G Bota wie PR “°w. ROYAL, GARDENS, KEW. & BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 1894. Mo. Bot. Garden, is LONDON: PRINTED — a especies itin 3 OFFICE, E AND SPOTTISWOOD PRINTERS rh THE pe 8 MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. And to purchased, ther directly’ or through any Bookseller, from EYRE AND SPOTTISN OO WOODE, East HARDING STREET, FLEET STREET, E.C., and ABINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, 's. W.;or JOHN MENZIES & E 12, HANOVER STREET, EprNDURGH, and NILE STREET GLASGOW ; HODGES, acs) & 00, LIMITED, 104, GRAFTON Prin, DUBLIN. 1894. Price Three Shillings. co N TEN TS: Date. ‘Article. Subject. Page. 20% | HEE sa | LS 1894. D bust: ii $t 1 x + see January =| CCCLIIT. Ming of Sugar-cane in New South | 1 UE jy- CCCLIV. | det Kewenses: VII. - i cH m /CCCLV. | West African Mahogany á z 8 # CCCLVI. . uberous Labiate 10 » CCCLVII. | Veitch Collection of Japanese Vegetable 14 roducts. » CCCLVIII. Diagnoses Africane : I. s - 17 s CCCLIX. Miscellaneous Notes " = z | 33 February CCCLX. Horticulture and Arboriculture in the | 37 United States. | i CCCLXI. Diagnoses Africans: II. - -| 67 S CCCLXII. Miscellaneous Notes — - - -| 74 March CCCLXIII. | Sugar-cane Disease in Old Wor -j, 81 - CCCLXIV. | Seminal Legend in the aai -| 84 » CCCLXV. | Improvement of Sugar-cane by Chemical | 86 Selection of Seed Canes. | » CCCLXVI. Guzerat Ra (Brassica campestris, | 96 var. glaucc | is CCCLXVII.. | Agriculture in British Honduras -|. 97 CCCLXVIII, | Decades Kewenses: VIII. -| 99 i CCULXIX. |- Artificial hinge at of Sie Acid - | 108 a CCCLXX...| Miscellaneous Not - | 108 April CCCLXXI. | West Indian Lime (Citrus Medica, var. | 113 » hue A ege | TUR CCCLXXII. - eee » CCCLXXITI. | West African Cinchona Bark - - | 19 ~ OCCLXXIV. | p T ses Africane: III. 120 ás CCCLXXV. e ome -leaf Miner ( Cemiontoma eur" | 130 | nodo » CCCLXXVI. | urne: Notes - - - | 133 May CCCLXXVII. | Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)- - | 141 is CCCLXX VIII. | Flora of Aldabra Islands - - | 146 » CCCLXXIX Cuiventon of ped in India - - | 151 s CCC s - | 152 a CCLXXXI. iip oma Disease (continuation) - | 154 » CCCLXXXIIL | New rane - | 154 5E CCCLXXXIII agmo cop AES famsics - | 159 » CCCLXXXIV. ffee Cultivation | in Angola - - | 161 W CCCLXXXV Meshllaiives Notes li I3 June CCCLXXXVI. | Treatment of semanas Sugar-canes in | 169 ; the West Indi im CCCLXXXVII. The Citron in Commerce gei po 177 b LXXXVIII.. New Orchids 182 » XX ‘old Storage of Fruit - 187 " CCCXC. hemp at the Bal - | 189 P COCXCI. Gambia Pagns or Native Cloths - - | 191 d CCCXCIH. Miscellaneous Notes - = - | 199 July CCOXCIII. | Comino Trees of Colombia (Aniba peru- | 197 CCCXCIV. | Artificial Production of Citrie Acid (con- | 199 di tinuation). | w 85449.—1. 1875.—2/95. Wet. 45. Date. | Article. Subject. Page. 1894. | | July | COCXCV. | Soe ee Note to the Flora of | 200 » | CCCXCVI. Cultivation of "Vanilla jn | Tahiti - - | 206 M | CCCXCVIIL. | Vanilla at Fiji - - | 208 » | CCCXCVIII. | Flora of ibo Solomon I 11 » | CX | Me wn of Euer deor eia in the 215 » |. COGE Preservation o of Books in the Tropies -| 217 » | CCCCI able Oils E and MET - | 218 » | CCCCII Cultivation of V Vegetables - | 919 j | CCCCHI. Production of Para! "ad Seed - | 223 5 | CCCCIV. Miscellaneous Not - | 225 August CCCCV. Species and Principal Varieties of Musa | 229 September CCCCVI. Vegetable Resources of Ind «| B15 j CCCCVII. | Botany of th oe dramaut Expedition - | 328 » CCCCVIII. | Decades Kewenses: IX. - - | 344 is CC ` | Miseellénasidé- Notes - - - | 948 October CCCCX. | Lathyrus Fodder (Lathyrus sativus) - 43 = CCCCXI. | Minor Industries in Jamaica and Ber- | 352 » CCCCXI. Decades Kewenses: X. - - | 853 » OCCCXIII. pcc nena car Piassava oe ( Dictyosperma | 358 fibr "i CCCCXIV. | Three awik species of — - - | 859 » CCCCXV. | New Orchids : 10 - | 861 » CCXVI. | St. Vincent Botanic Statio 366 j COXVII. | Bhabur Grass (Jschemum angustifolium) 367 » CCCCXVIII. | Bulbous Violet in the Himalay: 68 ji CCCCXIX. | Miscellaneous Notes 370 November. CCCCXX. I Fodder Grasses - - | 373 x CCCCXXI. | ecades Ke ——— Lace, - -.|.987 si CCCCXXIII. Plae of Cliterpiliiré w Bog Rong" 396 | CMetanastria E a). » CCCCXXIV. | Miscellaneous Note 4 - | 397 December CCCCXXV. | Cultural Industries in Domini -| 405 m CCCCXXVI. | German Colonies in Tropical Africa - | 410 is CCCCXXVII. | Sisal Hemp "the Bahamas - - | 412 » CCCCXX VIII.| Sago Cultivation in North Borneo - 414 = COCCXXIX. | The Clove as a Dye -| 417 s CCCCXXX. | The Lahaina Sugar Can - | 418 i CCCCXXXI. | Botanie Stations in the bamia. Islands | 419 Appendix I. - — List of seeds of hardy herbaceous plants 1 and of trees and shrubs » Ih v — New garden plants of the year 1893 - | 27 » II. - — Botanical Departments at home and 53 v i abroad. i ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. Ze - : BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION, No. 85.) — ncc di E: [1894. CCCLIIL—GUMMING OF THE SUGAR-CANE IN NEW SOUTH WALES. Inquiries having been addressed to Kew with respect to a disease of the sugar-cane which has made its appearance in New South Wales, in the Kew Bulletin for € information. ‘This is contained in the Annual Report (1893) of the Department of Agriculture of the Colony (pp. 8-10). The statement has been drawn up by Dr. Cobb, Patholo- gist to the Departme The diami is Mad) to the agency of a bacterium (* microbe”). This is not improbable, "———— not appear to have been actually ove The part played by bacteria in producing plant diseases is still very Ae understood. Bacillus Amylobacter feeds on and destroys e flesh of succvlent fruits, potatoes, &c. e best ascertained case is, id that of a disease of Hy racinths, due to a yellow bacillus. ‘E his develops in the fibro-vascular bundles of the bulb, especially in the vessels. It eventually ascends into the leaves, fills the inter-cellular passages, and finally penetrates | the epidermis. . In the United States the destructive diseases known as * Pear Blight” - and * Peach Yellows” have been attributed, with some probability, to : the action of bacteria e Department of ud iculture rd with commendable judgment, fdtented the only practical remedy by impressing on the ner tle | paramount importance of securing emn “sets ” for remem fisiacr from the Annual Report, 1893 (pp. m of the DEPARTMENT of AGRICULTURE, New Sourn Wa Five weeks, inclusive of the month of July, were spent on the Clarence River. Upwards of 80 possible causes of disease in cane were examined with care. These included half a dozen different species of 2 the nematodes are doing any such amount of damage as would cause the m a ; complaints which are to be heard everywhere on "the Clarence River. — U 79905. 1875—1/94. Wt. 134. x 2 The disease so bitterly complained.of turns out to be associated with th- presence of a mictobe in the sap-vessels of the cane. The presence the mierobes is indieated to the eye by the exudation on fresh!. surfaces of a yellow gummy substance. The disease which I pro, to cail the Gumming of the Sugar-cane, never occurs without . presence of this gummy matter. e gummy matter never occurs without the microbes, and is, in fact, a product of their growth. It is impossible to enter into details here; but, from very careful and minute examination, I came to the conclusion that there are very strong and exceedingly numerous reasons for supposing the disease to be caused by these mierobes, which are a new sort, and which I propose to call Bacillus vascularum, but no oue is entitled to say that any organism is the cause of any given disease until the organism has been d into healthy individuals, and there produced the disease, and such inoculation must, of course, have been made under the now "well Wnderrted modern precautions against the introduction of any other organism or di sease-producing factor. Such inoculations have been made, and the result will in due time be recorded. Meanwhile, we know from these investigations much ad the nature and symptoms of gumming that will enable the cane-growers on the Clarence to put several checks on the losses they have Eitherto suffered from it. These methods of checking the disease Sps fully explained to a repre- sentative meeting of farmers from all parts of the river, and were such E to meet their approval. Chief iieis them was greater care in healthy sets. Not knowing the objectionable nature of this gum the farmers have been planting sets Sous: it, and the resulting crops bave been diseased in consequence. I w able to show that the buds of gummed ‘sets already contain the uei and the gum, or, in other words, are already diseased, so that the growers were shown to be setting out diseased plants ractical reme accompanied by numerous a were given ish rea CREDE gummed, a nd these « | meet with warm approval. While pointing out the ability i any Parmer to select his own sets, I doubted whether many farmers on Clarence would find on their farms sets sufficiently free from gum. I, therefore, strongly advised them to adopt some system by which an expert might have access to all farms on the river, wherefroin to select and buy plant-cane at a reasonable prize, the same to be sold by him at. a profit. If such selection were done with care, the resulting sets woulc be worth more than is ordinarily paid for plant-cane (namely, l7. per ton). If we set the expert’s price at 30s. per ton, and reckon for the g, there is a two or sree punts, and hire a gang of as ving examined and selected his cane, he would then be in a posi- tion w deliver to order plant-cane certified to be reasonably free from gum. Whoever enters the undertaking must have first qualifie imself to select cane plants free from gum and other b hoth energy and business capacity. . At pl: would be heavily taxed. At other seasons he should m: familiar with the cane fields, and decide from whence dragon his supplies of plant-cane. - .To a himself. P f oye - should familiarise himself with the appearances o he 3 variety in demand ; ic — make himself familiar with the diseases of cane, ee gum vice was shat i: should furnish es of two sorts E Cant in stalks selected from as healthy crops as possible (by the examination of stalks from here and there all through t l ; . Cane sets, z.e., already cut up, the same to be aed) in the most careful manner after rigid inspection, and to be as healthy and free... from gum as possible. No. 1 eould be sold at 30s. De ton —possibly veis this would depend on the patronage of the growers. No. 2 would have to be sold at a — higher price, and would. be used by the growers for nursery pur The Lower Clarence would furnish, gi believe, a living for one plant- cane specialist ; the whole Clarence for n more than one. The farmers were warned to bear in mind that the disease exists in all ñelds on the river, so that the matter of poem non-gummed € is of interest to the up-river farmers as well as the down-river farm he distribution of the mibe is as follows, as ; far as at preseut known :— 1. General. (a.) On the Clarence River. (6.) On the Richmond River. (c.) In all probability in Queensland. 2. Local on the Clarence. While gummed cane is common all along the river, it is much more common on the Lower Clarence, and the gens is there much worse: than abot the town of Maclean. believe I examined nearly all the varieties of cane at d grown- examined on the Clarence River. No variety ex: was perfectly free from — gum, though a long search had to be made in some cases to find it. It is very noticeable that the varieties stenty" introduced are much more: healthy, as far as gumming is concerned, than those long in use. Nearly every stalk of some of the new introductions was found to be free from even traces of gum. On this ground, as well as others, the introduction and trial of new varieties is strongly to be commended. This depart- ment has done well during s past few years to import and distribute to cane growers va rieties from Queensland, Fiji, New Guinea, and Louisiana. I made numerous drawings of the fungi eranised, and the: nematodes and other injurious organisms seen during the progress of the- kioii as gums. Iam satisfied that it is in the main Laip of a definite chemieal compound to which x have given the name vasculin. The detailed reactions of vaseulin, the particulars of the life history of B. vascularum, the full parteis of the disease gumming of sugar- cane so far as known, together with numerous illustrations, will be submitted in the full report, as well as full details of all the practical ecupidns the latter of which it has: here been possible only to ci medi pes : 4 Judging from the account given by Dr. Cobb, the New South Wales sugar-cane disease appears to be very closely allied to, if not identical with, a disease called * gomziekte," attacking the sugar-cane in Java, and which has been investigated by Krüger,* Valeton,f and Janse.t The sym ptoms, also the general characteristics, of the disease are vaseular bundles, and the presence of a bacterium, which in the Java disease was called Bacillus sacchari, Janse; this has since been identified by Went with the * hay bacillus,” Bacillis subtilis. Dr. mi has given the detailed account of his investigation of “ Gumming of the Sugar-cane” in the October number of the Agricul- tural Ginas of New South Wales (pp. 777—798). CCCLIV.—DECADES KEWENSES. PLANTARUM Novarum IN Herpsario Horri Ream CONSERVATARUM. DECAS VII. 61. Cochlearia Conwayi, Hemsl. | Crueiferz] ; herba perennis? pu- silla, ramosa, gracillima, glabra vel minutissime puberula, foliis linearibus angustissime spath ulatis obtusis vel pinnatifidis paucilobatis, floribus ut videtur aurantiacis laxissime racemosis longe graciliterque pedicellatis, sepalis equalibus ovato-oblongis, petalis — filamentis tenuibus deorsum corde ovario glabro longiore quam lat Habitat.—Karakoram : Doyen n to Ramghat, W. M. Coke 305. Herba circiter : poll. alta. ds 3-5 lin. longa. Flores circiter 2 lin. s petalis quam sped longioribus 62. Bute (Haplophyllum) ian Hemsl. [ntes] lignescens, caulibus multiramosis, ramis teretibus primum ute puberulis sicci- tate pallide viridibus, foliis parvis subsessilibus ecd jbus vel angus- tissime spathula ulatis integris apice obtusis vel rotundatis deorsum attenu- atis, eymis terminalibus densis, pedicellis brevissimis, sepalis minutis tenuissimis parce minuteque puberulis orbicularibus, petalis anguste ovato-oblongis steieidatenis dorso earinato-incrassatis, filamentis deorsum dilatatis infra medium barbatis, ovario 3-loeulari (an semper ?) stylo que villosulo, loculis 4-ovulatis. ; Habitat.—Gilgit, south of Hindu Kush, at 4,500 oe Sheath Giles ; Sarakoraer: upper branch of the Bagrot valley, Wied way. > Herba erecta circiter pedalis. Folia vix se mipellicaria. "Flores 4-5 lin. diametro. Sepala minuta. Petala circiter 2} lin. longa. 63. Pilocarpus microphyllus, Stapf. [Rutaceæ] ; foliis imparipinnatis 2-3-jugis oppositis, foliolis parvis glaberrimis terminali petiolulato ex- cepto sessilibus ellipticis vel obovato- ellipticis Lasi acuminatis Sed emarginatis, nervis lateralibus primariis utrincue circiter 4 eximie su rginem areuatim connectis tenuioribus interjectis trint tenuiter BENE" dim 7 Mededeel. van het Proefstation West-Java; I. 1890, p. apn t Bijdrage tot de Kennis der serehz cme “Proeftaton O ost Java 1891. dior ET. Mededeel. van 'sLands Plant., IX., 5 Lern pellucido- et przterea subtus nigro-punetatis, petiolo com- muni superne anguste alato, racemis tenuibus laxifloris, floribus parvis breviter MR glabris, ealycis lobis minutis ovatis, stylo brevis- imo, stigmate 5-lobulato inter ovarii lobos subsessili, coccis oblique ovoideis rugosis. Habitat.—Environs of Rio Janeiro ? Glaziou, 13 „417 Petiolus aptiores 2}-} poll. longus, foliola circiter 1 es longa, 1 poll. lata ores (juniores in alabastris MUERE: 3 lin. long Leaves of this Miele were sent recently to Kew for identification, y Evans, Sons, and Co., Liverpool. They were said to have been received from Brazil, and were marked “ Jaborandi.” They agree typical Se c d they, however, very small. The cocci are deseribed from a single Spon found T i the leaves sent from Liverpool. "The r are very like those Piloe carpus Oe ee Lem., but oblique ovoid, not obovoid, iio widest below the middle. The leaves are ver y characteristic, beiug much smaller than in any previously known species. 64. Cas ipourea verticillata, JV. E. Brown omm euis glabra, folis verticillatis 2—4-nis petiolatis oblongis utrinque obtusissimis u basi euneatis apice subacutis, marginibus wem Fre n nee vel s integris, venis primariis utrinque 8-10, ribus in- axillis fiorai dense fasciculatis verticillatis pedicellatis albis, pedicellis medio arti- culatis, calyce infundibuliformi-campanulato 6-7 dentato, dentibus triangulatis acutis quam tubo duplo brevioribus, petalis 5-7 exsertis angustissime cuneatis apice fimbriatis adpresse pu ubescentibus, stamini- bus 10-14 basi monadelphis, ovario ovoideo — dense hirsuto 2- loeulari, loculis biovulatis, — exserto, stigmate bilobo, capsulis oblongis subearnosis quam calyce duplo umen bivalvibus 1-2- spermis, seminibus pendulis ellipsoideis, testa suberustacea in arillo amplo flavo involutis, tea iini carnoso, — centrali recto, Arbor parva. Petiolus 4-6 lin. longus, lamina 31 poll. longa, 14-2} poll. lata. Pedicelli 14-2 lin. ‘longi. Calyx 2 lin. longus. ric African Dact; rope um from the American posee and there- fore Bare placed this plant under the older name of Cassipourea, to which genus I dati er the species of Dactylopetalum should be trans- ferred. C. verticillata is probably nearly related to C. deus jf Tul, a agascar species l have not seen, and also bears considerable resemblance to Dactylopetalum Barteri, Hook, f., but is readily dis- tinguished from all known species by its verticillate leaves, which are Sometimes 3, sometimes 4 in a whorl. n Fordii, Hemsl. [Ericacem]; species ex affinitate - t ycarpi sed i ; ramulis floriferis tortuosis glabris apice tantum foliiferis, foliis distincte petiolatis coriaceis utrinque glabris lanceolati eolati oblongis obtusissimis vel rotundatis deorsum attenuatis subtus pallidis, squamis sub floribus arcte imbricatis subdistichis "ee rod obtusis glutinosi sis glabris, corymbis paucifloris gracilibus, floribus s peduncuiatis, eo eme ferrugineo-puberulis, cal brevissimo pot minuteque lobula corolla ssepius 5-lobata lobis rotundatis, staminibus 10, filamentis - infra 6 medium parce puberulis, ovario ferrugineo-furfuraceo 5-loculari stylo breviter exserto, capsula ignota. abitat.—Lantao Island, Kwangtung, China; C. Ford’s native collector Folia cum petiolo 2-3} poll. longa et 1-11 E et Pedunculi o semipollicares. Flores circiter 14 poll. diam 6. Ardisia megaphylla, Hemsl. [Myisinices] E utex caule simplici (fide Horne) undique glaber, foliis amplissimis breviss sime petiolatis coriaceis anguste lanceolato-oblongis obtusis basi rotundato- intramarginali anastomosantibus, paniculis angustis pseudo-termina- libus, floribus breviter pedicellatis, calycis segmentis vei deltoideis vix aeutis, corolla sae: ignotis, fructu magno globo Habitat.—Rambi or Rabi, Fiji. J. Horne, 429, and Viti Levu, D. Panne, E Folia usque ad 3 ped. longa et 7 poll. lata. Jnjlorescentia cum pedunculo circiter pedalis. Calycis segmenta lineam longa. Fructus semipoll. diametro. A handsbme species allied to A. Pe Seem, but - has a cuneate base to the leaf, reflexed calyx-lobes, and a smaller fruit. Mr. Yeoward, in a letter, dated October 1893, states that his specimens were brought in by his native collectors from about one or two miles -inland, on the — side of Viti Levu; and he continues :—** The * natives say it grows to 100 feet straigbt up, almost without a break, “and they call it ‘ Dacca? My specimens were taken from a small “ tree cut down about 4 feet high, and brought in by my men." There -jspr — some mistake here, and Mr. Yeoward's final remark is, perbaps, ambiguous. Mr. Horne describes it as a sbrub with a simple stem, common in the forests of Rabi. 67. Solanum muticum, N.E. Brown [Solanaces»]; S. lento affine, caule erecto ramoso mangati pubescenti pilis simplicibus, foliis petiolatis. lanceolatis acuminatis apice subobtusis basi in petiolum cuneatis viridibus molliter pubescentibus pilis simplicibus vel furcatis nec Heli floribus pedicellatis umbellato-fusciculatis in axillis foliorum vel in furcis ramorum vel terminalibus, calyce cyathformi 5-10 dentata jabir deanas filiformibus alternis minoribus infra ápicem tubi affixis, corolla late infundibulariformi magna pentagona plicata violacea ter brevioribus, filamentis brevi eee stylo staminibus squilongo apice arcuato leviter incrassato, bacca ? Hahitat.—Paraguay (cultivated i in Monte Video), Gibert, 56 and Petiolus 4-2 poll, we deo = amina foliorum 14-3 poll. longa, 1-11 poll. lata. Pedicelli i-i poll longi Calycis tubus 1-14 lin. vei ind dentibus 1-3 lin. longis. Corolla 1-1} poll. diam. Stamina 2-91 lin. lon 4 Specimens of this plant were first sent to Kew by Gibert in 1858, -with a note that it is a native of Paraguay, but is cultivated in Mon ‘Video as an ornamental plant. Living speeimens were received from. —Glasnevin Botanic Garden in cin 1872, and in the samo of: 1893 it was sent to Kew by Messrs. Dammann &-€065 who received it- 'uenos ee But it does not appear to have been -previously deseribed. or recorded, unless it has been smistaken:for oS. donitan a: which i is.a much more woody plant with terete euni a angular): stems and one of the stamens about twice as long as ^ 7 other four. To judge from the dried specimens, S. muticum is rather a showy free flowering species, and likely to prove a useful plant for summer ng. 68. Aniba perutilis, Hemsl. [ Lauracez | ; ramulis ultimis graciliusculis, riaceis adultis glabris subtus glaucis vel opacis supra vix nitidis lanceolatis vel oblanceolatis obtusissimis vel rotundatis basi cuneatis, venis primariis utrinque circiter 7-9 inconspicuis, edge incrassatis, inflorescentiz ramulis pubesce diss perianthii pubescentis lobis crassis brevissimis rotundatis, tubo intus villoso, antheris bilocellatis, ovario glabro, bacca matura elitpsotdoó-coflicn basi fere truncata perianthii tubo valde inerassato corrugato eupuliformi subinclusa abitat.—Near Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia, W. Gordon, Esq., H.B.M. Vice-Consul (1893). Folia cum petiolo circiter semipollicari 21-31 poll. longa. Pedicelli 9-4 lineas longi. Bacca cum cupula circiter semipollicem longa et This is one of two or three species of Laurel bearing the name of * Comino" in Colombia, and highly valued there for the excellent timber they yield. Antba perutilis is called ** Laurel Comino,” according to Mr. Gordon; but the name is not confined to this species, there being in the Kew Herbarium a very different species of Aniba ( ( Aydendron), the 2,040 of the late Dr. Triana’s collection, from the very same reg gion, i» which he gave the name of * Laurel Comino.” ‘Ther als “Comino Crespo," referred to in a report (1892) by Mr. qubd Santa Maria, Vice-Consal for the United States at Medellin 69. Trichomanes vestitum, Baker [ Hymenophyllacere]; rhizomate fili- formi late repente, stipitibus brevissimis remotis paleis paucis subulatis is, dapes iin seueitives, indusio sub-cylindrico, ore patulo vix lobato, receptaculo incluso bitat_—Mount Guding, Sarawak, Borneo, Bishop of Sarawak and 893). Lamina 6-12 lin. longa, 4-6 lin. lata. Nearly allied to T. humile and the small forms of 7. pyxidiferum, and resembling in habit and vestiture the tropical American pi oni s phyllum e sutum liciter ppan vapibus pum ipee + brunneis nudis _ fertilium longioribus, pinnis sterilibus linearibus obtusis rende basi utrinque surculis, inferioribus deflexis sensim minoribus , venis _ ereeto-patentibus ema obscuris superioribus simplicibus inferioribus : . fureatis, pinnis fertilibus remotioribus multo minori xs us. Habitat —Mount Dulit. Sarawak, Borneo, Chas. Hose (1891). = Bi E by the Bishop of Sarawak and Singapore in July 1893 a vo. Lond sterilis 5-6 poll. longa, medio 12-15 lin. neo Ee 1}-2- pollicari. Lemina fertilis 8-9 lin, lata, stipite 4-5-pollie: A very distinct species, much resembling in Rabie h^ common “tropical Asian Aérostichum (Egenolfia) MR Sat AE CCCLV.— WEST AFRICAN MAHOGANY. For some time past a considerable amount of attention has been directed to the timber resources of Tropical Africa (sce Kew Bulletin for February 1891, p. 41), and under the name of African Mahogany, a dark reddish coloured wood, having some of the characters of true mahogany, has appeared in the Englisk market. This timber has been proved to be the produce of Khaya ets epee e a Ada belonging to the same natural order as Central Ameriean Mahogany. More recently, however, it seems that the term African Mahoga rs Yam been applied in British commerve to other woods than that furnished by Khaya ies Aap aentn and, in reference to this subject, Mr. James Irvine, of the firm of Irvi and Dundas, of aal has kindly furnished the Royal Gardens with some notes, w e here printed. It is obvious ‘that p is still much confusion as to the botanical sources of some of these woods, as will be seen from the comments made in square brackets, James Irvine, Esq., to Royar GagpENs, Kew. That this wood was to be found in — quantities on the Gold Coast of Africa has been known for some tim Sir Richard Burton mentions it in his “To the Gold Coast for Gold," where, at page 159, Vol. IL, he says: “There is an ample supply of * good bard timber, and amongst the trees are specialiy noted the copal, “ the g gamboge ri ch in sticky juice, the Brovi, said to be the hardest e wood, and the dum or African Mahogany A ee well * known in Ceylon as excellent material for boat-buildi [The copal tree here referred to is probably a species ‘of Copaifera, the gamboge tree is doubtless Symphonia globulifera, L., which affords the well known “ Hog” or “ Doctors’ ” gum of Jamaica. The scientific name of the tree called * Brovi" we are unable to trace. There seems to be an error in referring the native name dum and Atrican Mahogany to Oldfieldia ayricana, Bth., which furnishes the African Oak or Teak of commerce, a timber used for ship-builaing ; ; it is extremely heavy and of a dark brown colour. ‘ Duth” is probably synonymous with “ Odum,” the native name applied to Chlorophora excelsa, Bth. and Hook, f. It is a tree belonging to the natural order Urticaceg. See Kew Bulletin, February 1891, p. Sir Alfred Moloney, i in his work on the * Forestry of West Africa," gives a much more extended reference to it [West African Mahogany]. The importation of this wood commenced in Liverpool in the autumn of 1836, and during that year about 250 tons were received, and in the following three years the supplies ranged from 150 to 250 tons, whilst 700 tons eame forward in 1890. From that date the import has gone on by leaps and bounds, as we find that 1891 gave 4,300 tons, to be followed in 1892 by about 7,500 tons, and for the present year the import has been quite 50 per cent. more than that for 1892, atte at least 11,000 to 12,000 tons for the 12 months ending December next. . It meets with an immediate sale, and the fortnightly auctions clear off i the import of one steamer — the next arrives "The trees are to over an extent of coast line of quite 200 . miles, running back into the interior 80 to 100 miles, and through the whole of this region the numberless creeks, rivers, and lagoons afford a ready = — mode of transit to the home-going steamers. 9 [This reference would seem to apply to various trees known generally as West African Mahogany, and not to any one particular species. There are said to be six kinds of mahogany trees known to the natives by the following names :— Papá Bako, Dubin, Kwabaha, Chire-ankama, Odum. [ Neither of these names, excepting Odum, which is referred to above, are contained in our lists of African plant names. ] ut the consumers in England do not appear to know any distinction. The last mentioned is the wood which Burton calls O/dfieldia africana, but E speaks of it [ Oldfteldia] as the African Oak of Sierra Leo Mr. “Austin Freeman, in an article read before the Royal Geographical Society, and published in the Supplemental Papers, Part IL, 1892, says : * The peculiar shape of the forest trees renders them especially easy to € mice for if a large tree such as Odum is felled, and its trunk * dise d from the mass of branches at its summit, there remains a E straight cylindrical log from 90 to 120 feet in length.” Odum is a tree which reaches a height of fully 200 feet, with a a diameter of 5 to 10 feet. It yields a wood similar to oak in texture and hardness, and varying in colour from a golden yellow to à deep brown [From a comparison of the woods of African Oak (Oid/ieldia africana), English Oak (Quercus Robur), = Odum (Chlorophora excelsa), con- tained in the Kew Museum, they seem to be of different densities and €— of hardness, and sitet be classified as enumerated above. | e Papáo isa somewhat goskor tree, giving a wood almost indis- "inguine vs ee a tree ar. in size to Papáo, and its wood is of the same no character, int has the reputation of heing more even in texture and more easy to w Freeman adde that a careful examination of the forest would, no doubt, reveal the presence of many other trees vielding valuable : and it may be confidently stated that before long a very remu Been timber trade will be established in West Afi rica, and eóteludes as follows : —“ pieren a review of the above-stated etiem rom xe con- , cocoa, CO and man l 4 I think, be andien that the Gold Coast and its adjacent territories " in the near future, assume a commercial importanee in striking contrast to their omms quum nce." [an article appeared in the August number of the Kew. Bulletin for 1890, p. 168, T ‘Gambia Mahogany (Khaya poco ake A. Juss). ] September 27, 1 CCCLVI.—TUBEROUS LABIAT E. It has long been known that certain hien of Labiate have tuberous rootstocks, and also that two or three of them were cultivated in the East for the sake of their tubers, but it is only during the last ten years that Europeans have given much attention to these plants as a possible source of fo n enumeration of those species of the two principal genera yielding tubers, viz., Coleus and Plectranthus, will be useful as indicating what species might be found worthy of experimental cultivation. The earliest record of the use of the tubers of a labiate plant as ar article of food, is by Rumphius in his Herbariun Amboinense, vol. 5, p. 972 (published in 1750, although written over 50 years previously, according to the author's preface, which is dated 1695). Rumphius describes and ures a Jabiate plant under the name of * Gans terrestris costensis,” stating that it was cultivated in Java, Amboina, &c., and the tubers cooked in various ways and eaten. This is Coleus tuberosus, Benth., which seems to be very little known in Europe up to the present time. The next records of — tuberous Labiate are respectively those of Plectranthus ternatus, in 1824; Coleus tuber osus, Rich., not - of Benth. (C. edulis, Vatke) in 1851; Coleus barbatus, in 1861, and Stach; ys Sieboldi ves Eran Naud), in 1885, which is closely allied ustr h Plectranthus are dealt with that are known or stated to produce tubers, with the exception of two new species, which from their habit are in all probability haan and are therefore included. Coleus barbatus, Benth. in Wall, Pl. Asiat. Rar. ii, p. 15 and in DC. Prod xii., p. 71; Dalz. and Gibs. Bombay FI. p. 205. Wo eg Forskolei, Willd. Sp. Pi. ii, p. 169 ; Bot. Mag. eee barbatus, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 594. A native of India, Arabia and East Tropical Afric According to Dalzell and Gibson's F lora, and a label of Dr. Ritchie’s in the Kew Herbari ium, this plant is cultivated in the Deccan for the sake of its fleshy roots, which are pickled by the natives. | Coleus dysentericus, Baker.—Radice tuberosa globosa, caulibus xS erectis ramosis inermes "—— vel emnes foliis petiolatis calycis tubo campanulato dente superiore magno ovato, reliquis parvis ovatis, corolla parva extus pilosa. AB.—Niger region, Zomba, Barter, 846. ^^ "€aulis subpedalis. Folii petiolus 1 14 poll. longus, lamina e poll. - longa, 2-14 poll. lata. Calyx floriferus 1 lin. longus. Corolla 2) lin. arter makes the following statement on his label : —* Root füberbus; * 1 foot. This is cultivated and used in cases of dysentery. Zomba * name * Krodyn. ”- 'The tuber attached to the specimen is about an inch in diameter, is fleshy, and the cells are densely filled with starch. 11 Coleus edulis, Vatke in Linnea xxxvii., p. 319. C. tuberosus, Richard Fl. Abyssin. ii., p. 185, not of Benth. A native of Abyssinia, where, according to Quartin Ape (Richard, loc. cit.), it is largely cultivated under the name of Daunech in the numerous gardens around the village s Kouaieta at an d^ epit of 6,000-7, 000 feet above sca Ud el The ers are said to resemble and taste like eat and, jud frons the specimen in the Kew Herbarium, Gres o be ‘reely produced and abound in starch grains. Accordin Vat. fod loc. cit, Schimper collected this plant at an elevation of 8 200 feet, so that it is probable it might be successfully cultivated in this €— and as the tubers appear to be of good size, should be worthy of a t Coleus lanuginosus, Hochst. ex Benth. in DC. Prod. xii., p. 79, C. albidus, Vatke i in E puce xxxvii., p. 321. A native of Abyss This plant promites small tubers that are fleshy and filled with starch. Coleus tuberosus, Benth. Labiate, p. 59, and in DC. Prod. xii., p. 79 ; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii., p. 953; Gard. Chron. 1893, xix., p. 188. C. parviflorus, Benth. in D C. Prod. xii., p. 72; Hook. fil., Fi. Brit. Ind. iv., p. 625. Plectranthus nite Blume Bijdr. p. 838; Thwaites Enum. Ceylon PL., p. Glans terrestris ` costensis, Rumph. Herb. Amboin, v., p. 372, t. 132, Re country of this plant is somewhat doubtful. It is. taluvad in Java, Amboina, and other ae of the Malay Archi- ago, and in Ceylon, where, according to a note by Gardner in = o -— ^, Kew Herbarium, it is “cultiv: Thwaites also states that the: Cinghalese. cultivate it for the -* its tuberous roots, which are eaten as a vegetable" Rumphius a rather a full account of the plant, stating that it is eaten boiled and roasted, and had been recently introduced into Amboina from Java an Baly. . He further suggests that it was probably introduced into the islands from the Malay Peninsula. On the other hand he tells us that H e common name employed by the Portuguese for the plant is “ Gotte “ Kelingan or Gotte Kelin, probably because it is much cultivated on the * Coromandel coast, the inhabitants of which are called Kelin or Quellin." Neither Roxburgh nor Wight and Arnot, however, mention the plant in ed their works, although there are specimens in the Kew Herbarium by Wight, at Quilon (No. 2105, s d Kew distribution), but the labels:do not state whether it was wild or —€——À f of it | —now in cultivation at — and a note concerning it Kew Bulletin "ad 1892, p. 313. s im Revue des Sciences Naturelle Appliquées, 1891, P hi is UA E ec of a labiate sent to Paris from the Trans by Mingta in 1884, under the m: of Pomme de terre sauv LZ or Matambala of the Magwainbas. | Two tubers of the plant were taken by M. Pierre to the F lwith ereat rapidity and is now cultivated, and according to M. Pierre, it is known in the interior and on the coast under the name of Pomme de terre de Madagascar. Some of the tubers were cultivated in the Jardin tuberosus, Benth. The history is, however, not free from doubt, as * 12 there is no evidence that Coleus tuberosus has been introduced into EE Transvaal or is cultivated there, and the name Wild Potato, under w it was sent to Paris, would imply that it is not a cultivated plant, but a native of the Transvaal. This is a point that requires further elucida- tion, as it is possible, as previously stated in the Ke ew Bulletin (1892, p. 314), that it may prove to be E d with the “Kaftir Potato” henti esculentus, described ow), or possibly with Coleus met Vatke, an Abyssinian species described by Richard as C. tuberosus. Plectranthus densus, JV. E. Brown. P. floribundo omnino simili sed didnt racemis brevioribus et densioribus, bracteis obovatis vel oblanceolatis quam pedicellis duplo longioribus, calyce «qualiter quinquifido dentibus omnibus lanceolatis acuminatis. Folia desunt. Har. ‘Tropical Africa; higher plateau, North of Lake Nyassa, si seek Racemi 1-13 poll. longi. Bractee 11-2 lin. men oo? i maaa 2-1 lin. tong Calyx 2-21 lin. longus. Corolla 5 lin. lon eese esculentus, N. E. Brown. Radice tuberosa, caulibus , foliis subsessilibus oblongis obtusis basi meotre utrinque minute pubescentibus venis primariis subtus parum preminentibus tempore florentis omnino delapsis, racemis solitariis vel fasciculatis simplicibus s scabridis bracteatis ex axillis ei lanceolatis Mieten corolla calyce plus duplo p mener tea compre inequaliter bilabi tubo basi brevissime gibboso labio superiore brevissimo donta to labio inferiore falento-cymi bili subacuto pubescente, staminibvs liberis. Has. Natal Wood, 3,633. Caules subpedales. Folia 13-3 poll. longa, 1-1 poll. lata. Racemi 3-1 poll. longi. Bractee | lin. longe et late. Pedicelli 1-2} lin. longi. Calyx 14-2 lin. longus. Corolla 7 liu. longa. Specimens of this plant were first sent to Kew by Mr. J. M. Wood, the — of the Botanic Gzrden, Durban, in November 1886, under the n of * Umbondive or Kaffir Po tato," with a note stating that fe eka tative are very fond of the tubers.” Living tubers have also been sent by Mr. Wood, and the plant is now in cultivation at Kew. oe to Mr. Wood the stems are decumbent, but under cultivation at Kew, they are at first quite erect, afterwards bending towards the ground te branching. Plectranthus floribundus, V.E. Brown. Caule elato erecto sublig- noso pubescente, foliis sessilibus oblongis obtusis basi obtuse rotundatis marginibus subcrenatis utrinque subscabridis venis subtus prominente nudam simulantibus, bracteis oppositis obovato -ellipticis subaeutis scabridis pedicellum scabridum sequantibus, calyce campanulato scabrido inequaliter qu inquifido ents postico late elliptico obtuso reliquis latis acuminatis, corolla calyce plus rene excedente lutea tea compressa o "ilebiate, € tubo basi brevissime gibboso, labio superiore —. brevissi labio Select faleato-cym biformi subacuto iini staminibus liberis. 13 Has.—Natal, Inanda 1,800 feet alt., Wood, 616, 3843. Caulis cue pedalis, Large florifera 1-1} ped. longa. Folia 2-3 poll. longa, 2-11 poll. lata. Racemi, 14-2} poll. longi. Bractee 1} lin. longe, já -1} lin. latæ. Pedicelli 13-2 lin. longi, Calyx 3 lin. longus. Corolla 7 lin. longa. Var. longipes, V.E. Brown. Pedicellis quam bracteis 14-3 plo longioribus; corolla aurantiaca di morphs. aliæ profunde faleato-cy ced formes, alic rectæ minus alte cymbifor Han.—Tropieal Africa: ae Hills, 1,000-2 ,000 feet alt., Meller ; Maravi Country, West of Lake Nyassa, Kirk ; lower plateau of Lake Nyassa, Thomson; Buchanan, 885; Blantyre, Scott ; valley of Umzingwani River, Baines; Angola, Cunene, Johnston, Caulis 8-12 pedalis. Bractee 1-2 lin. long». Pedicelli 2-5 lin. longi. Corolla 5-9 lin. longa. his species is closely allied to P. esculentus, but differs in its more erect habit, taller stems, and closely sessile leaves, with broader rounded bases, rather rougher surface, and more prominent reticulation. The tropical variety longipes may prove to be a distinct species when the leaves are known, but in DUE except the length of the pedicels it agrees with the Natal plan As in the case of veni other Labiatze, the corolla shows consider- able variation ; two specimens collected by Meller at the same place and time have very different corollas; in one it is only five lines long, with the lower lip straight and very shallowly boat-shaped, in the other it is 8-9 lines long with the lower lip falcate and deeply boat-shaped ; possibly they are sexual forms. ‘The three species of Plectranthus described above, together with P. defoliatus, Hochst., form a small group differing from all the rest of the genus us by the peculiar ity of flowering after the leaves have all fallen away. Possibly they are all tuberous rooted species, but P. escu- lentus is the only one which affords evidence of this. The leaves of all but the Natal plants are at present unknown. Although all have the same habit, it is noteworthy that, whilst P. densus and P. defoliatus have all the calyx-teeth equal, and belon z tothe section Jsodon, the others have the large elliptic upper calyx-tooth of the section Coleoides, with which they also agree in the form of their corolla. Plectranthus incanus, Link Enum. II., p.120; Hook. fil, Fl. Brit. Ind., IV., p. 621. Plectranthus cordifolius, Don Prod. Fl. Nep., p. 116; and Benth. in DC. Prod. x ii, p. 66. This Indian plant is stated by Bentham to have a tuberous root, but this is certainly an error. None of the other authors who have dispen the plant under various names say that it is tuberous. Link describes it as a perennial, and Aiton chara an irse and this last appears from the specimens to be its true c riim anthus madagascari ensis, Benth. Labiate, p. 38, and in DC. Prod. 68; Baker, Fl. Maurit., p. 258. . mauritianus, Bojer, Hon. Maurit., p. 254. This plant is mentioned by several authors (Naudin and Mueller, Manel de PAcclimateur, p. 428; Mueller, Select Extra-tropical PL, ed. 8, p. 371; and Pollless ct Bois in Hev. Scien. Nat. Appliq., 101, p. 686), as a tubereus-rooted Labiate cultivated in Madagasear, Mauritius, and the East Coast of Africa, under the name of Oumime or Hounine. But in all probability his is an error, and the plant intended is most likelv aee Eos 14 ternatus, Sims., which is known as the Omime. There appears to be no evidence from specimens or descriptions that P. madagascariensis produces tubers. On the contrary, Bojer states that it is called Omime sauvage or Omime bátard, which would imply that it is not cultivated. Plectranthus Sieberi, Benth. Lab. p.710, and in DC. Prod. Xil; p. 68, This is a native of Australia, and in the original description is stated by Bentham to have the roots thickened at the apex, but the specimen does not bear out this statement, at least they do not appear to be tuberous. No mention of P. Sieberi is made by Bentham in the Flora Australiensis ; it is however the same as P. parviflorus, Willd. Plectranthus ternatus, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2,460; Bojer, Hort. Maurit, p. 253; DC. Prod. xii., p. 65. A native of the Comoro Isles and Madagascar, whence it was intro- duced into Mauritius and cultivated for the sake of its tubers under the name of Omne. In the Botanical Magazine the tubers are figured as about l} inches long, by } an inch thick, and thickest at one end. They are described as being “ esteemed as a choice and delicate esculent.” It is net improbable that this will prove to be the plant which is alluded to by recent authors as P. madagascariensis., concerning which more information is required. ; CCCLVII.—VEITCH COLLECTION OF JAPANESE VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. Through rhe liberality of Mr. James H. Veitch, F.L.S., the Museum his recent travels in Japan. This collection is not onl very extensive, i y interesting and quite new to the Museum. The few notes here given NYMPHJEACEE. Nelumbium speciosum, Willd.— Pressed fruit head or receptacle used as a mat for heated ketties, 'TERNSTRGMIACE:. Stachyurus precor, S. & Z.—Dye extract, a resinoid substance probably prepared from the wood. "s. ui hue oe TILIACEÆ. - Tilia cordata, Mill.—Getta or sabots made of the wood ; also specimens = the inner bark used for tying and rope used as harness for farmers’ 15 ANACARDIACEE, Rhus succedanea, L.—Samples of wax bought at Osakaya as follows :— 1. Refined white wax similar in appearance to beeswax, used. for polishing wood by joiners, and also in the preparation of pomade. Price $12:50 per 100 lbs. Japanese. 2. Burgo green wax = in the manufacture of candles. Price 11:85 per 100 Ibs, Japan 3. Chikugo grey LE pom to make candles. Price $10,425, per 100 Ibs. Japin. : LEGUMINOS®. nei T DIAC DC.—Young climbing stems used for binding bamboos t windows for summer-houses. Glycine hispida, Maxim.—Horsehair sieve used in the manufacture of soy from the seeds of this plant. Phaseolus Mungo, L. var radiatus.—Meal prepared from the pod used to make chocolate. Sophora japonica, L.—Tray and small vicum on table made of the wood, which is also used in joinery and as ROSACE®. Pyrus NUM Sieb.—Sample of the bark which is employed as a yellow dye SAXIFRAGACE. Hydrangea paniculata, Sieb.—Tobacco pipes made of the wood. CuCURBITACER. p Petola, Ser.— — Vascular tissue of the fruit. used as a sponge. EBENACE.E. Diospyros. Kaki, Lin. fil—Astringent acid obtained from the unripened fruits. It is used as a reservative solution for planks for buildings and also py fishermen for dressing their nets, SCROPHULARINE®. Pete imperialis, S. & Z.—Getta or sabots made of the wood. This wood is light and pR and is in extensive use for a variety « ÁE purposes. = CHENOPODIACE.E. Kochia scoparia, Schrad.—Broom made of the plant. LAURINES. Linde , Bl—Volatile oil used as a ase and recom- mended for cree fn ng. SANTALACEJX. Santalum album, L. —Sliced wood prepared for burning as a perfume also “ burning incense”; this is generally prepared from sandal-wood clover, dried and powdered leaves of Illicium religiosum, S. et Z., and. burnt on festival days (a custom known in India and China, e — Br g S 16 WE URTICACE X. Cannabis sativa, L.—Kwaso bark made into rope to form the soles for sandals ; also samples of rope of various sizes. Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent.—Circular mats or seats made of paper prepared from the bark of this plant, for summer use. wl made of paper and lacquered ; also threads of paper covered with giuten, used by Japanese ladies for dressing the hair. Morus alba, L.—'Trays made of the wood. The wood is brownish- yellow, hard, and used for turnery, dyeing, &c.; the tark is made irto paper. JUGLANDEJ. Pterocarya rhoifolia, S. & Z.—Box and trays niade of the wood. CuPULIFER®. Betula Maximowiczii, pe —Sample of bark used for making baskets and basket made of sa Alnus firma, S. &. 7 LOPtamentid box of the wood with carved lid. The wood is used for sledges, mills, machinery, turnery, Quercus crispula, Bl.-—Getta or sabots of the wood of Paulownia imperialis, S. & Z., with uprights of the wood of this species of oak, which is also used in the construction of canoes, and for charcoal. SALICINEZ. Salix multinervis, Fr. & Sav.—Lunch basket formed of the twigs. Larger baskets are made for use in travelling. CONIFERS. Chamecy yparis obtusa, S. & Z. [Thuja obtusa, Mast.]—Mats m of shavings. ie wood is used for building purposes, stipuilding, bridges, &c. The bark is used as shingles for the roofing of hou junks Cryptom neria japonica, Don.— Box with carved lid made of the wood ; also specimen of the semi-fossilized wood found on a hill hear Sendai, where itis known as * Jindaisugi. iou i being of excellent workmanship. The w ood o f C. japonica, is very — meto in Japan for heavy work, the bark being used for roofin An noone addition to the Museum collections forming part of the present donation consists of very small glazed earthen pots for holding artificially dwarfed pines and ‘other plants. CYCADACEJE. e yeas paea Thunb.—Hat made of the leayes. This is ingeniously ; the leaf itself is used, the petiole forming the Sivek of the dei the pinnz being interwoven. PALMA. Trachycarpus excelsus, Wendl. eee excelsa, Thunb. |—Fibre obtained from the sheathing base of the leaves of this palm; also ropes, mats, and brushes manufactured from the fibre. This palm is known as the Chinese Hemp palm ; Pope of the varied application of its fibre are already in the Museum collectio: 17 GRAMINEF. Miscanthus sinensis, Anders. [Eulalia japonica, Trin.|—Brushes made of the roots, which somewhat resemble Venetian or French Whisk ( Chrysopogon Gryllus, Trin.). Carved ornamental box made of one joint of Bamboo, the nodes : forming the ends. The lid is closed by an ingenious contrivance of . the hand FILices. Gleichenia glauca, Sw.—F ancy tray and nest of tea boxes formed of the leaf stalks of "this fern; the tea boxes are lined with tin. These specimens illustrate a new application for this order of plants, and form an interesting addition to our collections. Osmunda regalis, L.—Rhizome, used as food in Japan; it is boiled in soy (a kind of sauce prepared from the seeds of Glycine hispida, Maxim.) and eaten with salt. Pteris aquilina, L.—The rhizome of this species is also used as food in Japan. Specimens as used, and rope made of the stems, used by gardeners, are contained in the collection. CCCLVIII.—DIAGNOSES AFRICANA, I. The Flora of Tropical Africa was commenced by Professor Oliver, F.R.S., the late keeper of the Herbarium and Library of the Its general plan was uniform with that of the series of Colonial Floras which, at intervals during the last 30 years, have been prepared at Kew. Vol. I. was issued in 1868; Vol. II. in 1871 ; and Vol. {II. in 1877. The different orders were elaborated either by Professor Oliver himself or by other botanists. ,n the preface to Vol. I., Professor Oliver, writing in 1868, writes :— The more original feature of the * Flora of Tropical Africa’ is based upon the very extensive collection that have accumulated at Kew “ during the last 10 years, sent home by the botanists and collectors vd rte to various scientific cat exploratory journeys in Tropical — “ Afric : [1 the date of dept of the last volume, the enormous diveedopaibat of the Herbarium, and the pressin ; of keepin fresh accessions determined peut and incorporated in it, has left the staff no time for other work, and such extraneous aid as was available has been tents absorbed in assisting Sir Joseph Hooker in is Flora of British India, now approaching Ss Se and in other andere ngs. The recent delimitation of ves spheres of influence of the various European Powers in Tropical Africa has given necessarily an increased rime to e E and com sonia enterprise, and this in turn has o the Government the , desirability of resuming work upon . the * Flora T Tropical Africa.” The following correspondence has — taken place upon the subject :— ue U 79905. P T 18 FonrraN OFFICE to Rovxar GARDENS, Kew. Foreign Office Sri, March 21, 1891. I am directed by the Marquess of Salisbury to state to aee that his attention has been called to the fact that three volumes only of the * Flora of Tropical Africa" have as yet been published, and Ka the want cf a complete handbook describing known plants impedes their study by Her Majesty's officers in the different parts of Africa which are now being opened up to civilization. A knowledge of African es is of great practical value, as was proved by the discovery by $ ohn Kirk, whilst employed as Her Majesty's Agent at Zanzibar, of a pai previously unknown, which now supplies m: 200, 0007. worth of india- mabe er to the Zanzibar market. So, too, on the West Coast of over which this country has recently acquired an influence, and he would ane suggest nis the puis of the work in question should at once be carried o 'The Direet (Signed) E E N Lister. Royal ‘Gardens, Kew. ROYAL GARDENS, Kew, to FOREIGN OFFICE. Royal Gardens, Kew Sir, Ma réh 28, 1891. I mave the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of March 2 2] respecting the completion of "the Flora of Tr opical Africa. This work, as you are no doubt aware, is published under the authority of the First Commissioner of Her Ma ajesty's ke and I have forwarded your letter to him with a request for instruction . Apart from an official difficulty which tias: arise, but which in. the face of Lord Salisbury’ s strong opinion will no doubt be easily overcome, I am embarrassed by the want of competent persons, with time at their disposal, to carry on the work. Our small scientific staff here is so fully occupied with routine duties that it is impossible for them to devote any official time to the undertaking. Everything depends then upon the extent to which they are willing and able to devote private time to it. 3. I have myself the completion of the Flora very much at heart, and I shall certainly do all in my power to comply with Lord Salisbury’s wishes. I am, &e. (Signed) W. T. THISELTON-DYER. Sir Villiers Lister, K.C.M.G., Foreign Office, Downing Street, S.W. Meanwhile the publication `of novelties from recent collections is being rapidly prosecuted by the German botanists. At Kew, Vol. IV. ; of wes Flora i is in active preparation. But inasmuch as it ciao go to the whole is prepared, it has been thought dedirsblo: to siens from time to time in the pages of the Kew Bulletin bri "€ ree cae the new species so as to secure priority fot the names. 19 APOCYNACE A, Auctore O, STAPF. Carpodinus calabaricus, Stapf; frutex alte scandens, ramulis no- välis dense fulvo-hirsutis, foliis ellipticis vel oblongis breviter abrupteque acuminatis supra fulvo-hirsutis mox glabratis " Subtus subtomentosis, nervis lateralibus 5-7 eximie camptodromis, cymis desee fulvo- tomentosis, floribus paucis vel ad 10 bracteis pleru blo acuminatis suffultis, calycis lobis subliberis bracteis consi corollz tubo gracili extus pubescente intus pilis paucis obsito lobis lineari- lanceolatis tubum sequantibus, filamentis medio tubo insertis perdiseeri antheris lanceolatis, ovario et styli basi fulvo-tomentosis, baccis oblongis, seminibus 8-12 ovoideis compressis. Old Calabar River, Mann, 2242. Folia 24-8} poll. longa, 1-13 l. lata. Calyx 2 lin. longus. Corolle tubus 8 lin. longus. Haaa TE -1ł} poll. longa. 2. Carpo dius Barteri, Stapf; scandens cirris fert cei vel pseudoaxillaribus gracilibus parce ramosis, ramulis novellis et inflores- gens breviter rufo-hirsutis exceptis jamia foliis late ellipticis HB basi cordatis rarius rotundatis obtusis vel subacutis coriaceis, nervis lateribus 5-6 remotis eximie camptodromis, e mis axillaribus sessilibus contractis, floribus paucis vel ad 10, bracteis solitariis minutis vel nullis, is quilongis filamentis paulo infra faucem insertis brevissimis, antheris D ovario hirsuto, bacca breviter stipitata obovoidea glabrescen Lagos, Barter, 20,138, Moloney, Roland ; Old Calabar m Mann, 2261. Tara 21-34 poll. longa, 13—2 poll. lata, petiolus 2 lin. longus. Cal: alyx id lin. longus. — Corol le tubus 4l lin. longus. Bacca (an matura ?) 34 in. ena The plant yields india-rubber according to Moloney. s uniflorus, Stapf’; scandens, floribus exceptis glaber, 9 foliis oblongo- Tam mmus basi longe cuneatis abrupte acuminatis pallide diss Wa nervis lateralibus 6-8 eximie camptodromis sub ipso margine arcu oribus solitariis axillaribus subsessilibus, bracteis 4 late ovatis obt ioi * ealy cis lobis subliberis bracteis cousimillimis, corolle tubo l xtus tenuiter pagema ntus parc bescente lobis lineari- en esa antheris poal, ovario atque styli basi fulvo — Biase Farm, Munda, Gaboon, Soyaux, 269. Folia 6-51 poll. longa, 13-2 poll. lata, petiolus 34-5 lin. longus. ` ` Calyx 1} lin. longus. Corolle P ses 6 lin. longus. Tt yields a very fine india-rubber according to Soyauz. 4. Carpodinus parviflorus, Stapf ; scandens subglaber, — elliptieis vel obovatis basi leviter cordatis acu coriaceis supra pallide- viridibus subtus fuscescentibus, nervis (rapere 5-7 eximie ig dromis arcubus a margine remotis, floribus solitariis (semper ?) axillaribus, bracteis paucis minutis, calycis lobis basi in tubum : brevissimum connatis acuminatis patule pilosis, corolie tubo gracili extu. — — T 20 glabro intus parce piloso, lobis lanceolatis tubum equantibus, "ns infra faucem insertis, ovario tomentoso, stylo pubescente abru i stigma conicum incrassatum abeunte, bacca ovoidea apice sites semi- nibus 6 Sibange Farm, Munda, Gaboon, Soyaur, 184, 219. Folia 3}-5 poll. longa, 14-2 poll. lata, petiolus Xs lin. longus. Calyx 1 lin. longus. vim tubus 3 lin. longus. Bacca 14 poll. longa. 5. Clitandra Mannii, Stapf; scandens, glaber, et^ ovatis vel ellip- ticis abrupte acuminatis baii breviter cuneatis tenuiter coriaceis, nervis approximatis vix i i lin. distantibus, cymis absque corollis petiolis paulo ute Dracteatis, calycis lobis ovatis acutis, corolla utrinque glabra tubo brevissimo lobis lineari- oblongis obtusis 2i1-plo tubo longioribus, filamentis medio tubo insertis brevissimis, antheris erectis lanceolatis, ovario ovoideo, stylo brevi sensim in stigma clavatum sulcatum abeunte. ipe River, Mann, 848. ` Folia Hg poll. longa, 14 poll. lata, por 2% lin. longus. Calyx 3 lin. long * Corolle tubus 3 i lin., lobi vix 1 lin. longi. : nieces Schweinfurthii, St Stapf ; vase glaber, foliis al basi cuneatis abrupte acuminatis tenuiter coriaceis supra lucid is calyce glabro lobis ovatis subacutis, corolla extus glabra intas sub- eniin tubo pallide flavo supra basin leviter ampliato lobis albis lineari- s subaeutis tubum duplo eie Piste ovario ovoideo stylo æquilongo, ipu conico-capitato, fructu glo Between Paongo and Gelli, Dar Das Schweinfurth, Ser. TII. 68. Folia 21 poli. longa, 1-11 poll. lata, eget 2 lin. longus. Calya i lin, Mu Corolle tubus 31 lin., lobi 7 lin. longi. Fructus 2 poll, diametie ns 7. Clitandra i, Sta, apf; scandens, glaber cirris terminalibus sub apice parce breviterque ramosis, folis elli ipticis vel oblongis basi breviter euneatis abrupte vel sensim acuminatis vel obtusis tenuiter coriaceis suprà sublueidis, nervis lateralibus inzqualibus validioribus x 1 lin. distantibus, cymis absque corollis petiolis brevioribus, pauci- Bods glabris minute bracteatis, calycis lobis ovatis obtusis, corollæ tubo extus glabro intus valde pubescente lobis tubo paulo longioribus ovatis obtusis, antheris erectis filamentis ges leviter curvatis, ovario ovoideo globoso, stylo stigmate conico brevio Eppab, Barter, Niger Exp. 3310. Foli oil. longa, 14-13 poll. ees Dp 3lin.longus. Calyx i lin. Diei Corolle tubus 2 lin. lo ng wolfia macrophylla, Stap f arbor glabra, ramulis novellis Hiep foliis meri verticillatis obovato-oblongis basi longe euneatis in petiolum brevem sape indistinetum decurrentibus obtusis in membranaceis, nervis lateralibus utrinque 16-24 patulis, cymis umbellis spuriis compositis, calycis lobis breviter triangularibus acutis, ovatis. obtusis, stylo glabro, stigmate membrana reflexa cineto. Upper Guinea, Ambas Bay, Mann, 1328. A alta. Folia 6-8 poll. 2E 21-3 poll. Podinculus 11-2 poll. ve dedu primarii }-1} poll, cae $ 21 3-5 lin., pedicelli 4-1 lin. longi. Calycis lobi j-J lin. longi. Corolle tubus 14-2 lin., lobi 4 lin. longi. 9. Rauwolfia mombas iana, Stapf; Dui glaber, internodiis ramorum novelorum summis quadrangularibus, foliis quaternatis, oblongis vel Vido: laneeolatis in petiolum attenuatis acutis vel acuminatis membranaceis, nervis lateralibus utrinque 15-18 subpatulis, cymis in umbellis spuriis compositis, pedicellis gracillimis, calycis lobis ovatis acutis, corollz lobis ovatis obtusis , carpellis liberis ovatis, stylo labro tenui, stigmate truncato basi membrana reflexa cincto, drupa pam coccinea, seminibus 1-2. ombasa, Hildebrandt, 2011, Wakefield; Zanzibar (?), Kirk, 81; Petey Kirk. Folia 4-6 poll. longa, 1-2 poll. lata. Pedunculus 2—4 poll. longus, po - radii primarii 1-2 poll, secundarii 6-4 lin., pedicelli 3 lin. longi. Cal i alyx 4-? lin: onis Corolle tubus 3-34 lin., lobi 2 lin. longi. Drupa 3—4 lin. longa. 10. Rauwolfia Mannii, Stapf; frutex glaber, ramulis novellis superne quadrangularibus, inferne teretibus, foliis ternatis vel quaternatis oblongis valde inzqualibus in petiolum attenuatis abrupte in acumen angustum lineare contractis membranaceis, nervis lateralibus utrinque 12-16 (in foliis longioribus) subhorizontalibus, eymis circiter 3-floris longe pedunculatis, calycis lobis lineari- lanceolatis, corollze lobis ovatis obtusis, carpellis basi connatis ovatis, e tenui glabro, stigmate acuto basi membrana reflexa cincto, drupa oblique ovoidea solitaria vel 2 geminatis ad medium connatis, 'endocarpio crustaceo, seminibus solitariis. Gaboon, Sierra del Crystal, Mann, 1720. Folia r 5-9 poll. longa, 2-3 poll. lata, minora 2-24 poll. longa, | 3-1 poll, Pedunculus 1 poll. longus; pedice celli ad.2 lin. longi. Calycis jo D i x E Corolle tubus vix 3 lin, lobi 4 lin. longi. . Pleiocarpa eren ellata, Stapf ; frutex giaber, ramulis novellis Snidruncolaribos foliis oblongis in petiolum brevem attenuatis obtuse patulis subrectis 1- -14 lin. distantibus sub margine in nervum co nni uun collectis, cymis axillaribus sessilibus as ui Reed lobis ovatis acuminatis, corolle tubo extus glabro intus e puberulo, lobis ovatis acutis tubo fere 2-plo brevioribus, : dota pe faucem insertis, antheris lanceolatis basi bilobis lobis brevibus incurvis, ovario globoso- ovoideo glabro, stigmate bilobo, carpellis liberis ovulis 2 in utroque loculo dorso pelt atim affixis. Cameroon Mts. 4000 feet, Mann, 1,213; Sierra — Barter (e specimine imperfecto). Frutex 12-15 ped. altus. Folia 3-4 pon. longa, 1-11 polt lata ; 9 2 lin. longus. Calyx 4 lin. longus. Corolle tubus 3 lin, 12. Voacanga Schweinfurthii, Stapf; frutex ramis gracilibus, foliis oblanceolatis vel oblongis t€ in petiolum attenuatis vel d b contractis subsessilibus acutis vel subacuminatis embranaceis glabris, cymis pseudoumbellatis 4-6-floris, pedunculis gracilibus, racial oblongis mox deciduis, calyce tubuloso-campanulato lobis rotundato-obovatis obtusis tubum zequantibus, corolla flava lobis tubo aequilongis obovatis abrupte breviterque acuminatis, bacca ovata. 22 Niamniam Country, Turu River, Schweinfurth, C. Afr. 3326. Frutex 15 ped. altus, Folia 6-8 poll. longa, 12-24 p lata, petiolus ad 5 poll. longus; Pedunculus 13-24 poll., pedicelli 4-1 poll. longi: Ca lyx 5-7 lin. longus, Corolle tubus 5-1 lin., lobi i poll: longi 13. Voacanga bracteata, Stapf; frutex ramis gracilibus, foliis lanceolatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis basi cuneatis mem- . branaceis, petiolis tenuibus, cymis contractis corymbosis 5-9 floris, pedunculis pedicellisque gracilibus, braeteis numerosis persistentibus oblongis obtusis vel subacuminatis, calyce campanulato lobis rotundatis tubo paulo brevioribus, corollæ tubo in alabastro submaturo calyci aequilongo. Bagroo River, Mann, 858 ; Old poen Thomson, 39. Folia 5-7 ues longa, 11-2 poll lata, petiolus 3-5 lin. longus: Pedunculus 2-24 poll., iat i 24 lin. longi. Bracteae 5-2 lin- longæ. Calyx x 5—4 lin. longus. 14. Tabernamontana nitida, Stapf; arbor glaberrima, ramis novellis crassitie pennz anserine subteretibus, foliis oblongis basi A " «ps à ó-partito eampanulato segmentis late ovatis obtusissimis basi intus eti cerns corolla alba tubo subgracili lobis oblongis, tubum vquantibus, staminibus inclusis infra faucem insertis, stylo filiformi in. «tipi divitum annulo destitutum abeunte, baecis geminatis — cblongis. Upper Guinea, Ambas Bay, Mann, 710. Arbor 60-80 ped. alta. Folia 54-7 poll. longa, 2-3 poll. lata, petiole l poll. longi. Pedunculus 3-1 in., pedicelli 4 4-6 lin. longi. Calyx lin. longus. Corolle tubus 7 lin, longus. Baccae 4 poll. longae, 3 . Tabernemontana brachyantha, - Stapf ; arbor glaberrima foiiis’ is ellipticis acutis basi rotundatis utrinque opacis subcoriaceis, nervis lateralibus utrinque 9-12 patulis subrectis, petiolo valido brevissimo, oribus numerosis in corymbis longe peluneulatis, c calyce 5—partito late tubuloso-campanulato segmentis late oblon ngis basi intus multiglandulosis, corolla alba suaveolente tubo brevi lato superne ampliato extus gla intus tomentello, lobis lineari-oblongis tubo duplo longioribus intus basin : ver dense tomentellis margine undulatis, staminibus medio tubo insertis subexsertis, stigmate conico basi annulato. Fernando Po, Mann, 221. Arbor 40-50 ped. alta. Folia 9-16 poll. longa, 5-9 poll. lata, petiolus ulus li aly 3-5 lin. longus. Pedunc 6 poll, pedicelli ad 4 lin. Seed Calyx 3 lin. longus. Corolle tubus 3-4} lin., lobi ad 9 lin. lon 16. Tabernemontana pachysiphon, Stapf; frutex aoe foliis . magnis ovatis vel ellipticis _ basi subacutis utrinque opacis subcoriaceis, nervis lateralibus utrinque 13-15 subpatulis poeta. p robusto. brevi, floribus mone aa G), panicula bracteata, pedunculo crasso, calyce -partito late cam to segmentis late oblongis basi intus multi- glandulosis, corolla. dita! es cet lato e basi fere ad medium ampliato . superne sensim attenuato extus glabro intus dense piloso, lobis oblongis in — undulatis tubo brevioribus staminibus infra medium insertis: 23 faucem attingentibus, stigmate longiuscule cylindrico sulcato bas annulato. Lower Niger, Onitsha, Barter, 1320. Frutex 10 ped. altus. Folia ad 15 poll. longa, ad E e m roris ad 1 poll. longus. Pedicelli 4—5 lin. longi. Calyx 4 Corolle tubus 9 lin. longus, ad 4 lin. latus, lobi 8 lin. longi. 17. Tabernæmontana angolensis, Stapf; ramis novellis penna ume erassioribus, foliis oblongo- -ellipticis basi acutis brevissime acuminatis utrinque opacis subcoriaceis, nervis lateralibus utrinque 9-12, obliquis subrectis, petiolo robusto, floribus corymbose - aniculatis, inflorescentia bracteata, pedunculo robusto, lyce 5-partito late cam- panulato segmentis late oblongis vel obovatis basi intus multiglandulosis, corolle tubo latiusculo basi ad tertiam partem ampliato tune attenuato sub fauce iterum dilatato extus glabro intus dense piloso, lobis oblongis, staminibus in tertia parte infima insertis faucem haud attingentibus, stigmate breviter cylindrico sulcato basi annulato, carpellis liberis Angola, Welwitsch, 5989. Folia 7-8 poll longa, 3-35 poll. lata, petiolus 5-6 lin. longus. Peduneulus 5 poll., pedicelli ad 1 poll. longi, Calyx 4 lin. longus. Corolle tubus 1 poll. longus, ad 31 lin. latus, lobi 12-14 lin. longi. 18. Tabernemontana contorta, Stapf; arbor glaberrima, ramulis novellis penna anserina crassioribus, foliis ellipticis vel sub-obovatis obtusis basi rotundatis et brevissime contractis utrinque opacis cras- siusculis pallidis costa inferne carinata valida, nervis lateralibus. utrinque 9-12 subpatulis subrectis, petiolo brevi latiusculo, floribus angulato supra basin leviter dilatato ab hine eiim cirera sub fa auce sensim ampliato, extus glabro intus dense tomentello, lobis obovato- oblongis — Ae vel eo paulo longioribus, staminibus in parte quarta infima insertis medium T tubes attingentibus, stigmate cylindrico suleato m paulo dilatato subannulato. Ambas Bay, Mann, 703. Arbor 30—40 ped. alta. ies 7-11 poll. rex te poll. lata, petiolus 4-6 lin. longus; Pedunculus 4 poll., qe i Jem longi. Cole 4 lin. longus. Corolle tubus 2} poll. le 19. Tabernzmontana stenosiphon, Stapf ; foliis ibo caca. oblongisve utrinque acutiusculis opacis memb , nervis lateralibus | utrinque 12-14 tenuibus subpatulis — petiolo tenui brevi, floribus e corymbosis(?), peduneulo subgracili, calyce 5-partito lobis obovatis. obtusis ima basi intus multiglandulosis, oar tubo tenui eontorto vix dilatato extus glabro intus “dense ponds lobis an -oblongis tubo. multo longioribus superne basin versus tomentellis, staminibus in — a infima insertis fere faucem n quotibas, antheris angus- tiss a pee comm. etum Folia 6-8 poll. longa, 24-34 poll lata, petiolus 4 poll. S. Pedunculus 14 poll., pedicelli 5 ‘poll longi. Calyx 2 lin. ET Corolle ag 9-10 lin. longus, vix ultra i du latus, lobi 14 poll. bri ad 7 lin. E ES 24 rnzmontana durissima, Stapf; arbor glaberrima ligno durissimo, ramis novellis crassitie penne anserinz, foliis obovatis vel o E is ‘basi attenuatis vel subrotundis, obtusis vel ias trinque opacis n nervis lateralibus utrinque 6-12 obliquis biPrestis petiolo vel brevissimo, floribus corymbosis, alpasi pro ratione florum Bubgricilt, pedicellis crassiusculis, calyce late cam- panulato 5-partito lobis latissime ovatis basi intus multiglandulosis, corclle odore tubo vix contorto angusto supra basin paulo dilatato. notato czterum glabro, lobis oblongo-lanceolatis, staminibus in sexta parte infima insertis tertiam partem tubi attingentibus, stylo brevi gracili, stigmate cylindrico sulcato longiusculo basi annulato Gaboon, Munda, Sibange farm, Soyaua, Pl. Occ. Afr. 172. oe 50-70 ped. alta. Folia 6-9 poll. longa, 3-4 poll. lata, petiolus "s ll. longus. Pedunculus, 4 poli., pedicelli ad 1 poll. longi. Caly i in = longus. Corolle tubus 1} poll. longus, ad 2 lin. latus, lobi 2 oar Tw rather incomplete specimens from Old Calabar (Thomson, 73) and from the Lower Congo (Chr. Smith) may belong also to this species. _21. Tabernemontana eglandulosa, Stapf ; frutex scandens glaber- mus, ramis teretibus internodiis longis fistulosis, foliis oblongis basi atten uatis abrupte acuminatis opacis membranaceis, petiolo tenui, pedunculis axillaribus breviusculis, floribus in corymbis vel umbellis spuriis densis, calyce late campanulato 5-partito lobis obovatis vel oblongis intus eglandulosis, corolla alba fragrantissima tubo basi paululo dilatato czeterum cylindrico tenui lobis lanceolatis vel linearibus tea ni paulo brevioribus, staminibus paulo supra basin insertis vix qua artem tubi attingentibus, stylo brevi vel brevissimo, MÜomato- poc eii ilate basi annulato, drupis aurantiacis ovatis minatis. Lower Niger, Eppab, a Barter, 3306 ; Yormbee. Milen. 12;- Old Calabar River, Mann, 2253; Fern ando 0, 239; Ga boon, e John River, Mann, 1794 ; ai e. feris, Soyauz 183, 2 Folia, 5-6 poll, rarius ad 8 poll. longa, 2-3 poll. lata, re i-i ll. longus. Pedunculus, 1-1 poll.longus, pedicelli ad 3 lin. longi. Calyx, 143i lin. longus. Corolle tubus 11-21 poll. od lobi 14-2 poll. longi. Drupa 1ł poll. longa. The size of the calyx and the corolla vary considerably ; but I a not able to distinguish varieties upon these differences, The habit, the absence of glands in the calyx, the narrow corolla lobes, and the very short style are very characteristic. 22. Tabernæmontana elegans, Stapf; frutex glaberrimus, ramis floriferis penna corvina vix crassioribus, foliis anguste oblongis obtusis vel acutis basi acutatis opacis subtus palli pees crassiusculis, nervis lateralibus. utrinque 16-22 Joib fere ad marginem rectis, floribus parvis numerosis in inflorescentiis subeorymibiformibu pedun- = eulatis bracteatis, bracteis scariosis parvis citissime deciduis, calyce breviter campanulato 5-partito lobis late ovatis — basi intus glande — bifido g eee — luteo-alba tubo brevi cylindrico extus fauce tomentello, lobis indios tubo lon intus i ongi- recie staminibus D supra basin inrertis inclusis, stylo brevi tenui, 25 stigmate cylindrico basi annulato, drupis geminatis oblique ovatis recurvis apiculati Lower Zambesi, iege Senna and Lupata, and at Shupanga, Kirk ; Delagoa Bay, Monteir Ne Frutex, 8-10 ped. p^ Folia, 4-5 poll. longa, 16-20 lin. ‘Tata, petiolus, 5-7 lin. longus. Pedunculus, 1 poll. longus, pedicelli ad lin. longi. Calyx, 1-14 lin. longus. Corolle tubus 3 lin. lobi ~ in. longi. ^ Very like T. persicifolia, Jacq., in habit, but differing in the larger oblong leaves, looser inflorescences, smaller flowers and particularly in the very short style. GENTIANE X. Auctore J. G. BAKER. 3. Belmontia zambesiaca, Baker; caulibus gracilibus erectis sim- tse , foliis sessilibus trijugis lanceolatis vel EE ae oribus solitariis longe pedunculatis, woe ovato-lanceolatis dors sobrii alatis, corolle tubo calyci equilongo, lobis obovato- planet staminibus supra medium tubi insertis Zambesia, in the valley of the Leshumo, Holub, Folia 4-6 lin. longa. Sepala 4 lin. longa. Corolle lobi 2 lin. longi. ; = Belmontia pumila, Baker; caulibus gracilibus erectis 1-4 floris nodos alatis, = 4-jugis ovatis oblongis subacutis, pedicellis breviatnte, sepalis ovato-lanceolatis dorso ste alatis, corolla tubo calyce sesquilongiori, Tobis perparvis obovatis, staminibus supra medium tubi insertis Swamps at Nupe, near the mouth of the Niger, Barter. Folia 3-4 lin. longa. Sepala 14 lin. longa. 25. Belmontia platyptera, Baker; caulibus gracilibus erectis 4-alatis . -1—4-floris, folis pau cijugis ovatis li brevissimis, sepalis ovatis dorso late alatis, corollæ tubo calyce paulo longiori, lebis 5 5 obovatis perparvis, staminibus supra medium tubi insertis. Angola, province of Huilla, Welwitsch, 1524. Folia 3-4 lin. longa. Sepala 3 lin. longa. 6. Chir laxifl Baker; caulibus qsiibus elongatis 4- angulatis, foliis remotis ovatis acutis, cymis in P. laxa dispositis, pedicellis elongatis, calyce tubo brevi lobis lanceolatis acuminatis, coroll: tubo calyce breviori, limbo rabelo lobis lanceolatis, antheris spiraliter fortis, fructu calyci equilongo. Manganja Hills, Zambesia, alt. 3000 ped., Meller, Kirk. Folia 6-9 lin. longa. Calyx 3 lin. longus. Corolle lobi 4 lin. longi. Anthere 2 lin, longa. 27. Voyria primuloides, Baker ; caulibus flexuosis unifloris, ees . rudimentariis carnosis perparvis adpressis, calyeis tubo campanulato lob; 26 ovato-cuspidatis, corolla tubo cylindrico calyce 2-3- plo longiori, limbi lobis ovatis, antheris supra medium tubi insertis, Gaboon country, at Sibange Farm, Soyawv, 166. Caulis 2-3 voll. longus. Calyx 4 lin. longus. Corolle tubus 8-9 lin. longus, limbus 6-9 lin. diam. 8. Voyria etala, Baker ; caulibus flexuosis: unifloris, foliis rudimentariis seariosis perparvis adpressis, calycibus lobis setaceis tubo multo brevioribus, corolle tubo Viii ti lobis orbieularibus basi minia antheris supra medium tubi insertis Banks of the River Nun, Mann. aulis 2—5-pollicaris. e 3 lin. longus. Corolle tubus 9 lin. og limbus 4 lin. diam . Faroa Buchanani, Baker ; annua, glabra, mra erectis, foliis remotis winds linearibus, capitulis 15 in paniculam dispositis, pedicellis brevissimis, calycis tubo campanulato lobis AN corolla calyce duplo longiori, lobis oblongis, staminibus inclus Nyassa-land, Buchanan (1135 of 1891 set). Caulis pedolis. Folia inferiora 11-2 poll. longa. Calyx li lin. longus. Corolla 3 lin. longa. 30. Faroa graveolens, Baker ; caulibus erectis superne renee: foliis superioribus linearibus inferioribus lanceolatis, cymis ter libus congestis, pedicellis brevissimis, calycis ved obovatis, corolla lilacina lobis brevissimis, staminibus corolla æquilon Uganda and Uzongora, Wilson. A dioc is used in malarial ague. The Ep. smells like Asafoetida. Caulis 6-9 poll. ni ne Folia 1-14 poll. longa. Calyx 1 lin. longus. Coro 2 lin. lon : 31. Faroa pusilla, Baker caulibus brevissimis, - foliis seblongis iode senit peat bo lobis ovatis tubo longioribus, corolla lobis perparvis P ee etu calyce æquilongo. pos soil on the edge of swamps, Nupe, Lower Niger, Barter. Caulis 1-13 pollicaris, Folia pollicaria, Calyx 3 lin. longus. 2. Schultesia senegalensis, Baker; annua, caulibus erectis sim- plicibur acute cesi foliis 4—6-jugis sessilibus ovato-lanceolati floribus paucis axillaribus, calyce scarioso late quadrialato, corollae e" calyci zquilongo, lobis obovatis. Senegal, Heudelot, 551; south bank of the River Gambia, Brown- Lester. Caulis 3-6-pollicaris. Folia 6-12 lin. longa. Calyx 4 lin. longus. Corolle lobi 3 lin. longi. BORAGINE. Auctore J. G. BAKER. | 33. Cordia. aurantiaca, Baker ; arborea, ramulis Roe o foliis blongis acutis subcoriaceis facie um dorso obscure pubescentibus, 27 cymis in paniculas terminales aggregatis, ramulis velutinis, calyce flori- fero oblongo velutino 10-suleato, dentibus minutis, corollze tubo calyci equilongo, limbo luteo lobis orbicularibus, stylis e tubo exsertis Fernando Po, Barter, Mann ; Gaboon, Soyaux ; Congo, " Smith s Angola, Golungo Alto, Welwitsch 5430, 5466. Folia 4-6 poll. longa, 2-3 polk lata. Calyx floriferus 5-6 lin. longus. Corolle limbus 12-15 lin. dia 34. Cordia chrysocarpa, Baker ; arborea, foliis ovatis longe petiolatis eoriaceis basi rotundatis vel cordatis facie seabris dor rso pubescentibus, cymis paucifloris, calyce fructifero campanulato haud suleato, fructu oblongo acuto splendide luteo Angola, Golungo Alto, Welwitsch 5461. Folia 6-8 poll. longa, EY 2-4 DOMI 'alyx fructiferus 1 poll. diam. Fructus siccus 15-18 lin. longus 35. Cordia Heudelotii, titi ramulis glabris, foliis oblongis acutis distincte petiolatis e basi 3—5 nerviis facie scabris dorso glabris, cymis amplis laxis terminalibus, maa florifero infandibulari glabro dentibus 5 parvis ovatis, coroll» lobis oblongis, fructu Senegambia, Heudelot ; Lower Niger in hod at Yoruba, Barter. Folia 3-4 poll longa, petiolo 12-18 lin. longo. Calyx floriferus lin. longus. Corolle limbus 3 lin. diam. Fructus 6 lin. longus 96. Cordia platythyrsa, Baker} arborea, ramulis pubescentibus, foliis oblongis acutis distincte petiolatis sehn Iz» vibus pubescentibus, cymis in paniculam amplam aggregatis, calyce florifero infundibulari tomentoso haud suleato lobis 5 ovatis, corolle lobis oblongis. Banks of the pin River, Mann. Folia 4-5 | weer 2-3 poll. lata. Calyx floriferus 2 lin. longus. Corolle ilbes * lin. d 37. Cordia populifolia, or cag ramulis apice tomentosis, foliis sub- orbieularibus distincte eee men e basi triplinervis facie viridibus glabris dorso tomento pallide brunn wditis, cymis i niculam amplam aggregatis, calyce A n tomentoso lobis 4 ovatis, corollæ tubo calyce breviori, lobis oblo Banks of the Bagroo River, Mad Folia 5-6 poll. longa. x floriferus 2 lin, longus. 38. Cordia Milleni, Baker ; arborea, foliis cordato-orbicularibus longe petiolatis dorso A pubescentibus, cymis in panieu amplam egatis, calyce dense tomentoso tubo oblongo leviter suleato lobis ovatis, corolla tubo calyce paulo longiori lobis oblongis, staminibus Inland cui of Lagos, Millen. Native name, Omon. Folia 6-8 poll. longa et lata. ae floriferus 3 lin. longus. Coralie limbus 6 lin. diam. 39. Cordia longipes, Baker; ramulis pilosis, foliis longe petiolatis suborbicularibus e basi triplinerviis facie scabris dorso pilosis, Re hte terminalibus valde compositis, calyce tubo oblongo dense tom lobis 4 late ovatis, corolle tubo cy lindrico calyce duplo lougiari: limbi lobis oblongis. uf 28 Angola, Welwitsch, 5428. Folia 8-10 poll.longa et lata, e 2—1 poll. longis. Calyx 3 lin. ongus, Corolle limbus 4 lin. Cordia Kirkii, Baker ; ramulis | pubescentibus, foliis ovatis breviter TR ovatis repandis penninerviis utrinque dense pubescentibus, c dentibus parvis ovatis, corolle tubo calyci zquilongo, fructu oblongo . cuspidato. Lower Zambesi at Tette, Kirk. Folia 4-5 poll. longa. Calyx floriferus 3 lin. longus. Corolle limbus 6 lin. diam. Fructus 12 lin. lon ngus 41. Cordia pilosissima, Baker; ramulis dense pilosis, foliis breviter petiolatis suborbicula: ribus utrinque dense pilosis e basi triplinervis, cymis subsessilibus valde compositis, calycis tubo infundibulari dense piloso haud pecie lobis parvis ovatis, corollz tubo SEES paulo longiori, lobis oblongis. Angola, Welwitsch, 4784. Folia matura haud visa. Calyx 3 lin. longus. Corolle limbus 5-6 lin. diam. 42. Cordia obovata, Baker ; arborea, ramulis pubescentibus, foliis breviter peticlati obovato-euneatis obtusis facie scabris dorso pubescenti- bus, eymis compositis, mdi florifero infundibulari glabro lobis parvis ovatis, corollz lobis oblo C. senegalensis, iaa. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. no. 2180, non Juss. Abyssinia, Schimper, 2180 (leaves crenate) ; 192 (leaves entire). Folia 2-3 poll. longa. Calyx floriferus 2-21 lin. longus. Corolle limbus 3 lin. diam. 43. Cordiasomaliensis, Baker ; arborea, ramulis albo-pubescentibus, foliis breviter petiolatis oblanceolato-oblongis obtusis basi cuneatis facie scabris dorso dense pubesentibus, eymis densis terminalibus valde com positis, calyce florifero infundibulari iens piloso haud suleato lobis 4- 4-5 ovatis, ovario ovoideo, styli apice Coast of Somali-land, near rogi res Folia 2-24 poll. longa, 9-12 lin. lata. Calyx floriferus 2 lin. longus. 79 44. Ehretia acutifolia, Baker ; arborea, ramulis poe os vs petioiati ovatis acutis bris, cymis in pan m terminalem dispositis, pedicellis brevibus, calyce glabro peee lobis obtusis, corollæ tubo calyci æquilongo, lobis obtusis. Ambas Bay, Mann. Folia 4-6 poll. ri ori — sesqui-pollicari. Calyx 14 lin. longus. Corolle tubus 3 lin, d (oa, ia divaricata, Baker ; arborea, ramulis tenuiter pilosis, foliis breviter petiolatis oblongis subobtusis glabris, cymis laxissimis ne pedicellis brevissimis, calyce glabro tubo brevi lobis ovatis, corollz tu brevi lobis oblongis, staminibus lobis corolle zquilongis. ~ ‘Zambesia, on Ischizadruaro Mountains, Kirk. : Folia 3-4 poll. — Calgæ 1 lin. longus. Corolle lobi 2 lin. lon ngi. * 29 46. Ehretia macrophylla, Baker; arborea, ramulis glabris, foliis distinete petiolatis oblongis acutis basi cuneatis is terminalibus, calyce glabro profunde 5-dent ato, corolke tubo calyce duplo longiori, lobis oblongis tubo brevioribus, fructu depresso li. Dar Salam, Kirk. Folia = B longa, petiolo pollieari. Calyx 1 lin. longus. Fructus 2 lin. dia =? 47. Ehretia angolensis, Baker; fruticosa, ramulis glabris, foliis breviter petiolatis oblongis acutis subcoriaceis glabris, cymis terminalibus valde compositis, pedicellis brevissimis, calyce g glabro ae ae corolla tubo infundibulari, lobis tubo brevio ribus; fructu globos Angola, Monteiro, Welwitsch, 5444, 5463. _ Folia 3-4 poll. longa, petiolo 3-6 lin. Calyx 1 lin. longus. Corolla 2} lin. longa. Fructus 2 lin. diam. me ün 48. Trichodesma grandifolium, Baker ; caulibus herbaceis setis albis armatis, foliis oppositis ovatis scabris superioribus subsessilibus basi late rotundatis inferioribus breviter petiolatis, cymis laxis multifloris, pedi- cellis hispidis, calycis lobis ovatis cuspidatis fec corolle lobis suborbicularibus, antheris parvis breviter cristat Somali-land, at Adda Galla and Zafarag, Vases and Thrupp. Folia 5-6 axe p Calyx floriferus 6 lin. longus. Corolle limbus 10-12 lin Trichodesma Medusa, Baker; caulibus fruticosis dense hispidis, foliis alternis lanceolatis erassis scabris sessilibus ,cymis densi iosis terminalibus, pedicellis brevibus hispidissimis, calyce hispidissimo lobis ceolatis, corolle tubo calyce hreviori, lobis linearibus acuminatis, sithiorls longe cristatis. Angola, Johnston, Welwitsch, 5502. Folia inferiora 11-2 poll. longa. Calya floriferus 6 lin. longus. Corolle lobi 6 lin. longi. aero 6 lin. longe. 50. Trichodesma pauciflorum, Baker ; fruticosa, ramosissima, ramulis strigosis, foliis canlinis breviter petiolatis ovatis basi rotundatis hispidis et albo-tubereulatis, cymis paucifloris, pedicellis brevibus strigosis, calyce strigoso lobis lanceolatis basi haud cordatis, corolla tubo Trevi, lobis late ovatis minute cuspidatis, antheris breviter cristatis, pones Islend, near ae mouth of the Red Sea, Slade. superiora 12-18 lin. longa. eru floriferus es lin. ong C rota 6 lin. ties E there 3 lin. lon 1. Cynoglossum Johnstoni, eae n caulibus ramosissimis dén bebiitur hispidis, foliis sparse tuberculato-hispidis superioribus sessilibus lanceolatis, inferioribus congo eccl petiolatis cymis elongatis laxis multifloris, pedicellis brevissimis, calycis lobis tubo longioribus, coroll: limbo cceruleo lobis latis, nuculis minias dorso dense muricatis. Kilimanjaro, alt. 6,000 ped., Johnston. ~ Cymi demum — Calyx floriferus 1} lin. longus. Corolle limbus 2 lin. diam 52. Myosotis zquinoctialis, Baker ; annua, caulibus dense pilosis, foliis caulinis sessilibus lanceolatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, cymis basi ——— racteatis, pedicellis brevissimis ascendentibus, calyce dense hirsuto UE 30 i € oblongis tubo bm e corolle tubo calyci xquilongo, limbo ceeruleo, nuculis nitidis bb alt. 13 RP PRA, DAE Johnston. C yiii demum "is poll. longi. TM demum 2 lin. longus. Corolle limbus 1 lin. dia Ila tubo calyce Trine vinci lobis suborbieularibus parum inæqualibus, staminibus in tubo inclusis. Fwambo, Lake Tanyanika, Carson. olia centralia Seas subuncialia. Calya 3 lin. longus. Corolle limbus 21-3 lin. dia . Heliotropium phyllosepalum, Baker ; annua, caulibus ascen nden- tibus molliter pilosis, foliis obovatis obtusis simmer cymis arare densis multifloris ebraeteatis, calyce dense piloso tubo brevissimo lobis ovata inzqualibus, corolle tubo calyci wee go; limbo lobis. parvis orbieularibus, stylo brevissimo, stigmatis cristé conica, nuculis calyce brevioribus. Banks of the River Shiré at Moramballa, Lawrence Scott. Folia 11-2 poll. longa. Cymi demum 2 poll. longi. Calyx 14 lin. longus, This belongs to the group of H. europeum. BIGNONIACEZE. Auctore J. G. BAKER. 55. Tec shirensis, Baker ; fruticosa, rin foliis longe petiolatis siiis uin oa 9-13 oblongis ac ves integris, racemis brevibus simplicibus, pedicellis pubescentibus, bracte parvis, ca calyce glabro tubo oblongo, dentibus parvis deltoideis, catalla pt ube cylindrico curvato calyce triplo longiori, limbo tubo duplo breviori genitalibus longe exsertus Shiré Highlands, Buchanan. Folia semipedalia, foliolis superioribus 13-2 poll.longis. Calyx 4 lin. ongus 56. Dolichandrone platycalyx, Baker ; arborea, foliis impar ipinnatis, foliolis 3-jugis oblongis acutis glabris, floribus in paniculis densis axillaribus dispositis, pedicellis dense pubescentibus, pes pubescente apice obtuso mucronato, corolla lutea calyce 2 -3- plo longiori, tubo supra basin campanulato, limbo magno lobis orbicularibus. Uganda, Wilson. Native name, Tues: - Folia 6-9 poll. longa, foliolis 3—4 poll. Dei Calyx uncialis Corolle tubo 2—24 pollicaris, limbo 18—24 lin. lato Dolichandrone Smithii, Baker; ramulis glabris, foliolis oblongis acutis vel obtusis, floribus i in up ulam laxam amplam dispositis, ear “patulis apice cymosis, Io brevibus, calyce parvo glabro ato, corolla calyce 6—8-plo longiori, tubo extus Lecteur ond limbo patulo, genitalibus i in tubo inclusis. 3l Kilimanjaro, Lieut. C. Smith. Foliola superiora 2 poll. x6 ad Calyx 3-4 lin. longus. | Corolla 2 poll. longa, tubi ore 6-9 lin. d 58. Dolichandrone hirsuta, Baker; edes is tibus, foliolis 2-3-jugis oblongis obtusis utrinque den wget nr aet floribus in paniculas: axillares paucifloras. dispositis, pedicellis cilibus dense nbescentibus, calyce parvo apice rotundato mueronato, corolla calyce triplo longiori, tubo supra basin infundibulari, limbo patulo. Banks of Lower Zambesi, at Tette, Kirk. oliola immatura 1-14 poll longa. Calyx 4 pai longus. Corolla pollicaris, tubo ore 3-4 lin. diam. 59. Dolichandrone Hildebrandtii, Baker ; ped foliolis 2-3-jugis oblongis acutis glabris, floribus in paniculas amplas axillares dispositis, pedicellis pubescentibus, calyce glabro apice obtuso mucronato, corolla lutea calyce. gs longiori, tubo supra basin infundibulari, limbo patulo lobis obovati Kitui, in Dkanba, Hildebrandt 2132. Foliola 2-3 poll. longa. Calyx 8-9 lin. longus. Corolla 2 poll. longa, tubo ore 4—6 lin. diam., lobis 5-6 lin. longis. 60. Dolichandrone latifolia, Baker ; foliolis 5—7 oblongis acuminatis glabris, floribus in panieulas paucifloras dispositis, pedicellis glabris, calyce apice mucronato recurvato, corolla calyce triplo longiori, tubo supra basin inf undibubit; limbo patulo lobis.obovatis. Nyika Country, Wakefield. Foliola 3-6 poll. longa. Calyx» 6 lin. longus. Corolla 15-18 lin. longa, tubo ore 4 lin. diam. lobis 6 lin. longis. eem obtusifolia, Baker ; fruticosa vel arbores, foliolis 7-9 oblongis obtusis utrinque ' pubescentibus, floribus in paniculam conn thyrsoideam dispositis, ramulis pedicellisque pubescentibus, calyce magno pubescente apice rotundato mucronato, corolla lutea calyce duplo longiori, tubo supra basin campanulato, fructu magno arcuato tomentoso. m Moramballa and Bagamoyo, Kirk; Shiré Highlands, Buc : 5 lio 3—4 poll. longa. Calyx 9-12 lin. longus, Fructus bipedalis. Semina Taa inclusa) 18 lin. diam. 62. Dolichandrone stenocarpa, Baker; arborea, foliolis trijugis oblongis glabris, floribus in paniculas laxas terminales ae pedicellis pubescentibus, calyce glabro apice recurvato, 2—3-plo longiori, limbo patulo lobis suis fructu. elongato: angusto valvis flexilibus medio earinatis. — Muentera stenocarpa, T in Journ. Bot. 1869 p. 329, t. 36 ex parte. : Golungo Alto, Tous Welwitsch, 482, 483. Foliola 2-4 poll. longa. Calyx md ge longus. Fructus pedalis et ultra, Semina as inclu sa) 9-12 lin. € 3. Heterophragma longipes, Baker; foliolis 5—-6-jugis oblongis acuminatis glabris, floribus 4—8 in eym laterali axilleria dispositis, pedicellis. longissimis, ealyce glabro late campanulato lobis orbieulribus, : P : 32 corolla calyce triplo longiori lobis orbicularibus, staminibus e tubo longe exsertis, Lake Chidia, Rovuma, Zambesia, Kirk; Wakefield. Loliola 3 poll. longa. Pedicelli 2-3 poll. longi. Corolla 3 poll. longa, lobis 10-12 lin. diam 64. esiacum, Baker; ramulis virgatis glabris, foliis minutis 3—5-foliolatis rachi alato, foliolis obovatis, floribus Es: -nis, pedicellis brevibus glabris, calyce campanulato gla abro lobis tubo brevioribus, corolla calyce 3-plo longiori, fruetu oblongo haud rostrato. . Valley of the Zambesi, near Tette, Kirk. Calyx 2 lin. longus. Corolla 6-8 lin. longa. Fructus 14-2 poll. longus, 4 lin. diam. CCCLIX.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. Visitors during the year 1893.—The number of persons who visited the Royal Gardens during the year 1893 shows an increase of 379,229 on the attendance for the preceding year, and is the largest as yet orded, except for 1890, when it deese 1,839,966. The total Siaha er of visitors for the e past year was 1,733 3,386, as compare with : p. 157 in 1892. The detailed numbers for 1893 are given below Month. | Numbers. | | Month. Numbers. peera | January - - 16,405 Rronght formata - | 939,766 February - - - 33,899 July E 197,944 March '- ` -| 185,21 - || August ^ - - ~-| 329,410 April - =| 284,811 September - - 145,593 May - - - ,586 October - - - 73,650 June - 2 2 184,244 November - - 27,595 ecember - - - 19,4 Carried forward - | 939,766 ai iie e is | Total - - | 1,733,386 | : z i The total attendance on Sundays was 676,894; on week days 1,056,492. The two totals used formerly almost to ba imi ; the present disparity i is in part accounted for by bank holidays. The eius monthly attendance (August) was 329,410; the smallest monthly attendance (January) was 16,405. The greatest Sunday attendance (on June 18) was 29,891; the smallest (on December 10) was 318. The greatest week day attendance (on May 22) was 100,737; the smallest (on January 17) was 110. The death of the veteran botanist, collector, and traveller, RICHARD UCE, took place on December 29th, at the age of 76. In a notice » jin the Times it is stated that he was sent to South America on behalf of the Royal Gardens at Kew in 1849. This is an error; yet he did so much for Kew that some account of his 33 labours deserves recording here. In early life he was a tutor at York, and during that period he studied the native flora with great success, and was a frequent contributor to the Phytologist and other periodicals; his first paper appearing in 18 n 1845 he visited the Pyrenees, and botanised there, devoting himself specially to the Musci and Hepatice, an account of which he published. The thoroughness of his work soon gained him the acquaintance and friendship of the principal botanists of this country; and this eventually led to his travels across South Sir William Hooker was perd instru ental i in pro omoting this j ater entleman undertaking the laborious task of arranging and distributing the collections as they. arrived in England. Spruce went to America in 1849 and returned in 1864; and the results were such as have hardly been equalled by any other traveller, except Humboldt, in that country. It was estimated by Mr. Bentham € his plants alone numbered 7,000 species ; but this was only a part of his work, all of which was carried out in the most methodical and cad manner. The first set of his dried plants is at mee aud the Museum was no sie enriched than the Herbarium ; the Garden to a less extent. e never published a con- nected narrative of his travels, but many of his uous letters appeared in Hooker’s Journal of Botany, where also may be found particulars of some of the more interesting Museum objects. During the latter portion of his sojourn in South America he rendered most important services in connexion with introduction of the chinchona into Indif; concerning which he wrote an elaborate paar which has ah a in- ation. retu an invalid. Indeed, previous to his going to America, he was so delicate that Sir William Hooker, at the last moment, tried to dissuade him from the enterprise. In spite of continued bad health he has accom- plishéd an immense amount of valuable work since his return, especially on the incisa "ws notably in his Hepatice Amazonice et Andina, which forms the fifteenth volume of the Edinburgh Botanical Society's Transactions. His last contribution to our knowl ledge of this group of plants was read before the Linnean Society of London just one week before his death. Dry Rot.—A remarkable instance of lis growth of dry rot has recently been discovered in the Armoury of the Towerof London. In _ orse Guar ar Office, to the effect that on repairing one of the w n horses in the Armoury, believed to be more ears old, a mass of fungus was found in the interior. It was eut out with the portion of wood x xt it was attached and sent to w, when it proved to large and scree ant specimen of the ordinary dry-rot mga (Merits ae Jacq.). This ungus, as is well known, is very destructive to tim bee in close and fu ill-ventilated situations. The sin es 2 sposta aln in this case is that it appears to have been arrested in its growth and killed and desiccated. before it had produced the smallest fragment of fructification. U 79905. l c s 34 system of nomenclature; and it was not until 1824 that there was another substantial addition to the botanical literature of the island, when Movn’s Catalogue appeared, “for the use of the Singhalese,” Then came Thwaites’s Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylanic, containing desc PE tions of a large number of in undescribed species. This w mpleted in 71864. D d men sueceeded Dr. Thwaites as seem of the Royal Botanic chrders, Ceylon, in 1880, and he is n issuing, at the cost of the Ceylon Government, under the above title, the results of his unremittin studies of the flora since his appointment. This is called a * Handboo E the first volume including only the natural orders, Ranunculacee to Anacardiacee. At this rate the vascular plants will occupy five volumes, to say nothing of the plates, of which twenty-five, of TUO size, accompany the first volume. Dr. Trimen's work is of a most thorough character, written wholly in English, and on a most excellent further cleared up, with all the critical insight of a skilled and practised botanist, a number of species which were either imperfectly understood Ur badly described, or even, perhaps, erroneously included in the Flora. And he bas added m many new species, the result of his prolonged explorations of every part of the island. Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula.— Dr. G. King, the Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, has just com- pleted the first volume of this work, reprinted from the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1889-93). The original paginstion is retained, but he has added a continuous pagination together with a work is the enormous number of new trees described, many of them, doubtless, of great commercial value. The last part, recently received, contains the Dipterocarpee, of which there are 61 species referred to 11 genera; and 40 of the species were previously undescribed. Viticulture in Malaga.—The following account is token from Mr. Consol Finn's report :— Tom “In my former reports J have laid stress on the magnificent climate of this place. The Algeciras-Bobadilla Line of Railway now ings Malaga within such easy distance of England by land or water. Many "wor gh come — for their health, and it deserves to be better nown by our countryme “ There is no doubt hat great damage has been done in this age by the phylloxera to the vines, and by kindred diseases among t orange and k mon trees; but after many conversations with landed diet: prietors and farmers of all so sorts, I bave come to the conclusion that much of the decadence in the f: uit culture in this province is due to old age in the plants and the — of small or very conservative farmers either to s the necessary money for replanting their orchards, or else to piece work and faces the soil. Many thousands of acres 35 have become unproductive, which, with careful management, cou!d be made as fruitful as ever they were; and if seems to me that many a young Englishman, if he only knew of it, would be glad to turn his steps hitherwards to a delightful country, within five days of home, iustead of going off to Florida or Canada; of trying his fortune in a province where, in case of illness, he is always within reach of a tewn, whence he can draw his supplies ; and then, in case of wishing to return home, the most that can cost him is some 6/. to 8/.for bis ticket by steamer. a attacked by the phylloxera, he had not the few pounds necessary for replanting the vineyards, and because he had not sufficient knowledge or initiative to try whether other trees or crops would not grow in their stead. These farms, with buildings on them, can now be purchased for a song by those who know how to set about it. * 'The following interesting notes have been given me by a friend, and will, I trust, produce some result : — “ The slopes to the north and north-east of Malaga, once planted with vines, have of late years been devasted by the phylloxera, and are only sed now as a pasture ground for goats. Besides vines, the olive, fig, pomegranate, and other fruit trees grow with great luxuriance. This land is divided into properties ranging from 50 fanegas te 100 fanegas.* Each property has a house, provided with all necessary appliances, of a primitive character, for pressing and storing wine, stables &c., combined with dwelling for the owner. Nearly all these farms belong to peop iving in or near Malaga. There are vegetable gardens and orchards, formed in terraces, attached to the houses, in which lem pomegranate, and other fruit trees are reared. Water is not very plentiful, however, though there is, generally speaking, more tlan sufficjent for the requirements of the household and for watering the -orchards in summer time, and more can be obtained by boring. * * The. land itself is not very rich, as usually happens with hiily land, but both the character of the country and the composition of the earth (oxide of iron predominating) make it well suited for vine culture. * In its present condition the land can be bought very cheap, and may be valued at about 50 pesetas to 75 pesetas the fanega (17s. to 55s. per “Fifty fanegas at 60 pesetas, average, 3,000 pesetas; fruit trees, -orchards, &e., say 5,000 ; house and outbuildings (one-third of 8,0CO pesetas), 2,067 pesetas; total. 10,667 pesetas. Or, say 4€ | farm 5 acres, with buildings, and partly stocked. “ Labour is cheap and plentiful, wages ranging from 1} pesetas to 2 pesetas (1 peseta—about 9d.) a day, according to the season. This includes food. T'he meals cost 65 c. to 75 c. (100 c.=1 peseta) per head diem, according to season and price. When working on the land the men are divided into gangs of eight or ten in each, esch one having an -overseer, and if there be several gangs a chief overseer is placed over bhem all. : “ Taxes on land in an unproductive state are very small, and according to present legislation, a farm which has been’ freshly planted with vines -or fig trees is free from taxation for 10 years as regards the new planta- . tion. The transfer duty is 3 per cent.; a piece of land sold, within * ] fanega — 1:6374 acres. 26 my knowledge, for 1,500 pesetas, had 88 pesetas law expenses, including chemieal manure, which can be bought here at 6 c. per stock, and lasting for 3 years, can be recommended. ‘The cost of planting an * obrada ” of 1,000 stocks, including the price of the American vine, is about 75 pesetas, and for working the ground about 25 pesetas for each successive year. "In the third year after planting the riparia (American vine) it is grafted at a cost of about 25 pesetas per 1,000 stocks, and the stocks now begin to yield, but only a small ero The yield, after five years ( reckoned from the grafting) may be estimated as 5 hectolitres (13°755 bushels) per 1,000 stocks; after 10 years at 8 hectolitres (or, say 22 pa without E With manuring the yield can be raised to e the amou « The fe rility of the land, of course, depends upon its fruit-bearing qualities, 4.e., chemical composition, and land should not, therefore, be bought unless the analysis as to phosphates, chalk, potassium, &c. is satisfactory.” (F.O. 1893. Annual Series. No. 1,282.) Gum Tragacanth— The piiueipal source of this product is Asia aera though it has long been known to have been yielded by a large area in Persia; of late the latter source seems to have been largely a ved TRACT from the Report for the year 1892 on the Trade of Baghdad asd Dasih, p. 2:— * In gum iragacanth, which comes both from Persi and Sulimania, a larger trade was done than has ever tason AA in past years. supply was large, and everything brought t "ket was eagerly Sones high prices which were n in the London market. become of more importance year by year, (F.O. Annual Series, 1894,. No. 1,820.) ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No.86] | FEBRUARY. © (1894. CCCLX.—HORTICULTURE AND ARBORICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. The British Commission for the Seri inta Exposition at Chi expressed tne wish that a member of the Kew staff would RE Und the office of judge in horticulture. The First Commissioner of Her Majesty's Works and Publie Buildings accordingly approved of the ies Rum of Mr. G. Nicholson, A.L.S., Curator of the Royal Gardens, for the t Mr. ern a left England on June 18 in order to arrive at Chicago on July 1, the date appa for the commencement of his duties. This having, however, been postponel, Mr. Nicholson was able to devote some time to visits to Washington, St. Louis, Roan Mountain, &c., and other places where either horticultural enterprise er the woody vegetation of the United States could be advantageously studied. He was thus enabled to collect much valuable information and secure the aid for the Royal Gardens of many new correspondents. In these important results of his tour he ARE de the kindest help from Professor Sargent, the distinguished American botanist and Director of the Arnold Arboretu um of Harvard prato at Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. Mr. Nicho!son has drawn up the following notes of the results of his visit, more especially with regard to the trees and shrubs cultivated in the "Uni ted States. The result will be, without doubt, their more posing representation in the Arboretum of the Royal Gardens. The notes, which cover a period of about two months, are arranged in chronological order. Horm Lra,-NEAR BROOKLINE, Mass. Holm Lea is the serene of Professor C. S. Sargent, the Director of the Arnold Arbore The extensive grounds (about 150 acres) surrounding it are sana for ihe beautiful landscape effects which have been produced by the — Fevrier of aboriginal forest, the equally careful planting of ex and shrubs, and an entire U 79921. 1375.—23]94. M i i 38 absence of tender (or bedding) plants for ornament. No flower garden xte plants, many of them native N. American species, supply colour among the shrubberies. The fine specimens of Japanese flowering shrubs have been selected for definite spots, and arranged, after careful study, for artistic effect. Some of the most beautiful pictures, however, have been produced by native shrubs and trees which are to be found in the im- mediate neighbourhood. My first visit to Holm Lea was on June 28th, and, except where otherwise stated, the plants mentioned below were noted about that date. As a rule, deciduous flowering trees and shrubs grow with infinitely greater freedom here than in Britain; so great is iffe , : England sometimes find it difficult to recognise species with which they are perfectly familiar in this country. Syringa japonica, a Japanese ees is apparently a finer tree or shrub in the eme United States than in its native habitats; at Holm Lea the finest specimen was about 18 feet high, and bore immense inician of small cream white i owes, which contrasted finely with the large dark green leaves. In this country there are no plants so large as the one above mentioned, and it is yet too early to form a definite judgment of the value of the species as an ornament to our gardens beris Thunbergi is a very handsome low shrub, and is remarkable for the beauty of its fruits, which are produced in great profusion, and for the splendid colour—rich orange-red or crimson—assumed by the decaying leaves in autum Lonicera tatarica and ite varieties at the end of June are conspicuous on aecount of their innumerable small fruits, yellow or bright red. SoNg from = quantity of berries, the bushes must have presented a e sight in flower. EP nicera Paprotka nd, an Asiatic species, is, however, the most handsome of the bush honeysuckles when maae with sariek fruit ; the flowers are yellowish, and not particularly s ricum aureum, a native of the South- ‘Sane United States, was discovered more than a c century ago by the younger Bartram, but was practically unknown’ in TA until distributed from the Arnold Arboretum a few years ago. rgest specimen I have ever seen is Holm Lea; it measures “about 5 feet in — and is about 6 feet through. The orange-yellow flowers (with golden coloured stamens) (wi measure from 1 to 2 Samui across ; there are few dwarf shrubs better sentative of the genus C. Metall, a ‘still finer specie, refuses altogether to grow at Boston; it does, however, in Britain, and it is hoped that it will iier: if so, it will prove of great value as an ornamental tree. Cladrastis amurensis, from Amurland, a fne specimen about 25 feet high, the largest I have ever seen, was just c ming into flower. This species is far inferior in beauty to the only Wis species of the genus (€. tinctoria), one o P p rarest trees of the North American forests, as it only grows in a few isolated localities from Middle TM and ^ 39 Tennessee to the AMA south-western portions of N. Carolina. A portrait of a very fine tree of this latter (in flower) in Professor Sargent’s grounds is Pent in n Garden and Forest,” (vol. i., 1888, p 92). The tree in question has been planted about 40 years, is about 40 feet high, and has a spread of upwards of 60 feet. ‘atalpa speciosa at the time of my visit was in full flower. The inflorescence is more lax than that of C. bignonioides, the individual hitherto proved, it appears to be oue of the most promising trees for planting on the almost treeless beh prairies, notwithstanding the intense heat (often for long periods without rain), and, moreover, Brewing rapidly. This sponsa is worthy the attention of landscape garden and others in this countr Ligustrum Ibota. —The form of this species I have seen cultivated in Britain is a somewhat stiff-growing by no means striking bush, with erect panicles. The one grown in quantity for ornament ‘by rofessor Sargent is a graceful, very floriferous shrub, with pendulous peapa and is decidedly one of the most desirable members of the genus; it only requires to be seen in character to be fully appreciated Ur d all growers of trees and shrubs. ydrangea vestita, var. pubescens, a Chinese plant, is quite hardy here, and at the end of J une was in full flower; it is a handsome bush, Acers.—The North-eastefn American item A. dasycarpum and A. rubrum, do well here, and d for m fine trees, the former very one of the commonest trees for street siiig "The sugar maple (4. saccha- rinum) also does well, and makes a fine object, either in streets or as a single specimens, on lawns; one perfect specimen at Holm Lea, branched ou eet high, and worthy i size, and possesses apparently the same immunity from insect attacks as the sugar maple. As a rule, the common sycamore (4. Pseudo-platanus) is an unsatisfactory tree in the Eastern United States. The Ja the decaying S NDS brilliant. inga oblata here is the first lilac to flower; the leaves are leathery, p are never attacked by a mildew which often greatly disfigures all the varieties of S. vulgaris in the United States. This species should be utilised by hybridisers to obtaiu a race with the leaves of S. pese and the large flowers of S. vulgaris. In Britain its early flowering propensities are rather against it, as the flowers are "obere Taaie by late frosts. S. pubescens is looked upon b Professor Sargent as one of the best shrubs which have been introduced within the last 20 years; the flowers are small individualiy, but are AZ 40 produced in such profusion as to make the bushes appear as if clothed with rose-coloured mist. S. pekinensis, a white-flowered species, is a slender tree-like shrub, with flexuous branches covered with a a yellow- brown bark. S. japonica has been already mentioned at the commence- ment of these notes. — V. dilatatum appears to grow much more vigorously dia in Britain, and is perfectly hardy ; it is, perhaps, the finest of ornamental autumn-fruiting plants, being covered with scarlet berries. V. tomentosum, another Japanese species, perhaps better known in English gardens as V. plicatum, is one of the best of all white- eo shrubs, . Opulus, var. americanum, is employed with good effect ; is useful on account of its white flowers, lowe by scarlet fruit, lu for the fine er of the foliage in autum od rons.— None of the ae ee containing much * ponticum blood will nud the Were winters of Boston and its susltosriood. Professor Sargent has, however, a wonderful series of ** Catawbiense’ seedlings which drive but apparently not so well as in the cooler, moister climate of Brit The Ghent azaleas do “Well and so do the seedlings and hybrids of the Chinese and Japanese A. mollis. R. myrtifolium (of Loddiges), a compact growing plant of garden origin, stands the climate well. ontfers.—Pre-eminent amongst conifers in the North-Eastern United States are the white pine, Pinus Strobus, and the hemlock spruce, Tsuga canadensis, These two are the most beautiful as well as by far the most useful from a landscape point of view, and they are employed with great efect at Holm Lea. A weeping form of the latter was taken from the woods some score years ago by Professor Sargent; it now forms a striking mass about a yard high and about four yards through. The Norway spruce is used as a hedge and kept cut in ; under these conditions it is attractive. As an ornamental tree it has been largely in many places in North-Fastern America, and is hardy ‘and grows rapidly, but it soon becomes unsightly and cannot be depended on for more than 20 or 30 years; the same remarks apply to the Scotch fir (Pinus sylvestris). axus cuspidata, var. brevifolia, a e ai hen form of the Japanese species, is perfecily hardy at Boston, whilst the European Taxus baccata cannot withstand the severity of the winters. As a dwarf-growing one specimen being about 25 feet in height and of a beautiful silvery blue colour. Abies concolor, about 30 feet high, was perfect iu form; the Colorado form of this species, though not so tall as the one just men- tioned, was remarkable for the beauty of its colour. The form of the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasi), from Colorado, is also “bluer” than the type from the Pacific Coast, and is quite hardy at Boston and elsewhere, where the more western plant cannot withstand the winter cold. This Colorado plant should be tried in England in places where the common Douglas fir does not thrive. les sibirica, a fine young tree 25 feet high, was vac cones. At Kew this begins to grow too early, and is always more r less injured by spring frosts ; ; it is the first to begin growth xt iod: it ie ert rdeners are not tried bv late peint frosts. Amongst other noteworthy Seog was a fine specimen of Pinus bungeana, bearing cones ; it was a handsome plant, upiriada of 12 feet high, and with a spread of buste at the base of about six feet. Prunus pendula, zi Holm Lea and elsewhere, is a remarkably handsome tet: Professo 41 Sargent declares it to be one of the floral treasures of the world, and writes in * Garden and Forest" that it is one of the loveliest in flower and the most pleasing and graceful in habit of all the plants big have been transferred from the “garde ns of Japau to these of this country. When in flower (the acus iecit the leaves) the tree sates the aspect of a pink foun Another Japanese species, P. tomentosa, thrives well, and bears abundant crops of fruit. us typhina, the common stag’s horn sumach, a species found wild everywhere near pion, | is nir with excellent effect near ornamental water, its large, handsome, pue leaves forming a fine mass of deep This clump, as well. a many others, is * pests with the ground ” by means of an HUM band of R. aromatica, a low-growing species which makes a natural and artistic outline. The young shoots of the latter are icum tinted, and the decaying leaves of both colour well in the late autu Wil Cardening the end of « moraine drift, covered with wild trees from 150 to 200 years old, has given opportunities for wild gardening on an extensive scale. Hickories, oaks, hop-hornbeams, &c., form the bulk of the native tree vegetation, and underneath native shrubs and herbaceous plants abound. mong these are Sambucus canadensis, in flower at the end of June, Cornus alternifolia, Rhus typhina, with Vitis Labrusca and Smilax herbacea climbing at will over the rillium grandiflorum is thoroughly at home, and has been planted in large quantities. Professor Sargent informs me that a beautiful contrast is furnished by Narcissus poeticus and Scilla cam- panulata planted together ; they flower at the same time. A host of other plants, too numerous to mention, keep up the succession of flowers. until late autumn, when the asters and golden rods ap Bulbous and Tuberous Summer-flowering Pla nts.—In the well-kept greenhouses, remarkable for the excellent cultivation displayed, were a large collection of fine gloxinias and begonias. As a rule, the latter are difficult to grow in the United States, and are Ray seen in really good condition. In beds in the open ground Acidanthera bicolor, a beautiful irid iam the mountains of Abyssinia d the Zambesi country, was grasie with its spikes of slender tubed, white, purple esitt fiowe utside it requires the same treatment as Gladiolus bibo MEME. but it makes an excellent pot plant, and only needs to be better known to become a favourite in gardens, Gladioli are raised in large quantities from seed, and the indifferent or badly- coloured varieties ruthlessly destroyed as they came into flower. Bot Acidanthera and gladioli were in full flower pui 18th. Lycoris wem iode Japanese amaryllid, introduced to cultivation under the aryllis Hallii, was one of the most striking plants in the Rockery. is en there was a fine mass of leaves about 2 feet long ; on August 18th these had already ripened off and disappeared, and a dozen inflorescences had taken their ue hg scapes were 21 to 3 feet in height, and bore on an average si The space at my disposal i is too limited to p argues all the g 42 quantities of its flowers, white changing to red, were cut weekly for indoor decoration. ARNOLD ARBORETUM. Before entering into details respecting this unique establishment, it may be as well to give a short summary of its history. The following extract is from an article by Mrs. M. C. Robbins in the April number of “The Century" for the current year:—* About the yéar 1870, “ Mr. James Arnold, of New Bedford, « native of Providence, Rhode ? * bequest of 100,000 dollars to three trustees, to be employed as seemed " to them, for the improvement of agriculture or horticulture. * His friend and trustee, Mr. George B. rS whose classical * report on the trees and shrubs of Massachusetts is well known, * recommended that this money should be devoted to founding an * Arboretum, to be called by Arnold’s name. . . . . . . . . * Accordingly it was agreed that if the Harvard corporation would set i 5 acres for the purpose, the sum should be allowed to * accumulate until it amounted to 150,000 dollars, and then be used * forthe purpose above named. Harvard University owned at that ** time a tract of land of some 300 acres in Jamaica Plain. . . . . * This land was partly peat-bog and meadow and partly scantily “ wooded upland, where were a few fine trees, a stretch of pasture, and “a noble grove of hemlocks crowning a hill. e hundred and “ twenty-five acres of this land the University consented to set apart * forthis purpose, and by an agreement between the municipality of * Boston and the corporation of Harvard University, the city has preservation, and whose work in dendrology, are well known a the work of organising the Arboretum has proceeded rapidly under his inistration H * known about trees, which nowhere can be taught more completely." The upper floor of this building contains the Herbarium and Library, the latter in all probability the best working dendrological library in existence ; the lower is devoted to the purposes of a museum, in which will be arranged the specimens of timber, &c. Here will be kept for reference an extraordinary series of specimens, t.e., those which furnished the data for the phenomenal sets of tables which appea wae | v co-efficient of elasticity, modulus of rupture, resistance to longitudinal pressure, resistance to indentation, and weight of a cubic foot in pounds, of very nearly every species of tree in the United States. It will also 48 ntain specimens corresponding to those collected by Professor Sargent, ee presented by Mr. Morris K. Jesup to the American Museum of Natural History in New York—the most eoe sg collection of the timbers of any great continent ever brought togethe From the Report of the Arnold Arboretum for 1590-1 we learn that the experiment, which proved highly successful, was begun during that year of furnishing the publie with popular instruction about trees and - shrubs, Mr. J. G. Jack, an assistant in the Arboretum, being appointed university lecturer on arboriculture for that urpose. The area of the Arboretum is 168 acres, some 40 acres having bee en obtained hy the City of Boston in addition to the original land. The ground was laid out by Mr. F. L. Olmsted, and, with the exception of a on a definite plan. It is believed that more than sufficient space has been allowed for the possible full growth of every tree, native or exotic which js hardy in the neighbourhood of Boston, and no supplement ary species, other than those expected to reach maturity, will be planted in the permanent collections. The ground which is, or will be, occupied by permanent trees has been prepared i in the most thorough and careful manner, ‘The contract executed between the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the City of Boston provides that the Arboretum shall be maintained where it now is for a thousand years, and there is good reason to hope, therefore, that many of the trees now planted will be allowed to live out the full term of their existence. Trees have never been planted with better promise of undisturbed old age. In the ics for 1885-6 we are informed that none of the trees in the type have been planted in pits less than ten feet square, and all trees i ted i Put singly and intended to develop into specimens are plan 25 f v- Rock, y Soil vet been ved from all pits to a uniform feet ced remo by a compost of loam and peat. The soil, as far as practicable, has been deepened and enriched over the whole surface planted. As the permanent specimen of no large growing tree is placed at a less distance than a hundred feet from the group of individuals of the same species selected to show variation in character and habit, it will be possible to study the species as a single specimen, and to note its value in a mass under as -— natural conditions as it is possible to seeure in any artificial w On a carefull ly M mp the position of every permanent tree is marked, and reference to the card catalogue will nore: a M e history of every plant, so qas the student will know when planted (and whenee it came), or the eutting was root ted ; st if it is grafted, where the stock and scion came from, together with an account of its size or habit every year, and any peculiar circumstance connected with any stage of its li The natural advantages of the situation, with its beautifully undu- lating ground, are made the most of, and fine landscape effects are produced. The margins of the roadways are planted thickly with n their quarters and did not owe their positions to the forethought of the planters. Near the Birch collection a huge mass of Betula pumila forms the principal feature; more plants wi this species—which only grows a few feet high—are to be seen here than are to be found in cultivation in all other botanical Sai nisni combined. At the time 44 of my visit, the s of June, the Dyer's owe eem Genista tinctoria, an European plant introduced into North America, where in some districts it has now ral possession of erit of aeres of dry land, made a brave show with its yellow flowers. Some of the earlier golden- rods, Solidago canadensis, &c., were also fine, and Rosa humilis, a red flowering, dwarf-growing bush, was conspicuous. Beróeris Thunbergi, various species of Rhus, Myrica ceriferu, Comptonia asplenifolia, dwarf willows, dogwoods, viburnums, &c., with Clematis and Vitis and other climbers growing at will over their neighbours, form tangle which produced perfectly natural and very beautiful effects. The knife is freely used in the neighbourhood of the trees which are intended to develop; in the meantime the undergrowth is very attractive, and it keeps the ground cool and moist round them. One triking as well as beautiful features of the Arboretum is Hemlock Mount, a steep rocky hillside, the north side of which is clothed with fine hemlock eit from two to three hundred years old. illustrations of this the nds & in: “The mentioned is covered wit] various native oaks and other trees self-sown, when removed, and a third self-sown series which are ready to spring into the second rank. The axe is used to prevent one tree from damaging its neighbour, and the ground is carpeted with Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, and other native shrubs, as well as kerbaceous plants, a number of which are cultivated in English gardens. The large trees on the lower ground have been rejuvenated by pruning, and it is surprising to find what a change has been wrought in a few years by hard cutting-in of the branches , top-dressing of the surface soil, and by the removal of old worn-out trees which were too thick to allow sufficient light and air to reach the ground, In the Hemlock wood I noticed growing wild along the side of a brook the spikenard, fear sepa a stately herbaceous plant, well known for its arom large r the skunk cabbage (Symplo- carpus fetidus), the lady fern, the Todien turnip (Arisema ; triphyllum), Baptisia tinctoria, Aster cordifolia, and a host of other species which are cultivated for ornament in British pres Higher up the wood grew the bracken (Pteris aquilina). The American Fig of this widely distributed fern differs a good deal fim the British one in its darker green, more leathery, less-cut fronds. Mosi bifolium, Smilacina racemosa, Desmodium canadense, and Hypoxis erecta, a pretty little amaryllid with grass-like ieaves and yellow flowers, were also noted. Rubus occidentalis, a bramble gan m by reason of its stems, which appear as if whitewashed, is also The igi eollection of shrubs is slanted i in long beds with walks between, and occupies a considerable area. It is exceedingly rich in s and varieties, and includes every woody plant in cultivation in the United States which is hardy in the eighbonrhood of Boston. In the nursery attached to the Arboretum is a very rich series of Japanese plants, the result of an extended permis Ac through. Japan last year by absence Sargent. The seeds of about 300 species were collected by. Sargent on this occasion, a large proportion of whieh are new to ipei. In this nursery too have been raised by Mr. Jaekson Dawson, a thoroughly Ue eultivator and expert propagator, some interesting and 45 beautiful hybrids between widely different roses. One series had for parents the Japanese rose, R. multiflora, and the well-known old garden rose, “General Jacqueminot.” Another set, perhaps destined to form a new race, is derived from R. d a prostrate anese rose with dark green glossy leaves and white flowers, first introduced to cultivation through the Arnold Arboretum o account t of the Arnold Arboretum “would be complete without mention of the “Silva of North America,” the most important con- tribution of the present century to dendrological literature; this work is inc by Professor Sargent in the building already mentioned, where too the artist attached to the establishment, Mr. C. E. Faxon pier a his beautiful illustrations. Tue JESUP COLLECTION OF Woops IN THE uini MUSEUM OF NATURAL History IN New 'T his vede as already stated, is a remarkable one; and it is within bounds Dur that the forest wealth of no other country is rA very useful uberior as it gives the gii td distribution. of att species, and its physical properties, &c. arge c aracteristic trunk specimens are exhibited, with few exceptions, in lar ge cabinets, a arranged re supplemented, in the case of trees of commercial importance, “ by Aie selected planks or burls, which often show better than “ logs the true industrial value of the wood.” They are about five feet high, each ni oe Pa "n popular ee ber scientific name, and the physical properties giv À map of the United States, with the a aig gam distribution: of the tree, Me T its area in a wild state being coloured red, accompanies each specim On swing cases life- size water-coloured drawi ings of many of the ‘species, by Mrs. C. S. Sargent, are already in position. RAILWAY GARDENING. Anyone interested in railway gardening should visit the different stations of the Boston and Albany line. Probably nowhere else in the Auburndale and Chestnut Hill two stations facies worth ity. A plan of the former, as well as a view of the station building and part of the grounds, are given in “ PETIT and Forest,” vol. ii, March 13 1889; those of the “latter in vol. i, April 3, 1889. One striking characteristic ^ all the stations on ‘the Boston and Albany road is the entire absence of * bedding A nursery e been. established by the Company, in which large numbers of native as well as exotic shrubs are propagated (in order to 46 cioe the banks of their suburban lines) This, as well as the horti- tural affairs of the Corporation, are under the management of Mr. E. L. Richardson. The grounds are all laid out with neatness and simplicity, exe are easy and inexpensive to maintain. At e of my visit a bank of a native rose (Rosa humilis) was clothed with : edo and a more beautiful sight it would be difficult to imagine. Bulbous plants and pereas which require little care are allowed to grow amongst the s The boundary fences were hidden. with masses of shrubs and climbers ; a few fine specimens of trees occupy positions on the fine lawns, an Ampelopsis Veitchi clothes the walls of the building, round which Forsythias, Berberis Thunbergi, and other ornamental shrubs form a charming fringe. competent judge has remarked :—“ It is not too much to say that * these Muni of the Pony ton and Albany railroad, taking buildings * and grounds together, are the best of their class in the world." It is believed that n ossis Sek found them a good business investment. WELLESLEY, THE RESIDENCE OF Mr, H. H. HUNNEWELL. “ The whole estate consists of two hundred acres.» About forty acres, l flat, sandy, arid plain in 1851, was more or less covered with a tangled growth of dwarf pitch pine, scrub oak, and birch, all of which were cut down and ploughed up.’ The Pinetum contains by far the most interesting collection of coni- ferous trees cultivated in America. A few of the more remarkable are Picea pungens (laden with cones at the time p: b! visit), a fine example of a blue form of P. alba, others of Abies concolor, beautiful specimens with bluish leaves, 4. brachyphylla, A, Veitchi A. cilicica, Picea ajanensis, P. polita, P. orientalis, Thuja rs 15 feet high, &c. r. Hunnewell considers P. ajanensis as one of t ost promising of all conifers. The Japanese Taxus cuspidata brevifolia does well here, and is as hardy as any native tree. One of the glories of Wellesley is a fine tree of Magnesia macrophylla, which one would hardly have any North American E th stately leaves are white beneath, some- times attaining three feet or more in length, and a blossom measured 14 inches across; in colour this was white, with a large purple blotch at the base of the inner petals. A bank of Kalmia latifolia was a magnificent mass of flowers; the late Dr. Asa Gray used to regard this species as the most beautiful of all pube plants. Rhododendron catawbiense and its progeny are largely grown at Wellesley; R. ponti- cum, ənd seedlings gees ed from it not being able to withstand the severe winters. ‘Two rhododendrons of garden origin, viz., R. myrti- folium (not the myrtifolhtà of Schott and Kotschy, a near ally of . ferrugineum) and R. Wilsoni, thrive well. e Japanese maples do well, and soms of them (Acer japonicum, for ae) are in late autumn amongst the most brilliantly coloured of all trees or shrubs; they are later in donning their autumnal garb than the American species. Cornus Kousa, perhaps better known under the name of Benthamia japonica, was still in flower at the time of my visit. Magnolia hypoleuca was in fruit, and must have been fine a short time before: this species has not yet produced flowers in Britain ; it is a noble foliage plant. Catalpa speciosa, already described in fpe s of t Profano Sarge 47 of double-flowered stems. Near the house was a fine specimen of Magnolia acuminata, 60 feet high, which had been planted quite small in 1853. A large tree of the weeping form of our European beech was also a conspicuous object. Clematis paniculata, a Japanese x at ak allied to the S. a mao C. Flammula, is a rapid grower, part of th the Here I ri saw tropical water lilies cultivated in the open air. Nelumbium speciosum was grown in a deep unheated tanks, but the Nymphea tank had a gen water pipe in the bottom; mn d them were N. Sturtevanti, N. dentata, N. devoniensis, and N. zanzi large number of tr ‘Spied p tender plants are either ‘plunged or planted out of doors during the summer and housed in winter. Among the tender shrubs was a fine pyramid, six feet high, of Ligustrum coriaceum, the best specimen I had ever seen From Boston TO WASHINGTON. On the morning of July 4th I left Boston for Washington. Im- mediately the first named town was left behind, the hedges and borders of woods near the railway were gay with the flowers of Sambucus canadensis. Our British chicory (Cichorium Intybus) grew vigorously in bare spots along the railway, and varied in — fr "y — blue to cars and rarely white. Other introduced we Ox-eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum), and Mito (Achillea Millefolium) whitened the banks in many places; these with red and white clover I subsequently tracked for — hundreds of miles; the former, indeed, was only lost sight of in the cotton-growing districts of the Southern States. Nuphar advena, the American representative of our yellow water-lily, was abundant in ponds. "e the woods, like yes nci of 1 firanebien: Myrica octane the e Stags-horn (Rhus typhina), Rosa humilis, and species of Conia: were common ; and Onoclea sensibilis and Asclepias petis the latter in fine flower, were to be seen everywhere. e White Pine ( Pinus Strobus) makes a striking ud seen either singly or in nin. and on dry banks and h ws and roadsides the Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), sometimes of ¢ ae er geret was oe Here and there a colony of Lilium canadense in flower made a fine display, and a fine rage d a mare ‘of Reidbachia, probably R. hirta, with orange-coloured ray florets and black-purple disk, was on d ive. gus The Virginian Creeper had climbed to the tops of iarge willows by ee sides, and in some spots various species of Vitis clothed some of trees, senema is the best-planted city I have yet seen. No less than ies and varieties of trees are used for avenues; eleven maples, eight poplars, five elms (among them our two common Euro ropean species), four oaks, three walnuts, three limes, € sri two planes, two gleditschins, and two birches are used e sively. Some of the more an avenue of which made “a beautifu picture—the Kentu tucky Coffee (Gymnocladus canadensis), the Tulip-tree ( Liriodendron tulipifera), Kolreuteria paniculata, Phellodendron amurense, the deciduous Cypress 48 ( Taxodium gains Paulownia imperialis, Cercis canadensis, Broussonetia yrifera, Catalpa bignonioides, &c. 'The European ^: r platanoides eiit better in Washington than the American r Maple, and that foria of the Eastern Plane known as Platanus acerifolia grows beret, and is preferable as a stroet tree to the native American Button-wood (P. occidentalis) both here and in the neigh- bourhood of Boso. As a rule in both gre the latter is much disfigured by the attacks of a microscopic fungus ( Gl@osporium). The Silver Maple (Acer dasycarpum) grows rapidly, but soon gets thin in the middle; in order to keep it in a satisfactory condition it has to be kept cut back. The Box Elder (Acer Negundo), A. Pseudo- platanus, and the Horse Chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum) are amongst the least satisfactory subjects. Mr. W. R. Smith, formerly of eel now the Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, is chairman of e Parks Committee, and to him is largely due the great success which = attended the efforts of this body. In some of the small squares flowering shrubs do wonderfully well; I noted along stagione Avenue, Forsythias, Prunus Pissardi, Pyrus japonica, Chimonanthus fragrans, Hibiseus syriacus variegatus, Ber- unbergi, &c. Amongst trees were fine examples of Miser. Willow, Kentucky Coffee, Tilia petiolaris, some American Oaks, Abele Po oplar. Fuchsias do well from ee to June ; after that the temperature becomes too high for t As a rule, it is too hot also for the great majority of open-air iem s plants. Many sapih oa or tropical plants do wonderfully well bedded out during the summer months; among these I noted Crotons (Codizums), finely nied Des modium gyrans, the ir il plant, grows freely and ripens seed in the open. also grows vigorously and flowers profusely. Paullinia Valicirides makes a charming edging, as also do Perts- Stigmaphyllon ciliatum—-with us a climber in the Palm Stove— gro does Ivy or Virginian Creeper at Kew, and in August and September uces a profusion of yellow flowers. hrynium variegatum does well in inte , bedded out in full sun burns. Other stove plants which do well in the open are Phyllanthus P. ni J Dracæ an treated as bedding is ipn as do scarlet geraniums in England. Ina large unheated basin, about 120 feet in diameter, Nelumbium speciosum, tropical water-lillies, and Victoria regia, produce a fine effect. The latter had not fully developed at the time of my visit, but I was informed that last year a plant covered a space of 49 feet in diameter, and some of the leaves measured 7 feet 7 inches across. One of the most noteworthy of the Nymphwas was one named N. pygmea hybrida, a charming small-leaved plant with pale canary-yellow petals, and deep yellow staraens. A huge mass of tall-growing grasses about 40 yards in diameter was very telling; the centre was made up of the Provence Reed (Arundo rcd di and round this were clumps of Erianthus Ravenne, Miscan- japonicus (Eulalia japonica), and Miscanthus sinensis (Buti gracillima of gardens), &c.; the ss anpes grass had already all been killed by i t g wi Cynodon Dacty lon forms the bulk of the ung: of the lawns, it stands 49 drought well, but turns brown and becomes disfigured when frost comes The Soldiers' Home, situated on high ground outside the city, is surrounded by fine grounds containing many remarkable specimens native we exotic trees. On dry banks and along roadsides not far nicera japonica has become naturalised in great quantity, and has "al the appearance of a truly native plant. In the woods, Smilax n orien S. rotundifolia Podophyllum peltatum, Goodyera pubescens, Chimaphila umbellata were seen; all these are desirable Hs beautiful garden plants cultivated at Kew. A mass of the Indian Pipe (Monotropa uniflora), with about 100 stems about 9 inches high, each bearing 2 large waxy-white flower, was a l sight; I am not aware that anyone has yet succeeded in cultivating this handsome parasite. WASHINGTON TO Roan MOUNTAIN. On the evening Es July 6th I left Washington for Johnson City, Tennessee, a distance of 455 miles. After leaving Pulaski, a pleasant summer resort at the foot of the Alleghanies, I saw Rhododendron maximum in flower in the woods through which the railway passes, Kalmia latifolia was also conspicuous, and Jtea virginica with its racemes of white flowers. Ceanothus americanus was in flower sunny bluffs, anc in damp spots Cimicifuga racemosa, the Black Snake- root, threw up its stems upwards of 6 feet high, bearing long racemes of white tlowers. The Vi iper’s Bugloss (Echium vulgare), a Sablon weed introduced to and naturalised in the United States, afforded m of blue in the pastures, and also in dry wild uncultivated s spots; in mee parts of Vinge. Tennessee ad Par. and South Carolina this plant has become a very troublesome weed. From Johnson City a oni Sei railway ruus to Crasher, through the Doe River Canon, 1,500 feet deep, one of the most wild and picturesque spots in Eastern North America. ‘Some of the trees and shrubs noted here in a wild state were the tulip- poe Sassafras, Castanea americana, Magnolia acuminata, Platanus dentalis, several species of Cornus, Viburnum, Ceanothus ameri- canus, Bhodode ndron maximum and dina Coniac grew everywhere Mong the ues of the wood above the watere tain Station I noted Oxyden 2e arboreum, Mitchella ee in E and fruit on damp rock ee the Mayflower of the New Englanders ae Oe) a beautiful ericaceous trailin x shrub not very e in Britain, Adiantum pedatum Aspidium RU bh "The mountain road which runs from Roan Mountain Station (2,700 feet above the sea level) to Cloudlands, an hotel built on the summit an Roan Mountain, 6,315 feet above sea level, and said to be the highes human habitation east of the Rocky Mountains, is about 12 miles ane and part of the distance runs - through exceedingly rich deciduous forests. No visitor interested i n trees could fail to be struck by the the most primitive fashion, the fine trees were ** deadened," i.e., killed by ringing, and thé dead stems allowed to stand until they rotted and fell. The following description is from the gom of the late Dr. Asa Gray, in 1884, at Montreal:—*'The Alleghany or Appalachian Mo. Bot. Garden. 50 * Mountains which separate the waters of the Atlantic side from those * of the Mississippi in North Carolina and the * ndjacent borders of Tennessee, rise to their highest altitude, and take * on more picturesque forms. On their sides the Atlantic forest, * especially its deciduous Hed portion, is still to be seen to great * advantage, nearly ia pristine condition, and composed of a greater * variety of genera and species se in any other temperate region, * excepting Japan. And in their shade are the greatest variety and * abundance of shrubs, and a acil share of the most peculiar T TP genera. This is the special home of onr Rhododendrons, * Azaleas and Kalmias—at least here they flourish in greater number * und in “iat luxurious Sa ae Saison pie maximum, which is * found in a scattered s far north as the vicinity of * Montreal, and Kalmia latifolia (both called Yael even become * forest trees in some places. More commonly they are shrubs, * forming dense thickets or steep —Q sides, through which the . “ traveller can make his way only by follow old bear paths, or by s. Only * many handsome forms in English grounds, and on the higher wooded * glo the yellow and the flame-coloured Azalea calendulacea ; on * the lower, the pink A. nudiflora and the more etr A. arborescens, * along with the common and widespread A. viscosa Em. distribution. With rarest exceptions plants which are mon to this country and Europe extend well northward. But on rii summits from Southern Virginia to Carolina, yet nowhere else, we find, |, undoubtedly identical with the European species, the Lily of the Valley." There are three distinet zones of vegetation, the lower is m limited by maize, which is grown in small quantities in the forest openings; some of the trees and shrubs noted in this belt were Rhodo- dendron maximum, Kalmia latifolia, Magnolia acuminata, M. Fraseri, H, Lentes de arborescens, Ceanothus americanus, Prunus Lei iva Castanea americana, Tulip tree (twenty feet in girth), Aesculus — a. In the tisieitüleilinto belt, which ra gm es from the upper limit of maize cultivation to the lower limit o ododendron — many of the trees of the lower belt also occur, gon as we ascend various birches, Nyssa, Bass-wood, enormous beeches, &c. take their places, becoming more stunted, untl the third zone is reached, and a sub-alpine flora obtains— m raseri, Picea nigra, Pyrus americana, Crataegus coccinea, C. punctata, Alnus viridis and Rhododendron catawbiense being the characteristic trees or shrubs. Small shrubs are Leiophyllum buxifolium, Vaccinium erythrocarpum (a species recently introduced to this country through the Arnold Arboretum), Menzie sta ferruginea, Ribes rotundifolium, R. Cynosbati. A few of the herbaceous plants of adm belt are Bluets (Houstonia serpyllifolia), Houstonia purpur Saxifraga leucanthemifolia, Potentilla tridentata, the rare Lim um Grayi—s beautiful lily which under cultivation at Kew attains pro- portions never seen in its native habitats, Pedicularis canadensis, &c. Too much space would - necessary to give anything like a list of the = number of trees noted on Roan Mountain. My best thanks for information and Peas sae time and trouble in guiding me to spots T sold not otherwise have seen during a few days stay in this LA emis are due to the Rev. Dr. Edson and his son, Mr. Elmer 51 Jounson City ro St, Louis. Quercus alba, the White Oak, is a very common tree about Johnson City, and attains a large size. The Hemlocks have been mostly cut down both for their timber and for the bark which is in "e demand for tanning purposes. n Watausee Park, a piece of round reserved as a park for Johnson City, 1 ‘noticed some occurred in large numbers, alsc the iai or e PAn ong (Pl e ba o Willow, Black Walnut, Sugatbeer yo Seea (Celtis occidentalis) were clothed to their very tops in z deis of Virginian Creeper, Aristolochia, &c., and the long pendent ene Eke branches gave quite a tropical aspect to the scene. The large red pods of the Honey Locust (Gleditschia wiciehnthos) were iil conspieuous and easily recognised in the mass of greenery. Both apples and peaches were argely grown about here, and in the gardens near houses fine plants of Hibiscus syriacus, and here and there Lagerstrimia indica. About Bridgport, in Alabama, the Trumpet-creeper (Tecoma radicans) was finely in flower on the railway banks, and high up 5 trees bordering the Railway was Bignonia capreolata also in flow The Willow Oak ( Quercus Phellos), the Post Oak (Q. obtusiloba), the. Black Jack (Q. "teen - Sie MORE (Diospyrus virginica) were conspicuous in the ne rough which the railway Belamcanda chinensis, or as pAr more frequently called Pardanthus pe the deciduous trees, in more or | py ts, the Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) of considerable size was quent. Close bere too first Co fields were noti beautiful leguminous plant was growing in masses on the — banks ; this was probably C. occidentalis, a tropical American species naturalised in the Southern States. Near Larkinsville a weed E Fig (Opuntia, probably O. vulgaris) was growing amongst ro immense cymes of Sambucus canadensis were noticed along the uit banks every where. Leaving Cairo for Du Quoin, in addition to nearly all the trees, &c., above mentioned, I noticed masses of Aralia spinosa in flower along the railway, and gorgeous breaks of colour furnished by masses of Phlox paniculata—the parent of so many of our popular garden Phloxes, and "Rudbechia hirta ; the flowers of the former were borne in large panicles, and were uen purple in colour, the flower-heads of the latter were orange yellow y florets) and black purple (disk). One of our commonest native S (Verbascum Thapsus), introduced into the New World, was abundant here. I had never missed a day without showed above the dwarfer ring of the railway Ganka: its tall stems terminated by racemed panicles of white flowers. In many parts of the country the only bits of undisturbed prairie ground are the strips desires to M an idea of what the aboriginal prairie flora was like in these region 52 Asclepias tuberosa, the butterfly-weed or Pleurisy-root, in dry spots fortlibed pomnog masses of bright orange-red flowers ; the plant grows from one to two feet high, and is one òf the showiest species of the genus. Red Birch (Betula nigra) of great size were noticed here and there in swampy spots. In the backwaters of the Tennessee River the yellow Lotus ( Nelumbium eu occurred in large quantities ; this stately and beautiful plant, even vear its native habitats, is difficult to abia and a charming Cassia, about a foot high with a wealth of lar ge yellow flowers; this is the Partridge Pea, Cassia Chamecrista. Here wamps, I noticed the * Large Cane," Arundinaria macrosperma making alise impenetrable ** canebrakes." THe Missourrt BOTANICAL GARDEN, Or, as it is more commonly called, Shaw’s Garden, founded und endowed by Henry Shaw, an Eng glishma n, who went to America in 1819, and ‘settled at St. Louis, where he pra oan a fortune. . Shaw was a great lover of plants, and brought together a very con- siderable collection to which he freely admitted the public. About 1858 he conceived and began to put into execution a plan for converting his garden into a scientifie institution, somewhat after the model of Kew. Mr. Shaw died in 1889, and lefi nearly the whole of his estate, appraised at about a million and a third dollars, as an endowment for the garden. This endowment consists dios entirely i in real estate, some of whicli, in the business part of the Eo yields a large revenue ; but the greater part of the land is in the immediate — of the garden, and at present yields no income, ibbogh i in time it promises to produce a very large maintenance fund. U nder the wili of Mr. Shaw, the garden 1s tain rmits are given to photographers, but with the A" thata print of each negative taken shall be sent to the director, v. it th s rmission to publish or otherwise use it in case he should see fit io do An — experiment is now being tried in the tech edition of nere, ‘The trustees have established six scholarships of four med ARAS 1 for pupils who have passed a pre- liminary x sco agen to the satisfaction of the director ; these jim. are paid a sufficient sum to cover their board, and they are all lodged cops sois have the use of a reading room, containing the prineipal xt books on gardening and the leading eurrent American as well as ) English ae other foreign horticultural periodicals. During the first year of their apprenticeship the pupils must work at the puse duties of the garden nine or ten hours daily, exactly the same as the ee ar employés. After the first year, one half of each day is given to m work the remainder being devoted to class work, of which a oobi thought out scheme has been p ublished by the direc tor. Should, however, a pupil not show sufficient ability i in his work and studies to satisfy the director that it is ape for the scholarship to be held by him, he forfeits his claim to i 53 Jnder the eee oy management of Dr. W. adler the director, a fine free library has been got together and well a d the large collections of the late Dr. Engelmann, of St. Louis, are kept distinct, but the Bernhardi herbarium is merged into the general col- ection from the botanical one, w cds is partieularly rich in E Mengen literature. A museum, too, is one of the features of the Gar Some of the ces collectio ons herb are notable, especially the Cacti, , &c. The s are good, and one particularly interesting fact connected with cmd is s that they are grown out of doors in summer and kept in a hollow-walled dark roofed house, double-glazed at both ends and front, in a low temperature (40°-45° Fahr.) during winter. Pandanus Veitchi, and other similar plants which do so well outside during sum- m are all kept as dry as possible, only enough water being given to prevent the plants on actually parching. Tropical N ymph:zeas, Euryale ferox, Eichornia speciosa (Pontederia crassipes) do des and were flowering ea in tanks or in tubs sunk in the ground ou At St. ao tuberous-rooted Begonias refuse s grow 5 it is apparently too hot for the Roses do not thrive so well as in ngland; a cover- ing of six caches of pine seid is necessary to protect them from the severity of the winters—5° to 7^ below zero in or — winters ; ; once in 20 years or so the thermometer falls for a short time to — 20° Fahr. Pandanus, Sanchezia nobilis, Acalyphas, Vinea ros ea, Codizums (Crotons), Hibiseus rosa-sinensis and other plants which in England require stove treatment do well bedded out at St. Louis. The Arboretum contains a good collection of deciduous trees, but nearly all those planted by Mr. Shaw are in straight lines, and conse- quently present a very formal aspect. The Norway Spruce at one time eems to have beer so man ree. Fine deciduous Cypresses, Abies nor ER Ginkgos, White Pine, and a remarkable Pinus banksiana are amongst the most noteworthy of the Conifers In the Arboretum advantage has been taken of a water supply to make a Lily pond, the ur of which are fringed by numbers of native moisture-loving plants. A bog garden, too, is of special interest here, and in special beds among the trees are cultivated between 1, 2,000 native herbs and undershrubs. The Missouri Botanieal Garden Sr. Lours ro CHICAGO. sides many of the plants already mentioned as DUE been seen Bes on the railway banks, I noted before arriving at hicago masses of the Prairie Rose (R. setigera, the only wild climbing rose in growers, and it should be more frequently seen in this country ; it is extremely hardy, and produces a profusion of flowers of deep rose C 79921. B 54 colour changing to white. Vernonia noveboracensis, a tall-growing ha Silphium laciniatum, with its large cut leaves disposed in open places so as to present their edges north and south, was abundant, and so also was S. terebinthaceum, the Prairie Dock, a still taller plant with large uncut ovate leaves; the flower heads of the former are somewhat racemed and are larger than those of the Prairie Dock, whose tall stems 6 to 10 feet high, bear panicles of small yellow heads. CHICAGO. In order to give some idea of the difficnlties encountered by those who had to prepare Jackson Park for the purposes of the ** Columbian ur end it may be well to quote the feiosihe extract from a La e Architecture of the f euni an n Institute y itects, and a resumé of which was published in * Garden and Forest " for August 30th, 1893. “To ordinary obser- “ vation, Jackson Park was a forbidding place. At different periods * sandbars h [ ix shore, ‘and parallel with it. The landward one of these, gradually * rising, had at length attained an elevation above the surface of the * water, and within this bar a pool or lagoon was formed. Gradually * these lagoons had been filled nearly to the brim with drifting sand * of it, that had not been artificially pab otherwise, consisted of three * ridges of beach sand, with intervening swales occupi y bogg * vegetation. Upon the two inner ridges vegetable mould had gathered “and scattered groups of oaks and other trees had sprung up. After all the operations of drainin ading, and top-soiling the * land, the great bulk of the planting operations had to be completed * in one fall and spring, two years bei ing the longest time at command £4 e had to be cov * with a graceful and intricate green drapery of varied tints and i ercial i * were prepared to furnish the material. The chief reliance was * placed upon willows of the shrubby sorts, in large variety, and such * herbaceous bog and water-side plants as flags, cat-tails, rushes, irises, * and pond lilies, most of which had to be gathered for the purpose * from loealities on the shores of lakes ss swamps in Illinois and Wisconsin. In this work, 100,000 willows, 75 car-loads of her- * baceous plants, 140,000 other aquatic plants, and nearly 300,000 * ferns and other herbaceous plants were used." To Dr. Olmsted and his partner, the late Mr. Codman, visitors to Chicago — been able to see a perfect buic of true art in the management of the lagoons, and, in my mind, the water-margins will remain impressed as the most wonderful thing I saw in the ** White City." A succession of native plants followed each other in Biwer there was no sign of ne wes, mapep looked as if it did not owe its position to human * e » pen great Horticultural e a huge stru principal msan ree. (187 feet in diameter and ud “et high, w oe ^0! in de dene: area with the pavilions at 55 altogether an unsuitable structure in which to grow plants, some of the latter showing unmistakeable signs of distress very soon after ed in it. either planted out or arranged in groups in tubs. Several States had collected from many contributors large palms and other specimen des of unequal merit as regards cultivation. f the best from a gardening point of view was the exhibit of Ontario. Here diy. à the specimens were not particularly large, but nearly all oneg grower. A series of eight greenhouses, 24 feet by 100 feet, were used to keep up a ums ; of flowering and foliage plants. In these were raised, under identical conditions, large lots of cyclamens, Pod cinerarias, &c., from ms sent by numerous British, Continental, and American grow ers, At t time of my visit the houses contained some very fine Caladiums, e of which had been sent by various nurserymen. ood lot of chrysanthemums were also being grown on for autumn exhibition ; not placed in the open air during summer as with us, probably the i po bility of being able to command snfficient moisture in the atmosphere Sep. mpgs glass is the reason for this method of cultivation. —Rem narkably fine groups of cactaceous plants were exhibited by LASER and by Mrs. Nickels, Laredo, Texas. Both these were collected plants dug up and transplanted on rockeries ; probably no plants in cultivation in Europe equal them in size and beauty. The largest exhibit of cacti was that of A. Blanc & Co., of Philadelphia, but most of these, including some large specimens of Cereus giganteus, which were flowering freely at the time of my arrival, were arranged in large beds on the front esplanade. Some of the most noteworthy are Echinocactus Le Contei, six feet high, £. Wislizeni, over five 2 = high, E. Pfeifferi, nearly five feet in circumference, an spherical masses of E. Grusoni, a handsome plant with long eA yellow spines. Masses of Manillarta, Echinocereus, &c., were also especially attractive. ts.—On the front esplanade of the Horticultural Building, the beds in the turf which had, in spring, been filled with pansies, were in mid July planted with cannas. In the United States cannas are amongst the most popular of all outdoor ornamental piants: they revel in the heat and bright sunshine. Large series of plants exhibited by Vaughan (Chicago), spike ee (New York), 2a and Craig Madame Crozy still AE to hold the first place for s size and beauty of | flower, and vigour as well as habit. € bus raised by Mr. Kanst, of — Washington Park, Chicago, and na by him * Nicholson," has the habit of Madame Crozy, and is the t 3e of its class I have seen; it has clear a canary-yellow flowers and light cdm leaves.) The best cannas, besides those just mentioued, appear to be Cabos, Alphonse Bouvier, Michel Coluvrat, Gustav Zehnholz, Capitaine B. de . Suzzoni, Florence Vaughan, J. C. Vaughan, Mademoiselle de Crillon, and Seeretary Stewart. Plunged in the turf near the California State Building, a structure fashioned after the style of the Old Mission Buildings, I noticed in flower on July 18, Poinciana Gilliesii, Pomegranate, Euphorbia splendens, Jasminum vevolutum (gown with a clear stem, and with a fine bushy head), Romneya Coulteri, some remarkably fine tea rose bushes, oranges, aud oleanders. Foliage plants were also in abundance, insing B2 : 56 ding Yucca Whipplei, four feet across, E rythea armata, E. edulis, and several other palms, and a fine silver tree ( Leucadendron argenteum y» a Cape plant not easy to cultivate in Bri The Florida State building, a reproduction of Old Fert Marion, or St. Augustine, the oldest structure in America, was surrounded by a forest of Yucca alotfolia of various sizes. In front of the building erected by di Territories of Arizona, New Mexico, i Oklahoma, there were some very fine succulents, a Cereus omens 15 feet high, with a crested head 4 feet across, Hehinocactus Wislizeni, Agaves, Fouquiera splendens, &c. The anion surrounding the seprodhction of the Convent of La Rabida ished E. eb treated from any other spot in the grounds. Here, ake shore, Elymus arenarius formed large masses, Artemisia, Cineraria maritima, dwarf Opuntias, large Agaves, Dasylirions, Phormium tenax, Glaucium luteum, and sheets of Portulaca in ful eto: formed a curious yet pleasing pie mers i the sland " was the Rosary, covering an acre’ in PU dpi soy laid out in geometri — fashion. The roses here, as well as elsewher: n the grounds, appeared to have done well, and to have given whom are een pt wit verdes methods, do not grow standard roses. Gladioli and lilies were planted in the rose beds, and the former were flowering during my visit. Tuberous begonias and dahlias were poor; the climate seems too hot for them. e only good begonias I saw were in the gardens of Professcr Sargent, at Holm Lea. Phloxes, as might be expected, do well; stocks, zinnias, Ta carnations were poor. ne of the features which could not fail to strike even the most superficial prd ines with any knowledge of gardening, was the wonderful display of fruit. A constant supply of fresh fruit was regularly kept up, and a lengthy report would be becestary to give even a faint idea of the importance of this branch of the * Exposition.” Museum specimens, i.e., fruits preserved in various solutions in order to exhibit their charactere when fresh specimens were not to be , were finer here pera I had ever seen them. In the California Building were admirable es of oranges, goce olives, apples, pears, peaches, &c. Many of the exbibitors had methods of their own, which they refused to divulge. With some fruits à rere acid solution was successful; with others chloride of zine and boracic acid solutions do better. Alcohol bleaches and this is evidently not much used. To very weak solutions of boracie acid and chloride of zine an addition of glycerine is needed in order to make the fluid as nearly as possible of the same density as the fruit arri Otherwise such thiu- icem fruits as peaches, &c., soon crack and spoi end of July onwards, lily of the valley v was well shown; the Pri are kept in ** cold storage," and only brought into heat about ñ fortnight or three weeks before they are wanted in flower, these were exhibited by Ernest Asmus, a large grower at West Hoboken, New ersey. ; A charming feature in Washington Park is the lily ponds; of these there are three, on different levels, so as to secure a flow of water ; * two of the third is unheated. The heated ponds are dedicated to the Victoria Regia, topical water due &c., the third to various aquatics. Eichornia 51 azurea and E. speciosa raa a mass of flower. Here it has been found desirable to raise Nymphea zanzibarensts and N. dentata annually from seeds, instead of trying i" winter the tubers ; seeds are sown in August of each year and are kept going in small tanks under glas. In a small with such limited accommodat At the entrance to the lily ponds a group of Oleanders, plonged^ in the turf, produced a fine effect; these plants are stored duri ing winter in a dark shed just kept clear of frost. Lincoln Park.— his noble park, upwards of 34G acres in extent, has been created from a succession of sand dunes, with a swale or two intervening. The low ground did not produce black soil enough to give a covering to the surface of the park of more than an inch in ‘thickness, so in order to supply food for the trees and turf, dressings of manure and soil must be constantly given. The lily ponds here are more extensive than those of Washington Park. In 1889 advantage was taken of a depression between two sand dunes, and two ponds were made of irregular outline, with walls and bottom of cement concrete. One of these was heated so as to permit the cultivation of Victoria regia and tropical water-lilies. This attempt was so successful that the following year a third pond was formed in a ravine still further north. The tender water-lilies are planted in large flowers of Nymphea zanzibarensis measured 13 inches across, those of .N. dentata, N. Sturtevanti, and N. devoniensis were also proportionately large ; a plant t of the last named was 18 feet across, and ena number of its large red flowers. The Nelumbiums are not ge in winter like the tender lilies, but are permanently planted out in the unheated ponds ; now and then, during winter, musk-rats find their way under the ice and play havoe with the rhizomes ^ Limnocharis, Aichornia, and many genera which have to be grown under aede in England make a brave show under the hotter sun of Illinois. Colocas fine rti and other beautiful foliage and flowering plants sión the ban Areal interesting. and popular feature is a noble herbaceous collec- tion. This is arranged on each side of a glassy glade about 900 feet long, the borders following the sinuosities of the backing of trees and obsides canipanulas, and other native and exotic perennials, were thriving admirably. re irse group of houses, fourteen in number, were interesting rin ries from many pus of view. They are probabiy the sig x of plant houses in America. ens use of perishable materials in their MR cett - been avoided as much as possible. of steel and glass, even to dé glazing bars, which are of steel ( Helliweel petat) The glass is rough-ribbed plate, quarter inch in thickness. In the palm house all the specimens were planted out and were growing vigorously; palms, cycads, ferns, ficus, &c., were in the rudest health ; the dorik was selaginella, &e. The entire group of houses is fitted with an apparatus which automatically regulates the heating aud ventilation; the steam valves are worked by compressed air, and there is a thermostat in each house. The boilers are above 350 feet 58 distant from the palm house, and any difficulty arising from friction in the pipes (for hot water can be, and is, used as well as steam) or by violating the laws of gravitation, is overcome by a steam pump in the return pipe near the “boiler. We learn from the Superintendent’s Report, dated January Ist, 1892, that the heating apparatus has abun- dantly fulfilled the conditions i imposed; ‘an even temperature of 58° to * 60? being maintained during the coldest night of this winter, when * the thermometer reached 19? below zero, with a strong wind blowing.” The Waukegan Nurseries—The nurseries of Messrs. R. Dou uglas and Sons are situated on the western shore of Lake Michigan, about 35 miles north of Chicago. Mr. Douglas has an extraordinary practical knowledge of native American trees, having observed them for 50 years or more under widely different conditions. Here was siis begun the raising of conifers from seed on a vast scale. After many experiments and some costly failures, Mr. Douglas AG aa that the methods pursued in England could not be trusted in the hot, dry climate of the United States, but he finally succeeded in securing proper conditions e shade and moisture by the device of covering high — with t leafy boughs of forest trees. Under such frame es, at the time of "e visit in mid July, I saw hundreds of thousands of fine healthy seedlings of such plants as the white pine, European larch, Colorado pu spruce (Picea mu^ white spruce ( Picea alba), Abies concolor, The Colorado Douglas fir is also grown here largely, the form from the Pacific Coast ding not hardy. Here also I had the pleasure of seeing probably the first seedlings ever raised of the weeping spruce, Picea reweriana, a rare conifer first figured in the Gardeners’ Chronicle for April 17th, 1886. The trees grow on the north side of the highest peaks of the Siskiyou range in N. California, where in winter the snow lies 15 or 20 feet deep, so it may be presumed that the species wiil be hardy enough with us; it is to be hoped that it will thrive under culti- vation, as there are but few groups known in a wild state, consisting of. few individuals. Some of the strange forms of conifers propago and prunis Írom Waukegan are the very dwarf, compact form of t arborvite known as Douglas's little gem, the "Waukegan e juniper (J. Sabina, var. prostrata), a silver-tipped A a golden form of the same species, and a remarkably den en d juniper. I had the opportunity of seeing and examining in flower Teas' hybrid catalpa in the nursery ; it is intermediate between C. Kempferi and bignonioides, and is hardy at Waukegan, whilst C. bignonioides cannot withstand the severity of the wi inters. In a second-growth wood on high ground, not far from Mr. Douglas’s nursery, in a spece hardly more than an acre in n extent, I count ted an noted no less than 24 species of trees and shrubs, and as unde oath observed the American cowslip (Dodecat/eon Meadia), bere called shooting star, Adiantum pedatum, Osmunda, Indian 'T triphyllum), Podophyllum Lowe x tllium sessile, conspicuous hy reason of its blotched leaves and purple flowers, and in open spots Lilium superbum and Campanula americana. On low ground by Lake Michigan, at a spot called Big Dead.River, I saw European larch, Scotch fir, and Austrian pine, which had been planted.by Mr Douglas; all were thriving aud promised to etim timber trees. On the sand dunes the most characteristic plant was the creeping juniper J. Sabina, var. prostrata, which makes a dense green carpet a few inches indi and binds the sand, a task it- shared in some ae with ` 59 Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, a much more vigor ous form than the one we are accustomed to see in Europe. Ceanothus, Potentilla fruticosa, Betula pumila, Amorpha canescens, Rosa SU A Hypericum kalmia- amongst the shruhs noted. In damp spots amongst grass were large numbers of Calopogon pulchellus, a pretty terrestrial orchid with large rose-purple flowers; Yradescentia virginica, Actea spicata, var. rubra. with its racemes of red berries; Lysima longifolia, a graceful loose- strife, well worth a place in English gardens; and coccinea, with its bright scarlet bracts; in this of the country the species in damp spots the mocassin flower, Cypripedium spectabile, ot hand- somest species of the genus in North America, was not uncomm Mount Hore Nurseries, ROCHESTER. The sole reason for my stay in Rochester was to see the famous nurseries of Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry. Surrounding the offices of the firm is au extensive lawu studded with specimens of rare trees and shrubs; and the belt d ornamental trees, &c. which separates the Weed ground from the lawn in question, and also from the street, full of good shane the full history of each being known to the proprietors Amon ‘the e specimens on the lawn I pet a large eo rii conspicua and a very tine cutleaved European birch ; this i is a a charming tree in America, and seems to grow better there than in England; any sate, I have never seen such beautiful trees n. this country as T ea scen in sueh widely separated places as Washington, St. Louis, Rochester, New York, &c. Our native Viburnum posses has an ‘honourable place, and is valued for its brightly coloured fruits. At Kew this is like proportions. A fine Ulmus montana, var. superba, a large-leaved form of our wych elm, was, Mr. Ellwanger informed me, a year-old plant received from Van Houtte in 1942. e finest specimen of Fagus sylvatica, var. crispa, I ever saw is here; it is about 30 feet high. Good trees of Pinus ponderosa and the Austrian pine, which does well here, were among the best conifers e nurseries cover an area a of 600 acres, about 400 of which are devoted to young fruit trees. Everywhere there was cultivation and clean, well-grown stock. The fruit trees for sale are used for the next few 5 years. Under Sry Founda insects or fungoid diseases, uc do not cause any trouble, and in the latter half of qon the stock was a perfect picture of health and vigour. * verywhere acts aceordiig to the maxim that what is worth doing is Worth doing well. One remarkable feature of the place is a large collection of nearly 400 varieties of pears in a fruiting state, apples, < cherries, plums, &¢., on a proportionately equally large e scale, No similar attempt, on so broad a e, has been made in America either by individuals or by Govern- 60 ment. Although so many varieties are grown, comparatively few are propagated, only those, in fact, which, by actual observations spread over many years, have proved to be the best of their — classes. Amongst herbaceous plants the same principle obtains; phloxes are imported as soon as sent out in Europe, these are grown side by € and duly proved, only the best being catalogued. Am ongst herbaceous plants I was struck with a large plot of our birds’ foot trefoil (Lena corniculatus), probably a greater number of plants than exist under cultivation in all the gardens of England put together. n experimental vineyard of 20 acres was a fine sight. All the different varieties of Vines which thrive in the open air here are ex- perimentally tested, and only those propagated which satisfy the firm years ago. oting Pen aee get the other varieties will not stand in this part of New York Sta In this Weiphboudited Gleditschia triacanthos, the Honey Locust, is largely used as a hedge plant, and if properly attended to makes n fence. At Mount Hope Cemetery I noted the finest Hibiscus syriacus I ever saw, vnde bushes 18 feet high and as much hinh. laden with flowers DosonRis. This is the name of a small island lying on the north shore of Lon ng Island, New York. It was bought about 20 years ago by Mr. Charles A Dada, its present proprietor, and now the entire island, about 45 acres in picea is all garden. A sea wall is built all around the island, and itis now draped and festooned with Lycium vulgare (Matrimony Vine) a plant ie from Europe and now naturalized in man places, the Bitter-Sweet (Celastrus scondént 5 6 Sija species of r the banks, exposed to the lashing of storms, are the Locu t (Rebinia i Pseudacacia), Juniperus virginiana, the Wax Myrtle ( M; psc cerifera), the Button-Bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), the White M A eee y (Morus alba), &c. Many of these stand T and wind well, and some of them vi their roots almost in the salt water. An excellent objeet lesson in seaside planting can be obtained "i a visit to Doso and then a high tide comes over some of the shrubberies and thé results are noted. Spiræa prunifolia does well even where sprayed with salt water; S. Thunbergi wil not grow at all under such conditions. Taxodium distichum var. pendulum, a very curious form t com deciduous cypress of the Southern United States, more generally known under the name of Gly obus pendulus, is o good seaside tree. Quercus obtusiloba, about the northern limit of its range, makes a stately tree. LJ 61 Perhaps m Slory of Dosoris is the large collection of Conifers. A number of these thrive which cannet withstand the severity of the winter buie otto Perhaps the largest Wellingtonia (Sequoia gigantea on the eastern side merican continent is to be seen besoin thin; ake head is cut out, and the consequence is that lateral branches are kept from getting bare and unsightl a year or two new leaders (al hich are out except aa are formed and compactly grown ornamental rrini are ther TOW Azaleas, the Ghent werte are largely gros and a hedge of 1. amena was the finest I ever saw. Mulching is practised largely with these, and most ther plants at Dosoris, and the value of this pro- tection both against excessive drought in summer and frost in winter cannot well be over-estimat ed. Gardening altogether is wave well done, a former Kew man, . W. Falconer, is in charg KisskNA NURSERIES. ese nurseries, the present head of which is Mr. Samuel B. Parsons, are situated at Flushing, Long Island. They were. soe pe more than 50 years ago, and the influence they have exert o be seen in the well planted streets of this pleasant town. The Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) made a stately avenue, so did the Over cup Oak (Q. macro- carpa); the former does well but es opem apparently She the hot summers of its native land to enable o thrive, as I have never seen outside the United States such fine v as are to be found at Pré and elsewhere. The Silver Maples (Acer dasycarpum) is, as in most other eastern American towns, a fine simae and street tree. The White Willow (Salix alba), naturalized i in many places, does well, as a street tree, and presents a graceful and picturesque outline. Taxodium distichum var. pendulum in thirty years has grown rapidly and formed tall narrow based pyramids of great beauty. The Sweet Gum (Liqui- dambar styraciflera) is also a successful tree for town streets; fine examples are to be seen here ^ Other street trees noted are Tilia platyphyllos, English Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway Maple (Acer platanoides), Sugar Maple (A. saccharinum), and Tulip tree. On groun formerly occu upied by the nursery stand the finest specimen of Pseudolarix Ke ri I ever saw, astately tree 50 feet high. Not far off, also on the old nursery ground, stands the finest weeping beech I ever saw ; this was planted in 1842. It is upwards of 60 feet high, and the circumference of the circle where the hanging branches meet the ground was 180 feet five years ago, The trunk is s 6 feet in circumference 3 feet from the ground, and a man standing by it is perfectly concealed from those without the - circle by the thick curtain of foliage. Near this I noticed a plant of Mag- nolia macrophylla 35 years old, whieh was 40 feet in — with a spre of branches about 40 feet. Other noteworthy trees were Picea orientalis 50-60 feet, ey Pers 1 50 age Abies cephalonica 50 feet, a very large tree of th e Beech, &c. Crategus Pyracant tha was noted as an excellent ledet la In grounds near the residence of Mr. Parsons I noticed a w onderfully fine specimen of the c ut-leaved form of our English ,an finest specimen I ever saw of Tilia petiolaris, a —— tree 70 feet high, whieh Mr. Parsons informed me was 50 years old. Japanese 62 maples are very fine here, as well as many other choice Japanese shrubs. Many trees collected by Dr Hall Mr. Hogg, and other American travellers in Japan first found their way pro general en throug the Flushing nurseries, and as a. conseque there are finer specimens f some species here than are to be seen ke Pere ; ; Uijeihie stellata, 12 feet bigh, is a case in point. Vitis inconstans (better known as ` Ampelopsis Veitchi) has climbed in 10 years 60 feet up an old tree. A large bush of Cercis chinensis, 15 feet high, and as much through, was the largest specimen of the species I ever saw. We saw and admired a goo IDEO a fine Weeping Hemlock, and noteworthy specimen of We ng Sophora, Tamarix chinensis, 35 feet high, Magnolia inda, 50 feet high (this last is no ess known in a wild state, and is generally regarded as a form M. ‘acuminata ; Mr. Parsons states that it comes true from seed). "The trunk of a double cla. cherry 5 or 6 feet through near the ground, separates a little r up into eight or ten trunks, each as ig as the stem of an palais cherry tree 5 3 the height is between 60 and 70 feet. Just opposite Mr. Parsons’ I noticed a fine fastigiate form of the Sugar Maple, which chevy à be à goin favourite, particularly where shade trees are wanted, but where suffieient room is not available for the = spreading type e on the influence of stock on scion may be of interest ; Picea Pusat does well here grafted on the Norway Spruce, and under such conditions, so Mr. Parsons says, keeps clear of red spider, which often sadly disfigures and cripples own-root plants. New York ro PHILADELPHIA. In company with Professor C. S. Sargent, I left New York on the evening of August 21st for Philadelphia. In marshes by the railway I noticed enormous tracts of the Indian Rice, or Water Oats, Zizania aquatica, a tall grass, the seeds of which are largely gathered for food by the North-Western Indians. ‘The seeds, too, furnish food to countless water-fowl, and on this account several attempts have been made to introduce the plant into ponds, &c. in Britain; many years ago Sir Joseph Banks cultivated the species in his garden at Tuicwordi Alon the ditch sides in the marshes Hibiscus Moscheutos was flowering freely ; it isa handsome perennial 2 worthy of cultivation as an ornamental garden plant. e Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) is common in the low grounds all along the rou Fairmount Park.—In this park was held a few years ago the great Philadelphia Exhibition, and Horticultural Hall, one of the structures erected for the purposes 'of the RONDA still stands, a fine structure remarkably well cared for. It contains a number of very fine palms "d ger stately tropical plants, x being accorded plenty of space to its beauty to the best advantage. Most of the specimens are nd out, and there is a groundwork of Selaginella, interspersed with Marantas, Caladiums, Remusatia, &e. Cocos plumosa with Wie deliciosa climbing up stem produced a fine effect, and a mass of bamboo (labelled B. striata), about 60 feet high, occupied a central position. Some very fine oe trees were noted as also very large white mulberries. Among other n trees were Quercus tinctoria, ee alba, E [0 (the Spanish Oak), red maple, Vyssa multiflora, a e health y Pseudolarix ities about 30 feet high, Gleditschias, z 63 Rhododendrons are s so good as we are accustomed to see them in England, nor are many other Ericaceous plants. Fin. masses “ Discovered long ago in Georgia by the Philadelphia botanist, Bartram, “ it has not been seen growing naturally for nearly a century, and has “ only been preserved through cultivated plants." e bushes near te dendi ural Hall seemed péntock ctly at home, were about 12 feet golden-orange stamens are not — those of a single camellia. A useful descriptive catalogue of the trees and shrubs grown in Fairmcunt ark was prepared by Professor Rothrock of - University of uds sylvania; and published 13 years ago. Fairmount Park is the largest park in existence, having an area of 2,800 ac E^ wonderfully picturesque drive from the Farad Park by the Wissahickon, an alpine gorge in miniature, brought us to Ger matowa. A striking feature on the rocky slopes of the Wissahickon, was the beautiful blue colour afforded by npe ui. plants of € Miis an virginica, the pale yellow of Impatiens pallida and the red brown o ulva were also pleasing and effective. Helianthus divaricatus, Rudbeckia pinnata and Vernonia noveboracensis were the most showy composites in flower; the two first-named are yellow, the last a fine purple. MEEHAN’S NURSERY. This is a remarkable aes i and should be visited, if possible, hy all lerem s trees. ere ated in enormous numbers a of wild N. American eis ipie trees and shrubs. Of the Flowering Dog b Cornus florida, there were upwards of 200,000 two year seedlings, and.a large stock of pg epus Hickories, (€ ie mapies, &c. are raised from seed in t quantities There a field of the J eninge Hydrangea paniculata, AMA about 100. ,000 100 of the handsome Japanese Viburnum plicatu coreg at the numerous specimen acs and shrubs are the following which of course only represent but a small proportion of the whole, Here is the oneal plant of the aa e Cornus florida, discovered in the woods near Baltimore which has been largely propagated and widely distributed from Germantown. A peculiar weeping form of Ulmus y u LA very distinct form raised from seed by Mr. Meehan is also here. A tall straight stemmed specimen, about 25 feet high, of Pterostyrax hispidum, which must have presented a-beautiful sight when in og re was, at the time of our UIN laden with its Dino penina. d f fruit. Cedrela height and had flowered freely this year. Perhaps one of the best plants of the curious Hovenia ie to be seen outside de Bees where its thick fleshy fruit stems are eaten, is growing in Mr. Meehan’s nursery ; it is about 30 feet high. A eph vi tree of the Japanese and North Chinese Quercus dentata, eommonly known in English nurseries under the name of Q. Daimyo, is, in the opinion of Professor Sargent, one of | 64 the finest specimens to be seen either in the United States or in Europe. It has very large leaves, and where it thrives, is a stately and very distinct tree. Mr. Meehan informs me that this specimen was 15 years old, and as it was fully 30 feet high its hardiness and its value as an ornamental tree seem sufficiently proved as far as the neighbourhood of Philadelphia is concerned. A beautiful specimen of a very distinct weeping variety of Prunus serotina was also noted. A fastigiate form of Picea Engelmanni with very glaucous leaves was especially note- worthy ; it is a compact, dense pyramid about eight feet high, and altogether i is one of the most distinct and interesting conifers of recent introduction, the Germantown specimen was produced from a graft ren by Mr. Meehan from the timber-line on Gray’s Peak in Colora Up Mie side of the house and up to the top of a flag-pole at the end of the gable a plant of Akebia quinata had climbed and formed a Clethra Rosen I had seen. Asimina triloba, grows wild in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia; in the nursery were nice ratio bushes ll trees. Pueraria thunbergiana, a name of Dolichos japonicus, is here grown as a tall pillar plant, a column of greenery 15 feet high producing in August numerous dense recemes of sweet-scented flowers s; in colour the standard is red with a: Herde base and the wings are maroon. Big cherry trees, the stems girthing about 18 feet and tall in proportion, are striking objects here ; they originated as seedlings from imported trees. agnus parvifolia makes a good hedge plant, and so also, in this neighbourhood, does the Osage orange, Maclura aurantiaca. Loni cera japonica clothes wire fencing with a thick growth and flowets profusely ; ; when in flower it is constantly visited by humming birds. There is a good collection of the best herbaceous plants. Hibiscus grandiflorus, a noble species, with large blossoms, white, with a blood- coloured eye, was in flower at the time of my visit. Helianthus doronicoides, a species not generally known, was also noted as specially good ; it grows from four to five feet high, and has foliage very te from that of any other sunflower ermantown.— The streets of this suburb of Philadelphia are clean and well-planted, and every tree lover who can do so should see them. A 100 years ago the le here were interested in trees, and intro- duced = planted considerable numbers of rare species. The first botanical garden in new world, the ous Bartram garden, now dedicat to the publie use through the efforts of Mr. Meehan, is not far from here, and in every old garden near Germantown there are numbers of interesting trees. On the lawn of Dr. Dunton's house is a splendid Pecan hiekory (Carya oliveformis), about 90 feet high ; this tree was raised from a nut brought rom Arkansas by Thomas Nuttall. A garden just opposite contains many remarkable -— Through the courtesy of the owner, Miss Haines, we were allowed to wander through it. The house had a very English aspect, boing clothed with ivy, Jasminum nudiflorum, honeysuckle, &c.; it was one of the first ouses built in Germantown, and a former member of Miss Haines's family found the money to send Nuttall on his Arkansas mp The 65 rose (Rosa setigera), phloxes, vete sunflowers, fuchsias, &c. made brave show. A very fine specimen of Kent ucky coffee, 80 feet high, laden with its large pods, was a wtriking object. Very large tulip trees, pin oaks, sweet gum, and Asimina triloba, furnished abundant shade. A golden weeping box, 20 feet bigh, with a trunk 10 inches in diameter, wus by far the finest specimen I had ever seen of this variety. Sargent had never seen large a plant of this sporen Large Chimonanthus, Magnolias, did Philadelphus were also noted. Vernon Park, à small estate of eight acres, one of st a dozen and a half. small parks which Mr. Meehan has been instrumental in thereabouts, is a charming spot, and contains numerous remarkable trees It contains a fine Magnolia macrophylla, the first plant brought into eultivation in America, and without exception the largest Papaw ( Asimina triloba) I ever either saw or read of; from 10 to 20 feet are given as the limit of size in Gray’s Racer this is 40 feet high, with a stem 15 inches in diameter; it was bearing a good crop of fruit. Other noteworthy specimens were examples of Cornus florida, Paulownia, English yew, red oak, and tulip tree. Germantown Cricket Club.—The finest specimen of the cucumber tree Magnolia acuminata, I have heard of is in the grounds of the above- mp Ouen institution; its stem has a girth of eight feet, and it is between 80 and 90 feet in height. A remarkable yellow wood Clad- rastis tincioria, probebly brought on horseba ck by Audubon, and most likely the first of the species planted in America, is here; it Z fenced round and evidently well cared for. Other monan ytr here are a very large Larix americana, a grand White Pive (Pinus Strobus), a large ad s and a fine specimen of Z/ex opaca The Huwdson.—A trip was made up the Hudson to Pou zhkeepsie, whence a drive of a few miles brought us to Hyde Park, the residence of Mr. Walter Langdon. The grounds of Hyde Park are of consider- able extent and present features of special interest; they were laid out by Parmentier during the earlier half of the present pag cc Fie original beauties of the situation have been emphasized by judicious clearings and skilful management. From the natural terrace near the house with a distant view of the Catskills, and to the north splendid river pubis the eye ranges over wide stretches of turf bordered by noble t All who are interested in landseape gardening should see this ds po is a practical objeet lesson showing how the foregrounds to such fine distances should be treated. “For a long time," says Downing in his * Landscape Ta iege " * Hyde Park, was the finest * seat in America, but there are now many rivals to this claim." Parmentier's labours and example are consider by Downing to have effected, directly, far more for landscape gardening in America than those of an any other individual whatever. By a rocky stream there are large Hemlocks, and in the turf near I found naturalized an oe of our pyre enny irre Nummularia. A blaze of Rudbeckia hirta by the border of a ; it up one of the vinti. Among the notable trees seen were ge Chestrut Oak ( Quercus e fine White Pines and Sugar Maples. One hill-side crowned by large Norway Spruce and White Pine, standing out boldly against the sky, was golden with native composites, of beeches in pepe ier pe contrasted with the sombre colour of the pines. A specimen of Ginkgo, with a stem 36 inches in diameter, was duly admired; xm others of Purple Beech, Halesia 66 tetraptera (the so-called Snowdrop tree), Tulip tree, Cucumber tree Magnolia aceuminata), Locust. (Robinia Pseudaca acta) which here was quite free from borers. .Bass-wood, gak a remarkable Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) by far ~ finest I had ever The return to New York was made by ws Masses of American Arborvite, Juniperus shoes Cornus florida, Ailantus (natura- lized), Pinus rigida, &c., were noted along the banks of the river. Along the margins of the ponds the purple Loosestrife (Lythrum Salicaria) was in beautiful flower, in the water itself Sagittaria variabilis and Nymphea odorata, produced a fine effect. Here and there a mass of the Cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis) with its larges intensely red blossoms, had taken possession of a plot of ground t exclusion apparently of everything else ^ In the dryer spots HUKATA Rudbeckia, Solidago nemoralis and Saponaria “officinalis (this last introduced from ius urope and naturalized here) 3 oduced fine colour effects vim third week in August when I saw them At Irvington. about a score miles from New York, is d the home of Washington Irving, half hidden by elm The east end of the house is covered with ivy, grown from datti * given ate Irving at ^ Abbotsford by Sir Walter Scott." Rose growing under Glass.—lIn many places roses are. cultivated short -— having a steep pitch to cateh as much light as possible in winter. Beds, with narrow walks between, are rai on wooden inches deep, are planted out in rows, young plants which have been raised from Uds selected cuttings and established in small pots ; the distances vary according to the variety used, but on an average they are nine or ten inches from plant to plant and twelve or fourteen inches from row to row. Bone meal is often mixed with the soil and as soon as the plants begin to poe freely the surface is mulched. As a rule the plants are grown but a single season and. after that they are thrown away, the old soil entirely: senna and replaced by new in which young plants are again wn. Some wees try two or three varieties a second year, but this is not usual. The varieties most largely [deas ey, the following, Pearl, Clothilde Soupert, Niphetos, Catherine Mermet, The Bride, Madame Hoste, Sunset, F. W. Bennett, and poate Beauty. All these must be cut with long stems, a short- stemmed flower would not be accepted by the flower sellers. In a very large rose-growing establishment near Washington as many as 20,000 ose flowers have n eut in one day; from this place they are forwarded by mail all over the United States. 67 CCCLXI.—DIAGNOSES AFRICANJE II. CONVOLVULACE/E. Auctore J. G. BAKER. 5. Agyreia? macrocalyx, Baker ; dense argenteo-pubescens, foliis Gtia ovatis, pedunculo unifloro, calyce magno dense piloso sepalis biseriatis duobus exteriorbus orbicularibus, corolia calyce triplo longiori tubo sericeo, staminbus styloque flore duplo brevioribus. Has. — East Tropical Africa, 3°-7° S. lat.; Nesilala, Bishop Hannington. Folia 7-8 poll. longa. Calyx 1} poll longus. Corolla 4-5 poll. longa. Fructus ignotus : 66. Argyreia? laxiflora, Baker; caulibus fruticosis, foliis cordato- orbieularibus facie glabrescentibus dorso dense pubescentibus, cymis plurifloris, pedunculo pedicellisque elongatis, calyce parvo leviter pubescenti sepalis orbicularibus Subequalibus, corolla calyce 6-8-plo longiori, staminibus flore duplo brevioribus Has. East tropical Africa, Nyassaland, Pichia Folia 6-8 poll. longa. Sepala 6 lin. longa. Corolla 3-4 poll. longa. Fructus ignotus. reia ? Grantii, Baker; rhizomate magno globoso, caulibus subereetis, foliis eordato-ovatis subtus obseure pubescentibus, eymis ensis multifloris, calyce dense pubescente, ee interioribus imei brevioribus, corolla calyce 5-6-plo longiori, staminibus evibus. pre Tropical Africa, Chopeh, 2° N. lat, Grant. Folia 6-8 poll. longa. Sepala 6 lin. longa. Corolla 3-4 poll longa. Fructus ignotus. 68. Argyreia ? Hanningtoni, Baker; late volubilis, foliis cordato- ovatis dense argenteo- ren incon tet oles glabro biseriato, sepalis exterioribus ovatis interioribus occ ultantibus, corolla calyce 4-5- -plo longiori, genitalibus flore dupio brevioribus Harg.—East Tropical Africa, between » and 7° S. lat., Kisokwe, Bishop Hannington. Folia iis A. ERER minora. Sepala pollicaria. Corolla 4-5 pollicaris. Fructus ignot Sisi: Cuenza, H. H. Johnston. Folia 3-6 lin. longa. Sepala 3 lin. longa. Corolla 6 lin. longa. 70. Convolvulus Thomsoni, Baker ; volubilis, eaulibus pilis brevibus patulis dense vestitis, foliis cordato-ovatis plieatis obscure crenatis utrinque dense pilosis, floribus solitariis breviter pedunculatis, sepalis ovatis acutis subequalibus, corolla calyce sesquilongiori 68 Has.—Lower plateau, north of Lake Nyassa, Joseph Thomson. Folia 9-12 lin. longa. Sepala 3 lin. longa. Very near the Cape and Tropical African €. sagittatus, Thunb. 71. Breweria conglomerata, Baker ; perennis, herbacea, ramis dense pilosis, foliis sessilibus oblongis confertis utrinque dense pilosis, cymis unifloris vel paucifloris in foliorum axillis subsessilibus, sepalis ovatis acutis dense pilosis, corolla parvo, fruetu globoso glabro. Has.—Angola, Welwitsch, 6160. Folia 6-12 lin. longa. Sepala 13 lin. longa. 72. Breweria microcephala, Buker ; perennis, herbacea, caulibus gracilibus dense pilosis, gen subsessilibus oblongis vel lineari-oblongis obtusis utrinque dense hirsutis, cymis paucifloris glomeratis, sepalis lanceolatis aeuminatis dine hirsutis, corolla minima, stylis ad basin bifidis, fructu globoso. Hans.—Angola, Welwitsch, 6159. Folia 6-12 lin. longa. Sepala 2 lin. longa. 73. Breweria sessiliflora, Baker; perennis, herbacea, ramis patulis dense pilosis, foliis Kübseesiiilras oblongis obtusis mueronatis utrinque dense pilosis, floribus 1-4 in axillis foliorum sessilibus, sepalis ovatis acuminatis, corolla ealyce vix longiori, fructu globoso gla Has.—Zambesi valley between Senna and Lupata, Kirk. Folia 5-6 lin. longa. Sepala 12 lin. longa. 74. weria (Seddera) baccharoides, Baker; erecta, fruticosa, ramulis pitis adpressis albidis dense vestitis, foliis lineari- -oblongis acutis basi cuneatis utrinque pilis hispidis albidis tenuiter vestitis, cymis uni- floris vel paueifloris in axillis foliorum subsessilibus, sepalis ovato- acuminatis . pilosis, corolla calyce duplo longiori, stylis basi sonia fructu Has.—Zambesi valley between Tette and the coast, Kirk. Folia 6-9 lin. longa. Sepala 2 lin. longa. Fructus 2 lin. diam. 75. Breweria (Prevostea) campanulata, ta, Baker ; fruticosa, sarmentosa ramulis pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis obóYato- oblongis cuspidatis facie glabris dorso pubescentibus, cymis glomeratis sessilibus axillaribus, — valde Mp AIME exterioribus —— demum magnis Seli pin Ee K. Schum. inedit. Has.—Sibange farm, Gaboon river, Soyawur. Folia 3-5 poll longa. Sepala exteriora demum 2 poll. lata, Corolla 15-18 lin. longa. 76. Breweria (Prevostea) Heudelotii, Baker ; fruticosa, sarmentosa, ramulis glabris, foliis petiolatis ovatis obtusis coriaceis utrinque glabris, cymis paucifloris axillaribus sessilibus, pedicellis brevibus pubescentibus medio bracteolatis, sepalis ovatis vel oblongis, corolle tubo campanu- lato lobis ovatis, stylis apice solum bifidis. Han.—Senegambia, Heudelot, 864. Folia 3-4 poll. longa. Sepala 2 lin. longa. Corolla 8-9 lin. longa. Ll 69 . Breweria buddleoides, Baker; fruticosa, sarmentosa, ramulis pilosis, foliis sessilibus oblongis subacutis mucronatis utrinque dense pilosis, cymis in paniculam terminalem dispositis, bracteis ovatis pilosis, sepalis ovatis acutis dense pilosis, corolla parva, stylis supra medium solum bifidis EL at of the Rovuma river 30 miles inland, Kirk. Folia 2-3 poll. longa. Sepala 2 lin. longa. 78. Ipomea (Orthipomea) discolor, Baker ; fruticosa, erecta, ramulis dense albo tomentosis, foliis petiolatis oblongis obscure repandis facie glabris dorso persistenter albo-tomentosis, floribus solitariis breviter ML sepalis oblongis obtusis tomentosis, corolla magna pallida extus BAS take Tanganyika, Carson, 18. Folia 3-4 poll. longa. Sepala 6 lin. longa. Corolla 3—4 poll. longa. 79. Ipomea (Orthipomea) xiphosepala, Baker ; erecta caulibus pilosis, foliis riens nein oblongis acutis integris utrinque dense . pilosis, oribus solitariis ^ subsessilibus, sepalis. oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis pilis hispidulis vestitis, corolla calyce duplo longiori. - Has.—Angola, Welwitsch, 6101. Folia 6-9 lin. longa. Sepala 3 lin. longa. Corolla 6 lin. longa. 80. Ipomea (Orthipomea) Elliottii, Baker; erecta, caulibus albo- Loto foliis petiolatis ovatis cordatis obtusis integris facie dca stellato-pubescentibus dorso dense albo-tomentosis, floribus solitari breviter pedunculatis, sepalis Ma obtusis dense Ls ae aeolian rubella calyce 7-8-plo longiori Has.—Matabele land, d W. Elliott. Folia 2-3 poll. longa. Sepala 6 lin. longa. Corolla 4 poll, longa. l. Ipomea (Strophipomea) phyllosepala, Baker; sarmentosa ee gracilibus pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis ovatis cordatis acutis vel obtusis integris utrinque dense pilosis, cymis paucifloris breviter peduneulatis, sepalis o ovatis pilosis, corolla alba basi lilacina calyce 4-plo longiori extus pubescenti. Has.—Zambesi t Kirk. Folia 13-2 poll. longa. Sepala 3 lin. longa. Corolla 1 poll. — 82. Ipmea (Strophipomea) cephalantha, Baker; sarmen caulibus E dense pubescentibus, foliis breviter. petiolatis ethic ovatis etn Al utrinque dense pilosis, eymis multifloris glomeratis, sepalis oblongis mucronatis ciliatis, corolla lutea calyce duplo longiori. "rani et Kilimanjaro, alt. 6,000 ft., H. H. — Folia 13-2 poll. ionga. Sepala 4 lin. longa. 83. Ipomea (Strophipomea) benguelensis, Baker ; petente, caulibus tenuiter pilosis, foliis petiolatis. ovatis brevi i utrinque pilosis, cymis glomeratis pedunculatis, bracteis tes ferner toliaceis ovatis vel lanceolatis, sepalis ovatis pilosis, fructu globoso gla ro, seminibus glabris. B candi, province of Benguela, Welwitsch, 6127. U 79921, C © 70 Folia 14-2 poll. longa et lata, Sepala 6 lin. longa. Fructus 3 lin. diam. Ipomoa (Strophipomoa) zambesiaca, Baker ; perennis, volubilis, ‘entitles gracilibus glabris, foliis ovatis vel lanceolatis basi cuneatis utrinque obscure pubescentibus, cymis 1—6-floris, pedunculo elongato, sepalis oblongis glabris, aee albida calyce 8-9-plo longiori, fructu globoso glabro, seminibus glabri Has.—Shupanga and the delta of the Zambesi, Kirk, L. Scott. Folia 2—4 poll. mmm Sepala 2 lin. longa. Corolla 2 poll. longa. Fructus 3 lin. diam 85. Ipomæa (Strophipomea) aspericaulis, Baker ; perennis, caulibus procumbentibus pilis hispidis asperis vestitis, foliis sessilibus lanceolatis integris subcoriaceis glabris, floribus solitariis, pedunculo brevissimo, sepalis ovatis acuminatis glabris, corolla rubra calyce rere longiori. Has.—Angola, Welwitsch, 6120. Folia 11-2 poll. longa. Sepala 6 lin. longa. Corolla 14-2 poll. longa. 86. Ipomoa (Strophipomea) Hanningtoni, Baker; annua, caulibus volubilibus parce pilosis, foliis linearibus brevissime petiolatis utrinque obscure pilosis, floribus solitariis brevissime pedunculatis, d ovatis obtusis dorso scabris, corolla pallide rubra calyce 8-plo lon Has.—East Tropical Africa, 3°-7° S. lat, Bishop Hlinik ; Tanganyika ilk, Carson, i Folia 21-3 poll. longa. Sepala 2 lin. longa. Corolla 14-15 lin. onga. 87. Ipomea (Strophipomea) Barteri, Baker ; annua, caulibus gracil- limis volubilibus ee subtilibus patulis vestitis, foliis brevissime petiolatis linearibus tis, floribus solitariis brevissime pedunculatis, sepalis ovatis obtusis pilosis, corolla calyce 6-plo longiori. Has.—On the Quorra near Juba, Barter. Folia 2-21 poll. longa. Sepala 4 lin. longa. Corolla 2 poll. ip. 88. Ipomea (Strophipomea) huillensis, Baker; caulibus procum- bentibus dense pilosis, foliis brevissime Patelnia ovatis auriculis basalibus parvis utrinque dense pilosis, floribus solitariis eaa sepalis ovatis acutis dense pilosis, fructu globoso glabro, seminibus Has.—4Angola, province of Huilla, alt. 3,800-5,500 ft., Wein, 6131. Folia 6-12 lin. longa. Sepala 4 lin. longa. Fructus 4 lin. diam. 89. Ipomea (Strophipomea) vagans, Baker; caulibus procum- bentibus gracilibus pubescentibus, foliis breviter petiolatis oblongis integris breviter cordatis utrinque gestes, At 1-3 floris, sepalis oblongis acutis, corolla parva, fructu globoso g Has.—Nyassa land, Buchanan. Folia 12-18 longa. Sepala 4 lin, longa. Near I. sulphurea, Hochst. i 71 90. Ipomoa (Strophipomea) diplocalyx, Baker ; volubilis, caulibus pubescentibus, foliis breviter petiolatis ovatis breviter cordatis acutis utrinque pubescentibus, floribus solitariis idein calyce biseriato sepalis exterioribus oblongis obtusis pubescentibus interioribus occultantibus, corolla calyce sesquilongiori extus: pulos Has.—Delta of the Zambesi, L. Scott. Folia 14-2 poll. longa. Sepala 9-12 lin. longa. Corolla 18 poll. longa. 1. Ipomea (Strophipomea) Vogelii, Baker; caulibus procumben- Line glabris, foliis petiolatis late ovatis obtusis breviter cordatis interdum emarginatis, cymis laxe multifloris, floribus omnino J. asarzfolie. Has.—Kouka, Lake Tschad, Dr. Vogel. Nearly allied to 7. asarifolia, R. and S. 92. Ipomea (Strophipomea) Carsoni, Baker; volubilis, caulibus pubes- centibus, foliis petiolatis cordato-ovatis integris subglabris, cymis laxis 6-8 floris eiue cda ge lanceolatis pilosis, corolla perparva, fructu globoso, seminibus glab Has.—Plateau sate ako Tanganyika, Carson. Folia 2-3 poll longa. Sepala 2 lin. longa. Fructus 5 lin. diam. 93. Ipomea (Strophipomea) Morsoni, Baker ; annua, volubilis, cauli- bus gracillimis ia lord foliis petiolatis- cordato-ovatis glabris, floribus solitariis brevissime pedunculatis, sepalis ovatis acutis glabris, corolla alba calyce du als Josei; fructu et seminibus glabris. Has.—Sierra Leone, Morson. Folia 2-3 poll longa. Sepala, 3 lin. longa, Corolla 6 lin. longa. 4. Ipomea (Strophipomea) inconspicua, Baker; annua, caulibus difcis dense pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis Sokis ovite utrinque dense pubescentibus, floribus solitariis pendunculatis, sepalis ovatis acutis ense pilosis, corolla perparva, fructu glabro, seminibus tenui pubescentibus. Has.—Nakulambe, Nyassaland, Buchanan. Folia 12-18 lin. longa. Sepala 3 lin. longa. Fructus 4 lin. di 5. Ipomea (Strophipomea) polytricha, Baker ; Pe volubilis, inti dense pilosis, fo iiis iis “petiolatis cymis pedunculat s 2-3 floris, sepalis lanceolatis dense vae corolla calyce 5-6-plo 1 oig Mi. Has.—Loanga, Soyawr, EE 2-3 poll. longa. pc 4 lin. longa. Corolla 1j poll. onga. Ipomæa (Strophipomoa) oxyphylla, d : volubilis, caulibus Sine pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis cordato-ovatis facie subglabris dorso tenuiter pubescentibus, cymis paucifloris, šini longissimo, sepalis ovatis obtusis mucronatis pilosis, corolla calyce 4-plo longiori. Has.—Angola, Welwitsch, 6229. 72 Folia 3-4 poll longa. Sepala 3 lin. onga. Corolla 1 poll. nga. 97. Ipomea (Strophipomoa) shirambensis, Baker ; perennis, glabra, caulibus volubilibus fruticosis, foliis hysteranthiis ignotis, cymis pauci- floris subsessilibus vel breviter peduneulatis, sepalis ovatis acutis, corolla alba fauce lilacina calyce 3—4-plo longiori. Has.—Shiramba, Zambesi-land, Kirk. m 4-6 lin. longa. Corolla 14 poll. longa. 8. Ipomea (Strophipomea) acuminata, Baker ; volubilis, caulibus M pilis fragilibus patulis praeditis, foliis petiol: itis cordato-ovatis membranaceis utrinque pilosis, cymis paucifloris pf s, sepalis ovatis acuminatis dense pilosis, corolla calyce 2—3-plo longio Has.—Zambesi p alt. 2,000—4,000 ft., Re Blantyre, Nyassaland, Buchan Folia 14-3 poll. mm Sepala. 4 lin. longa. 99. Ipomea (Strophipomea) tambelensis, Baker ; volubilis, caulibus fruticosis subtiliter pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis cordato-orbicularibus utrinque pubescenti tibu us, eymis multifloris longe pedunculatis, sepalis lanceolatis acuminatis dense pilosis, eorolla alba fauce purpurea calyce duplo longiori Hit Aale, Upper Shiré Valiey, AirÁ. ; Folia 3-4 poll. longa et lata. Sepala 6 lin. longa, Corolla 1 poll. onga. 100. Ipomea (Strophipomea) megalochlamys, Baker; volubilis, caulibus fruticosis dense albo pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis orbicularibus breviter cordatis utrinque dense molliter pubescentibus, cymis paucitori” unculatis, sepalis oblongis obtusis dense pubescentibus, corolla calyce 2-3-plo longiori extus pubescenti. Has.—Angola, Welwitsch, 6113. | Folia 2-3 poll. longa. Sepala 8-9 lin. longa. Corolla 134-2 poll. T Ol. Ipomea (Strophipomea) Holubii, Baker ; fruiicosa, volubilis cnius dense albo-pubescentibus, foliis breviter petiolatis cordato-ovatis obtusis vel subacutis utrinque dense pubescentibus, eymis pedunculatis 1-3-floris, sepalis orbicularibus minute mucronatis dense pubescentibus, corolla rubra calyce 6-8-plo longiori. Has.—Leshumo valley, Zambesia, Dr. Holub. Folia nen, poll. longa et lata. Sepala 4 lin. longa. Corolla 2-3 poll. lon Nas]. Lindleyi, Jhoisy. 102. Ipomea (Strophipomea) nuda, Baker ; caulibus fruticosis gracilibus glabris, foliis petiolatis cordato-ov ntis acutis ntrinque viridibus glabris, cymis dense multifloris pedunculatis, sepalis ovatis obtusis glabris, corolla calyce 4—5-plo longiori. Har.—Angola, Welwitsch, 6230. Folia 3-4 poll. longa. Sepala 6 lin. longa. Corolla 2-24 poll. longa. gue 73 103. Ipomea (Strophipomea) shupangensis, Baker; volubilis, caulibus eens glabris, foliis longe petiolatis cordate- ovatis. mem- branaceis glabris, cymis multifloris pedunculati s, sepalis ovatis obtusis glabris, corolla alba calyce 5—6-plo longi Has.—Zambesi valley between Tette and its mouth, Kirk. Folia 3-4 poll. longa. Sepala 6 lin. longa. Corolla 21-3 poll. longa. 104. Ipomea (Strophipomea) Wakefieldii, Baker ; volubilis, caulibus Piper. tenuiter pubescentibus Zu cordato-ovatis subtus primum albo - reticulatis demum pubescentibus, cymis paucifloris breviter Baio longi worm oblongis obtaets tenuiter tomentosis, corolla ealyce 6-8- ee REI country, South-East Tropical Africa, Rev. T. Wakefield. Folia 5-6 poll. longa. Sepala 6 lin. longa. Corolla 34 poll. longa. Near the Cape J. Gerrardi, Hook in Bot. Mag. t. 5651 and I, albovenia, G. Don. 105. Ipomea Vote eq ee Buchanani, Baker ; Messi fruticosa, caulibus pubescentibus, folis longe petiolati is cordato- vatis utrinque pubescentibus, cymis patidifloris TE Pe n sepa orbieularibus pilosis, corolla rubra calyce 8-10- -plo longi Has.—Nyassa-land, Buchanan (319 of pu collection). Folia semipedalia. Sepala 4 lin. longa. Corolla 3 poll. longa. Near J. Lindleyi, Choisy. 106. Ipomea (Strophipomea) odontosepala, Baker ; volubilis, ar glabris, foliis glabris petiolatis orbicularibus pro ofunde palmatis lobis 5 oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis, cymis paucifloris, sepalis inzqualibus oblongis V ec ume brevioribus crenatis, corolla alba calyce 10-12-plo longi Has.—East foni Africa 2°-7° S. lat., Bishop Hannington. Folia 14-2 poll. diam. Sepala 4 lin. longa. Corolla 4 poll. longa. Near J. palmata, Forsk., 107. Ipomea (Strophipomea) stellaris, Baker A ies glabra, caulibus puptumpepBEw, foliis petiolatis orbieulatibus Me sin n palmatis lobis 7 linearibus integris inferiori tis tifloris pane sepalis ovatis ‘acutis inh. corolla. fefe "8-10-plo longior Ris Bisks of the Rovuma river, Kirk. — Folia 2-1 poll. — — 2 lin. longa. Corolla 14 poll. longa. 108. Ipomea (Aniseia) Smithii, Baker ; volubilis, caulibus glabris foliis petiolatis cordato-ovatis glabris, cymis 1-2-floris, sepalis ovatis glabris inzequalibus exterioribus demum cordatis, corolla ealyce duplo longiori, fruetu globoso glabro Has.—Congo, C. Smith. Folia 14 poll. longa. Sepala 6 lin. longa. Corolla pollicaris. 14 09. Ipomea (Calonyction) shirensis, Baker ; volubilis, caulibus pepilloai glabrescentibus, foliis petiolatis, cordato-ovatis ad venas primarias obscure ciliatis, eymis 2-4 floris longe pedunculatis, pedicellis fructiferis incrassatis, sepalis ovatis cuspidatis glabris, corolla alba calyce 10-plo longiori, tubo infra medium infundibulari, fructu globoso, seminibus glabris Han.-—Shiré bicblands, Kirk, Buchanan. Folia $—5 poll. longa, Sepala 6 lin. longa. Corolla 5 poll. longa. CCCLXII.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. Mr, WirLIAM TRUELOVE, late foreman of the Arboretum in the Royal Gardens, died at Brixton on Tuesday, January 16th, after a short illness. He retired from service at Kew in April 1892, when he was 70 years ofage. (See Kew Bulletin, 1892, p. 185.) Kew Bulletin .— The annual volumes for 1887, 1888, and 1889 being out of PS are no longer supplied to the public 2 H.M. Stationery Office Index Kewensis.—The second part of this work, completing the first volume, appeared in December. This brings the index down to the end of the ue deeem and forms a volume o pages, containing about 200,000 names. Good progress is being made with the second volume, of which 2 200 pages are already in print. Guide to Timber Museum.—A second edition of the “ Official Guide to the Museums of Economic Botany $e 3) Timbers" has just been of assistance from Mr. J. H. Maiden, F.L.S., the energetie curator of the Technological Museum at Sydney. Key Plan.—A new edition of the Key Plan, sold at the gates of the Royal Gardens, has been issued to the public. The de tails have been of H.M. Office of eine Owing to an oversight on the part of t x 75 Structural Improvements.— The foliowing structural alterations and improvements were made in the plant-houses during the past year :— Conservatory. (No "ei gs house was e in 1792 for * New Holland" plants. The w ings were added 1844-5 by Decimus Burton. The woodwork ‘hemes decayed and the : smallness of the panes of glass and antiquated arrangements for ventilation being in adequate for modern methods of cultivation, its re-construction on an improved plan was undertaken by H.M. Office of Works. The central portion was completed in 1892, exactly a century after its first erection, the om ventilator was added. Last year the north wing was undertaken, made 2 feet wider, and the roof raised and a lantern Meroe added. This year it is hoped the south wing will be re-constru he house will then be larger, lighter, and in every way better fitted for the eultivation of choice greenhouse plants Cool Fern Pit. (No. 64.)—The dolor of the collection of cool or greenhouse ferns which has taken place within the last five years, and for which the fine cool fern house (No. 3) was erected in 1892, d the need of a nursery pit for them. This was built last year in ard adjoining the Ferneries. It is span-roofed, 44 feet by 101 feet, iiid 8 feet high, and replaces some dilapidated frames. Temperate House.—Slate staging over the pipes has now been substituted for the wood-trellis stage running all round this house, and the plants have since been found to thrive better. Bottom ventilators have also been placed in the wall at the north end for the benefit of the Himalayan Rhododendrons —- of the collection of cool ferns which are planted at this end of the hou Masdevallia Pit. (No. ted tig has been re-constructed. It is now span-roofed and on a level with the adjoining ranges of private orchid pits. Sarda —— —Dr. Aitchison, F.R.S., C.I.E., late eique iiie ae H.M. Bengal Army, has obtained from Kabul and sent to Kew two fruits of the celebrated Sarda melon. ‘They arrived at ie arte fin of January, in excellent ports carefully packed in ‘cotton wool. ‘The flesh, though firmer than that of the "ists ordinarily cultivated in this country, amply justified in flavour the reputation which this fine fruit enjoys throughout India. There seems to be no reason A it should not be imported to this country in quantity for consumption during the winter. Dr. Aitchison had already, last year, sent to Kew, for the "om useum, an excellent coloured plaster model of the fruit made for him at the Lahore School of Art. The following note gives fresh particulars as to its mode of cultivation. Exrract from “Notes of Products of Western Afghanistan and North-eastern Persia," by Rrigade-Surgeon J. E. T. Aitchison, pp. 48, 49. Melons are largely cultivated as a field pah but not to the extent as the water melon. The variety sarda keeps well, TE is exported to India in great quantity during the winter, where it is much appreciated by both Europeans and natives, Europeans in India and 16 elsewhere have tried to raise from seed the sarda melon. This has form, and never having the flavour of the Afghan fruit. The word sarda means cold, and subsequently came to mean the last fruits of the season left hanging on the trees when the main crop had been collected. The melon oo from the plants that yield the sarda whilst the season is and there is still no frost is, comparatively speaking, an ordinar oan melon, but once the season is ending and night frosts and then collect it Ves not ute ripe; these fruits ripen very slowly, will keep through the whole winter, and in flavour seem to improve the longer they are kept. It is this treatment, I believe, A" cmn abis the difference between the ordinary me elon and the sa why gardeners out of Afghanistan and Persia have not been ie: to produce the fine-flavoured Peshawur trade article, and which, even in the old caravan, now railway, days, were carried in perfection to Southern India. Seeds of the Sarda melon have been distributed te several Colonial Botanie Gardens and to the principal private gardens in this country, where meion cuitivation is made a speciality. Portrait of Samuel Frederick Gray.—Mr. Samuel Octavus m the grandson of the nominal author of that remarkable book: * Natural Arrangement of British Plants ” peg has quedas to collection of portraits of botanists at Kew cellent picture in oils of his grandfather, Samuel Frederick Gar the. father of John Edward Lu Gray and of George Robert Gray, who were respectively keeper and San keeper of the Zoological Department of the British Museum as one of a still unbroken line of botanists and z zoologists, whose relationships, however, have been etai confused. The subject of the portrait, Samuel F rederick Gray, the son of Samuel Gray, a seedsman and importer of flower-roots of Pal Mall, was born in 1766 and died in 1828. He was from infancy and throughout his life of a delicate constitution; and after breaking down in an attempt to qualify himself for the medical profession, he resolved to devote himself to scientific research and literature. For a time he assisted Dr. Nares in editing a scientific review, and in 1797 he migrated to Walsall, and was associated with Dr. Black as a chemist and assayer of metals. He there became ments. In the year 1800 he returned to London, and was engaged in various scientific pursuits, until. 1806, when, on ile death of his uncle Edward Whitaker Gray, for some time secretary of the Royal Society and keeper of the Natural History Department of the British Museum, who arranged the collections on the Linnean system, he removed to Chelsea, where = occupied himself in lecturing on scientific subjects, and assisted = am Curtis, the author of the Flora Londinensis and the founder o f the Botanieal Magazine and his partner and successor, William Salisbury in their botanical work. It was here too, that he was engaged on his more important he * A Sup lement to the peia,” &c., and * A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. The latter, a work that had apparently been ee Sg by his ‘father, and in | which he was subsequently assisted by his E ye Forfeit Gray, (father of Samuel Octavus Gray) and John Edward G The latter, T1 it may be added, has put it on record that he himself Ma bu the author of the work. Samuel Frederick's last work, pub few weeks of his death and written when he was ja rr g from severe illness, is entitled “ The Operative prio A practical ‘display of the Arts and Manufactures which de on veis ues Principles," a second edition of which was published Machine in 1831. The question of the authorship of the * Natural Arrangement of British Plants," is of great interest, inasmuch as it is a book that was far in advance of its time, and was practically ignored by the leading botanists of the day, who were largely edens followers of Linnaus’s Sexual system. It seems therefore desirable to print in full the following duri collected by Mr. S. O. Gray. * [n this connexion I may answer — question as to Dr. J. E. Gra being mainly the author of the ‘ Natural Arrange ment of British Plants.” Iam aware that in * Men of the Time, ' edition 1862 , there is a statement which I know was inser rted on m uncle" 8 authority gn is an unfair statement of the part he od in “this wer and I believe that the account I have already given is more nearly in accordance with the facts of the case. I have frequently ae with my father on the subject of this book, and he always spoke it as the work of his father, in w hich both he and my uncle pedir In confirmation of this view, I may mention that the copy of the work that I have, pos proof-sheets, which are hiatal throughout for the most part in tho handwriting of my father, but occasionally i in that of my grandfather, grandfather’s lifetime, and was ngi ccording to the natural system, named in the handwriting of my father and grandfather, f concholo l have two letters from a Mons. A. Abe ky, apparently a botanist travelling on the Continent, which douse they not specifically refer to "the ' Natural Arrangeme ent of Polish oiak i with my grandfather and his two sons. Both letters a ond, a ly sueco nately. 2 my father. I uet these letters confirm, as as they go, the view taken above that the work was a production, and in view of the fact that at the time of its publication my father was but 23 and my uncle but 21, I think it is a fair inference that my Ame must have been qr pones for the arrangement thought to dene rve. In explanation of the statement that Samuel Frederick Gray was one of a still unbroken line of naturalists, it may be Added that the donor of U 79921. D 78 the portrait is himself the author of au excellent popular work on British seaweeds, though his walk in life has been only to a very small extent on the seashore. His son, John Edward Gray, has highly dis- tinguished himself both in botany and zoology, both at University Colle ege, London, and at Cambridge. And the first Samuel Gray, the grandfather of the subject of the portrait, born in 1694, was, like his son, a seedsman and importer of flowers and roots in Pall Mall. Borers of Jarrah Timber.—Mr. W. H. Blandford has furnished the following note of his further examination of the specimens discussed in a previous number of the Kew Bulletin (18938, pp. 338, 339). “The broken specimens of a boring insect sent with the accom- panying ees of Karri wood have been further examined since my last eation. a They belong not to one, but to at least two individuals of different sizes, and are referable to the exclusively Australian genus of Longicorn t horacantha, Newm. They form part of the sub- family Cerambycide, not the Prionide, as I stated in my first letter, but the s not a except to a zoologist. The species is are exclusively tielan; they are not likely to damage Karri timber after it is exported, except that they may subsequently reach maturity in the logs. * (Signed) W. F. H. BLANDFORD. * January 15, 1894.” Portrait of Professor Oliver—An excellent portrait of Professor Oliver, F.R.S., the late keeper of the Herbarium and Library of the Royal Gardens has been painted by Mr. J. Wilson pnis (who also in portrait of the present keeper, Mr. J. E. Baker, F.R.S., hibited at the Royal Academy in 1893). Professor Olive rs po was commissioned by a number of his scientific and other friends, who have presented it to the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens, the scene of his labours from 1858 to 1890. Amongst them may be mentioned :— Professor Balfour, F.R.S.; Professor Bower, F.R.S.; C. B. Clarke, Esq., F.R.S.; F. Du Cane Godman, Esq., F.R.S.; Dr. Hogg, F.L.S. Sir "E oseph Hooker, K.C.LE.; Dr. King, C.LE., F.R.S.; Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock, Bart, F.R.S.; Dr. Masters, F.R.S.; Dr. Scott, F.L.S.; Right Hon. James Stansf eld; Professor Traill, F.R.S. ; H. J. Veitch, Esq., F.L.S.; Professor Vines, F.R.S., &c. Pepper.— With reference to the difficulty experienced in the culti- vation of pepper in the West Indies, Mr. H. N. Ridley, F.L.S., has n good enough to supply Pal following note :— ExrRnacr from Letter from Director, Gardens and Forest Department, traits Settlements, to Royal Gardens, Kew, Singapore, December 11, 1893. Mr. Derry, I see, does not mention “ turning down” in pepper culti- vation, which I press on all planters. When the pepper gets to the top 79 of the post you must make it bend down to the bottom, and start up again. Three times must this be done before the pepper is expected to fruit heavily, otherwise it is skinny and wretched. don’t know why it won’t fruit in Jamaica, but I expect I should if I saw it. The difficulty, however, appears to have been overcome in Trinidad :— SUPERINTENDENT, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, TRINIDAD, to ROYAL NS, Royal Botanic Gardens, ‘Trinidad, Sir, sas uary 9th, 1894. I BEG to report that our vines of Piper nigrum have ‘this year given a good crop. I send you a sample for the 1 Economic Museum, which has been grown by Mr. C. W. Meaden, of the Prison Department at the Convict Depôt, from plants supplied by this , departme nt. There appears to be every prospect eme & black pepper" can be "niger rown in Trinidad, as Mr. Meaden has harvested a crop of some 200 lbs., some trees bearing as much as two pounds each. Our own pete is not yet ripe. We should be thankful for a report on this sample. am, &c., (Signed) J. H. Han The Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. ipis BEN Messrs. W. & D. Harvest to ROYAL GARDENS, Krew. Dowgate Dock, Upper Thames Street, London, E.C. Dear Sin, January 30, 18 Tur sample of black pepper grown in "Trinidad, which you have sent us, is a good merchantable article. It is clean and bold, and re- sembles the better qualities of AR black pepper, except that it has rather more husk or outer skin. The market value in Mincing Lane would be about 23d, to 24d. per Ib. 'This is an extremely low price for black pepper of good quality, free from dust, but the market is now depressed beyond former cp by the very large stocks held in Europe, and by what appears about an unlimited ‘production in the Straits Settlements. It is de ery long since that pepper of this quality would have readily fetched in publie : v from 5d. to 53d. per lb. e remain, &c. Jobn R. Jackson, Esq. (Signed) W. & D. Harvest. Coffea sp., Sierra Leone.—Last year plants were distributed Hon Kew under this name to most of the Colonial and "M Gardens. The were raised from s collected in Sierra Leone by M M Me Ange! when attached to the Commission for the Delimitation ‘of the An French frontier in 1892, and subsequently identified by him as a species of Coffea. The curator of the Botanical Station, Dominica, inquires if they are likely to be C. stenophylla, > sag ie by Mr. Scott-Elliot in his notes on the Economic Plants of Sierra Leone (Kew Bulletin, 1893, p. 167), which appears to be preferred » the Liberian Coffee by French spikes: On PE plants at Kew, it is evident that it has nothing to do with C. stenophylla, G. Don, but has spines — Coffea never has, and is more likley to be a Randia or Canthiun 80 Botanic Station, St. Vincent.—In the last quarterly report on the Botanie Station, St. Vincent (July-September 1893), the Curator, Mr. Henry Powell, gives the following interesting particulars respecting the propagation of economie planis and their distribution in the island :— “It is specially pleasing to me to be able to report the marked in- creased attention given to the planting of such plants as Cocoa, Nutmegs, Coffee, Black Pepper, &c. in this Colony. In most instances, planters raise their own plants, but from the Botanical Station alone upwards of 2,000 plants, chiefly consisting of the kinds named above, were distri- buted during the quarter; of this number 1,099 were distributed (free) to peasant buyers of Crewn lands. [Since the 30th September up to the time of writing this report, an additional 3,000 plants have beer. distributed in the Colony. s e near future, judging from the present rate of planting, it is, perhaps, not too much to predict that St. Vincent will become a rival to Grenada as a cocoa and spice-producing island. “The coffee plants raised from seeds received from Jamaica during the last quarter are doing well; the most forward plants are i posed of at 1s. 8d. per 100. A fair stock of Cocoa of the Forastero and Criollo varieties is also available for distribution. Plants of the above, in bamboo pots are charged for at the rate of 3s. 4d. per 100. Wit view to lessening the difficulty cf transit, a large number of cocoa plants ave been raised in seed beds, from whence they are carefully taken up in bundles of from 15 to 20 plants, and wrapped iound with tannia or other broad leaves ; this ensures their safe transit to almost any part of this Colony. Of course, the plants are best planted out during showery weather, and should be shaded for a few days from hot suns. If the above precautions are attended to, few, if any, of the plants will fail to grow. Cocoa plants taken from the seed beds are charged for at the rate of 1s, 8d. per 100." ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 87.] MARCH. (1894. CCCLXIII.—SUGAR-CANE DISEASE IN OLD WORLD. The following vr rs cpi relates to a disease which has recently made its appearance amongst sugar-canes in Mauritius. "The specimens sent to Kew from the Colony proved that it was undoubtedly due to the same fungus, cres eid sacchari (in its most characteristic ferm), which, as show the Kew Bulletin (1893, pp. 149-152), has for some years past den great 2 iniechisf à in the West Indies r. Massee, Principal Assistant (Cryptogams) in the Herbarium of the Mops Gardens, has published in the diem nnals of cmq a for December last (pp. 515-532) an vage account, with detailed illustrations, of all that he has been able to iscottnln with sere to this destrueti: DIRECTOR Oy Forests AND GARDENS, MAURITIUS, to ROYAL GARDENS, Kxw. I wave sent to you by same — which carries this letter a case ble Judg ied authorises m se his me), i ginta of St. Antoine “Rempar a red blotches. Where these exist the under surface of the cane becomes dry and spongy, but does not, as far as I have been able to ascertain as yet, affect the growth of the cane. The main feature of the disease appears to be that it retards crystallization of the juice to a very marked degree when it reaches the boilers, and even the sugar produced falls short of what might be expected. The canes which I se nd are known here by the name of * Mapou perlé”; but I am informed that one of our best canes, * Louisir," is also attacked. I shall, therefore, be glad if you can in any way throw light on the matter, and render us U 80137. 1375.—3/94. Wt. 134. A 82 assistance in keeping the disease in check. I ed desi you posted up ith any new cccurrence or observation on the s wa pus (Signed) WiLLrAw Scorr. November 11th, 1893. Royat GARDENS, Kew, to COLONIAL OFFICE. SIR, Royal Gardens, Kew, January 5, 1894. I HAvE the honour to inform you that I have received a com- munication from the Director of Forests and Gardens, Mauritius, respecting a disease which has made its appearance amongst the sugar- canes in that Colony, aud advising the despatch of specimens. 2. These have reached Kew within the last few days and have been at once examined. The disease proves to be due unmistakeably to a fungus, and it is remarkable that this is identical with the Zricho- heria sacchari, which has recently made its appearance in the West Indies, ind. has already done no inconsiderable amount of damage there. It appears to me not improbable that it has been introduced thence into bun ds relimi inary account of the disease was given in the Kew Bulletin for July last, of which I enclose a copy. I further enclose a copy ot a detailed ee of the fungus, which has been prepared from est Indian material by Mr. George Massee, a Principal Assistant in the Herbarium of the md Gardens. 4. Mr. Massee has drawn up a brief memorandum of advice as to the ix action to be taken under the circumstances. A copy is enclosed, and this, with the documents above-mentioned, the Secretary of State will probably think it advisable to transmit to the Government of Mauritius for general information m, &c. (S uf W. T. THISELTON-DYER. Hon. Sir Robert Meade, K.C.B., Colonial Office Downing Street, S.W. SuGAR-CANE DISEASE, MAURITIUS. The canes are attacked by a fungus, Trichospheria sacchart, identical with the fungus at present causing such havoc in — ne plantations in the West Indies. To prevent the spread of the disease it is necessary to resort to drastic measures. urn every cane showing a trace of the disease mid indicated externally by the appearance of numerous minute, and rain, and in turn infect new areas, "Prompt action si can save the planter from being overpowered by the fungus, and as it is impos- i to Lo canes from its attack so long as the spores are being the only safe resource is to burn every trace of diseased "The utmost care should be taken not to spread the disease by using canes for propagation ected areas. 88 Aim at producing a fungus-proof variety of cane by propagating from thos canes that remain unattacked when growing in an infected distric G. M. January 2, 1894. r Massee has since been able to identify the discase with one which exit in Australia and which has been described with ability by Dr. Cobb, Pathologist to the Dejastineti of Agriculture, New South Wales. In the following note he has furnished a comprehensive review of our present scientific knowledge of the fungus producing it :— In Dr. Cobb's report on * Diseases of the Sugar-cane”’ in the Clarence River district, New Scuth Wales (Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, October 1893) a widespread disease is described, and said to sed by Trichospheria sacchari, Mass., to which attention was first Pv from the West Indies (Kew Bellet, 1893, pp. 149-152). It has since been identified in Mauritius; and now that its presence has been demonstrated in Australia, and also in North-West India, as proved by its presence on a specimen of Saccharum officinarum from Saharan- pur, received in 1892, it is perhaps not too much to assume that this isease is present, in greater or less abundance, wherever the sugar-cane is cultivated. In common with many Spheriaceous fungi, T'richospheria presents itself under more than one form during the ee ard of "n life-cycle ; from each other in general appearance accounts "i the different names pis fungus has received. Of these stages the Melanconium condition best known ; being the conidial form destined for the rapid repr ation and dissemination of the species, 2d is most widely diffused, and also most conspicuous, on account of the enormous quantities of conidia or Pod welive bodies that are being Gousentty liberated in the form of ack mass on the surface. The disease is caused by this phase of the fungus. The two remaining conidial forms, as well as the highest or ascigerous condition, are only developed when the cane is thoroughly rotten, and consequently have escaped the attention id the emen or they may only be developed at rare jon irregular intervals, a known that the Melanconium stage ca n reproduce itself condat, without the intervention of any other form. It is somewhat remarkable evils y Sitges tage a fungus e from es purely scientific side, escaped a up to within the three our years, yet such appears to oe thes ase, and its séemopottian distri- bution appears to be most readily explained by supposing it to have been imported along with its host, the sugar-cane The true native country of the goa pna scems to ype vr" e but what little evidence there is points to an Eastern origin. examining the numerous specimens of nif ve tan ifii um in the Kew herbarium, traces of the Trichospheria were noted on specimens from India and ’ Borneo, received many years ago, whereas the material at command showed no sign of its presence in the New World previous to the sudden outbreak in the West Indies. à X 84 The following is a complete diagnosis of the fungus, also its synonymy and known distribution. meer sacchari, Mass., Ann. Bot., vol. vii, p. 515, pl. xxvii. ungus ascophorus. Peritheciis ovatis obtusis nigris, setulis miren ud septatis acuminatis rigidis brunneis sursum pallidioribus undique vestitis, ascis cylindraceis apice rotundatis stipitatis octosporis, sporis oblique monostichis elliptico- oblig hyalinis 8—9 x 4x. Fungus stylosporiferus (Melanconium stage). ^ Acervulis nigris gregariis epidermide cinctis, conidiis cylindraceis utrinque obtusis runneis continuis vel subinde pacano c Satie 14—-15 x 3°5—4y in cirros gelatinosos varios nigros exsilientib Strumella Sacchari, Cooke, Grevillea, xix., p. 45 (1890) ; Cobb, Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, vol. iv., pt. 10, p figs. 17-19, Trullula sacchari, Ellis and Everhart, Journ. Inst. of Jamaica, vol. i, p. 159 (1892). Fungus macroconidiophorus. Maculas —— cec eil irre- sulares efformans, conidiis in interiore hypharum nulatim formatis et dein exsilientibus ellipsoideis utrinque haii aiei brunneis 18—20 x 12px. Fungu a a a piora. Statui macroconidiophoro similis conidiis 10—11 x 64. Hab. In culmis Sacchari officinarum Distr. India, Borneo, Mauritius, Queensland, New South Wales, West Indies Evidence has now come to hand which points to the existence of the same disease in Jav: r. Went has just described in the Mededeelingen van het Proe fstation West Java, 1893, what he considers to be a new sugar-cane disease, caused by a fungus, to which he has pra the name Thielaviopsis ethaceticus. When developing in a solution of sugar-cane sap, this ungus possesses the property of E alschotis itin The same, or a closely allied form, has previously been observed to cause a similar fermentation in pine-apple sap, hence the adir calls the present disease, “ pine-apple disease of the sugar-cane.’ Judging from the description and figures, I appears to be identical with the macro- and microconidial state of T'richospheria sacchari; curiously enough the author has iopied the above terms to the two conditions of his fungus, and apparently considers it as a s only of some higher development, as he queries the constant absence of an ascigerous stage. CCCLXIV,—SEMINAL VARIATION IN THE SUGAR-CANE The Kew Bulletin for 1891 {PP 10-24) contained a discussion of the interesting discovery made at the Botanical Station (Dodd's Re- formatory), Barbados, of the sites of fertile seed by the ipiis 85 eane, a funetion which it had long been supposed to have lost under cultivation. From the well-known principle of seminal variation, it was obvious that a new method was open to the planter of obtaining fresh races of the sugar-cane. The procedure would, however, be slow, and would would, in fact, consist of “selecting” in the seedlings of each generation those which presented, in some marked degree, one or more desirable characters. Each successive step in advance would in some individuals be cumulative, and at last a new race would be obtained, which could e propaga cuttings in the wap € , possessing valuable qualities, might. even, with g ood fortune, to judge from E ee of other cultivated “plans, emerge from the seed were, per saltum. But this cannot be reckoned upon, and the best releshe will pora be MEE: in the long run by gradual and progressive selectio The matter was àt once taken in hand in Demerara, and the Kew Bulletin for 1891 (pp. 20-23) gave an interesting account of the earliest results obtained. For further study of the subject, reference may be made to the excellent * Report on the Agricultural Work in the Botanical Gardens, 1890 (Demerara, 1891),” by Mr. J. B. Harrison, the Government Analytical Chemist, and Mr. G. S. Jenman, the Government Botanist. . . The following "rg which is extracted from the Sugar Cane for January 1894 (pp. 1 .19-20), shows what has in the meantime been accomplished in Mauritius. It describes the show of sugar-canes brought ME reed at the Ec pere Exhibition of October 1893 :— “The collection of sugar-canes was probably one of the best, if not the best, which has ever been brought together in one room in any part of an inch high to second ratoons from n ent stac raised from seed. The history of the first eiie attempt to raise sugar cane fro native seed in this Colony is too well known to need repetition ; but certainly, when the President of t the Chamber of Agriculture announ to his colleagues in 1891 that the four great sugar companies had combined to offer a prize of Rs. 1,000 for the best collection of canes s success of Mr. Perromat, Mr. in, Mr. Kenig, and others; or in the short space of two years, thanks to the energy and foresight of Mr. Hay, such vm er of matured canes could have been submitted d sports and varieties have been pr roduced, some of which show tendencies to throw back on inferior types, but most of which are of a highly promising character. ‘The most remarkable feature about them is their extreme robustness, many having 12 feet clear of cane, well grown, with long healthy internodes, while to find from 25 to 35 canes in one stool is by no means uncommon. The first ratoons have been found to be 86 equally prolific. We are informed that canes have been propagated this year from seeds of seedlings ; a strong evidence in favour of permanence of the type produced. Amongst the specimens exhibited by Mr. Hay we counted 26 well-defined varieties; we believe that all were produced from seeds of Port Mackay, Lousier, Penang, and Bamboo ; but the prevailing characteristics of the majority were certainly those of the amboo, which, from other analogies, we ne to be the primitive stock of many of our varieties of purple anes. We must hope that the importance of the success achieved br those gentlemen who have raised canes from seed will not be lost sight of by planters at large. It is mortifying to find that after two years’ familiarity with the fact, so few managers have taken the trouble to do what we now know can n be done. The deterioration of the sugar cane is a favourite topie of conversation in our island ; fabulous yields are spoken of in the good old days when Triple- Effets were not, and planters weighed not their and yet how many se our planters have made the attempt ? CCCLXV.—IMPROVEMENT OF SUGAR-CANE BY CHEMICAL SELECTION OF SEED CANES. During the last ten years considerable attention has been devoted to the possible oa ee of the sugar-cane as an industrial plant. The earlier steps taken were in the direction of introducing new sorts from the East Indies and the islands of the Pacific, in the hope that some at least of these would be found to possess greater vigour, yield larger crops, or be individually richer in saccharine properties. Some good was undoubtedly done in this way. Many new canes of merit were added to the few hitherto almost exclusively grown in sugar-producing seg ot A larger range of selection was afforded to the planter who had to contend with special circumstances, such us the nature of the soil, season, derat , and the amount and distribution of the rainfall. Where at one time onl m or three sorts of canes were available for SPEER ded tion, there are now more than a hundred named lt as undoubtedly had its ges on the industry, and in fa the hands. of intelligent and observant it has in some localities greatly improved the general yield and aaa? of the sugar. The utilisation of the chance xis of sugar-canes that had arisen either from bud variation or fertile seed in various parts of the world was not, however, the most skilful nor perhaps the most «conomical way of seeking to improve sugar cultivation. It had Jong been thought that the sugar-cane had lost the power of producing fertile seed, and hence the possibility of improving the sugar-cane by cross fertilisation and selection had up to very recent times been abandoned. This has, however, proved in some measure not to be the case. e Kew eed for AME y 1891, as well as the present number, contains some account o at bas been done in attempting to take advantage of ential faailo. The net results of the experiments to improve the jadine by this means cannot yet be determined. Alth ough some canes of undoubted merit Andi ve been produced, the process in actu al practi ice is one involving t labour and risk; for after growing touidi of seedling canes b shaker y, it is possible that not one will 87 possess properties at all superior to those already under cultivation. The opinion has always been held at Kew that in the long run the ne results may be obtained by ate: propagation from selected can The most ready means, and the one hee universally adopted, for propagating the sugar-cane is Pr cuttings. Sometimes the whole cane is planted, sometimes only short hem or cuttings near the top, each ng a few buds. this way the same identical v iety of cane is prolifieness, and capable at the same time of yielding a larger per-centage of sugar. Such were canes are the result of what is called bud variation ; and if these are carefully selected, and the process continually repeated, a ias will be eventually established superior-to any canes of the sort from which it was originally n" eges method of pro- cedure was suggested from Kew about seven years ago, but it is only within the last afi years that it has wet panei tested under scientific supervisio A letter from Mew; addressed to the Colonial Office, dated May 12th, 1886, was summarised by it as follows :— Mr. Thiselton-Dyer deems it * advisable to direct the attention, not only of professed botanists, but * also of planters, to the fact that new varieties (or sports) in sugar-canes “ are to be sought in bud variation appewring accidentally in the cane * fields, and that when such bud varieties are noticed, stock nts * should be raised and carefully experimented upon until their value is * fully known." This paragraph was communicated by the Secretary = State for the Colonies to the Governments of West India Islands and other Colonies where sugar.growing is a uti industry, and it was publishe d locally in the Government Gazettes. It was not intended to eonfine attention merely to canes growing icantly at Botanical gardens. The idea was to stimulate i inquiry and observation throughout the cane fields of the whole of our tropical possessions. In the con- cluding paragraph of the letter spin caer peste m was pointed out :— * Fur this purpose an area of one hundred acres is hardly more valuable * than one acre. It requires observation carr ied on over thousands of * acres of cane fields, vore with the intelligent co-operation of all “ interested in the subjec It is not necessary to m on the theoretical grounds for under- taking an enterprise of this kind. The facts already obtained in a series of experiments carried on at Calumet Plantation, Louisiana, have practically established the possibility of selecting canes in the field re- markable for size, prolificness, early nin s high saccharine quality, and of j ession of canes possessing similar qualities. The peculiarity of t experiments is that the selection has been based upon and fri cw by chemical — If, xc adopting this method, ru average quality of the canes over were uniformly r: raised, i is shown by the Louisiana ‘experiments that for a crop of, say, 25,000 pa ons there would be added to it 180,000 pounds of su is, however, is the result of one year's selection only. But in addition to Co increased yield in sugar there is still another possible gain in the increased purity of the sugar. This is a more difficult matter to estimate, ‘bat it is a factor which adds to the potential value of the experiment, By the pee of Mr. Wibray J. Thompson, of Calumet Plantation, Patterson, La., we are p in possession of the results of the very Tommin atyai carried on by him, with the aid of Mr. Hubert son, who undertook the idilie "work, during the seasons of 1890, 88 1891, and 1892. "This information is contained in a pamphlet (Bulletin No. 8) issued privately by the proprietor, Mr. Daniel Thompson. e relating to the improvement of the sugar-can means of a selection controlled by chemical m of the plant canes. In the pamphlet this selection is described as a ** seed” selection. **Seed canes” in man sugar countries is an Mo in use for the * cuttings " of canes, or for the canes themselves used for planting purposes. In most countries the t i trenches and covered over like so nany drain-pipes. Sometimes these are laid two in a row and sometimes three, depending on the season and condition of the canes. The results of the experiment at Calumet Plantation possess so wide an interest that it is desirable to bring them prominently before the notice of those interested in sugar production in our tropical — Mr. Edson, the chemist, states :—“ I do not know that any experim * such as this at Calumet have, up to the M time, ever been pes * with sugar-cane. It seems to me to be an entirely new and untried * ground in experimentation, though the advisability of such work cim ** tried has often been discussed." The following extracts relating to the experiments at Calumet Plantation are taken from Mr. Edson's Report (Bulletin No. 8, pp. 26-39): ‘Seep’ SELECTION OF SUGAR-CANE. * During the autumn of 1890, after grinding was well under way, a series of single stalk analyses were made in the laboratory for the purpose of testing whether sugar canes would transmit to their offspring the ee higher or lower sucrose content which they ep pos By repeated experiments a transverse section of the can Paid” that represented very accurately the quality of the whole enti this part was cut out, analysis made of its juice, ne the remainder of the cane saved for seed. This section was the third one from the bottom when the canes were cut into four agri of eis length. Below is given a table of analyses made to test the matt Cue Third prin from Bottom of opposite Longitudinal Halves of Samples. Halves-óf Samples. | | Solids. Sucrose. | Purity. Solids. | Sucrose. Purity. 14°7 I9 80:9 15*4 12°8 83°6 15°1 12°3 81°4 15*2 12°3 80°9 ICE. 13:8 85:7 16°1 13°9 85°3 16:1 | 13°6 83°9 16°5 13:8 83:6. 17:1 15:4 90:1 LEA 15:3 89°4 18°3 16°5 90:2 18:2 16:4 90:1 16:4 13:3 | «SII 16:4 I0"T 83:5 16°1 13°3 | 82°6 16° 13°5 83:8 16:2 13:8 85:2 16:4 . | .14*0 85:4 | “I have since dis that for different years the section which represented the quality of the cane might be different, but as it has been found out since that a selection of this kind is not necessary, have made no further experiments. Selections were first made with 89 the Brix spindle, by which means all canes containing a medium amount of solids in the juice were discarded, leaving only the extremes of the rich an juice from these latter was taken into the laboratory for further analysis, and all canes of low per-centage of solids in the juice and baving a purity under eighty-five, were planted as representing the poorest canes to be found. In like manner the richest canes were selected from those ponia a high per-centage of solids and having a purity over eighty-five * Both extremes were taken in preference to one, because it was vital opposites instead of comparing only one woe with an average, which, to say the least, aen be very difficu io obtain. In fact, selecting the extremes was the only way a apenas could be made. If only the richest canes had been selected there would have been no standard by which to judge whether anything had been aceomplished. With the extremes if there is a difference in their Áo ti there must, also of necessity, be a difference between each of their offspring and the mean. We have, then, if we find that the richest canes which can be selected produce a cane richer than that from the poorest canes T proven that this resulting cane is also richer than the average of t lot of cane from which the selections were made would have produced, had the canes of medium sucrose content not been thrown out. * In reviewing also what continually is coming under our notice I cannot either see any reason why disbelief should exist as to some good being accomplished by this line of investigation. Rich and poor canes are continually coming to our notice from n the same part of afield and where the conditions for their development seem 2e be as favourable to one as to the other. Anyone who d made a great number of single is also evidenced by the almost total impessibility of getting samples a piece of standing cane w will accurately represent the whole plat. The wipe eei this variability can perhaps be better appreciated by comparing s cane with sorghum, a plant which has had a very unenviable ‘reputation as regards the vagaries of its individual stalks, 2 There is is a belief among the Creole planters that the Ribbon cane as mmonly known in this State reverts to the Purple, though no scientific tine vations have been made to test the truth of the belief. Dr. Stubbs, at the Experiment Station, has had, I Plain some difficulty in securing a pure stock of these two varieties, but has not attributed his trouble to one cane changing to the otier. 1f edd is any truth in the belief, it would suggest the Ss that many of the existing varieties were derived in the same way instead of by sudden bud variation. If this safety at the present time. Why, then, can we not take advantage of this continual ne and train it to meet our wants? If ee cannot bring it to excel its original qualities, cannot we, at least, keep its standard up to "the quality of its present best individuals ? pdf three-tenths one per cent. would add 5 * At Calumet 730 single gm were mem 424 of which were discarded by the Brix spindle work as being canes of medium richness, 90 and the remaining 356 analyzed, giving about an equal number of the extremes of rich and poor canes. The canes from these analyses planted but two rows 575 feet long, while seed from the same number of stalks of sorghum would have planted many acres. ecan see by this the Herculean nature of the task undertaken, and therefore the necessity for extreme care that the experiments be not lost. The average analysis of the rich canes planted here was solids 16:6, sucrose 14'7, purity 88:6; of the poor canes, solids 14:9, sucrose fis 9, purity 79:9. This gives a difference in the analyses of 1:7 solids, 2:8 sucrose, and 8:7 purity. This difference was not, perhaps, oe as great in the canes examined as the analyses would indicate, for many of the stalks were no doubt influenced greatly by their environments, aud after removing them aa these, the peculiarities themselves would in con- siderable part disappear. These peculiarities, due to environment, would, were twice sampled ga meia were taken from directly opposite pu = the two rows, and every stalk growing in the s The a nalyses of each in the laboratory wo of bodia, made ^n Se iR methods. These analyses were as follows : Hien Sucrose Prat. Analysis of November 20.—Solids 15°2, Sucrose 11:6, Purity 76:3. Analysis of November 27.—Solids 14°4, Sucrose 10:7, Purity 74°3. Average.—Solids 14°8, Sucrose 11:2, Purity 75,7. Low Sucrose Prar. Analysis of November 20.— Solids 15:1, Sucrose 11°1, Purity 73°5. Analysis of November 27.—Solids Hes Sucrose 10:7, Purity 74:3. Average.—Solids 14:8, Sucrose 10:9, Purity 73:6. Difference.— Solids d " Sucrose 0:3, Purity 2*1. s sid was also undoubtedly a less yield of cane from the poor was so very evident that it did not need the wuthocity o of actual weights to confirm it 1892 Rxsurrs. “ In discussing the data secured the present year on this subject, I have divided it into two phases, both of which seemed distinct and important enough for separate remarks. These are the results obtained from last year's pn and so have had but small opportunity for dant if such are to occur, and the other the results obtained from two-plats, the onse parents of which were from selected seed, the one from latter, then, has been subjected to only the one cu selection, but each plat kept free from intermixture with the other “The canes were planted two in a row without any lap ard the tops and butts of the planted canes were kept opposite so as not to have the general growth of the cane in the row affected É the varying germinating qualities of the different sections of the can * The method used in selecting the rich and poor canes was somewhat ifferent from that employed the first year. Then as a preliminary part of the work a number of tests were made to determine what section of the cane would represent the whole stalk, tus on found section, it was used forthe analysis. But what has rendered this kind of work easier it was also found that from the othe of comparing 91 one cane with another any given section could be used, provided this section only was used in all the tests. ac on this knowledge ve used in our selection the butt quarter ofthe cane, and while this cane when the caue tested all comes from one plat. I have hundreds of analyses on my books at usd which it would be but an incum- brance to print here, showing without exception, that under suc conditions a high per cent. solids invariably means a correspondingly high sucrose, and, in a vast majority of cases, a higher purity than the lower solids. The average per cent. solids of the richer canes planted : 3 was 19:5, an the poorer 17:2, a difference of It was a note- worthy fact that nearly all the richer canes were also the larger ones, and the joints were longer than in the canes. This would have, y the poor canes, and so Showd have given a feu number of canes, but from some cause it did no ANALYSES OF CANES FROM SINGLE STALK SELECTION. Rich Cane Seed. Poor Cane Seed. Date. Solids. | Sucrose.| Purity. Date. | Solids. Gare: | Purity. Oct. 24 - 17:0 14-0 82-3 Oct. 24 - | 16:6. | 1372 79*5 Nov. 1 - 17:5 15:2 86:9 Nov. 1- eel? 1 |--13*6 78:3 Nov. 5 - Hi 13:9 81: Nov. 4 - | 16*6 ;|-193:9 83:7 Now, $7 ^ 16:4 13:4 81:7 Nov 7 - | 16:0 13:0 81:2 Nov. 8. - 16:3 13:2 81: Nov. 8 i 15:1 12:8 81:5 Nov.11 - 16:1 13°1 81:4 Nov. 11 - 15:9 [ 14 5 79:3 Nov.12 - 16:6 14:3 86:2 Nov. 12 - 16:5 | 13:3 80°6 Means -| 16°7 | 13:9 83:2 Means - | 16:2 | 13°1 80:9 | | ' se have given their progeny a little the better start, as there were 371 mother canes against 350 for the poor canes, and this slight advan in the number of canes continued into August, but at time of h amount of canes in each piat was almost identical, the plat from rich seed having 875 canes against 870 i in the other. Fourteen of the canes in the rich seed plat died before E oom A and seven in the poor seed plat. Tn point of arg of canes grown or those lost Tite reaching maturity no preference can be given to either plat. “I will now call itin w the relative amount of cane from the two plats. It wil remembered that last year, while no actual weights were made, it was remarked that the cane from the rich seed gave a larger, healthier-looking stalk, this D 80 doma pronounced that there was no mistaking it. is present yea the samples brought in were weighed, and as the same numbe E canes were taken from each plat at every sampling, and bte samples extended through the whole 92 length of the rows, a very good idea can be formed of the reiative quantity of cane. This is best expressed by giving the average weight per stalk. For the cane from poor seed this was 2°58 pounds, and for the cane from the rich seed 2:42 pounds, a crine: against the rich cane seed hile it may be that each yea e will have a return in quantity similar to this, I am at ome incihseü to think that the rich cane will in the end prove the larger “Tt is true that with sorghum aid "eite the medium-sized plant is the most satisfactory one to grow for sugar; yet I believe that it could not in the same way be said of these that the smaller or medium sized seed are as satisfactory for planting as the large ones, containing, as they would, a much greater amount of starch to be transformed into food for the young plantlets. So, I believe, it will be with mcos cane, and that the larger healthier stalks will, in a series of years, preduce the thriftiest canes, for I have continually noticed that in dió telootiónl the rich eanes are the larger and better stalks. In three of the samples he poor, the other four samples giving opposite results. Also it was notice- able that at one end of the rows one plat coutained the larger looking ane, and at the other sts the ther plat did, and the samples taken corresponded to this appearance. Certainly, from the limited trials e whether the rich cane seed will give a larger or a smaller cane, as the two years results have been contradictory in this particular. Such contradictions, however, are to expected in field agricultural experi- ments, and it will take the average results of a number of years to furnish ultimate proof. e now come to the most important part of the work in judging of its utility, viz., the analytical results. Seven sets of analyses were made, and then it had become so late in the fall that it was deemed expedient to mei the selections for planting, and as this took all the canes it stopped further analyses, The last analyses were made on November 12th. These samples were, with one exception, taken from directly opposite parts of the two rows and contained the same number of canes. The one sample taken differently was during the time the selections for fiber planting were being made, and consisted of every s ETER is in these analyses but one case, that of November 4th, where the cane from the poor seed could be said to be better for sugar-making than that from the rich seed. The average of the analyses shows the cane from the rich seed to be eight-tenths of one per cent. hight? 3 sucrose and 2:3 points higher in purity. Now let us see what s difference in analyses means in sugar-making. diloving 10 per en ee. about the average in Louisiana, there would be a difference between the plats of 14:4 pounds of sugar in each ton of cane. This litino grees by two, because one plat was as much below the average cane seed as the other was above, will give 7:2 pounds of a .per ton as an increase in planting rich cane qt seed, instead of the average cane, had it been planted, * For a factory grinding 400 tons of cane per day this would add 2,880 pounds of sugar to the cane of a day's working, and for a crop of 25,000 tons would give 180,000 additional pounds of sugar. 93 hundred and eighty thousand pounds of sugar at - cents per pound is worth $9,000, and $9,000 would pay for 2,000 tons of cane at the pri of $4°50 per ton, and 2,000 re are nearly due Crelth of the entire erop. "his, it must be born mind, is the result of one year's selection. ‘There is still another ae value in the cane from the rich seed of which it is more difficult to give the exact value; this is the higher purity of 2:3. We know that a high purity is more desirable than a low one, but no one yet has been able to tell what a rise of a of the juice from the rich cane seed we will have pn sucrose as given in the table of analyses for the cane from rich seed a difference of four-tenths of one per cent. of sucrose due to purity alone. Halving this for the same reason as given before we would get two- tenths of one per cent. extra sucrose over the average, or 3*6 pounds per ton. This then should be added to the actual gain in sucrose made, aside from the question of purity, and would give instead of the 7: 2 pounds, 10°8 pounds additional sugar per ton of cane. Carrying this out in figures the same way as before we would have for a day’s work of 400 tons an increase of 4,320 pounds of sugar, and on a crop gr 25,000 tons 270,000 pounds. This, at five cents per pound, amounts 13,500 and would at the rate given before buy 3,000 tons of cane, which is but little less shan one-eighth of the entire crop. Expressing this gain in another way it would give an abundant amount of money pay the sugar-house labour for manufacturing the This result was obtained from planting canes the av s per cent. solids of whose juices 3 points, thus ing t ere e ric ter than the average would have been by 1°15 per cent. It is undoubtedly a remarkable showing. ORIGINAL SEED SELECTION Work. * We turn now to the other phase of our subject in which one year had intervened without selection siuce M original selection was made. As explained, this was because the cane was too small to analyse a part and still have some left for cw mi It will be seen then that the a might have given. The results, however, should be expected to be very interesting in having a bearing on the gredi ion of the stability of an improvement once made. This will of course be one of the most important phases of the subject, e odi a improvement made revert to the rag state after one year, das work would be in vain, as enough cane cannot be selected in one year to be of any great value. “ The first year’s work mo these me ctn a difference of three- tenths of one per cent. of sucrose betw: em and of 2:1 points in purity. "This of itself was a a'debided hafordcienl but as the cane was so small I placed no great reliance in the results, thinking that an accidental cause might have occasioned it. But during the present year the cane from the id these plats furnished grew excellently and was well cared for, so we are thus given an excellent means of judging what one year's selection w i. do under continued propagation.’ 