in-herb. Hook., mixed
with A.. integrifolia.) =-

62. (2.) Azara dentata, R. et m Gadis del Maypu,
Chili, Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso, Messrs. Lay and Collie.
Cordillera of Chili, Cuming " amarem vernac.
Corqulin. (Gil) ^ ^

63. (3.) Azara- integrifolia; R- oe Paicdisiemins- MS
Lay and Collie ; Mathews (N. 933.) ; Cuming (N. 624,
in herb. Arn, and mixed with A. serrata in herb. Hook.)

64. (4.) Azara celastrina, Don.—A. Lilen, Bertero; Lilenia,
nov. gen. Bert.— Valparaiso, Macrae ; Wee c oed
Bridges. Cordillera, wo cl — Hs

. —Nom. vernac. Lilen. -

144

65. (5.) Azara Gilliesii, (Hook. et Arn.); foliis ovalibus

spinoso-dentatis glabris longe petiolatis, floribus axil-
laribus simplicissime racemosis, pedicellis brevissimis
ex excavationibus rachidis crassz oriuntibus, perian-
thio 4—5-partito patente.—Chili, Dr. Gillies.—Nom.
vernac. Navanjillo.—Closely allied to the last species,
but very distinct in the inflorescence. If there be sti-
pules at all, they must be deciduous, for there are none
on our specimens. We have seen no stamens, and from
the appearance of the fructiferous receptacle, we con-
sider this, as well as A. celastrina, to be dicecious. The
peduncle or rachis is thick, and furnished with a number
of little excavations, out of each of which springs a short
stout pedicel; at the lower edge of the excavation is a
small deciduous bractea.

66. (1.) Helianthemum Brasiliense, Pers.—Pampas of Buenos

67.

68.

69.

Ayres, Dr. Gillies.

(1.) Viola maculata, Cav.—Conception, Messrs. Lay and
Collie ; Cuming (N.795.)—var. 8. minor; foliis subrhom-
boideis, petalis saturatioribus, calyce glabro.— Cordillera
of Chili, Cuming (N. 194.)

(2.) Viola rubella, Cav.— Conception, Mititei Messrs.
Lay and Collie; Cuming (N. 130.) Valparaiso, Mathews
(N. 248.); Bridges. Chiloe, Cuming (N. 25.)—Some
of our specimens approach so near the V. stipularis,
Cav. (V. setosa, Sm.), that we do not see how the latter
can be distinguished. To V. rubella, Gingins has already
united the V. chamedrifolia, R. and P., and V. tereti- -
folia, Humb. and Kunth.
(3.) Viola congesta, (Gill. mst. ); trunco crasso tortuoso, -
foliis in apicem ramorum dense stellatim congestis
rotundato-spathulatis ciliatis superne grosse serratis in -
sinubus glandula alba supra subrugosis subtus glandulis
oblongis fuscis obsitis, petiolis latis, stipulis 3 quorum
intermedia bifida, pedunculisfoliorum longitudine, (TAB.
XCVII.)—Nearthesummitof Cerro dela Polcura, Andes

145

of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Of this singular plant it is
unfortunate that neither flower nor perfect fruit exists
on Dr. Gillies specimens; according to the description
by Gingins of V. Cotyledon, it seems closely allied to it.
Tas. XCVII.—Fig. 1. Upper-side of a leaf with its
stipules. Fig. 2. Under-side of do. :—magnified.

70. (4.) Viola volcanica (Gill. mst.); acaulis, radice fusiformi
superne divisa, foliis dense czespitosis ovatis obtusis
marginibus lanatis serrato-pinnatifidis longiuscule petio- :
latis supra reticulatim rugosis subtus glandulis paucis
fuscis linearibus, stipulis 3 quarum intermedia bifida, pe-
dunculis gracilibus petioli longitudine.—('T'As. XCVIII.)
Among loose pumice-stones near the summit of the vol-
canic mountain Cerro del Diamante, Dr. Gillies.

Tas. XCVIII.—Fig. 1. Upper-side of a leaf with sti-
pules. Fig. 2. Under-side of do. :—magnified.

71. (5.) Viola pusilla (Hook. et Arn.); annua? acaulis,
radice gracili subfusiformi, foliis congestis ovato-spathu-
latis obtusis margine petioloque lanatis utrinque glabris
eglandulosis junioribus crenato-serratis — Cordillera of
Chili, Cuming (N. 289.)

71* (6.) Viola Asterias (Hook. et peara annua, acaulis,
radice tenui fusiformi, foliis stellatim dispositis lineari-
bus basi attenuatis margine calycibusque lanato-hirsutis,
pedunculis folio dimidio brevioribus.—( Tas. XCIX.)
Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 1 1L) "This, and the three pre-
ceding species, constitute a natural little groupe of Viola,
remarkable for the crowded and stellated disposition of
their leaves, which are strongly fringed with woolly hairs.

Tas. XCIX.— Fig. l. Side view of aflower. Fig. 2.
Front view of the lower deni: —n d. 7

12. (1.) anilina dinate. Vent.—Buenos Ayres, Dr.
Gillies ; Tweedie. —

73. (2.) Ionidium parviflorum, Vatiali dide.
Lay and Collie; Cuming (N.808.) |

74. (3.) Ionidium diffusum (Gill. mst.) ; misti is ramis
diffusis glabris junioribus bifariam puberulis, foliis oppo-

VOL. III. L

146

sitis oblongis mucronatis integerrimis utrinque et ad
marginem setulis paucis appressis instructis petiolo puber-
ulo gracili brevi multo longioribus, pedunculis axillari-
bus petiolum subzequantibus glabris flores 4—5 minutos
umbellatim dispositos ghtebiipus, pedicellis pedunculo
sequalibus, sepalis dorso setulosis margine diaphano
glabro.— Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies. We have seen no
corolla. .

15. (1.) Polygala thesioides, Willd.—Valparaiso, Mathews .

(N. 249.) ; Bridges; Cuming (N. 693.)

16. (2.) Polygala gnidioides, Willd.—2. glabra, foliis acutis.

— Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 632.)—s. pubescenti-pilosa,
folis. obtusiusculis.—Mountains near Mendoza, Dr.
Gillies. Capsule scarcely at all emarginate; seeds
pilose. Mr. Cuming says the flowers are red, blue, or
white. This species unn rather to the section Tima-
tua, DC.

1". (3.) Polygala Neei, DC.—Near San Bernardo and El

Punto del Sauce, province of Cordova, Dr. Gillies.—
Capsule scarcely notched: seeds pilose. Stems densely
pubescent, sometimes almost villous. This seems only
to differ from the last species by the much narrower
leaves.

78. (4.) Polygala polycephala, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. 2.

p. 84.—Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies. Uraguay, Tweedie.

79. (5.) Polygala linoides, Poir.—Pampas of Buenos Ayres;

Dr. Gillies. Banda Oriental, Tweedie.

80. (6.) Polygala distans, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. 2. p. 84-

81.

—Uraguay, Tweedie.

(7.) Polygala obovata, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. 2. p. 37.
—Uraguay, Tweedie.

82. (8.) Polygala spinescens (Gill. mst.) ; fruticosa, dense

ramosa, rigida, ramulis spinescentibus junioribus solum-
modo foliiferis, foliis minutissimis subulatis alternis,
racemis paucifloris laxis, corollee carina cristata, capsula
oblonga glabra vix marginata.—On dry hills near =

Agua de los Cielos, Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. bi

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

89.

147

(1.) Monnina linearifolia; R. et P.—Valparaiso, Mr.
Cruckshanks ; Cuming (N. 140.) ; Mathews (Ni222.) ;
Bridges. Coquimbo, Messrs. Lay and Collie.

(2.) Monnina pterocarpa, R. et P.—var. g. angustifolia.
M. angustifolia, DC.—Mountains near Mendoza, Dr.
Gillies. Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 252.)

(3.) Monnina cardiocarpa, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. 2.
p. 60. t. 93.—Uraguay, Baird.

(1.) Krameria cistoidea, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech.
Voy. v. 1. p. 8. t. 5.—Coquimbo, Mr. Cruckshanks ; Mr.
Macrae; Messrs. Lay and Collie. Cordillera of Chili,

` Cuming (N. 275.)

(1.) Frankenia Chilensis, Presl.—Chili, Cuming (N. 101.)
Coquimbo, Cuming (N. 879.)

- (1.) Silene Gallica, Linn.— Conception, Messrs. Lay and

Collie. Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso, Mr.
Cruckshanks ; Mathews (N. 256.) ; Cuming (N. 412, a
remarkable monstrosity). Juan Fernandez, Mr. Douglas.
(2.) Silene andicola (Gill. mst.) ; pubescenti-glandulosa,
erecta, subpaniculatim ramosa, ramis erectis, foliis ovato-
oblongis acutis, calyce magno campanulato 5-dentato
petalis bifidis vix breviore.—El valle de Fray. Carlos,
Andes of Chili, Dr. Gillies. In some respects it bears a
resemblance to the S. ciliata of the Pyrenées.

- (1.) Sagina procumbens, EinsosRacís eiiminibiá Bud

Ayres, Dr. Gillies. Chiloe, Cuming (N. 21.) The

- Specimens from Chiloe are much tufted, and the leaves

91.

i Sees Gillies, or our Euri

are terminated by a more evident mucro than: jibe
opsean ai

a. ) Anitdésridos, Lind electing Bridges ; Messrs.
Lay and Collie ; oe paagis pou andes,
Bertero ;

Douglas.
92. (2.) Arenaria mèdia, -DC.— Buenos tyi p Gillies.

L2

148

Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks; Bridges; Cuming (N.
550.)

93. (3.) Arenaria (Spergularia) Bonariensis (Gill. mst.);
glabra vel puberula, caulibus elongatis decumbentibus
remote foliosis, foliis lineari-filiformibus carnosulis rigidi-
usculis internodio brevioribus, panicula dichotoma stricta
multiflora, sepalis lanceolatis acutis margine scariosis,
pedunculis fructiferis erectis, seminibus ala membranacea
alba striata fimbriata cinctis.—Ditches near Buenos
Ayres, Dr. Gillies.

94, (4.) Arenaria (Arenarium) andicola (Gill. mst.) ; glabra
prostrata ramosa, foliis lineari-oblongis subspathulatis
obtusis carnosulis enerviis, pedunculis axillaribus soli-
tariis unifloris folio longioribus, sepalis obtusis aveniis
petala subzequantibus, capsula polysperma sub-4-valvi,
stylis plerumque 4, seminibus leevibus atris nitidissimis.

; ramis pedunculisque magis elongatis, —El

Penon, and El valle de Fray Carlos, Chili, Dr. Gillies.

Very closely allied to A. serpens, Humb. and Kunth,

but it does not creep, nor are the leaves ciliated at

the base, although on their sheathing portion one or two
denticulations may sometimes be seen.

95. (1.) Conti ONE. Linno-- Buenos Ayres, and
Mountains of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. |

96. (2.) Cerastium latifolium, Linn.—4. glabrum. C. ree
Gill. mst—La Falda, near Los Chacayes, Andes of
Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

97. (3.) Cerastium: arvense, Linn.—a«. alpinum, Benth.—
Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Giilies.—g. commune, Benth.—
Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks; Bridges; Mathews
(AN. 115.) Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie.—y. stric-
tum, Benth. C. Mendocinense, Gill. mst.—Sides of
mountains near Mendoza, (5000 feet,) Dr. Gillies. In

. Dr. Gillies’ specimens of both «. and £. the mature cap-
sule is scarcely so long as the calyx. _

98. (1.) Viviania marifolia, Cay.—Macrea rosea, Lindl.—

99.

100.

101.

149

Hook. in Bot. Misc. v. 1. t. 5.—La Guardia in the Cor-
dillera of Chili, Mr. Cruckshanks. Summit of San
Pedro Nolasco, the highest mountain of Chili, Dr.
Gillies. Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 232.)

(2.) Viviania grandifolia, Lindl.— Baths of Collina, Chili,
Macrae. Valle del Fray Carlos, Dr. Gillies..

(3.) Viviania crenata (G. Don); foliis ovatis subsessili-
bus crenatis subtus niveo-tomentosis lineatis, calycibus
ovatis inflatis, (petalis albis).—Macrzea crenata, Gill. et
Hook.—At La Guardia, Cordillera of Chili, Mr. Cruck-
shanks; Dr. Gillies; Cuming (N. 981.

(4.) Viviania petiolata (Hook. et Arn.); foliis rotun-
dato-cordatis petiolatis profunde crenato-serratis subtus
niveo-tomentosis lineatis, calycibus cylindraceis, (petalis
albis).—Valparaiso, Mathews (N.362.); Cuming (N.
430.) This has the largest leaves of the genus; in one
specimen they are an inch long and on a very evident
petiole, always broad and coarsely crenato-serrate. It
is the only species we yet know that inhabits the plains.

102. (1.) Linum aquilinum, Mol.—L. oligophyllum, Hook.

et Arn. én Bot. of Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 11. (an Schiede?)—
L. Chamissonis, Schiede.—Nnancu-laguen. Feuill. Chil.
v. 3. t. 22.— Mountains near Valparaiso, Bridges ;
Conception, Messrs. Lay and — —
Conception, Cuming (N. 197.) - "d

103. (2.) Linum junceum, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Mera. b. 1.

p. 134. t. 26.—Uraguay, Baird.

104. (3.) Linum usitatissimum, Lirin. — Conception, Messrs.

105. (1.) Malva (Malvastrum) «

me and —— -—

hurea ee vta igus
stellato-tomentosa albida, caule prostrato subargenteo-
leproso, foliis breviter petiolatis cordato reniformibus
sublobatis dentato-crenatis supra argenteo-leproso-squa-
mulosis, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis folio subbre-
vioribus, involucelli foliolis 3 lineari-setaceis deciduis,
corolla (sulphurea siccitate aeruginosa) extus lineis hir-

150

sutis.—Road-sides, and about houses, near Mendoza,
Dr. Gillies. Allied to M. leprosa, Cav.

106. (2.) Malva (Malvastrum) humilis, (Gill. mst.); sub-
acaulis, radice multicipi, foliis longe petiolatis cordatis
3-5-lobis obtuse crenatis petiolisque dense molliter stellato-
tomentosis, lobis imbricatis, pedunculis axillaribus petiolo
brevioribus solitariis 1-floris, involucelli foliolis 3 lineari-
bus deciduis, carpellis tomentosis, (flore purpureo.)—
El valle Hermoso, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

107. (3.) Malva? peduncularis, (Hook. et Arn.); adscen-
dens parce stellatim pubescens, foliis longe petiolatis
cordato-subrotundis obtuse 5—7-lobatis crenatis, lobo
medio paullum majore, stipulis oblongis obtusiusculis
persistentibus, pedunculis axillaribus elongatis petiolo
longioribus solitariis unifloris, involucelli foliolis 3 oblon-
gis sepala emulantibus et zquantibus, corolla subcam-
panulata (alba.)—Ditches near San Isedro, Tweedie.
Not having seen the fruit, we can scarcely declare this to
bea Malva, as it has little affinity with any other species; if
belonging to this genus,it may rank in the section Bismalve.

108. (4.) Malva (Malvastrum) tenuifolia, (Hook. et Arn.);
caule decumbente tomentoso, foliis canescenti-tomentosis
bipinnatisectis, segmentis anguste linearibus acutis, pedi-
cellis tomentosis axillaribus solitariis unifloris, involucelli
foliolis 3 lineari-subulatis membranaceis coloratis deci-
duis, calyce tomentoso, carpellis 10 muticis.— Province
of Maule, Cuming (N. 841.) This, M. miniata, and M.
tenella, have precisely the same kind of spurious involu-

. celand,so far as that affords a character, the three species
ought to be placed in the same genus. M. Munroana
is in the same case, and Sida coccinea only differs by
having one, instead of three leaflets, under its calyx.
All of them bear ee red see similar to " Cape
species of Malva. -

109. (5.) Malva parviflora, Linn.—Coneepton Molins. =
and Collie.

110. (6.) Malva crispa, Linn— Mendoza hia Buenos s Ayres
Dr. Gillies.

111.

112.

113.
114.

151

(7.) Malva tenella, Cav.—San Carlos, near Mendoza,
Dr. Gillies. Our specimens are larger and stouter than
those figured by Cavanilles. In many respects it is allied
to M. miniata, but the nearly sessile axillary flowers and
shape of the fruit, easily distinguish it.

(8.) Malva miniata, Cav.—Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. The
carpels are bisetose, as in many Side.

(9.) Malva Limensis, Linn.—Coquimbo, Cuming (N.895.)
(10.) Malva obtusiloba, Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 2181.—
Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks; Bridges; Mathews (N.
263.); Cuming (N.511.) Andes of Mandoza; Dr: Gillies,

` (sub M. flexuosa, Gill. mst.)

115.

(11.) Malva: (Spheroma) Bonariensis, Cav.; ramis to-
mentosis, foliis petiolatis ovatis trilobis supra pubescenti-
bus subtus molliter dense stellatim tomentosis superiori-
bus lanceolatis, floribus parvis (purpureo-roseis) in axillis
glomeratis, calycibus dense tomentosis, involucelli foliolis
lineari-setaceis deciduis.—Cav. Diss. 2. t. 22. f. 1.—
Spheralcea Cisplatina, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. 1.
p. 9210?— Punto del Sauce, province of Cordova, Dr.
Gillies. Pasture-fields, Buenos Ayres, Tweedie. The
affinity of this is with M. angustifolia, but their foliage is
widely different. The plant of St. Hilaire is said to have
racemose and secund flowers. -

116. (12.) Malva glomerata, (Hook. set dido vaveMiparce

i.

stellatim pubescens, foliis (superioribus) triangulari-ob-

longis grosse crenato-serratis petiolo triplo longioribus,

pedunculis solitariis axillaribus folio duplo longioribus
glomerato-umbelliferis, involucelli foliolis 3 anguste ob-
longis calyce duplo brevioribus, (corolla parva.)— Woods

of the Porana, Tweedie. ‘This bears a great resemblance

to M. umbellata, Cav., but the flowers are not one-tenth -

of the size of those in that species. We have seen only

one specimen, it is from the uppe pana: the plant, and
without fruit.

(13.) Malva eriocarpa, Mega iine na Lay
and .Collie; Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 552.); Macrae;
Juan Fernandez, Douglas; Dr. Scouler.

152

118. (14.) Malva (Modiola) geranioides, (Gill. mst.); pros-
trata, setoso-pilosa, foliis palmatim 5-lobis, lobis pinnatifi-
dis inciso-dentatis seta terminatis, pedunculis folio duplo

triplove longioribus, involucelli foliolis 3 oblongo-lanceo-
latis sepalis lanceolatis subdimidio brevioribus, (corolla
majuscula.)— Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

119. (1.) Pavonia communis, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. l.
p. 224.—Shady woods of the Porana, Tweedie; Dr.
Gillies.

120. (2.) Pavonia hastata, Cav.—Altheea guindidentelél Gill.
mst.—Dry banks, Buenos Ayres, and woods of the

- Banda Oriental, Tweedie. Province of San Luis,
(5000 feet,) Dr. Gillies. This species surely belongs to
the Labretonia of Schrank, if that genus be really dis-
tinct from Pavonia. The leaves, poniai the young
ones, have mper dots.

121. a.) Hibisces fAbelincschus2) angustifolius, (Hook. et
Arn.); caule erecto fruticoso, ramis petiolis pedunculis-
que aculeatis, foliis (superioribus) lanceolatis acumina-
tis dentato-serratis glabriusculis, involucelli foliolis 10
linearibus setoso-ciliatis calyce dimidio brevioribus,
pedunculo petiolum sequante solitario axillari simplici,
tubo staminifero petalis duplo breviore.— Marsh, Rio de
- la Plata, Tweedie. Of this we do not know the fruit: it
posten to applies dai to H. Pipisinsio St. Hil.

122. (1. ) rta Delonicafolia, Pers.— Fosil Chil. v.
t. 27.—Valparaiso, Bridges.

123. (2.) ones a Cos — Valpariso, Cuming
(N. 356.)

124, (3.) Cristaria idling (Hook. et iin. -= adscendens,
parce stellato-pilosa, foliis cordatis sub 5-lobatis, lobis
rotundatis inciso-crenatis intermedio sublongiore, pe-
dunculis solitariis unifloris axillaribus folio longioribus
calyce longe molliter piloso.— Valparaiso, Cuming (N-
510.) The fruit of this species we have not seen, but it

153

appears intermediate between C. heterophylla and C.
glaucophylla : it is most allied to the former, differing
from it by the broader and more obtuse foliage, and by
the soft, almost woolly calyx.

126. (4.) Cristaria heterophylla, Hook. et Arn.— Sida hetero-
phylla, Cav.—Plains of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies; Mr.
Cruckshanks.—g. pilis stellatis hispidis. C. hispida, Gill.

mst.—Los Hornillas, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—
The segments of the upper leaves are very shes The
fruit is that of a Cristaria.

127. (5.) Cristaria multifida, Cav.—Coquimbo, Cuming (N.
1436.)

128. (6.) Cristaria pinnatifida, Hook. et Arn. in. Bot of
Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 12.—Coquimbo, Messrs. Lay and
Collie. |

129. (7.) Cristaria dissecta, (Hook. et Arn.); annua, stellato-
pubescens, foliis digitato-5-partitis segmentis cuneato-
lanceolatis inciso-pinnatifidis foliorum superiorum an-
gustissimis, panicula elongata multiflora, pedicellis elon-
gatis, (floribus parvis), ala carpellis multo majore.— Val-
paraiso, Mathews (N. 182.); Cuming (N. 41.) Cor-
dillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 245.)—Sometimes the leaves
are only 3-partite, but then the lateral Midi are
again vipana ‘PE ad og fi

130. (1.) Anoda haeti ms ESR b Mr. Cruckshanhs.
Buenos Ayres, and Chili, Dr. Gillies.—Perhaps Dr.
Gillies’ specimens ought to be referred to A. triloba, but
we cannot see any certain marks between them.

131. (1.) Sida rhombifolia, Linn.—Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.

132. (2.) Sida hastata, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. 1. p. 190.
t. 36. f. 2.—Pampas of ayes pie Ti iles.
ne e Tweedie. == ai
133. (3.) Sida Jussieana, DC. Sistani Rios, a Guia
specimens have no fruit, but otherwise enon with
De Candolle’s character of —

134. (4.) Sida. nen DC.—J rilal (uncultivated places)

154

135. (5.) Sida sessiliflora, Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 2857.—
‘Pampas of Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.

136. (6.) Sida (Abutilon) ceratocarpa, (Hook. et Arn.); caule
erecto farinaceo-candicante, foliis subcordato-rotunda-
tis sinu profundo sublobatis crenatis pannosis subtus
farinaceo-candicantibus petiolum sequantibus, petiolis

. axillaribus elongatis folio duplo longioribus apicem ver-
sus articulatis, carpellis 8 tomentosis polyspermis oblon-
gis in rostrum longum bipartitum attenuatis.— Cordillera
of Chili, Cuming (N. 279.)—A very elegant, as well as
distinct species.

137. (7.) Sida vitifolia, Cav.—Conception, Messrs. Lay and

-Collie. Chiloe, Cuming (N. 23.) .

138. (8.) Sida (Abutilon) picta, (Gill. mst.); ramis herbaceis
glabris, foliis longe petiolatis cordato-subrotundis 3-5-
lobis glabris serratis lobis acuminatis, pedunculo axillari —
longo gracillimo unifloro, calyce late campanulato inflato,
corolla globosa (? ), petalis calyce triplo longioribus venis
ramosis pictis.— Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies; Tweedie.

139. (9.) Sida (Abutilon) Grevilleana, (Gill. mst.); fruticosa,
ramis petiolisque patenti-hirsutis, foliis ovatis acuminatis
raro subtrilobatis grosse serratis molliter pubescentibus
longe petiolatis, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis patenti-
pilosis petiolo longioribus, (flore mediocri aurantiaco),
carpellis 8 pubescenti-pilosis birostratis 3-spermis.—
Jarillal, above Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

140. (10.) Sida molis, Ort.—Isle of Martin Garcia, Rio
Porana, Tweedie. —

141. (11.) Sida (Abutilon) Arnottiana, (Gill. mst.); fruticosa,
dense molliter pubescenti-lanata, ramis robustis, foliis

. cordato-acuminatis subargute serratis sinu profundo |
subtus mollissimis petiolo longioribus, paniculis foliosis,
pedicellis 1-3-floris, (floribus mediocribus flavis), calyce
amplo corollam superante, carpellis plurimis tomentosis
subdispermis.—El Aguadite, province of San Luis, Dr.
Gillies,—' This has so much the habit and general struc-
ture of Bastardia nemoralis, St. Hil., that except in the
large calyx, and more numerous seeds, we can hardly

155

perceive any distinguishing character. It is all over
densely woolly, and the flowers are bright yellow.

142, (12.) Sida (Abutilon) densiflora (Hook. et Arn.); arborea,
ramis angulatis, foliis longe petiolatis cordatis coriaceis
dentato-serratis 5-nerviis supra demum glabris subtus
pallidis dense brevissime stellato-tomentosis nervis pro-
minentibus, floribus (parvis) dense paniculatis subthyr-
soideis, pedicellis calycibusque campanulatis 5-fidis stel-
lato-tomentosis, petalis angustis acutis, ovario pilosissimo.
—Borga in the Missions, Baird. Mr. Baird describes
it as a ** beautiful tree.” Leaves 3-4 inches long, some-
times approaching to ovate. Free portion of the fila-
ments, and the (five?) long styles reflexed. |

143. (1.) Melochia pyramidata, Linn.—Uraguay, Baird.

144, (1.) Corchorus argutus, Kunth.—var. 8. australis ; St.
Hil.—San Pedro in the rec epee

145. (1.) Luhea divaricata, Mart.—Shores of the Uragusy
T'weedie.

146. (1.) Tricuspidaria dependens, R. et P.—Quebrada de
Alvarado, near la Dormida, Chili, Dr. Gillies. Valpar-
aiso, Mr. Cruckshanks. Chili, — — unir
vernac. Patagua.

CRINODENDRON. Molina.
Calycis campanulati sepala 5 (6, Cav.) erecta, lanceolato-pyra-
midata, integra, subcarnosa, basi subsaccata. Corolla
mulla. Torus magnus, crassus. Stamina 12 (10, Cav.)
e margine tori oriuntia: filamenta libera subulata, pilosa :
anthere filamentorum longitudine, lineares, pubescentes,
utrinque sulcatze, apice valvis duabus emarginatis, « dehis-
centes. Pistillum simplex: germen ovato-
sericeo-pilosum, torum demum corrugatum insidens:
stylus longitudine staminum sublatus, acutus, basi pilo-
sus: stigma acutum. Fructus (Bacca?) vix maturus,

147.

156

globosus, sericeo-pilosus, cerasi magnitudine, stylo rigido
persistente terminatus. Semina tria (Cav.)—Arbor
Chilensis. Folia oblongo-lanceolata, coriaceo-membrana-
cea, aculeato-serrata vel integerrima, plerumque opposita,
brevissime petiolata, penninervia, nervis arcuatim unitis
venisque reticulatis connexis, juniora subpubescentia. Pe-
dunculus solitarius, elongatus, strictissimus, superne incras-
satus et pubescens. Alabastrum pyramidatum, sericeo-
pubescens. Staminum filamenta rubra. :

(1.) C. Patagua, Mol. Chil. (ed. Angl.) v. 1. p. 90. et 146.
Cav. Dis. 5. p. 300. t. 159. (Tas. C.)—Chiloe, Cuming
( N. 22.)—This very little known plant, of which but one
specimen, with a single flower and young fruit, was in
the collection, seems to be only known, firstly, by Moli-
na’s short and very imperfect character, above referred
to, who gives it as a native of Chili; and secondly, by
the figure and description given by Cavanilles, from a
drawing communicated to him by Molina. This, as well
as the Tricuspidaria, bears the vernacular name of
Patagua, but according to Ruiz and Pavon, that appel-
lation is given to several plants. The Natural Order
appears to us to be El@ocarpee, notwithstanding the
widely different floral envelope.

Tas. C.—Fig. 1. Flower. Fig. 2. Torus bearing
the stamens and pistil. 7ig.3. Stamen. Fig. 4. Anther.
ct 5, pane

148. a) jitas Maggi; iiaa Dr.

- Gillies ; Mathews (N. 257.) ; Cuming (N. 442.) Con-
ception, Messrs. Lay and Collie.—This we follow Mr.
Donin — from the Homalinea, E

148.* (1. ) Ximeni Pie k ee cleaner Ayres Dr.

Gillies.

149. (1.) Hypericum parviflorum, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid.
v. l. p. 333.—Uraguay, Tweedie. This species seems

157

scarcely different from H. Pelliterianum of the same
author, v. 1. p. 334. t. 70.

150. (1.) Bunchosia multiflora (Hook. et Arn.); erecta, gla-
berrima, foliis ovatis acutiusculis membranaceis nervosis
reticulatis ad basin utrinque uniglandulosis, racemis
elongatis multifloris. diphyllis folio duplo longioribus,
pedicellis medium versus bibracteatis.—In the Corrientes,
Baird.

151. (1.) Banisteria Bonariensis (Hook. et Arn.); foliis cor-
dato-subrotundis supra glabriusculis subtus glaucis seri-
ceo-tomentosis, petiolis apice utrinque uniglandulosis,
glandulis oblongis impressis ferrugineis grumosis, pedun-

. culis axillaribus folio longioribus apice umbelliferis,
radiis etiamque umbelliferis.—B. Humboldtiana? Gill.
mst.—Hedges, woods, and orchards, about Buenos
Ayres, Tweedie; Dr. Gillies. Allied to B. Humbold-
tiana, but still more to B. splendens, DC., from which
last it is principally to be distinguished by the leaves that
are not quite smooth above, by the different tomentum
beneath, and by the flowers being pute and not in
dichotomous racemes. |

152. (L) Heteropteris dien: ( Hook. et in bibeniliabts;
foliis oblongo-lanceolatis: obtusis supra viridibus subtus
pallidis, petiolis nudis vel hinc medio uniglandulosis,
glandula orbiculari, pedunculo terminali, pedicellis ulti-
mis paucis umbellatim dispositis bracteatis.— Moist
ground, Entre Rios, Tweedie. Of our specimens, those

-in flower and fruit exhibit a simple corymb or umbel, but
as the upper branches occasionally become dichotomous
and lose their leaves, the infloriscencė -— — to
be in a dichotomous panicles: TE

Calya 5-partitus, persistens: sepala ovata, 4. basi extus bi-
- glandulosa, quintum eglandulosum. Petala 5, sepalis

adt À

158

alternantia, disco hypogyno inserta unguiculata, ungue .
tenui, limbo orbiculato, crenulato, dorso sericeo: csfiva-
tio imbricata. Stamina 10, basi monadelpha: anthere
subrotunde, biloculares, extus carnosz intus albido-mem-
branaceze; dehiscentes. Germen unicum, sericeo-pilosum,
trilobum, 3-loculare: ovula solitaria, pendula: styli 3,
. distincti, clavati, apice truncati tubulosi. Fructus seri-
ceo-pilosus, siccus, indehiscens, 3-lobus, 3-locularis,
lobis dorso penicillo denso longo horizontali pilorum
(atro-purpureorum) fasciculatorum instructis. Semina
solitaria, pendula: embryo curvatus.—Frutex adpresso-
sericeus. Rami oppositi, spinescentes, ramuli ultimi oppo--
siti, brevissimi; folia 2 vel 4 floresque paucos gerentes.
Folia opposita, anguste lanceolata, rigida, obscure uniner-
via, brevissime petiolata, petiolis basi coadunatis nunc
alternis, viz unciam longa lineamque lata, decidua. Flores
terminales, aurantiaci, pedunculati, pedunculus semiunciam

153. (L.) Tricomaria Usillo (Hook. et Arn.)—(Tas. CL)—
Banisteria Usillo, Gill. mst.— Province of Mendoza, Dr.
Gillies.—Nom. vernac. Usillo. Itis allied to Banisteria,
but, instead of wings to the fruit, has three remarkable
and beautiful long tufts of dark purple, stiff and some-
what elastic hairs. cox

Tas. Cl.—Fig. 1. Flower. Fig. 2. Stamens. Fig. 3-
Anther. | Fig. 4. Sinis (young) Fig. 5. The same,
wih the tufts of hairs removed. Fig. 6. The same, cut

decree Gs 7. Leaf:—magnified.

+

m pm Pe (Hook. et deis totum
velutino-pubescens foliaque subtus przecipue, foliis biter-
natis, foliolis ovatis acutis inciso-serratis, capsulis magnis
obovatis apiculatis coriaceo-membranaceis pubescentibus
reticulatis, tori glandulis linearibus brevibus.— Missions
of Brasil, Tweedie.’ This does not appear to agree with
any known species, although all of them are subject to

great variation: it approaches most to. C. parviflorum,

155.

156.

151.

158.

159,

160.

159

St. Hil. It is on every part clothed, but especially on
the under-side of the leaves, with dense velvety down.

(1.) Serjania sinuata, Schum.—Uraguay, Tweedie.

(1.) Cupania Uraguensis (Hook. et Arn.); arborea?
dioica? foliis 5-6-jugis, foliolis subalternis oblongis
obtusis vel acutiusculis basi ineequali attenuatis argute
serrato-dentatis utrinque glabris, paniculis subterminali-
bus sepalisque dense velutinis, petalis unguiculatis limbo
cordato reniformi basi lobis incurvis cucullato exappen-
diculatis intus piloso-pubescentibus, staminibus 10, fila-
mentis pilosis.—Uraguay, Tweedie. ‘This species, not-
withstanding that the petals are pubescent and have no
scale upon them, surely belongs to Cupania, and is —
closely allied to C. vernalis, St. Hil. The glandular disk
is complete, crenulated, very large, and glabrous. In
place of the germen we have found nothing but a mass of
hairs : hence it is probably dioecious.

(1.) Schmidelia edulis ? St. Hil. Pl. Us. de Brasil. t. 67.
— Corrientes, Baird.

(1.) Amirola glandulosa, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech.
Voy. v. 1. p. 12.—Llagunoa glandulosa, G. Don.—Co-
quimbo, Messrs. Lay and Collie. Valparaiso, Bridges.
Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 166.) For this genus we
still prefer the name Amirola, though posterior to Llagu-
noa, the latter being liable to be confounded with Lagu-

nea: “nomina generica. simili sono exeuntia ansam

"— confusionis," Linn. Fund. emer n

a.) Pedosk paer DC.—D. sidii Cav. ic.
v. 4. f, 327.—Sand-banks of the Uraguay, Tweedie.
This differs from the common D: viscosa in nn but
the narrower leaves.

(la) Capo: oai T hen eis,

160

ramis angulatis, folis pedunculatis digitatis, foliolis 5
cuneato-lanceolatis obtusiusculis mucronatis versus basin
integerrimis superne rariter argute dentato-serratis, pe-
dunculis oppositifoliis folio longioribus umbelliferis radiis
bifidis corymbiferis.—Buenos Ayres and Banda Orien-
tal, T'weedie.

161. (2.) Cissus deficiens (Hook. et Arn.); ramis subtetra-
gonis pubescentibus, folis breve petiolatis digitatis,
foliolis 5 obovatis obtusis inciso-crenatis subtus pubes-
centibus, paniculis brevibus capitato-corymbosis in ramis
propriis subaphyllis.—C. striata, Bertero in Bulletin des
Sc. Nat. (not Ruiz and Pav.)—Valparaiso, Cuming (N.
103.) —Nom. vernac. ** Pavilla.”—This species approaches
very nearly to the C. striata, R. et P., but differs remark-
ably in the flower-bearing branches having their leaves
abortive, altogether wanting opposite tothe lower corymbs
of serra and ae very small ones opposite the upper.

162. ge ) Gaa acaule, Willd.—Mendoza and Chili, Dr.
Gillies.

163. (2.) Geranium Pyrenaicum, Linn.—Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie.

164. (3.) Geranium columbinum, Linn.—Valparaiso, Bridges
Mathews (N. 184.)

165. (4.) Geranium dissectum, Linn.— Mendoza and Chili

— Dr. Gillies.

166. (5.) Taaha Linn toraa Bridges.

Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie ; Macrae.

167. (1.) Erodium cicutarium, Gi PUEDE Sante y Messrs.
Lay and Collie. . Baths of Collina, Macrae. Valparaiso,
Mr. Cruckshanks 5. paite Buenos Ayres and Chili,
Dr. Gillies.

168. (2.) Erodium moschatum, aao ames Dr.
Gillies.

169. (1. ) Tropæolum majud Linn. — Coquimbo a and Valpar-
— aiso, Macrae.

161

170. (2.) Tropæolum aduncum, Sm.— Feuille Chil. 2. t. 42.
— Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks ; Cuming (N. 111.)
171. (3.) Tropeolum ciliatum, R. et P.— Valparaiso, Cuming

(N. 13.)

172. (4.) Tropzolum pentaphyllum, Lam.—T. azureum,
Miers?— Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies ; Tweedie.

173. (5.) Tropzeolum tricolorum, Sweet Br. Fl. Gard. t. 910.
—T. coccineum, Miers?—Coquimbo, Messrs. Lay and
Collie. Baths of Collina, Macrae. Valparaiso, Mr.
Cruckshanks; Bridges; Mathews (N. 209.) ; Cuming
(N. 14.)

174. (6.) Tropzolum brachyceras, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of
Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 14.—T. minimum, Miers ?—Valpar-
aiso, Mr. Cruckshanks; Bridges; Mathews ips 228.) ;
Cuming (N. 12.)

175. (7.) Tropeeolum polyphyllum, Cav.—T. | prostratum,
Miers,—From Los Manantiales to Puente del Inca on
the east side of the Cordilleras, and about Ojos de Agua
on the west side, Mr. Cruckshanks; Dr. Gillies. Cor-
dillera of Chili, Macrae; Cuming (N.316.)—8. gracilis ;
caulibus filiformibus, foliis parvis.—Maule, Cuming (N.
839.)

176. (1.) Oxalis viGEY we Linn— Quillota ( Chil), Dr 1
Gillies.) p= i

177. (2.) Oxalis peen DC. —Conception, Mee;
Messrs, Lay and Collie.

178. (3.) Oxalis repens, Thunb.—Fields in the ies Orien-
tal, T'weedie.

179. (4.) Oxalis andicola (Gill. mst.); caule erecto folioso —
basi decumbente fruticuloso, foliis numerosis carnoso-
cellulosis trifoliolatis, foliolis late obcordatis profunde
bifidis petiolisque piloso-hispidis laciniis - divaricatis,
pedunculis bibracteatis uni-bifloris demum retri
sepalis lineari-oblongis obtusis petalis duplo brevio ibus,
stylis staminibusque hirsutis, (floribus luteis.)—4. calyce
hirsuto.—La Sierra de Achiras, near the summit, (Pro-
vince of San Luis) and Villavicenzio, Dr. Gillies.—

VOL. III. M

180.

181.

162

a. calyce glabriusculo.—O. Wallichiana, Gill. mst.—El
Cerro del Morro, Province of San Luis, Dr. Gillies.
(5.) Oxalis Jaxa, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech. Voy. :
v. l. p. 13.— Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie. Val-
paraiso, Cuming (N. 491.) ; Mathews (N. 275, in Herb.
Arn.) —4. floribus triplo majoribus.— Valparaiso, Mathews
(N. 215, in Herb. Hooh.) ; Bridges.—v. floribus ut in £.
pedunculis calycibusque minus pilosis.— Valparaiso,
Bridges; Mathews (N. 276.)—The ‘flowers are deep
yellow: the hairs on the peduncle, pedicels, and calyx,
very patent.

(6.) Oxalis lineata (Gill. mst.); suffruticosa, trunco
erecto inferne foliis emarcidis vestito superne folioso,
petiolis piloso-hispidis, foliolis 3 sessilibus obcordatis
adpresse pubescentibus, pedunculis folio longioribus
apice flores 2-3 umbellatos gerentibus piloso-hispidis, —
sepalis late ovatis corolla (flava purpureo-lineata) 4—5-plo
brevioribus hirsuto-pilosis.—On loose débris at the foot
of the ascent to El Portezuelo del. Viento, Andes of
Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

182. (7.) Oxalis macrorhiza (Gill. mst.) ; radice crasso des-

cendente subramoso, caule erecto dense folioso, petiolis
elongatis gracilibus glabris, foliolis 3 sessilibus obcorda-
tis lobis divaricatis supra glabriusculis subtus canescenti-
pilosis, pedunculis brevibus unifloris glabris, sepalis
ovato-oblongis obtusis glabris purpureo-marginatis cor-
olla (violacea) triplo brevioribus.—El Cerro del Dia-
mante, province of Mendoza, (8000 feet,) Dr. Gillies.

183. (8.) Oxalis compacta (Gill. mst.) ; radice tenui fusiformi,

caulibus brevissimis czespitosis, foliis confertis mediocri-
ter petiolatis, petiolis glabris, foliolis 3 sessilibus. leviter
obcordatis plus minusve pubescenti-pilosis, pedunculis
brevibus unifloris glabris, sepalis lineari-oblongis obtusis
glabris margine ciliatis (siccitate ssepe pulcherrime viola-
ceis) corolla (flava parva) duplo brevioribus.—Los Mor-
ros, Andes of Mendoza, (11,000 feet,) Dr. Gillies.

184. (9.) Oxalis erythrorhiza (Gill. mst.); pubescenti-pilosa,

trunco íruticoso erecto inferne foliis emarcidis tecto

185.

163

superne ramoso, ramis brevibus foliosis, petiolis filiformi-
bus gracilibus elongatis, foliolis 3 sessilibus anguste
cuneatis apice emarginatis, pedunculis brevibus unifloris,
sepalis lanceolatis corolla (flava) duplo minoribus.—El
Cerro de la Polcura, Dr. Gillies.—This is a very beauti-
ful species. The lower part of the stem, or root, when
broken, is of a fine red colour. The leaves, petioles,
peduncle, and calyx, are all covered with short patent
hairs. The petals, perhaps from drying, eid a few
purple lines towards the apex.

(10.) Oxalis platypila (Gill. mst.); trunco brevi (?) apice
ramoso, ramis brevissimis foliosis, petiolis elongatis gra-
cilibus glabris, foliolis 3 sessilibus leviter obcordatis
utrinque pilosis celluloso-subcarnosis, pedunculis graci-
libus unifloris petiolum subzequantibus glabris, sepalis

oblongo-lanceolatis obtusiusculis glabris margine ciliatis

186.

ciliis confertis (albis) compressis spathulatis.—Eastern
ascent to La Cumbre de los Andes de Chili, (11,500
feet,) Dr. Gillies. We have not seen the corolla of this
species, but the peculiar fringe of its calyx is very un-
like that of any other species we are acquainted with. -
(11.) Oxalis subacaulis (Gill.); glaberrima, trunco elon-
gato vestigiis petiolorum vetustorum tecto, foliis numer-
osis ex apice trunci trifoliolatis, foliolis obcordatis pro-
funde emarginatis celluloso-subcarnosis, ^ pedunculis
1-2-floris folium zequantibus, sepalis oblongo-lanceolatis
obtusiusculis corolla (flava) plus duplo brevioribus.—
Villavicenzio, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—Dr.
Gillies found two states of this plant, the former with one, -

- the latter with two flowers on the peduncle. As they

tibus, sepalis oblongis obtus

if necessary to note them as distinct varieties. -
187.
^ inferne squamoso decumbente, foliolis 3 :

were from mearly the same situation, we do ihot'think

(12.) Oxalis geminata (Hook. et Arn.); trunco elongato
sessilibus obcor-
datis profunde bifidis pilosiusculis obsolete triner

carnosis, pedunculis. folia duplo | exce l ntibu is tac
duos corymbosos muli ifloro etx

; glabris sata longioribus

164

corolla (intense purpurea) subduplo brevioribus.— Andes
of Chili, Cuming (N. 172.) "Villavicenzio, (5000 feet, )
and. El Cerro de San Pedro Nolasco, Andes of Men-
doza and Chili, Dr. Gillies.—' The specimens from Dr.
Gillies are smaller and less perfect than those from
Cuming; but we see no other difference.

188. (13.) Oxalis tortuosa, Lindl. im Bot. Reg. t. 1249,—O.
glomerata, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech. Voy. v. 1.
p. 13.—Valparaiso, Macrae; Cuming (N. 662.) Co-
quimbo, Messrs. Lay and Collie.

189. (14.) Oxalis carnosa, Molina.—Bot. Mag. t. 2866.—
Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks. Conception, Messrs. Lay
and Collie.

190. (15.) Oxalis rosea, Jacq.— Conception, Messrs. Pep and
Collie. Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks ; Bridges ; Cuming
(N.89.)

191. (16.) Oxalis violacea, Linn. prog tinctoria, Mol. ?—
Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies. Uraguay, Tweedie. Val-
‘paraiso, Cuming (N. 340.)—Dr. Gillies’ specimens have
only two flowers on the peduncle; those from Tweedie,
from three to five or six. Perhaps the eastern species
is O. articulata, Sav., of which Savigny says the flowers
are reddish, drying to a purple colour, and not yellow-
ish as described by De Candolle; but we cannot see any
difference in character between it and O. violacea.

192. (17.) Oxalis bipunctata, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 2781.
—O. urbica, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. 1. p. 126.—O.
violacea, Sav. (non Linn. nec Jacq. sec. St. Hil.)— Bue-
nos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.

193. (18.) Oxalis lobata, Sims. in Bot. Mw: t. 9386.—O.

. perdicaria, Bertero mst.—Sassia perdicaria, Mol. (sec.
Bertero.)—Sandy plains at Valparaiso, Bertero. On the
plains of Maypu, and between Talca and San Fernando,
Chili, (1200 feet,) Dr. Gillies. Nom. vernac. Flor de
Perdrix.

194. (19.) Oxalis autumnalis, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. 1.
p. 128.— Very plentiful in dry fields, Buenos Ayres,
T'weedie. 'The O. tenera, Spr. seems allied to it, but here

165
the bulbs are covered with brown scales and interwoven
fibres.

195. (20.) Oxalis Acetosella, ? rina — Buenos Ayres to the
Pampas, Dr. Gillies.—The specimens are exceedingly
imperfect and destitute of root. In all probability the
latter is tuberous, and the plant more allied to the last
species: indeed the flowers appear of a pale yellow
colour, and the sepals are marked iengitudinaly with a
central purple line.

196. (21.) Oxalis adenophylla (Gill. $3); glabra, caudice
subnullo apice valde folioso, petiolis elongatis gracili-
bus, foliolis sub-12 sessilibus glabriusculis obcordatis
lobis divergentibus celluloso-carnosulis basi attenuatis et
seepe violaceo-glandulosis (?) pedunculis petiolum subae-
quantibus bifloris, pedicellis fructiferis incurvis, sepalis
latitudine ineequalibus corolla (violacea) 6-plo breviori-
bus demum ampliatis fructumque subaequantibus.—El
Cerro de la Polcura, Dr. Gillies.—This is a very hand-
some species, and most resembles the O. enxneaphylla,
Cav. We dare not assert, from the dried plant, that
the appearance at the base of the leaflets is caused by
the glands from which the specific name seems to have
been derived.

197. (1.) Tribulus Kiii: Lineak places
about Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. ;

198. (1.) Fagonia Chilensis (Hook. et Arn.); ramis diffusis
repetitim dichotomis, foliis trifoliolatis, foliolis obovato-
lanceolatis mucronatis marginibus aculeato-asperis, sti-
pulis spinescentibus petiolo M "ipe baprianibe —
Él ect esc satia soria

199,:(1.)-Karrea: sitidd, Cavo Jefa ieat P5
from Mendoza to Villavicenzio, to Punta de los Vacas,
Dr. Gillies. Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 213, absque
fore.)J—Nom. vernac. Jarillo,—a name indeed applied
to the whole genus. The present is said by Dr. Gillies

166

to be injurious to such mules and horses as eat of

it: while Mr. Cuming observes, that it is esteemed

200.

201.

: 202,

in the Cordilleras as excellent for bruises and broken
limbs. l

(2.) Larrea divaricata, Cav.—Most abundant in the
Cordilleras of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—Used for fire-
wood, and being resinous and consuming rapidly, it is
employed for heating ovens.

(3.) Larrea cuneifolia, Cav.—Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

(1.) Zygophyllum Retama (Gill. mst.) ; caule fruticoso —
ramoso, ramis teretibus, foliis e gemmis oriuntibus valde
caducis pinnatis, foliis 2-jugis oblongis minutis, pedun-

- culisaggregatis simplicibus, petalis calycizequalibus, squa-

mis staminiferis majusculis oblongis apice ciliato-laceris,

floribus majusculis nutantibus, fructibus glabris pentap-

teris, semine abortu solitario lineari-oblongo curvato com-
presso scabro.— From Mendoza to San Juan, (2000-3000

feet,) Dr. Gillies.—Nom. vernac. Retama.—The flowers

resemble in size and appearance those of some of the
larger species of Cassia. The peduncles spring from
the same buds as the leaves, which latter are so remark-
ably small (the leaflets being not half a line long) and
deciduous, as to render them scarcely perceptible. This
is, we believe, Cupania Andina, Miers.

PLECTROCARPA. (Gill. mst.)

Cape profunde 5-partitus: sepala subinzequalia. Petala 5,

sepalis alterna, obovata, in unguem attenuata, calyce

. paullo longiora (aurea, venis sex notata.) Stamina 9,

zqualia; summum sepalo oppositum, squame bifidze
recurve, magne, carnoss, duplicato-laminate interne
adnatum, filamento vix squama longiore; secundum
octavumque squamis bipartitis, latere superiore majore,
adnata, filamentis squama. paullo: longioribus; cetera
basi squamula zequaliter bipartita minuta instructa: an-

there biloculares. Germen liberum, dense pilosum, pilis

adpressis erectis, toro tenui impositum, ovatum, 5-sul-

167

catum, 5-loculare, loculis bi-ovulatis; ovula ex apice
anguli interni suspensa. Stylus brevis, 5-gonus, apice
acutus, vix pilis germinis longior. Fructus villosus,
capsularis, subulatus, 5-angulatus, indehiscens; carpellis
dorso infra medium calcare subulato longo deflexo; en-
docarpium a sarcocarpio non solubile marginibus in-
troflexis a placenta centrali 5-angulari demum solutis.
Semen in fructu solitarium, ceeteris (an semper ?) abortien-
tibus, pendulum, compressum. Albumen tenue carnosum.
Embryo rectus: cotyledones plane, foliacez, ovales;
radicula cotyledonibus brevior supera.—Frutex pro-
cumbens ? ramosus ; rami nodosi, striati, grisei, spinosi :
spinis (ramis abortivis) ex nodis solitariis ad basin fere
4-partitis ; segmentis subulatis, rectis, validis, subequali-
bus, horizontaliter patentibus, cum mucronula brevi (seg-
mento quinto abortivo?) supra inter bases. Folia ad
gemmos infra spinas fasciculata impari-pinnata : foliola
4—5-juga, oblonga, basi hinc lobata, sericeo-pubescentia,
terminali minore, Flores inter Jolia: pedunculus brevis,
simplex, villosus

- (1.) P. tetracantha (Gill. mst.)—On “travesia” or un-
cultivated plains near Los Cerrillos de San Juan, pro-
vince of San Juan, (2000-2500 feet,) Dr. Gillies.—This
is a very remarkable plant. The flowers, leaves, spines,
and also branches, are all inclined to one side, and
hence we presume the shrub to have been prostrate. It
is difficult to judge whether the spines ought not to be
viewed as four horizontal spines, set round on an exceed-
ingly short abortive branch, which is terminated by a
little point or mucro between the spines. The subulate
fruit, each of the projecting angles, or constituent carpels
of which is furnished with a singular spur, villous as
well as the fruit, and bent slightly downwards, is totally
unlike any thing else we know. Only one ovule appears
to be perfected : the remains of the others may, however,

be traced in the advanced fruit. The genus obviously
comes next to Porlieria and Larrea:

168

204. (1.) -Porlieria Aygrometrica, R. et. P.—Cordillera of
Chili, Cuming (N. 274.); Dr. Gillies. El Aguadita,
province of San Luis, (3000 feet,) Dr. Gillies —Nom.

vernac. Guayacan. The wood is used for making spoons, `
combs, &c.

205. (1.) Ruta graveolens, Linn.—Conception, Messrs. Lay
and Collie.—Probably cultivated.

. 906. (1.) Zanthoxylon Mayu (Bertero in Ann. Sc. Nat. t. 21.
p. 945.); inerme, glaberrimum, foliis impari-pinnatis,
foliolis 7-jugis. elliptico-lanceolatis obtusis subcoriaceis
nitidis crenatis penninerviis vix glandulosis apice emar-

.ginatis, rachi alata, paniculis laxis brevibus, fructibus
tuberculatis.—Zagus lutea, Molina, v. 1. p. 137. (ed.
. Angl.)—Juan Fernandez, Bertero; Cuming (N. 1340.)

207. (2.) Zanthoxylon Coco (Gill. mst.) ; fruticosum, inerme,
foliis impari-pinnatis, foliolis. subtrijugis lanceolatis acu-
minatis submembranaceis opacis serratis vix nervosis
pellucido-punctatis, rachi filiformi nuda, panicula. foliis
subbreviore.— Los Achiras, province of San Luis, Dr.
Gillies.— Nom. vernac. Coco.

Bripeesia. | Hook. et Arn. (non Hook. in Bot. Misc.)
Perianthium simplex, persistens, e foliolis 5 rarius 6 ovalibus,
membranaceis, concavis, patentibus, inferne bracteis 3
suffultum, Stamina 10: filamenta subulata, glabra,
-o longe exserta, basi in annulum brevissimum gynophoro
-o paullulum remotum. et cum basi foliolis perianthii uni-
_ tum, inserta: antherc oblongee, dorso insertze, biloculares,
loculis subappositis, longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Pis-
tilla 5—1 (1, 2, vel 3 nunc abortientia) basi per gyno-
phorum breve connexa, erecta. ` Germen obovatum, la-
teribus compressum, obtusum, uniloculare: ovulum soli-
tarium, ad. basin loculi adscendens. Stylus lateralis,
. filiformi-subulatus, antice precipue pubescens: stigma
- minutum, obtusum, parum depressum.— Frutex kabitu
quodammodo Loranthi, undique glaberrimus. Folia alterna,

208.

169

ovata, breve petiolata, fere. semper secunda, carnoso-cori-
acea, integerrima, costata, enervosa, impunctata. | Stipulae
nulle. Racemi axillares, densi, spicati, multiffori. Pedi-
celli breves, crassi, bi-tri-bracteati ; bracteis membranaceis,
sensim, ut videtur, in perianthii foliola transeuntibus.

(1.) B. spicata (Hook. et Arn.)—(Tas. CII.)—Gal-
vezia spicata, Bertero in Bull. des Sc. Nat. (absque

. descript.)—Valparaiso, Bridges; Mathews (N. 244.);

ak

Cuming (N. 349.)—This remarkable plant belongs to
the Zwtacee. It was first known to us through Mr.
Bridges’ specimens, after whom we name the genus; the
Bridgesia of this work, v. 2. p. 222. t. xcii, being the
Polyachyrus of Lagasca, according to Mr. Don. Mr.
Mathews sent it marked Galvezia, a name he is very
likely to have derived from Mr. Bertero; and this plant
has in its fructification many points in common with that
genus, which, combined with the fact of there being a
new species mentioned by Bertero as above, have induced
us to consider that as a synonym, and to adopt his tri-
vialname. From Galvezia it differs, however, entirely
in habit and inflorescence; in the constantly simple
floral covering, by which also it seems to depart from all
the other kaagi Rutacee ; in the number of the parts of
the flower; in the free ovaries, distinct styles, and the
solitary ovules. We should observe, that in the Bul-

‘letin des Se. Nat. above quoted, it is remarked that the

Galvezia spicata of Bertero is probably the ** Myrtus
parasylitica (not parasitica, although the plant be de-
scribed as parasitical,) marifolio, vulgo Hitigu of Feuillée
Chil. v. 3. p. 43. t£. 34;” but this is evidently a mistake ;
So experienced a botanist as Beta: never sai have
referred to it as a Galvezia.

Tas. CIL— ig. 1. Flower with its edet ens boi
teas. Fig. 2. Anther. Fig. 3. Pistils and short annulus
of the stamens. Fig. 4. Two of the pistils with their

receptacle. Fig. Pump emis:

—magnified.

130

GuiNpiLia. Gill. mst.

Sepala oblonga, extus pubescentia. Petala.... Stamina

libera. Germen 3-lobum, 3-loculare, pubescens, toro
parvo insidens: ovula solitaria, e basi loculi ex angulo
interno adscendentia. Stylus unicus: stigma 3-lobum.
Fructus 3-carpellatus, 3-locularis, crasse crustaceus:
loculi subglobosi. (duobus ssepius abortientibus) in-
dehiscentes: endocarpium a sarcocarpio non solubile.
Semen in loculis solitarium globosum, adscendens, testa
crustacea tenui fragili. Albumen 0. Cotyledones magni,

- crassi, cartilaginei, verticaliter hippocrepice curvati radi-

culam brevem transversum apice sursum spectantem
fere involventes.— Frutex ramosus, foliosus ; rami oppositi,
teretes, cicatricibus foliorum notati. Folia opposita, un-
ciam longa, ovata, vix acuta, ad basin in petiolum brevissi-
mum semiamplexicaulem subiter attenuata, integerrima,
trinervia, glabra, carnoso-coriacea, pellucido-punctata.
Stipulee nulle. Pedunculi azillares, pubescentes. (Flores

~ imperfecti tantum nobis noti.)

209.

(1.) Guindilia trinervis (Gill. mst.)—Los Manantiales,
Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Cordillera of Chili,
Cuming (N. 290.)— The flowers, we regret to say, are
almost unknown to us, having only observed one sepal
among the remains of the calyx and a few withered
stamens, which prevents us from introducing their re-
spective numbers into the generic character. It appears

to us to belong to the groupe of Rutacee, as extended by
Ad. de Jussieu, but it does not agree with any of the

sub-orders at present established. Although the radicle

be transverse or horizontal, yet the point of it is rather
inclined upwards, so that it might be almost termed

superior. By the cotyledons it.seems allied, at first
sight, to the Cuspariee, but they exhibit in reality a dif-
ferent structure, being here situated in a plane at right
angles to that of the radicle, round which, notwithstand-

ing, they are bent like a horse-shoe; besides, the endo-

carp does not separate from the sarcocarp, nor become

211.

212,

213.

171

two-valved. With Zygophyllee and some’ 2anthoxylee
it agrees in the opposite leaves, but the shape of the em-
bryo, and absence of albumen, oppose its union with them.

- (L) Coriaria ruscifolia, Linn.— Conception, Messrs.

Lay and Collie ; Cuming (N. 146.)

(1.) Maytenus Chilensis, DC.— Valparaiso, Dr. Gillies ;
Mr. Cruckshanks ; Bridges ; Cuming (NN. 608.) ; Messrs.
Lay and Collie.—Molina describes his M. Boaria to
have 2 stamens and one seed, which has led to some
doubt of its being the same as the present species: but
there seems to be only one Chilian species known by the
name of Mayten. We possess both the broad and nar-
row-leaved states mentioned by De Candolle, which pass,
however; into each —

(1.) Cid yeni Schrad.—DC.— lex acut-
angula, Nees et Mart .—Uraguay, Baird. . Entre Rios,
Tweedie.

(2.) Celastrus? rhombifolius (Hook. et. pun foliis
alternis exacte rhomboideis utrinque angulo spinuloso-
mucronato apice nervo excurrente spinosis coriaceis
supra nitidis integerrimis basi in petiolum perbrevem
attenuatis, floribus axillaribus glomeratis subsessilibus,
petalis calyce extus pubescente minoribus oblongis car-
nosis (seruginosis).—Jlex cuneifolia, B. ? Bonariensis,
Lamn.— DC.—San Luis, Dr. Gillies. Dry banks of the
Uraguay, Tweedie.—The plant of Lamark is evidently
the same as ours, although that author, probably from an
imperfect specimen, asserts that the flowers are solitary. .
The calyx has a valvular szestivation, itis 5-cleft, the base
inside being covered with a smooth fleshy disk, from the
margins of which arise the petals, alternate with, and
scarcely so long as the calycine segments. "They are
thick and fleshy, and of a fine bright-green colour. The
stamens are inserted on the calycine segments about
their middle: filaments very short: anthers bilocular.

214.

172

The germen is immersed in the disk, bilocular, with one
ovule (in one instance there appeared two) suspended
from the apex of each cell The style is single and
nearly the length of the petals: stigma concave, 2-lobed,
or shortly bilamellate. From this analysis our plant
cannot be an Teg: it agrees in more points with Celas-
trus, although the insertion of the stamens and pendu-
lous ovules militate against, not only its belonging to that
genus, but even to the order Celastrinee, as at present
characterised: to that order, however, it certainly does
belong, and may form a new genus, (Ionia, Hook. et
Arn.)

(1.) Sageretia £rinervis (Gill. mst.); glabra, ramis tereti-
usculis lateralibus spinescentibus, foliis oppositis oblongo-
ellipticis obtusis apiculatis basi in petiolum brevem
decurrentibus integerrimis trinerviis basi bistipulatis,
pedunculis unifloris axillaribus aggregatis folio multo bre-
vioribus.—Valleys in the Andes of Mendoza, and near
La Guardia in those of Chili, Dr. Gillies. Cordillera
of Chili, Cuming (N. 242.)—This agrees in the inflores- `
cence with Sageretia, particularly in the disk of the flowers.
The branches, which are often spinescent, are opposite
as well as the leaves: the latter are from 3 to € of an
inch long. Fruit subglobose, 3-lobed, nearly half im-
mersed in the disk that lines the persistent base of the

calyx.

er = — À — Dr. Gillies:

216. py Diut siie Gill. et Hook. in Bonis

v. 1. p. 156. & 44. D.—Near Buenos Ayres, and moun-

- tains of San Luis and — Dr. Gillies. = m

Buenos Ayres, Tweedie: |

217. (1.) Colletia cruciata, Gill et Hook. in Bot. Misc. v. 1.

pe 152. t. 43.—Condalia paradoza, genes cami
Rio de la Plata, Dr. Gillies. i

173

218. (2.) Colletia spinosa, Lam. Bot. Mise. v. 1. p. 158. t. 44.
A.—Andes of Mendoza and Chili, at an elevation of from
5000 to 7000 feet: and at Curico in Chili, Dr. Gillies.
Valparaiso, Bridges; Cuming (N. 105.) Conception,
Messrs. Lay and Collie.

219. (3.) Colletia feroz, Gill. et Hook. Bot. Mise. ke
t. 44. B.—Valleys of the Andes of Mendoza, at an eleva-
tion of from 2600 to 5000 feet, Dr. Gillies...

220. (4.) Colletia- ulicina, Gill. et Hook. Bot. Mise. v. 1.
p. 155. t. 44, C.—Base of the Cordillera of. FM at an
elevation of 3000 feet, Dr. Gillies. hn

221. (5.) Colletia longispina (Hook. et Arn. s spinis —
patentibus validuisculis, foliis paucis in ramulos juniores
oblongo-linearibus serratis, floribus glomeratis, calycibus
breve cylindraceis, staminibus inclusis.—4. foliosa; spi-
nis brevioribus, foliis numerosioribus.—«. and 6. Banda
Oriental, Baird.

222. (6.) Colletia: spartioides (Bertero in Ann. des Sc. Nat.
v. 21. p. 347.); spinis ramealibus numerosis subgracili-
bus longis flaccidiusculis flexuosis striatis intricatis, foliis
paucis oblongis inferne attenuatis serratis, floribus sub-
glomeratis (albido-roseis) calycibus breve cylindraceis,
staminibus subexsertis.—Juan Fernandez, Bertero.—M.
Bertero states it to be a shrub or small tree, sbont. 10 or
12 feet high. nm

223. (t. ) Colletia serratifolia, Sesto on iip) Staliai
osis majoribus.—£. Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 427 and 637.)

224, (1.)-Retanilla Ephedra, Brongu.—Cordillera of Chili,
Dr. Gillies.. Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie. Val-
paraiso, Cuming (N. '704.)—To this genus. Brongniart

_has also referred the Colletia obcordata, Vent.: but that
has a depressed 3-coccous membranaceous fruit, quite
different from the hard woody one of the present species.