94 CANE FROM ‘SINGLE STALK SELECTIONS.’ Grown two years without additional selection. Rich Cane Seed. Poor Cane Seed. Date. Solids. | Sucrese. | Purity. Date. Solids. |Sucrose.| Purity. Nov. 9 = 18:0 16:0 88:9 Nov. 8 - | 17°6 15*5 88:1 Nov. 8 - IT; 15°4 87°0 Nov. 8 - 16°8 18:5 80:3 Nov.14 - ITI 15*8 89:5 Nov. 14 . 1755 14:5 82:8 Nov.19 - 13-5 16°3 93:2 Nov.19 - 17*5 16:2 92°6 Noy. 25 - 17°6 16°0 90°9 Noy. 25 - 17°9 15°8 88:3 Dec. 6 - 18:8 17:0 90:4 Dec. 6 - 17°8 14:8 83:1 Means - 17:8 16:0 89:9 Means - 1775 II 86*3 « The gag sucrose of six samples from the plat planted with rich cape seed was 16'0 and the purity 89:9. The cane from the poor seed gave a sucrose of 15*1 and a purity of 86:3. The samples were taken in the same manner as in the other plats and, as will be noticed, give a more favourable showing than they did for seed selection. I wi not extend the figures as I did before, for their — must already be hg apparent that further discussion would be u * A most important point these two plats show i is that the higher sucrose from the rich eane seed is not an early forced maturity. The analyses extend up to December 6th, and there is as marked a differ- ence iu the latter ones as in the earlier. I cannot but believe then. no difference "e — — are, a rich cane will produce a better progeny t * Having tab ak the n that the sugar-cane can be improved by have been with small experiment Ix How can such work be done for hundreds of acres? This must be the true test of the utility of the results, for could not the large field profit by them they might as well have never been made. “ There are two possible ways, it seems to me at present, that the knowledge acquired by these experiments can be put to practical u use. The first of these is by systematically sampling the cane growing on different sections of the plantation, and planting the rithest for the ensuing crop. In this case, however, the conditions giving the richness are not perfectly known ; the soil, fertilizer applied, better drainage or cultivation may, one or all, have had an effect in giving the result, instead of an inherent ps in the cane itself, and that which is in reality poorer might be selected in one year’s work as the better. Ina number of years, ‘though, it is more than probable that a selection of this kind would be of 1 materia] benefit. ‘The return would, in any case, be slower than el method I will now call attention to. * A chemist can take ordinary unskilled white labourers and teach them to make the necessary Brix readings in a very short time, and by single stalk work I estimate, from the work done here, that in a month at least three acres could be planted with a high quo of seed, using only a single hand-mill to extract the juice. This work done 95 iE punding would .entail no loss, as all juice extracted and canes not selected could be used in the [acto tory. These three acres should tees ue next year at the rate of twenty tons per acre, or a total ot sixty tons. At the end of one year, then, sixty tons of a high grade seed would be on hand. This, planting at the rate of four tons to the acre, would seed 15 acres and, with the three acres of stubble, would, at the end of two years, give 15 acres of pure-bred seed. The 15 acres of pt cane would give 300 tons, at the rate of 20 tons per acre, and the acres of stubble, at 16 tons per acre, would give 48 tons, a total of 348 tons, which is enough to have at the end of the third year, yos e 15 acres of stubble, 99 acres of pure-bred seed. tikes into account the additional selections that sa: be made each S ear and which by three years would at the same rate as above give twenty- one additional acres. One hundred and t estes acres would, in round plantations plant in one year. By the end of another year, or the fifth crop harvested since the selection was begun, there would be nothing but improved cane on the place. This would be accomplished, too, by using id the additional labour of perhaps four men during the grinding seaso * Of course ae selections, that is, pea from selections, could be going on in small plats all the time. and as these became of sufficient value could be transferred to the field in thas same manner as the other * Feeling thus so thoroughly assured P selection of * high sucrose’ canes will give a plant which is also ofa al tig sent? it might be well to speculate as to how far this improvement can be carried. Is it be stopped at the end of three or four years, or is ve to be continued indefinitely ? If for the shorter period how much of an Miperarcunes can we expect ? * We know that propagation from cuttings Eara ees plants much As, for example, all fruit trees are budded, potatoes are grown from the eyes of the potato, not from the seed, and in the last few years wh tropical cane seeds lave been secured many distinctly different plants were, according to Professors Bovell and Harrison, grown from one parent seed head. Beet investigators, also, realising this fact, have beeu making M aient ts in growing beets from what are practically pice f instead of from seed as hirat toie, though their work i preserve true peste rather than to have any imme té e iot the sucrose content. Then, having accepted the fact that cuttings breed truer to the parent than seeds, is not the convietion hat improvement inherent in the plant can be developed y large quantities of a pure stock could be secured more quickly, for T have already explained why this cannot be done, but that with an equal Rios of Ber a plant true to its parent stock will reach its maxi- nm sucrose tent sooner, and breeding only from the best, we are miim apt to get the best. We will not have to contend with the diffi- culty of variation from our accepted best value. It is, also, doubtless true from the same reason e we are more limited in our ultimate improvement since we cannot expect mire variations that will be f more value than their original parent. e cannot, either, ise any of the benefits of crossing that are obtained from s eed-beare at there are occasional variations, however, anyone familiar with the 96 m goon of naturalists of the present day cannot very well doubt ; indeed, ome have aetually been observed in ordinary culture, and are would be much betterment in cane by watching for such variations. My own work, no further than it has gone, has led m me much against my will to fear that the chance for continued improvement from single stalk selection is not as great as could be desired. I do not find nearly the variation in the plats which have already been subjected to one selection that I did in my original selection from the field. Where the first year the difference in per cent. solids of the two plats planted was 2:2, the selections gave but slight individual variations in either plat, and there were in each case practically the same number of canes examined. All the canes from the high sucrose plats were correspondingly high and those from the poor plat correspondingly poor. "There was not in the rich Del a single stalk that I could think was distinctively richer than its associates from a any q quality i in itself; in fact, there were none at all that vé markedly superior canes to those adjoining them. o not think the same venetus vtm be held as good in regard to the cane froin poor sucrose seed, as some single cane might be unusually low in sugar from an silenti vds such as becoming wounded during cultivation, * [t is my "belief, then, that with a given amount of plants the cU gh nr in sugar can e bys seed selection will be more stable than sorghum or beets, and will, on the whole, approach its maximum satis rh but that the limitations to its ultimate improvement are -greater in either of these. Nature, however, may aid it in the fact de the ptedaition of sugar is a function ineident to the plant, while with beets and sorghum "this is an educated uality. Time only can tell which of these three will ultimately etie | in the world's sugar production, but whatever the outcome will be it is certain cane can take a great stride in the race, now that it has been found that seed selection will aid it CCCLXVI.—GUZERAT RAPE. (Brassica campestris var. glauca.) The seeds of rape yield on expression the oil familiarly known under the name of Colza. The residue or “cake,” which contains all the nitrogenous constituents of the seed, is largely employed in this country as a valuable cattle-food. Botanically the plant grown in Europe for the purpose is principally Brassica it: nie A var. Napus. In India the similar plant is B. dde nbs var. glauc ever, Mustard oil produces in the stomachs of cattle an inflammation which is often fatal. It is essential, therefore, that * Rape-cake ” which aa used for feeding should be free from any seed containing Mustard "Unfortunately Indian cu -— some of the characters of mustard. It appears to be largely imported into Europe for the purpose of oil- expression; but ra xe Man peri saleable as a manure, cannot be safely used as a cattle-food. 97 The matter has often been investigated at Kew, and the accompanying documents are now published for general information. Watts Dictionary of the Economic Products of India (v. i, pp. 522-528) may be consulted advantageously on the subject. Prof. FERDINAND Coun to Royat GARDENS, Kew eosque a eer rei Institut der Kel. Universitat, Breslau Dear Sm, ' January 80, 1894. CAN you give me some weit. to which "species belong the seeds which come into commerce from East India, for the purpose of extracting oil in our European ibérico ofi under the name of Indian Colza (Indischer it o The seeds are different from our common Brassica Napus; they seem to be produced by several species or varieties of Crucifere, their testa being y, red, or yellow. lbegt nd speci soft samples pore, Guzerat, and Ferozepore) an Indian * Rape " for the extraction of oil; our farmers assert the cakes to be injurious to cattle, and to contain mustard seeds ; hence law-suits. I suppose I may get from the collections of your Museum authentic information, and perhaps also little specimens of the well-defined species f seeds. leve, me, &c. (Signet). Pror. FERDINAND COHN. Extract from Kew Report for 1877, p. 34. Guzerat Rape.—Inquiry has been made both in England and in Germany with regard to a ine os E aa into the a market nder this KETGIM, Ti jas identified | as the seed of Brassica (Sind pis glauca, Roxb. This species is undoubtedly m i a local variety of the common rape, and must be referred, the as is done in the Flora of British Indio, val: i., p. 156, to Draticé aftan Linn. first sight the seed as im ported resembles a ee " ordinary rap? with white Gerd, and it has even been taken to be e careful examination of Dr. Wittmack, however, shows ' conclusively that the structural characters of the seeds are those of r and not of white mustard, and there is reason to suppose that the "white as well as the dark seeds are all the produce of the same plant (Sitz. d. Gesellsch. Naturf. Fr., January 16, 1877). Guzerat rape seed has been crushed at Danzig, and is found to yield 3: : per cent. more oil than rape; the cake also yields 10 per cent. fatty matter and 34 cent. EDO both being in excess of the amounts yielded by ordinary ra Wittmack, however, remarks, that as the seed has a distinct fidc of mustard, the cake may not be very suitable for cattle feeding. CCCLXVII.—AGRICULTURE IN BRITISH HONDURAS, An account of the resources of British Honduras was printed in the Kew Bulletin for November last (1893, pp. et eig In the ey Report for the year 1892 (Colonial Office Reports, Annval, No. 9 1893), the Administrator gives a further tateruiting note on ee ieultural condition of the Colony. The singularly undeveloped con- dition of this British possess'on in Central America, first settled as long U 80137. B 98 ago as 1662, is shown by the fact that out of five million acres, the total estimated area, there are only forty thousand acres returned as under cultivation at the close of 1892. There is Ec Ad considerable cedi. in regard to logwood and mahogany, which have hitherto ef articles of export. Up to the present time the Colony has tiki Speedie for its existence upon the cutting of these valuable native timbers. The one cheering fact in the agricultural condition of British Honduras at the present time, is the gradual and steady develop- ment which has taken place during the last few years in the fruit trade. In order of importance the value of the vegetable produets of the Colony exported during 1892 is as follows :— — Logwood, $616,838; $7,450 ; and West India cedar (Cedrela), $2,610. The fruit exports, including cocoanuts, are now almost two-thirds of those of mahogany. is every indication that with due encouragement these are destined, as in Jamaica, to occupy a very prominent position in the future. "Moreover, the cultivation of fruit, especially bananas, lea the permanent establishment of the land in coffee, cacao, spices, and other tropical staples piros Statistics, The estimated acreage of the Colony is 4,839,408 acres, of which 000 are returned as being under cultivation, and 4,155,000 as being uncultivated, The estimated acreage of mahogany and logwood works- 065,000 acres. town and suburban lands belonging to the Crown have to be sold by public auction at an upset price fixed by the Governor in Council, which generally ranges from $1 an acre upwards, and cannot be sold privately; whilst leases of Crown land are also granted by the Governor in Council at rates varying from 25 cents an acre per annum, subject to such conditions as the cireumstances of each application may seem to require. In order to en courage immigration and develop the resources of the Colony, the Governor in Council is empowered by law to issue free grants of rural lands to persons who may desire to settle in the Colony, in lots not exceeding 20 acres for each adult above 18 years of age, and 10 acres for eac that age, subjeet to such conditions as to niue ovements or residence as may be impos It is estimated that about 3 075,981 acres of land in the Colony have been granted, and that about 1 ,168 ,424 acres remain ungranted, The orineipal products of the Colony, i in addition to mahogany and mie d are sugar, bananas, rum, Indian corn, coffee, rice, and cocoan The following table gives the [approximate] quantity produced from 1889 to 1892. The returns of bananas and cocoanuts are given for the first time in 1892 :— — | Sugar.* | Bananas, Rum, s | Coffee, | Rice. | Cocoanuts. Proof | Lbs. Bunches. | gallons. | Bushels*| Lbs. | Bushels. No. 1889 2,390,900 | not given 67,966 100,451 931 1,718 | not given 1890 | 2,004,536 | not given 78,191 137,806 632 1,316 | not given 1891 -| 1,655,664 | not given 52,757 105,840 87 963 | not given 1892 -| 1,953,762 260,000 68,146 87,640 | 20,000 6253 | 2,800,000 * In 1889 and 1890 the heading is “ sugar and concrete.” CCCLXVIII.—DECADES KEWENSES. PrawrARUM Novarum IN Herparro Horti REGI CONSERVATARUM. . DECAS VIII. Gl ophila tenuis, V. Æ. Brown |Cruciferw] ; caulibus gracili- bus ag Lore ape 'subglabris (pilis sparsissimis instructis), foliis Habitat. South Africa, Zwarteberg, Pig appe. aules 6-15 poll. longi. olia 4-3} poll. longa, 1-1} lin. lata. Pedicelli fructiferi 4-6 lin. longi. Siliqua 14-1} poll. longa, 1 lin. lata. Stylus 11-2 lin. longus. A very distinct species, having the appearance of a ti nd but the rootstock of the plant is not present in the Kew specim 72. Abutilon Ranadei, Woodrow et Stapf [Malvaces]; frutex, ramulis novellis furfuraceis mox glabratis vetustioribus pallide fusco- brunneis, foliis rotundato-cordatis longtuseule e t anguste acuminatis sinu i tus us glabrescentibus 7 asa ervis venisque subtus prominentibus cse robustis 2/3 laminae Mete stipulis subulatis tomentosis valde caducis, floribus sollte! is in axillis foliorum ramorum evi a - torum, pedicellis Ehdaéocdoosdhbel is sub apice saepe recurvis vel refraetis, calyce velutino-tomentello campanulato lobis tubo aequilongis ovato-lanceolatis acutis, corolla campanulata petalis calycem plus quam duplo superantibus obovato-cuneatis aurantiacis basin versus purpureis venis distinctis prominulis, staminum tubo breviter basi exannulato, carpellis 5 breviter rostratis stramineis villosulis. Habitat.—Ratnagiri, Amba Ghat, N. B. Rana Frutex 4 ped. altus. Folia ad 7 poll. longa, ad 2i poll. lata ; petiolus ad 4} poll. longus. Pedicelli 1 poll. Jongi. Calyx 9-11 lin. lon ngus. Petala 13 poll. longa, ad 5 poll. lata. Carpella 10 Tin. lon This is a eyi d species. Its affinity with A. polya ndrum, Don. s quite clear; but it differs considerably in the bell-shaped corolla and in the length of TA regm, tube, 73. Rhynchosia comosa, Baker [Leguminose; Tribe Phaseole»]; sarmentosa, caulibus Se dense pubescentibus, foliis trifoliolatis faeie tenuiter dorso dense pubescentibus, stipulis parvis lanceolatis pilosis, foliolo terminali Va reat racemis densis oblongis longe pedunculatis, bracteis magnis lanceolatis herbaceis persistentibus, pedi- cellis brevibus, ealyee densissime hirsuto tubo brevi dentibus longis setaceis, coroll yee sesqui-longiori, petalis subsquilongis glabris, ovario cylindrico piloso Habitat.— — N yassaland, Buchanan, 254 of 1881 collection, 390 and 687 of 1891 collection. Foliola 2-4 poll. lata. Racemus 3-4 poll. longus. Calyx 6 lin. longus. B2 100 A handsome plant, remarkable for its dense heads of flowers, large persistent bracts, and very shaggy calyx, with setaceous teeth. 74. Petalactella, N. E. Brown Deponi Ser Vii genus novum]. Capit tula heterogama, disciformia; floribus in ambitu 9 2-4 fertilibus, in disco sterilibus. - acl um campanulatum, bracteis sub 3-seriatis, eiie flores feemineos subtendentibus, interioribus breviter radiantibus. eceptaculum parvum in disco nudum. Corolle fl. 9 Ai reas: tubulose, minute dentate, fl. regulares, tubulosz, limbo anguste campanulato 5-fido. Anthere basi brevissime caudato sagittate. Stylus fl. d indivisus, fl. 9 bifidus, ramis linearibus obtusis vel subtruncatis. Achenia fl. 9 subtrigona ; d subnulla. Pappi sete fl. g pauce, l-seriatz, libere, apice incrassato-penicilatz ; fl. 9 nulle vel interdum 1-2. Fruticulus ericoideus. Folia alterna, parva. Capitula parva ad apices ramorum gregata. P.Woodii, V. E. Brown; nana, lignosa, prostrata, ramis brevibus confertis, foliis confertis imbricatis vel subpatentibus linearibus sub- trigonis rigidis supra albo-canalieulatis obtusis vel minnte apiculatis circa 5—4 s ibtendentibus, squamis interioribus biseriatis oblongis basi orem apice obtusis vel subacutis bbdetiticntatie breviter radian- tibas idis glabris vel dorso parce lanatis marginibus ad medium iMt bri teHa, disci floribus 10-12 sterilibus, pappi setis 4-6 apice pulchre plumosis, acheniis fl. radii obovatis subtr rigonis vel plano- convexis papillato-seabris, 1—£-setosis vel ealvis. Habitat.—RWocky v cum Harrismith, Orange Free State, at about 5,000 ft. alt. Wood, Planta 2~3 poll. ip Folia 11-21 € longa, 4 lin. lata. /nffores- centia i ae diam. Capitulum 1 poll. diam. ral appearance this t en little composite bears some riers to Helichrysum ericefolium, Less, but seems to be æ dwarfer and more woody plant, and in the structure of its tlowerheads is totally different, being quite unique in the group Gnaphaliee, and perhaps in the whole order, in having the female filiform florets in the axils of the outermost involuere scales, and separated from the male or. disk florets by the two inner rows of involucral scales, which merely surround the disk florets. The nearest allied genus is Petalacte, im which the female florets are subtended by the inner involucral bracts- and placed i in the same series as the outer male florets, and the male florets in the centre of the disk are surrounded by 3 or 4 scales like those of the involucre, but there are no florets in the axils of the outer involucral scales. Another difference is the form of the scales of the involucre; in Petalacte they are all alike, with a densely woolly, linear claw, and a broadly ‘spathulate or orbicular, radiating tip; woolly, and with erect (not radiating), acute tips, and the inner vend oblong, narrowed at the base, nearly glabrous, with shortly radiating obtuse or subacute ti 75. Ceropegia Rendallii, V. E. Brown [Ae volubilis gracilis glabra, foliis ovatis acutis vel lineari-oblongis subobtusis vel abrupte acutis mucronulatis petiolatis, pedunculis arb bracteis subulatis, floribus breviter pedicellatis, sepalis subulatis, coroll tubo 101 lege curvato, basi globoso inflato apud ampliato, lobis un- zuiculatis cordatis in umbraculum ciliatum connatis, corona — ei pulsa 5-lobata, lobis compressis dolabriformibus subreenrvis cum dentibus minutis quinque alternatis, interiore subnulla vel dentibus quinque minutis antheris adnatis Habi al, Rendall. Folia $-13 poll. longa, 3-8 poll lata. Pedunculi 1-3 poll. longi. Bractee 4-14 lin. a Sepala 11 lin. longa Corolla 1 poll. longa. i " small twining ‘pester recently sent te Kew by Dr. P. Rendall, of Barberton; after whom it is named. The corolla is ac ge similar to that of C. Sandersoni on a small scale. The base of the corolla-tube appears to be porple, the upper part white, and the bebe formed by the lobes green (6. Ipomea Woodii, V. E. Brown [Convolvulace:e] ; radice magna tuberosa, caule narii nudo apice tomentoso folioso, folis longe petiolatis . rotundato-cordatis obtusis apiculatis supra glabris subtus pubescentibus, pedunculis quam petiolis duplo brevior: bus 2-3-floris tomentosis pedicellis quam -pedunculis longioribus subglabris vel sparsissime pilosis, sepalis latissime oblongis obtusissimis glabris, corolla 64. Caulis 10-40 pedalis. Foliorum petioli 14-6 poll. longi, laminze 23754 poll. longæ, 21-5 poll. late. Pedunculi $- 8 lin. longi. Pedicelli 3-1 poll. longi. Sepala 4-5 lin. longa, 3- 4 lin. lata. Corolla 21-3 This handsome new species of Ipomea is dedicated to Mr. Wood, the ag Se Dita of the Botanie Garden, Durban, Natal, m whom Kew debted for m many wot en new plants, and among them this one, whet it is hoped will shortly be in cultivation at Kew. Mr. gives the following account of it :—‘ The root is tuberous, ** forest, the naked stem lying on the ground and producing a quantity of * fine foliage at the outer edge of the bush.” And in another letter he — that :—“ The foliage is ee the younger leaves being dull ** purplish beneath, and ‘the flowers are a good pink.” The position of 1. Woodii in the genus is evidently nearest to Z. Baclii, Pie. . Lindleyi, Choisy), and I. beraviensis, Vatke. It is very similar the latter, but has rounder leaves and shorter pedicels. 77. Nicotiana flexuosa, Jeffrey | Solanaceae]; pubescens, viscosa, caule e basi ramoso erecto, ramulis flexuosis apice tantum floriferis, foliis radicalibus sessilibus tenuiter papyraceis obovato-spathuiatis vel ubieiigb- spathulatis rotundatis obtusis vel interdum subaeutis deorsum attenuatis valde undulatis, costa crassa, venis primariis lateralibus foliorum bene evolutorum utrinqu ll sat c^nspicuis, semiamplexicaulibus supremis lineari ibus nec aimplexicaulibus, inflores- centia laxe paniculata (plantarum depauperatarum mosa) bracteis parvis linearibus cito deciduis, pedicellis Devi, Habu parvis nutantibus, calyce anguste campanulato, dentibus leviter inæqualibus erectis lineari-lanceolatis acutis tubum æquantibus, corolla extus puberula infundibuliformi, tubo leviter inflato, limbo patenti æqualiter 5-lobo, lobis rotundatis hel aange genitalibus inclusis ve As brevissime exserto, fi atatis barbatis, capsula ignota Habitat. Saoer Gibert, 50 and 131, Tweedie, 1398. Caulis 1-2 ped. altus. Folia 4-7 pol. longa, 1-2} poll. lata. Calyx 4-6 lin. longus, dentibus 2-3 lin. longis. Corolla 6-9 lin. longa, lobis 4 lin. longis. 102 This is cited as “ IN. noctiflora, Hook.? " in Gibert’s Enum. Pl. Montevid. p. 35; but, as pointed out by Mr. Bentham (MS. in Herb. ve it is much nearer to JN. bonariensis, Lehm, —— a pr Sees in the more spreading inflorescence and narrower leav 79. Nicotiana breviloba, Jeffrey ere tota glanduloso- pubescens, foliis petiolatis erassiuseulis papyraceis late ovatis co ordatis valde undulatis apice rotundatis costa et venis primariis utrinque cireiter peduncula bracte a r cee calyce pubescenti campanulata dentibus leviter inzequalibus brevibus triangularibus vix acutis, corolla tubulosa fere cylindrica sursum leviter inflata | lobis bers rotundatis reflexi xis, staminibus inclusis infra medium corolle tubi ipei lamentis basi barbatis et loviter dilatatis, | fructu globoso calyce aa Habitat.—Coquimbo, Chili, Cuming, 860. Folia 5-7 poll. longa, 5 n oll. lata, petiolo 1 poll. can Calyx 6 lia. longus. Corolla 13 poll. longa. Filamenta 1} poll. longa. 79. Clerodendron aucubifolium, Baker [Verbenacem]; fruticosum, eet gag foliis breviter petiolatis oblongis acutis integris subcoriaceis neatis, floribus magnis in cymis laxis terminalibus dispositis, pedicellis elongatis, calycis tubo oblongo, dentibus parvis deltoideis cuspidatis, corullze tubo gracili cylindrico calyce 2-3 plo longiori, lobis obovatis subequalibus cuspidatis, genitalibus lobos bis v. ter exceden- tibus Habitat. —North Madagascar, Baron, 6408, 615 Folia 6-8 poll. longa, medio 3-33 poll. lata. Calya 10-12 lin. longus. Corolle tubus bipollicaris vel interum longior ; lobi 5-6 lin. longi. Near C. boris magnoliefolium and arenarium, Baker, from which it differs by its long slender corolla tube. The genus is repres sented in Madagascar by many large-flowered Cere species, which are well worthy of being brought into cultivatio 80. Balanophora hookeriana, Hemsl. | Balanophorez] ; planta minima 9 gracilis, caule paucisquamoso, squamis latis amplexieaulibus r otundatis superioribus quam internodiis brevioribus, spica brevis breviter pedun- eulata, Horibus bene evolutis non visis sessilibus eum bracteis clavatis intermixtis. Habitat.—Myrung, Khasia mountains, J. D. Hooker and T. Thomson, 1850 Planta circiter 11 poll. alta. Squame maxime sesquiliream longe. Spica 9 vix sesquilineam longa. The history of this miniature Balan nophora is very curiou Las year, when transferring some spirit-specimens of Cor dyes. to the Herbarium, Mr. Massee found the plant in question, which he soon ascertained was not a fungus; yet, on comparing it with Berkeley’s original drawing of Cordyceps ‘racemosa, published at the same time as C. falcata in Hooker's Kew Journal of HN. vi. p. 212, t. 8, fig. 3, it ee to be the organism Mo which a part at least of the drawing made. The original drawing shows the scales on the stem, but the published figure does not, and strange to suy Berkeley concludes his description of Cordyceps racemosa with the remark that it might easily be passed over as an imperfect Balanophora. It would appear that he fell into an inexplicable blunder, for there is nothing € sae to re the Cordyceps. 103 CCCLXIX.—ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF CITRIC l ACID, The mode of production of vegetable acids in the plant is a wk ge beset with much difficulty. Liebig thought that they, or at least the more highly oxidised, were formed from carbonic acid and water in plant cells reni chlorophyll and nde the direct influence of ges " = rded gt as seas t ards the building up of more to this pene they wou uld belong to extremely aci ey on gestern: usually become sweet. Professor Vives they vt the — iin, eg of the acids, therefore, cannot hold good. It further appears th of ion acids do actually diminish and the sugar increases in ripening frui Nevertheless the general drift f a our knowledge of the subject has pointed to the conclusion that vegetable acids are, as a matter of fact, the result of the breaking down of a carbohydrate, probably a sugar. T discovery of a method by which citric acid can be directly produced from a sugar (glucose) by growing on it a tube one of the “ moulds.” The discovery i is of p ph than theoretical interest, great as s that i is. Citric acid is largely u n the arts, and its production is theesupport e largel siderable scale for the purpose. The diéitroction of this industry may bring about troublesome political consequences, and it is curious to refleet that these ES owe their origin to a deduetion from purely theoretical consideratio e first notice of cm; matter which reached Kew was in the Unite States Consular porn [ December, 1893, pp. 469—470]. The Mono is reproduced here : New Process ror Maxine CITRIC ACID. Dr. Carl Wehmer, a — botanist, is said to have recently discovered that sugar ‘solutions exposed to the action of certain micro- scopic fungi, the spores of ack float in the atmosphere, hecome trans- formed into citric acid precisely identical with that extracted from the The first experiments made to prepare citric acid compri in this way are said to have given excellent results, 11 kilograms * of sugar producing 6 P rica of erystallised citrie acid. e new process has already been patented in several countries, including Italy ; and at the factory at Thann the distinguished chemist, Scheuren-Kestner, is now carrying on experiments with a view applying the mmi on a ni scale. Everything tends to show that this new process will a e great development, and will make it possible to uPA the Aig with citric acid at a much lower cost than * 1 kilogram = 2:205 pounds. 104 that actually ruling, and will in all probability e in a dd years the present "method of producing lemon juice and citrate of lim The article from which I quote closes by saying: em ^ We ue haste * to notify our readers, so as to but lemon-growers on their guard, an * to prevent new investments being made in this branch of agriculture, * which must receive a great blow "from € new method of preparing ** citric acid, and thereby sustain heavy losses." show what is meant by ** heavy loni" I would refer to my report dated January 8, 1889.* In the yea r 1887, from Messina alone, 4,438 pipes of 130 gallons of lemon juice ined to fix colours in calico- printing), and valued at $635,834, were exported. A large quantity of crystallised citric acid was also expor Unmerchantable lemons are turned to great account, in Sicily more a the juice into concentrated lemon juice. Should this resource now taken from the Sicilian lemon-grower, he will indeed sustain a heavy While Florida and California lemon-growers will not be affected by this new discovery, sbould it ever prove all that is claimed for it, because their industry is still in its infancy, the question appears of sufficient interest to arrest attentiou, WALLACE S. Jon Rome, October 9, 1893. Consul- General. "nd inquiry at the Chemical Society it was found that nothing was own ves the new process amongst chemists in this country. Dr. Hugo Milo F.R.S., who kindly promised to make further inquiries in any, remarked in a letter :—“ Citric acid being rather ne to 7 suffer breaking up in the presence of certain ferments, it is certainly * very remarkable that it should be formed in the process of a special * MEA action on a sugar in so large a opui as stated in - he x nip UE obtained and transmitted to Kew an extract from the Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der ss iften zu cita which fully confirms “what was stated in the Consular Report. A condensed translation of the paper is given below. The original was communicated to the Berlin Academy on June 15th last. “The process is already being carried out on a commercial scale. On CrrRIC Acip FERMENTATION. By Dr. C. Wreumer, of Hanover (communicated by Herr Fischer). Hyphomy yo are, as well as other Beer able to effect E under certain circumstances. A process of this kind, by which as much as one-half of the sugar used is ccaivartad into oxalic ‘acid, is well iow made this process, hitherto the only acid fermentation induced by repus, the subject of a more elaborate investigation earch has brought to light another case similar to oaii acid egiie in many ways, the product of w vhich i is another organic acid not hitherto obtained under such conditions. I call it “ citric acid fermentation. Certain moulds possess the property E converting a considerable uda portion of the sugar contained in the nutritive solution into "E © , acid which is, in constitution and xai identical with that fed Ta ee ga oa a a * Orange and lemon culture in Sivily.” (Consular Reports, No. 102, p. 296.) 105 in lemons, aud can be obtained easily = abundantly in well-formed s. The Paie solution becomes very acid. tes a little time, and the amount 5 per cent. ae more. Experiments on a larger seale yielded the aid i in such considerable quantities t thet the commercial application of the metliod promises to be successful.* fungi which effect the fermentation are microscopically hardly to we: parse the well known Penicillium glaucum. The ony. form den interwoven green films of so energetic a growth as to lar surfaces in a few days’ tim om with Penicillium they are distinguished, amongst other things, ure of the AO otherwise they are closely allied to it, though the discussion of their systematic position must be deferred owing to our incomplete knowledge of their development. "The more exact examination of the two very similar species proved that they were hitherto undescribed. It was not possible to refer them to the genera Penicillium, Eurotium, or Aspe — as they are de- fined at present. us the crea ion of a new genus was expedient, and I propose the — * Citromyces? for it. I call the more completely known species, to which a third will probably be added, Citromyces pfefferianus = yi Raat glaber. The spores of these fungi are found to be rather common in the air. Placed on suitable substrata they soon develop into white tufts, which, however, are usually soon overgrown by other species (Penicillium) ; hence it is somewhat difficult to obtain pure cultivations ey ma often met with on fluids containing sugar, or on fruits, particularly acid ones. may briefly point out a few details relating to the process of acidifi- cation in respect to the na NE of the fungus, the substratum, temperature, and supply o n. Solutions of sugar Koranie the necessary nutritive material present the most favourable conditions for its growth, as well as for the forma- tion of the acid; both, however, are independent of each other, though their optima of temperature approximately coincide. But the formation of acid can take pl»ce beyond the maximum of growth, whilst, on the other hand, the growth of the fungus can eed without the formation of acid, todas ature is a condition as Aow it to be certain whether the carbonie acid set free does not affect E. fungus ajurin; ; there are indications that it does. At all events, bsence a hed 800 n brings t the vital phenomena to a standstill, and in an further development takes place. Fight. omori; is of no importance ; at an unaltered rate in absolute darkness. Although citric acid, when present in quantities of several per cents., is rather beneficial than pening’ to the growth of the fungus, which ean endure as much as 20 per cent., the presence of inorganic acids on the other hand i extremely injurious, and they restrict the growth of tne mycelium to a very slow rate, even when present in mere traces. Artificial citric acid is already produced on a large scale and by a method based upon what is stated here, by the “ Fabriques de Produits Chimiques de Thann et de Mulhouse " at Thann in "Fisass 106 As in other well-known cases of fermentation, a further production of acid may be obtained by precipitating that already formed. Thus, it is easy to convert as much as one-half of the sugar used into acid ; 30 grammes of dextrose yielded about 16 grammes of aci y this means, the conver- sion is also accelerated, and the breaking-up of the sugar, with which the formation of acid is evidently closely connected, proceeds more rapidly. Other ts may also act in a similar way, as for instance, the presence of saline compounds of chlorine, &c. The formation of acid continues as long as there is any vitality i in the fungus film and available material in the liquid. The acid, however, which is found in the fermenting fluid at a given time, is the atom "which results from the two parallel processes of acid formation and acid destruction; the latter eventually prevails, and finally every trace disappears in older eniin The destruction of the acid by the fungus is easy to prove by ex ous and uniform at different times, but its rate describes a rather ése mener. and descending curve, which is in close relation to the amount of the conversion of sugar effected by the growing fungus. The formation of the acid proceeds most actively at the time of maximum vitality of the fungus-film ; it increases before and decreases after this peri I may point to ‘the rather interesting comparison with the production of oxalic acid. In this, favourable conditions of fungus growth (heat and presence of chlorine compounds) promote the r apid destruction of the acid, and prevents its accumulation in the — Under similar gre? iiie the prodajni of citric acid is not only not check but even advanced. 'The difference may perhaps depend on ia lesser capacity of citric acid for being oxidised. The comparison is important also in other respects. As much as one- half of the sugar consumed can be converted into oxalic acid without impairing the fungus growth. In the prodnetion of citric a the withdrawal of very considerable quantities of this acid has actually no demonstrable vene _on the development of the fungus. We must decrease in quantity. In this instance this is the carbonic acid into which also under other conditions part of the citrie acid is converted. e eni now is whether the relation i isa direct tone. On the whole, I up ‘of the sugar r molecule results in a great deal of the citrie acid pro- duced, besides perhaps other compounds, yielding ultimately carbonic acid as a product of oxidation. Although we may thus consider the acid ermedia i back the totality of the material broken up by metabolism, especially the whole of the carbonic acid derived from respiration, to molecules of organised living substance. 107 v closer study of the metabolism in this direction might throw light n the process of tion; for mere determination of carbonic acid - without considering em conditions cannot naturally explain it. Finally, I must point to the constitution of citrie acid as having an important bearing on the theory of these fermentative processes. It is clear that it cannot be regarded as a direct product of sugar-oxidation. [ Published June 22.] Tt is an interesting coincidence that the Sugar-cane for Februar discusses (pp. 67-70) the occurrence of “ Citric Acid in Cane Juice." The acid appears r some circums appea in the process of sugar manufacture grr give (ee is the most important portion of the account of the matte . 69) in a letter from p Mr. Edmund C. Shorey, of Kohala Hikoia Islands). “An examination of the organic matter showed that - keen constituent was citric acid, and this combined with lime caleium citrate formed the body of the seale. 1 have by dione iin scale with sulphurie acid, forming sulphate of lime and setting free the citric acid, filtering and vbi ciens A aere quite large ery: stals of citric acid. ere are several other organie acids present t, the) nature of which I have not yet amenities, but the itea acid predominates and is the one that gives most trouble “owing to the property of calcium citrate being more soluble in cold than in hot water, and consequently of being precipi- tated from a boiling solution. Unless most of the calcium “citrate is r. shows itself as a fine grain or cloud, much like “ false enin" i in appear- ance, and having the same effect in ari pe RA preventing the purging of molasses. A strike of No. 2, which cannot be d the presence of calcium citrate, will generally dry pone cold, enough of MAL AULA P VY ake vim the pum “of ‘ime will meatier to I gena as a fine white powder. Citric acid also makes its appearance in the manufacture of Sorghum cn (pp. 69, 70). r. Oma Carr, of the United States Department of Agriculture, has reali examined a scale or deposit from the Sorghum sugar house at Medicine Lodge. " é * Except in the Prepestines of lime and magnesia aui is not unlike the scale I have been considering, and the similarity extends to the organie matter, Mr. Carr havi ng found that in this case citrie acid was the predominant organic acid. “I do not consider citric acid a normal constituent of cane juice as ordinarily found in Hawaii, and whether in this case its presence is due to the extremely dry weather or to the fact that the cane is green I cannot tell. An examination of green cane juice during a wet season~ would throw some light on the question. 'There are two possi ible explanations of this interesting observation. One is, that the citric acid ferment, which is probably ubiquitous, may 108 have got access to the cane juice in the early stages of sugar manufacture. The other is that the tissues of the sugar-cane may under certain dm themselves as a citric acid ferment, just as Pasteur has shown that n the absence of oxygen alcohol may be produced in fruits and without the intervention of yeast. Such an occurrence would seem to be accidental and only occasional lemon plant is the result of a wi action on sugar and not, as c thought, a stage in its buildin r. Hugo Müller further states "ak according to a private communi- cation, the experiments already carried out on a manufacturing scale foreibidow the possibility that citric acid may eventually be produced cheap enough to replace tartaric acid in most of its dei aa ions CCCLXX.— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. Mr. F. M. Banery, F.L.S., the abolition of whose post by the Government of Queensland was recorded in the Kew Bulletin for Dovesibor last (p. 366), Ye been re-appointed Colonial Botanist. The Veitch Memorial Medal—The Trustees of the Veitch Memorial » z | - B et = e "2 e] = 5 5 E c 5 2 [ro = e Z pos o 5 E < e T gm £e = = ® es *O n "i medal was awarded in 1892 to Mr. W. Watson, the Assistant Cur ator, * jn Hao iie of his skill as a hybridiser and eultivator of exotic plant Timbaran Tree of N.E. Borneo.—In some notes in the British North Borneo Herald for May 1st, 1893, it is stated that * most of the women * (of the Hill tribes) wear a loose blouse of blue cloth, with a cape of “ a poke bonnet, a girdle of cloth or twisted bark ornamented with brass “ or silver rings completes the costume. The only covering used by the * menisa Mee fragment of bark.” As the e Timbaran was unknown in the Museum in connexion with any Porini product, though from the fact of the bark being used for clothing it was strongly suspected to belong to a species of “Arto- carpus, application was made to the Secretary of the British North Museum of the Royal Gardens, specimens of the bark in its natural and p ates, as well as a garment made from the bark, and samples of the foliage, eie and fruit to assist in the determination of the species. I o this applieation specimens have been receiv ee from Governor cien C.M.G., enclosing a copy of a letter addressed to him by Mr. P. F. Wise, dated Papar, September 20th, 1593, from w hich the following extracts are take “ It is difficult to get good specimens of acoat and of fruit and flowers without going into the interior oneself to get them. The flower I have been unable to get. The tree from which the bark is taken is a species of — and to an inexperienced eye cannot be distinguished from that 109 ` fruit tree. There are three kinds em which bark can be used, the best being that found growing in the e fruit of the tree from which inferior bark is obtained i is larger ana is ud by natives as a vegetable. The ee which 1 send is from the tree giving the best quality bark. The leaves from a young tree are upwards of 2 feet lon ng and hav points on des very much like a fig-leaf, but larger. When they are .old they lose the shape. and become rounder, smaller, and with plain edges, as in eee sent herewith. I tried to press some of the larger leaves, but they got too dry in trazsit; I send, however, a piece of one partially pressed which will show the shape. I saw the two different shaped leaves on the same tree, the large leaves on a young shoot growing from the trunk and the smaller leaves on the branches above. I have noticed fap same thing in the nee tree mbaran tree is, I bel a à speci s of Artocarpus, and I Noel we Sir Hugh Low, in his gen Sarawak, its inhabitants and productions’ (London 1848), mentions some of the tribes wearing clothes made of bark from a species of Artocarpus, which no doubt was the timbaran tree. “If I am again in the interior I could obtain better specimens, but send these meanwhile.’ m the specimens received at Kew it has been possible to identify the saan furnishing £izibaran bark as being very near to Artocarpus elastica, Reinw. Dr. Stapf, to whom the specimens have been referred, thus reports pon them :— “ The large leaf is, in my opinion, identical with two small leaves F : * tree ARER tough hark cloth and fibres for cordage, &c., Labuan and * Bor These two specimens are named Artocarpus elastice, Reinw., and seh perfectly with the specimens named thus from De Vriese’s herbarium. They belong rdc iai to the same plant of which Burbidge states in his book ‘The Gardens of the Sun,’ p. 155, tough bark cloth is made by tbe natives on the Limbang and he Lawas and the Tam- passek River. He calls the cloth * Chawat, a name iss is also attached to one of the specimens of bark cloth | in “the Muse * 4. elastica, however, is a very doubtful species desc bel froin leaves and male inflorescences only. The branch having entire leaves, and the fruit approach on the other hand Mist ea to those of A. Blumei, Trée (=A. pubescens, Bl. not Willd.) which I believe to be identical with A. Künstleri, King, a species distributed widely throughout West Malaya, and in the Philippines. A. Blumei is mentioned also by Burbidge (1. c., pp. 256, 294), and he gives ‘ tartppe’ as its vernacu lar. name with t Sue MM evidently another form of spelling of ‘tarap’ n Mr. Wises rt. * 'The only e between A, Blumei and the timbaran tree is in the fruit which is globose in a latter instead of oblong, and in the direction of the ‘apices of the anthocarps which are generally curved upwards instead of penas a very slight difference indee * Tt appears from Mr. Wise's report that both forms of leaves may occur on the same tree, a statement which is perfectly in accord with a moreover, § erede ep the fact that Reinwardt yest ‘terap’ (truep at 110 Dr. King indicates a similar dimorphism of the leaves for his A. Kinst- ert. Ir my assumption be correct A. elastica, Reinw., ex Bl. Bijdr. 1825),is the name to be used for the < tarap’ tree of which the timbaran is mohel a variety.” New Zealand contributions to Museum.— The Rev. W. i PEA T F.R.S., F .L.S., of Napier, New Zealand, to epee the Museum inches broad, made of the bark of the Totara (Podocarpus Totara, A. Cunn.). The outer bark is Lad scraped away and the remainder very evenly bent or eurved into a boat-shaped form, the ends being folded and brought together, and neatly tied. "These dishes were used ee viously arranged in the tree, was NENT let loose, piercing and killing the bird. Mr. Colenso, in a paper on “ Reminiscences of the ancient marie d published in the 7; Vanodc/sini of the New emen — voles 1891, p. 451, describing the use of these dishes says: **I may ere difon ‘that I have seen these totara-bark dishes with water in * them fixed high up on a big branches of trees in the woods in the * Urewera country, having flax nooses so set over the water as to catch = oo hold fast the pieni in its drinking. I have seen pigeons so caught, * the Maoris ene ing the trees naked with the agility of monkeys to * secure their fy Ancther vorteibation to the Kew collection, made by Mr. Colenso, is a belt made of the long orange-yellow leaves of the Pingao (Dromoschenus sptralis, Hook, f.), a spreading, seaside — plant, which is said to be extremely strong and durable. This is also referred to at p. 465 of Mr. Colenso's paper before mentioned. The Sandalwood of Juan Fernandez.—lt is a matter of uM that this island.formerly abounded in sandalwood of some kind, Gay (Flora Chilena, v., p. 326), although he apparentiy bad no ipdbiihéta from Juan Fernandez itself, refers it without doubt to Santalum album, but had all perished in one year, and only dead trunks were to be found: just as happened to the plane tree in England in the eene century : “ En otro tiempo era muy comun en la isla de Juan nandez, pero ** perecieron todos en un mismo año y hoy no se drial oa sino troncos * muertos ; lo mismo sucedió en Inglaterra con el Platano en el siglo 18. m F um urred in the gr there, $$ no Nee had seen it, and the species was altogether unknown: * In Juan Fernandez lignum vetustum in terra in- if vitidti ‘coloris m odoris Santali, et planta verosimiliter adhuc exstat, $ nullo botanico visa sit, species omnino incognita est.” But ilie are now irrefragable proofs of the continued existence of a kind of sandalwood in the island; and Mr. F. Philippi has published the recent history of this interesting tree in eg em Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile, of which we have only see on, entitled Botanische Abhandlungen, &c., in witicli ‘the unies plates are reproduced. As long ago as 1868 branches, with a few leaves, of a i11 pleasant smelling wood were found amongst some fuel purchased from the inhabitants of the island for the use of one of the ships of the Chilian navy. This was microscopically examined, and identified as sandalwood. In 1888, Mr. F. Philippi succeeded in procuring a small bundle of twigs bearing leaves, and one of them a few young flower-buds. From this material he has made a drawing and description, and published the species under the name of Santalum fernandezianum. He finds it most nearly related to Santalum freycinetianum, à species inhabiting = Sandwich, Marquesas, and Society Islands; but the differences he adduce do not amount to much when collated with a numerous series o wed. mens from those islands. However, he hopes to obtain perfect flowers and fruit soon, when he will prepare a more complete account of it. The tree cannot be so rare as might be supposed, for he has lately received more fresh, though barren, branches. e confirmation of the existence of a species of Santalum in the island of J uan Fernandez is a fact of the greatest interest in bctanieal geography, inasmuch as the nearest locality of any member of the genus is in the far away Marquesas, some 3,500 miles to the north-west. With reference to Gay’ s statemerit that all the sandalwood trees of Juan Fernandez perished in one year, Mr. Philippi says that he has not the: slightest idea where Gay obtained his information. Turkey-oak in South Africa.— The introduction of the Turkey Oak, Quercus Cerris, into South Africa by means of annual supplies of acorns from the Royal Gardens, Kew, is now an accomplished fact. In 1886 Mr. D. E. Hutchins, Conservat tor of Forests in the Eastern erras bes that * Up to the present day, while the seeds of a great ariet valuable exotic timbers have n sown in the forest ^ Mein, we are still without Q. Cerris.” This tree Mr. Hutchins recommended on account of its -- ** better adapted. to the climate of * the Cape than the common oak, Q. pedunculata.” Arrangements were consequently made for the pomme. collection and despatch of the acorns of this oak, ripened at Kew, to the Cape Colony, and altogether about 30 bushels have been forwarded. They were packed partly in casks in water and partly in jiu in moist cocoa-nut fibre refuse, the latter method proving most successful. All acorns soon lose their vitality if allowed to get dry, but if paeked in moist soil or sawdust, or cocoa-nut fibre refuse, they may sent long distances with safety. The last consignment of acorns to the Cape ‘consisted of 10 bushels ; they were packed in three boxes, and despatched on October 17th last. According to a report just teehee one of the bias became heated on the way and many of the acorns ibaléquently perished, but sey acorns in the other two boxes were sound and just beginning to s The timber of the Turkey oak is held in this aie Á in little esteem. The object in view in growing the tree in ‘the forest reserves of South Africa is explained in the accompanying reins Sc and © AGENT-GENERAL FOR THE Carr oF Goop Hore to Royat GARDENS, Kew. Acorns oF Turkey Oak, 7, Albert Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. 0, 1887. Sir, October 3 del onem for your "ymo copy of a letter, dated 18th Weed 1887, No. A., from Mr. D. E. Huteh iins, Conservator of Forests, Eastern Division, i in ” the Daniy, I have the honour to request 112 that you will be so good as to assist me to carry out the wishes therein expressed, and in so doing confer a great favour on the Colonial Government. I am informed that Mr. Hutchins has been requested to furnish a report upon the successful results attained with the acorns previously: supplied, which will doubtless be forwarded in due course to the Roya Gardens at Kew With apologies for thus troubling you, I am, &c., W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Esq., (Signed) CHARLES MILLS. Royal Gardens, Kew. CONSERVATOR OF Forests, King Williamstown, to ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER OF CROWN LANDS AND bii Mm Sin, h September Nr unos to correspondence sitios the success of the us Cerris received from Kew nine months ago, and the “ficult o of “obtaining these acorns elsewhere, I have the honour to suggest t he Kew authorities be addressed with the view o owing us to a their acorns again this year, and annually for the future. The great importance of growing oaks in these forests : that they are Fea which by their dense shade keep down the grass, the burning of w. does so much damage to the forests every winter. The Turkey oak being better adapted to the climate of this country than the common oak, Qu ercus pedunculata, its extended propagation is of the first importance I have, &c. (Signed) D. E. Hvurcuiss, The Assistant Commissioner of Conservator of Forests, rown Lands and Publie Works. Eastern Division. —For “cym laterali axillaria" (Kew Bulletin, No. 85, p. 31, second line from bottom), read “ cyma laterali axillari." For C P EN (4th and 20th lines p. 67, Kew Bulletin, No. 86), read * Argyreia ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 88.] APRIL. (1894. CCCLXXI.—WEST INDIAN LIME. (Citrus Medica, L., var. acida, Brandis.) (With Plate.) “One of the most distinct species of Citrus is C. Medica, which includes the citron, lemon, and the limes. Of the limes there are sweet and sour limes, chara cterised, according to Roxburgh, by small pinkish pede usually four petals, and a perfectly spherical fruit, having a hin skin of lively yellow colour and pale acid juice. Sir Joseph Hooker states that the word lime is promiscuously applied to fruits very different in character, especially in British India, whe e sweet limes of various forms are universally spoken of under that name. The sour lime, although probably introduced from the East Indies, has made its second home in the West Indies, ty indeed, is its present principal area of systematic cultivation. The kistovy of the sour lime is given by Sir Joseph Hooker in the Botanical Magazine, tab. 6745. It was | first described by Rumph (Hortus Amboinensis, ii, p. 1 tab. 29) in 1750, pees the name of d alias Limotenitis, or thin-skinned lem C. Limonellus is also described by Miquel, who says it is cittvatot everywhere in the Dutch East Indies. The same plant is well-figured by Wight as C. Limetta, Risso (Icones, t. 958), who says it is wild in the ‘Nilgiris In the West Indies, McFadyen very clearly describes it as Citrus Lima, “a thorny shru with ovate * with thin skin, abd an abundance of pure acid. juice; it is naturalised ‘in Jamaica, forming strong fences." Brandis (Forest Flora, Ind., p. 52) rightly places “the sour lime of India as a variety of Ci trus Medica zT other authors refer the sour or West Indian lime to C. Limetta, Risso sso, its nearest European representative, but t is latter differs in its sweet juice. The botanical position of the West Indian $ lime as an acid variety of Citrus Medica a, L., is now established. This its present head-quarters under cultivation are in the West Indie, where in the islands of Montserrat, Dominica, and Jamaica it is commer- cially utilised for the production of lime juice and essential oil. U 80795. 1375.—4/94. Wt. 45. & 114 The lime, as already oe yields juice of a singularly pure, acid ree The fresh Dinos Sometimes exported as gathered, or * the West Indies and the Southern United States, the acid being far * more grateful than that of the lemon; and it is, hence, universally used for flavouring soups, &c. and in the preparation of many alcoholic * and acidulated drinks. In my younger days it was imported in vast * quantities into the City of Glasgow, providing an indispensable * material for the brewing of the fam lasgow punch. That it is * now so seldom seen, compar piran is ung to p eerie of that * social did family intercourse that once was so intimate between the * great city and the Spanish main. It is still (with the lemon) the < principal source of citric acid.” Lime juice is obtained by compressing sn fresh ripe fruits between heavy rollers. This is exported in the raw state or concentrated. The latter is obtained by evaporating the raw € folio in copper or enamelled iron pans until it is reduced to about one-eighth or one-tenth of the original bulk. When diet it is a dark, viscid fluid of the consistence of treacle. The concentrated lime j juice is not used for food purposes but devoted entirely to the preparation of citric acid largely in demand by calico printers. From the rind of the fresh fruits there is obtained by a hand process, called *ecuelling," a fine essence of limes exported in copper vessels. A description, with an account of the mode - Mr. Joseph turge, Managing Director of the pipe Company in 1892), is given in the Kew Bulletin, 1892, pp. 107, 108. The ecuelle is a copper basin furnished on the inside with numerous prominent ds i by hand is far more valuable than the oil of limes. ‘lhe perfume of the latter is injuriously affected by the heat necessary in distillation. The following notice of the lime tree in the West Indies is taken from a paper on “ Planting Enterprise in the West Indies," by Mr. Morris, C.M.G., F.L.S., read before the Royal Colonial Institute. 12th June 1883 .— ! * The lime tree, a member of the Citrus family, grows well in all the West Indian Islands. It requires a light, loamy, and sumewhat stony soil, and an elevation, depen upon latitude, from sea-level up to 500 feet. The trees are. EO at T feet apart, giving about 200 trees per acre. They come into bearing in about six or seven years, but light crops are often gathered from tr ees at five years. To ensure large and permanent crops, the trees require to be regularly pruned, and to be kept free from all parasitic growths, such as specics of Loranthus, &c. They are also B eatly benefited by tillage, that Hr poet of the soil around the roots, and being kept free from grass a * The ernie mean tempéénius of nier in wade is given at 78° F., and the annual rainfall at 59 inches.. These conditions are evidently those most suitable for the sla. MET man ie lime trees, for at Montserrat the lime orchards present a most beautiful sight. 115 * ‘With regard to the manufacture and preparation of ime juice, I ‘Lime juice: its Properties and Uses,’ by Mr. Michael Conroy, F.C.S. poblished 1 in the aaia Ta [3], xiii. 606 :— * In Montserrat the lime t harvest is heaviest from September to . January, but a good supply of fruit is yielded throughout the whole where it is sliced " water ' power, and then squeezed in huge wooden his is a most important point in preparing the nice. in a tropical climate, for if exposed, it outs rapidly decompose. Iam also informed that the choicest fruit is alone used, and that only Men two-thirds of the juice is pressed out, thus ensuring greater freedom from mucilagi- nous and pulpy matter. The furt ther | pressings, together with the juice of unsound fruit, is evaporated to the consistence s sn, and sent over to this country for the manufacture of citric An account of the ** Lime In pondiry 3 in Dominica” was contributed by Dr. H. A. Alford Nicholls, F.L.S., the Demerara Timehri, vol. ii., pt. 1. Atwood, the historian of bas ca. speaks of the lime trees as existing in that island in 791, “that the fruit of both (lemon. and lime) is in great abundance, large and of excellent quality, of these, * the latter especially, great quantities are often sent in barrels to * Englan! and America. The neighbouring English islands are T € rise often supplied with them from this country, especially those * of Antigua and Barbados." Dr. Nicholls continues: “ To Dr. ura belongs the honour of tle ** origination of the new lime cultivation ; but I must mention that soon * after this public benefaetor had established the lime groves in Dominica s be Messrs. Sturge, quite independently and without any knowledge a r. Imray’s experiments, set to work to establish similar cultiva- i vation in Montserrat.” Details respecting the cultivation and the preparaticn of lime juice are fully given by Dr. ary in his recent work— Tropical Agriculture (London: Maemillan), p. 153. The following dau information respecting the lime iudustry at Dominica is taken from a paper by Mr. Morris * On tlie Colony of the Leeward Islands," read before the Royal Colonial Institute, on April 14, 1891 :-- * Another very promising indupsy for Dominica is the production of lime juice. This is obtained from a thin-skinned variety of the citron, nown as the West Indian lime (Citrus Medica, var. acida). This par- tieular variety is apparently more wide ad in the West Indies than. ip any AN part of the world. The lime-juice pu ed in o "Tim ray. In 1870 the value of the lime j juice ede was 831. ; ; in 1874 it had risen to 1,600/.; in 1889 it had increased to 8,0617. Dominica limes are large and very juicy. ‘The teet | are the healthiest I have seen in the West Indies, and, within such limits as are imposed by the commercial demand for the produce, it deserves to be largely extended. “A carefully compiled return was prepared for me by a lime planter in Dominica, which I read and submitted for criticism at a publie meeting held at the Court House in Roseau on — 9th, last. I am unable to publish this in full, but Í will give a brief summary of it. It appears that it takes about 1,0007. to purchase and establish 20 A 2 116 ‘acres of good land with lime trees, to build a house for the manager, to erect a mill, hs copper boilers to concentrate € juice, to pay for superintendence and cover all expenses for seven years. the end of this dis the estate would yield at the rate ‘of 40 ho; nhe or concentrated lime juice, worth 131. per hogshead. This would amount to a gross income o . The yearly cost of cultivation and manufacture (including the cost of providing the — would amount to 2404 There would, therefore, remain exactly 240/.; and tiis sum would be the ER income of a lime estate which had cost 1 ,000/., spread over seven year A recent and ist dm account of the lime industry at Mont- serrat and Dominica is given by Mr. Consul Galbraith in the United States Consular Reports, December, 1892, pp. 519-522. As these reports are not easily accessible in this country the following brief summary is given on points not already touched upon :—The area under lime cultivation at Montserrat in 1892, is estimated at “1,200 acres, of “ which about 900 acres are in fruit-bearin ng trees." The orchards in Dominica are smaller, and with one or two exceptions, the same care is not exercised in the cultivation of the trees, nor in the manufacture of ** rainfall is heaviest. The average yield of fruit from an orchard in * full bearing would be about 60 to 80 barrels (an ordinary flour “ barrel is employed in all orchards to gauge the quantity of fruit) * from an acre per annum. i . A barrel of fruit will yield * from six to seven gallons of juice, and each gallon of sound ripe juice * contains from 12 to 15 ounces of citric acid.” Raw lime juice is preserved in casks and shipped chiefly to the London merket. The manufacture of concentrated lime juice consists in boiling the juice in open pans until reduced to about one-tenth of its d ; “itis then a ** black viscid fluid containing from 80 to 100 ounces of citric acid per * gallon. . . Concentrated lime juice is ptitiétpalls shipped to ss the die York Market." n limes are exported to a small extent only, and to the English inion: Pickled limes, in salt water or brine, are invariably sent to oston. “ The average shipments of products of the lime tree from wer follows: i puncheons of 120 gallons each ; concentrated lime juice, 200 ** easks of 54 gallons each ; green limes, 1,000 boxes; pickled limes, 300 barrels ; essential oil, 2, 500 pounds.” iving specimens of the West Indian Lime are in the Kew collec- tions, obtained from the Montserrat d at the Conia and Indian Exhibition, 1886. A plant of a small lime called the Bijou Lime (Citrus Medica, var. Riversii) is igit irei and arnie iy Sir Joseph and dstinetly bitter flavour superadded to the acid; the peel too is not so fragran EXPLANATION OF PLATE. West Inpian Lime (Citrus Medica var. acida). Fig. 1, Flowermg branch; 2, Transverse section of fruit—both of the natural size. 3, Glands of the ld rged. re e ei A EE cO ER t nn Me uet tei a o e$ Top 9209 € ol 090529225? 00 1 BEET il ; aan gov 117 CCCLXXII.—JAFFA ORANGE. Of the history of this iei edm im very little is known. It is an egg-shaped orange, of large and a recent introduction to this country, where it is esteemed as a dessert ‘fruit chiefly on account of its siz e; colour, and uncommon ep mae | ia dpi the Jaffa orange varieties er oranges are grown, bat perhaps not so rod: exported as In a Report on the Fruits of Malta, prepared by the late DrfGulia, Director of the Botanie Garden (Kew Bulletin, 1888, p. 237), amongst ne sweet oranges grown in the island is a variety described as follows : GE * It is the most perfect of ovr oranges, and Tea ally forms a han some * dessert fruit. It is extensively grown for export, and sold from 4d. this egg-shaped orange is apparently not. known in Southern Europe, or at et ee is not Sigh in this important work amongst the culti- vated of that part of the world. In Sicily * oranges of two oe kidy ue described, the ‘otal and the rou-1l. The trees that bear the “ oval fruit are preferred . the oval oranges * are in demand ` commerce being | more “durable.” In the U.S. Consular Repo orte, N o. 411, J e 1884, pp. 760, 761, it is mentioned that the oranges in Syria “are distin guished by their shape and contour : * Belady, round flat ends, very " thick peel, hardy ; ripens late. * Shamonty, long, like an egg, thin-skinned ; ripens early. Bisry * finest flavour; a seedl €— An these, except the last, are eratted * npon tbe wild or bitter ora P Only one ** variety [the Bisry] grows di vit from the seed." Judging by the brief E here given, the Shamonty appears to come nearest to the Jaffa orange as known i in this country. The Maltese oval orange, already regarded as probably identical with the egg-shaped “‘ Jaffa” orange, has beer introduced to Florida, In a Report on the Condition of " “Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruits in the United States in 1887," U. S. Department of Ag epis Washington, 1888, p. 66, the following particulars are given * Maltese Oval.—From the Mediterranean, Ego orted by General Sanford. Thornless, rapid grower, very prolific; fruit oval in shape and of a beautiful orange e colour, medium in size, and bears tr: ransportation unusually well. Of some 20 boxes shipped to England last winter there were only 10 oranges spoiled on arrival in the lot. This varie ety is a sees favourite in the London market. It is noe more largely planted in Orange County [Florida] than any other kind A Maltese “ oval” orange is enumerated amongst y" fruits cultivated in South Australia. Again, a “St. Michael's egg nge grown in Florida evidently approaches the * Maltese oval" in ute, It is described as follows: ** Large, oval; thick skinned ; aleg but not ich; quality fair. Tree prolific ; few thorns.” U. S. Department of Agic, Report l.c., The Jaffa orange has been la argely no ae into the United Kingdom duque the last 10 years, and “in colour, shape, and flavour it is a “most attractive frit.” Ina Foreign A Oo: Cossülar Report (1884, p. 1 ee it is stated that ** perhaps in no part of the world is the orange grown 118 “to greater perfection than in the orchards of Jaffa.’ In 1883 there were exported to. the United Kingdom 11,278 boxes of Jaffa oranges. Since that time the trade has considerably increased, and at tne present time the exports have reached 36,000 boxes. The ose of this increased activity in fruit — at Jaffa has brought to it a remarkable prosperity. In a Foreign Office Report site hs "Series 1893, No. 300) * Ou Irrigation and Orange Growing at Jaffa,’ ^ the following particulars are giv * Jaffa, the chief town of the Caza of that name, owes its importance to its ehimate, which is extremely favourable for orange growing. As a natural consequence, this seaport is surrounded on the land side by orange groves, covering an area of some 720 hectares (about 1,780 acres “Tala oranges, "thanks to their excellent flavour, have of late years ‘acquired a world-wide reputation, and while some 18 years ago this fruit was known only to Beyrout, Alexandria, and Constantinople, enormous quantities of it are now exported to Europe, merica, and even to India, and its cultivation has consequently increased to a very considerable extent. A special feature of Jaffa oranges is that they will keep from 30 days to 40 days, and, if properly packed, for two months, and even three months. New orange groves are continually being laid ve and now w number some 400, against 200 some 15 years ago. This, in, has influenced the population of Jaffa, which now contains 42,000 iibibrtands: against 15,000 inhabitants some 12 yearsago. Therevenues have doubled, sid the vicinity of the custom-house is crowded with piles of cases of oranges waiting m. to all parts of the world. E Imperial Ottoman Governm t, with a view to encourage the export of oranges, levies an viens duty of only 1 per cent. on them, and the exports for the last few years have averaged 36,000 boxes per annum. Owing principally to the trade in oranges, Ja à now ranks next after Beyrout in importance among Syrian coast town * Orange growing in Syria is conducted exclusively ye natives. Each orange garden conning some 2,000 square feet of planted area, pe hee to about 1 ,800 trees to the hectare (= 2°471143 acres). The trees begin to bear the fourth year after planting, but it is estimated that it takes seven years, and sometimes eight years, before an orango orchard yields a remunerative e erop. uring all this time, and e afterwards, the orchards have to be watered continually, dL this i ier tion is the most difficult and the most labourious part of the work in connexion with orange growing, inasmuch as the water has to be drawn by means of more or “less primitive water-wheels from wells dag in the gardens 90 feet and even sometimes 100 feet deep.” The following Ti gifs Drug ae pee between the Foreign Office and Kew in regar FOREIGN Se io; didis GanpENs, Kew. Sis, Foreign Office, May 9, 1889. I am directed by the ert of —À to transmit RE you, t be laid before Mr. Thiselton-Dyer, a letter from Mr. J. H. W hitley asking that information may be s ri for him respecting the nature and —€— of the variety of orange known as “Jaffa” orange; m to request that you will move the Director to inform his Lordship whether he is able to furnish any information on the subjec I am, &e. r The Assistant Director (Signed) JAMES FERGUSSON, dogs: Gardens, Kew. 119 ( Enclosure.) Mr. J. H. WHITLEY to Foreign OFFICE. 125, wae Street, Birkenhead, May 6, 1889 Six, As a grower, in our mehrere ve oranges, my attention has been drawn to the e of Jaffa oranges. These are considered of a variety tha* would improve ours ion in Australia, [ am anxious - have some bilibus from Jaffa connected with the culture of the tree there, their exac: variety, and, if possible, some properly matured es dried pips for seeds. Iam not aware of there being a British Consul there to whom to addis oe I mets ies to ask for information from the Foreign Office as to the agent of the Government in Jaffa, a one exists, or if not, to whom I mare sei for the information — (Signed) y i Horner WHITLEY. The Under Secretary of State, Foreign Office. RoyaL GARDENS, Kw, to FOREIGN OFFICE. Sir, Royal Gardens, Kew, May 13, 1889. I am desired by Mr. Thiselton-Dyer to ‘acknowledge the receipt of da letter of the 9th instant, with inclosure, on the subject of Jaffa orange 2, “The only informatian sth upon the cultivation of inar variety of orange at present available is contained in the United States Consular Reports, No. 414, June 1884, pp. 761—762. ‘This Feiern is, how- ever, not entirely confined to Jaffa oranges, but embraces — kinds cultivated in Syria. Information of a general character respecting Jaffa oranges is contained in a Foreign Office Consular Ragone 1884, p. 1433; and 1838 (No. 3. Seeds of Jaffa oranges are obtainable from ripe fruits, which — be generally Darin 1 in the season at the larger London shops regards the reliability of orange plants raised from seed, an inseriva account is given in the Gar deners Chronic le, April 9, 1884, p. 457, of an instance where seeds of St. Michael's oranges, obtaine from Covent Mentone, produced when the plants were twelve years old, “ exactly like the best St. Michael's, smooth and disc dkidned; iens é and juic Ihe &c. Sir Villiers Lisier, s C.M.G (Signe) D. Morris Foreign Office, 'S.W * CCCLXXIII.— WEST AFRICAN CINCHONA BARK. In Messrs. Jenkin & Phillip’s Cireular of Cinehona Bark Sales in London, dated the 9th Jauuary 1894, it is stated that 2893 bales of oi "African" bark were sold at prices varying from 21d. te 514. per pound. This bark was succirubra or red bark. Again, in Messrs. Lewis and Peat's Annual Report, dated gah January 1892, it is mentioned that of West Coast African bark “766 bales, 120 * weighing 97,000 lbs., chiefly druggists’ descriptions have been *€ offered and sold at from 24d. to 6d. per pound.” As inquiry has been made at Kew in regard to the origin of this , African Cinchona bark, it may be well to give a brief ac count of it. A sample of Cinchona bark grown at the Port ro island of St. Thomas (São Thomé), in the Gulf of Guinea, West Coast of Africa, was presented to the Museums " the Royal Gai dens, hee in 1884, by Messrs. ‘Thomas Christy and This sample was accompanied by a return of analysis, giving the following results :—Crystallised quinine, 2-64 : crystallised quinidine, 0:11 ; crystallised cinchonidine, 0°48 ; cinchonine (alkaloid), 4°06 ; amorphous l: In February 1884, Mr. H. H. John ston, C. B., read a paper before the Society of Arts on the Portuguese Colonies of ‘West Africa, and he gave an account of a visit paid to the Quina (Cinchona) plantations in E Leno of São Thomé (Journal of the Society of Arts, XXXII. 35). These rtis ascend to about 3,500 feet. Mr. Johnston rade ‘land is sold for a mere nothing in Sao TI ones for only about one * third of the island i is under cultivation Pl. . The climate on “ the uplands is perfectly salubrious." From a note by C. Tille in Móller's Deutsche Gartnerzeitung, No. 13, April 20, 1892, p. 139, it appears that Cinchona of two species is grown at Sáo homá, viz., Cinchona succirubra and C.Calisaya. The estimated vinione of trees under cultivation is placed at 500. A few Cinchona trees may be also cultivated at the Spanish island of Fernando Po, also in the Gulf of Guinea, off the coast of the Cameroons. Messrs. Lewis & Peat express the opinion “no doubt a portion (of the * Cinchona bark sold in London) does come from Fernando Po, but the greater portion of it comes from the island of St. Thomas—in fact cultivated Cinchona succirubra bark sold at public sale (1894) was * grown at the island of Sdo Thomé, West Coast of Africa, and we si ine ‘ve it comes from no other place.’ evident from the particulars here given that the West African olas bark received in this country is derived solelv from cultivated trees, and these have been grown from seeds or pes originally obtained from the home of the Cinchonas in South Ameriea. Further, that nearly the whole of this bark, if not the whole, comes from the Portu- guese island of São Thomé. We have no evidence that Cinchona is cultivated anywhere on the mainland of the West Coast of Africa. CCCLXXIV.—DIAGNOSES AFRICANZ, III. APOCYNACEZ. Auctore O. STAPF. . Tabernaemontana inconspicua, Stapf; frutex ganen i ramulis graiis, foliis obovato-cuneatis vel obovato-oblongis abrupte et lon acuminatis membranaceis nervis moschea utrinque 8-10 lé: prorsus arcuatis subtus prominulis is mien etae petiolo — cymis terminalibus paucifioris itn ad florem solitarium reductis racemis geminatis vel in panicula udine, podata brevi, pedicellis sacl. gracilibus, calyce 5-partito lobis ‘ovato-lanceolatis acutis intus basi . 121 multiglandulosis, corollae tubo dane” — in alabastro eo paulo brevioribus, staminibus infra ium in s filamentis. brevissimis antheris lanceolatis basi ro bodie aapea a disco nullo, carpellis ovoideis liberis, stylo ovario subaequilongo, stigmate clavato exannulato. Has.—Gaboon, Mt. John River, Kongui, G. Mann, 1803. z Frutex 10 ped. altus. Folia ad 7 poll. Pan 2 poll. as petiolus oe lin. longus. orga 1-1} poll longa; pedunculus 1 poll. ongus; pedicelli I n. longi. Calyx v 14 fin. Pong Corollae pete fere 3 lin. long sis dipladeniiflora, Stapf; frutex scandens vel arborescens glaber, ramulis gracilibus pallidis, foliis obovato-oblongis vel ellipticis breviter acuminatis acumine acuto vel obtuso basi sub- cordatis membranaceis opacis nervis lateralibus dtridtthe 6-7 obliquis arcuatis venis tenuissimis, petiolo brevissimo vel subnullo, floribus l- 2 terminalibus in ramulis gracilibus cernuis subsessilibus vel ipee bracteatis foliis binis s sufful tis, calyce 5-sepalo, sepalis e basi subcordat ovato-lanceolatis intus basi multiglandvlosis, corollae magnae tubo a filam mentis brevissimis latis antheris sagittatis, disco nullo, carpellis basi cohaerentibus caeterum liberis, stylo filiformi longo stigmate clavato (?), ovulis numerosis multiseriatis, carpellis div ergentihus elongato- oor ien ovoideis, seminibus (immaturis; ovoideis in pulpa nidulantibus Has.—Gaboon, Munda, Sibange Farm, Soyaua, 392, 315. Folia 6 por. long, 23-34 Lose lata. ` Pedicellus ad 6 lin. longus. alyx gus. Corollae tubus 2} poll. longus, inferne 1 superne 6 lin. titus lobi 13 poll. longi, ad 1 poll. lati. species of very striking habit on account of the almost sessile seen supported by two opposite leaves which form a kind of involucre, whilst there is a pair of scars indicating the presence of such leaves a the base of the pedicel in the fruiting specimen. The corolla resembles very much that of some of the large flowered species of Dipladenia and rei ion but the aestivation of the lobes, the shape of the stamens and t igma are as in Tabernaemontana, and it approaches par- celis + T Barteri, Benth., and T. subsessilis, Benth. parviflora, Stapf; ramis novellis tomentellis vetus- tioribus castaneis picem, d apii: albidis conspersis, foliis oblongis acuminatis basi breviter acutis mbranaceis opacis supra glabris subtus minute puberulis vel baie nervis lateralibus utrinque 7-9 erue arcuatis subtus prominulis venis tenuissimis, petiolo brevi, cymis in corymbis vel paniculis contractis egoy ora breviter pedun- culatis tomentellis, pedicellis gracilibus. demum flore sublongioribus, tus in fauce fimbriis numerosis filiformibus longe exsertis «seen crispis instructo lobis ovato-oblongis obtusis, staminibus in parte tertia infima insertis fere ad faucem tubo voee vermis liberis et in conum exsertum conve rgentibus antice pilis su curvatis vestitis, antheris sagittatis, "€ tenui, carpellis liberis, trio filiformi, stig mate isci- formi basi membrana reflexa cincto, folliculis longe lineari- lanceolatis glabris tates: 122 Has.—Lagos, Barter, 20,170 ; Rowland ; Eppah, Barter, 3,278 ; eren Millson. a 21-41 poll. longa, 14-1} poll. lata, petiolus 3 lin. longus. Peduneulis 1-11 poll. longus, pedicelli ad 4 lin. longi. Calyx i ‘lin, lon Corallae senda 2 Tin. longus, lobi 2 lin. longi. i Zygodia urceolata, Stapf; ramis rufo-tomentosis flexuosis, foliis rhomboideo- — utrinque acutis supra lucidulis costa excepta glabris subtus in costa dense cæterum laxe rufo-pilosis, nervis laterali- bus tenuibus aal tenuissimis utrinque 6-7 quorum 3 ve lerumque ES i lurifloris valde contractis epedunculatis bracteatis rufo-pubescen boe, pedicellis subnullis r ouei lobis gvatis pubescenti - distincto, carpellis pilosis, stylo brevissimo stigmate basi conico in- crassato. AB.—Angola, Welwitsch, 5961. Folia circa 1 poll. longa, 4 D. eno petiolus 3 lin. longus. Calyx Muse tea Corolla 13 lin. 1 . Alafia lucida, Stapf; 9" iden glaberrima, ramis nigres- cud foliis obovatis obtusis basi plus minusve enneatis supra obseure viridibus lucidis subtus fuscis, nervis lateralibus utrinque 5-6 arcuatim coliectis areubusa margine remotis nervis venisque imprimis subtus prominulis, eymis paucifloris rore peduneulatis pedun ulo pedicel- isque gracilibus, calyce 5-partito minuto lobis ovatis ciliolatis intus basi glandulis eum lobis alteruantibus instructo, corollae tubo basi sub staminibus paulo angustiore sub fauce constrieto et intus annulatim inerassato extus glabro intus ad staminum insertionem piloso, lobis late ovatis ima basi subito contractis ciliolatis, staminibus medio tubo insertis faucem vix attingentibus, carpellis distinetis pubescentibus, stylo superne incrassato, stigmate basi annulatim dilatato. Has.—Muni River, G. Mann, 1752. Frutex 40 ped, altus, S Folia 2-2} poll. longa, ad 14 poll. lata, petiolus circa 2 lin. longus. Pedunculus 4-6 lin. longus, pedicelli 2 lin, longi. Calyx 1-3 Ag longus. Corollae tubus 2 lin. longus, lobi 4-5 lin. longi, ad 2 lin. lat 115. Alafia cuneata, Bu glaberrima, ramis fusco- nigrescentibus, foliis obovato-euneatis obtusis vel obscure aeuminatis opacis pallidis subcoriaceis, nervis lateralibus utrinque 4—6 valde obliquis arcuatim collectis, nervis venisque imprimis subtus prominulis, petiolo brevi, cymis in corymbis brachiatis multifloris laxis glabris breviter pe- dunculatis, pedicellis gracilibus longiusculis, calyce parvo lobis ovatis intus eum glandulis majusculis alternantibus, corollae tubo ad medium leviter ampliato abhinc cilindrico sub ima fauce abrupte constricto xtus glabro intus sub staminum insertione parce albo-piloso, lobis late ovatis tubo subduplo longioribus, staminil bif medio insertis. faucem subattingentibus, carsellis "liberis pubescentibus stylo superne ineras- sato stigmate bas i annulatim dilatat Has.—Angola, Golungo Alto, Yoon o inl ped., Welwitsch, 5,953, 5954. Folia 3 poll longa, 14-13 poll. lata, ge 2-2} lin. longus. Pedunculus 2-5 lin. longus, Bett y -24 lin. longi. Calyx ł lin, longus. Corollae tubus ad 2 lin. longus, lobi 3-31 lin. longi. 193 a caudata, Stapf ; Bici ramis gracilibus fuscescen- E udato- 116. Alafia tibus vel nigrescentibus, foliis ovatis vel oblongis obtuse ca margine subdistantibus, peti ymis l ntractis 7-2-floris laxis breviter vel brevissime pedunculatis terminalibus (raris sime axillaribus) glabris, pedicellis gracilibus iusculis calyce 5-partito lobis ovatis cum glandulis alternantibus, corolla tubo cylindrico "i. leviter dilatato sub fauce abrupte constrieto ext glabro intus ad staminum basin aed caeterum glabro, lobis late ovatis tubo paulo one ioribis, staminibus medio tubo insertis fauc em attingen- tibus, earpellis liberis pubescentibus- stylo superne sensim incrassato stigmate basi annulo instructo. Has.—Angola, Golungo Alto, 1,000-2,400 ped. Welwitsch, 5,955, 5988. . Folia 24-3} poll longa, 1-14 poll. pei Leere 11-2 lin. longus. Pedunculus ad 4 lin. longus, —— 311 117. Alafia sarmentosa, Stapf; frutex Mis scandens sempervirens glaberrimus, ramis sarmentosis longis gracilibus, foliis oblongis obtuse breviterque acuminatis basi acutis vel subrotundatis tenuiter coriaceis sublucidis, petiolo brevi s en li, eymis in corymbo rvo subsessili ad 12-floro, pedicellis gracilibus brevibus, calyce 5-partito lobis late ovatis obtusis ges Kee intus cum glandulis parvis alternantibus, corollae albae grat orae tubo e basi paulo ampliata cylin- drico fauce babitu. p etong lobis ovato-lanceolatis obtusiusculis, minibus paulo infra medium insertis faucem attingentibus, disco peer stvio anguste obconico stigmate ovoidco apiculato. —Golungo Alto, Queta Mts. Climbing and rambling in bushes and small trees. Welwitsch, 5965. a ad 31 poll. longa, ad 1} poll. alto petiolus 2 lin. longus. Calyx vix 1 lin. longus. Corollae tubus 9 lin. longus, lobi 2} lin. longi. 118. ogee rest Stapf. (Gen. nov.). Calyx 5-partitus, basi intus 5-glandulosus, i: inaequalibus obtusis. Corolla hypocrateriformis, tubo cylindraceo ad stamina dilatato, fauce esquamata, intus sub fauce minute puberulo ; lobi 5, contorti, lati, obtusi, dextrorsum obtegentes, create ak torti. Stamina medium versus tubi et ei are ga webs ločila kad in. | appen ndieulas breves acutas p ductis. Discus nullus. Ovarium integrum, biloculare, pubescens ; styles filiformis ; stigma breviter conicum membranula basi annulatum ; ovula in quoque loculo numerosa.—Frutex scandens. Folia. opposita, penni- venia. Cymae dense corymbosae ei apices ramorum breviter peduncu- latae. Flores majusculi. Holalafia multiflora, Stapf; glaberrima, ramis crassiusculis fistulosis fuscescentibus, foliis "ellipticis vel oblongis breviter acuminatis basi late rotundatis v el subcordatis supra lucidis subtus opaeis membranaceis, nervis lateralibus utrinque 8-9 obliquis subtus cum venis prominulis, petiolo latiusculo canaliculato, cymis multifloris bracteatis, peduneulo robusto, pedicillis gracilibus, bracteis ovatis obtusis parvis scarioso-mar- ginatis, calyeis lobis ovatis exterioribus minoribus, corollae tubo extus glabro lobis ‘ciliolatis s. Has.—Fernande Po, G. Mann, 1164; Rio del Rey, Johnston, 44. e 124 Frutex ad 40 ped. altus, scandens. Folia 5-6 poll, longa, 21—3 poll. lata, petiolus 4-6 lin. longus. Pedunculus 3-5 lin. longus, "bedice elli ad 6 lin. longi. Calyx 14-2 eB longus. Corollae tubus cirea 5 lin. longus, mens are exactly those of Echitideae, amongst which Holalafia approaches Foie to Alafia. The ovary is, however, per- fectly entire, with a thin septum. The inflorescence is also that of Alafia but the flowers are by far larger than in any species of that 19. Oncinotis gracilis, Stapf ; ; scandens, ramis patule rufo-hirsutis, foliis obovato-oblongis acuminatis basi rotundatis vel subacutis supra saturate subtus laete viridibus, supra in nervis ‘nee non in parenchymate cem c aribus terminalibus breviter pedunculatis rufo-hirtellis gracilibus pedicellis brevibus vel brevissimis, bra xe minutis deciduis, calyce 5-partito ~~ anguste ovatis subpatuli inute puberulo eglanduloso, corolla astro dabwabulate vitae ipi rta tubo basi vix ampliato extus maitie pube i dense piloso, fauce constricta squamis 5 ligu- longioribus patulis vel reflexis, staminibus supra basin insertis "fila- mentis brevissimis tubo adnatis ilo: Ps is antheris lanceolatis acutis ebarbatis lobis basalibus incurvis, disco 5-lobo, carpellis liberis puberulis, stylo brevissimo, stigmate oblongo incrassato apiculo bilobo. Has.—Lagos, H. Millen, 106. Folia 3-34 poil. longa, 13 poll. lata, petiolus 4 poll. longus. Racen vel paniculae ad 3 poll. longae, pedunculus 1— 3 poll. lengus, ce ad llin.longi. Calyx 3-7 lin. longus. Corollae tubus 1} lin. longus, lobi vix 2 lin. lengi. 120. Baissea tenuiloba, Stapf; frutex interdum scandens, ramis gracilibus, giabris vel novellis minutissime furfuraceis, foliis oblongis longiuscule acuminatis basi acutis raro rotundatis firme sed tenuiter m tracta ptm terai patebit is e basi ovata longe et angustissime caudato-acuminatis tubo plus quam duplo longioribus, staminibus medio tubo insertis antheris dorso superne o barbulatis, stylo brevissimo, stigmate oblongo crasso apice lobulato tenuiter a Has.—Bonny River, G. Mann, 504; Kalbreyer, 73; iene River, G. Mann, 2187. Frutex 12-15 pat altus. Folia ad 43 poll. longa, ad 12 poll. lata, petiolus ad 6 lin. longus. Inflorescentia 1—3 poll. longa, pedicelli ad lin. longi. Caly ri lin. longus. Corollae tubus 14 lin. longus lobi 4-54 lin. longi. Very like B. leonensis, iere in habit, but distinguished by the less numerous nerves of the leaves, the very narrow more or less filiform corolla ice and the colour of the corolla. 21. laxiflora, Stapf; frutex scandens ramis minutissim furfuraceo-tomentellis fuscis d ribus, foliis. obverse lanceolatis rarius 125 slo acuminatis acumine plerumque brevi aeuto basi acutis vel cuneatis membranaceis subtus m axillis nervorum pilosis caeterum gla- berrimis, nervis lateralibus utrinque 5-6 valde obliquis subtus promi- nulis venis transversalibus tenuissimis valde appxoximatis, cymis 3-1- floris in racemis ease laxissimis axillaribus et terminalibus minu- tissime oie brac minutis ovatis, pedicellis di na plerum- que corollae tubo meh calyce 5-partito minutissime furfuraceo, lobis ovatis apice patulis, corollae tubo tubulos E lobis basi cordato- e: lanceolatis tubo paulo longioribus, staminibus generis, disco angusto 5-crenulato, stylo tenui brevi, stigmate breviter oblongo crasso apice obulsto tenuiter apiculato. Has.—Muni River, G. Mann, 1756. Folia ad 3 poll. longa, 1 poll. lata, petiolus 1-2 lin. longus. Inflorescentia ad 4 poll. longa, pedicelli ad 24 lin. longi. Calyx 3 lin. longus. Corollae tubus 2-21 lin. longus, lobi 24-3 lin. longi. 122. Baissea brachyantha, Stapf; scandens, ramis novellis minute rufo-furfuraceis mox glabratis, foliis lanceolatis usque obovato-ellipticis, obtusiuscule acuminatis basi acutis membranaceis subtus in axillis nervorum rufo-pilosis caeterum glaberrimis, nervis lateralibus utr inque 8-10 obliquis subrectis parallelis tenuibus subtus prominulis venis transversalibus subhorizontalibus densissimis tenuissimis petiolo graeili longiore cymis in paniculis axillaribus rientra cilibus brachi- atis vel in apice pedunculi congestis bellatis, minute furfuraceis, peduneulis saepe 2-3 ex axillis fallo pedicellis gracilibus, bracteis ovatis acutis minutis, aie globoso-ovoideo õ-partito lobis ovatis obtusis intus basi cum glandulis m nutis alternantibus, corollae tubo ex ima basi constricta infendibiliformi fauce ampla lobis Mur taco tubo aequilongis vel vix longioribus, staminibus infra ium insertis, disco leviter 5-crenuiato angusto, stylo obconico Pbi stigmate ovoideo basi annulato tenuiter apicu lato. Hazs.—Bagroo River, G. Ham, 854. Folia 2-3 poll. longa, 10 lin.—2 poll. lata, petiolus ad 6 lin. longus. oll. longa, pedunculus ad 1} poll. longus, pedicelli ad 2 lin. longi. Calyx vix łlin. longus. Corollae tubus 1} lin. longus, ad faucem 14 lin. latus, lobi 13-1] lin. longi. E S 3 S IS S 2 S = £a N 1 Baissea dichotoma, Stapf; scandens, ramis novellis minutissime fusco-furfuraceis glabrescentibus, foliis oblongo-ellipticis n ere saepe long : asi acutis membranaceis pora supra in costa minute su e indistinctis, petiolo longo tenui, cymis in err idbotonie multiramosis nd ramis pedunculis brevibus, er gracilibus, “bracteis minutis ovatis vel brise acutis, calyce semigloboso O-subpartito minutissime furfuraceo, lobis rotundatis etam bas si intus cum glandulis minutis slicruatti Dus, e asi ima constricta urceolato-cam- orollae tubo e ; panulato extus tenuissime furfuraceis, lobis e basi cordato-ovata lanceolatis tubo vix aequilongis, staminibus infra medium insertis antheris dorso barbulatis, disco 5-crenato, "n revi obconico, stiginate subeylindrico apice lobulato tenuiter apicula Has.—Ga^5con, Munda, Sibange farm, H. Soyaur, Pl. Occ. Afr., 393. 126 Folia ad 4 poll. dons ad 14 poll. lata, petiolus 8-11 lin. longus. sip ERS ad 2 $ poll longa, arikarat 4 poll. longus, pedicelli ad 1 . longi. Calyx lin longus. Corollae tubus 1— 1i lin. longus, a ii lin. latus, lobi il lin. i angole i ise ramis novellis rufo-furfuraceo- iomentellis ghabrchcentibus, ' foliis oblongis rarius subobovato-oblongis aeute vel obtusiuseule acuminatis basi rotundatis, rarius subcordatis firme * tiolo brevi, cymis paucifloris peduneulatis in racemis vel panieulis brachiatis gracilibus axillaribus et vehat hennie peduneulatis furfuraceo-hirtellis pedicellis | gracili us, brae in rhachi primaria — ovatis vel lanceolatis sub eymis us “a interdum foliaceis, ealyce 5-partito pro — majusculo lobis ovato-lanceolatis furfuraceo- hirtellis, irre tubo tubulos ehm baiitlato lotis, e basi cordato-ovata lanceolatis acutis vel acuminatis tubo 1}-plo longioribus, staminibus infra medium insertis antheris dorso glabris vel pi ilis; perpaucis instructis, disco tenui indistincto, stylo obconico minutissime M o sensim in stigma erassum apice lobulatum conico apiculatum abeunt T RUN Welwitsch, 5,967. Folia ad 3 poll. longa, ad 14 poll. lin. lata, petiolus ad 14 lin. a Infloverecaiia ad 5 poll." longa, pedlicé elli ad 2 lin longi. Calyx a lin. escis ollae tubus 2-23 lin. longus, lobi 3-4 lin. longi. a Pigs foliis majoribus ad 4} poll. longis, ad 2 poll. latis, Shore clongatis, calyce lobis lanceolatis ad 12 lin. latis, corollae lobis ad 4 lin. longis Has.—Angola, Welwitsch, 5,966. This is, perhaps, only a very robust state of the typical form. SOLANACEZ. Auctore C. H. WRianr. 125. Solanum phytolaccoides, Wright; suffruticosum glabrum, foliis ovatis acuminatis dilute viridibus, inflorescentià terminali, umbellis racemose dispositis, calyce cupulari pubescenti, corolla rotatà extus pubescenti intus glabra segmentis 5 linearibus, staminibus 5 filamentis deut antheris equa. postice pubescentibus rimis longitudinali- vari us duplo longiore. iiic ssinia, Sckispór 310; xis nnjaro, H. H. Johnston. Folia 3-4 poll longa, 14-2 poll lata; petiolus 1 poll. longus. Pedicelli 6 lin. longi. Calya- ».1 litt: bor Corolla 6 lin. longa. 126. Solanum witschii, Wright (S. pendulum, Welw. mss. Ruiz et Pav.); test scandens? caule tereti levi, foliis oblongis utrinque glabris, paniculis strictis terminalibus, ealyce cupulari 5— dentato, corolla "urceolatà aar 9-lobatá valvatà extus pubescenti, staminibus 5 filamentis brevissimis antherisque elongatis conniventibus, ovario globoso, stylo filiformi Finn duplo longi ore. Has.—Angola, Welwitsch 6081, 6098. 127 Folia 5 poll. longa, ie poll, lata; petiolus 1 poll. longi Pedicelli 1-3 lin. longi. Calyx 1-2 lin. longus. Corolla 4 lin .lo onga. Var. strictum, Wright; a typo differt cymis elongatis subrace- mosis, Has.—Munga, Schweinfurth 3498; Fernando Po, Mann 274. Var. oblo — ts right ; a typo differt foliis angustioribus obtusiori- bus basi acutiori Has.—Ambas Bà, W. Africa, Mann. 127. Solanum pauperum, Wright ; fruticosum ramosum, caule tereti leviter rugoso lepidoto, foliis lanceolatis petiolatis akai crenulatis siccitate atris , inflorescentià subterminali umbellatá, caiyce cupulari 5- dentato leviter pubescenti, corolla segmentis 5 cblongis ees — tibus, staminibus 5, dbiherln sessilibus, baecá globosà nitent Has.—Angola, Welwitsch 6054, 6075. Folia 15 lin. longa, 7 lin. lata; petiolus 10 lin. longus. clogens 6 lin. longi. Calyx 1 lin. longus. Corolla 4 lin. longa. Bacca 5 lin . diam. 128. Solanum inconstans, Wright ; fruticosum scandens, caule tenui tereti n i, foliis geminatis oblongis acutis supra leviter pilosis subtus glabris, cymis racemose dispositis, calyce breviter cupulari 5-dentato, Soros. calyce 4-plo longiore urceolatà violaceá segmentis 5 obtusis, staminibus 5 antheris subsessilibus ante athá conniventibus, ovario oblongo, stylo filiformi antheris æquilongo. Has.—Fernando Po, Mann 62; Cameroons, Kalbreyer 172. Caulis 10 ped. altus. Folia 3-4 poll. longa, 2 poll. lata; petiolus 1-1} poll. longus . 129. Solanum campanuliflorum, Wright ; comer get? caule tereti pilis simplicibus vestito, foliis integris ovato-acuminatis petiolatis utrinque pilis simplicibu s sparse vestitis, , floribus paucis, Pg ce campanu- lato dentibus 5 obtusis, corolla calyce 4-plo longiore 5-lobatá extus pilosa, staminibus 5, antheris brevibus filamentis paulo longioribus, ovario globoso, stylo brevi pubescenti. Has.—Angola: Cunene, H. H. Johnston. Folia 2 poll. longa, l poll. lata; petiolus 1 poll. longus. Calyx | lin. longus. Corolla 4 lin. longa 0. Solanum Monteiroi, Wright; ioe uticosum pilis stellatis vestitum, Pe inermi, foliis oblongis sinuatis asi inæqualibus petiolatis, inflores- tomen , ; triangular antheris filamentis 3-plo longioribus, baecá n pq. Bonia, Monteiro. Folia 6 poll. longa, * poll. lata; petiolus 2 poll. longus. Calyx 6 lin. longus. Corolla 1 poll. diam. " ines ory all over Angola. Large purple fruit used as a vegetable.” — Mont 131. Solanum albifolium, Wright; suffruticosum, caule tereti juvenili stellatim albo-touientoso, foliia pinnatifidis petiolatis supra atro-viridibus subtus dense stellatim albo-tomentosis, eymis oppositi. foliis, calyce brevi cupulari 5-dentato, corolla rotatå extus et intus secus 128 costam stellatim tomentosà segmentis 5 linearibus, antheris 5 sub- sessilibus, ovario globoso pubescenti, stylo brevi subulato, baccá globosà glabrá. : Has.—Angola, Welwitsch 6095, 60955. Folia 5 poll. longa, 3 poll. lata. Calyx 4 lin. longus. Corolla 5 iin. longa. 132. So albotomentosum, Wright; süffruticosum, caule tereti pilis stellatis gren vestito, foliis lanceolatis plus minusve undulatis . globoso apice stellatim iion, stylo staminibus squilongo, bacca globosáà glabra aurantiac Has.--Angola, Welwitsch, 6048, 6077. Folia % poll. longa, id pos lata; petiolus 6 lin. longus. Corolla 5 lin. longa. Bacca 6 lin. d 133. Solanum vagans, Wright ; fruticosum, caule tereti pilis stellatis brunneis et spinis brevibus mici cand vestito, foliis solitariis oblongo- lanceolatis acutis basi apiceque Te pilis stellatis brunneis vestitis, calyce cupulari 4-dentato striato, corollà rotatá extus pilis stellatis pedicellatis poris 2 terminalibus dehiscentibus, ovario globoso, stylo staminibus paulo breviore. Has.—Dar Salam Coast. Zanzibar, Sir John Kirk. Folia 3 poll. longa, 1 poll. lata; Tn 6 lin. longus. Corolle segmenta 6 lin. longa. Stamina 5 lin. longa. 134. Solanum Rohrii, JVright; fruticosum, caule tereti stellatim tomentoso spinis rectis compressis armato, foliis lanceolatis leviter sinuatis utrinque pilis inzequaliter stellatis vestiti«, inflorescentia eymosi, calyce armato profunde 4-lobato, corolla albà extus stellatim tomentosa, segmentis 4 linearibus, staminibus 4, idera subulatis sessilibus corolle lobis paulo ech do ovario globos, stylo tereti stellatim tomentoso, baecà globosà glabra coccinea Has.—Abyssinia, Ankober, Rokr 445; Muata Manja, Sir John Kirk. Folia 4 poll. longa, 2 As rov Cays lobi 2 lin. longi. Corolle lobi 3 lin. longi. Bacca6 li 135. Solanum melastomoides, BNI suffruticosum, caule tenui tereti He stellatiin albo-tomentoso spinis rectis leviter compressis armato, oliis oblongis integris net leviter lobatis breviter petiolatis utriuque stel'atim tomentosis “subinermibus, floribus paucis magnis, calyce cupulari dentibus 5 obtusis, corolla late campanulata plicata glabra partibus exterioribus :estivatione exceptis, staminibus 5, filamento postico reliquis multo longiore, antheris elongatis obtusis, stylo staminibus paulo longiore. Has.—Somali-land: Bwobi, Harradigit, James and Thrupp. Folia 2 poll. longa, 1 poll. lata ; reme 3 lin. longus. Calyx 2 lin. longus. Corolla 1 poll. diam. Anthere 3 lin. lon ong. 136. Solanum trepidans, Wright; suffruticosum, caule tereti stellatiza tomentoso spinis brevibus compressis armato, foliis lanceolatis sinuatis 129 basi acutis petiolatis utrinque stellatim tomentosis, costà armatá, inflo- rescentiàáà eymosá, calyce campanulato stellatim tomentoso dentibus 5 brevibus triangularibus, corollà calyce e -plo longiore late campanulata dilute lilacinà segmentis acutis late triang cularibus, staminibus 6, fila- mentis brevissimis, ovario subgloboso phe: > stellatim tomentoso. Has.—Zambesi : PE ae Stewart; near Bishop Mackenzie’s house, Sa Valley, Sco 1-3 ped ie Folia 4 poll. longa, 1 poll. lata; petiolus 1 n oll. longus Calyx 2 lin. longus. Corolla 10 lin. longa. Anthere » a Hu 137. ái sista , Wright ; suffruticosum ramosum, caule tereti spinis compressis armato juvenili stellatim albo-tomentoso, foliis inx- qualiter geminatis petiolatis ovatis plus minusve pinnatim lobatis basi tenuibus subulatis, ovario globoso glabro, stylo curvato staminibus multo longiore, baecà globosá Haz.—W. Africa: Gaboon, Munda, Soyaur 329, Fernando Po, Mann 55. : Caulis 10 pol altus. I 6 poll. longa. 4 ue ied ; petiolus 1 poll. longus. Corolla 9 lin. dia Anthere 3 lin. lon Var. compa Ec Poe a typo differt icd minus tomentosis, cymis haces : Has.—Angola, Welwitsch 6105, 6052, 6080, Monteiro. 138. Solanum Thruppii, Wright ; suffruticosum, caule erecto tereti sparse stellato-tomentoso spinis rectis co ompressis armato, foliis ovatis 7-9-lobatis petiolatis basi acutis ineequalibus utrinque ‘pilis stellatis vestitis et venis primariis spinosis, inflorescentià corymbosa, calyce ureeolato extus stellatim tomentoso et spinis parvis pluribus armato dentibus 5 acuti is, corolla rotatà purpureá intus glabra extus dense stellatim tomentosá segmentis 5 acutis, antheris 5 ic eee ovario ovato apice hirsuto, stylo staminibus paulo longio Has.—Somali-land : Adela Galla, Bwobi, Hahi, James and Thrupp. Folia 5 poll. longa, 4 poll. lata; petiolus 2-3 poll. longus. C alyx 6 lin. diam. Corolla 15 liu. diam. Anthere 3 lin. longæ. 139. Solanum chrysotrichum, Wright ; fruticosum pilis aureis stellatis mnino vestitum, spinis paueis brevibus tomento fere celatis, foliis o s inflorescentià eymosá, calyce campanulato lobis 5 patentibus tubo iere corolla late campanulata purpurea intus glabra lobis 5 vatis, staminibus 5 filamentis brevibus antherisque obtusis corollae lobis multo brevioribus, ovario editis stylo filiformi staminibus multo breviore. Has.—Nyassa-land, Buchanan 494 bis, 776. Folia 5 poll. longa, 3-4 poll. lata ; petiolus 1 poll. longus Calyx 6 lin. longus. Corolla 1 poll. vel ultra diam. Anthere 3 lin. longe. U 80795. B 130 CCCLXXV.—THE COFFEE-LEAF MINER. (Cemiostoma coffeellum, Stainton.) An enemy to coffee trees in Brazil and some parts of the West Indies is found in the caterpillar of a small moth which mines in tne substance of the leaves, and causes rusty-coloured blotches on their upper su urface. This disease is quite familiar to coffee planters, and the object of the present note is not to enlarge on its destructiveness, but to bring together what has already been written on the subject for the con- venience of reference in official correspondence. The insect in Brazil was carefully studied by Mr. B. Pickman Mann, who was engaged as Entomologist to the Government of Brazil. His observations, with plates, are given in the * American Naturalist,” Vol. VI., pp. 332 and 596. Mr. Mann there calls it the “ White Coffee- Leaf Miner,” and in 1872 he considered it “ the greatest enemy of coffee culture in Brazil.” The injury to the coffee leaves is caused, as already stated, by the Seni. or larva. This lives within the oe tissues of the lea aves, After the caterpillar has stopped feeding vit changes into a a ade and this, after it has emerged from its burrow, and covered with its silken web, may easily be found in a: fold of the leaf. The mature insect is a moth, beautifully ornamented with silvery wings, these would hardly cover the breadth of the little finger nail. The male and female moths fly actively, with a jerking flight, and at other times they may be seen at rest upon the leaves and branches, but are agi disturbed. They belong | » the tribe of the cloth-worm moths ( Tineina), which are all of small size, whose wings are fringed with hairs. n account, probably ir French Ministry of Marine (Paris, 1842). It is there described as a species of Elachista. The following note appeared in the Kew Report, 1876, pp. 20-21. * Cemiostoma coffeellum.—A disease has for many years been known to exist in the island of Dominica, and also to a large extent in Brazil, This was characterised by the appearance of large discoloured blotches upon the leaves, leading eventually to their decay and fall and so seriously i sy tithe the health of the trees. Various theories, yet! of à priori character, were started to explain the cause, but competent investigation has placed the true explanation beyond the shadow of a doubt. The leaves eA destroyed by the larve of a minute but very prolific moth. They live between the two surfaces of the leaves, and gradually consume the intermediate cellular tissues. "The moth is, in fact, a member of the same genus as that which mines the leaves of the laburnum | in our gardens. This insect is said to lessen the coffee crop in Brazil by at least one-fifth. The little pest has been found iu the Antilles, island of Martinique, province of Rio Janeiro, and over the whole coffee region of Brazil. According to an inclosure in 131 Mr. Acting-Consul Austin’s despatch to the Foreign Office, it is of comparatively recent introduction into Brazil :— * * In 1834, or soon after, the Imperial Nena a ites of intro- ducing several species of coffee amongst us advan eously cultivated in other parts of the world, committed the error ord "nportítig plants instead of seeds, and thus we had here coffee trees grown in Ceylon, pem v bao ie &c., it being quite possible that in this manner the germ of the coffee disease was. imported.’ ‘This is also the opinion of Mr. B. Ar Mann, who has reported in the most admirable manner upon the whole subject to ihe Brazilian Government (see * American Naturalist,” 1872, June and October). I may also call attention to a th ld, injured leaves while the coffee-fly is still in the larval state. Mr. Mann ‘ i i t remarks f the leaves were picked at such a time as to take the greatest number of larve when they were about two weeks old, it wo be difficult to select them, as the size of the blotches would make them very noticeable. ae find that the expense would be more than met by the next year's c * Mr. Consul Pauli has sent idi Puerto Rico leaves which are affected with ihe Cemiostoma in its most characteristic manner, The disease zog is do little injury in this island, and no particular attention is paid to “Tn oe zuela a disease occurs which is known by the name of * Candelillo,’ and which is also, according to in ormation supplied by Mr. R. T. C. Middleton, Her Majesty’s Minister at Caracas, identical with the * mancha de hierro," or “ iron stain." Dr. rnst, however, beg tA them to be different, and attributes the latter to the Cemiostoma. The reports that they are affected by a minute ere a De; pazea, for whic e proposes the specific name of maculos It has fusiform spores 0008 in. long, and containing about seven niiki In Venezuela coffee appears to suffer little, comparatively speaking, from maladies of any kind.” A further note appeared in the Kew Report for the year 1877, pp. 8-29 :— “ Cemiostoma coffeellum.—In my report for last year, I mentioned p. 21) the existence in Venezuela of a disease known hy the name of * Càndelillo,” and which Mr. R. T. ©. Middleton, Her Majesty’s Minister at Caracas, stated tò be identical with the ** mancha de hierro ” or “iron stain." Prof. Ernst, ae , considered that they were in coffeellum. The specimens of “ iron state by Mr. ence proved to be the work of a fungus (Depazea maculosa) and not of an insect. But Prof. Ernst has since kindly sent to me undoubted examples of the ravages of the Cemiostoma, and the presenee of that destructive insect in Venezuela. can no longer be doubted as now therefore been ascertainec more or less momen through the Leeward and Windward Sadin (Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Martinique) and all the Atlantie coffee-growing districts of South meri B 2 152 s € ravages of the Cemiostoma over = greater part of this immense area dat only w within the last 25 years. .In Dominica, Dr. Imray infor ipid me that he was not aie Opes that by care and attention the pes es caused by it might be gradually overcome, but the following extract from a more recent communieation will show how extremely difficult it is dto make any progress against it, and how important it will prove if the apparent immunity of the Liberian coffee from its attacks should continue to be o * Dr. Imray writes: * My Arabian x -~ SESE frightfully last season from the Cemiostoma, the sm rop that comin of the trees was all b digs om e eh to throw out RO: again, but I almost din air of finding any means of destroying the insect, where the circumstances and conditions are favourable for its propagation and existence e d er the con- altogether, in the Stats of trees, with no underwood or bush, 'as we say here. The coffee trees should scarcely see the sun. In a locality that is continuously cool and moist and perfectly shaded by the foliage of large trees they thrive best, and show very little appearance o blight the The inference is that those conditions are advers the existence of the insect. From such inquiries as I h made, the coffee uced in this countr n inconsiderable in brushwood, and leaving the large trees standing. From the experience of fully two n now I do not think that in this island [just now] the Coffea arabica can = — grown in the open, but we have the Liberian to fall back upon “With respect to the bunt of the po^wos coffee from the attacks of the Cemiostoma Dr. Imray writes: * That the Liberian coffee is impervious to the attacks of the * white fly, I meris a settled point. further experiments on arabica, as being simply a waste of time and money.' In the West Indies the Cemiostoma has been noticed to attack very severely Arabian coffee growing at low elevations, and especially trees in the open, without shade. On the other hand, coffee grown at eleva- tions above 3,000 feet is apparently aic. This observation, which, perhaps, more particularly applies to Jamaica, is of considerable value in estimating the distribution ci the injury done to coffee pic by this insect. The natural home of the Arabian coffee in warm reg mountain slopes. It is, senators; out of its element in costes ye at sea-level, and its enfeebled condition, pnus about by unfavourable surroundings, renders it less able to resist the stinka of such a plentiful and persistent enemy as the / ERE The early planta- ti elevations, well within the range of t ed higher and higher into the victis the trees inereased i 133 vigour, the lcaves were more luxuriant and firmer in texture, and the insects were either unable to attack them or they could i livé in the comparatively cooler climate. In any case, the best cure for the Cemiostoma would appear to be the restriction of the culi ation of the Arabian coifee, at least, to the higher elevations. Should the insects ing fields the first remedy should to provide suitable shade; and, after that, to gather the leaves as svon as D are attacked, and destr oy them by burning. The observations mad Imray, in 18777 w regard to the immunity of Liberian ai Y odi attacks of the dog vey been fully borne out. This coffee, growing even close to the sea, and in the neighbourhood of Arabian coffee in- fested with Cemiostoma is left untouched. It may be added that this disease is sometimes mentioned in corres- pondence and reports in the West Indies as the “ coffee-leaf blight.” The destructive coffee-leaf disease of igh caused by a minute fungus, Hemileia wavs ext is, however, so far, not known in the coffee areas of the New rd. It would be well to distinguish deii between the TSMONELANA, ge Henileia, for the ravages of the former, though severe at certain periods, are not absolutely destructive to coffee. On the other hand, the introduction of the Hemileia to the New World would result in a by no means gradual extinetion of the whole industry. Coffee pro- duction would then to a large extent depend upon the yield of Liberian coffee trees, and this is another important consideration in favour of the more general planting of this species in all localities where it is likely to thrive. Full information respecting the cultivation and curing of Liberian coffee lias appeared in the Kew Bulletin, as follows : cO Metis ical and Descriptive Account, 1890, pp. 245-253; Liberian Coffee at the Straits Settlements, with value of parchment coffee cleaned and sold in London, 1888, pp. 261-263; Yield of Liberian Coffee Estates in Selangor and Ujeng, 1890, pp. 107- 108, and 1892, pp. 277-282 ; Miscellaneous Note, 1893, p. 25; Husking in London not advisable, ibid, 132; Liberian Coffee at Sierra Leone, ibid, p. 167; Pulping Liberian Coffee, ibid, pp. 204-206. CCCLXXVI.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. . J. F. JEFFREY, Attendant in the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens, “has been appointed Attendant in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. The Lords of the Treasury, on the recommendation of the First isi of Her Majesty’s Works and Public Buildings, le nien l h RE Gardens to "195. per week. It may be noted that before 1847 the minimum appears to have been only 12s. ; in that year it was raised to 14s.; in 1865 to 15s. ; in 1873 to 17s. ; in 1889 to 18s. The total rise of the minimum wage in the preceding half century has been about 37 per cent. Hooker's Icones Plantarum.—By an bein c the fourth part of the third volume of the fourth series was issued without the index. It will be issued with the next part published, vindi will probably appear 134 before this. The opportunity emi be utilised to repeat that intending purchasers can procure the whole of the third series, containing 1 ,000 plates, from Messrs. Dulau & Co., 37, Soho Square, W., at the reduced price of 5/., and eurrent volumes at the rate of 16s. each. Revision of Ordnance Map.—A fresh survey of the Royal Gardens having been made by the Ordnance Surveys, the Opportunity has been taken to obtain, through the courtesy of the Director*General of the had been long in doubt. Two of these may be placed on record. area in which cultivation is carried on under glass is 2:604 acres, and the linear extent of footpaths is about 14 miles 48 chains. half of the tmm establishment, and was, till! 1802, when Love Lane, which separated the two a was shut up, distinct from the eastern half, or Kew Gardens pro Love Lang itself started from ibs western side of the present Kew Palace, crossed the middle of the Palace Meadow, skirted the western boundary of the present Botanic Garden, passed the Lucombe Oak on the east, and then following the grass avenue through the Heath collection, took a course parallel with the Holly Walk and skirting the western steps d the Temperate House, to the Deer Par ew Bulletin. for. 189] mi 35, reference is made to two stood on the south-west side of the present Azalea Garden. The site of Merlin’s Cave corresponds with the small island in the lake nearest but one to the river; it had a duck-pond in front of it, which, — on mall scale, anticipated the present lake. The Summer House n the Gat of Ormond "Lodge. Lake in Arboretum.—This fine piece of we which is filled from the Thames is the source of A water supply of the whole estabita ment. It had gradually become filled more or less with mud, in some laces not less than five feet. ie The task of removing this has occupied the past three winters. A gang of reserve soldiers, supplied by the “National Association for the Employment of Reserve Soldiers, ” has been employed for the purpose, the cost insi bape hag by a special vote in the estimates. The total cost has been about 3 The mud which had been all deposited from Thames water proved A have considerable manurial value, and is being employed as a top dressing for the poor soil of the Arboretum. Leguminose Co. —The collection of hardy ligneous Leguminose near the Pagoda has, petri the past winter, been entirely rearranged. 135 The long canal beds have been replaced by smaller beds in which the and good loam substituted. The collection is a large one, and we every reason to believe that it will shortly prove of considerable interest to botanists and horticulturists, and a great attraction to visitors generally. Weldenia candida.— Weldeniais a monotypic genus of Commely- nacee, and is a near ally of Zebrina and Rhoea, both known in gardens as Tradescantias. A figure of JVeldenia was published in Hooker’s Icones Plantarum about fifteen years ago under the name of Lampra volcanica, with the following note by entham: “Of this curious plant only a single specimen is known, gathered by Hartweg in the crater of the Volcan de Agua, near Guatemala, in August 1840. the same time of year, and he could find no trace of it. It is said to be very ornamental, and its | rrr to our plant houses would be very desirable." Last year, Mr. Audley C. Gosling, Her Majesty's Minister to Central Afferics; sn us that his sons had ** made the ascent of the Volean de Agua, and at the bottom of the crater found bulbs of the plant, which r. J. Donnell Smith informs me is Weldenia candi : have planted these bulbs , and they flower to perfection at 9,000 feet lower altitude than where Agua it is from — 6^ to 11^ Centigrade (21° to 51° Fahr.) If you have not this plant in Me I Shall be happy to send e some Mr. G bulbs.’ osling’s offer was gladly accepted, and in September last the er were recei y are now flowering i cold hou d a figure has been prepared for publieation in the eal ms borne eingly on s ott erett scapes, each flowe adding only a a day. Singly the plants are not very effective, but no doubt i in eal mass they would be attractive. Photographs of Buitenzorg.— The Royal Gardens have recently become possessed, through the liberality of Dr. Treub, Directo Botanie Garden, Buitenzorg, Java, of a series of some thirty finely executed photographic views taken in the Gardens over which he presides. "These photographs, which e a good idea of the principal features of the s, showing not only characteristie groups o Museum No. 136 to 1808, and at Caleutta from 1817 to 1823; and the drawings were done partly at one place and partly at the other. They were presented to the Royal Gardens by Miss Mary Hutton, the daughter of the artist. Many of them are bold and vigorous representations of tropical fruits, such as the mango, durian, guava, rose-apple, papaw, and ipu ee ; and of such showy genera as Bombax, Ster culia, Pterospermum, Bute and Erythrina. The collection also contains quite a long series of species of Convolvulacee. Drawings of Mauritius Plants.—Mr. J. W. Duhcan, son of the late James Duncan, who was for many years Director of the Mauritius Botanic Garden down to 1865, has presented a es cen of 85 coloured drawings of native Mauritian an which ade when a boy. In consequence of the great extension of éuitvatims; many of the rare native plants are extinct, and common ones have become rare. any of the drawings are figures of vec pier of whieh we possess only very indifferent specimens, or none at all. The fact that they are localised also adds to their value. Among other rare plants represented are :— Mussenda Stadtmanni, Nuxia verticillata, and Arndtia mauritiana. . G. D. Haviland's Bornean Collections.—From time to time the arrival has been announced of valuable collections of plants from Kini Balu and the tropical region of North Borneo. Dr. Haviland lias returned to England for a short period, bringing with him a large and long series of duplicates, whieh he distributed at Kew previcus to his return to Borneo by way cf Natal and Mauritius, Flora of Central Tibet.— Previous to Colonel Przewalsky's explora- tions little was known of the flora of the vast country lying immediately north of the Himalayas, generally known as Tibet; and only portions of his discoveries have teen published. Sir Joseph "Hooker penetrated the frin nge of this country on the Sikkim frontier; Dr. T. Thomson, cJ E, Wi extreme That was upwards of 40 years ago. Since then various other trèvelleri have entered the country for short distances at bei ue points; and the rieh flora of the extreme east has been made known through the extensive colleetions sent to Europe by Father David, Mr. Pratt, Prince Henry of Orleans, and others. Captain Bower's journey across Tibet from west to east, in latitudes between 34 and 30 degrees, and Mr. Woodville Rockhill’s journeys from north to south, in about the longitude of Lhassa, are so well known that it h made a collection of all the plants found growing at elevations between 15,000 and 19,000 feet. Mr. Rockhill also collected, and his plants, as well as Mr. oe s, were presented to Kew, as announced in the Kew Bulletin (1893, p. 369). These sess e together with a smaller one made by Captain H. P. Picot, of the eger: Staff Corps, in the Hoea Tie plains, form the sub- ject of a paper read by Mr. W. Botting Hemsley, before the Linnean Sie M and pubtithed in the Roolebrs dauid (vol. xxx, pp. 101- 40.) The number of novelties is not “great ; but about 30 per cent. of 5S species are peculiar to Tibet, and another 20 per cent. ein eee to the Himalayas. The chief teresi of the collection, however, is the nature and general distribution of the plants forming this ced 137 meagre vegetation, the remains, probably, of a former much richer flora. Ju udging fi from the fact that many of the species are found in the most widely separated parts cf the country, even those that are not known to occur outside of Tibet, there must be few very local species. A large majority of the plants scarcely lift themselves above the surface of the soil, the characteristic ty pe being a rosette of small leaves closely appressed to the ground with a central sessile inflorescence. With regard to altitude, 57, or just half of Thorold’s plants, were collected between 17,000 and 18,000 feet, five between 18,000 and 19,000, and one, Saussurea tridactyla, at 19, 00. feet. Books presented by -= Bentham Trust.— A number of valu- able works on fungi from the library of Dr M . C. Cooke have been purchased by ‘the Belts. Trustees and presented to the library of the oyal Gardens. Among them were the illustrated works of Lucand and Patouillard, as far as they have been published, and Letelliers' rare * Figures des Champignons. dinis camen du Muséum D’Histoire see de Paris Kew the kind offices of the late Secretary of State Es f mbas third series of this valuable publication, the gift of the French Government. Several very important illustrated botanical contributions of considerable extent have appeared in the Nouvelles pee notably Franchet’s elaboration of the rich collections xx yl er David in Western China. Decaisne, eegee, a Bornet are 2 xm the botanieal contributors. Kew alsc possesses the aiak series of the publications of € Muséum S istoire Naturell de Paris, but not the intermediate on That is to say, the Annales, vols. 1-20, 1802-1813, but not the Iudex vol. 21 publishad i in 1827; the Mémoires, vols. 1-2 20, 1815-1832 ; the Nouvelles Annales, vols. (es 4, 1832-1835. Between this date: and the second series of the Nouvelles Archives are: 1, Archives vols., 1-10, 1839-1561, and 2, Nouvelles Archives, 1-10, 1865-1874. These two series are altogether wanting at Kew Coffee in Montserrat.—Besides sugar, the principal staple of this small member of the colony of the Leeward Islands, has been the cultiva- tion of the lime. A very promising commencement appears to have now been made with coffee. Exrtracr from letter from Curator, Botanie Station, St. Vincent, to Roxar GARDENS, Kew, dated 29th December, 1893. iinet €: kindness of Mr. Hamilton, the Ant for the Montserrat y Mr. Tebbs, the manager, I got a good insight the em cultiv eds and espe a Mr. Hamilton informed me that he spent some 10 years in Ceylon as a coffee planter; that he has had considerable experience in coffee culteiiinn is wy evident, for in Montserrat at the present time there are from 80 to 100'acres of coffee all planted within the last three or four years, and a large number of the trees are bearing good crops. The elevation was from 1,200 to 1,400 feet, and I observed that on the lower side of the majority of the ete on the steep sides, a terrace of stones had been built, Sah acted as a receptacle for the soil which would otherwise be washed into the U 80795. C 138 valleys. About 200 bushels of good parchment coffee were on hand, and next year the erop is expected to be much larger. amaica Walnut.—Jamaica has long been credited in a vague way with a native walnut; partly, perhaps, in consequence of Grisebach having referred (Flora of the British West Indian Islands, p. 177) his Picrodendron Juglans (Juglans baccata, Linn.), a simarubeous tree, to the Juglandee, and partly because Descourtilz (Flore des Antilles, vii. S p- 5, t. 453) bas a “ Noyer de la Jamaique,” which he refers to Juglans Frasinifotia, Puis Jo cer m fraxinifolia, Spach), an old world tree. C. de Candolle, (in DC. Prodromus, xvi. 2, p. 138), finding it was not Juglans fraxinifolia, described it under the name of Juglans jamaicensis. Consequent on this, Engler (Engler and Pranti Die Natürlichen een, iii. 1, p. 24), gives the distribution of = Tou Mage. © RP regions of the northern hemisphere, and in Jamaica. Sinteni 000) collected specimens of a veritable Jani in Poron LC M ausis in fruticetis ad Saltillo"). This is identified by Urban as the Juglans jamaicensis, CDC., though how he arrived at this is difficult to conceive, considering the very dissimilar eee plant crudely figured by Descourtilz. Grisebach, (Die Geo- graphische Verbreitung der Pflanzen Westindiens), records Juglans tein rom Cuba, and no other West Indian locality for this or any other species. This appears to have been admitted on the authority of EJ pecimens collected by Wright, under the name of Juglans insularis. e een enough this distinet species has been overlooked by later Respecting Juglans qme: CDC., Grisebach has à following note in the place cited: * Nomen J. jamaicensis, CDC. sola icone TADRE t. 453, formatum, gated im suas icones ex aliis operibus mutuare solebat, non — verum inter incerta relinquo." would be oe = know whether the Portorico tree is indigenous. There seem why it should not be ; and the specimen we have scen, may well be J. paea fi in a rather advanced state, and nearly glabrous, Ísdoð, we have no hesitation in referring it to that species. Destruction of Beer Casks in India.—Specimens of = staves injured H » L3. report published in the Kew Bulletin, 1890, pp. 182-189 (with wood euts).. Later, an insect, afterwards identified as the chief agent in cask- boring, was found to attack sugar canes in the West Indies, principally in Trinidad and Barbados. Its serious depredations, at the time, occa- sioned some alarm amongst planiers, and gave rise to much literature and correspondence. Mr. Blandford was 4 good. enough to examine into the te 139 plate and wood cuts, has now been published on behalf of H.M. Stationery Office, by Messrs. Eyre and Spottiswoode, price sixpence. has undertaken investigations extending over a considerable period, and he has consulted the available literature of injury to casks in all parts of the world. The chief injury to beer casks in India is undoubtedly done by the non-European casts perforans, although it is admitted that, in rare instances, casks e of uns TA i eed ave been found to be attacked by species of the | Eur ropean Try Beer casks shipped to India have not been attacked by X3 Moone sd ry ns in this country, nor on the voyage, but, apparently, after their arrival at their destination, This has happened owing to the unsuitable character of some of the “ go- downs” in which they have been stored. The insects were at first ‘in th ords: **I agree with the elicit of the Inland Rétei Laboratory in Believing that with proper care in the management of go-downs in India, attention to cleanliness, and strict observation of casks stored, so that clean hogsheads shall not be placed near unsound ones nor in infected stores, further a ent ae will hardly be necessary to prevent loss from the attacks of Xyleborus perforans." “Russian Thistle” in the United States.—This is a name given to a variety of the Sia deni Salsola Kali. The ordinary form inhabits saline districts in nearly all parts of the world, including the sea- shore of eastern N. America, from New England sout thward to Georgia ; elds or become but it has never spread into cultivated fi lesome as a weed in any of the Eastern States. is, however, a variety Tragus, tr by cem as a species, which is at home in the south east of Europe some meanus this has been introduced into the Western States of N. pr ear where it flourishes so well and reproduces itself from seed with pem astonishing prolificness as to threaten to become one of the very worst weeds with which the farmer has had to contend, In the Report of the {United States] Secretary of Agriculture, for 1891, p- 356, pl. 10, it is described and Laetus and some account given of its history and rapid vmware in America. It seems desir able, in the interests of agriculture in our colonies saa elsewhere, to direct special attention to this weed, , though, doubtless, the various Agricultural Societies wil have warned their members against it before this. In Australia poii it would misi spread with equal rapidity,once it had obtained a footing. It is an annual plant and therefore not difficult to exterminate are no signs of this, as yet ; and the Agricultu ral | ae enia of Nebraska has jectiéd (Bulletin of the Experimental Station, vi. pp. 67-77 with five plates) a very elaborate account of this noxious weed, and suggestions for suppressing it, even go oing so far as to propose that an Act be passed to entorce owners and holders to destroy it. Such an Act is already in force in some States against the “ Canada Thistle.” The : following extract will give some idea “of the eres of the damage it is doing :—“ In South Dakota it has now become so abundant that the damage this year (1893) hasbeen estimated at al iion dollars, and so firmly is it established 140 there that the authorities are hopeless of being able to. cope with it with- out aid from the general Government." ‘Che plant not only chokes the crops, but its sharp, spine-like leaves are very injurious to horses and other animals, as well as to man Peru —In Mr. P. D. G. Clark's Report to the Directors of the English) | Peruvian Corporation, Limited, on the products of the land selected by the Commissioners i in the central territory of Peru, he mentions the * Black Walnut." (Juglans mera). hn one of the most conspicuous trees of commercial value. He reports: “ This tree, the ood of which is so valuable, is most commonly tet with at elevations ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. Specimens were found which gave a diameter of 49 sachin. with a column-like trunk of about 75 feet.” This would be in about 11 degrees south latitude. We know nothing very definite concerning the existence of a walnut in South America. ate and about 2 inches aT and the nuts as dm more SAM wrinkled than those of typical Juglans nigra. It was collected in the Lc ache Helene of -— by Weddell, and is preserved in the Paris Herbari Thi ould be considerably south of the Peruvian balir Ti the Kew: ierburi there are leaves of a Juglans collected by Spruce in woods on the upper Pastasa river, in about 2° south latitude. He describes it as a spreading tree, sixty feet high, bearing an edible fruit, much larger than the common walnut, but he had seen it ripe. "The inhabitants called it “ Tocte” These leaves are very hairy on the under surface, gs sparingly sprinkled with stellate hairs on the upper surface ; and i altogether very much more like large examples of the northern A ide Linn., than J. nigra, Linn. caña, New Gre nada, we have a s ccimen in young fruit and catkins, collected by Kalbreyer, who notes that was there enian for its fruit, which had a ve D E. dard shell. This is he ould venture to describe it as a different species without much fuller material. ‘There is also in the Kew Herbarium a leaflet anda rtion of the rachis of a leaf, sent by Dr. Ernst, in 1872, as “ found at Caracas,” Venezuela. The same botanist, in an account of the woods of Venezuela (La Exposicion a acional de Venezuela en 1883, p. 219), describes that of the “ Nogal,” which he refers without doubt to ei lal cinerea, as dull brown, very s salle to that of the walnut of Euro ily worked, and much used in cabinet-making. Thus bee is trustworthy docet of the — of one or more species of walnut in South America, ranging from 10 degrees north to at least 15 degrees south latitude. Tis 3 s all the more remarkable because, so far as we are aware, no species has been found in Central America south of Orizaba in Mexico ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS. INFORMATION. . No. 89.] MAY. [1894. CCCLXXVII.—LIQUORICE. (Glycyrrhiza glabra, L.) In consequence of the large quantities of Liquorice root now exported from Asia Minor and other Li iquorice-growing countries to Ameriea, also in making a fancy drink, a considerable amount of attention has been given to the introduction of the Seit in India, America, and other countries where it is at all likely to thri The Liquorice:plant (Glycyrrhiza | dva, L.) is a native of North S u several generations, the ate hed wine soil which occurs here bini the country between Pontefract and Knottingley baing largely occupied by market gardens, in which Liquorice forms an extensive crop e following notes on the cultivation of the plant and harvestin ng. the root iquorice ” are taken from an article on the ** Culture and wire on of wae appeared in the Leisure Hour for April 189. “The plants are grown in rows, and they stand foii three to four years before arriving at perfection. The three years’ growth is thinner and scarcely so rich in juice as the four years’ plants. Occasionally, if root becomes thicker, coarser, and more woody. e long straight root goes down to a great depth, averaging perhaps about four feet, but sometimes even to six feet, and as the soil has to be dug down to this depth by hand to extract the root, the labour of eropping or harvesting is considerable. During the first two years that the land is occupied by liquorice, the plants themselves being small, allow of other crops being U 81825. 1375.—5/94. Wt. 45. 5 "e os 142 planted between the rows, and potatoes, and different varieties of cabbage, are mostly grown. The ground being earthed up around the liquorice plants, the furrows thus made afford much protection to the vegetable crops, and as the ground is always richly ma De before planting liquorice, favourable conditions are thus ensured for the production of early and very superior vegetables, indeed it is said iet the vegetable grow to such a height, and spread their foliage so widely, that other crops will not grow beneath them. On a visit to Pontefract, namely, in the early part of September, the writer saw some of these Liquorice gardens where the plants had attained the age of five years and a height of about four san each plant sending up numerous straight stout stems from the rootstock or crown, each stem bearing large vem alternate is used as a medicine, and the buds and runners are carefully pre- served ip sand for planting for it is from these alone that new plants seed. Th i useless. The planting of buds and runners for a new crop is done in the early part of April." n Dentley and Trimen's Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1I., under Plate 74, it is phe that “ both Spanish and Russian Liquorice roots are usually imported in bales or bundles, or, rarely, in the ease of that vens of * the Spanish variety which is derived from Alicante, loose, or in bags. * The Spanish Liquorice root is in straight unpeeled pese several fect “ in length, and varing in thickness from a quarter o inc about at from 2 Beanie | is frequently siae and dity in appearance, but that from Tortosa is usually clean and brighter ~ looking. The Russian Liquorice root, which is imported from os Hamburg, i is either peeled or unpeeled. It is in pieces varying from “ 12 to 18 inches in length, and from a quarter of an inch to an inch “ or more in diameter. Co mbined with the usual sweetness of * liquorice root, this variety has a feebly bitter taste." The ollowing correspondence and extracts from official reports give Liquorice root in the East. A portion has already appeared in the Kew Bulletin for August of last year (pp. 223-1), but is reproduced here for the sake of completeness. LONDON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE to Royan GARDENS, Kew. Botolph House, Eastcheap, London, E.C., 1890. Dear 5 27t ea Yo n vill perhaps, recollect my letter of the 8th January, mpi certain inquiries in regard to Liquorice root, to which you were geod enough to respond on the 13th alia. stating that you did not possess the details sought. Having troubled you in the matter, I have now 143 pleasure in handing you a copy of a reply received from Vice-Consul D. R. Peacock, of Batoum, in case you may care to file it for future reference. Yours, &. rris, Esq., (Signed) Kenric B. MURRAY, Royal Gardens, Kew. Secretary. (Enclosure.) Liquorice Root. 1. Is it necessary to acquire the right to dig roots in the lands where they grow, or is the digging of the root free to every ? 'The land yielding Liquorice root (chiefly in the distriet of Elizave- topol) being the property either of —— people or the Crown, the right to dig roots must necessarily be aequi 2. If the right has to be acquired, in vani form is this done now, and what is the cost of such acquisition ? ' The right is generally acquired by a contract made with the pro- prietors, or, in the case of Crown lands, with the native villagers enjoy- ing the usufr uct of same. Land, however, situated at a certain distance compáred with that for lands lying close to the railway stations. 'The actual cost of the acquisition of the right to dig roots is about from 1. 10s. “ts 2I. 10s. per acre, in consideration of which the whole gene of land belonging to the same distriet is for digging purposes not other tn the contractor securing for a certain period a vit of monopol 3. Are the labourers who dig the root hired by the day, or are they paid by weight for the root dug ? Diggers are paid by weight. 4. If paid by the day pleasestate amount of daily wages and average quantity of root dug per day. See previous reply. The etic ae of root dug per day by one labourer is about 4} poods, or 1 5. If paid by weit please dinis jd amount paid per pood. The amount paid per pood (36 lbs.) is in the average 18 copecks, or about ls. 2d. per cwt., on delivery at railway stations. Wages vary from 40 to 60 copecks per da 6. How many pounds of dry root are obtained from 100 poods of fresh root on an average ? On the A dm 45 poods of dry root are obtained from 100 poods of fresh root r What i is the cost of the transport from the lands where the roots are dug to Baku Th of the transit to Baku of course varies accordi ing to the lupe from the pangel ws ay statíons to that place, at the rate of qs Copeck per pood and v . 8. What is the railway pen from Baku to Batoum The railway freight from Baku to Batoum M thus be about 21 copecks per pood. 9. What taxes, &e, are imposed by the Government and local authorities F A2 144 There are no taxes. The person engaged in the industry or trade must take out a certificate of the Guild, the cost of which is the same as that for any other corresponding industry or trade in the Russian Empire, Extract from a REPonT by Major-General T. E. Gordon on a journey from Tehran to Karun and Mohamrah. [F. O. Misc. Ser., 207, July, 1891, p. 15.] I observed the Liquorice plant flourishing in great luxuriance and abundance on the Burujird and Khoremabad plains and in the interven- ing valleys, and I heard of the plains at Kermanshah being similarly covered with it. I saw it again at Shuster, but not in plenty, and I was told there was not much of it lower down in the Karun valley. But supply in Asia Minor available yet near railways and steamers is ex- kill all chance of E at present prices. The plant is found in some abundarce near Korna, at the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris, and a French firm collects TM root there, sending it by water to Busrah, to be baled i in Messrs. Gray Pauls’ presses for export E TUM The short distance from Korna to the port of sea shipment, 40 miles, just makes the business pay, but citópereibvéy little is a in it as yet. Extract from Report of Statistician of United States Department of Agriculture, June 1893. “ The Sh ersientct d Elizabethpol and mns in the Caucasus, derive considerable benefit from Liquorice, which grows wild, needs no cultiva- tion, and multiplies spottknos usly. In 1878 iuo Greeks tur their attention to the large quantities of Liquorice in Caucasia; in 1886 they erected a large factory for drying and preserving the liquorice, — they annually export to America. The remunerative tra attraeted others, and to-day there exist four prominent codmuereial houses which carry on a wholesale trade in Liquorice, and two of which have erected extract factories in this country. Annually there are pro- duced about 108,339,000 pounds of raw Liquorice, which, after drying, yield 36,113, 000 pounds of marketable merchandise. For raw Liquo- rice the factories pay on the average fivepence halfpenny per 1 pourds.’ Extract from Reronr on the Trade of Aleppo. [F. O. 1893. Annual. No. 1,200. ] Liquorice root has largely developed, and merits special attention. Collection is now made on a large scale throughout the province, thus compensating in some désiie the peasantry for the losses caused by bad harvests. 6,145 tons, valued at 43,2317, were exported to the United States, as compared with 4,295 tons, valued at 28 ,0771., in 1891. 145 Rerury of the T of Liquorice Roots from Alexandretta (Port of Aleppo) during the years 1892-1. 1892. 1891. Quantity. Value. Quantity. | Value. | | Tons. £ Tons. | £ 6,145 43,231 4,293 | 28,077 Exrract from F. O. Report, 1893. Annual, No. 1225, p. 12. RETURN of the Export of Liquorice Root and Paste from Barcelona to oreign Countries during the year 1892. To Great Britain. To other Countries. "Total. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. J Tons. £ Tons £ Tons. £ 6°86 scc AM. 100°95 2,416 107°81 2,773 Extract from F. O. Report, 1893. Annual, No. 1254, p. 4. Return of the Export of Liquorice from Smyrna during the year 1892. England. Total Exports. Articles. — i Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. £ £ Liquorice roots - | Bales - — — 70,705 62,220 » paste -| Boxes - 3,214 14,142 5,128 22,563 Exrract from Reporr on the Trade of Damascus. [F. O., 1893. Annual, No. 1261, p. 2.] The only business which Damascus may be said to have lost is the Liquorice trade, which has practically died out, owing to the discovery of a apea quality of root in Northern Syria, in Asia sine, and else- wher 146 ExrRaAcT from F. O. Rerort, 1893. Annual, No. 1278, p. 12. TABLE showing Exportation of Liquorice from Bilbao to Foreign Countries during the year 1892. HE | | | | Tons, Cwts. — a — 16 5 To Articles. Total. France, England. Belgium. Holland. Tons. Cwts. Extract of Liquo- 16 6 rice. ExrRAcT from REronr for the year 1892 on the Trade of Baghdad and Bussorah. [F. O. 1894. Annual Series, No. 1320, pp. 7-8.] Liquorice roof is obtainable in large quantities on the banks of the Tigris, and considerable expansion in the trade may be looked forward to, being in good demand in America for manufacture of tobacco CCCLXXVIII.—FLORA OF ALDABRA ISLANDS. In the Kew Bulletin (1893, p. 162) some preme are given of the Aldabra Islands; and mention is also made of the miscarriage of a collection of dried plants made there by Dr. W. L. Abbott, an American naturalist. Since then the plants have been ce from the United States National Museum, and Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S., the Keeper of the Herbarium, has worked them out. A list of a the species follows, with descriptions of the novelties. The latter are more numerous than r of them may yet be found * some rues of the small islands or in Madagascar. The shrubby Euphorbia Abbottii is the most striking of the novelties. The plantalluded to by Dr. esed in his letter published in the place cited above, as a sort of Aloe nd: the most conspicuous plant in the islands, is omatophyllun. Borbonicun, Willd., previously only known from Bourbon and Mauritius. It is noteworthy that the collection does sei prion a single tern, grass, or orchid, nor any member of the Composit List of the Plants, with their Geographical a stribution and Descriptions of the new Specie CAPPARIDE®. 1. Cleome (Polanisia) strigosa, O/iv.—Mozambique, Zanzibar, and Glorioso group of islands. 2. Capparis galeata, Fres.—Tropical Africa, Egypt, Arabia, India. Nearly allied to the common Mediterranean and Oriental C. spin nosa. N 147 PORTULACE2. 3. Portulaca quadrifida, Linn.—Tropical regions of the Old and — New Worlds. MALVACEJE, Sida spinosa Linn. var. (S. pusilla, Cav.).— Tropical regions of Tn Old uis New Worlds. . Abutilon indicum, G. Don. var.—Recedes from the type by i more estu. stem and muticous carpels. A native of Tropical A. now widely spread in Africa and elsewhere. TILIACEA. 6. Grewia aldabrensis, Baker, n. sp.; fruticosa, ramulis gracilibus glabris, foliis distincte petiolatis oblongis acutis crenatis triplinerviis utrinque viridibus glabris, cymis paucifioris axillaribus pedunculatis, bracteis lanceolatis, pedicellis flori æquilongis vel longioribus, sepalis lanceolatis dorso tomentosis, petalis oblanceolatis obtusis calyci æqui- longis, fructu 4-lobato carpellis oblongis sinu apicali cuneato. Folia 1-2 poll. longa. Sepala et petala 3 lin. longa. Nearly allied to the Cape and Tropical African G. occidentalis, Linn., and the Madagascar G. picta, Baill. Of this genus there are more than 50 species in Madagascar. From Tropical Africa 35 species are described A Dr. Masters in Oliver's. Flora, and several others have since been added ZYGOPHYLLEJ. wi Tribulus terrestris, Li»2.—Warmer regions of the Old and New rlds. SIMARUBEZ. 8. Suriana maritima, Linn.—Tropical shores of both hemispheres. OCHNACEÆ. 9. Ochna ciliata, Lam.— Widely spread in Madagascar, CELASTRACEA. lC. Celastrus senegalensis, Lam.—Tropical Africa, Mediterranean region, India BHAMNAOKAR Colubrina asiatica, Zrongn.—Polynesia and Tore Asia to Mager, the Cape, and South-East Tr opical Afric 12. Scutia Commersoni, Brbngn.~—Tropical Asia, Spiga Mau- ritius, Bourbon, and the Cape. SAPINDACEÆ. 13. Schmidelia africana, DC.—Widely spread in Tropical Africa. LEGUMINOSÆ. l4. Toykrojia purpurea, Pers.— Cosmopolitan in the Tropics. 15. Abrus precatorius, Linn.—Cosmopolitan in the Tropics. 6. Cassia mimosoides, Linn. gia MN in the Tropics, probably native only in the Old World. 148 17.D tl i Baill., Atlas Plant. Se tab. 23. Madagascar. This genus is divided between America Madagascar. Four species have now been found in Madagascar, and po are 10 in 18. "en fastigiata, E. Meyer? (leaves only).—Tropical Africa and the C RHIZOPHOREJE. . Rhizophora mucronata, Lam.—The common Mangrove of the rats of the Old World, from Polynesia through Tropical “Asia to East Tropical Africa and Nata " CoMBRETACE. . Terminalia Fatrea, D.C.—Madagascar, from the north to the very ipii of the island. Fatré is its native name. LYTHRARIEJ. 21. Pemphis acidula, Forst. Soc shores from pe through "Tropical Asia to East Tropical Africa RUBIACEZX. 22. Oldenlazdia corymbosa, Linn. ae tec in the sees 23. Pavetta trichantha, Baker, n. sp.; fruticosa, ramulis m pubescentibus, stipulis deltoideis, foliis breviter petiolatis nei eiers oblongis obtusis basi rotundatis facie glabratis, dorso presertim ad venas primarias persistenter pilosis, floribus dense corymbosis ramis ramulisque pilosis, bracteis lanceolatis, calyce tubo campanulato piloso dentibus parvis deltoideis, corollæ tubo cylindrico piloso calyce duplo longiori lobis pee tubo brevioribus, fructu globoso biloculari, semini- bus compressis n Folia 2-2} ilk ee 15-18 Ix e: Calyx i lin. longus. Corolla 2 lin. longa. Fructus 15-2 lin. 1 This genus is confined n the Old World, ud is represented by 25 species in Tropical Africa, and 10 in India. 24. Tricalysia cuneifolia, Baker, n. sp.; fruticosa, glabra, stipulis deltoideis, foliis breviter petiolatis subcoriaceis oblongis acutis basi cuneatis, floribus in axillis foliorum fasciculatis subsessilibus, bracteis pluribus coriaceis late ovatis obtusis, calyce campanulato ore subintegro, corolle tubo ;nfundibulari calyce vix longiori, lobis ovatis tubo zequilongis, fructu globoso pedicellato. Folia 2-24 poll. pak medio 9-14 lin. lata. Corolla 2-24 lin. onga. Fr uctus 2 lin. diar Of this genus, indioding tius of si pe which is joined with it by Hiern, there are 21 species in Tropical Africa 25. Psychotria, species not identified. "The specimens do not show the character of the corolla. GOODENIACE E. 26. Sce vola Koenigii, Vahl. Shores, Polynesia through Tropical Asia io Mauritius and Madagascar. PLUMBAGINEX. 27. Plumbago aphylla, Bojer. Rarein Madagascar. Discovered long ago e Bojer at St. Augustine’s Bay, and re-found lately by Scott 149 Elliot in the extreme south of the island. On Europa Island, which lies a shortdistance within the Tropic, midway between Madagasca ar and the mainland, Speke says, ‘it covers densely the whole island, taking “ the place of grass or heather at home.” It differs from the other Plumbagos by being entirely destitute of leaves. OLEACE. 28. Jas uritianum, Bojer. Mauritius, Seychelles, and widely emer in "di Tropical Africa. MynsINEAX. 9. Myrsine cryptophlebia ebia, Baker, n. sp. ; fruticosa, ramulis glabris, foliis coriaceis obovatis obtusis basi sedani glabris venis immersis occultis, floribus ad ramos infra folios solitariis vel paucis fasciculatis, pedicellis brevissimis, calycis lobis late ovatis imbricatis, coroll» lobis eet ade calyce 2-3-plo longioribus, staminibus inclusis, ovario ovoideo, stylo bre Folia irs Gem longa, 12-14 lin. lata. Corolla 1% lin. longa. Fructus ignotus : APOCYNEA. 30. Vinca rosea, Linn.—Now cosmopolitan in the Tropics.—Native in America, ASCLEPIADEJE, 31. Sarcostemma viminale, R. Br carm Tropical Africa, Mauritius. "This also is entirely destitute “of leaves 32. Astephanus arenarius, Jun M. A species of this order from Assumption Island, south of Aldabra, without flowers, with the habit of a T'ylophora, but the genus of which is quite uncertain. BoRAGINEA. Fie Cordia subcordata, Lam.—Polynesia to Zanzibar and Mozam- ` q . CONVOLVULACE, 35. Ipomea (Calonyction) m Lam.—Polynesia, through Tropical Asia to East ‘Tropical Afric 36. Evolvulus alsinoides, PUER AURIS in the Tropics, SOLANACE. 37. Solanum aldabrense, Wright, n. sp. ; fruticosum ramosum, caule tereti lignoso spinis parvis recurvis armato, foliis batum ovatis Sinuatis basi acutis utrinque Be stellatis spinisque parvi vestitis, inflorescentià prope apicem ramorum subumbellaté floribus paucis ue Mp calyce eampanulato extus dense stellatim tomentoso dentibus 5 brevissimis, corollà rotatà extus stellatim tomentosá' intus ib antherisque subulatis secus. connectivum pubescentibus, ovario plus minusve bilobato glabro, stylo elongato apice curvato staminibus longiore. Folia 1 poll. longa, 9 lin. lata. Petiolus 6 lin. longus. Calyx 2 lin. longus. Corolle lobi 5 lin. longi, 2 lin. lati. Anthere 2 lin. longe. Stylus 4 lin, Mins 150 A more robust plant than S. hastifolium, Hochst. .„ its nearest ally, from which it v differs in having more numerous spines on the stem, petioles, and lea the leaves more densely tomentose, the calyx less deeply lobed, "en the corolla lobes broader. ACANTHACEJE. 38. Hypoestes aldabrensis, Baker, n. sp.; perennis, e basi ramosis- sima ramis gracilibus glabris, foliis pea breviter petiolatis oblongis integris basi cuneatis, floribus dense glomeratis involucro cylindrico bracteis oblanceolatis apice herbaceis pilosis, corollæ albæ tubo cylindrico involucro paulo longiori, limbo parvo. Nearly allied to the Madagascar H. adscendens, Nees. ‘The genus is concentrated in Madagascar, about 25 species now being known in the island. VERBENACEJE. 39. A —-Mangrove swamps from Polynesia to East Tropical Africa, soiiatantiy associated with Rhizophora mucronata. 40. Clerodendron minutiflorum, Baker, n. sp.; fruticosum, erectum, ramulis apice pilosis, foliis distincte petiolatis ovatis integris acutis utri li ramulis pilosis, pedicellis brevibus, cal ce tubo campanulato dentibus , deltoideis parvis abet, stylo longe exserto, fructu globoso glabro Folia 2-3 poll longa. Calyx floriferus 1 oa longus. Corolle limbus expansus 1 lin. diam. Fructus 2 lin. dia Near the Cape and Tropical African C. Maium E. Meyer. NYCTAGINE. . Boerhaavia diffusa, Lina.—Spread through the Tropical regions of i Old World. à AMARANTACEJE. 42. Achyranthes aspera, Linn.—Cosmopolitan in the Tropics. aig enm 43. Euphorbia (Goniostema) A bottii, Baker, n. sp. ; fruticosa, ramis teretibus inermibus, stipulis emen pulvinatis, folis a apicem confertis oblongis acutis ad petiolum brevem alatum angustatis, cymis dichotomis oligocephalis pedunculatis, bracteis ovatis, pedicellis erectis involucro longiorious, involucro campanulato bracteis 2 ovatis foliaceis persistentibus stipato, glandulis marginalibus orbieularibus integris, anthere cellulis divaric atis, capsula carpellis orbicularibus. olia 2 poll. longa, 6-7 lin. lata, Znvolucrum 14 lin. latum et longum. Capsula 3 lin. diam Nearly allied to the Mauritian Æ. pyrifolia, Lam., and the Rodriguez E. daphnoides, Balf. fil. The section to which it belongs is entipgely confined to the Mascarene pm 4. Phyllanthus vere Mull. ico —Mauritius, Madagascar, Goti Isles, and East Tropical Afric 45. Claoxy ar C. indicum, per —-Not identified, but material not complete daad to desc 151 . URTICACES. | 46. Ficus nautarum, Baker.—Mauritius and Seychelles, 47. Ficus (Urostigma) aldabrensis, Baker, n. sp. ; ramulis gracilibus glabris, cortice piens stipulis parvis lanceolatis, foliis ad ramorum f parallelis erecto-patentibus, venulis subtilibus copiose anastomo- santibus, P parvis globosis sessilibus glabris, bracteis parvis rece eptaculo oc Folia T lin. longa, medio 6-9 lin. lata. Receptaculum 21-3 lin. iam Near the Mauritian F. rubra, Lam. LILIACEA. 48. Lomatophyllum borbonicum, Willd.—Mauritius and Bourbon. Not known in Madagascar or on the mainland of Africa. 49. Dracena reflexa, Lam.— Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius. 50. Asparagus umbellulatus, Sieb.—Mauritius and Rodriguez. Not known in Madagascar or on the mainland. CYPERACE. 51. Cyperus compactus, Lam. (C. stoloniferus, Vahl.).—Tropical Africa and Wastakens Isles 52. Fimbristylis obtusifolia, Kunth.—-Common in all the Mascarene Isles. CCCLXXIX.—CULTIVATION OF COCA IN INDIA. The cultivation of Coca to supply the requirements of the Government Medical Departments in India appears to be in course of being estab- Pr dite ii of the "Agr -Hor&eoltural Society of India, January- March 1893 :— J. ere Esq., — Mein Qe Cinchona Cultivation, Bengal, o the SECRET RY TO THE Goy MENT OF BENGAL, Financial Depas Gore iudi Gehen es Kurseong. Sir, 0, 1892. WrrH reference to your office endorsement, No. A. dated 6th January last, and your reminder, dated the 14th instant, concerning the manufacture of cocaine at the Government Cinchona Plantation, Sikkim, I have the honour to state that no EE eon the past 7 vear were ns as there are as yet no leaves to wor During the year the stock of plants and enttings pls been raised = 9,600, of which 1,270 have been planted out at an elevation of 2,000 fee above the sea, and ground is now being got ready 600 feet lower divi for another experimental plot. So far the plants look healthy, but their growth is slow, and they suffer somewhat from the cold in winter. There is but one old plant of Er abe Ae Coca on these plantations, ali the others being 18 months or less, and few of them over a foot in height, so that some time sap elapse "before leaves are available for 152 ` manufacturing purposes on even an experimental scale. A few seeds of the plant have been got from Ceylon, Madras, and Calcutta, and the plants raised from them show at least two distinct types. These types will be carefully watched and compared: with each other as regards suse, rapidity of growth, and yield of alkaloids. oca plants have been put out in viden Ao eren by tea planters in the Darjeeling Terai, and I am given to un d that although the Ross. ave, &c. (Signed) J. GAMMIE Acting Inspector. Military Department, Government of India, Fort William, December 20, 1892. Extract paragraph 30, of a Military (Stores) Letter from the Right Hon. the Secretary of State for India, No. , dated the 24th November 18 * 30. The information contained in the enclosure to the paragraph under reply regarding the cultivation of the Coca plant for the m acture of cocaine in India has been noted. With regard to the letter from the Acting Superintendent, Cinchona cultivation in Bengal, No. 2EC/I, dated 20th May 1892, it has been ascertained from urgeon-General Sir Benjamin Simpson, K.C.I.E., that the fine sample of Coea leaves referred to in Dr. Macnamara’s Report of 7th March 1890, a copy of which was forwarded to your goren with Military (Stores) Department, No. 19, of 10th April 1890, was grown in the Meenglas Tea Estate in the Dooars. Itis, haola thought that the plant would flourish equally well, and perhaps better, at a lower eleva- tion than the Sikkim metre ‘Plantation, and it would appear to be desirable to make the experi y Foin, &c. (Signed) J. M. Kixa-Hanwas, Colonel, Deputy Secretary to the Government of India. CCCLXXX.—CEYLON COCA LEAVES. N the Kew Bulletin, 1889, pp. 1-13, an exhaustive account aed of the Coca plant, together with some interesting chemical stil respecting the yiell of alkaloids obtained from the different sorts under cultivation in different parts of the world. It was shown that leaves from he Huanuco, Erythroxylon Coca, Lam., the typical plant, yielded the ger per-centage of crystallisable cocaine, while the Truxiilo leaves from E. Coca, var. novu-granatense, yielded nearly, if not quite, as much total cocaine, bnt alarge proportion of it was in an uncrystal- lisable form. Under these circumstances, it was suggested that the broad-leaved iilo Erythroxylon Coca was better for generai cultivation at high altitudes to yield crystallisable cocaine; but that the variety novo-granatense, distributed largely from Kew up to 1889, was 153 better suited for cultivation at low etinm to yield large crops of leaves “ for use in pharmacy and for Coca Leaves of the typical (Huanuco) pihy Coca were received from Ceylon in n 1888, 0 ud the best were found to yield 0°60 per cent. of crystallisable with no uncrystallisable alkaloid cocaine. T leaves had been grown at Dolosbagie, at an elevation of 2,300 feet e have tur received from Dr. Trimen, F.R.S., Director of the ar. Trendistgodk Garden’, 1 in the ieelattds ipe Ceylon. "These leaves were submitted to Mr. red G. Howard, F.C. S. F.L.S., who has bee good enough to furnish a result of his analysis. The dried leaves bec M PRU ‘alkaloid, 0°56 per cent.; uncrystallisable alkaloid, 47 per cent.; total, 1- -03 per cent. The total yield of alkaloid is a ger than i in any leaves examined by Mr. Howard in 1888 (see Kew Bulletin, 1889, p. 8), but the large Roper on of uncrystallisable stia fully agrees with the general character of Truxillo Coca. he following correspondence gives further particulars respecting these Ceylon Coca leaves Mr. ALFRED G. Howanp to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. Stratford, near cm eue DEAR Sir June 6, 189 Now have the pleasure to —— the analysis hs the ota leaves you van me on May Ist, as follow: Crystallised alkaloid - - 0°56 per cent. Uncrystallised alkaloid: < - - 0:47 9 Total. «103 ” You will notice that the amount of uncrystallised alkaloid is large, and Suerte would detract largely from their value from a commercial point of vie I am Ron that I have not been able to let you have the resalt before, but I only finished it yesterday, as I was exceedingly busy all last month. Yours, &c. (Signed) ALFRED G. HOWARD. John R. Jackson, Esq., A.L.S. Messrs. Burcoyrne, BuURBIDGES & Co. to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. 16, Coleman Street, London, E.C., DEAR SIR July 25, 1893. In reply to your favour of the 21st instant, I cannot give you a very favourable report of the position of Coca leaves at the present moment. Stocks in London, Liverpool, and on the Continent are large and the demand at present is very slow. Good green Truxillo leaves are held for 84d. p lb., and fair Huanuco range from 15. 4d. to 1s. 6d., according to quality I remain, &c. John R. Jackson, Esq. (Signed) H. ARNOLD. Royal Gardens, Kew. 154 CCCLXXXI.—SUGAR-CANE DISEASE. ( Continuation.) The Boch communication is printed in continuation of the infor- mation EM n the articles in the Kew Bulletin for July 1893, and March last : Roxan GARDENS, Kew, to COLONIAL OFFICE, Sin, Royal Gardens, Kew, March 12, 1894. I E the honour to inform you that I have received a copy of the Supiplernstit to the Leeward Islands’ Gazette for January 11, 1894, containing * A Report on sepe affecting the Sugar-cane in Bar hados,” m Mr. C. A. Barber, F.L.S., the Superintendent of Agriculture. In this paper, on p. 108, Mr. Barber states :— The fungus = (Trichospharie a, which is the cause of the most serious disease) has * been detected i in specimens in the Kew Herbarium forty years old * from € € Indies, and we may therefore at once assume that it ** is no recent importation." I think it is important to point out, for / the ifoimaión of e West Indian Governments interested in the matter, that this statement is founded on a mistake. ‘There is no evidence at Kew of the existence of this partieular disease in the West Indian sugar-tields prior to 1892. There is a specimen at Kew of sugar- cane, collected in rege forty years ago, attac ed by the moth- borer, and this may be what Mr. Barber has in his mind. 3. The evidence, i in my opinion, goes to show that the Trichospheria has mad appearance quite recently i in the West Indies, and I have little doubt aie t it has been introduced from the Old World. The im- portance of clearly recognising the actual fact can hardly be over-rated. It is obvious that if the disease has existed comparatively unnoticed in the West Indies 2 forty years, it is unlikely to suddenly assume ihe démesneità ns of a scourge. If, on the other hand, it is a comparatively recent introduction, Me possibilities of the misehief it may etfeet have still to be measure m, &e. h (Signed) W. T. THISELTON-DYER. Edward Tepen Esq., C.B Colonial Office, Downing Street, S.W. CCCLXXXII.—NEW ORCHIDS. DECADE 8. urothallis inflata, Rolfe ; caule erecto tereti, foliis lanceolatis Miis floribus solitariis pedicellatis, bracteis tubulosis apice obli- quis acutis, sepalo postico lanceolato acuto, lateralibus connatis inflato- ventrieosis apice minutissime bidenticulatis, petalis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis, labello late cordato AR infra medium — auriculis erectis disco laevi, columna brevi clay. Hazs.—United States of ovata: Caules 6-8 poll. alti. Folia 5-6 poll. longa, R poll. lata. Pedi- celli 1- “1h poll. longi. Bractee 3 lin. longæ. Sepala 6-7 lin. longa. Petala 53 lin. longa. Labellum 2 lin. longum, 21 fin. latum. Columna 1} lin. longa. ies was introduced by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans, with whom it flowered in September 1891, and Mdbibquendy at 155 Glasnevin and elsewhere. It is most nearly allied to P. — Lindl., belonging to the section Macrophylle femen but the racemes are apparently always reduced to a Td flow It also uin re semblance to P. ruberrima, Lindl., i: ‘section Macrophylle “fase culate, though the flowers are dot fascicled. The three are quite distinct, if obviously allied, agreeing in the ventricose character of the united lateral sepals, and ‘the peculiar shape of the lip. The new — ia of speaking, will not go into either group, being neither o or fascicled. It has semi-translucent whitish flowers with sie parpi spots and streaks on the sepals and petals. 72. obium sanderianum, Z/o/fe ; caule erecto elato distichophyllo, rar ovato-oblongis insequaliter et minute bidentatis, fasciculis axillari- s 2-3-tloris, bracteis ovatis subobtusis minutis, pedicellis foliis longior- mds sepalis triangulato-ovatis acuminatis, mento inferne in sacculum subhe emisphericum inflato dein in calcare e recto gracili producto, petalis suborbiculari-ellipticis apiculatis, labello trilobo lobis lateralibus parvis obtusis geen latissime obcordato apiculato crenulato, disco levi, columna brevissi Has. osa di Folia 1% poll. longa, $-1 poll. lata. pce l lin. longer. Pedicelli 2 poll. longi. Sepala 1} poll. longa. Petala 14 poll. longa, 10-11 lin. lata. Labellum 1% poll. longum, li lin. latum. p A eal 1 poll. longum. Columna 2 lin. longa. This is a very beautiful en which evidently ch to the section Formose, yet it differs from every other in having the of the mentum eres into a short sac, something like that of D. prec aoe Fitzg. which, however, it bears no other resemblance. It is most li e D. Dearei, Rchb. f., though the flowers are larger, the lip far broader, entire, and with a light purple stain instead of pale green at t the ovary not =, and the habit quite different. The stems continue to elongate and to throw out a succession of flowers for a rien period, and eventually reach a length of three feet or more. The flowers are white, with the exception of a Mn eg stain at the base of the It was introduced by Messrs. F. ig r & Co., St. Albans, and flowered in their establishment — autum 73. Dendrobium glomeratum, Rolfe ; pseudobulbis elongatis demum suleatis, foliis deciduis, floribus axillaribus in racemum brevis- simum laxum congestis, bracteis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis reflexis imbricatis, sepalo postico oblongo subobtuso, lateralibus ovato-oblongis eee basi cum pede columnz in mentum elongato-conicum subin- m productis, labello euneato-obovato obtuso apice recs inflexo probs ty disco levi, columna brevi latissimo pede elongat Has.— Moluccas. Pseudobulbi 2-24 ped. longi. Racemi 4-6 lin. longi. Bractee 6 lin. longe. Pedicelli 10-12 lin. longi. Sepala et petala 8 lin. longa. Labellum 10-11 lin. longum. Mentum 8 lin. longum, Columna 2 lin. EH longa. This species belongs to the section Pedilonum, and may be placed near D. cumulatum , Lindl, rom which, however, it differs in having Rchb, f., a small-flowered Philippine species. The present species has flowers from 1} to 14 inches long, borne several together in loose axillary 156 heads; the sepals and petals bright rose-colour, and the lip orange- vermilion. The lip is infolded at the apex, and the margin erose-denti- ulate. It was importe Iessrs. James Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, and flowered in their establishment last December. 74. Thunia brymeriana. Rolfe; pseudobulbis Cranes elongatis foliatis, foliis sessilibus oblongo-linearibus acutis v. acuminatis elaucis, racemis terminalibus arcuatis paucifloris, bracteis ip. concavis oblongc- lanceolatis acutis, floribus speciosis, sepalis oblongo-lanceolatis subacutis, petalis similibus paulo minoribus, labello cucullato elliptieo-oblongo o briato venis supra medium fimbriatc-cristatis, calcare clavato obtuso, columna clavata apice alata. Has.—Burma. ad 11-2 ped. alta. Folia 6-9 poll. longa, 1-1} poll. lata. mus + poll. longus. Bractee 11-21 poll. longze. = et cpm 2-91 poll. longa. Labellum 14 n kes i poll. latam. Cale 4 lin. longum. Columna 8 lin. "Jong This handsome species is an ihn a of Messrs. iù. Sander & Co., St. Albans, and flowered in their establishment in June 1892. Planifolia paniculata, and is most allied to the New Granadan Æ purum, Lindl. It bears lax panicles of whitish-yellow flowers. 78. Ornithidium fragrans, Rolfe; rhizomate valido seznden pseudobulbis ovoideo- oblongis vni dere basi di-triphyllis ples monophyllis, foliis lineari-oblongis subobtusis basi conduplicatis, floribus axillaribus paucis, pedicellis folis dimidio brev — basi vaginatis, bracteis fere obsoletis, sepalis patentibus oblongo-linearibus subacutis, etalis subconniventibus lanceolato-linearibus site: labello subtrilobo lobis lateralibus parvis erectis rotundatis intermedio reflexo quadrato- oblongo truncato v. emarginato subtus U ga xs - infra medium . callo obscuro reniformi instructo, arcuata. Hazs.—Not recorded. eret 13—2 poll. longi. Folia 4-6 poll. longa, 31-11 poll. wé Sepala 8 lin. longa. Petala 6 lin. longa. Labellum 5 lin. longum. cmi 3 lin. lon This species of Ornithidiam flowered with Mr. F. W. Moore, A.L.S., at Glasnevin, in March 1 3, and in the collection of Sir Trevor Co., of St. Albans. It is allied to the Mexican Ornithidium densum, Rchb. f., bie has far more numerous flowers, of about a third the size, much more compressed pseudobulbs, and longer leaves. The flowers are whitish, faintly suffused with mauve- purple, and the front lobe of the lip dull mauve-purple. The flowers are fragrant, something like heliotrope. 81325. B Y 158 79. Oncidium brevilabrum, Rolfe; pseudobulbis ovoideis subeom- pressis demum suleato- striatis, foliis elongato-linearibus acutis, panicula ampla multiflora, bracteis parvis ovatis acutis, sepala anguste ungui- culata spathulata Uie , petala lati unguiculata limbo orbiculari-ovato obtuso, labello trilobo lobis lateralibus obovatis obtusis intermedie parvo triangulo subacuto crista oblonga multipapillosa, columna brevi ecurv: a buceis magnis alis amplis “dolabriformi-cuneatis crenulatis, soétello rostrato. Has.—Not recorded. Pseudobulbi 2-21 poll. longi. Folia 8-12 poll. longa, 6-8 lin. lata. Panicule folis longiores sed bene evolute non vise. Bractee vix 1 lin. longe. Sepalum posticum 4 lin. longum, /ateralia 5 lin. longa. Petala 3 lin, longa. aene 21 lin. longum, 5 lin. latum This species belon o the section Rostrata, but is readily distin- guished fon others o de group by having the front lobe of the lip reduced to a small triangular body—in fact, nearly obsolete—while the side lobes are well developed. In this respect it is analogous with the segments? There are also a very few abortive flowers, in which the segments are reduced to minute linear-oblong yellow bodies. It was introduced by Messrs. Linden, L'Horti iod EEE cim Brussels, ge whom it was sent to Kew in November Serrastylis, Rolfe [Orchidearum genus novum]. Sepal oni, libera, subconniventia.’ Petala sepalis similia. Labellum ad asin column: sessile, erectum, trilobum, ecalearatum. Columna brevis, superne paulo incrassata, apoda, antice biaurieulata; clinandrium l tum issi unilocularis, apice in appendic longum producta ; pollinia P MK MM erre Sairaan apici dilatato stipiti longissimo ; glandu Bener ic modesta, Rolfe; pseudobulbis puras a e uet sub- — monophyllis, foliis lanceolato-oblongis subo E sis coriaceis, racemis multifloris, bracteis lanceolatis acuminatis, sepalis lineari- antee acutis, ihe d — similibus, labello trilobo lobis lateralibus erectis oblongis obtusis apice reflexis intermedio elongato-lineari acuminato, disco inter bb laterales obtuse carinato. Has.—Andes of New Granada. Pseudobulbi 21 ur longi. Folia 7 poll. longa, 2 poll. lata. Zacemi n Bractee 3-4 lin, longe. | Sepala et petala 8-9 lin. longa. lum 5-6 lin. gom Columna 2 lin. longa. Anthera et rostellum 2 lin. longum This very distinct orchid flowered in the collection of Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking, in February 1894, when it was sent to Kew for determination. It was serai up Mr. J. O'Brien, of Harrow-on-the-Hill, who received it from F. C. Lehmann. In its vegetative organs it resembles a Trichopilia, nus the raceme is like that of a Brassia though the flowers are totally different in structure E rather more spreading segments. The lip is strongly three-lobed, with short erect side lobes, which at first =a the base ofthe column ce then reflex, and a long narro arrow and acuminate fro The colum is rather short, with a fimbriate inti debi somewhat like that of pe 159 Trichopilia, m with the addition of a pair of wing-like auricles in front, and a much elongated rostellum, pollinarium and anther-case. The latter organs resemble those of an Ornithocephalus, except that they are erect, not incumbent. It is therefore quite anomalous in strueture, but, adopting the arran (ree of the Genera leprae can most conveniently be placed next to Brassia. The sepals and petals are light reddish-brown, ene with pale yellow, and the lip whitish yellow. CCCLXXXIII.—AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS IN JAMA In the Annual Report of the Governor of Jamaica recently published - Colonial Reports, Annual, No. 103) an encouraging account is given total exports of the Colony. -Sugar comprises 13:1 per cent., and rum ll per cent. Dyewoods, prima logwood and fustic, comprise 21:3 per cent., while pimento and m or produets aecount for 9:5 9 per cent. It is evident that Jamaica now pS varied resourcés and is practi- cally free from dependence on the one or two staple industries pH have hitherto been regarded as essential to its prosperity. Cacao is one of the recently developed industries that is making tog progres both as regards quantity and quality. The efforts which — ee the Governor on the work of the Botanical Departme ent, under Mr. Fawcett, show that both in the island, as well as in this country, the efforts of the latter are fully appreciated. . Agriculture. The fruit trade, which was referred to in last year's report as being in a depressed state, has somewhat recovered its former healthy condition, and the increase there spoken of in the crops of sugar and output of rum has been fairly maintained during the year under review. The export of cocoa shows an increase of 3,010 ewt. in quantity and 8,8967. in value ; coffee an increase of 10,378 cwt, in quantity and 3 7261. in value; bananas, 676,280 bunches and 76,843/. in value; oranges, 3,806, 596 in number and 11 ,5262. in value. The area of land in the island "cad cane and conte cultivation t years. review 32,466 acres in cane and 21,450 i in coffee. The cultivation of bananas has increased to 14,860 acres from 9, 959 in the year 1890-91. “he t area under — in d peera was ise Pe acres, of which 499,053 was in guine and c on pasture » mw against a total area of 1 ,958,678 dee o d: idem ful o on aa a the property tax was collected. Botanical. j The useful work annually performed by this ee has continued during the year under review, and it will seen from the following figures, showing the sale and distribution of plants at the different 160 gardens, that the advantages offered by the Department to the general publie are availed of to a considerable extent :— ca ÁÓ—M plants 2 - - - - 20,356 Castle " - - - 9,868 Hill Gate - - - - E 760 Total sold - - E 24,984 Distributed free or in exchange E - 6,693 Sent to Hope Gardens for distribution . - - 1,494 - To Royal Gardens, Kew - - - 37 Total distributed š - 14,224 The issue of the usual monthly NS which are supplied free of cost to residents in the islan nd, and form a most t. useful means for the while iko. circulation abroad amounts to 178. The work of punc the gardens generally has been carried out in a ie man At the Hope Castes it was not found possible to continue the work of extension during the year owing to want of funds, but the area: under cultivation has been considerably improved. Trees have been planted in the different sections according to the geographical arrangement on which the plan of the garden has been laid down, and in the tropical African section a commencement has been made towards putting the whole place under Bahama grass, while the rn house, the rosery, the sugar cane plantation, and the economic tion have all received careful attention at the hands of the Superintendent. xperiments are ae carried out with potatoes, onions, and fodder plants, and the budding of oranges on a small scale has been partially successful. The Sisal py sore is flourishing The Hill Garden (Cinchona).—Experiments in "the cultivation of peas have been carried on with aided satisfactory results, and the E oportint question of suitable fodder plants for the higher elevations as been- engaging the attention of the Department for some time, and it is to he pcc that the experiments now being carried out will have successful result The garden at Castleton has been maintained in its customary satis- oT d and, as usual has been much frequented by visitors. Most e plants i in the rosery having jk: Saloni worn out 4 continuous t in the fern house and on the rockétids has aiso ide "einiidesably ioris. The Kingston Public Garden has continued to afford a means of pleasant recreation to the people of the city, who appreciate the weekly performances by the excellent band of the West India Regiment. Gates 3 he still further i improving the appearance e of the groun At King's House several improvements have been effected during the year, of which the formation of a vinery may be mentioned as the 161 poncio feature. A large number of cuttings of the best English vines were obiained, through the kind offices of the Director of Kew Gardens, been carried out, and demonstrations have been frequently given by the Superintendent. The Library has been added to during the year, and work in the Herbarium has been continued. CCCLXXXIV.—COFFEE CULTIVATION IN ANGOLA. In a Foreign Office rte ped ia 1,333, Annual Series, 1894) Mr. W. Clayton Pickersgill, C.B., Her Maje sty’ s Consul at Loanda, gives a ony of west coast of Africa. The interior of this Colony, rising in a succession of terraces from e sea, consists of large tracts of fertile and well- watered country, and roads, somewhat rough, it is true, reach inlan stations nearly 200 js from the capital. Coffee plantations appear to flourish here on a large scale. It is not clear what kind of coffee is cultivated. ine estates are said to have been established *by the appr offee ** patches metas cleared KA the natives. coffee indigenous to West Africa. One of these, with very narrow leaves, Coffea stenophylla (see Kew oo cd 1893, p. 167), is culti- vated to some extent on the hills at Sierra Leo The Liberian coffee C. liberica), also West African, is cultivated chiefly on coast lands. It is unlikely to flourish in the hilly districts of Angola. On the other hand, the Arabian coffee (C. arabica) may have been introduced long ago by Portuguese settlers and become naturalized in the country. In any case Mr. Pickersgill’s description of the coffee nen suis their circumstances at the pr esent time will be read with interest : Crossing the Lucalla in a eanoe, the traveller finds his path ascending o a seeming chaos of volcanic hills, and almost immediately he enters a fair, wild, wooded land of towering heights and echoing glens—the garden of Angola, and a veritable Eden orn tao with the dre seaboard. A climbing ramble of three or four hours, amid scenes of refreshing beauty, carries him up to the valley of ui highest erater— the loveliest of them all—watered by a perennial stream his way he has seen coffee in blossom and berr rry, growing in jungle luxuriance, and en had glimpses of white plantation buildings, hidden amongst the n. Here he discovers a similar homestead—the storehouses, shop ng dwellings, drying-grounds, engine-room, an distillery of an estate which is managed by two energetic y young English- men. From a neighbouring summit—part of the Grater -—can be seen the headquarters of other properties in the valleys of 162 district of Eneoji; but that for the present is left unnoticed, as not being included in the strip of Angola, bounded by the Quanza and the Bengo, which is under survey. Coffee Estates. Altogether the estates of Cazengo and Golungo Alto number some- where between 15 and 20. "The largest of them—one of eight, which are in the hands of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino of Po rtugal—was described to the writer by the courteous and hospitable manager-in-chief of the mortgaged group as “six miles long and of breadth unknow” the map of it which he was engaged upon “being then incomplete. Its crop for 1893 was estimated at 214 t tons, and for the first time in the history of the property systematic planting had been undertaken, which was expected to result in the addition of 118,000 trees. Origin. Such information must needs provoke inquiry, and it becomes necessary to explain that all these estates have been created either by appropriation of forest in which coffee was growing wild, or b — oan already cleared by natives, and old records exist which irthright was bartered for something much less which has been mentioned as managed by Englishmen, and which belongs to a British firm, is registered as covering 1,424 acres, but only 464 contain coffee. Ofthe remaining area 54 acres are given to cane, is the manufacture of rum, 64 to manioc, as food for the hands, and 1 t drying grounds, thus leaving 811 acres n except in so far as it yields fuel for the steam-power and distillery ben LAM n poma cultivated, is cons el in other parts of the world good for a crop of halfa ton. Under such conditions the 464 acres above referred to might ba expected to joes 00 tons, whereas at present they only yield 35. There is no digging or manuring done on any of the properties. The trees are simply cleared of under-growth and pruned a little, in the roughest and readiest manner, and then left to do the best they can with such nutriment as rots on the surface around. But it is easier to indicate possibilities than to attain them, the problem exists in the usual terms of labour and management, and for those who can solve it the reward is fortune. Coffee Prices. Notwithstanding its inferiority, the coffee of Cazengo and Golungo Alto readily finds a market. In 1892 the total shipment from Loanda, consisting mainly of the crops of the two districts named, amounted to 4,805 tons, valued by the Customs at 209,609/., and yielding to the Government a little over 6,0007. in duty. All of it went to the Tagus, and all in Viandes vessels. The returns for 1893 are not — obtainable; but everybody is of opinion that they will record a con- siderable increase; and it is a matter of orinni f that the profits k the 163 year will mount far beyond the average. The ill wind of Brazil is a favouring breeze on this side of the Atlantic. Coffee which was pur- chased in Cazengo at 33d. per lb., and which cost 1jd. per lb. to ie to the port of shipment, has alr eady been selling in Lisbon at 7d. per 1 The margin is satisfactory, and yet it shows that under ordinary cireum- stances there must be very little room to depend upon. In fact, the rate of exchange often makes all the difference between profit and loss. value 7id. For this and other reasons rchants in Poiti West Africa need a large capital and ufboundéd patience, CCCLXXXV.— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. A New Edition of Johnson's Gardeners Dictionary.— The first edition of this useful work appeared in 1846, since when it has been xw an nd now Curator of iid UE Garlen at Glasgow, is a great improvement on the precedin ; and, from its portable size and moderate price, will dips bí. “highly appreciated by all persons odisea in gardening. Maragogipe Coffee.— This a puces variety of Arabian Coffee found in Brazíl and introduced to this country by Mr. Thomas papa F.L.S., in 1883. The plant has been grown in the Palm House at Kew this year it has produced a good crop of fruit. It is large and vigorous looking, having, at first sight, much of the habit of Liberian Coffee. The leaves though fully twice the size of those of Arabian Coffee have, however, the papery texture and the undulating character distinguishing that species. ‘The flowers, also, are the flowers of C. arabica, and so are the meets except in size. The latter are nearly an inch long, red and soft when ripe with a silky smooth surface and a very small proportion of sir 'The chartaceous integument known as the * parch- ment skin," is thin as in Arabian Coffee and not hard and horny as in Liberian Coffee. The cleaned beans, before drying, form fully 30 per cent. by weight of the cherries, and in this respect Maragogipe Coffee is sided very promising. From a culture point of view the heavy whippy branches may be a drawback as also the very long internodes showing a taadaa amount of barren w When first introduced Maragogipe Coffee was described as follows : “It grows with extra- * ordinary vigour, and trees three to four years old were already eight * to ten feet high and full of fruit. The tree seems to come into full * much larger e e weight of coffee per acre must x much more than from the ordinary coffee. tree." Although Mara- 164 - Coffee no special advantage in those islands and possibly on that account it failed to receive attention. Itis mentioned, however, in the ropical Agriculturist (Vol. IV., p. 494), that a large qiadtty of seed was raised from it were distributed for trial. amongst the leading planters in the Blue Mountain district during 1884 and 1885. The following account is extracted from the Transactions of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society for June 1893 (p. 56) :— * The demand for coffee plants during the past year has been on the ec ,956 plants having been sent from = gardens. These have been ted at various places along the coast, at Mackay, Bundaberg, Maestvivcsts Gympie , Maroochie, Mooloolah, Cleveland, &e. Th kinds sent were varieties of the Arabian and a few plants of the Mara- gogepie, or Brazilian Coffee, have also been distributed, The im- ported plant of this fine coffee, originally introduced from Kew [ Report, 1890, p. 14] growing in the society’s gardens, is this season bearin ng lót. ua nd alarge stock of plants will be raised from seeds for next year's distribution. Two hybrid coffee plants are also in full baring this s ne of these plants has shown a distinct character; the cross was effected between the Mocha and the Mar agogepte, the pollen from the latter being used to fertilise the Mocha. Caragana Bark.—Aniongst the numerous be interesting objects of vegetable origin collected by Surgeon-Major J. E. T. Ai tchison at various times in the course of his travels” Ps Afghanistan, and now deposited in the Museum of the Royal Gardens, are some stems of a species of ly mtn received so far back as 1879, the bark of which is remarkable for its sm oothness and for its greenish bronze-like Hemsl., and referred to as “a large eb dn i apenas of wood and * bark. very like laburnam. The bark is employed by the Afghans in * the form of rings to slip over d hold the sheaths of the long knives * in position in lieu of brass work. The surface takes a good polish * and when new resembles bronzed leather. The wood is called e 6 Jir rel.’ Motweithetanidine the interest attached to the use of this bark it has not been possible until now to secure for the Kew Museum a knife and Pei bound with bands of the bark, and we are indebted to W. Merck, C.S.L, British Commissioner, ‘Khuram, for having furnished us - an example. Lathyras tuberosus tubers.— The Museum of the Royal Gardens is indebted to Messrs Veitch and Sons, of the Royal Exotie Nursery, Chelsea, for a good sample of the tuberous roots of Lathyrus tuberosus, L., a leguminous plant Fog in cornfields in several parts of Europe, and in this country in the county of Essex. The sample was accom- pani y a eco Midi. pu Mr. C. y EN of TES 165 Helland, from which the following particulars are derived. The plant thrives well in Aus wie Switzerland, and the greater part of France. In Holland it is found chiefly in the provinces of Guelder, Utrecht, Overysel, and Zealand, in the first three of which it grows wild, and the farmers do their utmost to extirpate it in eonsequence of its being very injurious to wheat and rye crops, exhansting the soil and clinging in its growth to the haulms, It is often so abundant as to make the cornfields clay or soil and loosen the skin. They are then ready for boiling with the skin on in water; a handful of salt should be added to a quantity contained in an average sized pot. They require boiling for two hours or more, and when ready they are peeled and eaten with a little butter. In France, children of the lower class eat the raw tubers simply removing the skin before doing so. Miss North's Gallery.—The collection of botanical pictures painted by the late Miss Marianne North in all parts of the world and IUE by her with the building containing them to the Royal Gardens in 1882 was re-opened to the publie on April l, after being closed for the eer part of the winter. Some of the pictures had recently exhibited some slight indications of deterioration. The advice.of Sir Frederick Leighton, the President of the Royal Academy, was therefore sought as to the best means to be adopted for their Toss Sir Frederick Leighton was so good as to make a careful examination of the whole collection. He reported on J. une 8, 1892 * Speaking broadly, they (the pictures) seem to me to be, with very few exceptions, in excellent condition. In a few of the studies certain colours have, I am told, aegon to fade. This can only be due to the nature of the pigments, for ‘the source of light is not ‘unduly power- ful. I noticed in the skies some deterioration of f yellow tints, and this deteri ioration I should attribute to the pigments, and to no other cause ou see relate: innumerable instances of the same deterioration in Tur kie Sir Frederick pus n recommended that the picti should receive, “to give full value to their tones and also for r protection, “ a slight coat of varnish-—mastie for choice, because it is removable.” He further recommended that they should be glaze ese recommendations having been adopted by the First Com- missioner of Her Majesty’s Wor ks and Public Buildings, provision was made for the necessary cost in the ai pred of 1893-4, and the work i o The whole of the pictures was taken down, and it was then foung that they were simply painted on paper, with no protection at the back but a thin piece of cardboard. The frames were fastened to battens which were fixed to the walls of the building. As nearly all these walls are external, it was probable that in winter they became thoroughly chilled and some condensation of moisture upon them would then be inevitable. This would account for the “ sagging” which the U 81325. C 166 pictures cbe ae exhibited, and whieh would be explained by the "Eu absorbing moisture e preliminary toitte of the pictures was placed in the hands of Messrs. William Dyer and Sons, of 7, Mount Street, W., who are carefully pasted over at their edges with paper so that each frame is now practically airtig With the view of leavi ing no d neglected for enssteis. to posterity so popular and valuable a collectio , Her Majesty's Office of Works decided on dise lining the whole of the gallery with match- boarding. Upon the pictures were rehung in a more convenient way than had ben: originally employed. Opportunity was taken at the same time by Her Majesty’s Office of Works to make some Mie repairs in the gallery and to renovate the decorations. At the back of the inner oh om facing the entrance a posthumous bust of Miss North has been placed. This is the work of Mr. Conrad Dressler, and is the gift of Miss. Ne wie surviving sister, Mrs. Addington ymonds. ® Tropical Africa.— The Germans are very active in collecting plants in Tropical Africa, and the ENS has received considerable additions from these sou urces, Am them a set of about 1,000 species collected by Mr. C. Holst, in the Cenbat country, in East Africa, situated in about the same latitude as Pemba bee This vierte was acquired urchase, and contains a lar, umber of new species, especially of trées and shrubs, Natéworiby^ among t : new abaoo us —_ are some new species of strepto the Cameroons we have a by Dr. A. Engler, the Director ‘of the Royal Fonai Garden, Berlin. There are several new genera, including a remarkable one belonging to he peiin ; but as they have not e been published it is undesirable to put their names on record here South Africa.--Professor Macowan, Government Botanist, Cape Colony, has presented the 15th and 16th centuries of the * Herbarium Bolus, and is now continued by him alone. The specimens, as usual, <1¢ excellent, and include many rare and desirable previously known plants, besides a number of novelties. Acanthosicy yos horrida, a leafless, spiny cucurbitaceous plant, native of the country near Waal- visch Bay, is one of the most interesting, This bears an excellent wholesome fruit in great poran, fs an almost sheo o rainless region ; but all attempts to sisse at Kew, as well as in the south of Europe, have failed. The ip? dedii A styphelioides is also represented by good editas. 167 Presentation to the Library.—Miss Catherine Sharpe, of the Grove, Hampstead, has presented a copy of the thirteenth edition of Linns»us's Systema Nature. This is not the genuine corrected thirteenth edition, edited by Gmelin, but one printed at Vienna in 1770, and a mere co of the twelfth. It is on the same footing as the so-called third edition of Linnzus’s Species Plantarum, also printed at Vienna. Cultivation As far asthe British Isles are concerned the S million acres (1,955,213). Of this England alone accounts for 1,798,869. is is only about a quarter of the acreage in the Punjab alone, as given in the following report :— DEPARTMENT OF LAND RECORDS AND ÅGRICULTURE, PUNJAB. ated Lahore, 27th February 1894. Second Report on the Wheat Crop of the Punjab for 1893-94. The area now estimated to be under wheat in the Province is almost exactly the same as that shown in the first forecast. The total i is e 7,584,200 acres against 7,570,300 acres, a slight increase of O cent. It is an excess of 4-4 per cent. over the figures given in the second forecast of last year, and of 6'5 per c over the figures of the final forecast. In Hissar the area is said to be 32 per cent. below that of last year, as the rainfall there was pedes favourable in 1892, and failed somewhat early in autumn of 1893. This is the only district which reports a material falling off from the figures of Throughout the Province it may be said that the ea tay of the peck are an ier rain has fallen Wo als and vers are has been done by excessive moisture to the crops ol low-lying mu. and before the last rainfall rust (hung?) as showing itself in places. The late favourable rains followed by sunshine have, however, cleared it away. Sunshine is d is wanted now. Prices are ruling unusually low throughout the Province. ROBERTSON Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Punjab. Even, however, if the whole óf India be taken, the actual yield scarcely reaches the same proportion. In 1892 it was 60,775,245 bushels for i i nd 206,6 r India. I i ntry high as 31:30 in 1891), while in India it was only 8:44 bushels in 1892, and 9:66 in 1891 ; or cope only about a third of the yield per acre in the United Kingdom Canaigre.-- The new tanning material known as Canaigre, obtained from the root of Rumex hymenosepalum, has been fully described in the Kew Bulletin [1890, pp. 63-69], The plant is found widely distributed i in sandy soils on ee sides of We Rio — and northward over a large portion of Wes exas and New Mexico. According to Professor Collin ood api in ‘ho Pharmaceutical TS (XXIII. [3] p. 886), “the yield of Canaigre root in poor soil is about © seven tons per acre, whilst when properly cultivated as ak as 168 * 20 tons per acre may be obtained. The green root has yielded * 11:46 per cent. of tanning, and the dry material 31:62 per cent. A * peculiar feature of the roots is that they contain 18 to 20 per cent. Foreign Office Report (No. 1336, Annual Series, 1894), furnished by e Horace D. Nugent, Her Majesty's Consul at Galveston (pp. ! E ies is a tanning agent. It isa species of sour dock, and the dried root contains about 331 per cent. of tannic- acid, or a highe average than the very best oak bark. It grows wild on most of the New Mexican plains or ‘ mesas; and in that state yields from one ton io four tons to the acre, and in rare instances, five tons. Under very simple cultivation and scanty irrigation the veld is at least 10 tons per acre, and it will average 10 tons to 20 tons. The United States experiment station attached to the Agricultural College at La Cruces has two fields planted now, one irrigated, the other r dry. The habits and evolution of this plant from the wild to the cultivated state are being closely watched and recorded. At Deming, extracting works have been erected, and the product i is being shipped to several tanneries in the United States and England.’ and odour characteristic of natural spawn, and when placed in a mushroom-bed grows and arme mushrooms normally. I. The production of a Pure Spawn or Mycelium.— At present cultivated mushrooms are subject - AS diseases, the germs of which are introduced along with the IL Choice of Varieties. .— Certain Mr especially the one having the cap entirely white, are most esteemed in the market. B the method described, it is practicable to perpetuate 2 vem variety in a Lie state, a condition not possible by any other m IL. Permanent production of Spawn.— At peat the produetion of spawn is intermittent; by the culture process spawn can be produced throughout the year, which is an obvious advantage. The authorities hope to apply the same method to the cultivation of other edible species, as the Boletus and Mor ROYAL GARDENS, KEW, BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION, No. 90.] JUNE. [1894. CCCLXXXVI.—TREATMENT OF DISEASED SUGAR- CANES IN THE WEST INDIES. n consequence of the appearance of disease affecting sugar-canes in the West Indies, great attention has been phun to the subject at Kew, and in the course of official correspondence with the Colonial Office, € with local authorities in the islands rel he various recommendatio have been made with the view of enabling the sugar-planters to eal effectively with it.* 2 Fvwcorp DISEASE. The diseases chiefly engaging attention at the present time are the rind-fungus ( Trichospheria “sacchari), and the root-fungus (Colleto- tiahi falcatum). It is possible that these may eventually prove to be different forms of one and the same species, but the investigations on this point have not yet been completed. There is apparently a iem a? that attention is being diverted in the West Indies over too wide a field, and that the few, but really destrue- tive enemies of the sugar-cane, are likely to be overlooked. The recommendations made from Kew have, therefore, been confined to certain well-established facts, and to precautions and treatment calculated to improve the industry generally. For instance, it has been sought to impress upon those en loe in sugar growing, in the first place, to select only the best and strongest canes for planting purposes. Ets is a matter so obvious that it would hardly seem necessary to tion it. There is, however, sufficient evidence to show that, following the routine practice of a bygone age, cane-tops for planting are too often taken from weak and worn-out canes, and even from Fas which are actually diseased. When this is done disease in the cane- fields is inevitable. Not only so, but the disease every year takes stronger hold of the cane-fields until at last the cultivation threatens to become unproductive, * The following articles have lately appeared in the Kew Bulletin on the subject of — sease: Sugar-cane disease ( T'richospheria sacchari), 1893, : ye. Root disease of — — bus: pulsation; Went.), 1895, ing o y i» gar-cane TW in the Old Worl, 194 p. 81; Sugar-cane Mem pes rer en 1894, p. 1 U 81909, 1375.—6/[94. Wt. 45. A 170 Another point dwelt upon is that the diseased canes, directly they show themselves, should be cut out in the fields and burnt. This pre- caution would prevent the spread of the disease during the season of growth, and allow the healthy canes to fully mature before they are cut. Lastly, - it has been recommended that after the canes are cut and the crop is over, the stubble and refuse left on the fields should be burnt. This would tend to cleanse and purify the land by destroying the spores, and afford hope for more immunity from disease for the next year's cro These, briefly stated, are the general measures which, if steadily and carefully pursued, must gradually stamp out the disease in all the islands, It will be noticed that they require no special appliances or material ; they ean be carried out by each planter without miuus expense and with no technical skill or knowledge ne eid beyond what is possessed by every sugar planter in the West Indi So far, however, although the mischief effected y disease is already serious, the action taken loc cally has not been at all commensurate with the gravity of the situation. "Valuable time has been lost and the s all the more noticeable to find that in the Island of St. Vincent definite action has at last been taken, and a committee appointed to inquire into the disease of sugar canes in the island has presented a xeport which it is hoped will stimulate action in the other islands, A copy of the St. Vincent Report has been communicated to Kew by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. It embodies the views of ex- perienced planters on the spot and it appears to be drawn up with excellent judgment and foresight. the recommendations of this Report could be vigorously carried out on all the sugar estates in St. Vincent the results in a few years would not fail to be most beneficial. In order to give as much prominence as possible to the recommendations contained in it the Report is Fidem Report of LÉ COMMITTEE appointed to Inquire = bes Diseno of e Sugar-canes in the Island of St. Vin The committee appointed at a meeting held at the i Planters* Club” on the 13th instant met on the 21st and 28th instant, and fall. discussion and careful consideration passed the following E 3 That i in the case of pieces or cane-fields not to be ratooned, (a.) All stools should be stumped out and then the pieces within fourteen days be burnt; (5.) Immediately mime the burning all unburnt or partially burnt stools, canes bush, rubbish or other vegetable matter should be most dis dd collected, placed in heaps, and burnt to ashes, (2.) That in the case of pieces to be ratooned, (a.) The pieces should without exception be thoroughly burnt off within 14 days at the utmost after cutting; (6.) Immediately after the burning all tibiis: or partially burnt — = bush, rubbish, or other ve egetable matter should be mo carefully collected, placed in heaps, and burnt ; nent (c.) Afer the stools wos sprouted and subsequent to measures (a.) and (b.) ape nes showing the slightest weakness or indieation of dise be without fail cut out from the base of the sprouts and bera. 171 (3.) That in the case of plant canes, (a.) That the plants be taken from fields unaffected by any disease, and the greatest care be observed to most scrupulously examine healthiest looking; (5.) The plants selected for planting be stripped ¡and soaked in a strong pape of temper lime and water or other mixture known to be fatal to the fungus or borer ; and (e) After the plants bes sprouted every sprout or young canes showing the sliehtest it no or indieation of disease be Vitbónt fail pulled up and bur (4.) "That in the case of all supplies, whether for plants or ratoons, the same course be pursued as recommended in resolution (3). All dead plants taken out when supplying, be burnt ontside the piece. (5.) That immediately after burning the banks should be broken and manure or green dressing be put on them. As regards resolution (2) (a) the maximum limit of 14 days has been recommended in order to leave it to the diseretion of planters to burn within à day or two after the cutting of the piece or to delay the operation until after the stools have sprouted, not later than 14 days after cutting to suit the nature of the soil and the opinion of the individual planter. . The members of the committee, whilst hitherto more or less fully convinced of the absolute necessity of some such course, have now above all unity of purpose, as they find that precisely the same measure were enforced by legislative enaetment by the AI e cf Mauritius some rs ago, as the onl sible means of fre culture, within a few years, of an insect (the borer) which threatened it with certain ruin, and al m the terms of th from Mr. W. Thiselton Dyer so recently as March this year, forwarded to the Governor of the Windward Islands by the Secretary of State in a stem dated 24th ultimo, on the subject of the fungus in Barbados. 4. The Committee therefore, as the only means of securing universal and Ede action throughout the Colony, urge in the most pressing manner on all proprietors of estates and on all and any persons having or growing canes the necessity for carrying out the measures above referred to and, in the event of their not being carried out, suggest that the Government be asked to legislate soas to render these measures ers e later o ved by Mr. Campbell and seconded by Mr. H. A. Hazell that the eiii resolutions be adopted and submitted to the Feee of the Planters’ Club and the Chairman of the meeting, the Honourable C. J immons, with a request that they be printed and citcùúlatöð without delay to all proprietors and cane-growers, urging on them esira- the same to be published in the next issue of the “ Government Gazette (Signed) J. G. Court, 28th April 1894. Chairman, A 2 172 IxsroT PESTS. e of the most mE features of the reports that reach Kew is the prominen still given to the injuries caused to sugar-canes by the moth-borer (Chilo saccharalis) (figured in the Kew - Bulletin, 1892, ps This first described by the Rev. L. Guilding from St. Vincent pi ae in 1828. eat is little doubt poat it las in The other i pen ren in: described with figures in the Kew Bulletin 1892, pp. 153-178 The losí sustained owing to the attacks of these insects must be very large, and yet there is apparently little or nothing being done io lessen it. In a letter received from Mr. Henry Powell, Curator of the Botanie Station at St. Vincent, dated the 23rd November last, he describes a visit paid to several sugar estates at the invitation of the proprietors to examine the canes. In one instance he states: * During our interview * about half-a-dozen canes were bro ought i in for our inspection, one of * which was riddled by the moth-borer.” In a field of canes lately stripped * the presence of the moth-borer, which had not been observed * before, was disclosed in considerable numbers." Its presence in nearly mature canes “can readily be detected by the yellow tops, showing the * eanes to be injured beyond recovery." In riding through another estate, *the presence of the moth-borer was seen on all s sides, but on * established.” In another instance: “the canes were most luxuriant, “ but already the moth-borer was Playing great havoc amongst them * and was steadily on the increase In the S Islands the Mee borer appears to be equally rife. Mr. C. A. Barber, F.L.S., peal patie s of Agriculture, as lately as the 16th April last, reported to his Government: “ The APEN (Trichospheria) is our greatest ” Mr. Barber places * destruction of the moth-borer " as is the first duty of the planter. Ho goes on to state, “ It is = pee to obtain a cane of any variety “ unaffected by the moth-bo each moth I have captured has * jaid 50 to 150 eggs, vgl in one lot I hatched 97 per cent. of the “ grubs, From this it will be seen that the supply is practically un- * limited. I have observed as many as 12 in my own drawing-room * ina couple of hours, although there is no cane field paiia ately to * windward.” m va mor summary of information respecting the moth-borer is given in Indian Museum Notes, Vol. I., pp. 22-27, pl ii. The means "hitherto iiid to get rid of it are given in the following extract :— d on large number of remedies has been proposed = the pest, and it 8 to be pretty well established that it can be a great extent contealiad by the remit or is ying all the apone: Sind and clearing the fields of all waste sugar-cane stalks after the crop bas been taken ; for, as the insect passes the winter as a larva inside the sugar-cane, if in y ers. aste , should be carefully gathered together and removed from the field before being burnt, for if they are burnt carelessly, on the field itself, many 173 predaceous insects will be liable to be destroyed, which me shelter i in the ground and assist in reducing the numbers of the pes * The following may be noticed among the remedies that have been suggested :— * Guilding recommends* that ail the dry and useless leaves, under which, he says, the moth lays its eggs, should be stripped P he claims that this treatment has been found effective in removing “ Porter quotes,f the practice of “introducing a pinch at eget > for into the heart of the young cane’ the destruction of the pes n Meetic imper that in Veit in-1841, the ravages of the borer were to a great extent chec y allowing the refuse to ac- cumulate po the grounds, and buriak them ‘there, the old roots subsequently throwing up more vigorous shoots * Miss Ormerod, in writing of the pest in British Guiana — the year 1879, quotes the practice of cutting back thé cane below the surface of the ground, covering the rx with mould, and sing a handful of lime. The cutting out of the affected canes was tried on one estate over 246 acres, the result being poke Fraud satisf: actory In this case the canes cut out were put through the mill and suffice ini rum and megus obtained from them to pay expenses, Miss Ormerod also quotes the practice of steeping the cane for 48 hours in water before planting it, a treatment which was thought, on one plantation where it was tried, to destroy the hibernating larve without injury to the cane. It appears from the inquiries instituted in British Guiana, that it is a mistake to burn the refuse sugar-cane on the fields themselves, as this destroys the ants, which, when unmolested, aiid valuable assistance in keeping down the pest. The plan therefore approved was to burn, cane, after collecting it in heaps, outside the fields. ; * Dr. Riley ig ssa ge: burning all “tops” during the winter so as to destroy the larve which hibernate in them; selecting seed-cane from the least Milested oy of the plantation and laying it down in furrows during the winter, covered with earth as deeply as should be found possible without inducing decay, and only uncovering it as it is wanted in the spring for planting out, thus preventing the egress of moths from the larve which have hiber nated in the seed-cane Roth writes that] “ he has kept the pest Line control in » Queensland * by sending boys with sharp pocket knives along the rows of ca at grub. * migrated to a fresh shoot which as yet did not show any sign of * decay, and iios escaped.” Roth adds that " while dirty delis v were * being mein thes a by the grub clean fields were not infected * to any such exte A very striking instance in which the moth-borer (or a very closely allied species) was successfully dealt with eame under the notice of Kew from the island of Teneriffe. * Trans. à oan pns e ,p. 43 (1828). t * Natur of S (ae cane,’ d) G. R. Porter. London, 1830, 1 Kavdese ers? > Chronicle E July 1856, p. 4 & Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. A det 16; and 163. pp. 33 and 36. l| In his Report on the in € In his “ Animal Uatesites ot the Sugar-cane," p. 12, 1885. * 174 of treatment which was steadily pursued for two years. Every person t, viz., the grub, the chrysalis, and the mature insect. A small sum was offered for these and payment was made at the close of each day. During one month (February 1893) there were destroyed 46,884 insects in various stages. During the rest of the year the numbers were not so large, but the record kept of them shows that 9,640 grubs were eut out of standing canes, 5,022 were destroyed in the chrysalis stage, and 1,144 moths were caught on the wing. By judicious management and personal influence Mr. Tonge has so thoroughly enlisted the interest of the workpeople that the moth-borer is becoming less and less plentiful. Its practical extermination on this estate is now only a question of time. e period during which the canes are growing appears to be the most critical time. Women and children are were regularly pursued in the West Indies for two or three seasons the injuries would be reduced within comparatively small dimensions. As regards other means for destroying the moth-borer, Mr. Barber, in his letter already cited, has added the following interesting points which deserve consideration. These do not, however, show tbat the planter should relax his efforts to cut out the grubs in the standing canes. Nothing can do away with the necessity for this. Mr. Barber's remarks exhibit a careful study of the habits of the insect, and draw particular attention to the need for adopting only such remedies as are suited to local circumstances. Countries situated in the tropics, where there is no winter’s rest for the es, obviously require a different treatment from that found suitable in the southern United States and others where canes are only growing during about seven or eight months in the year. In these respects the remedies suggested in the extract from the Indian Museum Notes requires some modification. Mr. Barber remarked, in his Report to the Government, of April 16th ;— “The question of burning has, I believe, been much obscured by the practice in other sugar-growing countries. In the United States there is a winter, the moth-borer hibernating as a grub in the cane; and the burning of the stubble and all dead canes will probably be of service. In Mauritius the moth-borer is credited with spinning a loose cocoon in the trash, and burning the trash will probably be very effective in destroying it. This is quite sufficient to determine the Mauritius borer as different from ours. I have not at present met with any stage of our borer in the trash; it changes from grub to moth in the burrows in the cane, : “ I recommend a study of parasites of the moth-borer. At present a fungus, attacking it in its burrows, does us good service. In one case detected 13 dead grubs in three Caledonian Queen canes, These were 175 I have not at present succeeded in hikina the ripe spores for trials in inoculation. “T have evidence that the vast majority of moth-borer eggs are destroyed by a small parasitic fly. Some of the eggs turn yellow and addled ; these probably were unfertilised, Others are left transparent an empty ; from these the grubs have escaped. The great majority, rhaps great because of their emt as turn black, and when punctured show : much smaller and m eular hole than ‘the minute grub makes. ese I regarded as aii laid the suspected specimens of Macken eggs before Mr. Hubbard, the sil are im in the United States Department of Agriculture, who is visiting Montserrat, d he at once recognised the presence of a sitesi belonging to a well-known class of egg-eaters. When I detailed the numbers of eggs laid by the moth-borer, and the great majority of blackened ones, he remarked, ‘ Without this fly you could not grow a * cane in these islands.’ " The end Se papers are published in continuation of previous correspondence Royat Garpens, Kew, to COLONIAL OFFICE. Royal Gardens, Kew, Sir, June 5th, 1894. I wave the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter with enclosures of May 8th and June 2nd on the subject of the disease now affecting the sugar-cane in the West Indies. 2. The history of the matter is briefly this :— In a letter to the Colonial Office, April 5th, 1893, I pointed out the appearance of the disease in the West t Indies, now generally s spoken of as *Ri [pannis I stated that it was due to a fungus to which the heria had been given ; that D fungus possessed different reproductive E which had been mistaken A distinet fungi ; at it was a very destructive parasite which csn effect a lodgement « on the young leaves of thea sugar-cane but not on the o o ones ; and finally, that no practical remedy can be suggested : check the progress of the disease beyond the “ cutting out” and the eareful destruction by burning of every diseased cane. In a further setts: “of March 12th last, I stated my opinion that the Trichospherir had 'made its appearance quite i bee troduced from the Old World. "In another letter of November 3rd, 1893, d She oe gee Office that a further disease, which m may be distinguished a t-disense," existed in the West Indies; that it was iden neihi with ¢ one which existed in Java, where it had been ‘ascertained to be due ae a fungus to which the name of Colletotrichum had been given. The opinion was expressed that “if perfectly healthy and uninfected canes were only used for * propagation, the disease would not be found to give much trouble.” As will be seen from what follows there is dd evidence that at any rate at St. Vincent this precaution is neglect 3. The specimens of diseased canes ai by Mr. Bovell in St. Vias, and referred to in Colonel Sandwith’s despatch of May last, have reached Kew, and have been carefully examined, I enclose a co of the report of the member of our staff to whom I entrusted their examination, - 176 It is evident from these specimens that canes infected with rind- fungus are used for propagation. It further appears that when this was the case the resulting plants are attacked by root-disease. ‘This fact points to the conclusion that the root-disease and the rind-disease are really due to one and the same organism, and that the Colletotrichum is only another deg of the polymorphic Trichospheria. This was, indeed, suggested by Mr. C. A. Barber, the Superintendent of Agricul- ture in the Leeward Islands, in a privaie letter, December 1, 1898, as the result of his observations made by permission of the Seeretary of State in Barbados. But the evidence was not deemed at the time con- elusive, "The possible identity of the two diseases is still a matter under inv estigation at Kew. But assuming, as seems — that it is well founded it obviously very much simplifies the problem 4. The remaining contents of the papers call for little remark as far as Kew is concerned. I may, however, be permitted to say that it seems to me a matter for regret that they var : E inclination to diseuss the situation than to take prompt a see nothing to . modify in the demi-official letter of March 19 vm which, at his request, I addressed to the Governor of Barbados 5. With regard to d Imay i$ iet out that I had in view the cireumstanees of Bar s, whi n is, I understand, virtually de- pendent on sugar cultivation. "My o ggestion was v intended to apply to other colonies where that dondition : does not o G. I am not prepared to use any further tcm than those I have already addidi n the absolute necessity of destroying diseased canes by burning. If the sugar-planters will not wage war in the onl effective way on ihe enemies of the sugar-eane, they can only have them- selves to blame for the consequences. Mr. Barber urges against burning in Antigua that *the whole atmosphere is saturated with the spores." Even if true, this is no argument against attempting to eut of th supply. No pestilence would ever be checked if mankind simply folded its hands in resignation. It is quite evident that in Antigua at any rate no intelligent pains are taken to combat m enemies of the sugar- It is quite certain that the moth-borer can be checked by persistent effort. And as to the shot-borer, I "i: quote the opinion of Prof. Riley, the well- em caiene egi of the United States MR ment of Agrieulture, who, writing to the "Trinidad Committee, sa * You are perfectly cortect in tracing the increase of the Bic horer to * the discontinuance of the burning of th asse (as we call it in this country), and it seems probable that the ‘resumption of this custom * will greatly decrease the number of these beetles.” I may, however, remark that a general conflagration, as assumed by Mr. Barber, is not pte necessary. Careful cutting out of diseased canes should go on continually uring the growing season. A general burning should only be resorted to in extreme cases. 7. Finally, I must add that there is not the faintest ground for sup- DE: that the disease has in any way emanated from the botanical m, &c. (Signed). = W. T. Taisevton: Dyer. Edward Wingfield, Esq., C.B., Colonial “Office, Downing Street, S.W. P.S.—Keferring again to your letter of June 2, Í observe that a definite opinion is requested as to the recommendations of the committee 177 appointed by the pie Club in St. Vincent. A careful omen leads me to the opinion that these are unexeeptionable and a t admirable. ‘They will not merely effect all - is possible an the fungoid diseases, but must also tend to bring the moth-borer under control. It would be ex isi A desirable that similar steps should be adopted in Aa and Barbados add, as an illustration of what can be effected by vigorous and ener goa action, na the piri ME in the Canaries was menaced by extinetion by t moth-bo r. Morris, the assistant director, spent some time in the blends “last year, and informs me that by intelli- gent and energetic action the moth-borer has been completely brought under control in the space of three years. Wa L. A Me (Enclosure.) Hoor-bisEASE OF SUGAR-CANE, ST. VINCENT. The "me ud ves by the Sows called Colletotriehum falcatum, ent, The re conidia this fungus are very abundant in the decayed dome of the canes, d all such should be burnt to prevent further extension of the disease. The material forwarded furnishes a clue which may lead to important results in connection with the disease. In one of the “stools” sent the portion of cane used for its propagation is badly infested with Tricho- spheria sacchari, the fruit of the Melaneonium stage being abundantly developed. In this same specimen the hyphw of the Trichospheria can be apes en the old portion into the new canes growing from it. The new canes and their rootlets are attacked by the Colletotrichum, which, from m preces at hand, appears to be nothing more than a condition of the T'riehospheria, modified. b being more or less buried in the ground. The necessary cultures for the verification or otherwise of this point are now being proceeded wit G. M. 19th May 1894. CCCLXXXVIL—THE CITRON IN COMMERCE. (Citrus Medica, Risso.) aa Citron is a member of the orange see nent d allied to the lem There are numerous varieties, th urious being the Brod citron of China and Japan having more or is separate carpels looking very unlike the pre f elliptical as fruit. Specimens of fingered citrons are in the useums. The citron was the only fruit belonging to the orange tribe known in ancient Rome. The chief use of the citron at the present day is for its rind or peel usually imported into this country in a salted state and afterwards candied for 178 dessert and confectioner y purposes. The juice of the fruit is similar to that of the lemon or lime. The essence - citron prepared from the rind when really genuine is a very agreea e perfume. A singular but very interesting use of the fruit of the ind has lately come into prominence. In a Diplomatic and Consular Report issued by the Foreign Office [Annual Series, No. 1353, 1894], on the trade of Trieste, Mr. Consul te erystallising while the other is used solely in the religious. ceremonies f The total import into aes in 1893 was about 5,000 tons. Mr, Haggard’s account is as follo “ The ick trade through Trieste is of great interest, and of some importan There are two kinds of fruit imported, each intended for very different purposes * One is the ance fruit ben for preserving and erystallising, gre on grafted trees, ga d from November to January, the other, called the * Citron for the Law, is the natural, unripe, and non-edible fruit gathered from ungrafted trees from June to August 15. The latter is solely used in the religious ceremonies of the Jews at the time of the Feast of Tabernacles, and from a commercial point of view it has been perhaps at times the most valuable branch of the citron trade through Trieste “Tt is an ae of car antiquity. For centuries past it has been the cus stom for Jew merchants from Poland, Russia, and Eastern Europe generally 5 colleet at Trieste about the month = August in each year to await the arrival of the citrons. Until co paratively Y this port has been the sole centre for the distribution of the ‘Citr or the Law.’ Political reasons and Jewish disabilities elsewhere jeobebly originally eaused it to be especially chosen for the market, but above all the dread of pirates in the Levant prevented the Jews from travelling further south to purchase at the places of production “ To give some account of the origin of the trade one must first refer to the Hos: in Leviticus xxiii., v. 40, where are specified some of the ceremonies to be observed on the first day of the Feast of Tabernacles, In the English — Version the siener appears to be incorrect, and no me of any ‘fruit’ to be at the Feast is made either i in Lovin or nie parallel passage in Nehemiah viii., v. 19. This, however, is corrected in the Revised Ver ie as far as Leviticus is concerned, where the words ‘fruit of goodly trees’ appear, without eris e however, what kind of fruit “hould pe employed. Version as commonly used is equally inexplicit, but singularly medi in the Italian Version *the fruit of citron trees' is tioned as a special kind to be used at the Feast. I am not aware from “479 I here quote the parallel readings :— Leviticus, Chapter xxiii., Verse 40. Nehemiah, Chapter viii., Ver English Authorised English Revised | Translation of English Authorised Ver | Version. | Italian Version. ^ Version. | * And ye shall * And ye shall | GU s the are * And that they take you on the | take you on the | day should publish and first day the boughs | first asd es fruit | vourelves of "fe proclaim in all thei of goodly trees, of goodly trees, | fruit itron | eities and in Jeru- branches of palm | branches of pal trees, dae of | salem, saying, Go trees, and the | trees, and boughs | palms, boughs fo unto the boughs of thick | of thick trees, and | myrtles and wil- | mount and fetch trees, and willows | eg o lows of the ive olive branches, and of the brook, and | brook, and yeshall | and rejoice in the | pine branches, ard ye shall rejoice | rejoice before the | Lord your God for | myrtle branches, before the Lord | Lord your God | seven days | and palm branches your God seven | seven days. | and branches of days.’ | thick trees, to | make booths as is | written." * It has ever been held that the fruit must be as unblemished as possible, pa rupes enormously in proportion to the entire perfection of the speci een credibly i 10s. fetched of lin: sec as mash as 31 for as much as 1/. each. “It is absolutely necessary that the calyx ey be present and " It i is said that through Jews becoming and for * Citr ring in wish ce belies "E merce peace the citrons are s, implying in Poland) has himself piibkel the citron from its ud in the Holy Land. informed that a d pay to plant further, as „prices are even now attention of E: enterprise, in Cyprus single fruit has ld Even in 1893 some were so! of the Feast the d less orthodox in for e Law' is likely to pecially, is called to this, always that the Jewish renra must be most strictly complied with to make such an undertaking successful. collected fi in Trieste, they are o ones and twos. The o rchants arriving here from the East of Europe to often men of considerable wealth, but their Fires large nly seen aot the streets occasionally in object of this self effacement is to co nvey the impression that there are very few of them in the town competing, and revent a rise in prices. * Although the only dialect they are acquainted ie as a rule, is Yiddish, thetr reputation for success and sharpne ss is remar e, but as the trade is almost entirely in the hands of the Jews, ae is St much Christian complaint against them 180 “The ‘Citrons for the Law’ (* Cedri della Legge’), that is, the immature fruit of the ungrafted tree, are chiefly grown in the Ionian Islands, Parga, Jaffa, and the Holy Land. “ There is no prejudice nowadays in favour of those from the Holy Land, although it appears to have once existed. “ Until lately the fruit most in demand has been that exported from orfu, in consequence of its superiority in growth. But two circum- stances have tended to check the Greek’s practical monopoly ; first, in consequence of combination, the high prices they asked; and, second, the riots against the Jews at Corfu in February 1891, for which the Polish and Russian Rabbis have retaliated by boycotting citrons from that quarter, pronouncing an anathema against all fruit from the Ionian Islands. “From the customary restrictions imposed by the Rabbis upon the trade as given below, this measure has had most weighty consequences ; h rices by one and the same manceuvre. All fruit for use at the Teast of Tabernacles, no matter whence shipped, must bear inside each case a certificate of origin signed by the Rabbi at the port cf shipment, This will show with what case the Jews can entirely control the citron trade from any quarter. * In consequence of the temporary suppression of this Ionian Islands trade in * Citrons for the Law’ (except with forged Rabbi’s certifieates), the cultivation of the tree is already commencing elsewhere, notably amongst the agricultural Jews' colonies recently settled in the Hol Land upon emigration from Russia, and Russian and Polish Jew merchants are, for the first time, now beginning to travel to these places of production to purchase off the trees. Doubtless they would do the same to Cyprus, or elsewhere, if there was fruit to be bought. A rival market at Odessa is also now springing into existence, and through it a small quantity of * Citrons for the Law is finding its way into Eastern Europe “The packing of the fruit, no matter where shipped, is conducted with the greatest pains, and after most careful selection. Each case con- tains 120 citrons, and each citron is wrapped round with very soft tow, every possible measure being taken to prevent the fruit from being bruised, and above all its calyx from being injured. Prices varied this year at Trieste from 311. to 10 fl. for each citron, but especially fine and "perfect specimens reached 12 fl., or about 17, represents a large sum of money changing hands for that one kind nly. * A small quantity, 1,500 or 2,000 ‘Citrons for the Law,’ with the . calyx, find their way to England annually. . Prejudice, however, is strongly in favour of those with the calyx, which bear the same ratio to those without as gold to silver gilt. Citrons without the calyx are imported for the Feast in considerab 181 “Tt is EH to separate "e cem of citrons imported by the Jews for their Feast from e for ordinary consumption, but the whole amount an oito ie ewe at the Trieste market appears to have been about 5,000 tons in 1893, almost all of which were again exported to England, Germany, and the East of Europe for r various purposes. None are exported to America. Quotations have been asked from Chicago, but no business resulted. “The anathema denunciated against Ionian Islands citrons by the Rabbis of Poland and Russia has, however, it is stated, been, or is abont to be, withdrawn." A trade in citrons, both for preserving as well as for Jewish cere- monies, exists also at Mogador, in Morocco. Ina report by Mr. bores Payton for the year 3 [Foreign Office, Commercial, No. 4 (1884), pp. 511-512}, aee particulars are given of the locality whence the ** holy "' citrons are obtain ied. ‘This appears to be the province of Soos, on or near ud bara of the Great Soos River. Mr. Payton's account is as follo “ Citrons, aide ^ of which go to Great Britain, amounted to 325/., or 67}. more than in the previous year. Of the above amount about half may represent the value of the ordinary citron of commerce—a very large and thick-rinded fruit, which, generally sent home in brine, is ultimately converted into * candied peel. But the due ugue portion of the sum represents the relatively much higher value of a very curious, apparently rare, and highly-es samec fruit which, though "sold here at so high a rate as an average of about 32s. per 100, or nearly 4d. for each fruit, appears never to be ens n. “ This ma ay be spoken d as the sacred or holy citron of the Jews, which is carried to their m ues ed d the Feast of the Tabernacles, it having an bi matical Ni ifica So highly prized is this fruit by the faithful observers of Tsraclitish tradition, that specimens without blemish sometimes feteh as much as 4s. each here, while in England, I am"informed on good authority, they are sold at certain synagogues for the extraordinary price of 17. 1s. to 2¢. 2s. each. Their use is supposed to be derived from injunctions contained in the 28rd chapter of the Book of Leviticus: * And ye shall take you on the first day the boughs a rome ay frat) of goodly trees, branches of palm-trees, and * willows of th “ But the Jewish version of UA same passage reads : * And you shall * take to yourselves on the first day the fruit of the tree Hadar, palm- - * leaves, boughs sd an tree Aboth, and willows of the brook.’ These special fruits, , Xe. escribed in a Jewish book, entitled, ‘The Festivals oft i" Lord,’ as ‘fruit of the tree Madar, or “ citron” * (Hebrew, troon) ; the * capoth temarim ” or palm-leaves, ‘poughs of the tree aboth, or “ myrtle,” and brook willows.’ “ The *troon or ‘Tabernacle citron,’ as it is sometimes called, is fruit rather larger than a lemon, pale, yellowish-green in colour (being always plucked before it is fully ripe), and said to contain only one pip, and to be of a very pure nature, and to keep sound for a very lon period. Those whieh are despatehed henee are carefully packed in cotton-wool or other soft material as the price which they will realise for their holy use is entirely dependent on the greater or less freedom from blemish which the priests can certify concerning each specimen, 182 * Inquiry as to the exact locality of their production has resulted in fixing it at a place called Assats (sometimes RE which isin the pro- vince of Soos, at no grest distance (some say a day, some a day) from the town of Tarudant, and on or near the bank of the great Soosriver. It is stated, with regard to this interesting place, that there is a very ancient Hebrew graveyard there, and ore chards known | y the names of Moses, Aaron, David, &e., also that the authority of the Moorish Government is not respected there. * Jewish informants here have said that these * troons? come from no other place but Assats; but they have been unable to explain how thefaith- ful in many far distant parts of the world manage to provide themselves with these necessary emblems—-the | shipment of which from Mogador in 1883 amounted to 110 eos containing 9,024 specimens of this interesting vegetable production Ina m M report [Foreign Office, Annual Series, 1891, No. 874], Mr. Payton adds statistics showing that the value of citrons shipped from mom in 1890 was 5921. CCCLXXXVIIL.—NEW ORCHIDS: DECADE 9.* 81. Dendrobium Hildebrandii, Rolfe ; pseudobulbis elongatis robustis subteretibus demum suleatis, foliis elliptico-oblongis obtusis v. ineequaliter- bidentatis coriaceis decidius, racemis axillaribus suberectis 3—4-floris basi vaginis tubulosis tectis, bracteis ovato-oblongis obtusis concavis, sepalis oe ea apiculatis subtortilibus, petalis elliptico- oblongis apiculatis subtortilibus, labello brevissime unguiculato lim suborbicnlari obtuso, disco velutino, columna brevissima, mento kare obtus Mn a States 1,500 ft. alt. ; H. H. Hildebrand. Pseudobulbi 11-2 ped. alti. Folia 4-5 poll. longa, 14-12 poll. lata. Racemi 2-3} poll. longi. Bractee 3 lin, longi. Pedicelli un poll. ongi. Sepala 16-18 lin. longa, 4 lin. lata. Petala 6 lin. lata. pestem 16 lin. Pedes. 15 lin. latum. Columna 2 lin. longa. entum 34 lin. lon E handsome od Alicia] in the Shan States by H. H. Hildebrand, Esq., in April 1893, and sent to Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., of Clapton, together with living plants, which flowered in their establishment a year later. It has the general habit of a strong D. signatum, Rchb. f., lip deep etre vel with a broad light die margin. Mr. Hildebrand collected three different forms; one with sepals and petals pale green and lip sulphur dore one with sepals and petals ereamy pink and the lip yellow, and a third like the last, with the addition of two dark chocolate blotehes in p satt He observes that it grows in mag- nificent huge masses, and o of the plants he counted upwards of ,900 blooms, The old pebadcbnibs show it to be as floriferous as D. nobile, Lindl. * Phaius roseus, Rolfe, described at p.4 of the last volume as doubtfully a native of West tropical cera is now known to be from Lower Burma, where i been collected by Mr. Boxa 183 82. Dendrobium hamatum, Rolfe ; pseudobulbis elongatis gracilibus cylindraceis, foliis oblongis apice oblique acuminatis, racemis axillaribus pendulis multifloris, bracteis oblongo-lanceolatis n floribus medio- cribus, sepalis triangulo-ovatis obtusis v. apiculatis supra medium concavis lateralibus in mentum elongatum Kicdslo-hinsttin produetis, petalis late elliptico-oblongis obtusis, labello unguieulato pandurato lobis lateralibus brevibus truneatis paullo concavis intermedio suborbieulari crispo-undulato, disco levi basi in callum brevem caniculatuin producto, columna brevissima Iis Sodhchtos. Pseudobulbi 11-21 poll. longi. Folia 4—5 poll. longa, 1— mA poll. lata. Racemi 3—4 poll. “lon igi. Bractee 2-3 lin. lon nge. Pedicelli 9 lin. longi. Sepala 8-9 lin. longa, 4 lin. lata. Petala 7-8 lin. lo ore E Jem lata. Labellum 8 lin. longum, 5 lin. latum. Mentum 1 poll. lon This is a very distinct species which flowered ae the hablen of M. Alexandre Regnier, of pnus nen -bois, Seine, France, in April last, having been introduced by him from idcm It belongs to the section 1 Pedilonum, but, so far as can be ascertained, is very different from any described species. The sepals and petals are very light whitish yellow, with several broad stripes composed of innumerable purple dots more or less suffused together. The pandurate lip is light ` yellow with a faint purple stain on the middle of the front lobe. The callus of the lip is peculiar, being a kind of boat-like extension of the conduplicate sides of the unguis, and is stained with purple in the cavity. ‘The name is given in allusion to the shape of the mentum. 83. Eria cinnabarina, folfe; pseudobulbis ovoideis subcompressis di-triphyllis, foliis oblongo-linearibus obtusis v. subacutis terminalibus, racemis subterminalibus circa 6-floris, bracteis lanceolato-oblongis sub- acutis, sepalis lacin lancot subobtusis lateralibus in mentum conicum. productis, petalis subconformibus, labello trilobo Jobis wen qun semi- oblongis obtusis fateri dio elliptico-oblongo obtuso, disco basi tricarinato carinis integris. mere majoribus, apice qaiaqubeatingti e carinis crenu- latis, columna bre Hazs.—-Borneo. Pseudobulbi 1-11 poll. longi. Folia 5-6} poll. longa, 6-8 lin. lata. Racemi 3-4 poll. longi. Bractece d lin. longe. Pedicelli Ti poll. ongi. Sepala 7-8 lin. longa, 14 1 lata. Petala 6-7 lin. longa. Labellum 7 lin. longum, 3 lis. latum. Oad 2 lin. longa. Mentum ? lin. longum. very distinct species introduced by Messrs. Linden, L' Horticulture eres ron Brussels, with whom it flowered in Apri last. It belongs raceme, Tachis, bracts, and pedicels, are of a deep cinnabar-orange colour, which, so far as can be toa is not found in any other described species of this section of the gen 84. Cologyne swaniana, Rolfe; pseudobulbis elongato-lanceolatis tetragonis diphyllis, foliis. elliptico- lanceolatis breviter acuminatis un- ulatis basi attenuatis, racemis een elongatis gracilibus multifloris lachi fusco-puber ulo, bracteis concav atissime ovato-oblongis acutis, sepalis oblongo-la ath subacutis rint petalis linearibus acutis, rabello trilobo — lateralibus erectis obtusis margine columnz appressis 184 intermedio reflexo triangulo-ovato subacuto, disco tricarinato apice iüinquéesr hio carinis erenulatis basi trilamellatis fimbriatis, columna clavata arcuata alata. MO GU atin 1 poll. longi. Sepala 14 ifie ye 4 lin. lata. Petala 14 lin. eri 1} lin, lata. Labellum 10 lin. longum. Columna 9 lin. longa This is allied to the Bornean C. dayana, Rchb. f., to which it bears a general resemblance, though the pseudobulbs, leaves, and racemes are all shorter. The side lobes of the lip are also not reflexed at the tip, the front lobe smaller and narrower, the keels much less strongly crested, and, lastly, the present species has the three een produced at the base into three erect fimbriate plates, which are absent in C. dayana. The sepals and petals are white, and the lip deep veined with yellowish- white, except the area between the keels, which is of the latter colour. It was introduced by Messrs. F. Sander & Co. , of St. Albans, and flowered in their establishment in April last, 85. Epidendrum Ellisii, /!o/fe ; caulibus erectis vei im a eau rry A E foliis oblongis obtusis carnosis, rac terminali multifl t recurvo lateralibus apice subobliquis, petalis lanceolatis pti. labello trilobo lobis lateralibus rotundato-auriculiformibus inciso-dentatis inter- medio cuneato-obovato truncato apiculato denticulato v. Mibi ptogep callo carnoso ovato apiculato erenato, clinandrio apice fimbria Has.—Columbia. Pseudobulbi 1-14 ped. longi. Folia 3-4 poll. longa, 1 poll. lata. Racemi 2-4 poll. longi. Bractee 2-3 lin. longæ. Pedicelli 14 poll. longi. Sepala 7-8 lin. longa, 2-25 ee Eom Petala paullo minora. Labellum 7-8 lin. longum, lobis 2-3 lin This is a very handsome species which d in the collection of Welbore S. Ellis, Esq., Hazelbourne, Dorking, in April last, and was awarded a First-class Certificate by the Royal Hortieultural Society. It belongs to the section called by Lindley Amphiglottium Schistochila aber eiilietl but cannot be identified with any of the described species. In the shape of the lip it approaches Æ. Lindeni, Lindl., though the two are quite distinct in other respects. The sepals and petals, together with the pedicels and column, are carmine-rose, the lobes of the lij pale lilac-rose, and the crest yellowish white, with some orange-yellow in the eavity in front of the clinandrium. 86. Bifrenaria Charlesworthii, Rolfe; pseudobulbis tetragono- ovoideis subcompressis monophyllis, foliis oblanceolato-oblongis subacutis v. obtusis basi in atate brevem attenuatis, scapis erectis 5-6-floris, bracteis oblongis obtusis, sepalis elliptico- oblongis subacutis y. apiculatis lateralibus in mentum conieum productis, petalis lineari- D ubacutis incurvis paralielis margine revolutis, labello graciliter unguieulato limbo suborbic ulari subintegro piloso lobis lateralibus erectis subconcavis intermedio recurvo obtuso undulatc, callo carnoso erecto emarginato in medio disci, columna brevi clavata, angulis ciliatis. Hasg.— Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, 185. Pseudobulbi E I longi. iy 6-9 t€ longa, 1-1} poll. ata. Scapus 6 poll. longus. Bractee 3 lin. longe. Pedicelli 9-10 lin. longi. Sepala 8 lin. longa, 5 To. lata.. Petala 6 lin. longa. Labellum 5 lin. longum, 6 lin.latum. Columna 3 lin. longa. Mentum 4 lin. longum This species is allied to Bifrenaria racemose, Lindl., and B. elavigera, Rchb. f., the former differing in having a smooth lip, while' the latter, according to the description, has that Memes E and the mentum short and inflated, characters which do not apply to the present species. as introduced by Messrs. Charlesworth, Sinda C Co., of Pato: Bradford, with whom it flowered in August 1803. A plant from the same source also flowered in the Kew collection in April last, The sepals and petals are greenish-yellow with a very slight suffusion of light brown, d the lip whitish-yellow spotted with red-brown on the dise, and veined with the same colour on the margin or the side lobes. ‘The crest is se yellow, and the columu white. 87. Camaridium lawrenceanum, AHo/fe; caulibus strictis erectis dis- tiehophyilis pseudobulbis distantibus elliptico-oblongis compressis diphyllis, oliis linearibus ebtusis, pendunculis axillaribus uni- asi vaginatis, bracteis lanceolatis acuminatis, sepalis patentibus sniegi subobtusis lateralibus basi in mentum brevem obtusum produc- tis, petalis subconniventibus oblongis subobtusis apice reflexis, labello subimtegro obtuso lateribus erectis, “disco carnoso unilamellato, columna clavata a digit recorded. Pseudobulbi 9-10 lin, longi. Th ia 4-3 poll. longa, 13-25 lin. lata. Pedunculi ] poll. longi. Bractee 5-6 lin. lon nge. Sepala 5 lin, longa, 24 lin. lata. Petala 43 lin. loups, olin: lata. Labellum 4 lin. + longum, 2} lin. latam, Columna 3 lin. longa. Mentum 2 lin, longum A preity little Mrs allied to C. purpuratum, Lindl., to which it bears à ` ciii ance, except for the presence of pseudobulbs. It has flowered in ts collection of Sir Trevor Taide: Bart., Burford Tod e, Dorking, on two or three occasions, and on March 27th last received a Botanical Certificate from the R oyal Horticultural Society. The sepals and petals are yellowish-white, the former spotted with red- purple, most distinctiy on the back, and the lip deep dark purple with the apex yellowish-white. The column is also tans ebere iie a purple uns, and a a red-purple spots at the base of th 88. Oncidium lucasianum, Rolfe ; amped ovoideis subcom pressis diphyllis, foliis lanceolato-linearibus aentis, seapis brevibus, triangulo-ovatis acutis, d = uiculatis obovato-oblongis obtusis paai. undulatis, later- alibus subliberis v. ad medium connatis, petalis unguiculatis late oblongis obtii perai labello pandurato, lobis lateralibus parvis obovato- oblongis intermedio orbic ulari-reniformi marginato undulato basi cordato, callo quinquelamellato lamellis Nicias verruculis cireumstantibus, columna brevi, alis semicordato-obiongis crenulatis apice obliquis Has.—N ot recorded. seudobulbi 1-2 poll. longi, Folia 2-3 poll. longa. Seapi 6-8 poll. longi Bractee 2 lin. longs, Pedicelli 9-10 lin. ‘longi. Sepala 8-9 U 81909 B 186 lin. longa, 3-4 lin. = Petala 8-9 lin. longa, 5 lin. lata. -— 9 lin. longum, 10-11 lin. latum. Columne ale 24 lin. lon A br ight sation dad Oncidium which bloomed d Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, in April last, and received an Award of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society. Its affinities are a little doubtful, but the united lateral sepals and broader petals would techni- cally placeit in Lindley's group Tetrapetala macropetala, of which it is the first-known species with heteromorphous flowers. In a revision of the genus the character derived from the union of the lateral sepals would certainly have to take a much more subordinate position than Lindley gave to it. One of the flowers received has these organs free, which would suggest another affinity for it, yet a search = other groups has not led to its identification with any ene Eu. s. If greater importance were assigned to the shape of the ves and column wings, most if not all the species with Pues Mic ide flowers would fall into the enlarged group Rostrate, including the present species. 89. Saccolabi calcaratum, Rolfe ; caule brevi, s eo oblongis inzequaliter et obtuse bilobis carnosis rigidis, racemis axillar multifloris interdum paniculatis, bracteis triangulo Vitis idiotas parvis, sepalis elliptico-oblongis obtusis, petalis similibus paullo minori- bus, ipe Sekine lobis lateralibus parvis truncatis concavis intermedio minuto gulo-ovato subobtuso copia mes ealeare elongato obtuso vob DM UNe recto, columna brevissima lata Hans.—BDurma. Folia 3-4 poll. eis rm 1j poll. lata. ions 3—6 poll. longi. Bractee 1 lin. longs. celli 5 lin. lon Sepala 2 lin. longa, 14 lin. lata. Petala 12 lin. laps: Labelli tuli 5-51 lin. longum. Columna 1 lin. longa. . This species n Mehr ied "eb with e LL a Charles- worthii, Rolfe, by N s. Charleswo rth, Shuttleworth, & Co., of Heaton, radford, with OT it flowered in April eg It belongs to the section Speciosce and is allied to S. compressum, Lindl., and S. trichro- muin, Rehb. It has the general h of the lat ter, but is a much smaller plant with a straight spur. owers are pale pinkish purple, with a bright purple blotch on either de of the lip sene to the minute front lobe. The side lobes are also very small, so that the lip is practically reduced to a straight spur, longer than the tern with the three minute lobes guarding the mouth. 90. Podochilus longicalcaratus, /?olfe ; caulibus elongatis erectis demum: pendulis distichophyllis, foliis numerosis elliptico- -oblongis apice reflexis apiculatis, racemis axillaribus numerosis paueifloris. vaginis lanceolatis subimbricatis tectis, bracteis lanceolato-ovatis acutis concavis, floribus heterochronicis carnosis, sepalo postico late ovato obtuso valde ical lateralibus subobliquis ovatis obtusis basi in mentum longum calcariforme arcuatum productis, petalis rhomboideis obtusis, labello longe unguiculato apice trilobo lobis lateralibus rotundatis intermedio late ovato apice tridenticulato, disco bicalloso, columna brevissima. HaAn.— Borneo, on trees at Sarawak, Lobb, Philippines, Cuming. et as ped. oe ere -li poll. longa, 4—7 lin. lata. Racem 1-1 ongi. Bractee } lin. loi onge. Pedicelli 2 lin. longi. Nue T Ps “longa. Petala 1 lin. longa. Mentum 4 lin. longum. 187 A species with precisely the habit of P. waciferus, Hook. f. (Fl. Brit. Ind., VL, p. 81; Ic. Pl, t. 2145), and, indeed, confounded with it in both the works cited, mourn it is constantly different in having the spur-like mentum over three times as long as the rest of the flower instead of only equalling it as in the Indian plant. It has now béen introduced from Borneo essrs. Linden, L’ Horticulture Interna- where it is flowering profusely. The flowers are semipellucid white, with the oa and lip tipped with ed purple, and the sepals less distinctly so CCCLXKXIX.—COLD STORAGE OF FRUIT. Ina précis of pamphlets issued by the Department of Agriculture v Forests in New South Wales, given in the First Report, 1894, issued, particulars are given (at pp. 6 and 7) of experiments carried ed with regard to the cold storage of “deciduous fruit," and the results obtained with each. The experiments lasted from 28th January to 26th August 1893. "The fruits experimented = were as follows :—Apples, pears, plums, peaches, nectarines, grapes, mangoes, pine-apples, tomatoes, and passion fruit. e latter was probably ie fruit of Passiflora edulis. The result of the experiments are concisely given below eries of experiments "i the cold storage of fruit, extending from ash Januar y to 26th August, 1893, were conducted by the fruit expert (M nson) for a Departmen nt of Agriculture, at the cold oaks? rooms attached to the Government meat market, at Darling Harbour, Messrs. Hadson Bros., lessees, having kindly placed a chamber of 50 tons’ capacity ships measurement at the disposal of the F free of all charge. system of cold storage employed was one in which an even tem er rature combined with a constant influx of cold fresh air w maintained, and this system, or rather principle, is the only satisfaetory one for use in the case of rei as a merely cold air without the necessary ventilation and influx of fre r has been qiia to be insufficient to keep fruit in good condition t€ ii length of tim The fruits experimented with consisted of E followitig varieties, viz.:—Apples, pears, plums, peaches, nectarines, grapes, mangoes, pine-apples, tomatoes, and passion fru it, and were obtained from fruit- growers in various parts of the Colony. ' Different materials were tried for packing, and oe fruit was tested under various conditions, wrapped and unwrap ight cases and open well-ventilated cases, and in various states or apres of ripeness. The average temperature maintained was 41°74 degrees, and was very evenly maintained. The peng te limit of yariation ranged from 37 degrees to 51 degrees, and these extremes were only r reached on two or three occasions. The ventilation was at all times satisfactory. The = results of the experiments may be summarised as follows 1l. cud midseason and late variety cf pears, solid-fleshed plums and tough skinned fleshy grapes may be kept in perfect condition 188 without any appreciable loss for a period of two months, when age tem- ` perature of 41 degrees to 43 deg grees ; provided that the fruit is earefully gathered, handled, an d packed, and that all blemished fruit is discarded. Apples will keep equally as well if the tem- perature is raised 10 degrees, but the other fruits require the lower temperature. Two months allows for the extreme outside - time required to place the fruit on the English market. . After being removed from the cold storage, the fruit keeps in good condition for a sufficient time to enable it to be disposed of and MEE with only a small percentage of loss, provided that previous to its removal from cold storage the temperature of the HS a - gradually raised s ‘that of the outside air, as any con- densation of moisture on the fruit, which would tend to create pery is thereby jioni: 3. Soft fruit, such as peaches and nectarines, may be safely stored without deterioration from one to two weeks, according to variety, thereby preventing to a certain extent the glutting of the markets with these fruits during the height of the season * gh the bad-keeping qualities of the fruit when landed, which necessitates the fruit being disposed of and consumed as rapidly as possible. l these drawbacks would be, to a great extent, prevented if the fruit were carried under similar conditions to those maintained during the experiments, and a cheaper and better ee would tend to greatly increase our export of fruit to England, which, unless such steps are shortly taken, threatens to become a thing of the past, as the prices received for our aut in London are entirely prohibitive in the majori doubt this is not always the fault of the high Eogh and Bad system of carriage employed, but is often largely due to the care- lessness of the growers or shippers themselves in sending worth- less and inferior fruits; and this was shown many times in last year's shipments of Tasmanian apples. The English market wants one class of fruit only, the best, and that fruit put on the market in the best condition and most attractive manner; and if growers or shippers try to palm off any inferior grades they will get left every time, as the English buyers will not have them, except at — 4f very low rates. d The value of these experiments to the New South Wales fruit-grower is that by this means the Government have practically shown the . eonditions that are necessary to maintain in order to successfully kee fruit in cold storage, and also what fruits are most suitable, and what care is necessary to be taken with the grading, wrapping, and packing of — the fruits so as to render them suitable for cold storage, especially as adapted to an export trade. It is to an export trade we the fruit- —— growers must eventually look. if the industry is to take a prominent e in colonial industries; and by showing how the export of fruit 189 may be most economically and successfully carried out these experi- ments are likely to be of great value to the fruit-growers and to the Colony in general, CCCXC.—SISAL HEMP ro THE SAFARAS: consequence been felt in regard to the future of this important fibre industry. The plantations established "i in the Bahamas are now arriving at such a stage that a successful machine to extract the fibre is a, matter of the greatest importance. The information supplied to the Colonial Office by His Excellency the Governor, would appear to show that the “ Todd : machine has, so far, proved so atasoy that it is likely to be universally adopted i in the Colony :— COLONIAL Orrice to ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. SIR, ; Downing Street, 19th May 1894. Wirtu reference to your letter of the 7th July 1893, I am directed by the Marquess of Ripon to LE to you a copy of a despatch from the Governor of the mas reporting upon a fibre-extracting machine which is now in successful Gbirátiok t in that Colony. Ripon proposes to forward a copy of Sir Ambrose Shea's despatch to the Governor of Fiji, and his Lordship would be glad if you would be good enough to add any observations, which would be likely to be of assistance to Sir John Thurston. : I am, Xe. The Director, (Signed) EDWARD WINGFIELD, Royal Gardens, Kew. . ova OF THE BAHAMAS to COLONIAL OFFICE. Government House, Nassau, NLP; My Lorp, 24th April 1894. WirH reference to Dara ine oae verbal and otherwise, soe I have received from the Colonial Office during the past three years, o - subject of machines for the extraetion of fibre, on which i prthation as desired for the Fiji Government, I have now the honour to acquaint Tour Lordship that I am at length in a posi ition to ver definitely of a machine that is now in successful operation in this Colony. ` . 9. The machine in question is one ee ple ids & Mr. Todd, of New York (address, J. C. Todd, Patterson, New Jersey, U.S.A.), and during my late visit to the Waroo plantation at Abaco. be witnessed its performance, and have no doubt it will be univ ersally adopted here. Tt dresses the diee perfectly and with a minimum amount of waste, and though half a ton is all that a sacle machine will yield as a day's work, 190 s principle is so sound that all that is necessary is to increase the mber to meet any required needs. may observe, however, it does not necessarily follow that the e: Toda ” machine will be suitable where the conditions of the plant are not similar to ours. Iam not informed of the nature of the plant at Fiji, but it may be instructive to know that the leaves of the Bahama plant. which hold the fibre are from four to six feet long, that they are free from gum, and the threads separate without combing. Little washing is needed, and the whole process of extracting, washing, and drying is the work of one day I have, ee The Most Honourable (Signed) A. SHEA, The Marquess of Ripon, K.G., Governor. &e., &e., &c. An account, m an illustration, of the * Todd" fibre extracting machine, is given by Mr. Charles Richards Dodge in Report No. 5 * Fibre Investigations in the United States," issued by thé Department of Agriculture in 1893, pp. 25-26. Mr. Dodge states :— “ The only new machine for cleaning Sisal hemp leaves ; that has na brought to my attention, since the publication of my previous report, the device patented in 1892 by J. L. Acosta, and manufactured b Joseph C. Todd, Paterson, N.J. ** The claims of the inventor are set forth as follows :— ** [n Fig. 3 is shown clearly the arrangement of the machine for cleaning henequen leaves without the use of crushing cylinders, The operator seats himself before the table and lays the leaves on the feeding chains. Care should be taken to lay the thick ends of the leaves to the right side, with something more than half of the length of the leaf hanging dowa. The chains will then carry the leaves ‘to the holding belts , by which they will be presented to the first scraping wheel. remainder is cleaned by the second wheel, leaving no udaa or partially cleaned oie in the middle, as is usual in other machines. The leaves of the Pita plant need to be crushed by finely corrugated cylinders in cde to separate the fine fibres of the black of a leaf. Th ey. should be crushed and scraped while still green and fresh, so es the cleaning may be assisted by the juices of the leaves. Knives or scrapers and brushes in alternation around the wheels are dispensati It is also desirable to have a pump to furnish water to two small tanks fixed above the upper belts of both wheels. The water flows from these tanks to spread the leaves on the surface of the shoes and to clean and wash the fibres. Otherwise the fibres may be cleaned and washed after being scraped, T it is desirable to avoid the expense of the pump and a single man to put the leaves on the feeding chain, g a bei Bd of cleaning thor oughly 50 ,000 to 60, 000 leaves i in a day.’ Mr. Dodge adds : el have not seen n inh machine running on Sisal hemp leaves, but ssed its work on the leaves of bear-grass ( Yucca filamentosa) Marcii by the , Department, the cleaning being accomplished in 4 thorough manner,” 191 CCCXCL—GAMBIA PAGNS OR NATIVE CLOTHS. Next to the cultivation of the ground nut (Arachis hy ypogæa, L.), shipped to Europe for the manufacture of oil, the most important industry of the settlement of the Gambia on the West Coast ‘of Africa is the cultivation and manufacture of cotton. From this cotton is made the native **pagns" or tyi cloths which are in great request in that part of the world. Sir Alfred Moloney (Forestry of West m A pe p. 142) states that in addition to supplying cloths for home consum tion the “ pagn " industry of the Gambia exported cloths of the value of 4807. in 1883 and of 2,742/. in 1 1884. * Pagns" are also made at Lagos, and some of them are exported even to Brazil for the use of the West African negroes who have emigrated to that country. The whole n ularly interesting one. The cotton is gathered, ginned, br spun into thread by the native women entirely by hand. "he i for weaving the cloth is a very crude contrivance, “This x primitive hand-loom > says Sir Alfred Moloney, “in use amongst the * natives is what has come down through centuries to them from their * ancestors, and, it is needless to add, ‘it is ¢ capable of improvement to ** their advantage. It certainly deserves attention.” Each frame weaves a strip of cotton only 6 inches broad. These sti ‘ips are then sewn into long broad pieces io which the name of “ pagn " is applied. are regarded as extremely durable, and they are in greater re quest than any similar article of European manufacture. pane report on the native cotton industry, prepared by ne, the Travelling Commissioner on the north bank of ifie River Ga ibas :— CULTIVATION OF COTTON. NORTH Bank, QAMBIA, Seed is planted as soon as the rains begin. It is planted in rows from 3 to 6 feet apart; the plants are from 2 to 5 feet from one another. Great care is taken in selecting the seed, as it is liable to be attacked y small worms. Corn is planted between the rows, which is reaped the best, and would hardly stand the test required by an English cotton spinner, but the plant has the advantage of being able to Stand the dry weather, and the clothes made from this cotton are strong and durable. The cotton industry is cue as important as the ground eople engaged h comes across row Ngtoncentimonr sheds, each containing a machine. "There are justally half-a-dozen of these at work in each town, and the creaking of the machine is heard from morning till night, sometimes even late at night. The cotton is picked b diie of seeds, and is beautifully white and clean. The women then take a bundle, mix a little lime or chalk and water on the fingers of the left hand through which the cotton passes, and s e cotton out on to threads on a spindle which they work with the Rapes and thumb 192 ofthe right hand. - They do this very quickly, and it looks very easy, but it is not, for when I tried to do it, the threads broke. When they have spun a sufficient quantity of thread, the men choose a flat spot, and place forked sticks about 3 feet high, 40 feet apart, forming three -sides of a square, each side being about 150 feet long; the threads are then run from one end to the other, and returned, until there are sufficient rows of thread to be woven into a strip of cotton 6 inches broad. These rolls of thread, 450 feet in length, are now handed over to the owner of the little machine, who so arranges them on two little frames, each about 6 inches wide, that every alternate thread is fastened to a wire of cne or the other of the frames. These frames are then set in motion by the workman's foot, and either raise or lower every alternate thread at every stroke. The workman then tosses his shuttle of thread from one hand to the other between the rows of thread. By these means the cross threads are interwoven amongst the long ones, and to press them tightly together, a third little frame, with wires separating the long threads, is pressed against the cross threads. It is difficult to ‘describe this native machine, which should be seen to be appreciated. These strips of cotton are then sewn into long broad pieces which are called “pagns.” * J. H. OZANNE. CCCXCII.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. Albert Linney, a member of the gardening staff of the Royal Gardens, has been appointed gardener for Government House, in thé Falkland Islands. Mr. Walter E. Broadway, formerly a member of the gardening staff of the Royal Gardens, Assistant Superintendent of the Royal Botanical pry ser rinidad, has been appointed Curator of the Botanical Garden at Grenada. Vaccinium hirsutum.—This rare and interesting shrub is now flowering freely in the Kew Arboretum. It is a low-growing bush with hairy stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits, The flowers are greenish-white editors of Garden and Forest is given by Professor C. S. Sargent 119). The Kew plants floriferous than the one which flowered in the Arnold Arboretum and from which the figure in Garden and Forest was prepared. Rubus lasiostylus.— This Chinese species, introduced to cultivation through Dr. Henry, is now flowering in the Rubus collection at Kew. It is a distinct plant with pinnate leaves, green above and whiti nelow, and flowers with rosy-purple petals shorter than the long sepals, — . d : : : r Ni x y-purple petals and with hairy styles. It is apparently quite hardy. \ 193 Pyrus crataegifolius.— Both in a wild state and under cultivation this is a rare plant. It is a distinctly ornamental and graceful small tree with white flowers, Botanically it seems to show connecting links with Crataegus, in which genus it e indeed been placed by some authors. A specimen in the Arboretum at Kew is now in fine flower ; vA was raised from seeds collected for Kew by the late H. Groves, of orence. Marantas.—A great deal of. confusion prevails in gardens in the nomenclature of the dwarf Scitaminea, with variegated leaves. The belong to three genera, Té neni Myrosma, and Calathea, which differ from one another in inflorescence, bracts, and the structure of the ovary, but which cannot be Magn sa till the plant reaches the flowering stage. We have flowered lately at Kew Calathea massangeana, kerchoveana, devosiana, Piin and vi el and find all these to be true Marantas, nearly allie M. bico er. Bot. Reg., tab. 786. We have also flowered Calathea odiis and flavescens, and find these to be true Calatheas. mar Khayyam’s Rose.—Omar Khayyam is one of the classical Persian poets. He flourished about the time of William the Conqueror. Mis poems were translated into English a generation ago by Edward Fitzgerald, the friend of Tennyson, and he now numbers, both iu this country and the United States, a band of warm admirers. In 1884 ; e o 3 ere presen nted to the Royal Gardens by Mr. Bernard Quaritch, ae ‘the bush which grew from them, of which cuttings were sent a centifolia, the sweetest scented of all the roses, from which the cabbage rose, the moss TOSe, and the pompon are derive The native country Haussknecht in a semi-double form at an ‘ligt n of 8,500 feet, amongst the mountains of Assyria. Omar Khayyam's plant has fully double flowers and evidently belongs to a long cultivated race. AS hea Plant” —The Rev. Dr. Warre, Head Master of Eton College, has sent a few fruits, rm E apparently living seeds, of a shrub inhabiting northern Central Australia, where vef were collected U 81909, 194 The collection of portraits of distinguished botanists and travellers which has been accumulating for many years past, and a small portion of which is exhibited in Museum No. ], has recently received an addition in the form of a platinotype photograph of Mr. Giles Munby, which has been kindly presented to e Museum of the Royal Gardens by one of his daughters, Mrs. Cunde Mr. Menby, who was born at York i in the year 1813, was well known for his botanical travels and explorations in France and Algeria. In tbe last-named country he res vue for a period of 21 @ years and published a valuable work on its flor After his death, which Pleite. ‘at his residence, The Holt, near Farnham, in 1876, his herbarium was presented by his family to the Royal Gardens, together with a selection of living plants which had been cultivated by ‘him in his own garden. _ Mr. Bent’s Expedition to the Hadramaut Valley.—It was announced in the Kew Bulletin for 1893, p. 366, that Mr. W. Lunt, a mem aber of the gardening staff, was to accompany Mr. Bent in the capacity of botanical collector. The en = successful, but the opposition of the natives limited the extent of the explorations. The members reached England, on their return, tales the end of April. Mr. Lunt's botanieal collections were excellently prepared and preserved, and con- tain many interesting novelties, including two new genera and new species of such genera as Aloe, Adenium, Arthrosolen, Littonia, Statice, and Vellozia, Mr. Baker, ‘the eeper, and other members of the Herbarium staff are engaged working out the dried plants, the first received from South Arabia, eastward of Aden, except a few odd scraps cee up by varicus travellers. The Western Province of Yemen as botanised by Forskal in 1768, and quite recently by Deflers and anani. with the result that the flora proves almost identical Pm that of Abyssinia. Mr. Bent's expedition penetrated as far north s Al Had, on the sixteenth parallel. . California.—At the instance of the United States Department of Agrieulture an expedition was sent in 1891 to investigate the natural history of the Death Valley, California. To this expedition Mr. F. V. Coville was attached as botanist, and he has now published a full npe of the botanical results, which occupies the fourth volume of “ Con tributions from the United sgean National Herbarium.” The Death Valley is situated between 36? and 37° N. lat. and 117? and 118° W. long. being bounded on the om by the Amargosa and Mrs Mountains and on the west by the Pinto and Panamint ranges. temperature of this region is subject to great variation. In July the mean daily shade temper rature was 102° Fahr. , while iu August the average daily range was 32^, amd occasionally at night freezing point was reached. The expedition did not confine its attention to the Death Valley, but also explored part of the surrounding region, the whole resulting i in the collection of the 1, Sk species. enumerated i in the report. 58 shrubby species, 40 perennial ind 104 annual herbs. The only trees in this region are Vucca arborescens and Y. macrocarpa. The former (a photograph of which forms the frontispiece of the volume) attains à height of 25 feet with a trunk 2 feet in diameter; Y. macrocarpa | 195 deni secs 15 feet in height. Forty-two new species of plants a described and two new genera made. One of these let panies. i is ead on a species formerly referred by A. Gray to Chenactis, the other, PAyllogonum, is allied to Eriogonum. An es say on the “ Principles of plant distribution," together with two others on the distribution of the plants over the region traversed, and the characteristics and adaptations of the desert flora, form "important additions to the literature of this subject. The report is illustrated with 21 plates and contains a map of the region, with an index to the prin- cipal places mentioned therein, also a full bibliography and an index to the species. ‘Through the kindness of Mr. Coville a set of the plants collected during this expedition has been iM to Kew. Fijü-—Sir J. B. Thurston, K.C.M.G., Governor of Fiji, has for- warded specimens of two species of Pandanus found by him in Fiji. One of these appears to be the rare Pandanus Joskei, J. Horne, found but once previously in Fiji by Mr. Horne, late Director of the Depart- ment of Forests and Botanic Gardens, Mauritius. ‘The other is an undescribed species belonging to the section Ryckia. Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.— The fourth volume of this valuable publication has appeared. It consists of a ne illustrated monograph of the Anonacee of British India, by Dr. King, the Su perintendenť of the Garden; and it may fairly be characterised as a most valuable contribution to botanical literature. There are few more difficult natural orders than the Anonacee, even among those consisting entirely of arboreous and shrubby plants ; and it is almost impossible to identify species without figures or access to the cime i specie s s on whi s were founded. Dr. King describes about 270 ies, belongin enera, and a figure, including floral dissections, is given of each spécies. number o species are new, though not always described here for the first time; yet with all this wealth of new species Dr. King has introduced very few alterations in the genera, as defined in Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum, and “adopted i in Hookers Flora of British India, Lagerea has been restored to generic rank, and Griffithia, proposed, but not eiae by the late Dr. Maingay for Polyalthia mag- nolicflera, has also been taken up. The only other generie change is the substitution of the recent Canangium, Baillion, for the old Cananga Rumphius, on hber: of the existence of the properly defined Cananga of Aublet, belonging to the same natural order; but Dr. King seems to have dieit dd the fact that e: — proposed the name Canangium as a se ction of the e genus Uno This volume of the Annals, published é on: dii roin anniversary of the death of Colonel Robert Hs. is dedicated t to him, to whom India scheme for founding a garden of me aciem ite was warmly taken u by the then Governor-General, Sir John Maepherson, and. subsequently by the Court of Directors of the Honourable East India Company, mainly because it included the introduction and propagation of valuable economic ge ants for cultivation in the territories subject to the Company. Dr. King gives a portrait of the founder and a brief sketch of his career. 196 Rubus ellipticus, Smith (R. flavus, Ham.). This, an Indian Rubus, native of the temperate and sub- tropical ee is where it extends from 2—7,000 feet elevation. It is also found in Ceylon and in unnan. It is a sub-erect shrub with stout branches covered with red- brown hairs. The flowers are white and the fruit golden yellow. plant appears to have been introduced to Queensland, and the following account of it is taken from the Annual Report of the Acclimatization Society for the year ending March 31st, 1892 :— Rubus flavus.—From seeds received from the Botanical Gardens, Saharanpur, India. Several plants of this raspberry were raised, and during the past year the specimen plant that was placed outside has fruited. The plant grows most luxuriantly, and fruits freely. ] fruit are borne on the terminal shoots of me current year’s growth, and - form loose panicles, containing from 6 to 18 separate fruits on each; they are of a pale yellow colour when ‘ips, and possess the full raspberry flavour, with a delightful subacidity which renders them most palatable when eaten raw. A small quantity was made into jam, which turned out wellas regards flavour, but the colour was not desirable ; this could, of course, be overcome by the addition of colouring matter. Several plants have been sent to various parts of the colony, and seem to thrive equally in inland, upland, and coast land localities. It is a plant of very robust growth, making shoots from an inch in diameter at the base, and from 8 to 12 feet long. It is most easily propagated from layers, and needs no particular treatment in cultivation. From its nee growing a p of lanes ready i distribution, and recipients are o ndn hed to give the plant a fair trial, and report results. ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF - MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. CCCXCIIL—COMINO TREES OF COLOMBIA. (Aniba perutilis, Hemsl.) In the December number, 1892, of the United d emer Reports there appeared an account of the “Comino ” f bi supplied by Mr. Luciano Santa Maria, the U.S. "Wie: Gaal at Medellin. The tree (or trees, for more than one kind of Comino was referred to) produced an excellent timber = itae d purposes as well as for the use of cabinet-makers e were said to be both valuable for timber as well as very cinerea es s the pie den supplied in the Report were not sufficient to identify the trees, appli- cation was made to the Foreign Office to obtain a complete set of specimens through Her Majesty’s Vice-Consul at Barranquilla. m o c species, the only difference existing in the hardness and in the superior grain of the latter rendering it more suitable for cabinet purposes. A similar difference it may be mentioned exists in the mahogany known as “ baywood,” a soft loose-grained timber growing in moist rich soils of Honduras, and the * flowered mahogany :: growing in rocky soils in the same country and in San Domingo and Cuba. The Herbarium specimens of the * Comino" received from Mr. Gordon proved to be an undescribed Zawrinea, which was described in the Kew vind rt 1894, p. 7, as Aniba perutilis, Hemsl. Evidently, however, the n “Comino ” is not restricted to this species of A niba * Andes de A Sequi, Medellin, Ke Loup. " "phis has b sal large broad leaves, and is distinguishable at a glance from Aniba per rutilis. Specimens of the timber of “ Comino liso” and “Comino crespo,” sent by Mr. Gordon, at the same time as the Herbarium specimens, are in the Kew Museum. u 82475. 1375.—7/94. Wt. 45. A 188 The following Report and correspondence furnish all e ES so far available in regard to the valuable Camino tree h hitherto Y cero received little or no notice outside the country in which they gro U.S. Cossurag Rerorts, December 1892, pp. 614-615. Tur Comino Tree or COLOMBIA. By parcel post I forward a small box made of * Comino crespo,” containing seeds of m beautiful poc which, I presume, does not exist in the United State Sean makers, and po esses some exco piiodal properties, not oii for high-class furniture, but for building purposes. ‘The common kind of Comino is — much appreciated for house building, its merit being that it is a perfect proof against all wood-destroying insects so prevalent i in this part of Colombia. It is a well-known fact that all kinds of timber used for building purposes in this country are oa and destroyed im stand strong and gm nged for ages, and is unaffected by either insects; water, soil, or clim There is nerw kind of Comino wood, having the same properties as above deseribed, but commanding a very high price and used mostly for veneering purposes. It is of a bea utiful dark and light undulating colour of a yellowish tortoise-shell appearance, as will “be seen by the small box I send with the seed. High-class furniture veneered. with this kind of Comino, called here “ Comino cr espo,” presents a magnificent appearance, always bringing a high price if well worked and properly finished. This tree is especially g grown in the department of Antioquia, and also serves as a handsome ornament to à country place. You will likewise find inside the box of seed some aps which I have picked from some plants in my eountry home. he Comino above described can be successfully cultivated at a temperature of between 18? and 20? C. I have no doubt but that if it can be cultivated and acclimatized in the United States, this beautiful and wonderful tree will be a great and an important acquisition to the American wood-workers. ne fully developed tree of Comino ean yield 400 pieces a at follows : 200 boards 9 feet long, 10 inches wide, by 1 inch thick, and each of them can be sold for $1. 20; * 200 girders 9 feet long, 4 inches wide, 3 2 inches thick, and each is sold for $1. Besides, the branches of the tree are utilised for small columns for windows, and for other purposes, and the very thin ones for fvel, although it burns very badly, yielding a great deal of sm The Ra tree is not the Sandalo citrino of Ceylon, Brazil, and China, as is believed by some. (Signed) Luctano Santa MARIA, , Vice-Consul. United States Consulate, Medellin, August 16, 1892. ————Ó a 189 Mn, Vicr-Consvy, Gornon to Royan GARDENS, Kew, British Vice-Consulate, Medellin (Colombia), Sir, 25th September, 1893 TING under instructions dated 19th June 1893, from Her sty’s "Minister in Bogotá I have the honour to advis se, having rath s through the British Vice-Consul in Barranquilla, to your address one small box peatktivieis AGAR leaves, branches, and bark from the tree n here as i Comino,” as per statement enclosed. Of this Comino tree there are two kinds which are ope i in this sa y, or rather in this part of Colombia where there exists an insect called by the name of * Comejen," which perforates and destroys all kinds of wood, except the Comino. Of the two kinds of Comino, one is called “Comino liso,” or plain Comino ; the other is called here * Comino crespo, omino of a shaded appearance. — former is used for building Sus poses, the latter for veneering furnitur 1 kinds are identical in so far as the tree is concern ned. The me. me that it is due to a disease in the tree, or in the roots of the tree, that makes the wood shaded or of a wavy appearance and most beautiful for veneering purposes. e plain Comino is found in abundance in the forests, but the * crespo " or fancy wood is rather scarce. I will be pleased to get any other information you may need. Iam, &c. 'The Director, (Signed) WILLIAM GORDON. ew Gardens, London. à; CCCXCIV. TTD PRODUCTION OF CITRIC CID—( Continuation). he Kew Bulletin, 1894, pp. 103-108, an account was given of the artificial production of citric acid from a sugar solution by growing in it a fungus, one of the “moulds.” ‘Che discovery was regarded as of more en “theoreti interest, as it might affect t important cultural industries in the south of Europe and in the West Indies, where the lemon and lime wi largely grown for the production of citric acid from the juice of their fruits. The subsequent history of the dis- at p aiek to show “ that difficulties have been encountered which ust be overcome before — can be any real question of the com- ki i utilisation of the proce In a letter, dated the és May 1804, received from Dr. H. A. Alfo Nicholls, F.L.S., of Dominica, where the question of the artificial manufacture of citric sey is regarded with gr ma anxiety, the following opinion is quoted from Messrs. - YS hema Burbidges & Co., the weli- known wholesale pharmacists, of London * Artificial Citrie Acid.—We do not consider that you need be under the slightest apprehension ‘concerning this article. It has sad cert: ainly, but more as a scientific experiment, and, so far as we an judge, is not likely to become an item of commerce. fr that the discovery menaces the lime fruit industry at present ; and, A 200 us we have already d we do not believe that an artificial wil ever supersede the natural acid The followiny official correspondence has been received on the same subject : —- COLONIAL Orrice To Royat Garvens, Kew. Downing Street, SIR, June 23, 1894. I AM directed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to iransmit io you, with reference to your letter of April 19th last, the accompanying copy of a despatch from Her Maiesty’s Ambassa dor at Berlin, addressed to the Earl of Kimberley, respecting the artificial inoipoten of ip acid at the Manufactory of Chemical Products at nn, in Alsac The Direc (Signed) ME HL Maps. Royal € Eai Kew. Her Masesty’s AMBASSADOR AT BERLIN TO THE FOREIGN OFFICE. My ES Berlin, — 13, 1894. reference to your Lordship’s despatch, 9, Commer- cial, of We 28th April last, I have the honour to state pm " according Products at Thann, in Alsace, in the artificial production of citric acid. a Director of that establishment states that the result of these experi- ents increases the prospect of u eae success, but that certain difficulties have been encountered which must be overcome before there can be any question of the mercantile dinis of the process in question. I have, &c. The Earl of Kimberley, K.G., (Signed) E. B. MALET. &c. &c. &c. - CCCXCV.—SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE TO THE FLORA OF BRITISH INDIA. This note contains references to be added to the Flora of British a: rom the paper of RorrLER amd WirrpkNow, 1803, for which w are indebted to Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.R.S., and Dr. Sta tapf. The German Missionary Rottler travelled from ier uy 24 Sept. 1799, to Madras, and returned to Tr anquebar 16 Jan.1800. He wrotean account, noticing about 250 plants, giving descriptions sof the new species and of one new genus, which was published in Neue Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin IV. {1803} pp. 180- 2: 4, tab. /7I.-V., by Willdenow; who added a Er cg of his own, ontaining improved diagnoses, new names, &c. s paper is not in the Kew Library, and Mr. Daydon J ackson, the PETA of the “Index Kewensis," knows of only two copies in England. 201 This is the oldest account of a botanie collection -— excursion in I and the names in it have priority over those even in Roxburgh’ s Bengalensis. But Rottler's paper not being E i the RE Mone of it in the Flora of British India were made at second hand, and the present list has therefore been prepared for reference. In De Candolle's Prodromus, from which the citations are usually made, their source is given in the latin form, equivalent to the German title, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Berol. which is ‘likely to be confused with the Nova Acta Phys. Medic. Acad. Cesar. Leopold-Carol. Nature Curiosorum, the other German quarto journal of the period. Rottler’s Herbarium came into the possession of Kew from King’s College, London, in 1872, and it contains many of the identical plants collected on Rottler’s journey in 1799-1800 rege hong and Tranquebar. The names of Rottler, cited in the a of British India, are thus generally right, while the ia i is a oen wrong. In the following list of corrections we have marked (!) against the names where we have found the "gis e plant of Rottler at Kew regards the genus Suregada, Bentha m [in Benth. and Hook. f. TÉ ER iL 324] while giving the correct Ponga to a = Suregada, nomen tantum, and therefore takes up the much late me Gelonium. But the fact is that the description of po End Sagadi by Rottler is full and good, and the name Suregada is accepted by Baillon. Only those plants of Rottler and Hiper edo = ego upon hicha correction or addition is to be made Flora es British Tudia but the grasses not'being yet published a are an cite bnt de odoratissimus, Æ. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i r 54, Uvaria esculenta, Hottl. et Willd. in Neue ji IV. p Capparis zeylanica, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. I. p. 174. C. rotundi- folia, Rottl. et Wild. ! in Neue Schriften, IV. pp. 185-6. Tamarix gallica, Linn. FI. Brit. Ind. Y. p. 248. T. indica, Willd. ! in New Schriften, IV. p. 214. pris ipei amos Fl. Brit. Ind. 1. p. 249; Rotti. in Neue Schriften, IV. p 4. Pavo deum Ha a ; Fl. Brit. Ind. J. p. 331. Hibiscus mori- pum Rottl. et Willd. !: in Neue Schriften, IV. s 209 and 212. Grewia tilimfolia, V«Al.; FL. Brit. Yd I. p. 386. G. arborea, Deren: ex s Rottl. in Neue Schri iften, IV. p. 2 Grewia "enger Rottl. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. Y. p. 386; Rottl. in Neue Schriften, IV 105. Grewia villosa, ase Fl. Brit. Ind. Y. p. 388; Willd.! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 2 Erythroxylon monogynum ;JU. Brit. Ind. 1. P 414. E. areolatum, Rottl. in Neue iris iV. p. 220, not of Linn Reinwardtia trigyna, Planch.; Fl. a rag i. 412. Linum ? Bm Rottl.! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 199 Biophytum sensitivum, D.C,; Fl Brit. ind. I. p. 436. Oxalis sensitiva, L. 202 Chickrassia tabularis, A. Juss.; Fl. Brit. Ind. Y. p. 568. -Cedrela odorata, risig; in Neue Schriften, TV. p. 198. Salacia prinoides, D.C. ; FT. am ie I. p. 626 ; Tonsella prinoides, Willd. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. Vitis repanda, 77. et AM SF n it. Ind. I. p. 648. Cissus indica Rottl. et Willd. in Neue Se shriften, IV. p. 183. (See W. et A; Prod. p. 125.) Allophyllus Cobbe, Blume ; Fl. Brit. Ind. I. p. 673. A. racemosus, Rottl. ! in Neue Schriften, YV. p. 219 has priority. Buchanania angustifolia, Roxb. ; FI. Brit. Ind. II. p. 23. Spondias simplicifolia, Z?ott/. ^ in Neue eis IV. p. 187. Odina Wodier, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. II. p. 29. O. pinnata, Rotel. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 209 in Obs. "This being only a nomen nudum d not be given priority. talaria hirta, Willd.; FL Brit. Ind. II. p. 70; Willd. in Neue Scbnften IV.p.217. We have failed to find the name * C. pilosa, Rotti.” in Rottler's present paper. Crotalaria medicaginea, Lamk. ; FI. Brit. Ind. 1L, p. 81... C. foliosa, Willd. in Neue cs the DVisp 217. Indigofera foliosa, Aottl. in Neue Schriften, IV. p E Titiisirun mand, s Fl. Brit, Ind. IL p. 82. Roit: n Neue Schriften, IV. p. 223 t un laria orai, im dg Brit. Ind. lI. p. 83; Rottl. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 2 Pseudarthria viscida, ; FE TE Ind. II. p. 154. Glycine viscida, Willd. in Neue ‘Sc itn IV. p. 2€ Rhynchosia rufescens, D.C.; Fl- Brit. Ind. II. p. 220. Glycine rufescens, Willd. in Neue Sehrifen IV. p. 222. Hedysarum rufesecns, Rottl. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 2 chosia aurea, D.C.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ll. p. 221. Glycine Pis Willd. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 218. Hedysarum aureum, Koenig ex Rottl.in Neue Schriften, IV. & 218. Rhynchosia suaveolens, D.C.; FL Br — im p. 221. Hedy- sarum venosum, Z?ott/. in "Neue peius TY. p. Rhynchosia densiflora, D.C. ; FI. Brit. = p. 226. " Hedysatum pynetatum, Ziottl. in Neue Seheifien, EV.'p.223. Pterocarpus Marsupium, Z7oxb.; FI. Brit. Ind. M. i» 2850. Fi. flavus, Rottl. in Neue Sehsiftum, IV. p. 188, non Lour. (We are I unable to reduce Pt. ? furvus, Roxb. ea Rottl. in Neue Schriften, LY. 204.) Cesalpinia digyna, /?otz/. ; i 7. Brit. ms II. p. 256; Rotti. et Willd. ! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 200 t C. oleosperma, Roxb. ex Rottl. in Neue Schriften, IV. s 200. (Mim nosa paniculata, Ztottl. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 214, not of Willd. ? We cannot reduce this.) Acacia tomentosa, Willd.; FI. Brit. As IL p. 294. Mimosa fomenigdn, Rottl. in Neue Schriften, iV. p. 2 Acacia ucophlea, Willd.; Fl, Brit Ind. II. p. 294. Manos alba, calis ex er Rott. and M, ferruginea, Rottl. in Neue Schriften, IY, 208, 208 Acacia Sundra; D.C. ; FI. Brit. Ind. u p. 295. Mimosa Chundra, . Roxb. ex Rettl. in Neue Schriften, 1V. p. 207. Lumnitzera drove Willd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. Il. p. 452; Willd. in Neue Schriften, IV. a? 187. Jussiewa racemosa, Willd.! in Neue Schr iften, IV. D. 1 Cucum nu Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ll. pi 619. Bryonia callosa allots by typogr. error) Rottl.! in Neue Schriften, Ly. p. 210. Cephalandra indica, Naud.; VFI Brit. Td- di p. 621. Bryonia aleewfolia, Willd. / in Neue eg i d Rhynchocarpa fetida, Schrad. ; FI. Brit. T IL p.627. Bryonia rostrata, Kottl, et Willd.! ia Nowe Schriften, TV. p. 212. Cor loe epigza, Hook. f. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. II. p. 628... -Bryonia epig, Rotil. et Willd. ! in Neue Schriften, 1V. p. 223: nthema crystallina, Vahl.; Fl. Brit. Ind. II. p. 660. T. Tiera Rottl.! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 181. Oldenlandia brachiata, Wight; Fl. Brit. Ind. III. p. 66. O. pusilla, Rottl. ! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 216. Hedyotis attenuata, Willd. in Neue Schriften, iV. p. 216. Randia dumetorum, Lamk.; FI. Brit. Ind. III. b: 110. Gardenia stipularis, Z?ottl. et Willd. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 182. Canthium didymum, Gaertn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. III. p. 182 ; Gaertn: Fruċt. lI. p. 94 t. 196. Weberi cymosa; Ztottl. ! in ja Schriften IV. p. 188. Canthium cymosum, Pers. Syn. I. p. 200. Spermacoce hispida, Lin Fl. Brit. Ind. III. p.200. | S. hirta, Roitl. ! in N eue Schriften, iv. p. 195. Jas rigidum, Zenk.: Fl. Bri i dut. », 598. J. euspi- avn Rote et Willd.! in Neue Schrigten, IV. p. 192 has priority. Wrightia tinctoria, Br.; Z7. Brit. Ind. lI. p. 6583. Nerium tinctorium, Roxb. ex Rottl. in Neue Schriften; IV. p. 19S; Sarcostemma intermedium, Dec Fl. Brit. Ind. IV. p. 97. ee u pe viminale, Rotti. in Man Schriften, IV. p. 1888, not of Lin aet uan; Sweet; Fl. Brit. Ind. IV. p. 190. Convolvulus malabaricus, Rottl./ in Neue Schriften, IV. pp. 211 et 216, not-of Linn. pomea coccinea, Linn. ; FAS Brit. Ind. IV. p-199. T pts Roxb.ex Rottl.! in Neue t Serien, IV. p.197. I. angularis, Willd. / in Neue Schriften, IV. p Ipom obscura, Ker; 77. Brit. € IV. p. 207. Convolvulus gemellus, Rottl. in Neue Reis 1V.2 mb ch, Ind. IV. p. 209. Convolvulus rugosus, E] ! in Neue i i a pa pp. 196 et 212, Ipomea pilosa, Sweet; Fl. Brit. Ind. IV. p. 213. Convolvulus pilosus, "Rot et Pitta: in Née Schriften, IV. p. 196. Ipomoa palmata, Zors&.; FL Brit. Ind. IV. p. 214. hept: iphylls Rott. et Willd. in Neue Schriften, LV. p. te actin ulus P: peruviana, Li PL Bht. Ma. IV. p- deis Ph esculenta, Roxb. ex ey ced in Note Schriften, IV. p. 197, 3 204 Limnophila polystachya, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. IV. p. 269. Stemmodia aquatica, Willd. ! in Neue itio IV. p 213. opatrium nudicaule, Ham.; Fl. Brit. Ind. IV. p. 274. Gratiola nudicaulis, Rottl. et Willd. ! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 193. epidagathis cristata, Willd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. IV. p. 516. Acanthus cvm Koenig ex Rottl.! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 204. ticia fv p 3 "hes Fl. Brit. Ind. IV. p. 529; Rottl. in Neue Schriften, 1 maiis communis, Nees ; FI. n A IV. p. 541. Justicia ena: Rottl. in Neue Schriften, LV. p: 2 riva leptostachya, Juss.; FI. Brit. In IV. p. 565. Verbena Forsknelii, Rottl. in Neue Schriften 1 EV. p: Vitex alata, Heyne ; A pk Vs X ee V. alata, Willd. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 208. A. "eques Rottl. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 203, whioh name should be taken Ocimum adscendens, Willd. ; Fl. Brit. jue 1V. p. 609. O. verti- pnus Rottl.! in Neue Schriften, IV. p.2 a patula, Willd, ; Fl. Brit. Ind. TE p.716; Willd. in Neue Schrift IV. p. 198. C. glauca, Rotti. in Neue Schriften, IV. " Euphoria glaucescens, Willd. (i.e., E. rosea, Rottl. not of Retz) in eue Schriften, IV. p. 183. Not taken up in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. Bossier, in Di C. Prod. XV. part 2, p. 116, reduces it to E. Gerarda, Jacq. , which appears doubtful. | : c aem dim prem. Klein ; pU Brit, Ind. V. p. 415. A. capitata, Willd. ! in Neue Schriften, p. 220, which name has priority. A. tomentosa, Willd. in Neue Sot bes IV. p. 220. Mallotus ori Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. V. p. 442. Croton. repandum, Rott Mallotus rhamnifolius, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. V. p. 440. Croton DAS Willd. ! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 190. Croton nervosus, Rottl.! lonium, 77. Brit. Ind. V. p. 458, is Suregada, Roxb. ex Rottl. ! in Neue Sei boa V. p. 206, and G. multiflorum, A. Juss., G. lanceola- tum, Willd., and G. glomerulatum, Hassk. (Fl. Brit. Ind. V. pp. 459- 460) must be replaced by Suregada avuftiflors, Baill., S. angustifolia, Baill., and S. glomerulata, Baill., respectively. Ficus heterophylla, Linn. f.; FT. Brit. Rin V. p. 518. F. repens, Rottl. et Willd, in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 208. Cyanotis papilionacea, Schult. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, p. 384. Trades- cantia cristata, Rottl. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 246. Cyperus nitens, Hottl/ in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 193 is C. Tene- riffee, Poir. Cyperus corymbosus, Aottl./! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 215. The plant collected December 31st, 1799, is C. tegetum, Bask but other species are marked ** C. corymbosus” in Rottler’s herb. propr. Cype astigiatus, Rottl.! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 210. The plant rictu December 30, 1799, is C. exaltatus, Retz, but other speci- mens ao X fastigiatus ” jn herb. Rottl, belong to C. par us, Roem. et S. 205 _ Cyperus oar Rottl.! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 193. The plant collected March 4th, 1800, is C. cephalotes, V'aAL, but other specimens in herb. Rottl. belong to Mariscus dregeanus, Kun th. Scirpus plantagineus, Kottl.! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 181 is Eleocharis plantaginea, R. Br. Scirpus brevifolius, Rottl. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 190. Scirpus capillaris, Rotél. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 222 is doubtless the common Sc: capillaris, Willd Panicum prostratum, Lam. ZU. I. p. 171. P. repens, Burm. var. alt., Rottl. / in Neue Schriften, IV 199, Pani repens, Linn., Sp. Pl. ed. II. p. 87. P. ischwmoides, Rottl. i in a Ne eue Schriften, ‘IV. p. 183. Panicum miliare, Lam. Jil. p. 173. P. Meneri, Koenig ; P. miliacei var., Toti. / in Neue Schr iften, IV. p. 183. Panicum ee L. P.nervosum, Rottl. / in Neue Schriften, iv. $i Anes anguinale, Z. var. ciliare, Parl. P. adpressum, Willd. D T. erien Rottl. yi in oe Schriften, IV. p..193. Panicum neesianum, W. et A., Cat. 2040; Steud., Gram. p. 94. miliaceum, ‘ var. glumis coloratis. Radices repentes, » Rotil. in Neue Sehr iften, IV. p. 194. Panicum cimicinum, Retz. ; Hottl./ in Neue Schriften, IV. pp. 191 and 194. Te venir fluitans, etz. P. brizoides, Rottl.! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. vi ont -a compositus, Foem. et Schult. Panicum, P. composito proximum an P. aristatum, Retz., Rottl.! in Neue Schriften, IV, p. 224. Setaria glauca, Beauv. Panicum glaucum, Rottl. / in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 193. Usine corymbosus, Gaertn. f. Carpol. III. p. 4 t. 181. Rott- boellia corymbosa, Rottl.! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 183. The Kew specimen of this from Rottler's herbarium is accompanied by two labels, one containing the name “ Rottboel: corymbosa,” the other the note * Kinangu Tam. Ein Rohr, so zum Decken der Haeuser gebraucht wird. Bei Tattenür. Rottboella corymbosa. R. punctata Retzii Obs bot. 3, p. 12.^ Both labels are in Rottler’s handwriting. ottboellia M eie Benth. Manisurus Myurus, Hottl./ in Neue Trein IV. p.1 Eremochloa - muricata, sod JEgilops ciliaris, Koenig ex Rottl. in nu Schriften} iV. p.2 dropogon aciculatus, Willd. in Neue bay ues IV. p. 207, in rn A. Gryllus, Rottl. ! in Neue Schri Phere | is no specimen at Kew from pes Redhills, the locality dd by Rottler, but other ecco of an earlier, as v de as a later, date are partly A, Gryllus, L., and partly A. aciculatus, Retz veg am Schoenanthus, Rott/. in er Schriften, IV. p. 207. n 4 pee Linn, f. A. asperum, Rottl. in Neue Schriften, Tv. p. 210 206 Aristida depressa, Retz ; Rottl. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 195, Milium tomentosum, Koenig ex Rottl. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 220. We have not found Rottler’s specimen, but a plant of Wallich’s Heb ium, No. 8695 A., named * Milium tomentosum, Hb. Heyne,” agrees with Rottler's diéocriptioió This, however, is Panicum subeglume, Trin. Sporobol coromandelianus, nun: Agrostis coromandelina, Rottl.! in Neue Schriften, IV. p. Enteropogon melicoides, Nees. pre e eer Koenig, an ee io ? fottl. in Neue Schriften, IN. p. 211. um lax — R. Br. Andropogon nervosum, Rottl. in Neue Sine ty IV p 21 Melanocenchris Perrottetii, Jaw? et Spach. F'ommereulia monoica. Gracilea wong "i did ex BRottl. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 218. agrostis Nees in T Cat. n. 1780. Poa nutans, Rottl. ! in News Schriften, IV. pp. 182 and 195. P. cernua, Willd. Lep seli in n Eragr — Link, var. riparia, Stapf. ts “Age ‘ia, Willd. E ciliaris? Rottl. ! in Neue S ek cde en, IV. p. 185. Eragrostis E ini. vepres E. riparia, Ste seer a Beauv. Poa «es Koenig ex Rottl. in Neue. Schritte Ren, IVap. Eragrostis major, e Poa polymorpha, Koenig ex Rottl. in Neue Schriften, IV. p. 194, probably belongs to this species; No. 3828 B. of Pisa herbarfum [Poa polymorpha, Koen, Hb. Heyn.] certainly E ostis coromandelina, Trin. Poa coromandelina, Koenig ex Rottl. in Neue Schr riften, IV. PP. 191 and 195. Poa bifaria, Willd, l.c. ‘There are various specimens of this species at Kew from Rottler’s herbarium, but not collected ree September 24 and October 7. CCCXCVI.—CULTIVATION OF VANILLA IN TAHITI. Tahiti Vanilla was briefly noticed in Kew Bulletin, 1892, p. 2 The following further information respecting the éultivatitin of racine in the island of Tahiti has lately been published in a Foreign Office Report, prepared by Mr. Vice-Consul Brander, No. 319, Miscellaneous Series 1894 « The salitan of vanilla has been carried on in the island of Tahiti for several years, but is limited to a few districts only, that o Papara supplying more than half of the quantity sent into the market. * Mode of Cultu The native mode of culture is, as a rule, simply to plant the Dueh tg the vine under the shade of trees, and then to leave. them to grow and twine round supports as best. they can. Occasionally attention is paid to keep the vines trained round the trees and to prevent them from attaining a greater height than 9 feet, so that during the inoculating season the flowers may be reached without difficulty. “Shade, though not dense, is absolutely necessary during the growth of the vanilla vine to ensure a successful crop-of beans. About one year from. the time of planting the vine commences to flower, and the 207 inoeulation, which then takes place, must be carefully attended to; this is generally carried out by women and children Whos se light h nds are best suited for the delicate operation. In from six to nine months from the time of inoculation the bean will be ripe for ZEE ng and curin “ The native method of curing is to keep the beans alternately indoors rolled in eloths, and outdoors during the day spread on mats exposed to the sun, for periods of three or four days at a time, until they are dried and ready for -€ market. The disadvantage, by drying on mats in the open, of having beans frequently wetted and deteriorated in value by sudden over before there is time to get them under cover, has made itself apparent to many native planters who now dry their vanilla in boxes with glass covers similar to those used at the Temarua jupes. in the district of Papara, which is under foreign managem * In this plantation great attention is paid to a is plants, and keeping the ground clear from weeds ; the vines are "trained on we seleeted supports ; and the process of iddldiatiod] is invariably carefully attended to. It may here be remarked that low prices in the market one season may render the native planter so indifferent to his interests that his plantations may be left entirely neglected the following year, the flowers even not being inoculated. ‘ These le naturally = to the advantage of the Temarua p'anta- tion, thoug om steady and goo management its crops invariably command the highest aes in nthe market. * Curing.—The boxes used for curing the beans are made of iid wood with glass covers, and measure 6’ x 4’ x 2'in depth. They are usually filled three-quarters full, the beans S iE placed on a blanket bottom of each box and covered with a double thickness of blanket at the RP. The glass lids are then put on, and the boxes exposed to the sun for about 15 days, when the beans are generall Aus. to ba sufficiently sweated to admit. of their removal to the drying te =} 10 « This building is constructed throughout of corrugated iron, and contains three tiers of wire shelves. e beans are laid on the top tier first, then they are anA to the second and third in succession as they gradually dry, and remain on the latter until they are perfectly dry x fit for the market. * Area and Cost of Cultivation.—The Temar ua plantation consists of 23 hectares, about 51 acres; 3 hectares of which have been newly planted, and will soon be bearing. The planting of these 3 hectares has cost the proprietor 105 dol., or 35 dol. per hectare, and when the crops are ready for picking they may be valued at 2,500 dol. “ Expenses.—The annual expenses of a plantation of this description, with an experienced foreman receiving 1,000 dol. per annum, amount to about 2,000 dol. “ Crop.—The crop —— Lim 100 kilos. to 200 kilos., and in some - cases to 300 kilos. per hectare per annum; an averag e, therefore, of 150 kilos. would give the Steal 3,450 kilos. per nun. and the average price being 2 dol. per kilo., he may ealeulate on a clear profit of 4,900 dol. ie average this year has, however, fallen very much short of preceding seasons, owing to the continued rain. * Quality.—'The Tahiti vanilla is inferior, to that of Mexico, Bourbon, and Mauritius, and this drawback is n iot improved by the careless manner in Which the native, and even the European, dries and ties his bundles of beans for export, 208 * Evports.—The exports for the past 10 years has gradually increased, the United States being the principal market; small quantities are, however, from time to time sent to France and Englan d. TABLE showing the Export of Vanilla during the years 1883-92. Year. Quantity. » Value. Year. Quantity. | Value. | £ 1883 x - | 2,726 818 is - | 12,569 | 5,028 isi -o 9 42] SEM 1,636 1889 - -|-8,789 | 1,158 1885 ‘ - | 4,919 1,475 1890 > Š | 15,882 3,248 1896 - - | 8,408 2,522 198i <á | 24,585 | 7,456 1887 4 -| 7,610 3,044 "NM - — d 25,560 | 4,418 In the United Consular Reports for February 1894, p. 265, the D peii. additional information is furnished respecting Vanilla in “ Vanilla beans have decreased greatly in value during the past two years, owing to the Srey oe of the San Francisco market. During the month of December they enhanced slightly in value; but no marked improvement can be cet and,in my opinion, none will be realized until the 15 tons of ET vanilla in San Francisco are sold. America is the largest market for the Tahitian vanilla, and all grown on this island finds a market dandi wal perhaps the exception. of about one ton, which is sent to other countries. This year there were exported to all countries 25, 560 pounds of vanilla, valued at $28,599." CCCXCVII.—VANILLA AT FIJI. An account of vanilla cultivation at Tahiti is already given. It appears that in another group of the Polynesian Islands, now under British rule, the same cuitivation has been introduced, and it bids fair to become thoroughly established. The infant industr y owes much to the encouragement given to it by the praiseworthy efforts of the Governor, Sir John Bates Thurston, K.C.M.G. The successive steps taken in the matter are set forth. in the following correspondence which has passed between the Colonial Office and this establishment :— CorowrianL Orrice to Royat GARDENS, Kew. Sin, Downing Street, November 7, 1891. I am directed by Lord Knutsford to transmit to you a copy © Despatch from the Governor of Fiji, forwarding a box stated to contain a sample of the last vanilla crop, and requesting an opinion on its value and rot sours as to the best mode of preparing it for the European . 209 His Lordship would feel obliged if you would be good enough to meet Sir John Thurston’s wishes in this respect. I am, &c. The Director, (Signed) R. H. MEADE. Royal Gardens, Kew. [ Enclosure. | Sir J. B. THURSTON to Lorp KNUTSFORD. oiu No. 69.) Government House, Suva, Fiji, Mx September 14, 1891. Despatch, No. M of the 16th February 1891, upon the planting prospects of the Colony, I had the honour of adverting ng, paragraph 17, to the culture of vanilla, and expressed my intention of taking measures for curing, upon the most modern methods, such 8 8g. Ul vanilla as might be grown by planters in this neighbourhood. 2. It affords me pleasure to state that since writing that Despatch, Mr. Leslie E. Brown, one of the leading residents of this port, has taken up the subject with much energy, ai upon his own account built an oven for the purposes intended by m 3. With the aid of an expert, who is a mis of Mauritius, Mr. Brown has succeeded in curing the last rs crop in a manner which I can regard only as highly successful, “though I do not doubt ier with increased experience improvement may be looked for. The es at present are only bearing their first crop, and I am given to dida rstand that the first crop is never so fine as those which subsequently follow. 4. Your Lordship is perhaps aware that in a remote and young Colony, such as this, it greatly encourages planters to receive authoritative expression of opinion as to the value of their produc I, therefore, take the liberty of transmitting with this Despatch a capil box, which I have had carefully closed, containing an average sample of the last vanilla crop, and I should feel obliged if your Lordship would move the Kew authorities to favour me with an opinion upon its value, and with any observations as to the best mode of packing it for the European market. is I have, &e. (Signed) 3 Jonn B. THURSTON. The Right Hon. the Saa of State for the Colon Roxar GARDENS, Kew, to COLONIAL OFFICE. Royal Gardens, Kew Sir, November 16, 1891. I am directed by Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 7th instant, forwarding a copy of a Despatch from the Governor of Fiji on the subject of a sample of vanilla tite in that Colony. The sample was duly received . . and it was valued at 4s. to 5s. per pou und. It is vedi that the en should be shipped in a less dry condition, and softer and more fleshy in texture These and 210 © other useful hints are given in the enclosed copies of report from Messrs, Burgoyne, Burbidges,& Co, . , , have, & 1 c. The Hon. R. H. Meade, C.B. (Signed) D. Morris, [Enclosure 1.] Messrs. BurGoynr, Burgers, & Co., to ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. DEAR SIR, Tnt sample of vanilla from Fiji is by far the best I have yet seen from that country, they are well eured and possess a good flavour for that class of bean; if they could, however, be erown more fleshy their appearance would be better and value greater. t the present time, these beans would fetch about 4s. 6d. to 5s. per lb. on this market ; present supplies of vanilla are rather large, and vaiues accordingly low. i remain, &c. (Signed) H. ARNOLD. [ Enciosure 2.] Messrs. BURGOYNE, BURBIDGES, & Co., to Roya. GARDENS, Kew. DEAR Sir, I remain, &c. (Signed) H. ARNOLD. Tn a later account given in the Annual Report of the Governor (No. 97, Fiji, 1894), the following particulars are furnished respecting a sample of vanilla forwarded from Fiji to Melbourne. Messrs. Langton, ns Bros. & Co. wholesale druggists, of Melbourne, report as ollows :— quality now sent, I can see that Fijian vanillas will command a good price and a great sale. Speaking from an experience of nearly 40 upon. T beans are plump and well cured, and are beginning to throw oul splendid crystals. In future consignments it will be necessary to sort - 211 i. vanilias and tin them according to thelr lengths, and care should e taken not to pack the tins too closely.” An account of Vanilla cultivation with hints for fertilising the flowers and curing the pods was given in the Kew Bulletin, 1855, pp. 76-80 (with plate): The other references are as riui rib a collection of vanilla pods in the Kew Museum (No, IL.), 1 977; F; Disease of Vanilla, Seychelles, 1892, pp. 111—120 (with pi ; Vanillas of Vei from Mexico, Bourbon, Mauritius, South America, and Tahiti, 1892, pp. 212-214; Vanilloes, an inferior sort of Vanilla, from Gusdelonys and Martinique, 1892, pp. 214-215; Vanilla in British Honduras, 1893, p. 3 CCCXCVIII.—FLORA OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. Within the last decade Kew has received in the aggregate a con- siderable number of dried eei n this group of islands, ineluding some highly eurious novelties of the more striking of which have been published.* These were collected by Mr. H. B. “Gu uppy and the Rev. R. B. Comins. In Apri e present gre a small collection was received from the same nd. made b he offieers o .M.S. ** Penguin," and communicated by Captain w G. L. Wharton, F.R.S., Hydrographer to the Admiralty. pie of the specimens were spoilt 88; many w Malaya and Polynesia, but there is a resi Mines of sufficient interest to put on record, including a few previously tidenetibed species. SAPINDACEJE. Allophylus littoralis, Blume (Schmidelia littoralis, z .—Malay Archipelago and New Guinea. This is probably a variety of the — spread and visisble A. Cobbe, Blume. Mr. Guppy also collected in the Solomon Islands, where it occurs in the coast region. T NES pores Barringtonia racemosa, Blume.—This very handsome tree is widely aene ranging through Eastern India, Malaya, and Western Polynesia to New —— but this, we believe, is the first record of it from the Solemon Islands MELASTOMACE, Medinilla Mortonii, Hews. n. sp. M. heterophylla: proxime iducden s, differt imprimis novellis hirsutis, foliis tenuioribus opaeis, in ptite re axillaris bracteolis majoribus. Frutex scandens (fide Guppy et Comins), probabiliter —— reet floriferis crassiusculis pravis. Folia ams xe a, vel u omnino deficienti pseudoalt erna, tenuia, fere branacea, in m RRA furfuraceo-hirsuta, minora sessilia vat cunda rotundato- * Annals of Botany, Vols. v. and vi. and Hooker's Jcones Plantarum, Series 4, Vol. iii. 212 cordata, wide majora distincte petiolata, usque 9-12 poll. longa, acute acuminata, basi cuneata vel subcordata, 7-plinervia. Racemi axillares, pauciflori, 2-4 poll. longi, dense furfuraceo-hirsuti ; bracteæ cordato-oblonge vel oblongm, pedice ellos squantes. Flores rosei, oppositi, pedicellati, pedicellis circiter semipollicaribus ; brac- teolæ petaloideæ, albæ, ovoideæ vel ellipticæ, fere pollicares, juxta flores sessiles, et per paria flores solitarios includentes ; calyx truncatus, dense furfuraceo-hirsutus, circiter 2 lineas longus; petala ea circiter semipollicares ; scone! postice longe l-calearate. Bacc a globosa, seminibus numerosissim Fragments of what I take to be the same species as this were collected in the Solomon Islands both by the Rev. R. B. Comins and Mr. i Guppy ; but the description has been drawn up entirely from a specimen collected by the officers of H.M.S. * Penguin," except the reference to the habit and the colour of the flowers. his plant is named after Mr. J. E. V. Morton, Paymaster, R.N., who collected most of the plants herein enumerated. CUCURBITACEÆ. Benincasa cerifera, Savi.— We previously possessed unnamed speci- mens of this from Samoa ; and Seemann collected it in the Fijis, though he did not identify it. It is the Cucurbita pruriens, Solander ; and "it ias a wide range in tropieal and sub-tropieal Asia and Polynesia, extending eastward to the Marquesas. RUbIACEE. Uncaria ferrea, DC. (Nauclea ferrea, Blume ; Uncaria rb apne Benth.).— This is an eastward extension for this plant, which in the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, and is also found in Mew Quin and Australia. It has been alternately placed in Vauclea and Uncaria ; and it has the decidedly imbricate petals and sessile flowers of the former genus, the pedicels developing in the fruiting stage. Bikkia gaudichaudiana, Ad. Br ongn. in Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, i i i on point of New Guinea; and Tahiti; and, assuming the determination to be correct, there are specimens in the Kew Herbarium from Tubuai Island, collected by Barclay, as well as from the Solomon Islands. Brongniart describes several species of Bikkia in the place cited, including one from the Marianne Islands ; but Drake del — (Flore de la Polynésie d and other writers on the Flora o f Polynesia have overlooked them. Bikkia grandi deed Reinw., has been collected in the Solomon Islands by several person Randia coffeoides, Benth. et Hock. f. (Sty dient, m s den ides, A. Gra The Solomon Tslands specimen pees xactly with specimens from Tahiti (Wilkes) ; but the Friendly Island Pig so named look somewhat different, and have dried quite a different colour. Ophiorrhiza rupestris, Hemsl. n. sp. Species ex oe O. Mungo sed minor foliis ovalibus obtusis rotundatis, et Ed ba a miie plus minusve puberulus, 6-12 poll. altus, simplex l ramos Folia breviter petiolata, tenuia, fere membranacea, ovalia Mn ldiconto-ubfongs, eum petiolo usque ad 33 poll. longa, apice rotan- vel 213 data vel obtusa, vel si subacuta nunquam acuminata, basi cuneata vel interdum fere rotundata, subtus pallidiora, venis primariis lateralibus utrinque circiter 6-10 subtus sat stent stipulæ minutissimæ vel obsolet s Cyme terminales, pauciramose, breviter pedunculate, quam o breviores, ebracteate, shiite ola tæ. Flores albi (Comins), anik fere glabri, vix 3 as longi, calycis dentes minuti, ovati, obtusi; corollz lobi oblongi, obi: tubum subzquantes, fauce longe villoso-barbata; stamina styloque breviter exserta. Capsula circiter 3 lineas lata, glabra This was also collected by the Rev. R. B. Comins, who localised it as found on rocks by the seashore. COMPOSITÆ. Blumea Balfourii, Hemsl., n. sp. ilnei similis sed aT paucioribus subduplo majoribus, involueri bracteis numerosioribus exterioribus latioribus crassioribus, acheniis distincte striatis minus hirsutis, pappo albido. It is very difficult to define the limits of the species of Blumea, and the investigation of living plants might xu to combining this with D. Milnei, Seem. (Bot. Vo oy. * Hers ald,” 141, t. 27), for they are oe much alike in foliage. ‘The name of oni A. F. Balfour, „is associated with this plant in recognition of the facilities he aforded for making a ‘bolanieal collection in the Solomon Islands. ASCLEPIADE. Hoya inconspicua, Hemsl., oy Sp. Species foliis anguste TAMEN floribus inter minores propria. Scandens, parasitica, undique glabra, ramis graciliusculis. Folia primaria erorum sepe a Rs tos radiciformes folia ramulorum secundorum valde abbreviatorum ex axillis (?) filamentorum erumpentia seepius ina r eviora, utriuque e a en petiolus circiter 3 lineas longus, sæpe tortus. LAE M pauciflorz, pedunculatze, pedicellis iet 4—6 lineas longis. Flores circiter -5 lineas diametro; calycis segmenta minuta, prati obtusa ; corolla lobi ovati, acuti, apice recurvi, intus, ut videtur, rugulosi; c orone segmenata inflata sursum inata deorsum bifida vel tanis bi ^ n wan pair of leaves ; but the exact nature of their a cannot be determined peste the imperfect specimens we possess CYRTANDRE.E. Boea Commersonii, R. Br.—This is oe from several localities in the New Britain Arthipelago, from North Australia, and from Java ; but Kew E deeem only one vies tm and that is also from the Solomon Islan Epithema, s species PORCH ets there is no doubt concerning the affinity of this plant, the flowers are too rotten for description. u 82451, B 214 ACANTHACEJE, Eranthemum whartonianum, Hemsl., n.sp. E. variabili similis sed majus floribus multo majoribus corolla glabra. erba perennis vel suffrutex 1-2 ped. altus, plus minusve puberulus, veils graciliusculis, Folia distincte petiolata, tenuia, fere mem- branacea, ovato-oblonga vel superiora interdum anguste lanceolata, 21—5 poll. longa, wies nune leviter acuminata, nunc fere rotundata, basi cuneata vel interdum fere rotundata, supra minutissime strigosa, subtus przcipue ie venis puberula ; petiolus gracilis, circiter semi- pollicaris. lores albi (Guppy), 1- lj poll. longi, spicato-racemosi, spicis terminalibus, inferiores cymosi, cymis 2-3 floris distincte pedunculatis, superiores in axillis braetearum subulatarum breviter pedicellati vel subsessiles, supremi interdum solitarii. Calycis puberuli vel subglabri segmenta subula ata, 14-24 lineas longa. Corolle tubus rectus, cylindricus, angustus, apice leviter ventricosus ; limbus circiter 9 lineas diametro, obliquus, antice magis podes segmenta patentia, leviter ingequalia, ovali-oblonga, apice obtusissima vel rotundata; genitalia brevissime exserta. Ca psula glabra, ee ata, citer. pollicaris, supra medium tantum seminifera, 4-sperma, deorsum attenuata, apice stylo indurato coronata; semina pallida, valde compressa, rotundata, BE ves alte rugosa was also collected by Mr. H. B. Guppy, both in Treasury prs Shortlands Islands ; and there is a small cultivated specimen in the Herbarium communicated by Messrs. Veitch, of Chelsea, who repot having received it from the Solomon Islands. Captain W . J. L. Wharton, F.R.S., Hydrographer to the Admirelty, has on encourage botanical collecting by naval officers, especially i in the Pacific Islands, that we have much pleasure in con- necting his name = one of the new —— corr Holy but the venation of the leaves looks very different. E. nigrum, Linden (Ill. Hort. n.s. t. 404) is probably the same as the latter, and is also recorded from the Solomon Islands. PrPERACEJE. Piperis species due indeterminate.—Both of these are plants of an ornamental character, but only sterile branches were collected. The one has cordate, variegated leaves, and the other has broadly ovate, acumi- nate, peltate leaves of a uniform green MYRISTICACEJE. Myristica hypargyrea, A. Gray.—A handsome species previously known from the Fiji dee | Friendly Islands. EUPHORBIACE. Phyllanthus.—A very large-leaved species, of which, psi only male cim" were collected, 215 URTICACES, Ficus species duæ indeterminate.—Only the climbing sterile con- dition. One of them is very much like the familiar F. stipulata, but much smaller. drawn u The Rev. R. B. Comins collected the same € in the Solomon Islands, and the specimens are in much the same condition. ORCHIDE. Dendrobium lineale, Rolfe. —Also ae by Mr. Guppy, and vant are cultivated specimens in the Herbarium r orded from New Gui It is exceedingly near D. veratrifolium, Lidl, and possibly eraen a colour variation. It inhabits the same countries. Dendrobium Goldfinchii, F. Muell. in King’ s Southern Science Record, January 1883, ex descriptione—The same species was conéetid in the ‘Admiralty Islands by the late Professor Moseley, on the voyage of the “ Challenger," and b both Mr. Guppy and the Rev. R. B. Comins had previously collected it in the Solomon Islands. Sir F. Mueller gives no dimensions, and his description is in other respects not quite sufficient to arrive at certainty with regard to the identity. Dendrobium RUN Rich. ?—Also found in the New Hebrides and Eastern Austral Bolbophyllum, sp. nov. ?—1t would require too great an shee of time to determine whether this is one of the very numerous described species of this iun not represented by authenticated cee in the Kew Herbarium rammato phyllum. —Detached flowers only of a marked species. Similar specimens from Mr. Guppy. Spathoglottis Vieillardii, Reichb. f.—New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, and Banda. CCCXCIX.— METHODS FOR FXTERMINATING LOCUSTS IN THE CAUCASUS. The a interesting correspondence is published for general information Foran OFFICE to ROYAL — Kew. n Office, June 15th, niat I Aw directed by the Secretary of "State for Foreign Affairs transmit to you the accompanying copy of a despatch from Her Majesty's s Consul at Batoum, respecting the best methods for exterminating locusts and other harmful insects. SIR, I am, &c. The Dire (Signed) ^ E. GREY. Royal edel Kew. : p2 216 British Consulate, Batoum, My Lorp In view of the importance generally attached in agricultural circles to the question of the destruction of locusts and other harmful insects, such as field cockroaches and grasshoppers, I have the honour to here below, give a summary of certain recommendations that have opinion competent authorities, are best suited for the extermination of suc sects. Many districts of the Caucasus suffer most severely from the ravages annually Nessun by these enemies of the cultivator, and it is hoped that the information contained in the document which is now issued will eas, assist the agricultural moie in the infested distriets to more effectually contend against the scou The instructions minutely set forth. all the distinguishing marks of the above-mentioned insects, and the Ministry recommends the adoption of the following methods for their destruction in the localities whence they id esses viz., (1) by means of burning, (2) by driving into trenches, (3) by eia UM wattled hurdles or stone elici and by catching the insects in bag-nets. In places iets deposits of locusts are discovered as early as the autumn, it is recommended that during that season, sufficient quantities of straw, when available, as well as weeds growing on the fields an steppes, be collected in readiness for use. Towards ¢ evening, the insects are in the habit of gathering in thick swarms, and remain thus crowded together almost without moving until sunrise. When the insects are only a few days old, they are especially disposed to agglomerate in compact swarms, the straw and weeds must then be spread about, the insects will eagerly crawl on to them during the night, and just before sunrise, they ge bs set alight on different sides his mode of cedure is extremely simple and far more practical ger the system piviondy adopted by ploughing in the grubs of the cond method recommended by the ministry, viz., driving into tench 2 eminet more labour, and is effected in the following mann Tea, one foot nine inches wide by two feet four inches deep, must be dug at a distance of ten paces from each swarm of locusts, into ibis the locusts have to be driven and the trenches then Pie up with earth. "The fact that the locusts invariably congregate in large swarms and move in one genera] direction considerably facilitates the driving process. Detailed instructions, illustrated by diagrams, for digging the trenches are embodied in the recommendations issuec The third method, viz., crushing with wattled hurdles, i is recommended for adoption on hard soil and in dry weather, in localities where woods and bushes are plentiful. Strong wooden frames seven feet long by three and a half feet wide, made by nailing together four stout poles, should be used for making the hurdles, and the lower part of the hurdle, i.e., that part nearest the ground, should be closely wattled with stiff and twiggy branches of ivy, &c., the leafy ends of which must extend behind the frame somewhat in the shape of a wide broom; in order to increase e weight of the hurdle, ved or sacks of earth sould be placed on the frames; these hurdles must be dragged ove ground on which: the young and still w wingless locusts are Mae aid by these means they will be effectually destroyed. In places where 217 no woods exist and the ground is hard, it is recommended to employ stone rollers e weno d the locusts, and finally their destruction by catching them in bag-nets is also recommended. n the opinion of the tebe these measures are the most practical of all those hitherto employed. The Earl of Kimberly, K.G., I have, &c. &c. &e. &c. (Signed) P. STEVENS. CCCC.—PRESERVATION OF BOOKS IN THE TROPICS. The care of any considerable collection of books ia a warm country is a much more difficult matter than in a cool one. he following summary of information on the subject is extracted for general in- formation in the Colonies from 7ndia Museum Notes, vol. iii., No. 3 (1894). The preservation of Books from Insects in India. In April 1893 information was called for upon the subject of the tegrates it. The only other insects which have been noticed as causin any considerable damage are white ants (Termes sp.) and c ock tendit (Peri americana, Deg.). rst devours the books wholesale, but are. easily prevented from ening access to them by placin shelves upon the stone insulators commonly in while the second merely deface the bindings, so are of less importanc reatment recommended for use in the ; fibras of the Revenue as benzine collas, into the crevices of the binding, and then shutting up the volume for a few days in a close-fitting box to prevent the escape of the fumes. Books so dealt with to be afterwards sponged over lightly with a very little of the finest kerosine oil, which should be rubbed off renders the books to a great extent distasteful to insects without causing serious injury. It is objectionable on account of the odour of the kerosine oil, but has the recommendation of harmlessness combined i y Particulars have since been obtained, through the kindness of the Superintendent of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Sibpore, of a system which has been adopted for preserving books in that institution. The treatment has been in use for a number of years, apparently without accident, and Dr. George King reports very favourably upon its effects. It consists in brushing the books over with a saturated solution of corrosive sublimate, made ? Pose Dy keeping a iie m nps of the 0 p imum amount may "be absorbed. Great care should of course, be taken in handling the corrosive sublimate on account of its exceedingly poisonous nature, v 218 may be SUM to add that in the Indian Museum Libre where nd are kept in close-fitting glass cases, with a few ounces of haphtblline upon each shelf, little or no damage is caused vy insects. From a note furnished by Mr. apman, late librarian, it appears that the paste used in binding the Indian Museum books is poisoned by adding about half an ounce of sulphate of copper to each Ib. of paste, while books already infested are disinfected by shutting them up for four five days in a close-fitting box of loose ee pn with as much of this substance as possible between the leaves CCCCL— TABLE OILS FROM BEECH AND LINDEN. A fine sample of oil obtained from beech nuts (Fagus sylv pre oe was presented to the Kew Museum by the late Dr. See This sample is still in existence and is of a bright yellow rts: VT closely resembling the finest olive oil. In works | on botany a reference is now US iag pid to develop the rim cali of ‘oil also fidis the lime "d linden tree ( Tilia aaa .)» The particulars are contained in report prepared by Mr. Alfred C. — the U.S. Consul at Stuttgart, and published in edi a ast New Table Oils in Germany. On account of the great expense and difficulty in procuring pure olive oil for table purposes, , there have been many attempts made in Germany to produce from other substances than the olive an oil which, hacia all the Age e that recommend the olive oil, could be sold at a lower EN southern Germany for some years past oil has been produced from the beech nu t has given great satisfaction, but has not come into general use batias the production has been small and the oil has never been pushed on the market. One reason why more has not been done in the A Ud x this beech-nut oil has been the great scarcity of the nut in certain The beech ini jp but 22°77 per cent. of oil, but when the nuts are plentiful, the ease with which they can be gathered, the sud that there is absolutely no other expense except the pressing, and t prices that have been received for the oil have made the sad action of the oil very profitable. Tt is only of late that the seeds of the linden tree have been used for flavour, free from all bitter or aromatic taste, and that it has the eppearan ce of olive oil It belongs also to the oils which do not evaporate. 219 Oil made from linden seed will never become rancid. It has no» tendency to oxygenate. It will stand a great degree of cold without freezing. Dr. Müller has exposed it to 3° F. below zero without being able to notice 2ny change. (Signed) ALFRED C. JOHNSON, Stuttgart, Püprenubar 29, 1893. Consul. CCCCIL—CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES. The following interesting article is reprinted from mà * Standard ” of September 16t , 1893. s a useful and, dot ibtless, c orrect summary in the columns of a daily newspaper. The moral has even more than a two-edged significance. Early vegetables are a luxury of the rich. They can always be produced in lower latitudes for consumption in higher. The enhanced cost principally represents the difficulty and distance of transport for perishable commodities. J = as the shores of the rs w and the Atlantic islands can supply Northern he Wes Euro o the t Indies can, in great measure, supply the great pid ins P communities of North America. This is one questi The other is the extension of intensive cultivation within iie British Isles. It is in vain that England has brought, me cultivation za ican t to a point which yields the greatest er acre import cabbages from Holland, the conditions of competition are sufficiently similar to make it probable that they might be grown at a rofit VA MN And the argument may be extended to other irc uir in the British Isles i eultivation of early vegetables is profitable industry sout 52° isotherm, beyon nd which lies extreme south-west Cornwall, the Seil ly, and the Channel Islands. A correspondence has taken place with the Irish Land Commission as to the possibility of extending the industry to south-west Ireland, the coast of which also lies south of the 52^ isotherm THE ImportTATION OF VEGETABLES. The tourist on the homeward-bound packet aera d the North Sea, the Channel, or hailing from the Mediterranean, cannot fail to notice that vegetable s form a great part of the freight. On ths quays of our north-eastern and southern ports, crates upon crates are always to be hoods of London, or any of the large provincial — the quantity and good quality of aarin vous Ap on costers’ stalls must at once attract attention, omatoes, a comparatively newly-ac quin. ri are to be had for a few pence per pound, and cauliflowers ean be purchased at one-third of the price they fetched a dozen years ago. Moreover, a distinet luxury, once enjoyed only by the very well- to-do appears jn fair quantity. Both last and this year, in all probability for the first 220 time, asparagus has been sold largely on the street stalls. What is more important for every-day wants, is the profusion of potatoes, which find ready purchasers. The question naturally arises, whence comes this constant and seemingly unlimited supply? Is it who olly of home, or partly of foreign production ? It is, indeed, eh worth the answer- -ing. Take, as an instance, to begin with—potatoes. In the middle o May, this year, in the streets, and in the poorest classes of shops, ne tatoes were offered for sale. If anyone 10 years ago had beer that the labourer's wife would be able to purchase such a luxury with her few pence, and yet be buying what she could reasonably atford, it would have been reckoned an utter absurdity. Nowadays it is an undoubted fact. Theround new potatoes in question come from the Mediterranean. ium the end of January to Easter, Malta supplies us with these new ring vegetables. This importation, however, seldom lasts beyond hs middle : of May ; still, while it does, it comes over in considerable bulk. Of the best-class Maltese rounds and kidneys over 800 or 900 casks, cases, and boxes have aga sold at one auction rostrum in one of the best markets in less than a week. At what might be termed e second-rate markets much die same has been the case. These new potatoes, it must be owned, cannot hold their own against dion of fret Aiae supply comes that of Maderia and the Canary Isles. This, be it said, is of far better quality, as is the case with all vegetables bailing from the Canary Islands. But the pick of the early new spring potatoes is undoubtedly that which arrives, vid Paris, from Algeria. In the month of June, from Jersey, are seen in market both rounds and kidneys, in every way equal in quality to those which are grown in the home country. But the short transit must not be forgotten. A cas from Jersey could be easily opened in London within 24 hours. So much for the early foreign importation hailing direct from the Medi- terranean (even occasionally from Lisbon, although of somewhat poor quality), and, not over frequently, viá Calais, and even at times from Havre. tatoes—from Holland, viá Rotterdam —all the eastern ports and the 'Thames are constantly furnished with somewhat omne produce, grown mostly in the neighbourhood of Haarlem. In mber come to hand the excellent - Belgian kidneys, in mauy fep t market, mealy, dry, sweet, and clean. too wa With regard to onions, EAM appears to be wholly dependent upon the stupendous foreign i importatio Thousands of tons sometimes form the consignments in one week to ee ports of London, Goole, Grimsby, Hull, West Hartlepool, and the minor ports of the east coast. At the London auction the totals of 50 kilo bags often mount at one sale to 150 tons, provided prices be fairly good. The supply is as absolutely unlimited as thie demand. Onions are grown in every part t of Germany, from the Baltic to the Danube, many bags even being the 221 produce of Hungary. As to Spanish onions the supply is rapidly increasing, and the price rapidly falling. Cases which not many years ago fetched 14s, 16s., 18s, and 21s. are now a days bought in the market as low as from 5s. to 8s. From Western Flanders, vić Ostend, the freights of the savoury root are small compared = those bags which are br rought vid Antwerp, Rotterdam, and Hamburg. The earliest spring produce, as may be expected, comes wd Paris, from the Riviera. Foreign cabbages are not much valued in our high-class markets. Yet it must be owned that the poor would be badly off indeed for this healthy vegetable if they relied only on the English growth, which, at the earliest seasons of the year, would be quite beyond the for the difference in price between the home growth and the foreign importation, there is much discussion. The retail dealer knows, however, that a cabbage is dese a cabbage, and if it be fairly sweet, there is not much to be complained a The red pickling cabbages find their way to our ports during the month of August, in large quantities, from Holland, vid Rotterdam, as also sees the bulk of the beetroot supply. Cauliflowers produce of our southern counties and parts of Essex. The great Le eran d the cauliflower in the market is due to its rapid growth, a good crop being easily obtained three months after planting out—say, from the beginning of April to the end of June. Imported brocoli, owing to its hardiness and much slower growth, keeps for many months on the market, though never realising great sales. Celery, which is now more than ever in demand, as can be easily seen by the enormous quantities offered for sale on the street stalls, is, in almost all cases, of home growth. Indeed, it is on record that, at odd times, fairly large quantities have been exported to Paris itsclf, our greatest rival in the vegetable market. But of all the vegetable trades, the tomato has, undoubtedly, made the longest strides—a curious exception to the conservative taste of the English poor. Fifteen to 20 years ago working folk had a es aversion to the rosy love- apple, and yet now, cut up raw with onions and eaten with goes ive ix thou cases of the middling class vegetable (it is Pen regarded as fruit in the market) have been knoc n by auction at one rostrum in a few hours. It may be fairly stated that 10, cases are n as against the 1 S or SO the te price of freight is, on the average, 80s. per ton as My cargo, or on deck 35s. or 405. Still it must be owned that owing to the caterpillar scourge of this season the Cape tomatoes have really not had a fair chance of holding their own. 229 In the early part of the year the high-priced endive finds its way into the English market, vid Paris, from. Algeria. That asparagus may be bought on the street stalls by the poor of London is to be accounted for by the fact that the enormous supply which constantly arrives from the Riviera and the south of France generally, and is possibly what might be called market overflow ; still, at the same time, it is a proof of the all cases it is purchased from the Paris dealers. The bundles have tó be packed in open crates or cages, the dainty vegetable absolutely requiring a fresh and sweet air to "prevent its fouling and becoming useless for good market AO nie And the French have reduced packing to a fine art. most aioe ts consideration it is, for if the work be slovenly, without due care being bestowed on it, the goods are sure to be destroyed. G cking is Koiiost as important as good across Channel, the first consignments arriving about the beginning of ay. ‘These are foilowed up by the crops of the Channel Islands, Jersey, and Guernsey, which have to make way for English produce, as a rule, about the middle of June. Spinac , again, arrives both late and early from the Riviera, and is constantly competing with the English produce, Horse radish, to a great extent, reaches us wd Hamburg, packed in onades which are again packed.in hogsheads. 'The demand for this table is much on the increase, anything. hepar is sharp, savoury, or de to the tongue being more and more popular with the poor. Garlic, as might not be » expected, is sold in des tees bulk in Covent Garden Market ; 10 tons have been put up for auction in a single morning, the streng-smelliog »ulb beginning to arrive about the second week in 1 August, in sacks holding from 1 ewt. to 1} cwts., and coming mainly from. Italy, the es of Fran ce, and from Sp in. Lateri n the season the principal ST of shallots is of Dutch [pecca oaia the first early lots mostly come from the Riviera. It may be safely said, then, that all out-of-season vegetables - lettuce, cauliflower, spinach—are of French exportation, arriving, vid Paris, m Afri w is it, then, that we have no direct communication with African growers ? "The reason is that the French guard, or think they do, the interests of their colony with the utmost jealousy, and do their utmost to prevent us coming in mercantile touch with it, The choicest luxuries of the market are, of course, French-Algerian. Even the Russians buy direct from Paris, and every day are ‘ready to give higher prices than can be afford: d by our own dealers. "Take, for instance, mushrooms, at least those intended for table use. ‘They are - distinetly Parisian specialities, the coarser sorts used for pickling and sauce being grown elsewhere. Throughout the Riviera the mushroom growers make a splendid harvest. And the delicate small turnips and carrots, which during the last two or three seasons age so often formed part of our most tasty entrées, are French likewi some reason or other, the French undoubtedly beat us in delicate prodati Our 223 English —— might conceivably produce similar light, stringless, sweet, yet mi — but whe "a pe ean or eannot, they do not do so, or, at least, they are not much to be seen in the London market. Of course w soil of bens 1 is tuer favourable to the rearing of delicate root crops. Even the winter radishes that are brought from there have an exquisite flavour, which is never surpassed by our own growth. Walking through the great vegetable markets, it is impossible not to admit that the best vegetables of all grades are of foreiga importation. The strong, rank cabbage comes from Holland, yet so does the big i We p the rearing of the sapin che of wie m But as regards delicate productions, high-class English cut flowers can hold their own against foreign porta rtations. Why not, then, English vegetables ? Tomato growing has been found to pay; in fact, the En glish tomato reared under ik in is fur indeed from being a failure. As has been said before, the tomato has become a singularly popular food with all classes — the country. As to mushrooms, one or two very small ushroom farms have been started, just beyond the north-western London suburbs, with hardly any capital at all. Yet they are honestly of cheap goods by the exportation of high-class ones. If webuy cheap German cutlery, we sell most expensive English. ‘The same with glass, napery, and hosiery. It has been argued that we have to fight against better climates; but this the dealer tells you is not the case. The French may be a month ahead of us; still, we might hurry on our crops to better advantage than we do. The “English production is but a small item in the market. The English farmer pestle yet he fails to become a market gardener either from lack of business enter erprise, or from ignorance of how to make it pay. The vepe market is by no means creditable to the average English agriculturist. 'The green- grocer’s stockis 10 times as heav vy as it was 20 years ago, yet for almost everything that is in it the dealer he purchases from looks to the Continent for his supply. i CCCCIIL—PRODUCTION OF PURE TURNIP SEED. The following correspondence raises a ques tion of considerable practical importane e. It is published for general information BOARD or AGRICULTURE to Roya. adis Kew. Board of Agriculture, 4, Whitehall ee co S.W. SIR, 19, IAx directed by the Board of Piara to tr ient to you a copy of a letter addressed to this Department, and to state that the 224 Board would be glad to be favoured with any chee you may be able to offer on the subject referred to by pé Dai ig The Director, (Signed) T. H. ELLIOTT; Royal Gardens, Kew, S.W. Secretary. (Enelosure.) (Copy) Woodbine, Upton Park, Chester, Sin, June 4, 1894. AM not sure that I am right in addressing nyalt, to your Department upon the particular subject upon which I am about to write, but if not perhaps you would kindly say to what authority I might best apply or refer me to some reliable printed statement bearing upon the matter. I want some information to confirm or correct impressions of my own upon the question of hybridisation or cross fertilisation. The question may be briefly stated thus. Where Swedish turnips have been kc out to stand for seed crop, will they be “stained” if a crop of, say common yellow turnip (not swedes) was ‘Slowed also to stand ftd bc (and therefore in bloom at the same time as the swedes are) growing upon land contiguous to the surface? It used to be a belief that yo standing for * seed" should be isolated and separated from other Brassicas Ao of which are in flower at the same time) to secure purity of type. JVow in some ofthe swede growing mis I notice swede standing newt to a piece of cabbage, then a field, sa say of common turnips, then say swede again, in consecutive and "uade fields and all in full flower at the same peri On questioning the seed farmer, he tells me recent theories seemed to be advanced that swede and common turnip separated by a piece of cabbage, brussels sprouts, or other Brassica of the cabbage type, were perfectly safe and would not be hybridised. If you would kindly give me your reply or refer me to some standard of recent authority or printed report upon this subject I should be much obliged. Yours faithfully, The Secretary, (Signed) EDMUND J. BAILLIE. Board of Agricultur Whitehall, Tendon Roya Garpens, Kew, to BOARD or AGRICULTURE. Royal Gardens, Kew, Sir, June 20, 1894. Iuave the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter No. 29,526, relative to the hybridisation of plants of swede and common turnip grown from seed. 2. There can, I iini: be no doubt that plants in small numbers of different species or varieties of Brassica would be hybridised and would therefore not produce pure see t appears, however, to be fo und in practice that where these are grown in large, even if contiguous, breadths the amount of hybridisation, if any, is ele gets (Signed) W. T. TgisELTON-DYER. Whitehall, London. 225 CCCCIV.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. The Flora of British India.—Botanists will congratulate Sir Joseph Hooker on the completion of the sixth volume of his great work, the first part of which was published 22 years ago. e enormous amount gaged in similar labour. In this case the difficulties are Pase pices by the very numerous pub icanon dealing with fragments of the India Flora, often from highly divergent views; to say nothing of the literature on the vegetation of the contiguous countries. e collection, collation, and digestion of this immense, scattered literature upon, for since the crei ef Ros Enumeratio, half a century since, there has been no critical synopsis of the plants of this order. Hence = elaboration of tlie India species pene the examination and comparis the species of the world, at least in the case of many of the large ut generally dispersed genera. Clar Cypere The present part carries the work down to the end of the Eon biacec. rican species of Musa.—Musa livingstoniana, Kirk, and proboscidea, Oliver. These two species of Musas belong to the sub- genus Physocaulis of Baker, characterised by bottle- -shaped stems and inedible fruits. M. prises was described by Sir John Kirk, .C.M.G., 9 is n. rn. ix., p. 128, from the mountains of Equatorial Africa. In habit it is o c Marea from Musa Ensete, but the seed is much smaller (only one-third of an inch in diam.), tuber- cled, with a depressed hilum, keat ck by prominent edges. In the there is a necklace of similar seeds brought by Barter from Sierr M. ea, Oliver, is figured and described in ZZooker's Icones Plantarum, i. 1777. The stem is four times the height of a man. The plant is known only from seeds and photographs obtained from Sir John Kirk. Its habitat is poe to be the hills of Ukami, about 100 miles inland from Zanzibar. This species is remarkable for the extreme length of the rachis of the panicle, In Sir John Kirk’s plant this drooped down and eventually become so elongated as to reach nearly to the und. he seeds are about 3 in. long, with only a small hollow at the hilum. M. Seobositifea has not yet been under cultivation in this country. 220 At Kew, M. livingstoniana has barely survived under a variety of treatment, none of which proved successful, for a number of years. It made a fair growth during the summer, but invariably died down during the winter months, finally failing to start again in the spring. Sir John Kirk has been good enough to give the following further information respecting the two plants: — Wavertree, Sevenoaks, Dear THISELTON-DYE J Musa li ien idina J first discovered (but not in flower or fruit) in the Shiré Highlands, where { found the seeds were strung and worn by the women It was not heard of again until a RR collector brought me plants from the Southern Usagara Hills ind Bagameyo, in what is now native bazaars in Zanzibar, where they were used by the Nyassa slave women. It was in getting me these plants that he also brought me ripe nein of the Ensete Banana (Musa Ensete), and with them what proved o be the M. ee which I knew nothing of until it grew up and fruited i in my gar As to the M. Vicar ui you see although we have the plant and know far more of it than we do of the other, we know it only in cultiva- tion in my garden in Zanzibar where, after I had once grown it, it came up abundantly from self sown seed, but whetherit is still there I eannotsay. However I will have a photograph taken off the negative of the plant as grown, which I still possess, and send it out to the lady who now has old garden, and I will ascertain if the plant is still in existence, which is doubtful seeing that it forms no rootstock but comes up always from seed, The onl hope is that the natives (freed slaves) used it as a medicine and were delighted when they recognised it, and so some of the slave population may “have kept it going. Yours, &e. (Signed) Joun KIRK. Monstrous we of Pinus Pinea.---The Kew Museum is indebted to H.R.H. bie Comte de Paris for a specimen of a monstrous develop- ment of a cone in this species, which so far as can be judged from previous published notices is in some respects, un h e which is apparently full dn and normal has produced id its apex a stout leafy shoot, which at first caus six inches long, after severance from the parent tree lengthened to more than a foot and produeed ees branches. The shoot is in fact i in no way the nourishment derived from the cone from which it spra The circumstances are fully described in the Sy ‘letter .— Palacio de Villamanrique, Provincia de Sevilla (Espana) Sm, April 2 Iu in my possession what I consider as a very ‘curious botanical pated and I would gladly present it to the Kew e upper end of It isa ; frondiferous cone of the Pinus Pinea, out of th à t of the which has grown a young tree just as a pine-apple grows ou! 227 crown of that fruit. Generally these ce fall only after having discharged their seeds, This one um on the ground (how, I do not know) with the seeds still in it. It was picked ay in a large Pinar or pine oO 5 o 3! = ie bi 77) e o £z 3 "+ = E ES E et Bm Se d oO "A © "1 un E- e 4 aa 2 os zr = © E Les] took the cone home and left it on a table, about the middle of February. It went on growing for a month, made a stem more than a foot lon with three branches, and even threw out new shoots. Abo ut the end of March, although it was watered, it ceased to grow and died, althoug the needles did not fall and QE bi their colour ieve me, (Signed) PHILIPPE, CONTE DE PARIS. a The Flora of Formosa.—Dr. A. Henry has added to his rich collec- tions of dried plants from Eastern Asia by the gift of a further collection from Formosa, embracing about 1,750 numbers. Dr. Henry has not succeeded in reaching the mountains of the interior, which doubtless, the Herbarium, there is evidently a considerable per-centage of novelties. Handbook of the Flora of _Ceylon.—After an interval of a twelve- the more remarkable plants. The author has wisely altered the mode of publication originally decided upon; having separately paged this part, instead of continuing the pagination from part one. It is, or was, expected that two more volumes of about the same size would complete the work ; but if the proportions of the Orders are about the same as in British India, a fifth will be necessary. Visit of tem bcd of Gold Coast to = West Indies.—On the suggestion of Sir V andford Griffith, .G., it was arranged that Mr. William MB Curator of the Botanic Station at Aburi on the Gold Coast, should visit the West Indies during the winter of 1893- 94. The object in view was “to enlarge his knowledge of the * cultivation of valuable tropical economic plan ts, to observe the system * and arrangements pursued at the segue Stations i in that part of the ** world, and to procure and bring back s eful seeds and plants as € might be of advantage to introduce to the Gold Coast." Mr. Crowther left Éngland on the 11th October 1893, and returned on the 11th January 1894. He was furnished with credentials from the Colonial Office to position to profit by what came under his observation. At Jamaica he saw for the first time large and well-established botanic gardens in the 228 tropies. Besides successful ay epe in sugar, coffee, spices, and fruit, and he was able to judge ar negro labour, well managed and con- ducted, could be utilis ed in v Danta them. At St. Vincent and Grenada he saw Pass stations, like his own, in efficient order; while at Trinidad and British Quiana there were both successful botanie s and numerous tropical industries offering a wide field for observation visited “a number of private estates in each colony, * curing and m esie nig: the produce." Mr. Crowther is satisfied that, flowing the example of Lagos, youths from the Gold Coast should be sent to botanical ostobHshiüents in the West Indies to be trained for Deve in their own country. * On their return," he says, *they would * be qualified to take charge of branch stations which might be z established i in other parts of the Colony, and also to hoid responsible * positions at the chief station at Aburi.” There can be little doubt that Mr. Crowther's visit will be most beneficial in its results to the botanic station at Aburi and the Government of the Gold Coast secures the wide experience and knowledge of an officer who had already shown himself capable of excellent work in the Colony. ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION, No. 92. | AUGUST. [1894. CCCCV.—SPECIES AERA AM VARIETIES OF The tribe JMwsee forms a part of the important Natural Order ScrTAMINEA, which includes numerous economic plants such as Arrow- root, Turmeric, Cardamoms, Ginger, and Cannas. It Strand ated genera, all of interest :— Heliconia, Musa, Strelitzia, and Ravenala. e Heliconias are natives of the New World, and r repre ia in habit the wild Musas of the Old. The Musas tiéssivi include the wild and cultivated bananas and plantains, and are indigenous to the Old World and Polynesia. The Strelitzias are plants with distichous leaves, and their * travellers’-palms,” whose leaves on long stalks irte: like the ribs of a fan are striking objects in many tropical countrie Musas are the largest of tree-like herbs, often icing with the leaves, a height of 25 to 40 feet. ‘They have not inappropria tely hai compared by Meneghini and mi Richard to “ gigantic leeks.” Thes plants can be grown over an immense area of the earth’s raa aud are found either wild or leris from 38° N. lat. to 35° S. lat There are about 40 described species of Musa known (in various parts of the world) and about one- kalf of these are now under igi pei in this country. The edible fruited species seem to have migrated with mankind into all the climates in which they can be grown, and are universally cultivated in the equatorial zone for purposes of shade and food. Le Maout and Decaisne say :— * Bananas and plantains afford d such desirable food that their cultiva- tion is not less important in the tropics than that of cereals and farinaceous tubers in temperate regions n West ae Monteiro (Angola and the Congo, I., 294) speaks ilio of these plan * Bananas and Amer STOW ificentl the rich, moist earth in which they delight is found, 2 A go rear their magnifi- cent leaves unbroken by a breath of air f grove of banana trees thus growing luxuriantly in a forest clearing is one of the most beautiful u 82629. 1375.—7/94. Wt.4 A 230 sights in nature; the vast leaves reflecting the rays of the hot sun from bright green surface contrast vividly with the dark-hued foliage of the trees around, and show off the whorls of flowers with their fleshy, metallie, purple-red envelopes and the great bunches of green and ripe yellow fruit." Burton passed through groves of cultivated plantains in Central Africa during * a whole day's march" ; while Johnston in Eastern Africa regarded * the groves of emerald green bananas every where met with as ma marking the commencement of ps — region. Belt's observations in the New World are :— The banana tree shoots up its ipsam: stem and unfolds its immense entire leaves bial great rapidity ; and a group ot them waving their silky leaves in the or shining ghostly white in the moonlight, forms one of those beautiful sights that can only be seen to perfection in the tropics.” An excellent general account of the plantaiu and banana was given by the late Profe:sor Lindley in Trans. Roy. Hort. Soc., V. pp. 83-84:— he plantain or banana, with which as a tre list pagas is the eruta e consumed by the habitet of the id fro ritious qualities and general use may, niles mds in a raw or ee ien form, be regarded rather as a neces- sary article of food than as an occasional luxury. In equinoctial Asia anc merica, in tropical Africa, in the Islands of the Atlantic and of the greatest diversity of form. It usually i is long and narr ow, of a pale ) yellow or dark red colour, with a yellow farinaceous flesh. But in form it varies to oblong and nearly spherical ; and in colour it offers all the shades and variations of tints that the combination of yellow and red, in different proportions, can produce. Some sorts are said always to be of a bright green colour. In general, the character of the fruit to an European palate is that of mild insipidity ; some sorts are even so coarse as not to be edible without preparation. The greater number, however, are sas in their raw state, and some varieties acquire by cultivation a very exquisite flavour, some of them vertens the finest pear. In the batter” sorts the flesh is no harder than butter is in winter, and has much the colour of the finest yellow butter. It is delicate taste, and melts in the mouth like marmalade. ‘To point (dk all the kinds that are eultivated in the East Indies alone would be as difficult as to describe the varieties of apples and pears in Europe; for the names vary according to the es size, taste, and colour of the fruits." Besides the fruit-yielding Musas there are many species so ornamental that they are surpassed by “few plants admired for their deerat stature and graceful foliage. ‘The largest of these is the Abyssinian Musa Ensete, first described by the traveller Bruce. The ee in fine specimens are nearly 30 feet long and about 3 feet wide. The smallest species is a singularly interesting one recently discovered by Delavay in Western China rie lasiocar pa). There is no apparent stem an the leaves are only a g een these two extreme forms there are numerous V tobati ones, = graceful and attractive, some with bright red flower-bracts. Others, again, remarkable for their mottled or banded leaves, are cultivated fi their beauty. In spite their value as food plants and their wide distribution, Musas havo not 331 by any means been studied carefully, and there is no standard work existing giving an adequate oni gee of their history, origin, and dis- tribution in various parts of t orld, The information respecting them is scattered through numerous boot which are seldom Pree tote except in large libraries paper on Les differentes espécs dans le genre Musa (Bananier), by Dr. Sagot, was published in the Joursat de la Société Nationale d' Horticulture de France, April and May, 1887. Dr. Sagot eta bara Musas (or Bananas as he called them) into three P as follo . The Giant Bananas, of which M. Ensete is the type. In this group no suckers are formed. The fruit is inedible and leathery, seeds few. 2. Fleshy-fruited Bananas, with M. sapientum as the type. Stem ucing suckers ; spike long and decurved ; fruit fleshy and usually edible. 3. Ornamental Bananas. Spike often erect, not pendent, bracts per- sistent, brightly coloured, each with only a few flowers in its axil, suckers many, fruit leathery. M. rosacea and M. coccinea are familiar examples of this group. More recently, in 1893, 4 Synopis of the Genera and Species of Musee, prepared by Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S., was ra in the and several Siruta. Mr. Baker’s paper EA together, for the first he chief are incorporated here. e sub-generic distinctions adopted by Mr. Baker are based on the shape of the stem, the pros of flowers to a bract, the shape of the petal, and the colour of the bract. His divisions, like those of Sagot, are three, and they sini e include almost the same species. DESCRIPTIVE. The stem Pre stem) in Musas usually arises from a perennial rootstock which is made up of a number of successive shoots extending outwards from the original base. The apparent stem arising from eac h eaves Gra Bot. Mag.. t. 3849) had E noticed the growth of the lover of Musas in this conntry“ in 1 He says :—- « "The flower-bud, as I have proved by cutting down full-grown plants of Musa rosacea and Cavendishii, and I think also of M. paradisiaca, ^in PLANTAIN. ; Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca. 4 233 s appearance at the top of the stem "o preceded by the evolution one or more leaves smaller than the re Observations on this point have been d lately at Kew. (1.) A stem of M. sapientum, about 12 months old, was cut down before flowering when nearly, but not quite, fully grown. The whole stem was 15 feet high. Cut ye ae it showed at the base a conical body rising in “the centre about 8 inches above the attachment of the outermost leaves. From the Mies of the cone the flower bud had ; n diameter. The bud itself was found about 4 inches higher. In this case it had evidently just begun to grow. (2.) In a plant of M: Basjoo, apparently fully grown, the conical axis was 10 inches in diameter at the base, invested at that point by a few leaf-sheaths. A foot higher with the stem of leaf-sheaths 9 inches in diameter, the flower stalk was d M. already borne fruit was examined. as about 12 feet high. At à foot above the conical base the fruiting stalk, cut through, was one and three-quarter inches in diameter. It pr reserved the same diameter and was traced as a slender, white, fibrous body, over 12 feet high, closely invested by the leaf-sheaths, until it emerged from amongst the petioles of the leaves. It then became coloured green and curved downwards. These observations fully confirm what has just been quoted from Dr. Graham. They show that the rate of growth of the flower bud must be very rapid. In the tropies where the whole plant matures and rijénd its fruit I 12 months, the flower bud mem takes only a few weeks to push its way from the base to the top of the stem. From the time of flowering until the Sart is ripe takes about six to jr weeks. In the non-stoloniferous species the whole plant is strictly monocarpic, and paragon itself not by ten but by seeds.* The majority of species are, however, reproduced by buds or shoots which spring from the perennial rootstock. The shape of the pseudo-stem varies a good deal. In one section the stems are bottle-shaped, having a swollen distended appearance. This is very noticeable in M. superba. Usually the stem is cylindrical, gradually tapering from the base upwards. In M. Ensete the stem is 6 to 10 feet high, and very stout. - In M. Hillii it is about 30 feet high, and moderately stout only. Again, in M. Manni, it is only 2-3 feet high he stems of most species are green, with occasional blotches of black, red, or purple. "Those in the banana M. s tentum) are often described as green and “ purple spotted "; while in the Quen, (variety M. paradisiaca) they are said to be wholly * green." These characters are, h wever, not constant. The stem of M. (sapientum) dacca is “ pruinose,” and appears covered with glittering particles of fine dew. In M. (sapientum) rubra the stem is dull-red, while the interesting M. ehi has a ipm stem with violet juice. * Kurz, however,remarks that even in nop -stoloniferous species shoots are occasionally produced. **I remember," he says, * 4 P lant of vemm dude in the tanical Gardens at Java, which threw out shoots; and if ints be ont —— is said to make shoots if ie “bóle innt 4 is eut doen utes flowering." 234 The leaves, thao in a loose rosette, are large, oblong, and entire, with a very prominent midrib, and numerous straight, trans sverse veins. The free portion oe the petiole may be long or short. Usually the leaves are bright green on both sides, sometimes darker above and glaucous beneath, rarely with a narrow red edge. In the young state the leaves have narrowly hyaline margins, either beautifully crimson or white. The midrib is semi-cylindrical below, with a deep rounded groove above. The blades on up side of the dé are generally flat, but sometimes re ow te PIRE leaves of M. Ensete have been two broad, crisped, green da The leaves in M. a 4 are ith M, zebrina has the leaves barred with purple; M. (sapientum) vittata piia ith white ; and M. sumatrana with irregular blotches of i cash emerges the flowering spike, Wild lide: very slightly upwards. ex 0 leaves, which more or less abruptly pass into the floral bracts. This spike varies greatly in size and length, not oe with the species, but according to: soil and treatment under cultivat It is composed of many clusters of flowers ar rd at intervals along the rachis. Each cluster is subtended by a large spathaceous and membranous bract. The lower ak of the rachis, or the peduncle, is as uch variations, according to Kurz, occur in the same variety. It is also furrowed, although ‘the furrows are often obsolete. In some species the Fist is erect, as in M. Fehi. In M. discolor it is drooping, and as long as the leaves. In M. proboscidea is nearly as long as the pru (5-6 feet). w djantong. The lowermost bracts are always larger and more elongate, and bear usually no flowers in their axils. T he nature of the outside of the bracts, whether furrowed and variously pruinose to meal he enormously large bracts of M. Ensete, 14 to 2 feet long, are claret- brown and persistent. In others they fall off with the abortive flowers. M. sapientum has bracts of a dull violet colour more or less glaucous outside. In one section (hodochlamys) the species have very highly coloured sene generally red or mra w. AM. salaccensis has pale lilae bracts, while in M. coccinea, a very ornamental species, they are bright red, tipped with yellow ; in M. aurantiaca they are bright orange. 'The flowers, arranged in half-whorls, are inserted upon crescent- shaped protuberances of the rachis. ‘They are ge arranged in two rows and subtended by the bract. The lowermost clusters of flowers are generally female or pistillate (or as Kurz describes ions ermaphrodite- female) as the stamens are reduced or absent, The whorls further along | 235 the rachis have staminate or male flowers sig eg a cs e as, although the pistil is present and smaller, it is not fune a male flowers. H it is only the lowermost flowers, near the base, that produce fruit, and the normal state is to have only a few fruit-whorls at this part, while inale-hermaphrodite flowers and their bracts rop off successively leaving a warted nude rachis, terminating in a flower cone formed by the innermost bracts of the male flowers. Fertilization in bananas is probably affected "d the action of the wind; the pollen is spherical and smooth. In ete, Kurz describes the pollen grains as tubercled. In many cases th self-fertiliza tion, especially when the whole spike consists of hermaphrodite flowers. Under glass it would no doubt be an advantage to fertilize the flowers artificially, as thereby a more abundant crop of fruit would be produced, and rare species preserved. ‘This was successfully done at Kew in regard fertilization also might be effected in order to produce new varieties, It 1s possible that in the natural state this has influenced varieties to a larger extent than is supposed. There is a tendency i ae mal parts in the flowers of Musas, but usually they are as follow: The calyx at first abil i is soon slit down one side, and 3-5 toothed at the apex. The , placed opposite the calyx, is simple or tricus- pidate. The stamens are normally six, but one is usually suppressed : in the others the anthers are two-celled and basifixed. Ovar ary cylindrical, three-celled ; ovules many in a cell, Vlbcesnaed : style filiform from a thickened base ; stigma shortly lobed. The fruit is a berry, elongate or short, pulpy or dry, angular, indri i the corn wded and c aspis where the fruits are very IU disposed peen are more rounded or terete, Ned when produced, are sub-globose or angled by pressure, often excavated at the hilum. The testa is very hard, intruded at the base and apex; albumen ‘mealy, the embryo sub-truncate. There is great variety as regards the size, shape, colour, and texture of the fruit. In one section (Physocaulis) the fruit is always coriaceous or leathery, with numerous large sub-globose angled seeds. In the pulpy or edible-fruited species the fruit, when ripe, may be smooth or rough, opaque or glossy, yellow or reddish ; orit may be bright yellow, violet, tinged with blood red, straw-yellow, yellowish red, yellowish green, or white. It may be from 3 to 10 or even 18 inches long, oblong, eylindrical, or indistinetly angular, sometimes with a blunt end or some- times produced, as in the singular * duck plantain” of the Malays, with a beak nearly as long as its body. It may be d aue stalked, sessile or produced at the end of pedicels 2 or 3 inches long. In the section Rhodochlamys only one species (M. maculata) produces edible fruit, the others have small dry fruit, filled with seeds, and not edible. In M. illod the fruit is valve ety and bright Ted, in M. lasiocarpa, pubescent, with 4—6 seeds filling up the whole cavit In the pulpy or edible-fruited species, known as bananas or plantains, the fruits are arran ged in clusters. Some stand straight out ; others are slightly curled outwards and upwards ; while not a few are 256 quite recurved pointing bi bem parallel with the rachis and over- lapping each other. Again, the goan its may be loosely arranged, hardly touching one another ; or né be compactly or even “densely crowded together so as to completely hide the rachis. The Jamaica banana, for instance, has the fruits “ compactly but not y neris arranged, recurved, almost parallel with the axis" In the Surinam banana the fruits “are laxly arranged, the first series somewhat. re-curved, the rest spreading nearly at right angles to the axis." In the Chinese or dwarf banana the fruits * are lax, Muir outwards, hardly over- lapping.” The plantains (ins NNNM have generally fewer and looser fruits. These may be *laxly spreading outwards” or “ curled upwards like a horn." The individual fruits are usually larger than in the banana. The pulp firm and the colour yellowish-green, or yellow when ripe, not red. The fruit clusters are called “hands.” Each hand may vary from 3 to 10 (or in exceptional instances) to 18 on each spike, Again, a hand may consist of 8 to 18 single fruits or “fingers.” The. total number of fruits produced on a ** bunch" may be as low as 24, or as high as Dus or more, The weight of a bunch may be from 30 to 90 pounds (avoir.). . After fruiting the stem dies. Its place is Peas taken by several new shoots or stolons thrown up from the base. These grow closely to- gether, and the next year two or Aa may bear bunches of fruit. When once planted the produce of banana trees on a small area is exceptionally large. Hence at ae has calculated that, although less nutritious than wheat or potatoes, yet the space occupied by their culture and the care required render the sede. of bananas compared to wheat is as 123 to 1, and to that of potatoes as 44 t "he bananas (using the word in a general sense) are amongst those cultivated plants of which we know the wild so acquainted with one or more intermediate forms between the wild and cultivated so that the transition in the evolution of the pulpy fruit — seeds from the dry fruit full of seeds can be observed. In the ase of M. Fehi, found wild in Tahiti, Fiji, and New Caledonia, accord- Pa to Dr. Sagot well-formed seeds are not very common, and hence this species exhibits even in the wild condition. a tendency to abortion of the seeds and a compensating Ropertrophy ofthe pulp. Musas in a wild state are chiefly found in India, the Malay Archipelago, Cochin- China, Philippines, Northern Astras and the islands of the Pacific. fruits are found in Africa. The true bananas are apparently Indian, Malayan, and Polynesian. They have in eultivated from the earliest times, and the facility with which suckers can be transported, and the long period during which they retain their vitality, have "entered them particularly easy of distribution. There are no plants that require less care to establish. The most familar of cultivated Musas are exu fads described by Linneeus as M. sapientum and M. paradisi SPECIES or Musa. Although it has usually been believed that only one or two species of Musa. yield edible fruit it will be found that besides the numberless varieties of M. sapientum, including the common bananas or plantains of tropical eountries, there are several other species which are cultivated e s dert at rrr EN { Je Eo į 2: l nsete, Gme Musa E . t Botanical Magazine, t. 5 ( ses ito ae M 238 for their fruit, and not a few that are grown for other purposes, such as yielding an edible rootstock or for the sake of the tender flower bud eaten asa vegetable. The most widely cultivated species next to M, sapientum is M. Cavendishii, the dwarf or Chinese banana, introduced to Europe within the last 50 years. Then, according to Kurz, a large archipelago are derived from M. acuminata. A very palatable fruit with violet pulp is yielded by M. discolor in New Caledonia. M. Fehi has an erect. fruiting spike, and the fruit, when cooked is universally used in the Pacific Islands. Lastly, M. maculata with a yellow fruit spotted with brown, known only as cultivated in Mauritius and Bourbon under the name of Figue mignonne, has an aromatic white pulp. The rhizome of M. oleracea is boiled or roasted like a yam; and the inner bud of M. Ensete is a source of food supplyin Abyssinia. In some form or other, however, e vete a a of Musa is of economic importance and the numerous uses to whic ey are put in various n of the world are only Bdüsiiod Sieb: by the palms and bamboo The E en into which Musa is divided br Mr. Baker are as follow 1. Bb gend. Physocaulis (Swollen-stemmed Musas).—Stem bottle-shaped and usually not stoloniferous. Flowers many to abract. Petal usually tricuspidate. Ai not edible. In this group are all the species known to be indigenous to Africa, namely: M ventricosa, M. oS M. livingstoniana, and M. proboscidea. Of Asiatic species Mr. Baker gives two, M. superba and M. nepalensis. The latter said to be from the “lower hills of Nepal” has not been found since the days of Wallich and is quite unknown at the present time. 2. Sub-genus Eumusa (true Musas).—Stem a id go tapering from the base, usually stoloniferous. Flow any toa braet. Petal ovate-acuminate. Bracts green, eoi: or dull violet. Fruit usually edible. ‘The species in this group divide naturally, per to their height, into dwarf-stemmed and tall- stemmed specie The dwarf ar re two Chinese s cies, M. lasiocarpa and M. Ca N The tall are M. sapientum and its allies about a dozen species in all. They are widely distributed throughout Eastern Asia, India to China, and Japan, Borneo, New Guinea, North Queensland, and the Islands of the Pacific. 3. gut he Rhodochlamys (red-bracteated Musas).—Stem cylindrical as in true Musas, usually stoloniferous. Flowers few to abract. Petal linear. Fruit usually not edible. Bracts bright (M. maculata) yields edible fruit. The others, such as M. coccinea, M. rubra, M. velutina, and M. aurantiaca, owing to their brightly coloured braets, are very ornamental. All are from India, Assam, Sumatra, Java, and Cochin-China. Key to the Sub-genera and Species of Musa. Sub-genus PuvsocaULIS, Baker. Stems short, bottle-shaped. Male flowers many to a bract. Fruit not edible. Usually not stoloniferous. Seeds few, large (about an inch broad) : Male flowers 15-20 in a row. Petal tricuspidate - - 1. M Ensete. Petal óvate, entire - - -= 2. M. Egi iot Male flowers, about 10 in a row - 8. M. Buchanant P 239 Seeds many, comparatively small : African Hilum of the seed deeply depressed, surrounded by prominent edges - 4. M. living. stontan a. Hilum of the seed, but Muy depressed - - 5. M. proboscidea. Indian : Flowers 10-15 in a row; bracts sub-orbicular, claret-brown - 6. M. superba. Flowers 7-8 in a row; — bracts ovate, dull lilac - 7. M. nepalensis. Sub-genus Eumusa, Baker. Stems cylindrical. Male flowers many to a bract. Fruit generally y edible, acti stoloniferous. Dwarf species, with short petio so ay es oss bracts por -— scent fru 3 Bracts aho; fruit glab ery id many ‘upper flowers 8. M. lasiocarpa. erile 9. M. Conon dtl Stem longer ; Bn all fer tile - "o M. Tall py with long petiole : mall, tricuspidate - - 11. M. glauca. Petal ovate, entire narrowed into a beak: "Fruit many, smaller . - 12. M. acuminata. Fruit few, larger - - 13. M.corniculata. Fruit E narrowed into à E: rece erect or babet i: ot edible, ovoid - 14. M. Hiii. Fruit edible, oblong - 15. M. Fehi. Spike drooping : "ruit with a long distinet stipe - - - 16. M. Banksii. Fruit with a short distinct stipe - - - - 17. M. Fitzalani. Fruit sessile, or sub-sessile : eaves firm in texture, yielding good fibre 18. M. textilis. e, r glaucous 19. M. discolor. Leaves, larger, green : Petal as lon as calyx - 20. M. Basjoo. Petal shorter than calyx : Rachis of spike pubescent : Braets brown outside- 21. M. malaccensis. Bracts yellow ovtside 22. M. flava. Rachis of spike glabrous 23, M. sapientum, 240 Sub-genus Ruopocutamys, Baker. Stems slender, cylindrical. Male flowers few to a ract. Fruit not generally edible. Usually stoloniferous. Fruit edible; bracts yellow-brown - 24. M. maculata. Fruit not edible : Leaves large ; fruit distinctly stipitate - 25. M. sumatrana. Leaves smaller ; fruit not distinctly stipitate : Bracts pale or dark lilac: ; Petal shorter than the calyx - 26. M. violascens. Petal nearly or quite as long as the ealyx : - Flowers yellow — - - 21. M. rosacea. Flowers greenish - - 28. M. salaccensis. Bracts red: Fruit hairy - - - 29. M. velutina. Fruit glabrous : Petal nearly or quite as ong as the calyx Bracts crimson - 90. M. coccinea. Bracts pale red - 31. M. Bracts blood-red — - 32. M. sanguini Petal — shorter than the ¢ prides bright red - 33, M. rubra. Bracts pale red - 34. M. Mannii. Bracts bright orange 35. M. aurantiaca. Sub-genus Physocaulis. Swollen-stemmed Musas. [An asterisk is prefixed to those species and varieties of which examples are in cultivation at Kew.] *]. Musa Ensete, Gmel. Abyssinian Banana. Native name “ Ensete.” Bot. Mag., t. 5293-4. North Gallery, No. 516. Whole plant 30-40 feet high. Stem swollen at the base, not stoloniferous. Leaves oblong Bracts densely imbricated 9to 12 inches long, dark claret brown. Fruit coriaceous, dry, 2 to 3 inches long. Seeds 14 black, glossy, nearly an inch broad with a prominent raised border round the hilum. Distri- on:— Mountains of Abyssinia to the hills of ser A southward of Victoria Nyanza Lake. The largest known banana. T * flowers of a specimen that flowered at Kew in 1878 are connie in the Kew Museum ; also a series of seeds from Abyssinia (Plowden) ; Nyanza Lake (Kirk); prepared fibre from stem from Abyssinia (Plowde en), Jamaica (Morris), and a specimen grown at Kew. It was discovered by the traveller Bruce and is remarkable as being represented on inn Egyptian seulptures. Plants growing in the 241 cool climate of the Blue Mountains in Jamaica at 4,000 feet are described by Mr. Morris (Native and a Fibre Plants, 1884, p. 38) -. having “leaves 20 feet long; the stem about 8 feet in circumference the base, with a height of 30 rag the total weight of a single pant was not less than a quarter of a ton." An illustration of the maica plant is given in the Gardeners’ arouse 1881 [1], p. 435. This species is well adapted for sub-tropical countries such as South California, Florida, Algeria, and Canary Islands, and is often put out for the summer in the London Parks. When established in sheltered situations it i he nt p and perishes after fruiting it is propagated entirely from seed *2. M. ventricosa, Welw. Whole plant 8 to jo feet high. Stem much swollen, 4 feet in diameter at the base. Leav oblanceolate-oblong, 4 to 5 feet long, thick in texture, with a pale- dod midrib. Differs from other species s of this section by its entire petal. Fruit iike that of M. Ensete. Seeds large, aa black with a broad hollow at the hilum. Distribution :—Foun ngola, province of Pungo Andongo, in i laces near rivulets 10° s. lat. “by Welwitsch. M. africana, Bull. Cat probably this species in a young state ; as also a plant lately received a Kew from St. Petersburgh under the same name. Seeds of this species are in the Kew Museum. 3. M. Buchanani, Baker. Nearly allied to M. Ensete, but the bracts are price 1-14 feet long, 21—4 in. broad. Flowers 10 in a r eeds as large as those of M. Ensete, ; glossy, black, not Tg le Dried specimens only received rem eet Joh n Buchanan, C.M.G., the Shiré Highlands, East Africa . M. livingstoniana, Kirk. Stem — twice the height of a man, 4-3 feet diameter at the base. Leaves narrow oblong, crowded, as long as the trunk, with a ig ‘broad-clasping, deeply channelled petiole. Fruit many seeded 4 inc s lo ong. ls globose, angled by pressure in the lower half, 4 inch düiseter, dull bros tubercled with a depressed hilum, surrounded by prominent e edges. Described from sketches, notes, and seeds brought from south-east tropieal Africa by Sir John Kirk G.C.M.G. Distribution :—Between 12?and 19° S. lat. in region of Lake Nyassa. A necklace of similar seeds isin the Kew Museum sent from Sierra Leone by Barter. This species has once been under cultivation at Kew, but is probably unknown in Europe at the present time. Kew Bull. 1894, pp. 225-226. M. proboscidea, Oliver, in Hooker's Icon. Plant, t. 1777. ‘Trunk dilated at the base, reaching 4-5 times the height of a man. Leaves w-oblong, very large, narrowed to the base; free petiole, short, acr channelled. Spike finally drooping, very much elongated, nearly as long as the stem; bracts broad, ovate, obtuse, about 4 times as long as the flowers; flowers in two close rows of about 12 in a row. Petal very aioe with two orbicular cuter lobes, and a large linear central cusp. Seeds turbinate, black, giossy, y inch broad | and long, with only a small hollow at the bi lum. Distribution : Known from seeds and four photographs in the Kew Min procure éd by Sir John Kirk, G.C.M.G., from the Hills of Ukami, about 100 miles inland from Zanzibar. Kew ' Bull., loc. cit. 242 *6. M. superba, Roxb. Bot. Mag., t. 3849-50. Whole plant reach- ing a height of 10-12 feet. Trunk not stoloniferous, much dilated, 7-8 feet in circumference at the base, narrowed to 3 feet below the leaves. Leaves oblong, narrowed to the base; tree petiole, very short, deeply channelled. Spike at first globose, a foot in diameter, finally drooping, a third the length of the trunk ; bracts orbicular, dull claret- brown, reaching a foot in length and breadth ; flowers in two dense rows Bombay Presidency. Native name at Nasik, Chavai. According to Dr. Ritchie, this species is stemless on rocks in the Rama Ghauts. Fruits are in the Kew Museum from Travancore (1874) and Trivan- Musa superba, Roxb, (Whole plant greatly reduced.) 1. Pistillate flower. 2. Staminate flower. 3. Fruit. 4. Cross section of fruit. 243 drum (1875). A fibre from * Jungle plantain (M. superba)” is shown from Mangalore, the chief town of South Kanara, in the Madras Presidency, and from the Botanic Gardens, Mauritius, Col.-Ind. Exhibition, 1886. Nepal where allich must have described Roxburgh’s 5, Wallich says it grows. , M. glauca under the name nepalensis. Subgenus Eumusa. 8. M. lasiocarpa, Franchet. EK singular species only about 1-2 feet high, known by the Chinese of Yunnan as Ngay-tsiao (Rock banana). Musa'lasiocarpa, Franchet. 1. Whole plant (2 feet high) much reduced. 2. Sect by persistent portions of leaf-sheaths. 3. Fruit with seeds. 4. Flo 6. Petal. ion of rhizome surmounted wer. 5, Calyx. 