225. (2.) Retanilla stricta (Hook. et Arn.); glabra, ramis
strictis spinis valde elongatis erectis strictis aphyllis
racemos subelongatos gerentibus, calycibus. campanula-
tis glabriusculis.— Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 402.)—Ofthis

226.

227.

228.

174

we possess no fruit, but its habit is that of the preced-
ing species.

(3.) Retanilla £rinervia (Hook. et Arn.); spinosa, foliosa,
glabra, foliis ellipticis crenatis 3-nerviis utrinque viridibus,
nervis pellucidis, ramis floriferis nonnunquam aphyllis,
calycibus urceolatis subpubescentibus pistillo longiori-
bus, capsula nucumentacea.— Trevoa, Miers mst.—Tre-
voa trinervis, Gill. et Hook. in Bot. Misc. v. 1. p. 159.—
El Peral (Chili), Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso, Bridges;
Mathews (N. 162.) : Cuming (N. 132 and 641.) —Nom.
vernac. Trebu or Trevo.—Although the flower agrees
with that of Talguenea, yet a specimen in fruit from Mr.
Cuming, which accompanies the one in flower, shows an
exceedingly hard fruit like that of R. Ephedra, so that
we have found it necessary to remove it here.

(1.) Talguenea costata, Miers Chili, v. 9. p. 529.—Tre-
voa quinquenervia, Gill et Hook. in Bot. Misc. v. 1.
p. 158. t. 45. B.—Valleys of the Andes of Chili, Dr.
Gillies.—Nom. vernac. Talguen.—It is of the “ Talguen”
that Miers constituted his genus, and his name we there-
fore adopt, particularly as the ** Trebu” or “ Trevo,” for
which alone he proposed his genus — is now a |
species of Retanilla.

(1.) Gomi ulmifolia (Hook. et inh « foliis seit ;
ovatis grosse crenato-serratis utrinque glabris rugosis
subtus nervis venisque transversalibus prominentibus,

. petiolo pedunculisque pubescentibus, racemis simplici-

bus axillaribus terminalibusque folio subduplo longiori-

. bus, floribus delapsis paniculatim dispositis, fructüs alis

crassis semiorbicularibus.—Climbing on high trees by
the Uraguay, Tweedie.—This species is closely allied to
G. Domingensis, with which it agrees in the shape and
structure of the fruit: the "— sesto — -—
iiia in the two, :

229. T 1.) Casearia oblongifolia, St. Hil. 1. Fl. rea Merid. v. 2.

175

p. 234. ?—Samyda serrulata, Mart. in Herb. Hook. (non
Linn.)—La Cruz in the Corientes, Baird.

LirHREA. . Miers.

Flores dioici.—Misc. Calyx parvus, 5-partitus, persistens.
Petala 5, inter calycem et discum inserta, sessilia, oblon-
ga, sequalia, demum patentia, crassiuscula, uninervia,
venis transversalibus subramosis: æstivatio valvata.
Torus discoideus, pateriformis. Stamina 10, sub disco
inserta: filamenta brevia: anthere biloculares, interne
secundum longitudinem dehiscentes. Pistillum aborti-
vum.— Fam: Calyx et Corolla ut in mare. Stamina
abortiva. Germen subglobosum, liberum, disco carnoso
insertum: ovulum solitariam, e basi loculi adscendens:
stylus brevis, crassus: stigma trifidum, lobis brevibus
oblongis patentibus. Fructus drupaceus, unilocularis:
epicarpium tenue, fragile: sarcocarpium parcum cárno-
sum: endocarpium osseum, sphericum, compressum.
Semen solitarium, pendulum: podospermum e basi loculi
ortum. Albumen nullum. Embryo arcuatus: cotyledones —
radiculaque inferi,— Frutex. valde ramosus; rami angu-
lati. Folia alterna, sparsa, eustipulata, 9-3 uncias longa,
elliptica, coriacea, margine cartilagineo, petiolata... Race-
mi paniculati, axillares et terminales... Pedicelli basi brac-
pendet s Xn" ws Anni

230. (1.) ba caustica (Hook. et decis it venenosa, "Miers
Chil. v. 2. p. 529.—Laurus caustica, Molina.—Rhus (?)
caustica, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 15.
t. '1.—Mauria. simplicifolia, Humb. et Kunth ?—Llithi,
Feuill. Chil. v. 3. t. 23. (Jig. ad dextr.)—a. foliis glabris.
Valparaiso, Dr. Gillies; Mr. Cruchshanks ; Bridges ;
Cuming (N. 641.) Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie.
—. foliis subtus pubescenti-hirsutis.—Valparaiso, Mr.
Cruckshanks ; Bridges; Mathews (N. 234.)—This genus
is readily distinguished from the other allied: Zerebintha-
cea by the sestivation, independent. of other characters.
(It is probable that Mauria simplicifolia, Kunth, is the

231.

176

same with our plant, and that the character of the flower
of that genus in the Nova Gen. et Species has been
taken from the M. heterophylla.) |
(1. Duvaua dependens, DC.—^. fructu minore, foliis
cuneato-oblongis. ` Amyris polygama, Cav.—Near Rio
Colorado (Chili), Mr. Cruckshanks. Baths of Collina,
Macrae. Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 368.) San Gabril,
in Valle del Maypu, (4000-5000 feet,) in Valle del
Tuigrireca, from Villavicenzio to Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.
—s. fructu majore, foliis cuneato-oblongis. D. inebri-
ans, Gill. mst.—Banks of Rio Solado, Andes of Men-
doza.—' The Pehuenco Indians ferment the fruit, and
form an intoxicating liquor from it.—Dr. Gillies. Val-
paraiso, Messrs. Lay and Collie.—^. fructu majore, foliis
subellipticis majoribus. D. latifolia, Gill. mst.—Los
Ojos de Agua, Andes of Chili, (3600 feet,) Dr. Gillies.
Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 847.); Mathews (N. 320.)—
Perhaps £. and y. may together form a distinct species:
their fruit is double the size of that of 4. We have also
another state, D. cuneata, Gill. mst., with leaves short
and broadly cuneato-obovate, which, as we have not seen
the fruit, we hesitate about describing. All the varieties
vary exceedingly in the size and form oftheir leaves, which
are either entire or crenato-serrate almost on the same
individual. The racemes also vary in shape: the qua-

ternary or quinary arrangement of the floral coverings -

affords here no character. The pedicels have an articu-
lation about the middle, and at their base a very mi-
nute bractea. The petals are obovato-oblong, thin and
delicate, except at the back, where there is one long
strong vein, and two shorter and fainter: the sstivation
is imbricated. The margin of the thick fleshy disk is
divided into as many lobes (8 or 10) as there are stamens,
a portion or tooth projecting between each filament.
There is one short style with three globose stigmas, aS
Cavanilles describes, and not three styles as mentioned by
Kunth. The ovary is suspended from one side near the
summit of the cell: the seed is also suspended, slightly

232,

233.

234,

235.

177

reniform: cotyledons large and fleshy: radicle supe-
rior, short, (not long, as stated by Kunth,) bent sud-
denly downwards and closely applied to the edge of the
cotyledons. Both Schinus Huygan and S. Molle of Mo-
lina (not Linn.) probably belong to some of the varieties.

(1.) Schinus ¢erebinthifolius, Linn.—Missions of Brazil,
Baird.

(2.) Schinus? ternifolius (Gill. mst); arborescens, foliis
ternatis longe petiolatis lanceolatis integerrimis coriaceis
glabris supra nitidis parallelim venosis.—El Aguadita
(Prov. of San Luis), Dr. Gillies.—Nom. vernac. Molle
dulce.—^As this is destitute of flower and fruit, we are
doubtful of its genus: but no Rhus having been found
in South America, we think it safer to refer it to
Schinus.

(1.) Sophora macrocarpa, Sm. in Rees’ Cycl.—Edward-

sia Chilensis Miers.— Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks; Cum-
ing (N. 111.) Prov. of Maule, Cuming (N. 836.)— This
is the * Mayu” of the natives and of Molina.

(1.) Edwardsia microphylla, Salisb.—** Sophora macro-
carpa, Sm. ?" Bertero in Ann. des Sc. Nat. v. 21. p. 347.—
Juan Fernandez, Bertero. Prov. of Maule, Cuming
(N. 828.)— Although we have seen no flowers, and only
the young fruit of this plant, yet, on a comparison of the
latter, and of the foliage, with those of E. microphylla,
we can hardly doubt of their identity. This is called
* Guayacan," according to Bertero, and, as he says, it
differs from. the Mayu (Sophora macrocarpa) of Chili, in

the shape of the leaves, and the stem being of consider-

able size (12-20 feet high), while that. of the last is a
shrub. We may add that the fruit is hice:

237. (2) Crotalaria Brownei, m e

guay, Tweedie. Sandy banks at Arroya del Sauce, Banda

VOL. II. N

178

Orientale, Dr. Gillies.—Our specimens are only in flower
and may probably prove to be a distinct species.

238. (3.) Crotalaria incana, Linn.—Southern Brazil, Tweedie.

239. (1.) Genista elegans (Gill. mst.) ; foliis tripartitis segmen-

240.

241.

tis elongato-subulatis canaliculatis (stipulisque lanceo-
latis basi inter se coadunatis) acutissimis pungentibus
spinescentibus adpresso-argenteo-sericeis, leguminibus
lineari-lanceolatis sericeis 5—6-spermis, valvis demum
spiraliter tortis glabriusculis. (Tas. CIII.)—Valleys of
the Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.— This, the three
following, and, in all probability, the G. Desiderata, DC.
belong unquestionably to the genus Genista, as will be seen
by the figure which accompanies the present individual.
Tas. CIII.—Fig. 1. Leaf. Fig. 2. Flower. Fig. 3.
Stamen :-—magnified. Fig. 4. Legumen :—natural size.
(2.) Genista rigida (Gill. mst.); foliis tripartitis, seg-
mentis brevi-subulatis striatis (stipulisque ovatis lato-
subulatisqve basi inter se coadunatis) acutissimis pungen-
tibus spinescentibus junioribus adpresso-sericeis, legumi-
nibus ovatis in stylum acuminatis sericeo-lanatis mono-
spermis.—Between El Pretil and Covraco (S. of Prov.
of Mendoza), Dr. Gillies.
(3.) Genista Cumingii (Hook. et Arn.); foliis tripartitis
segmentis (stipulisque subsimilibus basi inter se coadu-
natis) lato-linearibus striatis acutis spinescentibus glabris, .
leguminibus oblique ovalibus subfalcatis compressis
3-spermis, calyce petalisque omnibus extus sericeis,
vexillo alis longiore.—Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N.
228.) Baths of Collina, Macrae.— This has much smaller
leaves than the two preceding, and' the stipules are
nearly equal in size and shape to the segments.

242. (4.) Genista andicola (Gill. mst.); foliis simplicibus !

brevi-subulatis striatis (stipulisque consimilibus inter se
basi coadunatis) spinescentibus glabris, leguminibus ob-
longis compressis valvis demum spiraliter tortis calyci-

. busque subsericeis.—La Cuesta del Inga, and La Que-

brada del Fray Carlos, Andes of Chili, Dr. Gillies.—Of

179

this we have seen no flower, but the foliage is very re-
markable: the two stipules are precisely of the same size
and shape as the simple leaf, and all the three are com-
bined by their bases, and prolonged into a sheath, so as
to resemble a tripartite leaf with a sheathing base.

243. (1.) Medicago sativa, Linn.—Cultivated at Mendoza,
Dr. Gillies.

244. (2.) Medicago minima, Lam.—Near El Salto de San
Isedro, mountains of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

245. (3.) Medicago denticulata, Willd.—Benth.— Valparaiso,
Mathews (N. 166.) Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie.
Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies; Tweedie. Mountains of
Mendoza, Dr. Gillies —Mr. Tweedie states this to be
the common * Clover" of the plains of Buenos Ayres.

246. (1.) Melilotus leucantha, Koch.—Buenos Ayres (cult.),
Tweedie.

241. (2.) Melilotus parviflora, Desf.—Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie. Buenos Ayres, San Juan, and Mendoza,
Dr. Gillies. Juan Fernandez, Dr. Scouler. Valparaiso,
Mathews (N. 165.)

248. (1.) Trifolium obcordatum, Desv.—8.? floribus duplo ma-
joribus. T. grandiflorum, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. Beech.
Voy. v. 1. p. 16.—2. Banda Orientale, Baird. Buenos
Ayres, Dr. Gillies.—8. Conception, Messrs. Lay and
Collie. Valparaiso, Bridges; Mathews (N. 281.)—Mr.
‘Mathews’ specimens have the flowers of an intermediate
size.

249. (2.) Trifolium Macrei, n. sp. ; patenti-pilosum, caulibus
procumbentibus diffusis, foliis anguste obovatis denticula-
tis, stipulis lanceolatis acuminatis integerrimis, capitulis
sessilibus rarius breve pedunculatis hemisphzerico-globosis
multifloris, calycibus piloso-sericeis dentibus longis seta-
ceis rectis carina acuminata paulo brevioribus.—Baths
of Collina, Macrae. Sandy hills, near Valparaiso, Ma-
thews (N. 174.) Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 149.)

N2

180

250. (3.) Trifolium Chilense, Hook. et Arn. l c. v. 1. p. 16.—
Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie; Cuming (N. 115.)

251. (4.) Trifolium physanthum (Hook. et Arn.); glabrum,
suberectum, caule brevi simplici, foliolis anguste obova-
tis spinuloso-dentatis, stipulis ovatis apice spinuloso-la-
ciniatis, involucro monophyllo lobato spinuloso-denticu-
lato reticulato capitulum hemisphericum vix excedente,
calycibus obovatis inflatis membranaceis superne piloso-
lanatis dentibus setaceis simplicibus tripartitisque corolla
tubo inflato longioribus, legumine obovato dispermo.—
Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 148.) —Most allied, perhaps, to
T. cyathiferum, Lindl. (Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 1. t. 50),
but it has much shorter and simple stems, different sti- .
pules, dentato-spinose (not ciliated) teeth to the involu-
cre, and a very different calyx. The bristles of the
teeth are brown, pale at the extremities.

252. (5.) Trifolium involucratum, Willd.—Valparaiso, Cum-
ing (N. '750.)—Our specimens precisely accord with
those from the North -West Coast of America, described
in Hook. Fl. Bor. Americana.

253. (6.) Trifolium microdon (Hook. et Arn.) ; glabrum, in-
ferne decumbens, ramosum, foliis obcordatis acute serra-
tis, stipulis ovatis acuminatis integerrimis, involucris stri-
atis multifidis capitulo hemisphserico parvo brevioribus,
laciniis lanceolatis acuminatis 3—4-fidis subspinulosis,
calycis dentibus brevissimis triangulari-ovatis acutis cili-
ato-serrulatis corolla brevioribus.— Valparaiso, Cuming
(N. 141.) —No species of the beautiful tribe of involu-
crated Trifolia is more distinct than the present. The
heads of flowers are small, though much larger than
those of T. microcephalum.

254. ('T.) Trifolium depauperatum, Desv. Conception; Mac-

rae; Messrs. ze ut Collie. AMA Cuming (N.
746.)

255. (1.) Lotus? subpinnatus, Lagasc.—Hook. et Arn. in Bot.
of Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. VT. t. 8.—Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie; Cuming (N. 138.); Macrae. Valparaiso

18l

Mathews ( N. 289.); Cuming (N. 496.)—Mr. Bentham re-
fers this to his genus Hosackia : and there is perhaps no
true Lotus on the Pacific side of America.

256. (2.) Lotus corniculatus.—g. major, DC.—Chiloe, Cum-

ing (N. 38.)

257. (1.) Psoralea glandulosa, Linn,— Chili, Mr. Menzies.

258.

259.

Santa Rosa (Chili) Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso, Bridges ;
Mathews (N. 218.); Cuming (N. 586.) Buenos Ayres
(cult.), Tweedie.

(2.) Psoralea Higuerilla (Gill. mst.); fruticosa, ramis
pubescentibus, foliis pinnatim trifoliolatis subglabris ova-
tis acuminatis, petiolis petiolulisque pubescentibus in-
conspicue glandulosis, racemis axillaribus pedunculatis
pubescentibus folio 2-3-plo longioribus, bracteis caducis
(nullis?) calyce sericeo-pubescente demum glabrius-
culo glanduloso, legumine subgloboso transversim rugu-
loso subglabro.—Near La Reducion, on the Pampas
of Cordova, Dr. Gillies.—nom. vern. Higuerilla.

(1.) Indigofera Anil, Linn.? —Santa Cruz, in the Missions
of Brasil, Baird.— The only specimen is very imperfect.

259.* (1.) Clitoria. Brasiliana, Linn.—Missions of South

Brasil, Tweedie. —

260. (1.) Cologania ? heacrophylle (Gill. dis glabriuscula,

caule filiformi decumbente, foliis breviter petiolatis sim-
plicibus basi bistipellatis lanceolatis inferioribus latiuscu-
lis superioribus angustis acuminatis reticulatis nervis
duobus marginalibus centrali similibus, floribus solitariis
binisve brevi-pedunculatis, legumine sessili ! lineari-ob-

longo compresso 10-12-spermo juniore sericeo demum

glabro, stylo sericeo sensim acuminato, stigmate capitato.
—El Rio Quarto, west side of Las Pampas, Dr. Gillies.
Monte Video, Tweedie—We find it difficult to refer
this to its proper genus. From Cologania it differs by

the sessile legumen, the style covered with short adpressed

261.

262.

182

silky hairs, and the capitate stigma. The pod is incras-
sated at both sutures. Calyx bibracteolate at the base,
pubescent, and slightly tubular; it is 4-cleft, the seg-
ments lanceolate, acute, the upper one the longest.

(1.) Galactia Jussieana, Kunth, Mim. t. 55.—Rhyncho-
sia brachypoda, Gill. mst.—On the Pampas of Buenos
Ayres, Dr. Gillies; Tweedie—This has certainly the
habit of a Rhynchosia.

(2.) Galactia? stenophylla (Hook. et Arn.) ; suffrutex,
minutissime pubescens, foliis sessilibus, foliolis ternis
linearibus obtusis mucronulatis basi in petiolum
attenuatis coriaceis subtus celluloso-impressis, pedun-
culis axillaribus solitariis flores 6-7 corymbosos ge-
rentibus, calyce sericeo.—Arroya del Sauce, Banda

Orientale, "T'weedie.—Calyx with two small bractez at its

base, 4-cleft; segments nearly equal, the upper being
rather broader, and more obtuse. Petals papilionaceous,
apparently white, rather large, and nearly equal, with
distinct claws: vexillum suborbiculari-reniform, the
unguis furnished with a thick fleshy scale, to which
is attached the free stamen: the lamina of each of the
alee is saccate at the base, on the side next the vexillum,
and their claws adhere to the column of stamens; the
carina is obtuse, of one piece, but divided upwards, half
way from the base, and each segment is saccate like the
alae. The stamens are diadelphous (9 and 1), the tube
split open on one side. The germen is linear-oblong,
densely silky, the hairs close-pressed, and pointing up-
wards. The style is glabrous, about one-fourth as long as
the germen, compressed, slightly curved, attenuated from
its base, which is as broad as the germen, to the point,
where it is truncate, bearing a stigma, only distinguisn-
able by the colour; ovules 8-10.— As this analysis
agrees with no known genus, we should willingly have
constituted a new one (Platystylus), but we leave the
plant in the allied Galactia, from the absence of fruit,
which alone would enable us to determine it satisfactorily.

183

263. (1.) Dalea elegans (Gill. mst.); fruticosa, glabra, ramis
. erectis subvirgatis glandulosis, foliis impari-pinnatis, fo-
liolis 14—16-jugis parvis oblongo-cuneatis obtusis petio-
latis supra levibus subtus multi-glandulosis, spicis ter-
minalibus pedunculatis cylindraceis, rachi glandulosa
calycibusque sericeo-villosissimis, bracteis ovatis cus-
pidato-acuminatis glandulosis calyce brevioribus, den-
tibus calycinis setaceis corolla (violacea) multo brevi-
oribus, —El Cerro del Morro (Prov. of San Luis),
Dr. Gillies.

264. (1.) Glycyrhiza astragalina (Gill. mst.) ; glabra, foliis
pinnatis sub 6-jugis, foliolis lineari-oblongis retusis mu-
cronatis minute glandulosis, spicis laxis axillaribus pe-
dunculatis folio longioribus.—Conception, Cuming (N.
812.) Valley of Vibes Andes of Mendoza, Dr.
oe

265. (1.) Galega officinalis, Linn.—Buenos Ayres (cult.),
Tweedie.

266. (1.) Sesbania visis Pers.— Buenos Ayres (calt. 2),
Tweedie.

267. (1.) Colutea ainsi Lines odiiidots (cult.), Dr.
Gillies.

268. (1.) Sutherlandia frutescens, R. Brown.—Mendoza
(cult.), Dr. Gillies.

269. (1.) Phaca inflata (Gill. mst.) ; procumbens, glabra, fo-
liolis 6—7-jugis oblongis obtusis brevissime mucronulatis,
stipulis ovatis acutis liberis, racemis laxis folio subdimi-
dio brevioribus, (floribus ochroleucis parvis), calycibus
bracteisque glaberrimis, legumine ovato magno mem-
branaceo inflato glabro.— Gravelly soils between Men-
doza and Uspallata, by the road of Canota, Dr. Gillies.
—In the great size of the inflated fruit (as large as a

184

walnut), this species approaches the Californian P. densi-
folia, Sm., but the foliage and — are quite different
in the two.

271. (2.) Phaca Coquimbensis (Hook. et Arn.) ; adpresse pu-
bescens, incana, caulibus erectis foliosis, foliis 8—9-jugis,
foliolis linearibus lineari-cuneatisve, stipulis liberis ovatis
membranaceis acutis pilosis, racemis pedunculatis foliolon-
gioribus oblongo-ovatis laxiusculis (floribus ochrolencis
parvis), bracteis minutis calycibus rachidibusque nigro-
adpresse-pilosis, legumine (mediocri) ovato inflato coria-
ceo-membranaceo reticulato.— Coquimbo, Cuming (N.
864.)— The habit of this is very similar to that of P.
aboriginorum, Rich. (Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. l. t. 56);
and the flowers have also a close resemblance, only
wanting the purple spot on the alae. The fruit, hispees,
is totally different. -

272. (3) Phaca Arnottiana (Gill. suos iine pubescens,
incana, caulibus czespitosis prostratis brevibus foliosis,
folis 6-10-jugis, foliolis oblongis retusis, stipulis mem-

. branaceis pilosis supra medium inter se concretis, race-
mis pedunculatis brevibus laxis folium vix sequantibus
(floribus purpureis parvis), bracteis minutis calycibus
pedicellisque adpresse albido-pilosis, legumine (medio-
cri) ovato inflato coriaceo-membranaceo variegato sub-
reticulato.—El Cerro de la Polcura, and Las Lefias, on
the Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—Closely allied in
many respects to the last species, but different in habit,

hue of the flowers, stipules, and colour of the hairs
on the calyx. The fruit is almost precisely the same.
The habitat is widely different. -

273. (4.) Phaca Cruckshanksii (Hook. et Arn.); subrobusta,
decumbens, incana vel glabra, foliis 7-9-jugis, foliolis ob-
longo-cuneatis' obtusis emarginatisve, stipulis ovatis
acuminatis membranaceis inferioribus concretis, racemis
capitatis laxis folio longioribus, floribus (majusculis luteo-

. violaceis) patentibus, bracteis parvis, calycibus pedicel-
lisque nigro-adpresso-pilosis, vexillo amplo, legumine
oblongo corneo-coriaceo crasso compresso transversim

185

striato-reticulato subpiloso suturis marginatis.—Cordil-
lera of Chili, Mr. Cruckshanks ; Cuming (N. 319.) Baths |
of Collina, Macrae. Cerro del Diamante, and Cerro de
la Poleura, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—'This has
large and handsome flowers, and fruit of a peculiarly
hard texture, most allied to that of P. pectinata (Hook.
FI. Bor. Am. t. 54.), but compressed at the sides. Dr.
Gillies specimens, although from the eastern declivity, we
have referred here on account of the fruit; but they are
not in flower. :

214. (5.) Phaca carinata (Hook. et Arn.); appresso-pubes-
cens, subincana, caulibus erectiusculis gracilibus, foliis

subsexjugis, foliolis lineari-oblongis subtus prsecipue
pubescentibus, stipulis concretis, racemis 5—7-floris laxis
- folio longioribus, floribus (majusculis luteo-violaceis) pa-
tentibus, vexillo amplo, bracteis minutis, legumine reflexo
oblongo utrinque acuto depresso valvis acute carinatis cori-
aceo-membranaceis.— Below Los Hornillos, Cordillera of
Chili, Mr. Cruckshanks.—8. floribus purpureis.— 2. andi-
cola, Gill. mst.—El Portazuelo del Pantanillo, and de la
Casa de Piedra, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—., judg-
ing by the fruitin a young state, is not specifically distinct.

215. (6.) Phaca elata (Hook. et Arn.); subcanescens vel
glabra, caulibus decumbentibus striatis elongatis (fere
bipedalibus), foliis 9-11-jugis, foliolis oblongo-cuneatis
submarginatis, stipulis ovatis acutis liberis, racemis elon-
gatis laxis folio triplo longioribus, floribus (mediocribus
luteo-violaceis) patentibus, bracteis minutis, calycibus
rachidibusque pubescenti-nigrescentibus, leguminibus
ovatis acuminatis erectis coriaceo-membranaceis inflatis
subpubescentibus.—2. foliis glabriusculis.— Cordillera
of Chili, Cuming (N. 924.)— 8. foliis precipue junioribus
valde pilosis.— Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 134.)

216. (1.) Phaca canescens (Hook. et Arn.); tota canescens,
caulibus subrobustis adscendentibus striatis, foliis 7-9-ju-
gis, foliolis oblongo-subcuneatis szepe emarginatis, stipu-

lis parvis ovato-acuminatis, racemis elongatis multifloris
laxis folio 3-plo longioribus, pedunculis robustis striatis,

186

floribus (parvis purpurascentibus) subverticillatis erecto-
patentibus brevissime pedicellatis, leguminibus (subpar-
vis) ovatis inflatis coriaceo-membranaceis incanis fere
erectis.— Valparaiso, Cuming ( N.'135.) — l'helong spike-
like racemes of small flowers and of hoary legumes,
which latter are about the size, and nearly of the form,
of the capsule of Scrophularia, sufficiently distinguish
this species.

277. (8.) Phaca ochroleuca (Hook. et Arn.); caulibus elon-
gatis erectis ramosis, ramis elongatis, foliis 11-13-jugis,
foliolis ovalibus obovato-cuneatisve acutis obtusisve, sti-
pulis ovatis acutis membranaceis liberis, racemis oblongo-
cylindraceis compactis folio 2-3-plo longioribus, floribus
(ochroleucis subparvis) patentibus, calyce rachidibusque
subsericeis, leguminibus (vix maturis) parvis patentibus
oblongis acuminatis compressis stylo rigido uncinato
acuminatis membranaceo-coriaceis glabriusculis disper-
mis.—z. glabriuscula.— Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 389.)—
£. foliis calycibus rachidibusque piloso-sericeis.—Con-
ception, Cuming (N. 810.)

278. (9.) Phaca? flava (Hook. et Arn.) ; subcanescens, caule
subrobusto decumbente (?) ramoso, foliis 9—11-jugis, folio-
lis oblongis sublinearibusve obtusiusculis, stipulis parvis
ovato-acuminatis liberis, racemis subcapitatis multifloris
compactis folio duplo longioribus, floribus (mediocribus
flavis) patentibus, rachi pedicellisque sericeis, calycibus
glabriusculis corolla vix duplo brevioribus.— V alparaiso,
— € 611. ee we ne seen no fruit.

279. aj eis —— Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of
Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 18.— 4. sericeo-villosus.— Conception,
Messrs. Lay and Collie.— Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks ;
Mathews (N. 24.)—8. foliis supra glabrescentibus.—
Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks ; Cuming (N.501.)—y. caule
foliisque glabris.—Conception, Cuming (N. 131.)—3. fo-
liolis linearibus.—Coquimbo, Cuming (N. 881.)— This
has large and handsome flowers, yellow, with the vexil-
lum and extremities of the carina purple. Ale very

280.

281.

282.

283.

187
small. Young fruit clothed with long blackish silky

hairs.

(2.) Astragalus prostratus, Hook. et Arn. 4. c. p. 18.—
Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie. Valparaiso, Cuming
(N. 136.) —Mr. Cuming’s specimens are in a good state,
and show that the stipules are concrete, and not distinct
as we formerly supposed, from an examination of those
collected by Messrs. Lay and Collie. Along with the
last, it therefore comes near A. unifultus, DC.

(3.) Astragalus Benthamianus (Gill. mst.); piloso-canes-
cens, caulibus subrobustis adscendentibus, foliis 12-14-
jugis, foliolis oblongo-ellipticis, stipülis membranaceis
inter se longe ultra medium concretis (majusculis), race-
mis subcapitatis pedunculatis folium subæquantibus,
floribus (majusculis luteo-violaceis) subsessilibus, bracteis
membranaceis lanceolatis calyce tubuloso subventricoso
adpresse nigro-piloso dimidio brevioribus, legumine
ovato calycem paulo superante coriaceo sericeo-tomen-
toso monospermo sutura superiore introflexa sulcato-de-
presso.—El Alto de los Manantiales, Andes of Mendoza,
Dr. Gillies.—' This also is very closely allied to A. uni-
fultus, DC.: we observed that only one of the ovules in
each legume come to perfection. -

(4.) Astragalus complicatus (Gill. mst.): subcanescens,
caulibus cæspitosis prostratis brevibus ramosis, foliis
6-7-jugis, foliolis obovatis (parvis) carnosulis, stipulis
membranaceis ad apicem fere concretis, racemis subcapi-
tatis paucifloris pedunculatis folium zequantibus, pedicello
brevi bracteis membranaceis paullo breviore calycibusque
adpresse nigro-pilosis, legumine oblongo acuto calycem
triplo excedente coriaceo nigro-piloso sub-6-spermo su-
tura superiore introflexa sulcato-depresso.—El Cerro de
la Polcura, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—A small
plant, of which we have not seen the-flowers: it ds Nery
unlike any of the above species, uem - Astri
P, haca. RT

(1). Poiretia niti est tetraphylla,

188

Poir.—La Reducion, west side of the Pampas, Dr.
Gillies.— Legumes linear-oblong, much compressed, thin
and membranous, composed of 4—5 quadrangular articu-
lations, beautifully covered, as also are the carina and un-
derside of the leaves, with impressed brown glandular dots.

284. (1.) Zornia angustifolia, Sm.—El Rio Quarto, west side
of the Pampas, Dr. Gillies.

AprsMia. DC.
§ 1. Herbe annue.. Flores inferiores axillares, solitarii, pe-
dunculati; versus apicem, caulis foliis decrescentibus, pani-
culam efformantes.

285. (1.) A. angustifolia, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech.
Voy. v. 1. p. 19, (ad calcem.)—Valparaiso, Bridges ;
Mathews (N. 181.) ; Cuming (N. 617.)

286. (2.) A. tenella, Hook. et Arn. I. c.—Valparaiso, Mr.
Cruckshanks ; Bridges ; Cuming (N. 618.)

$ 2. Herbe perennes. Racemi Longer aphylli, terminales,
287. (3.) A. pendula, DC —Dry nd) pastures, Buenos
: Ayres, T'weedie.
288. (4.) A. retrofracta (Hook. et Arn.); pubescenti-glandu-
losa viscida, caulibus basi procumbentibus, foliis -8-ju-
gis, foliolis obcordatis obscure dentatis, racemis elongatis,

. calycibus 5-fidis laciniis subulatis, vexillo amplo striato

- acute retrofracto, leguminibus linearibus deflexis pubes-
centibus muricato-glandulosis 9—12-spermis.—4A. muri-
cata, Gill. mst. (non DC.)—La Puente del Sauce (Prov.

of Cordova), and on the road to Papagayos, mountains

of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—The corolla is large, and the
vexillum remarkably recurved; the carina, too, is
sharply bent, so as to resemble the letter V, and its point

is acuminated.

289. (5.) A. Gilliesii (Hook. et APR) ; pubescenti-cana sub-
viscosa, caulibus basi decumbentibus, foliis 5-8-jugis fo-

189

liolis oblongis subbipinnatifidis (!) racemis elongatis den-
tibus calycinis subulatis, leguminibus linearibus deflexis
pubescentibus atro-glandulosis 9—11-spermis.—4A. den-
tata, Gill. mst. (non DC.) —Mountains near Mendoza,
Dr. Gillies.—The fruit is precisely as in the last species,
but the leaves are very different. We have not seen
the flower.

290. (6.) A. papposa, DC.?—Hook. et Arn. in Bot. Beech.
Voy. v. 1. p. 18. Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie ;
Cuming (N. 194.)

291. (7.) A. longiseta, DC.—Hook. et Arn. l. c. in observ.—
Valparaiso, Bridges; Mathews (N. 180.); Cuming (N.
619.)J—Our specimens do not quite agree with DC.’s
figure (Mem. Legum. t. 50.), in which the habit more

resembles that of our A. conferta.

292. (8.) A. leiocarpa (Hook. et Arn.); caule erecto elato
glanduloso-pubescente, foliis 8-9-jugis, foliolis lineari-
lanceolatis (unciam longis) acutis, racemis pedicellisque
elongatis, vexillo (aurantiaco) striato macula atra notato,
leguminibus reticulatis sub 5-spermis.—z. leguminis ar-
ticulis omnibus glabris.—g. articulis inferioribus glabris,
superioribus rigide et denseplumoso-setosis.— Coquimbo,
Cuming (N. 873.—z«. in herb. Hook.—g. in herb. Arn.)

293. (9.) A. mucronata (Hook. et Arn); pubescenti-vel
piloso-glandulosa viscida, foliis 5-S-jugis cum spinula
terminali, foliolis oblongo-lanceolatis mucronatis rigide
pilosis, stipulis magnis subulato-lanceolatis striatis, ra-
cemis paniculatis, dentibus calycinis brevibus acutis,
leguminibus lineari-oblongis cano-pubescentibus murica-
tis 3-4-spermis.—«. racemo glabriusculo, calyce adpresso-
pubescente.—g. foliis paucioribus, racemo glanduloso
calyceque hirsuto-pubescentibus.— Cordillera of Chili,
Cuming. æ. (N. 201); g. (N. 298).— This varies also in
the size of the flowers, and length of the pedicels. —

294, (10.) A. conferta, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech. Voy.
v. 1. p. 20. (ad calcem).—Ojos de Agua, Mr. Cruck-
shanks; Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 296, 297, and
188). Las Achiras (Prov. of San Luis), Dr. Gillies.

190

295. (11.) A. aspera (Gill. mst.) ; adscendens, pubescens,
folis sub-8-jugis, foliolis obovato-oblongis mucronatis
pilosis, racemo paniculato multifloro, pedicellis fructi-
feris erectis, dentibus calycinis brevibus, leguminibus 2-
3-articulatis muricatis pilosis, pilis plumosis.—El Valle
Hermoso, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—g ? foliis min-
oribus vix mucronatis. A. Wallichiana, Gill. ms¢.—Que-
brada de Fray Carlos, near the foot of Volcan de Pataroa
(Chili) Dr. Gillies.—8. may prove distinct, but our
specimens are too poor to afford a character.

296. (12.) A. coronilloides (Gill. mst.); glaberrima, caule
adscendente, foliis 4-5-jugis, foliolis obovatis mucronulatis
glaucis, racemo simplici confertim multifloro, floribus in-
ferioribus cito deciduis, pedicellis fructiferis erectis nigro-
glandulosis calycem | vix sequantibus, calycis laciniis
ovatis, legumine sub-biarticulato pilis plumosis dense
tecto.—Mountain of San Pedro Nolasco (Chili) Dr.
Gillies. TE i

297. (13.) A. grandiflora (Gill.); pubescens, caule adscen-
dente, foliis sub-7-jugis, foliolis orbiculari-obovatis acute
serratis, racemo eglanduloso, bracteis minutis, pedi-
cellis gracilibus calyce sub-3-plo longioribus, laciniis
calycinis lineari-lanceolatis, floribus (magnis) vexillo
striato reflexo, carina inferne ciliato, legumine 6-articu-
lato pubescente nigro-glanduloso.— Sides of mountains
near Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

§. 8. Caules fruticosi, spinescentes.

298.(14.) A. microphylla, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. Beech. Voy.
v. l. p. 19. t, 9.—Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1692.— Valparaiso,
Mr. Menzies; Bridges; Messrs. Lay and Collie ; Mathews
(N. 220). Cuming (N. 609). Asti

299. (15.) A. glutinosa, Hook. ai Arn. L e— Coquimbo,

Messrs. Lay and Collie.

300. (16.) A. coluteoides (Gill. c Penne robusta,
spinis dichotome ramosis validis, foliis numerosis 5-7-

. jugis foliolis obcordato-orbicularibus dentatis glabrius-
culis, leguminibus biarticulatis reticulatis glabris, articulo

*

301.

302.

303.

191
inferiore abortivo, superiore stylo longo persistente ter-
minato.—At Magote Aspera, on the sides of mountains
near Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—' The leaflets of this curious
plant are larger than any other of this division.
(17.) A. pedicellata (Hook. et Arn.); fruticosa, pubescens,
spinis paucis ramosis gracilibus, foliis sparsis sub 7-jugis,
foliolis obovatis subretusis integerrimis, racemo terminali
laxo, pedicellis calyce 4-plo longioribus, dentibus caly-
cinis acuminatis, leguminibus sub 6-articulatis sinu.
angusto dense longissime plumoso-setosis.— Coquimbo,
Cuming (N. 911.)—This approaches in habit most to the
last, but differs widely by many important characters.
(18.) A. trijuga (Gill. mst.) ; fruticosa, pubescens vel
glabra, spinis gracilibus dichotomis, folis sub-3-jugis,
foliolis parvulis late obovatis retusis, racemis elongatis ter-
minalibus simplicibus, dentibus calycinis brevibus acutis,
leguminibus linearibus 3-5-articulatis falcatis dense lon-
gissime plumoso-setosis.—A. Hookeriana; A. Arnot-
tiana et A. Doniana. Gill. mst.—g. robustior ; foliolis
majoribus nonnunquam submucronatis.—A. argentea ;
A. alpina; et A. Lambertiana, Gill mst.—a. and g.;
Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—nom. vernac. Cuerna
de Cabra.—TVhis is very spinous and hence called * Goats’
horns” by the natives. It is more or less robust, and the
leaflets are variable in size and pubescence. The fruit is
alike in all the states, which we have reduced as above.
(19.) A. horrida (Gill. mst.); fruticosa, subczespitosa,
ramis distortis validis, spinis robustis brevibus divaricato-
ramosis horridis, foliis 3-jugis, foliolis parvulis linearibus

canaliculatis, racemis perbrevibus subumbellatis, denti-

bus calycinis brevibus acutis, leguminibus 3-4-articulatis
longe plumoso-setosis.—a. A. Capricornica, Gill. mst.—
Mountains near Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—g.; minor; ramis
brevissimis dense czespitosis, foliolis latioribus.—A. cæs- -
pitosa, Gill. mst.—Los Manantiales near El Portillo,
Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—This is unquestionably
nearly allied to the preceding, but appears to be a much
stouter plant, with more tortuous branches and shorter

192

spines, and the leaves are constantly much narrower. In
«. we have frequently observed four pairs of leaflets on
the petiole.

304. (20.) A. Uspallatensis, (Gill. mst.); fruticosa, subrobusta,
spinis dichotomis subgracilibus, foliis 4-5-jugis, foliolis
parvis linearibus canaliculatis, racemis perbrevibus sub-
umbellatis, dentibus calycinis brevibus acutis, legumini- —
bus (?)—Near Los Hornillos, a little way below the top of
Paramillo de las Minas de Uspallata. Dr. Gillies —In :
habit, this is, to a degree, intermediate between the twolast,
but is more allied to 4. horrida, differing chiefly in the
greater number of leaflets.

305. (21.) A. pinifolia (Gill. mst.) ; fruticosa, erecta, glabra,

.. ramis strictis gemmas foliiferas gerentibus, spinis paucis
brevibus validis parce ramosis, foliis 3-jugis, foliolis fili- -

- .formibus, racemo. brevi, dentibus calycinis brevibus
acutis, leguminibus sub 3-articulatis dense plumoso-
setosis, sinu lato obtuso.—El Valle de las Lefias Amaril-
las, Andes of Mendoza. Dr. Gillies.—' The vernacular
name is * Lena Amarilla," or yellow wood, and seems to
have given the name to the valley in the Andes in which
it is found. Itapproaches in many points the A. horrida,
and A. Uspallatensis, but the straight appearance of its
branches is totally at variance with their scraggy dis-
torted habit. The leaflets also are much longer than in
either of the other two, measuring about half an inch.

$. 4. Caules fruticosi, inermes.

306. (22.) A. balsamica, Bertero.—Hook. et Arn. L e—
Mimosa balsamica, Molina.— Valparaiso, Mr. Cruck-
Shanks; Bridges; Cuming (N. 190). West side of
Cuesta de la Dormida (Chili). Dr. Gillies.

307. (23.) A. viscosa (Gill. mst.); glanduloso-viscosa, fruti-
cosa, foliis numerosis breve petiolatis, foliolis approxi-
matis obovatis dentatis, racemo terminali elongato, brac-
teis ovatis conspicuis, (floribus magnis), dentibus caly-
cinis acuminatis, pedicellis demum arcuato- deflexis,
leguminibus 5-6-articulatis pubescentibus. atro-glandu-

193

losis.—Valle del Rio Tinguirica, at El Sambullon
(Chili), Dr. Gillies.—' The flowers agree in size with
those of A. grandiflora, but the foliage, bracteze and
pedicels (the latter shorter and stouter) are very differ-
ent, and the plant is decidedly shrubby.

308. (24.) A. bracteata (Hook. et Arn.); fruticosa leviter
subpubescenti-viscida decumbens ramosa parce foliosa,
folis 3-jugis foliolis obovatis angulato-pinnatifidis, la-
ciniis apice glanduloso-porosis, racemis longissimis ter-
minalibus robustis attenuatis multifloris, floribus (parvis)
sepissime abortivis, bracteis maximis latis foliaceis pal-
matis laciniis apice glanduloso-porosis viscidis, floribus
solitariis vel geminis in singula bractea, dentibus calyci-
nis brevissimis obtusis.—(Tas. CIV.)— Baths of Colina,
Cuming (N. 113.)— This is perhaps the most remarkable
of this beautiful, sportive, and now extensive genus. The
whole plant, though shrubby, is of a green colour.
The leaves are few and confined to the lower part of
the stem. The racemes, which resemble the stems or
branches in substance and colour, are sometimes two
feet long, bearing very numerous, large, foliaceous, pal-
mate bracteas; the lower ones have one or two pedicels,
from which the flowers have fallen; the upper become
gradually smaller, and have rather small flowers. The
lacinize of these bracteze, especially of the upper ones, as
well as the segments of the leaflets, become cylindrical
at their points, and are perforated with a glandular pore,
filled with a clammy fluid.

Taz. CIV. Fig. 1. Bractese and flower. Fig. 2. La-
ciniz of a bractea. Fig. 3. Leaf:—magnified.

309. (25.) A. Loudonia (Hook. et Arn.); fruticosa cano-
sericea erecta ramosissima valde foliosa, foliis sessi-
libus 3-jugis foliolis lanceolatis rigidis | patentibus
rachi longioribus, pedunculis abei solitariis caly-
cem 5-fidum sericeum æquantibus, vexillo sericeo,
leguminibus (vix maturis) triarticulatis appreso-sericeis
calyce duplo longioribus.—ZLowdonia, gen. nov. Ber-
tero in Herb. Cuming.—Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 579.)

VOL, ITI, o

194

—So different is the appearance of this very beautiful
plant from the other species of Adesmia, that it is not
surprising that Bertero should have looked upon it.as
a distinct genus; yet it possesses all the true characters
of Adesmia, viz. the free filaments of the stamens, and
the jointed legumes, of which the upper edge is straight,
and the other lobed, and leaves which are abruptly pin-
nate; a setula taking the place of the terminal leaflet.
These leaflets are large in proportion to the length of the
rachis, The flowers are large, handsome, numerous, as
are the very silky leaves; and the whole plant has a good
deal the habit of some Cytisus. We have retained the
genericnameof the excellent Bertero for that of thespecies.

§ 5. Subacaulis, foliis trifoliolatis.

310. (26.) A. trifoliolata (Gill. mst.); subacaulis cano-pubes-

311.

cens, foliis longe petiolatis 3-foliolatis, foliolis orbicu-
laribus integerrimis subtus praecipue adpresso-sericeis
terminali longius petiolulato, racemo foliis breviore,
calycibus pedicellisque sericeis nigro-glandulosis, legu-
minibus 3-4-articulatis setis longis sericeo-plumosis dense
tectis. (Tas. CV.)—Near the summit of Cerro del Dia-
mante, a volcanic mountain near Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—
This, the last of the numerous species of Adesmia with
which we are acquainted from temperate South America,
is not the least remarkable; being a small and almost
stemless plant, with large and ternate leaves; the only
instance known of such a structure of foliage. The
flowers, which we have only seen in a specimen belong-
ing to Dr. Gillies, are moderately large, deep orange
with a dark purple blotch on the carina. ‘The root ap-
pears to be perennial, and the fruit is entirely that of an
Tas. CV. Fig. 1. Legumen :—magnified.

(1.) Aeschynomene latifolia, Spr.—Moaths of La Plata,
Tweedie.— Or specimen is only in flower, and has quite
the habitof Cassia Chamecrista. The petioles are rough

195

with numerous tuberculated pellucid glands: the leaflets
are not above a line in length, slightly 3-nerved at the

- base. Racemes axillary, with a small pinnated leaf about
the middle of the peduncle. Calyx marked with numer-
ous pellucid glandular lines: segments obtuse.

312. (1.) Desmodium cuneatum (Hook. et Arn.); erectum
fruticosum pubescens, foliis fere omnino sessilibus terna-
tis foliolis cuneato-oblongis obtusis apiculatis subtus
nervis prominentibus reticulatis, racemis terminalibus
spicatis densis breve-pedunculatis, pedicellis solitariis bi-
nisve.—Uraguay, Baird; Tweedie.

313. (2.) Desmodium uncinatum, DC.—Woods of the Ura-
guay and Missions of Brazil, Tweedie. Dry sandy banks
of Arroyo del Sauce, Dr. Gillies.

314. (1.) Vicia nigricans, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech.
Voy. v. 1. p. 20.—Lathyrus Macrzi, Hook. et Arn. l. c.
p. 21. (ad calcem L. pubescentis).—Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie; Macrae. Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks ;
Bridges; Mathews (N. 254.); Cuming (N. 697.)—The
pubescence is variable, so that sometimes the leaves are
quite glabrous. This, like the following, has the hairs
extending a considerable way below the stigma, but they
extend all round the style. We are now satisfied that
our Lathyrus Macrai, above quoted, belongs to this spe-
cies, in which we had strangely overlooked the pellucid
dots of the leaves while making the description.

315. (2.) Vicia Macrei (Hook. et Arn.); pubescens, caule
prostrato angulato, foliis 6-9-jugis, foliolis ellipticis ob-
tusis subtus nitidis, cirrhis divisis, stipulis semisagittatis
profunde angulato-dentatis, pedunculis foliorum longitu-
dine confertim multifloris, dentibus calycinis brevibus
subaequalibas inferioribus sensim majoribus, (petalis lu-
teis purpureo-variegatis), lognmainibes. deflexis oblongis
glabris stylo elongato termir rdillera of Chili,
Macrae; Cuming QN. 193.)—Allied | to the preceding,
but abundantly distinct. It becomes discoloured in dry-

o2

196
ing, but not black. The style is hairy all round, though

not in a great degree, for some way below the extremity,
not bearing a thick tuft at the very apex, as in the fol-
lowing species, and as is usual in the genus. This, and
the last, are intermediate in character and habit between
Vicia and Lathyrus, and approach too closely, by the
former, to Orobus.

316. (3.) Vicia pallida (Hook. et Arn.); pubescenti-pilosa,
caule gracili, foliolis 10-12 lineari-lanceolatis mucronatis
alternis oppositisque, cirrhis ramosis, stipulis semisagit-
tato-linearibus, pedunculis 3-7-floris folium fere duplo
superantibus, floribus laxis secundis (luteis), dentibus

calycinis inzequalibus superioribus latioribus lateralibus
lanceolatis paullo brevioribus, inferiore subulato sub-
eequante, vexillo late obcordato, carina ad medium
curvata, stylis apice dense barbatis, germine glaberrimo.—
Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks; Bridges ; Cuming (N. 418
and 590.)—Closely allied as is this species to V: Cracca,
it is surely quite distinct: in V. Cracca, the upper
teeth of the calyx are almost obsolete, the vexillum is
linear-oblong and slightly panduriform when expanded,
the sides of the upper portion only acutely bent back;
there also the carina is not bent, until within less than a
fourth of itslength from the apex; hence the whole flower .
has a narrow, almost cylindrical appearance.

317. (4. Vicia graminea, Sm. in Rees’ Cycl.—Meadows,
Buenos Ayres, T'weedie.—8g. robustior, foliolis lato-line-
aribus retusis cum mucrone.—Marshy meadows of Bu-
enos Ayres, Tweedie.—y. pauciflora, foliolis angustis (ut
in «.), racemis bifloris folio longioribus.—V. pauciflora,
Gill. mst.—Mountains of San Luis and Mendoza, Dr.
Gillies.—93. multiflora, foliolis angustis (ut in «.), stipulis
pauce subulato-dentatis, racemis laxis sub-7-floris folio
duplo longioribus.—Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.—In all

| these, there seem never to be more than six leaflets; in
«. and £. the racemes are usually 3—4,- very rarely 5-
flowered, and not exceeding the leaf; the stipules are
also entire. We have marked above how the var. y. and 2.

197

differ. Mixed with Dr. Gillies’ specimens of the above
(we are uncertain from which locality), is perhaps a fifth
variety (s), with racemes 2- rarely 3-flowered, shorter
than the leaf, and stipules deeply toothed, but the leaflets,
which are rather broader and shorter than in æ, y, 3, are
usually 10 in number; there seems, however, no other
difference. | 4. and £. have blue or purplish flowers: all
those from Dr. Gillies (by drying?) become yellowish-
white. De Candolle has omitted this species.

318. (5.) Vicia dentata (Gill. mst.) ; pubescenti-villosa, caule
angulato-sulcato, foliolis ellipticis versus. apicem spinu-
loso-dentatis sub-10 alternis, cirrhis ramosis, | stipulis
semisagittato-ovatis breviter acuminatis, racemis brevi-
bus 10-12-floris pedunculatis folio brevioribus, floribus
imbricatis secundis (parvis flavidis) dentibus calycinis
subaequalibus subulatis tubo longioribus, legumine line-
ari-oblongo compresso pubescente.—Pampas of Buenos
Ayres, Dr. Gillies. ;

319. (6.) Vicia micrantha, Hook. et Arn.—V. parviflora,
Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 20. Con-
ception, Messrs. Lay and Collie.—Valparaiso, Cuming
(N. '725).—When we described this species, we forgot
that the name parviflora was preoccupied.

320. (7.) Vicia linearifolia (Hook. et Arn. 4. c.)—Conception,
Messrs. Lay and Collie.

321. (8.) Vicia bijuga (Gill. mst.); perennis cavities, cauli-
bus brevibus prostratis, foliis bijugis, foliolis (parvis)
obovatis retusis cum mucrone parce subvillosis setula

- breve petiolum terminante, stipulis semisagitto-ovatis,
pedunculis solitariis brevibus unifloris, dentibus calycinis
subaequalibus tubo dimidio brevioribus, legumine oblongo
tumido 2-3-spermo, seminibus globosis leevibus (variega-
tis).—El Cerro de la Polcura, Andes of Mendoza, Dr.
Gillies.—Allied in habit to V. lathyroides. —

322. (1.) Lathyrus sessilifolius, Hook. et Arn. L @—Concep-
tion, Messrs. Tap. and Collie. Valparaiso, Bridges ;
Cuming (N. 628.); Mathews (N. 242.) Pampas of Bu-

198

enos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.—The length of the upper
calycine segments will easily distinguish this from the
allied L. Magellanicus.

323. (2.) Lathyrus pubescens, Hook. et Arn. 4. c.—Concep-

tion, Messrs. Lay and Collie; Cuming (N. 136.) Baths
of Collina, Macrae ; Cuming (N. 222 and 268.) Val-
paraiso, Cuming (N. 484.) Andes of Mendoza, abundant,
Dr. Gillies. Islands of the Parana River, Baird. ` Bu-

enos Ayres (cult.), Tweedie.

324.

325.

(3.) Lathyrus tomentosus, Lam.—Pampas of Buenos
Ayres, Dr. Gillies.

(4.) Lathyrus macropus (Gill. mst.) ; glabriusculus, caule
angulato striato, foliis inferioribus unijugis superioribus
sensim bi-tri-vel 4-jugis inferiorum cirrho brevi simplici

superiorum elongato ramoso, foliolis lanceolatis mucrone

326.

327.
328.

rigido acuminulatis 7-nerviis subtus minute pubescenti-
bus, stipulis semisagittato-lanceolatis, pedunculis elongatis
folio triplo longioribus multifloris, calyce rachique dense
pubescentibus, dentibus calycinis lanceolatis acuminatis
superiore subulato.—On the Andes of Mendoza, abun-
dant, Dr. Gillies. Below Hornillos, Andes of Chili, Mr.
Cruckshanks,—Nom. vernac. Aguas de Nieve.— When
there are one or two pairs of leaflets only, the nerves are
furnished with crossing and reticulating veins, but when
there are three or four pair, the leaflets are very nar-
row, and scarcely any trace of the transverse veins can

be perceived. "The flowers are large.

(5.) Lathyrus subulatus, Lam.—L. Hookerianus, Gill.

mst.— Monte Video, dpa Panes of Buenos Ayres,
Dr. Gillies: ==

(6.) Lytiyrut diraj Win ls alpiachiney Mr.Cruckshanks.
(7.) Lathyrus hirsutus, Linn.?—Valparaiso, Cuming (N.
726.)—Not possessing fruit of this and the last species,
we cannot decide with certainty what they are. -

329. (8.) Lathyrus crassipes (Gill. mst.); annuus glaber,

caule diffuso alato, foliis unijugis foliolis lineari-lanceo-
latis mucronatis, cirrhis trifidis, stipulis semisagittato-

' ovatis petioli longitudine integerrimis, pedunculis (tumi-

199

dis) petiolo 2-4-plo longioribus apice articulatis bifloris
obsolete bracteolatis, pedicellis brevissimis, calycis glabri
laciniis anguste lanceolatis tubum duplo superantibus,
legumine (immaturo) lineari 15-18-spermo glabro ner-
voso reticulato sutura ventrali carinata.—Pampas of Bu-
enos Ayres, Dr. Gillies—Upon the incrassation of the
peduncle we lay little stress, having observed that charac-
ter in some European species, but the shape of the
legume is totally different from that of L. sativus or L. Ci-
cera, the only two with which it is likely to be confounded.

330. (1.) Rhynchosia Mendacinensis (Gill. mst.); caule volubili
terete patentim piloso, foliolis 8 petiolo vix duplo longi-
oribus subcuneato-ellipticis obtusis mucronatis omnibus
basi zequalibus et trinerviis cateroquin penninerviis utrin-

. que reticulato-venosis margineque setoso-hispidulis şub-
. tus nitidis, stipulis lanceolatis striatis, racemis axillaribus
longe pedunculatis.—Uncultivated places near Mendoza,
Dr. Gillies.—Our specimens are in too imperfect a state

to afford more characters. _

331. (2.) Rhynchosia? sericea (Gill. mst.) ; suffruticosa pus-
silla erecta (?) adpresse sericeo-pubescens, foliolis 3 sub- ~
cordato-ovatis rigide acuminulatis penninerviis laterali-
bus petiolo duplo longioribus terminali majore, peduncu-
lis axillaribus folio duplo longioribus versus apicem
paucifloris, corolla glabra calyce duplo majore, ovario
sericeo stylo glabro subulato elongato.—On hills near
Las Achiras (Prov. of San Luis), Dr. Gillies.—Of this
also we do not possess the fruit. The flowers are nearly
sessile, and the calyx appears bibracteolate at the base.

_ The flowers are too large for a Rhynchosia, yet we scarcely i
think it is a Glycine. ; Eg

332. (3.) Rhynchosia Senna (Gill Peck uberi. piatki
volubili terete, foliolis 3 late ovatis mucronatis basi sub-

cordatis trinerviis cæteroquin pennineryiis reticulato-

venosis lateralibus minoribus basi inaequalibus petiolum
e'quantibus, stipulis subulatis rigidis, pedunculis axillari-
bus solitariis vel raro binis unifloris petiolo longioribus,

333.

334.

335.

200

calycis laciniis subulatis tubo longioribus petala zequanti-
bus, legumine oblongo basi attenuato velutino.—Near El
Rio Quarto, on the Pampas of Cordova, Dr. Gillies.—
Nom. vernac. Sen.—Dr. Gillies informs us that this is
used by the natives in place of Senna.

(1.) Dolichos vezillatus, Humb. et Kunth?—Banks of
the River Plate, Dr. Gillies.—The legumes are not ma-
ture, and the upper lip of the calyx is undivided, hence
arise our doubts whether it be the plant of Humboldt.

(1.) Lablab vulgaris, Savi.—Monte Video and Buenos
Ayres (cult.?), Dr. Gillies.—QOur specimens are un
ingly —

(1.) Canavalia Pusliclete (Hook. et Arn.); labs; foli-

Oolis ovatis obtuse acuminatis coriaceis subtus minute

reticulatim venosis, racemis multifloris, calycis basi bi-
bractiolati labio inferiore minuto integro (!) denticuli-

formi. —Plentiful i in the woods of Rio — Tweedie.

Gasiti: (Hook. et Arn.)

Calyx minute bibracteolatus, campanulatus, subæqualiter 4-fi-

dus; lobis ovatis, acuminatis, superiore latiore. Corolla
petala zequalia, obtusa, longe unguiculata; vexillo et
carina basi longiuscule deorsum bi-, alis uni-calloso-den-

tatis: Vexillum reflexum, ovato-oblongum; ale anguste

oblongs: carina basi fere ad summum biceps, elliptico-

oblonga. Stamina diadelpha (9 et 1), corollam subæ-

quantia. Pistillum corolla longius. Germen lineare,
longe stipitatum, pubescens, 8-10-ovulatum. Stylus sub-

ulatus, glaber, germine longior, rectiusculus. Stigma

parvum, obtusum. Legumen (immaturum) lineari-ob-
longum sericeo-pubescens, stipite (ut in germine) caly-
cem æquante, stylo subulato longe acuminatum.—Fru-

tex volubilis, glaber. Folia pinnatim 3-foliolata ; foliola

— basi bistipellata, elliptico-oblonga, apice retusa cum mu-

cronulo, supra viridia, nitida, subtus pallida. Racemi axil-

201

lares, folio longiores: pedicelli calycem vix «quantes.

Calyx 4 lineas longus, coriaceus, nigro-fuscus. Corolla
rubra calyce triplo longior.

336. (1.) C. rubicundum, (Hook. et Arn.)—Banda Orientale,
T'weedie.— The habit is much that of Kennedia.

337, (1.) Lupinus albescens (Hook. et Arn.); elatus totus ap-
presso-sericeus, caule folioso, foliis longe petiolatis enne-
aphyllis, foliolis lanceolatis acutissimis, racemo elongato
multifloro, floribus subverticillatis, bracteis caducis calyce
brevioribus.— Banda Orientale, Baird.— This fine species
has much general affinity with the L. leucophyllus of Mr.
Douglas, in Bot. Reg.; but here the silky hairs are
very closely adpressed. Flowers apparently white.

338. (2.) Lupinus aureo-nitens (Gill. mst.) ; ubique (corollis
exceptis) sericeo-villosus aureo-nitens, caule folioso, foliis
longe petiolatis 3-5-phyllis, foliolis lanceolatis acutis in-
ferne attenuatis, racemo elongato multifloro, floribus al-
ternis, bracteis calyce brevioribus.—On the Pampas near
La Cabeza del Tigre (Herb. Hook.), Andes of Men-
doza, near Villavicenzio (Herb. Arn.), Dr. Gillies.
Flowers purple.

339. (3.) Lupinus andicola (Gill. mst.); annuus pubescenti-
lanatus, caule breviusculo, foliis longe petiolatis 8-9-
phyllis, foliolis obovato-lanceolatis obtusis, racemo elon-
gato, floribus verticillatis, bracteis deciduis calyce dense
sericeo brevioribus.—Ascent to the Paramillo, above
Villavicenzio, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Below
Hornillos, Andes of Chili, Mr. Cruckshanks.

340. (4.) Lupinus microcarpus, Sims.—Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie. Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks ; Bridges ;
Mathews (N. 863.); Cuming (N. nid: Nnm
doza and Chili, Dr. Gillies.

341. (1.) Erythrina Crista-galli, Noster. ed per-
— introduced ; and cultivated i in the gardens at Men-

202

342. (1.) Mimosa? adpressa (Hook. et Arn.) ; fruticosa acu-
leata, aculeis sparsis rectis, ramis setis subulatis fuscis re-
trorsis arctissime appressis, foliis conjugato-pinnatis pin-
nis multijugis foliolis (minutis) imbricatis lineari-oblongis
mucronatis glabris, rachi subtus setis subulatisfuscis rectis
antrorsum arctissime adpressis, stipulis lato-lanceolatis
membranaceis striatis, glandulis nullis, capitulis globosis
sessilibus, calyce corollaque 4-fida staminibus 4-plo bre-
vioribus,—Uraguay, Baird. Entre Rios, Tweedie,—This
comes exceedingly close to M. ciliata, Spr., from Monte
Video, nor do we perceive any difference, except that
in ours the pinne: are from 20-30 jugate : in Sprengel's,
only 6-jugate. !

343. (2.) Mimosa? Uraguensis (Hook, et Arn.); fruticosa
aculeata aculeis rectis, foliis bijugis pinnis 10—12-jugis,
foliolis lineari-oblongis (parvis) acutis, stipulis stipel-
lisque (obtusissimis) late-cordatis, capitulis globosis,
staminibus corollam 4-plo excedentibus.—Uraguay,
Baird.

344. (3.) M. asperata, Willd.—Miarshes of Rio Parana,
Tweedie,—g8. glabrior.—Sandy Shores of La Plata,

345. (1.) Inga Uraguensis (Hook. et Arn.); inermis, ramis
ferrugineo-velutinis, petiolo inter pinnas alato, alis semi-
oblongis, foliis simpliciter pinnatis 4-jugis, pinnis oblongo-
ovatis acutiusculis mucronatis utrinque parcissime pilosis
subcoriaceis supra nitidis subtus pallidis, petiolo nervo
primario supra omnibusque infra ferrugineo-villosis,
glandula cupuliformi sessili inter omnes pinnas, floribus
subdense spicato-paniculatis terminalibus, peduneulis
calycibus corollaque aureo-velutinis tomentosis.— Shores
of the Rio Uraguay, Titedis.- Apparently allied ¢ to I.
affinis, DC.

346. (2.) Inga parvifolia (Hook. et Arn.) : inermis, foliis bi-
pinnatis 4—6-jugis, pinnis multijugis, foliolis (minutis)
arcte dispositis lineari-oblongis acutis glabris parce pi-
loso-ciliatis, glandulis nullis, capitulis hemisphaericis pe-

944.

348.

349.

350.

203

dunculatis axillaribus solitariis, floribus glabris, staminibus .
longissimis acumine lineari recto piloso,—Banda Orien-
tale, Baird. Uraguay, T'weedie,— The legume is about
three inches long: we have only seen it in a specimen
from Mr, Tweedie, belonging to Dr. Gillies,

(1.) Desmanthus aeleten, Bert.—Pampas of Buenos
Ayres, Dr. Gillies.
Prosopis. Linn.
§ 1. Arbores.

(1.) P. dulcis, Kunth ?; arborea, spinis stipularibus nul-
lis vel parvis, foliis 1-2-jugis, glandulis minimis convexis

inter pinnas, pinnis 25-30-jugis foliolis approximatis,

(parvis) oblongis glabris minute ciliatis.—P. inermis,
Gill. mst.—Province of San Luis, Dr. Gillies.—Nom.
vernac. Calden. ; ;

(2.) P. flexuosa, DC.; arborea, spinis stipularibus binis
validis, foliis conjugato-pinnatis, glandula inter pinnas
minima concaya, pinnis 8-18-jugis, foliolis distantibus
linearibus obtusis basi attenuatis minute puberulis.—a.
pinnis 8-12-jugis.—P. flexuosa, Gill. mst.— Acacia flexu-
osa, Lag.— Mendoza and San Juan, Dr. Gillies; Tweedie.
— Nom. vernac. Lamer or Algaroba de Cavallo.—g. pin-
nis 15-18-jugis.—P. duleis, Gill. mst. (non Kunth,)—Pro-
vince of San Juan and San Luis, Dr. Gillies.— Nom. ver-
nac. Algaroba dulce.— W e see no other difference between
these varieties than the above; æ, is used for horses,
&. by the natives. We have given a specific character
to this species, as the marks from the glands, and
distance of the foliole, have not been hitherto noticed
by authors. The leaflets are twice as long as in the
preceding.

(3.) P. siliquastrum, DC.— Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. .Cor-
dillera of Chili, Cuming, (N. 251.)—Nom. vernac. Alga-
roba de Chile.—The leaflets are twice as long as in P.
flexuosa, but not quite sodistantly placed: they are covered

204

with very minute purple dots. The glands between the
pinnee are conspicuous and cupuliform.

351. (4.) P. torquata, DC.—Province of San Luis, Dr. Gillies.
—Jn our specimens, the leaves are all conjugato-pinnate,
with a minute cupiliform gland : the leaflets are as small
as in our P. dulcis, approximated and puberulous.

852, (5.) P. astringens (Gill. mst.); arborea, ramis. robustis
flexuosis, spinis stipularibus binis validis brevibus, foliis

. bipinnatis sub 5-jugis, glandula inter par infimum crassa
urceolata, pinnis sub-20-jugis, foliolis (parvis) lineari-ob-
longis obtusis glabris basi minute ciliatis, capitulis glo-
bosis, pedunculis simplicibus compressis 3—4-nis axillari-
bus, legumine retiusculo compresso.— Provinces of Men-
doza and San Juan, Dr. Gillies.—Nom. vernac. Algaro-
billa, or Black Algaroba.—The seed-vessels are highly
astringent, and are, at Mendoza, in common use for
making ink: in medicine, it is applied exactly as Oak-
Galls. |

§ 2. Frutices.

353. (6.) P. humilis (Gill. mst.); fruticulosa, ramis angulatis
sulcatis valde spinosis, spinis (ramis abortivis) mollibus
binis, foliis perpaucis in apice ramorum et inter bases
spinarum simpliciter pinnatis unijugis, foliolis minutis
lanceolatis acutissimis petiolo setula terminato 4-plo bre-
vioribus, stipulis minutis subulatis, spicis pedunculatis
solitariis medium versus ramorum ad basis latus spina-

. rum, floribus extus glabris.— Pastures, i inthe Pampas of
. Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.

354. (7.) P. sericantha (Gill. mst.); fruticosa aphylla (Gir),
ramis teretibus leviter striatis spinescentibus junioribus
pubescentibus, spicis breve pedunculatis, calyce sericeo-
hirsuto.—Uncultivated places in the Province of San
Luis, Dr. Gillies.—There are no traces of leaves on our
specimens, nor did Dr. Gillies ever observe any.

355. (8.) P. ephedrioides (Gill. mst.); fruticosa aphylla ?, ramis
teretibus striatis spinescentibus glabris, capitulis globosis
sessilibus.—Province of San Luis, Dr. Gillies.

356.

351.

358.

359.

360.

205

(9.) P. globosa (Gill. mst.); fruticosa, ramis angulatis
sulcatis junioribus pubescentibus, foliis simpliciter pinna-
tis 1-2-jugis deciduis, foliolis minutis ovato-oblongis pu-
bescentibus, capitulis globosis pedunculatis, leguminibus
(junioribus) pubescentibus.—Loma de los Jagueles,
Valley of Uspallata, (Prov. of Mendoza), Dr. Gillies.

(1.) Acacia strumbulifera, Willd.— Mimosa circinalis,
Cav. ic. v. 6. p. 41. (in observ.)—Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.
(2.) Acacia Sprengelii (Hook. et Arn.)—A cacia incana,
Spr.— All along the Uraguay, after passing Salta, Baird.
Bonpland’s Garden, Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.—' There
is no doubt, we believe, of this being Sprengel's plant,
(whose name we are obliged to alter, as it is preoccu-
pied); although he omits a prominent character in the
petioles being very short. The leaves, at the base of the
peduncles, have 15 pair of leaflets; those at the bottom
of the floriferous branches are about 30 pair.

(3.) Acacia Bonplandii (Gill. mst.); inermis, ramis acute
angulatis, pedunculis petiolis foliolisque subtus pubescenti-
lepidotis, foliis bipinnatis 3-jugis, pinnis 11-14-jugis, fo-
liolis oblongis minutis coriaceis imbricatis, capitulis (par-
vis) globosis axillaribus, pedunculis simplicibus axillari-
bus subternis, calycibus corollisque pubescenti-farinaceis.
—Bonpland's Garden, Buenos Ayres Dr. Gillies.
Within tide-mark, on the shores of La Plata, Tweedie.
(4.) Acacia lepidota (Hook. et Arn.) ; inermis fruticosa,
ramis angulatis pedunculis petiolis foliolisque subtus pu-
bescenti-lepidotis, foliis bipinnatis trijugis, pinnis 1]-14-
jugis, foliolis oblongis (minutis) coriaceis approximatis, -
capitulis globosis (parvis) brevissime pedunculatis solita-
riis binisve, calycibus corollaque dense pubescenti-
farinaceis.— Uraguay, Baird.— This, and the two preced-
ing, are remarkable for a mealiness or scaliness, occa-
sioned as may be seen under a magnifier by minute dense
tufts of pubescence. The flowers are small, and appa-
rently yellow: it only differs from the preceding by the
nearly sessile heads of flowers. —

206

361. (5.) Acacia adenopa (Hook. et Arn.); glabra, spinis
stipularibus geminis (parvis) gemmam sequantibus, foliis
bipinnatis 3-5-jugis, glandula oblonga urceolata sessili
infra par infimum ad petioli medium, pinnis 25-30-jugis,
foliolis oblongo-linearibus obtusis (parvis) approximatis,
capitulis globosis, pedunculis axillaribus 2-5 simplicibus.
—Islands of the Uraguay, Tweedie.

362. (6.) Accacia Cavenia, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech.
Voy. v. 1. p. 21.—Mimosa Cavenia, Molina.—Valpar-
aiso, Bridges ; Cuming (N. 153.) Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie. Chili, Mendoza, and Buenos Ayres
(cult.), Dr. Gillies.—Nom. vern. Chil. Espinillo; Bonar.
Espino.

363. (7.) Acacia Aroma (Gill. mst.); spinis stipularibus binis
ramealibus inferioribus parvis validis superioribus gra-
cilioribus elongatis, foliis bipinnatis sub 13-jugis, glan-
dula concava inter par infimum, pinnis sub 20-jugis, fo-
liolis minutis lineari-oblongis glabris, pedunculis simpli-
cibus axillaribus solitariis folio subbrevioribus, capitulis
globosis.—San Juan, Dr. Gillies.—* 'This species, com-
monly called Aroma, I have only seen a little way south
of San Juan, on the way to the river ofthe same name, on
an uncultivated gravelly soil, where it grows to the height
of 6 or 10 feet. I have not seen the seed-vessel, but
from what I am told, I presume it is a congener of the
Espino of Buenos Ayres, and Espinillo of Chili (A. Cave-
nia, H. et A.) The flowers have the same form, but are

‘destitute of the fragrance of the Espinillo, and the general

-~ aspect of the two trees is very different." (Gri, in litt.)

364. (8.) Acacia furcata (Gill. mst.) ; fruticosa glabra spin-
osa, spinis binis unica stipulari valida apice furcata seg-
mentis brevissimis divaricatis altera infra gemmam sim-
pliei minuta, foliis (parvis) bipinnatis 3-jugis, glandula
minuta concava inter par supremum, pinnis 7-9-jugis,
foliolis oblongis acutiusculis, capitulis globosis, pedun-
culo simplici solitario foli longitudine, leguminibus
(majusculis) oblongis sinuatis membranaceis planis 5-8-
spermis.—Uncultivated places along the foot of the

UMEN TINI PRENNE ee RAPPER

207

Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Buenos Ayres (cult.),
Tweedie.—Nom. vernac. Garavato.— The stipular thorns
of this are very remarkable, nearly of equal breadth
throughout, until they branch off at the apex into spread-
ing horns.

365, (9.) Acacia Bonariensis (Gill. mst.); ramis glabris an-
gulato-sulcatis, aculeis ramealibus petiolaribusque sparsis
brevibus decurvis, foliis bipinnatis 11-12-jugis longis,
pinnis multi-(49-50)-jugis, foliolis glabris lineari-oblongis

. acutis (parvis), glandula versus petioli velutini basin et
inter par extremum pinnarum, pedunculis velutinis, spicis
brevibus paniculato-racemosis, floribus pubescentibus.—
Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies. Entre Rios, Tweedie.—
This species evidently approaches very close to A. incana,
DC. (not Spreng.), but differs by the glands and. glab-
rous leaves.

366. (1.) Coulteria tinctoria, Humb. et Kunth.—Hook. et
Arn. in Bot. of Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 55. (cum omn. syn.)
Ceratonia Chilensis, Molina and De Cand.—Cesalpinia
Tara, 2. et P. Fl. Perw. t. 314. (ined.)— Valparaiso
(cult.), Bridges ; Messrs. Lay and Collie.—'The figure of
Ruiz and Pavon moped she state with the kgptioles
aculeated. ae

GouRLIEA. (Gill. T Seg ee

Calyx ebracteolatus, pubescens, breviter campanulatus, bila-
biatus: Jab. superius late emarginatum ; inferius trilobum,
lobis late-ovatis. Corolla papilionacea, hypogyna, peta-
lis longiuscule unguiculatis : vexillum deflexum orbicula-
tum, emarginatum, lateribus reflexis: ale majuscule un-
dulate, oblongse: earinc segmenta lateribus insequalibus
oblonga, apicem versus subcohwrentia. Stamina 10,
hypogyna, libera. Germen sessile, anguste ovoideum seri-
ceum, Stylus subulatus, glaber, sursum curvatus ger-
miné longior. Stigma punctiforme. Ovula 4. Fructus
nucamentaceus, globoso-ovoideus: epicarpium -crasse
crustaceo-carnosum: sarcocarpium crassum, lignosum,

208

durissimum, intus transversim profunde sulcatum: endo-
carpium - membranaceum (album). Semen solitarium,
reniforme, breve.—Frutex spinescens glaber. Rami teretes.
Folia ez gemmis, 2-4-fasciculata, simpliciter pinnata,
eglandulosa : foliola 7-8, alterna, oblonga, emarginatata,
nervosa, decidua.—F lores in ramis brevibus spinescentibus
Jasciculato-corymbosi : pedunculi calycesque pubescentes.
Petala aureo-flava, eleganter venis rubris picta, carina ez-
cepta.

367. (1.) G. decorticans (Gill. mst.) (Tas. CVI.)— Provinces
of Mendoza, San Luis, and Cordova, Dr. Gillies.—
Nom. vernac. Chatar.—Dr. Gillies has named this genus
in memory of the late Mr. Robert Gourlie, who botanized
successfully at Mendoza, and lately died there.—A
spinescent shrub, with small leaves, rising sometimes to

. & height of 16 or 20 feet, and covered with rich yellow -
blossoms about the end of September and early in Octo-
ber. ( Gillies.)

Tas. CVI. Fig. 1, 2. Back and side view of a flower.
Fig. 3. Stamens and pistil. Zig. 4. Pistil. Fig. 5. Ger-
men, opened to show the ovules. Fig. 6. Legumes,
(nat. size.) Fig. 7. The same laid open (nat. size.) Fig.
8. The same, magnified. Fig.9. Seed. Fig. 10. Em-
bryo:—all, but fig. 6, magnified.

368. (1.) Czesalpinia (Sappania) precoz (R. et Pav. Fl. Peruv.
t. 316. ined.) ; fruticosa spinosa, foliis bipinnatis plerum-
que uni-quandoquidem bi-tri-jugis, pinnis subsexjugis,
foliolis oblongis obtusis, floribus racemosis, petalis bre-
viter unguiculatis superiore latiore, leguminibus mem-
branaceis compressis oblongis utrinque acutis reticulatim
venosis sub-4-spermis.—C. Brea, Gill. mst.—Stony
places above Mendoza, on the road to the Papagayos;
Dr. Gillies.—Nom. vernac. v-titecA thorny, shri» 3-5-
feet high. |

369. (1.) Poinciana Gilliesii, Wall.— Hook. in Bot. Misc. v. 1.

209

p. 129. t. 34.— Near Rio Quarto and Rio Quinto, and
at La Punta de San Luis. Abundant at Mendoza, Dr.
Gillies.

370. (1.) Hoffmanseggia falcata, Cav.—H. chilensis, Miers.
— Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Cordillera of Chili, Cuming
(N. 284.)—4. andicola, humilior, racemis floribusque ma-
joribus, petalis latioribus.—H. alpina, Gill. mst.—H. an-
dina, Miers’ Chil v. 2. p. 532.— Near Villavicenzio, at
the foot of the mountains near Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—
Nom vernac. Porotillos.—Of the var. &. Dr. Gillies writes,
that ** this small, but beautiful plant, with its golden or
orange tints, gives a glow of colour to a tract of from
three to four leagues of country after quitting the moun-
tains to enter the plains, by the defile leading from
Villavicenzio, where it may be seen in immense imfasion
in the month of November." Although abundant there,
its range is limited, while that of our «. is very extensive.
The latter has the petals scarcely twice as long as the
calyx: in £. they are fully thrice as long.—The Peruvian
` H. falcaria, 8. glandulosa, Hook. in Bot. Misc. v. 9. p. 217.
is indubitably the Larrea viscosa, R. and P. Fl. Peruv.
t. 311. (ined.), and is a very distinct imagen cH. vis-
cosa, Hook. et Arn.) —

371. (2.) Hoffmanseggia gracilis ( Hook. et Arn.) ; caule diffuso
incano-pubescente, foliis subradicalibus bipinnatis sub-
4-jugis, pinnis subsexjugis, foliolis puberulis, legumini-
bus rectiusculis pubescentibus. —Larrea gracilis, R. ef
P. Fl. Peruv. t. 911. (ined.)—Coquimbo, Cuning (N.
880.)

e

372, (1.) Forin aculeata, hiny- Ents n aeg

913. (1.) Zuccagnia punctata, GasuscMándont Dr. Gillies.
34. (2.) Zuccagnia? angulata, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech.
Voy. v. 1. p. 22.— Coquimbo, Messrs. Lay and Collie ;
Cuming (N. 902.)—Although we have now. seen addi-
tional specimens from Mr. Cuming, still they are very
VOL, III. XP

210

imperfect as to fruit, so that we cannot yet pronounce
satisfactorily on the genus. With Zuccagnia it agrees in
the stigma, but the germen and young legume appear.
very different.

875. (1.) Cassia corymbosa, Lam.—Buenos Ayres (cult.),
Tweedie, and at Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—]t does not
appear to be wild at Buenos Ayres, although that is the
station given by Lamarck and others.

276. (2.) Cassia (Senna) Hookeriana (Gill. mst.); fruticosa
glabra, foliis pinnatis sub-8-jugis, stipulis caducis, foliolis
oblongis mucronatis glandula clavato-filiformi inter par
infimum, racemis 2-3-floris folio brevioribus, sepalis ob-
tusis antheris biporosis, legumine stipitato membranaceo
lato-lineari intus septis obliquis, loculis non pulposis.—El
Cerro del Morro (Prov. of San Luis), Dr. Gillies.

311. (3.) Cassia stipulacea, Ait.— Valparaiso, Bridges ; Mathews
(N. 304.); Cuming (N. 108.) Conception, Messrs. Lay
and Collie.

378. (4.) Cassia (Chamsesenna?) Cruchshanhsii (Hook. et
Arn.); glabra, foliis pinnatis 4-jugis, stipulis deciduis,
foliolis oblongo-ovatis acuminatis, glandula cylindrica
inter trium jugorum inferiorum paria, pedunculis folio
subduplo brevioribus, racemis subcapitatis, sepalis obtu-
sis, antheris oblongis biporosis.— Valparaiso, Bridges;
Mr. Cruckshanks.—Although this has been raised from
seeds sent to the Edinburgh Botanical Garden by Mr.
Cruckshanks, yet we have not seen the fruit. We be-
lieve, however, there is little doubt about the section to
which it belongs. It agrees in general with C, levigata
as far as that species is described, ost its nearest —_
appears to be C. stipulacea.

379. (5.) Cassia frondosa. dicil et riep in Bot. v
Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 22 and 55.——5. Valparaiso, Bridges ;
Macrae; Mathews (N.303.); Cuming (N.341.); Tweedie.
Concon (Chili), Dr. Gillies,——8. Coquimbo, Messrs. Lay
and Collie ; Bridges.—Dr. Gillies informs us, that our a.
is a tree, and is called by the natives Quebracho, the wood

211

being so hard as to injure their hatchets. Mr. Mathews
mentions it is a shrub.

380. (6.) Cassia (Chamesenna) Arnottiana (Gill. mst.); fru-
ticosa parv glabra inferne nuda, foliis pinnatis 4—5-jugis,
stipulis linearibus deciduis, foliolis crassiusculis glaucis
cuneato-obovatis retusis, glandula subulata inter par in-
fimum, racemis folio duplo longioribus 2—3-floris, sepalis
obtusis, antheris biporosis, (legumine sessili oblongo
coriaceo crasso compresso dehiscente suturis tumidulis
intus septis transversis incompletis loculis non pulposis,
seminibus verticalibus.)—El Valle del Atuel and El
Valle de las Lefias Amarillas, Andes of Mendoza, Dr.
Gillies. Cordillera of Chili, Macrae.—The whole plant
does not exceed 6 or 8 inches in height.

381. (7.) Cassia (Chamsesenna?) Cumingii (Hook. et Arn.) ;
glabra, foliis pinnatis 6-jugis, stipulis subulatis persis-
tentibus, foliolis oblongis linearibusve mucronulatis veno-
sis, glandula inter par infimum tubinata inter reliqua
sessili urceolata, racemis ob folia decidua paniculatis laxi-
usculis, sepalis obtusis, antheris biporosis.—z. foliolis
linearibus.— Coquimbo, Cuming (N. 814.)—4. foliolis ob-
longis.— Alcapassa, south of Coquimbo, Mr. Cruckshanks.
— Of this we are in doubt about the section in which it
should be placed, having only seen thé wien a Perg
young state.

382. (8.) Cassia occidentalis, Huy auae inyted ‘el.
Tweedie.

383. (9.) Cassia aphylla, Cav.—Mendoza and San Luis, Dr

^ Gillies. Plains of Mendoza, near the nm— Mr.
einsam

384. (1.) Bauhinia forficata? Link, 4c. Plant. Sel. fud
© & 36.?— Uraguay, Tweedie—Our specimen has no
flower, but the foliage corresponds with the B. forficata,
AN of ahe eair rp

and spreading.

(To be comity 7

P2

212

Wun the present sheet was in the press, we have had the
gratification of receiving from William Jameson, Esq. Pro-
fessor of Natural History and Chemistry at Quito, and from
Colonel Hall of the same place, a most interesting collection
of plants, accompanied by notes and drawings, partly from
the country of Guayaquil and Esmeraldas, and partly from the
snowy summits of the Andes of Quito; and these, together
with the numerous Cryptogamic plants previously received
from the former of these gentlemen, it is our intention to incor-
porate and describe with the Peruvian plants of Mr. Cum-
ing, Mr. Cruckshanks, and Mr. Mathews, above noticed,
which will thus form a rich addition to what was previously
known of the vegetable productions ofthe western side of
intratropical America. —

MAURITIUS.

Tus delightful island, so rich in its’ natural productions,
whether under the protection of the French- or the British
Government, can equally boast of men of science, both able
and willing to explore its vegetable treasures. "The pages of
this work bear ample testimony to the researches of Professor
Bojer, and his instructions and his zeal have collected around
him a little band of Naturalists from whose exertions many
interesting discoveries may be expected; while M. Bouton (to
whom no less than to Mr. Telfair and to Professor Bojer, I
am indebted for a very extensive collection of the plants of
the Mauritius,) is especially engaged in exploring the various
quarters of the island: and the result of the labours of both
these gentlemen is given in the periodical notices that are
published of the meetings of the “Natural History Society
of the Mauritius.” As these are regularly communicated: to
me, I cannot do better, from time to time, than to present to
the Botanists of Europe a short analysis of their contents.
The following is that of the Proceedings during the year
1830. à ge

213

ANALYSIS OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY OF MAURITIUS, DURING THE
YEAR 1830. (ExTRACTED.)

Botany.—The empire of Flora, formerly so extensive in this
island, but now more and more restricted by the daily in-
crease of cultivation, still contains sufficient to occupy the
attention of persons who devote themselves to this study.

Aublet, Commerson, Du Petit Thouars, Willemet, Noroühas,
Ventenat, La Billardiére, Bory, Stadtmann, and more re-
cently MM. Heraud, Sieber, Gaudichaud, D'Urville, Hils-
enberg, and our colleague, M. Bojer, have doubtless made
known many of our plants; but a great number of species
still remain to be described.

M. W. Bojer, who is Professor of this Science at the Royal
College, and who reckons among his students many members
of the Natural History Society, has, at various of its meetings,
imparted his discoveries. | A Hibiscus, which he . found
growing wild in the forests of this island, and which has
long been cultivated in our gardens, forms the subject of an ~
essay that he has communicated to the Society: this tree was
principally observed in the district of the Riviére Noire, on
the property of our colleague, M. Genève, and it has received
the name of Hibiscus Genevii. The Syphomeris Lingum,
(Bojer, 1), a genus which M. Bojer established some time
ago, and the Grewia ulmifolia, a new species, which we equally
owe to him, have, as well as the Tanghinia veneniflua (Petit
Thouars), been described and drawn by M. Bojer, with ex-
treme care and exactness. This gentleman has devoted him-
self to the delineation and description of all the varieties of
Mango ( Mangifera Indica, L.), which are so common in the
island, and he has collected 70 kinds. Itis evident how desirable
it is to have a scientific definition and an accurate representa-
tion of all the various sorts of a fruit that is so useful to man-
kind. Mrs. Charles Telfair, Miss Baigrie, and M. E. Duvi-
vier,- have assisted M. Bojer in his drawings, and M. Nolin
has furnished him with some beautiful fruits that he raised in -

214

his plantation at Petite Riviére, where, by means of great
skill and perseverance, he has succeeded in making many
ingenious experiments, and obtained Mangoes and other
fruits of a very superior quality.

M. L. Bouton, in a Memoir, bearing for title, Observations
on the Distribution of the Natural Families of Plants in the
Island of Mauritius, has enumerated those which inhabit the
summit of the mountains, those which are found on the sea
shore, and in different heights and situations. It would ap-
pear, according to our colleague’s observations, that the
Rubiacee, Euphorbiacee, Convolvulacee, Malvacee, Bytineri-
acee, Sapindacee, Meliacee, Orchidee, Graminee, Cyperacee,
and the Ferns, constitute the mass of the vegetation of the
Mauritius; and that the other natural families only present
a very limited number of species. The Orchidee and the
Ferns generally inhabit the elevated and damp spots, grow-
ing under the shade of forests, and they are found at an ele-
vation even of 400 toises (2400 feet). The Convolvulacee,
on the contrary, seem to affect the shores and vicinity of the
sea, and are not frequently seen on the high mountains. The
Synantheree, of which the number of species is very limited,
only exhibit a few small annual plants that are scattered upon
the plains. Some few Gnaphalia, Eupatoria, Psiadie and
Conyze, spring up in the forests, and are seen on the heights.
It is remarkable that the shrubby Synantheree commonly pre-
fer the elevated situations, while the herbaceous and annual
ones are confined to the valleys.

Our former compatriot, Cossigny, author of several works,
and an accurate observer, has pointed out, some time ago, 4
male Papaw tree (Carica Papaya, L.), which had borne
fruit, and which Commerson had observed on his estate of
Palma. Quite recently, M. Bouton presented to the Society
some Papaws, produced by a male tree; and he has imparted
some curious details on the subject, and extended his remarks
to the whole genus Carica, which different botanists, at differ-
ent periods, have placed in various families, _

Finally, M. Bouton read, at the last meeting, a déscrip-
tion of two plants, which he found in several spots of our

e

215

island, and which, appearing to be new, have from him received:
the names of Cerastium Mauritianum and Ammannia cruciata..

JULIEN DESJARDINS,

Secretary to the Society.

Extract from the Proceedings of the year 1831.

Botany.—M. L. Bouton has communicated to us in a note
some errors which relate to the Botany of our isle, and prin-
cipally those which exist in the chapter that M. Lesson has
edited, in the Zoological part of the voyage of the Coquille.
According to our colleague, no kind of Ixora or Cinchona
grows in this island. M. Lesson speaks of a species of
Rhexia, an evident mistake for Nuria. The errors that crept
into the catalogue of plants, printed at Mauritius, in 1822,
have been all repeated in M. Lesson's chapter, with pro-
voking fidelity.

The same member has réad some observations on the

monograph of the Orchidee of the Isle of France and Bour-
bon, by M. Ach. Richard; and contrary to the opinion of
the latter, he maintains that our Flora has more analogy with
that ofthe Continent of Africa than with the Indian Archipe-
lago; still that the resemblance does not hold good with the
vegetation of the southern extremity of Africa, but only with
that part which lies near the Mauritius, and is equally situated
between the tropics; especially the coast of Zanzebar, which
has been explored by M. Bojer. : :
_ Dr. Lyall has communicated to us verbally several obser-
vations on the Euphorbia splendens (Bojer), and the Poin-
ciana regia (Boj.), which grow at Madagascar, and are now
cultivated in all the gardens of Mauritius. He mentioned a
yellow flowered var. of the first, which he had found at
Madagascar. ‘The same member has added 400’ species of
Madagascar plants to the Society's herbarium. —

JULIEN DESJARDINS.

216

ENUMERATIO FILICUM,
By R. K. Grevittz, LL. D. ann W. J. Hooxer.

[Continued from p. 416 of Vol. 2.]

OPHIOGLOSSE,
]. Opuiocuossum. Linn.

Capsule in spica disticha simplici connate, transversim dehi-
scentes.

l. O. vulgatum. Linn.

Radice fibrosa, scapo stipitem terminante, fronde ovata
subsessili obtusa reticulata.— Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1518.

Has. Europe and North America, Willdenow. Kamts-
chatka, Wormskiold. Tauria, Steven.

2. O. Moluccanum. Schlecht. Adum. Fil. p. 9. in nota.—O.
simplex. Rumph. Amb. v. 6. p. 152. t. 68. f. 2.

Har. Amboyna, Rumphius.—Schlechtendal appears to
have established this species from the figure of Rumphius.
The O. sarcophyllum of Desvaux, (Prod, p. 193.) may be-
long either to this species or the following, for he quotes
both plants with a mark of doubt, and does not seem to have
any other authority. ia
3. O. ovatum.

* Fronde ovali acuta reticulato-venosa."— Sw. Syn. p. 169.
Bory, Voy. v. 2. p. 206. ; :

Has. Isle of Bourbon, Bory de St. Vincent. Java, Blume.
— We believe this plant will prove to be a mere variety, Or,
perhaps, accidental state of O. reticulatum, from which it differs
in no material points, The venation is said by Bory de St. Vin-
cent to be the same; and in comparing it, which he does, with
O. vulgatum, he remarks that the frond is more heart-shaped,
and the scape shorter. Specimens of O. reticulatum answer-
-ing to this description, and gathered by Sieber in the Mauri-

tius, are now before us. Blume observes that the frond is
sometimes oval, rounded and obtuse. x dtl

217

4. O. reticulatum. |

Radice fibrosa, scapo elongato stipitem terminante, fronde -
cordata laxe reticulata.— Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1518.— Hook.
et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 20.—O. cordifolium, Roxb. MS. Cat.
Wall. Cat. No. 4.

a Fronde acuta.
& Fronde reniformi-cordata obtusissima.

Has. West Indies, Swartz. Guiana, and the Islands
of Bourbon and Mauritius, Willdenow. Bengal, Dr. Wal-
lich. Java, Blume. g. in the Mauritius, Bouton.—We are
unable to distinguish the O. cordifolium of Roxburgh from
O. reticulatum. There are, however, two states of it distri-
buted by Dr. Wallich: the one having the usual appearance
of the species, our variety «.: the other having the frond ovate,
scarcely cordate, very acute, of a firmer texture, and browner
colour. This agrees in almost every respect with Rum-
phius’ figure (t. 68. f. 2.), the O. Moluccanum of Schlechten-
dal, and is in all probability the O. eulgatum of Roxburgh's
MS. Catalogue, which he states to be found in the Moluccas
as well as in Bengal.

5. O. petiolatum. Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 56.

Has, Cultivated in the Liverpool Botanic Garden, to iib
it was communicated from the West Indies. Java,
Blume.

6. O. ellipticum. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 40. O. Surinam-
ense, Reichenb.

Has. Demarara, Parker. Surinam, ptt h spe-
cimens of Q. Surinamense, which we have received from
Professor Kunze, are considerably smaller, but do not
otherwise differ materially from O. ellipticum.

T. RAE aoa DRACO 9.04, X

* a, regulare ; fronde ex medio scapo nascente, —O.. Lusi-
tanicum. Thunb. Fl. Cap. p. 131? IRE

** pi nudicaule; fronde versus: basin Scapi a nie —0,
nudicaule, L. Sw. Syn. p. 397. t. 4. fo2.”

218

Has. Cape of Good Hope, Thunberg. Mund and Maire. £8.
on the Table Mountain, Captain Carmichael.
8. O. costatum. +

Radice fibrosa, scapo elongato stipitem breviorem termin-
ante, fronde lanceolata oblonga uninervi reticulato-venosa.—
R. Br. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl. p. 163.

Has. New Holland, Brown. Cape of Good Hope, Cap-
tain Carmichael.

9. O. Wightii. Hook. et Grev.

Radice fibrosa, scapo stipitem subzequantem terminante,
fronde ovata medio linea lata pellucida trinervi utrinque reti-
culata sessili.

Has. Under the shade of the hedges formed of Panda-
mus odoratissimus, near Negapatam in the Peninsula of India,
Dr. Wight. ‘

10. O. parvifolium. Hook. et Grev.

Radice fibrosa, scapo stipitem subaequantem terminante,

fronde ovato-lanceolata acuta sessili opaca.

+

Has. The same locality, and growing intermixed with
the preceding species, from which it is distinguished by the
absence of the remarkable pale central line, and in the nar-
rower, more elliptical, and acute frond.

11. O. Lusitanicum.

Radice fibrosa, scapo elongato stipitem brevem terminante,
fronde lanceolata in petiolum decurrente—Linn. Sp. Pl.
p. 1518. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 80.

Has. Portugal, Linneus. Tangiers, Saltzman. Naples,
Talbot. Sardinia, Muller. — me nA —

12. O. gramineum. |

Radice fibrosa, scapo. breviusculo stipitem elongatam ter-
minante, fronde lineari-lanceolata sessili.— Willd. Act. Acad.
Erford, 1802. p. 18. t. 1. f. 1.

Has. Malabar, Willdenow. New Holland, R. Brown.
Under the shade of Pandanus odoratissimus, along with O.
Wightii and parvifolium, near Negapatam, Dr. Wight.

219

13. O. Bergianum.

* Scapis nudis, frondibus radicalibus linearibus angustissi-
mis, radice fasciculata.”—Schlecht. Adumb. p. 10.

Has. Cape of Good Hope, on the western side of Sen-
weberg Mountain, JBergius.—A remarkable species, not
above an inch in height, according to Schlechtendal; the
fronds only a third of a line in breadth, the scapes distinct,
about the height of the fronds, and bearing a spike a line
and a half long, composed of 6-8 capsules. -

14. O. tuberosum.

* Radice tuberosa, scapo duabus stipitem brevem termi-
nante, fronde oblongo-lanceolata reticulata in petiolum at-
tenuata."— Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech. Voy. p. 53.

Has. Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie.

15. O. bulbosum.

Radice bulbosa, scapo elongato stipitem terminante, fronde
subcordato-ovata opaca sessili, spica brevi pauciflora.— Mz.
Fl. Bor. Amer. v. 2. p. 276.—O. crotalophoroides, Walt. Fl.
Carol p.956.2

Haz. Lower Carolina Michaux. Talcahuana, Chili,
Poeppig. Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 592.)

16. O. opacum. Carm.— Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 40.

Haz. Tristan da Cunha, Captain Carmichael. |

17. O. pendulum. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1518.— Hook. et Grev. Ic.
Fil. t. 19.

8. Fronde falcata.

Haz. Amboyna and the Mauritius, Willdenow. Java and
the Molucca Islands, Blume. Ceylon, Col. Walker. Near
Brisbane River, New Holland, Mr. Allan Cunningham.—8g.
Sandwich Islands, Messrs. Lay and Collie, in Capt. Beechey's
Expedition. Wooahoo, Macrae.—This species grows in a
pendant manner from the trunks of trees, and though a rare
species, seems to be widely distributed. Our variety £. has
a falcate, more rigid, and spain — frond, as
well as a shorter spike.

y

220

18. O. palmatum. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1518. . Plum. Fil. p. 139.
t. 163.

Has. St. Domingo.

2. BorRvoPTERis. Presi.

Capsule pedicellatze liberae subglobosee, appendice quadrilobo
crenulato marcescente coronate, semibivalves, in spica
cylindrica verticillatim glomerate. Presl.

B. Mexicana, Presl, Relig. Henk. p. "56. t. 12. f. 1.—Hel-
minthostachys Mexicana, Spr. Syst. Veg. v. 4. p. 23.

Has. Mexico, Henke.—The habit of this plant is so en-
tirely similar to that of Helminthostachys dulcis of Kaulfuss,
that we should almost have considered the two as identical,
were it not that the author figures and describes the capsules
as pedicellate and solitary, and crowned with a four-lobed
appendage, instead of having them combined in a whorl be-
neath a lobed and peltate scale with which they are united.
"We have seen no specimen, and therefore retain the genus;
adopting with Presl's character.

3. HzrwiNTHOSTACcHYs. Kaulf.

Capsule verticillatae sessiles sub squamam lobatam marces-
centem spicam formantem insertz et cum ea adnate. -

H. dulcis, Kauf. En. Fil. p. 28.—Wall. Cat. No. 54.—Bo-
trychium Zeylanicum, Sw. Syn. Fil. p. 172.—Osmunda
Zeylanica, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1519.—Ophioglossum laci-
niatum, Rumph. Amb. v. 6. p. 153. t. 68. f. 3.

Has.. Ceylon and Amboyna, Rumphius. Bengal and
Toh: Dr. Wallich.. Java, Nusa Cambangan, and the Mo-
luccas, Blume.—This is well distinguished from Ophioglossum,
differing not only in fructification, but remarkably so in its
habit. It is exclusively an Asiatic plant, unless, as we suspect,
the Botryopteris of Presl should prove the same. It is proper
to mention, that the figure of the fructification given by
‘Kaulfuss (Zn. Fil. t. 1. f. 1.) is incorrect; pince
having been omitted.

221

4. Borrycuium.: Sw.

Capsule distincte, sessiles, in spica distiche ramosa le raeA
transversim dehiscentes.

1. B. simplex. Hitchcock. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 82.
Has. Canada, Cleghorn. Saskatchawan, Drummond.—
Since we gave a figure of this plant in the Icones Filicum, we |
have received other specimens gathered by Mr. Drummond,
of considerably larger size, but gie the same charac-
ters.
2. B. Lunaria. Sw. Syn. Fil. p. 171 CAD
Has. Throughout Europe. Iceland, Paulsen. In America,
at Bear Lake and Carlton House, Dr. Richardson. Rocky
Mountains, Drummond.

3. B. matricarioides. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 5. p. 62.—B. rutaceum,
var. lunaria? Schkukr. Fil. t. 155.

Has. Northern Europe, Switzerland, and the Pyrenées.
In America, from the Saskatchawan to Hudson's Bay,
Drummond. Newfoundland, Dr. Morrison.—Our American
specimens of this plant, which seems to be confined to the
North of the United States, precisely agree with the figure
of Schkukr above quoted, with that of Flora Danica, and
with what we conceive to be authentic European specimens
from Professor Kunze; the latter, however, being smaller
than our Canadian ones, and in this respect corresponding
with the Newfoundland plant gathered by Dr. Morison.
Some authors unite this with the B. Lunaria, with which it
agrees in the general shape of the pinnules; but in the com-
position of its frond it is more allied, on the one hand, to B.
lunarioides, and, on the other, to B. obliquum..

4. B. lunarioides. Sw. — Fil. p. 172.—B. famarioidés,
Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 5. p. 63. us paciens -—
UMS or: dir e e p S| 3
Has. Near Charleston, South Ciidebies Mikask: ion.
'—Our only specimen of this plant, which we received from
Mr. Elliott, and which we have every reason to believe to be
similar to those of Michaux, from the same country, (Charles-

222

ton,) is scarcely more than two inches high, including the
raceme; the frond is spreading and ternate: the pinnules not
numerous, decidedly flabelliform, approaching to lunulate,
much and deeply crenato-dentate. We restore the old name
of lunarioides, as being most appropriate, -

5. B. obliquum.

Scapo subradicali elongato fronde subduplo longiore,
fronde subtriangulari bi-tripinnata, pinnulis inciso-serratis.
Muhl. in. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 5. p. 63.—B. lunarioides, ScAkukr.
Fil, t. 157. (parva).—B. cuneatum, Desv. Prod. Fil. p. 195.

Has. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. Schweinitz. South
Carolina, Elliott. Mississippi, Teinturier. Cerro Colorado,
Mexico, Chamisso.—The composition ofthe frond is very simi-
lar to that of B. matricarioides, but it differs in the larger, more
decidedly ovate, or oblongo-ovate pinnules, which are also
of a more delicate texture. This appears to be a native of
the more southern parts of North America, our most
northern specimens being from Pennsylvania, the country
where Muhlenberg first discovered it.

6. B. ternatum. Sw. Syn. Fil. p. 172.—Osmunda ternata.
Thunb. Fi. Jap. p. 329. t. 32.
Has. Japan, Thunberg.
7. B. subcarnosum.

Scapo subradicali, fronde subternata bipinnata, pinnis elon-
gatis foliolis ovatis obtusis inciso-crenatis subcarnosis, race-
mis decompositis.— Wall. Cat. No. 49.

Has. Nepal, Dr. Wallich.—This is very nearly indeed
allied to some specimens in our possession of B. obliquum,
having more than usually divided fronds. It differs, how-
ever, in its much larger size—a foot to a foot and a half in
height—its longer pinne, and more ample fructification.
Again, it agrees so well with the B. ternatum of Swartz, that.
it may possibly be identical. —

8. B. dissectum. Muhl.—Spr. Anl. ı v. 3. P. hip lo.
v. 4. p. 23.
Has. Pennsylvania and Florida, Mudlenberg. — Thisappears

223

to be a distinct species, distinguished by the linear dicho-

tomously divided segments. We have received specimens

from Dr. Torrey, but without any particular station attached

to them. B. gracile of Pursh, which Sprengel refers to this

place, belongs to B. Virginicum.

9. B. cicutarium. Sw. Syn. Fil. p. VT1.— Plum. Fil. t. 159.

Has. St. Domingo, Plumier.—Chamisso and Schlechten-

dal doubt if this plant ought not to be considered a pri

of B. Virginicum.

10. B. Virginicum. Sw. Syn. Fil. p. 171.—B. gracile, Ph. F7.
Am, Sept. p. 656.—Osmunda Virginica, Linn. Sp. Pl.
. p. 1519.

8. Mexicanum ; fronde coriaceo-membranacea opaca, pinnulis *

latioribus minus profunde pinnatifidis.—B. Virginicum,
Schlecht. in Linnea, v. 5. p. 621.

Haz. Canada to Carolina. Rocky mountains, Drummond.
Columbia, Garry. g. woods at Jalapa, Mexico, Chamisso.
Rigla (Mexico), Captain Vetch.—This is the largest of the
American species, and a very elegant plant. The B. gracile of
Pursh does not differ, except in the smaller size, and corre-
sponding delicacy of the frond. It has been communicated
to us by Dr. T orrey, who likewise considers it as a wary of
the present species.

ll. B. australe, Br. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl, p. 164. Sieb.. Fl,
Mizta, No. 266.

Has. New Holland, Brown. Sieber.—This comes very
near to the preceding, in the size, habit, and other charac-
ters, i

12. B. aiiin

Scapo stipitem elongatam inferne incrassatam lanuginosam
terminante fronde breviore, fronde tripinnata ampla, pinnulis
ovato-lanceolatis membranaceis profunde pinnatifidis segmen-
tis ovato-oblongis vr Mit pud Ne. iion et
Grev, Ic. Fi. 19...

Has. Nepal, Dr. Wallich.— Of bbuliseieli cn. a liapite
from very small specimens in the cones Filicum. More per-

GERD.

224

fect ones, which we now possess through the kindness of Dr.
Wallich, are a foot or more in height, with an ample frond
‘exceeding the raceme in length. In general the insertion
of the scape is above the lower primary division of the frond.
In these characters, therefore, and in the woolly base of the
. stipes, the plant differs from the B. Virginicum.

13. B. daucifolium. Wall. Cat. No. 49.—Hook. et Grev: Ic.
Fil. t. 161.

Has. Nepal, Dr. Wallich.

14. B. silaifolium. Presl. Relig. Henk. p. '19.
Has. Nootka Sound, Henke.—A very distinct species,
as appears from the description. "The frond solitary, tripin-
nate, with a cordato-ovate outline, about a foot in height.
The scape naked, of the same height as the frond. The
fructification forming a branched secund panicle.

MARATTIACEJE.
1l. MARATTIA. Sw.

Receptacula dorsalia submarginalia ovalia fornicata superne
longitudinaliter dehiscentia. Capsule in duplicem se-
riem connate interius rima hiantes.

1. M. alata. Sm. Icon. Pl. Ined. t. 46.

Has. Jamaica, Swartz. Guadaloupe, Parker. Wooahoo,
Macrae. Sandwich Islands, Messrs. Lay and Collie in Captain
Beechey's Expedition. _

2. M. levis, Sm. Icon. Pl. Ined. p. 47.

Has. Dominica, Swartz. Brasil, Macrae.— This is dis-
tinguished from M. alata by its more delicate texture, brighter
green colour ; by the pinnules being deeply lobed at the mar-
gins, so as to be actually pinnatifid, the segments or lobes
blunt, occasionally toothed, the teeth always very obtuse.
We have it only from Brasil, gathered by Raddi, (and
it consequently is his M. alata «æ. and &.—the latter being only
distinguished by the absence of chaffy scales,) and by Mac-
rae. It is likewise the M. /evis described by Kaulfuss. We

225

have never seen it from the West Indies. Smith's figure is
¿certainly not characteristic.

3. M. sambucina. Blume, En. Pl. Jav. p. 256.

Has. Java, Blume.—The author observes of this plant
that it differs from M. levis of Smith, in the pinnules being
acutely serrulate, not inciso-serrate.

4. M. sylvatica. Blume, En. Pl. Jav. p. 256.

Has. Java, Blume.—Blume remarks that this only differs
from M. sambucina in the frond being triplicato-pinnate, with
the pinnules coarsely serrated, and from M. alata in the ap-
pressed serratures and smooth rachis. i res s

5. M. fraxinea. Sm. Icon. Pl. Ined. t. 48.

Has. Mauritius, Thouin. Isle of Bourbon, Willdenow.—
* Common in the Woods of Mauritius and Bourbon. This
is among the most beautiful of the whole order. The stem is
a scaly placentiform bulb, from six to twelve inches in dia-
meter, sending off numerous cord-like fibres, which penetrate
deep into the earth. The scales are fleshy, two to three
inches broad, with a deep indenture in each, wherein the base
of the decayed frond had lodged. ‘These scales retain their
sap as long as the plant continues to exist, and serve probably
to supply its demands during the dry season. The fronds
are developed one by one. They are of a cordate outline, from
two to six feet high, bipinnated; the pinne opposite, from
two to seven pair, with or without a terminal one. The leaf-
lets are alternate, lanceolate, acute, serrulate, marked with
parallel veins, simple or bifid. The partial rachis is slightly
winged, jointed at the base, the joints tumid, but shrinking
. 9n exsiccation.” Carmichael, MSS.—The M. oppositifolia of

Smith in Rees’ Cyclopedia, appears to be a narrow and oppo
site-leaved variety.

6. M. sorbifolia, Sw. Syn. Fil. p. 168. - Moris: sorbifolia
Bory, Voy. 1. p. 266.

Har. Isle of Bourbon, Bory de St. pulito Merirding
to Bory, this is distinguished by its alternate, not opposite,
pinne, and narrower pinnules. - - The breadth of the latter we

VOL. III. Q

226

know to vary exceedingly; but in regard to the former parti-

cular, our specimens are not of sufficient length to enable us

to come to any conclusion. But since the pinnules vary in

regard to their situation, it is probable that the pinnz do so

likewise.

7. M. salicifolia. Schrad. in Getting. Gel. Anz. 1818, p. 920.
Haz. Cape of Good Hope, Mund and Maire. This spè-

cies, which is characterized as having the pinnae opposite, is,
by Sprengel, united with M. sorbifolia (pinnis alternis). We
can truly say that some of our narrow leaved specimens of
the Mauritius M. fraxinea entirely correspond with Schlecht-
endal’s description in his Adumbrationes.

8, M. salicina. Sm. in Rees’ Cyclop.

Has. New Holland? Robert Molesworth, Esq. We pos-
sess an imperfect specimen of this plant from Sir J. E. Smith,
and on comparing it with our narrow-leaved varieties of M.
Sraxinea, we find it to differ in nothing except in the presence
of copious hair-like scales at the base of the midrib. _

9. M. attenuata. Labill. Sert. Austro-Cal. p. 9. t. 13 et M.—
M. acuminata, Willd. Herb.—Kaulf. En. Fil. p. 33.

Has. New Caledonia, Labillardiére.— According to Labil-
lardiére's character, this differs in its triplicato-pinnate frond,
and, judging from the figure, in the smaller number of leaves
(5-8) upon each pinha, from M. fraxinea, which has 30-40
upon each pinna.

10. M. cicuteefolia, Kaulf.

Frondibus bipinnatis pinnis alternis vel oppositis, pinnulis
lato-lanceolatis sensim attenuatis membranaceis grosse serra-
tis, receptaculis in lineam interruptam dispositis a margine
distantibus.—Kaulf. En. Fil. p. 32.—M. fraxinea, Rad. Fil
Bras. p. '14. t. 82. ferpens pei vp

Has. Brazil, Raddi. Macrae. Captain Carmichael.—This,
which was confounded with M. frazinea by Professor Raddi,
is abundantly distinct, in having the foliage of a much more
thin and delicate texture, the margins from the base to the

227

extremity strongly serrated with sharp teeth, and, what is
more remarkable, in the receptacles being placed in very
much interrupted lines, at a considerable distance from the
margin. The receptacles have also a more complete fissure
for their whole length, and consequently they open wider than
those of M. frazinea. It appears to be exclusively a native
of Brazil, from whence we possess specimens from Professor
Raddi, Mr. Macrae, and the late Captain Carmichael.

2. AnciopTERis. Hoffm.

Sori oblongi, transversi, in lineam submarginante confluentes.
Capsule discrete, duplici serie dispositee, ellipticee, sub-
compressee, poro antice dehiscentes.

1. A. evecta. Hoffm.

Fronde bipinnata, pinnulis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis
(acumine sterili) serratis basi subcuneato-truncatisve, venis
opacis simplicibus furcatisve intermediis nullis, soris margina-
libus dense approximatis.— Hoffm. in Comm. Get. v. 12. p. 29.
t.5. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 36.—A. Indica, Desv. Journ.
Bot. v. 1. p. 261.— A. crassipes, Wall. Cat. No. 187.

Has. Islands of the Pacific Ocean. East Indies, Dr.
Wallich. Ceylon, Dr. Emerson. Java, Dr. Blume.—We are
unable to trace any permanent difference between the various
states of this plant that have been noticed by authors. Our
friend Dr. Wallich himself doubts whether his A, crassipes
be distinct, Blume, in his Enumeratio Plantarum Jave,
describes three varieties, each of which he is almost inclined
to consider as a separate species. Of these we have seen
no authentic specimens.

2. A. longifolia (Grev. et Hook.) |

Fronde bipinnata, pinnulis lo e lineari-lanceolatis acumi-
natis breviter obtusissime dentatis basi cordatis, venis simpli-
cibus furcatisve aliis simplicibus pellucidis tenuibus alternan-
tibus, soris rémotitisculis ad summum — n
atingentibus. —— . — n

Has. Pitcairn’s and Society toiii M Mathews (m2)
—If this be examined with a little attention, it can never be

Q2

228

confounded with the preceding species. ‘The pinnules are
nearly twice as long, much narrower, and, at the same time,
more gradually attenuated: the margin is very broadly and
obtusely toothed (not serrated), the sori are placed at some
little distance from the margin, remote from each other; the
capsules are larger, more rounded at the apex, with a shorter
and blunter orifice; but the most striking points of difference
are to be found in the sori occupying the whole of the acu-
minated apex of the pinnules, and in the nerves, which are
much wider apart than in A. evecta, while there is a slender,

but very evident, pellucid simple nerve, extending from the
sinus of the teeth, and terminating near the midrib. Mr.
Mathews remarks that the fronds are 6—7 feet in height.

3. Danza. Sm.

Sori lineares, dorsales, transversi, paralleli, Capsule in se-
ries geminatas arcte connatz, superne poro dehiscentes.
Indusium superficiarium soros cingens.

1. D. simplicifolia. Rudge, Ic. Pl. Guian. t. 36.

Has. Guiana, Rudge.

2. D. elliptica. Sm. in Rees’ Cyclop.— Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil.
t. 52.—D. geniculata, Rad. Fil. Bras. p. '15. t. 5.

Has. West Indies, Jamaica, Sloane. Smith. St. Vincent,
Rev. R. Guilding. Dominica, Dr. Kraus. Brazil, Raddi.—
Sprengel has referred D. geniculata of Raddi to the D.
nodosa, without, apparently, being aware of D. elliptica. of
Smith, with which it exactly agrees.
3. D. alata. Sm. in Act. Taur, v. . 5. p. 420.— Hook. et Grev.

Ic. Fil. t. 18.

Has. West Indies. St. Vincent, Rer. T wm Jamaica,
Messrs. Lunan, Wiles, and Higson. Dominica, Dr. Kraus.
4. D. nodosa. Sm. in Act. Taur. v. 5. p. 490.— Hook. et Grev.

Ie. Fil. t. 51.—D. longifolia, aed Journ. Bie: oes
p. 267.
Has. West Indies. Jamaica, St. pait Martinique,

229

and in the Caraccas (Willd.) St. Vincent, Rev. L. Guilding.
Dominica, Dr. Kraus.
5. D. (?) paleacea, Rad. Fil. Bras. p. 16. t. 5. f. 2.

Has. Brasil, Raddi.—Professor Raddi appears to have
seen the fertile frond of this plant, but the pinna (a sterile
one being the only portion figured) is described and repre-
sented as reticulated with veins;—a structure so much at
variance with the genus, that we can hardly believe it to
form a true species of it.

4. Kavurrussia. Blume.

Sort orbiculares, sparsi. Capsule stellatim connate, superne
longitudinaliter hians. Indusium nullum.

1. K. zesculifolia. Blume, En. Pl. Jav. p. 260.—Kaulf. in Hook.
et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 229.
Has. Java, Reinwardt.

OSMUNDACEZ.

1, OSMUNDA. Linn..
Capsule globose, pedicellatze, reticulate, a basi ad gibberem
dorsalem pellucidum usque dehiscentes, in paniculam

vel ad marginem frondis dispositee. -

t Fronde foliosa fructificante.
l. O. Claytoniana. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1521.

Han. Virginia, Clayton.—Pursh is of opinion that this is
only a variety of O. cinnamomea, having the lower pinne un-
changed into fructification. We have the same appearance
on a specimen of O. cinnamomea.

2. O. interrupta, Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. v. Sg 273. !

Has. North America. " bass
3. O. pilosa. Wail,

Frondibus ovato-lanceolatis pinnatis Guningiiges densissime
ferrugineo-lanatis) pinnis lanceolatis obtusis arcte profunde
pinnatifidis . segnientia oblongis obtusis integerrimis, medium

230

versus vel ad apicem fructificantibus, capsulis nigricantibus.
— Wall. Cat. No. 52.

Has. Rio Janeiro, Dr. Wallich—This is very closely —
allied to O. interrupta of North America, which differs,
however, from it, as seen in our herbaria, in its glabrous
fronds; but, if we are not mistaken, the latter is covered in
a young and recent state with a ferruginous down, in which
case we scarcely know how the present plant is to be dis-
tinguished, except by its larger size, and denser pinnae, the
lower ones being more approximated to the rachis.

4, O. regalis. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1521.

Has. The northern parts of Europe.—This beautiful
plant is sometimes found growing to a very large size. À spe-
cimen was observed by Mr. Stewart Murray on the banks of
the Clyde above eleven feet in height.
5. O. spectabilis. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 5. p. 98.—O. regalis, Mich.

Fl. Bor. Amer. v. 2. p. 273.—O. regalis £., Linn. Sp. Pl.
p. 1521.
&. Brasiliensis : fronde rigidiore.

Haz. Canada and the United States. . Organ Moun-
tains, Brazil, Swainson.—Our specimens from the southern
states are larger than those from the north, and have their
pinnules longer and narrower. ‘The variety £. is more rigid,
and the general outline more linear.

6. O. Hilsenbergii. Hook. et Grev. :

Frondibus bipinnatis, pinnulis lineari-oblongis obtusis in-
tegris obscure crenulatis sepissime fusco-punctatis, pani
terminali bipinnata, pinnulis lineari-elongatis. pei

Has. Island of Madagascar, Mr. Hilsenberg. Professor
Bojer. Dr. Lyall (No. 300.)—This graceful species is dis-
tinguished by its lax panicle, whose pinnules are very slender
and as long as the pinnules of the sterile portion of the frond.
It is most nearly allied to the O. speciosa of Wallich,

7. O. speciosa. Wail. i
Frondibus bipinnatis, pinnulis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis

231

serrulatis, panicula terminali bipinnata, pinnulis lineari-ob-
longis (subferrugineis).— Wall. in Herb. 1823.— Cat. No. 50.

Has. Nepal and Sirnugur, Dr. Wallich,—The pinnules
are sometimes nearly three inches in length, and, like O. spec-
tiblis, destitute of auricle.

8. O. obtusifolia, Willd. Herb.—Kaulf. En. Fil. p. 43

Has. Mauritius, ( Willd.) Captain Carmichael. Madagas-
car, Mr. Hilsenberg. Professor Bojer. Dr. Lyall (801).

9. O. Javanica. Blume, En. Pl. Jav. p. 252.

Haz. Java, Dr. Blume. Kandy, in Ceylon, Col. Walker.
China, Rev. Mr. Vachell,—A very remarkable species, simply
pinnate, the pinnæ rigid, petiolate, linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate, entire, or repando-crenate.

t + Fronde fructificante a sterili diversa.
10. O. cinnamomea. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1529.
Has. Canada and the United States.
11. O. Japonica, Thunb. Fl, Jap. p. 330.
Haz. Japan, Thunberg.
12. O. lancea. Thunb. Fi. Jap. p. 330.

Haz. Japan. Thunberg—We have seen no specimens of
this and the preceding species.

2. Topea. Willd.

Capsule globose, pedicellatze, reticulatee, gibbere (vel annulo)
dorsali pellucido, lateraliter dehiscentes, venulis frondis
infer. insidentes. Spreng.

l. T. Africana. Willd. in Schrift. Acad. Erf. 1802. p. 14. t. 3.
JF. 1.—Osmunda totta, Sw. in Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800.
p. 105.—O. barbara, Thunb. Prod. p. Vil. Br. Prod.
p. 163.

Haz. Cape of Good Hope, Thunberg. New Holland,

R, Brown.

2. T. Fraseri. Hook. et Grev. Je. Fil. t. 101.

Haz. New Holland, Fraser.

232

3. T. pellucida. Carm.
` Frondibus bipinnatis membranaceis, pinnulis oblongo-lan-
ceolatis profunde pinnatifidis segmentis linearibus acutis in-
tegris vel bifidis, pinnarum rachi subtus hirsuta.— Carm. MSS.
Has. Banks of the Cowa Cowa, New Zealand.—This is, in
all probability, the species alluded to by Mr. Brown at page
163 of his Prodromus, and which we have noticed at f. 101.
of our Icones Filicum, when speaking of Todea Fraseri, a
plant allied to this in its habit and texture, but abundantly
different as a porem

(TAB, CVII]

ON A NEW SPECIES OF SAROTHRA OF LIN-
N/EUS, WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE
GENUS AND ITS AFFINITIES.

. Bx R. K. Grevitre, LL. D. anb W. J. HOOKER.

Wuitst engaged in looking over an extensive collection of
plants, gathered by Mr. Drummond upon the Missouri, near
St. Louis, we were much struck with the appearance of a
plant having the habit of Sarothra, but whose larger foliage
seemed to give it an equal claim to be considered an Hyperi-
cum. ln seeking for characters to distinguish this new plant,
which we soon found to be a true Sarothra, from the only
hithertoknown species, S. gentianoides, we were naturally led to
inquire into its right to a station among the Gentianec, where
many Botanists have placed the genus, or among the Frank-
eniacee, to which the excellent Auguste St. Hilaire bas
referred it;—most modern Botanists, apparently, having
agreed to discard it from Hypericinee ; though some, and
those who have had opportunities of investigating the genus
in a recent state, assert its claims tothe latter order, and (not
without reason), even to a place in the genus Hypericum itself.

233

Linnzeus, relying perhaps too much on the habit of some
small specimens, which resemble Exacum filiforme, and still
more Andrewsia paniculata, referred it to his Rotate ; Genti-
«nee of Juss. Jussieu himself included it in the Caryophyl-
lee in his genera Plantarum: but in his Mémoire sur les
Hypericées, in the 20th vol. of the Mém. du Mus. he says that
Sarothra may perhaps be referred to this order; and he
alludes to the relation which Richard and Michaux have
considered it to bear with Hypericum, from which, continues
M. de Jussieu, * it nevertheless differs by its stamens in a
definite number (5-10), and by the attachment of the seeds
to the margins of the valves, as in the Gentianee, to which,
if it were monopetalous, it would be farther allied by its habit
and by the perisperm which Geertner has attributed to it.”
De Candolle has not included it in any of the orders of the
. Thalamiflore : from which it may be inferred that that emi-
nent Botanist intends to place it among the Gentianez. Nut-
tall, in his * Genera of North American Plants," where he has
paid much attention to their natural affinities, observes, that
this plant is closely allied to Hypericum, and scarcely in any
respect like a Gentian, its affinity to that genus being entirely
fanciful.” In the 2d vol. of the Mém. du Mus. M. St. Hilaire
is disposed to transfer Sarothra to Violariee, on account of
the definite stamens, the nature of the perisperm, the position
of its embryo, and its seeds fixed to the inner wall of the
capsule: notwithstanding that in Viola the seeds are at-
tached to the middle of the valves, whilst here the inser-
tion is at the margin. Our author in a subsequent
treatise in the 3d vol. of the Mém. du Mus.,—taking this latter
character into account,—unites Sarothra with Frankenia and
Sauvagesia, in order to constitute the groupe of Frankeniacee ;
and in a note he remarks, ** En traitant de ce groupe, J'avais
éloigné toute idée de faire du Sarothra un Hypericum ; cepen-
dant il existe entre ces genres un trait de ressemblance qui
aura decidé le Botaniste célébre dont la plume savante a, dit-
on, été empruntée souvent par l'auteur du Flora Americe
Borealis. Dans une suite d’Hypericum indigénes de la
France, J’ai observé toutes les dégradations possibles entre

234

la capsule évidemment pluriloculaire avec insertion aile
(Rich.) et le fruit uniloculaire accompagné de l'insertion su-
turale, caractéres communs au Sarothra et à l Hypericum
elodes. Cependant la Sarothra différera toujours essentielle-
ment des Hypericum par ses étamines en nombre déterminé,
par son style et son stigmate unique, et enfin parcequ'il a bien
certainement un périsperme, tandis que J'ai reconnu Pab-
sence de ce corps dans tous lec Hypericum dont j'ai dissequé
la semence,"—'The wonder is, that so accurate a Botanist
as M. de St. Hilaire should have overlooked 2 out of the 3
styles, which most assuredly exist in this plant, which may
be seen even with the naked eye, and which almost every
Botanist who has mentioned the plant describes. It is to be
regretted that neither Mr. Lindley nor Mr. Arnott in their
Treatises on the Natural Affinities of Plants, have alluded to
this genus; so that we are ignorant of their ideas respecting
it. In the Nouveau Dictionnaire des Sciences Nat., we are told
that the genus Sarothra has been suppressed and incorrectly
united to Hypericum, “dont il trés éloigné:" but without
any information as to its right place in the Natural Method.
In the Dict. Class. d’ Hist. Nat., itis merely stated that the Sa-
rothra gentianoides **had been placed among the Caryophyllee
by Jussieu, who, however, indicated its relation to the Gen-
tianee: but that the elder Richard having examined the
plant with care, determined it to belong to Hypericum.”
Sprengel refers it to Cistoidee in his edition of the Genera
Plantarum of Linneeus; Bartling, in his Ordines Naturales
Plantarum, to Hypericee : and, lastly, Torrey, in his * Cata-
logue of North American Genera of Plants, arranged accord-
ing to the Orders of Lindley's Introduction to the Nat. Syst.
of Botany,” refers it to Hypericum itself.

Amid so many conflicting opinions, it became the more
necessary to judge for ourselves, and to submit our specimens
to a minute examination, of which, (allowance being made for
the circumstance of our only being able to have recourse to
species in a dried state,) the following is the result:—

235

SAROTHRA. Jinn.

Cal. profunde 5-partitus, persistens, segmentis lanceolatis, sub-
inzequalibus, 3-striatis, erectis, appressis, acuminatis, Pe-
tala 5, lineari-oblonga, lutea, erecto-patentia, obtusa vix
unguiculata, striata, tenui-membranacea, persistentia, seg-
mentis calycinis alternantia, siccitate ab apice involuta.
"Estivatio spiralis. Stamina hypogyna, libera, definita ?
5-20 (an plura?), persistentia. Filamenta gracilia pistilli
longitudine. Anthere subrotunde, biloculares, longitudi-
naliter dehiscentes. Pistillum solitarium. Germen ob-
longum vel ovatum uniloculare obscure longitudinaliter
3-sulcatum, superne praecipue. Styli 3, erecto-flexuosi,
filiformes, demum reflexi, germine 4 breviores. Stigmata
globosa. Capsula coriaceo-membranacea, oblonga vel

. ovata, staminibus petalis calyceque persistentibus cir-
cumdata, stylisque reflexis terminata, unilocularis, poly-
sperma, semi-trivalvis. Semina 14-20 ad margines suturae
longitudinaliter inserta, elliptica, pallide luteo-fusca,
lineis elevatis punctisque intermediis notata, majuscula.
Podospermum breve. Integumentum crustaceum. Albumen
carnosum. Embryo centralis, immersus. Radiculaad hilum
seminis versa—Herbz parve, annue, erecte, rigide, glan-
duloso-punctate, punctis pellucidis, supra basin pluries dicho-
tome ramose, Rami graciles, erecti, acute 4-anguli. Folia
parva, linearia vel subulata, opposita. Flores in ramis
vel in ramulis brevibus terminales ; nunc inter dichotomia
ramorum. subsessiles.