244 The rhizome is 2-3 inches in diameter and crowned with successive e name, and contains 4-6 seeds. This interesting plant is regarded by Franchet as the type of a new section called Musella» It is remarkable for the absence of a stem, the pubescent charaeter of its fruit, the dense form of the inflorescence, the persistency of all the bracts, and the etes absence of pulp in the fruit. The Abbé Delavay discovered the plant in 1885 in the mountainous regions d pei n on the rocks of Loko-chan and Che-tong near ‘Tapin-tz a elevation of 4,000 fect. He states that it is easy of caltinetions ie he has grown it in his garden for four years, but had not flowered it. Journ. de Bot., vol. iii. . (1889), pp. 329—331. M. Cavendishii, Lamb. M. chinensis, Sweet (name only); North aes y, Nos. 225, 816; M; sinensis, Sagot. Stoloniferous. Whole plant 4—6 feet high ; leaves 6-8 inches in a dense rosette, spreading, oblong, 2-3 “fest long, about a foot bia d, much rounded at the base, rather glaucous; petiole short, stout, deeply channelled, with two broad ike rele ae green edges. Rachis short, stout. pike dense, oblong, 1-2 feet long, drooping ; bracts red-brown or dark brown, ovate, the lower 6 inches long, the upper 3-4 inches; male flowers and their upps bracts persistent. Petal ovate, entire. Frnit as many as 200-250 to a panicle, oblong, 6-angled, slightly curved, 4-5 inches long, above introduced to Bhgland i in 1827. This is now extensively cultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical countries and known as the ** Chinese or Dwarf’ banani: It furnishes a large proportion of the bananas usually sold in slightly different fruit. "The interesting sto ory o of the introduction ot the Chinese banana to the islands of Polynesia is thus told by Seemann (Flora Vitiensis, p. 289) :— “ An important addition to their stock of bananas the Fijians received in the Vudi ni papalagi (i.e., foreign banana), our Musa chinensis or Cavendishii, which the late John Williams, better he Martyr of Eromanga, brought in à wardian case from the Duke of Devonshire's seat at Chatsworth to the Samoan or Navigator Islands, whence again, in 1848, the Rev. George Pritchard carried it to the Tongan or Friendly Islands, a as 5 well as to the Fijis. Its introduction vietata its the Vudi ni papalagi numbers amongst the most common Durs of the coutitéy A sample of fibre from the stem of M. Verger ume is in the Kew Museum, from Jamaica, prepared by Nathaniel Wils 10. M. nana, Zour. Trunk cylindrical, p feet long, 4 foot diameter, leaves mein F feet high ; spike short, recurved ; flowers all 245 fertile. pe me. often six or more. Fruit ovate-oblong, edible, seed- less. According to Loureiro this is a native of e chin-China, where i is called Chuo ot “duii. It is, however, unknown to M: Pierre. Mr. Baker thinks it may be a form of M. "Cavendishii, Lamb, with a taller stem and staminate Gowers abortive. M. Rhin oxeroti s, of Kurz, said to be like M. nana, but with all the sheaths of the leaves enveloping one another, and with persistent braets and flowers all fertile, is unknown at Kew. . M. glauca, Roxb. Not stoloniferous. Trunk cylindrical, 10- the sessile base. Seeds smooth, globose, nearly black, 4-inch diameter. Pegu; introduced to the Caleatta Botanical Garden n by Mr. F. Carey in 1810. This has flowers like M. superba, and a VAM trunk like M. sapientum. Roxburgh in his Coromandel Pl nts, iii. 96, adds, * Like my M. superba it never produees suckers, ces Pte it must be reared from seed, which it furnishes in great abundance; the fruit containing little else, even fit for a monkey to eat 12. M. acuminata, Colla (M. simiarum, Rumph); M. rumphiana, Kurz. Stem high, cylindrical, stoloniferous at the base. Leaves oblong, 5-6 feet long, glaucous beneath, deltoid at the base, firmer than those of M. sapientum; petiole j= -li feet long, almost with- out any membranous edge. Spike drooping, shorter than the leaves ; male flowers deciduous; bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, violet, only o of those of the female flowers opened at once and re volute, th f the male clusters involute at the edge. Cal x white or yeliowisb, 1-1} inches long ;'petal ovate-aeuminate, nearly as long as the calyx. Fruit in 4—6 clusters of 10-12 each, oblong, rostrate, 2-4 inches : cum pate seedless cultivated varieties are derived, differing in the colour of the leaves and fruit. They all have the leaves glaucous beneath, and in one form the waxy bloom is so copious ee torches are made from it. Var. violacea, Kurz, has its stems, leaves, and flowers more or less tinged with dark purple, aud pu urple 3-5. ang em ut with a thick ts native name is “pisang teembaya » * pisang oorang (copper or crab plantain). Var. culta, Kurz, is dii in all its parts, with much larger whitish or yellowish flowers, and longer cylindrical or angled yellow or greenish psec fruit. Of this there are 48 distinguishable forms, of bris the most curious is the Duck plantain (“ pisang moo- look bebbe k”), the fruit of which has a beak nearly as long as its body. Baker refers here M. port Zollinger. TIT M. Berterii, Colla (M. alphurica, Rumph), which has green and ieaf-like lower bracts and pale yellow ripe vom a span long, is a variety of this species. n à be angular, short, and thick- ot and the bracts yellow inside. n 82629. B 246 13. M. corniculata (Rumph. Amboin. V. 130), Lour. FL Cochinch. 644; native name in Cochin-China, "Chas bot. Stem fe eae 10-12 feet high, as thick as the wipes thigh. Leaves oblong, gems 5-6 feet dong; petiole 1-1} feet long. Spike droop- ing, only the 2-3, rarely 4 lower bracts and flower whorls developed, t» former DUUDo-lincedlsdé: a foot long. Calyx deeply five-toothed. Petal ovate-acuminate, nearly as long as the calyx x. Fruit cylindrical, a foot or more long, 14—24 inches diameter, narrowed gradually to the apex and sessile base, golden-yellow when ripe; skin thick ; pulp reddish-white, firm, dry, sweet, very palatable jm cooked. Distribution : :— Malay Islands and Cochin China. Kurz compares the fruit to a cucumber as regards shape and size and describes five varieties, produce only a single fruit large enough for a full meal for three men. *14. M. Hillii, JF. Muell. Not dere erous. Stem robust, about 30 feet high and a diameter of 14 feet. Leaves similar to M. sapientum., Spike dense, erect. Fruit densely crowded, not edible. Seeds numerous, angled, much depressed, 4—4 inch diameter, with a bony testa. Distribution :— Queen sans banks'of the Daintree river, with the two species following. A plant at Kew resembles M. Troglodytarum, Linn. No doubt this is M. Jacke at Kurz, Le. This species has lately flowered at Kew and a description with plate: prepared for the Botanical Magazine Fehi, Bertero; M. Fei, Nadeaud. Stoloniferous. Trunk cy lindrie al, 15-20 feet high, greenish, full of violet juice. Leaves larger and firmer in texture than in M. sapientum and paradisiaca, with stouter veins; midrib green; base unequally rounded; petiole 1—13 feet long. Spike. long, erect, xs eurved only at the base. Flowers 6-8 in a cluster, sessile, Calyx with 5 u unequal lobes, split finally nearly to the base. Petal hart: Fruit many in a bunch, oblong, angled 5-6 inches long by above an inch in diameter, nearly straight, yellow when ripe, with a thick skin and moderately firm pulp, not very palatable when raw, but excellent when cooked. Seeds small, dull black. Distribution :— Common in the forestsof Tahiti, osa is largely used for food, seedless at the low levels, but occasionaily ew ne seeds atan alti- tude of 8,000-3,600 feet. Native name Fei. Found also sparingly by Vieillard in New Caledonia, there called Daak. We e shia young plants at the present time in the Kew collection. Probably the Fijian M, Seemanni, F. Muell, of which a photograph, sentby Sir John Thurston, is reproduced here from Gard. Chron., 1890 [2], 182, fig. 28, is the same species. This is M. Uranoscopos, Seem., and M. Troglodytarum, Kurz (in part) We have also leaves from the Rev. T. Powell of a plant from Samoa calied * Laufoo," which probably belongs here. An interesting account ed the seedless and seed- bearing forms of M. Fehi is given by Dr. Sagot n Bull. Soc. Botanique de France, xxxiii., pp. 317- -326. 6. M. Banksii, F. Muell ; M. d Kurz. Stoloniferous, with feat like that of M. sapien Spike drooping. Fruit quite rise when dry, without any reels; narrowed suddenly to a slender pe 14-2 inches long. Seeds grey, sub-globose, à inch diam., angled in mel Jes ite Distribution : lod nsland, Mount Elliot and Rocking - shown. Musa Fehi, Beitero. From Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1890 [2], fig. 28. 17. M. Fitzalani, F. Muell. Stem 20 feet high. Leaves patent. Spike drooping. Fruit oblong, angled, yellow when ripe, not pulpy, 2-3 inches long, narrowed suddenly to a thick stipe about J inch long. Seeds numerous, filling the cells, angular, depressed, scarcely i inch in diameter. Queensland. M. Charlioi, Walter Hill, in Report of the 248 Brisbane Garden, 1874, is said to have stems 40—50 feet high, leaves 5-6 feet long, and fruit 3—4 inches long. 8. M.textilis, Vée ; (M. mindanensis, Rumph); M. sylvestris, end M. renes textoria, Blanco. Stem cylindrical, green, 2 or more high, stoloniferous from the base. Leaves oblong, deltoid s the base, bright green above, rather glaucous beneath, smaller and firmer in texture than those of M. eei entum ; petiole a foot long. Spike drooping, shorter than the leav male flowers deciduous ; bracts firmer in texture than those of M. jopiskien, t medie and | polished outside, not at all pruinose, brown. Female flowers in several laxly- disposed clusters. Fruit green, oblong trigonous, curved, 2-5 inches ong, l inch diameter, not narrowed to the apex, but narrowed to the short stout stipe, not edible, b filled icai e Seeds black, turbinate, 1 inch dia — angled by pre Distribution :— Widely distributed and cultivat ted in the Philippine Isiands under the name of Abaca. It ascends the mountains in the wild state to the lower limit of Pinus insularis. It is cultivated (at elevations of 200 feet to 500 feet) for the sake of its cordage fibre, one i The plant has been introduced to other tropical countries, but, so far, it has not T dosis so well as in the Philippines. (Kew Bull., 1887, April, pp. 1-3.) Var. M. e Rumph. Stem not so tall. Spike — so ooping. Fruit as long as a man’s finger, black at maturity. Nat mboyna A very complete set of specimens of fruit (Ceylon), a (Manila), of prepared hemp, cords, ropes, mats , plaited work, hats, lace handker- chiefs from M. textilis are shown in the Kew Museum. ied specimens of the inflorescence of this species are desired ve the Kew ierbarium ; while a portion of the spike preserved in spirit would be a valuable addition to the Museum. *19. M. discolor, /7ora». Stoloniferous. Stem slender, cylindrical, 6-10 feet high. Leaves narrow-oblong, smaller and firmer in texture than in M. sapientum, rounded at the base, glaucous, tinged with violet or red beneath when young ; petiole a foot or more long. Spike drooping, Ber as long as the leaves ; bracts reddish, the upper only persisting ; ma ers deciduous. Fruit cylindrical, angled, rather curved, herir at the apex, rather dry, reddish-violet, very palaiable with a violet pulp, and a rather musky scent. Distribution : —This species is cultivated in Polynesia and especially in New Caledonia, where it bears the name of Colaboute, and is said by Vieillard to be wild there. It produces no fertile seeds, Ít is in cultivation in this country and there is a drawing at Kew by Fitch of a plant that flowered iu the Gardens many years ago. 'The stem yields a textile fibre which is used for fish- baskets, &c. *20. M. Basjoo, Sieb. et Zucc.; Bot. Mag. t. 7182; M. japonica Hort. Stoloniferous. Stem cylindrica al, 6-9 feet hi igh, 6-8 inches diameter. Leaves oblong, thin, keie green, 6-9 feet long, 14-24 ves deltoid at the base; petiole stout, about a foot lon stout, arcuate, a foot long. Spike dense, 1-13 feet long; female 249 clusters 3-4, close, of 12-15 flowers each; bracts oblong, dull brown, the lower 8-12 inches long; male clusters 8—12, their bracts much imbricated, p alyx whitish, 2 inches kig shortly five- toothed at the tip. Fruit oblong- -trigonous 3 inches long, umbonate at the apex, narrowed gradually to the capi base. Seeds not seen. Distribution :—Liu Kiu archipelago (25° to 30° N. lat.); cultivated in Southern Japan. Introduced into duration à in England by Messrs. Veitch of Chelsea. Described from a plant that flowered in the Temperate House at Kew in 1891. It is said to be as hardy as M. Ensete. It is grown in Southern Japan for its fibre. An interesting series of articles made from this “ Japanese plantain,” consisting of fibre, cloth and other fabrics, is in the Kew Museum, presented by . J. H. Veitch, F.L.S. The cloth is used for making screens, and for PEN books. * M. Martini, Rev. Hort. Belg. 1892, 107, fig. 12, has the habit of M. sapientum, and is said to be more hardy than M. Ensete, with bright rose-red flowers. ‘The leaves are ions long petioled, firm in texture, bright green above, glaucous beneath with reddish veins. A plant which has not yet flowered exists in the Kew collections brought from the Botanieal Garden, Orotav a, Teneriffe, by the Assistant Director in 1893. 21. M. malaccensis, — Stems few, slender, 6 inches diameter, with purple-brown blotch Leaves about 8 feet long, green with bro ir lanceolate, sub- Ms brown, outside glaucous, inside striped with yellow. Female flowers 16 in a bract in a double row. Fruit sub- cylindrical, somewhat aia 4 inches long, an inch wide; seeds black, angular ; * pisang karok” of the Malays. Distribution :—Common in the jungles “of Malacca, Selangor, and Perak, occurring also in Pahang. * M. zebrina (Flore des Serres, t. 1061, 1062) is doubtless,” according to Ridley, “ a young plant either of this species or of M. sumatrana a, Becc. I never saw” hesays “any form of M. sapientum, zs May which species Mr. Baker refers this) with barred leaves. The vn bars are very constant in young plants of M. malaccensis and even i persist sometimes in the adult foliage. This species may perhaps be the parent of some of the cultivated bananas here, but is Sf distinct from M. sapientum in the hairy rachis and other poin An attempt has been made to utilise the fibre. The plant is vea ab undant and springs up like a weed when old jungle is felled and Bone an impenetrable thicket." om Po flava, Ridley. Leaves 16 inches wide, green. Spike nodding, inch 16 to a bract in tw Fruit, when ary, 2 inches long, five-angled. Distr ibution :— Easter rend ‘of the Malay Peninsula, Pass at Pulau Tijau on the Patáng Rive Wésd; allied io M. malaccensis, but the broad, thick, blunt, bright ellow bracts give it a totally different appearance, the spike being quite blunt at the top. * Musa sp. dan gkong. No. 467, 1886. A plant of a Musa, native of Hong ong, supposed to be new, was received from Mr. Charles Ford, F. L S., in 1886 and again in 1894. It is now growing at 250 Kew but it has not yet flowered, It has a slender stem and rather small leaves, The flowers, judging by dried specimens, are those of A. sapientum. *23. M. sapientum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1477; Trew, Ehret. t. 21-22. Stem cylindrical, usually green, reaching à height of C feet, 4-10 inches diameter, stoloniferous from the base. Lea oblong, thin, bright green, 5-8 feet long, 14-2 feet broad, banti rounded at the base ; petiole 1-14 feet. long. "Spike drooping, often 4—5 feet long ; male flowers deciduous; bracts lanceolate or SRG Ah coslas dull violet, more or less glaucous outside, the lower 1--14 feet long, the upper 4 foot, often red inside, several expanded at once, the edges of the upper not involute. Flowers about a dozen to a cluster, yellowish- white, 14 inches long; calyx five-toothed at the top; petal ovate, half as long as the calyx. Fruit oblong-trigonous, 3-8 inches long, 11-2 inches diameter, Ps three to nine bundles of about a dozen each, rounded to the apex, narrowed gradually to the sessile base, yellow or bright yellow or reddish when ripe, the flesh fit to eat without cooking. Common banana. niversally cultivated throughout the tropical zone of both hemispheres for the sake of its fruit. It also yields a fibre, bec however, is much inferior in tenacity to that of M. textilis. | the original forms of this is probably the wild M. sapientum sisikii by Roxburgh (Corom. Pt. t. 275) as grown from see received from Chittagong. *Var “M: paradisiaca, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1477 ; Trew, Ehret, t. "ue Male flowers and bracts less deciduous. Fruit cylindrical, 4-1 foo saccharine pulp, not fit to eat without coo -e Common plantain. Cultivated universally in the tropical zone. l Var. M. Troglodytarum, Linn.; M. Uranoscopos, Rumph. Fruit small, crowded on the erect axis of the panicle, obovoid-oblong or nearly round, reddish-yellow, containing rudimentary seeds. Flesh sweet, ellow. Wild in India, Ceylon Merah, and the Malay Isles, the favourite food of elephants. The above names have often been sipplied to forms of other species than sapientum, "with a similar habit, such as M. Fehi. w M. oleracea, Vieill. A flowerless form with a glaucous violet stem and an elongated thick turnip-like rhizome, which is. boiled. or roasted like a pns "which it resembles in taste. New Caledonia, |. Native name Potet | *Var. M. vittata; Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 5402 ; M. vittata; Acherm. in Flore des Serres, t. 1510-1513. Leaves and tong fruits copiously striped with white. Spathes bright red inside. Imported from the island of St. Thomas, West Africa. Other varieties to which Latin names have been given are: M. violacea, Hort; M. sanguinea, Welw. ; M. odorata, Lour. ; (M. mensaria, Rumph); (M. regia, Rumph); * M. champa Hote’: * M. martabanica, Hort. ; T A ioa Horan.; * M. rubra, Firminger, non Wallich. 251 z v ^x ——" gasto RHENUM Oe aet ` : i fed eta ME ay ohana y MUST ter Ytuthet v^ en metam sort eee MIRA dye Fitch del.elith. psu ei m Ld " MAR Tre E S FE W an i — f; , Hook. 5402.) er vittata ar. jotanical Maga Musa sapientum v it 1 vine C Bract and hermaphrodite f fruit, 4. Transverse Inripe l ow DI fruit reduced. ant in PI 1. section of same 252 PLANTAIN AND BANANA. The sweet bananas by many authors are referred to Musa Movies; and the vegetable-like fruits or plantains to M. paradisiaca, There are, however, no characters that can be clearly defined as separating the two. Roxburgh, who paid — P: — to bots the native an e cultivated and the same species. namely, Musa sapientum ; that their reduction toa single species is even confirmed by the multitude of varieties that exist; by nearly the whole of these varieties being destitute of seeds ; n ; Sir William Hooker (Bot. Mag. tab. 5402) states that the flowers of the bananas and plantains cultivated at Kew afford no character to eae them o question of ori n, A. de Candolle, pgs ud Bro s of Tiny that all iade. hitherto available poin “9, Mr existence in Asia a, and to a diffusion peius ei or even anterior to that of the human race.’ Alphonse de Candolle (Cult. Plants, pp. 306-308) discusses the origin and distribution of the banana as follows :— « The etae and wild character of the banana in Asia are incon- testaple fa There are several Sanskrit names. The Greeks, Latins, and abs vos mentioned it as a remarkable Indian fruit tree. Pliny speaks of it distinctly. He says that sus Greeks of the expedition of Alexander saw it in India, and he quotes the name pala which still persists in Malabar. Sages reposed pies its shade and ate of i ruit. Hence the botanical name Musa sapientum. Musa is from the Arabie mouz or mouwz, which we find as early as the thirteenth eei in Ebu Baithar. The specific name paradisiaca comes from the ridiculous hypothesis ag made the banana figure in the story of Eve and of Paradise.’ Again, “there is an immense number of varieties of the banana in the — of apes both on the islan ds and on the compre ghd the Archipelago, from | an epoch: impossible to realise ; it even specu formerly into the islands of the Pacific, and to the west coast of Africa; lastly, the varieties bore distinct names in the most separate Asiatic languages, such as Chinese, Sanskrit, and Malay.” The probable introduction to eastern tropical America is thus summed up :— “ The culture of the banana may be said to be recent in the greater part of America, for it dates but from little more than three centuries. Piso says positively that it was imported into Brazil, and has no Brazilian name. He does not say whence it came. Acco ing to Oviedo, the speci es was brought fo San Domingo from the Canaries. This fact and the silence of Hernandez, generally so accurate about the 253 useful plants, wild or cultivated, in Mexico, convince me that at the time of the discovery of America the banana did not exist in the whole of the eastern part of the continent." At the present time the plantain and or ie a diem! cultivated in the tropics of the New World, and they hay ome as conspicuous a feature in the landscape as in the Old Worl, liay propin by suckers and often found half wild in the fores With regard to Polynesia, Seemann remarks m "a diee p. 288) that “a great many different kinds of Musa were found established in different parts of cultivated Polynesia, when Europeans first became familiar with them. In Tahiti alone, Banks and Solander saw 28.” Sagot states that the wild banana most allied to the cultivated, and from which, therefore, it may be presumed to have originated, has the same height and habit, The spike is pendent towards the earth; the fruits are ee more distant one from another, and contain several fertile It also produces offsets from its rootstock. a occurs in some of ihe Le of India, notably at Chittagong (Roxburgh, 77. Ind. i. 663), in Ceylon (Thwaites Enum., p. 321), in Cochin China, Siam especially, in the small island of Pulo Ubi (Finlayson), i in the Philippines (Rumph an Blanco). Sagot adds: “ I am unable io say if it is the same plant that is scattered over this vast area, or if there are nico: distinet species belonging respectively to the different countri In some countries, as in India, Ceylon, Mauritius, aud Cochin China, bananas are cultivated with fruits containing several fertile seeds, which appear to belong to a wild form as yet slightly modified by cultivation. The BANANA or Sweet PLANTAIN (Musa sapientum, Linn.). This is the sweet fruit used without cooking, it has various names in different in India, a distinction has been made in regard to the size and delicac of the fruit, the small being the banana and the large the agree The Spaniards of tropical America call the banana “ bacove,” “ bacooba,’’ or ‘‘pacooba,” while in other — countries var sins of the banana are known as *eambur," or “camburi,” or “platano guineo." The English in the W est dndiss call the sinall and delicate bee “ fig- * figs." n ll the ban * bananes The variety known as “pisang maas,” or the golden pisang, appears to come nearest to the banana as maed elsewhere. One of the earliest accounts of the banana and plantain is given by Ligon in his History of Barbados, published in 1657. In this work there are two wood cuts, drawn, as the author states, “ by memory only,” showing the habits of the two plants and the fruit. Of the “bonano” he says “ it is of sweeter taste than the * plantine, and for that reason the negroes will not meddle with it, for it is not so useful a food.” mimi 8 eii emt published in his Voyages, some years later, is more exact “The pt onano tree islike the plantain for shape and bigness, nor easi ily distinguishable from it but by its fruit, which isa great deal icone and 254 not above half so long as a. plantain, heing also more mellow and soft, less luscious, yet of a more delicate taste. They use this for the making drink oftener than the plantains, and it is best when used for drink, or eaten as fruit; but it is not so good for bread, nor doth it eat well at all TS roasted or boiled, so ’tis only necessity "that makes any use it this Rochefort (Hist. Nat. des [sles Antilles, pp. 90-93, ed. 1658) idii 126 fruits, which are so closely packed that they press upon one another.’ Lunan, in 1814, introduces a distinction first noticed by Lig gon that the tem em of the banana “has here and there some blackish spots.’ He says “The banana tree so much resembles the plantain as hardly to be distinguished at ces sight, but has its stem irregularly marked with rple spots, which the other has not. The pem of fruit are more point and the fruit more numerous, shor rounder, than that of the plantain. ‘Che fruit has also a Base. dkin, and the pa p is softer and of a more luscious agreeable taste when ripe, which may e rar fri itters. Tt is a delicate food when ripe and roasted with the skin risebach, in the Flora of the British West India Islands, p. 599, describes the stem of the M. sapientum as * purple-spotted,” and the ruit 5 to 6 inches long. Sir William Hooker, judging from plants grown at Kew, believed the leaves of the banana to be more rounded or cordate than those of the plantain. A further distinction often cited is the fact that the male flowers and bracts are deciduous in the banana leaving the spike beyond the fruit usually naked. In the plantain the male flowers and the bracts are persistent, and the spike beyond the fruit is clothed, not naked. The chief distinetion, however, d welt upon is the difference in the character of the fruit. iis in the banana is always sweet when ripe, and it is fit to eat without cooking. Further, some soris of banana are found to bear a cooler climate than the plantain. The PLANTAIN or CookiNG. BANANA (Musa a moe var. paradis- iaca). This was recognised by toxburgh under the Hindu and Bengali name of *katch kulla." It is the “large or cooking plantain ” of luropeans in India, the Spanish “platano arton," the * banane" of French Guiana and Surinam, according to Aublet ; while Rochefort, already cited, speaks of it as “le bananier.” He adds, “It is 12 to 13 inches long 'and n early as thick as the arm. The tree bears only 25 to 30 fruits on the raceme and these are rather laxly placed. They haye a hard and dry flesh fit only for cooking or for being roasted in ashes.” It is the sort typically T M. by the “ pisang tandok " of the Malays. Ligon in M a alled it * plantine.” ‘This shows the antiquity of the commo ame amongst the English. Plantain was evidently originally derived from the Spanish name z plantano,” altered by Joseph Acosta and subsequent writers into * platano,” * Plantain,” as remarked by Kurz, was an awkward introduc- tion into the English language, asit was already applied to thes common Rib-grass, a species of Plantago. Kurz, it may be added, co rary to fy general patie, in the East discarded the word “ plantain ” Aher, 255 and in his writings used the word * banana " exclusively, for the edible fruit of Musas. Grisebach describes the stem of the plantain as “ green " and the e “ascending” (or curved upwards) “about a foot long." This g upwards is characteristic of the Horn plantain, but it is not distinctive enough to separate plantains and bananas in general. The prevailing. habit of the leaves, according to Sir William Hooker, is that he re “much longer and narrowed into the petiole” than in the hana 'The male flowers and the bracts are not so deciduous as in the fain ana, and the portion of the spike beyond the fruit is much shorter and usually covered with the remains of the bracts and dried up wers. The individual fruits again are very distinct. They have a firmer and less saccharine pulp and are not fit to eat without cooking. ** Report on "e Agricultural Work in the Botanical Garden British Guiana,” for the year 1890, pp. 59-60, Messrs. Harrison arial Jenman state that it is only after a long and well- ‘trained experience can the plantain E distinguished in the pu from the banana when not in flower or frui “When in fruit, however, the case is different. There is then a charaeter, observable at sight, which ign requires to be pointed out for the merest novice in the subject to be able to tell which is which. 'This viste is that, in the banana, after the fruit has set and begun to develop, the succeeding clusters of flowers, often a hundred or more in number, and their large embracing bracts are deciduous, i.e., drop awa leaving a clear absolutely naked, long extended and still elon 12 or 18 inches beyond the fruit, the succeeding clusters of flowers and bracts all opening to the very end, and remaining persistent, withered and dry—the trash as a! is called in ais phraseology—being permanently attached to the In the banana the axis continues to grow as long as the fruit wig cluster after mae of flowers, with their braets, opening and dropping away, a mass, like an enlarged Nelumbium bud, still unopened, remaining at the far extended end when the bunch is cut; while in the plantain the growth of the axis is arrested soon after the fruit sets, the ae ortive flowers opening, and remaining attached, from end to end of the st “ A single exeeption to the rule obtains in the case of the dwarf or Chinese banana (Musa avendishii), in other respects also specifically distinct, in which, as in plantains, the abortive flowers and their bracts are constantly persistent. Remembering this exception, and guarded from chance of mistake thereby, the untrained observer, seeing growing plants in fruit, may confidently determine which are plantains and which bananas, without attempting to assay the qualities of the frait, = which the great economic distinction above noticed mentioned before in the remarks on bananas, pe texture of the plantain is such that at whatever stage it is used, whethe r green or ripe, it must be cooked to make it palata table. It is this anny! in the plantain what makes the great economic difference between the two fruits 256 M. sapientum and M. paradisiaca were described by Linnzus from cultivated and seedless specimens. Gaertner, however, pointed out that the distinction between seedless and seed- bearing e was valueless. The identification of the original wi ms of all the numerous varieties of bananas and plaintains, now onder i rios is probably impossible. Within certain well-defined Wt such as ihose of Ceylon, Eastern India, Burma, Siam, Cochin a, Indian Archipelago, and Polynesia, where the wild forms and the arin ated varieties are growing almost side by side. the work of cultivation is, and has been, carried on to a considerable extent, Allied, if not identical, with M. sapientum, the following seed-bearing forms have been described :— M. econ eh Lour. Fl. Cochinch, 644 ; M. come Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 275 . sapientum and Tr oglody* tarum, Gaertn. Fr ers tdi M balbisiana, Colla, Monogr. Musa, 56 (Ru mph Amboin., t. 60, fig. 3). The fruit is small, oblong, full of id not eatable, yellowish or greenish. The Chittagong dg figured by Roxburgh, grows in very soft soil, and has tall lanky stems. Kurz distinguishes two species, M. sapientum, with braets often erimson "ew des turbinate-globular to polyhedrous, tubercled, xe above 4 inch diameter, and M. s ikhimensis, with dull purpl br s and seeds Gepresed and irregularly angled, tubercled, 4-5 lines et Of the latter, we have careful sketches made on the spot by Sir J. D. Hooker and it has been widely distributed as Mund, No. 5 of Hooker and Thomson’s Indian plants. Pierre, ee monograph, describes in detail three forms from Cochin Dr. King dase incen four wild seminiferous forms in Sikkim as follows, viz. 1. pruinosa (*Reling" of the Lepchas). Stem, 10-25 feet high. Leaves very glaucous beneath, bracts deep violet-purple, glaucous outside, red inside, persistent, subtending the fruit; fruit about 5 inches long by 13 inches diameter, permanently angled, seeds i inch diameter, pulp very scanty. Altitude, 1,500-3,500 feet. Seeds of this are in the Kew Museum, from Mr. J. S. Gamble, L.S. diameter, pulp more copious. Altitude, 1,500—5,500 fe tinged with ae when young, bracts purple on both sides, glaucous ovtside, lower deciduous ; fruit 5-6 inches long, 2 inches diameter, prominently angled ; seeds 4-5 lines Men pulp scanty. Common, between 4,500 and 5,500 feet 4. Thomsoni (“ Kergel" of the Vai Stem green, 12-15 feet high, leaves glaucous only when young, conspicuously cuspidated at the apex, bracts ovate outside, with vertical streaks of yellow * NUS E Rae dui ME o 257 and purplish-brown, yellow inside ; fruit 24 inches long, 2 inch diameter, faintly ribbed; seeds few, black, soft, + inch diameter, surrounded by copious sweet pulp. Does not rise above 1,500 feet. Dr. King thinks the two latter forms are likely to be distinct Pon from sapientum. His Hookeri is probably M. sikkimensis, n the Kew Museum is a dried complete bunch of fruit marked M. cliffortiana, which, no doubt, represents the wild Vent capere state of . M. sapientum. The fruits, densely crowded together in the spike are about 3 inches long, about $ inch diameter, and comple etelf 1 filled with . seeds. This specimen was presented to Kew by the late D. Hanbury, F.R.S., in 1867. Sub-genus Rhodochlamys. Red-bracteated Musas. 24. M. maculata, Jacg. Stem slender, 7-8 feet high. Leaves green above glaucous beneath ; petiole 1 foot long. Bracts yellowish- brown ; ‘flowers our in uster. Fruit oblong, 2-3 inches long, 1 inch diameter, narrowed oridialiy to the sessile "pase and apex, yellow, spotted with brown, eatable, spem ume ei te. suede nly as cultivated in Mauritius and Bourbon, it called Figue mignonne. Ditters from the other species Meng this P beer by its eatabie fruit. . M. sumatrana, Beccari. Whole plant 7-8 feet high. Stem. slender. Leaves glaucous with irregular blotches of claret.brown. Hachis hairy. Dried fruit cylindrical, curved, 2-3 inches long, $ inch diam. Distribution :—Sumatra, province of Padang, alt. 1,100 feet, Beccari. Cultivated in India. Its affinity i is with M. rosacea, Jacq. sample of the fibre prepared from the stem of this species is in the Kew Museum from Mr. R. Derry, Malacca, 1889. 26. M. M eser Ridley. Stem cylindricai slender, 8 to 10 feet high. Leaves glaucous beneath, 10 inches wide with a stout midrib. 3 inches long, an inch front angular; seeds 4 inch long, not angular. Hide oc ogee Peninsula, Pahang, elap ngor, and Sungei Ujong. s plant is diifquisiod by its eree most erect spadix of which the [CHER are remarkably one and narrow, acuminate and of. a violet colour like that of a injal.” The flowers a are few and arranged in single rows in each oe. sometimes the bracts are persistent after the flowers are fallen and hang down. ad seeds are residen: and not angled and irregular as is the common banana and M. malaccensis. Although placed under ^ Berani Rhodochlamys the petal has the form of the section Fumus . M. rosacea, Jacg. Bot. Reg. t. 706; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 616 M. iun Roxb.; M. speciosa, Tenore ; M. Caroline, Sterler. Sila: 258 ferous. Stem cxlindriqu, 3-5 feet high, 3-4 inches diameter. Spike drooping or erect; bracts pale blue or reddish-lilac. Fruit a 2-3 inches long, ‘but. little pulp, scarcely edible, Seeds j inch diameter black tubereled. Distribution :— Eastern Himalayas and hills of Concan. Flowered at ER in 1881 and 1890. Introduced to Europe from Mauritius about 1805 28. M. salaccensis, Zolling. Stem slender. Leaves thin oblong, Bracts pale lilac. Fruit oblong full of seed; latter dull brown ¢ inch diameter. Distribution :— Mountains of Java and Sumatra. - Described from specimens in the Calcutta herbarium, dried. by Kurz, from the Buitenzorg Garden. Closely allied to M. rosacea, 29. M. velutina, Wendl. and Drude, in Hegel. Mime vu 65, t. 823; M. dasycarpa, Kurz. vp d AM. sanguinea. Bracts bright red, pubescent on the outside. Calyx ellow. Fruit velvety, um red. Distrib on :— Throughout the Rel: of Assam (Mann). Introduced ution to cultivation in 1875. Differs from sanguinea and aurantiaca by its red pubescent fruit. . M. coccinea, ae Bot. Rep. t. 47; Bot. Mag. t. 1559; Nou Gallery, No. 696. Stem stolonit, slender, finally 4-5 feet high. ichis wed Spike dense, erect ; rats bright red or tipped with yellow. Fruit oblong-trigonous, not edible. Seeds very small. Distribution :—Southern China and Cochin China. In the latter country it is called Chuoi tau. M into cultivation in 1791 and now widely spread. Specimens of f e prepared from this species are in the Kew viene from Jamaica, pode by Nathaniel Wilson, and dida from Mauritiu *31. M. rosea, Hort. Calcutt. Bua sicilia Habit of M. coccinea but leaves shorter and broader. Spike short, ereet; rachis pubescent not flexuose; bracts pale p Fruit and seeds not seen. Described. from two specimens in le Caleutta Herbarium that flowered in the Botanie Garden there in June 1882. It has since ps at Kew, and a figure has been prepared for the Botanical Magazin . M.sanguinea, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag.t. 5975. Stem very slender, ris? pee high. Stoloniferous. Bracts bright red. Calyx bright yellow. Fruit oblong-trigonous, 2 inches long, rather pulpy, pale yellow-green variegated red, glabrous. Seeds angled by pressure, small, black, tubercled. Distribution :—Upper Assam (District Lukhim npore) Mahuni forest, (Mann.) Introduced into cultivation in 1872. M. assamica, Ho Bull is an allied plant, at present imperfectly known ; it may prove to be distinct. Specimens of the fruits with seeds of M. sanguinea, ripened i m he Palm House at Kew in 1872, are in the Museum, 33. M. rubra, Wall. Habit of M. coccinea. Bracts bright red. Fruit in 3-4 clusters of 3-4 each, cylindrical. Seeds smooth, dull brown 4 inch diameter. Distribution V ic ame and Yomah, Pegu. Differs from JM. coccinea by its short peta 4. M. Mannii, Wendl.; Bot. Mag. t. 7311. Stoloniferous. Stem DM slender, tinged with black, 9 feet high and with a girth of 34 inches at the base, Rachis with spike erect; bracts of female ees A Mt 3. Hermaphrodite flower. y. = g © EL $ 9| nh. t Bi 30 (o0 » Sw Aa = @ SB yh Amo: oM —_- v T oq > 2-11 $8 pfl 2S Be LE © mE Bid Sms te | =» © zs :i 2s E] eS m Su ES w Perianth laid open. 4 Reduced figure of entire plant. * 1 260 flowers E male bracts basico. oblong, pale erimson. Fruit all nches long, fusifofm with a very broad truncate apex. Diètri bidoi Asam. Deseri ibed from a plant that flowered at Kew, March 1893. [Seedlings of this crossed with JM. rosacea, are now at Kew.] *55. M. imi gau Mann. Herb. Habit of M. sanguinea, but forming large clumps of ather lower stems. Bracts bright orange yellow, glabrous. Calyx liv. Fruit green, glabrous. Distribution :— orange-coloured bracts. CULTIVATED VARIETIES. Some of the cultivated varieties of bananas and plantains known in different parts of the world have already been mentioned in connection witk the species described in the preceding section. There are, how- ever, numerous varieties whose origiñ cannot, in every instance, be clearly traced. ere is a good deal of confusion existing also as to what are varieties and what are mere forms. In fact, the information available in regard to cultivated bananas is in need of being thoroughly sifted and arrange n the present state of our knowledge zz is only possible to enumerate the various sorts under their vernacular names, d to add a few notes giving their special or most pioussat characters. This may more conveniently be done under the principal geographical regions in which they are found. The principal autho- rities cited are the following :—Rumph, Herb. Amboinense, vol. pp. 125-187; Blanco, Flor. Filip., pp. 239-246 ; Firminger’s Maret of Gardening for India , ed. 3, pp. 179-181; Bojer's Hortus Mauriti- anus, pp. 331—332; Sagot in Journ. Soe. Hort. France se pp. 238-285; Kurz in Journ. Agri.-Hort. Soc. India, E vol. pp. 112-163; Diaz, El Agricultor Venezolano (1877), pp. 57-431 Harrison and Jenman, Report on Agricultural Work, British Guiana, 1890, pp. 56-62. Vv. INDIA. ‘In such a large empire as vom one might expect," says s urz, to find the greatest variety of bananas, but such is not the case.” The Philippine Islands and the grum Archipelago are richest, tg on the authority of Moon, Ceylon comes next. The varieties appear to decrease rapidly as we travel northward from. the equator. Roxburgh states that he obtained in india only three varieties ‘of the “ plantain” and p 30 varieties of the ‘‘banana Rheede (1678-1703) appears to be the pe authority that wrote intelligently on the bananas and plantains of i. ives them the Malabar name of bala. In the first volume of his Hortus Malabaricus, pp. 17-20, he enumerates and illustrates several varieties : neudera bald with oblong red fruits ; caduli-balá with a thin skin and pulp of pleasant taste; puam- bald with terete fruits with a good taste; mannem-bala v vith four- cornered fruits and a thick skin ; canim-balá producing no tie owers but fertile ones, has the fruits small and yellow when pes calem- bala has the fruits full of black seeds and a rather thick s n sort known as guiady is considered the boss as a dessert fruit. It is sind; small sized, with a very thin rind, luscious, dete and of a most delicate flavour. “ A good bunch may contain ov thousand fruits” (Dict. Econ ` Products of Pudor ed es 293). This — is used entirely as a table fruit, being considered too valuable 261 for cooking purposes. The rustali is, however, the sort vire sold as table plantains, though not of so good a a quality as the form A large plantain known in Tamil as monthen is one of the per s cooking fruits of the acia The Lits A or flower plantain of Madras is described by z as “curious and ra In Bengal the table Biaataia'’ is the best. This i s grown entirely for the consumption of Europeans and do natives. The champa is the next T. e like the preceding, is of finest quality during the rains. The term kauch [katch]. holla is oyed generically to embrace all field- Oi vated plantains. These are hardly ever allowed to ripen, and are mostly used when unripe as a regot The dacca plantain (described by Horaninow as M. d "a I mentioned as one of the common Indian forms is dismisse Kur with the remark that, “although much cultivated in wie hot- houses, it is little known out of them." The stem is pruinose ; leaves paler-green than in M. sapientum, glaucous ben eath; border of petiole red. Fruit 4 inches long by half as broad, remaining tightly on the branch; its tip and stalk bright g green ; skin very thick. If identical with the dhakkai mentioned by Liotard, and said to have a long fruit, s ue pink soft flesh, it is found in abundance iu India, but only in the of Bengal It may also be the daccáe mentioned elow by Fininger, In the neighbourhood of Calcutta, Firminger (Gardening for India, pp. 179-181) mentions the principal varieties of plantains cultivated there as follows : hampa. Decidedly the finest of all the plantains, rivalling in lusciousness and delicacy the most delicious pear. The plant has a tinge of red on the stem, and the "ide rib of the leaf, both on the upper and lower side, is also r The fruit is about 6 inches long, of a pale straw colour, and not fit to eat indi it can be removed easily from the Cheenee champa. Similar to above, but the fruit much smaller, not much larger than a man’s thumb. It is borne in large, densely Martaban. A delicious fruit resembling the champa, and by some considered equal to it. The „pla ant rye no € midrib, but the rim near the base has a slight border of reddish e or daccáe-martaban.. Has a pet surprisingly rich and grown at Alexan dria, Egypt. It is very angular, and in section the placentas are strongly marked. | Kuntéla. An inferior fruit, though the one cultivated most exten- sively of all, and sold in great quantities in v bazaars. ** The cause of the very great demand there exists for this E ar kind among: it being the only sort, too, they think right to use for that purpose. The plant has n leaves and footstalks of a pure rich green. It grows to a great height Kutch kela. Fruit of large size, uid only in its unripe state for curries. “ When boiled it has somewhat the flavour of the parsnip, and is a nice vegetable with roast meat." [The model of a large fruit in the Kew Museum, labelled Musa kela, probably represents this var riety.] u 82629. Cc 262 MÁRI-bhóg or mohun-bhóg. mgr esteemed by some, but probably not much superior to the kuntél Rám kela. ln good condro a remarkably fine fruit, much resem- bling in flavour and buttery consistency the daccáe. The stem and footstalks and midribs of a dark red colour. Also the flowers. The fruit is about 7 inches long and rather thin. This Firminger names Musa rubra, now reduced as a variety of M. sapientum. On “the T hand M. rubra of Wallich is a seed-bearing species allied to M. cocci arf or Chinese Plantain [ M. Cavendishii]. In Calcutta, this is exceedingly difficult to obtain in perfection, as it is uneatable ‘till quite ripe, and on its becoming ripe commences almost immediately to decay. observed, «f well manured the fruit of this tree is one of the best plantains there is; the old trees yield particularly fine fruit.” Besides the above, Captain Ripley sent to Calcutta eighteen other named am " plantains from Arracan, of oe of which he wrote in high co dation. The moungbya has the skin “ of a dead white and very thick." - eren Ripley was acquainted with 19 kinds, d by him a c in the Proceedings of the Agri.-Hort, Soc. India, x., ir "50, 5 l Nothing further is uo of this plant. Specimens of it are desirable for herbarium pur nthe Punjab the Dun which may be a true plantain (M. pr: is largel n towards the east of the plains of this province. are fewer varieties and the quality of the fruit is poorer in the Punjab than to the east and south. At Mussooree, in the North Western Pro- vinces, there are only three kinds of bananas cultivated. These are rai kela, bara kela, and chota kela. In Oudh the only plantain that flourishes i is a large-fruited one called desee kela. A small sweet fruit called ed jmritban, probably a loeal corruption of Martaban, and the cheenee champa or red Bombay, are also grown, but neither thrives well. CEYLON. Moon, in his eatalogue of Ceylon plants, gives only the Singh e names and their English equivalents. His list of bananas (pp. 71-72) omprises as many as 47 kinds, thus bone Ceylon richest in wasetiee, - Indian Archipelago alone excepte a paradisiaca (“ anawálu- kesal ” of the Singhalese) Moon leise the following :—Wild, growing on the mountains: anawdlu- kesel an wed (seed), and anawálu-kesel-gal (rock). Cultivated: are names e following English equivalents: sour, sooty, parrot, black, buffalo, nei lion, and monkey. of Mid pe [s kesel" of the Singhalese) there are wild, untains: Aesel ael (hill), kesel aeta (seed), kesel titta- aliad Vnii). kesel wal-suwanda (wild-fragrant), and kesel wal-wanduru (wild-monkeys). Of the cultivated sorts belonging to this series Moon gives 25 under their Singhalese mee diis their equivalents. Amongst the latter are such names as r (kesel diya), black (kesel kalu), and others known as ear iM; ER Cicero golden, cracker, pingo, clustered, bitter. , fools, powdered, &c 263 Musa Troglodytarum of Moon (* nawari kesel” of "the Singhalese) is said to be wild in the mountains of ndy, although not mentioned by subsequent wether: Of this there are said to be three cultivated sorts, nawari-kesel sudu (white), nawari-kesel vir (black), and nawari-kesel tis (thirty). The wild plant i is nawari-kesel aet. Th waites mentions only one wild species in Ceylon, his “ wal-kaikel gas” (Musa eadera k d he adds this is the species from which have originated the numerous varieties of sweet plantains in the island. Kurz remarks : “ ‘There seems to be something wrong in this statement, considering that Moon has eight wild me of which one (his M. Troglodytarum) should have an irt Sawers iet Wern. Soc., Vr ifori to the wild p - e found in the ticostétie: of Ceylon as follows :—** It w. the sides of fa rugged hills that we first saw thë plániain treet in a state of. nature. When uncultivated the fruit of this plant is c paratively “hg It contains a great many seeds and has but little pulpy matte INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. e Philippines and the Indian Archipelago are regarded as the tet regions in bananas. Blanco's researches were chiefly confined to those of ie Philippine islands. He divides them into two classes, the A oe ae thick-skinned Aid and the second thin-skinned anan mentions that tkere were 57 varieties known in the islands, and m puni and names 18 of them. The most esteemed sort is saba-bisco, with a fruit 3 inches long by 1 thick, 3-5 angular The /acatan has the fruits crowned with the persistent corolla. One human thig ard long cooked it resembles in taste that of ps tandok. The Negritoes say the raceme produces but one fruit,” nco is careful to add that he In Lucon, Née observed 27 varieties of ssa but he has not given their names nor any remarks upon them Rumph appears to have known more about bananas than any one. He has given an accurate description of the plants, and he divided them into three groups, as follows:—(1) The cultivated or domesticated bananas ; (2) the Alphurian bananas, with leaves on the rachis; and (3) the wild bananas. His detailed Gaini of the varieties are very care- fully drawn up. Some of the kinds enumerated by him are as follows :— Pisang tando (horn-like). No doubt similar to the one called tanduk or tandok at the present time. If the cluster is reduced to a single fruit, the latter becomes exceptionally large. The whole bunch or spadix has usually only two or three clusters. Pisang gabba-gabba is smaller than the preceding, becoming white in ripening. It has the driest aan of all, which is like the spongy pith of the Sago palm, called [1j gabba- » Pisang qieitiig (needle banana). The fruit is short, nearly trigonous and terminating in a long snout, which is crow e with a thread-like appendage (the marcescent style), hence the na The skin adheres to the reddish pulp, which glitters like sugar rS Ben ct gens broken. It is said “ to bear racemes 7 feet long with 17 clusters o2 264 Pisang culit tabal (golden | banana). The fruit is five-cornered, and has the thickest skin of a sang medji. The cae banana (M. mensaria of Rumph), is u the best of all bananas" The fruit is about 4—6 inches long; it ripens quickly, is yellowish, and the skin is d removed. The pulp is soft, sweet, and deliciously scented, as if with rose-water. Always eaten raw. _ Pisang raja (to which Rumph gave the name of M. regia), is similar to the preceding in shape and quality. It is, however, much smaller, hardly the length of a finger and an inch thick, smooth with a thinner skin, and sweeter and more erent on which account it is the most prized as a dessert fruit in Bata It is not cultivated at Amboyna, where it is ced by the Asok kind. Probably nearly allied to the gingeli of Bou isang A is short and thick. The pulp deep yellow or red. Cannot be eaten raw, but is good for roastin Pisang abu, pisang soldado, and pisang a alphuru are small, short and thick fruited sorts, rather flat and compressed. Very good for roasting and cooking Pisang bombor has the shortest fruits, the size of a hen’s egg. Good for eating raw when fully ripe; otherwise it is sourish and acid, and must be boiled. Pisang cananya ketjil. This has the ios stem and the smallest leaves, and is only about as high as a man. "The fruits are round, the skin very thin, fragile, and can hardly be Féibvéd. The fruits grow so low that “the ey can be taken off with the mouth,” and they are often 200 on a bunch. ‘The plant is only sparingly soboliferous. Pisang tonkat langit has an upright fruited spadix (Musa Troglody- tarum, Lin.). ‘The fruits are small, plump, more thickened towards the upper end, of a red colour and black st striped. The pulp is golden yellow. The few seeds are imbedded lengthwise, brown and flat. The “ djantong,” or sterile flower cone, is much larger than in any other bananas, some- times a foot long, green and smooth. Pisang alphuru. The peduncle is peculiar in bearing leaves, “ two of which are at the base and similar to those of the stem, but shorter and rounder. Then follow other leaves which are small and narrow, and from - of them rises a thick green stalk on which grow a few fruits, of which, however, only a few come to perfection." As in other respects this re sembles the common banana, it may be an abnormal form of it. Pisang utan "n sylvestris of Colla), is the prices m of wild banana. One form (the Mindanao of Rumph) is Musa textilis, Née, yielding Manila hemp. The other (Ambon id of Rumph) is M. textilis, var. amboinensis. These have been already described in the vts section so many varieties ey can scarcely be counted. The pisang sariboe is the smallest kind of pisang, as the pisang taudok is the largest. The pisang maas is quinquangular, and its resemble, that of figs. Among the other sorts the most remarkable are pisang medji (dessert pisang), the qe raja (royal), bises e tight t ose be the most wholesome ; the pisang mera, or r from their very base are of a brownish-red as well as po bunches o fruit, and the pisang batoe or bidgi (stone or seed pisang), which is not much eaten. There is yet another kind of Musa, the wild pisang, * whose 265 leaves on the outside are covered with a species of white wax ” (van Nooten’s Java, igg, in his dictionary of the Sunda language, gives a list of about: 40 names of plantains in Western Java. The word djaww is the Sunda for pisang or plantain. The most singular is the lubang, or eel plantain, described by Kurz as “ a very rare variety ; the pes is said to ripen in the stem before it is protruded hence, likened to an eel in a hole." In the sambatu the fruits grow together, as if pitied into one mass. Marsden, in his history of Sumatra, mentions that there are 20 varieties cultivated in that island, of which pisang raja, pisang dinger, and pisang kalé are the best. f the bananas of Siam little is recorded, The fruit is there called tun-bloi or kloh-eh. Mason collected the names of 25 varieties in urm Specimens of fresh fruits of pisang maas, of pisang susu, aud of pisang tandok, preserved in spirit, are fer 1e Kew Museum, from Burbidge, in the he ns of the Sun, oa 321-2, reviews the different varieties of plantai ibd bananas that came under his observation in the East, as shot. :—- “ Last on my list, but by no means least amongst the tropical fruits of astern gardens, comes the pisang, or banana, which here, as elsewhere wherever it is cultivated, is represented by many varieties, which differ in size of fruit, flavour; and other r particulars. One of the most common varieties met with in the bazaars is pisang maas, or golden ania, the individual fruits of which are small, but of a bright golden colour and of excellent flavour. One of the most esteemed of all is pisang raja, or king of bananas, a larger fruit, also of a deep golden colour, the flavour being very luscious. Pisang hijau, t the green banana, is slender and angular, but the straw-coloured pulp is of a most exquisite flavour, and it is quite the iety i . Pisang kling is ap pde e yellow kind, bearing large smooth fruits, and for eating with aw this is one of the best, being less sweet than those just named. rge horned variety of banana (generally used in a cooked state) is common in Borneo, called of the natives pisang tandok, the individual rus ki a foot long and two inches in diameter. The outer skin is green, changing to yellow when fully ripe, and this fruit is liked by those dio ‘do not relish the sweeter kinds.’ POLYNESIA. There are numerous wild and seed-bearing bananas in the islands of Polynesia probably undescribed. Specimens of these, but not sufficient for determination, have been received at Kew from the Solomon Islands, from Mr. H. B. Guppy, = from Timor Laut from Mr. H. O. Forbes. Ellis mentions that in the Society Islands nearly 20 kinds of plantains (probably. forms rd M. Fehi), very large and -e w d in the mountains. hese are rich and agreeable w EY. but most unpalatable em raw. They have a red skin nir a t yellow pulp. Their native name is fei." The best banana in Tahiti i is called Aeaumene. TROPICAL AFRICA, The Nera vatieties of bananas and plantains cultivated in tropical ot been investigated. The native names quoted appear to stand ing for banana or plantain, and, except in one or two instances, 266 do not apply to the varieties. At Angola, Welwitgeh met with a very ornamental variety of M. sapientum, which named M. sang inea. In this the “leaves and fruit are strongly “Sted with blood-red.” Another ornamental plant, also belonging to M. sapientum, and from West Africa, is M. vittata figured in Bot. Mag t. 5402. This has the leaves and long fruits copiously striped with white, The bracts are bright red inside.” It was imperted into this country in the first instance from the Portuguese island of Sac Thomé, in the Gulf of Guinea. Burton (Central Africa, p. 58) states cl in the Aid countries around Uganda there are about a dozen varieti he best fruit is that grown by the Arabs at Unyanyem Upon the Tanganyika Lake there is a variety called now t hembu, c or glephanse: hands, which is considered larger than the Indian iiim ain. The skin is of a brickdust-red, in places inclining to rusty-brown ; the is dull yellow with black seeds, and the Aous i is harsh, strong, and drug-like. Stanley ae Umen I. p. 252) refers to specimens of plan- tains found beyond Yambuya that were “22 inches long, 2} inches in diameter, and nearly 8 inches round, is arge enough to furnish even Saat Tato, the hunter, with his long-desired full meal." Again, at Bokokoro, ** some plantains, measured here were 174 inches in length, and as thick as the forearm + Mavritius and MADAGASCAR. Bojer (Hort. Maur., p. 331) mentions that in 1837 bananas and plantains were widely “cultivated in Mauritius, Madagasear, Mozam- vias and the Comoro Islands. He enumerates 17 species and varieties cultivated at Mauritius, and gives both the Creole and Malagasy names as far as he knew th ere are two species specially mentioned producing seeds, and these he calls bananier á gra ines: (1) Musa sapientum, L. of the East les, thrives also without cultivation on the sites of abandoned gardens and other localities in the hilly district of Flaeq and the mountains of la Nouvelle Découverte; and (2) Musa glauca, Roxb., grown under eul- watched to obtain it in a perfectly ripe condition. The | stems of this banana abound in fibre of excellent quality." The fruits of Musa paradisiaca (of Bojer) are ealled Akundru lika- lika by the natives of Madagascar, while the French call them bananes jer enumerates the following kinds :— Akundru bara-baha of the Malgachees (bananes malgaches vertes) : fruits resembling those of akundru lika-lika, but they a o shorter a more curved. Skin green, the pulp white, soft, and swee Akundru minetine; fruit straight, cylindrical, green ai Nn; pulp. whitish, very sweet. A variet y of this has the fruits very like 267 those of the preceding, but they are only mie curved, angular, the pulp whitish, of an exquisite taste and odour Akundru-makai-fahai (bananes jaunes or iere nes à régime court) : fruit medium yes Jalsa cylindrical, the skin and the pulp yellow, the latter firm and s Akudibd dart btwck (bananes malartic or bananes rouges): fruit straight, cylindrical, sometimes slightly cornered, the skin thin and of a colour when ripe, the pulp yellow-reddish, of a very sweet taste and odour. Bananes malartic vertes of the French. Fruits "a like those of the preceding, bà t they remain green also xm fully r ananes gigantesques de Chine. Fruit very foe, oblong, slightly curved and angular, the skin yellow EH very thick, the pulp yellow- reddish, somewhat firm, of a little acid taste xe dru-lambu of the Malgachees (banan es de Chine or bananier in) : stem very short and very stout, the leaves oval, larger and firmer cu those of the other mes e raceme often attains such an enor- mous size that one man not carry it, ruits yellow or green, slightly curved and ditis dip yellowish, of an exquisite taste and odou Akimieusdssn — banana) of the Malgachees (bananes gingeli of the French): fruit very small, straight, cylindrical, the skin thin, pine pep yellow, very sweet and of an agreeable odour. This kind most esteemed. poseer Ë Otahiti : fruit somewhat larger than that of the Me ceding, somewhat curved and angular, ms € enel or green an thick ; pulp yellowish and of an undru-foutsi of the eT o n usines blanches) > fruits middling sized, straight, cylindrical, the skin and pulp white, the latter of a mediocre taste. The banana mentioned above as the Chinese or dwarf banana (Af. Sa is a distinct species. This was introduced to England by way of Mauritius in 1827, and first grown in this country by Mr. Barclay at Burryhill. It was aaran distributed from England, as already mentioned, to the Islands of Polynesia. There is a sample of fibre in the Kew Museum from the Botanic Garden, Mauritius, sent by Mr. John Horne, F.L.S., 1870, marked M. violacea. 'This is probably a garden variety of M. acuminata (see p. 245), with the stem, fruit, and often the leaves beneath, more or less tinged with dn or purple. € there are now tense "PROS éetablish there n be recognised as similar, if not identical, with ku. veriétión in xii ilio East Indies. On the other hand, some have doubtless developed under new bond tionl of soil and otithaité and under the ineidental varia- part are limited to three kinds. The true platano arton is the plantain used as vegetable, while the camburi and dominico are Pr sco of the banana with a sweet fruit, and eaten raw, e or Chinese banana (M. Cavendishit) has become very common of late years. ‘This was doubtless introduced direct from Mauritius ebur we have a first record of it after Cochin China) or by way of England. nad we exception of the latter it is probable that the edible dcuited banan plantains of the New World are all forms of M. sapientum. “The 268 herbarium material available at Kew does net vem adict this assumption, but it must be admitted that no one has n partieular attention to the subject or collected adequate aeiy ta which to base an authoritative opinion. Martinet enumerates the three bananas cultivated in Peru, in the neighbourhood of Lima (Jard. Bot. Lima, 1873, p. 51), as follows :— latano "espe platano as and platano de la isla. tes that a Peruvian banana called meijæ is known in the market of Lima as plain de Taiti, being supposed to be inteodaaie from Tahiti BRITISH GUIANA. Messrs. Harrison and Jenman, in their Report already cited, state :— There are two varieties of plantains ee cultivated in British Guiana, namely, the White plantain (called also the Cow plantain, Common plantain, or Maiden penkin) and the Black plantain. The others are the Giant or Horse plantain and the barooma. Bo d o: ine latter are very large fruited kinds. he d is not much The ite plantain with a green stem and green foal sales is the kind chiefly grown. It is prolific and very valuable, as the fruit is of the best quality and adapted for all purposes for which plantains are he Black plantain is exactly similar to the White plantain in character, but the leaf-stalks and sheaths of the leaves (i.e., the stem) are purple or "blacki sh. For the banana the local name is bacooba, a term of Indiau origin (evidently borrowed from its resemblance to the Heliconia, a native opical the Creoles. Bananas are not largely grown in British Guiana, the Deed? produced is, however, fully sufficient to meet local demands. no separate cultivation as for plantains, and they appear to hold € a Pii place in the domestic regime of the colony. Plantains bana added luxury, and they can be dispensed with or not according to the circumstances of the moment, The most abundant banana in the market at Georgetown, as a rule, is the dwarf or Chinese banana, and next to that the large and small fig banana. The latter are favourites k pan - well-to-do people. The varieties grown in the colony are as follo Small Fig or Ladys finger gy rene packed, clear stray colour when ripe, 3 to 4 inches ess pulp ae flavour Large Fig ov cokerite: fruit curved as a rule, 4 to 5 inches long ; good bunches Fas 300 to 400 fruits ; strongly eninge for export purposes. Martinique or Jamaica: fruit greenish D 8 to 10 inches long, of sweet flavour with a slightly astringent a Surinam ov sour: fruit slightly curved, = to 8 inches long, clear straw colour when ripe, texture of pulp rather Soay when broken, the centre harder, of a distinct sub-acid taste Giant green or Can : fruit ret daily arranged, 6 to 7 inches long, eis a beautiful jolie when red: fruit stout, dull red, $ to 7 inches E flavour good, Both ni and the last are too stout for ordinary dessert purposes. — Arrababa or apple: fruit of soft texture and slightly aub-acid, 7 to 8 inches long, skin very thick, pale yellow when ripe. “A peculiar 269 kind in all characters of the fruit; the shape, Dp of the skin, texture, and taste are all unusual. It is not of m use for eating raw like other bananas, but cooked it is the best of all? 3 Chinese or dwarf: fruit curved, 7 to 9 inches long, greenish yellow ; paon the heaviest bunches of all, often exceeding 80 pounds and containing 200 fruits. ** Sometimes the bunches appear nearly as long as the stem of the plant bearing them VENEZUELA. An account of the pr sh — of banana ver ape in Venezuela is given by Diaz in E/ Agricultor Venezolano (1877 E or platano phu is the common lasted widely distri- buted titróügtioot tropieal America. Platano dominico, the sofa or small-fruited qup is very similar to the common plantain in appearance and habit; the fruit, however, is smaller and the plant somewhat hardier, that is, it bears better the cold of the mountains. Platano topocho or the topocho plantain. Diaz regards this, to which and flavour of the fruit; the latter in its bL QUIE habit, and power of resistance to dry weather. On account of t tter quality the topocho and red banana are preferred as shade plants on anie lands on the mae "the fruit of the zopocho when ri readily eaten by man and animals. “It is a special favourite of bd ducks, turkeys, and all the fenthered family." Cambur morado, or the red banana, differs from the preceding in the colour of the stem and fruit. The fruit of this red banana is specially suitable for preserving by being dried in the sun Cambur criollo or the Creole banana. The fudit is smaller than either of the above, the stem is stained with blotches and black streaks, the fruit is small and very palatable to eat with dessert. In a green state it is most suitable as an addition to the Spanish olla or stew. ambur manzano or the apple banana. The stem leaves are tinged with red; the fruit is as small as the Creole bana It has a very delicate flavour and it is the most highly esteemed TE any. Cambur pigmeo or dwarf banana. This hardly attains a height of 5 feet (probably the Chinese banana, M. Cavendishii). The bunch of fruits is so large that it sometimes touches the ground. The fruit is slightly larger than the Creole banana, but with a similar flavour. Fresh fruits preserved in spirit of ih kinds of ssa gr and eee from Venezuela are in the Kew These were originally se to the International Exhibition of 1865, and presented by the Republic of Venezuela. The first is marked platano dominico, “bannanier royal" or Royal plantain; the fruit is about 8 to 10 inches long, 2 inches diameter, rather. prominently ribbed, sida quadrangular, much curved, with the point produced but blunt. The other is named j ie” or fig banana. The fruit is 6 to eight inches long, 14 inches diameter, slightly angular and almost terete, moderately curved, rounded at the top and crowned by the 270 withered parts of the flowers. This appears to approach very closely the Martinique or Jamaica banana in size and colo West INDIES. The varieties cultivated in the West Indies for export purposes are thus described by Dr. Nicholls, F.L.S., in Tropical Agriculture, CI There are a great number of varieties of the banana, as might be expected when it is remembered that the plant is cultivated throughout the whole tropical world—on different soils, in different climates, and under different conditions. The kinds most liked, however, in the American markets are the Martinique variety, with its large yellow exported, and it is known throughout the United States as the‘ Jamaica banana. In Dominica it is called ‘figue la rose, and in Trinidad ‘Gros Michel’ banana.” Of plantains, as distinct from bananas, there appear to be in the West Indies two principal sorts, the “ horse plantain ” and the “ milds plantain.” The distinction between the two is given below Acosta, a by De Candolle (Cult. Plants, p. 309), says that in Hispaniola or an Domingo ‘ ‘there is a small white a of banana, very delicate, which is called in Espagnolle ‘ dominico The cooking plantains cultivated in Jamaica are described by Lunan, p. 14, as follows ;— “There is à variety known by the name of maiden lantain, the common kind being called horse plantain, which differs from it in being of a smaller and more delicate growth, and having red streaks on the stem; as also in smaller but much more clustered and numerous fruit ; odiis often from 80 to 100 plantains, and weighing often 80 unds, whereas the vanh of the common plantain seldom contains more than 20. "These trees bear fruit fit for use in from 9 to 12 months after the kiea hi are planted, atA to soil and seasons; the horse plantain takes three months to fill from the time " first shoots, and the maiden plantain four; the latter is the most delicate food." Dr. de Verteuil describes the plantains of Trinidad brie zi thus :— * Like all cultivated plants, the plantain has many varieties: there exist, however, three distinct sorts. ‘The horn plantain, from the resemblance the fruit bears to the horn of a young bull; the French re his so well ae sid Bude but 25, and o E TE or fingers to the bunch ; as an edible it is also wit coarser than the French or maid plantain : the body of this plant is of a dark violet ace as also the nerves of the leaves ; the fruit is sometimes from 100 to 130. This species is regarded as more delicate than the others, artio cularly when ripe. Dominica plantain: this is a variety of the latter; though the body is exactly like that of t ary the bunch, however, resemb bles —_ of the fetta but the is somewhat shorter an mper." 271 CULTIVATION. The fruit-bearing Musas, require a moist and uniform heat. not grow continuously as in the ce but ed have a resting period during the winter when the leaves cease to develop, or even partially wither. They break forth, lowore on the return of warm weather. fruit is produced. In many countries, even in the tropics, where the plants are liable to injury from hurricanes, their Prin on is either wholly abandoned, or only dwarf sorts are grown, like the Chinese bananas, under shelter of houses or walls. In spite of the usually luxuriant growth of bananas and plantains, they yield very poor crops in Jand that has long been under cultivation, and where the humus is irri even though the soil remains produetive f other plants, such as sugar-cane, cassava, maize, millet, and sorghum. In very sandy soils the banana may flower, but it produces no fruit. Abundant, but not stagnant, moisture in the soil is necessary, and the finest piants are generally seen on the banks, and in the poe ourhood of streams. Kurz states that “ transplantation of the shoots Pp dte the quality ofthe fruit." This may mean either that the shoots should be severed from the parent stem and planted singly, or that it is an advantage to exchange shoots from one district to another. It has been proved in valleys, shut in amongst the mountains. There they succeed better even bist in the open plains, probably on ria of d tras they i d d the moister climate. They w mo n slopes up to erpat of 3,000 to 4,000 feet, but they ate to gAn some of their vigour long before they reach the latter elevation. The growth is slower, and the bunches are ‘og so large nor so abundant. A mean annual temperature of 75° to 80^ Fahr. appears to suit them best; although Dr. Ernst states ms he has seen a plant of Musa oe laden with full, ripe fruit, near Caracas, at a eight of 5,175 feet, wi mean annual temperature of 66:2? Fahr. Lieutenant Parish Pound two or three FT lants cultivated in an dicitis at an elevation of 5,1400 fee the Chumba range in the Himalayas. Considering the latitude iis is probably the highest limit of cultivation in "pss dis rther south, in the Nilgiris, Kurz says a wild banana TOWS On piae p teaux at an elevation of 7,000 feet. "There are seeds in the Kew Museum of a wild Musa from the elevated plateau of the bt bie which may be allied to this, Firminger records that plantains were growing at Firozpur in 31° N. lat., * but there is little probability of obtaining good fruit from them so far north, as the frost cuts down the plants in the cold season, and they only recover themselves, so as to begin to bear fruit, when the cold season comes round again, and they are unable to mature it. ; At the same latitude, however, in the insular climate of Bermuda in the North Atlantie, Jones mentions both the plantain and banana 272 amongst the cultivated fruits of the islands. He adds, “there is also a dwarf ei possibly the Chinese banana (Musa Cavendishit). In Borneo, Burbidge says :— * That duod generous of all food-giving plants, the banana, is every- pee hae caede in Borneo up to an altitude of 3,000 ft. It fruits all the Stai in | the Botany of the Herald, p. 336, speaks of M. EE s su eceeding well in the lower coast of north-west Mexico, “ but it n bids fruit at vus d 24? N. lat., where it is cultivated only for its ornamental foli t is recois everywhere that the dwarf banana (Jf. Cavendishii) does not require so much heat as varieties of M. sapientum, and on this ae i is T: Pid for cultivation in sub-tropical countries. x sort," remarks Sagot, * I have seen in the Canaries, cultivated in "ibi dance: with ‘the help of irrigation. It grows well, and gives an abundance of fine spikes, The gro owth is suspended from November to April; its leaves, however, remain green and fresh, and unless the wind, too much laden with saline spray from the sea, blackens them.” In Algiers the banana is merely cultivated as a curiosity in some of the gardens near the coast. ie Ensete, however, grows well there, and fruits freely. In Lower Egypt, according to Bromfield, the banana sueceeds well, but iti is principally confined to the teris of the wealthy. In what are known as the Gulf or the Southern United States of America, just outside the tropies, the banana is often grown, although fruit is not expected more than once in four five years. It is met with in the open air (in sheltered gardens) from Southern Texas to South Carolina. I orida its cülture for profit is nc carried on ripened in the open air, as, for instan by at Tustin in Los Angeles County. The principal Musad grown in Californ the ornamental Abyssinian banana (Musa Ensete). Thi produced seed from which plants are now growing in many parts of the State. e Abys- sinian banana also flowered and fruited at Palermo in South Europe in 1873. The flower spike was over 54 feet long. ‘The seeds ripened and produced plants, A plant at Parc Monceaux near Paris also flowered in the open air, but did not produce fertile see As to Australasia, in New Zealand, Tasmania, Victoria, the southern parts of South Australia and Western Australia, the climate is too cold for growing bananas for fruit purposes. In the more tropical parts of Trist ea well and produce excellent fruit, some localities being better suited than others . . . . but notwithstanding the ease with which the plant can be grown very few settlers seem to grow it." In Queens- 278 and abundantly watered. There should not be allowed to remain more than three stems to each plant, and the suckers, which will be constantly springing up, should be removed as soon as they make their ipee The stem that has once borne fruit should be cut down. close the ground, as it will never qe a second time, and a fresh sucker should be allowed to grow up to replace it. The p antain, however, as it appears to me, soon wears out the soil in which it grows, and is immensely benefited, I consider, by removal about every two or three years into entirely new ground." In Ceylon the cultivation of bananas is almost oai (s in ig hands of natives who grow them around their dwellings for shad well as for the fruit. The Ceylon Directory states that while the. mbar jam and several other fruits are particularised in the MaAávansa (a metrical chronicle in Pali of Ceylon from B.C. 543 to A.D. 1750) no mention is made of the plantain. The area under cultivation now in the island is said to be not less than 24,000 acres. “It affords to some extent here, as in almost every other country in which it is grown, an excuse for idleness. Dilke calls it ‘the devil’s agent’ so little labour is required for the rich return in fruit.” In the absence of a pen abroad for the fresh fruit, only enough is grown to supply local w In 1892 the “Jamaica banana” (known also in the: “West Indies as the Martinique banana, in Dominica as the figue la rose, and in Trinidad as the Gros Michel banana) was successfully introduced through the sid of Kew from Jamaica to British Sir William MacGregor, K.C.M.G., in acknowledging the safe arrival of the shoots and suckers, mentioned that in September 1892 they were growing at the Government Station in the Mekes district. He adds, “I have hopes that in the future they may become a valuable export from this place.” A great many different kinds of Musas are cultivated in the Islands of Polynesia. ‘They may be arranged in two natural groups under the native names “fei” (Musa Fehi, Vieill.) and “ maya” (Musa gua he dwarf or Chinese banana, known in Fiji as * Vudi ni papalagi " (/.e., foreign banana), though introduced, as already adai within the last 50 years is now widely cultivated everywhere. In 1889 the Governor of Fiji reported that “ the quantity of bananas exported from the islands is now considerably over half a million bunches per annum, and in the Colony the trade may be said to have been thoroughly established." As described by Mr. John Bie F.L.S., in A Year in Fiji, p. 81 :— * Banana plantations abound everywhere, and arg wes so in Colo, in the mountain districts of. Vit Levu. They are planted along the sides of the dp to shade the traveller from the sun, sometimes PME avenues miles in length or more. The fruit o ese trees bu, that is fe m dden to travellers. The tabu is Ae ara Fane by the nati " dtes are planted in rows, 8 feet apart, and the same e is allowed between each tree. Suckers from the sides of old roots are used as plants, the pa gs eut off before pape ee soil i in the place where the young t to be planted is dug rele of about 3 gans in diameter, and to ‘the ‘dept of 2 feet, and ini manipulated ? 000/. more than doubled. Care and attention have been latterly bestowed 274 upon the cultivation and selection of the fruit, and when this has been done the banana disease (Kew Bulletin, 1890, p. 272, and 1892, p. 48) has not made much headway. In the year 1891 two Wardian cases of the Jamaica banana, the fruit of which is so largely exported to the United States, were received at ve from the Botanical Department, Jamaica. These were forwarded he "mee est of the it ae eA John Thurston, K.C.M.G., who was ient to the Botanie Station at Suva by way of Sydney. Man the plants survived the long voyages to Fiji, and in May 1892 they were reported as “ growing apace.’ Burton ( Cent. nek ii., p. 58) says :— “The Mdizi or plantain-tree is apparently an aborigine of these latitudes; in certain ime as in Usumbara, Karagwah, and Uganda, it is the staff of life. A single bunch forms a load for a man. It is found in the island and on the coast of Zanzibar, at K’hutu in the head of the alluvial valley, and, though rarely, in the mountains of Usagara, The best fruit is that grown by the Arabs at Unyanyembe; it is still a poor specimen, coarse and insipid, stringy and full of seeds, and strangers rarely indulge i in it.” Speke says the plantain or * N’deezee” is the food of the countries one de on either side of the equator, acres of ground being covere " 3 Hd groves. On the high lands of the interior it ceases to he Amongst the per west of Uganda, Schweinfurth (Heart of A MA ii, a ) re ret: of oom plantain (Musa Ae nated gives them very little route; the young shoots are stuck in the ground after it has been slackened by the rain, the old plants are snffored? to die down just as they are ; and this is all the cultivation that is vouchsafed. In the propagation - these plantains, however, the Monbutto have a More recently beyond Yambuya, in the heart of the great tropical forest, Mr. Stanley (Darkest Africa, i., p. 252) found “a clearing three miles in diameter abounding in native produce and hitherto unvisited by the Manyuema. Almost ev ery plantain stalk bore an enormous bunch of fruit, with from 50 to 140 plantains attached. Some speci- mens of this fruit were 22 inches long." Also at Indeman (vol. ii., p. 55): “The plantain groves were extensive and laden with fruit, and especially with ripe mellow plantains whose fragrance was delicious.’ And in approaching AR and Andikumu * * in half-an-hour the main body of the caravan filed in, to find such a store of abnormally large re i sies. While at Ngoti above Urigi (vol. ii., p. 383): “A fine bunch of bananas could be purchased for 10 cowries, and as 8 cowries consti- tuted a day's ration allowance, no one could possibly complain of insufficient food." Dr. Parke speaks of * grim staryation ” and “ grim despair" which overtook AS expedition (Equatorial Africa, p. 113), and rejoices at last in the * great luck? which brought it within reach of the generous 275 On aktip the diiras all the men were rowed ac j they returned in the evening with a great quantity of bananas, whic were greedily ERE en were ser l ns ed each; they were not, however, very large or eere tah I disposed of 20 at one sitting without a any "prominent ill-e In Mr. s Report on the Island of St. “Helena min s the following note is ven on fruit-bearing Musas: “ The banana is grown ind th feet ay it would grow well under shelter of a wall or side of a house, and under these circumstances it would be more satisfactory to m than the taller kinds,’ The M tea d as “a highly eiat vegetable rather dune a fruit appears to be absent from St. Hele Àt least no plants came under dy gto e. Suckers might be ‘obtained from the West Coast of Africa. It would require shelter, and a moist and somewhat rich soil. The latter conditions are easily attained in Jamestown, at least by irrigation.” For general notes on the cultivation of the banana and plantain in the West Indies abus might usefully be made to Dr. Nicholls’ Tropical Agriculture (London : Macmillan, 1892), pp. 159-165. It is interesting to note that on the authority of Ovideo bananas were introdu Father Thomas of Berlangas from the Canaries into San Domingo in o whence they were E es into the other islands and the ainland of tro ropical Americ Er (Barbados, p. is gave,so long ago as iine a very clear unt of the cultivation of the plantain in that island * Before the mother tree decays two or three MES suckers or young trees grow up from the root, The largest of these, in about a tw uem month's time, fae such another bunch of plantains as bovi described and as this likewise dies, after it hath produced fruit, there springs frou the root fresh youn shoots $ ; so that there is an Hina succession of trees without any trouble to bd planter. Howev Vat st is thought the ennd k? "s deep, 14 broad, and 12 feet asunder. "These being well man arge roots of superfluous plantain trees are cut through in two or Mis d ; one of these is put in every hole, slightly covering it with earth, in a short time it z up. pE way o in ber are to be found growing Puit the roots of old ien pm trees, and cutting off the of these within 3 feet to the root, and so transplant them into we Lesen for that purpose Jamaica.—A ccordin the Jamaica Handbook, 1881, pp. 181-182, bananas do well under drigailón near Spanish Town. The cost of hundred, planting, cleaning eight times in the e year. and a xpenses up to the end of the first year was estimated at about 107. per acre. 'The yield of marketable bunches was 25 per cent. less than the number of suckers planted. **No returns should be eàn fee for the first 276 12 months, and the yield will vary considerably par ii to the oil. O nature of the . One field o acres gave in the second year a return of 2401. net, whilst cei rg of "E acres gave a net return of only 707." This disparity w to à original rd m the character of the soil zy 5 de “fact that the latter field had been already cultivated for some years previously, and the vegetable mould (so essential to the growth of the banana) had been ex suis In a note by Mr. sos Cork on banana cultivation, reproduced in the Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica (1893), 49, p. 2, it is stated that plants on are land that can be ploughed are put out at 14 feet square; the rows are kept perfectly straight. The suckers ow intervals, from two to four months (according to the quality of the soil), all others are remove too many suckers are left the bunches take longer to to mature and hence the fruit will not be ready early in the sprin hen good prices are obtainable. The land requires to be weeded, ploughed, and harrowed seven times during the year, forked round the roots once a year, and have the redundant suckers removed bos few as they appear. The actual gross Pa on good land thus cultivated (with 339 stools to the acre) was 277. 1s. 3d. per acre. The cost of cultivation and delivery per acre was ol. 18s. Gd. The net rofit per acre was therefore 204. 2s. 9d. Forty acres of this. one in had been bearing since 1886 and were still in Gul ratio he and judicious management can do in the production of bananas in thoroughly suitable localities in Jamaica. In Trinidad Dr. de Verteuil says: “ The plantain requires a good deep soil and a sheltered position, being easily prostrated by strong winds. It is propagated by sprouts (improperly called slips) which are planted at 10 feet apart. From five A paimo walk" requires only occasional weeding and pruning." In British Honduras the cultivation of bananas and plantains has become an important industry. In fact the fruit exports are now almost two-thirds of those of the great staple industry of the colony— mahogany. Further it is stated (Kew Bulletin, 1894, p. 98) that *the one cheering fact in the agricultural condition of British Honduras at the present time is the gradual and steady E which has taken place during the last few years in the fruit trade In the early stages of EN enterprise the following rut were offered by Mr. Morris ony of British Honduras, pp. 92, 93) with * Owing to the regular fortnightly communication by mail reni between British Honduras and New Orleans, a large demand has arise for bananas, coco-nuts, oranges, pine-apples, A^ various other fruits for At the American market t present, next to sugar, bananas would appear to i gato occupying chief attention in the Nis. and provided a convenient and regular market is found for the aland planters have every prospect of finding the cultivation a profitable one 277 “ The profits on banana cultivation would appear to range from 127. to 15l. per acre, after the lapse of 12 to 18 months. The cost of esta- blishing a plantation, including the price of land (at a dollar an acre) will not exceed some 87. to 127. per acre until the first crop is rea *'lhere are some imis of acres of splendid land suitable for banana culture in this — which offer every inducement to ex- rienced tropical planters to settle down and reap the returns which must inevitably attend the iei and careful culture of this fruit Practically, the export in bananas has only arisen since steam QUT in was 8,958 bunches of bananas, of the value of 7007.; in 1881 ^t had risen to 22,229 bunches, of the estimated value of 1 ,4691." [It has since T large and increasing proportions, and the annual value now is not less 40,0007, | A later account, written from personal experience, of banana planting in British Tionddrex, was contributed to the Demerara Ar 'gosy by Mr. i iepen. Th largest suckers only are used and care taken not to injure the eyes When suckers are produced allexcept two or three of the strongest w cut e used, tin them down bleeds them, and consequently takes pate the strength of those left.’ Reaping: The bunches should be left on the trees, if pans until the day before shipping. During the cooler months, November to April, the bananas are cut much fuller than during the hot cubo * Fruit cut too full in the summer does not last the four days’ voyage i time the Ai After the ea is eut the planter may with safety expect two or more bunches from shoots on the same stool during the next nine months." Each bunch may weigh from 30 to 90 pounds eplanting : Unless the banana plant xd requis to shade other plants the fields should be re-planted every otection from wind: High winds are dn njurious to banana crops. Hence cultivators should leave a vens of forest ed under-bush to protect the plantation on the north and east. Stems with large bunches should be supported by sticks or bamboos. Maias ng the fruit: bag is the best market time for bananas e United States, the fruit keeps longer in good condition for the indo and subsequent handling on land. In order to obtain fruit in December the grower should plant at the end of November, that is, 12 to 13 months previously. The months of June, July, August, and September are the worst for shipping bananas. In British Honduras the contractors pay 50 cents, Belize currency, equal about 1s. 6d. for bunches of eight hands and upwards, and half that price for bunches under eight hands; bunches of six hands are very seldom saleable. The United States Consul at Belize in 1893 reported: “ The capital required to start a fruit plantation is comparatively small, and, the u 82629. p 278 revenue gained from it when in pee bearing being large, many men who were formerly labourers now own plantations on t me banks of the various rivers and also a town houses. A e fruit grown here is shipped to the United States, and the oR Sen whieh buy the fruit ka the PE gring i in exchange all the food stuffs which are consumed in the Colon The later developments in fruit-growing in Nicaragua are described by Mr. Consul Bingham, in a Foreign Office Report, Ng Bs 1888, on the ERR AMOR of bananas on the Rama River, Nicarag rst shipment, consisting of about 500 Pus a was made in ii taiter part of 1883, the fruit being sold at the vessel’s side at the rate of 50 cents (Nicaraguan currency) per bunch, The success that attended this first attempt induced many persons, including. several foreigners, to commence the cultivation of banan nas, and now the whole of both banks of the Rama River, commencing from about 20 miles h River, for about 20 miles from hakie | on not adapted for culti- vation, being too low and swampy. The following figures will show the rapid growth of the exportation of when from this country : cate 1883 the number of bunches exported was 8,000 ; in 1884, 40,000 ; 1885, s uid. in 1886, 154,434; and in 1887, 255,332. “To hip the bananas during the year 1887 there were six steam- ships, Gack making monthly trips to the United States, where the whole of the fruit is sold, two of these steamers carrying their cargo to New Orleans, three to Baltimore and Philadelphia alternately, and one to New York. * A plantation of 10,000 bananas would cost, including clearing the ground and planting, about 10,000 dollars currency. It would com- menee to give fruit in 9 or 12 months after planting, and would last about five years; after that time the ground becomes exhausted, about 6 to 8 inches long, and a red variety known as the ‘patriota. This is the ha than the yellow form, but has a sweeter and finer flavour In Venezuela Diaz states that the plantains an d bananas of that country dirivé very well, the only drawbaeks in certain localities being strong winds and occasional prolonged droughts. The soil best suited to them should be somewhat moist and provided with humus, As regards temperature the hotter it is (with abundant moisture) the yetter ; hence the luxuriance of the plants along the sea coast. In propagating it is important the suckers. should not be removed until the parent stem has perfected its fruit, otherwise the latter will not fully mature. Suckers are put out at a distance of 9 or 12 feet, of the rows. ‘The weeding and lost’ should take place at the beginning of the rainy season and again “ at the commencement of the north winds,” that is twice a year, in the months of April and September respectively. At British Guiana Messrs. Harrison and Jenman write :—— “The banana is a gross feeder and requires liberal cultivation. A copious rainfall, good soil and tillage, free drainage, m and liberal dressings 279 of manure where the ground is per manently. "i are all. essential con- ditions to the production of first-class frui When stable dung is procurabl its application pays well. In the AiE serapan we have tried with artificial manures, sulphate of ammonia, applied about 2 cwt. to the acre ie a time, appears to have produced the best results. Enormous show buuches of any of the heavier yielding kinds may be obtained by PADO in a stable-manure heap or ordinary dung-hill. One caution be mentioned. The peus tillers (or suckers) so freely that ug: attention is required to keep down the superabundant shoots. The taller kinds should not exceed 300 stools to the d and if allowed : much, less would be advantageously plan ted. stick or two, placed under the neck of the bunch on the side which it hangs and leans to, strong enough to support the weight. * Plantains require much the same system of cultivation as that de- seribed for bananas, but give a heavier yield from the same land. The jecting to the slightly saline pud found where the sea or river has invaded the place periodically at spring tides while it was lying fallow under the natural bush growth. Such lands yield heavily, but the crop is liable to suffer, if the seasons for the first two ine after planting prove very wet, from the plantain disease of the color Again * new lands produce the most luxnriant eae growth, and rst to th f sug cultivation. Plantains growing on *pegass' land (containing a large admixture of vegetable iei are reported to be better flavoured than those grown on purely clay land, upon mue, however, for commercial purposes they are almost exclusively grow Mr. A. D. Van Der Gon Netscher, when e iin of plantation Klein Pouderoyen, on the west bank of the River Demerara, in 1855, furnished the olio owing interesting particulars relative to the cultivation of the plantain : * The experience of ten years on a cultivation of from a oved to be injurious to the growth of the fruit and the development of ‘the stem. 3. Of the suckers planted not more than 75 out of 100 succeed, and the deficiencies require to be supplied. The cultivation will give on an average five good 7 of fruit in two years. 4. The keeping up of a plantain estate, on a large scale, costs about 67. per acre per annum, supposing the. ostate to be already in good working order," . CULTIVATION OF BANANAS IN ENGLAND. Bananas are common objects of cultivation under glass in this country, but they are grown more for their handsome foliage than for the fruit, since they occupy considerable space in hot-houses, and require D 2 280 a high temperature all the year round. At Kew, Sion House, Chats- worth, and many other establishments with spacious * palm” houses, plants of large size are grown, and under these circumstances they fruit reely. — M. Ensete and M. Basjoo form very striking plants at Kew in the Temperate House. M. Ensete, according to Sir Joseph Hooker (in Gard. Chron. 1860, p. 1105) ripened a few seeds in the Palm House in that year. The femaie flowers were specially fertilised with pollen taken from the scarcely opened male flowers. e Palm House affords the most suitable conditions for the tropical species. Some fine specimens of Musa sapientum attain a height of 18 feet to 20 feet. Their large, emerald green leaves remain unbroken, in marked contrast to their usual condition in the tropics, until they begin to fade. The most esteemed sorts for fruit purposes are selected from time to time for distribution to botanical institutions in the Colonies. Of these the “champa” and “ram kela” (or rubra), two choice Indian sorts described by Firminger, have been distributed from Kew during the year 1893. A Malayan sort, “ pisang medji” (M. mensaria, Rumph.), with a sub-globose fruit, as large as an apple, and soft yellow flesh is very palatable. Another Malayan sort “pisang raja” (M. regia, : dE sweet and delicate in taste. "Io these may be added a sort from Madras called “rustali,” generally sold as a table plantain in that A bunch of tie Chinese banana grown by Sir Henry Peek, exhibited at a meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1877, weighed 98 pounds, “a result," according to the Garden, XI. p. 345, “ which proves that we may enjoy this, and possibly other tropical fruits, ` s 3) the immense quantity of high-flavoured fruit which had been produced. At P. 1894 [1], p. 340, two plants of Musa Cavendishii “were carrying gardens, but all the forms of M. sapientum fruit well at Kew. The are planted either in large tubs or in a border on the south-east side of the house in a compost of rich loam and cow manure. Suckers about 6 feet high, when planted singly, fruit in from two to three years. The bunches are cut as soon as the fruit shows signs of changing from green to yellow and hung in a warm room to ripen. This they do in about a fortnight after cutting. Fruit ripened on the plants is not nearly so rich in flavour as when it is cut and ripened in a room; it also ripens much more slowly if left on the plants, As soon as a bunch is 281 cut the stem which bore it is cut off level with the ground and a sucker, of which there are ego several in various stages of growth, is selected kic take its pla. * Travellers who ive tasted some of the best of the Kew-grow banii say that they are superior in flavour to what are obtainable in the tropics. Mr. George Wythes, gardener at Sion House, has lately given the darin of his experience in growing bananas, in the Garden, Vol. XLIV., pp. 496-497. One of the best sorts rééommended tó o grow for fruiting hoa is the Chinese banana . Cavendishit. own at fruit with an excellent flavour. e taller sorts are not in favour in conservatories as they take up too much room * When grown in a high temperature bedank require an abundance of moisture, Plants m may be fruited in 12 months if well cultivated and large suckers are planted in the first instance. They like good stout border is then cleared out and filled with new soil for subsequent planting.” The plantain is not usually grown under glass for the sake of its fruit. Should it be accidentally introduced and fruited it is regarded by those us acquainted with its merits as ied an inferior sort of senem and it is discarded. there were suc lant as a an yielding s a first-class fruit suitable for erts it would be very desirable to introduce it Diseases or PLANTAINS AND BANANAS, As a rule, both plantains and bananas are singularly free from disease. ing into account the immense areas over which these plants are cultivated, and Ae lengthened period during which they have been subject to the c ol of. man it is remarkable that no chronic disease has manifested itself amongst them except in one or two localities. Queensland.—Dr. Bancroft in vince tyoctigntan a eee in the neighbourhood of Brisbane. The plants were said to be Mus lata the figue mignonne of Mauritius die Bourboi, d the sugar banana,” possibly a form of M. sapientum. He found the roots affected 1 39 allied to the well-known paste eel Anguillula. He recommended as a remedy ‘ ploughing and summer fallow.” Of me T san ned has been heard of this disease. Nothing apparentl eee. the ground from time to time and Giang with healthy om unaffected districts. A fungus (Gleosporium Musarum, Cooke and Massee) affecting ripe Mr. bam in Queensland was forwarded to Kew by Baile ey, S. (No. 520). This disease is capable of i inis very rapidly on dg plan ts, and asa * black smut” it may be readily detected. The ri only effective Pagi is e derbe the plants ithinbdistely by burning or by the liberal use o Fiji.—In the Pee s ded for the year 1889 it was stated, “A disease has appeared among the banana plantations in these islands 282 during the past six or seven years, and it would make rapid strides but or the persistent watchfulness of the growers. No reliable cure has yet been found, but inquiry and expe eriment are still going on.” The subject was discussed in Kew Bulletin, 1890, pp. 272-273. Sir John Thurston stated that the disease broke out in the first Cavendishii (largely grown in Fiji for export), was first attacked, but in the course of a few months the larger and stronger plantain was affected, and ultimately not a single banana or plantain "could be found from one end of the island to the "other. The disease then passed over to Viti lae Th report in 1 eli 891 that after a cem € rest the land even there was able to ants almost free from dise It was ibis that ihe Fiji tibdheo might be caused by a nematoid worm, a minute parasite similar to that found in Queensland attacking the roots. It was recommended, failing success with various insecti- cides, to plough the land, leaving. it fallow for a time and alternating crop. e ground was subsequently to Be replanted with suckers from an LETS locality. The view that the d caused, in part at least. by nematoid worms was apparently confirmed by investigations with fresh material undértaken by Dr. N. A. Cobb at Sydney, New South Wales. "The resnlts are given in nef eene 1892, pp. 48, 49. The remedies suggested by Dr. Cobb w * ]. Where the bananas are cultivated, a system of rotation siad be adopted; no sitari should be made to "uud banana "m on the same ground continuously for a long series of year *2. Judging from the specimens we Mes soil about the banana eee is infested to an extraordinary degree with nematodes, therefore it is best, in baer to plough deeply; o or to occasionally subsoil the land. These n atodes attack the roots of plants, and exist largely within 8 idis" of the surface. As they become rarer as the depth of the soil inereases, it follows that if the land be ploughed deep ^. thoroughly so as to turn the soil exactly bottom side up, a soil co par on free from nematodes will be brought to the surface, and, at the same time, the nematodes which were near the surface are buried so deep that poe can do much less damage than they could if left at the surface. (53, POT TEN mim uly in dealing with these plants is thought great care in setting the new ranks të., in making new plantations. k. ; spade, they epee be inspected, and all brown and rotten portions should be earefully removed, and all suckers from which these brown and Aerated Eir cannot be removed should be discarded." British Guiana.—A disease of plantains has long been known in this Colony. Diseased stems exhibit internal decay, the substance of the leaf sheafs “turning to a so a. offensively-scented, putrid mass.” The fruits produced by the diseased plants “ are black ‘aiid, but a soft like the interio the stems and rootstocks of the plants, They are of course ueni for food." The nature ‘of the disease, according to Mr. 283 Jenman, has not yet been determined, though it has uius — „eoor in the fields, and samples of the affected parts have be ined by mycologists. Very wet weather materially i itane rite aes Mese. on heavy new land, and good drainage and high planting can ted to as a protection from its ravages. It is said that — —T in British Guiana are affected by the same disease as the planta An obscure disease of cocoa-nut trees at Montego Bay, Fits aica, may be related to it. Mr. Fawcett, describing the Jamaica trees, states, “ in almost all the trees examined the sour smell of a putrefactive fermentation of opinion that the diseas e to an organised ferment which is able to attack the very tender visse of the oun n outside the terminal bud. If this ferment can be the heart of the cabbage the tree ma be saved." The only remedy at all effective was “ burning the leav n the trees in the early peeps of the disease.” It was recomm Baidoa ics destroy all diseased trees, and for those under treatment it was suggested toa Apply to their roots the ashes of the burnt leaves mixed with some manure The bananas in British Guiana are i onini) not affected in the same way as the plantains. Some plants here and there growing near diseased plantains are affected, but the aida as a rule are free from disease. As far as can be gathered the plantain "rema is more pronounced on the “ newly empoldered clay lands of the Colony.” This land, with stiff, tenacious soil, is strongly impregnated with salt, and it will not grow sugar canes. It is possible such conditions may serve to render the plantains n: to the disease if not directly the cause of it. It has been n that plants affected by the disease grown experimentally in the Jota Gardens at Georgetown, in comparatively poorer but drier and more eultivated soil, have “lost the affection from the first, and bore * without exception sound fruit." Trinidad.—'The following information by Mr. J. H. Hart, F.L.S., this subject is taken from the B» lletin of the Royal Botanic kA m Trinidad, No. 21, January 1894 “ For some two or three years past a disease has appeared among the various kinds of Musas cultivated in Trinidad. is characterised 1 by a diseased condition of the leaves, and by the fruit rotting before coming to maturit “The kinds most affected are those known as the ‘ Moko,’ or * Jobi plantain; and the ‘ Jamaica banana, otherwise known in Trinidad as the * Gros Michel, which is the kind most generally exported to the United States D d have several times | examined diseased plants at various seasons _ When first affected the "it oid organisms, and n matoid worms are present in large numbers, while a variety of forms of bacteria are present in the fluids of both stem and leat, * These organisms also appear in the soil surrounding the dre and also in the fruit when it decays. I have, however, been unable to show that the plant is attacked by parasitic fungi of any kind. 284 * So far as my observation goes the disease first attacks the growing parts of the plant, and a induces decay downwards to the roots, the whole m eventually rotting. * As a tentative measure I would suggest the complete destruction of infected plants, and the removal of all that are healthy to well-drained pee fertile so “Tt is otearvel that the *fig-sucré, or small-fruited banana, enjoys the greatest immunity from attack ; possibly on account of the harder charstiter of the epidermis in this variety.” South-East Africa.—Although the fruit-yielding Musas are not culti- vated to any extent in Cape Colony, specimens of diseased banana fruits were received from Professor Me in 1893 grown near East London. The disease was very similar, if not px Rs with that caused by a species of IS i in Queens: id. It affects both the flowers and fruit, and seems to be genera Laboratory at Kew with the spores of the fungus soon showed the disease in a virulent lic: It is x vdd desirable to carefully weh banana plants affected by any for of “black smut,” and destroy them immediately, “before te dins has had opportunity D spread. > n g [s = pee B 0a zi “es = e zu Pr; oO e et c e -— S et > [c] Economic Usrs. Ripe bananas, especially the delicate sorts, are an excellent dessert fruit, and they are universally used in the tropics. The taste an flavour of the banana fruit are very various. Some are acidulous, others acid-sweet or sweet like sugar. In the best varieties the pulp is soft and melting, with a delicate fruity flavour resembling apple, strawberry, or pine-ap di The taste for ripe bananas of late years has largely spread sprung up between the West Indies, especially. Jamaica, and arts of Central America, to ship fresh fruit to the United States and Canada. During the year 1893 the eta quantity received at ports in the United States reached nearly 13 million bunches. The value of this fruit at the wharf would not be far on of four millions sterling. The quantity received at ports in the Dominion of Canada is not given, but it must be steadily increasing since direct steamers have now been placed between Canada and the West Indies. The consumption of bananas in this country and on the Continent is as yet comparatively small. Dampier, during his * New Voyage round the World," 1679 to 1691, recognised the value of the plantain and banana. “The e plantain,” he says, “ I take to be the king of all fruit, se m the eoco[nut] itself. The trees are not raised from seed (for they seem not to have any but from the roots of other old trees. if these young suckers are taken out the ground and planted in another place it wiil be . f 15 months before they bear; but if let stand in their own native soil they will bear in 12 months. As soon as the fruit is ripe the tree decays. ais: “When this fruit is only used for bread, it is roasted or boiled when it is just full grown, but not yet ripe, or turned yellow. . metimes, for a change, they eat a roasted plantain and a raw plantain together, which is instead of bread and butter. E etimes our nglish take six or seven ri 285 instead of a Pep ning, hiph they call a buff-jacket ; and this is a very good way for a change, This fruit makes also very good tarts; and the green Paane sliced thin, and dried in the sun and , will make a sort of flour which is very good to make puddings. A ripe plantain, sliced and dried in the sun, may be preserved a great while, and then eats like figs, very sweet and pleasant. The Darien Indians preserve them a long time, by dr ing them gently over the fire, mashing them first, and moulding them into lumps. The Moskito Indians will take a ripe plantain and roast it; then take a ow = water in a calabash, and squeeze the plantain in piec with their hand, mixing it with the water; then they drink it all off together; this they call mishiaw, and it is p sweet and. nourishing, somewhat like lambs-wool (as it is ealled) made with apples and ale ; and of this fruit alone many thousands of Indian families in the West Indies have their whole subsistence.” Coming to later times Lunan in Hortus Jamaicensis, p. 74, quoting Labat, says: ** When the natives of the West Indies undertake a voyage they make provision of a paste of mtu which, in case of need, serves them for nourishment and drin for this purpose they take ripe bananas ; and, aving oie thik through a fine sieye, form ashes, after being previously wra pped up in the leaves of Indian flowering reed. When they would make use of this paste they dissolve it in water, w which is very easily done, and the liquor, thereby rendered thick, has an agreeable acid taste imparted to it, which makes it both refreshing and nourishing." n the green state and cooked in various ways plantains supply the staple food of millions of people in tropical America. In fact “ they are so extensively consumed as to almost take the place of cereal grains as a common article of diet. About 6} pounds of the fruit or 2 pounds X the dry meal with a quarter of a pound of salt meat or fish form in the West Indies the daily allowance for a labourer.” Iu Jamaica the working negroes prefer plantains to bread ; the former they boil or roast inashes and eat when quite warm. The ripe fruit when it is yellow and has acquired a sweetish flavour is sliced and fried or baked. It has then a pleasant sweet flavour, slightly acid, and very much resembling pples. ntral America, accordi ing to Seemann, the plantain furnishes the inhabitants with the chief portion of their food. Similarly we have the testimony of Belt that * Next to maize, plantains a bananas form the principal sustenance of the natives in Nicaragua. re a great many varieties of them, and they are cooked in m many ways, bo oiled, baked, made into pastry, or eaten as a fruit. The varieties differ, not only in their fruits, but in the colour of their leaves and stem Usually the bunches of fruit, both in the plantain and the banana, are cut before they are quite ripe, or when the first fruits are beginning to turn yellow. They are then hung up to ripen gradually under cover. There are, however, other methods adopted. The plantains especially, are sometimes taken from the bunch and packed loosely in a hole in the ground and well covered over. In this way they become softer and have a bette r appearance than if dried in the sun. When a hole is not available they are placed in a barrel instraw and also covered over. Monteiro, who travelled in loo. refers to the domestie uses of the fruit as under :— 286 “The plantain is roasted green when it becomes quite dry and a good substitute for bread ; or boiled, to eat.with meat instead of potatoes ; = when ripe roasted whole or hens sim enitn into thin slices and fried n butter and eaten with a little sugar and cinnamon or wine forming a Hide dish for dessert. A very large tilànéafe, 18 or 20 inches long, is exces in the interior, and is brought down to the coast by the Speke, in his Nile Journal, p. 648, enumerates the uses of plantains in Central Africa: “A chi p from the stem washes the hands, and makes the wet flesh-rubber of the —— thread and lashings for loads are also taken from the stem; rain is colleeted in the green leaves, make screen-fenees and sacks to hold grain or provisions; the fruit dried (from Ugigi) is like a Normandy pippin; a variety, when green and boiled, is an excellent vegetable, while another vet a wine resembling hock in flavour. At 2° N. they cease to be gro In Fiji * The fruit of the different Musas is," aecording Et Seemann, -* variously prepared by the eee cooks. Split in half, and filled with cocoa-nut and su ne, bananas make a favourite pudding (vakalolo), which, on mt of its goodness and rich sauce of cocoa- nut milk, has found its way even into the kitchen of the white settlers. "Wilkes has already mentioned that the natives, instead of anging up the fruit until it becomes mellow, bury it ae ae’ S should be added) in the ground, which causes it. to appear black o the outside, and impairs the flavour. The fresh Musa , 905 are sl ^ substitutes for plates and dishes in serving food or for makin mporary clothing, the dry instead of paper for cigarettes (suluka). In place of the finger-glasses handed round at our tables after dinner, iom of rank are supplied with portions of the leaf-stalk of the plantain Seemann continues: * The Fei, or mountain plantain, beaten into a ulp and diluted with cocoa-nut milk or water till brought to the consisteney of arrowroot as ordinarily prepared in Snglan » Was formerly much used in the Society Islands. Large quantities were usually prepared for every festival; a kind of cistern was made, a framework of se ose a lining of leaves, which, when filled, w sufficient load for n to carry. Seven or eight e these end subitis filled and Vitel on men's shoulders to one feas Moseley in * Notes of a Naturalist," confirms this teens account of the Fei. In Tahiti he and his companions made “the first camp in the head of Fatua Valley at a height of about 1,600 feet amongst the * Fei’ or wild plantains , . : e plant is closely similar in appearance to an ordinar banana iree, but the large bunches of fruit instead of hanging pit stand LP erect from the summit of the stem. They are bright yellow when * A fire is lighted and a bunch of Hess wild bananas is = abet into it. The outer “skin of the fruit becomes blackened and c harred, but when it is peeled 1 off with a pointed stick a yellow foury interior is reached, which is most excellent de and like a mealy potato. This tion. It could not but be most — that the plant should be introduced into many other tropical co E. In the West Indies the dried «eri on prepared portions of the stem are used as a packing material for the fruit when taken down to the 287 nearest port for shipment. ‘The same material is woven into coarse saddle-cloths for pack mules, or used in a loose pad for the same anb e fresh banana leaves are used to shade young coffee o seed- lings in nursery beds, and to cover the eacao beans during the process of fermentation. The midribs = often placed in the syrup of Muscovado sugar when first poured into casks to assist to drain the molasses. The young leaves before diey open are beautifully smooth and soft, and are used as a dressing for blisters ; while the juice, accordin to Barham, “is good against burn.” water from the soft trunk is astringent and employed to a diarrhea, ‘The juice from the skin igi E © z [s LN © 5 e zs e z e E e B - M © 38 g S i: pH a et E S e e 5 ® .B [probably a veteri which te from a bunch of bananas hung up in the shade to ripen makes a very good vinegar. Hughes (Barbados, p. 182 inentiotis that “ the pulpy stem of bananas are often sliced and given by way of fodder to cattle. The inner undeveloped leaves, when quite white and tender, as well as the flower or scape buds, are not infrequently eaten in the East Indies. Kurz states that these miniature portions of the plantain (probably from wild plants) are brought into the Calcutta sm to the amount of half a ton daily. They are known as thor and are prepared for food by boiling. Firminger possi y rhi: to something similar when he states that “ The head of the flowers of a variety of plantain known as Kuntela in the neighbourhood of Calcutta before the recs in which they are enclosed - “expands, is often cut off, being esteemed a most delicate vegetable.” This use Lies not appear to oot extended to tropical America, or at least we have met no record of it, probably on account of the absence there of wild plants in the abundance found in the East, In other parts of India also the young fl ower-heads are cooked and eaten in curries. P use of these portions of the plantain stems for food is similar to ra in many parts of the world of the af buds (or the ibt] 6 many palms. ‘There is, however, a curious species of Mus Shay noticed from New Caledonia (possibly altered by cultivation) describoa by Vieillard under the nam M. oleracea, It produces inflorescence and is cultivated on dicii of its fleshy and desin esd fx which are cooked and eaten. It is multiplied entirely by offsets. The infant spadix or seape of the Abyssinian plantain (M. Ensete) is also use ed as a vegetable. The young stem is first of all deprived of all its external envelopes and is then cooked and eaten. ‘ Prepared in this way, it resembles the cab- bage of a palm.” The plant is of great importance for food purposes as a vegetable in the gis valleys of Abyssinia, notably in the Soudan. It extends also up the Nile Valley almost to the equator. The fruit, as already mentioned, is usually regarded as not edible. Johnston, however, i in his Kilima-njaro Expedition met with a singular use of the seeds of the Ensete. He remarks that in the inside of the seeds is a friable white pith easily rubbed into a white powder by the natives. * When in this state it is used for divinations and augury by being blown from the hand.” He speaks of the very scanty pulp found in the fruit in a fresh state as “ just eatable.” It is “faintly sweet, but leaves a somewhat acrid taste in the mouth." Later on he sies also among the natives rd the ] yassa rev "The black irregular-shaped glossy seeds, according to Ca ptain Speke, are strung into necklaces, charms, and tiaras by dié Sitara, and goats are fed on the 288 leaves, Some of the economie uses described under Musa Ensete may, however, refer to other, but very closely allied, species. In India the dried petiole of the plantain is used without further prepacstiun for tying fences, íraining the betel vine to its support, nd for numerous other purposes as a rough kind of twine, and the pem parts are made into little square boxes for holding snuff. drugs, &e. In the Archipelago the trunk is cut into several pieces, which serve as hearths during festivities in the open air, and in Siam it is used for clarifying sugar. ‘The leaves are much used for packing all sorts of small goods in the bazaars, and are also employed as plates, being sold ` for this purpose for from 1 to 3 es each. Mig dry EI are em- ployed by shop-keepers much as brown paper is in Europe. They are also used for making mats, and as thatch for fallen huts. In Central America “the mats which the poorer classes have to sleep upon are made from fibre of the plantain.’ In the Malay peninsula the fresh leaves are employed as a water-proof covering for the earthen pots or amboo, in which rice is steamed. The ash of the leaf and the leaf stalk, rich in alkaline pii is used ins miad of country soap or fuller’s earth in washing clothe A solution of the ash T frequently employed instead of salt in cooking vegetable os &e. The renti and tops of young plants are also occasionally eaten as a. vegetable, and are given as fodder to sheep and ca o Sitet sheaths fae a valuable fodder for elephants. The central portion of the stem and a root-stock are said to be given to cattle to increase the quantity of m Dr. ot mock found a sweet hare jelly-like manna exuding from the stem of Musa superba. This when dried at a low temperature yielded 82-3 per cent. of fermentable sugar. urz mentions that “ the skin of the plantain is generally used by the servants in Dutch India for blackening their masters’ shoes.” The watery juice which flows from all cut parts of the banana is rich in tannin, and it is of such a blackening nature as to be fit for being used as an nee marking ink, the marks becoming black and visible only after w * One ra rarely emerges from the cloudy regions of Java (where "s undergrowth is chiefly composed of wild bananas) without = exudes from the farrell parts of the banana plants. With t addition of iron it rapidly becomes black like ink.” Kurz further adds: “The djantongs, or sterile flower-cones hanging at the end of the scape, of most varieties are used in sayurs and curries, and so also are the flowers themselves in some parts of India. Junghuhn describes a wild plant called the wax banana of Java, the leaves of which are covered on the underside with a minute white powder. The Javanese scrape this meal together, melt it over a fire, and produce a valuable wax. The wax thus obtained becomes very clear, hard, and whitish, and forms an important article of trade in middle Java. Bleaching renders it very white. One banana tree (with seven leaves) yields two ounces of wax. As there are thousands and honid of plants NS overlarge areas the preparation of the wax is a remunerative enterpri Dye and Tan. Ehe. des of the leaves, the stem, and the peel or fruit rind are employed, according to McCann, in many o of the dyeing processes practised in Bengal. ‘The latter is also used as a tan and for blackening leather. The sap stains cloth a dark, almost black colour, which is fairly permanent, is very difficult to wash out, and on that account may be employed as a substitute for Uu ink. 289 Amongst the specimens shown in the Kew Museum are the leaves of Musa Fehi dried for use as a packing material. The texture of these leaves is stouter than in the ordinary banana. Neat little cups woven from plantain leaves, as well as a native rope from the same material, are shown from Madras. Siamese * burees," or cigarettes, sold in Bang- kok at 8s. 4d. per 1,000, with wrappers made from banana leaves, were received from Mr. F. W. gg un Banana chutney, se red at Natal, was shown at the Col.-Ind. Exhibition, 1886, soon ane of banana vinegar was received from Fiji at the same Exhibiti PLANTAIN AND Banana FIBRE. e fibre produced id the stems of various sorts of Musas has vention Dam plantain-tree which they call Saggen, by which name they call the plantain.” To prepare this cloth they cut the plantain stem into four big as brown thread; of this they make cloth, „Which i is stubborn when ears out soon, and when wet it is spen my." About the beginning of this century the Government of Jamaica offered sm of 2901. * for the best specimens of plantain hemp produced in each county of Jamaica.” Dr. Stewart West, then acting-botanist in charge of the Bath Garden, gained the premium for the best specimen produced in fixed i in the ground, and hung up to dry as soon as possible. It was pointed out that *the goodness of the fibre depends upon completely evaporating ga sap, otherwise the least fermentation greatly impairs its strength ; it cannot therefore be too rime hly dried before it is acked for in or exportation." A nine-thread rope, 1 inch diameter, of plantain fibre made at the Dock yard, par Royal, broke with a weight of 728 pounds ; while a similar rope, known as “the King's s nine-thread inch rope,” broke by a weight of 714 pounds The most valuable Musa fibre is ibed that bee by Musa teatilis, known in commerce as Manila hemp. ‘There are about 12 different varieties of plants under cultivation all diftering in habit and in quality of the fibre yielded by them. They thriv fresh clear- ings of jungle on low hills, and under shade oft trees left standing at distances of about 60 feet. They do not do so well in open plains, and in swampy lands not at all Manila hemp takes the chief place as a material for making white ropes for rigging and other purposes, and old opes made of Manila hemp make excellent paper material. The mag- nitude of the industry connected with the Abaca or onm hemp plant may be gathered from the fact that about 50,000 tons of fibre are atirtidiy exported from the Philippine Islands, of the vais of atout three millions sterling. ‘This subject is more fully discussed in Kew Bulletin, 1887, April, pp. 1-3. The fruit of the Abaca is green and hard and unfit for food. t is important to bear in mind that the Manila hemp plant is exclusively produced in the south-eastern part of the ipee tuis All attempts to successfully cultivate it in the western and northern parts have hitherto proved abortive. The plants grew barely 2 feet high, 290 several months, while in the eastern provinces there are copious rains all the year round. Evidently the plant will only thrive under the latter condition, and it would be useless to attempt to grow it in countries SN NS ba EB | N SNSE (TS SAAS — j ea SS S ) N ET Musa textilis, Née. 1. Pistillate flower. 2. Staminate flower. 3. Fruit. 4. Section of fruit showing seeds. 291 inc the rainfall is not large and well distributed all through the Ther is a very complete sed ^ specimens illustrating the Manila hemp imdüster d in the Kew Muse arious qualities of the raw fibre are shown from the Chatham Dockyard. In 1864 good fibre was stated to be worth 467. per ton. sample of * Quilot," one of the two specially selected qualities of Manila hemps, was received in 1890 from Messrs. Ide and Christie. It sells usually about 20/. per ton higher than ordinary Manila sep A sample of Manila mir prepared at British Guiana in 1892 was valued at the time at 29/7. per ton. A “ two-inch” Manila rope ba the Chatham Dockyard ‘is Reet side by side with similar ropes made at Calcutta and Madras. The Chatham rope had a breaking strain of 3,549 pounds (avoir.), The manufactured articles from Manila hemp consist of mats, cords, hats, work, lace handkerchiefs of the finest texture, and various qualities of paper. The best qualities of stout packing and other similar papers in the United States are made from old Manila ropes. One of the latest Wohlen in Switzerland. ` The lace for millinery purposes is made from pure Manila (Lupiz) hemp. It is used plainand dyed. The fancy hats and boe are woven from similar fibre stiffened and made into by the na is io HS for coreg "e for mats, and to a smaller extent for pagenan and e mgr of the fibres, and there is some experience in wea them i Kandi as of experiments, undertaken by Mr. Morris in 1884, itio ed that fantail fibre (Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca) was ton. Usually, however, banana fibres are not worth more than 12/. to 15/. per ton. They w would only fetch even these prices when there is a demand for “ white-hemp fibres” and there oer to be a short sunm ca atala e of contributions from British Guiana to the Paris rains of 1867 the following remarks are made in regard to the 292 prospects of a woe IE. induit d in that Colony. The figures supplied are very valua “ The fibre of thousands of acres of plantains is lost annually in this effici entirely prodi to the planter. The banana yields. less fibre than the plantain tree, and its fibre is generally tinted. * Various attempts have been recently made to construet machinery for manufacturing the plantain fibre. Subsequently to the Exhibition at Paris, in 1855, strenuous efforts were made to establish the production had fibre-making machinery put up and tried on their estate, 77aags- bosch, but it was not found well adapted for the purpose, the stems in their natural state Hote so much more bulky than was allowed for in constructing the mac “Mr. A. D. Van Dir ui Netscher, when proprietor-of plantation ouderoyen, on the west bank of the River Demerara, in 1855, r other reasons. 2. The planting of the suckers at distances of 8 feet apart has never been tried; but I am of deed that if so planted and eut down every eight months for the stem alone, an acre would give from 1,400 to 1,500 good stems every cattüpi, or about 4,500 in two years. 3. On plantation Klein Pouderoyen, after repeated trials, the plantain stem on an average has been found to give 2} lbs. clean, and 14 lb. discoloured and broken fibre, the latter only fit for coarse paper. This resnlt, however, has been obtained by “he eed eaa "wer spem He The average weight of the plantain bs. 5. 'The can be transported from the field to du buildings for one peter see hundred.” Owing to the increasing cultivation of bananas in the West Indies, and the fact that when once the stems have borne fruit they are cut down and allowed simply to rot on the ground, some plan might be devised for turning the fibre to account. There are at least 50, ,000 banana stems cut down every year in the West Indies, >al at present little or no use is made of the fibre. It is but it might possibly be used for making coarse paper, as a packin material, or in the atari of papier mache. Its chief competitors in some of these directions would be Esparto, and the wood pulp not exceeding 2/. 10s. to 3/. 