From this description, it will appear that Sarothra is, in
many respects, closely allied to Hypericum, differing, how-
ever, remarkably from the character hitherto given of that
genus, in the internal organization of the capsule: and
not only of that genus, but of the whole order, as detailed
by DeCandolle, * Capsula bacca ve multivalvis multilocularis;
loculi numero stylos sequantes, Placenta integra centralis seu
multipartita margini introflexo valvularum adfixa." We were
naturally led to examine if all the Hyperica had the “ central

236

placenta," and upon dissecting the capsule of the first species
which we selected, H. parviflorum, we found, that not only
was the capsule, but also the germen, perfectly free from
any placenta, and entirely unilocular: and we afterwards
ascertained that Auguste St. Hilaire had discovered that the
same structure existed in Hypericum elodes. In H. parvi-
florum, too, we observe the stamens not to be numerous; and,
as far as we could judge from our inspection of dried speci-
mens, all of them free to the base. If, then, the habit of the
plant be also considered, there can be no question ofthe pro-
priety of Sarothra being arranged with the Hypericinee : and
the only doubt remaining upon our minds is, whether it
ought not to be united with the genus Hypericum: H. parvi-
Jlorum being exactly the connecting link. Taking, however,
into account the mode of growth of our plant, its erect, rigid,
dichotomous ramification, small leaves, fewer and larger
seeds, narrow petals and the smaller number of stamens,

we, for the present, retain the genus; — 2 species we
thus define;

1. S. gentianoides ; ramosissima, foliis subulatis minutissimis
appressis, segmentis calycinis subsequalibus capsula
lineari-oblonga duplo brevioribus.— Linn.

Haz. Canada and the United States.

Some of our species of this plant, gathered by Dr. Wray
of Augusta, are from 12 to 16 inches tall, and from their
copious wiry stems afford an illustration of the fitness of the

generic name, from cagwtea, a Broom.

2. S. Drummondii ; ramosa, foliis linearibus obtusis, segmentis
calycinis erecto-patentibus inzqualibus capsula ovata
duplo fere longioribus. (Tas. CVII.)

Has. Near St. Louis, on the Missouri. ‘Drannindn tad is
far less branched than the last, less slender, with much longet
leaves and flowers, and, at first sight, bears no inconsiderable re-
semblance to Linum Virginicum. The exact number of stamens
is very difficult to ascertain in the dried states of the plant;
but we have distinctly counted as many as 19 in a flower. The

3 eer

inequality of the segments of the calyx, and their great length
in relation to that of the ovate capsule, together with the
different foliage, afford abundant characters for distinguish-
ing the present from the preceding species.

Tas. CVII. Fig. 1. Flower. Fig. 2. Stamens and pistil.
Fig. 3. Capsule, surrounded by its floral coverings. Fig. 4.
Capsule, with its valves burst. Fig. 5. Section of do. Fig. 6.
Seed. Fig.'7. Section of do. Fig. 8. Leaves. Fig. 9. Sec-
tion of the stem :—all, more or less, magnified.

[TAB. CVIIL anp CIX:
ON
CARDAMINE RHOMBOIDEA AND C. ROTUNDI-
FOLIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Having fallen into an error in the Flora Boreali- Americana,
in considering the Cardamine rotundifolia of Michaux? and
Dec., and C. rhomboidea Dec. ( Arabis rhomboidea and tuberosa,
Pers.) the same species, I gladly avail myself of the pages of
the Botanical Miscellany to correct this mistake, and to ac-
knowledge my obligations to Dr. Darlington of New Chester,
Pennsylvania, for directing my attention to the subject, which
he has done in the 18th vol. of Silliman's American Journal of
Science, p. 356: where, likewise, that accurate Botanist has
clearly defined the essential characters of the two plants.
The following remarks and the accompanying figures, will,
I trust, still further assist in elucidating the subject. —
Although, however, I am quite satisfied that L have in-
cluded the synonyms of the two species in the Flora just
mentioned; yet the specific character exclusively applies to
one, the C. rhomboidea, Dec., which alone, as far as I know, is
a native of British N. America: and I must confess myself to be
still in doubt whether this may not be the original rotundifolia of
Michaux. The character given by that author (Fl. Am. v. 2.

238

p. 30.) is equally applicable to the one species as to the other,
correctly to neither: “C. rotundifolia, caulibus simpliciusculis
debiliter procumbentibus, foliis omnibus simpliciculis sub-
orbiculatis integriusculis.” Some years ago, Dr. Boott’s
specimens of C. rhomboidea, Dec., were compared with
Michaux's Herbarium, and pronounced by Richard himself
to be the C. rotundifolia, Mich.,—as certified upon the
paper containing the specimens. It was from these facts
that I was led to consider the two species identical in my
Flora; and I should have continued in error were it not
for Dr. Darlington's criticisms, and for beautiful specimens
of the two plants which I received from Dr. Darlington,
along with many other rarities, through the kindness of my
inestimable friend Dr. Boott. Persoon has made no altera-
tion in the specific character of Michaux's C. rotundifolia ;
but under the genus Arabis he has given the C. rhomboidea
of De Candolle; according to tbis latter author under two
names: * 4. rhomboidea, foliis glabris rhomboideis, infimis
longe petiolatis, radice tuberosa ;" and * 4. tuberosa, caule sim-
plice, foliis lato-lanceolatis dentatis inferioribus subpetiolatis.
radice tuberoso-fibrosa." The former of these two specific
names (though, in my opinion, by far the least appropriates)
has been adopted by De Candolle for this the tuberous-r

kind, which he has rightly referred to Cardamine ; and this
species is followed, first, in the Systema Vegetabilium, and, 2dly,
in the Prodromus, by the C. rotundifolia, with the amended
character, * foliis orbiculatis subdentatis glabris petiolatis,
caulibus debilibus procumbentibns, radice fibrosa." Nuttall
has quoted the C. rotundifolia of Mich., but doubtfully, as 4
synomyn to A. rhomboidea. Pursh has a C. rotundifolia of
Mich., and an Arabis rhomboidea of Persoon, copying the
characters of the respective authors verbatim, and offering
no remarks. Dr. Bigelow has adopted the Arabis rhomboidea
of Persoon, and given a good description. That author's *C-
rotundifolia, Mich." is given, with a mark of doubt, as the true
plant of Michaux, and is in reality a very different species (C
bellidofolia), inhabiting thehighest summit of the White Moun-
tains. The latest work on American Botany that I have the oppor

239

tunity of consulting, is the Florula Cestrica of Dr. Darlington,
who keeps up the C. rhomboidea (under Arabis) and C. rotun-
. difolia, and well distinguishes them: yet remarks that Dr.
Muhlenberg seemed to think that Michaux’s description of
the latter plant was intended for the former; but declaring
his own opinion and that of Dr. Torrey to the contrary. The
question of the identity of Michaux’s plant, however, can
only be set at rest by a careful examination of the original
specimen. It will be seen that Richard pronounced Dr. Boott’s
specimen of C. rhomboidea to be the C. rotundifolia of Mi-
chaux ; while the equally learned De Candolle, who has,
in all probability, seen Michaux's original specimens in the
Herbarium at Paris, considers these latter to be the same
with his C. rotundifolia. His authority, in this case of doubt,
it will be safest to follow, especially as his ideas are now
generally adopted.

1. Cardamine rhomboidea ; caule simplici erectiusculo, foliis
simplicibusinferioribus longepetiolatis rotundato-cordatis
integerrimis vel subsinuatis caulinis superioribus ovali-
bus sinuato-dentatis supremis lanceolatis sessilibus,
radice tuberosa. (Tap. CVIIL)— Cardamine rhomboi-
dea, De Cand. Syst. Veget. v. 9. p. 946. Ejusd. Prodr.
v. l. p. 149. Spreng. Syst. Veget. v. 2. p. 885.

Arabis rhomboidea. Pers. Syn. Pl. v. 2. p. 204. P. Fi.
Am, v. 2. p. 43t. Nutt. Gen. Am. v. 2. p. 10. Elliott,
Carol. v. 2. p. 149. Bigel. Fl. Bost. — 252. Dar-
lingt. Florul. Cestrica, p. '14.

Arabis tuberosa. Pers. Syn. Pl. v. 2. p. 204.
Arabis bulbosa. “ Muhl. Cat. n. 104.” |

- Cardamine rotundifolia. Hook. Fl. Bor. dm v p.d
(excl. syn. prior, Michauxii? Candollii et Purshii) -

Nesactiom Virginianum Cochlearizefolio flore albo amplior.
Pluken. Amalth. t. 435. f. 6. :

“ Arabis folis ovatis dota bis Gron. . Fi. p.997

240

magnitudine seminis Pisi sativi, albis, farinaceis, fibris
numerosis capillaribus immixtis. Caulis erectus vel
basi solummodo nonnunquam magis minusve decumbens,
flexuosus, palmaris ad pedalem, simplex vel superne
rarissime divisus, glaber, in examplaribus septentrionali-
bus a Drummondio lectis, pubescenti-hirsutus, superne
precipue foliosus. Folia remota; radicalia (plurima) et

. caulina inferiora longe petiolata orbiculari-cordata, sinu
profundiusculo, integerrima vel margine leeviter sinuata:
superiora seu intermedia, brevius petiolata, ovalia seu
elliptica, sinuato-dentata; suprema sensim minora, magis
elongata, profundius dentata, omnino sessilia: omnia
glabra subsucculenta. Flores corymbosi, magnitudine et
colore C. pratensi. Calyx glaber, nonnunquam, ubi cau-
lis pubescens, pedicellique hirsuti, pilis raris sparsi.
Petala obovato-cuneata, inferne in unguem attenuata.
Fructus immaturus lineari-attenuatus, gracilis, patens,
stylo elongato terminatus.

Has. Borders of rivulets and springs, probably through-
out the whole length of North America; in the Southern
States, as in the upper districts of Carolina and Georgia
(Elliott); banks of the Mississippi (C. S. Parker); in the
Middle States, Bigelow, Boott, Greene, Darlington, Schweinitz ;
as far north as lat. 57°, and there extending from the Rocky
Mountains to Hudson's Bay, (Drummond).

* The plant, after maturing its fruit, speedily withers and
disappears. After the first week in June it is difficult to find
a vestige of it.” (Darl.)—The tubers of the root are said by
Dr. Darlington to be pungent to the taste; and the herbage
Mr. Pursh describes as so much resembling spring Cresses,
that he strongly recommends the plant to general cultivation,
as it will grow in any soil. Persoon's name of tuberosa; which
is of equal date with that of rhomboidea, would be more ii
to the plant. 1

Tas. CIX. Fig. 1, Flower. Fig. 2, Petal. Fig. 3, Ra-
ceme of young fruit, and fig. 4, single young fruit or siliqua:

241

—nat. size. Fig. 5, The same, magnified, as are figs. 1
and 2.

2. Cardamine rotundifolia ; caule decumbente ramoso, foliis
obtuse repando-dentatis petiolatis inferioribus rotundatis
reliquis lato-ovalibus, petiolo elongato nunc uni-bi-folio-
lato, radice subrepente fibrosa. (Tas. CIX.)—Cardamine
rotundifolia. Mich. Am. v. 2. p. 30.? Pursh, Fl. Am. v. 2.
p. 439. Pers. Syn. Pl. v. 2. p. 195. Spreng. Syst. Veget.
v. 2. p. 885. De Cand. Syst. Veget. v. 2. p. 941. Ejusd.
Prodr. v. 1. p. 149. Darl. Florul. Cestr. p. 55. (non
Hook., nec. Bigel.)

Haz. Along the banks of streams in the mountains of
Carolina, Michaux ? Virginia, Pursh. Louisiana, C. S.
Parker, Esq. Near West Chester, Pennsylvania, which is
probably its northern limits, and where it is rare. Dr. Dar-
lington. — i
Radix subrepens, fibrosa. Caulis gracilis, glaber, spithameeus

et ultra, nunc pedalis, decumbens, ramosus; ramis elon-
gatis tenuibus simplicibus foliosis, ex axillis petiolorum
progredientibus. Folia sparsa, magis minusve petiolata
etiam ad extremitates ramorum: inferiora multo majora
(vix ulla omnino radicalia) longe petiolata, orbiculata seu
ovali-orbiculata; petiolo sursum dilatato, non raro hinc
lobulo solitario aucto seu unifoliolato; hinc folium sub-
compositum: superiora sensim minora, late ovalia, omnia
obtuse sinuato-dentata breve petiolata. Flores in corym-
bum seu racemum dispositi, remoti, minores quam in
C. rhomboidea.. Silique immature, lineari-subulate, pa-
tentissimse. . eso

Dr. Darlington has observed a pair of lobes on the petioles
of the larger leaves, hence showing a great disposition to be-
Come pinnated, as is the case with the greater number of spe-
cies of the genus. The same author farther remarks; ‘the
C. rotundifolia continues to extend its slender branches, fresh
and green, nearly throughout the summer: they usually lie
_ Prostrate on the mud, and often strike root after the manner of
creeping or radicating stems, a circumstance never observed

VOL. III. R

242

in the other species. Sometimes a young shoot or prolifer-
ous stem starts from the end of the raceme of Silique after
the fruit is fully grown."

Tas. XCVII. Fig. 1, Flower. Fig. 2, young siliqua :—
magnified. `

ESSLINGEN, 15th February, 1832.
NOTICE TO THE MEMBERS OF THE
UNIO ITINERIA.

As the distribution of the specimens of plants collected last -
year in the western and upper Pyrenées, and in the depart-
ment des Landes, is now so far advanced as to allow the
shares to be despatched in the space of about three weeks,
and as the very considerable expense of this journey is not
yet covered, we feel it incumbent, previously to giving to our -
fellow-members the following more full account, to offer a
proposal, by the approbation of which an easier method for
covering the expenses would be obtained.

Completely as the third journey to the Pyrenées has
succeeded, through the praiseworthy zeal of our traveller, yet
the pleasure we felt at the beautiful and rare acquisitions, has
been painfully saddened by his death, which took place after
the termination of his journey. Happy and in perfect health
had our friend Endress, after having performed his task,
returned in the middle of November, as far as Paris, where
he enjoyed during a fornight the hospitality of M. Gay, who,
as member of the Unio, takes so lively an interest in its
promotion, But leaving Paris in very unfavourable weather,
and arriving at Strasburg, he fell ill at that place, and died,
in consequence of an inflammatory fever, on the 9th day,
(Dec. 9,) notwithstanding that Professor Nestler of that
place took every care that neither medical assistance 1 nor any :
necessary comfort should be wanting.

This sad occurrence; in which all members of the Unio

243

will share, has still farther increased the expenses, both by
his illness and by the funeral, which could not be expected
to be defrayed by the very scanty means of his parents.

The account shows that, besides the shares already sub-
scribed for, 20 more single shares should be made up and
offered for sale, in order completely to cover the expenses:
but, in that case, each single share at 30s. could not contain
more than 150 specimens.* In place of this, we now make
a proposal to increase to subscribers for single shares, of
which there are 60 on the list, the number of specimens to
200, in return for which we solicit an addition of 10s. to the
sum already subscribed. We not only think this proposal
to be very desirable for the members, since they obtain, by
these means, a more complete Flora of the Pyrenées, but
we also think it to be our duty to make this proposal to them
before we look out for other subscribers. However, we re-
quest such of the members as are not agreeable to our
present proposal, but remain satisfied with the number of
150 distinct species, to send us their answer by post, as we -
shall consider each subscriber from whom no answer has —
arrived by the 5th of March, as coinciding in our proposal,
and shall draw upon the receiver for the additional 10s.

With regard to the Algiers Expedition, we are enabled to
present the agreeable news, that Mr. Schimper arrived
there on the 10th of last December, and that his reports
are very promising for a favourable result of the under-
taking. In the mean time, Mr. Schimper, in case he succeeds
in entering into an advantageous agreement with a French
medical officer, who is also a botanist, and who has offered
his services, will again leave Algiers for the Balearic Islands,
by which means the Unio Itineraria may expect to obtain not
only one twelvemonths' Flora of Algiers, (collected for the
summer season by the French botanist,) but also a Flora of

— =

s A teiaa site a e TÉ
greater expenses of the journey. But, on the other hand, the species are more
scarce and of greater interest to the science. As proof of it, a printed list, enu-
merating part of the collection, will here be added.

R2

244.
the aforesaid Islands, for which purpose Mr. S. is provided

with the best instructions; and if we meet with sufficient sup-
port, of which we can scarcely doubt, Mr. S. is, in that case,
to continue in the Balearic Islands for a whole year, from
whence he might alternately visit likewise the neighbouring
Spanish coast of Valencia aud Catalonia.* In the spring of
1833, for which year fresh subscriptions are to be made, we
wish to send him either to Spain exclusively, and that chiefly
to the mountainous parts of Grenada, or, in case the passage
to Mount Atlas were accessible by that time, to send him
again to Algiers. We have indeed fixed the amount of a
single subscription for the Algiers journey to 60s., but, for
the sake of enabling every member of the Unio, to whom
that amount might be too high, to participate in it, we are
willing to receive also subscriptions for half shares at 30s.
That subscriptions for Insects, Mollusca, and other Zoologi-
cal subjects, are also to be received, we have already noticed
in our first prospectus concerning the journey to Algiers.

_ For the satisfaction of such members as have subscribed
for Caucasian specimens of plants, we can state, from letters
received, that several interesting transports of them are on
their road hither, whose arrival are shortly expected, and of
which a fuller account will be given in due time.

ENUMERATION of part of the PrANTS collected in 1831 by
_M. Enpress, in the Pyrenees and the department DES
LANDES.
Veronica nummularia, Gouan. Pinguicula grandiflora, Lam.
— lusitanica, L. Airopsis globosa, Dec. Trichodium elegans,
Thore. Avena Thorei, Duby, (longifolia, Thore). Koeleria
setacea, Dec. Festuca sabulicola, Duf. Phleum Gerardi,

*

* Just as this notice was in the press, we received another letter with very
favourable accounts from Mr. Schimper, but, at the same time, with a proposal,
to suffer him to proceed to Tunis in the beginning of next summer, where tho
high mountains are now accessible, which proposal might merit a preference ; but
which must be decided by circumstances. : , |

245

Ail. Scirpus tenuifolius, Dec. Galium cespitosum, Ram
Asperula hirta, Ram. ' Potamogeton variifolius, Thore. Ana-
gallis crassifolia, Thore. Androsace argentea, Lap. A. cili-
ata, Dec. A. diapensoides, Lap. (pyrenaica, Dec.) Ramondia
pyrenaica, Pers. Viola cornuta, L. Beta maritima, L. Herni-
aria pyrenaica, Gay. (n. sp.) Bupleurum pyrenaicum, Gouan.
Gaya pyrenaica, Gaud. (fructifera). Libanotis verticillata,
Dec. Helosciadium intermedium, Dec. (Sison inundato-ver-
ticillatum, hore.) Merendera Bulbocodium, Ram. Narcissus
Bulbocodium, ZŁ. Scilla nutans, Sm. S. umbellata, Ram. As-
phodelus albus, Z. Luzula pediformis, Dec. Juncus pygmaeus,
Thuill, Triglochin Barrelieri, Lois. Erica polytrichifolia, Salisb.
E. scoparia, L. Passerinanivalis, Ram. Saxifraga ajugæfolia, L.
—aretioides, Lap. — capitata, Lap. — Geum, L. —groenland-
ica, L. — nervosa, Lap. — Saponaria cespitosa, Dec. (elegans
Lap.) Silene stellata, Lap. (ciliata, Pourr.) —bicolor, Thore. Are-
naria montana, L. (multicaulis, Thore.) — purpurascens, Dec.
— tetraquetra £. uniflora, Gay. Lychnis corsica, Lois. — py-
renaica, Berg. (nummularia, Lap.). Lythrum Grefferi, Ten.
Reseda sesamoides, L. Potentilla alchemilloides, Lap. Heli-
anthemum alyssoides, Vent. Aquilegia pyrenaica, Dec. Ane-
mone fulgens, Dec. Ranunculus amplexicaulis, L. Hyssopus
officinalis, L. Bartsia spicata, Ram. var. Linaria juncea, Dec.
Orobanche pruinosa, Lapp. Alyssum arenarium, Dec. Coch-
learia pyrenaica, Dec. Sennebiera pinnatifida, Dec. Cheiran-
thus sinuatus, Z. Cardamine latifolia, Vahl. Geranium cine-
reum, Cav. — Endressi, Gay. (species nova, in memoriam be-
ati Endress, dicta). Genista hispanica, L. Adenocarpus parvi-
folius, Dec. Astragalus bayonnensis, Lois. Ornithopus com-
pressus, L. — ebracteatus, Brot. — roseus, Duf. Medicago
striata, Bast. Vicia Orobus, Dec. Orobus ensifolius, Dec. Hi-
eracium compositum, Lap. — lampsanoides, Gouan. Inula
tuberosa, Lam, Erigeron graveolens, L. Aster pyrenæus, Desv.
Centaurea Endressi, Hochst. et Steud. (C. nigra var. radiata
Dec. sed a C. nigra abunde diversa) Serratula Bocconi,
Gus. Serapias cordigera, Z. — Lingua, Z. Carex Pyren-
aica, Wahl. — trinervis, Desgl. Quercus fastigiata, Lam.
— Tozza, Desf. Asplenium fontanum, Dec. z

246

Each ‘subscriber for a single share, who agrees to the
additional payment of 10s., can rely upon his share of 200
specimens containing every one of the above enumerated
plants.

Those subscribers who have paid for double shares, and
on whom no additional demand can be made, will find the
above printed notice put up with their respective shares.

(Signed) Pror. HocusrETTER.
Dn. STEUDEL.

A SKETCH

THE PROVINCE OF EMERINA,*
In the Island of Madagascar, and of the Huwa, its Inhabitants ;
WRITTEN DURING A YEAR'S RESIDENCE

BY THE BOTANISTS

CHARLES THEODORE HILSENBERG or ERFURT,
! AND

WENCESLAUS BOJER or PRAGUE, IN BOHEMIA.
(With an APPENDIX on the TANGHINA POISON.)

** Til faut chercher seulement à penser et à parler juste, sans vouloir amener
les autres à nôtre gout et à nos sentimens.” —La Bruyere,

: Tannanarivou, Emerina, May, 1823.

PREFACE. d

OF all the provinces into which the great Island of Madagas-
car is divided, none attracts so much curiosity at this moment
as the province of Emerina, not only by its situation, its great

* Every one who has taken any interest in the Botany of the east coast of
Africa, and of the islands of Mauritius and Madagascar, is aware what great

247

extent, the peculiar customs of its numerous population, the
mode of its government, &c. bnt principally by the relations
which the British Government keeps up there, with a view
to civilize the people, and to impart to them an acquaintance
with European arts and sciences. i

Having been deputed by his Excellency Sir R. Townshend
Farquhar, Bart. Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the
island of Mauritius and its dependencies, to accompany James
Hastie, Esq. the general agent in Madagascar, to Emerina,
there to explore, in our capacity of naturalists, this. vast, and
hitherto almost unknown country, and to contribute, by our
discoveries, to the progress of the sciences, and of botany in
particular, we here offer some sketches of our observations,
made from the period of our arrival in Madagascar, in May,
1822, to the time of our departure.

I shall not dwell long on the provinces of Béhdzimicharac
and Béhtanihména, which have been made known by the
repeated visits of merchants, both because I did little more
than pass through them, and because the fever which attacked
me at the beginning of my tour in the interior, made me un-
able to remark anything of importance. I shall, therefore,
confine myself to what I observed in the province of Emerina,
though there, also, I shall be obliged to repeat many things
written some time ago by the able pen of Mr. Hastie.

services have been rendered to science by the researches of the intelligent and
indefatigable Naturalists, Messrs. Hilsenberg and Bojer. The journal of their
residence at Emerina, the most extensive and most important province of Ma-
dagascar, has been kindly communicated to me by my invaluable friend Mr.
Telfair, with permission to publish such portions of it as I might think suited
to the pages of the Botanical Miscellany. 1f I have, in making this selection,
not confined myself to those portions of the Journal which were strictly botani-
cal, I shall have, I trust, the approbation of my readers, on account of the
highly curious details of the manners and customs that are given of a people
little visited by Europeans, and only partially described by a few recent travel-
lers. Mr. Hilsenberg has since died, during the voyage of Captain Owen, who
surveyed the East Coast of Africa, in H. M. S. Leven, while M. Bojer, now
Professor of Botany at the Royal College in the Mauritius, prosecutes there his
favourite studies with unabated zeal.—Ep. ——

248

In general, my remarks on the customs of the people may
be considered as bearing prospectively on the future; for ever
since the treaty between His Excellency Sir R. T. Farquhar
and King Radama, followed by the abolition of the slave
trade, and the frequent visits of Mr. Hastie, a great change
has taken place in the court and country. The European
manner of dressing, eating, &c. has been partially introduced ;
three missionaries have been sent, by the London Missionary
Society, to instruct the young natives in religion, and reading
and writing; artizans have come over to show them our
trades and our modes of labour: in short, Government has
expended, and still is laying out, large sums of money, in
order to civilize this country, especialy the province of
Emerina, and of which the natives always showed themselves
most willing and able to receive and appreciate our customs.

The end will surely crown all the efforts of our British
Government, and contribute to the glory of a nation, one of
the principal objects of which has ever been the civilization
of people who are plunged in profound ignorance; and
thereby to lead them, by the gentlest means, to the know-
ledge of Christianity, of its peaceful and beneficent precepts,
without which no society can enjoy real felicity.

We beg the indulgence of the reader if we have not been
so diffuse as the importance of the subject might demand;
but it is very difficult to acquire an entire insight into the
customs of a people whose language is imperfectly known to
us, without even looking to the length of time which such a
description would require, and which, with us, was very much.
circumscribed. :

uisi THEODORE HILSENBERG.

* WENcESLAUS BoJER.

Tannanarivou, EMERINA,
May 15, 1823.

Tue Province of Emerina, which may be secos as ihe
centre of Madagascar, but whose geographical situation is
not correctly known, is divided into several sub-provinces or

249

dependencies. It is the most elevated district of the whole
of this vast island, and, for the same reason, also the healthiest,
being the only part where the life of an European is not in
hazard. All the face of the country is covered with moun-
tains, which are generally sterile, and on which are. great
masses of rock: from this circumstance, there is none of the
dangerous fever that prevails near the coast, and periodical
maladies are unknown. Fertility of soil cannot, however, be
enumerated among the advantages of this district; it is more
barren than the maritime provinces, particularly those lying
towards the west. The soil that is reddish, and full of
stones, produces but little; the want of good culture, and the
disadvantages of climate, contributing to increase its natural
sterility. Five months only of the year can be employed in
agriculture, as a distressing drought prevails in the remainder,
especially from the end of April to September. At this sea-
son, also, it is very cold in the mornings, owing to a dry wind
which blows from the east, and only ceases at the end of
September, when the thermometer often drops to '7°X°. All
vegetation is parched and dried up, not a drop of rain falls,
though this is partly compensated by a heavy fog, which
nightly envelops the mountains, and is precipated to the
earth on the rising of the sun. But from October to
the end of March, the heat increases and becomes some-
times excessive; rain falls daily, beginning in the after-
noon and lasting all night, often so violently as to tear up
the soil and carry away the trees, hills, and even the rocks.
This is also the season of storms, and often accompanied
with dreadful hurricanes, of which it is difficult to imagine
the violence, and impossible to withstand the fury. Destruc-
tion and tumult mark their progress; earthquakes occasion-
ally take place, though not of a violent description ; and hail-
stones, of enormous size, fall, which are much dreaded by
the inhabitants on account of their rice, that is pamp above
ground at that period. '

Agriculture is very carelessly performed at- Emèritia; as
in the other parts of Madagascar. : The natives are too in-
dolent, and they leave almost every thing to nature. Con-

250

tented with stirring up the ground with a spade, and scattering
a few seeds, they are sure of reaping a harvest which will
supply all their wants during the year; and though the
inhabitants of Emerina are compelled, by the nature of the
soil, to take rather more pains, yet there we may see, with -
regret, large tracts of land lying fallow, which might produce
enormous crops, and where now the careless inhabitants only
plant a few plots of rice. Here, as elsewhere, it seems re-
served to European industry to transform these deserts into
habitable tracts; for, with proper care, they would produce
six times the food requisite for the present number of in-
habitants.

Rice, the great object of Madagascar culture, and the
principal article of their food, is well known to prefer the
marshy spots; consequently, the low lying grounds, where
the water does not run off, or the sides of the river, where
inundation is easy, are preferred for this purpose. After
having divided the plot into little squares with the spade,
called Fangadi, the rice is thrown in, which soon germinates,
and, after transplantation, yields a hundred fold. The man-
ner of planting Rice is different among the Béhtanihména.
These people do not sow their seed, in order to transplant it
afterwards, but put in the rice as we should do kidney-beans.
They select the gloomiest spots, even the centre of a wood,
and, having cleared a space of ground, they dibble holes with
a sharp pointed stick, and drop in the grain. ‘This is done
twice a year; and from this district the finest and whitest
rice in Madagascar is obtained. The ground is frequently
changed, and another spot cleared: but after two or three
years the natives return to the original place, and cultivate
it anew; and wherever they sow their seed, there they are
sure of an abundant return, independent of the state of the
weather. Sometimes they select a half dried marsh, and
sending in their oxen they drive them backwards and for-
wards till the ground is become like wet mud, when they
put in their seed. Every fortnight, or at longest, monthly,
the soil is carefully cleared of weeds, until the rice begins to
flower, after which it remains undisturbed. The Béhtanih-

251

ména have also a different mode of cutting rice from the
inhabitants of Emerina; that is, they only take off the ear,
and leave the stalk; and instead of beating out the grain,
they rub it with the hand over an outspread mat. The
standing straw is used for manure, instead of being burned,
as at Emerina; the oxen are littered with it, and it is laid
over the soil. Women and children only are employed in
the culture of rice, the men assisting to clear the ground.
Thus it may be observed that the inhabitants of Madagascar
could hardly maintain themselves without the existence of
those extensive marshes, which constantly exhale pestilential
miasmata, and to which the insalubrity of the climate may
justly be attributed.

To return to Emerina. After Rice, Manioc and Batatas
are the chief articles of food to its population. "The roots of
Manioc often acquire a monstrous size, and we have measured
some which were 15 feet long, and almost a foot in diameter.
Then come Maize, seasoned herbs, “ Giromonds," Calabashes,
Earth-nuts, ( Arachis,) Sugar-canes, Pine-apples, Breadfruit, and
the Vine : andamong the articles of manufacture are Cotton and
Hemp, &c.; Potatoes, that Mr. Hastie introduced, have thriven
admirably, and are of excellent quality. The same may be said
of other vegetables, such as beans and peas. The climate of
Emerina seems peculiarly suitable to European plants, and we
cannot but hope that a great quantity may soon be naturalized.
Itis muchto be regretted that thedegrading love of gain, which
characterizes these people, and of which we shall have to cite
but too many instances, rarely allows them to wait till the
productions of the soil have attained a proper maturity: they
gather their vegetables and fruit, and carry them to the
bazaar, before they are half ripe, in order to secure some
paltry pieces of coin. — ET RON Xd

An exact enumeration of all the indigenous Madagascar
plants, is, and will long remain, a desideratum in botany.
Centuries must previously elapse, and the knowledge can
only be obtained through the exertions of the sons of the
north, who will render the climate of Madagascar less preju-
dicial by extending the limits of its cultivation, and exploring

252

the hitherto undiscovered districts. The productions of the
west, nortb, and southern coasts, and of all the interior, re-
main entirely unknown, and the slender documents that have
been furnished, as to the vegetation of the N. East, by the
French naturalists, most of whom have perished from the
effects of the climate, serve rather to stimulate, than to satisfy,
a botanist's curiosity. We were so fortunate as to be the first
botanists who penetrated the interior of the island with a view
to study its vegetable treasures, which, though possessing
some points in common with other maritime countries, yet
present many singular features, and of which, we propose, at
a future period, to publish scientific descriptions: still, we
must frankly confess, that we but traced a slender path to- —
wards the approaches of those immense and inexhaustible
natural riches, of which the most creative fancy can hardly
pencil a sketch.

_ At Emerina, however, one must not seek those magnificent
forests which adorn the eastern shores of Madagascar, though
small plantations, and a few trees, are not of unfrequent
occurrence, especially in the neighbourhood of villages. The
nearest forests are two or three days’ journey from the capi-
tal; in consequence of which, wood is dear, and the inhabi-
tants are obliged to make use of grass, straw, and dried dung;
to cook their food, and for common fuel.

Emerina is very productive in cattle, which are remarkably
large and fat; there are, also, many sheep, differing little
from goats, being covered with hair instead of wool. Their
heads, however, are broader, and their tails so big as fre-
quently to weigh 9-10 Ibs. Hogs and Cabris also abound;
but, by an absurd command of the ancient kings, they are
not allowed to come near the capital, and are kept at five oF
six leagues distance, This regulation has, however, been
recently abolished, at the request of Mr. Hastie. Poultry,
as well as turkeys, which Mr. Hastie has introduced, are €x-
cessively numerous; and, among the game, are wild ducks;
that often cover the whole surface of the ponds. The rivers
produce but little fish, and are full of Caymans; but Eels and
Crabs abound, the latter often of enormous size. The only

253

mode of fishing is by baskets and lines; the use of nets is un-
known.

Notwithstanding the productions that we have enumerated,
the inhabitants of Madagascar are but ill fed for half the
year,—they prefer fried grasshoppers and silkworms, esteem-
ing the latter a great delicacy; but their principal dainty is
the flesh of an unborn, and but half-formed, calf; to obtain
which, they frequently destroy the cows;—an inhuman prac-
tice, which, since our visit to Emerina, has been forbidden
by Government. A great number of very large and useless
dogs are kept by the people: these animals often make a most
hideous noise during the night, for if one of them chances to
bark, the others immediately chime in with a dreadful chorus
of yells and howls.

The inhabitants eat twice or thrice a day: their common
meal is boiled rice, with the addition of some roots and leaves,
seasoned with pimenta and black salt. The latter is extracted
from the ashes of the Reed mace (Typha communis), called
Vundra, and which they have a habit of licking frequently.
Their mode of feeding is disgusting to an European; they
rarely employ knives or forks to divide the beef or fowl, which
are their customary meat, but pluck it to pieces with their
fingers, and put it into the mouth with the hand. Pure water
is their sole beverage; but those who can procure intoxicat-
ing liquors are but too fond of them. After every meal, they
carefully clean their teeth ; a laudable practice, to the neglect
of which may be attributed the toothaches which are so dis-
tressingly prevalent in Europe.

The inhabitants of the province of Emerina call themselves
Huwa, or Ambaniandru, and, ironically, Ambua-lambu
(dog and hog); a name originally conferred on them by their -
enemies, the Saccalawa, and under which they are known in
the colonies. In person, they are about the middling stature
of Europeans: their colour varies considerably, some being
very black, others only swarthy; but the complexion of the
greater number is olive-brown. All those who are black
have woolly hair, like the negroes of the African coast, while
those who resemble mulattoes, or Indians, in tint, have long

254

hair like Europeans: their features are very regular, with
fine eyes, and well-set teeth, which they have a custom of
blackening at intervals with the root of a climbing plant, the
Lingun, with the intention of rendering them whiter. In
disposition they are lively and obliging ; but vain, capricious,
revengeful, and avaricious. They are very ready in the use
and application of their bodily powers: and in the great
assemblies, or Khabars, often exhibit much genius and natu-
ral eloquence.

The native costume is simple. The men, who are robust
and well proportioned, wrap themselves in a cloth, which
they throw like a cloak over their shoulders; and another, that
is wound round the waist. These garments, being very rarely
changed or washed, harbour a great quantity of vermin, of which
the wearers are so little ashamed, that they make no scruple
of standing in the sun, in the open streets, and employing
their slaves to rid them of the annoyance. Their hair is
platted in little locks; which are becoming in appearance;
but as it is the custom to anoint the head with ox-grease, and
to wear no covering, the heat of the sun renders the scent
intolerable. The beard is suffered to grow on the chin only,
being eradicated on other parts of the face with pincers. The
king’s guard have now their hair cropped: this regulation
caused, two years ago, a revolution among the women, who
were much distressed at seeing their husbands: deprived of
their ornamental locks; but the execution of seven of these
females, with several men, who were the instigators of the
disturbance, restored tranquillity. Both men and women
adorn the'upper part of the arms and the belly with scars,
differing according to taste, and resembling bas-relief. Many
individuals also pierce their ears and dilate the perforations
so as to admit the three fore-fingers. Their principal finery”
consists in decorating their feet, hands, and neck, with chains
of silver, coral, and pieces of money, from a franc to a piastre
in value, amounting sometimes to 200-300 francs. They keep
these jewels as their most precious possessions, often not
parting with them even after their death, Children of both -
sexes go naked to six or seven years of age, and the slaves

r

255

are generally in a state of perfect nudity, and disgustingly
filthy.

The costume of the women is similar to that of the men:
but they adjust the cloth in a different fashion, and frequently
wear an Akandzu, which covers the bosom. The hair is
divided into a great number of small tresses, varying accord-
ing to fancy, and a great deal of time is spent in keeping it
in order.

Though the Huwa women cannot generally claim the
praise of having fine figures, yet a great many are endowed
with expressive countenances and brilliant eyes. Of this, they
seem sufficiently aware; they are almost, without exception,
addicted to intrigue, and their love of money and of dress,
aided, unhappily, by the intercourse of Europeans, divests
them of all sentiments of honour and of decency. Gay and
affable in disposition, with ingeniously braided hair, and
. White teeth, these women, wrapped in their Tuturanuh, are
as skilful as any Parisian or Florentine females in setting off
their charms and captivating the attention of spectators; and
the ancient law of Emerina, which sentenced a woman, con-
victed of adultery, to lose her head, and made the husband
the executioner, now remains a dead letter.

_ The people of Emerina, though without any form of divine

worship, yet acknowledge a Supreme Being, as the patron of
justice and virtue, who will punish or reward men after
death, according to their deeds. The initiatory Hebraic:rite
of circumcision (Mamurah) is every where performed on

boys, seven or eight days after their birth, and is solemnised

with much festivity in the family. One of their great periods
of rejoicing is at the commencement of the year, and is called
the Feast of Bathing. 'The year in this country, is measured
by thelunar evolutions; thus it sometimes consists of 12, some-
times of 13 portions, and the termination and commencement -
ofthe year do not occur on the same day, nor always in the.
same month. It is generally in June or July, and on the first

day of the new moon, that the year begins, and it is marked

by the ceremony which I have elsewhere described. _

Madagascar exhibits an extraordinary number of absurd

256

superstitions and prejudices, of which it would be difficult to
trace the origin, though most of them seem to have a connec-
tion with the vestiges of barbaric religion, transmitted to its
inhabitants by their African and Asiatic neighbours. In sor-
cery, ghost-seers, and diabolie agency, they put implicit
faith, and even laugh at those who seem to be incredulous.
Cats and owls (Vuran-Dulu) ave. creatures of which they
never permit the existence among them; because they aver
that they partake in sorcercy, ani that it could not be a
practised without their agency.*

The Skide, or oracle, of the Madagasses, which is ‘daily
interrogated by them, consists in a very fine sand, which they
put in a fan used for cleansing the rice, and make prayers
over it:—afterwards they boil it several times, and having
traced an indistinct sort of writing upon it, they pretend to
discover the past, present, and future by these ceremonies. If
sick or uneasy, or if they desire to be informed of the health
of their friends who are absent at war, they instantly consult
this divinity, and give implicit credence to the answers thus
obtained. They never eat any thing which the Skide has
prohibited: the Royal Family, especially, and the nobility,
will not so much as touch the presents commonly brought
by their subjects till they are assured by the oracle that no
harm or danger will result from the use of them. :

The Tanghen (or Tanghina), which is the seed of a tree
(Fowghinin; Petit Thouars), unfortunately too abundant
throughout this vast island, and which is one of the swiftest and
most deadly of vegetable poisons, is very often employed forthe
detection of theft, or asa test in any case where proof of a crime
iswanting. This kernel is bruised on a stone, and infused in
water, which the accused person is compelled to drink. If he
maintains his innocence, and if he has no witnesses, then three
bits of chicken skin are added to the dose, and he is compelled
to swallow rice water till the poison is rejected by the stomach ;

eine

* Since the date of this Journal, cats have been permitted to enter de
dwellings.

257

when, if the three pieces of skin are not also vomited, he is
considered guilty of the crime in question. Generally speak-
ing, the Tanghen is but little employed except in the province
of Emerina, and there its application to persons is becoming
daily more unfrequent, being confined to the test of great
crimes, as conspiracy against the king, or accusation of sor-
cery (Bamusawu) or of being a poisoner, where other proof
of these crimes is wanting. The Huwa, on the slightest
indisposition, or suspicion of having taken poison, assemble
their slaves, and administer the Tanghen to them indiscrimi-
nately, in order to detect the malefactor. Still, as these
executions cannot take place without the authority of the
king, who is daily becoming more and more enlightened, the
Tanghen is less used on human beings, and it is common to
substitute two dogs for the accuser and the accused, and to
make them drink the poison; when, if the animal of the
former dies, he is adjudged to pay a fine as a false witness,
and vice versa if the dog of the accused person falls a victim.*

But the most horrid instance of their savage superstition
takes place on those days which are considered as the king's
lucky days (Winitanih ni Endrien). If a woman bears a
child on one of these days, she is obliged to drown it imme-
diately. As may easily be supposed, a great annual loss of
infant life is the consequence of this inhuman regulation,
though these days are not numerous, and the law only extends
to the black population. It would, however, appear, that the
principles of humanity professed by the present king are
likely soon to abolish this custom, so detestable in itself and
so inimical, to the increase of the nation.

Amulets of a kind of wood, hung round the reck, and
enclosed in a little bag, are supposed to preserve the wearer
from wounds and disasters of war, and this kind of charm
(Tanafudi) is continually used. There is another kind,
called Ramahawalu, that is held in extraordinary esteem,

L

* See the Appendix to this Journal for a full account of the ordeal of the
Tanghen, and a figure of the plant (Tas. CX.) that yields the poison.—Ep.
VOL. III, S -

258

because of the miracles, say the Madagasses, that it performs.
This divinity consists in a little bag that contains some roots,
wrapped up in bits of red cloth, and a chain of silver and
shells huddled together and fastened to the end of a black
stick. The wearer is often subject to run and to fall, owing,
as they suppose, to the influence of this charm. Frequently
he runs in all directions, not knowing where he shall stop;
and, at such periods, the inhabitants aver that something has
offended the divinity, or that a sorcerer has crossed his path.
In short, they have such implicit credence in this kind of
magic, that when its influence is evident in a public assembly,
all the Huwa tremble, particularly those who are on ill terms
with their consciences, and who believe themselves already
detected. They always carry this charm with them to war, and
elsewhere, and have so great a reverence for it that they
even present it in offerings to their king. "They believe that
the fulfilment of a bad dream may be prevented by throwing .
a little ashes behind the house, and they never sleep with their
heads towards the south, which they think would occasion
the king to have uneasy dreams, . When they sneeze, they
have the same custom of saluting one another as all the an-
cient nations, Romans and Jews, as well as many modern
people. A prayer is then said, of which the following is
a nearly literal translation:—* Now is evil gone and good
come; it cannot stop my way before me, nor overtake me
behind nor approach me between two lands: on the earth it
cannot crush me, nor descend upon me from on high; it
shall glide away like mud, and be rejected like dirt, because
it has done evil: a great rock, from which it cannot rise
shall fall upon it, for evil is departed, and good is come. It
shall war with me no longer, and I shall overcome; I shall |
be like a dziriri (a symbol of the swan) on the water; the fire
shall not burn me, and I shall come unhurt from the furnace.
Fifty plants of Banana, and a hundred spikes of sugar-cane;
though dead when I transplant theth, shall bud anew, and
though dried up, shall bloom again."

Meo tho-sild. sind benefiganh doctrines of Holy Writ
shall have been disseminated among this people; we have

259

every reason to hope that their improvement and happiness
will materially increase, and that every vestige of superstition
will be swept away.
Polygamy, in the common acceptation of the word, does
not generally exist in Emerina, though it is practised in a
manner still more repugnant to European ideas; as, for
instance, a man may marry several sisters, or take a widow
and her daughters at the same time; and it is impossible to
persuade them of the impropriety of such conduct. It is
customary for the parties to live sometime together before a
formal marriage takes place, and then the following cere-
monies are observed. When the families and friends are
assembled, the father, or the oldest man present, takes the
word, and to him the engaged couple declare their intention,
and make their vows. A great feast then takes place, in
which mutton is the principal viand, and the tail of the animal
is always reserved for the mother of the girl. When a man
desires to marry a second time, that is, to take another wife, -
he must make a present to his first wife, otherwise she would
be at liberty to quit him, though not to divorce herself, which
can never be done without the husband's consent. "The man
also pays a piastre to the king. The men may quit their
wives without opposition or objection, and this is commonly
done at the Bathing Festival. The affection that parents
feel in Madagascar for their children is remarkably strong;
they rarely punish them, and both husband and wife fre-
quently carry their little ones on their backs, wrapped in a
cloth, and, thus encumbered, perform their daily labour. The
infants are never confined by any bandage, and are soon
allowed to creep on the ground with the full use of their
limbs : thus they early learn to walk and help themselves, and
4 cripple is hardly ever seen. They marry, too, very young.
As to the funerals of the Huwa, they are thus performed :—
As soon as a person expires, the corpse is laid on a bed, and
washed, the hair is unbraided, and the body is rolled in three
or four different cloths, while the hands and feet are adorned
with jewellery, and the neck enriched with strings of coral,
and other Arabian stones. Here it remains, till all the family,
s2 :

260

with dishevelled locks, and wrapped in old pagnes, have as-
sembled around, to weep and to convey it to the place of inter-
ment; during which interval, guns are fired off before the
door, as frequently as the defunct had given orders should
take place, and which is according to his means. All the
slaves of the house, carrying the most valuable effects, with
the family, surround the coffin, uttering the most lamentable
cries, When arrived at the tomb, which is of masonry, and
often rises to ten or twelve feet high, the corpse is deposited
there, and with it are buried all the best clothes, along with
the money of the deceased, often amounting to a very large
sum. Notwithstanding the poverty of the surviving relatives,
they never take back this money, which gave rise to the re-
mark, that * the mines of Madagascar would be richer than
those of Peru, as the silver lies there all ready purified and
coined.” After the tomb is closed, and the stones arranged
above it, a great sacrifice takes place; The wealthy often
slay twenty, thirty, fifty, and even an hundred oxen, which
are divided among the family, friends, and guests. The horns .
of the beasts, with a kind of white drapery stretched along
them, are arranged upon the tomb, to prove to the passers by
the riches of the deceased. At the year's end, the same cere-
mony is renewed, the tomb is opened, and the corpse turned
on its belly, and those families which can afford it spread
new and consecrated mats (dzihi massinna) over the tombs,
at the time of the Bathing Festival, alleging that the spirit of
their friend would be offended at finding that his dwelling
was not cleaned. There being no cemetery in this country,
the tombs are frequently seen in the court-yards or at some
spot in the land which the deceased had himself selected, and
it is difficult to walk ten steps without meeting with one.
The Royal Family is interred in the enclosure of the King's
court, and on their tombs are erected little houses, or sacred
houses (thranu massinna). One of these is always in a state
of dilapidation, though frequently rebuilt; and the people
allege that the defunct is averse to having anything built
above his grave, and that he always destroys it during the
night. When a Huwa dies at a distance from his own

261

country, or in war, his friends carefully carry home the bones
and render all the last honours to them. General Brady has
informed us, that in the country of the Saccatawa he has fre-
quently seen the children scraping the flesh from their parents’
bones with the same knife as they used to cut their food, and
drying the bones and skulls at the same fire as is then em-
ployed for the purposes of cookery. The family is half com-
forted when the last remains of a dear friend can be recovered ;
if, on the contrary, the fate of war or famine compels them
to inter their dead in a foreign and distant land, they yield
themselves up to despair, and regard this privation as the
heaviest of their woes. In the latter case, they carefully
mark the spot of interment, and provide themselves with relics
of it, at the interval of many years.

The diseases of the Huwa are few in number, and it is
rare to see an infirm person: the mountainous situation of
Emerina exempts it from the fevers so prevalent on the coast,
and the natives often attain to extreme old age. Leprosy and
small-pox are common, and scorbutic eruptions that cover
the whole body. Formerly small-pox was very prevalent
and committed great ravages, especially in 1817, when it car-
ried off a large proportion of the native population; but since
the introduction of vaccination it has almost disappeared.
As to the leprosy, one sees, from time to time, individuals
miserably affected by it, but they are few in number, and
being separated from the rest of the people, it does not
spread. Medicines, in this country, consist entirely of simples,
either roots or herbs; plasters and unguents are unknown,
and it is surprising how rapidly their*wounds close. Of sur-
gery, they are still more ignorant; amputation, in a case of
fracture or gangrene, is never heard of, and, consequently,
death is speedily the result of these accidents. _ y

Their amusements consist chiefly in dancing and sin ging
accompanied by two or three instruments; their music is
most methodical and very poor, at least it appears so to m
Europzean ear, while they are passionately fond of Semuc,
and a simple flute will move them even to tears, which they
call malahela (sorrow). The instruments used by them are,

262

lst, the Wallia. This is a large dry bamboo cane, on the
surface of which are stretched light cords, that are drawn up
by pieces of calabash, called Kapilla. This instrument imi-
tates well the sound of the guitar, and is capable of some
improvement. 2d, the Lukañga, which is a half calabash
that produces an uniform sound by means of a single string
that is attached to it.

The Huwa have a kind of game that they call Kathra,
and which bears some resemblance to Backgammon, being a
board with thirty-two holes, and played with the seeds of
the Guilandina Bonduc. Bull-fights are not uncommon
among them, and throwing stones at a mark, for the prize
of a hen, is a daily amusement. The custom of chewing
tobacco is one ofthe greatest luxuries of both sexes; but rarely
are they seen to smoke, because one of their former kings
forbade it; they also often used hemp for the same purpose. -

Among the inhabitants of Emerina may be enumerated 4
different castes. 1, The Royal Family; 2, the Nobles; 3,
the Huwa; 4, the Blacks. Each of these remains distinct,
and they cannot mingle; a woman of the white Huwa popu-
lation, who should intermarry with a black, would be imme-
diately reduced to slavery, and so on. Thus, too, the people
are divided from the nobility, among which no merit or
services can enable them to rank; they may obtain rewards
and employments, but can never class with the nobles, who
trace their origin from the ancient kings, and therefore bear
the title of Andrien-dahi, regal men. The King’s Blacks,
called Dzieron-dahi, are the chief prop of the crown. í

Among all the natives of the vast island of Madagascar,
the Huwa are the only race which can approximate to Euro-
peans, as to arts and manufactures; but it is to be regretted
that they will only work to supply their own immediate wants.
They weave very fine stuffs of silk and cotton, of which the
designs and colours, which latter are extracted from the bark
of trees, surprise a foreigner, and all this labour is accom-
plished by the women. After clearing the cotton from the
seeds, they weave it by hand with a spindle, and fasten the
thread to two pieces of wood, which they stick into the

263

ground at a short distance from one another, for they never
weave a piece any longer than is needful for a garment. Having
spread the threads as long as they can reach, they weave them
by a most simple process, placed almost level with the ground,
and assisted by a small shuttle. The common cotton cloth
is called Tuturanah, or Kilusse, and the most valued silk stuff,
Kachena.

Silk aud cotton are not so abundant as d should be,
owing to the deficient culture, especially the former. The
Madagascar silkworms are totally different from ours, and
are found on the foliage of the Amberiwatri (Cytisus Cajan),
and of the TAapia. Mr. Hastie has introduced some from
Mauritius with their proper food, the mulberry tree, and
itis much to be hoped that the whole manner of preparing
their stuffs will be hereby changed. Of hemp, which can
only be grown in the rainy season, they make very coarse

. cloth and pagnes for the use of their slaves. The.same sim-
plicity which prevails in the manufacture of their stuffs is
also remarkable in that of their utensils. The province
of Emerina is very rich in iron, and there are spots where it
is even found rising above ground, in lumps of 4 or 5 lbs.
weight; itis as soft and malleable as paste, and the natives find
little difficulty in smelting it, They fabricate scales, hammers,
anvils, knives of all sorts, spades, hatchets, pincers, spoons,
and, more recently, also nails, and bayonets, &c. ‘The smith
lies along on the ground, with a hammer in one hand, and a
piece of iron in the other, and, instead of an anvil, it is com-
mon enough to see the people in the country beating the iron
on a flat stone, placed between their feet. Instead 5. bellows,
after the European fashion, they use two pieces of a hollow
tree, about three feet high, and communicating beneath by a
tube. In the hollow itself are two pistons, which a man moves
up and down to kindle the fire, much in the manner that they
churn butter in Europe. -

The potters make earthen dishes and pots with udine
neatness; and their earthen plates, which are well varnished
with lead, that they dig up in some places, have. — the
shape of a n vessel placed on a pedestal.

264

'The carpenters are handy at their trade, and can plane a
piece of wood perfectly well.

They also make many articles of horn, as spoons, &c.
But their skillin working gold and silver is greater, and
of these metals they make bracelets and chains without any
soldering, the texture of which is often so delicate that
Europeans themselves find difficulty in imitating them,
and this highly flatters their conceit of themselves. This
misplaced vanity will not allow them to think any foreign
production superior to their own; they are perfect work-
men in their own estimation, and if they can succeed in imi-
tating the articles of other nations, they wonder how "
person can dispute the superiority of their talents.

The internal commerce of Emerina consists in rice, cotton,
silk, cattle, cloth of their own manufacture, and the traffic of
slaves. For the sale of these different articles there are large
fairs every day in various parts of the province, which are .
named after the days of the week on which they are held, as,
Sunday, Alahadi; Tuesday, Taladi, &c. These fairs, which
commonly take place on large plains, serve also for military
exercises; and it is there, also, that the King’s decrees are
generally promulgated. . That nearest to the capital, and.
situated to the south of it, is on Friday, and called Juma. `

Purchases are made at Emerina either by blue or white
cloth, or by piastres. The Huwa are accustomed to cut
the piastre into small pieces, down to the weight of a grain
of rice, and they weigh the silver in scales of very neat work-
manship. By an express command of the King, it is requisite
that on the smallest portion of the piastre the mark of that-
coin should appear, without which it is rejected, and cannot.
pass as money; this does not, however, prevent there being &
large quantity of little bits, on which the marks of the piastre
are so well imitated, as completely to deceive the unwary
purchaser. A different name is ‘given to each suicide of |
the piastre. *

Formerly the jiieipal trade of the "neis was j dies sale: of
slaves to the French at Tamatave and Foulpointe. These
people furnished. the colonies of Miis and Bourbon with

265

3-4,000 slaves annually ; and in the registers of the King for
1819, were reckoned 1,158 that were sold belonging to him
alone.

The Huwa have such an insatiable thirst for money that
they even brave death to procure it, and surpass all that is
said of the children of Israel in Egypt. If they can procure
any pecuniary advantage they are in transports of joy, and
are unable for a length of time to take their eager glances
from this object of their idolatry; but the least loss over-
whelms them with heavier sorrow than the death of a near
relation, so that instances are not unfrequent of people de-
ceived by their debtors, who have expired with grief. They
borrow money upon their unripe vegetable productions, and
can hardly wait for the period of their maturity, till they
carry them to market, to satisfy their creditors, and to delight
their own avarice by the sight of the money. They are so
distrustful that they never think their money is safe till it is
buried; and from the King down to the lowest beggar, the
earth is their strong-box. ‘

A great degree of fidelity has been attributed to the Huwa
in mercantile transactions, and it has been known that articles
of value lost among them, have, after many days, been found
in the King’s keeping; but this manner of obtaining posses-
sion of lost property seems to have been purely political on
the part of government, and practised in order to raise the
King’s reputation with foreign nations, as well as to show
how absolute was his power over his subjects.

Cultivation is too restricted, the inhabitants are too desti-
tute of enterprise, and the roads are too bad, dangerous, and
widely separated. to allow of any traffic with the coast being
pursued to advantage. — Ic fre

_ Tannanarivon, the capital of the province of Emerina, and
the residence of the present King, is the seat. also of the tri-
bunals of justice, police, &c.: it is situated near the centre of
the district, and is about 300 English miles distant, West,
from the N. Eastern coast of Tamatave. This city is on the
bank of the river Kiupa, which takes its rise in the S. East,
and, intersecting the whole province of Emerina, falls into

266

the sea at the N. East, near Bombetok. It is irregularly built,
on the side of a large chain of mountains, and presents, from
a distance, the appearance of a labyrinth, surrounded by
fosses, most of the houses being perched on eminences, de-
scents, or the edges of chasms. It consists of about three
thousand houses, chiefly made of rushes, and thatched with
straw; but those of the nobility are of good carpenter-work,
well-built, and spacious. The roof, that is higher than the
whole house, and covered with rushes, very neatly woven,
and impenetrable to rain, is supported within by three large
trees, resembling the masts of a frigate, one at each end .and
one in the middle. On each side of the copeing of the roof
are two poles, which cross and form forks, often sixty feet
long, and to the points of these forks are attached little birds
made of wood, and even of silver, which are understood to
signify the happiness and prosperity which prevail in the
dwelling. The houses are divided with partitions of matting,
and the furniture generally consists only of large earthen pots
for holding water, with lids of matting, and small dishes,
some large plates for holding the food, a pestle for bruising
rice, a broom, and some tobacco-boxes in the bed and on
the hearth, there being no chimney in the house. The bed
is raised to twelve feet high; in the larger dwellings, even
eighteen and twenty feet; they go up to it by a kind of ladder.
Beside the bed is another elevation, where a three months’ -
stock of rice is laid up. ‘The hearth is in the centre of the
room: one is for the master, and two smaller hearths for the
children and slaves. "The interior of the houses, which have
but a single door, constructed of one piece of wood, and of
enormous height, so that you enter by climbing on a lump of
rock laid before it, and a single window, almost as high from
the ground, and both looking west, is generally excessively
dirty; its whole decoration consists in rush mats, which serve
for seats, for beds and coverlids, and round the walls are
ranged the family stock of plates, bottles, &c. Frequently
the poultry and sheep share the habitation, which is commonly
infested with an incredible number of rats. Near each house
is a kind of large cellar, dug in the ground, and used for the

267

storage of rice, &c.: it is closed with stones and earth. All
the villages of this province are situated, like Tannanarivou,
on mountains or lofty eminences, and surrounded by one or two
rows of trenches, often fifty or sixty feet deep. This manner of
fortifying themselves is probably owing to their frequent wars,
and to the barbarous custom of falling on the inhabitants. of
a village and carrying them away into slavery. The only
approach to a village is by a very small narrow path, which
is barricadoed by large stones. The houses are commonly
built of red clay. -— SOUS TOP
The regal palace, which is situated in the centre of the
capital, on the finest platform of the mountain, and all the
apartments of which ‘consist in a kind of eating-room and a
sleeping chamber, is constructed, like most of the houses at
Tannanarivou, of wood, and on a similar plan, except that
the roof is covered with shingles, and that it stands on a plat-
form of hewn stones. The interior is tolerably decorated,
being hung with paper, and there are globes, glasses, pictures,
and other articles, brought by Europeans; but the whole was
far from producing the effect on me that it did on some of
the missionaries, who praise the general elegance of the
dwelling, and the spaciousness and beauty of the apartments.*
The exterior is painted of all imaginable colours, yellow,
green, blue, red, black, &c. and has the gaudy unsubstantial
appearance of a house of cards. The north and south sides
are adorned with different designs in silver, from the terrace
to the cope-stone, and the fagade is covered with ornaments
of the same metal. In the centre of this is a large glass, and
a small mirror above it, surrounded with silver decorations,
and with large gilded frames, manufactured at Emerina itself.
From this circumstance, the name of this building, the Silver
Palace ('Thranu- Wula), is derived. This palace is surrounded
by a kind of wooden balcony, very rudely carved, to which —
an ascent is obtained by a ladder, for want of a better stair-
case. "The palace and all the court are surrounded by a

/——. ? See Copland’s History of Madagascar, p. 81.

268

wooden wall, about fourteen feet high, and the top of which
is thick set with spears or assaguays. "There are four gates,
the principal facing the north, and distinguished from the
rest by twelve or thirteen steps of hewn-stone, which lead to
the platform, that is a fine equal plane; the gate is also
adorned above with a glass framed in silver, like the palace.
Two other gates are on the east side, and one at the south.
'The latter leads to another enclosure, not so handsome as
the first, composed of large palisades, which are sharp-pointed
at top, instead of lances. This enclosure was formerly destined
for the dwelling of the king's lawful wives, of which he has
twelve, and his concubines; also of his nephew, the son of
Prince Rateffi, who is the apparent heir of the crown, and
these individuals dwell in small separate houses situated in
the enclosure. The Agent-general of His Britannic Majesty
also resides there, with his irc and occupies one of the
largest houses.

The King Radama Manjake, sovereign of the Huwa, peer
who considers himself now as King of Madagascar, though a
large portion of this vast island is still not subjected to his
dominion, is a young man about thirty years of age. In stature
he rather exceeds five feet, and his countenance is very
agreeable. He possesses considerable natural understanding
and extraordinary shrewdness; he is as gay and amiable as he
is hasty tempered, but susceptible of much sensibility and affec-
tion. He is very desirous of instruction, and is fond of the
society and manners of Europeans, whom he does all that is
possible to attract to his court, and takes pleasure in their con-
versation, especially on the subject of war. His chief delight is in
hearing anecdotes of heroes who have distinguished themselves,
and whom he neglects nothing that lies in his power to imitate.
Since the period that Europeans have frequented the country,
. King Radama has much changed his manners, he wears
their costume, adopts their manner of living, and has ne
the French language, which he writes with tolerable accuracy.
He is a great amateur of music, and as we can both of us play
on the German flute, we have often the pleasure of his society,
and of moving him and all his family, even to tears. !

269

But all these pleasing qualities are eclipsed by his great
self-love, pride, and distrust, which unfortunately have even
increased since the British Government has kept up an inter-
course with him. He has little gratitude for friendship shown
him, because he looks upon it as his rightful due; heis some-
times generous, and even capable of giving largely and
granting unexpected favours, but at other times his avarice is
most sordid and degrading; he is incapable of appreciating
and rewarding merit, and pretends to be surprised at nothing;
—a quality that he has in common with all his subjects... In
spite of all this, Europeans may always reckon on receiving
support from him, both in the way of commerce and protec-.
tion: he gives them much encouragement, and never sends
them dissatisfied away.

He is beloved, or, rather, beld i in respect Md awe by his
people, who seek to please him even in their smallest actions;
they will sacrifice every thing to obtain his favour, and a per-
son who is graciously looked upon by the sovereign is sure
to be equally so by his own countrymen. The greatest crimes
do not exclude such a man from the society of others, who
all court his friendship and seek his company: while, on the
other hand, the unhappy being who has fallen under the
royal displeasure, is forsaken by those who seemed most
devoted to him, and only those who are similarly situated will
venture toapproach him; even his own family nolonger regard-
"ing him as heretofore. Thus the flatterers of the monarch will
even destroy their own children if they have offended him or
transgressed his laws; and children have been known to ask to
be the executioners of their own parents for the most trifling
actions, which they only pretend to view as criminal with
the hope to please the King, by enia their zeal for bis
service,

The King is the icis master of every. sdb it. inte
who judges, commands, and gives sentence; he makes war,
and regulates all the affairs of state; his ministers only are
authorised to settle minor affairs; the code of laws is in the

King’s own mind, and his word on Me extends
to the life and death of his subjects. ^ gd

270

-The people of Madagascar never speak without commen-
cing the conversation by invoking blessings on the King,
Even in their lawsuits and their quarrels they always begin
with him, and would take the omission of this ceremony very
much amiss. The form of words, which may be thus trans-
lated, * May King Radama live long, to a good old age,
without sickness orother evil," begins and ends every harangue.
A bargain made without this formality is frequently annulled,
because the party who repents of the agreement may, by this
means, escape the fulfilment of it, and the other person dares
not complain.

When the King goes out to walk, a numerous guard, mostly
armed with guns and spears, and having little bells attached
to their girdles, accompanied by a number of women and
dancing-girls, follow him, without any regularity, wherever
he goes. ;

The King has generally twelve lawful wives, and with them
as many concubines as he pleases. "These ladies are carried
abroad on the backs of their male slaves, and form a most
ludicrous and disgusting procession. |

When the King of this country has any thing to proclaim,
he sends couriers through all the provinces of his empire to
give information that on such a day he will appear in public,
to issue orders and regulate affairs. These assemblies are -
called Khabars, an Arabic name, signifying news, or pleadings.
The greater part of the male population are expected to be
present; they collect first in a large plain north of the capi-
tal, called Anduhalu, and long appropriated to these meetings
It forms a kind of amphitheatre, and is sometimes quite
covered with men sitting close together on the grass. In
this fatiguing situation, exposed to the burning rays of the
sun, they often wait for days together the arrival of the
sovereign, in order to be informed of his latest intentions.
When all the people have collected, the King, clothed in à
red cloak, and sometimes an English uniform, proceeds thither
from his palace, accompanied by all the officers of his court,
his ministers, captains, his guard of Blacks, dancing-women,
and several men who blow the Andziva, a kind of large shell,

271

which is used instead of a trumpet, and makes a most hideous
noise: all apparelled in their best garments. As soon as the
King is observed coming, the people set up shouts of joy,
which do not cease till he takes his place on a large table,
and sits down on a chair, mounted upon it. Then perfect
silence is preserved for a moment, after which all the assem-
blage, with one voice, call out Trarantitra (good day!). After
the King. has replied to this, silence again prevails, which
is then broken by his Majesty, who, if he be for war, brings
with him an assaguay, a buckler, or a small gun, and after
having performed some evolutions with these arms, proclaims
. his intention, and regulates the whole affair. When he ceases
speaking, the people cry out Trarantitra as before, after
which the chiefs rise, in reply,.and often pronounce their
harangues with great fluency and astonishing natural elo-
quence. !

I shall leave to philologists the language of Madagascar,
which differs in the different provinces, and offers great diffi-
culties to a foreigner; it has some affinity with Arabic and
Malay, and many words are purely of the latter tongue, as
the numbers, the days of the week and the months, the mem-
bers of the human body, &c. |

A peculiarity in the conversation of the people of Emerina
lies in the numerous oaths, w Gosse, which find a place in it;
they are intended as attestations of veracity, and may be com-
pared to the word of honour among the French. 'The smallest
thing requires asseveration, and is accompanied by a Gosse,
which is generally by one's father, mother, &c. though long
dead, or by the reigning King and his mother; slaves gener-
ally invoke their masters, but the Gosse maffi, or solemn oath,
is, by the sorcerer of the king, and in this case they may be
severely punished if they do not tell the trath. - cpi haste

In their salutations they are polite, even to annoyance
After having said good day, and informed themselves of the
health of the individual addressed, this person thanks them
and repeats the same inquiries. "Then the first. speaker re-
sumes with questions of the well-being of his friend's family,
wife, children, brothers, sisters, all of which is returned, and

272

a ** live long” finishes the exordium, which frequently occu-
pies a considerable time. The streets of Tannanarivou resound
all morning with these salutations.

The man who should be guilty at Emerina of small thefts,
or such crimes, is condemned, with his wife and children, to
slavery; as well ascoiners of false money, orthe man whoshould
strike his adversary with a stick armed with iron. The third
of the proceeds of the sale comes to the King, and the rest
is divided between the judges and accusers. At the commence-
ment of the present reign thieves were often put to death,
but his majesty, seeing that this was but a losing affair, pre-
ferred the former mode of proceeding, which he continues to
this day.

Treason, rape, if committed on women of noble birth,
great thefts, and the crime of being the King’s sorcerers, are
_ capitally punished. The malefactors are crushed with pieces
of rock, speared, and thrown into the ramparts of the town
as a prey to dogs and carnivorous birds. During our stay
of twelve months, a dozen individuals, both men and women,
were put to death. Maroon slaves, who are retaken after
making their escape, are severely beaten, bound, and left to
lye in places only covered with rice straw and sand, or tobacco
is thrown into their eyes, &c.

In 1820, His Excellency Sir R. T. Farquhar, Bart. Gover-
nor of the Mauritius and its Dependencies, &c. sent an Am-
bassador, the present General-agent, James Hastie, Esq., to
King Radama, to endeavour to obtain by friendly intercession
the abolition of the Madagascar slave trade, which was
carried on under circumstances of unequalled cruelty, and
. the renewal of the treaty of 1817. The treaty was accepted,
and ever since that period, this traffic, so detestable in itself,
and so degrading to the human race, has ceased to exist.
Since that period, the British Government has neglected no
means to impart to the Huwa people the comforts and advan-
tages we enjoy: but as it would take much too long to enu-
merate all the services which Mr. Hastie has already rendered
to this country and its inhabitants, I shall only say, that
among a great quantity of the animals and vegetables of

273

Europe, that useful creature, the horse, now appears among
the domestic cattle, and is extensively bred in this vast island.
Besides the missionaries and several artizans sent with
them from London, many young men of different trades have
come over from Mauritius and from France, and are now
established at 'l'annanarivoo, where they work under the pro- -
tection of the King; who daily becomes more enlightened,
and transmits to his subjects a similar taste for our customs:
his mind chiefly aiming at the aggrandisement of his own
power, and the subjection to his government of the entire
island of Madagascar. Thus his attention is principally
turned to the formation of an army, as is evidenced by his -
numerous and well-appointed troops, who accomplished the
subjugation of the Saccatawa. In 1822, a levy of 13,000
men was raised, who were put under the management of
able officers, long furnished by the English. "These soldiers
are now capable of executing all the manceuvres, and ere long,
it is to be feared that we may see them march in swarms like
ants to war, or rather to the desolation of a province, and carnage.
The royal guard is well kept up, clad in an English uniform,
and very correctly disciplined. The other soldiers are nearly
naked, being only girt round the middle with a thin cloth.
The generals, captains, &c. wear an uniform and epaulettes,
according to their rank. The exercise and manoeuvres are
English. The art of making cartridges being yet unknown,
they put the requisite quantity for each charge into a small
bamboo and pour it into the gun. Though these troops be
but in their infancy, they cannot be compared to the troops
of earlier days. ‘Then the whole nation rose and hurried to
arms; multitudes of from 200 to 200,000 men might be
seen, undisciplined and without order, marching against their
enemies, with assagays and bucklers. So numerous an army
soon used to exhaust all the provisions of the country, and
a famine was the consequence, accompanied by fever, which
committed such fearful ravages, that the roads were covered
vith the dead and dying. pigu arot hieu re Yo
_ Perhaps we may be under some error in the character which
we shall now give of the population of Emerina, when we speak
VOL. III. T s

274

of their general distrust and aversion towards the white people,
and their unfortunate passion for money. But we cannot do
otherwise than mention these vices, which were made evident
to us by a long residence among the natives, and the seeds of
which, unhappily, were fostered by Europeans themselves,
who treated them, at the discovery of the island, with unex-
ampled cruelty, and set before them an instance of shameless
avarice. Those Europeans, who speak differently on this
subject, must either desire to disguise the truth, or they have
not had such opportunities of discovering it as we had. If
foreigners would hope to be always respected and well treated
by these people, they must possess much wealth; as those
who travel without ample means are sure beforehand to be,
if not despised, yet very indifferently received. The more
they have been honoured if supposed to be rich, the more
they are contemned if poor; and any service that is done
them must be attributed to a well-lined purse, and not to
their persons. It is most needful to be on one’s guard, for
it is rare when an European has trusted a Huwa with money
for purposes of trade, that he receives a faithful account of it,
and we are well persuaded that very feepiciait) the half is
notforthcoming. — .

As soon as a white person enters a village, the intelligence
spreads like lightning, and he is surrounded by a curious
multitude. Having entered a house, he is loaded with civili-
ties, the inmates prepare the best lodging, and spread out the
finest and cleanest mats for him. Every one hastens to give
him a present, consisting of eggs, poultry, manioc, &c., and
he will be delighted at seeing fine beef, fresh fish, and rice as
white as snow, &c. He is imposed upon by these artifices,
which illustrate the old proverb—* Throw out a sprat to
catch a whale," for the charge is commonly double and treble
the value of the articles, and they expect that this will be
readily paid in consideration of the civility they have shown.
For once such practices might be borne, but it is the same
everywhere, and your desires are ofliciously fulfilled with the
sole intention of cheating you.

As for their general dislike to Europeans, the women who

275

have borne children to white men, when these parents are
dead, will treat their unhappy offspring with great unkind-
ness, and prefer those of their children who are of Malagassy
origin, .

Such are the numerous people who now occupy the great
territory of Emerina. We believe we have never departed
from truth in our sketches; and if we have been unspar-
ing in our remarks on vice, we shelter ourselves under the
maxim of La Bruyère, that * while men practise vice, we
should not be weary of reproaching them with it.” _

The time, however, is not far distant, when we may hope that
the exertions of Britons will be crowned with success. The
civilization of a nation is a work of time, and the faint twi-
light must precede the dawn, ere the morning of improvement
shall burst into the radiance of the perfect day.

APPENDIX.

I sHALL conclude our account of this most interesting Island
with an Appendix, already promised, respecting the ordeal of
the Tanghen, accompanied by a figure, and a_ botanical
description (by Professor Bojer) of the plant. I refer my
readers to the Botanical Magazine, tab. 2968. for all that was
known respecting its history down to the period of its publi-
cation. The same kind and enlightened friend, to whom I
was indebted for that information, has been good enough to
furnish me with what follows, in letters from two missionaries,
the first written in 1830, the second in 1831.

Letter from the iei d. F. FREEMAN to CHARLES TELFAIR,
Eso., on the subject of the Tanghen, Tanghin, or Tanghen
Poison. . : die aiia TIL

KU e | Peni Mavnarus, lst July, 1890.
. Mx pear Sm, ud p dau
You are perfectly aware that the Tanghena has long
been employed in Madagascar as a test in the native ordeal,
EE

276

to which persons suspected of witchcraft, or of being bewitched,
are subjected. It has been used also to detect the guilt of
persons charged more rationally with civil offences, burglary,
murder, &c. It is likewise frequently employed in settling
litigations as to property, petty larceny, &c., by administering
it to the dogs of the parties concerned, and, of course, convict-
ing the owner of the dog killed by the test to the penalties of
thelaw. In some parts of the island, the conviction is made to
depend on the life or death of the party drinking the Tanghena;
if the dose cause death, he is unquestionably guilty ;—if he
live, his innocence has been demonstrated. But in Emerina,
where I have resided for some time, the Zanghena forms an
ordeal strictly by its operation as a powerful emetic. Its mode
of exhibition is this. The accused person having eaten as
much boiled rice as possible, swallows, without mastication,
three pieces of the skin of a fowl, each about the size of a
dollar. He is then required to drink the £esz, a small quan-
tity scraped of the Tanghena nut, mixed with the juice of
Bananas. The “ Panozondoha” (denouncer of the curse or
imprecation), then placing his hand on the head of the ac-
cused, pronounces the formula of imprecation, invoking all
direful curses on him if guilty. Soon after this, large quan-
tities of rice-water are administered. The contents of the
stomach are consequently ejected ;—and if, on examination,
the three pieces of skin are found, all is well, the party is
pronounced ** Madio,” clean—legally and morally innocent
of the charge,—but if otherwise, guilt has fixed its stain, that
stain is indelible, and the disgrace incurred is irreparable. —
Sometimes the corrosive nature of the poison acts with so
great rapidity, that life is destroyed during the ordeal. Should
the test have proved the guilt of the party, and yet the Tan-
ghena itself not have produced immediate death, he is generally
killed by the bystanders, a large club, spear, or the rice-pestle,
being used as the murderous weapon, and the brains of the
unhappy victim are dashed out on the spot. Strangling is
sometimes used, as in an instance just communicated to me
by an eye-witness, in which the miserable sufferer was then
hurried away, or dragged to a sort of burial before life

21

. was quite extinct! In some instances, the guilty are left to
perish amidst their excruciating agonies—deserted by every
one,—family, friends, and all! Slaves, on conviction, are
more generally sent to a distance, and sold where no suspi-
cion of their guilty character is supposed to exist. But slaves
belonging to any member of the royal family are put to
death. P

To every humane mind it was highly gratifying to witness
the decline of such a barbarous custom during the latter years
of the reign of Radama, the late enlightened and enterprising
monarch of the country. His successor has, however, en-
couraged or permitted its revival to a most lamentable extent,
—all her principal people—officers, diviners, cursers, and
others, to the amount of some hundreds, have been compelled
to drink the Tanghena, within the last few months, and scores
have perished, cut off in the midst of health and vigour—their
property confiscated, and their families reduced to ruin and
misery! Of one instance I have just heard the melancholy
details, from an eye-witness of the tragical scene. An aged
widow, upwards of. seventy, attended the administration of the
ordeal to five of her children in one day, all grown up, and
having families. The first was proved innocent, the mother
rejoiced almost to extasy,—but ere the day had closed she
had to mourn in anguish over three cut off out of the five,
and their orphan children committed to her feeble care.

I could add more; excuse me for having trespassed thus
much on your time, and forgive me in saying, that as I
know yon have long been the friend of Madagascar (and I
know how Madagascar needs the efforts of the friends of hu-
manity), I trust you will continue to countenance every eli-
gible means for rescuing the five millions of inhabitants of
the island from such revolting cruelties, and for elevating
them to the enjoyment of the benefits of civilization and

I am, my dear Sir, di
With the ntmost cordiality, &c.
gs J. F. Freeman.

278

FACTS AND OBSERVATIONS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE
TANGHEN.

Communicated in a letter to CHARLES TELFAIR, Esq. by the -
Rev. Epwarp Baxer—1831.

THE custom of administering the Tanghin as an ordeal has
become far more universal during the present reign than at
any other period of the Huwa Government. When her
present Majesty, in the beginning of 1830, carried into effect
her resolution of “cleansing her land from sorcerers,” an
ordeal was commanded in every town and village, and in
-Tannanarivoo scarcely any class of inhabitants escaped.

On the 9th of March, 1830, in compliance with the Sove-
reigns mandate, a notable administration of Tanghin took
place. The accused persons amounted to about 30, includ-
ing some of the highest in birth and rank in the kingdom.
All the nobility recovered, while the unknown plebeians, who,
according to the common jugglery, had been compelled to drink
with them, died. The former made the usual triumphant
entry into the town on the 17th, borne in open palanquins,
amid the shouting, dancing, and grimaces of many thousands
of the people. This spectacle, considered apart from the hor-
rible superstition that gave rise to it, was truly ludicrous to an
European eye. He who has witnessed in England the
methods by which a strolling company of mountebanks seek
to attract notice, has seen a miniature representation of this
Malagassy festivity. A similar gaudy dress, composed of various
materials and colours, in some instances dragging on the ground,
in others too scanty to cover the body, the same antic move-
ments and unmeaning sounds, accompanied the exhibition iu
Madagascar; whilst the black or tawny visages, which glared
through all other colours, bore no small resemblance to the
painted mask of the harlequin fool. The nobility, with their
relatives and friends, performed the principal part, and -
certainly acted the mountebank to admiration. ‘The chief
difference lay in the proportion of numbers; for while in Eng-
land the exhibitors are few, and the staring mob is numerous,

219

here all were engaged, according to their several fancies and
abilities, in expressing their uncouth and savage merriment.

In the following month, April, about an equal number of
Malagassy ladies submitted to the disgusting ordeal; includ-
ing the late king's wives, his sisters, and others of the royal
family, the wives of the chief officers, and daughters of judges,
with a few men, amongst whom was one judge. They all
survived, and in due course made a grand entry into town.
Various inferior officers and plebeians drank with them, of
whom one officer and several common people died.

I cannot here resist giving an anecdote respecting one of
these females, showing that the natives are by no means desti-
tute of the sympathies of humanity. Among the ladies was a
princess from the Saccatawa country, with the royal family of
which Radama had formed an alliance by his marriage with her.
She had been treated during his reign with more respect than
any other female; but having on one occasion attempted to
run away and regain her native country, she had subsequently
been closely watched, though not subjected to actual imprison-
ment, Her establishment consisted of a few Saccatawa ser-
vants, and exhibited no kind of pomp. She manifested no
particular attachment for any one, and by the continued hostili-
ties that prevailed between the Huwa and Saccatawa powers,
all communication with her distant relatives was cut off.
Thus defenceless and unprotected, it was absurd to suppose
this princess could injure any one, and there was a peculiar
severity in her case, as she had no friend to watch over the
fairness of the administrator's conduct, or to rejoice in her
recovery. She wept bitterly when passing to the place of
trial, and it was interesting to observe the sympathy of the
natives, who expressed it by what they term * mifady ahitra,”
or an adjuration of the grass. This is performed by pluck-
ing up a piece of grass from the ground, and holding it
up, as to express, * May such misfortunes be far from us,
as we would avoid treading on the very grass of the village
where such sorrow dwells.’ On the day of the ascent to the
town, this princess acted with a dignity quite peculiar to
herself, Whilst all the others remained some time in the -

280

country to dance, gesticulate, and receive congratulations,

she proceeded home without pausing anywhere, her attend-

ants making a mere humming sound expressive of their

joy. The Queen showed some good feeling by sending ber
especial congratulations, saying, that though Radama was.
gone, she would be a mother to her, and never injure her.

In May, after the females had undergone the ordeal, the |
administrators themselves were compelled to drink along with
others, making in all about sixty persons. Two of the former,
and two of the common people were victims, and the sur-
vivors made the usual triumphant entry.

After these, the Skids, or Diviners, took their turn, ems i
of whom died. One of them having previously adopted my
printer as his son, I chance to know the particulars of his
decease. His stomach became prodigiously swollen, his legs
enlarged, the face was discoloured and distorted, and the sub-
` stance evacuated by vomiting appeared bilious and bloody:
till, after a short time, he expired in great agony, doubtless .
from the effect of this most potent poison.

The instances that are mentioned above of tbe ordeal a are
but a few of such as came under my own immediate observa-
tion: in every village similar general drinkings took place
in addition to which, numbers took it at their own houses,
and whole families of slaves, without publicity. So numerous
were these private administrations, that for some months .
wherever I happened to be walking or riding, I perceived the
signs of some individuals who either had drunk, or were
actually taking the Tanghin. It is also common for the
Judges, when a case is of difficult decision, to cause the poison -
to be administered to both parties, by which numbers. are
sacrificed. Hence, at the great assembly of judicature, in _
1831, where upwards of 500 persons were cited to take their _
trial, many cases were eventually closed by an appeal to the —
Tanghin. 7

The people are by nc no means patented with. this general $
application of the cleansing process, every. one is secretly
trembling for himself and his near connexions, and the exa _
pence is so ruinous to the majority of them, that many declare _

281

itis as well to die as to be accused, The recent unsparing
use of Tanghin by the government is contrasted with the con-
duct of King Radama, whose mode of administration is pro-
fessedly followed, but who was wont to excuse the young on
the ground that *though they might be a little polluted,
years would teach them better." Many privately affirm that
* the lust of money” is at the root of this custom, and cer-
tainly so much wealth accrues at those periods to the persons
concerned in laying accusations and administering the poison,
that this idea does not appear destitute of foundation. A
dollar and 63 cents is the fee given by every individual who
recovers, besides many perquisites and private presents. One
individual can administer the Tanghin to eight persons in one
day, and when the accused dies, the officiating Skid receives
zath part of the whole property not bequeathed before the
accusation. One of the administrators came to Mr. Griffiths
to request that his son, a scholar, might be allowed to accom-
pany him, and assist in performing the ordeal, assigning as a
reason that he might thus get a little money.

The Diviners also reap a large harvest from these iniqui-
tous practices; they attend daily for eight or ten days before
and after the drinking takes place, and receive one dollar or
many, according to the wealth of the accused, so that with all
these concomitant expences, the people may well say, “let us
` rather die? — : lli

Ruthlessness is the characterizing feature of the whole
transaction, One of the officers, accused in 1831, was ac-
tually watching the corpse of his father when the appointed
Person knocked at his door. He begged to be excused till
after the funeral, declaring that he only asked a few days’
delay, and not exemption; none, however, could be granted,
and he was dragged from performing the last offices of filial
affection, to the scene of ignominious and protracted trial.
In another instance, a man was ill of fever and unable to
walk, yet no delay was permitted. He drank, and some
credit accrued to the Tanghin in consequence, for the violent
vomiting and purging cured him completely of the fever, and
he made no little boasting of the affair.

— we

In such harsh cases as these, the nearest relative and
dearest friend dares not interfere, from the dread of being
personally accused of holding league with the guilty, and
then being compelled to drink. Mr. Cameron applied to
Government to procure the exemption of a youth, on the ground
that the Queen’s work could not proceed, while the appointed
workmen were liable to be so taken away. ‘The reply of the
chief officer (Andriamiaja) was, that he could not even pro-
tect himself from undergoing the ordeal; but that any accused
person might be sent to him, and he would see that no
unfairness was practised.. Yet instances do sometimes occur
where. affection has prevailed over superstition. An in-
fluential judge was told that with the Queen’s approval,
all persons, except himself, should drink. Afterwards his
daughter, to whom he was strongly attached, was actually
included among the accused, and the father protested that
should she die, he would never take any part in public affairs
again, but leave them to be managed by others as they best
could. Fortunately, his daughter recovered.

-. The deception practised in the whole transaction, is pecus
to every sensible native. It is well known that the selection
of the fruit requires great care, and that a mistake in this
respect may destroy the innocent, or save the guilty. "Thus
the administrators have it in their power to permit any cri-
minal to escape, and for a small reward they often exercise
this partiality. They frequently recover slaves, who have
been pronounced dead, by giving them copious draughts of
water, in which certain herbs, &c. have been boiled. The
individuals, so saved, are sent to a great distance and sold, as
they cannot be suffered to remain in the place where the ordeal
had been administered to them, and they are disposed of as
prize property, their own fears preventing them from ever
disclosing the transaction to the families of their new masters.
Thus, among all the rich nobility, male and female, who
drank the Tanghin in 1830, not one died. It is equally cer-
tain that the administrators can sacrifice whom they please.
The fruit, which appears very red, is protested against by the
friends of the accused, on the tacit understanding that such a

283 5

fruit will destroy, whether innocent or guilty. On this ac-
count, during the ordeal of 1830, a few of the common people
were always seized upon, and compelled to partake with the
nobility, and they usually consisted of those who had no rela-
tives or friends to stand by them, in consequence of which
two-thirds always died. ins ;

It seems to be judged essential in every public administra-
tion of the Tanghin, that some should perish, otherwise the
judicative virtues of the plant would be considered nugatory.
The following circumstance is illustrative of this sentiment.
One of the chief officers, during the trials of 1830, had the
misfortune to vomit while eating the three spoonsful of rice in
token of perfect recovery; he was appointed to drink again
in-a few days, along with the slave who had carried water for
him, and who, it was pretended, had perhaps bewitched him.
The officer recovered, but the slave died, such being the
common mode of saving the reputation of the fruit.

The uncertainty in the means of judging by the Tanghin
is sensibly felt by the natives, and affords a better argument
against its use, than any representations of the folly of a belief
in sorcery. I may specify the following causes of error in -
the ordeal. 1. The partiality of the administrators. 2. Their
ignorance of the proper fruit. 3. What is called rainazy,
when the fruit, or rather the superintending power, which is
thought to reside in it, is supposed to act with partiality, irre-
spectively of actual guilt in the accused. 4. By the criminal
Possessing a charm against the Tanghin. 5. By the presence
of some person or charm, obnoxious to the superintending
power, which provokes the death of the innocent. 6. By the
innocent individual being azondoza, that is, held by the power
of evil. 7. By the innocent person doing, either wilfully or
in ignorance, what the Skid has interdicted, called * manota

As to the cause of the different operation of the fruit, some-
times acting as a poison, though generally as an emetic, I am
unable to assign it with any certainty. t is known that a
difference, visible even to the naked eye, does exist between
that which only occasions vomiting, and that which destroys ;

x 284

the latter always presenting a slight appearance of redness.
The people declare that this hue is miraculously assumed, and
regard the change as an infallible sign of death to the accused.
Yet, if this redness be exceedingly obvious, the relations who
are present desire that such a fruit may be rejected, and
another chosen; this proposal is probably agreed to, but the
next fruit exhibits the same ominous presage, and the victim

Several opinions are held by the natives on this subject.
Some say that there are two kinds of trees, one poisonous,
the other only emetic: and so similar in appearance, that
none but the administrators know the difference, and that even
they sometimes err, destroying when they intend to save, and
vice versa. ‘This may be correct, the appearance only vary-
ing as in the sweet and bitter almond; for it is worthy of re-
mark, that any difference of flavour that may exist between
the two kinds of fruit, is effectually concealed by the extreme
bitterness of the Banana tree juice, in which the Tanghin is
exhibited. Notwithstanding, I believe the prevalent, or at
least the professed opinion among the natives is that the fruit
is harmless, except ou occasion of the trial; but such an
assertion may arise from fear. It is said that the Tanghin is
sweet to the palate and stomach of the guiltless; and I heard
a very intelligent native one day, on tasting a nut ont of my
hand, aver that it was *sweet, very sweet," though to me the
flavour was more intensely bitter than any thing I ever tried
in my life.

Another opinion is that the fruit undergoes a change by
age, when a slight putrefaction or decay takes place, aud it
becomes red and poisonous at the centre. It then falls from
the tree, and is distinguished by being withered, and drawn.
into wrinkles externally. I incline to think that this is the
best founded idea. Some of the Tanghin fruit that I have
purchased in the markets is whiter than others, and exceed-
ingly bitter; but I should be sorry to put its poisonous quali-
ties to the test of experience; at net while residing in we
country.

It is extremely probable that many of the alia are

/

285

buried alive; numbers, towards the conclusion of the tragical
scene, are strangled or suffocated, the people on such occa-
sions never waiting to finish effectually the dreadful work,
but escaping from the house as soon as they imagine the
spirit to be departing, lest they should come in contact with
it in its flight. It is a fact that the administrators can, and,
in the case of slaves, actually do restore the individuals to
animation; yet, on other occasions, the unfortunate creatures
are either instantly tumbled into a grave, and covered with
earth and stones, or they are left in the open air, a prey to
the wild dogs, which are continually prowling about at night.
Supposing that the sensibility of some, thus prematurely in-
terred, should revive whilst they are under ground, how
dreadful must be the horror of such a situation! Borne down
by a weight of incumbent soil, which their feeble efforts are
quite unable to raise, and breathing for a few seconds the
small portion of air that alone can reach them, a flash of re-

collection but bringing to their minds the scene that has just
passed, to oppress them with a sense of that ignominy and
horror which the Malagassy people are taught from their
earliest infancy to attach to the conviction of sorcery, both
_ the minds and bodies of these wretched victims must be over-
whelmed with such intolerable agony; as renders death a
happy release.

No less revolting must be thee: sintditio oh nd nhiimi
left to the rapacity of the wild dogs. If roused to conscious-
ness by the attacks of these creatüres, and possessing sufficient
sensibility to understand their condition, yet not strength
enough to repel the devourers, how dreadful must it be to
resign themselves to be torn piecemeal by the famished
animals! The numerous fabulous tales that obtain credit
among the natives, of persons recovering after death, and-
appearing again after burial, &c. probably owe their origin to
such reanimations as those which I have described. - The
natives make it very easy to account for such revivificati
without implicating the virtues of the Tanghin; since they
ascribe all wonderful events to the influence of some appro-
priate charm, and imagine there is a charm or “ medicine of

286

life,” by the application of which a person recovers, even from
death itself.

Many are purposely buried alive in Madagascar. I saw
an instance of this from my own house; two men were dig-
ging the grave, whilst the victim was partly driven, and partly
dragged towards it; on reaching the brink, he was hurled in,
and heavy stones dashed upon him to deprive him of sensa-
tion before throwing in the soil.

'The question as to what constitutes sorcery is enveloped
in great mystery, because none can be supposed to know,
who are not, either actually or by connivance, guilty. The
existence of such supernatural agency is firmly credited by
all the Malagassy, not excepting those who have learned and
felt most of the power of the word of God. Many will admit
thatthe whole proceeding ofthe Tanghin ordeal is but a money-
getting artifice, yet none will allow that no such thing as sor-
cery really exists. They aver that incontrovertible proofs can
be adduced of persons being bewitched; becoming, without
any other assignable cause, either fools or madmen, and acting
entirely as if destitute of reason. An instance of this sudden
privation of reason occurred among the servants of Mr. Grif-
fiths, in the person of a servant-girl, who was in a state of
mental alienation or fascination for some time. She wandered
at night among the rocks, that are inhabited by wild cats and
owls, and among the tombs, though repeatedly beaten by the
watchmen, till at length a man, experienced in charms and
medicines, cured her, It is likewise affirmed that many of
those who die, confess themselves to have been genuine sor-
cerers, and compelled by fascination to follow this way of life.
The wild cats are said voluntarily to follow such individuals,
and the attestations of the dying persons, that they have used
no means to attract the creatures, are brought in confirmation
of the fact. Such pretended confessions may, however, be -
induced through a desire of speedy death, as the individuals
who avow such practices are immediately sacrificed; or, pro-

bably, the disordered state of their minds, affected by. the — :

action of the poison, may render them unconscious of what
- they affirm. - mw

287

The most common arts of the sorcerers are said to be going
out at night, to wander among the rocks and tombs, and to
associate with the owls and wild cats. What they do there
is not so obvious; but the watchmen who catch and beat them
declare that they play with those detested creatures, and give
them food; others alleging that the wild animals, on the con-
trary, serve as a meal to the bewitched persons, who convey
them home, and eat them under cover of the night; or that, like
Lord Byron’s Vampyre, they haunt the tombs to feast on the
corpses. It is universally allowed that a strong charm (ody-
mahery) is obtained from the owls and wild cats, by the con-
tact or proximity of which the human race is enchanted and
destroyed, and the real fact is probably that some persons do
practise the giving of poison, which is thus gratuitously
ascribed to sorcery. These enchanters are deemed utter mis-
anthropists, delighting in human sufferings, and frequenting
the tombs to triumph over the dead. They aim only at occa-
sioning disease and destruction ;—misery is their sphere of
existence, which they only live to produce, and in which they
delight. An invincible fatality or fascination compels them to
. this conduct, from which they often, but vainly, desire a re-
lease. The power of enchantment is derivable from ancestors,
relatives, or friends, and once obtained can never be resigned,
nor its practice abjured; but wherever the possessed indivi-
duals go, they infallibly seek to bewitch, poison, and destroy.
They cast a spell over persons, riches, and possessions, turn
prosperity into adversity, embitter all the joys of their victims,
and cause every thing to yield but disease, sorrow, and death,
A common act of the sorcerers is to poison the water in the
pitcher used by an entire family, and thus occasion wholesale
destruction; or less frequently to occasion such a wide-spread-
ing disease as shall affect the whole nation. Such is their
conduct, in which they are supposed to persevere, till death
arrests the career of its over-zealous servants, and puts a stop
to its own ravages, ‘There is no limit assigned to the power
of sorcery; every evil which the Malagassy feel or fear, which
they understand, or do not understand, is ascribed to its in-
fluence. The reason assigned for the universal administra-

288

tion of the Tanghin ordeal in 1830, was that Her Majesty
was bewitched and rendered ill and that the death of the
sorcerer alone could remove her complaints.

But although no very distinct information can be obtained
on what constitutes a proof of sorcery, yet several signs are
exhibited after the accusation, to those conversant with the
business. It would be tedious to specify many; but gene-
rally the following are remarked. The guilty person, on
being apprehended, makes a boisterous assertion of his inno-
cence, assuring his friends with the utmost confidence of his
approaching escape. Various prognostics that are observed
on the way to the place of drinking, are unfavourable to him,
as are the answers of divination returned by the Skid. On
killing the fowl of which soup is made for the vehicle of
Tanghin, its heart is observed to incline to the side, instead _
of being upright, thus showing that the accused is * malaka,”
i. e. crooked or guilty. The Tanghin turns reddish, instead -
of being pure white; the vomiting is attended with great
pain and difficulty, and the skin is dry; whereas the innocent -
vomit easily, and perspire freely. Uneasiness and distress
mark the whole appearance, the eyes of the sufferer become
red and fiery, he is indisposed to eat the rice, and to drink
the ríce-water; swelling of the body and other unequivocal
symptoms of death appear, or if these signs of decease do
not come on, the poor wretch is presently killed on the
ground of the obvious omens of guilt. Some few, however,
escape on the plea that they are ** azondoya,” or held by the
power of evil without being voluntarily culpable, or by allow-
ing what forms indeed an unanswerable argument against the
entire system, that perhaps the stomach had consumed or
digested the three bits of skin before the vomiting took place,
so that the appearance of these pieces, which would furnish
an undeniable proof of innocence, is rendered impossible. -

It were needless to make many comments on the revolting
character of the whole transaction. Its history shows how —
deeply seated in the hearts of men are the belief and the ap- —
prehension of a power superior to their own, while it exhibits —
a grievous picture of the purpose to which human beings.

989

unaided by the light of revelation, turn such a conviction. -
How different were the moral and intellectual state of a
nation, possessing a true knowledge of the power of the .
Almighty Creator, and of the infinite wisdom, mercy, and -
consistency, with which He exercises it! No argument is
necessary to prove that our first object among such a people
should be to rectify their views of the character and conduct
of God; for no degree of ignorance in scientific matters, no
intellectual poverty can compare with the effects produced by
the dreadful obliquity of their moral sense in these matters.
All other deficiencies are light, when weighed against their
ignorance of Him, * whom to know is life eternal," and in
acquaintance with whom all true wisdom has its beginning.
-At present, so deeply rooted in the minds of all the Mala-
gassy, from the Sovereign down to the slave, is the belief in
witchcraft, and so blindly are they led by this belief, that the
whole nation may be considered as labouring under a spell,
as powerful as the fascination which they attribute to the un-
fortunate sorcerers themselves. My fervent prayer is that the
spell may be speedily dissolved, and the fascination disappear
before the light of knowledge, and the power of divine truth;
and with this prayer do I close my equally true and distress-
ing narration of human folly and superstition. A
Epwarp Baker.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TANGHIN,
TANGHINIA VENENIFLUA;

By Professor Born.

ies TANGHINIA VENENIFLUA. | E ads

The genus Tanghinia, to which the fruit belongs whose

history has now occupied so many of our pages, was esta- -

blished by Aubert du Petit Thouars, in his ** Genera Nova

Madagascariensia;" but its character, as well as that of the

species, is fully given from the recent plant, in a letter which
VOL, III. U

290

accompanied the figure (Tas. CX.), by Professor Bojer, who
is of opinion that it is a genus quite distinct from Cerbera,
to which it has been referred in the Botanical Magazine.

Tasmaitus; A. du P. Th.

Calycis sepala 5, patentia, decidua. Corolla — Lng,
hypocrateriformis; tubo viridi; fauce subpentagona, dilatata;
limbo plano, contorto, 5-lobo, roseo. Stamina 5; filamentis
dilatatione tubi insertis. Anthere crassee, cordiformes, intus
dehiscentes, superne lamellis foliaceis acuminatis, productione
tubi inflexis: tuberculi sub quaque anthera umbilicati. Ova-
rium 1,4-lobum. Stylus 1, tubi longitudine zequalis. Stigma
capitatum, thecis antherarum inclusum. Fructus ovatus, dru-
paceus: Nux fibrosa, utrinque acuta, unilateraliter fissa.
Seminis integumentum membranaceum, fibris tenuibus tunice
nucis solummodo adhserens. Albumen crassum, concavum,
(in sicco corneum). Cofyledones planæ, tenues, "m
Embryo superus, inversus.— Bojer. `

Tanghinia veneniflua. (Tas. CX.).

Tanghinia veneniflua. Poiret in Encycl. Bot. Suppl. v. 5.
p. 983.

Cerbera Tanghin. Hooker, Bot. Mag. t. 2968.

Arbor insignis, 30-pedalis et ultra, habitu Mangifere
Indice, ubique succo gelatinoso, albo-virescente scatens.
Truncus rectus, cortice cinereo, levi, intus albicante, tectus.
Lignum subflavum. Rami inferne horizontales, superne
erectiusculi : juniores subherbacei, cinereo-virides, glabri.
Folia 5-8-pollicaria, ad extremitates ramorum approximata,
erecta, coriacea, glabra, nitida, apicem versus bipollicaria, in-
ferne sensim attenuata, margine cartilagineo, revoluto; ner-
vis lateralibus numerosis indistinctis subtus pallidioribus.
Petioli vix unciam longi, supra plani; ad basin magis minusve
incrassati. Flores in paniculas terminales subcorymbosas.
Pedunculi pedicellique bi-ternati ad basin articulati, cylin-
dracei, carnosi, bracteati; bracteis 2, oppositis, ovatis, acutis
vel obtusis, concavis, deciduis. Calycis sepala viridia, erecta
ovata, acuta, glabra, demum patentia, Corolle tubus 8 lineis
longus, ad faucem pubescens, carnosus; laciniis hori

291

patentibus, acutis, leeviter undulatis, per astivationem spira-
liter contortis, fecundatione peracta, reflexis. Fructus dru-
paceus, luteus, laevis, hinc plerumque rubro-striatus; carne
luteo-virescente, inodora, sapore acri, Nua fibrosa, rimosa,
fibris lígnosis, reticulato-anastomosantibus."— Bojer.
Tas.CX. TANGHINIA VENENIFLUA. Fig. 1, The corolla
laid open to exhibit the insertion of the stamens, and the
glands at their base. Fig. 2, A stamen more clearly show-
ing the gland at the base, and the appendage at the top,
Fig. 3, Stamen and upper part of the style, showing how the
stigma is sheathed by the anthers. Fig. 4, Pistil ;—all magni-
fied. Fig. 5, Fruit. Fig. 6, The nut, as it appears when the
pulp or sarcocarp is destroyed, the reticulated fibres remain-
ing attached to both extremities. Fig. 7, The nut, the fibres
being removed. Fig. 8, The nut laid open. Fig. 9, The
seed. Fig. 10, The embryo. Fig. 11, Embryo with one of
its cotyledons removed. Fig. 12, Embryo with its 2 coty-
ledons a little spreading. All from Fig. 5, natural size. .

ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY;

PRINCIPALLY OF THE SOUTHERN PARTS OF THE
PENINSULA.

. Bx Dr. ROBERT Wien, M.D., &c. &c.
[Continued from p. 104 of the present Volume.]

XXXIII.

LIMONIA MISSIONIS.

Foliis simplicibus ellipticis oblongis brevi-petiolatis, racemis
in axillas spinarum folio brevioribus multifloris. (Supp.
Tas. XXXIII.)

Limonia Missionis. Wall. Cat. n. 6358. :

Katoo Naruptia. Wild Orange.

A small tree, with a round, very branching, bushy head; the
v2 ;

292
branches round, smooth, bright green, the older ones armed

with numerous large, strong, sharp thorns, the flower-bearing
ramuli flexuose, with small, straight, axillary spines. Leaves
alternate, short-petioled, oval, sometimes immarginate and
slightly crenate, oftener entire, smooth, coriaceous, dark shin-
ing green, mottled with white spots, and perforated with nu-
merous pellucid points. Racemes in the axils of the spines,
shorter than the leaves, somewhat capitate. Flowers numer-
ous, fragrant, pure white. Calyx small, 4- or 5-lobed. Co-
rolla 4—5-petaled, caducous. Petals obovate. Stamens 8 or
10, a little shorter than the petals. Filaments subulate.
Anthers erect, large in proportion to the flowers. Pistil : ger-
men superior, elevated on a glandular receptacle, globular, 4-
or 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell, one by one of
which usually arrives at maturity. Style cylindrical. Stigma
capitate. Pericarp a 4-or 5-celled berry: cells containing a
very glutinous mucilaginous fluid, and one roundish seed, en-
closed in a thick, firm, glandular, orange-like fruit.

This tree is found, rather frequently, in sandy soil near the
sea-coast, flowering towards the end of the cool season, and
ripening its fruit about August or September. The corolla
falls a few hours after expansion; hence it is difficult to pro-
cure specimens in flower. That here "on was gathered
about the beginning of March.

Surp. Tas. XX XIII. Limonia Missionis. Fig. 1, Flower.’
Fig. 2, Section of a scarcely mature fruit. Fig. 3, Young
seed. Fig. 4, Section of a riper fruit. Fig. 5, Seed. Fig.
6, Section of do. :——moré or less magnified.

XXXIV.
IXORA PARVIFLORA.

TETRANDRIA Mowooxwia; Nat. Ord. Bun Juss.

Ixora parviflora; caule arboreo, foliis cordatis lanceolatis
acutis sessilibus glabris, paniculis oblongis brachiatis,
segmentis calycinis corollinisque obtusis. pun, Tar

XXXIV.)

293

Ixora parviflora. Vahl, Symb. v. 3. p. 2. t. 52. Willd. Sp. Pl.
v. l. p. 609. Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 1. p.394. Syst. Veget. v. 1.
p.408. De Cand. Prodr. v. 4. p. 488.

Adapamarum (incorrectly named by Ainsley Soolundie Kuttay,
which is the Crotalaria juncea.)

À small tree, with a thick, bushy head. Bark dark-coloured,
rough. Leaves opposite, decussate, nearly sessile, obovato-
lanceolate, pointed, “smooth, shining, firm, entire, from 3 to
4 inches long, and 1} to 2 broad” (Rozb.). The specimens,
now before me, have deaves 51 inches long, and 3 broad; and
I think I have seen larger ones. The stipules appear to be
early deciduous, as, out of 4 good specimens, I can only find
one perfect pair, and that on a young shoot : all the others
have either fallen or withered. They embrace the stem within
the petioles, and terminate in a lateral subulate point. Pani-
cles large, ‘ovate, terminal, twice or thrice decussate, the
branches, branchlets, and peduncles always dividing into
threes, the ultimate pedicels being 3-flowered, and form to-
gether an exceedingly rich cluster. “ Bracteas, at the princi-
pal divisions, stipulaceous, with 4 subulate processes” (Roab.).
This does not accord with my specimens, which have folia-
ceous bracteas, diminishing in size as they ascend the panicle,
and furnished, like the proper leaves, with stipules; the more
remote divisions have stipules, but no bracteas. Flowers small,
white, fragrant. Calyx obtusely 4-toothed, very small. Corolla,
with its tube, long and slender: limb 4-cleft, the divisions
linear, obtuse, reflexed. Stamens : filaments very short; anthers
linear and bent back with the segments of the corolla.
Germen inferior. Style filiform, longer than the tube, hairy.
Stigma 2-cleft. Berry generally 2-seeded, 2-lobed, about
the size of a pea, black when ripe. ! |

This shrub, or small tree, is met with, occasionally, in the
vicinity of Negapatam, in sandy soil, near the coast. It is also
extensively distributed over India. In many places the
branches are converted into torches, by being first well dried
in the oven, and. then partly split. They give a clear light,
and are very useful to travellers who journey during the

294

night. It flowers in March and February, and ripens its
fruit during the hot season.

A concentrated infusion of the bark of this and the Zzora
coccinea, is used in a gargle for sore gums, incident to old

age.

SuPPL. Tas, XX XIV. Ixoraparviflora. Fig. 1, Flower. Fig.
2, Part of a panicle with fruit (nat. size). Fig. 3, Section
. of a young fruit:—magnified. .

XXXV.
IXORA GRANDIFLORA.

Foliis subcordatis oblongis acutis glabris nitidis sessilibus,
cymis subsessilibus trichotomis, corollis acutis, segmentis
calycinis acutis post anthesin conniventibus. (SuppL. Tas.

XXXV.) :

Ixora grandiflora. Ker, in Bot. Reg. p. 394. Spreng. Syst.
Veget. v. 1. p.407. De Cand. Prodr. v. 4. p. 486.
I. coccinea. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 159. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 1. p. 609.
Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 1. p. 385.
A small shrub, with scarcely any trunk, but with many
erect divided branches, seldom attaining a height of above 6 —
or T feet. Leaves opposite, decussate, very short, petioled, very
slightly cordate at the base, varying from ovate to obovato-
lanceolate, entire, smooth, shining, 3 or 4 inches long; and
about 4 as broad, sometimes alittle more. Stipules between the
petioles, a subulate one on each side. Cymes terminal, twice
trichotomous, i. e. dividing into three primary divisions, and
each of these again dividing into three, 3- or 4-flowered pedi-
cels. Flowers numerous, large, bright scarlet. Calyx 4-cleft,
or rather 4-toothed ; teeth sharp-pointed. Corolla with the
tube very long and slender, nectariferous; limb 4-cleft, with
spreading segments, lanceolate. Stamens 4: filaments very
short, inserted on the apex of the tube, bent outwards: anthers
linear, incumbent. Style filiform, longer than the tube.

295

Stigma capitate, 2-cleft at the apex. Berry 2-celled ; cells -
l-seeded ; seeds plano-convex.

This is a common plant on the edges of tanks and water-
courses, Itis most frequently, however, seen on the edges of
the tanks attached to pagodas, where I believe it is planted
for the sake of its flowers, which, with many others, are pre-
sented at the shrines of the gods. lt is in blossom the whole of
the cool and rainy seasons.

SurPL Tas. XXXV. Ixora grandiflora. Fig. 1, Flower
with the tube laid open. Fig 2, Section of a fruit :—mag-
nified.

XXXVI.
SALACIA LÆVIGATA?

Paniculis axillaribus valde divisis, petalis ciliatis, foliis petio-
latis oblongis acutis subundulatis integerrimis glabris sub-
tus scabriusculis, ramis glabris. DC. .(Surrr. Tas.
KXXVL)

Salacia leevigata ? De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 570.

Tonsella levigata? Hoffman.

A scandent (?) shrub ; the young ees rounded, smooth,
cinereous, Leaves opposite, shortly petioled, elliptic-oblong,
obtusely acuminate, entire or but very slightly crenate, cori-
aceous, smooth on both sides: a stipulary connecting mem-
brane exists within the petioles. Pedicels axillary, panicled.
Panicles diffuse, dichotomous, considerably exceeding the
length of the leaves, and bearing numerous, small, greenish-
yellow flowers. Calyx 5-parted, imbricating, obtuse, and,
with the pedicels, villous. Corolla: petals 5, very broad at
the base, and lying over each other there, slightly undulated
on the margin, inserted on the receptacle, Base of the ger-
men enclosed in a thick fleshy urceolus, the apex of which
forms a disk surrounding the style, and apparently support-
ing thé base of the filaments. Stamens 8; Jilaments very
broad at the base, somewhat monadelphous, covering the

296

apex of the germen, tapering thence to a point, bearing the
reflexed anthers. Anthers large, 1-celled, on the very tip of
the filaments, and apparently formed by splitting into two
laminze, and forming a bladder (which, while yet distended with
pollen, appears 2-celled), 2-lobed, bursting transversely. Pis-
til : germen superior, 3-celled, cells many? ovuled. Style one,
filiform ; stigma simple, about the length of the filaments.
Früit saat

This piel differs from the character assigned to the S.
levigata, perhaps sufficiently so to constitute a new species.
It is a native of dense forests on the sea-coast, near Point .
Calimere, and extending thence along the shore nearly 40
miles in a westerly direction towards the Tondamaris country,
a tract well worthy the attention of the botanist who has time
to devote to its examination. The specimens were gathered
in January, or beginning of February.

SurPL. Tas. XXXVI. Salacia fhevigat Fig. 1, Flower.
Fig. 2, Back view of the calyx. Fig. 3, Back view of the
stamen. Fig. 4, Section of the 3-celled germen, with 2
ovules in each cell :—magnified.

XXXVII.

CADABA TRIPHYLLA.

Foliis palmato-trifoliolatis, foliolis subellipticis obtusiusculis
subemarginatis. :
Oothie Peralie. Tamu.

A rigid, ramous shrub: bark brown, speckled with small
white tubercles; young shoots, petioles, and peduncles sca-
brous. Leaves petioled, palmato-3-foliate. Petioles varying
considerably in length, but always shorter than the leaflets,
rounded, scabrous, particularly on the upper surface: leaflets
between elliptic and lanceolate, retuse or emarginate in a -
slight degree, otherwise entire, smooth, coriaceous, somewhat
veiny and reticulated. Racemes terminal, bearing several large,
long-pedicelled, pale yellowish-white flowers. Calyx 4-leaved,

297.

two of the leaves much larger, boat-shaped, obtuse; the
smaller pair within scarcely half their size, and of a more
membranaceous texture. Corolla 2-petaled ; petals orbicular,
elevated on a long slender claw, slightly waved round the
edge. Nectary springing from the base of the torus, funnel-
shaped, the ¿imb divided on one side, and folded back, bright
yellow. Stamens 6: filaments monadelphous at the base,
and embracing the base of the stipes (thecaphore, DC.),
which they exceed in length. Anthers oblong, incumbent,
cordate. Pistil: germen cylindrical, supported on a x élender
stipe. Style none. Stigma blunt. Fruit... ?

I am uncertain of the exact habitat of this sti but 1 think
it came from the jungles of the Tandemans country. The
specimens were gathered in February, but without fruit. The
figures and descriptions are taken from small specimens only.
I have not myself met with the plant growing, nor have I ever
seen the fruit.

SurPL Tas. XXXVII. Cadaba triphylla.

‘XXXVIII.
CONVOLVULUS TURPETHUM.

Foliis cordatis angulatis integrisque obtusiusculis mucronatis
pubescentibus, pedunculis folio brevioribus, bracteis 2 mag-
nis tubum corolla fere sequantibus, caule alato. (SUPPL.
Tas. XXXVIII.)

Convolvulus Turpethum. Zinn. Sp. PL p- 221. Willd. Sp.
Pl. v. 1. p. 859. Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 2. p. 57. Spreng. Syst.
Veget. v. 1. p. 598.

Shevadia Kodie.

Stems twining or procumbent, according to dispense
` With 3 wings, smooth. Wings decurrent from the petioles.
Petioles flattened above, and slightly winged on the edges,
pubescent, about 11 inches long. Leaves broadly suborbi-
cular, cordate, entire, obtuse, butmucronate—or they are ovate
and angled, sometimes even hastate, the veins beneath promi- -

298.

nent and reticulated, softly pubescent; above a little harsh,
from the hairs being shorter and stiffer. Peduncles axillary,
round, pubescent, varying in length, but usually longer than
the petioles : at first 2- or 3-flowered, but afterwards increasing
in number, owing to the lateral pedicels becoming proliferous
and giving off fresh ones. Bracteas large, membranaceous,
deciduous. Calyz 5-parted, outer segments much larger than
the others, concave, entire, villous, mucronate, speckled within
with numerous black spots. Corolla white: tube short, con-
tracted at, and nearly closed by, the filaments, which are much
enlarged and hairy. Filaments short : anthers oblong, spirally
twisted after shedding their pollen. Style filiform, longer
than the stamens. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Capsules sti-
pitate, 2-celled, 4-seeded, enclosed in the greatly enlarged,
and now smooth greenish-white calyx. In its junior state
the apex is covered with a green scale, which drops as it
approaches to maturity, leaving the capsule transparent in
the place it occupied.

This is esteemed by the natives nearly as active as jalep
(as a cathartic). Ihave never prescribed it, and cannot speak
from my own observation; but I have ordered some to be
procured, with the view of making experiments,

Surrr. Tas. XXXVIII. Convolvulus Turpethum. Fig. l,
Stamens and base of the corolla. Fig. 2, Capsule with its
green scale. Fig. 3, Capsule from which the scale has
fallen :—natural size.

XXXIX.
GLYCOSMIS TRIPHYLLA.

Foliolis ternis ellipticis obtuse acuminatis integerrimis glabris,
staminum filamentis medio non incrassatis. (SUPPL. hale
XXXIX.) d

anos: Tamul.

-A ramous leafy shrub, im 3 to 5 feet high, vix scis
any trunk. Bark, of the larger branches, brown, of the small

299

ones cinereous: the very young shoots frequently clothed
with rusty down. Leaves unequally pinnate : leaflets alternate;
2 or3, rarely 4, elliptic, very broad in the middle, rapidly
tapering towards both ends, and terminating in a short, ob-
tuse, sometimes emarginate, acumen, quite entire, smooth, cori-
aceous, usually mottled above with dirty whitish spots, from
3 to 4 inches long and about 2 broad. —Hacemes axillary and
terminal, shorter than the leaves, usually compound, subcapi-
tate; the rachis ferruginous, furnished at its divisions with
small bracteas. Calyx very small, 5-parted, persistent. Cor-
olla : petals 5, obovato-lanceolate, many times larger than the
calyx. Stamens 10, inferior filaments about the length of the
petals, a little flattened at the base, and tapering equally to a
point, not inserted into a nectarial ring nor swollen in the
middle as in G. pentaphylla, but alternately into the base
of the petals, and upon 5 intermediate glands, which surround
the pedicel of the germen. Pistil: germen superior, pedi-
celled, 5-celled, not surrounded at the base by a disk. Style
none, or at least not to be distinguished from the germen.
Stigma obtuse, somewhat umbilicate. Fruit, a berry about
the size of a large pea, containing, when ripe, a single round
seed, sometimes 2 seeds.

This plant is a native of the sea-coast, growing in hedges
and thickets. I have only met with it in the Tanjore country;
but I am far from thinking that its geographical range is so
limited, since it is only lately that I ascertained it to be a
species distinct from the G. pentaphylla, which it much re-
sembles, I consequently may often have passed it as such with-
out observation, Like the G. pentaphylla, the flowers are re-
markably fragrant, a property which they retain a long time,
if dried and moistened again. The smell of some speci-
mens that have been many months in my herbarium be-
came as fresh as the day they were gathered, on being put
into water for a few seconds. It differs from the G. penta-
phylla in wanting the nectarial ring, into which the stamens and
petals of that species are inserted, in the absence of the
swelling on the filaments, in the germen being - pedicelled,
in the want of the style, and in the stigma being entire and

300

not 3-cleft, as represented in Roxburgh's figure, though not
mentioned in his description. The leaves differ in form, and
in the number of leaflets.

Suprt. Tas. XX XIX. Glycosmis triphylla. Fig. 1, Flower
laid open. Fig. 2, Calyx, nectariferous glands, and the
dissected germen. Fig. 3, Fruit cut through horizontally.
Fig. 4, Seed :—magnified.

XX.
JUSSLEA REPENS.

Herbacea, repens, glabra, foliis oblongis obovalibusve retusis
petiolatis, floribus longe pedicellatis ovario cylindraceo
pubescenti basi bituberculato attenuato, lobis calycinis 5 lan-
ceolatis acutis petalis obovatis duplo brevioribus. (SUPPL.
Tas. XL.)

Jussiza repens. Linn. Mant. p. 381. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2. p. 514.
Hamilt. in Linn. Trans. v. 14. p. 205. Spreng. Syst. Veget. —
v. 2. p.939. De Cand. Prodr. v. 8. p. 56. Rheede, Hort.
Malab. v. 2. p. 51.

Ponnellia Kadie. Tamul.

Roots fibrous. Stems herbaceous, creeping or floating, if
growing in water, rounded, smooth, rooting, and, when float-
ing, furnished with tufts of light cellular bodies, which serve
to render them buoyant. Leaves obovate, decurrent on the
petiole, entire, transversely nerved, smooth, of a bright shining
green above, marked with paler lines in the place of the
nerves. Peduncles axillary, varying much in length, generally
shorter than the leaves, but sometimes much longer, as in the
accompanying figure. Flowers large, cream-coloured. Calyz
cylindrical, the tube adherent with the ovary, attenuated at
the base, and furnished with two small fleshy tubercles, the
limb cut into 5 lanceolate, acute, spreading 3-nerved lobes.
Corolla : petals 5, obovate, emarginate, mucronate, deciduous,
marked near the base with a yellow spot. Stamens 10: fila- —
ments subulate, about half the length of the corolla, those

301

between the petals attached to 5 yellow glands. Anthers oval,
2-celled. Pistil: germen inferior, cylindrical: style a little
longer than the stamens: stigma capitate, 5-furrowed : capsule
cylindrical, 5-celled, each cell containing a single row of
seeds: there is a large pore between each pair of cells.

This beautiful plant is usually found near water, or float- -
ing on its surface often to a great extent; it, however, roots
readily in soil, if that soil be moist. Its blossoms expand in the
course of the night or early in the morning, and, long before
evening, there is scarcely one to be seen, particularly during
diwa eather. In the northern provinces of India it is compara-
tively rare: in the southern it may be found in almost every tank.

SuppL. Tas. XL. Jussizea repens. Fig 1, Immature capsule
cut through transversely :—magnijied.

XLI
PONGAMIA RELIGIOSA.

Volubilis, foliolis uni-bijugis cum impari ovato-oblongis acu-
minatis glabris. (Suppx. Tas. XLI.) :

Pongamia religiosa. De Cand. Prodr. v. 2. p. 416.

Galedupa religiosa. Roxb. Cat. Calc. 53.

Robinia religiosa. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 3. p. 1133. Smith in
Rees’ Cycl.— Pers. Syn. Pl. v. 2. p. 311. sia
Tephrosia religiosa. Spreng. Syst. Veget. t v. 3. P. 932.

A twining ramous shrub; the trunk and branches rounded :
bark rough, brown, tuberculated, flower-bearing. Famuli
. Smooth and green. Pefioles alternate, elongated, smooth, except

at the base, which is enlarged and wrinkled. Leaves pinnate;
leaflets one or two pairs and an odd one, smooth, bright green,
oval, oblong, obtusely acuminate, retuse, or emarginate at the
apex. Flowers on long axillary racemes, bearing near the base
a smaller bracteal (?) leaf: partial peduncles 3 or 4-flowered.

ers numerous, pure white. Calyx cup-shay ed , truncated,
obsoletely 5-toothed. Corolla papilionaceous. Petals on
short claws. y ezillum orbienlar,. erect, or slightly reflexed.

‘

302

Wings oblong, adhering to the larger semicircular keel,
Stamens monadelphous, the anterior one shorter, free above
and below, but adhering near the middle of the tube. Anthers
small, ovate. Pistil: germen compressed, slightly hairy above,
Style longer than the stamens. Stigma capitate. Legume
compressed, orbicular, wrinkled, 1-seeded.

This shrub is a native of saline swamps, most frequent
among the Acanthus ilicifolius; but when it happens to
grow near trees, it invariably finds its way to the top of
them. The trunk, however, does not increase in thickness in
the same proportion, being rarely more than five or six inches
in circumference, so far, at least, as I have had opportunities
of observing the plant. It is in flower most part of the year,
but produces fruit very sparingly. It is found near Negapa-
tam, rather abundantly on the banks of rivers, thriving both
in fresh and salt water.

Suprt. Tas. XLI. Pongamia religiosa. Fig. 1, Flower.
Fig. 2, Stamens and pistil (the calyx bent back) :—magni-

fied.

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF
SOUTH AMERICA AND THE ISLANDS OF
THE PACIFIC; By W. J. Hooker, LL.D. AND
G. A. W. Arnort, Eso. A.M. F.R.S.E.

[Continued from Page 129 of the present Volume.]

Since the publication of our first Memoir on the present sub-
ject, our Herbaria have been enriched by some interesting
plants of the Andes of Quito, from Professor William Jameson
and Colonel Hall of Quito, already alluded to in the present
volume, by a considerable collection from Buenos Ayres and
the Uraguay, received from Mr. Tweedie, and by another
from Chili, made by Mr. Bridges, chiefly in the Cordilleras.

The Botany of Chili, and Science in general, have sus-

303

tained a great loss in the death of the enthusiastic Bertero.
Apprehensions, and very serious ones, too, were long enter-
tained respecting his fate; and information had reached us
in the early part of the present year (1832), of which later .
accounts from other correspondents have confirmed the cor-
rectness, and we, therefore, do not hesitate about giving the
following extract of a letter from our valued friend, Alexander
Caldcleugh, Esq. dated St. Jago de Chile, 17th Dec. 1831.
* I am most sorry,” he says, “ to make known to you the fate of
poor Bertero. After the voyage which he made with me, last
year, to the island of Juan Fernandez, where he collected with
great zeal, and found many interesting things, and some new
Genera, (amongst them five of the Cichoracea, tolerably large
trees with hollow stems),—he remained in Valparaiso for
three months, for the purpose of arranging and despatching
his plants to Paris, At this time a vessel offered to Tahiti,
and, led on by that powerful thirst for botanical science,
which I have no where seen surpassed, he embarked in her,
and remained ten weeks collecting in that island, and then took
a passage to return to Valparaiso, with a valuable collection in
a new Tahitian schooner, which sailed about eleven months
ago, and has not since been heard of. Such has been the
result of the inquiries I was induced to make, from the cir- |
cumstance of my finding no letters lying for me at his agents,
on my late return to Chili; and I was led to believe that his
plans were to remain some time longer collecting in this coun-
try. Hehas left no plants here, and I am sure you will regret
his loss exceedingly, for had he lived he would have done a
great deal more to extend our knowledge of the Flora of this
most interesting portion of South America."

We have reason to be satisfied, from what has been pub-
lished by his friends at Paris of some portion of his collec-
tions (in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles), that the whole
of them have fallen into good hands; and we are s sure that
our learned friends, Adrien de Jussieu* aod. a ao jin, , will

* This most able Botanist, in a a late No. of the ** Missile" has published an
Account of some new Genera from Bertero's vollections, and though, probably,

304

do ample justice to the memory of this eminent and lamented

traveller.

385. (1.) Kageneckia oblonga, R. et P.—K. crateegoides, Don
in Ed. New Phil. Jour. n.23. p. 111.—Lydzea Lyday Mol.
Chil. (ed. 2), p. 300.—Chili; San Gabriel and Collina,
Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso and Quillota, Bridges, 1832 (N.
240.) Valparaiso, Cuming (N. '/16.)— Cordillera of
Chili, Cuming (N. 264.) Baths of Collina, Macrae.—
Nom. vernac. Guayo Colorado, R. et P.; Lyday, Mol.;
Bollen, Dr. Gillies. The serratures of the leaf are not
obtuse, as they are usually described, but they sometimes
appear so by the glandular tip falling off. We agree
with Kunth that the genus is dicecious, and not poly-
gamous, the stamens that accompany the germens being
certainly sterile. Don’s character * floribus solitariis"
(Ed. N. Phil. Journ. No. 20. p. 231) is taken solely from
the female flowers: his K. crategoides being the male,
in which, as Kunth states, the flowers are corymbose. -

386. (2.) Kageneckia angustifolia, Don. l. c.—Cordillera of
Chili, Cuming. (N. 311.) Bridges, 1832—(N. 241.)—
Ten to fifteen feet high ( Bridges).

387. (1.) Quillaja saponaria, Mol. (descr. pessim.)—Q. Smeg-
madermos, DC.—Q. Molinz, DC.—Smegmadermos
emarginatus, R. et P.—Chili, Dr. Gillies. Andes of
Chili (Ist and 2d ranges), Cuming (N. 161).—Quepuy
and near Quillota, Bridges, 1832 (N. 395). Baths of
Collina, Macrae. Nom. vernac. Quillai. The speci-
mens from Dr. Gillies are in fruit, and have solitary

our plate and description were first prepared of Bridgesia spicata, yet we are
anxious to declare that the right of priority from publication belongs to M. de
Jussieu, and that the name we had imposed must, on that account, give place to
Ercilla volubilis, Juss. It is satisfactory to find how nearly our respective figures and. i
descriptions accord, whatever difference of opinion there may be, in regard to the
Natural Order to which the Genus should be referred. We have considered it to
belong to Rutaceæ. Jussieu inclines to place it with the Menispermee ; and
Mr. Don, in Jameson's Ed. Phil. Journ. for October, 1832, among the Phytolaccee-

388.

389,

305

flowers with almost entire and emarginate leaves, as in
Mr. Bridges’ specimen; those from Cuming have fer-
tile stamens, corymbose flowers, and leaves that are
coarsely and bluntly toothed. Mr. Don (I. c.) describes
another species, Q. petiolaris, of which Cuming had only
one or two fragments, without flower or fruit, and which
was not generally distributed; but this supposed species
we have ascertained to be our Azara Gilliesii (huj. op.

n. 65) from an inspection of a leaf transmitted us by
Mr. Don. |

(1.) Geum Chiloense, Balb.—G. coccineum, Ser. in De
Cand. Prodr. v. 2. p. 551, not of Smith and Sibth.—G.
Quellyon, Sweet.—Quebrada de Fray Carlos, Andes of
Chili, Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 563). Bridges,
1832 (N. 212.) Macrae. Conception, Messrs. Lay and
Collie.—Nom. vernac. Quellyon.