10s. per ton, and it is now very largely used by paper-makers. Banana fibres from Musa sapientum ure shown in the Kew Museum from the Andaman Islands, Jamaica, Mauritius, Ceylon, British Guiana ia. Th Wilson are of excellent quality. A sample from British Guiana w valued in 1892 at 25/. per ton, but usually the price is much lower, ad 293 when other fibres such as Manila and Sisal hemps are low, banana fibre is practically unsaleable. The fa acility ponsetecd by banana fibre for taking up. — is shown in a specimen from Mr. Dickson. Paper prepared from banana fibre and rags is cue from the late Mr. T. Routledge. Also various papers made from banana fibre in India. From Mr. F. S. Reisen- 4, r China clay. There is also a p of a leaf, gluten and ira stock from the mene d — from Sarawak, contributed by the e Mr. T. Routledge in din extracted from e Abyssinian banana (Musa Ensete) at Jamaica by Mr. Morris was yielded at the rate of 1-16 per cent. of the gross weight. The fibre was somewhat weak and dull- -looking ; it had none of the lustre of e best plantain fibre, and it was valued in London at 122. to 144. pet e its fibre. It is known amongst Europeans as the “ Japanese plantain.” The fibre is woven into cloth of an was durable charaeter. Specimens are in the Kew Museum from Mr. J. H. Veitch, 1894. Mr. Ridley (Trans. Linn. Soc. iii., p. 385), speaking of a new species described by him (M. malaccensis) from the eastern coast of the Malay Peninsula in 1893, adds: «An vm a ^e been made to utilise the fibre, but it is apparently not so good as that of . textilis ; still as it is not only very abundant in many places where old jungle is felled and forms an impenetrable thicket, it ies probably be found to be well worth extracting the fibre." = mple of this fibre, as already noted, is in the Kew Museun very interesting series of articles prepared from the fibres of the stem of the banana was forwarded recently to Kew from the Solomon Islands by the Rev. R. B. Comins. The fibre itself is shown in a prepared state, some of it white and some black, ready for me There is a native loom of a very primitive construction, appar ly similar to the one used in West Afri ive * cloths (Kew Bulletin, 1894, 191). It is capable, however, with dexterous manipulation of ak out cloth of a close texture and a very durable character. Two garments are shown eid from Mori cloth ornamented with small tufts of leaves of a Pandan There are also shown a decorated bag for holding betel and a decid mat of full size. On one of the garments there is woven a tasteful pattern by means of the dark-coloured threads. These garments are singularly well sail e, and they are, next to the Abaca cloth (from Musa textilis in the Danni sre the best fabrics in the Museum from bananas and planta: A fibre 5 a coarse character pat Named very strong, marked * Sime m " said to be derived from a species of Musa, was received from the Government of Gerai 1 in 1890. Kn was obtained from the Kiwai Fly River, New Guinea. Lace work ornaments — with banana thread are in the Kew Museum from Jamaica sent in 1855. u 82629. E 294 Banana WINE. The p of a; palatable drink sometimes called ** wine " and sometimes * bee cider" from bananas appears to have existed from remote times, The practice is known in Central Africa, in the West Indies, and in the islands of Polynesia. The remark that is usually made on the subject is the ais ing :— “The fermented juice of the ana is made at Cayenne and the Antilles into a palatable wine called * Vino di banana.” A similar liquor is prepared in the ra region, where it has the reputation of being a preventative of malaria One of the earliest accounts ‘of the preparation of banana or Pee wine is given by Ligon in his History of Barbados (1657), p. 32:— * But the drinke of the plantine is farre beyond all deme, pect ing them full p and in the height of their sweetnesse we pill off the skin and mash them in water well boyl'd and after we have let them stay there a night, we straine it and bottle it up, and in a week drink it; and it is very strong and pleasant drinke, but it is to be drunk sparingly for it is much stronger than Sack, and is apt to mount up into the head.” A few years later Dampier (Voyages, I, sb 316) gives a somewhat sianar account of banana wine in Jama * When they make drink with them e take 10 or 12 iam plantains and mash them well in a trough; then thev put two gallons of water among them ; and this in two hours time will ferment uen froth like . In four hours it is fit to drink ; and then they bottle it, and oe it as they have occasion ; but this will not keep above 24 or 30 Those , therefore, that use this drink, brew it in this manner ' first went to Jamaica I could relish no other ao they had there. It drinks brisk and cool, and is very pleasan eg One de of plantain is aaa by Speke as yielding in Central Africa “a wine resembling hock in fla On the other m Schweinfurth found that “ any ueniet drink made from plantain to be almost unknown among the Mon Mr. H. H. Johns son, C.B., he the neighbourhood of Kilian. njaro, peaks of Mandara's soldiers during an engagement quenching their thirst ** with ial ‘draughts of banana beer which the women were constantly brewing. Mr. Stanley ( (Darkest Africa, ii., p. 239) remarks that at Awamba :— “Two large troughs—equal in size to small canoes—were stationed in the village, in which the natives pressed the ripe fruit and manufactured their wine.’ Finally Dr. Parke in his Personal Experiences, p. 332, ad * Nelson treated us to some pombé (banana wine) dar. it was pans very good, although made from bananas which were not at a This beverage is prepared by cutting two or three bunches of ripe DNARS into pieces of half an inch in len ngth, adding two gallons of water, and leaving it to stand. On the third day it is really a delicious drink. ' At first it has a sweet tart taste, which after oo or five days becomes very acid. In a day or two more it changes to a fluid mie qualities very like those of vinegar; quite as sour in ‘taste and sme If boiled down on the third “r it makes a good syrup." a the banana drink there is apparently not fermented but consists of fresh pulp made with bananas diluted with the milk of the cocoa-nut or water. 295 ig E us *a drink like the best southern cider is made from the bana A pro ik was made a short time ago to import bananas in pulp to Europe for the purpose of making wine from it, TRADE. esh Bananas in the United States.—The York is information iion in 1889 by a large dealer in bananas at New Yo d from the Agricultural Record of Trinidad, i., pp. 47, 48 .— “ Regarding bananas, good, large fruit and large bunches will alway bring good prices in this market, Small bunches and small fruit Bier months to ship bananas here. Extra fine large bunches in those months will bring $2 to $2 25c. per bunch and ready sale, when small bunches will not sell for over 60 c. to 75 c. per bunch and a drug in the market at even those low prices. * Bananas are brought to New York by the thousands of bunches very successfully, and the passage by steamer is from eight to nine days and oft times 10 days. Our market would take one million bunches of bananas a month at $2 to #2 25c. per bunch (extra fine fruit) in the months mentioned above, and the banana sitam is as yet only in its infancy. The demand is increasing each yea “T imported 20 years ago 4,000 bunches neci from Baracoa, it took 10 days to sell them. Ten years ago I imported a cargo of 10,000 erazy; it took four days to sell them. This year I have seen 14 steamers discharging cargoes in New York in one week, ranging from 10,000 to 16,000 bunches bananas each. The cargoes were sold out in four to five hours.” The latest information in regard to the trade in fresh bananas at New York is contained in the oe note which appeared in Garden and Forest, May 9, 1 * The demand for baci is shown by the quick sale of 130,000 pen in this city alone last week, at a wholesale peins as high as 1 65c.'a bunch. The scarcity and high vids of domestie and all other foreign fruits, m eon pineapples, help the sale of Pasii dd at this season, and large orders are received here from the interior and from Canada." Fresh RE m England.—Fresh bananas are acy shipped to this re the Continent from Madeira and the Canary è St : ists for the most (Musa Cavendishii). When well —— and allowed to get fully ripe i ent fru As seen in this country it is evidently gathered before it is fully. prn the pulp is dry and mealy, aud —— is " or no flavour. A few bunches of the best Jamaica and "ig bana oceasionally received in this country, but on the whole the English penis not shown a disposition to use bananas as a dessert fruit on anything like the scale seen in the temperate parts of the New World. » According to the Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1886 [1], p. 498, “The exportation of bananas from Grand Canary and Teneriffe is report E 2 296 to be considerably on the increase, and it is expected that it will soon become one of the principal exports, as direct E between Grand Canary and London is established. During 1885 f m 40,000 to 50,000 bunches of this fruit were shipped to Europe, siamese 3s. per bunch, Grand Canary alone contributing between 25,000 snd 30,000 clusters. Musa Cavendishii, Lamb. (From the Garden, 1893, p. 496.) The Canary banana, as it is called in Covent Garden, arrives in this country with each bunch packed separately in narrow tall baskets made from the split stems of the common reed Arundo Donaz, specially grown for this and other purposes in moist places in the isl: ands. The bunch of fruit stands on end in the basket, and is carefully and compactly packed with dry banana ace o prevent injury. The base of the fruit stalk or peduncle u usually projects beyond the sacking covering the mouth of the basket, and it affords a convenient handle for lifting and moving the package in transit. Bananas usually sellin England during about eight to nine months in the year. They are not sought for during the months of June, July, and 297 August, as fresh iio especially strawberries, are then coming into the market. Recently Canary bananas fetched on an average 8s. per bunch. uch a One dealer in foreign fruit at Covent Garden has sorge Eid for 2,000 to 3,000 bunches, and sales take place three times a wee The returns for bananas, as distinet from other fresh fruit, are not given separately in the Customs’ returns, hence it is x pex ible to form an accurate idea of the total imports into the United The following information respecting fruit-growing in the West Indies and on the probability of shipping fresh fruit to this country is taken from a paper read before the Royal Colonial Institute 2 Mr. -— on * Fruit as a Factor in Colonial Commerce," February 8, “A very interesting attempt was made last year to vidé fresh tropical = uit from British Guiana by Messrs. Scrutton & Sons, who had o r steamers fitted with a cool chamber specially for the purpose. Bananas pu many delicate fruits were received from the West Indies during the course of the Exhibition in excellent condition “ The fruit trade in Jamaica is the means of circulating neal 250,0002. annually amongst all classes of the community, and t arge sum is immediately available, without the vexatious delays fortiedy experienced m establish his land in cocoa, coffee, vitii limes, € ranges, and cocoa-nu P wien) when the bananas are exhausted, will remain a revenue. the fra fruit tade of the West Indian Islands, as indeed of many other small industries, as calculated in the aggregate to build ` up, little by little, an improved Gopditiór for the people of these islands." Export of Fresh hisses —The chief trade with the United States and Canada’ is in bananas. So far, fresh plantains have been imported only to a small ex Seit: Plantains have, however, been grown and exported to the Southern United States from British Honduras, Guatemala and the Mosquito Coast, and they are much appreciated as an article of food. They can be packed sely instead of in bunches the return on plantains in Guatemala is at the rate of 144 dollars per acre, while the return on bananas is 106 do llars. Plantains to the value of 12,191 dollars were exported from British Honduras in 1892. The present Governor of British Honduras, Sir Alfred Moloney, K.C.M.G., evidently looks upon the pentes than at present in the United food to the negroes in the South. He food over a large section of negro ur in 1879 to 1 ,980,200 in The ex from Jamaica, ae and other islands in the Carribean Sea are almost entirely bananas. Plantains are regarded locally as so 298 much more valuable for food purposes RI bananas that they are bari scarce. There is no dou could be more largely mand arose for them. But tis present situation is all in favour of Sportifs bananas only, and in keeping plantains as a sta ple food for ig coloured population. It is quite possible that in a few years there will be a change. People in temperate countries who know little or fisting of the merits of the plantain are apt to regard it merely as an inferior banana. is is far from a due appreciation of its merits. In a cooked state, whether ripe or unripe, it is a wholesome and nutritious vegetable. It certainly will become in fee demand in the United States and Canada during the winter months ; and it is possible also it may come into use in Europe if once it had trial under suitable circumstances. The flavour of an unripe plantain roasted or boiled resembles that of a chestnut, but it is not then sweet ; when fully ripe it has the d of a pear with a sweet acidulous taste, It may then be eaten roasted or fried in fat like apple fritters. An important product of the Uu is plantain-meal. ‘This is more fully dealt with later. Guatemala.—The circumstances attending - cultivation and ship- ment of dani and plantains to New Orleans and the Southern — States from Central America are very vraphieally described by William T. Brigham (Gwatemala, pp. 351—354). This information i Brigham between the relative productiveness and value as Eden bananas and plantains is specially striking :— * No export from Guatemala has increased more rapidly in value. The permanent establishment of lines of steamers between New Orleans and Livingstone, and the bounty offered by the Government, stimulated the PARE of many small fincas along the shores and on the river- der contract with the steamship companies, the producer sells his jc as at 50 cents a bunch (of not less than eight hands) during five months of the year, and for 374 cents the rest of the year. The cost of production may be placed at 12} cents per € All these prices are in Uni tates silver currency. Plantains are sold at 25 cents a bunch of 25, sometimes commanding $1 25c. we 100. The profits of this business , as usual, not.to the producer, but to the middleman or steamer companies. For example, a man raises 100 bunches of pisa fruit; the cost to him is $12 50c. delivered on board the steamer. He is paid in the best season $50 in silver, for which he ean get $40 in American gold. The steamer people, after a voyage of four days, during whieh all. their expenses are paid by the passenger list and the Government mail subsidies, sell the bananas on the whart in at the lowest. The loss is insignificant at these deem and it is not uncommon for the profits of a single round trip of two weeks to exeeed $40,000. Half this shared with the planter would nis him rich. “Tf the planting of bananas is to profit the grower he must raise enough, say 20,000 bunches a month, to freight his own steamer, and be hb 299 n a red varie ed im and is mueh larger and more curved than a banana, are quite emt uncooked, lege the usual way to eat them is either baked or fried. Few of o r Northerners vnl the wonderful nutritive qualities of the Aat which in this r t surpasses the banana, and it may be authoritatively stated that 1 007 square feet of rich land will produce 4,000 pounds of nutritive substance from plantains, which will support n persons, while the same land planted with wheat will support but tw * 'The comparative cost and xd of cultivating bananas and plantains may be thus stated :— Profit. Cost. Bananas. Plantains. 300 bunches of | 15,000 fruits bananas at 50| plantains at $1°25 cents. less cost. per 100, less cost. Cost of one acre of land - - Care ^ ee = acre to Gathering pe shipping crop - Total - - - $43.50 $106.50 $144.00 “ The second year the increase would be in favour of the plantain, and the product has reached more than 35,000 per acre. Of the fibre, no account has been taken, although this ‘bids fair to become an im- portant by-product. The plantain contains more fibre than the banana; the inner portion in both stems being much finer. At present the possible e four pounds of fibre in each stem is wasted; and as the fibrous trunks are much in the ced of cultivation. It will be remem- (Musa textilis). * Usuaily bananas or plantains are planted in a càfétal or in à cacao or orange orchard, to shade the young plants, and after three or four years are removed as the more permanent trees attain their growth." PnazsERvED RIPE BANANAS. For e years bananas have been acd on a small scale in or J GARE ef it is hoped by this means to make of small bunches of fruit not large enough to be shipped in a fait ou stale Small bunches 300 are, as a rule, eim although the x diea fruits may be as fine, if not finer, than in the large bunches. It has been already shown that while 2 to 3 dolik will be paid in Now York for large bunches the small bunches will not sell for over 60 or 70 cents, and, as a broker has graphi ically remarked, “be a drug in the market even at these low prices. If a good opening were established for well-preserved bananas, them to be dried like figs. They cannot always be dried in the sun. The process is too tedious and the fruit often assumes a dark colour with a taste and smell sugzesting acetic fermentation. In Western India at Agási, north of Bassein, Nairne says, “ They have a way of drying bananas, which if done scientifically and for export — leve make the fruit in that form as popular in England as dried figs." A sample preserved bananas or plantains prepared at Kurunegala, be su by Mr. Morris, the Assistant Government Agent in 1840, was ted in that year by Dr. Wallich to the Agri.-Hort. Society of India (Trans. VIIL., pp. 58-59). The kind of ss used was that known in Ceylon as “ Suandelle.” Dr. Wallich stated, “ The plantains appear to me to be little inferior to figs, and 1 should think them as wholesome and nutritious.” Attached to Dr. eeu. letter (as published) is given an extract from Captain Colquhoun's paper read before the Society of Arts on specimens of dried irse called platano passado from Mexico. “ The object of Captain Colquhoun is produce hitherto unkn in British Colonies and in European commerce which would idab obtain a considerable comsumption in England, and also be very pepi as a useful and agreeable article of food on long sea voyage Dr. Shier, vf Demerara, is quoted in the “Catalogue of T Paris Exhibition of 1867,” in wur to preserved bananas as follow. plantains and bana as.-—It was ex spen by the -— of ana] great London Exhibition of 1851, which had been prepared in Mexico many years before, proved the great superiority of the platano passado over figs in keeping properties andi in immunity from insect ravages. In sun's lacks is sufficient to prepare them for the market in an e xportable & form, be seen by the ‘Method of Drying the Plantain,’ described by Mr. pom W. Doyle in a communication to the Earl of Malmesbury, a copy of which was transmitted to this Colony on 2n d August 1852 by climate, or a greate proportion of nitrogenous elements in our plantains and bananas, it is found in practice that simple solar exposure is not adequate for the preparation of this dried fruit. "There are three modes, however, by which the object can be attained :—Ist, by exposing the fully ap € to an atmosphere of sulphurous acid gas, previous to the nis cess being commenced; 2nd, by a hasty boil of the fully n water con cad sulphate of lime (hard water); and 3rd, ho a nili pies in 301 * By either of these processes the albumen and caseine of the fruit become sufficiently coagulated, and the tendency to fermentation and decay is arrested till the proper dryness is obtained. There is some nicety required in knowing the best degree of #ipetods of the fruit. It should be full and beginning to turn yellow before the plantain tree is eut down and the bunch gathered. The fruit then should be kept either on the balk or separated in a close dry place, as recommended in the Mexican plan, till the yellow of the rind has become black at the ends, with large spots over the surface, till on some sn those black ek : blue mould’ has begun to appear, and swarms of s grey flies hover over the heap, attracted, no doubt, by the saccharine aT and till the fruit yields to a slight pressure of the finger and is somewhat supple in this time, if some of the rind be removed, portions of the opaque yellow surface will appear as if melting. There should be no delay then in parboiling, or the fruit will be lost. If, on the other hand, the drying process is commenced too soon, a portion of the starch is still unconverted, and the dried fruit will be hard and want sweetness. This condition is easily discovered after the drying is completed, by the absence of a due amount of sistere M in *- fruit. To dry the fruit in boo f the sunshine a bam rame as use MD or a net, or any other contrivance by which the sun and a n play on them, is suitable. They must, however, be removed to misiier on the approach of rain or evening dews. In rainy weather the heat of an oven is crabe: but instead of dried, and the heat should be comfortably bearable by the hand, else the grape sugar will be caramelized, and the core z m fruit blackened and rendered bitterish. Tight close packin drums under considerable pressure, as with figs, would no doubt contribute materially to the preservation of dried ripe outs and bananas.’ Since Dr. pode time a great t advance has been made in drying fruit. What are called * American” fruit-drying macnines have been rendered so effective that little difficulty is experienced in drying the most succulent fruits in a few hours, and at the same time preserving all y It may be added mai the comparative loss of weight by evaporation h: tween apples and bananas, with the result that while apples yield only 12 per cent. of the original weight, bananas, with the skins removed, will give within a fraction of 25 per cent. of thoroughly desiccated fruit. Professor Church, with jh ih at Kew, obtained 31°7 per cent. of dry matter from ripe ban In 1881, when samples of dried ripe bananas were forwarded to this country by the late Mr. W. B. Espeut, F.L.S., of Jamaica, Messrs. Fortnum, Mason, & Co. ., stated, * we are afraid they are not suited to the 302 English taste. The dried banana is no novelty to us, as for several years past West India merchants have endeavoured to introduce it to the London market, but with doubtful success, as in no instance have we heard of their being imported by the same firm a second time.’ Messrs. Mart & Co. of Oxford Street, gave a somewhat similar opinion: * the samples are very good, but we do not think any large or even moderate trade would be done in them about 25 years since some po Pe 2: ed bananas, in sealed tins, were sent to us from Jamaic d again some dried ones were sent from Ratatonga ; these were daite po k. On another occasion some arrived in London, wrapped in Indian corn leaves; they were in neat parcels of about 1} pounds weight each, but much darker than the present samples.” Again in 1888 a very attractive sample of preserved Ara was received at Kew from Mr. W. Fawcett, F.L.S., Director of the Botanical Department, Jamaica. In this sample the bait W was preserved whole, it was of good colour, and put up in a neat small box, exactly like the best eye of figs. The report in this instance was, how- ever, not ve neouraging. In Gall’s Weekly News Letter August 9, 1890, “the subject of exporting preserved bananas from bana iren have been sent to ponani fruit importers in Englan eed bra and the reports have been of an exceedingly satisfactory One GE wrote :—“ I submitted the sample to Mr. Jamie- flavour of the fresh fruit. He is of d that if the drying process could be brought to greater perfection, and as much as possible of the fruity flavour preserved, they eid: tai the place of every other eie fruit, and there would be e demand for them e sa are getting tired of figs, dates, &c., and would eagerly turn to aene for a change." In Venezuela the best banana for preserving is the verte morado or red banana, because, says Diaz, “it is larger and it & better flavour.” In the dry climate of the lower hills the pessoal can be successfully carried on by simple exposure to the sun. The bananas must be quite ripe, they are stripped of shell and fibre and placed on a cloth in the sun, being turned every two hours without e them like the plantain ; at night they are gathered in and t ext wá put out again, and so on until they are perfectly timing E If they have five or six sunny days in succession they are good in that time." Tt would appear that the United States and Canada are likel afford as favourable a market for preserved bananas as for the fresh fruit. Most of the preserved bananas hitherto prepared in the West Indies have gone to these countries. showing the result of an interesting experiment tried with prece bananas. in Trinidad the following account of fruit, shipped to Pe: is taken from the Agricultural Record of Trinidad, 1891, pp. 143-144 303 "T Convict vec wien DEAR Str, April 9, pom Gordon, Grant, & Co. have ro given qu result, in an t sale, of a trial shipment of p ripe bananas. I Piei t » think this experiment will prove he Be ii important interest to banana growers, especially to those who have the right kind for drying, namely, the Gros Michel, known also as the Jamaica or Martinique banana. Drying the bananas o opens up a way of utilising the fruit that no other means offers. It overcomes the difficulty of bad roads, remote districts, and other drawbacks which the planter has to face in getting his bananas to market. It also does away with the risks of handling and of the sea voyage. Dealing with the first item in the account, namely, 97 boxes, this the peeling and drying process. 'The 97 boxes contained one pound of dried fruit each and sold for $19 40c. or 20c. per lb. s or, after deducting freight charges, em 47c., a fraction under 16e. per Ib. A bunch weighing 52 lbs, less one-third in drying, sei 17 lbs. of dried fruit and sold at 16c. per r lb, This is at the rate of $2 72c. per bunch. A further charge of 53e. must be considered in producing the bunch. This would cover purchase of land, clearing woods, ETERNE; planting, weeding, cutting, drying, fuel, boxes, and packin I have ol bunch dried. Now after deducting the above we have a clear profit for the grower of $2 19c. (about 8s.) for every bunch of fruit produced, fine price has, I think, ph been equalled in Trinidad f bananas and should encourage growers of m fruit to enter UT into the matter and improve vade drj iment. Not to do so would be to confirm his Excellency the Governor’s beds in the openi prts at our late exhibition * that the want of interest in a fruit trade was suicidal." I do not desire to set up as a teacher, but facts and figures speak for themselves. The account s is not an approximate one, but the money has been received, and the Canadians are asking for more at the same price. An order is now on hand for 2 ewt. for London at 6d. per lb. in bulk, the consignee doing the retail packing and advertising. As the fruit is something new it is being sought after, and ail that can be dried is being profitably disposed of. I may add ‘that the fruit- drier does its work well, turning out the fruit in an uniform colour Attention must be paid to this and also that fruit as nearly as possible of one size only be dried, as this facilitates packing. Small ones can used for stick, &e.; 12 good-sized fruits weigh one pound, Gros Michel bananas dry best and give the best result. Governor bananas take second place; the other varieties are iot suitable. I state this from experiments with them a in a measure the foregoing will aid to dispel the doubts and i 00,000 b tributed in Trinidad and raps d from the depót during the past two 304 years, and as many more can be had if required. The purchasers of these plants are P ars cd large planters, and this shows that there is money in ban tenon kan "iti confidence to the purchasers of these plants and to others interested, the advantages of a dried fruit trade. I do so from the facts I have learnt in the experiments made in aid of the fruit trade. C. W. MEADEN. Mr. C. W. Meaden adds that drying ripe bananas in the open air has proved a failure. This, however, has been remedied by the use of a hot air fruit-drier known as the * Etna Pneumatic Drier.” The fruit in this * ean be dried within 24 hours at a temperature from 130° to 160° F. A higher temperature than this is un esira e as the fruit hardens. as large as possible and q ripe ; th skin to be removed and the fruit lightly scraped. Whilst i in the ter the frui t is to be turned twice or three times carefully to ensure even drying." _ Preserved bananas from Fiji have recently been sold retail in — at 7d. per poun nd. To ensure a large demand for the fruit in preserved state it must compete rnin with figs, dates, and raisins, both as regards quality and prime Preserved bananas are represented in the Kew Museum from Mr. Espeut, Jamaica, 1881, dried - whole. Ae. roi British Guiana, Col.- Ind, Exhibition, 1886. * Cannore figs" from Siam, shown at the Health Exhibition, dois. - gei Denans ” from the Straits Settie- ments, 1886, neatly put up in a soft packing of dried banana leaves. A torpedo. shaped package tightly tied round with banana cord containing a ananas received from Sir Ferd. von Mueller from Queens- lan PLANTAIN MEAL. A good deal of m has been taken lately in the y mirus of plantain meal for food purposes in temperate countries. n some measure is due to the frequent mention made of it in Mr. Stanley’ s work (In Darkest Africa) giving an account of the Emin Pacha Relief Expedition. But for the plantain, either in a fresh state or made into ME this expedition would probably never have accomplished its task. For instance near the Amiri Falls (Vol. tel p: 450) “the foragers gpneness often in ok s with an immense of plantains between The more provident, however, b cheese quantities of the fruit, peeled and ed Peg for drying, ins avoiding the superfluous talk and skin . . e fruit when dry co be converted into Sabes or palatable sicud. porridge or a adorning’ s draught of plantain gruel. Many of the finest specimens were rese served to ripen | to make a sweet pudding, or a sweet brew, or for sauce for the porridge.” When between: xy Albert Edward oh aera gus the Albert Nyanza (Vol. ii, pp. 239-240) :—* For the first t e discovered that the Awamba, whose territory we ve v4 in, a edon the art of ET bananas over wooden gratings, for the purpose of making flour. We had often wondered, during our P ie. in the forest region, that the 305 natives did not appear to have discovered what invaluable "rie a and easily digestible food they possessed in the plantai All banana lands— zuba, Brazil, West esa a i me to devo consumed in Europe. For infants, persons of delicate digestion, ode and those suffering from temporary derangements of the , the flour, properly prepared, would be of universal demand. ting "my two attacks of gastritis, a v gruel of this, mixed with milk, was the only matter that could be d igested." Dr. Parke, surgeon to the expedition, also speaks (Personal Ez- Laine in Equatorial Afrcia, p. . 522) of the use of uim or plantain ur : * We found a little porridge of scalded banana flour, which had been just freshly made; and a few leathern belts, which is the only native article of apparel. The discovery of this sample of porridge here struck me as very peculiar; the first place where we had seen bananas dried and pounded into flour was at Ugarrowwa’s camp ; even the Zanzibaris, and the other natives whom we have met on our line of progress, had nof. cai this method of preparing bananas for food till they saw it used b So it is evident that the few natives with whom we had beco int ate on our way had Mabel to their villages and told their icons what they had seen * Ever since ve learned this eid of preparing our bananas we have been able iminish our risk of starvation very considerably. We can make eno pts flour in one day for several days' rations ; and the weight is so dh. less than that of the corresponding up of the een bananas, that men can carry a considerable number of days rations with e in addition to their other loads, whereas they could not manage more than a couple of days’ supply of the green bananas. The banana flour is most nutritious and very sustaining.’ It is generally recommended aa D make the best banana meal the fruit should be in an unripe con The changes that take place in iie RIA fruit during the successive stages of its growth and ripening are cre. by Dr. Warden in the Dict. Econ. Prod. of India, Vol. V., © Ebe VAR E of the banana oa bm stages of maturity has been investigated by L. Ricciardi. The green fruit contains over 12 per cent. of starch, which disappears as the fruit ripens. It contains 6:53 of tannin and the ripe only :34 per cent., so that as the fruit ripens this principle disappears, and this is also the case ith the other organic acids which are present. The a in the fruit which ripens on the tree is almost entirely cane sugar, but in the ‘fruit cut and ripened by exposure to air the invert-sugar reaches about 80 per cent. present in the green fruit to 3-04 per c cent., and in the img to 4°92 per cent. The green fruit yields 1°04, and the ripe *95 per ceat. of ash, which contains 23°18 per cent. of phosphoric anhydride, and 45°23 per cent. of potash.” The use of plantain-meal as an article of food is doubtless of ne antiquity. It is frequently mentioned by old authors. Rum eR that in the Malay archipelago * man begins life with plantains ” as the meal is used for making pap for new born infants. 306 In the Dict. Econ. Prod. of India, Vol, V., p. 300, the same point is more fully stated :— “ Tt is interesting to notice that the large crop of food produced by sixteenth century, writing,—‘ these grow much in Cananor, in the coast of Malabar, apd are by the amioga REF figges of Cananor ; ; and by reason of the greater quantities thereof are dried, the shells being taken off, and so being dried are pubis over all India to be sold” When the nearly ripe fruit is cut into slices and dried in the sun a certain part of the vida contained in the fruit crystallizes on the and acts as a preservative. The slices thus prepared, if made da pce "rg varieties, make an excellent dessert preserve, and if from used for cooking in the ordinary way. They keep well if ca carefully packed when dry, had à ought to form a valuable anti- scorbutic for long voyages. The fruit may also be similarly eae Mine by stripping off the skin and drying it in the sun. Plantain meal is p ipping off the husk, sticing the core, drying it in the sun, and when thoroughly dry reduci ing it to a powder, ard finally sifting. It is calculated that the fresh core will yield 40 per cent. of this meal, and that au aere of average quality will yield over a on." ood account of plantain meal and its value for food purposes was published by Professor Johnston in the Transactions of the Highlan Society, No. 20. This was reproduced in the Barbados Agricultural Reporter, August 8th, 1848. The inquiry was started by the receipt of a sample of plantain meal sent, to Scotland from Surinam or Dutch Guiana. It is remarkable that bring the subject into notice. Professor Johnston says: “ Plantain meal is of a slightly brownish colour, and has an agreeable odour, which becomes more perceptible when warm viste is poured upon it, and has a considerable resembiance to that of orris root. * When mixed with cold water, it forms a feebly tenacious dough, more adhesive than that of oatmeal, but much less so than that of wheaten flour. When baked on a hot plate, this din forms a cake which is agreeable to the sense of smell, and is by no means unpleasant * When boiling water is poured over the meal it is changed into a ker rea jeily, having an agreeable taste and smell. If it be boiled with water it forms a thick gelatinous mass, very much like boiled sago in h clot] but possessing à peculiar pleasant t odour.” In the plantain * while green, the heart is white and row. $e the starch predominates, and it scarcely contains any sugar. In this state it is roasted in the ashes, and at table takes the place of bread, potatoes, maize, and other “reo food. In South America they are dried entire in ovens, and become hard, brittle, and ranslucid like horn. Under the name of ‘ fifi’ they are, in this pe em as travelling stores in sea voyages and long journeys by 307 The eo: of the arrow-root, s and of the ordinary potato is easily extracted, but, according to iw the starch from the odio. in consequence of being hee with ix colouring matter from which it is almost impossible to separ "This on matter resists the action of the most misc hacik re-agents In 1890 analyses of the unripe banana and plantain fruit were published by Messrs. Harrison and Jenman (Report on Agriculture, British Guiana, p. 59) :— * COMPOSITION of a SAMPLE of Bananas (unripe). — Dried. Fresh Water - = = - - - 249 15:11 Oilorfat - X rie - - å "69 *18 Suerose - - E - - Š None. — Glucose - - - - = 1:75 Starch - - - - E A2* 11 Ras ky *Albuminoids « - - - *18 5 , &C. - - - - - 1:88 Digestible fi fibre ais - - - 36:87 10*07 dy = : . i 2°52 Ah $ mineral matter) - ~ - 3:30 *87 100*00 100*00 | * Containing nitrogen, dried *84, fresh *22, * Though the food elements in the banana decli from those of the plantain, the sum total of them is much about the The planta - is decidedly richer in starch and glucose, while tbe b banana excels i albuminoids and digestible fibre. The advantage in value is with de plan “The following analyses of the common rae fresh and dried respectively, are closely representative of the character of all varieties. Plantains are essentially a starchy food, deficient in sriid and fats :— * COMPOSITION of SAMPLE of COMMON PLANTAINS. * Fleshy matter or pulp, 64-5 per cent. ; skin, 35-5 per cent. Flour from «rape Fresh Pulp. | Dried Pulp. Water - - - - - - 62°86 11:80 ats - - - - - *44 1°05 *Albuminoids - - - - - 1:58 3°75 Glucose - - - - - *25 5°34 coat - - - - - - 22°16 52°64 in, gum, &e. - - - - *50 ' 1790 Digestible fibre - - - - - 9*01 21°37 rare fibre - - - *40 *95 Ash (mineral snntters) - * . " :80 1°90 100°00 100*00 * Containing nitrogen, fresh pulp '25, flour from dried pulp *60,” 308 A valuable paper on the chemistry of the banana was published b the late M. B. Corenwinder in S ales Agronomiques, i ii. (1876), d from in transit to Lille. He found 34 per cent. of peel and 66 per cent. of pulp. His best fruits, while sound, gave 15:9 per cent of sucrose and 5:9 per cent of glucose. Ilf] worst gave 2:84 per cent. of sucrose and 11:84 per cent. of gluco Corenwinder gives the following complete anaiysis of th o 0 g p y e pulp Composition of fresh BRAZILIAN BANANA (pulp only). Water - 72:46 Sugar (sucrose) - - 15°90 Sugar (glucose) - - 590 Cellulose - s " 38 *Albuminoids - - «cc MI Pectose > =: 1:95 Oil &c. - 2 - ^ 95 h - - =~ 103 100-00 The composition of the ash ded the pulp) is given by Corenwinder. In the opinion of Professor Chure there d is n possible mistake bere in regard to the magnesium carbonate. prese MINERAL Composition of the Asa from the Purere of the BRAZILIAN BANANA. Potassium sulphate - oui RG} otassium chloride - - 1434 Magnesium phosphate - 224 Potassium phosphate - 2712 Potassium carbonate - - 41°66 Magnesium carbonate - 6:54? Calcium carbonate — - v CD Ferric "m - - or O36 Silica - = - 296 100-00 In the South Kensington Museum Handbook on “ Food” (reprint of 1893, p. 135) Professor Church, F.R.S., gives an analysis of fresh- peeled bananas (apparently nearly, if not quite, ripe). This affords information on a point not already discussed. The bananas were those usually sold in shops in this country, and it is not improbable they were Can anary bananas yielded by Musa Cavendishit. E Containing nitrogen ‘34. *€ Fresh-peeled bananas contain :— | In 100 parts. In 11b. oz. grains - - - 13:9 ri 361 Albuminoids, &c. - - : - 1*7 00:- 119 Sugar and pectose - - - 22:8 3 -283 Fat - - - - - - 0:6 0 42 Cellulose - - - - 0:2 0 14 Mineral Matter - - - - 0:8 0 56 The nutrient-ratio is here 1 : 14 ; the nutrient-value is 24.” The * nutrient-ratio amongst the nutrients of daily food is that between the albuminoids or “ prine formers," and the carbohydrates plus the fat el eosin as starch, or “ heat-givers.” In the standard dietary adopted it i 3, e aa o these constituents is called the * ET value ;" this value is that of 100 part A further ia of ripe pecu (a variety of M. did grown in the Palm House at Kew submitted to Pr moss sor Church in May last. The results of his sen m as follows : “Water in pulp - : : - - 68:3 per cent, in dii 317 : » in ditt tto s lbuminoids, calculated fedi ‘total pow In. 4515. >; .. pulp. 'True &ibdriioids in ditto by phenol method ~- 1°03 " * The latter figures seem to show that Spee of the nitrogen in the ie pulp exists in non-albuminoid fo most recent analyses of meals are Du lately made for A by Pilot Church, of a sample received through Messrs. Lee, Cre . from Jamaica, and called “banana” meal, although it is rel possible it may have been prepared from unripe ' planta ins. The other samples were from Surinam. The latter were particularly stated to be derived from the fruit of the banana (Maia sapientum). Professor pea analyses of these samples, with explanatory notes, are given belo Professor A. H. Cnuncnu, F.R.S., to Roya, GARDENS, KEW. Shelsley, Kew eee DEAR Tu Morri February 16, 189 AVE a sttitigdd in the table which follows, the results of my analyses of some of the banana meals which you handed to me for examination. The Jamaica sample is designated by the letter A.; the Surinam sample of the meal made from the interior of the ruit of Musa sapientum by the letter B. ; and meal from the peels of the same fruit by C. u 82629. F 310 PER-CENTAGE COMPOSITION of BANANA MEALS. A. E IE | C. Jamaiea. | Surinam. | Surinam | Water : : : . 15:5 14:3 | 13:1 Albuminoids (true) - - 935 2:3 | 3:3 Starch, sugar, gum, &c. - LEA. 79:5 58:7 Oil - - - = 1:0 7 5:5 Fibre - E - - - T j 9 8:7 Ash - - - B 2*6 | 2*8 10:7 | Nutrient ratio - - ro 1:35 1:22 Nutrient value - - 82 | 83 74 It is noticeable how widely the nutrient ratio (or proportion = albuminoids to starch plus the starch-equivalen t of the oil) diverges all these meals from the ratio of a perfect food, which should show the proportion of about one to five. In the analyses by Mr. L. E. Asser the above divergence — eie: marked, for he has caleulated the whole of the nitrogen present as if it existed in the albuminoid form. I find that this is vg from being the ease. In his Surinam sample 2 (B. above) 71 per cent. only of the nitrogen present is albuminoid; in his sample 5, made fronit the peels, 77 per cent. In other respects my results and his agree well. I would further remark that sample A. (from J auini@a} was probably made from fruits still more unripe than those which were used in the preparation of B. and C. For in this meal no more than 56 per cent. of the total nitrogen exists in the albuminoid form, the remaining 44 per cent. being + present i in the less highly elaborated state of amides, &c., the food value of which is either nif or very slight. In all the above samples starch is more abundant than sugar; the proportion of the latter increases as the fruit ripens. The constituent set down as “oil” in the table of analyses is the ether-extraet of the meals. In the ease of C, the meal prepared from the peels, it consists partly of wax and colouring matter In the ash of the meal prepared from peels a notable quantity of manganese was found. Traces of copper occurred in all the samples. Yours truly, (Signed) A. H. CHURCH. Samples of the unripe fruits of the plantain, dried whole without the peel and slightly scraped, are in the Kew Museum from British Guiana. Jamaica both of a dark and light colour. The latter sent by Mr. Chitty i us of excellent texture and quality. It has been in the Museum nearly 35 years. 311 British GUIANA. The pre orici suggestions respecting the preparation of plantain meal are taken from a report gab in 1847 by Dr. Shier on the Starch-prod acing Plants of British Guiana. They appeared in the “Catalogue of Contributions transmitted icons British Guiana to the Paris Uie al Exhibition of 1867," pp. xlviii-li. :— “The plantain is sometimes so abundant and cheap that it might, if cut and dried in its green state, be exported with advantage. It is in this unripe state that it is so largely used by the peasantry of this lony as an article of food. It has always been believed to be highly nutritive ; but ave not found in any sample of the dried plantain which I have analysed a larger amount than ‘81 per cent. of apa which corresponds with about 54 per cent. of proteine com When dried, and reduced to the state of meal, it cannot, like wheat dodi be manufactured into maccaroni or vermicelli, or, at least, the macearoni made from it falls to powder when put into hot water. antain meal is prepared by stripping off the husk of the plantain, slicing the core, and drying it in the sun. When thoroughly dry it is pow wdered and sifted. It is known among the Creoles of the Colony under the fr food of infants and invalids. In respect to nutritiveness, it deserves a preference over all the pure starches on account of the proteine compounds it contains. The plantain meal would probably be best and freshest were the sliced and dried plantain cores exported, ee ir iru and sifting to be done in Europe. e flavour of t epen on the rapidity with which the slices are dried, hence the "pniion is only fitted for dry weather, unless, indeed, when there was ccasion for it, recourse were had to a kiln or stove. Above all, the filled bunches give 60 per cent. of core to 40 of husk and top-stem ; but in general it would be found that the core did not much exceed 50 per cent., and the fresh core will yield 40 per cent. of dry rud so that from 20 to 25 per cent. of meal is obtained from the plantain, or 5 Ibs. om average bunch of 25 lbs., and an acre of planta in "wall of average qua ity seen during the year 450 such bunches, would yield a ton an bs. of meal. Even supposing the meal not to command over half A price of arrowroot, it would still form an excellent outlet for plantains whenever, from any cause, the price in the Colony sank unusually low.” UNITED STATES. During the year 1892 it is stated that nearly 13 million bunches of ripe bananas were prs dg into the United States. Each bunch usually consists of 80 to 200 bananas, and weighs from 30 to 90 pounds. Bananas were received principally at New Or leans, New York, Philadelphia, id Boston, each of which imported not less than two million bunches. It is said that these enormous figures are likely to be exceeded in later years. The banana is grown for export chiefly at Jamaica, Cuba, Nicaragua, United States of Colombia, Honduras, and osta Rica. ‘The value of fruit exported from Jamaica in 1891 (chiefly to the United States) amounted to 531,7262. 312 * The great advantage," according to a New York correspondent, of the application of the desiccating process to bananas would be that nti use poe They are so green = oe on the voyage. When they arrive here it is calculated that they will be fit for table use. But they are very perishable property. If they are not consumed within a week after their arrival vast quantities rot and are thrown away. Strings of banana waggons perambulate the city seeking purchasers at “nominal prices, because if immediate sales cannot be effected the contents of the waggons will be a total loss. * [f we had a desiccating plant that could convert the fruit into dried fruit or flour we could largely increase our importations and turn out Bho which would command a sale all over the coast and in the The manufacture of banana meal in the United States would have a certain amount of protection from outside competi ition, for while there is no duty, or a small one, on the fresh fruit, there is a duty of 20 per cent, on banana meal as a manufactured product. JAMAICA. enormous production of bananas in Jamaica has already been nonoi, In this island bunches of a certain size only possess a marketable value. All others are practically useless except for consumption locally, and already the supply for this is greatly in excess of the demand. As Jamaica is at present the largest producer of bananas for export, it follows that the preparation of banana meal would have a wider scope in this island than PAM anywhere else, A sample of what was called banana flonr prepared in Jamaica was communicated to Kew in 1892. This was analysed by Ho aa Church, F.R.S., with the result already given. Some years ago plantain meal—as distinct from banana meal—was in use at the Publie Hospital in Kingston, and was considered a whole- some and nutritious food. It formed an excellent diet for patients suffering from di iarrhoea, dysentery, and allied ailments. This is seed firmed by experience in India. “Flour made out of dried in the sun is used in the form of chappatis (unleavened ens in certain parts of Tirhoot in cases òf dyspepsia with troublesome flatulence and acidity. I have known,” says a medical officer, * one ease in which it agreed remarkably well whenever a diet of plain sago and water brought on a severe attack of colic. The chappatis are taken dry with a little salt." There is always present in plantain meal a certain small per-centage of tannin, In a report on the Exhibits sent from Jamaica to mi ote og mie. 1893, Colonel Ward, C.M.G., the Commission the following remarks on the subject of ‘banana meal and pter bananas :— * The banana meal engaged the careful attention of several of the leading grocers in Chicago and elsewhere. One large house in Chicago, Sprague, Warner, & Co., after testing samples of this meal was so pleased with the result that it offered to undertake to introduce it as a food for infants and invalids, provided the producers would guarantee to Gee the necessary amount to advertise it extensively throughout the United States, Messrs. Sprague, Warner, & Co. estimated that a sum of 313 not less than $25,000 would be necessary to launch this new product on the American market, and unless this sum were forthcoming, they did not see their way to dealing with it on the ground that no sales in any quantity could be expected. This proposal was in due course submitted to the exhibitors, whose meal had been experimented upon; but un- fortunately those gentlemen were unable at the time to adopt the course roposed, and the matter is still in abeyance. Iam d of Oe that with a judicious outlay of capital, and with a reasonable certainty that no sudden changes will be made in tariff Folrutátions, Ae is a S open for banana meal in the United States. have seen ripe bananas offered for sale in the streets of Chicago, at oa the same price as they are in Kingston, though of course the quality is distinctly inferior.” TRINIDAD. The following account of the preparation of plantain meal at the convict farm, Trinida d, by Mr. C. W. Meaden is quoted in the Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica, xxvi., p. 5. e meal was pre- pared from a plantain known in Trinidad as the “ Moko.” This is usually grown as a shade for young cacao trees. It appears, otherwise, to have little value. Mr. Hart refers to it in his report for the year 1887, p. 18, as “the useless Moko or Jumbi plantain or Fig. t is some- what remarkable that the meal prepared from this bra ase but very widely distributed plant should prove of so good a qua * No banana gives such an excellent meal as the * Malo) or so agree- abie in T and taste. The preparation of the meal is as follows :— The green Moko was skinned, P thin, and dried in the fruit drier; then ineo fine in an ordinary corn mill, 'and afterwards sifted through a muslin sieve; this latter removes any fibre, and leaves a delicate fine meal. The slices dry in two hours. A 15 Ib. bunch will yield 3 Ibs. of prepared meal, which at 6d. per pound is ls. 6d. per bunch. Two women could prepare 56 lbs. of meal per day. The cost of Parae. packing, &c., has to be considered, but the price amii t obtained in this way for the fruit must be considered a maiia one ; at least it is better than that now obtained, which may be said to be nil. » In a letter to the Port of Spain Gazette, ed Le October 1892, Mr. Meaden gives the following further particular * It is proved by cae that bananas contain ^ 6 per cent. of starch, and it is certain that an article containing " this quantity must have a profitable market vii. Slieed bananas at a temperature of 130 per cent. dry in two hours and could be packed for shipment from the green bos well within the day's work. A drying apparatus for this p an be most cheaply and effectually built by a local workman, and it Hodia so be useful on the estate for all drying purposes. Durca GurANA OR SURINAM. From information communicated to Kew by Mr. Louis Asser, of the Hague, Holland, the preparation of dried bananas and of banana and plantain meal is proposed to be taken up on a large scale in Dutch Guiana. Already various preparations from this part of the world have nce app o be given in this case to the banana on account of its lesser niei liis, and r 314 because it is believed in Surinam to be a stronger plant “ and less liable to led poe by rain and storms which are particularly severe on the plan The meal was obtained by slicing the fruit by machinery into yon pieces kid drying them in a fruit-drying apparatus. The dri slices were then ground into a meal in a mill and carefully sifted. ‘The analyses of various meals made in Surinam show that the meal P ee from both plantain and banana has almost the same compositio set of preparations has been forwarded to Kew by Mr. Asser, dads of the following articles. 'The list is given in full as it shows the numerous commercial uses to which the fruits of the plantain and banana may be put :— (1) Dried slices of the entire fruit (pulp and peel) in the epi state suitable for the preparation of alcohol or for making into in a dextrinous state for use in breweries or for making into nourishing soups, puddings, &c. These flakes are of à rich brown colour, and retain the banana flavour. Another preparation, very similar but sweet, liqueurs and for sweetening chat ; (10) banana meal n the manufacture of glucose and a tible s yrup aul i sugar pre it; (12) fibre of banana and plantain. prepared from the ‘discarded stems after fruiting, and intended for the manufacture of paper and cordage. he use of banana meal in the preparation of alcohol is no doubt borrowed from the example at St. Michael’s in the Azores, where since the failure of the orange cultivation sweet potatoes are largely grown, cut into thin slices, ground uA meal, and then converted into alcohol. During the year 1884 there was exported from the Azores goce of the value of 40,588/., perd eut t in this manner from the sweet potato. It is estimated by Mr. Asser that the cost of css gae Mese in Surinam will be at the rate of 27. 10s. for every ton of m The cost of gathering the crop and making the meal will be at the ae of 18s. to 20s. per ton ; while the cost of freight to Europe will be about 25s. per The estimated net cost of delivery of banana meal in Europe is therefore planed at 4l. 15s. per ton. Considering the market value of the banana meal to be at the same rate as Indian wheat, viz., from 5l. 10s. to 6Z. 10s. per ton, Mr. Asser claims there would be a margin of profit on banana — equal to about 15 per cent. on the capital invested. Erratum.—For “surface” (Kew Bulletin, No. 91, p. 224, 21st line), read “ Swedes.” ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 99.) -— SEPTEMBER. [1894. CCCCVI._ VEGETABLE RESOURCES OF INDIA. An interesting Memorandum on the Resources of British India has lately been prepared by Dr. George Watt, C.I.E., Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India. A copy has communicated and the eon ace development of the chief vegetable resources of the Indian Empir British Tif 4 as covered by this Memorandum, consists roughly of 699 million acres, which support a Ve reco ai say 221} millions. The agricultural products are grouped as follow (a) Food crops (wheat, rice, barley, millets, E sugar, spices, sxi (b) Oil-seeds "linstod, rape and mustard, castor, sesamum, ground- nut, etc (c) Fibres (cotton, jute, hemp, rhea, silk, wool, e (d) Dyeing and tanning materials (indigo, EN al, etc.). (e) Drugs and narcotics, ete. (opium, tea, coffee, tobacco, cinchona, Mert bis mp, etc. (f) Miscellaneous products s, cutch, lae, india-rubber, palm sugar, cocoa-nut [fibre and oil], myrobalans, etc. Wirp Pnopnvcrs. Miscellaneous products, such as cutch, lac, india rubber, are not exactly agrieultural erops; but these produets form a somewhat signi- aua feature of India as compared wit uropean experience of the large tracts of country are devoted to it. - Bo; in the same way, the date and palmyra palms are sources of wealth to many parts of India. The mahwa tree may be spoken of as one of the most valuable cultivated or semi-cultivated plants of large tracts of country, affording, as it does, ood, oil and alcoho e singhara, or water-chestnut (like the water-cress of Europe) i is of considerable importance to wide areas of U 83157. 1375.—9/94. Wt. 45. i 316 India. On thelower hills and serubby forest lands the collection of such articles as lae, cutch, india-rubber, wild silks, s, dyeing and tanning materials, medicinal products, paper-making grasses, etc., etc., afford by no means an insignificant contribution to the resources of the people who inhabit such regions. These non-agricultural crops they might be designated) are too numerous to be separately dealt with, and returns of the areas devoted to them cannot be ascertaine few countries in the world do wild products assume such importance as in India. Not only do the poor eke out their daily subsistence by wild "mers cera India for many years past. : It is hardly necessary, however, to specialise here and there the wild or semi-wild products that deserve consideration. Indi count attempt to acclimatise the plants of other countries. Much might, for example, be done by encouraging the people to grow, as hedges ro their fields, useful bushes instead of useless plants that have the exclusive or sources of dyes, tans, fibres, and other such products. This idea seems to be gaining ground far more in the Bombay Presidency than in other parts of India. It is not uncommon in Guzerat and Kathiawar, for example, to find miles of road-sides planted with the ornamental and useful bush, Cassia auriculata. But it may safely be said that in Western and Central India, thousands of square miles of country have he A serving no useful purpose at present, while the fibre from the bark might be found of value. Opuntia Dillenii (the prickly pear), though it affords an inferior fibre, might be utilised; it is a noxious weed, the utilisation of which would be of immense advantage to extensive tracts of country, especially in Southern India. Bauhinia Vahlii (the malu fibre) is a prevalent climber in the jungles of the lower hills, and might at little cost be cultivated over rocky country at present next to useless. Its fibre has the advantage of being capable of being bleached and dyed by the same processes as wool. At least one, if not two, species of Abutilon are wild plants in very nearly every district of India. Their fibres very much resemble that of Sida. Another bast fibre, Pavonia, is probably superior to Sida. Malachra was once on a time experi- mentally grown in Bombay as a substitute for jute, and reported a ilure; but even if that opinion be correct, it might very possibly be found a success in Madras or Burma. These are only a few out of the many fibrous plants of India, and a similar enumeration might be given of dyes, tans, oils, medicines, and 317 even Le substances well worthy of cultivation. It is, in uie Kind to mention many such examples of possibie revenue from ‘useles of country, or of wild products which, if experimentally grown, "might in a few years rank among the recognised and valued n of wealth to the country. As matters stand, the physical conditions of large tracts of India are such as to warrant but slight depa enivei from the i i ting the native systems of iculture as superior to those of Europe, and who would have us believe that improvement is impossible and undesirable. In relation to existing conditions the native systems are d but j attain i mira perfection. But there are few aspects of Indian agriculture in which improvement is not only possible, but in which it is not, as a matter of g place. Witness, for example, the startling revelation obtained from a study of the present crops of our fields and gardens. Some 50 or 60 of our most generally grown plants came to us, within historie times almost, from other parts of Asia or from Africa and Europe. f this nature may be mentioned the onion, leek, rape-seed, cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, pomelo, water-melon, coffee, loquat, s soy- bean, ‘ochro, lettuce, flax, litchi, poppy, field-pea, apricot, plum, peach, apple, betel-pepper, chena, and Italian millet, &c., &c. So again within still more recent times America has furnished India with many cultivated plants, such as the American aloe, pine-apple, custard-apple, earth-nut, annatto, capsicum and chilies, papaya, cinchona, pumpkin, sweet potato, tomato, arrow-root, tobacco, beer -pear, guava, Cape- gooseberry, potato, Indian-corn, &e., &c. Turning from our fields and to the nues a j within historic times. But were we to eliminate only the plants named, reg with the systems of agriculture and horticulture necessitated by these, how much would remain that could be called ancient? There is hardly a district in which the majority of the crops grown are not exotics. Hence it would be as unsafe to assume that everything the Indian agriculturist deals with had descended to him from a remote antiquity as it would be to believe that his present religious and social observances had been derived exclusively from the Vedas. Rather than l i i o believe that her greatest weakness lies in an inherent tendency to appropriate the wl of foreign agricultural skill, instead of perfecting and evolving her indigenous resources. Were the origin of the culti- vated plants of the world to be expressed to whe he aes would si oa to rank very far down in the scale. She has borrowed far more than as given, and it would seem, therefore, that t the biberent of the future should lie as much as possible i in the path of natural selection and se of indigenous materials and systems. That improvement culture in these directions is possible and desirable is a point on which it would appear there cannot be two opinions. POSSIBILITIES OF DEVELOPMENT. The — of development on.new lines are then discussed under the foll g heads :— a) penc we improvement of the supply and vm y of eii products; and (b) the introduction of mew products two "e 318 subjects, it may be said, have engaged the attention of the Agri- Hortieultural Societies of India, of the Superintendents of Botanie ator: s Departments of Agriculture, for many years past. To enumerate the many useful trees, ornamental shrubs, and valuable crops that have been introduced into to india or y dum Mm and improved, would fill many page only need therefore be mentioned. The grece industry of a panog in Tadia and Ceylon may be said to hav n e Botanic Gardens of Caloutte, i to have wr: direct aid Mom hee cath until private enterprise was prepared * undertake its further development. To the same institution has to ed the honour of having brought cinchona cultivation to its present state of perfection, thus not only giving to the fever stricken people of s but to the whole world quinine at a price within the means of all. The Forest Department has taken up the question of the conservation of forests, the re-afforestation of denuded tracts, and the ex- tended cultivation of such useful trees as mahogany,india-rubber, &c., The Agri-Horticultural Societies, like the Government Agricultural Depariments, have taken an active interest in the introduction of new crops cr superior races of existing crops. Such subjects as indigo, ps cotton, sugar, wheat, sorghum, silk, cattle, sheep, &e., &c., have fro time to time been PY considered and extensive experiments con- of the successful development of the trade in these produets is pec due to the societies and departments named. CorroN. Little more than a century ago it was felt in England that the time might arrive when India would have to be reg garded, from political reasons, as the chief source of supply for cotton, A "Polish botanist [Dr. Anthony Pantaleon Hove, employed as a collector for Kew ia the last century], was sent out by the then British Government to study the indigenous cotton plants of India. His report, though not published until many yea rs after his death, is full of nere st. It shows that the own in "Weit ndia a century ago were very different from those of the present day, and that "hs eystems of cultivation pursued, somewhat unfortunate opinion that the true way to enable India to par- ticipate in the greatly expanding British traffic in raw cotton would be to acclimatise the most highly prized forms of America. Large sums of money were ipga spent in Bengal, Madras, and Bombay that might (as we now learn) have been used to better advantage in an effort to improve and develop the indigenous crops. Year by year America steadily bid cb the quality and increased the length of her staple, and the demand for Indian cotton accordingly declined. Ultimately, however, India mieeouded f in producing New Orleans cotton at Dharwar—a staple of a far superior quality to the Indian. The high pre paid for this, unfortunately induced adulteration instead of enc uraging greater effort. In July 1863 a law had accordingly to be nse to repress the frauds perpetrated, but this, while being “wholly ineffectual in its main object, very frequently punished the wrong persons, and accordingly did great harm to the industry. It was in consequence repealed, and the Indian cotton trade was thus left to take care of itself. The effort to participate in the British traffic had practically to be abandoned, and not 319 because India had been proved incapable of producing a staple of the kind required. But this is -not all. The reputation of India for its nce famous a cottons had at the same time b ompletely destroyed, and its American crop having fallen into disfavour, rapidl egenerated in pie until at the present day it mi a escribed as inferior to many of the aigon cottons. Unskilled and impecunious cultivators were in India left to compete against the enlightened agriculture of America—unskilled because ignorant of the principles by which they might have developed the produce to meet the best market, instead of being content to allow it to drift into an inferior position. As matters stand, they may now be said to glory in that they are able to dispose of a worthless staple at remunerative rates. That Pray aapea towards a higher and better-paid standard is possible may b Me as = demonstrated by past experience and es cultivation of a any articular form or the same soil. Selection of seed and the cultivation of specially selected plants for the production of seed might easily improve the Indian erop of any district by 50 per t. any years past the Indian cotton trade has been drifting into a Kalie groove. Our produce goes to mills that de not wish for a o superior or long staple, but only a pure o that is, nota mixture of several lengths of staple), so that it may fairly be said many of our largest buyers discourage improvement. e dangers of a one-sided trade of this nature need scarcely be mentioned. India is thus destroyed as a possible ecuntry of supply for the English mills, The Indian mills are at the same time compelled to look to foreign countries for their present or future supplies of superior staples, ed are thus more or less confined in their operations to one class of goods. It might ptione 2» said that pregression is deliberately stultified, the labours of centu ruthlessly thrown away, and alarge and important industry practically cornered or restricted in its possible development by interested parties, tion of cotton should be looked in since the existing traffic is aimed a the destruction of all the good features of the indigenous fibre, if not of the morality of both grower Ag trader. It is essentially a retrograde traffic, as at present constituted, and one in which the aims and objects of most of those concerned are directed towards the attainment of a high yield of a xe thless staple. What is true of cotton is, however, equally 4 apu. to sugar, wheat,. wool—in fact, to almost all the articles of Indian trade. Little or no effort has been put forth towards developing, on dier principles, the- quality of the articles of Indian commerce. Past endeavours have for aeuxerr with the result, as already shown, that vem has obtained my many of her most widely grown crops from foreign soure The cottons of India may be referred approximately to two great sections, the early and the late crops. The former comes into market 320 from October to March, the major portion from October to January. The latter does not commence to come into market much before February, and is, as a rule, over by April, though exceptional erops are not ripe before June. The early crops are represented by the * Bengals" (such as the cottons of the Panjab, the North-West Provinces, Oudh, and gal), the “ Oomras "' the chief cottons of Khandesh, Berar, &e.), . the * Hinganghats ” e the Central Provinces, &c.), and many of the Sind cottons. The late crops are represented by the “ Dholeras ” a o n such as “the saw-ghinned Dharwar,” “Verawal,? “Salems,” and “ Coimbatores,” which are also, however, all late crops. While we have thus a comparatively easy classification according to season, this is at once revealed as more or less the expression of meteorological conditions, since within almost any one of the regions of these crops widely different forms are separately classed in the trade under the names of the districts where produced. "These when examined botanically are often found to yield one of the finest of all Indian long-staple cottons. During the months mentioned, however, the soil is split into great blocks, the cracks penetrating to such a depth as to render perennial crops an impossibility. As the result, trees are very rare and hedges all but unknown. few miles off, the lighter soils of large portions of Baroda are able to support perennial cottons, trees become frequent, and hedges universal. Here, then, are two cotton erops of the late series growing side by side, but which practically cannot be interchanged from distriet to district, and in which the systems of cultivation pod and the quality of the staples afforded are as different as the two plants are from each other. They are botanically, agrisultardity. and mimm iie different things, and dure to be trented as „such, — the object desired be to extend oler so Indeed one of the chief forms of Broach has inar been derived from Kathiawar, so that the trade distinction of ** Dholeras" from * h and Surats” cannot be upheld botanically. What is more curious, the once famous Laberkhuva cotton of Mongrol was found on inquiry to be often o limits indeed within which an extension of the area of cultivation can carried without destroying completely all the special properties of the crop. The total area in cultivation under cotton in British rm in 1892-93 was nearly 9,000,000 acres. The largest areas were in Madras, Berar, . Bombay, and the "North-West Provinces. The highest punt of cotton during the last five years took place in 1889-90, when cotton to the value of 187,000,000 rupees was shipped from India, ‘The export in 321 1892-93 was slightly iess, being of the value of 127,000,000 rupees. Besides cotton, there was exported from India cotton seed in 1888-89 to the value of Rs. 301,577; in 1892-93 this had fallen to a value of Rs. 61,708 FIBRES. mong fibrous plants it may be pointed out that while great tracts of Indis (in the form of hedges) are regularly under the Ameriean aloe, being vice at collected for experimental purposes. One or tw enlightened Native gentlemen have more than once been induced to grow the plant, and it is hoped that through their example it may be possible to get the ordinary cultivators to take to it, since it “affords a fibrein many res pects superior to jute. So, again, while much has been written on rhea fibre, little progress has been made. Numerous inven- tions have, however, been patented, and it is believed that, should a d : hemp would be a positive gain to India But the forests and jungles of India are literally teeming with wild fibrous plants, many of which could be grown on a large scale were this found necessary. For example, in the Rajmahal-hemp (Marsdenia tenacissima) India possesses a fibre which is far superior to rhea. It as among Índian fibres the highest known per-centage of cellulose, ing might be tried :—Abro erred Anona, Bauhinia, fr ahd Helicteres, “Malachea, been Pavonia, Sesbania, Sterculia, Villebrunia, &e., &c. Dyes. Competition with aniline has ruined many of the Indian dyes, such as safflower and madder, but there seems no ood reason why others should ormer may be specially mentioned the Chay-root 322 regularly and extensively cultivated, as these plants furnish dyes of. a purity and depth of colour that de efy i imitation. And there appears no ur c e Toad for lac far exceeds the supply, and in this product ee holds the market. ae rto the lac of commerce has been drawn m wild sources, but there is nothing to show that the insect might aa E regularly sut dotipeleaien. INDIGO. As tea may be said to have been the immediate cause of the separa- tion of Aineriea from Great — so e go may be regarded as the cause of the collapse of the once famous maritime power of Portugal. When we first read of India sea indigs, it went by the C » Guif and Alexandria to ot where it was known as Indigo. In the fifteenth century the new route to India was ea» articles they trafficked in indigo, and s spite of the oppositi d perseeution of the woad cultivators of Europe, in making that tinctorial reagent a necessity t European dye-works, especially in Holland. At that time and even down to the seventeenth century the English manufacturers sent their broadcloths to be d the Dutch. Diffie ulties, however, arose through the absurdly high charges made by the Portuguese for the indigo which they brought to Europe, and through which traffic, very largely, they were enabled establish ae position of the chief shipping agency (so to speak the Oriental trade. For nearly a century Lisbon rivalled even p as a depôt t for Eastern produce, but the skill of the Aden ie stopped ener of utilising in home industries the materials which their maritime enterprise brought to their shores. In quarrelling, therelore, with their chief consumers, c direetly led to the formation in 1631 of the Dutch East India Com , by whom enough indigo was soon brought to Holland to suffice for the. whole of Europe. It may be said that some doubt still exists as to whether or not the indigo plant can botanically be called indigenous to India. Several very nearly allied species ave the “ wild indigo” of numerous writers. It is certainly significant that the Sanskrit name z/4 (or the modern nil, ve was €: carried tothe countries supplied as the name of the new dye. This might be viewed as pointing to the specific apoio of nila to this orai blue dye (out of the many other plants known . in India to yield a similar product) as of comparatively modern date. Further, the industry would appear to have originated on the western side of India (Guzerat and Sind being its home)—a region where its cultivation is quite unknown at the ‘present day, but where the dye still bears the name gali (= ? decoction), a name which is used by all the earliest European writers. The Persian and African influence especially: in dyeing and weaving) are even now and aed for centuries so strong on the western side of India as, moreover, to give vetas to the idea of the cultivation and sn oS of indigo ving very possibly been introduced by them. This might account for its rapidly spreading to other and better-suited regions. Indeed, it 323 may be suggested that an indigenous industry would almost naturally be expected to have survived in its original home with greater pertinacity — nes has manifested. It is remarkable also that the plant grown in South India is an American species of the genus quite coheed don that of Bengal. But leaving aside speculations as to the origin of the industry, it may be said that two circumstances ear y began to militate against the expansion of the Indian trade in this dye,— the discovery o source of indigo in America, and (6) the adulteration practised by the native manufacturers. Adulteration has been for several onde past, and is so now, the chief cause of other countries being abie to deprive India of her natural trade—the adulteration of wheat and cotton are the two most pressing examples at the present day. The French, Spanish, Portuguese, and inglish colonists accordingly took to indigo troubles that about this time arose in Europe may be said to have restored to India her old industry. The British East India Company, realising that the English manutacturers were now practically depend- ent on the French and Spanish for indigo, encouraged the establishment of indigo factories in Bengal, and thereby indigo cultivation and manufacture were made to migrate from the western to the eastern v of the country, and from Native to Europeau manufacturers. ‘The that continues to be paid for Native-made Madras indigo relative to the European Bengal article (or that made by Natives on European trade. Th 2,762 factories and 6,032 vats, and these give employment to 356, 675 persons during the working season irrespective of the agricultural labour te produce the plant. . . . . may be said that in less than = years the East India Company restored to India its lost industry. Last pus export of indigo were 126,706 ewts., 5 at 41, 000,000 rupee TANNING MATERIALS. Every day the outcry for tanning materials is becoming more pressings and it would therefore seem desirable that an effort should be m foster the semi-cultivation of some of the better kinds of the pean products of this nature, such, for example, as the bu', Cassia iue Myrobalars, the Indian Sumach, Sal, and many others Cutch or Catechu is the resinous extract obtained by pine Perm E decoction obtained from chips of the heartwood of Acacia Catechu ard oceasionally of one or two other Acacias. Ba aches of preparing this extract has been handed down from a remote antiquity, so that in man s of the country a distinct people qt this as their heredi- tary occupation, and take their name as Khairis from that of the tree Khair. 'The extract is known to the people of India as Ka ith, hence in some parts of the country the makers of it are known as Kathkaris. In Bombay the Kathkaris are darker and slimmer than other forest tribes, They have no €— language of their own, but in conversation they have a tendency to reduce words and shorten speech and uniformly get id of the decia not the tense, inflections of the verb. By the forest 324 conservancy laws many of them are being deprived of the right to € down Cutch trees, and are therefore taking to other occupations. existence of a separate people or a people recognisable as different iod the other inhabitants of the forests shows how ancient the art of manufacturing this extract must he seats of the trade have doubt- less been repeatedly changed through the extermination of the tree or the administrative reguiations that have prevailed. While to a small extent it is manufactured very nearly in every district of India, there may be said to be three chief forms of ordinary Cutch, viz., * Pegu, from Burma; ** Bengal," obtained from Nepal, Kumaon, dnd to a small extent from Chutia Nagpur; and ‘ Bombay,” prepared chiefly in es rat. ut there are also different qualities (if not perhaps chemically different articles) such, for example, as, 1st, the dark Cuteh or Catechu of Pegu and Bombay, which is used for industrial purposes nin is the of the eid Gambier; and 3rd, Kersal or pias id substance - found imbedded in the-wood much after the same fashion as the Barus Camphor. Although an effort has been made to recommend the pale Catechu of India as a deserving substitute for the Gambier of European commerce, it is believed little progress has as yet been made. s difference is effected by the method of preparation followed i in Kum and hence should a superiority be recognised the exports might eme enough be changed from the bed eed blocks at present exported from Pegu and the cakes of mbay, into the crystalline article, the more $0 since a simple process of effecting that result has recently been discovered. e trade in this yogs cannot, however, be Eoss as in a prosperous condition so far as production is concerned, as may be seen from the following table of the exponi for the past meg years, and by way of comparison those of 1879 to.1884 :— Years. Cwt. Rs. | Years. Cwt. Rs. 1879-80 - - 222,123 | 2,813,994 1888-89 - - 290,896 | 4,423,219 1880-81 - - 316,077 | 4,222,527 1889-90 - - | 221,986 | 3,334,004 1881-82 - - 198,897 | 2,580,840 1890-91 - ^ 156,493 | 2,363,549 1882-83 - - 246,506 | 3,052,434 1891-92 - - 197,059 | 8,172,961 1883-84 - - 32,302 | 3,532,000 1892-93 - B 229,316 | 3,824,840 About two-thirds of the exports usually go from Burma and the major portion of the remaining third from Bengal The United Kingdom takes fully a third of the total exports. SUGAR. There are fourteen von factories of this nature in India, five in Madras, seven in Bengal, and two in the North-West Provinces. The more important are the Cossipore San ie Factory (near Calcutta), with a capital of Rs. 1 e AA the Rosa Sugar Factory, pmi the Ask Factory, Ga anjam Parry & Co.’s Factories in South ARE, and the Tinnevelly Su ne emo Co. The Sujanpur Factory at €— is also a rum distille 325 The history of the Indian sugar trade is very instructive. At first the exports were made exclusively in the very finest crystallised qualities, and went from Bengal, restrictions having been placed on ad a that i vernment = imposing a ver ee — import duty on East Indian Indi of time, M a radical change took place in the demand, throu the establishment of English and Seotch refineries. A large export trade sprang up in raw een but the E words may be said to have then changed from Bengal to Madras. e has, moreover, been a steady decline of the emus dide in reio. sugar since 1845. But while this change in the location and character of the export trade may be said to be ‘unfortunate, many persons are disposed to view the revolution "effected by the still more recent import traffic as fraught with world large quantities of abnormally cheap cane sugar which sought an outlet in India. In time beet sugar was also exported to foreign markets, and consignments were accordingly made to India, so that we refined sugar imported be e epe to the standard of the raw Sor expor ted, it will be found that India now imports about 7 cwt. for eve ted. While this aerei nature of the Indian sugar traffic has told heavily on the manufacturer and refiper, there is one point of importance that must not be forgotten, namely, that, cheap though refined sugar, no priee, but this has, so far, only extended consumption. The raw sugar used in India, after vemm a correction for the foreign traffic, comes to 2,600,000 tons, or, vy im 8 lbs. per head of population. This reduced to "refined sugar ‘would be equal to about 9 Ibs.; but there is no oceasion to make that reduction, since refined sugar is not likely to be used by the millions of India for many years to come, and the key to the foin sugar traffic is therefore the relation of the price of imported refined sugar to Indian raw sugar, — by the majority of the people of India the latter will continue to be preferred to the former until a ma e takes place, if that be possible, in the relative prices of the two articles Formerly i mpor rted sugar came mainly from Mauritius, and was im- ported almost exclusively by Bombay. At the present day the following may be given as the order of importance of supplying countries :— Mauritius, Germany, China, the United Kingdom, the Straits, Austria. The European countries supply beet sugar, but, as manifestin ng the strenuous efforts that are being made by the foreign countries of supply 326 to obtain a holding in the Indian market, it may be added that not Bombay alone, but all the provinces of India now import foreign sugar. The effect has been disastrous on the Indian refining industry, and hence imported sugar may be said to be rapidly taking the place of Indian refined sugar. The exports of raw sugar (cane and palm) from India in 1892-93 were of the value of nearly 5,000,000 rupees TEa. In 1788 Sir Joseph Banks suggested to the Court of Directors of the East India Bees rd that the effort should be made to cultivate tea in India. Lor illiam Bentinck, on the eve of his departure for India, accordingly uto - pE p that he should give the € his careful consideration. Some eight years previous to Sir Joseph Banks’ suggestion, Colonel Kyd had actualy raised China tea in the Botanic Calcutta. “Lord Bentinck, on his arrival in India, lost no time, however, in taking action. ‘A tea amts was founded, with Dr. Wallich as secretary. In addressing his council on the 24th of January 1834, His Excellency made it clear that he was to leave nothing unturned that might help to attain the object aimed at,—viz., the me dA ede of the best Chinese plants. The tea committee do not to have informed Lord Bentinck that Major Bruce (about 1821) and subsequently 1 Mr. Scott (in 1824) had found the tea wild in Assam. Much expense and considerable delay was accordingly incurred in sending severed esa scans to China to procure Chinamen and tea-seed, but while a comm was actually in China (on behalf of the tea committee) Captains Charlton and Jenkins re-discovered the wild Assam lant. It is perhaps needless to traverse the somewhat beaten path of the subsequent historic eons the repeated failures but ultimate successful establishment of the industry in India. One point may, however the indigenous plant was far superior to the aeclimatised. gon Persp | sali (ore Wa pag sale) of Indian tea was made iv tha Coa market on the 25th May 184 The tal i area pe tea in India i is 334,845 acres. The exports in 1891-92 from India were 120,000,000 pounds. At the present day it may be said that Ceylon is now a more formid- able rival to India than China. In 1885-86, Ceylon exported not quite 8,000,000 pounds of tea. In 1891-92, Ceylon had increased its exports to nearly 68,000,000 pounds. COFFEE. which he nm their people, agriculture, and industries, makes no mention of co in India. Tavernier, who journeyed in India in 1665—69, gives a fall account of the coffee plantations he visited, Wallich in his evidence before a Select Committee of the House of Com- mons, stated that he never drank EM. AES than that produced in the Company's garden at Calcutta. Near the Bauria Cotton Mills, a little [meam aleutta, may still be seen is of the original coffee plante 327 present day, coffee necs has attained a commercial position almost exclusively in South India. In British India there were last year 127,548 acres under the crop. But the area devoted to it in Mysore, Travan and Cochin would have to be added to that in British dni red thus bringing the total up to more than 200,000 aeres. "There are 31 coffee works (for cleaning coffee) in the Madras Presidency, giving etiplóytsit to 1,379 permanent and 5,433 temporary hands. e exports of Indian coffee [in spite of the prevaience of coffee-leaf disease] have shown, if anything, a steady tendency to increase in value if not in quantity. In 1877-78, the exports were 293,587 ewts. of the value of Rs. 1,344,638. ince that time the quantity and value have, with slight fluctuations, risen until 1892-93, when there were exported 299,337 ewts. of the value of Rs. 2,082,439. CINCHONA. A statement showing the condition of the Cinchona plantations in British 1 India and the Native States on the 31st March 1893 appears in Appendix IV. to the Returns of Agricultural — for 1892-93. A few particulars are added from it in order to complete the review of the principal agricultural resources of ignit The Cinchona planta- tions are divided into two categories: (1) Government plantations, and (2) private plantations. : f Government plantations, the Sikkim aetna pes in Henzel, under the charge of Dr. King, C.LE., F.R.S., consist of 2,342 acres planted with Cinchona ledgeriana (i, 000 Miren, Cinchona * hybrid ” (700 acres), and Cinchona succirubra (600 acres). ‘The other Government plantations are in the Madras Presidency on the Nilgiris, under the charge of Mr. M. A. Lawson, M.A. These consist altogether of 900 acres, but the area under each variety has not been reported The private Cinchona plantations are situated in the Bengal Presi- dency at Darjeeling; in the Madras Presidency at Madura, Malabar, the Nilgiris and Coorg ; and in the two Native States of Mysore and Travancore. The area ae cultivation on private plantations selina to 6,278 acres. Of t 4,807 are in the Madras Presidency, and chiefly on the Nügiris The out-turn of bark for the year 1892-93 from the Government plantations was 423,873 pounds, and from private plantations 1,458,707 pounds ; total, 1 ,872, 580 pounds. On March 1893 the total number of mature plants on — and private plantations was estimated at nearly 10,000,000 trees, WHEAT. The toed of wheat-growing in India is not separately treated by Dr. Watt in the Memorandum, but from the Table B. in the Appendix, giving the acreage under food crops for the dm ending 31st March 1892, we find that the total acreage under wheat in the whole of British Yidis i is over 20,000,000 acres. Of this the Punjab has nearly 7,000,000 328 acres, and the Central Provinces nearly 4,000,000 acres. The value of the wheat exported from India in 1892-93 was over 74,000,000 rupees; but in 1891-92, under exceptional circumstances o demand in Europe, Indian wheat was exported to the value of nearly 144,000,000 rupees. Dr. Cs remarks: * The fact that India was able to wade ti and to s directly governed by the conditions of the uropean market. favourable . prices are anticipated the area of production is at once nerease A Memorandum on wheat cultivation in the Punjab for 1803-94 | is given in the dae Bulletin, 1894, p. 167. CCCCVII.—BOTANY OF THE HADRAMAUT EXPEDITION. The Kew Bulletin for June (p. 194) contained = brief notice of the return of Mr. Bent’s expedition to the Hadrama ut Valley, and of is botanical collections brought back by it. These were made by Mr. Lunt, a member of the gardening staff of the Royal Gardens, who bad accompanied Mr. Bent’s expedition with the permission s: the First Commissioner of Her Majesty’s Works and Public Buildin About 150 species of lowering plants were secured, a "aatifactosy result taking into consideration the manifest poverty of the flora; these inelude about 25 new species and two new genera. Of the former nine will be figured and described in Hooker's Zcones Plantarum. An enumeration of the whole collection is given below. RANUNCULACE. Nigella arvensis, Lin».—Amongst crops at Katar, alt. 1,100 feet. A common weed of the Mediteran and Oriental regions. Native set sé See i soda.” The seeds are put into bread to assist digesti CRUCIFERE. Eruca sativa, Lam. —Cultivated at Katan. Roots used as a salad. Native name, * Bue kl." Lepidium sativum, Zinn.—Amongst crops at Katan, alt. 1,100 feet. The common cultivated cress. CAPPARIDE. Cleome wee Linn.—Near Abrail, alt. 1,800 feet. Extends to Egypt and Alg Cleome ?—Between Tokham and Ghafit, alt. 2,000 feet. A very curious perennial herb, with densely hispid branches and Siaa - small viser leaves, with the lobes tipped with large gland Ga shared also einfurth, in Southern Arabia (Riebeck ei pedition, No. 178), s Sikander none of the specimens show either 329 flower or fruit. No doubt it is a Cii allied to C. droserifolia, Delile, Fl. Egypt, 317, tab. 30, fig. Gynandropsis pentaphylla, D.C. — e fields at Katan, alt. 1,100 feet. A cosmopolitan tropical w Cadaba heterotricha, Stocks in Hook. lc. tab. 839.—Dense bush, 4 feet high. Between Tokham and Ghafit, alt. 2,000 feet. A very rare species, known also in Scinde. Merua uniflora, Vahl. (M. P Pp R. Br.).—A_ bush 10 feet — AI Ha y alt. 2, 400 feet. In the valleys, widely scattered, but no plentiful. Extends to Senegambia and Angola, RESEDACES. Ochradenus baccatus, Delile.— Ascends to 2,600 feet. Some of the specimens have curious flattened fasciated stems. Extends to Northern India, the Dead Sea, ESypt Nubia, and Abyssinia. It grows on sandy = but is not comm seda pruinosa, Delile, var. R. amblyocarpa, Fres.—In the palace Mirant at Alrail, alt. 2 ,000 feet. Extends to Palestine and Egypt, and is the sole representative of the genus in tropical Africa CiSTINE X. anthemum argyreum, Baker in Hook. Icon. ined.—Hills at Dobaibah, a 4,000 feet. "Allied to H. kahiricum, Delile, and H. Lippu, L It is free m on some of the hills near the coast, and grows in very stony ground. ‘TAMARISCINE. ees rix mannifera, Hhrenb.—A shrub 6 feet high, with pendulous bra Sea level to 200 feet. Extends to Egypt, Persia, and Aetas adt. It is found usually in the dry beds of the valleys. MALVACEJE. Abutilon indicum, G. Don.--Side of irrigation channel at Furuth. Now e through the scapes zone in both hemi spheres, Senra incana, Cav.—Shari Burrock yet Mokalla, alt, 200-300 feet. Extends to Nubia, Abyssinia, and Sci Gossypium herbaceum, Zinn.—In the palm garden at Alrail. STERCULIACEX. Sterculia arabica, 7. 4nders.—A tree 14 feet high, with a bushy head. Tahiyeh, alt. 1,300 feet. ` Also Aden TiriACEX. Grewia populifolia, Vah/.—Hills at Dobaibah, ie 4,000 feet, Ex- tends to Scinde, and is widely Acme in tropical Afric ZYGOPHYLLEJ. Tribulus.—À s scrap, gathered by a Bedo ouin, between Tehiyeh and Alrail, alt. 2, 000 feet, is probably a new species of this genus s 330 Fagonia arabica, Zinn.—Hills at Ghafit, alt. 200 feet. Also Egypt. Regarded by T. Anderson and Oliver as a variety of F. cretica, Linn. Fagonia Luntii, Baker, n.sp.; perennis, ramosissima, ramis foliisque se breviter pubescentibus, ramulis junioribus tereti iusculis multi- i axillaribus breviter pedicellatis, sepalis oblongo-lanceolatis pubescenti- bus, petalis Apes sepalis duplo longioribass Ms globoso mucro- ulea nato inter coccos acute angulatos profunde s Shari Bano: ‘Valley D Mokalla, alt. 100-200 feet. It is found plentifully along the e ‘owing in sand, but does not extend far t gr 8 inland. Folia 3—4 lin. iongn etlata. Sepala 1 s. n Petala 2 lin. bags. . Fructus 3 lin. dia Zygophyllum amblyocarpum, Baker in Hook. ee ined. Shari Burrock TUM Mokalla, alt. 200—300 fee Another species from the same locality is perhaps also new, but the flowers are not known. A third, also without flowers, was gathered between Tokham and Ghafit. RuTACEX. Ruta tuberculata, Forsk.—Cleared cultivated Pera at Katan, alt. 1,100 feet. Extends from Scinde to Nubia and Algeri Peganum Harmala, Linn.—Hills at Bir-Backban, alt. 3,500 feet. Extends from Central Asia to North Africa and Spain. BuRSERACE, ash ree ae bape mum, Kunth. (Commidendron Opobalsa- mum, Engler).—A bush 6-7 feet high. Wadi Hadiea, alt. 2,000 feet. Five other aliens wibi leaves and flowers, which probably belong to the same species, were collected on the hills at Alghue, alt. 2,000 feet. Engler regards B. esee dense, Kunth, and B. Ehrhenbergii, "Berg. , 88 varieties of B. Opobals RHAMNEX. Zizyphus Lotus, Zinn.—A tree 20-30 feet high. Very common in Hadramaut. Native name, “ Ailb.” Extends through North Africa and South Europe to Spain. AMPELIDE. _ Vitis (Cissus) apodophy la, Baker p.; scandens vel prostra glabra, ramis gracilibus wigulatis foliis sessilibus inferioribus 3-foliolatis, foliolis obovatis obtusis carnoso-membranaceis viridibus profunde irregulariter crenatis superioribus breviter petiolatis infimis sessilibus, cirris oppositifoliis elongatis, cymis magnis laxifloris, pedi- cellis brevibus, calyce quee ari obscure obtuse 4- dentato, fructu globoso uem magnitudine pisi magni t Ghafit, alt. 600 feet. It is found growing amongst large "ir dg idi in small gorges on the hillsides. Foliolum terminale 2-2 po oll. longum, 15-18 lin. latum. Peta/c ^ haud visa. Fructus 3 lin. diam 331 Near the Arabian and Abyssinian Cissus digitata, Lam., and the African €. cymosa, Schum. et Thonn, MORINGACEZE, Moringa aptera, Gaertn.—A small tree 15-20 feet high. At Agum, alt. 2 300 feet. Extends to Abyssinia, Egypt, and Syria. LEGUMINOSJE, Crotalaria striata, D.C.—Banks of irrigation channel at Furuth, alt. 2,100 feet. tends all through the warmer regions of the Old World. Trigonella Foenum-grecum, Linn.—Cultivated at Katan, alt. 1,150 feet. Native name “ Kadb.” Indigofera desmodioides, Baker, n.sp.; fruticosa, ramulis gracilibus dense persistenter argenteo-incanis, foliis simplicibus distinete petiolatis oblanceolatis obtusis facie tenuiter dorso densi bo-pubescentibus, floribus in racemis axillaribus breviter denen od dispositis, pedicellis brevibus, ealyce campanulato dense piloso dentibus tubo b — petalis calyce quadruplo longioribus, ia ca ine edie tried 4-6-sperm toruloso primum argenteo demum glabra A bush 4-5 feet high. Wadi — alt. 2,000 feet, growing on the hillsides amongst large masses of stone. 0 lin. longa, 3— ^ lin. lata. — Calyx 4 lin. longus. Fructus 6-9 lin. longus Remarkable for its simple leaves and very torulose pods. Indigofera spinosa, Forsk.—Hillsides near Hajrain, alt. 2,600 feet. Also Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia. Indigofera arabica, Jaub. et Spach Ill. Pl. Orient., tab. 479.— Hillsides near Sibeh, alt. 800 feet. Confined to Southern "Arabia. Indigofera argentea, Linn. geste at Shibam and Katan for the production of an indigo dye. A native of tropical Asia and imt Africa. It is the adap tinctoria of Forskahl, but not of Linne : ephrosia purpurea, Pers.—Between Sif and Hajrain, alt. 2,000 feet. eres of the Old and New World. Tephrosia dura, Baker, n.sp.; suffruticosa, ramulis teretibus albo- incanis, stipulis parvis SOLUM colat foliis trifoliolatis breviter petiolatis, foliolis eons obtusis dures coriaceis pallide viridibus utrinque inconspicue adpresse pubescentibus, venis faciei inferioris pro- minentibus, floribus solitariis ciate pedunculatis, calyce campan- ulato dentibus deltoideis, legumine lineari polyspermo glabro faciebus vo ilsides at Shibam, alt. 2,000 feet. An undershrub 2 feet high. Folia 12-18 lin. longs, 3 lin. lata. Petala ignota. Fructus 2-2} lin. [Un 4 lin. lat Allied to 7. panes and Apollinea. Alhagi maurorum, JD. C.—Hillsides at Sibeh, alt. 500 feet. Also Persia, Syria, od Egypt. U 83157. B 332 Dolichos oe Linn,—Cultivated in the palm garden at Alrail, alt. 2,000 fee Vigna sinensis, Endl. meee as a vegetable at Katan, alt. 1,150 feet. Native name “ D Parkinsonia aculeata, Zinn.—Shahar, in the cultivated parts at level. A bush 9-10 feet high, Widely cultivated in tropical Asia ad ica Tamarindus dom Linn.—Cultivated at Katan, alt. 1,150 feet. Native name ** Ama Cssalpinia pulcherrima, Swr.—Shari Burrock valley, Mokalla, alt. 200-300 feet. A large tree with a bushy head. Commonly cultivated. Cassia acutifolia, Delile.—Between Tahiyeh and Alrail, alt. 1,700 feet. Extends to Nubia and Timbuetoo. Cassia adensis, Benth.—Bakrain near Mokalla, alt. 200 feet. An erect undershrub 2 feet high, with a bushy head. Only known pre- viously about Aden. Leguminosa, near Cercis. Between Tokham and Ghafit, alt. 200 feet. A bush rer feet high. Probably new, but material too incomplete to describe fro Acacia spirocarpa, Hochst.—Hillsides near Sibeh, alt. 600 feet, and Wadi Hadiea, alt. 2,000 feet. A bush 6-15 feet high. Extends to Nubia and Abyssinia Acacia campophila, Pici —Hajrain, alt. 2,600 feet. A bush 3-4 feet high. South Arabia only. Acacia hamulosa, Benth.—Common on the hills and plateaux from 500 to 3,000 feet. South Arabia only Acacia near Catechu, Willd. — er an ground that has been cleared of crops at Katan, alt. 1,100 fee CoMBRETACE. Terminalia Catappa, Linn.—Planted at Chail-ba-Wazir, alt. 650 feet. Anogeissus Bentii, Baker in Hook. Icon. inedit.—A tree 30 feet high, with pendulous branches. Ghail-Omar, alt. 2,200 feet. The flowers are very sweet scented. LoASEZ. Kissenia spathulata, Æ. Br.—Alrail, alt. 2,000 feet. An erect herb 1-2 feet high. Only known before at Aden and the Cape. All the other species of the order are confined to America. LYTHRARIEX. Lawsonia inermis, Linn.—Cultivated at Katan, alt. 1,150 feet. Native name ** Henna.” ; 333 CUCURBITACEX. Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrad.—Between Sibeh and Tahiyeh, alt. 900 feet. Extends from India to Spain and the Cape Verde Islands. Cucumis prophetarum, Zinn.—Same station as the last. TT spread in tropical Africa and tropical Asia. Corallocarpus parvifolius, Cogn.—On the hills near Gambla. Endemic. . -U MBELLIFERÆ. | Ca: copticum, reng —Cultivated at Katan, alt. 1,150 feet. Native name “ Zamo Foeniculum EEES All.—Cultivated at Katan, alt. 1,150 feet. Native name ** Shar RUBIACEE. Oldenlandia Schimperi, T. 4nders.—Between Ghafit and Sibeh, alt. 600 feet. Extends from Seinde to Nubia. CoxwPosir x. Ver ernonia cinerea, Jess.—Irrigation channel at passers alt. 3,000 feet. Widely spread in tropical Asia and tropical Afr Geigeria alata, Benth. et Hook. fil.—Dry cuitivated ground at Katan, alt. 1,100 feet. Extends through tropical Africa to Namaqua land. Pluchea Dioscoridis, D.C.—Tokham, near Mokalla, alt. 200 feet. Extends to Palestine and through tropical Africa to Natal. Fran Cass.—Hills at Khailah, alt. 3,000 feet. Extends from India to en and the Cape Verdes Pulicaria leucophylla, Baker, n.sp. ; suffruticosa, ramulis foliisque utrinque dense persistenter albo-tomentos:s, foliis obovato-cuneatis Folia 4-6 lin. lata. In volucrum 6-7 lin. diam. Pappus 14-2 lin. longus. Ligule lutew 14-2 lin. longe. Iphiona subulata, Baker, n.sp. ; suffruticosa, bere iy glutinosa, foliorum segmentis 'cylindricis elongatis facie leviter canaliculatis apice acutis haud pungentibus, capitulis homogamis is laxe corymbosis, involucro obconi nico, ractei is lanceolatis oes coriaceis glabris adpressis exterioribus sensim brevioribus, floribus involucro, equilongis, achenio oblongo glabro multisuleato, pappi setis rigidis albidis involucro triplo longioribus. ee Burrock valley, Mokalla, alt, 200-300 feet, growing on stony hillsid U 83157. c 334 Foliorum segmenta 6-9 lin. longa. | Znvolucrum 2-3 lin. diam. Pappus 14 lin. longus. Gnaphalium indicum, Zinn.—-Irrigation channel at Khailah, alt. 3,000 feet. A common tropical weed originating from the Old World. Lactuca spinosa, Lam.—Hills at Disbeh, alt. 4,000 feet. Extends to Spain and the Canary Islands. PRIMULACEA, Samolus Valerandi, Zinn.—Sides of irrigation channels at Khailah, alt. 3,000 feet. Cosmopoli tan. PLUMBAGINE. Statice teretifolia, Baker in Hook. Icon. ined..—Between Tokham and Ghafit. SALVADORACEX. Salvadora persica, Linn. —Shibam, alt. 1,000 feet. A small tree, growing in dense clumps, usually in sandy soil in the beds of the valleys. Widely spread both in tropical Asia and tropical Africa. APOCYNE. stricta, Decaisne.—Between Tokham and Ghafit, 2,000 feet. Extends to Afghanistan and Scinde. Plentiful dirorghouk the adramaut; the flowers are very sweet scented. um micranthum, Stapf, n.sp., trunco "- Andes ramis i Lees pedicellis brevissimis, bracteis linearibus lanceolatisve ut ia tota villosulis, ealyce ad 3 in segmenta lanceolata diviso, pera roses tubo ad 1 anguste cylindrico abhine obconico dilatato extus villosulo intus lineis villosis 5 notato lobis late ovatis acutiuseulis, staminum caudis filiformibus sub apice clavato incrassatis villosulis longe exsertis. Dobaibah, alt. 4,000 fee Frutex pedalis, Folia "pa poll. longa, 1-14 poll. lata. Calyx 5 lin. longus. dete tubus “9 lin. longus, lobi 44 lin. longi. Caudorum staminum pars exserta 4—44 lin. longa. The leaves are 6 exa like those of small specimens of Adenium arabicum, Balf. f., to which the species is certainly nearly allied. The branches, however, are more woody and the flowers considerably smaller and of a somewhat different shape, the widened part of the corolla tube being obconical. ‘The calyx is deeper divided with narrower segments, and the tail-shaped appendages of the stamens are very much more exserted than in A. arabicum, Balf. f. ASCLEPIADE EX. Calotropis era, R. Br.—Between Sibeh and Tahiyeh, alt. 700— . 1,300 feet, widely spread in both tropical Africa and tropical Asia. ` 335 Gomphocarpus setosus, R. Br.—Hills near Bir pra, alt. 3,500 feet. Extends to Abyssinia, stony ground, bed of va lley. Sarcostemma stipitatum, R. Br.—Hills at Sibeh, alt. 750 feet. A thick-stemmed dwarf leafless shrub. Confined to southern Arabia. Caralluma ince Decaisne.—Same station as the last. Confined io southern Ara Another ordin mis without flowers was collected between Tokham and Ghafit. Caralluma flava, JN. E. Brown, n. sp. ; ramis tetragonis ramosis glabris angulis acutis dentatis dentibus brev ibus late tri angularibus patentibus, umbellis terminalibus sessilibus multifloris, pedicelli s elongatis pin sepalis lanceolatis acutis glabris, corolla subrotata bre éàipintit&fo lobis patentibus oblongis acutis vel subaeutis matginibaa reflexis glabris, segmentis coronæ exterioris profunde bifidis lobis subulatis arcuato-divaricatis, segmentis corone interioris linearibus obtusis antheris incumbentibus apice non produ -— Hadiea, 2,000 feet. It is found on the hillsides amongst large sto Planta 6-8 poll. alta. Ramz LT diam. Pedicelli 5—7 lin. longi. Sepala 1 lin. longa. orolle ed i ea dedi lobi 4-5 lin. longi., 14-2 lin. lati. Corone exterioris lobi] ngi Probably allied to C. aucheriana, N. E. Br., of which I have seen no flowering specimens, but according to the description of the flowers of that species given by Boissier, this plant clearly differs by its long pedicels and much larger corolla. 2 Caralluma Luntii, V. E. Brown, n. sp.; caulibus ramosis crasso- carnosis tetragonis glabris. pallide viridibus purpureo-marm rmoratis angulis obtu osse dentatis dentibus ie patentibus, floribus 1-3 prope apicem ramorum faeciéulatis longe pedicellatis, pedicellis glabris, sepalis lanceolato-subulatis reflexis glabris, corolla fere ad basin quinque-lobata tubo nullo lobis elongatis linearibus ineurvato-erecti conniventibus marginibus replicatis intus minutissime puberulis infra medium viridi-flavescentibus parte superiore marginibusque purpureis, corone lobis exterioribus ad sacculos minutos ad apicem columns staminex valide cylindrice debe interioribus lineari-oblongis acutis tiene odi antheris ineumbentibus eas vix excedentibus, corona cum columna staminea Sol purpurea. Habitat iic dat Arabia, on hills near Dobaibah, growing at the base of other plants, 4,000 feet, Feb at Lunt., 209. Planta usque ad 6—8 poll. alta. Rar ni id poll. crassi. Dentes 4-5 lin. longi. Pedicelli T xe Jin. lo ongi, $ lin. crassi. Sepala 1lin. longa. Corolle lobi 8-9 lin. longi., ngi» $ lin. lati (explicati L lin. lati). Columna staminea cum corona, i pn nga. Corone lobi interiores, $ lin. longi. A very distinct and easily recognis pein. In the other i known to me the corona, or at least the base of the asi er column, is re or less included in a short tube or depression at the the corolla, butin C. Luntii the base ofthe corolla is flat, with the eorona raised well above it on the stout staminal column, which is of equal diameter with the corona. Strobopetalum, N.E. Brown [Cynanchearum genus novum]. Calyx 5-partitus. Corolla campanulata, alte 5-fida, lobis patentibus dextrorsum contortis sinistrorsum obtegentibus, Coronæ lobi 4, c 2 336 si antherarum xml "pitt erecti. Columna staminea prope basim corolle affixa; antherz lineares erectæ membrana terminate ; pollinia in quoque iani solitaria, pendula. Stylus apice truncatus vel convexus. Follieulos non vidi. erbe suffruticesve volubiles vel prostrate. Folia opposita. Cyme umbelliformes, sublaterales, sub- enus is very closely allied to Pentatropis, but differs in having a distinet — tube to the corolla, with the lobes much more twisted in the bud and the coronal lobes dorsally flattened and thin, not jatetaliy flattened, as in Pentatropis S. Benti, NW. Brown; caulibus volubilibus gracilibus ramosis zlabris, foliis petiolatis oblonzis vel elliptico-oblongis obtusis mucronatis basi leviter cordatis glabris, « cymis umbellifo rmibus pedunculatis pluri- campanulato, lobis linearibus patentibus tortis extus glabris intus basi cum tubz fauce dense et minute adpresso-pubescentibus, coronæ lobis erectis linearibus acutis basi adnatis antheras æquantibu Chail-ba-Wazir, 250 feet. Foliorum petioli 2} -4 lin. longi, laminæ 3-1} poll. longa, 1-3 poll. lata. Pedunculi 3-5 lin. longi. Pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi. Sepala 1 lin. longa. Corolle tubus 1 lin. longus. Corone lobi } lin. longi BORAGINEJE. Heliotropium drepanophyllum, Baker, n. sp.; suffruticosum, ramulis lignosis teretibus dense breviter pilosis, foliis subeylindricis ad nodos dense fasciculatis utrinque dens? persistenter pubescentibus nullo modo undclatis sessilibus vel brevissime petiolatis, cymis dense multifloris scorpioideis furcatis terminalibus ebracteatis, sepalis ovatis dense pilosis, corolla tubo subcylindrico utrinque glabro calyce longiori, lobis linearibus obtusis den genitalibus in tubo inclusis, stigmate supra annulum elongato-conico. Growing in the sandy or stony beds of valleys between Tokham and Ghafit, alt. 200 fee i Fo olia 6-12 T Tue Sepala 1} lin. longa. Corolle tubus 2 lin. ong Belon ngs to the section Radula of Bunge, in which it is end dis- tinguished by its subeylindrical, densely fascicled uncrisped leave Heliotropium congestum, Baker, n. sp.; perenne, reor DUM ubique albido-setosum, foliis par vis oblongis complicatis undulatis ibecssiibos basi cuneatis, cymis teorpioideis brevibus dete aa imis terminalibus ebracteatis, sepalis oblongis obtusis densissime hispidis, corolle tubo cylindrico extus piloso intus glabro calyce paulo longiori, lobis tibiis eripe ca genitalibus in tubo inclusis, stigmate supra annulum elongato-co Sandy plains pré "Ghafit and Sibeh, alt. 600 feet. Folia, 3 lin. longa. Sepala, 1} lin. longa. Belongs to the section Radula of Bunge, near H. persicum, Lam. Heliotropium Eichwaldi, Steud.— Hills near Hajrain, alt. 2,600 feet. Extends qum Central Asia to Servia and Italy. 337 erc strigosum, Wil/d.—Hills near Sibeh and Dobaibah, 000 feet. Widely spread in tropical Asia and tropical dirti: - Heliotropium longiflorum, Hochst. & Stewd.—Palm garden at Alrail, alt. 2,000 feet. Extends through tropical Africa to Angola. CONVOLVULACES. volvulus microphyllus, Steber.—Under date-palms at Katan, alt. 1,100 feet. Extends to Egypt and Nubia Convolvulus hadramauticus, Baker, n. sp.; suffruti ticosus, erectus, ramulis duris gra^ilibus teretibus itai ‘erecto- -patentibus inermibus, foliis paucis parvis oblongis acutis argute serratis ad basin angustatis sessilibus vel subsessilibus, floribus “solitari iis lateralibus brevissime vestito sepalis ovatis subequalibus valde imbricatis, corolle tubo in ME glabro calyce dupio longiori, limbo vix lobato, genitalibus tubo in nclusis, filamentis glabris antheris longioribus, ovario glabro el elongato. Growing stony, undulating ground between Tokham and Ghafit, alt. 200 fe Folia 34 lin .longa. Sepala 5-6 lin. longa. Corolla pollicaris. Belongs to the section Spinescentes of Boissier, near C. Pic Linn SOLANACEJE. Solanum sepicula, Dunal.—-Irrigation channel at Furuth, alt. 2,100 t. d Also Upper Egypt. Solanum Melongena, Li»4.—Cultivated at Katan, alt. 1,150 feet. Native name “ YundaAl." Solanum coagulans, For cdrom alt. 2,000 feet. Extends to Palestine and through tropical Afric Solanum Lern Willd.—-Gambla, alt. 1,000 feet. Also Southern India Nicotiana Tabacum, Zinn. — Cultivated at Chail-ba-Wazir, alt. 250 feet. Native name “ Tambac.’ nia somnifera, Dunal. giu at Alrail, alt. 2,000 feet. Ex- tends to India and the Canary Islan Capsi sicum annuum, Linn.—Cultivated at Katan. Native name * Busbas. Datura alba, Nees.—-Alrail, alt. 2,000 feet. Perhaps only cultivated here. Iti is regarded by Mr. C. B. Clarke as a variety of D. fastuosa, Linn., which is widely spread through the tropies of the Old World. SCROPHULARINES. i n. sp.; bienne, caulibus foliisque utrinque i agMteuter siae CMM, foliis oblongis obtusis crenulatis ad basin 338 OMM, inomae petiolatis, racemo simplici laxo elongato, floribus siepissime solitariis raro binis brevissime pedicellatis, bracteis ovatis minutis, diio oen tubo brevi lobis ovatis, fructu ovoideo glabro calyce triplo lo longiori Hillsides at Alrail, alt. 2,000 fee blia inferiora 4-5 poll. ciem medio 12-15 lin. lata. Racemus 6-9 poll. longus. Corolla ignota. Fructus 2-21 lin. longus. Belongs to the section Zeiantha of Bentham Herpestis Monniera, 77. B. K.—Sides of a brackish pool at Ghafit, alt. 600 feet. Cosmopolitan, Schweinfurthia latifolia, Baker in Hook. con. inedit.—Shari Seek Valley, Mokalla, alt. 200-300 feet. ACANTHACE. is edulis, Pers., var. congesta, Rolfe; foliis parvis congestis, sericeo-hirsutis. —Nea r Shibam, at 1,000 = elevation. A very eurious form, but perhaps ee a variety of the common and widely diffused Blepharis edulis, Pers. It differs in ring small, narrow, her numerous leaves, from 4 to 9 lines long, very hairy bracts, beer more dhedibirtiacecus and more hair y sepals, shorter pale blue Barleria Hildebrandtii, S. d/oore——Hills near Dobaibah, at 4,000 feet elevation, n. 216. Previously known from Somali Land and Aden. Barleria triacantha, Hochst.—Sibeh, at 750 feet elevation. The leaves are much more canescent than in the type, and may belong to a different species, but the specimens are far advanced in fruit. Anisotes trisulcus, Nees—Between Tahiyeh and Alrail, at 1,500 feet elevation, Also Arabia Fe lix. Ecbolium linngeanum, Aurz.—Near Hajrain, Hadrama 2,600 feet elevation, Widely € dopad] in India, Ar abia, and Boal, HT cen Bentia, ol [Genus novum]. Calyx ` profunde 5-partitus, segmentis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis subequalibus. Corolle tubus brevis, superne paullo ampliatus ; limbus bilabiatus, labio postico interiore erecto incurvo galeato integro, antico patente tridentato palato convexo venoso. Stamina 2, antica, fauci affixa, filamentis basi villosis galea brevioribus; anthere 2-loculares, loculis dissitis, altero altius affixo inferiore basi calcarato ; ; pollinis grana ellipsoidea, lateraliter late trilineata, lineis levibus, triporosa, minutissime reticulata. Discus cupularis. Ovarium breve, villosum ; stylus apice integer; ovula in quoque loculo 2. Capsula ignota. Bentia fruticulosa, Rolfe; fruticosa ramosa, ramis canescentibus teretibus, foliis breviter petiolatis obovato-oblongis v. obovatis obtusi tomentosis coriaceis, spicis terminalibus brevibus, bracteis late ellipticis v. elliptico-ol , calyce glanduloso- pubescente, corolla pubescenti ampla alba palato brunneo-venoso. Near Gambla, at 1,000 feet elevation. 339 Fruticulus 2-3 ped. altus (Lunt). Folia 3-9 lin. longa, 13-4 lin. lata. Spice 4-1} poll. longe. Bractee 4-5 lin. longæ, 3-3} lin. late. Calyx 5 lin. longus. Corolla ] poll. longa. A distinct and interesting plant with much branched shrubby habit, and small ie though otherwise See resembling Rungia in structure and in its scariously margined bracts. Dr. G. Lindau, however, who has recently been working at Cecio, and who has seen part of the d a place it near Duvernoia, E. Mey. (which is reduced to Adhatod “Genera Plantarum "). Both these genera are referred ó his tribe Odontonemee T. Bot. Jahrb. XVIII., p. 56), but to different subtribes, on account of certain characters of the braets, which latter would place our staat: near to Rungia. Mr. Lunt notes the flowers as white with some brown markings on the lower part of the corolla. The pollen is ellipsoidal and reticulated, with the exception of three broad smooth bands which do not meet at the ends, and in the centre of which the three pores are placed. OROBANCHACE. istanche rosea, Baker in Hook. Ic. ined.— Tokham, near Mokalla, alt. 200 feet, parasitic on the roots of Pluchea Dioscoridis obanche cernua, Loefl.—Same locality as the last ; itio on the roots of Pluchea Dioscoridis. VERBENACEEX, Lippia nodiflora, Aich.—Chail-ba-Wazir, alt. 2,000 feet. Warmer regions of both hemispheres. LABIAT&. Lavandula Nimmoi, Benth.—Bakrain, near Mokalla, alt. 200 feet. Also Socotra, Lavandula a, Baker, n.sp.; suffruticosa ramosissima, ramulis gracilibus elongatis superne tetragonis tenuiter albo-incanis, foliis propriis obsoletis, spieis laxis cylindricis, gres covato-lanceolatis calyce brevioribus, calyce tubo cylindrico pubese conspicue nervato, dentibus ovato-lanceolatis equalibus tibo teils brevioribus, corollæ tubo cylindrico calyce subduplo longiori, -= perparv Hillsides at Khailah, alt. 3,000 fee Caules 1-2-pedales. Ca alyæ 2 lin. em ongus. Bel longs, like the last, to the subgenus Celostachys, near L. subnuda, Benth. abica, Baker, n.sp. ; fruticosa, ramulis dense breviter ne. bus campanulato lobis orbieularibus, staminibus ad tubi basin insertis antheris Quen filamentis zquilongis vel curd us. n very dry stony places, but is not at all common. Hillsides =l eet. Suffrutex 2-3-pedalis. Folia 3-4 lin. longa. reet floriferus 4 lin. longus, post anthesin accrescens. Corolla 6-7 lin. This is the first time this curious genus has been uri but of Africa. About half a dozen species are now known, two of which extend to the Cape. 340 Teucri Polium, Zinn.—Hills near Dobaibah, alt. 4,000 feet. Extends He Si ali Land and through Southern Europe, "Northern Africa, and eastward into Per ILLECEBRACEE. Xeractis ret; Oliver in Ilook. Icon. ined.—Between "Ghafit and Sibeh, alt. 600 fee AMARANTACE. antus DRTE. Willd.- — Cultivated at Ghatan, used as a visiite. Native name, * Dadh.’ Aerva javanica, Juss.—Between Tokham and brace alt. 200 feet. Widely spread in tropical Asia and tropical Africa Saltia papposa, Moqwuin.—Hillsides at Eee alt. 750 feet; a bush 3-4 feet high. Confined to Southern Arabi CRROÓFODI ACE. Salsola hadramautica, Baker, n.sp. ; fruticosa, ramosissima, ramv ulis pr niei eg foliis parvis ovatis amplexicaulibus obtusis carnosis utrinque albo-tomentosis, floribus subsessilibus axillaribus, perianthii fructiferi pageiaktts dorso me lata ceto rotundata basi cuneata preditis, supra alam ovatis pilosis mucronati Sharri Burrock Valley, Mokalla, alt. 200-300 feet. Perianthium fructiferum 6-7 lin. diam. Folia 1-14 lin. longa. The genus Salsola is not found to extend far inland, but is not uncommon in the small valleys near the sea, growing in ‘sandy stony ground. Allied to S. feetida, Delile, and S. verrucosa, Bieberst. Salsola leucophylla, Baker, n.sp ; fruticosa, ramosissima, ramulis gracillimis teretibus albo-tomentosis, foliis confertis alternis oblongis ad basin angustatis utrinque gibbosis persistenter albo-tomentosis, floribus sessilibus axillaribus, perianthii fructiferi segmentis dorso alà rigidnla TOUINGSA basi cuneata praeditis, supra alam ovato-lauceolatis pilosis incu s. duc in qs ground in the beds of the valleys, between Sibeh and Ghafit, alt. 600 fee Folia 1 lin. lon A. Perianthium, fructiferum 4 lin. dia Nearly allied to the last, from which it differs in the put of its leaves and smaller matured perianth. Salsola cyclophylla, venei n. Sp. ; fruticosa, ramosissima, ramulis gracilibus teretibus albo-incanis, foliis perparvis alternis confertis ascendent ibus su E RET carnosis albo-incanis, apr sessilibus Faves perianthii fructiferi segmentis alà rotundata crenulata rigi- ula basi cuneata præditis, supra alam ovatis dense Peu oum Shari Burek Valley, near Mokalla, alt. 200-300 fee Folia vix 1 lin. longa. Perianthium fructiferum 2 liv. diam etd near Holothamnus Botta, Jaub. et Spach, Ic. Plant. “Orient. 136. ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. Aristolochia bracteata, Retz.—Hills at Hajrain, alt. 2,600 feet. Ex- tends from India to Abyssinia. 341 Aristolochia rigida, Duch.—Gambla, alt. 500 feet. A very distinct penny , only known previously in two or three places in east tropical rica. 'THYMELAEACEX. Arthrosolen prese n Baker p.; suffruticosa, ramulis Xeretibus adpresse pubescentibus, foliis Giet sessilibus leaten ascendentibus rigidulis glabris, floribus luteis in pilis immersis in capitulum globosum terminalem aggregatis, bracteis magnis foliaceis exis ovatis vel oblongis pilosis, perianthii tubo eylindrico extus piloso lo obis parvis orbieularibus, staminibus prope tubi apicem biseriatis. Hills at Chail-ba- Wazir, alt. 3,000 feet, and Nehar, alt. A: feet. Folia 9-10 lin. longa. Capitula 6-9 lin. diam. tg € 5-6 lin. onge. Perianthii tubus 3 lin. longus, limbus 1} lin. Nearly allied to A. somaliense, Franchet, from which "it differs in its foliaceous bracts and orbicular perianth lobes. LORANTHACEX. Loranthus curviflorus, Benth—Near Sibeh, alt. 600 feet. Extends to Abyssinia and Somali Land. It grows both upon Acacias and Zizyph EUPHORBIACE. Euphorbia Schimperi, Pres/.—Hills er sies es and Sibeh, n 600 feet. Confined to Southern Arabia, wher as first collected =< Forskahl, who referred it to y "Tirucalli edm which it closely resemble phorbia (Rhizanthium) hadramautica, Baker, ovdi ; perennis, Foliorum delapsorum cicatricibus notato, foliis synant auli apicem dense rosulatis petiolatis mn eolit vel obit Ainda obtusis pubescentibus, pedunculis brevissimis monoce phali is, involuero campauulato basi bracteis 2 parvis ovatis foliaceis suffultis, glandulis marginalibus orbicularibus pilosis, ovario piloso. It is found only in very small numbers on rough stony ground, particularly on the tops of the hills which are flat. ie nes cri were obtained from Bir- Backban, at an elevaiion of about 3,500 fee Caulis 9-12 lin. longus, 6-9 lin. diam. Folia 9-12 lin. longa. Tnvolucrum 2 lin. longum. Belongs to the small ne Rhizanthium of Boissier, and is nearly allied to the Indian Æ. nana of Royle, and the Madagascar E. primule- folia, Baker. Living phints were brought home, and it is now flowering t Kew. Jatropha.—Hills near Sibeh, 750 feet. A shrub, ba large pungent Doc Material too o incomplete for its determinatio Ric Linn.—Cultivated parts at eiua Alrail, and iren "Sibeh wid d Tohiyeh. URTICACER. Ficus Carica, Ziny.—A straggling bush. Hills at Khailah, alt. 3,000 feet. 342 Ficus salicifolia, Vahl.—Between Tub and Alrail, alt. 1,800 feet. Extends to east tropical Africa AMARYLLIDEJE, Vellozia (Xerophyta) arabica, Baker. in Hook. Icon. ined.—Edge the rocks at Dobaibak, alt. 4,000 feet. About a dozen species of Velloria are now known in tropical Afriea, Madagascar, and the Cape. This extends the range of the genus to Southern Arabia. This species was only seen in this particular locality and not in very large numbers; the situation was damper than any which had previously been seen. LILIACEz, Asparagus abyssinicus, Hochst—Hills at Dobaibah, alt. 4,000 feet. Dracena serrulata, Baker, n. sp.—One of the Dragon’s-blood Dracenas, allied to D. Draco, Cinnabari, Ombet, and schizantha, f all of which it differs by its minutely serrulate leaves. The leaves are pg em very thick and rigid, flat on the face, and convex on the back, an inch broad above and 3 inches broad at the dilated base. It was not en either in flower or fruit, It gr e with the two last on the hills at baibah, at an elevation of 4,000 fee Vim fistulosus, Linn.—In a cultivated crop near Shiban, alt. 2,000 feet. Extends from India to Spain Tert ascalonicum, Linnso akivaa at Shiban. Native name, * Buol." Allium we Linn.—Cultivated as a vegetable at Katan. Native name, ** Thom Aloe Luntii, "ales n. sp.; breviter re caule simplici, foliis distichis vel subdistichis confertis wenger inermibus recurvatis crassis alb ania racemis laxis elongatis panicu ulatis, bracteis parvis ovatis s , pe edicellis br evibus apice articulatis, perianthio cylindrico abioi viridi vittato lobis Viseari-bhlonpie tubo brevioribus, staminibus inclusis. Stony hills near Dobaibah near Gambla, alt. 3,000 fee Folia pedalia deorsum 2 poll. lata, medio 3-4 lin. crassa. Racemi WI eroi mE 3 lin. longi, bracteæ 11—2 tones Fortin m, 12-13 lin A very dine iara It was brought home in a living state nag, with two r Aloes, which cannot be safely determined till they flower. oa ey them, so Ne as the leaves go, closely resembles the Socotran Aloe Perryi, Bot. Mag. t. 6596. Littonia obscura, Baker in Hook. Icon, ined.—Near Cosair. PALM. Phoenix dactylifera, Zinn.—Cultivated about all the villages. Hyphen sage species, both wild, one with a branching trunk, which lay flat n the ground. No flowers or fruit were obtained, so that the ceris pee. be settled. TYPHACE. ta, tars s dL —In a stream at Chail-ba- Wazir, alt. 2,500 feet, associated with a Sparganium in a young state. Extends from India through otis Africa aud Southern Europe. 343 J UNCACER. Juncus acutus, Zinn.—Stream near Sah, alt. 2,900 feet. Extends to Syria, "North Lis. and Europe. CYxPERACEJE. Cyperus levigatus, Lin».—Brackish pool at Ghafit, alt. 600 feet. Cosmopolitan. Scirpus littoralis, yox pum station as the last. Extends trom India to the South of Fran GRAMINE, Pennisetum cenchroides, Pers.—Hills at Sibeh, alt. 800 feet. Extends i from India to the Canary Islands and Cape of Good Hope Sorghum vulgare, Pers. —Cultivated at Al Hawi, alt. 2,300 feet. Native name, “ Durrah.” Saccharum officinale, Linn —Cultivated at Al Katan, alt. 1,150 feet. Brought recently from India Erianthus Ravenne, P. Beauv.—Near a spring at Sah, alt. 2,300 feet. Extends from fadis through the Mediterranean region. Eleusine coracana, Gaertn. —Tokham, near Mokalla, cultivated as food for cattle. Native name, ** DokAn. Sporobolus dre Kunth,—Chail-ba-Wazir, alt. 250 feet. Extends to east tropieal Afric JEluropus levis, Trin.—Ghafit and Chail-ba-Wazir, in brackish laces, Extends from Beloochistan to France. It is very common in salty ground, especially near the sea. Triticum vulgare, Linn.—Cultivated under the date palm. Native name, ** Burr." FiricEs. Mm er farinosa, Kaulf—Hills at Khailah, alt. 3,000 feet. Cosmopoli Pteris TR Linn. ut of the irrigation channels at Alrail, alt. 2,000 feet. Cosmopoli Adiantum Capillus-veneris, Zinn.—Sides of the irrigation ainoa at Khailah and Tahiyeh, alt. 1,400-8,000 feet. Cosmopolita Actiniopteris radiata, Link.—Hill near Dobaibah, alt. 4, 000 feet. Extends to India and through tropical Africa CHARACE. Chara foetida, A. Br.—Brackish water at Ghafit, alt. 600 feet Cosmopolitan, CCCCVIII.—DECADES KEWENSES. PLANTARUM NOVARUM IN HERBARIO Horti REGI CoNSERVATARUM. DECAS IX. 81. Pittosporum resiniferum, Hemsl. [Pittosporaceæ] ; lis crassis glabris nigris, foliis primum albo-lanatis citissimo iubetnitibus deorsum attenuatis, costa distincta supra impressa elevata, venis primariis lateralibus numerosis oe mis minute reticulatis nigrescentibus, f i ik ignotis, fructu magno compresso-ovoideo plus minusve a^ pericarpio ruguloso crassissimo duro osseo cavernulis latis siie instructo. Habitat.—Philippine Islands, rg a N. Luzon, S. Vidal, 1136. Also a specimen TM me Mfr. E. M. Holmes, Curator of the Pharmaceutical Society's Museum eum petiolo p 8 poll. longa. Fructus LRL. poll. longus circiter 10 lineas latus, pericarpio cireiter 2 lineas crass 82. Vitis (Eucissus) glossopetala, Buker [Ampelidem] ; fruticosa, sarmentosa, ramulis glabris, cirris elongatis simplicibus, foliis magnis simplicibus cordato-ovatis cuspidatis denticulatis glabris, floribus in paniculam amplam ramis divaricatis multifloris corymbosis dispositis, calyce parvo pubescenti ore truncato, petalis 4 lingulatis primum calyp- tratim conniventibus demum solutis, staminibus petalis paulo breviori- bus, stylo elongato. Habitat.—North yii coe Baron, 6095, 6478 ; Humblot, 231. Folia interdum pedalia et ultra. Petala, 3 lin. longa. Differs from the many nt can species placed in his section Ewcissus by Planchon by its longer lingulate petals and oblong buds slightly con- stricted at the middle. The flowers ina dried state are pale brown. The fruit is unknown. 3. Cynometra Lyallii, Baker [ Leguminose, Tribe Cynometree | ; ramosissima, ramulis apice yubeecdindbln, fuliolis 4-5 jugis parvis rigide coriaceis oblique oblongis obtusis emarginatis mee. floribus in faseiculis lateralibus sessilibus aggregatis, bracteis ovatis coriaceis persistentibus, pedicellis elongatis pubescentibus, calycis tubo MAIO, lobis oblongis reflexis, petalis oblanceolatis obtusis, staminibus petalis duplo longioribus, Habitat.—Between Tamatave and Antananarivo, Madagascar, Baron, 5983. Gathered previously by Lyall, 217; Pervillé, 440, and in the island of Nossibé by Boivin. Folia 1} poll. peon foliolis 5-6 lin. longis. Petala 2 lin. longa. Distinguished from C. madagascariensis, Baill., by its much fewer pairs of 2 ee ea in oblong leaflets. The pod i is unknown. 345 84. Dimorphandra megacarpa, Rolfe [ Leguminosz] ; arbor ex ma mis sylvæ (Burchell) sre bipinnatis pinnis circa 22-24- ~jugis, foliolis supra nitidis subtus pallidioribus basi suboblique. truncatis, venis circa 8-jugis prope marginem connexis, rachidibus crassis furfuraceo- E lis basi verrucosis, floribus ignotis, leguminibus lignosis late falcatis obtusis oa marginibus læviter inerassatis 6—18-spermis septis transversis oriaceis, seminibus transversis "me cp digi oos v. subcom- mice lateraliter concavis apice emarginata, te osa nitida, cotyle- — crassissimis, radicula brevi recta pus nem pinnata pinnis Ha sbi tat.—Brazil, on the right bank of the Rio Mojá, a little below Jaguary, Burchell, n. 9381; Para, E. S. Rand. Petiolus circa 2 ped. longus. — Petioluli 6-8 poll. longi. Foliola 4-5 lin. longa. Legumen 10-12 aps longum, 31-31 poll. latum, 14 lin. crassum. Semina 13-2 poll. longa This fine speeies was met with as ; long ago as 1829, by Burchell, who notes it as one of the finest trees in the forest, though he only obtained pods, which, judging from their condition, may have been fallen ones. Although Mas: ‘than those of any species prev viously known, the pods are structurally signi and as the very characteristic leaves are also se of Dimorphandra there can be no doubt about the genus, and the species is avidenttly allied to D. parviflora, Spruce. "Thé seeds are separated by thin subcoriaceous transverse divisions, and, owing to Mor MA end or even laterally compressed. Mr. Rand de- scribes it as “An immense tree, of which the weis specimen known ard is | in front of my doors e though it must be at least 50 seid old, has never been known o flower until “this year. "The owers are in round close heads, like some Acacias; diameter of the ball of flowers from 3 to 2 inches, borne on long erect yellow spikes ; Jwi ite. count over 100 feet, it was impossible to get perfect flowers to press. tree has an erect branchless shaft for about 75 feet, then a large mien d globular head. It sheds its fine leaflets twice a year, remains bare for only a few days, and then covers itself with new foliage with wonderful rapidity." 