(1.) Comaropsis radicans, De Cand.—Rubus radicans,
Cav. ic. 5. t. 413.—Chiloe, Cuming (N. 37.)—This
scarcely agrees with the character of Comaropsis, and
may perhaps be replaced in Rubus.

(1.) Fragaria Chilensis, Ehrh.— Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie. Cuming (N. 816.) pope

- (I) Alchemilla arvensis, Scop.—Concon in Chili,

Bridges, 1832, (N. 524.)— Perhaps introduced.

- (1.) Margyricarpus setosus, R. et P.—Maldonado in

the Banda Oriental, Pampas of Buenos Ayres, and
Province of Cordova, Dr. Gillies. Banda Oriental,

` Tweedie, Valparaiso, Mathews; Cuming (N. 763.)

393.

Juan Fernandez, Cuming, (N. 1327) ; Bertero. |

(2.) Margyricarpus alatus, (Gill. mst.) ; petiolis valde
spinescentibus, ramulis novellis brevibus axillaribus fo-
liosis, foliolis deciduis oblongis rigidis mucronatis mar-

gine revolutis, fructu 3—4-alato, alis latis membranaceis.

VOL, III, x

394.

395.

306

—El Cerro del Morro, Province of San Luis, and Chili,
Dr. Gillies. Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 254.)
Bella Vista de Aconcugua, Bridges, 1832. (N. 298.)
Baths of Collina, Macrae.—In M. setosus the fruit is fur- -
nished with a strong rib, running down from the centreof
each calycine segment, which, moreover, is provided with
two or three processes or teeth; the lower being patent
and blunt, the upper one erect and sharp, as is usually
noticed in the generic character. In the present species
these ribs and teeth are replaced by membranaceous
wings, oneof which, however, is frequently abortive. The
cotyledons are large, flat, and foliaceous; the radicle
straight and superior, nearly half aslong asthe cotyledons.

(1.) Aceena splendens, (Hook. et Arn.) ; tota sericeo-
lanata, floribus 3-4-andris in spicam laxam elongatam
dispositis, fructibus magnis ovoideis tomentosis, aculeis
elongatis glochidiatis numerosis, caule erectiusculo,

- foliis ad basin caulis confertis sub-3-jugis, foliolis ellip-

tico-oblongis apice dentatis.— Cordillera of Chili, Cum-
ing (N. 299); Bridges, 1832, (N. 3.) who finds it also
at Sierra Bella Vista, Aconcugua.— The leaves are
covered on both sides with beautiful long silky shining
hairs, which are close-pressed: those on the stem are
more patent and woolly. Between the leaves and the
spike occurs sometimes one, or at most two, distant
minute trifid leaves or bracteas. ;

(2.) Acsena integerrima, (Gill. mst.); tota sericeo-la-
nata, floribus in capitulum globosum dispositis unico
alterove distante, ovario aculeis brevibus glochidiatis,
caule caespitoso prostrato, foliis sub-radicalibus confertis
4-jugis, foliolis ovato-oblongis integerrimis vel apice 2-
3-dentatis, unico. caulino plus duplo minore.—Near
El Arroyo de los Portreros, Andes of Mendoza, Dr.
Gillies.—'Dhis seems to differ from the last species in
its smaller size, and, according to Dr. Gillies, in its pros-
trate stems. The specimens are only in flower, but

-these flowers are much smaller than in A. splendens, and

396.

397.

398.

399,

307

we cannot say to which section of the genus it belongs.
If future observations should prove that the capitate
floral infloresence lengthens into a spike, then there is
scarcely sufficient character to distinguish it from 4.
splendens.

(3.) Acæna cæspitósa, (Gill. mst.); floribus in pituin
globosum dispositis, unico distante vel nullo, fructibus
ovatis glabris breviter undique aculeatis, caule cæspi-
toso erecto, foliis congestis sub-radicalibus utrinque
sericeis subtrijugis, foliolis inferioribus bi-trifidis super-
ioribus integris segmentis integerrimis linearibus minu-

tis. —El Paramillo de las Cuevas, and El Alto de la

Laguna, Andes of Mendoza and Chili, Dr. Gillies.—
This has precisely the habit of A. trifida.

(4.) Acæna trifida, R. et P. Fl. Per. v. 1. f. 104.—2.

nudiuscula. A. pinnatifida, Lindl. Bot. Heg. t. 1271.—
Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 498,) Bridges, 1832 (N. 1.)—
&. sericea. Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie.

(5.) Aceena pinnatifida, R. et P. Fl. Per. v. 1. t. 104.—
a. caule sericeo-tomentoso, foliorum segmentis latiori-
bus.—A. incisa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub fol. 1271.—Cor-
dillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 301.) Mountains of Quil-
lota, Bridges, 1832 (N. 2.)—4. caule sericeo-tomentoso,
foliorum segmentis angustis.—4A. Andicola, Gill. mst.—
Los Palomares, and both sides of El Planchon, Andes.

of Mendoza and Chili, Dr. Gillies.—y. caule subglabro,

foliorum segmentis angustis.—Conception, Cuming (N.
145.) Velparaísa, Bridges.

(6.) Acæna cuneata, (Hook. et Arn.); floribus in spicis -
globoso-ovatis paucis distantibus aggregatis, fructibus
undique breviter aculeatis, caule decumbente basi folioso,
foliis sub 5-jugis, foliolis cuneato-obovatis utrinque seri-

-ceis apice praecipue inciso-dentatis.— Cordillera of Chili,

Cuming (N. 300.) Near Los ae de Aghi: ine Cor-
dillera, Bridges, 1832, (N. 4.) -

| (7.) Aceena myriophylla, Lindl. in Bot. pee iub fol.

1212.— 8. compacta.—e« € * doe get Buenos Ayres,

- Dr. Gillies ; Tweedie.

TE

308

401. (8.) Acaena adscendens, Vahl.?—4A. Grahamiana, Gill.

ist.—El Valle de Uspallata, Los Palomares, and banks

. of El Rio de los Horcones, Andes of Mendoza, Dr.

402.

403.

404.

405.

406.

Gillies. Los Ojos de Agua, Bridges, 1832, (N. 522.)
Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 233.)—In_ speci-
mens from Chili the leaflets are furnished with a few
silky hairs beneath, particularly on the veins; and the
younger leaves are even more decidedly silky. In speci-
mens from our gardens they are evidently glabrous;
hence arise our doubts as to the identity of the species,
but we can perceive no other difference. Sometimes
the leaves are interruptedly pinnate. The capitulum is
solitary, perfectly globose, and apparently dioecious.
(9.) Acsena argentea, R. et P.—Proquin, Feuill. Chil.
v. 3. t. 41.— Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie. Maule
Province, Cuming (N. 844, 845 in fr.)

(10.) Aceena Magellanica, Vahl.—Province of Maule,
Cuming (N. 843.) —Our specimen has thin leaves, which
are almost entirely obovate. This and the two pre-
ceding have the capitulum solitary, perfectly globose, -
and apparently dicecious. The awns on the calyx of
A. Magellanica and A. argentea are of a deep rich
brown, those of our A. adscendens of a yellowish or
slightly tawny colour. `

(1.) Fuchsia rosea, R. et P.—F. lycioides, Andr.—Lun,
Feuill—Concon in Chili, Dr. Gillies. | Valparaiso, Mr :
Cruckshanks ; Mathews (N. 286) ; Cuming (N. 110.)

(2.) Fuchsia spinosa, Presl, Relig. Henk. v. 2. p. 26:

t. 51.—Coquimbo, Cuming (N. 896.)

(3.) Fuchsia macrostemma, R. et P.—a. grandiflora —F-
coccinea, Cav. ic. v. 6. p. 17 (nec alior.)—F. decussata, —
Graham, Sims, (non R. et P.)—F. gracilis, Lindl—
Thilco, Feuill—g. parviflora, staminibus brevibus
stigmate magno globoso.— Conception, Messrs. Lay and
Collie. Valparaiso, Mathews (N. 231); Cuming (N:

443); Bridges, 1832, (N. 198.) Chiloe, Lieut. E.
Bayley. El Valle del Rio Claro, near El Planchon,

309

Chili, Dr. Gillies.—g. Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832, (N.

407,

408.

409,

199.)—This may, we think, be distinguished from F.
coccinea, which we have never seen from Chili, by the
leaves, which are glabrous and crenate at the base, and
by the elongated germens and fruit. F. conica, Lindl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1062, is probably the same as our var. £.

(1.) Epilobium alpinum, Linn.—E. pusillum, Gill. mst.—
El Cerro de la Polcura and El Cerro de San Pedro
Nolasco, Andes of Mendoza and Chili, Dr. Gillies.—Of

. the present we have only seen the fruit and one flower-

bud: in every point agreeing with our Scotch specimens.
The fruit is certainly pedunculated and not sessile as
Lehman describes it in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. l. p.
205. i

(2.) Epilobium pedicellare, Presl, Relig. Henk. v. 2.
p. 30. E. tetragonum, Linn.?—E. Arnottianum, Gill. mst.
E. Andicolum, Gill. mst. —E. denticulatum, R. et P. ?—
La Cienega de las Serrajas and El Valle de Uspallata,
Endes of Mendoza; El Cerro de San Pedro Nolasco,
Andes of Chili; Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso and Quillota,
Bridges, 1832, (N. 179.)—What Dr. Gillies calls E
Arnottianum is alone in a state for examination. The
stigma and petals are as in Europzan specimens;
the calycine segments lanceolate, acuminated, and
marked with small pellucid lines. We cannot for a
moment doubt that the Chilian specimens, at least,
described by Ruiz and Pavon, belong to this species,
although the plant be not at all suffruticose, as they
describe it, but which is not so represented.

(3.) Epilobium puberulum, ee: et Arn. ); puberulum,

foliis inferioribus oppositis superioribus alternis lineari-

lanceolatis acutis denticulatis obscure pellucido-lineolatis,

laciniis calycinis lanceolatis, stigmate indiviso clavato.—
Chiloe, Cuming (N. 36.)—1ts affinity is great with E.
palustre, from some specimens of which it seems only
to differ by the —— leaves.

410.

411.

310

(1.) GEnothera dentata, Cav. ic. v. 4. p. 67. t, 398.—
Chamissonia flava, Link.—Onosuris Chamissonis, De
Cand.— Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie ; Cuming
(N.116.) Valparaiso, Cruckshanks; Bridges, 1832,
(N. 330.) ; Cuming (N. 139.)— What we have received
from gardens under the name of Œ. hirta, Link, has
broadly lanceolate leaves.

(2.) GEnothera Mendocinensis, (Gill. mst.) ; annua, pub-
escenti-hirsuta, caule erecto, foliis linearibus acutis sub-
undulatis inzequaliter dentatis, staminibus erectis petala
calycemque erectum sequantibus, stigmate lobis breve
cylindraceis, floribus parvis flavis, fructibus elongato-
cylindraceis hirsutis sulcatis folio sub-brevioribus.—Los
Chacayes, Melocoton, and La Capillas, Andes of Men-
doza, Dr. Gillies.— We possess a plant from Mr.
Tweedie, from Arroyo de las Vacas, which does not
appear to differ as a species, but in which the stem seems

es to be decumbent at the base.

412.

413.

414.

(3.) GEnothera longiflora, Jacq.— W oods of Entre Rios,
Tweedie.

(4.) CEnothera mollissima, Linn.—CE. nocturna, Willd.
herb. (ex Spreng.), et Hortulan.—Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie; Cuming (N. 120.)\—We thus name
Cuming’s plant, as well as almost every one we have seen
in British gardens called Œ. nocturna : it varies much in

: pubescence, but the long filiform stigmas seem constant,

and form the principal difference between it and the
following: what we have obtained under this name in
France, particularly from Audibert’s garden at Taras-
con, is, we think, Œ. albicans, Lam. :

(5.) GEnothera odorata, Jacq.—CE. undulata, Ait.—CE.
mollissima, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. Beech. Voy—San
Isedro, El Cerro del Diamante, and elsewhere on the
mountains and valleys of the Andes of Mendoza; abun-
dant also at Concon in Chili, Dr. Gillies. Juan Fernan-
dez, Bertero; Dr. Scouler. Valparaiso, Cuming, (N.
551.) Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie.—The pub-
escence on the leaf, both in this and the last, sometimes

415.

416.

417,
\

418,

419,

311

almost entirely disappears. It is Feuillée's *Onagra,
vulgo Mithon,” Chil. v. 3. t. 84.

(6.) CEnothera tenella, Cav. ic. v. 4. p. 68. t. 396. f. 2.
Onagra, vulgo Innil, Feuill. Chil. v. 3. t. 34.— Concep-
tion, Messrs. Lay aud Collie; Cuming (N. 815.) Baths
of Collina, Macrae. Valparaiso, Mathews (N...191.) ;
Mr. Cruckshanks ; Cuming (N. 522, 755.)—In Dr.
Hooker’s specimen of Cuming’s N. '755, the flowers are
very small, and of a black purple colour.

(7.) CEnothera tenuifolia, Cav.—Onagra, Linarie folio,
Feuill. Chil. v. 3. t 34.—Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832,
(Cum. N. 329.) — This may prove, as it seems to be con-
sidered by Mr. Bridges, merely a more antemeresved
and slender state of Œ. tenella.

(8.) GEnothera acaulis, Cav. ic. v. 4. p. 68. t. 399.—4. CE.
grandiflora, R. et P.—2. Valparaiso, Mathews, (N.169.)
Cuming (N. 411.) ; Coquimbo, Macrae.—s. Conception,
Messrs. Lay and Collie. Valparaiso, Bridges. Sandy
Shores of the Parana, 400 miles above Buenos Ayres,
Tweedie.

(9.) Œnothera subulata, R. et P.—z. foliis aiu
ceolatis patentibus molliter villosis, (Œ. cæspitosa,
Gill. mst.—,, foliis lanceolato-subulatis erectis adpfesse
sericeis.—y, foliis linearibus brevibus mucrone recurvo
villosis. CE. uniflora, Gill. mst—a«. Between Talca and
Curico in Chili, Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso, Cuming (N.
606.)—58. Conception, Cuming (N. 821.)—y. Between:
Talca and Carico, Dr. Gillies. Near the road to San-

tiago, Bridges.
(1.) Gayophytum mictumitunm; (Hook. et Arn.).—G.

- humile, Adr. de Juss. in An. Sc. Nat. v. 25. p. 18. t. 4.

(ad specimen perpusillum).—CEnothera micrantha,
Presl, Reliq. Henk. v. 2. p. 81.—CE. rigida, Gill. mst.
La Punta de las Vacas, Andes of Mendoza; and El
Cerro del Morro, province of San Luis, Dr. Gillies.
Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N: 21.) Los Ojos de

Agua, Bridges, 1832, (N. 831.)— The specimens figured

420.

42].

422,

423.

424,

312

by Adr. de Jussieu are only about two or three
inches long, and nearly simple ; those from Cuming and
Bridges are about five inches high with long horizontal
branches; while others from Dr. Gillies are nearly a
foot high, and the branches numerous, erect, and rigid.

(1.) Jussieua repens, Linn.—R. et P. Fl. Per. v. 4. ined.
t. 382.—J. Swartziana, De Cand.—J. Montevidensis,
Spr.?—J. Patibilcensis, H. B. K.?—J. oblonga, J.
Mendocinensis, et J. pumila, Gill. mst.—Pampas of
Buenos Ayres, Tweedie. Moist places in the Pampas of
Buenos Ayres, Lagunillo near Mendoza, and Curico in
Chili, Dr. Gillies. Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 323.)
Valparaiso, Bridges.— This seems a most variable plant,
both as to pubescence and the length of the peduncle,
and it is on this account we have united so many sy-
nonyms :—our Chilian specimens are usually pubescent.
(2.) Jussieua stenophylla, (Gill. mst.) ; caule suffruti-
coso (?) flexuoso superne hirsuto-villoso, foliis anguste
lanceolatis utrinque acuminatis piloso-pubescentibus
fructum fere duplo excedentibus, fructu sub-cylindraceo
pedunculis apice bibracteolatis longiore bracteolis parvis
lacinias calycinas quinque lanceolatas sequante.—Moist
places at Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—The specimens before _
us have a firm stem, and appear to have belonged to a
shrubby plant, in which case this species will rank close
to J. Peruviana.

(3.) Jussieua hexapetala, (Hook. et Arn.) ; glabra, caule
fruticoso (?) flexuoso, foliis obovato-oblongis in petiolum
longiusculum attenuatis fructum paullo longioribus,
bracteolis sub fructu minutis glandulzeformibus, laciniis
calycinis 6 lanceolatis petalis duplo brevioribus.—Ura-
guay, Tweedie. |. a

(4.) Jussieua longifolia, De Canh Mareen near Bue-
nos Ayres, Tweedie, sith

(5.) Jussieua multinervia, (Hook. et Arn.) ; conis stricto
hirto piloso, foliis oblongis basi in petiolum attenuatis

_ supra glabris, nervis divergentibus approximatis supra

425.

426.

427,

313

impressis subtus prominulis hirto-pilosis, pedicellis uni-
floris pilosis folium sequantibus apice bibracteolatis fructu
subturbinato 4-angulo longioribus, laciniis calycinis 4

oblongis acuminatis petalis subbrevioribus.— Marshes at

Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.—W e scarcely know any species
with which to compare this in character ; it approaches
to J. nervosa, but it is in reality very distinct from what

. We possess under that name;—it is also allied to J.

elegans, S. Hil.

(6.) Jussieua bracteata, (Hook. et Arn.) ; caule herbaceo
glabriusculo, foliis late lanceolatis basi in petiolum
longum attenuatis glabris fructum duplo excedentibus,
nervis plurimis approximatis, fructu brevi—turbinato
basi bracteis duabus ovato-lanceolatis calycem eequan-
tibus suffulto, lobis calycinis 4 fructu plus duplo longi-
oribus duobus cseteris multo latioribus.— Uraguay,
Tweedie.

(1.) Cercodia erecta, Murr.—Haloragis Cercodia, Ait.—
Juan Fernandez, Mr. Douglas; Dr. Scouler ; Bertero ;
Cuming (N. 1347.)

(1.) Myriopbyllom. e sib dn (Gill mst. * flori-
bus axillaribus sub-dioicis, masculis octandris, foliis om-
nibus subconformibus pectinato-pinnatipartitis, lobis li~
nearibus acutis.—Ditches at Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies ;
Tweedie. Andes of Chili (first and second ranges),
Cuming (N. 164.)—4A]l the specimens we have seen have
the same appearance, and never present the capillary
segments of the lower leaves, found in the allied M. ver-
ticillatum. Although we consider this a distinct species,
yet its characterisfar from satisfactory, and De Candolle's
M. verticillatum, var. limosum, seems almost to connect
the two. ®In none of the specimens from Dr. Gillies
have we observed a male flower; those from Cuming,
again, are entirely male; but in one from Tweedie, prin-
cipally male, we have seen also female flowers below :
in M. verticillatum the flowers are constantly moncecious.

428.

429.

430.

431.
432,

314

(2.) Myriophyllum ternatum, Gaud.—g. tetraphyllum ;
foliis floralibus quaternis.—M. viridescens, Gill. mst.—
Running water in El Valle de Uspallata, Andes of
Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 638.) ;
Bridges, 1832, (N. 546.)— The floral leaves in all Dr.
Gillies’ specimens are of a fine bluish-green. This
is seemingly intermediate between the true M. ternatum
and M: elatinoides, Gaud., with which last it agrees in
the number of floral leaves, but differs by the monceci-
ous flowers.

(1.) Lythrum Ayssopifolium, Linn.—Marshy places at
Lagunilla, near Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Moist woods of
the Parana, Tweedie. Aconcugua in Chili, Cuming (N.
210.) Quillota, Bridges, 1832, (N. 279.) Conception,
Cuming (N.125.) Juan Fernandez, Bertero; Douglas.—
The plant found by D'Urville at Conception, referred
by De Candolle to L. thymifolium, belongs, undoubt-
edly, to the present species.

(1.) Cuphea ligustrina, Cham.et Schlecht. in Linnea, v. 2.
p. 359.—. dente calycino dorsali ceteris tantum paullo
majore.—C. Bonariensis, Gill. mst.—Moist places near
Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies; Tweedie.—Our plant cor-
responds exactly with the description above referred
to, except in the size of the dorsal calycine segments, in
which respect it agrees with C. spicata; but that species

. is herbaceous, and has broader leaves.

(2.) Cuphea spicata, Cav.—Uraguay, Tweedie.

(3.) Cuphea glabra, (Gill. mst.); floribus endecandris
oppositis pedunculatis ecalcaratis, dentibus calycinis
sequalibus, stylo et germine supra villosis, ovulis 30-40,
racemo brevi 4-6-floro, ramis extrafoliaceis, foliis an-
guste lanceolatis utrinque acuminatis vix petiolatis
glabris, caule fruticoso.— Wet shores of Rio de la
Plata, Dr. Gillies. Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.—Allied
to C. ligustrina, but the calycine teeth seem quite

433.

434.

435.

436.

437,

315

equal, and the leaves are much smaller and more
crowded : the flowers are also rather smaller.

(4.) Cuphea glutinosa, Cham. et Schl. in Linn. v. 2.
p. 369.—C. hirsuta, Gill. mst—At Melincuecito on the
Pampas of Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.—' The branches
are covered with short rigid hairs, but many of them
bear glands at their apex, and there being no other
distinguishing character, we have united ours to the
Brasilian plant.

(1.) Heimia salicifolia, Link, —Lythrum flavum, Spr.—
Near La Punta del Sauce and El Rio Quarto, Province
of Cordova, Dr. Gillies. Pasture-fields at Buenos

Ayres, Tweedie.

a.) Pleurophora pungens, (Don in Edinb. New Phil

Journ. N. 23;) caule fruticoso ramosissimo folioso,
foliis lineari-lanceolatis, floribus confertis subspicatis,
filamentis 5-8 calyce longioribus.—Cordillera of Chili,
Cuming (N. 244.); Bridges, 1832, (N. 542.)

(2.) Pleurophora polyandra, (Hook. et Arn.) ; radice
annua, caulibus prostratis furcatis folia perpauca caduca
gerentibus, floribus confertis subspicatis, filamentis
plurimis calyce brevioribus, foliis floralibus ovato-ob-
longis.— Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 216.) ; Bridges,
1832, (N. 541.)—We have not seen cauline leaves:
the floral leaves and calyces have a reddish tinge.
The petals are white. There are from 20 to 30 fila-
ments, or even more, but we have not observed that
they are all antheriferous, although this is highly pro-
bable, from the number of loose anthers lying in the `
cavity of the calyx. In this and the other species, the
spinose teeth of the calyx are glabrous, while the’ mu-
cronate teeth are of a dark colour, and singularly cris-
tate, like the setze to the anthers of some Heaths. -

(3.) Pleurophora pusilla, (Hook. et Arn.); radice an-
nua, caulibus brevibus simplicibus vel parce ramosis,
folis oblongo-ellipticis basi attenuatis, floribus paucis

438.

439.

316

subcapitatis, filamentis sub-senis calyce brevioribus.—
Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 161.) —This little plant is of a
cinereous or pale greenish hue. "The petals are white.

(1.) Rhexia ? heterophylla, (Hook. et Arn.) ; herbacea,
annua (?), ramis 4-angularibus junioribus hispidis, foliis
caulinis breve petiolatis lanceolatis acuminatis 3-nervils
serratis serraturis nervisque subtus setoso-hispidis, rame-
alibus parvis ovatis acutis sessilibus, ramulis 1-floris,
calycis tabo ovato setoso laciniis 4 lanceolatis ciliatis
persistentibus, petalis obovatis lacinias calycinas plus
duplo excedentibus apice ciliatis.— Banda Oriental,

Baird.—The tube of the calyx is scarcely narrowed into
a neck, as ina true Rhexia; the stamens are unequal;

anthers l-pored, without any auricles or spur at their

base. Capsule 3-celled, free, not above the length of

the calyx, and without either scales or bristles at the
apex. Seeds cochleate and tuberculate.— From this
analysis it will appear that our plant belongs to De
Candolle's tribe of Zhexiee, but differs from all the
known genera. 'The species is remarkable for the small
and differently shaped leaves of the branches, as com-
pared with those of the stem. -

(1.) Myrtus stipularis, (Hook. et Arn.); ramis acute
tetragonis, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis folio brevi-
oribus apice flores 3 breviter pedicellatos 5-fidos geren-
tibus, staminibus plurimis longis, foliis ovatis pellucido-
punctatis margine pellucidis, ramis tetragonis ad angulos
petiolo utrinque squamis stipulaeformibus inflatis parvis
instructis.— Chiloe, Cuming, (N. 32, 83.)— The leaves
are broader in Cuming's N. 33 than in the other, and
the whole plant more dense; but there is no other dif-
ference.

(2.) Myrtus? Fernandeziana, (Hook. et Arn.); foliis
ovatis vel oblongis obtuse acuminatis glabris submem-
branaceis sparse punctulatis junioribus conspicue pel-

44].

317

lucido-punctatis reticulato-venosis glabris, ramulis pu-
bescentibus, fructu pyriformi subrotundo scabro, seg-
mentis calycinis 4.—M. Luma, Bertero in Ann. Sc.
v. 21. p. 347.—Juan Fernandez, Dr. Scouler; Mr.
Douglas.—Our specimens are without flower, so that
we must leave a more complete analysis to the French
Botanists who are describing Bertero’s acquisitions.
It cannot be the M. Luma of Sprengel, nor of Molina.

(1.) Psidium? amygdalinum, (Hook. et Arn.); foliis
junioribus oppositis lanceolatis breviter petiolatis cano-
pubescentibus, pedunculis brevibus axillaribus fascicu-
latis unifloris calycibusque cano-tomentosis, ramis gla-
bris.—Corientes, Baird.—The old leaves appear to be
deciduous, at least there are none on our specimens, and
the flowers have therefore the appearance of coming out
before the foliage; so that, had it not been for the inferior
germen, we should have referred this plant to the tribe
Amygdalee among the Rosacee.

TeriasrEMON. (Hook. et Arn.)

Calycis tubus oblongo-cylindraceus basi attenuatus germini

adherens: limbus 4-partitus. Petala 4, inter lobos
calycinos inserta, obovato-subrotunda, patentia, intus
glandulosa : sestivatio imbricata. Stamina 4, fauci calycis
inserta, petalis alterna, erecta: jilamenta longissima,
filiformia, crassiuscula: anthere erectze, oblongae. Ger-
men biloculare, loculis pluriovulatis; placentis medio
dissepimenti affixis, bilamellatis; lamellis divaricatis,
dissepimento parallelis, ad marginem intus ovuliferis.
Stylus longitudine staminum, filiformis. Stigma simplex.
—Arbor? Rami teretes, apice foliosi. Folia opposita, in-
tegerrima, oblongo-lanceolata, apiculata, basi in petiolum
perbrevem attenuata, obsolete punctata, coriacea, glaber-
rima, costata, obscure parallelim et oblique nervosa, nervis
ante marginem in nervulum margini parallelum unitis.
Cymi, in ramos vetustiores foliis delapsis denudatos, later-

442.

318

ales, sessiles, divaricato-dichotomi, ad dichotomias bi-
bracteati, bracteis ovatis acutis basi coadunatis.

(1.) T. loranthoides, (Hook. et Arn.)—Santa Cruz in
the Missions of Brazil, Baird.—This genus, on account
of the length of the germen, and its being 2-celled, is
most allied to Caryophyllus ; but it differs from that
and all other Myrtacee hitherto described, by the
stamens being equal in number to the petals. The
rigid straight long stamens seem to ally it slightly to
Beaufortia and some others of the Leptospermee, with
which, however, it appears to have nothing else in com-
mon.

-

443. (1.) Eugenia Ugni, (Hook. et Arn.) ; pedunculisaxillari- -

444.

bus solitariis l-floris folio brevioribus, bracteolis sub
calyce persistentibus lobisque calycinis lineari-lanceo-

latis obtusis subfoliaceis reflexis, foliis ovatis acutis co-

riaceis impunctatis utrinque glaberrimis supra viridibus
nitidis subtus albidis, ramulis novellis petiolisque super-
ioribus pubescentibus.—M yrtus Ugni, Mol.— Mortilla,

Feuill. Chil. v. 3. t. 31.—Chiloe, Cuming (N. 91.)— -

Some of the leaves are almost round, others broadly obo-
vate and shortly acuminate; but these deviations from the
ovate figure appear to be caused by extraneous circum-
stances. This species is only distinguishable by the
presence of bracteole from a plant we possess from St.
Vincents, and which appears to be E. cerasina, Vahl.,
referred by De Candolle to E. ligustrina, Willd. This
and all the species we here place in Eugenia, have the
flowers quadrifid, and the leaves shortly petiolate.

(2.) Eugenia Selkirkii, (Hook. et Arn.); pedunculis
axillaribus solitariis recurvo-patentibus 1-floris folio
brevioribus, bracteolis sub calyce lineari-oblongis calycis
tubo longioribus, lobis calycinis oblongis obtusis reflexis,
foliis obovatis obtusis coriaceis utrinque punctulatis
glabris subtus albicantibus, ramulis novellis pedicellisque _
pubescentibus.—Myrtus Ugni, Bert. mst.—Juan Fer- -

446.

319

nandez, among copsewood, on the summit of the highest
mountains, Bertero.—Seemingly intermediate between
the last species and E. correefolia.

. (3.) Eugenia ferruginea, (Hook. et Arn.); pedunculis

axillaribus solitariis recurvis 1-floris folio paullo brevi-
oribus, bracteolis sub calyce ovatis parvis, lobis calycinis
rotundatis, foliis ellipticis basi apiceque obtusis coriaceis
enervibus punctulatis supra convexis glabris viridibus
junioribus subtus ramulis novellis petiolisque ferrugineo-
sericeis.— Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832, (N. 323.) ; Cuming
(N. 719.) — This alone, of all the Chilian Myrtacee we
possess, has the middle nerve of the leaf so sunk in
the substance, as to be imperceptible. It ranks next
to E. leptospermoides, DC., and is only to be separ-

ated from it by the rusty colour of the underside of the

leaves, which it isscarcely possible that author could have
passed over in silence. It is extremely probable that
Feuillée's « Myrtus, vulgo Hitigu,” v. 3. f. 31, belongs to
this species.

(4.) Eugenia correefolia, (Hook. et Arn.); pedunculis
axillaribus solitariis unifloris validis folium subzequanti-
bus, bracteolis sub calyce tubum eequantibus lineari-

. oblongis, lobis calycinis rotundatis concavis, foliis

447,

obovato-ellipticis obtusis basi acutis coriaceis subtus
punctulatis pallidioribus (junioribus) minute pubescenti-
bus, ramulis rufo-sericeis.— Valparaiso, Mr. Cruck-
shanks. Chili, Cuming (N. 95.)—The flowers of this
species are about the size of those of Myrtus tomentosa.
Tn the leaves it resembles Correa alba.

(5.) Eugenia Cumingii, (Hook. et Arn.); pedunculis
axillaribus solitariis unifloris folio paullo brevioribus,
bracteolis sub calyce minutis lanceolatis, lobis calycinis
concavis rotundatis petalisque non ciliatis, foliis late ova-
tis obtuse acuminatis coriaceis punctulatis glabris supra

- viridibus subtus albidis, ramis petiolis nervisque subtus

448.

rufo-villosis.—Chiloe, — Een -— — pe
most allied to E. obtusa, DC. -

(6.) Eugenia ovata, — et idt pda soli-

449.

450.

320

tariis axillaribus unifloris folium subzequantibus, bracteis

sub flore minutis ovatis acutis subpersistentibus, lobis

calycinis concavis rotundis petalisque non ciliatis, foliis
ovatis acutis coriaceis opacis glabris supra viridibus
subtus pallidis punctulatis, ramulis petiolisque rufo-
pubescentibus.—Chiloe, Cuming (N. 30.)

(7.) Eugenia Chekan, (Hook. et Arn. in Bot. Beech.
Voy. v. 1. p. 56.); pedunculis sub-solitariis axillaribus
sub-unifloris folio longioribus, bracteis sub flore minutis
linearibus deciduis, lobis calycinis concavis rotundatis
petalisque ciliatis, foliis ovalibus basi apice acutis pel-
lucido-punctatis coriaceo-membranaceis glabris concol-
oribus, ramulis pubescentibus.—«. pedunculis unifloris.
—f. pedunculis nonnullis bifidis 3-floris. Nom. vern.
Palo Colorado and Temu. (Bridges).—«. Valparaiso,
Mr. Cruckshanks ; Bridges, 1832, (N. 322.) ; Messrs.
Lay and Collie. La Hacienda de Ovalle, and El Valle
del Rio Claro, Chili, Dr. Gillies. Chili, Cuming (N.
93.)—8. La Cuesta de Zapata, Chili, Dr. Gillies.—We
have remodelled the specific character formerly given,
in order to distinguish this species more readily from
some others we are only lately made acquainted with.
This and the three following bear a great similarity to
one another, and we might have made them all varieties,
had we not found points of difference recognized as
sufficient in other species. "The present, by the falling
off of the upper leaves, sometimes presents the appear-
ance figured by Feuillée, v. 3. ¢. 32, and therefore we
have no doubt but it is E. Chekan, Molina, &c.

(8.) Eugenia Gilliesii, (Hook. et Arn.); pedunculis
solitariis axillaribus bifidis trifloris, flore medio sessili
lateralibus pedicellatis, bracteolis subcalyce minutis
valde caducis, lobis calycinis concavis rotundatis petal-
isque margine non ciliatis, foliis glabris coriaceo-mem-
branaceis ovalibus basi apice acutis punctulatis utrinque
subconcoloribus, ramis ramulisque glaberrimis.—El
Valle del Rio Teno, Chili, Dr. Gillies. —A few of the
peduncles are only 1-flowered.

321

451. (9.) Eugenia apiculata, (DeCand. Prod. v. 3. p. 916.?) ;

452.

pedunculis axillaribus subbinis uno simplici unifloro
altero apice 3-5-floro, flore medio sessili lateralibus
pedicellatis, bracteolis sub calyce minutis valde cadu-
cis, lobis calycinis rotundatis petalisque ciliatis, foliis
late ovatis mucronatis basi acutis vix punctulatis
glabris subtus pallidioribus, ramulis petiolis nervoque
subtus rufo-pubescentibus.—Chiloe, Lieut. Edward
Bayley, R. N.—This character differs so slightly
from that given by De Candolle, that we can scarcely
doubt of the identity of the species.—In Cuming's N.
29, the single-flowered adventitious peduncle is rarely
present.

(10.) Eugenia affinis, (Gill. mst.) ; pedunculis solitariis
bis terve bifidis cum pedicellis folium plus duplo super-
antibus, bracteolis sub calyce minutis valde caducis,
lobis calycinis concavis rotundatis petalisque ciliatis,
foliis glabris coriaceo-membranaceis sparse punctulatis

. utrinque subconcoloribus obovatis mucronatis basi acu-

453.

454,

tis, ramulis rufo-pubescentibus.—El Valle del Rio
Teno, and del Rio Claro, Chili, Dr. Gillies.

(11.) Eugenia Cruckshanksii, (Hook. et Arn.); pedun-
culis axillaribus solitariis folium sequantibus bifidis vel —
bis bifidis, bracteolis sub flore linearibus caducis, laciniis -
calycinis ovatis persistentibus, foliis subcoriaceis punc-
tulatis glabris oblongo-ellipticis obtusis basi attenuatis
supra viridibus subnitidis subtus pallidis, ramulis glabris
novellis pubescentibus.—Myrtus Luma, Spreng., not of
Molina.— Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks. Valle de! Rio
Claro, Chili, Dr. Gillies. Chili, Cuming (N. 94.)—The
fruit is globular, aud contains a few seeds that are reni-
form, with a grey shining crustaceous testa, nearly as
in Myrtus ; but the cotyledons are thick and. confer-
ruminate, exactly like those of Eugenia. —

(12.) Eugenia Temu, Hook. et Arn. in Bot, Beech. Voy.
v. 1. p. 56.—Nom. vernac, Pitri.—Valparaiso, Messrs.
Lay and Collie; Mr. Cruckshanks; Matthews.—Near
Rio Lontice, and Valle del Rio Teno, Chili, Dr.

VOL. IH. .. Y

455.

456.

| 322

Gillies. Chili, Cuming (N. 100.)—Closely allied to the
last species, but the flowers are corymbose, or rather
umbellate at the extremity of the peduncle: of these the
one in the centre is sessile, and two or three on each
side pedicellate.

(13.) Eugenia stenophylla, (Hook. et Arn.) ; pedunculis
subsolitariis omnibus axillaribus folium subzequantibus
bifidis 3-floris, flore medio sessili lateralibus longe pedi-
cellatis, bracteolis sub calyce lineari-lanceolatis tubo
brevioribus, laciniis calycinis rotundatis, foliis alternis
oppositis et ternis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis basi attenu-
atis coriaceis sparse punctulatis supra viridibus subtus
albidis utrinque glabris.—2. foliis angustioribus, ramulis
glabriusculis vel glaberrimis.— 4. foliis duplo latioribus,
ramulis hirsuto-pubescentibus.—«. Wet places near
Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks ; Bridges, 1832, (N.319.)
Vina de la Mar, near Valparaiso, and near Talca, Dr. |
Gillies. . Chili, Mr. Menzies; Cuming (N. 98.)—

B. Chili, Cuming (N. 97.)

(14.) Eugenia multiflora, (Hook. et Arn.); pedunculis
2-3 axillaribus terminalibusque folio longioribus apice
umbelliferis, radiis subquinis lateralibus 1-floris mediis
elongatis bifidis 3-floris centrali brevissimo, lobis calyci-
nis subrotundis ciliatis demum reflexis, petalis rotundatis
integerrimis calyce triplo longioribus, foliis: ellipticis
basi apice subacuminatis utrinque punctulatis glabris
subtus pallidis, ramis glabris, ramulis rufo-pubescentibus.
—Quillota, Bridges, 1832, (N. 320.)— g. foliis angusti-

. oribus longioribusque, pedunculis gracilioribus.—Chili,

457,

Cuming (N. 96.)—Mr. Bridges informs us that this is
Ah Petri, and grope to the bright of twenty or thirty
eet.

(15.) Eugenia Bridgesii, (Hook. et Hasse pedunculis
bifidis vel bis bifidis folio brevioribus axillaribus soli-
tariis et terminalibus cymosis, bracteolis sub flore subu-
latis parvis, lobis calycinis rotundatis, foliis obovato-
oblongis apiculatis basi subattenuatis coriaceis punctu-
latis supra viridibus subtus albidis utrinque glabris,

458.

459,

460.

323

ramulis pubescentibus.— Chili, Cuming ( N. 99.) —Allied
to E. stenophylla, but the leaves are broader, and the
flowers are not axillary only, but also in terminal cymes.
(16.) Eugenia planipes, (Hook. et Arn.); pedunculis
compressis multifloris racemoso-cymosis axillaribus vel

ssepius terminalibus, racemis inferne foliosis, pedicellis

complanatis binis altero supraposito, bracteolis lanceo-

latis parvis appressis, lobis calycinis rotundatis, foliis

oblongis basi apice attenuatis coriaceis sparse punctu-
latis subtus pallidis utrinque glabris, caule tereti, ramulis
compressis pubescentibus.—Chiloe, Cuming (N. 28.)—
Even the axillary racemes are almost always provided

with a pair or two of leaves, so they may be considered

terminal on short branches; in all, the lower or two
lower series of pedicels arise from the axils of leaves.
From each point there are two flat pedicels, one spring-
ing from the axil of the other. The leaves are sometimes,
but rarely, alternate: may not this, therefore, be Myrtus
maxima, Mol. ?

(17.) Eugenia Tweediei, (Hook. et Arn.); —M
axillaribus bifidis flore in dichotomia sessili folio plus
duplo brevioribus, bracteissub calyce minutissquamifor-
mibus, foliis lanceolatis basi apice acuminatis utrinque
glabris punctulatis nervis parallelis numerosis, lobis caly-
cinis rotundatis.—Islands of the ere rique
Tweedie.

(18.) Eugenia elliptica, (Hook. et Arn.); Biieciculis

. axillaribus solitariis bifidis vel bis bifidis, flore in dichoto-

miis sessili, bracteolis sub calyce glaberrimo subulatis
deciduis tubum sequantibus, lobis calycinis rotundatis

concavis deciduis tubum sequantibus petalisque ciliatis,

foliis ellipticis vix acutis coriaceis creberrime punctatis
utrinque concoloribus glabris, ramulis teretiusculis.—
Islands of the Corregolos, Uraguay, 7 Tweedie.— This and
the preceding individual belong toa section in which not
above three or four were pesca known from Brazil.

* (1.) Bryonia tenicifoliay (Gill. i); foliis 3-partitis
Y2 ;

462.

463.

464.

324

segmentis bi-pinnatipartitis laciniis linearibus paucis
inferioribus unilateralibus superioribus oppositis, ped-
unculis foemineis solitariis simplicibus petiolum sequanti-
bus, fructu ovali lzevi subdispermo.— Pampasin Province
of Cordova, Dr. Gillies. Sandy plain near Santa Fée, and
Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.— Nom. vernac. Aji del Torvo.

(1.) Sicyos Baderoa, (Hook. et Arn.); foliis cordatis
angulatis minute denticulatis utrinque subglabris, an-
gulis acuminatis, lobis inferioribus sibi mutuo incum-
bentibus, cirrhis 3-fidis, floribus utriusque sexus capitatis
paucis, pedunculis foemineis masculo dimidio breviori-
bus, fructibus junioribus ovatis.—Baderoa bryonieefolia,
Bertero.—Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 698.) ; Mathews (N.
302.); Bridges, 1832, (N. 61.)

(1.) Momordica Hystrix, (Gill. mst.) ; foliis 5-lobatis
glabris levibus basi subcuneatis, lobis mucronatis den-

ticulatis inferioribus 2 recurvato-patentibus medio pro- ^
ductiore, cirrhis simplicibus, floribus ex eadem axilla
masculis racemosis foemineo solitario pedunculato, fructu
oblique ovato setis validis echinato.—Buenos Ayres, .
Dr. Gillies ; Tweedie.

(1.) Cucurbita asperata, (Gill. mst.); dioica, caulibus
glabris, foliis palmato-5-partitis utrinque punctis callosis
subtus crebrioribus asperatis, segmentis sinuato-pin-
natifidis, cirrhis simplicibus, floribus masculis capitato-
racemosis breviter pedunculatis, foemineis pedunculatis
solitariis, fructu subgloboso oligospermo,—Uncultivated
places in the Province of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Nom.
vernac. Sandillo del Campo.—This agrees in many
points with C. mammeata, Mol., but that species is from -
Chili, and is very imperfectly described. Dr. Gillies
finds two varieties; that growing in travesia, or more arid
places, has the segments of the leaves less deeply sinuated
than the other.

465.

466.

467,

468.

325

(1.) Carica pyriformis, (Willd.); caule humili ramoso,
foliis cordato-trilobis lobis angulatis, angulis acutis,
fructu solitario pedunculato pendulo parvo pyriformi.—
Feuill. Chil. v. 2. t. 39.—Rocky cliffs along the shore

. at Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832, (N. 114.) ; Cuming (N.

759.)— This is undoubtedly the species described by
Feuillée, although the fruit and whole plant in our wild
specimens be much smaller than what he observed in
a garden in Lima. The stems are from 3 to 6 feet-
high, according to Mr. Bridges, and branched, which
makes us very doubtful of its being a true Carica. The
flowers are purple. Linnzus referred Feuillée's plant
to his C. Posoposa, a Surinam plant: this reference is
continued in Rees’ Cyclopedia; but not only does he
combine several heterogeneous synonyms, but in his
herbarium are found only the leaves of Aleurites triloba.

(1.) Passiflora (Decaloba, DC.) retusa, (Hook. et Arn.);
folis glabriusculis subtus biglandulosis basi cuneatis

vel rotundatis trinerviis trilobis, lobis mucronulatis
medio truncato lateralibus divaricatis productis, petiolis
eglandulosis, pedunculo solitario petiolum superante.—
Banks of the Uraguay, Tweedie. Santa Borga, Mis-
sions of Brazil, Baird.—Closely allied to P. Vespertilio.

(1.) Tacsonia pinnatistipula, Juss.—Passiflora pinnati-
stipula, Cav. ic. v. 5. t. 428.—P. tomentosa, Cav. ic. v. 6.
p.3. (non Cav. diss.)—P.tilizefolia, Mol. Chil. (ed. Angl.)
v. l. p. 127.— P. Chilensis, Miers.—Quintero in Chili,
Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 565.) _

(1.) Malesherbia Zinearifolia, Poir.—2. floribus pallidis,
foliis vix glandulosis. M. paniculata, Don.—Gyno-
pleura linearifolia, Cav. ; Presl, in Relig. Henck. v. 2.
P- 46. (charact. opt.)—La Cuesta del Prado, and La
Cuesta del Zapata, Andes of Chili, Dr. Gillies. Rio
Colorado, Mr. Cruckshanks. Quillota, Bridges, 1832,

326 |
(N. 521.) Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 292.)— 8. flori-

bus ceeruleis, foliis vix glandulosis—Gynopleura czru-
lea, Presi, l. c.—Valleys in the Andes of Chili, Dr. Gil-
lies; Cuming (N. 293.) Quillota, Bridges, 1832, (cum
N. 521.)—y. floribus pallidis, foliis linearibus glandulis
pedicellatis copiose ornatis.—M. coronata, Don in Edin.
New Phil. Journ. .N. 23. p. 112.—Valparaiso, Cuming
(N. 313.) —3. floribus pallidis, foliis oblongis glandulis
pedicellatis saepissime ornatis.—M. paniculata, Don.—
Valparaiso, Macrae.—A species so variable, that we
have scarcely seen two specimens alike. Those from `
Dr. Gillies of the var. « agree best with the figure of
Cavanilles (Ic. £. 316.), in which, however, the details

. of the petals and germen are indifferently represented.
‘The leaves are from 3- to 7-partite, the lateral lobes

much smaller than the middle one, and in Cuming's N.
292 these lobes are extremely small, while the middle
one is deeply sinuate, and attenuated at the base; all
the varieties, however, have this lobe more or less
sinuate. The var. 3. has certainly a very different
habit, but unless in the greater breadth of the foliage,
we can find no character to separate it. Of the var. y.
Mr. Don informs us, that it has lately flowered from
Cuming's seeds, retaining all the habit of the wild speci-
mens; this variety Mr. Don describes to have a ‘corona
integerrima," which is not the case in our specimens:
of it he also says that the styles are terminal; but he
only examined the germen, and in that state the styles

are terminal in all the species of the genus. Nor ought

the contrary to be expected, for the situation of the -
placentze shows that what are termed the valves of the
capsule, are merely the segments of its apex, which,
in the state of germen, is small, flat, or even depress-
ed: when more mature, this apex becomes elevated,
splitting into three teeth or segments, with the styles at
their base and alternating with them ; the styles are then
in appearance lateral, although not so, meri

speaking,

327

469. (2.) Malesherbia humilis, Don, in Edin. New Phi.
Journ. N. 23. p. 111.— Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N.
260.) La Hazienda de San Isedro, Quillota, Bridges,
1832, (N. 520.)—Mr. Cuming seems to have found the
same species in the sonth of Peru, as it forms his
NN. 915; but Mr. Don suspects he may have collected it
also in Chili, perhaps at Coquimbo, where it was pre-
viously gathered by Mr. Macrae.
410. (3.) Malesherbia fasciculata, Don, l. c. p. 206.—At
Chacabuca, Andes of Chili, Cuming (N: 176.) Near
. Collina, Bridges, 1832, (N. 513.)—A most singular
plant, belonging to the genus or subgenus Gynopleura
. of Presl; but with a habit totally different from any
species hitherto known. |

471. (1.) Bartonia albescens, Gill. mst. ex Arn. in Ed. Journ.
Nat. and Geogr. Science, May, 1831, p. 273.—B. sinu-
ata, Presl, Reliq. Henk. v. 2. p. 38.—Jarillal, between
Mendoza and the mountains (3000 feet), Dr. Gillies.
Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 248.) La Hazienda de
San Josse, Aconcugua, Bridges, 1832, CN. 518.)—We
may observe that the Bartonia albicaulis, Douglas, in
Hook. Flor. Bor. Am. v. 1. p. 222. is certainly Acrolasia
Bartonoides, Pres), in Relig. Henk. v. 2. p. 39. t. 55; but
we suspect some mistake about its Chilian station.

472. (1.) Heeii insignis, Schrad.—B. parviflora, Gill.
mst.—Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.—In Dr. Gillies’ speci-
mens the flowers are considerably smaller, and the
leaves rather more cut than in our garden specimens;
but we can presi no essential difna Ba a

473. a. ) Caiophora coronata, Sock: tiki D. ‘absinthiifolia,
-— resi, l c. p. 43.—Loasa coronata, Gill. mst, ex Arn.
l.c. p. 214.—On both sides of the Cordillera of the
Andes between Mendoza and Chili, (8500 to 11,000
feet), Dr. Gillies.—The furrows on the fruit are nearly

474.

415.

A'16G.

477.

328

straight, or scarcely spiral at all, so that this species -
partakes in some particulars of the character of Loasa.

(1.) Loasa triloba, Juss.—Valparaiso, Matthews (N.

259.) ; Bridges, 1832, (N. 272.) ; Cuming (N. 673.)—
The mature fruit is obconieal, and long in proportion

to its breadth.

(2.) Loasa acerifolia, Juss.—Conception, Messrs. Lay
and Collie; Cuming (N. 824.)— The upper leaves are

petiolate as well as the lower.

(3.) Loasa heterophylla, (Hook. et Arn.); caule pros-

trato dichotomo, foliis oppositis omnibus plus minusve

breve petiolatis, inferioribus parvis hastato-triangulari-

bus grosse dentatis floralibus inferioribus subreniformi-

orbiculatis 5-lobis lobis subaequalibus 1-2-dentatis,

superioribus 5-lobislobis 1-9-dentatis medio productiore, *
pedunculo foliis longiore in dichotomia, lobis calycinis

oblongo-lanceolatis petala subzequantibus, fructibus

conico-hemisphzericis, petalis dentes calycinos sequanti-

bus.— Valparaiso? Cuming (N. 669.) Los Ojos de
Agua, Cruckshanks ; Bridges, 1882, (N. 270.)—The
stem is merely pubescent; but the branches, particularly

-in their upper part, and the turbinate tube of the calyx,

are provided with long sharp patent hairs.

(4.) Loasa sagittata, (Hook. et Arn.); caule volubili
pubescente, foliis omnibus petiolatis oppositis cordato-
sagittatis acuminatis margine sublobatis lobis crenatis,
pedunculis axillaribus et terminalibus paucifloris, lobis

. calycinis ovato-oblongis. — Chiloe, Cuming (N. 60.)—

We have not observed any long Mining hairs on n this

-o species fjeti

478.

(5.) Loasa nitida, Lam.—4. foliis profundius lobatis,
lobis angustioribus. Z. tricolor, Lindl. im Bot. Heg.
t. 667.—2. Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832, (N. 268.)—8- .
Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 663.)—We cannot think that
the plant of the Exotic Flora, t. 83, or of the Bot. Mag.
t. 2312, are at all different from that of Dombey, de-
scribed by Lamarck, and figured by Jussieu, and we

419.

480.

481.

482.

483,

484,

329

rather suspect the Peruvian locality to be a mistake.
Cuming's and Lindley's plant is, however, slightly
different, but cannot form a distinct species. L. bryoni-
«folia, Schrad. is apparently the same as the var. a.
(6.) Loasa Placei, Lindl. in Hort. Soc. Lond. Trans.
v. 6. p. 95.—.L. acanthifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 185.—
Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832, (N. 269.)— This species is
much more nearly allied to L. nitida, than to the true
L. acanthifolia. . .

(7.) Loasa elongata, (Hook. et Arn.); caule valde elongato
simpliciusculo nitido, foliis remotis oppositis petiolatis
basi cordatis 5-7-lobatis, pedunculis axillaribus folio
duplo longioribus paucifloris, lobis calycinis late ovatis -
petalis (rubris?) brevioribus, fructu hemispheerico.—
Coquimbo, Cuming (N. 870.)—Our specimens are very
imperfect, but cannot be referred to any described
species.

(8.) Loasa sclareefolie, Juss.—Valparaiso, Cuming (N.
672.)

(9.) Loasa acanthifolia, Lam. Qd Chilensis, Feuill.
Chil. v. 2. t. 43.— Conception, Cuming (N. 805.)— The
upper leaves are often alternate, a character which is
omitted in Jussieu's gut of this pei, (4th du Mus.
v. 5.1. 3. f. 2.) i

(10.) Loasa prostrata, Gill. inb bbs didit 274.—
La Cuesta de los Manantiales, Cerro de San Pedro
Nolasco, in Chili, Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso ? Cuming
(N. 668.) Cordillera of Chili, Bridges, 1832, (N. 275.}—
8. Cumingii, foliorum segmentis bipinnatifido-sinuato-
dentatis, Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 671.) Mountains near
Aconcugua, Bridges, 1832, ( N. 9/4.) —In the first variety
the segments of the leaves are simply sinuato-dentate.
(11.) Loasa floribunda, (Hook. et Arn.); radice sim-
plici fusiformi, caule brevi epidermide laxo infra inflo-
rescentiam simplici supra paniculato-ramosissimo, foliis
ovato-oblongis petiolatis caulinis oppositis sinuato-loba-
tis grosse dentatis basi cordatis, floralibus alternis in-

ferioribus sinuato-lobatis superioribus minoribus basi

330

- cuneatis dentatis vel integerrimis, pedicellis brevibus ex
dichotomiis, lobis calycinis ellipticis acutis basi attenu-
atis petalis apiculatis brevioribus, squamis dorso supra

- medium triappendiculatis.— Valparaiso, Cuming, (N.
670.) Cordillera of Chili, Bridges, 1832, (N. 216.)

485. (12.) Loasa dissecta, (Hook. et Arn.); caule erectius-
culo valido apice subramoso epidermide laxo niveo,
petiolis oppositis inferioribus elongatis superioribus sen-
sim minoribus, foliis tripinnatifidis segmentis ultimis.
ovatis obtusis, pedicellis brevibus ex dichotomiis, lobis
calycinis anguste oblongis petalis plus duplo breviori-

bus.— Valparaiso, Cuming, (N. 667.) Los Ojos de
Agua, and Aconcugua, Bridges, 1832, (N. 211.) —Our
specimens are only in bud. —

486. (13.) Loasa lateritia, Gill. mst. ex Arm. l. c. p. 215.—

-~ -Descent from the Planchon and in El Valle de Fray
Carlos, Chili, (9000 feet,) Dr. Gillies.— Here the appen-

-dages of the squamee are inserted above the middle.

487. (14.) Loasa pinnatifida, Gill. mst. ex Arn. l c. p. 215.—
La Cuesta del Inga, Chili, (9000 feet,) Dr. Gillies.

488. (15.) Loasa pallida, Gill. mst. ex Arn. l c. p. 214.—
Near El Arroyo de San Nicolas, Chili, (5000 feet,) Dr.
Gillies. Near Los Locos, Cordillera of Chili, Bridges,
1832, (N. 2183.) Near Pruirera Quebrada, Mr. Cruck-
shanks. Valparaiso, Cuming, (N. 666. )—The appen-
dages are seated on the squame, about the middle of
the back. One species remains, L. volubilis, Juss., with
which we are unacquainted, supposed to come from

Hed Shii zum of that we entertain siulidamibls doubt.

489. a: ) biypliudan Mages Das in nie Brit. FL.
Gard. t.238.—Grammatocarpus volubilis, Presl, Symb.
Bot. v. 1. p. 61. t. 38.— Chili, Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso.
Cuming (N. 665.) Mountains near itte i
1832, (N. 277.) :

490. (1.) Turnera setosa, Sm. in Rees’ Cycl. N. 6.—T. pinnati-

491,

492,
© Plains near Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—In our dried speci-

331

fida, 8. Juss. De Cand.—Pampas of Buenos Ayres, Dr.
Gillies. Sandy banks near Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.

(1.) Portulaca grandiflora, Hook.—a. major ; foliisunciam

vel sesquiunciam longis.—Bot. Mag. t. 2885.— 8. micro-

phylla, foliis vix semiunciam longis.—P. Mendocinensis,

Gill. mst.—az. and &. Between Rio Saladillo and Men-

doza, Dr. Gillies. Near Mendoza, T. weedie.—Although

Dr. Gillies distinguished and drew up descriptions of
these, from the living plants, as species, yet we cannot
in the dry state find any specific difference: indeed a

specimen from Tweedie is nearly as robust as in z.,

while the leaves are larger than in £.

(2.) Portulaca Gilliesii, Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 3064. —

men, the leaves are about an inch long, and fall off so
very readily from the upper part of the stem under the
flowers, that these have the appearance, at first sight,
of being seated at the e of a longish naked —

"GRAHAMIA. Gill. mst.

« Calyx disepalus, persistens: sepala oblongo-lanceolata, mu-

cronata, concava, rigida, bracteis 8-9 imbricatis, sepalis
subsimilibus suffulta. Petala 5, obovata, obtusa cum
mucronulo. Stamina plurima (circiter 40): filamenta
filiformia, basi monadelpha : anthere biloculares, erectae.
Pistillum 1: germen oblongum, l-loculare: Stylus fili-
formis, sursum incrassatus: stigmata 4 vel (sspius)
5, linearia. Capsula l-locularis, 5-valvis. Semina plu-
rima, compressa, late membranaceo-alata, placenta cen-
trali podospermio affixa.—Frutex glaber, ramosus;
rami divaricati. Folia alterna, teretia oblonga, obtusa,
carnosa, azillis pilosa. Flores solitarii, ramos breves aut
elongatos terminantes. Bractese st
apiculate, interiores lanceolate, eateriores. oblonga brevi-
oresque, circa calycem arcte imbricate, Sepala concava,
albida, dorso lon wervia, margine scari-

493.

di

494,
495,

496,

497.

332
osa. Petala alba, facile marcescentia, unciam longa, calyce
longiora. Staminum filamenta versus basin purpurea,
sursum straminea: antheræ oblonge, jflave. Stylus
semiunciam longus, filamentis longior : germen androphoro
longitudine equale: stigmata revoluta, pallide flava.

(1.) G.bracteata,( Gill.mst.)—Xeranthus salicosus, Miers,
Chil. v. 2. p. 529?—Frequent among bushes in the
Travesia between San Luis and Mendoza, especially
near the river Desaguadero (1500 feet), Dr. Gillies.—
The corolla is white, rather large, but so very delicate
in its texture that it shrivels up soon after being gather-
ed: nor canit be dried soas to preserve its natural appear-
ance. This may possibly be the plant alluded to by Mr. -
Miers, in his account of Chili, above-quoted ; yet as there

_isnospecimen or description from that gentleman, I prefer

giving it a new name, partly because Mr. Miers’ is too

near Xeranthemum, and the floral coverings are not

scariose; and partly because all the knowledge obtained
of it by him has been from the written description and
specimens collected by me. The former genus Gremia, or
Grahamia, is the same as Cephalophora, Cav. (GILL. mst.)

(1.) Talinum patens, Willd.—Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.
(2.) Talinum polygaloides, Gill. mst. ex Arn. in Ed.
Journ. Nat. and Geogr. Sc. June, 1831, p. 354.—Jarillal,
and along the foot of the mountains near Mendoza,
"— feet). Dr. Gillies. ji

(1) Calesidiinià cietitoras Clientes A roii c. p. 355.

—Andes of Mendoza and seats (9000 to 10,000 feet, )
Dr. Gillies.

(2.) Calandrinia Andicola, (Gill mst. s tota plats, caule
suffruticoso apicem versus folioso, foliis cuneato-ob-
longis acutis basi longe attenuatis, racemo terminali
pauci (1-3-) floro, pedicellis elongatis, sepalis rotundatis
vix apice mucronulatis margine integerrimis, petalis
calicem paullo superantibus, floribus oligandris.—

. 498.

499,

500.

501.

333

Eastern sideof the Cumbre, and at El Alto de la Laguna,
Dr. Gillies.—Closely allied to C. cistiflora, but appa-
rently quite distinct. From the following species it
can only be distinguished by a minute examination,
there being no character except in the margin of the
sepals: they seem to have been found in the same
localities. i i

(3.) Calandrinia denticulata, (Gill. mst.); tota glabra,
caule suffruticoso folioso, foliis lanceolatis acutis basi
attenuatis, racemo terminali pauci (1-3)-floro, pedicellis
elongatis, sepalis rotundato-ovatis margine denticulato-
serratis.— Eastern side of the Cumbre or ridge of the
Cordillera, and at the El Alto de la Laguna on the
western side, Dr. Gillies. ‘Top of the Cordillera,
Cuming (N. 1434.) —The lower part of the stem is much
branched, without leaves, and has apparently grown,
buried among stones.

(4.) Calandrinia conferta, Gill. mst, ex Arn. l c. p. 356.
—Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

(5.) Calandrinia trifida; (Hook. et Arn.); radice
annua, tenui, caulibus erectiusculis simplicibus subfoli-
osis pilosis, foliis linearibus acutis pilosis radicalibus
elongatis caulinis superioribus longe ciliatis in axilla
flores paucos foventibus, racemo corymboso denso ter-
minali, bracteis longissime piloso-ciliatis inferioribus —
racemum superantibus, sepalis ovatis apice trifidis dorso
parce margine creberrime longe pilosis, staminibus 5.—
Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832 (N. 107.) ; Mathews (N. 189.) ;
Cuming (N. 422.) — This, and the two following, seem
closely allied to C. umbellata, DeCand., with which
species, judging by the description frm sid ie we have
No specimens that accord.

(6.) Calandrinia Gilliesii, (Hook et Aude Mode perénai
lignoso collo multiplici, caulibus erectiusculis simplici-
bus basi valde sursum sparse foliosis foliis oblongo-lin-
earibus adpressim hirsute pilosis, racemo corymboso,
bracteis inferioribus pedicellos vix sequantibus, sepalis
ovatis apice sub-tridentatis dorso longe pilosis stamini-

502.

503.

504.

505.

334

bus 5.—C. umbellata, Giil—Andes of Mendoza and
Chili, Dr. Gillies. Cordillera of Chili, Cuming, (N. 218.)
Los Ojos de Agua, Bridges, 1832, (N. 110.)

(*.) Calandrinia sericea, (Hook. et Arn.); radice
perenni lignoso collo multiplici, caulibus erectiusculis
ad basin precipue foliosis, foliis linearibus acutis vel
subulatis sericeo-pilosis, racemo paucifloro corymboso, —
pedicellis superioribus bracteas vix sequantibus, sepalis `
ovatis apice tridentatis dorso longissime sericeo-villosis,
staminibus plurimis.—z. longipes; pedicello inferiore
elongato gracili czeteris et bractea multo longiore.—
A. equipes ; pedicellis omnibus subsequalibus.—a. Sierra
Bella Vista, Aconcugua, Bridges, 1832, (N. 111.) Cor-
dillera of Chili, Cuming (N: 281.)—4. near Collina and
Questa, Bridges, 1832, (N. 109.) Cordillera of Chili,
Cuming (N: 204.) —Of our second variety we have not
seen the stamens: the flower is smaller than in æ. In
both, the leaves vary much in length, from 1 to 2, or -
even 3 inches.

(8.) Calandrinia capitata, (Hook. et Arn. j; pa an-
nua, caulibus erectiusculis glaberrimis (an semper?)
subsimplicibus, foliis linearibus glabriusculis ciliatis,
racemis capitato-congestis multifloris terminalibus et
axillaribus pedunculatis, floribus subsessilibus, sepalis
subrotundis apice tridentatis dorso longe pilosis.—Cor-
dillera of Chili, Cuming, (N: 247.) Near pap
Bridges, 1832, (N. 106.)

(9.) Calandrinia ramosissima, (Hook. et Arn.) ; radice
annua, caulibus pluribus erectiusculis foliosis ramosis,
ramis axillaribus horizontalibus, foliis linearibus pilosis
basi longe ciliatis, racemis paucifloris brevibus, sepalis
subrotundis truncatis apice obtuse tridentatis dorso:
longe pilosis.— Valparaiso, Cuming, (N. 130.) :
(10.) Calandrinia: Cumingii, (Hook. et Arn.); radice
annua tenui, caulibus pluribus procumbentibus foliosis
dichotome ramosis, foliis linearibus inferne attenuatis
adpresse pilosis, racemis paucifloris terminalibus, sepa-
lis subrotundis apice tridentatis dorso pilosis.— Valpa-

506.

510.

335

raiso, Cuming, (N. 511.); Bridges, 1832, (N: 427.) ;
Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 322.)— The upper
part of the stems, racemes, and calyces, abounds in glan-
dular viscid hairs. The whole plant has a purplish
hue. In character this approaches too closely to the
last species ; yet their habit is so very different, that we
can scarcely make them varieties.

(11.) Calandrinia pilosiuscula, De Cand.—C. compressa,
Schrad.—Talinum ciliatum, Hook.—Tutuca, Feuill.
Chil. v. 3. t. 41.—g. tenella ; C. tenella, Hook. et Arn.
in Bot. of Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 't4.—a. Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie. Vina de la Mar, near Valparaiso,
Bridges, 1832, (N. 494.)—g. Valparaiso, Messrs. Lay
and Collie; Mathews, (N. 241.); Macrae; Bridges,
1832, (N. 423); Cuming, (N. '710.)—Specimens, more
perfect than what we formerly possessed, induce us now
to refer our C. tenella to this species. The calyx in

‘both varieties is sometimes nearly glabrous, but more

often, particularly in the wild plant, furnished with
broadish flat obtuse white hairs. e un of the

=- stamens is variable.
507.

(12.) Calandrinia nitida, (R. et P.?); caule vain

glabro folioso, foliis oblongo-spathulatis acutiusculis
. basi attenuatis glabris, pedunculis axillaribus subrecur-

vis folio brevioribus, sepalis rotundis obtusis dorso ad
nervos pilis planis obtusis instructis.— Valparaiso,
Cuming, (N. 582.) Valparaiso and Quillota, Bridges,
1832, (N. 496.)— This approaches nearer to the short
character given by Ruiz and Pavon than any other

Chilian plant with which we are acquainted, unless in-

deed it be the last species, but these authors can pany
be supposed to overlook the triangular sepals. .

(13.) Calandrinia affinis, Gill. mst. ex — - MM 355.
—Andes of Chili, Dr. Gillies. gef

* (14.) Calandrinia diffusa, Gill. mst. iiid Le p 355.

—Andes of Chili, (10,000 feet,) Dr. Gillies.

|. (15.) Calandrinia cespitosa, Gill. mst. ex Arn. lc. p.

356.—Andes of Mendoza and Chili, (9000 to 11,000

511.

512.

513.

514.

515.

336
feet.) Dr. Gillies.—' This species differs slightly from

the genus, by the more numerous valves to its capsule.
(16.) Calandrinia glauca, Schrad.— Valparaiso, Mathews,
(AN. 315.) ; Cuming, (.N. 408.) — The stem seems verylong;
the lower leaves lanceolato-spatbulate, acute, the upper
ones lanceolate, acuminate; both are glaucous: the
peduncles are distant, about an inch and a half long,
and reflexed: bracteas ovate, acute, membranaceous, and
spotted with purple. The seeds are pubescent.

(17.) Calandrinia picta, Gill. mst. ex Arn. l. c. p. 856.—
Andes of Mendoza, (10,000 to 10,500 feet,) Dr. Gillies.
— Seeds large and slightly pubescent.

(18.) Calandriniaarenaria, (Cham. in herb nostr.) ; glauca,
caulibus plurimis prostratis glabris foliosis, foliis lin-
earibus, pedunculo communi terminali nudo simplici
vel ramoso, racemis corymbosis, pedicellis bracteasovales
membranaceas nervo medio atropurpureo subramoso

pictas paullo superantibus, sepalis ovatis membranaceis

venis simpliciusculis pictis, seminibus glabris.—C. venu-
losa, Hook. et Arn. mst.— Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 514.);
Bridges, 1832, (N. 425. )—Closely allied to, but “ar
distinct from the last species.

(1.) Montia Simian, Linn.—Valparaiso, Cuming, (N.
318.) | misil

(1.) Colobanthus aretioides, (Gill. mst.); radice perenni

crasso collo multiplici, calyce 5-partito laciniis ovatis,

- capsula 5-valvi.—At Los Hornillos, El Paramillo San

Isedro, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—If Bartling
(in Presl, Relig. Henk. v. 2. p. 13. t. 49. f. 2.) had not
asserted so positively that the root of C. Quitensis was
annnal, we might have been disposed to unite ours to -
that species. His C. saginoides is, we think, undoubt- -
edly a variety of C. Quitensis, with a 4-partite calyx
and 4-valved capsule.— We are at a loss to conceive why
Kunth and Bartling both insert this genus among
the Carophyllee ; the stamens are decidedly perigynous,

337
and alternate with the calycine segments, as Bartling

describes, and this last is a peculiar character of the
Portulacee.

© (1.) Corrigiola telephiifolia, Pourr.—Valparaiso, Cum-

ing (N. 370.)—Perhaps introduced with grain. In our
Chilian specimens the branches of the inflorescence are

. much elongated, about 8 or 9 inches long.

517,

(2.) Corrigiola squamosa, (Hook. et Arn.); caudice
perenni subramoso apice valde squamoso multicauli,
caulibus prostratis, foliis lineari-oblongis, racemis co-
rymbosis aphyllis.— Valparaiso, Mathews (N. 250.) ;
Cuming (N. 689.) Vina de la Mar, and Playa Ancha,
near Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832, (N. 157 and 158.)—
That portion of the root, or rather lower part of the stem,
which we have above called a caudex, from its resem-

- blance to that part in Ferns, we have seen in no other

519.

520.

species of the genus: the scaly appearance at its sum-
mit is obviously caused by a visite of —- of a
rusty brown colour.

(3.) Corrigiola deltoidea, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech.
Voy. v. 1. p. 24.— Conception, Messrs. d and Collie.
Valparaiso, Chiming: (N 517.)

(1.) Herniaria setigera, (Gill. s pérchnis; haces,
puberula, multicaulis, prostrata, foliis oblongo-lanceo-
latis apice spinuloso-setigeris, floribus subsessilibus axil-
laribus subsolitariis extus puberulis, staminibus 3, stylis
basi concretis.—Paronychia australis, Gill. mst.—El
Aguadita, near La Punta de San Luis, Dr. Gillies.—
This species has no scales or abortive petals, and we
can perceive but one style and stigma. :

(1.) Paronychia Chilensis, DeCand.— Valparaiso, Cum-
ing (N. 435.); Bridges, 1832, (N. 348.) Conception,
Cuming (N. 819.)—' The lobes of the calyx are decid-
edly, but shortly, aristate, on which account we had
almost referred our plant to P. Bonariensis, but that

VOL. III Z

338

= Species has distant leaves and somewhat the habit of

52].

522.

523.

Hiecebrum verticillatum, as far as we can judge from
garden specimens, which, however, agree exactly with

the description given in Lam. Dict. 5. p. 23. The

Chilian plant has the leaves approximate, scarious
stipules longer than the internodia, and is too closely
allied to P. polygonifolia, from which we cannot point
out any sufficient specific distinction. The two stigmas
are linear, with scarcely any style.

(1.) Pentaceena ramosissima, (Hook. et Arn.)—P. polyc-
nemonoides, Bartl. in Relig. Henk. v. 2. p. 5. t. 49. f. 1.
—Leeflingia ramosissima, Weinm.—Paronychia ramo-
sissima, DeCand.—Meru Laguen, Feuill Chil. v. 3.
t. 28.—Las Achiras, province of Cordova, Dr. Gillies.
Valparaiso, Mathews (N. 264.) ; Cuming (N. 476.) ;
Bridges, 1832, (N. 341.) Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.

(1.) Tillea minima, Miers, Chil. v. 2. p. 530; caulibus
diffusis ramosis, foliis minutis connatis ovali-oblongis,
floribus 4-fidis ad axillas congesto-verticillatis breve
pedicellatis, petalis acuminatis calyce brevioribus, car-
pellis 1-2-spermis.— 7. erecta, Hook. et Arn. in Bot.
of Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 24. (charact. haud bona.) —Con-
ception, Messrs. Lay and Collie. Coquimbo, Cuming
(N. 903.)— Allied to T. moschata and verticillata.

(1) Tetilla Aydrocotylifolia, DeCand. Prod. v. 4. p. 661.

Ad. de Jussieu, Ann. Sc. Nat. v. 25. p. '%.—Dimor-
phopetalum Tetilla, Bertero, Bullet. des Sc. Nat. v. 20-
p. 110.—Anarmosa gracilis, Miers mst.— Valparaiso,
Cuming (N. 344.) ; Bridges, 1832, (N.543.)—Nom. ver-
nac. Tetade Cabra, and Culantrilloor maiden-hair.—

Bridges adds, that it delights in the shade of rocks, and
that “the footstalks of the leaves are eaten by the natives
for diseases of the belly.”—There are sterile filaments

339

between the stamens, which DeCandollehaving overlook-
ed, referred this genus to the Sazxifragee, probably from
its distant resemblance to Sax. cernua ; but it really ap-
proaches very closely to Francoa, and belongs with it to
the Galacinee of Don, or Francoacee of Ad. de Juss., pro-
bably a tribe of Crassulacee. The generic name given
by Bertero is undoubtedly the oldest, but as the other
alone has been published with a character by DeCan-
dolle, and more perfectly by De Jussieu, we do not feel
ourselves at liberty to do away with the latter.

524, (1.) Francoa appendiculata, Cav. ic. v. 6. t. 596, (pessime.)

525.

526.

Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 3118, (opt.) Don, in Sweet
Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 151.—F. sonchifolia, Ad. de Juss. in
Ann. des Sc. Nat. v. 3. p. 197. t. 19.?— Chiloe, Cuming
(N. 821.) — This species is to be distinguished from the
next by the sessile, not decurrent leaves, which, webelieve,
have always their lobes quite distinct and at a little dis-
tance from each other. Thereis almost no stem. The

^. lobesof the stigma are cuneiform, and crenulato-incise.
(2.) Francoa sonchifolia, Cav. ic. v. 6. p. "I. (in ob-
- serv.)—Llaupanke amplissimo sonchifolio, Feuill. Chil.
‘v. 2. t. 31.—Conception, Cuming (N.826.)—Our speci-

mens, gathered nearly at the station given by Feuillée,
have decurrent leaves, as in his figure, and evidently
a stem of some length. "The segments of the leaves are
closely approximate, and slightly overlap each other.
The lobes of the stigma are ovated and entire. ,
(3.) Francoa ramosa, Don, in Ed. N. Phil. Journ. N. 11.
P. 52.—Quebrada de las Lacunas, near Valparaiso,
Bridges, 1832, (N. 191.) Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 119.)
—Mr. Don has kindly informed us that the character
given by him of this species, from an imperfect speci-
men, is faulty; and that Cuming’s N. 197 only differs
by the acuminate calycine segments, and longer petals.
This species has the short stems and sessile leaves
of F. appendiculata, but their lobes are approximate,
as in F. sonchifolia. a
z

527.

528.

529.

531.

340

(1.) Tetragonia ezpansa, Ait.—z. foliis subtus glabris.
— Conception, Messrs, Lay and Collie.—g. foliis subtus
dense incanis.— Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 391.)—y. minor
glabra.—Uraguay, Tweedie.

(2.) Tetragonia crystallina, L’ Her.—Valparaiso, Mac-
rae. Coquimbo, Cuming (N. 866, 867, 868.)—The two
first nunibers of Cuming are apparently shrubby, and
if really so, which we cannot decide from our specimens,
they may probably be made a distinct species.—Me-
sembryanthemum Doca, Miers, Chil. can scarcely be
this plant. We have not yet been able to ascertain what
plants Cavanilles (ic. v. 6. p. 61.) had in view, when he
says that 7. herbacea and T. fruticosa are found at
Mendoza. i

(1.) Glinus ae Linn.—Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.

(1.) Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Linn.—s. subsessiliflora.
S. sessile, Pers.—S. parviflorum, DeCand.—Trian-
thema Americana, Gill. mst. in Ed. Journ. Nat. and
Geogr. Sc. June, 1831, p. 354.—Near Laguna del Ar-
bolita, on the west side of Rio del Saladillo, forming the
western limit of the Pampas, Dr. Gillies.

(1.) Ribes cuneifolium, R. et. P.—Mountains between.
Chili and Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Cordillera of Chili,
Cuming (N. 190.) Near Los Ojos de Agua, and Los
Locos, in the Cordilleras, Bridges, 1683 dp 313 and
374.)

(2.) Ribes cucullatum, (Hook. et Arn.); inerme, ramis
glabris, foliis glabris sub-5-lobatis rotundato-reniformi-
bus basi cucullatis cuneatis lobis sibi mutuo incumbenti-
bus acutiuscule inciso-lobatis, petiolo foliis paullo bre-
viore, racemis vix puberulis axillaribus brevibus pauci-
floris, floribus subsessilibus bracteas subrotundas vix
superantibus.— Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 189.)—
Nearly allied to R. cuneifolium, but apote quite
distinct,

533.

534.

535.

536.

531.

538.

539.

341

(3.) Ribes glandulosum, R. et P.—Mountains between
Mendoza and Chili, Dr. Gillies. Cordillera of Chili,
Cuming (N. 269.) Bella Vista de Aconcagua, Bridges,
1832, (N. 372.)

(4.) Ribes punctatum, R. et P.—Valparaiso, Mathews
(N. 252); Mr. Cruckshanks ; Bridges, 1832 (N. 371.) ;
Macrae ; Cuming (N. 640.) Conception, Messrs. Lay
and Collie.

(1.) Escallonia Montevidensis, DeCand.—E. floribunda,
Reich. (non H. B. K.)—E. bifida, Link et Ott.—Sandy
banks and pastures of the Rio Uraguay, Tweedie.

(2.) Escallonia Berteriana, DeCand. Prod. v. 4. p. 665.—
Banks of rivers and valleys in Chili, as at La Guardia
del Maypu, Banks of Rio Maule, Valle del Rio Tinguiri-
rica and Casa blanca, Dr. Gillies.—Nom. vernac. Coron-
tillo.—Our specimens have harsh foliage, like a large-
leaved Andromeda.

(3.) Escallonia pulverulenta, R. et P.—Banks of Rio
Maule, Chili, Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso, Messrs. Lay
and Collie ; Bridges, 1832, (N. 174.); Mr. Cruckshanks ;
Cuming (N. 351.)

(4.) Escallonia revoluta, R. et P.— Valparaiso, Mr. Cruck-
shanks; Messrs. Lay and Collie. Chili, Cuming (N. 81.)
Banks of rivulets at Valparaiso and Quillota, Bridges,
1832, (N. 170.)—Nom. vernac. Lun.—From 10 to 20
feet high. |

(5.) Escallonia (Sect. Stereoxylon, Presh) macrantha
(Hook. et Arn.); ramis pubescentibus glandulosis, foliis
ovato-ellipticis obtusiuculis basi cuneatis glabris subtus
resinoso-punctatis obtuse crenato-serratis, pedunculis in- .
ferioribus simplicibus axillaribus superioribus racemosis,
bracteolis nullis aut minutissimis, dentibus calycinis
subulatis. — Chiloe, Cuming, (N. 26.)—The flowers of
this species are much larger than in the next, and the
leaves considerably broader. The petals are connivent.
* (6.) Escallonia rubra, R. et P.—a. glabriuscula ; ramis

541.

542.

342

glandulosis vix pubescentibus, foliis glabris, floribus
rubris.—Near La Guardia, Andes of Chili, D». Gillies.
Valparaiso, Mr. Menzies; Mr. Cruckshanks ; Mathews;
Bridges, 1832, (N. 173.) Chili, Cuming (N. '19, 80.)—
8. albiflora ; floribus albis. E. glandulosa, Lodd. Cab.
i. 129].— Chili, Cuming (N. 82.) Province of Maule,
Cuming (N. 846.)—y. pubescens; ramis vix glandu-
losis pubescenti-villosis, foliis supra minus subtus dense
pubescentibus, floribus rubris.—Andes of Chili, Dr.
Gillies. Chili, Cuming (N. 83.)— We have already
remarked (Bot. of Beech. Voy. p. 56.) how variable
this species is, and that we know of no character to
separate E. Poppigiana: indeed we have scarcely ever
seen two specimens alike. We have, however, endea-
voured to class those with which we are acquainted,
into three varieties; all of them have sharp leaves,
which are also sharply and unequally serrated, and

. spotted, particularly beneath, with resinous dots; the .

petals are connivent. A cultivated specimen of E. glandu-
losa, Lodd. proves it to be our var. &.; but we feel dis-
posed to refer what is figured in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard.
t. 81., to E. Grahamiana.

(7.) Escallonia (Sect. Stereoxylon, Presh) Callcottie
(Hook. et Arn.); ramis glabriusculis eglandulosis, foliis
ovatis oblongisovalibus subrotundisve utrinqueacutis pe-
tiolatis glabris eglandulosis adpresse argute serrulatis,
floribus paniculatis,petalislonge unguiculatis erectis, den-
tibus calycinis subulatis.—Juan Fernandez, Mrs. Callcott

(late Mrs. Maria Graham); Dr. Scouler; Douglas;

Bertero.—The lower peduncles of the raceme are
branched, thus forming a panicle. The toothed ur-
ceolus at the base of the style is not so conspicuous as
in most others of the section. |

(8.) Escallonia arguta, Presl, in Relig. Henk. v. 2. p. 48.
t. 58.—E. microcarpa, Gill. mst.—E. reflexa, Gill. mst.
—E. myrtoidea, Gill. (vix Bertero.)—$San Gabriel, La
Guardia, and La Cuesta del Inga, Andes of Chili;
and Valle del Rio Claro in Chili, Dr. Gillies.—Nom.

545.

546,

343

vernac. Lun.—The fruit of this species, if we have rightly
referred our specimens, is small, and scarcely more than
a line in length. The raceme is very compact, and the
flowers nearly sessile, Perhaps it may prove a mere
state of E, rubra.

(9.) Escallonia (Sect. Stereoxylon) Grahamiana (Gill.
mst.); omnino glabra, ramis strictis angulatis subresinosis,
foliis elliptico-oblongis obtusiusculis basi paullo attenu-
atis crenato-serratis subtus parcissimeresinoso-punctatis,
floribus compacte paniculatis breve pedicellatis, fructu
obconico, laciniis calycinis subulatis.—E. glandulosa,
Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 81.—El Valle del Rio Tinguiri-
rica, Chili, Dr. Gillies ; Mr. Cruckshanks.—' The branches
of the panicle contain each three or four flowers, on
pedicels scarcely a line long: the fruit or tube of the
calyx is about twice as long as it is broad, and twice or
thrice the length of the pedicel.

(10.) Escallonia dlinita, Presl, l. c. p. 49. t. 59.—«, foliis
utrinque precipue supra resinoso-nitidis.—Chili; Cuming
(N.'78.) El Arroyo de los Lunes, Valle del Rio Tingui-
rica, Dr. Gillies,—8. foliis subtus minute glanduliferis,
E. cupularis, Gill. mst.—La Siente Vieja and La Cuesta

de Chacabuco, Chili, Dr. Gillies. La Laguna, near

Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832 (N. 172.)— Our var. g. is, per-
haps, a distinct species: the glands beneath sometimes
pass into a kind of pubescence, Dr. Gillies informs us
that æ. is termed Lun, and a. Araca or Arayan, by the
natives.

(1.) Caldcluvia paniculata, Don in Ed. New Phil. Journ.
N. 1%. p. 92.—Dietrica paniculata, Ser. in DeCand.
Prod. v. 4. p. 8.— Weinmannia paniculata, Cav.—W,. -
Chilensis, DC. Prod. v. 4. p. 665.—Moist P at
Conception, Cuming (N. 113.) r

(1) Weinmannia trichosperma, Cav.—Chiloe, Cuming
(N. 35.) —The hypogynous urceolate disk is very minute;
but the calyx is not deciduous, as Presl (Relig. Henk.

547,

548.

344

v. 2. p. 53.) states.—It ought not therefore to be sepa-
rated from the genus. |

(1.) Cornidia integerrima (Hook. et Arn.); foliis subro-
tundo-ellipticis glabris vix basi apiceque acutis, corymbis
plurimis in racemum terminalem folia multoties superan-
tem dispositis—Hydrangea scandens, Poepp.? in De
Cand. Prod. v. 4. p. 666.— Valparaiso, Cuming ( N.398.)
Near Bustamante, Bridges, 1832 (N. 532.)—If DeCan-
dolle and Poeppig be correct in their description, and we
be correct in our reference, then this plant has a scandent
stem, of which, however, no appearance exists in our
specimens.—It is remarkable that neither DeCandolle
nor Pres| were aware that their well-characterised
Sarcostylis Peruviana was identical with Cornidia um-

bellata of the Flore Peruviane Prodr. (and v. 4. t. 335.

ined.) ; and it is readily recognised from our two new ones.
by the solitary terminal corymb which is scarcely so
long as the leaves.

(2.) Cornidia serratifolia (Hook. et Arn.); foliis ipia,
oblongis acutis basi obtusis sursum serratis, in ramos
florales minoribus ovatis rariter denticulatis, corymbis
plurimis in racemum terminalem folia superantem dis-
positis.—Chiloe, Cuming (N. 34.)— Closely allied to
the last species, but apparently distinct. Both, but
especially the present one, have several decussate, patent,
rigid, concave bracteze along the stalks of the corymbs,
in addition to the large deciduous petaloid ones at the
base of the corymb itself.

. CnxrrorrrALUM (Hook. et Arn.)

Calyx turbinatus, 5-fidus, herbaceus, laciniis ovatis acutis pa-

tulis. Petala 5, tubo calycis inserta, ejusque laciniis
alterna inclusa, minuta, spathulata. Stamina 5, tubo
inserta, petalis alternantia, parva, subinclusa; filamenta
filiformia; anthere minute, subrotunde, aurantiace,
biloculares. Germen subglobosum, parte inferiore cum
calyce adhaerens, superiore liberum, uniloculare. Pla-

345

cente tres, parietales, lineares, divaricato-bilamellate,
pluriovulatz, ovula tenuissima membranacea. Styli tres,
breves, vix basi coadunati, erecti: stigmata capitata
minute papillosa. Capsula globosa, calyce persistente
inclusa, 1-locularis, in parte libera loculicide trivalvis,
valvis stylo persistente terminatis. Semina plurima, pal-
lida, ovalia, utrinque obtusa, punctata: albumen tenue,
carnosum. Embryo rectus, centralis, albus.—Herba an-
nua, glabra, pusilla, semipollicaris. Caulis erectus, dicho-
tome ramosus. Rami divaricati. Folia alterna, spathu-
lata, integerrima, carnosula, viz nervosa. Flores termi-

nales, ratione plante magni, Chrysosplenii emulantes. —

549.

550,

551.

(1.) C. pusillum (Hook. et Arn.)—Quintero in Chili,
Bridges, 1832, (N. 528.)—We place this curious little
genus at the end of Sazifragee, not that we would affirm
that it certainly belongs to that Order, but because there 1
is no other with which it appears so much allied. With .
some genera it agrees in the number of stamens, and
with Chrysosplenium in many particulars, as in the one-
celled many-seeded fruit, in the calyx, and in the num-
ber of stamens, if we suppose the parts we have de-
scribed as petals to be abortive stamens: but from all it
2ppears to differ by the loculicidal, not septicidal dehis-
cence of the capsule. This, and some other of the
more novel plants described in the present number, will
be soon figured in the continuation of this work.*

(1.) Hydrocotyle pusilla, Rich.?— Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.
—This only differs from Richard’s and DeCandolle’s
description by the petioles and whole plant being per-
fectly glabrous.

(2.) Hydrocotyle modesta, Cham. et Schlecht,—Valpa-

ees

* We cannot conclude the Sazifragee without observing, that no species of
the genus Saxifraga has, so far as we know, been yet found in Chili, or even in
any part of the extratropical hemisphere. -

552.

554.

556.

557.

346

raiso, Mr. Bridges, 1832, (N. 236.) ; Cuming, (N. 315.)
—The specimens from Cuming are about the size of
H. pusilla, from which they are only to be recognized
by the greater number of the flowers, and the acute
sinus at the base of the leaf. 4

(3.) Hydrocotyle Bonariensis, Lam.—Between Men-
doza and Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies. Buenos Ayres,
Tweedie.

(4.) Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Mine eX Mr.
Bridges, 1832, (N. 237.)

(1.) Crantzia attenuata(Hook et Arn.); foliis elongatis
attenuatis pedunculo triplo longioribus.—Buenos Ayres,
"Tweedie.—'This is an undoubted Crantzia, having the
same peculiar structure of the leaves as C. linearis of
North America, differing, however, mma in its
much te and attenuated foliage. |

(01x) Danhi tropaolifólia, Gill. et Taia in , Bot. Miscell.

v. 1. p. 325.—El Salto de San Isedro, near Mendoza,
(6000 feet,) Dr. Gillies —g. tripartita ; foliorum lobis.
utrinque duobus inferioribus approximatis parvis 4
medio grosse tridentato productiori divaricatis.— Val-
paraiso, Cuming (N. 597.)

(2.) Bowlesia tenera, Spr.—Link et Otto, Neu. Abild. t. 4.

— B. geraniifolia, Cham. et Schlecht.—Hook. et Gill.
l c. p. 324.— B. nodiflora, Presl.— Valparaiso, Bridges,
1832 (N. 73.) ; Cuming (N. 602.) Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie. Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies ; Tweedie.
—Chamisso describes the stem as erect and flaccid;
but as he states his specimens to be imperfect, we do
not place much reliance on that character. The length
of the peduncles is subject to vary from a line or two
to about an inch,

(3.) Bowlesia dichotoma, Poepp. in DeCand. Prod. v.

p. 16.— Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832, (N. 12.); a
(N. 623.) ; Mr. Cruckshanks. Baths of Collina, Mac-
rae.—This species, like the others, varies much in the

558.

561.

562,

563.

564.

347

proportionate length of the peduncles and leaves; the
pedancles are, however, very seldom so long as DeCan-
dolle describes, being usually much shorter than the
petioles.

(1.) Azorella Gilliesti, Hook. et Arn.—Bolax Gilliesii,
Hook. 4. c. p. 326. ¢. 63.— Valley of Uspallata, Andes
of Mendoza (6000—12,000 feet,) Dr. Gillies.—W hen
this species was described, a remark was made, that it
did not well agree with Bolaz : we now, therefore, place
it in Azorella, in which the fruit has no external ridges,
and from this it only differs by the mericarps being
perfectly convex at the bäck, and not in the slightest
degree compressed.

(1-} Mulinum cuneatum, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech.
-= Voy. v. 1. p. 26.—Fragosa spinosa, R. et P.—DeCand.

Prod. v. 4. p. '16.— Valparaiso, Messrs. Lay and Collie ;
Mr. Cruckshanhs: Mathews, (N. 253.); Cuming, (N.
633.) Mountains of Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832, (N. 11.)
(2.) Mulinum spinosum, Pers.—Between Los Ojos de
Agua and El Rio de Los Ojos de Agua, Andes of
Chili; and near Villavicenzio (5500 to 7000 feet,) Dr.
Gillies.—Cordillera of Chili, Cuming, (N. 320, bis.) ;

Bridges, 1832, (N. '70.)

(3.) Mulinum proliferum, Pers. € fà the Andes
of Mendoza, between San Isedro and Portezuela, Dr.
Gillies.

(4.) Mulinum alicinum, Gill. et Hook. 4. c. p. 328. t. 64.
— M. Echinus, DeCand.—La Cienega de Bonilla, near
the top of the Uspallata range, (9500 feet,) Dr. Gillies.
—We think there can be no doubt of M. Echinus being
identical with our plant, although Detni ez omit-
ted to notice the subsessile umbels. ^ -

(5.) Mulinum albovaginatum, Gill. et Hook. 7. c. p. 328.—
Cerro de la demi ANS p Mendtas; Dr. Gillies.

(1.) fareti acaulis, Gill Si HK: l c. p. 329. t. 65.—

348

Selinum acaule, Cav.—El Valle de Fray Carlos in the
Andes of Chili, (10,000 to 11,000 feet,) Dr. Gillies.
Cordillera of Chili, Cuming, (N. 320.) Los Ojos de.
Agua, Bridges, 1832, (N. 251.)

HonaLocanPus (Hook. et Arn.)

Calycis margo 5-dentatus, dentibus subulatis, minutis, vix per-

sistentibus. Petala ovalia, concava, integra. Styli duo
divaricati, breves. Fructus rotundato-ovalis: mericarpia
a dorso compresso-plana aptera, commisura angustis-
sima juncta, discos duos parallelos constituentia: Juga
quinque filiformia tenuissima in pericarpii substantia
recondita, unicum dorsale, duo lateralia prope rachin,
duo media angulos formantia. Vitte nulle. Carpo-
phorum integrum. Semen fructus cavitate minus.—Her-
ba annua, erectiuscula, tota pilis stellatis incana, dichotome
ramosa. Radix simplex, tenuis. Folia petiolata, reni-
Jormia, subrotunda, sub-7-lobata, lobis equalibus ovatis
obtusis integerrimis vel inciso-lobatis, inferiora alterna, —

superiora opposita. Pedunculi axillares et terminales,

565.

petiolum subequantes. Umbella simplex, 3-6-flora. Ca-
lycis dentes pilosi, et fere fasciculum pilorum emulantes.
Fructus pedicello lineam longo fere duplo longior.

(1.) H. Bowlesioides (Hook. et Arn.)— Cordillera of
Chili, Cuming, (N. 277.)—The leaves and the pubes-
cence are those of a Bowlesia, as is the few-flowered

umbel: but the fruit brings this genus among the tribe

566.

of Mulinea, and near Spananthe. The ridges are only
to be perceived on a section of the fruit, and are sunk
in the thin substance of the pericarp. The middle
ridges do not expand into wings, as in Mulinum, and

some other allied genera.

(1.) Pozoa coriacea, Lag.—Gill. et Hook. 7. c. p. 330.
t. 66.—Mulinum angulatum, DeCand. Prod. v. 4. p.80.
(stat. junior.)—Hacquetia bracteogama, DeCand. 7 c.

561.

568.

349

p. 668.— Cordillera of Chili, in various places, (9000 to
10,000 feet,) Dr. Gillies.

(1.) Asteriscium Chilense, Cham. et Schlecht.—DeCand.
Gill. et Hook. 7. c. p. 332. t. 67. A.—A. Poeppigii, De
Cand. Prod. v. 4. p. 82.—Anisillo vulgo Mouchu, Feuill.
Chil. v. 3. 7. 2.—La Cuesta de Patines in Chili, (1600
feet.) Dr. Gillies. Cliffs by the sea-side, Valparaiso,
Mathews, (N. 328.) ; Cuming, (N. 559.) ; Bridges, 1832,
(N. 473.)—The distinguishing characters between De
Candolle’s two species occur on the same specimen.

(2.) Asteriscium polycephalum, Gill. et Hook. 4. c. p. 332.

~ & 67. B.—Mulinum Dipterygia, DeCand. Prod. v. 4.

569.

510.

p. 80.—Andes of Mendoza (7500 feet), Dr. Gillies.—
The inflexed petals of this species and the next forbid
their being united to Mulinum. |
(3.) Asteriscium isatidicarpum, (Hook, et Arm. )—Mu-
linum isatidicarpum, DeCand. 7. c.—Cordillera of Chili,
Cuming (N. 302.) ; Bridges, 1832, (N. 69.)

(hà Senieula: détente beste a ani-

caulis, Poepp.—Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie.
Stony valleys near Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 436.) ;
Mathews (N. 208.); Bridges, 1832, (N. 474.)—Nom.
vernac. Pato de Leon.—DeCandolle not having ob-
served the few pedicellate male flowers that are mixed
with the sessile female ones, has supposed them all to
be hermaphrodite, and inadvertently admitted Poeppig's

— plant as a species: all have polygamous flowers, ex-

571.

cept, perhaps, S. Triclinium, which, however, is involved
in doubt.

(2.) Sanicula graveoleus, Poepp.—Valparaiso, Mr. Cruck-
shanks ; Bridges, 1832, (N. 471.) ; Mathews, (N. 274.) ;
Cuming, (N. 507.)—Although this species has an ap-
pearance alien to the genus, yet so far from its forming a
new one, as DeCandolle supposes, it does not even con-
stitute a distinct section. "The male flowers are most
numerous and shortly pedicellate, but the sessile female

350

flowers are not solitary, but several in each umbel.
The tube of the male calyx is smooth, that of the fe-
male is echinate.

572. (1) Eryngium divaricatum (Hook. et Arn.); perenne,

513.

caulibus prostratis dichotome divaricatis foliosis rigidis,
foliis inferioribus bipinnatifidis caulinis piunatifidis, la-
ciniis linearibus spinescentibus divaricatis, pedunculis
axillaribus et in dichotomiis brevibus, involucri foliolis
subulatis reflexis capitulo elliptico quadruplo brevioribus,
paleis flores vix sequantibus,—Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.
(2.) Eryngium ffaccidum (Hook. et Arn.); annuum, foliis
radicalibus flaccidis longe petiolatis profunde pinnatifi-
dis, segmentis linearibus spinescentibus sursum spec-
tantibus, caule gracili superne paniculato, involucri

.. foliolis lineari-lanceolatis rigidis acutis integerrimis ca-

574,

5 75.

576.

pitula elliptica aquantibus, paleis flores vix aequantibus.
— Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.

(3.) Eryngium «coronatum (Hook. et feet ee perenne,
foliis radicalibus lanceolatis spinoso-pinnatifidis, laciniis
lanceolato-subulatis patentibus, caule superne paniculato
polycephalo, involucri foliolis lineari-subulatis spinosis
integerrimisreflexis capitulum cylindraceum subsequanti-
bus, paleis oblongis acutis pallidis flores sequantibus
supremis 2—4 in cornua longa excrescentibus involucri
foliola semulantibus.—Buenos Ayres, Tweedie,—Stem
from 6 to 8 inches high.

(4.) Eryngium rostratum, Cav. ic. v. 6. t. 552,—Valpa-
raiso, Cuming, N. 574. La Placilla near Valparaiso»

Bridges, 1832, (N. 175.)

(5.) Eryngium anomalum, (Hook. et Arn. , calling annua
simplici, foliis apice grosse crenato-dentatis radicalibus
rotundatis basi cuneatis petiolatis, caulinis superioribus
cuneatis, capitulis breve pedunculatis, involucri foliolis
paleisque subzqualibus oblongis mucronato-spinosis
integerrimis flores sessiles multo superantibus, fructu
vesiculis papilloso.— Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 361.)—
The fruit and the palez or bracteze among the flowers

577,

578.

519.

351

induce us to refer this to Eryngium, to which, however,
its appearance is altogether foreign.

(6.) Eryngium depressum (Hook. et Arn.); acaule,
radice annua, foliis radicalibus lineari-oblongis spathu-
latis spinoso-dentatis, nervis in limbo divergenti-subra-
mosis, ramis e collo radicis plurimis ceespitosis diffusis
dichotomis, capitulis ramulos terminantibus et in dicho-
tomiis, involucri foliolis paleisque subzequalibus subulatis
spinosis integerrimis vel spinula brevi utrinque ad
medium notatis flores sessiles multoties superantibus.
—ae. rigidum; ramis folium subeequantibus rigidis semel
bisve tantum furcatis.—s. flaccidum ; ramis folia super-
antibus elongatis gracilibus trichotome divisis.—a.
Chiloe, Cuming (N. 61.); Vina de la Mar, near Valpa-
raiso; Bridges.—g. Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 390.) Casa
Blanca, Bridges, 1832 (N. 176.)
(7.) Eryngium nudicaule, Lam.—Cerro del Morro, in the
Province of San Luis (4500 feet,) Dr. Gillies; coast of
Arroyo del Chuelo, Entre Rios, Tweedie.—The teeth
of the leaves are sometimes entire and not again cili-
ated, and this brings the species very near E. serratum,
Cav. All the above species, except the first, belong to
DeCandolle's third groupe of his first section.

(8.) Eryngium aquaticum, Linn.—Banks of El Rio
Chuelo, near Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies; ‘Tweedie.

(9.) Eryngium paniculatum, Laroch.—E. aquaticum,
Cav. ic. v. 6. p. l7 and 35. in observ. (non Linn.)—
Near La Guardia del Portrero in Valle del Rio Maypu,
Chili; and Cerro del Morro in the Province of San
Luis, Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso; Cuming (N. 915.)
(10.) Eryngium nudum, Gill. et Hook. in Bot. Miscell.
v. l. p. 334.— Pampas of Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.
(11.) Eryngium ebracteatum, Kanina Pun coast
of the Parana, near Santa Fée, Tweedie. —

Subgenus Lessonia -

Frutices, vel arbores parvi; rami dichotomi inferne Suiorum

delapsorum cicatricibus notati,ad extremitates dense foliosi.

583.

352

Pedunculi terminales capitula globosa vel hemispherica
solitaria gerentes !

(12.) Eryngium bupleuroides (Hook. et Arn.); arbores-
cens, foliis planis serratis, involucri foliolis capitulo
brevioribus.—Lessonia bupleuroides, Bert. mst.—Les-
sonia, Bert. in Ann. des Sc. Nat. v. 2l. p. 348.—
Woody, stony, elevated situations at El Portezuelo,

- Juan Fernandez, Mrs. Maria Graham; Bertero, N.

1471.— This and the next are very singular and beau-
tiful plants, with the flowers, indeed, of an Eryngium,
but with a totally different habit, for they constitute
small trees, 5 to 7 feet in height, with forked, terete
branches. In the present species, the branches are
clothed with a brown shining bark; the leaves are 3 to 4
inches long, lanceolate, broader upwards, serrated, be-
tween coriaceous and membranaceous, quite glabrous,
marked all over with many branched, but nearly parallel
nerves, the margin slightly incrassated, the sessile
base almost entirely amplexicaul. Peduncles solitary,
terminal, scarcely so long as the leaves, bearing à
solitary, terminal, hemispherical head of very dense
flowers. Involucre of several spreading lanceolato-
subulate striated entire leaves, much shorter than the
capitulum. Paleæ scariose, not rigid, shorter than the
flowers, Germens muricated, crowned with five evi-
dent, linear-lanceolate, erect teeth. Stamens with

long filaments. Anthers ovato-oblong. Petals erect, with

an inflexed point. Styles exceedingly long and patent.

584. (13.) Eryngium sarcophyllum (Hook. et Arn.); arbores-

cens, foliis cylindraceis carnosis, involucro omnino pullo.
—Massa Fuera, near J uan Fernandez, Cuming (N. 1355.)
—Although so very different in the substance of its.
leaves, this is evidently of the same genus as the last,
having equally woody and dischotomous stems, but these
are more rugged with the membranaceous bases of the
fallen leaves. The peduncles are thick and stout,
longer than the leaves, one to five at the extremity of

585.

586.

581.

588.

589,

353

the branches. There is no involucre, the heads of
flowers are exactly globose, and the palez are'as in the
last species. Fruit exactly that of an Eryngium, slightly
4-angular, and minutely tuberculated. Styles much
shorter than in Æ. bupleuroides.—1f characters be after-
wards found to distinguish this section as a genus, the
name given by Bertero must be changed, in consequence
of a previous Lessonia of Bory de St. Vincent; but we
ourselves cannot perceive any sufficient difference in
the flower or fruit from those of Eryngium.

(1. Apium graveolens, Linn.— El Lagunillo, near
Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

(2.) Apium Chilense, (Hook. et Arn.) ; glabrum, caule
subtereti vix angulato, foliis patentibus bipinnatisectis,
lobis cuneatis subtrifido-incisis integerrimis, petalis
apice involutis. — Valparaiso, Mathews (N. 357. in
herb. Hook.) ; Cuming (N. 44/1.)— Much stouter than A.
graveolens, and the stem not deeply furrowed, as in that
species. The leaves resemble those of Petroselinum
sativum, but are smaller, and more flaccid. The pe-
duncles, or short lateral branches, are stout and firm.
The fruit, although far from mature, is more than
double the size of that of A. graveolens. There are no
involucra, nor involucella.

(1.) Petroselinum sativum? Hoffm.— Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie.

(1.) Helosciadium Jeptophyllum, DeCand.— Pampas of
Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies. Orchards and old culti-
vated places at Buenos Ayres, Tweedie. ——.

(2.) Helosciadium laciniatum, DeCand.—za. elatius.—
Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 250.) Aconcagua,
Bridges, 1832, (N. 477.) —4. humile.—Valparaiso, Cum-
ing (N. 588.) ; Bridges, 1832, (N.476.)—We can see no
other difference between these two varieties than that
the latter is extremely small, from growing in a more

VOL, III. Da

590.

591.

592.

593.

354

arid arid exposed situation. We even entertain doubts
if this species be distinct from H. leptophyllum.

(3. Helosciadium ranunculifolium, DeCand. ?—H.
lateriflorum, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech. Voy.—Rio
Saladillo, in the Province of Cordova, Dr. Gillies.

Buenos Ayres, Tweedie. Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 515.)

Bridges, 1832, (N.18.)—Nom. vernac. Janul. ( Bridges.)
—Dr. Gillies’ specimens, although from a very different
locality, and in a different state, appear specifically the
same as those from Cuming; and if we be correct in
this opinion, the peduncles vary considerably in length,
being sometimes extremely short, and sometimes two or
three inches long. The ridges on the fruit are very
prominent, thick, and obtuse: the valleculz broad and
flat. The leaves bear no resemblance to those of a
Ranunculus, and hence arise our doubts of its being the
plant intended by DeCandolle.

(1.) Ammi Visnaga, Lam.— Mendoza and Hacienda de
Vasquez, between Casa Blanca and Valparaiso in Chili,
Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso, Messrs. Lay and Collie.
Valparaiso and Quillota, Bridges, 1832, (N. 162.)
Chili, Cuming (N. 91.)

(1.) Seseli Gilliesii, (Hook. et Arn.) ; pubescenti-inca-
num, caule angulato, ramis paucis erectis, foliis pinnati- i
sectis, inferiorum lobis cuneatis inciso-dentatis superi-
orum linearibusintegris bipartitisve,involucro oligophyllo
vel nullo, involucelli foliolis linearibus pedicellos super-
antibus, fructibus (junioribus) ovatis pubescentibus
stylis elongatis, stigmate globoso capitato.— Petroseli-
num sativum, Hook, et Gill. Z} c. p. 335. Valle de la
Punta de las Vaeas, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—
The flowers are white. In the young fruit the ridges
are scarcely visible.

(L) Ligusticum Pansil, Bert.? in DeCand. Prod. v. ^
p. 669.—Valparaiso, Mathews, (N. 357.) (in herb.
Arn.)

594.

597.

598,

599.

601.

602,

355

(1.) Anethum graveolens, Linn.—Feeniculum vulgare,
Hook. et Gill. 4 c, non Gert.—Hedges at Buenos
Ayres, common, Dr. Gillies.

- (1.) Pastinaca sativa, Linn.— Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.—

Introduced.

» (1.) Daucus australis, Poepp. in DeCand. Prod. v. 4.

p. 214.—D. Carota, Gill. et Hook. 7 c. p. 335.—Men-
doza, Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso, Cuming (N. 420.)

(1.) Torilis nodosa, Geert.~Caucalis lappulacea, Poepp.
—Valparaiso, Mathews, (N. 221.) ; Bridges, 1832,
(N. 472.) Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.

(1.) Myrrhis odorata, Scop.—At Ladera de las Vacas,
near Valle Hermoso, and in Quebrada de Rios, Andes
of Mendoza and Chili, Dr. Gillies.

(1.) Osmorrhiza Chilensis, Hook. et Arn. im Bot. of
Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 26.—O. Berterii, DeCand. Prod.
v. 4. p. 232.—8Scandix Chilensis, Mol.—DeCand. /. c.
p. 222, —Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie. Valpar-
aiso, Cuming (N. 335.) d ge

(1.) Coriandrum sativum, Linn.—Pampas of Buenos
Ayres, Dr. Gillies.

(1.) Smyrnium Olusatrum, Linn.—Buenos Ayres,

(1.) Viscum Liga, (Gill. mst.); ramis teretibus juniori-
bus. compressis, foliis rectis lineari-oblongis obtusis
vix apiculatis basi attenuatis triveniis medio subpenni-
veniis, spicis solitariis axillaribus oppositis folio duplo
triplove brevioribus, vaginulis carinatis acutis, baccis
ovatis omnino exsertis.—On trees near Los Cerillos de
San Juan, Dr. Gillies.— Nom. vernac. Liga.— This
seems very nearly allied ga V. affine, Pohl.
2'A

603.

604.

605.

356

(2.) Viscum falcifrons, (Hook. et Arn.); ramis tereti-
bus junioribus compressis, foliis anguste lanceolatis
obtusiusculis recurvato-falcatis basi in petiolum attenu-
atis obscure 3—-5-veniis, spicis axillaribus solitariis op-
positis folio subduplo brevioribus, vaginulis truncatis.—
Upon Laurels by the River Uraguay, Tweedie.—The
vaginulz of the spikes are here formed of two opposite
and equal portions: in V. Liga they are carinate at
the back and acute at the extremity; in the present
they are convex, without a carina, and the apex is trun-
cate or rounded. We suspect that many species belong-
ing to the tribe * ramulis ancipitibus compressisve,”
are inserted by DeCandolle elsewhere.

(3.) Viscum Chilense, Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech.
Voy. v. 1. p. 25.— Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie.
(4.) Viscum ambiguum, (Hook. et Arn.); aphyllum, ra-
mis teretibus inarticulatis evaginatis, spicis apicem versus

ramorum alternis oblongo-linearibus evaginulatis, flori-

bus trinerviis sessilibus squama concava obtusa paullo
longioribus.—Upon Myrtles by the River Uraguay,
Tweedie.—The flowers (of which we have only seen the
female state) are very minute, and each situated on the
spike, in the bosom of a concave scale. The whole, in-
cluding the germen, is plano-convex, the inner or flat
side being marked with a longitudinal furrow. The two
lateral petals are carinate, the dorsal one nearly plane.
Style short and thick; stigma truncated. In Viscum
the margin of the calyx in the female flowers is usually

. conspicuous, but in this species it is so entirely wanting

606.

as almost to induce a belief that the three petals, which
are apparently of the same texture as the tube of the
calyx, form itslimb; and if this really were so, it ought
to form a genus next to Tupeia, Cham. et Schl. (Lin-
ned, v. 3. p. 203.), which seems in the same predica-
ment.

(1.) Misodendrum oblongifolium, DeCand. Prod. v. $
p. 671.—Chiloe, Cuming (N. 39.)—As DeCandolle’s
view of the structure of this genus is very different from

608.

609.

610,

611.

612,

357

the result of our observations, we suLjoin* a description
of the fruit, whence it will appear that it belongs
truly to the Loranthacee ; and that the calyculus that
surrounds the base of the calyx so universally in the
family, is in this genus represented by the plumose
bristles and exterior adnate bracteas.

(2.) Misodendrum microphyllum, (Hook. et Arn.) ; foliis
minutis linearibus, floribus ad axillas foliorum in ra-
mulos pubescentes sessilibus solitariis. — Province of
Maule, Cuming (N. 84'7.)—Closely allied to M. lineari-
Jolium, DC., but apparently quite distinct.

(1.) Loranthus ¢etrandrus, R. et P.—Hook. et Arn. in Bot.
of Beech. Voy. v. 1. p. 25, (cum synon.)— Conception,
Messrs. Lay and Collie; Cuming (N. 801.) El Valle
del Rio Tingririca, in Chili, Dr. Gillies. Valparaiso,
Bridges. —Nom. vern. Quintral.

(2.) Loranthus aphyllus, Miers.—L. cactorum, Hook.
et Arn. l c.—Coquimbo, Messrs. Lay and Collie. La
Guardia del Maypu in Chili, and Villavicenzio in the
Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Cordillera of Chili,
Cuming (N. 259.)

(3.) Loranthus Sternbergianus, Schult.—L. glaucus, Gill.
non R. P. nec Thunb.—Near La Guardia, Chili, Dr.
Gillies. Aconcagua, Bridges, 1832 (N. 264.)

(4.) Loranthus cunejfolius, R. et P.—Valleys in the An-
des of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Cordillera of Chili, Cuming
(N. 251.) On Acacia Cavenia, at Llayllay, Bridges, 1832,
(N. 265.) Banda Oriental, upon willows, &c., Tweedie.

(5.) Loranthus (Oscill. Calanth. DC.) Berteroi, (Hook.
et Arn.); glaber, ramis teretibus, foliis alternis late
ellipticis obtusis basi in petiolum brevem attenuatis
Coriaceis margine subrevolutis, pedunculis termina-

* Calycis tubus ovario ad natus, extus setis tribus longis plumosis, bracteisque
tribus alternantibus cum fructu succrescentibus instructus: limbus minutus
truncatus. Fructus: utriculus oblongus triqueter, calycis limbo persistente co-
Tonatus, indehiscens. Semen unicum : Albumen carnesum.

613.

614,

615.

616.

358

libus dense corymboso-racemiferis, pedunculis par-
tialibus 2-5 floris, floribus tubulosis, laciniis 6 line-
ari-spathulatis subliberis, filamentis petala sequantibus,

. antheris lineari-oblongis oscillatoriis, stylo filiformi an-

gulato stigmate vix capitato, germine subrotundo brac-
team unilateralem rotundatam apice denticulatam super-
ante.—L. venetus, Bert. non Kunth.—At Juan Fernan-
dez, growing on Myrtus Fernandezianus, (H. et A.)
Bertero.—'The partial peduncles are simple and bear
two flowers, or are forked, and then bear three or five
flowers, one of which is central, and in the axil of
the fork. The flowers are about an inch long.—May
this not be the genus Struthenthus of Martius?

(6.) Loranthus heterophyllus, R. et P.— Valparaiso,
Messrs. Lay and Collie; Cuming (N. 951.)— The old
branches are round and smooth; the younger ones are
angled, glabrous, or sometimes roughish with minute
rusty-coloured tubercles: petals 4—5, concave and di-
lated at the apex.

(7.) Loranthus buzifolius, Cham. et Schlecht.—L. Esch-
scholtzianus, Mart. in Schult. Syst.— Talcahuano, Cha-
misso. — This scarcely differs from Z. heterophyllus.
The young branches are certainly covered with short
rigid hairs, but we can perceive no other character.
(8.) Loranthus flagellaris, Cham. et Schlecht.—Near
La Punta de San Luis,at El Aguadita, and on the banks
of El Rio Chorillo, Dr. Gillies.

(9.) Loranthus (Osc. Mier. DC.?—Struthanthus, Mart.)
Uraguensis (Hook. et Arn.); glaber erectus? ramis tereti-
bus, foliis alternis oblongo-lanceolatis apice mucrone
cuspidatis basi in petiolum attenuatis, pedunculis 1-2
axillaribus folium subequantibus supra medium furcatis,
ramulis apice 3-bracteatis 3-floris, floribus sessilibus,
petalis 6 linearibus subliberis, filamentis petalo brevi-
oribus, antheris ovatis erectis, stigmate capitato, baccis
ovoideis.—Uraguay, upon Laurels and Myrtles, 7’ weedie;
Baird.—In many points this resembles the last species.

ania

617.

359

(1.) Sambucus nigra, Linn.—Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies.
— Introduced ?

618. (L) Manettia cordifolia. Martius.—M. glabra, Cham.

619.

620.

et Schlecht. — Uraguay, Tweedie. Missions of Brazil,
Baird.

(1.) Hedyotis perpusilla, (Hook. et Arn.); glabra, caule
cespitoso diffuso ramoso debili, foliis oblongis, stipulis
minutis non setigeris, pedicellis terminalibus exque fur-
cationibus ramorum unifloris folium subzequantibus, ca-
lycis tubo globoso setis hispido, dentibus erectis ovatis
obtusis, —Occasionally found in inundated places, by the -
shores of La Plata near Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.—Stems
about an inch or two inches long, branched; the branches
furnished with several short lateral ramuli, from the axils
of which springs a peduncule, which after flowering be-
comes reflexed. ‘This is obviously very closely allied
to H. uniflora, DC., but seems to differ from the genus

by the stipules not being furnished with sete.

(1.) Psychotria? triflora, (Hook. et Arn.); arbuscula,
glabra, ramulis tetragonis, foliis lanceolatis in petiolum
brevem attenuatis margine tenuissime reflexis integer-
rimis coriaceo-membranaceis, subtus pallidis reticulatis,
stipulis ovatis acutis deciduis, pedunculis axillaribus
brevibus trifloris, floribus brevissime pedicellatis basi
bracteatis, bractea parva convoluta dentata, floribus
dioicis, fructibus ovalibus calycis limbo breviter tubu-
loso minutissime 5-dentato coronatis.— Hippotis triflora,
Bert, in Ann. des Sc. Nat. v. 21. p. 348, (non R. et P.)—
Juan Fernandez, Bertero (N. 1466.) ; Cuming (N. 1337.)
—Mr. Cuming's specimens bear only the male flowers;
and what is very remarkable, the corolla, which is gla-
brous within, broadly infundibuliform and deciduous,
on falling away, leaves the stamens attached to the re-
ceptacle within the minute calyx; nor is there any ru-

621.

622.

623.

624.

625.

626.

360

diment of a style: the anthers are exserted rather longer
than the filaments, and tipped with a mucro... Mr. Ber-
tero's specimens are fortunately in fruit; this, as well as
that of the next species, is a drupaceous berry nearly
half an inch long, enclosing two pyrena of a chartaceo-
coriaceous texture, each of which contains a solitary
seed. "This is a shrub from 3 to 6 feet high.

(2.) Psychotria? pyrifolia, (Hook. et Arn.); arborea,

_ glabra, ramulis obscure tetragonis, foliis late ovatis ob-

longisve longe petiolatis margine eroso-sinuatis tenuis-
sime reflexis coriaceo-membranaceis subtus pallidioribus
reticulatis, stipulis late ovatis acutis deciduis, pedun-
culis axillaribus trifloris, bracteis — ? fructu turbinato
dentibus 5 erectis acuminatis coronato. — Hippotis
pyrifolia, Bert. mst.—nom. vernac. Peralillo. Bert. 7. c.
—In the more elevated mountainous woods of Juan
Fernandez, Bertero.— Of this Bertero remarks, * that
it is perhaps only a variety of the former, but its trunk
is four times as large, the leaves of the size of those
of a pear-tree, undulated on their margin, and with a
fruit perfectly turbinate." We certainly think it a very
distinct species. Bertero did not meet with the flower ;
but if its structure prove to be the same as the other
species, the two merit being raised to the rank of a genus.

(1. Cephalanthus Sarandi, Cham. et Schlecht.—Bud-
dleia glabrata, Spr.—Common on the coast of La Plata
and Parana, T'weedie.

(1. Bigelovia verticillata, Spr.—Borreria verticillata,
Meyer.—Uraguay, Tweedie.

(2.) Bigelovia eryngioides, Hook. et Arn.— Borreria
eryngioides, Cham. et Schlecht.— Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.

(1.) Mitrocarpum Sellovianum, Cham. et Schlecht.—
Pampas of Buenos Ayres and Cordova, Dr. Gillies.
Buenos Ayres, Tweedie.

(2.) Mitrocarpum cuspidatum, DeCand. Prod. v. 4
p. 512.—Maldonado in the Banda Oriental, Dr. Gillies-

361

Crucxsuanksia (Hook. et Arn.)

Calycis tubus globosus, subdidymus; limbus 4-dentatus, den-

627.

tibus sæpe utrinque denticulo accessorio subulato in-
structis, 1 vel 2 sæpissime in alam subrotundam mem-
branaceam reticulatam maximam pedunculatam expansis.
Corolla hypocrateriformis, tubo elongato, limbo 5-fido
laciniis patentibus, fauce glabra. Stamina 5, exserta, in
orem corollz inserta : Filamenta clavata, acuta: Anthere
lineari-oblonge, basi affix. Stylus filiformis, corollae
tubo paullo longior: Stigma bifidum, pilosum, laciniis
linearibus acutis. Capsula membranacea, globosa, sub-
didyma laciniis calycinis magis minusve ampliatis coro-
nata, bilocularis, 4-valvis; loculis dispermis: valvis ova-
tis, valde concavis, cymbiformibus, medio 1-nervibus, a
dissepimento tenuissimo membranaceo albido separabi-
libus. Semina majuscula, obovata, nigra, tuberculata,
intus ad hilum valde exculpta. Albumen corneum.
Embryo centralis valde curvatus ; cotyledones plane: ra-
dicula teretiuscula infera elongata.— Tota planta magis
minusve pubescens. Radix perennis, collo multiceps.
Caules herbacei, teretes, adscendentes, flexuosi, ramosi.
Folia obovato-lanceolata, acuta, in petiolum attenuata, sti-
pulata; stipule interpetiolares, late subulate, discrete,
vel magis minusve coadunate. Bractez involucriformes,
simplices vel tripartite, basi utrinque stipulis parvis sub-
ulato-dentatis instructe. Pedunculi terminales axillar-
esque. Flores in cymam depressam majusculam dispo-
siti, corolle aleque calycine flave.

(1.) C. Aymenodon (Hook. et Arn.)—z. foliis incanis.—
4. foliis minus pubescentibus.—a. Coquimbo, Mr. Cruck-
Shanks.—5g. Coquimbo, Cuming (N. 861, 875.)— Mr.
Cuming's No. 861 appears at first sight to have an an-
nual root; but is, we think, only a first year's growth.
This most extraordinary plant has little of the general
appearance of any of the Rubiacee, although in its most
striking peculiarity, the dilatation of some of the calycine

369

teeth into disproportionably large orbicular or somewhat
reniform petiolated wings, it has an affinity with Mus-
senda. Its place in Rubiacee is, however, near Sper-
macoce and Mitracarpum. The former Cruckshanksia
figured in this work, (vol. 2. tab. 90.) having been ascer-
tained to be the same with Balbisia, Cav.*, or Ledocar-
pum, Desf., we avail ourselves of this opportunity of
dedicating the present plant to our much valued friend,
its original discoverer.

628. (1.) Rubia intricata (Hook. et Arn.) ; glabra, leviuscula,

629.

631.

caulibus diffusis herbaceis divaricato-ramosis intricatis
acute 4-angulatis, foliis (parvis) oblongo-linearibus vix
acutis subenervibus, paniculee ramis divaricatis, flori-
bus pedunculatis ebracteatis, baccis globosis.— Among
hedges of Cactus, at San Isedro, Tweedie.

(2.) Rubia Chilensis, DeCand.—an Molina ?—Valpa-
raiso, Cuming (cum N. 405.)

(3.) Rubia Relbun, Cham. et Schl.—Conception, Messrs.
Lay and Collie. Valparaiso, Mathews (N. 190.); Cum-
ing (N. 600.) Valparaiso and near Aconcagua, Bridges,
1832, (N, 368.); Buenos Ayres, Tweedie; and Chili,
Dr. Gillies. .

(4.) Rubia Richardiana, (Gill. mst.) ; glabra, levissime
scabra nitidula, caule erectiusculo tereti 4-angulato, fo-
lis quaternis lineari-oblongis acutis uninerviis inter-
nodio subdimidio brevioribus, pedunculis oppositis
verticillatisve folium sequantibus apice 4-bracteatis 3-
floris, fructu (immaturo) tuberculato.—Magote Aspera,
and Villavicenzio, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies—From
one of these localities the plants are weaker and more
procumbent, and their leaves smaller; but owing to the
imperfect state of the specimens sent us, we can point
out no marks of distinction.

n a

* We omitted to insert after N. 196. of this list, the Balbisia peduncularis,
Don.—Ledocarpum pedunculare, Lindl—It is Cuming’s No. 886, from Co-

632,

633.

634,

635.

636,

363

(5.) Rubia Henkeana, (Gill. mst.) ; piloso-hirsuta, in-
cana, caulibus procumbentibus teretibus, folis 4-nis
linearibus acutis deflexis uninerviis basi latioribus, pe-
dunculis verticillatis folium duplo superantibus apice
4-bracteatis 3-floris, fructu tuberculato scabro.—Men-
doza, Dr. Gillies.

(6.) Rubia pusilla (Gill. mst.); ceespitosa, procum-
bens, ramosa, glabra, nitidula, caulibus lzevibus teretibus
sulcatis, foliis quaternis oblongo-linearibus mucronatis
margine lzeviusculis, pedunculis folium subsequantibus
apice 4-bracteatis 3-floris, fructu (immaturo) minute
tuberculato.— Province of San Luis, Dr. Gillies,—' This
has quite the appearance of some states of Galium pu-
milum, but belongs, as well as the above, to the genus
Rubia.

(7.) Rubia mucronata, Hook. et Arn.—Galium mucro-
natum, R. et P.—G. Tarmense, Spr.— Hook. et Arn.
in Bot. of Beech. Voy.—G. leucocarpum, DeCand.—
Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie.—As we have al-
ready stated (Bot. of Beech. Voy.), the specimens before
us are so imperfect as not to allow of our referring them
with any degree of certainty; there are to be seen,
however, four bracteas under the flower, as in other
Chilian Rubias. nos

(1.) Galium suffruticosum, (Hook. et Arn.); suffruti-
cosum, hirsuto-pilosum, canescens, caulibus erectiusculis
simpliciusculis teretibus, foliis oblongo-linearibus mu-
cronatis nervo margineque recurvo preecipue pilosis,
pedunculis alternis folio longioribus breviter divaricato-
paniculatis, floribus minutis pedicellatis, fructibus gla-
bris.—Vina de La Mar, near Valparaiso, Bridges, 1882,
(N. 206.) ; Cuming (N. 405.)— The hairs mg the
pubescence, point downwards.

(2.) Galium Chamissonis, (Hook. et Arn.); glaberrimum,
perenne, caulibus erectiusculis acute tetragonis, angulis
læviusculis, foliis deflexis oblongis acutis margine revo-
lutis, paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque trifidis bi-

637.

638.

639.

364

vel trichotomis, pedicellis divaricatissimis, fructu subro-

tundo setis compressis apice acutis non uncinatis his-

pido.— Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832, (N. 205.) ; Mathews
(N. 282.); Cuming (N. 506.)—This approaches some-
what in habit to Asperula galioides. ‘The branches of
the panicle are so divaricated as to form a right angle
with the branch that supports them, and they are even
sometimes slightly recurved.

(3.) Galium eriocarpum, Bartl. in DeCand. Prod. v. 4.
p. 600.— Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 243.) Near
La Guardia, Cordillera, Bridges, 1832, (N. 207.)

(4.) Galium Gilliesii, (Hook. et Arn.); perenne, cauli-
bus herbaceis diffusis simpliciusculis acute 4-angulatis,
foliis quaternis ovalibus obsolete uninerviis margine an-
trorsum spinulosis, pedunculis axillaribus terminalibus-
que folium sequantibus 3-floris, floribus pedicellatis,
fructibus hispidissimis setis fructu longioribus apice
non uncinatis.—«. caule foliisque glabris.—El Valle de
las Caigas, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Cordillera
of Chili, Cuming (N. 234.) ; Bridges, 1832, (N. 204.)—
&. caule foliisque hirsuto-pilosis.—El Malpaso and Los
Palomares, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.—Until we
received Cuming's specimens of the last species, we,
as well as Dr. Gillies, considered that this might be G.
eriocarpum, Bartl., from which, however, it differs, as
also from G. icai bai, a closely allied Chilian spe-
cies, if we may judge by DeCandolle's description of
it.

(5.) Galium cotinoides, Cham. et Schlecht.—Concep-
tion, Messrs. Lay and Collie.

(1.) Astrephia crispa, Dufr.— Valeriana crispa, R. et P.
— Valparaiso, Mathews (N. 164.) ; Bridges. —

. (2.) Astrephia laza, Hook. et Arn.—Fedia laxa, Hook.

et Arn. in Bot. of Beech. Voy. p. 28.— Conception, Messrs-
Lay and Collie.

(3.) Astrephia lobata, (Hook. et Arn.); (liis pinnati-
lobatis, lobis distantibus grosse dentatis terminali late

643.

644.

365

ovato lateralibus oblongis multo minoribus, dentibus in-
ferioribus deorsum superioribus sursum spectantibus,

rachi glabra, corymbis pedunculatis oppositis distantibus

in paniculam digestis, fructu glabro.—«. caule longe
patentim piloso.—4. caule glabro.—Valparaiso, Cuming
(N.571,—«.in herb. Arn.—é.in herb. Hook.) — The stem
below the last opposite pair of cauline leaves is hairy in
our æ.: above them it is glabrous, and as the corymbs and
floral leavesthere commence, we have considered that part
as the rachis. The lobes of the leaf are usually two pair
and a terminal one, which is much larger and broader
than the others: the lower pairs are very narrow, the
middle ones oblong,—all are toothed. The leaves in-

crease in size, and the hairiness of the stem becomes

more dense, towards the root.

(1.) Valeriana salicarigfolia, Vahl.—Buenos Ayres,
Tweedie.

(2.) Valeriana macrorhiza, Poepp. ex DeCand. Prod.
v. 4. p. 635.—Near the Baths of Villavicenzio and La
Quebrada de San Isedro, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

645. (3.) Valeriana hyalinorhiza, R. et P.;—Hook. et Arn.

646,

647,

l c. p. 28.—Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie. Val-
paraiso, Cuming (N. 143.) ; Bridges, 1832, (N. 463.)—
We have already stated that the plant described under
this name in Humboldt’s works, and by DeCandolle in
his Prodromus, is a distinct species: it may be called
V. Humboldtii, Hook. et Arn.

(4.) Valeriana crispa, Hook. et Arn. l c. p. 27. (non R.
et P.).— Conception, Messrs. Lay and Collie ; Macrae.
(5.) Valeriana Bridgesii, (Hook. et Arn.); glabra,
foliis lyrato-pinnatifidis lobis erosis crispatis, laterali-
bus parvis terminali multum majore radicalibus obovatis
integrioribus, panicula elongata ramis oppositis tricho-
tomis distantibus, fructibus ovatis glabris.— Mountains
and plains near Valparaiso, Bridges, 1832, (N. 462.) ;
Cuming (N. 144.)—Very closely allied to our V. crispa,
but with a totally distinct fruit; which, in this species,

648.

649.

650.

651.

| 652.

366

is not flat on the one side, with a tubercle on the other,
but presents a tubercle, which is internally spongy, on
both sides; nor is it half so large as that of V. crispa.
The leaves are not nearly so fleshy.

(6.) Valeriana Papilla, Bert. in DeCand. Prod. v. 4.
p. 638.—Surra Campana de Quillota, Bridges, 1832,
(N. 464.) Baths of Collina, Macrae.

(1.) Valeriana polystachya, Sm.—Moist places near
Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies ; Tweedie.

(8.) Valeriana glauca, Poepp. ex DeCand. l. c. p. 639.
— Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (N. 191.) Baths of
Collina, Macrae. Los Ojos de Agua, Bridges, 1832,
(N. 465.)

(1.) Betckea samolifolia, DeCand. l. c. p. 642.—Val-
paraiso, Cuming (N. 742.) Colmo, Bridges, 1832,
(N. 466.) Conception, Macrae.

(2.) Betckea? Gilliesii, (Hook. et Arn.); glaberrima,
radice ceespitosa lignosa, foliis radicalibus rotundato-
ellipticis petiolo subtriplo brevioribus integerrimis,
scapis folium subzequantibus, floribus capitato-conges-

_ tis, fructu glabro lanceolato angulato, calycis limbo

brevi urceolato.—B. samolifolia, Gill. (not DC.)—In
clefts of rocks near La Casa de Piedro, Andes of Men-
doza, forming dense masses, Dr, Gillies.—' There is on —
the scape usually one pair of floral leaves, from the
axils of each of which arises a head of flowers in addition
to the terminal one; and these three heads are often so
closely approximated as to appear but one. This plant
does not perhaps belong to the genus Betchea: its fruit is
not triquetrous, nor is the limb of the calyx 1-toothed and
deciduous. Still, although the 1-celled fruit is far from
mature, there is not the least appearance of the urceolus
of the calyx being toothed, or becoming ultimately plu-
mose, as in Valeriana. Viewing, then, Betckea, depending.
as a genus on its unilocular fruit, without any trace of
abortive cells, and on the limb ofthe calyx not becoming
pappose, we prefer uniting this species to it, to consti-

367

tuting for it a new genus, until more mature specimens
in fruit shall be known.

653. (1.) Dipsacus Fullonum, Mill.—Cultivated places near
Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

NOTICE RESPECTING MR. BERKELEY'S GLEANINGS
OF BRITISH ALGJE.

Mucn as has been done among the larger, and especially the
marine ALGæ, by the Botanists of our country, by Lightfoot,
Goodenough and Woodward, Stackhouse, Turner, Wigg,
Barr, Frankland, and, though last, yet not least, those orna-
ments of their sex, Mrs. Griffiths, Miss Hutchins, and Miss
Hill; yet the more minute, but not less beautiful kinds have,
till lately, been neglected, or only occasionally described in
the works of Dillwyn, Smith, and Greville. What has far-
ther been effected by Carmichael and Harvey will appear in
the forthcoming volume on the Cryptogamia of the “ British
Flora.”

It is with pleasure we can announce another work, in which
these objects are ably treated and accurately figured; the

“Gleanings of British Alga, by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley;
_ being an Appendix to the Supplement to English Botany :”—
and we confidently recommend it to the possessors of that
valuable work, as a most important and necessary appendage.
The first No. contains three plates, each representing two or
three species, and sixteen pages of letter-press. The follow-
ing are the species described, nearly the whole of which are
new to Britain; Chetophora pisiformis, Ag. C. Berheleyi,
Grev. C. pellita, Lyngb. Rivularia bullata, Berk., (Ulva
bullata, DeCand.) R. Pisum, Ag. Spheroplea crispa,
Berk. 5S. punctalis, Berk., (Conferva punctalis, Mull.) Frus-
tulia lanceolata, Berk. F. obtusa; Ag. Monema prostratum,
Berk. Palmella Grevillei, Berk., (Palmella botryoides, Grev.
and Lyngb.)

368

The object of the work, and the difficulties Mr. Berkeley
labours under in the execution of it, are best expressed in that
gentleman’s own words. “The drawings from which the
present engravings have been executed, were prepared with a
view to publication in the Supplement to Dr. Greville's
Scottish Cryptogamic Flora; but in consequence of the dis-
continuance of that most excellent work, there was no pros-
pect of making them known except by giving them in a
separate form, which the author is now enabled to do, through
the kindness and liberality of Mr. Sowerby. He is well
aware that they must lose much of the interest and power of
instruction they would have possessed, if accompanied by Dr.
Greville’s learned remarks, and illustrated by means of an
extensive correspondence with the first continental Algolo-
gists, and a possession of authentic specimens of most of their
published species; but he is unwilling that the opportunity
should be lost of recording and figuring as British, some new -
and curious objects, in a field in which there are compara-
tively few labourers; though by reason of the difficulty of .
access to the several treatises scattered up and down in the.
many journals of the day, consequent on a country residence, .
he can make no pretensions to such a complete acquaintance
with the most recent sources of information as would have
enabled him with greater confidence to offer the present small
contribution to the larger list of British Algae.

* Margate, July, 1832.”

NOTICE RESPECTING THE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE
GENERA OF GERMAN PLANTS. |

Dr. and Professor Th. Fr. Lud. Nees von Esenbech bas
obligingly communicated to us the specimen of a work in
which he is engaged, and which promises to be highly inter- .
esting to the friends of European Botany, under the title

* Genera Plantarum Flore Germanice, iconibus et descrip- —
tionibus illustrata," Each plate, beautifully executed in litho-
graphy, in the best manner of the art, is accompanied with 2

369

pages of text, in Latin, including the name of the Class and
Order, both Natural and artificial, a full description of the
Genus, some remarks, and a reference to the figures. To
give an idea of the satisfactory manner in which the subject
is treated, we shall explain the figures in the two plates before
us. One represents the Genus Crocus. Fig. 1, is a reduced
figure of Crocus vernus, Allioni. Fig. 2, A Bulb of Crocus
Susianus, Ait., with a part of the coat removed. Fig. 3, The
same cut through transversely. Fig. 4, A Flower of Crocus
luteus, Lam., the perianth cleft above so as to exhibit the sta-
mens and stigmas. Fig. 5, The Stamens; magnified. Fig. 6,
Pollen, do. Fig. 7, Stigmas, do. Fig. 8, Germen cut
through transversely, with the ovules; magnified. Fig. 9,
Young Fruit. Fig. 10, Mature Fruit, with the valves burst.
Fig. 11, Single valve with a dissepiment ; slightly magnified.
Fig. 12, Seed. Fig. 13, The same; magnified. Fig. 14,
The same cut through longitudinally, and exhibiting the
Embryo. es.

The Genus Cupressus is still more elaborated and more in-
teresting in its details. Fig. 1, exhibits a branch of Cupressus -
sempervirens with male and female flowers. Fig. 2, Male
amentum; magnified. Fig. 3, Scale with the anthers, seen
from above. Fig. 4, The same, seen on the underside. Fig. 5,
Side view of the same; magnified. Fig. 6, Anthers, do.
Fig. 7, Pollen, do. Fig. 8, Female amentum. Fig. 9, The
same; magnified. Fig. 10, Germen (or receptacle) with the
ovules (or cupules of authors) do. Fig. 11, Ovule, do.
Fig. 12, Mature strobilus, with the carpels yet closed, do.
Fig. 13, The same with the carpels opening as they become
dry, do. Fig. 14, The same cut through longitudinally.
Fig. 15, Carpels, side view. Fig. 16, The same; more mag-
nified. Fig. YT, Seed. Fig. 18, The same; magnified.
Fig. 19, The same cut through longitudinally, so as to exhibit. :
the nucleus. Fig. 20, Nucleus, cut through longitudinally,

and showing the Embryo,—This will suffice to prove the

great pains that are taken with the dissec tions. A
The work will be published in quickly succeeding Numbers,
of an 8vo. size; each with 20 plates, and as many leaves of
VOL. III. QB

370

letter-press, at the price of one dollar. ‘Two genera will, when
very closely related, be given on one plate, in order not to
increase the price unnecessarily. All the drawings will be
made purposely from living plants, and as much as possible
under the inspection of the Author. As far, too, as is con-
sistent with the nature of the work, the genera of a natural
family will be combined in the same number, so that the whole
may be regularly arranged at its close.

ACCOUNT OF INDIAN LABIATA, IN THE
COLLECTION OF J. F. ROYLE, Eso. DIRECTOR
or THE Hon. tue E. I. C's Boranic GARDEN AT
SAHARAMPUR, &c. &c. &c.

By Grorce BEgNTHAM, Eso. —

OCYMOIDEJE, Benth.

1. Ocymum Basilicum, Linn.—Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp. 4.
a. pilosum, Benth. l. c. — From Delhi, downwards
along the banks of the Jumna.
8. anisatum, Benth. l. c.—Jungles near Saharampur,
also commonly cultivated under the name of Toulsee.
v. purpurascens, Benth. 1. c. —From Cashmere, apparently
cultivated,
aT E thyrsiflorum, Benth. 1. c——
2. O. gratissimum, Linn.—Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp. 7.—
Cultivated under the name of Toulsee.
3. O. sanctum, Linn.—Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp.— Fields
and gardens about Allahabad, and along the Jumna.
4. Geniosporum strobiliferum, Wall.—Benth. Lab. Gen. a
Sp. 20.—Himalayanrange. .
5. Orthosiphon rubicundus, Benth. Lab. Gen. et. Sp. 26
var. fere glaber.—Kheeree pass, entrance into Deyra Doon-
6. Orthosiphon pallidus, (Royle); glaber vel tenuissime
pubescens, caule adscendente, foliis petiolatis ovatis obtuse et
grosse subinciso-dentatis basi integerrimis cuneatis et in peti-

371

olum decurrentibus, corolle parva tubo calycem subsequante
fauce subzequali, staminibus corolla brevioribus.—Banks of
the Jumna.—4A small plant, nearly allied to O: tomentosus,
from which it differs chiefly in its very small flowers, the cor-
olla being scarcely longer than the calyx. The leaves are
pale-coloured and thickish. During maturation the calyx
increases considerably in size, so as, at ptio to become
like that of O. rubicundus.

T. Plectranthus cordifolius, Don. pem Lab. Gen. et Sp.
35.—Himalayan range.

8. P. striatus, Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp. 41. var. uas
Mussooree in the Himalayan range.

9. P. Gerardianus, Benth. Lab. "Gem: et Sp. 42, tota cides.
—Sansedarra and Deyra Doon.

10. P. Coetsa, Don.—Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp. 42. é Mis-
sooree and hills towards Cashmere.

ll. P. rugosus, Wall.—Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp. 43.—
Common in the Himalayan range.

12. P. ternifolius, Don.— Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp. 44.—
Valley of Rama Serai in the Himalaya.
.. 13. Coleus barbatus, Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp. 49. ai alee
konta in Gurwhall.

14. Anisochilus carnosus, Wall.—Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp.

59.— Plains from Delhi to Allahabad.

MENTHOIDEA.- Benth.

15. Pi zs plectranthoides, Dés-oBusth. án Wall.
Pl. As. Rar. 1. 31.—Kheeree Pass. -

16. Dysophylla quadrifolia, Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar.
l. 30.— Caleutta.

17. D. verticillata; Benth. in Wall. Ph. As. Rar; 1. 30
Rogonantpur, Bengal.—Both the above species grow in
ponds and watery ditches. The long floating stems produce
Toots only under water; and, above water, upright, branch-
ing and leafy shoots, from a foot to a foot and a half. high.

18. Aphanochilus flavus, pu: dn Wall. PL As. Rar.
l.29.—Kedarkonta. -

19. A. polystachyus, Benth. in a Walle L M conte, ;

252

372

20. A. incisus, Benth. in Wall. Cat. Herb. Ind. N. 1552.
— A. foetens, Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1. 29.—Khalsee in
Deyra Doon.—I have now preferred the name of incisus to
that of fætens, which I had: formerly adopted, as the latter is-
not always applicable. This plant is the Hyptis ae
Link, Enum. Hort. Berol.

21. Cyclostegia strobilifera, Benth, in Wall. 1..c. 1. 30.—
Kedarkonta.

22. Elsholtzia cistet, Wall. Benth, in Wall, 1. e. 1. 29.
—Shalma, and on the road to Cashmere. |

23,. Perilla ocymoides, Linn.— Benth. in Wall. 1. c. 1. 29.—
Mussooree and Surcunda.— Oil is extracted from its seeds.

24. Colebrookia oppositifolia, W all.— Benth. in Wall. k e.
1. 29.—Deyra Doon.

25. Mentha sylvestris, Linn.— Cashmere.

26. M.viridis, Linn.—M. Pudina, Hamilt. — Benth. in
Wall l c.—Caultivated at Saharampur. Cashmere, ; but
probably there also cultivated.

21. M. Royleana, Wall.—Benth. in Wall. 1. €. 1 29.—
Himalayan range below Mussooree. .

28. M. arvensis, Linn. v. glabrescens Benton Gen. et
Sp. ined.—Banks of the Cashmere river.

29. Lycopus exaltatus, Linn.—Choor and Kedarkonta.

30. Meriandra Benghalensis, Benth. in Wall. 1. c. 1. 29.—
Commonly cultivated in gardens.

31. M. strobilifera, Benth. in Wall. L c. 1. 29.—At Syen |
and below Simlah in the Himalayan range.

MONARDE, Benth.

82, Salvia (Drymosphace*) nubicola, Wall.—Benth. in
Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1. 68.—Kedarkonta and Cashmere.

* The following are the sections of this — — ia -—
manuscript monograph, ee for the forthcoming part of my Labiatarwn
Genera et Species.

1, EusrHacr. Calyx ES labio superiors tridentato, dentibus omni-
bus acutis maturatione vix auctis. Corolle tubus amplus, subexsertus, intus an-
nulo pilorum notatus. Labium superius erectum, inferioris lobi laterales reflexo-
patentes, Connectiva postice porrecta, loculam difformem cassam vel varius sub-

373 -

33. S. (Drymosphace) hians, (Royle); caule herbaceo erecto
villoso, foliis longe petiolatis late ovatis basi late cordato-sa-
gittatis, floralibus ovatis acuminatis calyce brevioribus, ra-

polliniferam ferentia, extremitate subconnexa.— The monograph contains 14
species from the Mediterranean region of Europe, M and Asia: S. officinalis,
pinnata, scabiosefolia, &c.

2. Hymenosrsace, Calyx campanulatus, labio superiore 2-3-fido, dentibus
omnibus subzqualibus, post anthesin membranaceo-dilatatis, venosis. -
tubus amplus, intus annulatus. Labium superius subfalcatum, inferioris loi fa-
terales patentes. Connectiva postice porrecta, loculam difformem cassam ferentia,
extremitate subconnexa.—12 species from the Mediterranean region, the Canary
islands, and the Cape: S. pomifera, Canariensis, aurea, paniculata, &c, . j

3. DRYMOSPHACE. Calyx tubul p latus, labio superiore truncato,
subintegro vel brevissime trideritato. Corolle tubus exsertus, intus annulatus,
labio superiore faleato compresso, inferioris lobis lateralibus patentibus. ^ Connec-
tiva postice porrecta, loculam difformem eassam ferentia, vix connexa.—4 species :
S. glutinosa from Europe, and the other three from India. i

4. Horminum. Calyx tubulosus, labio saperiore truncato, tridentite. s
rolle tubus subfauce ampliatus vel ventricosus intus exannulatus ; labium superius.
concavum vel falcatum, inferioris lobi laterales oblongi, erecti, subtorti. Connec-

_tiva postice deflexa, abrupte dilatata, extremitate calloso connexa. —4- species, from
the Mediterranean, the Levant, and Persia: S. Indica, Forskülii, Horminum
and viridis, - The two first form perhaps a distinct section. —

5. JErHYorvs. Calyx campanulatus vel tubulosus, labio superiore EEEN
dentibus erectis, medio sæpe minimo. Corolle tubus sub fauce ampliatus vel
ventricosus intus annulatus. Labium superius falcatum, compressam, inferioris |
lobi laterales oblongi, erecti, subtorti. Connectiva postice deflexa, abrupte dilatata,
extremitate calloso connexa.— Panicula divaricato-ramosa.—16. species, from the
Mediterranean region, Persia, and India: S. Sclarea, 4Ethyopys, argentea, la-
nata, &e, -

6. PrrruroseHAer, Calyx campanulatus, supra concavo-bisulcatus, dentibus
tribus minimis conniventibus. Corolle tubus sub fauce ampliatus vel. ventricosus,
intus exannulatus; labium superius falcatum, compressum, inferioris lobi laterales

` 9blongi, erecti, subtorti. Connectiva postice deflexa, abrupte dilatata, extremitate
calloso connexa, — Racemi simplices vel virgato-ramosi.— About 25 species; Euro-
pean, North African, and Siberian : some of them very common, both wild and
in gardens, and exceedingly variable. Hence has arisen an almost, inextricable
confusion in soa synonymy. S. pratensis, Reine — cost m be-
2 CREE. Calyz dion alai piim c l '
tegro vel rarius tridentato. . - Corolla. tubus inclusus, . vel exsertus, intus « exannu-
latus ; Labium superius rectum, concavum, inferioris lobi laterales patentes. Con-
nectiva postice deflexa, linearia, longitudinaliter connata. Styli lobus inferior subu-

374

cemis subramosis verticillastris sexfloris, calycis campanulati
striati colorati labio superiore integro truncato, inferioris lon-
gioris, dentibus ovatis acutis corollis calyce triplo longioribus,

latus. —146 species; all American, distributed into 9 groupes: Tunirtora, Ca-
LYCINZS, AXILLIFLOR;E, Birtor#, Exiantam, PorvsrACcHYJE, DRACTEATZ,
Bracuyanto#, and MicRANTHJE. :

8. Microspnace. Calyx ovatus, labio superiore integro. Corolla minima tubo
incluso, intus exannulato, labio superiore recto, inferioris lobis lateralibus patenti-
"bus.— Connectiva postice deflexa, linearia, longitudinaliter connata. Styli lobus
inferior complanato-dilatatus, rotundatus.—2 or 3 American species: S. occiden-
talis, procumbens, and misella.

9. NomiosrHacr. Calyx ovatus, labio superiore integro. Corolla minima, tubo
incluso, intus annulato ? ; labio superiore brevissimo, truncato, inferioris lobis later-
alibus patentibus. Connectiva medio affixa, postice remota porrecta, loculam sub-
conformem fertilem ferentia.—1 species, S. plebeia, from India and tropical
Australia.

10. Hererosrmace. Calyx tubulosus, labio superiore truncato, tridentato.
Corolle tubus intus annulatus, labium superius breve rectum, inferioris lobi late-
rales patentes. Connectiva medio affixa, postice remota, porrecta, loculam sub-
conformem minorem subfertilem ferentia.—14 species ; viz. 3 North American
(S. lyrata, &c.), 1 North African (S. Nilotica), 8 from the Cape (S. runcinata; &e.),
1 Indian (S. ocymoides), and 1 Japanese (8. Japonica), es

ll. Gymwyospuacr, Calyx tubulosus, labio superiore integro, recurvo« Co-
rolle tubus brevis, amplus, intus annulatus? labia brevia, superius erectum, infé-
rioris lobi laterales patentes. Connectiva postice remota, deflexa, filiformia, acuta,
filamentis erectis cum connectivo subcontinuis.—A single species, S. saxicola,
from India. ; :

12. Hemisruacr. Calys tubulosus, labio superiore truncato, tridentato. Co-
rolle tubus intus annulatus; labium superius erecto-patens, inferioris lobi laterales
patentes. Connectiva postice brevissima, remota, deflexa, acuta; dentiformia, fila-
mentis erectis cum connectivo subcontinuis.—3 species; S. verticillata from South
&nd Eastern Europe, and two others from the Levant. :
-The above characters may be contrasted together by the following Synopsis: —

Connectiva postice porrecta, subantherifera. Corolle tubus annulatus, labii infe-

rioris lobi laterales patentes, codi dis talo
Calyx subsequaliter 4-5-dentatus. — ee
Calycis fructiferi dentes acuti vix aucti, Sect. 1. Evsrusce, 4
dilatati, venosi,..,.... seen Sect 2. Trussosmacn 1?
Calycis labium superius truncatum sub-
tridentatum inferius bifidum, ,.,,..... Sect. 3. DRYMOSPHACS,

4
-—
30

375

tubo exserto, fauce ampliato limbo hiante, labio superiore fal-
cato compresso, inferiore lato patente.—Cashmere.—4A. hand-
some species, differing from S. glutinosa by its shorter and
branching racemes, campanulate calyces, and e atm blue
flowers.

34. S. (JEthyopys) Moorcroftiana, Wall.— Benth. in Wall.
l.c. 1. 67.— Cashmere, Kanaour, Kedarkonta.

35. S. (/Ethyopys) lanata, Roxb.—Benth. in Wall. l.c. 1.
61.—Mussooree ; common in the Himalayan range.

36. S. (Plethiosphace) dumetorum, Adios lida, PA.
1, 24.— Cashmere.

37. S. (Notiosphace) plebeia, Br. Bait" in Wall. L c. "n
67.—Deyra Doon, and along the Jumna; common.

Species.
Brought over,......ee eee enenne nennen 30
Connectiva postice deflexa. Corolle tubus exannulatus.
Connectiva postice abrupte dilatata, extre-
mitate calloso connexa. Corolle labii
inferioris lobi laterales erecti obliqui

subtorti.
Calyx tubulosus, labio superiore trun- i ee
cato tridentato, ........ Idnes Sect. 4. — HORMINUM, 4

Calyx campanulatus, labio superiore tri-

dentato, dente medio breviore.—Pa-

nicula divaricato-ramosa, BER eines: Sect. 9, JErzmvorxs, t.
Calyz ovatus, labii superioris dentibus 3

minimis conniventibus.— Racemi sim- cm

plices vel virgato-ramosi,.....«.--.--- ... Sect, 0. PLETHIOSPHACE, 25

Connectiva postice linearia, longitudinaliter
connata. Corolle labii inferioris lobi

laterales patentes. 3
Styli lobus inferior subulatus, .....-.--- .. Sect. T. Carosrmace, 146
Styli lobus inferior complanato-dilatatus :
rotundatus, ......... Sect. 8, MICROSPHACE, psu d
Connectiva postice remota.

Connectiva postice porrecta antherifera. = __
Calycis labium superius integrum, dex dee Ne
Calycis labium superius tridentatum, ... - het. 10. Heranoseuace,

Connectiva postice deflexa acuta subulata.

Calycis labium superius integrum, sss... Secta dL Gruxosrsacr,
Calycis labium superius tridentatum, ... Sects 12. Hexisrracz,

1
4

d

1
3
24

eo

376

SATUREINEZ. Benth.

38. Paese hortensis, Linn.—Cultivated in ares

39. Micromeria biflora, Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp. MSS.
Thymus biflorus. Hamilt.—Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1.
31.—Hlills, Mussooree.

40. Thymus Serpyllum, Linn.—Hills at Choor, Simlab, >
Pire Punjal.

41. Origanum Majorana, Linn. (O. Wallichianum, Benth.
in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1. 31. is probably the same. pm
vated in gardens.

42, O. normale, Don.— Benth. in Wall. l. c. 1. 31. ge

mon in the Himalayan range.

43. O. vulgare, Linn.— Pire Punjal (a mountain over which
the road leads into the valley of Cashmere).

44. O. laxiflorum, (Royle) ; caule procumbente villoso, folii
breviter petiolatis lato-ovatis obtusis subintegerrimis basi ro-
tundatis utrinque viridibus pubescentibus, floralibus caulinis
similibus. parvis acutis calyce longioribus, verticillastris bi-
floris laxe spicatis, calycis campanulati dentibus brevibus
ecqualibus — Nagkanda in the Himalayan range.— Leaves as
in O. vulgare; flowers smaller even than in O. parviflorum and
glandulosum ; distinct from all by the laxity of. its spikelets,
which are not imbricated as in all the other species; and in

this respect this plant is intermediate between Origanum and
Micromeria.

NEPETEJE. Benth.

45. Clinopodium repens, Roxb.— Benth. in Wall. Pl. As.
Rar. 1. 66.— Common in the Himalayan range.

.46. Melissa Napalensis, Benth. in Wall. 1 c. 1. 66.—Cash-
mere and Deyra Doon.

41... M. parviflora, Benth. in Wall. l. c. 1. 65.—Deyra
Doon.—The plant which, from a very bad specimen, I bad
described as Geniosporum azillare, in the second volume of
Dr. Wallich's Plante Asiatice Rariores, belongs to this species.

^48. Prunella vulgaris, Linn.—Benth. in Wall. 1. c. 1. 66.
— Common in the whole range, Cashmere, Kanaour, Kole
konta, Choor, &c.

377

49. Scutellaria orientalis, Linn.—Kanaour.—' The S. Sie-
versii, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 2. 394. does not appear to me distinct
from this. o: El 2 -g

50. S. linearis, Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1. 66.—Com-
mon in the Himalayan range.

51. S. grossa, Benth. in Wall. l.c. 1. 67.—Syen range, in
Sirmore, a district of the Himalaya. LH

52. S. rivularis, Wall.—Benth. in Wall. 1. c. 1. 66.— Cash-
mere, TET ^d d Ue Zi
53. S. scandens, Don, Prod. Fl. Nep.—S. angulosa, Benth.
in Wall. 1. c. 1. 67.—Common at Mussooree and in the Hi-
malayan range. AA AOS JE Dot

94. S. cana, Wall.—Benth. in Wall. l.c. 1. 66.—Mus-
sooree and Syen range. 2

55. Marmoritis* rotundifolia, (Benth.); foliis petiolatis re-
niformibus crenatis rugosis utrinque tomentoso-lanatis, caly-
cibus tomentoso-pubescentibus.—Kanaour.—A small plant,
having much the habit of the cut-leaved Dracocephali, and in
some measure that of Lamium amplexicaule. The flowers
are in axillary verticillastri, shorter than the petioles of the
leaves. The corolla is shorter than the teeth of the calyx. -

56. Nepeta linearis, (Royle); caulibus adscendentibus gla-
briusculis, foliis sessilibus linearibus acutiusculis integerrimis
basi angustatis utrinque viridibusglabris, spica ovata pauciflora,
bracteis lanceolato-subulatis, calycis elongati dentibus lan-

-

.* Manmwonmrs, Benth, Calyx 13-15-nervius, infundibuliformi-campanu-
latus, profunde quinquedentatus, dentibus zqualibus, acutis. Corolle tubo calyce
breviore, labio superiore erecto, bifido, plano, inferioris lobis lateralibus erectis, medio
Patente suberenulato. Stamina 4, adscendentia, didynama, inferioribus brevi-
oribus. Anthere biloculares, nude, loculis subparallelis. Stylus breviter bifidus,
lobis Subzqualibus, subulatis. Stigmata minuta, terminalia. E Achenia sicca, ls-
via, nuda, ; TUAM LIT r es

Marmoritis, Nepeta (including Glechoma) and Dracocephalum, TOR tmi
groupe in the tribe of Nepetea, distinguished by the upper stamina being the long-
est instead of the shortest, as they are in most Labiate ; a distinction first pointed
Sut to me by Professor Agardh, in 1830.

378

ceolatis tubo brevioribus.—Himalayan range at Sabatko, and
towards Cashmere.

57. N. connata, (Royle); caule erecto villoso, foliis scasiidind
lanceolatis acutis integerrimis basi cordato-amplexicaulibus
subconnatis utrinque viridibus glabris, spica oblonga densa
vel basi subinterrupta, bracteis lanceolato-subulatis ciliatis
calycem zequantibus, dentibus calycinis subulatis tubo longi-
oribus.—Cashmere.—A beautiful species.

58. N. elliptica, (Royle); caule erecto villoso, foliis sessilis
bus oblongis obtusis argute dentatis basi cordatis. utrinque
viridibus, superioribus acutis, spica basi interrupta, foliis flor-
alibus bracteisque ovato-lanceolatis acutissimis ciliatis calyce
longioribus, dentibus calycinis subulatis tubo longioribus.—
Syen range, Himalaya.— Remarkable for the elegant and
regular teeth of the leaves.

59. N. polystachya, (Royle); caule erecto tenuiter pubescente
ramoso, foliis parvis sessilibus oblongis obtusis crenatis basi
cordatis utrinque viridibus glabris, spicis basi interruptis,
foliis floralibus lato-ovatis bracteisque ovato-lanceolatis acutis
calyce subbrevioribus, dentibus calycinis subulatis tubo sub-
sequalibus.— Cashmere.— Allied to the last, but more glabrous
and branched; leaves smaller; spikelets enge and more
slender; bracteas and floral leaves shorter.

60. N. nervosa, (Royle); glabra, caule humili erecto ramoso,
foliis brevissime petiolatis lanceolatis acutis serratis basi
rotundatis utrinque viridibus, spica oblonga densa, bracteis
exterioribus ovatis acutissimis ciliatis calyce longioribus,
dentibus calycinis longe subulatis tubo subeequalibus.— Cash-
mere.

61. N. spicata, Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1. 64.— Com-
mon in the Himalayan range; Mussooree; Cashmere.

62. N. discolor, (Royle); caule adscendente basi villoso,
foliis petiolatis ovatis obtusis crenatis basi subcordatis supra
viridibus subtus incanis, spica oblonga densa vel basi subin-
terrupta, bracteis oblongo-linearibus acutissimis calycem
squantibus, calycis glabriusculi dentibus subulatis tubum
squantibus.—Syen range and Mussooree. — .

63. N. elata, (Royle); caule erecto glabro, doliis petiolatis

379

oblongo-ovatis obtusis crenatis basi late cordatis utrinque
viridibus glabris, spicis oblongo-cylindricis subinterruptis,
bracteis lanceolato-subulatis calyce subbrevioribus, calycis gla-
briusculi dentibus subulatis tubum sequantibus.— Cashmere.

64. N. distans, (Royle); erecta elata, caule basi villoso,
foliis petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis obtusis crenatis basi profunde
cordatis rugosis subtus villosis, verticillastris densis inferiori-
bus remotis supremis approximatis, bracteis lineari-lanceolatis
calycem subsequantibus, calycis elongati incurvi ore obliquo,
dentibus superioribus lanceolatis inferioribus subulatis omni-
bus subulato-acuminatis, corollis calyce subduplo longioribus.
— Syen range and Mussooree.

65. N. ciliaris, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Rar. 1. 64.—
Mussooree and road to Cashmere.

66. N. clinopodioides, (Royle); adscendens tenuiter pubes-
cens, foliis petiolatis ovatis obtusis crenatis basi late subcor-
datis utrinque viridibus tenuiter pubescentibus, racemis sub-
simplicibus, verticillastris laxiusculis multifloris subsecundis,
bracteis subulatis calyce subbrevioribus, calycis tubulosi
pubescentis ore obliquo, dentibus superioribus lanceolatis in-
ferioribus subulatis, corollis calycem vix excedentibus.—
Banks of theJumna.—Allied to N. ruderalis, but differs chiefly
sas small slender bie and short toreo as "d as in its

it. :

67. N. ruderalis, Heute Betti in "Wall. Pl. da. "Tor.
l. 64.—Deyra Doon and banks of the Jumna.— Perhaps
several species may be included under this name, but my
specimens are not sufficient to distinguish them.

68. N. salviefolia, (Royle); erecta cano-tomentosa, foliis
petiolatis ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis obtusis crenulatis basi
rotundatis rugosis utrinque molliter tomentosis supra canes-
centibus subtus albis, racemis laxis subsimplicibus, cymis pe-
dunculatis elongatis, bracteis brevissimis, calycibus oblongis
erectis subrectis pubescentibus ore obliquo, dentibus. lanceo-

latis superioribus majoribus, corollis ze iih longi-
oribus.—Cashmere.

69. N. graciliflora, Benth. in "Wall. Pl. As. vn 1. 65.—
Deyra Doon.

380

10. Dracocephalum Royleanum, Benth. in Wall. Pl. As.
Rar. 1. 65.— Kanaour.—Cultivated at Saharampur under
the name of Balungoo.

11. D. Govanianum, Benth. in Wall. l. c. 1. 65.—Kedar-
konta and road to Cashmere.

72. D. Sibiricum, Linn.— Kanaour and road to Cash-
mere.

13. D. erectum, (Royle); caule erecto pubescente, foliis petio-
latis ovato-lanceolatis obtusis crenatis rugosis basi cordatis.
subtus subcanescentibus, verticillastris laxe racemosis, cymis
utrinque pedunculatis, bracteis brevissimis, calycibus elongatis
ore obliquo, dentibus superioribus latioribus, corollis calyce
plus duplo longioribus.—Kanaour.—It differs from D. Sibiri-
cum by its rugose leaves, whitish on the under side, and by
its flowers, which are rather smaller.* — — — 1

714. Craniotome versicolor, Reichenb.— Benth. in Wall. L A
1. 64.—Mussooree.

75. Holmskioldia sanguinea, Retz.— Benth. in Wall. 3 E
1, 65.—Deyra Doon.

76. Erianthera rhomboidea, Benth.t—Caulis humilis, si sim-
plex, adscendens, tomentoso-villosus. Folia caulina parva,
pauca, Jforalia densa, petiolata, rhomboidea, infima | subin-
tegerrima, superiora profunde crenata, omnia obtusissima,
basi cuneata, rugosa, utrinque lanato-villosa. Verticillastri.

ei
Nu oo

* The D. Govanianun, Bibiricum, and erectum ought, perhaps, to be referred w.
Nepeta, a genus scarcely distinct from Dracocephalum. The D. Royleanum
resembles a good deal the Zizyphore in habit, aud might, probably, constitute a
distinct genus, —

t ERIANTHERA, hom. Calyx Sa Ce cabequatla, profonde
5-dentatus. Corolla tubo amplo exserto ints nudo, limbo bilabiato, tabio
ore emarginato, subfornicató, inferioré patente trilobo, lobo medio maximo bifido:
Stamina 4, adscendentia, didynama, inférioribus eminentibus. Anthere per paria.
approximate, lanatz, biloculares, loculis divaricatis. Stylus apice sequaliter bit-
dus, lobis subulatis apice stigmatiferis.—T have not seen the ripe achenia, but
the fyoung ones have a fleshy appearance. This genus is allied to ann,
Phlomis, Moluccells, and Gomphostemma, but does not exactly agree with the
characters of any. In habit it resembles | Eriophyton, but the corolla m vine
are very different. -

381

2-6-flori. Bractee subulatz, molliter lanatæ, calycem zequan-
tes. Calyx sessilis, semipollicaris, molliter villosus, post an-
thesin parum auctus, dentibus lanceolato-linearibus, nunc
usque ad apicem mollibus villosis, nunc spina glabra terminatis.
Corolla fere sesquipollicaris, extus pubescens.—Kanaour.

TT. Lamium amplexicaule, Linn.—Benth. in Wall, L pl
63.—Choor mountain and Kanaour.

18. L. petiolatum, (Royle); foliis caulinis longe petiolatis
floralibus subsessilibus omnibus ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis
duplicato-serratis basi rotundatis hispidulis, verticillastris mul-
tifloris, bracteis lineari-subulatis calyce brevioribus, dentibus
calycinis basi lanceolatis longe subulato-acuminatis molliter
hispidis, corollae tubo vix exserto tenui labio superiore elon-
gato integro inferiore abbreviato. — Common in the Himalayan
range.—Allied to L. album; but the leaves are different in
shape, the flowers are smaller, and the teeth of the calyx much
longer, and are thickly clothed with soft hairs.

79. Stachys sericea, Wall.—Benth. in Wall. 1. c. 1. 64.—
Mussooree, and common in the Himalayan range.

80. S. splendens, Wall.—Benth. in Wall. 1. c. 1. 64.- —
Mussooree; common in the Himalayan range. 3i

81. Leonurus pubescens, Benth. in Wall. 1. c. 1. 63.—Choor
mountain and Kanaour.

82. L. Sibiricus, Linn. — Benth. in Wall. l. c. 1. 68.—
Deyra Doon.

83. Marrubium catariefolium, Lam.— Cashmere.

84. Roylea elegans, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1. 57. t. 74.—Syen
range and Jounsar in the Himalaya.

85. Eremostachys superba *, (Royle); foliis infimis maximis

* This plant is certainly of the same genus as Phlomis laciniate, Linn. or Ere-
mostachys laciniata, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 413. ; and both may be considered as gene-
rically distinct from Phlomis as well as from Moluccella, but the E. moluccelloides,
Ledeb. 1. e. appears to me to be inseparable from AMoluccella levis, which I should
consider as the type of the latter genus. The character calyx corolla amplior,
which has been hitherto considered as distinctive of Moluccella, is, like the Sta-
mina longissima of Trichostema, the Anthere cruciate of Glechoma, the Corolla
faux inflata of Dracocephalum ; characters which are all equally applicable to nearly
half the genera of Labiata, and it is impossible to form any natural arrangement of

382

pinnatisectis segmentis 1—4-jugis inferioribus petiolulatis ulti-
mo longissimo omnibus latis grosse crenato-lobatis utrinque
viridibus, floralibus bractezeformibus ovatis acutis subintegerri-
mis.—Kheeree Pass.—Inflorescence and flowers nearly the
same as in E. laciniata ; but the spikes longer and thinner, and
floral leaves entire. Lower leaves of the stem or radical —
leaves a foot and a half long, with two or three pair of broad,
ovate, petiolulate segments, and a terminal oblong one, at least
ten inches long.

86. Phlomis Cashmeriana, (Royle); herbi? erecta, dile
dense floccoso-tomentoso, foliis petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis ob-
tusis crenatis basi lato-rotundatis molliter rugosis supra pu-
bescentibus villosisve subtus dense albo-tomentosis, bracteis
subulatis ciliatis rigidis calyce longioribus, calycis floccoso-
lanati dentibus subulatis rigidis patentibus pilosis.—Cash-
mere.—A handsome species, allied to P. herba venti and pun-
gens, but with much larger flowers and leaves, and thickly
clothed with a white cotton.

87. P. cordata, (Royle); herbacea humilis erecta subsim-
plex, caule obverse piloso, foliis longe petiolatis ovato-subro-
tundis obtusis crenatis basi cordatis rugosis utrinque dense -
sericeo-villosis, floralibus oblongo-lanceolatis, bracteis lineari-
subulatis calyce subbrevioribus villosis, calycis villosuli denti-
bus subrotundis breviter subulato-acuminatis, corolla galea
pilosissima.—Kanaour.

88. P. simplex, (Royle); herbacea humilis erecta subsim-
plex, caule obverse piloso, foliis petiolatis lato-ovatis obtusis
crenatis basi cordatis rugosis utrinque viridibus villosis, flor-
alibus oblongis, bracteis lineari-lanceolatis ciliatis calycem
sequantibus, calycis membranacei subcolorati apice ciliati
dentibus truncatis longe subulato-acuminatis, corolla galea
pilosissima.—Kanaour : and Pire Punjal.

the tribe without distributing the Moluccella of authors into carious, other gener
Thus the M. frutescens is a Leucas, as also probably the M. Persica ; the M.
spinosa is Presl’s Chasmonia. M. marrubiastrum, Steph. (Lebed. Fl. Alt. 2
417.) is a Marrubium, very near to Marrubium Alyssum. Moluecella grandiflora,
Steph. (Ledeb. 1. c. 418.) is probably a second species of Erianthera. iin

383

89. P. lamiifolia, (Royle); herbacea humilis erecta villosa,
procumbens, foliis breviter petiolatis ovatis obtusis crenatis
basi cordatis rugosis utrinque viridibus villosis, floralibus ob-
longo-lanceolatis, bracteis subulatis calycibusque hirsutis, den-
tibus calycinis truncatis breviter subulato-acuminatis, corollae

galea pilosissima.—Mussooree.

. ..90. P. latifolia, (Royle) ; herbacea humilis erecta subsim-
plex, caule obverse piloso, foliis petiolatis late deltoideis acutis
crenatis basi profunde cordatis rugosis utrinque villosis subtus
pallidis floralibus oblongo-lanceolatis, bracteis lanceolatis
ciliatis calycem sequantibus, calycis glabriusculi dentibus trun-
catis subulato-acuminatis, corolla galea villosa, —Cashmere
and Choor.

91. P. bracteosa, (Royle); herbacea elata erecta jho
caule obverse villoso, foliis petiolatis ovalis obtusis grosse cre-
natis basi late cordatis rugosis supra adpresse pilosis subtus
pallidis breviter tomentosis, floralibus subconformibus, brac-
teis oblongis exterioribus magnis foliaceis, dentibus calycinis
truncatis breviter subulato-acuminatis, corollæ galea pilosis-
sima,—Choor mountain and Kedarkonta.

92. Leonotis nepetafolia, Br.—Benth. in Wall. |. c. 1. 59.
— Plains of India.

93. Leucas urticefolia, Br.—Benth. in Wall. l. c. 1. 60.—
Lohargong in Bundelkund and Banks of the Jumna.

94. L. cephalotes, Spr.— Benth. in Walks l. c. 1. 60,—Com-
mon in the plains of India. -

95. L. aspera, Spr.—L. Plukenetii, Spr. ER in Wall.
l. c. 1. 60.—Common from the Himalayan range down the
Jumna to Allahabad.

96. L. linifolia, Spr. — Benth. in Wall. l. c. 1. 60.—Pro-
vince of Behar.

97. L. hyssopifolia, Benth. in Wall. l. c. 1. 60. .— Kheeree
pass leading to the Deyra Doon.

98. L. lanata, Benth. in Wall. l. c. 1. 61.—Deyra Doon.

99. L. pilosa, Bentb. in Wall. L c1 nct
pass. .

100. L. procumbens, Dot Ben. in Wall I c. l. 62.—
Bundelkund.

384.

AJUGOIDEZ. Benth.

101. Anisomeles ovata, Br.—Benth. in Wall. 1. c. 1. 59.—
Common over the whole of India, where it varies considerably
in the clothing of the leaves, as well as in their form and the
depth of the teeth.

102. Ajuga decumbens, Thunb.?—Benth. in Wall. l. c.
1. 59.—Kheeree pass and Deyra Doon.

103. A. remota, Benth. in Wall. l. c. 1. 59.—Deyra Doon
and Nagkanda in the Himalayan range.

104. A. parviflora, Benth. in Wall. 1. c. 1. 59.—Mussooree.

105. Teucrium quadrifarium, Don.—Benth. in Wall. l. c.
]. 58.—Mussooree. Common in the Himalayan range.

106. Teucrium Royleanum, Wall.—Benth. in Wall. 1. c.
1, 58.—Kheeree pass and Deyra Doon.

(Tas. CXI. CXIL)

DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF
PERUVIAN FERNS,

By Dr. GREVILLE anp Dr. HOOKER.

PoLYPODIUM MELANOPUM;

Fronde oblonga seu oblongo-obovata caudatim attenuata pec-
tinatim pinnatifida, laciniis linearibus integerrimis ciliatis,
soris serialibus, stipite aterrimo nitido parce piloso. (TAB.
CXI).

Has. Hanging vertically from the trunks of trees at Luren-
cucho, near Cuenca, at an elevation of about 9000 feet -

_ above the level of the sea. Prof. W. Jameson.

Stipes digitalis et ultra, gracilis, aterrimus, nitidus, parce
setoso-pilosus. Frons spithamzea, circumscriptione oblonga :
seu oblongo-obovata, apice in caudam gracilem pinnatifidam
2 uncias longam attenuata, profunde pectinatim pinnatifida ;
laciniis sesquiuncialibus integerrimis obtusiusculis, ciliatis

385

pinnatim nervosis. Rachis seu costa primaria gracilis, atra,
nitida, superne viridis, Sori in omnibus laciniis etiam in
cauda seriatim dispositi, rotundi, costam inter et marginem.
Capsule globose, longe stipitatee, annulate. Semina globoso-
angulata, pellucida.

Difficult as are the pectinated kinds of Polypodium to be
distinguished, we yet trust that the above characters will be
found sufficient for the present individual, which we only
possess from our valued friend, Professor William Jameson. -

Tas. CXI. Polypodium melanopum. , Fig. 1. A lacinia.
Fig. 2, Capsules. Fig. 3, Seeds: :—magnified.

CRYPTOGRAMMA RETROFRACTA ;

Fronde elongata ramosissima glabra flexuosa decomposito-
pinnata, ramis retrofractis, pinnulis dichotomis segmentis
linearibus ciliatis, soris furcatis. (Tas. CXII).

Has. Near the village of Molleturo, at an elevation of 8000 .
feet above the level of the sea, growing on the ground.
Prof. W. Jameson.

Frons 4-pedalis valde ramosa, repetitim pinnata, flexuosa,
pinnis plurimis retrofractis, pinnulis dichotome divisis costa-
tis linearibus glabris ciliatis obtusis nunc emarginatis seu
bifidis. Rachis primaria glaberrima, flavo-fusca ; secundaria
alata, ciliata. Sori in pinnis ultimis lineares, duo sæpe con-
fluentes, et ita furcati. Capsule fuscæ, brevissime stipitate,
annulo magno cinctz. Semina triangularia.

The present is, indeed, a very remarkable species of Cryp-
togramma, and quite distinct from any with which we are
acquainted. Professor Jameson describes it as growing on the
ground, and as being four feet in length; many of the primary
pinnze, especially the lower ones, are singularly and suddenly
bent back, and the principal rachis is very zigzag.

Tas. CXII. Fig. 1, Segments of a pinna. ptem 25 85 Cap-
sules, Fig. 4, Seeds: magnified. ek ‘Sian
VOL. 111. ie ee reget d^

THE END.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOLUME III.

Ascension Island, . : v P IMP

Bentham, G. Esq., account of In-

dian Labiate, K 370
Berkeley, Rev. M. J., Gleanings of
British Algæ, notice of, - 9867

British Alge, Mr. Berkeley’s
Gleanings of, . i . 367

Calcutta, its Botanic Garden, . 385
Cardamine rhomboidea and C. ro-
tundifolia, history of, by W., J.
Hooker, . . 237. t. eviii.—ix.
Carmichael, Capt. Dugald, biogra-
phical notice of, by Rev. Colin
Smith, concluded, = 23
Cryptogramma retrofracta, 384. * exii.

Emerina in Madagascar, sketch of
the Province of, by Helsinberg and
Bojer, . . 246
English Flora of Sir 25 E. Smith,
observations on, by W. Wilson,
Esq. s 109
Enumeratio Filicum, by Greville
and Hooker, $ . 104 & 216

containing,

Angiopteris crassipes, Wall. > 927
erecta, Hoffm, . ». 991
Indica, Desv. . . 227
longifolia; G. and H. $994.

Botrychium australe, Br. . 223
Cicutaria, Sw. : .. 998
cuneatum, Desv. š wu rd
daucifolium, Wall. . . 924
dissectum, Muhl. . . P D
Sumarioides, Willd. . 21/220
gracile, Ph. . : + 228
Lunaria, Sw. . s s MB
lunarioides, Sw. : . 221
lunarioides, Schk. 5 os BED
lanuginosum, Wall. . « 928
matricarioides, Willd. o BSE
obliquum, Muhl. . : "999-
rutaceum, var. ? Schk. è c991
silaifolium, Presl, j . 994
simplex, Hitch. . . 221
subcarnosum, Wall, . . 222
ternatum, Sw. . > ,77299
Virginicum, Sw. § < "998

Virginicum, L. : . 223

r

Botrychium Zeylanicum, Sw. .
Botryopteris Mexicana, Pres, — .
Botrypus lunarioides, Michaux,
Danza alata, Sm. .
elliptica, $m. .
geniculata, Radd.
. longifolia, Desv.
nodosa, Sm. *
? paleacea, Radd.
simplicifolia, Rudge,
Helminthostachys dulcis, Kaulf.
Mexicana, Spr. .
Kaulfussia sesculifolia, Bl.
Lycopodium acerosum, Sw.
anceps, Presl, .
axillare, Roxb.
brachystachyon, H. and G.
brevifolium, H. and G.
calostachyum, H. and G.
circinale, Sw. í
clavatum, L. ;
decurrens, Br. è
Flagellaria, Bory, :
integerrimum, H. and G.
involvens, Sw. eo
Jussisei, Desv. .
lepidophyllum, H. and G.
Macrei, H. and G. .
ornatum, H. and G.
pennatum, Don. v
prelongum, H. and G.
radiatum, H. and G.
rigidum, Sw. .

we eee @ 795
en oreto

edo. eie NW C a] NUR. - 9»

g
E
8
à
È

stoloniferum, Sw.
strutbioloides, Presl,
verticillatum, L.
Marattia alata, Sm.
acuminata, Willd.
attenuata, Labill.
cicutæfolia, Kaulf.
fraxinea, Sm. .

— sorbifolia, Sw.
sylvatica, XE.
Myriotheca sorbifolia, Bory, -

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PAGE

Ophioglossum Bergianum, Schlecht, 219
bulbosum, Michauz, . e S9
Capense, Schlecht. — s ADT
cordifolium, Roxb. — . 4. 217
costatum, Br. . È, > MIS

- crotalophoroides, Walt. . 219
ellipticum, H. and G. oe. Ad
gramineum, Willd. . .. 218
laciniatum, Rumph. . — . 920
Lusitanicum, L. 5 SEIS
Lusitanicum, Thunb. 2 IT
Moluecanum, Schlecht. -~ 210
nudicaule, L. . * sser
opacum, Carm. . . > 219
ovatum, Sw. : : v Rig
palmatum, L. . >. 990
parvifolium, H, and G. . 218
pendulum, L. . >r 219
petiolatum, H. and G. : m id.

. reticulatum, L. t | ga

~ simplex, Rumph. Qo 00. ee
.... Surinamense, Reich. « s SIT
tuberosum, Hi, an des 9910

s nd x RID
Osmunda Barbara, Thunb. | . 231
cinnamomea, L. ^ +. 28h

SSS Soar . 2.
Helsinbergii, H. and G. * LJ 230
interrupta, Mz. 5 . 929
Japonica, Thunb. . = el
Javanica, Bl. . H « «231
lancea, Willd. . . : ASI
obtusifolia, Willd, . : 281
pilosa, Wall. . . . 239
regalis, ZL. à . . 230
regalis, B. In . x : A80
regalis, Mx. .. . - 230
speciosa, Wall. Bes)
spectabilis, Wild. . 2 90
ternata, Thunb, 5 0
Totta, Sw. «€, 4 MH
Virginica, Le . . +. 228
Zeylanica, L . * .. 920
Frazeri, H. and G. . a eon
pellucida, Carm. >. y= Men

Farquharson, Rev. J., Botanical
. Remarks by, ` eon
Fayal, described, i PE
Ferns, 2 new Peruvian species, de-
scribed by Drs. Greville and
‘Hooker, » - 384. t. cxi. —xii.
Flora of S. America, and Islands
of the Pacific, Contributions to-
wards, by Hooker and Arnott,

65

129

Hoogly River, Smribed, .

Flying-fish, described, . š

German genera of Plants, Illustra-
tions of, noticed, . =

Greville and Hooker’s additions” to
Lycopodinez, Part I. of Enume-
RATIO FiLieuM,

Greville and Hooker, Pickus
Finicum, . - s
Greville and fb». account of a

new species of Sarothra, and re-
marks on tbat genus and its affi-
nities, * « ED. teni
Greville and Hooker, description of
2new Peruvian Ferns, 384. t. exi.—xii.

368

104

216

Helsinberg and. Bojer, Sketch of the
Province of Emerina i in Mada-
gascar, . . 246

21

Hooker, on Cardamine rhomboidea,
and C. rotundifolia of North
America, ^ 237. t. cviii.—-ix.

Hooker and Arnott, Contributions
towards a Flora of S. America
and the islands of the Pacific, 129

Illustrations of German Genera of
Plants, containing Crocus and
Cupressus, noticed, Š z

Indian Botany, Illustrations of, by

368

Dr. Robert Wight, . ` 84 & 291
Containing,

P. ppl.
ZEgiceras fragrans, . . .. et 21
Bergia ammannioides, jou SS a9
Bryophyllum calycinum, . .. 100 t. 31
Butea frondosa, Nora mw. HIDE KoUR
Cadaba triphylla, ; I Spe ea fa
Combretum Heyneanum, 25 388 1,22.
Convolvulus Tu ne a hi 197 t. 38
iiem tri vila, 298 t. 39
Ixora grandiflora, . 994 t 35
parviflora, Shox £9 £54
Jussiza repens, si. 1 UEM M
Limonia Missionis, . 291 t. 33
Microcarpæa cochlearifolia, 95 t. 29
Pladera uA. . c 8L m
Pongamia religiosa, »” 3800 t. 41
Pterospermum suberifolium, - 1 90 6.5 96
Salacia levigata ? 2: ...995 t. 96
Utricularia stellaris, , ^. ^. 91 t. 27

Vallisneria spiralis, . = 87 4. 93-4
Villarsia macrophylla, e 96 t 30

Kumoan, its vegetable productions,
by Dr. A. K. Lindsay, . 119

Labiatæ, Indian, Account of, by G.
Bentham, Esq., containing the .

following new species, . | . 870
Dracocephalum erectum, Royle, —— 380
Eremostachys superba, — ditto, 381

PAGE
Erianthera rhomboidea, Benth. 380
Lamium petiolatum, Royle, » 881
Marmoritis rotundifolia, Benth. . 377
Nepeta clinopodioides, Royle, 379

connata, ditto, .:c8"8
' discolor, ditto, . 818
distans, ditto, . 879
elata, ditto, .' 878
elliptica, ditto, 9 978
linearis, ditto, s Tt
nervosa, ditto, . 378
polystachya, ditto, . 3878
salvizefolia, ditto, . 979
Origanum laxiflorum, ditto, 876
Orthosiphon pallidus, ditto, . 370
Phlomis bracteosa, ditto, . 888
Cashmeriana, ditto, 882
cordata, ditto, - S82
lamiifolia, ditto, 4.882
latifolia, ditto, . $883
simplex, ditto, - 882
Salvia hians, ditto, =- 873
Lindsay, Dr. A. K., Letter relative
to the vegetable productions round
Lahooghat, in Kumoan, . <- 119
Linnea borealis, new station for, 128
MacFadyen, Dr. James, on the
Plants calculated for forming-
fences in Jamaica, : «i UB
Madagascar, Province of Emerina.
and its inhabitants, a sketch of,
by Drs. Helsinberg and Bojer, 246
Mauritius, Analysis of the proceed-
ings for 1830, of the Natural —
History Society of, E 9 Rig
Mertens, Dr, Henry, account of
various species of Fuci, found in
the Pacific Ocean, ; 1

Excursion to the top of _
the Werstovoi, in Norfolk Sound, 12

Ocean Birds, anecdotes respecting, 24
Polypodium melanopum, ^ 884. t. cxi.
Rice, culture of, in Madagascar, | $950

_ Sarothra Drummondii, a new species,
described by Greville and Hooker, `

232. t. evii.

Smith, Rev. Colin, his Biographi-
cal notice of Capt. Carmichael,
South America and islands of the
Pacific, Contributions towards a
Flora of, by Hookerand Arnott, 129

23

D

3

New species therein described.
Acacia adenopa, H. and A. 206.—4A, Aroma,
Gill.206.— A. Bonariensis, Gill. 207.— A. Bon-

ndii, Gill, 205.—A.furcata, Gill. 908 —A.
pidota, H. and A, 205.— A. galii, H.
and A, 205.—Acæna . 307.— A.

ma,

=- À. coronilloides, do. 5
and 4. 188.—A. grandiflora, Gill. 190.—A.

to, wx s iate ditto, n sry
ifolia, Gill. 192.— A. retrofi
194. rv 194. t. 105.—A. tri-

uga, ditto, 191.—A. | 192
ie viscosa, ditto, D we me pde

tto, 148.
us
i complicatus, ditto,
187.— Astrephia lobata, ditto, 364.— Atamis-

- ditto, 353.— Arenaria Bonariensis,
—A. Andicola, ditto, 145 Astragalus Ben-

itto, 900.—Car [ i
H. and 4. 13;.—C. nivalis, Gill 130. Cardios-
permum velutinum, A, 158.— Cassia
ttia Gill. 211.—C. Cru H.
and A. 210.—C. Cumingii, H. and 4, 211.—C.

H. c A.171

i and A, is, È
sg 159,—C. deficiens, ditto, 160.—Colletia
longispina, ditto, 173.—Colobanthus aretioi-
des, G —Cologamia ? heterophylla,

1

r "E |»
we race pusillum, ditto, 345.—Cu-
curbita asperata, Gill. 324,—Cu
ensis, H. and A. 159. :
314.—Dalea'elegans, ditto, 183.— odium
cuneatum, H. and A. 195.—Draba Gilliesii,
H. and A. 137.—Epilobium puberulum, ditto,
Eryngium MC Rer voee Barn od

ides, ditto ,—E. coron ditto,

ao et depressum, ditto, 35l.— E. divarica-

prr
phyllum, ditto, —

Sauro, Gi. 140.— Escallonia

- stenophylla, H. and A. 182.—Galium Chamis-
sonis, € 1o: 363.0. Gilliesii, ditto, 364.—G.

3

390

ffruticosum, ditio, 363.—Genista Andicola,
Gill. 178.—G. Cumingii, H. and '4. 178.—G-
el s, Gill. 178. t. ciii—G. rigida, Gill, 178.
—Glycyrhisa astragalina, ditto,183,—Gouania
ulmifolia, H. and A. 174.—Gourliea decorti-
. eans, Gill. 908. t. cvi.—Guindilia trinervis,

ditto, 170.—Hedyotis perpusilla, H. and A.
359.— Herniaria setigera, Gil’, 337.—Heterop-
teris glabra, H. and A. 157.—Hibiscus angus-
tifolius, ditto, 152.— Hoffmannseggia gracilis,
ditto, 209.—Homolocarpus Bowlesioides,ditto,
348,—Inga parvifolia, ditto, 202.—I. Uraguen-
sis, ditto, 202.—Ionidium diffusum, Gil/.146,—
Jussieua bracteata, H. and A. 313.—J. hexa-
petala, ditto, 312.—J. multinervia, ditto, 312.
—Lathyrus crassipes, Gil. 198.—L. macropus,
ditto, 198.—Lithræa caustica, H. and 4. 175.
—Loasa dissecta, ditfo, 330,—L. elongata,
ditto, 329.—L. floribunda, ditto, 329.—L. he-
teropbylla, ditto, 328.—L. sagittata, ditto, 328,
—Loranthus Berteroi, ditto, 357.—L. Uragu-
ensis,ditto, 358.— Lupinus albescens, ditto,201,
—L.Andicola, Gill. 201.—L. aureo-nitens, do.
201.— Malva glomerata, H. and A. 151.—M.

thewsia i isdem H. and A. 140. t. xcvi.—Mi-
mosa? adpressa, ditto

| microphy!
357.— Momordica Hystrix, oe 394,— Myrio-
hyllum proserpinacoides
| xara ars and.

tusa, H. and 4. 393.—Phaca Arnottiana, Gill.
184.— P. canescens, H. and 4. 185.—P. carin-
ata, ditto, 185. —P. Cruckshanksii, 184.—P.
uimbensis, ditto, 184.—P. elata, ditto, 185.
—P.? flava, ditto,186.—P. inflata, Gi. 183.—P.
ochroleuca, H. and A, 186.—Plectr:
tracantha, Gill, 167.—Pleu:
H. and A. 315.— P. pusilla, ditto, 315.—Poly-
gala spinescens, Gili. 146.—Prosopis astrin-
gens, ditto, 204.—P. ephed
—P. globosa, ditto, .—P. humilis, ditto,
204. p. sericantha, ditto, 204. —Psidium am-
phibium, H. and A. 317.—Psoralea Higue-
— Gill. 181.—Psychotria ? pyrifolia, H. and

360.— P. triflora, ditto, 359.—Ranunculus f

+

rioides, ditto, 904. .

trisepalus, GZ. 133.—Retanilla stricta, H. and
A, 173.—R. trinervia, ditto, 174.—Rhexia ?
heterophylla, ditto, 316.—-Rhynchosia Mendo-
cinensis, difto,199. —R. Senna, ditto, 199.—R.?
sericea, ditto, 199. —Ribes cucullatum, H, and
A. 340.—Rubia intricata, ditto, 369. —R. Hen.
keana, Gill. 363.—R. pusilla, ditto, 363. —R.
Richardiana, ditto, 362, —Sageretia trinervia,
ditto, 172.—-Schinus ? ternifolius, ditto, 177.—
Seseli Gilliesii, H. and A. 354. —Sicyos Bade-
roa, ditto, 321.—Sida Arnottiana, Gill. 154.— -
S. ceratocarpa, H. and A. 154.—S. densiflora,
ditto, 155.—$. Grevilleana, Gill. 154.—S. picta,
Gill, 15$— Sisymbrium Arnottianum, Gi.
138.—S. frutescens, Gi. 139.—S. leptocarpum,
- H. and A. 139.—S. sagittatum, H..and A. 139.
—S. stenophyllum, Gi. 139.— Tetrastemon
loranthoides, H. and A. 318.—Thlaspi Andi-
cola, H. and A. 138.— Tricomaria Usillo, H.
and A. 158. t. ci. —Trifolium Macrei, H. and
4. 179.—T. microdon, H. and A. 180.—T.
physanthum, A. and A. 180.— Valeriana Brid-
gesii, H. and A. 365. —Vicia bijuga, Gil. 197.
—V. dentata, Gill. 197.—V.Macrei, H. and A.

195.—V. pallida, H. and 4.197. —Viola Asterias,
H. and A. 145. t. xcix.—V. congesta, Gill.

144. t. xcvii.—V. pusilla, H. and A. 145.—V.
volcanica, Gill, 145, t. xcviii.—Viscum ambi-
guum, H. and 4. 356.—V. falcifrons, H. and
A, 356.— V. Liga, Gill. 355, —Viviania crenata,

Don, 149.—V. petiolaris, H. and A. 148.—

Zy yllum Retama, Gill. 166, _ :
St. Helen, described, — . — . 59
Sucking-fish, described, ^. + 43
Tanghinia veneniflua, . 289. t. ex.

Tanghina poison, described, .
Tristan d'Acunha, account of, .

275
44

Unio Itineraria, notice to the mem-
^ bers of, i E > oan AS

Wight, Dr. Robert, Illustrations of
Indian Botany, . . 84& 291
Wilson, William, Esq., Observations
on Sir J, E. Smith’s English

Flora, E . 109

MUIR, GOWANS, & CO. PRINTERS, GLASGOW.

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