85. Dissotis cryptantha, Baker e map meten fruticosa, ramosis- sima, ramulis pilosis, foliis sessilibus lanceolatis triplinerviis utrinque dense pilosis, floribus paucis ad ramulorum apices aggregatis foliis reductis ascendentibus suboccultis, calyce globoso dense piloso, dentibus — violaceis, staminorum longiorum connectivo producto rae a a Habitat.—N yassaland, et herve 625 of 1891 collec Folia 14-2 poil. longa. Calycis tubus 3 lin. juges et latus: lob: i i j on, . in gæ. A handsome species, with the shrubby habit and large dark violet flowers of one of the mo ated Pleromas. 86. Galpinia, V. Æ. Brown Lacinia hum genus novum]. Calyc tubus campanulatus, 5-6 dentatus, persistens, dentes valvati, infos dentiformibus. Petala 5-6, fauci calycis inserta, lobis alternata, corrugata. Stamina 5-6, petalis opposita, infra medium tubi calycis inserta, filamentis exsertis ; anthere parve didyme. Ovarium sessile, liberum, imperfecte 2-loculare ; stylus elongatus, stigmate simplici; ovula œ, placentz hemispheric basilari et septis adnate affixa, erecta, 346 anatropa. vetet —— calyce inclusa subcoriacea, imperfecte 2-locularis, polysperma. Semina matura non vidi, immatura angulata, erecta. ‘bor parva. Folia opposita petiolata, epunctata. Flores parvi, in paniculas terminales dispositi. G. transvaalica, N. E. Brown ; arbor parva ramulis tetragonis, foliis _ breviter petiolatis oblongis obovatis vel elliptico-obovatis — obtusis recurvis uneatis vel cuneato-rotundatis coriaceis margine an tissime recurvis glabris costa infra apicem subtus glandulifer ^ ponioulia terminalibus erectis compactis multifloris ramulis aeute tetragonis glabris, bracteis ve tutte go-obovatis vel obovatis obtusis glabris, costa subtus infra glandulifera, pedicellis tetragonis glabris, calycis tubo glabro fucco triangularibus acuminato-acutis erectis marginibus subincrassatis minute ciliatis, petalis brevissime unguiculatis lanceolatis subacutis undulato-corrugatis impunctatis glabris albis, staminibus longe exsertis filamentis filiformibus demum circinatis Mrs parvis loculis reniformibus, ovario depresso stylo longe exserto filifor Habitat.—Transvaal, French Bob's Hill, fasi 2,600 feet, April, Galpin, 889. Arbor 15 ped. en pee petioli 14-2 lin. longi, lamine 11-21 poll. longe, 3-14 late. Panicule 24-3 poll. longe (pedunculi n longi Eds 11-1j poll. late. Bractee i-l poll. long», js lin. late. Pedicelli 45,-1 poll. T Calycis =e is poli. ngus, dentes 1 lin. longi. Petala } poll. longa, ji. poll. lata. Stamina 4-5 lin. longa. Ovarium $ hn. longum. St tylus 3-4 lin. ngus. This very distinct and interesting plant is with much pleasure dedicated to its discoverer, Mr. E. E. Gal in, of Queenstown, South Africa, to whom Kew is indebted for many interesting plants living and dried. Its position in the order is somewhat doubtful, but proba ably it should be placed in the neighbourhood of Pemphis and Diplusodon. From all the genera except Cry ypteronia, Tetrataxis, and Heteropyxis it differs in having all the stamens alternating with the calyx-teeth, but the two former differ in having no petals and a different inflorescence, besides other characters; Heteropyais, which is rejected from the order by Koehne in his monograph of the Lythrariee, differs in having alternate leaves, imbricate Be nine, and the stamens inserted with the petals at the top of the calyx-tube. The leaves and bracts of Galpinia are remarkable on account of the gland on the underside of the midrib, just below the apex, which I do not find present in any other member of the order. The leaves are usually rather thick and opaque, with no visible dots even under a lens, but here and there a leaf from some cause or other has Il thin and subtranslucent, and when held up to the light, and examined under a powerful lens, is seen to be densely and very minutely reliuéiddétid. sed etiam subtus tandem cnl petioli hispidulis is 1-3 lami aequan cymis paucifloris sæ reduetis in axillis foliorum brevissime pese: dadio: berbis vel brevissimis, 347 corolla infundibuliformi calyce vix duplo longiore leviter lateque 9-lobata extus et in apice loborum sparse minuteque pilosula, eapsula globosa staan: seminibus tenuiter wuiseitulibicis. Habitat.—N orth-west India Sinde, no precise localit Dr. Cookes collector; near eg i. Stocks, 41, pro parte Multan, Edgeworth, 5031 ; Sirhind, T. Thom tawah, Duthie, 6432. Caules prostrati 3-9 ped. longi. Folia am po longa, basi 3 lin. ad 11 poll. lata. Sepala sub m esi eg S um ad 3 lin, longa. Corolla 3-44 lin. we ti la 23-3 lin -— a e had been sorted with I. eriocarpa, R. Br., which is indeed very similar, but easily distinguished by larger flowerheads, larger bracts, x capsules, and glabrous, densely foveolate seeds. Í. Sto cksii, C. B. Clarke (Fl. Brit. Ind. iv., p. 204, not of p. 207), whieh is still more any allied, has different eaves, and shaggy rather than velvety seeds. 88. Strobilanthus ({Endopogon) reticulatus, Stapf [ Acanthacee] ; caule breviter strigilloso, foliis ov atis a cutis basi interdum subcordatis subtus ‘cum venis nie nont Roo enets, petiolo 1 pare quanti : dentibus lineari (subulatis tubo 3-plo longioribus albo-fimbriatis exceptis, corollae tubo basi angustissimo supra calycem valde ampliato limbo brevi lobis rotundato-ovatis, staminibus 2, filamentis patule pilosis antheris faucem teen Meer, dem staminodiis 2 minutis dentiformibus, ovulis 9 in utroque 1 India, Malabiülesiiwir, Dr. T. Cooke. Folia ad 3 poll longa, ad 14 poll. lata. Spice 3 poll. longw. Bractee ad 1 poll. longs. Calyx ` oe longus, lobi 24-3 lin. longi. Corolla 1 poll. longos medio 1 poll. la S. reticulatus is a rather eem species, allied to S. foliosus, T. Anders. though not tity closely. ; 89. a Curtisi, N. E. Brown [Aroideæ]; omnino glabra, en peen quam lamina multo longiore, lamina Itata ovato- ittata apice plus minusve abrupte cuspidata mucronata supra lete tis sejunctis margine parum sinuato, coste icæ nervis utrinqu e 4—5, costarum posticarum nervis 3-4 e terian 2 interioribus omnibu subrectis, nervis de vel albido-viridibus costis pallidioribus et PNEU cmp viridibus unculo quam petiolo breviore obtuse spathe tubo ellipsoideo pallide viridi quam lamin hone acuta plana reflexa vel revoluta quadruplo breviore, spadi m spatha breviore parte fertili quam append e terete acuta ru wh, pibe multo breviore, ovariis subquin nque-cyclis globosis viridibus stigmatibus magnis 3-4 lobis albis, organis neutris ochraceis, ott masculis albis itat.—Penang, ‘Curtis. 348 Foliorum petioli 11-21 ped. longi, laminæ 9-19 -— lenge, 6-112 poll. late, lobis basalibus 4-6 poll. longis, 34-54 poll. latis. — Pedun- culi 9-18 poll. longi. Spathe tubus l-l} poll. longus, 8-10 lin. diam., lamina 4-51 poll. longa 14-1} poll. bos Spadia 4-6 poll. lengus, parte foeminea 5-6 lin. longa, neutra -— E" longa, mascula 4-# escribed from living plants sent to Seth Penang by Mr. €.. Curtis. It is allied to A. decipiens, See 90. Pandanus Thurstoni, Wright [Pandanem]; fruticosus, folus linearibus acuminatis marginibus minute dentieulatis costis in tegris, druparum capitibus cirea 8 racemose dispositis, — sejunctis 5-6- angulatis, LS ovs "nom ente semine solitario Habita t. —Fiji, Thurs Folia 10-12 ped. mon basi 6 poll. lata. Racemus 2 ped. longus Fructus 8 poll. longus, 4 “poil. latus. Drupa 1 poll. lcnga, 4 lin. lata. Stigma 6 lin. lon Eea Taea belongs to the section Ryckia, ay is allied to P. fur- which it differs in having the leaves very minutely sten and the heads or fruit rac emosely a arranged, not ae ne of two or three undescribed species, discovered by Sir J. Thurston, Governor of Fiji. CCCCIX.—MISCELLANEOUS N OTES. Sipney Atrrep SKAN, lately in the employ of the Royal Gardens, has been appointed, on the results of a competitive examination before the Civil Service Commission, an assistant in the Royal Gardens, to date from the 16th August 1894 Mr. Wittram Lunt, in the employ of the Royal Gardens, has been appointed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Assistant Superin- tendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad. Mr. Lunt was also. lately employed as botanical coilector, attached to Mr. Theodore Bent’s Expedition to the Hadramaut Valley, Southern Arabia. ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION, No. 94.] OCTOBER. [1894. CCCCX.—LATHYRUS FODDER. ( Lathyrus sativus, L.) Recent legal proceedings have called attention to the use of the seeds of the Bitter Vetch (Lathyrus sativus) in this country as a food for horses. The plant is an annual, closely allied to the sweet pea of continued use by man and animals has led to injurious results. The subject is fully discussed in Dr. Watt’s Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Vol. 26) pp. 592-594. From this work the following extracts are taken Food and Fodder.— As aiready stated, this pea is cultivated rincipally as a fodder, but being very cheap and Lo grown it is considerably used as food by the poorer classes, largely so in times of scarcity. It is also used to a considerable extent to adulterate dál from which it can scarcely be distinguished. The following chemieal composition is Sigh by — eb 10:1; albuminoids, 31:0; starch and fibre, 53:9; oil, 0'9; as “2. Ihe e nutrient ratio is abont 1: 1:75, while the nutrient silde i is near arl A recent analysis by Astier has revealed the presence in the grain of a aie liquid alkaloid, probably produced by some proteid ferment, which exhibits the toxic ‘effects of the seeds, and the action of which is destroyed by heat. The evil effects of habitual consumption of the seeds have long been known, and though the subject is one whic paralysis. In one district of Bengal alone, according to Irving, neal} 4 ji be cent. of the population suffered from its toxic ‘effects in 1860. That observer went into the subject most extensively, and found that if used occasionally U 83893. 1375.—10/94. Wt. 45 A 350 and in smail quantity, ihe oe Ape constipation, colic, or some other form of indigestion. But, e other hand, if freely employed, and especially without dimitir pes ther sorts of grain, he found palsy to be a frequent sequel. Dr. lrving's cin further showed that ill-effects were more apt to occur in the ra ainy season, and that the great majority of sufferers were males, the proportion in the cases which came i his observation being 6:11 males to 0°59 females. During the years from 1829 to 1834 the grain formed, by a series of accidents, the chief of some of the eastern villages of Oudh, and, apparently,as a direct result many cas f sudden paralysis of the lower extremities ensued. The circumstances which gave rise to this described by Colonial Sleeman, from whose account the following may be quoted :— * In 1829 the wheat and other spring crops in this and the surround- ing villages were destroyed by a severe hail-storm ; in 1830 they were deficient from the want of seasonable rains, and in 1831 Ahey were destroyed by blight. During these three years the haséri, which, though not sown of itself, is left carelessly to grow among the wheat ich it from the blighted wheat fields, and subsisted upon its grain during that and the following year, giving the stalks and leaves onlyjto their cattle. In 1833 the sad effect of this food began to manifest themselves. The younger part of the population of this and the surtounding villages, from the age of 30 downwards, began to be deprived of. the use of their limbs below. tlie waist by paralytie Boke, in all cases sudden, but in some more severe than in gen bou years of 1833 and 18341 ; and tlg of hit have lost ihe use of their lower limbs entirely, and are unable to move. The youth of the "surrounding'villages, in which kasdért, from the same causes, formed the chief article of ‘food during the years 1831 and 1832, have suffered in different stages of the disease, imploring my advice and assistance under this dreadful visitation. Some of them were ver y fine looking young men of good caste and respectable famalies, and all stated that their pains and infirmities were confined entirely to the joints below the waist. They described the attack as coming on suddenly, often while the erson was asleep, and without vef warning symptoms wbatever, and -stated that a greater' proportion of the young men were attacked than of the young women.:' It is the prev ailing opinion of the natives through- out the eountry, that both horses and bullocks which have been much eat grass or - Again, Lisboa, commenting on this disease writes :—*' The subject was taken up by Dr. Kinloch Kirk in Upper Sind, A villager had btoiig ht Hy his. wife, about 30 years old, who was suffering from para lysis o of the. lower extremities. When questioned as to what he "thought the cause to be, the man replied, * It is from hasdri ; we are Y poor, and nè was ‘obliged to eat it for five months on end. 351 Dr. Kirk EOM instituted inquiries into the subject, which con- - firme d the statement; and he adds that, ‘the natives know this dá/ ‘is poison, t ‘bey eat it because it is pou thinking that they can * stop in time to save themselves from its consequences. This condition, which has lately pes it the name of.“ lathyrismus," om formed the subject of investigations by Dr. B. Suchard, by whom it s been found that the chief effect produced on the human subject, is upon the muscles of the Jower extremities , especially on those below the knee. In horses, paralysis of the hinder extremities also takes place, but an affection of the larynx, resulting in asphyxia and death has been observed, a complication which has not been recorded in man. Cantarri of Naples, has published a number of cases in which he has carefully observed the conditions "v death. The muscles of the face, neck, and trunk were found not to be affected ; those of the lower extremities es, especially the abductors, were ni Pa to have undergone a fatty degenera- tion, the transverse abri being diminished, and the ultimate fibres con- taining little drops of oil. No affection of the spinal cord was discovered. Until lately it was extremely doubtful as to what could be the cause of this poisonous action of the pulse. Various ideas were entertained by different writers, some holding that the noxious P opertie es were due to the large per-centage of albuminous material contained in the seed. The recent isolation of an alkaloid which cscs the toxic characters of the grain would seem, however, definitely to settle the point. The T or prepara dál, pasteballs, &c., in all probability retain eont of 1 the AN to produce poisonous effects if eaten during a prolonged period, It seems probable that the volatile property of the poison may afford an explanation of the apparent caprieiousness of the effects of the pulse who .habitually consume it. In any case, it is highly desirable that dcos should be made for the purpose of definitely ascertaining the presence or otherwise of the alkaloid in the ordinary Lathyrus diet, chapatis, dal, curries, pasteballs, &c. consumed as food heat and greater care in coo ing, to render this edly noxious food grain a wholesome and nutritious article of food, one of the cheapest and most easily obtainable pulses of India ke a much higher a food to cattle are similar to those observed in man... Thus, from the ollowing ero} from Smith's Veterinary Hygiene, i it would appear to have been used with deleterious results in he disease arising = the u f Lathyrus, sativus (ep dir) has been deseribed by Messrs. lese and Professors Een and W illiams ome to this county as petas and its action on MR, is to Ven the most intense dyspnea and poarta when put to work; the appetite is not affected. and when in the stable the animai appears in perfect health. Several fatal cases are reported by these observers, whose articles in the Veterinary Journal and Veterinarian, April 5 Veterinarian, November 1886, may be consulted with great advantage," A 2 352 Don writes regarding its effects on other animals: * Swine fattened on this meal lose the use of their limbs, but grow very fat lying on the ground. Kine are reported to grow lean on X but sheep not to be affected. Pigeons, especially when young, los the power of walking by feeding on the seeds. Poultry will not Nadi touch it, but geese eat it without any apparent damage. Jn some - im ts of Switzerland Special opinions;—'"l have seen many cases of paralysis while a Civil Surgeon in the Punjab, vitio the patients themselves and their family all believed to be due to the use of khesari dál, and I have seen the specimens of the seeds and of the bread made "from them.” ( reg eer: dé r C. W. Calthrop, M.D., Morar.) “The occasional e of the dal does not bring on paraplegia, but many poor people are obliged to live almost entirely on it. They eat the green undressed plant, cook it, make dál of = — and chapáti of the flour. It is people of this description t suffer from sete es of the lower extremities.” (Bolly Chund cas Teicher of Medicine). CCCCXI.—MINOR INDUSTRIES IN JAMAICA AND BERMUD At one time it was somewhat the — io deery the small or minor industries in our Colonies. "They were, in fact, regarded as likely to be of little permanent benefit to thes community. Darig the last few 0 ditions of many of our tropical possessions, and small industries have been more fully appreciated. Jamaica,—The banana cultivation in Jamaica, a case in point, may be cited as a most striking and remarkable instance of how a compara- tively ** minor industry " may, under suitable encouragement, attain to the rank of a staple product. Twenty-five years sitio the value of the bananas exported deem Jamaica was practically nothing. People d them for their own use but never thought of shipping them. In the year 1892-93 the vidue of the bananas exported from Jamaica reache over „0007. It eeded that of var sugar, rum, coffee, or dye- woods. In this case a minor indust a comparatively unpromising character has been called into existence, aed so advanced in value as to rtop old industries vri on for more than a hundred years. Banana cultivation in Jamaica has been of err also to other in- cocoa, oranges, and spices. Not only so, but “ready money” to the extent of nearly 200,000/. annually has been circulated amongst small cultivators, who are the chief banana-growers, and their material prosperity and consequently their purchasing power have been increased. Further, land everywhere has enhanced in value, and a larger demand has taken place for cattle, mules, and horses, which a are raised on “ pens” in go interior. Practically, therefore, all classes of the communit e been benefited and the general resources of the enlightened efforts of two able Anthony a both of whom laboured most consistently for this 353 end for many years. They often had to encounter great opposition in the earlier stages of their measures, but the results have fully justified the soundness of their policy. It is satisfactory to find that in the island itself full credit is now given to these men. Indeed their greatest memorial is the new Jamaica, with its extended railways, its network of telegraph wires, and the renewed life and activity which have been called forth by their efforts. ere is no more striking cá of the poten- tial value of small industries than this one. Thee ample of Jamaica may therefore encourage other Colonies, whose prosperiey has been checked by economic changes, to strike out in new directions. B —The small Colony of the Bermudas or Somers Islands in the North Atlantic (about 600 miles from the coast of the United States) furnishes also an instance how much may be done with small industries. Bermuda furnishes New York with a large portion of the “spring onions ” and young potatoes consumed in that city. It also grows lily bulbs (Lilium Harrisii) for both the United States and Europe, and the value of .these exported last year was over 21,000/. The best quality of arrowroot is obtained only from Bermuda. Altogether its small industries in 1893 furnished exports to the value of near ly | 120,000/. These and other particulars are more fully set forth in the Annual Report published by the Colonial vea vtri Reports, No. 105), arrowroot, valued at 989/. The principal exports to Canada were lily bulbs valued at 1 ,209/., and onions, 956/.; and to the United States lily bulbs valued at 21,050/., onions 3 59, 8704.. potatoes 26,6222., specie 6,0007., and cut flowers 1 ,36 l; e prices obtained fo r the crops in the season of 1893 were about the same as in the preceding year. CCCCXII.— DECADES KEWENSES. PLANTARUM NOVARUM IN HERBARIO Hortr Reem CONSERVATARUM. | DECAS X. 91. Brassica grique N. E. Brown [Crucifere]; herbacea tota pilosa vel i. foliis Tug pores lyratis lobis latera- libus 2-4 ovatis vel deltoideis o integris terminali maj sepalis oblongis obtusis, petalis anguste oblanceolatis, siliquis erectis scabris vel adpresse hispidis, stylo brevi—Sisymbrium T'urczanino wi, Szyszyl. Enum. Polypet. Rehmann., p. 106, nec Sonder. Habitat.—South Africa: Griqualand West, near the Vaal Rivér, Burchell, 1771; Orange Free State, Holub, Rehmann, 3483; Bechuanaland, Barolong Territory, Holub ; Transvaal, Hallwater Salt air Holub. -8 poll. alta. vtr 3-3 poll. longa, ti poll. Pedicelli 2 "tin. longi, in fructu 3-4 lin. longi. Sepala 14 lin. bip. Petala 24 lin. longa 2 lin. lata. Siliqua 8-11 lin. longa, ł lin. crassa, stylo 1-1 lin. longo. 354 Allied to Sinapis pendula, E. Mey., but.at once distinguishable by its much shorter, erect, and setose pods; it also appears to be a smaller plant. Szyszylowicz mistook it for a —— but the cotyledons are eonduplieate. . Garcinia Buchanani, Baker [Guttifere]; ramulis glabris, foliis Refine. rigide coriaceis glabris acutis basi cuneatis, floribus femineis sparsis lateralibus vel "ter minalibus, e brevibus clavatis plicatis ad vel supra basin bracteis parvis ovatis persistentibus suffultis, sepalis latis brevissimis, petalis serie oblonga ovario globoso glabro, stigmate magno peltato brevi integro Habitat.—N yassaland, Buchanan, 183 of 1891 collection. olia 2-3 poll. longa, media 10-12 lin. lata. Petala 3 lin. longa. Stamina et bacca ignota. Habit of G. Mannii and G. punctata, Oliver. In G, Livingstonei, T. Anders., from the same country, the leaves are thicker and ce the pedicelslonger and more slender, and the stigma is 2-lobed 93. Polycardia centralis, Baker [Celastrinex | ; fruticosa vel arborea, glabra, foliis petiolatis oblongis obtusis rigide coriaceis siccitate pallidis, florum fasciculis in foliorum medio ad costam impositis, pedicellis flore multo longioribus E apicem incrassatis, calycis tubo campanulato lobis parvis ovatis obtusis, PR vatis obtusis calyce duplo longioribus, Fenitalibus petalis bieviortbts us Habitat.—N orth Madagascar, Baron, 6368. Folia 3-5 poll. — medio 12-18 lin. lata. Petala 13 lin. longa. Fructus adhuc ignot This differs from e other species of this curious genus by bearing the iier of flowers in the middle of the face of the leaf. In the original P. phyllanthoides, Lad they are in an "nt sinus; in P. lateralis, O. Hoffm. (=P. Hildebrandtii, Baillon), and P. baroniana, Oliv. in Hook. a t. 2237, they are in a lateral irum and in P. libera, O. Hoffm., fre 4. Piptadenia Buchanani, Baker [Leguminosæ, tribus Adenan- poems arborea inermis, ramulis apice pubescentibus, foliorum pinnis 18-20-jugis, foliolis multijugis parvis linearibus rigidis imbricatis, racemis subspicatis cylindricis breviter pedunculatis, calyce hirsuto tubo cam- = ulato dentibus 5 parvis late ovatis, petalis linearibus pubescentibus calyce quadruplo . longioribus, staminibus longe exsertis, ovario pedicellato hirsuto. Habitat.—N yassaland, Buchanan, 192 of 1891 collection. Folia semipedalia, pinnis 11-2. poll. foliolis 2 lin. longis. Racemz 4-6 poll. longi. Calya, 4 lin. longus Nearly allied to the West African P. africana, Hook. fil., from which it differs by its longer hairy flowers and stalked hairy ovary. 95. Neogezia, Hemsl. [Umbelliferarum - Smyrniearum genna novum].— Calycis dentes prominentes, colorati. Petala lata, in v rri depressus vel subconicus. Fructus didymus, cordiformis, a Te ere vix compressus, ad commissuram sulcatus ; carpella fere teretia, basi 355 gibbosa, cb vittas superficiales. tinae juga primaria fere obsoleta ; eculas 3, ,omn phorum iptegrum.— Semen NM profunde suleatum.—Herbe Mexi- cane glabra etuer s vel a scapose, epee igor side ed gre Folia pinnatim disse radicalia. Umbel mplices, in seapo dit solitarise, pakelis fliformi bus. Jnvo ert bee numerose linea ores polygami vel unisexuales ; ; sepala purpurascentest; boni flava vel citrina. Neogezia min Hemsl.; wundique glaberrima, radieis tuberibus parvis E is, foliis petiolatis, petiolis usque ad apicem vaginantibus, crassiusculis pinnatis segmentis sessilibus confertissimis deorsum sese dentibus in petalis late obovatis brevissime acuminatis.vix inflexis Habitat.—Mountains above Oaxaca, Mexico, C. G. Pringle, July and August 1894. maie circiter 9 poll. alta. Folia 3-polliearia. . Pedicelli vix pollica THEE € eourtesy of Mr. J. N. Rose, Assistant Botanist in the United Stat Department of repe at Washington, we are able to establish this very distinct and elegant genus of Mexican Umbellifere. Two species were olia ed by Har NC upwards of fifty years ago but only flowering speeimens were obtained. Since then, so far as our knowledge goes, no other collector bas met with any member of this genus until this year; and now Mr. C. G. Pringle pe th rding material for fo unding tlie genus. artweg's two species s provisionally published €— the genus Oreomyrrhis, and are her transférred to Neogezia : Neogezia gracilipes, /7emsl. (Oreomyrrhis? gracilipes, Hemsl. Diagr. Pl. Nov. pars. 1. p. 16 et in Biol. Centr, Amer., Bot. i. p. 567. t. 33. et t. 34, figg. 6-8). Neogezia planipetala, Hemsl. (Or eomyrrhis ? plane Hemsl., n Pl. Nov. pars. 1. p. 16, et in Biol. Centr. Amer., ee i. p. 568. 34). Dedicated to Dr. AAAS, Goets; Inspector. of thé Botanic Garden at Greifswald, Pomerania, and formerly à fellow-student of the writer at few genera owe of the Heterosciadiee, having simple In this character it agrees with Oreomyrrhis, i " Mr two of he species were provisionally placed + but, as suggested by Mr. Rose, the characters of the fruit are rather those o the SPA, and similar to those of the American genus Arracacia. 96. Ursinia saxatilis, IN. E. Brown emittit dde suffru- ticosa roel ramoso-caespitosa, foliis ad api ramulor con- fertis apice trifidis vel pinnatis, segmentis 3-5 tereto- vis Mision ides nato-acutis glabris punctatis, pedunculis quam folia multo longioribus glabris 1-8 bracteatis aan Po br acteis Mida exten involucro 956 aribus intermediis ovato-lanceoiatis interioribus oblongis apice rotun- ati ulos dulosis, achzniis mica angulatis validi P basi pilis longis cinetis, pappi paleis orbiculato-obovatis emarginati s Habitat.—Transvaal, among rocks, summit of Saddieback Mountain near Barberton, 5,000 ft., Galpin, 945; Thorneroft, 113; Wood, 4165. 4-1 poll. longa, segmentis 1-3 lin. longis, i lin. latis. o Folia Pedunculus 2-4 pan, longus. Capia poll. diam. Ligule $ poll. Allie to E apiculata, DC., and U. montana, DC., but very distinct in its leaves and involucre. 97. Helichrysum reflexum, W. E. Brown [Compositæ-Gnaphalieæ] ; suffruticosa ramosissima, ramulis gr acilibus. iucano-tomentos is densis- mentosis marginibus revolutis apice uncinato-apiculatis, capitulis ter- minalibus secunde 150—160-floris, involucri bracteis 6—7-seriatis exterio- ribus gradatim brevioribus ovatis acutis pallide brunneis interioribus linearibus wie argenteis nitidis quam flores plus duplo longioribus, ose taculo brevissime fimbrillifero, pappi setis subpaucis tenuissimis inutissime scaberulis, corolla quinquedentata glabra, ovario glabro Hatitat.—Transvaal, among "— summit of Saddleback Mountain. Barberton, 5,000 ft., May, Galpin, fiamuli 1-4 pol. longi.. Folia 2- es longa, j-j lin. ai: ien other species by the reflexed linear leaves with which the branches are densely covered; the tomentum is ers ante and felted. Probably the silvery inner fime bracts are or less radiating in the es it seem more nearly allied to H. Newii, Oliver and Hiern, des to any other i iave seen 98. Cyphia tortilis, JV. E. Brown [ Campanulaces-Cyphies]; tuberosa, caule volubili glabro, foliis alternis petiolatis glabris inferioribus spat athu- lato-obovatis vel oblanceolatis obtusis vel subacutis basi cuneato-acutis crenato-denticulatis superioribus lanceolatis vel lineari-lanceolatis utrin- acutis crenato-denticulatis supremis integris, floribus scili bro lati calycis tubo late obconico patelliformi lobis elongato-deltoideis acutis quam corolla quadruplo brevioribus glabris, petalis linearibus acutis vel subacutis apice recurvis duobus liberis tribus connatis basi gibbosis lilacinis intus barbatis, staminibus quam corolla multo brevioribus hirtis. Habitat, —South Africa, locality unknown. Foliorum petioli, 1—6 lin. longis laminz }—1} poll. long:, 1-6 lin. late Pedicelli 4-5 lin. longi. Calycis tubus 1 lin lin jane 14 lin. latus, lobi 3-1 lin. longi. Petala 5 lin. akon Stamina 3 lin. 1 onga. 357 eribed from plants cultivated in My De pei Gardens, Kew, that were y¥éebived from Professor MacOwan, F.L.S., ape Town, who states that it is one of the species kii à yt Baroi?” The succulent tubers ure eaten after being roasted in the ashes of the fires made b travellers when outspanned, but have little to recommend them to an Hia This species is -— allied to C. sylvatica, Eckl., which is as the ** Bosch Barroe," but is distinguished by its leaves, and broad aioi dcos: dháffod, ee tube. 99. Gymnostachyum decurrens, Stapf [Acanthaceae] ; herba basi parce ramosa ramis brevibus foliisque congestis solo suba adpres ressis, foliis ovatis basi abrupte contractis secundum petiolum late decurrentibus subobtusis obscure crenulatis utrinque 4—6—nerviis erassiusculis nervis subtus pilosulis exceptis glabris supra albido-variegatis, spicis gracilibus multifloris secundis in panieula e basi pauciramosa terminali dispositis vel solitariis ut flores subdistichis minute patuleque glanduloso-pubescen- tibus, braeteis bracteolisque lineari-subulatis calyce multo —— calyeis segmentis lanceolato-linearibus, postico hangin excepto su zequalibus, coroll tubo calyce duplo longiore superne leviter ii albo violaceo-lineato, limbo bilabiato, l abio superiore brevissime bilobo albo inferiore indiviso apice trilobulato basi bigibboso gibbis albis vio- laceo-punctatis ose violaceo, filamentis inferne pilosulis, antheris basi mueronatis dorso medio affixis, stylo sparse pilosulo, capsula rhachi adpressa quads pilaf -cylindrica, seminibus 9-30 in utroque loculo. Habitat.—Tahan River, Pahang. Raised at Kew from seeds sent by Mr. H. N. Ridley fiat rs lamina 2-4 poll. longa, in Eom lata ; ind 4-2 poll. pice ad 8 poll. lo ere Calyx 2-2} lin. longus. Corolla ey - longa. Capsula $ poll. longa. s species has the habit of è, m Benth., a plant hitherto Eni only from Mangalore in the Deccan eninsula ; but the flowers are much smaller, solitary (not fascicled), and a rranged in two lateral The decurrent slowly tapering portion of the lamina of the leaves is oad and reaches the base of the petiole. It is generally distinctly wavy. The colour of the leaves is a dull green with a broad y dark purplish midrib. The whole The rhachis is dark ‘violet or almost black, from which the white flowers, tinged with violet, show well u G mnostachyum decurrens is also niic probably more elosely, to G. leptostachyum, Nees, from Tavo roy) to two ilippine species, G. cumingianum, and = th described by Nees, and to a Javanese species which was s collected by Horsfield and distributed under the erroneous name o of G. leptostachyum. 'The last also has decurrent leaves. . Hypoxis floccosa, Baker. [Amaryllides—Hypoxides] ; vec parvo oblongo, foliis radicalibus 5-6 linearibus pilis brevibus patenti mollibus ubique vestitis, pedunculo 1-2-floro foliis breviore, eet teis parvis risers pedicellis is pilosis flore longioribus, ovario clavato piloso, perianthii se — parvis oblongo-lanceolatis vitrum dorso RD Colony, hills near Swellendam, alt. 5,000 feet, Bolus 1469. 958 Folia 2-3 poll. longa, 1 lin. lata. Perianthii segmenta 2 lin. longa. Allied to the widely-spread Cape, Tropical African, and Mascarene H. angustifolia, Lam. . CCCCXIII.—MADAGASCAR PIASSAVA. (Dietyosperma jibrosum, Wright.) r nearly twenty years a fibre closely resembling M a t Feda ed in Kew Bulletin, 1889, pp. 237—242) "has been obta from the island of Madagascar. was moderately long, “of a h brown colour, and evidently obtained from the stem of m as or va. The quantity produced was never very large, and rough, uncombed state. Latterly the quality has much improved, and during the period when this class of fibre commanded specially high prices the shipments were probably eed wing, however, to the discovery of West African piassava or * bass fibre i Raphia vinifera (described in Kew Bulletin 1891, pp. 1-5), the prices btaine piassava rently fallen almost as low as the cost of production, | hence little of it has appeared lately in the London market. For the first specimen of Madagascar piassava, now in the Kew Museum (No. ii.) we are indebted to Messrs. J. Puddy & Co., of Mincing Lane. T a was received in 1890. At that time the plant yielding it was not known. The more common palms of Madagascar such as species of aia Dypsis, Raphia and Bismarckia, were believed not to yield this fibre. Hence it was inferred that there existed in the island a palm not yet described. This eventually proved to be the case. EN the efforts of Messrs. Proctor Brothers, of East India Avenue, E.C. Kew obtained in 1890 specimens of the complete plant known locally as Vonitra, with stem and leaves showin exaetly the manner in which the fibre was produced. Each plant had a slender stem about 5 feet high and 24 inches in diam. This was sur- from the inner sheaths and the edges of the petioles. ‘The individual fibres were finer and more flexible than Drazilian piassava and also slightly shorter; in other respects they resembled it very closely. As to the comercial position of the fibre, Messrs. Ide and Christie are good enough to inform us: “ Of late, Madagascar piassava has been ‘well n 371. per ton; but as the quantities sent home, even at these rates, are small, we are led to oe the preparation as now done is costly.” The shipments are made from Tamatave and some of the ports to the south. September 1894, Madagascar piassava was reported to be “in demand,” and the price had risen to 467. per ton, Fresh seeds plants, now about 2 feet in height, have been raised at Kew. They are nearest to Dictyosperma album, a well-known ornamental palm from Mauritius and Bourbon, but are easily distinguished both from this and A species. Many of. the plants raised at Kew have been Monrose a 'olonies. probably be well represented under cultivation. 359. a new species, the following description of this palm lias been prepared from such material as is now available. No flowers have yet ed. been receive Dictyosperma fibrosum, C. A. Wright ; $ arbor, caule erecto fibris ex petiolis obsoletis vestito, foliis pinnatis, petiolis na supra leviter: concavis subtus convexis (i.e., sectione transver. unata) leviter furfuraceis, foliolis lanceolatis acutis ees contractis € c ris, nerviis centralibus prominentibus lateralibus 3-4 min conspicuis transversalibus paucis conjunctis, floribus ignotis, fructu sie globoso periearpio fibroso stigmate terminali, semine embryone sub- basilari, albumine ruminato. Folia 5 ped. longa ; pues 2 ped. longus; foliola 13 ped. longa, 1 poll. lata, Fructus 8 lin. dia Habitat : Madagascar. Nadi. vulg. : Vonitra. : This species differs from D. album, H. Wendl., in having the trunk covered witha dense mass of brow wnish fibres, about 18 inches ong, which furnish the * Madagascar Piassava ” of commerce. pecimen of this from Messrs. Proctor ae es are deposited in the Museum of the Royal Gardens, Kew. e lateral nerves of the leaflets are also more conspicuous than i in D. tion and the fruit is subglobose. CCCCXIV.—THREE NEW SPECIES OF TRECULIA. Under the name of Affon-tree some leafy branches and a large ripe fruit of a species of Treculia (Artocarpex) have recently been E to Be from Yoruba by Mr. A. Millson. The fruit is FOKOSPTEEA ike of T. africana, but the leaves EN is a pci in and texture tat although flowering conceptacles ot present on M specimens, there can be no doubt that it is distinct from that species. It h therefore been described together with two other new species contained in the Kew Herbarium. It does not appear to have been clearly pointed out in the genero deseriptions that the flowering bracts are truly con- fluent for a greater or lesser part of their cud. "e tips or only the potee, nea which a minate them being free. The original vata = nown :— Flowering tcl terminated by a circular peltate scale. Leaves coriaceous Leaves 3-15 in. long, suec Mies She a - half their m africana. Leaves 2 B ^Mig flowerihgibraets con- fluent to the "ae under the peltate scale - madagascarica. Leaves rather thin, parchment-like in texture | affona. 360 Flowering: bracts without a terminal peltate scale. ptacles Conceptacles | spherical, Prena -lobes rounded or subtruncate acuminata. Conceptacles obovoi or ellipsoidal, péitagth- lobes lanceolate acut - - - obovoidea. ec ascarica N. E. Brown ; arbor ramulis apice puberulis ` exceptis glabra, foliis breviter petiolatis oblongis apice breviter a eg cuspidatis basi late cuneatis vel subrotundatis subobliquis coriaceis mar- ginibus vix sinuatis, venis primariis utrinque 8-10, amento florifero masculo ellipsoideo vel subgloboso, bracteis usque ad apicem coneretis squamis peltatis glabris ciliatis coronatis, Lesher sdb icut oblique subtruncato et breviter denticulato, staminibus Habitat.— Central Madagascar, Baron 3252. Foliorum petioli 1-Y poll. longi ; emine 2-4} poll. longæ, ak -2 poll. late. Amentum flori erum $-& poll. longum, 1-3 Lien crassu This species has the coriaceous leaves of T. afri cana, but of smaller size, and is readily distinguished from that plant by having the flowering bracts confluent up to their apex under the peltate scale, which ter- mar them; in T. africana they are confluent only for 4—4 their ength. Treculia affona, N. E. Brown ; arbor glabra, foliis breviter petiolatis lanceolatis breviter et obtuse acuminatis pergamentaceis basi cuneatis z] z £e — LE un = ct i B I = © T c i) un e Ld us [-] zy m o ^ £5 ect o — = =} © e © — £5 BE a £e Ir] [zl B - 3 E] et T D f£ d i fructifero magno globoso, bracteis apice squamis peltatis pubesitis ciliatis deciduis coronatis, nuculis oblique ovoideis Habitat.—Niger Territory, Yoruba, Medison. Foliorum aea 1-1 poll. longi; laminæe 24-7} poll. longs; 1-3 poll. latze. ec um fructiferum 12 poll diam. Nucule 4-5 lin . longe, 213 Yin a as “the “ Affon-tree,” and the seeds are used for food in as poiso to horses donis and een they are, according to Millson, the avoit f food of elephan Treculia acuminata, Baillon, Adansonia xi., p. 292. When Dr. Baillon described this plant he had only seen the male inflor- escence, but the Kew specimens have female conceptacles. These, like those of the male, are quite globose, and about 1-inch in diameter, "with well protruded bifid styles. The bracts at the base of the conceptacles are closely appressed to them, elliptic bes puberulous. The floral bracts are pubescent and without a peltate scale at their apex, and are different in the two sexes: those ot the say conceptacles are confluent nearly to the apex, or about 4ths of their length, the very short, free tips being all globose or obovoid “clavate; those of the female conceptacles are free for half their length, and are of two forms ; some being trigonous, orm, acute, the others bei eing very much stouter, clavate, 'and obtuse. The somewhat echinulate fruiting receptacle is probably small, since e= immature specimen measures only $-inch in diameter, as is noted i Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum III., p. 375. Habitat.—Gaboon, Mount John, River Kongui, Mann, 1804. 361 Treculia idea, V. E. Brown; arbor 30-pedalis ramulis apice puberulis exceptis glabra, foliis breviter petiolatis suede vel obovato- oblongis apice longe lineari i-cuspidatis obtusis basi cuneatis acutis vel subobtusis pergamentaceis venis petiere utrinque 8-10, amento florifero . masculo obovoideo vel ellipsoideo, bracteis basalibus sublaxis sub- distantibus ovatis acutis puberulis ciliatis, bracteis floriferis apice . brevissime globoso-clavatis pubescentibus, perianthio tubul pice 4-lobato lobis anvecdatis acutis ciliatis, staminibus plerumque 3, Habitat.—Old Yu um 2303; Thomson 104. Foliorum phon, 2-34 lin. longi; lamine 4-7 poll. longe, 1-22 poll. late. Amentum floriferum (rcu 3-2 poll. longum, 4 poll. crassum, Perianthium 1 lin. longum This species is very similar to T. acuminata, Baill., in general subcordate. The inflorescence also is pear-shaped or ellipsoidal, not globose, and evidently much larger, as the measurements given above are from the largest inflorescences on the specimens, which are evidently amens have only grown to about $rds the length of the perianth. This has lanceolate acute lobes, whilst in 7. acuminata the perianth lobes are rounded or subtruncate. CCCCXV.—NEW ORCHIDS: DECADE 10. 91. Pleurothallis bucensis, Rolfe ; caule primario repenti secondario subnullo, foliis confertis late ellipticis v. orbiculari-oblongis obtusis carnosis rigidis supra carinatis, spatha elliptico-oblonga obtusa compressa, racemis brevibus 5-6-floris, bracteis tubulosis apice triangulari- ovatis _Subacutis, „Sepalo, postico MEUS MEUS subobtuso concavo I is late obovato-oblongis obtusissimis uninerv iis, labello late pandurato erum trinervio ecalloso, columna brevi. Has.—Brazil, prov. Pernambuco. Folia 8-10 lin. longa, 5-7 lin. late. Spathe 21-3 lin, longe. Racemi 4 poll. pet Bractee 1} lin. longe. Sepala 3 lin. longa. Petala Dendrobium subclausum, Rolfe; pseudobulbis erectis teretibus gracilis apice flexuosis verrucoso-scabridulis, foliis lineari- -oblongis subobtusis racemis brevibus paucifloris, C oblongo- -lanceolatis acutis apice carinatis valde concavis, flori aurantiacis, sepalo postico lanceolato-ovato subobtuso Jateralibus trinngulo-ovat is subcarinatis basi cum columna pede in mentum elongato-conieum extensis, petalis ovato- lanceolatis subobtusis, labello y umgéieielo angusto supra iiem paullo 362 dilatato valde concavo apice subito inflexo triplicato cucullato mane fimbriato columna approximato ore subclauso, columna brevissima Has.— Moluccas. Pseudobulbi 1-14 om longi, Hg lin. lati. of Ps 3-11 poll. longa, 14-2 lin. lata, Bra @ 2-34 lin. longe. Pedicelli 11 lin. longi. - Sepalum | postieam 5 tis. Se a 2 lin. latum ;. lateralia 9 lin. longa, 3 lin. lata. Petala 4 lin. longa, 14 lin. lata. Labellum P, d longum, 2 lin. latum. Mentum 7 lin. longun m. Columna 1 lin. lon This is à dn S coloured and remarkable species Aviation was introduced by Messrs. James Veitch and Sons, of Chelsea, and flowered in their establikhssent i in July last, Technically it belongs to pe section Pedilonum, though there is no species with which it can be compared. The psendobulbs 2 are very slender, and, owing to the facility with which young growths are produced on stems of the previous year, assume a branchi: ng habit e flowers are three-quarters of an inch long, and, as well as the pedicels, of a brilliant cinnabar-orange or vermilion € The lip is very remarkable, being suddenly infolded near the ex in an acute angle, and plaited round the denticulate margin, which lies so close to the anther and sides of the column as to nearly close the flower, in allusion to which the name is given. 93. Megaclinium pusillum, Rolfe; pseudobulbis ovoideo-oblongis Shoe can diphyllis, foliis lineari-oblongis obtusis coriaceis, scapis bre- vibus vaginis paucis membranaceis tectis, rachi brevi compressa obscure comin. prere ali, bracteis ovatis subacutis pa atentibus, sepalo postico lineari subobtuso recurvo lateralibus late ovatis apice attenuatis faleato-incurvis facie velutinis, petalis angustissimis recurvis, labello basi lato apice angusto obtuso recurvo eciliato, columna brevi marginata edentata. Has.—East Tropical Africa. PPseudobulbi 1-11 poll longi. Folia 3 ie longa, j poll. lata. Scapi. 4 poll. alti. Rachis 4 lin. lata. Bructee 1i lin. og Sepalum posticum 31 lin. longum ; lateralia, 1} lin. longa. Petala 21 lin. longa. Labellum 1 lin. longum. (Gard. Chron., ists Hp ee and, like it, has the rachis unequal- sided, the bract and flower s bonka rranged near the lower margin. That, however, [E a broader rachis, more numerous smaller flowers, and the dorsal sepal much br Satter but only half as long. ‘The present species has a light green rachis marbled witb AR d eher and the flowers similar but rather darker in colour. It flowered at Glasnevin in June last, under the care of Mr. F. W. Moore, A.L. s. 91. Megaclinium triste, Rolfe ; pseudobulbis oblongis trigonis ob- tusangulis diphyllis, foliis lineari-ob ongis obtusis coriaceis, pis elongatis vaginis tubulosis ad il tectis, rachi subcompressa crassa carnosa obtusangula obscure crenulata scabridula, bracteis approximatis late ovatis obtusis concavis hig tae us, floribus cane sepalo postico lineari-subulato acuto r o lateralibus late fulcato-ovatis subobtusis, petalis siliahifis fale tocado labello basi lato Pr apice angusto obtuso recurvo integro, columna. brevi marginata dentibus brevibus. Has.—Not known. Pseudobulbi 11-2 poll. lon ngi. Folia 3-5 per dolend zh poll lata. Scapi 14 bed, alti. Rachis 5 lin. lata, 3 li 4 lin. 363 longz, 4 lin. late. Sepalum posticum 5 lin. longum ; lateralia 3 lin. lata. Petala 4 lin, longa. Labellwm 1 lin. longum istinct species, allied to Megaclinium delega Rolfe (Kew Bulletin, 1591, p. 198), having a similar thickened rachis with rounded obscurely crenulate iren rl which, however, is blackish in aote and the flowers similar, insteac being white and yellow respectively. And the details of structure in the two are natura y quite different. n the present one the flowers are velvety, and the petals quite black, cept at their tips, where a few light green markings occur. The iex ded and petals are also barred and spotted with black on a light green ground, though the markings greatly preponderate over the ground colour. Its origin is not exaetly known, but it is believed to have been received with a few African orchids sent by M. Godefroy Lebeuf, of Argenteuil, France. It flowered at Kew in August last. 95. Cyrtopera flexuosa, Rolfe; pseudobulbis confertis ovoideo-ob- longis circa 4-phyllis, foliis elongato-linearibus aeutis flaccidis, scapis elongatis teunibus subflexuosis, bracteis ovatis acutis parvis, Won conicum productis, petalis patentibus lineari-oblongis obtusis basi attenuatis, labello recarvo integro oblongo obtuso disco velutino, columna brevi clavata angulata. Has.—Kilimanjaro, E. Trop. Africa, Smith. Pseudobulbi 1-2 poll. longi. Folia 5-11 poll. long. 2-3 lin. lata. Scapi 9-12 po ~ ‘longi. Bractee 1 lin. longe. Pedicelli 7-8 lin. longi. Sepala 4 lin. longa, 14 lin. lata, Petala 4 lin. longa, l4 lin. lata. Labellum 4 lin, longum, 2 lin. latam. Columna 2 lin. longa. Mentum very distinct species which flowered in the Kew collection during Se Mess grs from May to August. It differs from most of its allies n having aerial pseudobulbs and evergreen almost grass-like leaves. The scapes are somewhat flexuose, taking a new direction at each node, in allusion to which the name is given, The flowers are white, with a few small light purple spots on the petals, and the centre of the lip light yellow, with numerous deeper purple spots on either side, which are almost suffused into an irregular band. The face of the column is also lined with light purple, and its foot suffused with the same colour and a little yellowish green 96. Stanh Rolfé; pseudobulbis tetragono-ovoideis corru- gatis parvis, folie T er elliptico-lanceolatis breviter acuminatis plieatis, seapis pendulis basi paucivaginatis 2-4 ae s, bracteis elliptico - ceolatis acutis convoluto-concavis im ricatis, riis pubescentibus, m elliptico-oblongis acutis valde concavis Siterstibas paullo latio- bus leviter carinatis, petalis lanceolato-oblongis acutis planis, labello sti tegro, hypochilio ovali-oblongo utrin c s "basi cornu erecto brevi instructo lateribus bicarinatis ore parv nsverse lineari-oblongo, mesochilio truneato margine acuto, epichilio triangulo acuto plano, columna incurva apice bidentata alis rotundatis. Has.—-Brazil : River Purus, Upper Amazon Region. Pseudobulbi saltem 1 poll longi. Folia 8} poll. longa, v. ultr poll. lata, Scapi cirea 2 poll. longi. — Bractee 1} poll. tty “Bodicelli 24 poll. longi. Sepala 1} poll. longa, posticum 9 lin. latum, 364 Eque zn lin. lata. Petala 13 p png. 1 -8 lin. lata. Labellum i poll longum. Columna 14 po oll. l is very distinct species was "ie in i aster by E. S. Rand, Esq., Pará, Brazil, who describes it as a very beautiful d unlike any us ever seen, and the only Brazilian one he knows which grows above e Amazonian delta, It is obviously allied to s. eburnea, Lindl., hog the flowers are far smaller, and the fleshy part of the lip, formed by the united hypochil and EI only half as long as in that species. mouth is also reduced to a small transverse openiug, half a line long by two lines broad, while the tre horns are erect and situated at the extreme base. The flowers are described as ivory-white, with a faint shade of yellow on the lip, and very sweet-scented, with a ‘perfume like * winter-green." e contraction of the mo uth of the hypochil is evidently correlated in some way with the insect which fertilises ien flower, as the eavity inside is Aitea with small papillæ, which Cru has shown, in the case of an allied species, to be attractive to bum blo MÀ though here it is exceptionally well protected against marauders by the contracted mouth and the two horns at the sides. It would be very interesting to ascertain what insect fertilises it. 97. Stanhopea nigripes, Rolfe; pseudobulbis tetragono-ovoideis cor- rugatis, foliis petiolatis elliptico-lanceolatis acutis plicatis, scapis pendulis asi vaginatis 3—4-floris, bracteis gis beni i vetet convoluto: vis, sepalis elliptico-oblongis acutis concavis lateralibus paullo latioribus, petalis lineari-oblongis acutis conduit pied labello tri- lobo, hypochilio oblongo lateribus carinatis ore su orbieulari canali angusto, mesochilio bicornuto, epichilio ovato-orbiculari subobtuso - integro, columna incurva apice bidentata alis amplis rotundatis. Has.— Not known. Pseudobulbi 11-2 pol. longi, 1-1} poll. lati. Folia 10 poll. long: 4 poll. lata. Scapi 3-4 poll. longi. Bractee 13 pon, longæ. Pedic ell H poll. ve Sepala 3 poll. Tie a 13 om latum, taenia Il. and petals are yellow, with many small pent bloc and ‘the lio and column whitish yellow, with many small purple spots on the base, the epichil, the middle of the column, and lower ofthe wings. The hypochil bears a large very dark purple- -black eye-like spot on either side, while the interior of the cavity is almost entirely of the same colour, in allusion to which the name is given. S. florida, Rchb. f., is also a near ally, but, besides differences in the lip, the ground colour of the flower is described as white. It was purchased at a sale in 1892, beyond which nothing is known of its origin. It flowered at Kew in August 1893 and again a year later 98. Catasetum pun unctatum, Rolfe; pseudobulbis fusiformi-oblongis, 3-1-phyllis, foliis elliptico- v. obovato-lanceolatis acutis v. apiculatis basi attenuatis, scapis s erectis circa 11- floris, an triangulo-ovatis * cilia ato-fimbriatis intermedio brevissimo late truncato obscure apicu culato ilio earnoso intus medio utrinque transverse lamellato, columna 365 vata rostrata antennis medio approximatis apice «equaliter divergentibus. Ha5.— Brazil. Pseudobulbi 21-6 poll.. longi. Folia 4-10 poll. — 2-3 poll. lata. Scapi 6-8 poll. longi. Bractee 4-5 lin. longs. Pedicelli 9-10 lin. longi. Sepala 14-15 lin. longa, 7-8 lin. lata. Pe tala 12-13 lin longa, 7-8 lin. lata. Labellum 9 lin. longum, 8 lin. latum. Columna 11 lin. lon A species introduced by Messrs. Linden, L'A pic ae ath Internationale, Brussels, and flowered in their establishment in July last. It belongs to the section Eucatasetum, and is allie to C. pie ' The sepals and lip is yellow, very pale at the apex, and the transverse callus inside of a bright orange. The flowers are powerfully aromatice. At present the female flowers are unknown. 9. Polycycnis Lehmanni, Rolfe; pseudobulbis cæspitosis oblongis — paullo suleatis monophyllis, foliis breviter petiolatis lanceolato-oblongis acutis, scapo pendulo multifloro rachi pubescenti, bracteis lanceulatis acuminatis, sepalis reflexis lanceolatis acutis, petalis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis basi angustissimis, labello breviter ungui- culato tr ilobo basi utrinque minute auriculato, lobis lateralibus sub aleato- carnoso lineari- ono obtuso scabridulo-puberulo, columna graciliter arcuata apice a. Has.—New Granada, Lehmann. Padobulbi 3-11 poli. longi, 4-3 poll. lati. Folia 7 poll. longa, 14 poll. lata; petiolus 4 poll. longus. Seiph 9 poll. longus. Bractee 4-5 lin. lo ongæ. Pedicelli 8-11 lin. longi. Sepala 9 lin. longa, 2 lin. lata. Petala 10 lin. longa, 1} lin. lata. Labellum 8X lin. longum, 6 lin. longum ; lobi QUEE 4 lin. longi, 1} lin. lati; callus 14 lin. longus. Colina 9 lin. longa. A rather pretty species which flowered in the collection of Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart, Burford, Dorking, in August last. It has flowers i are P. barbata. Two other species of the genus are known only from descriptions, which, however, do not agree with the present one. The sepals and petals are light tawny-brown spotted with purple, the lip rather whiter with darker purple spots, the dise covered with long white hairs, and the apex of the column deep purple. It is the sixth described species of the genus. 100. Vanda roeblingiana, Rolfe; caule erecto subelongato, nd recurvis lineari- zgblotsgis oblique truncatis v. subbilobis carinatis duplicatis, peduneulis 2-6-floris, bracteis o vétc-óblon ngis obtusis, sioe wt blongis obtusis, petalis similibus, labello trilobo lobis lateralibus rectis quadratis retusis intermedio patenti plano basi hastato pubes- ceni deinde angustato apice subito your utrinque dolabrato denticulato, calcare conico brevi, columna clav Has.—Malay Archipelago. U 83823 966 Caules 1 ped. longi. Folia 5-6 poll. longa, 1-123 poll. lata. Pedunculus 6 poll. longus, Bractee 24 lin. longs. Pedicelli. rf poll. longi. Sepala 10-11 lin. longa, 4 lin. lata. Petala 9 lin. longa, 34 lin. lata. Labellum 10 lin. e eek ES laterales p lin. longi, 2 v^ lati; intermedius 9 lin. latus ; calcar 2 lin. longum olumna 5 lin. This strikingly voee species was E trud by Messrs. ‘Hugh Low & Co., of Clapton, from the vicinity of Singapore, and flowered in their establishment in "E uly last. It is allied to V. limbata, Blame, but differs from every other in the remarkable shape of the lip, which is niddooby dilated at the apex into a pair of halbert-shaped lobes. The rest of the front lobe is very narrow, pubescent, and with hastate base. The sepals and petals are deep brown irregularly veined with yellowish green, most distinctly on the petals. The side lobes of the lip are white streaked with p urple, and the froni lobe brown with irregular radiating yellow veins, li is dedieated by request to the Hon. Charies G. Roebling, of Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.A. At present only a single plant is known, which bears eight spikes of flowers. There is no species with which it can be usefully compared, though its affinity is probably in the neighbourhood of V. brunnea, Rchb. f. CCCCXVI.—ST. VINCENT BOTANIC STATION. A. somewhat full account of the history of the interesting Botanic Garden at St. Vincent was given in the Kew Bulletin, 1892, pp. 92- 104 (with plate). The steps taken to start the present Station were described in Kew Bulletin, 1891, pp. 140-145. A note on the working of the Station was given in Kew Bulletin, 1894, p. 80. Ina Report on in , No.108) the following information is supplied by the Administrator respecting the current work of the Station: Agriculture.—Under this heading pues: must be made to the Botanic Station, which shows great progress since its re-establishment in 1890, when a portion of the grounds of the Old Botanie Garden of started in 1765, but allowed in 1849 to go out of cultivation, was again turned into use. It is most interesting to note that the present Botanic Station is of great assistance to the Colony, and of growing importance to the planters, who are able to study the various experiments con- ducted for the benefit not only of the planter class, but also of the peasant proprietors. During the last year grants of coffee and cocoa plants have been made to the purchasers of Crown Lands, to éicobfigo the growth and produce of those valuable trees, which should ere lon, ng add otitda re the revenue of the Colony and the prosperity of the planters themselve e irme of Kew Gardens give every assistance, nof only in l BS faiie success and el aan of the Botanic Station i is assured, d it is to be hoped that the minor industries of fruit products through- out the Island will receive greater attention than has lately been the case. During the fall of the year a small Meteorological Station was formed in the gardens, and reliable observations were e recorded for the 367 last quarter. Though sugar is still the chief staple p i" culti- vation of arrowroot is largely on the increase, and, after intro- elek are now commencing to bear, with a hopeful promise for Rs future. The frequent visits of the Curator to different localities, d his practical lessons on planting and pruning, given on the spot, are pró re of much good. CCCCXVII.—BHABUR GRASS. (Ischemum angustifolium, Hackel.) A note on Bhabur grass (with a plate) was published in the Kew Bulletin, 1888, pp. 157-160. "This grass is a n native of India, and it is notice by Dr. George King, C.I.E., F.R.S. Sule tuia debl of the Royal Botanic Gardens, matics in 1871-75. Since that time the grass has chief raw material for r. pages in the neighbou of Calentta and other parts of British India. The following additional information respecting it is given in the recently published Annual Report of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, for the year 1893-91, p. 2 :— “Seed of the grass, known variously as bhadar, babui, and sabai, was issued to a few applicants outside of India. This grass (of which ver common in the Siwalik range, and in the Bhabar forests of the Gharwal and Kumaon Himalaya. Samples of it, sent home by me in 1873 to a paper-maker in Scotland, were favourably reported upon; and again in 1877 a sample sent by me to the India Office, having been subm itted to the late Mr. Routledge, of the Ford Paper Mills (then a leading authority on paper-making), was — by him to be little inferior to Esparto s a raw material for pa year or two sub uently to this it was in its infan s of Bhabar grass is now ee piov for from abroad, it is possible that, before long,it may be cultivated in other tropical countries. 368 CCCCXVIII.—BULBOUS VIOLET IN THE HIMALAYAS. A very interesting addition to im Flora of British India is due to Mr. J. H. Lace, to whose zeal the Herbarium at Kew € many valuable contributions from Baluchistan and the North-Western Hima- la It consists in the discovery of a curious se bulbous violet in Bussahir E au elevation of about 10,50 t is not a new species, and it has even been collected before itin the limits of the Flora of British India. It was, however, mixed up by Dr. T. Thomson in the Flora of British India with another species, and so completely lost sight of that it has since been described twice under different names. The specimens referred to above as gathered within the limits of the Flora of British India were collected by Griffith, probably in Bhootan, and by Sir Joseph Hooker, near Lachen, in Sikkim, at 12,000 feet. Griffith's locality is not ascertainable with certainty, as the labels belonging to his specimens have ey, been pam I4 were dis- tributed, under No. 231, as Viola Griffthu, H f. & Thoms. (whieh name was never published), partly with ike dedication “ East peu " and partly ** East Himala aya.” The latter is probably the rrect one, and no doubt the vioiet in question is the plant which he hem as Viola pusilla in his Private Journals, p. 292, and as * Viola sp.— Parvula, floribus A eo hag albis, in grassy spots” in his Itinerary Notes, p. 194, No. 1,064, both passages referring to - place above Chupcha, in Western Bhootan, at an elevation of 8, 800 fee When Dr. Thomson described Eis Viola Hookeri for the Tie of British India, he drew the description up partly from these specimens, but partly also from specimens which belong to a totally different plant, although he was not unaware of there being perhaps two species among what he called Viola Hookeri. As this second species was represented e edie the name Viola Hookeri for this plant, which E represented in the Kew Herbarium from the following localities : — 1. Bhootan, Rydang in ripis (Griffith, No. 236 of the Càtsbpus, and No. 233 of the Kew Distribution ; see also his Zfinerary Notes, p. 116, and his Private Jouruals, p. 217). 2. Sikkim, Lachen, in woods at 8,000 feet, Aug. 3, 1849, and at 10,000 feet, July 9, 1849 (J. D. Hooker). 3. Sikkim, Khürdon f; at 7, /000 feet (C. B. Clarke, 36,562), and Tongloo, at 9,000 feet (C. B. Clarke, 35,734). The other species comprised by D : not been described since from other localities. It was collected by Przewalski, in 1873, and by Potanin, in 1885, in the province of Kansu, and described by Maximowier n Viola — in Bull. Acad. Imp. T i. Petersburg, xxiii, p. 334 (1877), a n Fl. Tangut., p. 77, Other specimens of what I consider "à the same species were colton by the Abbé Delavay on Mt. et a men, near Lang-kang, in Yun-nan, at an altitude of 10,000 fee These were originally ae to Viola Hookeri by “Franchet (m Bull. Soc. Bot. France, i. (1885), p. 5), and by Hemsley = Forbes and Hemsley, Ind. Fl. iones, p. 13), but described as a n w species, as Viola tuberifera, by Franchet (in Bull. Soc. Bot. Frane xxxiii. (1886), p. 410, and in Plantae Delavayane, p. 70, t. 19). A comparison of Grit dich and Hooker's specimens with Parakit s, which ——— the type of o their identity. The Bussahir clit. gathered by Lied differs. ine the specimens thus referred to Viola bulbosa in no 369 essential character, though the specimens are mostly stouter, with larger bulbs and a shorter suprabulbous axis. Their leaves are also more obtuse pos those of the Kansu specimens, but one of these exhibits exactly the same foliage. Przewalski and Potanin's specimens were collected “in pra alpinis humidis rupibusque totius Kansu Delavay describes the habitat of the Yun-nan violet as “in pascius pinguibus et humidis," and Lace indieates the plants as growing **in short turf amongst the gau *. The elevations at which Viola bulbosa was found are: about 10,500 feet in Bussahir, 12,000 feet in Sikkim, 8,800 (?) feet in serai 10,000 feet in Yun-nan, and 9,000-10,000 feet in Kansu The peculiar mode of .v vegetative reproduction by bulbs and their structure, have been very accurately described by mowiez. The bulbs, which sometimes attain the size st 4 a pea, aye of a short and fleshy axial portion, and of 4-8 scales, which are very fleshy at the base, but scarious near the margin. The scales are rotundate, obtuse, or shortly Wir eR and the upper ones sometimes have short scarious stipules attac to them. They are etr the modified basal portions of mie much reduced leaves. Abov e bulb the axis con. tinues, forming a short or more or less elo ated and slender stem The bulbseales, as well as some of the leaves following next to them, produce from their axils buds which are more or less flattened from the back and ovoid. Maximowicz calls them “ bulbilli," although they hardly m this name. ‘They grow into slender stolons, which, apart rom a few minute scales, are naked, and quite like the young sto tolons of other violets, as for instance, Viola uliginosa. ey are 1-2 in. long in the Kansu and Sikkim specimens, In the Bussahir and in the Yun-nan specimens they are apparently absent, but they may be found on a closer examination as more or less developed buds, laiia 3» the bulbseales or the leaf sheaths. Maximowicz su ggests that these stolons become finally transformed at their apices into tre bulbs which emit a leaf and flower-bearing axis in the next season. Although there are no specimens exhibiting these bulbs in their stage of res t in the Kew Herbarium, the plants collected by Lace are very much in favour of this suggestion, as a portion of what I take to be a stolon is still attached to the bulbs in several cases. The rootiets necessary jd the independent establishment of the young plant spring in great number from the base of the bulb and the axils of the bulbscales, and if the as far as my g. et quite unique in the Viola bulbosa was compared by Maximowicz with "Vila Patrinii, .C., and, indeed, it seems to approach closer to it than to any other species of Central Asia or the Him malaya, in spite of its very peculiar innovation. True, the stigma of Viola bulbosa is almost e exactly as in i being flattened at the back. The stigma itself has two very small rounded lateral wings, which, in combination with a slight depression in front, give it the peculiar shape of an easy chair with a very low back. Below this depression and above a very minute triangular hyaline lip 370 appears triangular when seen from above. I add the description which would have to be inserted in the Flora of British India on p. 153 after Viola Patrinii. la bulbosa, Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. St. Petersburg, xxiii. (1877 ) p. 334; glabrous or more or less pilose, stem short from a bulb, stoloniferous, leaves orbicular-reniform, very obtuse or broadly ovate, base cordate, slightly crenate, petiole winged, stipules narrow, ciliate, or eciliate, adnate at the base, flowers white with red €— sepals s subacute, ur very short. Masximowicz, Fl. Tang., p. 77, t V. Hookeri, . Thoms. partly; V. tuberifera, Franch. in Bull. A Bot. France, xxxiii. (1886), p. 410 and Plant. Delavay. p. 79, t. 19 Temperate Himalaya, alt. 8,800 (?) to 12,000 feet, from Bussahir to Bhootan, werd pD; Hooker, Lace.— Distrib. Central Asia, South- wes t Chin Perennial bulb of the size of a pea or smaller, suprabalbods stem end bro 1-2 in. er. Leaves 4-11 in. broad, crenatures very ad and st 2; uud 4-14 in. long, slender. Flowers white, lower with purple. Style narrowed d ds from the shortly- Seagal | utu minutely lipped stigma. O. STAFF. CCCCXIX.—MISCELLANEOUS. NOTES. India.—Dr. G. King has sent a further collection of some 250 sheets of new or rare plants, chiefly Malayan, and about 100 sheets of Mr. J. S. Gamble's fine Bamboo Herbarium, Californian Plants.— Two important collections of dried plants from comparatively unexplored regions of California have lately been pre- sented to the Herbarium ; the one by Professor E. L. Greene, and the other by Professor F. V. Coville. The former consists ccm of. new n science, and Kew is fortunate in getting a set of the plants so ably discussed and dealt with by the author, who was also the colleetor. ticulars of the general distribution of the species represen í This small flora is essentially Malayan in character, although more than 371 a third of the species are peculiar to Polynesia; and there is scarcely ir vestige of affinity with the Australian or New Zealand flora. Indigofera disperma, Lin».— This was named and described as a species by Linnsus in the Appendix to the third volume of the 12th edition of the * S Eye Vegetabilium," page 232 (1768). It is founded a plant drawn by Ehret, which was published as table 55 in Trew's s "Plante Selectie d (1750-177 3). The figure is an excellent one and evidently represents a mere form of Sige, ide tinetoria, in w only two of the many ovule have matured. e species, however, seems to have passed unchallenged up to the present. It stands as a good one in De Candolle's Prodromus and the Jndex Kewensis. Our attention was drawn to it by receiving an application for seeds from the Director of the Botanic pee en of Buitenzorg. By Linneus the "py is simply given “in Indiis." In the Jndex Kewensis it stands as ** In Orientalis," but the name will be sought for in vain in Hooker's Flora of British India. Mummy Pea.—A very curious pea, of which the Director obtained seeds from Messrs. Thomas Sutton, of Eastbourne (who a that i bo car serrated leaflets, a white standard, dull Ps > ask wings, and a greenish-white keel. The seeds much resemble those of the wild Pisum elatius of the «Taie aet. region. Similar fasciated forms of the pea are figured by capio ontanus in his Herbal pub- country of Pisum sativum and P. arvense has never been satisfactorily ascertained. It is not unlikely that they: may be both cultivated races derived from P. Proin which extends in a wild state from F to Western ia. e name * Mummy Pea " is er applied to the non-fasciated form. (See Garden, 1894, Vol. IL, p. 118.) Jamaica Walnut.—Concerning the paragraph on this subject, p. 138 of the current volume of the Bulletin, Dr. I. Urban n, who has made a special study of the Flora of the West Indies, writes to the effect that there are valid differences between the fruits of Juglans jamaicensis, C.DO, and J. insularis, Meg He further expresses his conviction that in this instance, at least, Descourtilz’s figure is an original and genuine one. We have not spr fruits of either the ortorico or Cuban Walnut : peg we are not in a position to verify Dr. Urban's era hd but, stated before, judging from the leaves, T can fin characier r3 "piri € them erhaps this notice may be the means iut our obtaining more complete material, Mr. Fawcett, the Director of the Public Gardens of Jamaica, who is 372 now in England, intends making a special search for the reputed Jamaica A bom which Dr, Urban thinks: may still exist, as several other es have recently been re-discovered, though à "had not previously p collected since the time of Browne or Swartz The Sandalwood of Juan Fernandez.--The discovery and description of living specimens of a species of Santalum from this island was 7 Si i, K men of his S. fernandezianum. It is "ip a branch bearing a few leaves, but it is evidently a true Santalum; and evidently distinct om all previously known species. Hooker’s Icones Plantarum.—The continuation of this ims work is carried on by the trustees of the Bentham Fund for the Pro tion of Botany, under the editorship of Professor D. Oliver, F.R.S. consists of figures of a selection of novelties from the m Herbarium. Each volume contains 100 plates, from drawings by the late W. H. Fitch and Miss M. Smith, with descriptive letterpress, und is issued in four parts, at about quarterly intervals. The sale is entirely in A hands of Messrs. Dulau & Co., 37, Soho mil London, W third series, consisting of vols. xi.-xx. of the entire work, is now offi € at the reduced price of 5. ig volumes of the fourth series have appeared ; price 1 16s. per volum ol. xvii. contains ferns onl and xxi. — xxii. are entirely dev inl to orchids. The others illustrate a great variety of ious and rare plants; the later volumes the novelties, more especially of recent explorations in China, Africa, and Born ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS. INFORMATION. No. 95.] NOVEMBER. [1894. CCCCXX.—TROPICAL FODDER GRASSES. The selection of suitable grasses for cultivation in tropical countries is a matter of considerable importance. Few countries have completely mers the Lm It is evident also that a good deal of time and rgy is spent in the effort to Wee foreign grasses, when there ae oleh indigenous grasses close at hand. It is proposed to egere to a few grasses that nit. EA to first rauk for fodder purposes in the tropics, and to give particulars respecting the conditions r which they have been found to thrive. It is well known that the sate kinds of grasses do not succeed equally well in all localities. There are certain conditions and peculiarities of climate and soil to be con- sidered; but there is no reason to doubt that if careful experiment is i sses ca fou even for valuabie horses, is gathered day by day from waste places and jungles. Such fodder is not only poor in quality, but it is liable to be infected with disease from T animals. Further, during seasons of drought, the fodder supply is likely to fail altogether. The selection and cultivation of grasses, with particular reference to their grazing qualities, or for the production of hay, should receive more attenti nd - will doubtless become, before long, a lar branch of rural industry n the tropies, as it has been for so many years in temperate countries. NATURAL HERBAGE. In the tropics the difficuity in —— grasses is caused by the usually rank growth of weeds and bus These soon overrun an cleared area, and they have to be erig am eradicated, or the grass woul bé completely destroyed. The natura! herbage in most tropical countries would, of itself, form excellent pasture for cattle and horses. There is hardly any part of the world entirely devoid of good grasses, and these should first of all receive attention. Where no suitable fodder grasses are available, then, under such exceptional circumstances, it would be well to introduce the useful * Guinea grass" and * Para grass" for cultivation on land suitable for the purpose. In countries like Ceylon and Jamaica, there are vast U 84360. 1375.—12/94. Wt. 45. * stretches of lands, known as * patanas " and * savannahs," where some- what coarse grasses have established themselves almost to the exclusion of everything else. Even these grasses, although in a fresh state they may be distasteful to cattle, become, a after being cut and partially dried, very acceptable food to them. Sueh -grasses-might e be largely utilised for silage nm es. Under Sulcivation, oe pastures can, as a rule, be establis by clearing the land o ds irs Trish and eneouraging s potada growth of local presses from seed carried from neighbouring areas This is regularly done in Jamaica in regard to Gui ras uring the first year or two the land requires to be potter g weeded, and if the soil is poor it should also receive a dressin of manu e grass has become thoroughly established an however. p understood that continuous feeding is injurious. to the permanency of good pastures. The bes ses are thus destroyed, and ic bios se for-á time i ran Lion ones graduall e their lose feeding is v. ut pasture should have time to recover before the ls are again placed u it. Further, it is better to keep cattle anima on a portion of the pasture at one send and not allow them to wander at will o o ver a a large i area. " TS m ees - d ER aS f adn. paap TREES In: P. à "Thwaites re nat onded that in Ceylon trees should arty b — upon land Ja "n out for permanent pasture. The trees would afford grateful shade to the cattle, and they would prevent the MÓ— being entirely dried up during seasons of drought. Trees would also add to the beauty of the country. Most extensive pastures dotted over with shad trees exist in Jamaica. any trees, such as the Saman (Calliandra Saman), not only give excellent shade, but the pods are a most whole- some food for cattle. The. commoner and more hardy sorts of mango might be planted for the same purpose, as also the Ramoon ( Trophis americana), the leaves of which afford a very nutritious food for cattle in tropical America ; the bread nut (Brosimum Alicastrum) ; the Jack its own Sibotió of suita ble pasture trees. e best treé' of all i is, undoubtedly, the Saman. (Kew Reports, 1878, p. 18, et. seg.) Grasses FOR Dry REGIONS. Where the climate is moist and humid the polation of suitable presents little difficulty. In countries subject to periods of prolónged droughts the circumstances are wholly different. The great want in such regions is the introduction of grasses that will maintain growth and vigour during many months when no rain falls. Grasses of this kind bg a nd in the Bahama grass Cynodon Dactylon), the Kangar ass of Australia (Anthistiria australis), and the Mitchell grass rE pe i (Astrebla triticoides). These will stand periods of prolonged. i, and, in. the. case. of the cattle are sai on it, “even | when. it is much dried up. Iu Jamaica, during severe SITAE AUN jo Inn action the underground stems of the JU Si aei Aube 375 Bahama grass. > In dry soil impregnated with salt there’ are several grasses known in India. affording a considerable amount’ of forage. A variety of Sporobolus:arabicus, Boiss Ge pallidus, Duth.) known as alusra, is mentioned by Duthie as constituting the greater part of the grass vegetation of the ctisar tracks in the north-western provinces, and is always a sure ‘indication lof the presence of reh salts. Other grasses mentioned as more or less characteristic of saline soils are Aristida pressa, Retz. (more sandy parts): rs er cms Pers. (on less infected parts).; Chloris barbata, Sw. (more y parts); Tetropogon villosus, ulti j "d nins ann fuse Beauv, “in moister parts). -— A docilis In dry regions nof ‘suitable for permanent pastures the Abyeitisn Teff (Eragrostis aby yee might be grown during the occasional rains and made into hay. This grass will produce a heavy crop of hay season, green oats are also used, as in St. ena, for fodder purposes. The maize (Zea* Mays) is often given as a wen fodder, or dried and mixed with other green fodder. On sugar estates in the West Indies and elsewhere “ cane tops ” are largely used during crop time as fodder for working cattle, mules, &c. € tops are cut small, and sometimes mixed with molasses? "They are r regarded as most nourishing. In Mysore Sorghum ing itis well is^ tegarded ded as an excellent fodder, and if cut before ‘seeding it is well suited for cattle, specially milch cows— “ their milk being en ien iets Dé ree by its use in small ies" “Th ex es Agrieultural Department that * the valüe afo . ng stóck cannot be surpassed by another crop, as a piae shunt of nutritious fodder can be obtained from it in a shorter time, within a given space, and more cheaply.” The common sorghum. nubes "— vulgare): the Juar of India, is largely used as fodder T, green, o It is often specially grown as.a fodder crop, in which case.it is i XA. and more thickly than when cultivated for the grain. A very valuable fodder grass belonging to this group is the Leosinte irae luxurians). T is yie elds 3 very large crops in. gooc ich and as one of. the most prolife. of a nnual EM our cuttings can be pa four months. saia these ann pq as also many vonrse-growing perennial E green in ation. d^ South Africa silos, ME. merely..of pits: dug, in. the ground, have ny found, very useful. in preserving fodder that would otherwise „be , ak untib the dry season,.o‘The cost;of making silos is 'omp ling, but it should he borne in mind that fodder pre- oot Aaa by lami is on, the other. hand,.offer a. very ready -and convenient means. preserving. fodder, during wet seasons, when itis — to make | it into hay. iowa oo ORI — IN "frd Voelcker* records an instance of the greatest care in grass g growiug in India, : a. Nadiad, in Gujarat (Bombay); where the cultivators do not use ES Report on the improvement of Indian Agriculture, London, 1893. A 3 316 the village common land for their cattle. “ Every one of their fields," e says, * is enclosed with a hedge, and then comes a headland of grass from 15 to 20 feet wide all round the field, and produeing capital grass, There is a double object in this practice, for, as the fields are hedged, and have trees round them for supplying firewood and wood for implements, the people know € well that crops will not grow when thus shaded, but that grass will. They obtain four or five cuttings of grass in the year as food for their cattle, and when the fields are er the cattle are let in to graze on them Dib grass (Cynodon nce") as a crop for irrigation gives a great yield, and is about the only grass that keeps green in the hot weather. At Belgaum, fields are grown with grass; two cuttings are obtained yearly, and 6 annas isthe sum paid for 100 lbs. of green grass. seed is ever sown, only the grass that comes up naturally being used." To supply grass to military Pu eg in — regular grass farms have recently been established. These tarted by Sir Herbert Macpherson at Allahabad in 1882, and since Yom have been extended largely. . Previous to the introduction of the grass farm uem the i had been to send out *grass-cutters," whose duty it was to cut and collect grass for the troops from wherever 278 could. Owing toa dp supply of grass being now obtainable by the * grass-cutters” from Government grass lands great saving has Beo experienced, and the grown at military stations in India has been so increased that it is now possible to supply not only the British troops, but even the ps cavalry with it. The saving at Allahabad alone for the seven yea 1882-89 was estimated at Rs. 91,158. The extent of the Allahabad grass farm is 3,558 acres. Ensilage, or the preserving of green fodder, has been carried out at many places in India. The cost as between mdr and that of silage is, however, unfavourable to the latter. One advantage of cutting an early crop of grass for silage is that there are many grasses, such as numerous species of Panicum, which seed in the rains; these may be secured as silage if rain continues, whereas the other grasses, being kept baek somewhat, yield a good hay erop about October, when the rains are over. It may further be said in favour of silage that by means of it some grass which would otherwise have been altogether lost owing to the heavy rains is saved by being put into the silo. “Voelcker concludes : * I differ entirely from the opinion of one of my predecessors to the effect that India is the great field for the development of silage. That it is the field for haymaking I am much more ready to think, ot making, for it makes itself. Silage, I repeat, will only be useful when by means of it can be saved what would otherwise be lost The ee tropical grasses are selected as possessing special pres for fodder purposes. Amongst them are plants suitable for almost ev: condition found i in tropical ‘oes The list has had the saya | revision of Sir Joseph Hooker, who is now working out the grasses of British India and who has suggested some emendations of the commonly nomenclature. LS 377 Anthistiria australis, R. Brown.—The well-known “ Kan grass" of Australia, but "widely distributed cineiptiont Southern ri and the whole of Afric: ca. A perennial upright — over 3 feet in height. It enjoys a wide reputation and is regarded as the most useful of the indigenous grasses of Eastern Australia, stick of all descriptions being remarkably fond of it. et- roots are strong, and penetrate the soil to a great depth, so the plant remains green during the greater part of the summer. In the dar the foliage turns brown, when, however, its natritive qualities are said to be at the highest. If eut as soon roams flower re m appears t can be made into excellent hay. The m reliable to propagate this grass is by division of the roots, PH perfeets very little seed (Tiber ry: most ariin inm of Australia." It possesses the advantage of seeding freely. Turner remarks “it might be profitably cultivated for ensilage, especially if it were cut before the flower stems become hard and cane-like. Astrebla pectinata, F. v. Mueller. — Widely distributed in dry regions inland in North and East Australia. Closely allied to « Mitchell grass," but usually not so tall. A eder ial desert grass, resisting drought, and sought with avidity by sheep, and very fattening to them and other r pasture animals. Seeding freely (Mueller). Astrebla triticoides, F. v. Mueller (Danthonia triticoides, Lind/.).— The “ Mitchell grass” of Australia. A very valuable perennial grass with glaucous green leaves. On rich ae - produees a great amount of rich herbage, of which stock of al s are remarkably fond. Cattle are said to fatten on this grass even quim it is much dried up during periods of drought. If cut when about to flower it make excellent hay. Turner * thoroughly reco roy it for permanent pastures.” The lend should, however, be well drained. Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.—A prostrate nnial grass with very narrow glaucous green leaves. Pt i is widely di distributed in all hot countries, and verge also into temperate regions. It passes under various names, such as * Bahama grass," ** Bermuda grass, " * Indian couch grass," “ Dota and * Doorva." It is an importa covering Die; barren land, and for making smooth, compaet Fl E resists extreme drought, and once established in cultivated land it xa difficult to eradicate. It is easily established by planting viit portions of the rooting stems about 8 inches apart. If don e at the six x weeks. It may be propagated by seeds, which are now readily obtained in commerce. It should, however, never be planted except in places where it is required to remain permanently. When grown specially for fodder, in enclosed paddocks, it yields three or four crops in the year, and makes é xeellent hay. In very dry seasons in the West Indies animals exist arrana entirely on the underground rhizomes of his grass, 378 The following. noie.on the use of. Bahama grass for making lawns in India is taken from Firminger’s: Manual. of Gardening for Bengal and Upper India [Caleutta, 1874] p. 26 : :— The grass principally used for lawns in this country is that called Doob-grass ( Cynodon Dactylon), a plant of trailing habit, not growing high, and when in vigorous growth of a soft dark green hue. It thrives where scarcely any, other kind will, and delights in the edges of frequented highways. The spot it seems to like especially is where brick and.lime rubbish has been thrown and p MCA down hard. It will also. grow in the poor. soil, beneath tbe hade of trees, where other grasseg,crow but scantily, if at. all. When vc ACHT for lawns a sufficient quantity ean easily be collected from the roadside and waste places. The piece of ground intended for lawn should be well dug, and then "us perfectly level and smooth. Drills should then be drawn over it.a foot apart, in babies little :pieces of the roots should. be planted. out. at the. distance of;half-a-foot from each other, and the ground afterwards watered emp TRE till,the grass innecessary, season. is indispensable, as- otherwise ithe grass vele soon become seorched up and * A more expeditions an Nery s uccessful-plan of laj ing down a lawn, i is to pul up a quantity-of gr. sis thet the roots, chop it tolerably fine, mix it well in a eompost of mud Cx about the consistency of mortar, and spread this out thinly over the piece of ground where the lawn is required. In a few days the gmat will spring: m with ‘great regularity over the plot.” Eragrostis abyssinica, Link.—A slender i ne gruss, known in Abyssinia as * Teff,” “ Ttheff,” or **'Thaff^ Tt is indigenous to the higher lands, and is cultivated for the sake of its grain all over Abys- sinia. There are several varities, some depending on the height of the plant, others on the — According ‘to Richard, there are green, white, red, and purple Teffs. The grain crop requires four months to ripen. | In good years it itdi 40 times the:seed, and only 20 times in bad years our make * an Ce eet fine hay ” in a British ate and to meinte i in six or eight weeks from the time of sowing. “For this purpose teff is well worth cultivating. ~ It is cleaner and brighter looki than. P other grass, and is readily eaten by cattle and. horses. "Th reports from Fastis and India are equally favourable. The value of this plant for fodder purposes is exceptionally high. Its chief merits in i i mature, and its suitability to thrive in dry, sandy regions, where few other, grasses would flourish equally well. In the Proceedings of the Agri.-Hort. Society of India, 1888, p. Ixxii., bie following note appeared :—“ The... seed,. of this new cereal was received from Kew, and was distributed as ir in. the p OR oe of May last. Mr. C. C. Stevens, Commissioner of Chota Nagpore, now writes: * You will rn ni havi ing given me a small . acket of seed of. “tcheff” for experiment, . I gave it to. the, Rajah of Jashpore, who had it sown in two or three different localities. . , He has 379 : ‘gi very precise information, but I understand that the seed was treated exactly like the ordinary rainy weather crops. e tells me he has, saved some three or four seers of seed, and. thatthe hill people have taken a fancy to the crop. The best thing he ‘can do is to keep the. seed and sow next season. He. has sent me a bundle of plants, which. I im forward to you "When a favourable opportunity occurs. The straw or grass is:4 feet or 44 feet i in length, and smells sweet. As only NS 2 ounces of the seed was supplied to Mr, Stevens, the results obtained appear very satisfactory. for the first season, and if the crop is found suitable there should be no difficulty in establishing it next season A very fall account of” teff is given by Mr. J. F. Duthie, F.L. S. in the Report of the Saharunpur Gardens for the year 1888, pp. 11-12. The f — extraets are of interest :— ** Seeds of this grass were ectit to us last year by the Directór of the Royal Gardens, Kew, with the remark that it was an Abyssinian food- — which — prove useful for India. I-have a bad opinion of it food-grain, but think better of it as a fodder, and have therefore ciunt it under the head of * fodder plants.” “ Teff consists of two varieties, one with white seeds and the other with during the dry season and the red during the rains. We the two kinds here during both: ——ÀÀ and found, as — hem the white answered best ad the dry season and the red for the were made o of the two kinds—the freti in March, = white variety gave an out-turn be ane rate of 660 foipe h hie i ia acre ; sown o », only in an out urn of 17 Ibs. per were. “The ‘crop was eut in the beginning of Mj: but sprang up again into a second Logon and yielded a cutti ien fodder early in the rains. The note made regarding the weight of this cutting has, unfortunately, "been Mislaid, and I am therefore unable to give its approximate weight per acre. “The April sowing of the white variety produced no grain, and the sowing of the red variety made at the same time only Mimi: 11 lbs. of grain per acre. Both kinds, a gave a good crop of fodder in the middle of July, the. red variety producing 11,022 and the white 7,496 lbs. per acre. The. cutting was in a half-dried> state when weighed, or the figures would have amounted to a greater total. resulted iu-an out-turn of 82 ibs. per aere. ^ These out-turns may be looked upon as failures, and: — prove that teff is of no great account for cultivation on the plains as a food grainy A cutting was made across a section of the two plots of this July sowing in the middle of August,:and weighed collectively in its state, and as a result gave an out-turn of 16,000 Ibs. of green fodder per acre. The out- turns of 3,116 and 2,676 Ibs. noted im the statement for part of this pien mean the out-turn of dried hay,às'the fodder was weighed in the beginning of October, and was then crisp and dry. A rainy season sowing of teff may, therefore, ^i looked upon as capable of orem 16,000 Ibs: ins — fodder and from 2,000 to 3,000 Ibs. of dried ha r acre. “A sowing of 4 Ib. of each kind was made at Arnigadh in the Minim the rains, and resulted in a collective out-turn of 40 Ths. of i8-was a ‘remarkably: good'yield-for-the small quantity of if 4 380 seed ANS and proves that in hill traets teff may yet prove a prolific food g “ Ts mé made from the teff was of exceptional good quality and was greedily eaten by the garden bullocks. When it was offered to them they were ae fed upon jowar or sorghum stalks, and, as is well known, these markably sweet, and cattle, when fed upon them, generally refuse vihet kinds of dry food until they find that sorghum is not forthcoming. Our garden cattle, however, seemed to prefer the teff hay to the sorghum, as they would not touch the latter until they had devoured the whole of the toft placed before then “ The experience gained herein the "ian of teff during the past year may therefore be summed up as * When sown in the dry season it ii yield a light erop of grain, and when sown in the rains it yields little or no in, but produces abundance of green fodder which may be arl into viti palatable ET where the latter is preferred. In my opinion, teff is d the rye grass of India, and is well wo rthy o of more pa trial od some of the Government fodder reserves.’ s, Miers (Reana luxurians, Durieu). **'Teosinte." An annual grass of large size from Guatemala allied to the maize. first published illustration of the plant was given in the Botanical Magazine, tab. 6,414. It attracted a good deal of attention about 20 years ago as a fodder plant (see Kew aapon T 1879 and 1880). Seeds of it were ‘widely distributed from Kew to the East and aed Indies, Australia, and t ropical Africa. It isa tall, densely-tufted sometimes reaching 15 feet in height, ie stems are as thick as the thumb at the base, and the leaves 3 to 4 feet long ji broad. Dr. Schomburgk in 1880 wrote from the Adelaide Botanic Garden, S. Australia : * I have now cultivated ,l'eosinte for ihree years, and it is one of the most prolific fodder plants Mr. W. R. Robertson, -— Micgbritr to the Government of Madras, wrote as follows in July 1883 :—“ A small plot was sown with this crop; the out-turn of green fodder was at the rate of 38,400 Ib. per acre, a very large out-turn; but, the cost of production was great, for it was necessary to irrigate e the land nearly every other day, from — until harvest. Reana is undoubtedly a very heavy producer, crops grown on the farm have given enormous yields, but further experience confirms the opinions expressed regarding the crop in the last report: *On good soils, under liberal treatment, when it can obtain plenty of rain or irrigation water, the crop grows most rapidly and luxuriantly ; but it cannot withstand a drought. Indeed the experiments made showed that a drought, which scarcely affected the Sorghum crops, was sufficient to check the growth of the /eana to such an extent as to render it useless to keep the erop standing longer. As a fodder "ris ilowng account of the grass was given in the Report of the Botanic Garden at Bangalore for the year 1888-9, p. 13 :——“ Teosinte or 381 buffalo grass. With rich cultivation this noble grass afford in- exhaustible supply of fodder for cattle. In special instances de. stalks have been known to attain a height of 18 feet, but in ordinary cultiva- tion they are usually 6 to 8 feet, with a small colony o of offsets rising up from the base of each poems SP RÀ was first received os Mr. of cultivation appeared in the Annual Report of “ The forage plant Ewchlena luxurians has ts wn irc on a small scale. 16 square yards of mye nase land produced bs. o he obj to extend the experiment. Cattle and horses are fond of the green grass and I think it i be a pe addition to the green forage bg of the monsoon seas At any other time the erop w would r requir irrigation, and I have a did field now under this pras of vultu which will be reported on when the results are fully know Subsequent cultivation confirmed the truth of the in: — and the uu: value of Teosinte as a food plant has been established in many parts of "Indi It should be grown on all land holdings where there are éste cows, and bullocks to be fed. If, during the dry sane small plots are raised along the channels, and in spare nooks and corners, the condition of live stock would be better pront than we aiat see it. The latest reports of Teosinte are as follows :— n a Report on — X ^p at British Guiana for the years 1891-92, p. 68, Messrs. Harrison Jenman give in — particulars er :— Teosinte is an suiud, e readily reproduces itself on good Lom from the seed shed. Tt soon dios out, however, on Dapoveribot land. ugh an annual, in the season of growth, if reaped young but not too shore, the stubble quickly springs again, and a second and third crop can be thus taken in favourable weather. It should be sown in situ, and the as much or 16 square feet of superficial space, as it does not bear transplanting, under which the yield is poor. The following is an analysis of the seed :— Water 3 é =. à 12*75 8 - - - - - 38°94 * Albuminoids - - - 72w gigg tAmides, &c. - - - - - 1°00 Pectose, gum, &e. - - - - 8:22 tare = - - - - 37°38 Digestible fibre - - - -. 16°46 oody fibre - : ~ - > O° Or Mineral matters = - - - 2°44 100° 00 (sic.) The grain of this grass, from its composition, possesses a fair value, although the proportions of fibre present are somewhat high. * Containing nitrogen - - 1:59 1 » ” - * *16 382 In the Journal of the .Agri.- Hort. meis of e 1894, P. w itis stated :—'* A. very good crop was raised this season. ~ After stalks three g -— E to T "bs. of seed were suflicient to sow an acre. ihe fodder eatly.relished. by. cattle." E Lagos, on the West Co ast of Afsies, Mr. Millen has rai i introduced “ Teosinte” as a fodder plant and in June 1894: wrote: “ I have planted a-quantity of plants of Euehlena luxurians ; itis the only fodder pe of those ideertacts which: pagent: to: be ‘growing with good re “At sont in the Report for 1893 just NETS 'Téosinte is mentioned as having suddenly grown into demand as an annual. oe grass, and seed has been harvested to'meet all possible demands. Leersia rare a Sw, **Rice-grass." A widely distributed peren- panteled spik e s grass is regularly cultivated, 1 under the Fan of Zacate, for the urpose of supplying food for domestic animals. It is treated like rice, apo transplanted to wet and previously ploughed meadows. Bailey found it to be one of the o In Singapore it is idibus gathered in waste places as a green fodder for cattle and hor Colonum, /.—An annual grass widely distributed through- countries, It prefers a rich soil, and is often found as a edd ope airan: In some parts of India it is cultivated for its The is much used in the Madras Presidency and in bis as edie fodder Duthie gives the. PANES Inf, account of this grass (Fodder. Grasses of Northern. India, p. 5):— “Tt is generally considered to be oné of the best kinds of fodder grass. Iti is abundant all over the plains, and ascends t some few thousand feet on the Himalaya. It is greedily eaten by all kinds of cattle both.before and after it has flowered, the abundant crop of grain yielded by it adding materially to its nutritive value. It prend o to Australia, where, it is reported, its very succulent stems grow fro 2 to 8 feet in height.’ Panicum maxim Jacq. (P. jumentorum, Pers.).— “ Guinea grass.” "Native of tropical Africa. Widely cultivated in most countries. In Brazil it is known * Capim de Colonia." ' "This grass was acci- dentally introduced to Jinsei from the Coast of Guinea as bird food about 1740, In 1794 Bryan Edwards wrote: “ Most of the grazing -— breeding pens were originally created and are still supported by ans. of thia. Anxsluable, herbage, bs pnis aps the settle pens t .of the guinea grass, It was descri d as “ growing on ie from sea-leve to ers d 5,000 feet, and when once established, except for an occasio 383 ‘it. receives very little attention. It answers. in-ev ct Tequi of a good fodder-plant in being perennial, nütritious, saii thoroughly suitable: to " et and climate. " The late Dr. ea grass pi ; manuring) | kept in gis. order for full 20 ‘years.’ Guinea grass grows to the height of 3 to 6 feet. The leaves are broad and flat, -with the sheathes and modes softly hairy. The panicle is»large and loose, with numerous branches: it usually seeds freely; it is «It requir -hard and coarse:. Analysis shows it to be very rich in. nutritive qua- ities, and where this:grass eam be fully established it: is: probably the best fodder plant: known for permanent cultivation. ‘It. is a: favourite grass for stall-fodder, but it is sometimes necessary to guard against over-feeding with this. grass alone in a rank state. It would form an excellent. material for preserving.in silos | The following — have been published respecting the caltiva- sión-of- guir nea grass im India (Dict. Econ; Prod. iow Vi Part 1, ki) —s “ It is best propagated by root cuttings. It should be planted — 2 feet. apart, in parallel ridges, at the commencement of. rra rows of plants should. form lines at right. angles, to. arrangement. E facilitate ploughing ‘and wojding b [Sut [T en In Madras this grass is known to resist. the. effects severe. hts. In old l-establis hed fields it is advisable to pass a pongi. or E. id "and, aeross the "and to manure fhe land thoroughly. Where the plants have formed: pd tone these should d iig d by fm chopping with a spade.ór hoe at right angles, thus ec too dimid wi i - The * St. Mary's Grass ”. in. Jamaica may be a maximum or another species. It grows in lari fa Hi so thé" eight of 6 to 8 — — the stems hard and indurated ï in i old — ens. s c — K. (regarded by Munro as SY veer as "likely to be of great agrieultural value. “Its bulbous root- stocks. contain a store of moisture which enables it to endure a 'otrae! drought, and as the. rm ge to a ui Sire it Would roc tce; i ees ot Dpr T1 aan eey? rre i , thr ur . y c i" This is sotnewhat similar to the following P- amten with which it was confused by. Grisebach in bis Flora of the British West Indian Islands. According to Swartz it is à native of Surinam, and-is commonly called “ Dutch grass” in Jamaica, He deseribes it. as deping nid succulent . stems t are readily eaten by. cattle, 384 Panicum muticum, Forsk. (P. numidianum, Lam.; P. barbinode, rin.; P. molle, Griseb. non Sw. as various names, such as * Para erint “Mauritius grass,” “Scotch grass,” and ** Water grass. coarse and very vigorous grass, spreading rapidly in damp places. It has succulent stems and leaves, with the nudes distinctly hairy. It roots readily at the joints, ao these are even said to grow after passin through animals. Hence, this grass is regarded as unsuit- able to grow in the fisiishivoerhood of cultivated land. It is also discouraged as fodder for animals specially kept for manure. For general pasture purposes it is, however, one of the best of tropical grasses. In Ba rbados, 40 acres of this grass, well manured and irrigated, are said to yield in good years cut-grass of the annual value of 6002. It is largely cultivated elsewhere in the West Indies, in Florida (where it is said to make heavy growth on high pine-ridges), in Curagoa (where it is Peas . ae of resisting drought), and also in Ceylon, Mauritius, and i e plains of Bengal. It is readily propagated by seed and by easi pr the root and stem. Seeds and plants of Para grass were first introduced from Caracas to Barbados by Colonel Reid, Governor of the Windward Islands, in 1847. Latera supply was ‘received in this country, and forwarded to Kew, with the following letter from Earl Grey, Secretary of State for ial partment, addressed to Sir William Hooker, dated 30 June 1849 :— “T am directed by Earl Grey to transmit to you a copy of a despatch from the Lieutenant-Governor of St. Lucia, stating that he had trans- mitted a few roots of the Para grass, and proposed to send some seeds when he should have been able to collect a sufficient quantity. “ The roots and seeds having arrived, they are also now forwarded to Colone qualities of this grass are described. d Grey sh bis zn 1s will have the goodness to take charge of din roots and seeds, o cause “Tam a to idit: to you a case cani some slips of this grass; w. has been forwarded to T Grey from the Caracas. His Lordship Would be glad to be furnished with any suggestions which may occur to you as to the best mode of proceeding in order to introduce these seeds and plants into bn bramer for which they are best fitted. —I have, &c., (Signed) B. The PE spruce in regard to the introduction of Para grass to Barbados is given by Dr. Lindley in the Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc., iv. RP ) p. 148. Adapting the name given to the grass in Curacoa, Dr. Lintiey called it Panicum jumentorum, thus confusing it with Guinea Further supplies of Para grass were received at Kew in six Wardian cases, rap from Caracas by Her Majesty’s Consul, Mr. J. Riddel. From these plants distribution was made with full directions for culti- vation) to various colonies in the eastern bn, de. In de including New shown by Mr. Riddel to be an error. It evidently prefers and, indol, will only flourish in localities where it has abundant moisture. It is to note that this distribution of Para grass from Kew by Sir Wilikm H Hooker was one of the early operations undertaken by him 985 to assist industries in the colonies. Such rapiens since that time, have been consistently carried on for nearly 50 yea The EM extract from the report of the Government Experimental Farm, Poona, for the year ending March d 1894 (p. 5), gives the results of the ‘experimental cultivation in In * Mauritius Water Grass or m SS is the chief fodder of Ceylon. There it remains green all the year round, and is employed largely for feeding milk cattle. A few roots were obtained from the School of Agricuiture Farm, Colombo. The plant can be pro; than Guinea je, and does not give the same out-turn. It has this advantage, it thrives well in a damp, even a wet, situation. The best method of propagating is to cut the long lateral stems into short lengths. Broadeast these sparingly over the surface, and cover lightly with soil. The plot on the farm since it has become fully established has been cut twice, at an interval of 87 days, The yields of green fodder were :— Yield per Aere. Ibs. lst cutting - ~ - 10,700 2nd cutting - - - 18,020." Panicum spectabile, Nees.—A valuable fodder Lora long established in Brazil and other parts of tropical America. It is known as “ Capim B Brazilian specimens in the Kew Herbarium are, however, well marked. This grass was introduced, aerae to Martius, 77. Bras., ii., pt. 2, p. 143, from the South- West Coast of Africa. It prefers moist situations, and spreads rapidly everywhere. On the Niger, Barter described it as “an aquatic grass 6 feet -k In East Africa Kirk speaks of it as Panicum texanum, Buckley. — Blue-grass," ‘ Colorado grass,” “ Buffalo grass,” or * Austin grass." An annual grass little known rodueed in considerable number from a single root. Tt grows usually from 2 to 4 feet high. It prefers fieh; Amas ial soils, but stands drought well, though on dry uplands the yield is much reduced. It is especially valésble for hay. E Paspalum um conjugatum, Berg.—“ Sour grass" of Jamaica. * Green i ` of Singapore. A low grass rooting at the nodes, seldom more 1 to 2 feet high, leaves bright green, flat, and ciliate. The flowers 386 arranged in two divergent spikes at the top of the stem. - ‚Widely. distri. buted : throughout tropical America and Africa, Introduced to kan ylon, and East Indies. In Jamaica this Pe forms Pe, excellent * si a pastures in the warmer parts of the island. It spreads on covers the ground to the exclusion of everything else. In C grass was described by Dr. Thwaites as growing well in as m p laces exposed to the. € and it retained its fresh green. appearance even. during. tho. dry season ftis a somewhat coarse grass, but when and. horses. . In. Singapore this — is equally; valued, and it deserves to be more widely "uem in mis ien Paspalui distiohiünf, y» (B. n — Sw.) —* sit fin ‘bars bg * Water couch.” A’ coarse, somewhat tall grass, 2 creeping” thizonies and convolute, rarely’ flat, lence The flowe arranged’ in two spikes. ‘It is a €ommón grass in pastures ant wet places in -tropical and extending also ito temperate countries. ‘Tt is ‘said to be naturalized in South-Western France. Probably indigenous’ to Austt Pas diffused annual’ grass, found i all warm Hoot BF the. es th amazing rapidity. Known in the United States as “ Crab grass, it is recognised as the most useful of all pasture grasses, it makes a sweet hay, and horses are exceedingly fond of it.. Cotton and corn- fields in the south are often so overrun with it. that the hay which might be sécured would be more valuable than the. ‘original crop. In Fiji, NAT and Ceylon it is widely diffused near gardens and plantation the M ges country it is “the best Lint Lio wis frit, Panicum -palliiatd Aitch. á Hemsl. E fairey DC.) isa get of P.sanguinale described: by Aitchison as sthecbest fodder gps fon cattle in the Kuram Valley of nee — l Ss 387 Stenotaphrum americanum, Kunth. Las dimidiatum, ~ Trin). Pie ménto grass "- (Jamaica), * Buffalo grass” ' (Australia). : erennial creeping s, with wide-spreading rhizomes, seldom more ie a foot high... Each joint. of «the rhizome bears a tuft of smooth, pale-green leaves. = The cle to 4 inches long, with a flat jointed rachis. in This is an excellent grass for binding sea sand and loose soil of river anks, It flourishes on dry limestone . pits in, Jamaica, and, affords b nourishing The 63 pastured und r. the. pimento trees, _ Hence re se region of Central Australia, where it was introduced by Sit F. von Mueller. It was successfully established also at .AScension; and it flourishes on the singularly arid volcanic rocks of that island. The plant has been grown for many — in pots and under the — in the cool Economic House at Kew BIBLIOGRAPHY. Tho dder Grasses of Northern India. By J. F. Duthie. B.A., F.L.S. Soc. 1888. Agricultural Grasses of, the United. States. Bx Dr. George Vasey. Washington, 1889. a Bii A 1:4 Xa oe of New South. Wales Wy Fred. "Fass ERES te Sydney, usirations of North- Br amass Yol. L ; Grasses: of: the South-West... By Dr. George Vasey. | «Washington, Select. Plants for Industrial. Culture, By Sir Ferd. von Mueller, K.C.M.G. Melbourne, 1891, Improvement of Indian AES By John angana Voelcker; Ph.D., F.I.O. . London, 1893. (Chapter IX. Grass. Graz ing. Hay- making. Silage.) Dietionary of the Economie Products of India. By George W: M.B., C.LE. London and Calcutta, 1889-93.. — Fodder "him vol. III. » pp. 420-427. - COCCXXI.—DECADES KEWENSES. PrayTARUM NOVARUM IN HERBARIO ‘Hort: Reon CONSERVATARUM. aliurus orientalis, 77emsl. ‘Rati i bae dbi: nid floriferis semper inermibus cinereis demum nigrescentibus, foliis datis acuminatis vix acutis basi obliquis subcuneatis vel rotundatis 388 crenulato-dentatis trinerviis supra demum subnitidis, floribus breviter fasciculato-paniculatis graciliter pedicellatis, sepalis "une ovatis sub- obtusis reticulato-venosis, petalis cucullatis, an agnis didymis, fructu amplo crispato obscure lobulato .— Paliurus dust PES Geertn. var. orientalis, Franchet, Pl. od p. 132; Paliurus australis, Franchet, Pl. David. ^e 71, non Gert Habitat.—China: in a. near Tali, Yunnan, Delavay; South Wushan, iieri; A. Henry, 7,205 ; Kwangtung, C. For d, 325. Arbor usque ad 30 ped. alta (A. Henry). Folia cum petiolo usque ad 5 poll.longa et 3 poll. lata, sed in speciminibus Delavayanis minora. Panicule 1-2 poll longs. Flores circiter 3 lin. diametro, Fructus 1-1} poll. diametro. As Mr. Franchet very truly observes, M is little in me flowers and fruit to distinguish this from the Mediterranean P. australis, but in habit, size, aod foliage it is very different. gy mtem daoa the trunk as being armed with stout spines. 102. Paliurus hirsutus, Hemsl. [Rhamnaceæ]; arborescens, d pec ia graciliusculis pubescentibus angulatis flexuosis ad nodos vibus osis, spinis brevibus rigidis recurvis, fo liis graciliter petiolatia is am 13 roatiilico- ovis basi i obliquis s vel rotundatis pios renit acuminatis subacutis minutissim e calloso-crenulato-dentatis trinerviis cum venis lateralibus omea supra strigillosis bpas precipue secus venas fulvo-pubescentibu m. floribus pode cym paniculatis pubescentibus breviter pedicellatis, sepalis cras pioli quam petala paullo brevioribus, filamentis fliformibus posa Mores cm fruetu maturo ignoto sed ut videtur anguste cupulato-alato glabro. Habitat,—China: Kwangtung, Ford, 280. Arbor parva (Ford). Folia, cum petiolo circiter 6-9 lineas longo, 3—4 poll. longa. Spine 11-3 lineas longs. Cyme circiter pollicares. Flores 21 lin. diametro. It is noteworthy that no member of this genus has been found between Persia and China and only one species is known in the western area of the genus. Carriére joe Horticole, 1866, p. 380) mentions a Paliurus lucidus from China; but as he merely states that it is less spiny than P. aculeatus, Poir., with — shiny leaves, it is impossible to say what it is without seeing specim The synonymy of the eda, species has been misunderstood and should be as follows :— P. x ees Christi, Mill., syn. P. australis, Gerin., and P. aculeatus, Poir. Bothriocline laxa, V. E. Brown [Composite-Vernoniacex] ; aces eaulibus ramulisque sulcato-striatis a fo € alternis vel oppositis aene lanceolatis oblongo-lanceolatis vel obovato-lanceo- latis acutis basi cuneato-acutis marginibus per supra sparse hirtis Wibtar: sparse pey Skee Eae glanduloso-punetatis, inflorescentia laxe pani- culato-corymbosa, pedunculis pedicellisque gracilibus pilosis, capitulis 20-25 floris, involucri campanulati bracteis 5-6 seriatis ovato-lanceolatis ciliolatis viridibus interioribus apice purpureis Semis gere e oh eorola purpurea extus epa ifera quinquefida lobis lineari-lanceo- latis acutis quam stigmata paullo longioribus, pappi. setis eaducis seabris, achæniis turbinatis leviter curvatis quinque-suleatis glabris, 389 Habitat.—Transvaal, Primers Creek, Barberton 3,000 ft. April, Galpin, 916 ; Shire Highlands, near Blantyre, Lust. Planta 1} ped. alta. Foliorum petioli 3-6 lin. longi, laminw 1-4 poll. longz, 1-12 poll. late. Pedunculi 1-3 poll. longi. Pedicelli 14-6 lin. longi. Capitula 3 lin. longa, 11-2 lin. lata. — Zncolucri bracteæ exteriores 14-2 lin. longs, interiores 3 lin. longe. Corolle tubus 14 lin. longus, lobi 1 lin. longi. Acheenta 4 lin. longa. This is the first species of this genus that has been found south of the ipa: and is well distinguished by its very pointed involucra! bracts. Bothriocline seems scarcely distinct from Gutenbergia, the presence of a caducous pus being the only distinction, and if retained on this ground then Gutenbergia ree. s must be removed to Bothriocline as it possesses a caducous pappu . Bothriocline longipes, W. E. Brown [Composite - V ernoniacez] ; lii pes, vitas ramulisque suleato-striatis glabrescentibus, foliis oppositis pein elliptico-lanceolatis vel oblanceolatis acutis tenuiter dentatis, utr nulati ica 3—4-seriatis ellipticis vel elliptico-oblongis obtusis apiculatis exterioribus apice pubescentibus interioribus glabris Pelünüaletis marginibus minutissime scabrido-ciliolatis pallidis apice viridi-maculatis omnibus quam flores urei duplo brevioribus, urp corolla sparse papillosa quinquefida lobis pram tsa do acutis quam stigmata panier brevioribus, pappi setis paucis — a i B. acheniis turbina leviter curvatis quinque-sulcatis g Schimpert, Oliver and Hiern var. longipes, in Oliver FI. — Trop. Afr. ILI., p. 266. Habitat. -- Monbuttuland, Schweinfurth, 3197. Foliorum petioli 4—6 lin. longi, lamine 14-4] poll longs, j-2 poll. late. Kami primarii corymbi 14-4 poil. longi. PPedunculi d i-1i poll. longi. prts 2 lin. diam. Jnvolucri bractez 13-2 lin. longæ. Corolle tubus 1$ lin. longus, lobi vix 1 lin. longi. Peppi sete 3 lin. longs. Achenia vix 1 lin. lon This is € — from B. Schimperi in in its finely dentate leaves, more lax inflorescence, flower-heads not more than half the size, with less than half a uas many flowers and totally different involucre bracts. 105. Buddleia pulchella, W. ££. Brown [Loganiaces]; ramulis teretibus _tomentoso - - pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis sspius hastatis . e $n : terminalibus multifloris subincano-tomentosis, bracteis subulatis, calycis tubo act breviter 4-dentato, datibo ovatis subobtusis, corollæ xserto gracili recto rubescenti tomentello lobis pu subretieng «iar Rs obtusis albis fauce aurantiuca odore graveolenti Habitat.—South Africa ? Foliorum petioli 2-3 lin. longi, lamine 14-1} poll. long, 1-17 poll. late. Panicule 2-2} poll longs et late. Bractee 1-2 lin. lon Calye 1j lin. longus. Corolle tubus 4 lin. longus, limbus 3 lin. very distinct species, unlike any other in the genus. Most of e: Thats are hastate, some have two lobes on each side, and a few a U 84360. B 390 either rhomboidal or lanceolate. Described from a living plant culti- vated at Kew, that was received in May 1894 from the Durban Botanic G ardens, Natal, without information as to localit 106. Strobopetalum carnosum, V. Æ. Brown [ Aselepiadew] ; caulibus prostratis ut videtur glabris, foliis petiolatis anguste vel late oblongis acuminatis glabris, corolle tubo campanulato lobis linearibus patentibus tortis extus glabris intus basi cum tube fauce dense et minute adpresso- pubescentibus, coronz lobis erectis linearibus acutis basi adnatis quam antherz brevioribus Habitat.—South ere El Hami, Schweinfurth, 180. Foliorum petioli 1-8 lin. longi, d 3-2} poll. n: 4-14 poll. late. Pedunculi 4-1 lin longi. dicelli 2-3 lin. ongi. Sepala l lin. longa. Corolle tubus 1 lin. logus lobi 4-43 lin. E Corone lobi 4 lin. longi. The flowers. are noted as pin ud id label. 107. Peliostomum calycinum, N. E. Brown [Serophularineze | ; ramis angulatis glabris probabititer deeumbentibus vel prostratis, foliis adscendentibus linearibus acuminatis subri rigidis (subearnosis ?) glabris, pediceliis prope apicem de stie glabris bracteis sepalisque linearibus acutis glabris, parte attenuata corolle tubi quam calyx breviore lobis mee violaceis m jte: glanduloso-pubescentibus, staminibus idynamis quam corolla duplo brevioribus filamentis glabris, antheris Ma a a a compresso-ovatis acutis glabris, seminibus scrobiculato-tuberculat Habitat.—South A ; Transvaal, Barberton, in stony places 2,918 ft., oed et ( Wood, 4,171); Orange Free ps tt 1,205. Rami 1-3 ped. longi, ramuli 2-6 poll. Tees Folia 3-1 es longa, 4-1 lin. lata. Pedicelli 14-3 liv. longi. actee 4-5 lin inier - late. Sepala 4-5 lin. longe, 4 lin. lata. eae 9 lin, longa, pa attenuata 2-21 lin. longa, lobis 14 lin. longis et latis... Capsula. 3-4 1 lim. longa. According to a note on Mr. Cooper's label, this plantis » “hosed by the scented than I find this plant to be. The leaves are probably somewhat fleshy when alive, and mcis a ag gi mid-rib on their under side, ne on the upper surface. This species is well distinguished bom all the ga members of the genus by its long sepals and linear leaves. 108. Gladiolus (Hebea) flexuosus, Baker [Iridew]; cormo parvo globoso, caule gracili elongato “goes flexuoso, foliis productis 3 brevibus dissitis lineari-complieatis rigidulis glabris, floribus paucis in spicam laxam secundam dispositis, spathe valva exteriori oblonga vel a firmula viridi, Periant thii tubo brevi cylindrico, 391 segmentis superioribus obovatis. obtusis imbrieatis, —inferio longioribus lanceolatis longe unguiculatis, genitalibus un superioribus brevioribus Habitat —Fwambo, wie Tanganyika, Jan. 1893, Alexander Carson. Caulis pedalis vel sesquipedalis. oliorum limbus liber 1-3 poll. ongus, JSpathe 6-9 lin. longs. . Perianthi? tubus 4 lin. longus; segmenta superiora 6 lin. longa, 3—4 lin. lata; segmenta inferiora 8-9 lin. longa. Near 6. Thomsoni and unguiculatus, Baker. 109. Morza Carsoni, Baker [lridez] ; caule gracillimo ae P P dispositis, pedicellis demum protrusis, peria anthio lilacino, segmentis exterioribus oblanceolatis longe unguiculatis, interioribus minoribus, styli appendicibus magnis lanceolatis, fructu parvo oblongo-clavato Habitat.—F wambo, Lake Tanganyika, Feb. 1893, Alexander E LN Caulis pedalis. | Folium subpedale.. Spathe on lin. long. Perianthii segmenta exteriora 12 lin. longa, 2 lin. | Nearly allied to M. Thomsoni, Baker of die oe and the Cape M. edulis, Ker. sini citudin brunneis fi na raea is foliis apr re 'aribus i i 3 orib paucis in spieam laxam simplicem ‘dispositis, spathte valva exteriori laneeolata viridi, perianthio violaceo tubo gracili elongato, lobis lanceo- latis subzqualibus: tubo 2-3-plo (€— vague ex tubo breviter protusis, styli ramis patulis subulatis. Ss rond Lake Tanganyika, Feb. 1893, Alerander Car. Cau pedalis et ultra. olia centralia 8-10 poll. longa, 4-5 lin, lata. Spathe 3-6 lin, longs. Peranthit tubus pollicaris, lobi 4-44 Allied to the Transvaal L. Bainesit, Baker. CCCOXXIL—NEW. ORCHIDS. DECADE H. 101. Bulbophyllum pteriphilum, Rolfe; caule scandente elongato; pseudobulbis stant obiongis monophyllis, foliis lineari- oblongis, seapis graci ibus si vaginis imbricatis tectis, floribus numerosis dis- tichis parvis, brae eis atissime ovato-oblongis apiculatis convolutis, sepalis lanceolato-oblongis subacutis, petalis oblapceolatis subobtusis, labello oblongo obtuso planiusculo basi bicarinato, columna brevi dentibus subulatis longis Hazs.—Penang, Curtin Pseudobulbi 1—13 poll. longi, ad or orda Folia immatura tantum visa, Racemi circa 4 poll. longa. Brac ee 3 lin. longs B 9 = 392 Pedicelli 1 lin. longi. Sepala 14 lin. longa, Petala 1} lin. "id Labellum 3 lin. longum. Columna 4 lin. longa ; dentes } lin. longi A very distinet species, which was found growing MEC with rhizomes of ZLecanopteris carnosa, Blume, sent to Kew by Mr. C. Curtis, of the Forest Department, Penang. It flowered in the collection from the imbricating sheaths which protect the young pseudobulb and leaf, but the majority are borne at the nodes below the mature pseudo- bulbs, each being protected at die base by a number of imbricating sheaths. 'The flowers are white, and rather under a quarter of an ine in diameter. 'Phe specific name is given in allusion to the plant's habit of growing intermixed with the rhizomes of the fern, which, however, may not be constant. 102. Lanium Berkeleyi, Rolfe; pseudobulbis MES sub- confertis vaginis subimbricatis tectis apice 2—3-phyllis, foliis SUIS subacutis v. apiculatis, seapis parce ramosis v. simplici us pu ubescen- € € triangulo-ovatis acutis, pedicellis pubescentibus, sepaiis ibus lanceolatis acutis extus pubescentibus, — patentibus eu eere acutis, labello basi column:e adnato erecto ovato acuto concavo disco basi bidentato, columna clavata. Has.— Brazil. Pseudobulbi 3-1} poll. pny Folia iH poll. longa, 3-5 lin. lata. Scapi 2-4 poll. longi. Brac aie lin. longe. Pedicelli 23-3 lin. longi. Sepala 28 lin. longa, da men Petala 24 lin. longa. Labellum 2} lin. longum. Coli mna m lin. longa. The third species of this curious little group, which Lindley con- sidered as a section of Epi Khi ado Bes Bentham afterwards elevated it to the rank of a distinct gen t was found in a clump of Cattleya guttata by Major-General E. 8. Berkeley, Eo Bitterne Park, pma sir whom it flowered in Januar and now Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, haye ai lowered it ina their Brazilian japania _It is easily distinguished from L. Avicula, pseudobulbs and mises and less branched raceme. The flowers are light green with numerous minute red-brown dots on the sepals, petals, and base of the cola 103. Epidendrum Pfavii, Rolfe; caule erecto alto folioso, foliis ltseibdis acutis, spathis pluribus imbricatis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis conduplicatis, racemis arcuatis multifloris, bracteis lanceolatis acumi- natis, sepalis —— € oblongis subobtusis, petalis spathulato- linearibus obtusis, labelli ungue ad apicem columns adnato, limbo trilobo lobis lateralibus amplis dolabriformibus intermedio bifido laciniis lineari-oblongis obtusis. Has.—Costa Rica, vem Planta 4-6 ped. a Folia . Spathe 2—4} poll. longs. Racemi 3-4} poll. a Bractee 5-6 lin. longe. Pedicelli Mc lin. longi. Sepala et petala 10 lin. longa. Labellum 7 lin. Columna 6 lin. longa. 395 A stately species, of which a dried inflorescence and partly-coloured sketch have been sent to Kew by Mr. Richard Pfau, of Costa Rica. It is allied to the Brazilian Æ. cooperianum, Batem. Mr. Pfau de- ribes it as a truly superb plant, growing from four to six feet high, cannot give the dimensions. 104. Polystachya villosa, Wolfe; foliis lineari-lanceolatis acutis elongatis, scapis erectis villosis, racemis multifloris, sig triangulari- ovatis acuminatis carinatis villosis, pedicellis villosis, sepalis extus villosis postico ovato acuto lateralibus paullo latioribus carinatis, petalis obovato-oblongis acutis, labello recurvo trilobo lobis lateralibus erectis oblique oblongis obtusis intermedio late pem es apice subobtuso recurvo disco puberulo ecalloso, columna bre Han.—Upper Zambesi, E. Tropical dim Folia 10 poll. longa, 5 lin. lata. Scapi 3 poll. longi. Bractee 4 lin. longe. Pedicelli à lin. cnet Sepala 4 lin. ionga. Petala 21 lin. lu g pi Labelium 2 lin. longum. Columna 1 lin. longa A very distinct and interesting little Biss which flowered with Mr. James O'Brien of Harr -the-Hill, in September 1890, and with M. A. Van Imschoot, of Gand, four years later, from both of whom materials were received for determination. It is quite. naika any other known species in its softly villose inflorescence, which is of a ote whitish green, like that of some species of is ite with minute purple spots on the disc, and a light yellow li as on tbe basal half. = ranggah Anea — Rolfe ; Ber pitosa, foliis rto ceolatis acum basi attenuatis, ibus uniflor enitn. ovatis mete omy ioo erecto b Baiko obtuso Rióuléte lateralibus patentibus lineari-oblongis subobtusis apiculatis, petalis oblongis obtusis apiculatis, labello subtrilobo lobis lateralibus anguste oblongis erectis intermedio patente MT retuso crenulato obtuse carinato ecalloso, columna clay. Han.—Costa Rica, Pfau. Folia 15-2 ped. Pm E poll. lata. BAL. Ey poll. uli m latum. Columna 3 poll. longa. An interesting addition to this singular little genus, of which living plants and dried specimens, together with a Metis sketch, have been sent to Kew by Mr. Richard Pfau, of Costa Rica. The flowers are white, with some purple markings on the middle and base of the lip. scapes are technically — as one-flowered in this group, though n the present species they are n in reality. The flowering axis is vie short, and Dacial in ie: axis of the leaf, whence ev one- flowered peduncles are pushed up, probably in successi he character may extend to other species, both of this and allied genera with a similar habit. 106. Catasetum Lemosii, Rolfe; pseudobulbis fusiformi-oblongis, folis elliptico-oblongis acutis v. apiculatis undulatis, scapis erectis 394. strictis multifloris, bracteis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis, sepalo postico erecto oblongo-lanceo olato aeuto coneavo lateralibus patentibus ovato- ari dg acutis concavis, petalis erectis elliptico-ovatis acutis con- vexis, labelio galeato trilobo ore late obcordato, lobis lateralibus quit) eotada da denticulatis intermedio triangulari acuto reflexo, columna oblonga rostrata antennis gracilibus apice confertis.— rh td roseum, Rodr. Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov., L, p. 128 {non Rehb. f.). Har. Brel, Rio de Fabrica, Ile de Marajo, Rodrigues. Upper Amazon, Lem Prowdobuidé 5-6 poll. iongi. Folia 8 poll. longa, 24 poll. lata. Scapi. i-l ped. longi. Bractee 4-5 poll. longæ. Pedicelli 7-9 lin. longi. iot 9 lin. esa 3 lin. lata. Petala 9 lin. longa, 5 lin. lata. Labellum 7-8 longum; 6—7 lin. latum. Columna 4-5 lin. longa. his species was s imperfectly deseribed by Barbosa Rodrigues, in 1877, under the name of Catasetum roseum, but as there is already a for the mei ie of Pará, who collected and gave it to Mr. E. S. Rand, ; from whom a fine drei been received at Kew. It is allied to C.a "Phe sepals and petals are brownish flesh- EDS dictate ase tawny yellow, and the lip light green with me yellow inside. Rodrigues describes fe as rose, but they are not so in his coloured drawing, nor in a specimen which flowered in the collection of M. Robinow, Esq., HuwthóP6doif “Palatine Road, Didsbury, in May 1892. The female flowers are still unknown 107. Catasetum Randii, Bo; Ve pennis ovoideo-oblongis, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis, floru scapis arcuatis 9-floris, bracteis oblongo-Janceolatis acutis, Sepalo te erecto oblongo-lanceolato acuto con erali i i lateralibus late oblongis obtusis fimbriatis intermedio oblongo mar- gine et facie nen setaceo-fimbriato apice rostrato recurvo medio saccato basi cristato, crista erecta lata apice tuberculato-fimbriata, columna ir rostrata antennis incurvis contractis, florum | 9 scapis erectis bifloris, braeteis ovato-oblongis acutis, sepalis petalisque reiiexis oblongis subacutis, labello supero galeato prelate margine minute denticulato, columna brevi crassissima apiculata Has.— Brazil, Rand. Pseudobulbi 14-2} poll. longi. Folia 5-7 poli. longa. Scapi 4 poll. longi. Bractee fl. g 2-3} lin. longæ, 1 lin. late. Sepala et petala 10-12 lin. longa, 3+4 lin. lata. Labellum 6 lin. longum, basi 4 lin. latum. Columna 6 lin. — -Braetec Ai. 9 4 lin. longs, 2 lin. me Sepala et petala 7 lin. longa, à a" lata. Labellum 74 lin, longum, 6 lin. latum. Columna 3 lin. lon A very interesting little plant, sen to Kew by E. S Are Esq., of Pará, who obtained it from the Upper Amazon, above When under cultivation at Pará a male dn foia noresi were ere produced on either side of the same pseudobulb, and these were put in spirit and sent to Kew ther with a living plant. [tis allied to C. garnet- — Rolte, w it closely resembles in habit, but is quite different 395 in the details of the lip, especially in the crest, which in the prese species is a short and broad brush-like appendage with many teeth, vit in the other a single slender spine-like organ. The female flowers are, as usual very fleshy, and of a uniform clear apple green, becoming niii with age, while the males are more membranaceous, and irregularly dotted with purple-brown on a green ground, the spots on the lip being very minute, and the crest white. 108. Ornithidium nanum, Zolfe ; conliine repentibus vaginis imbri- catis obtectis, pseudobulbis parvis lineari-oblongis monophyllis sub- confertis, foliis lineari-lanceolatis acutis carnosissimis supra canaliculatis, floribus lateralibus solitariis, pedunculis brevibus, bracteis ovatis acutis, sepalo postico ovato-lanceolato acuto, lateralibus triangulari-lanceolatis acutis basi eum columnze pede in mentum conicum extensis, petalis. lan- ceolatis subacutis, labello integro spathulato obtuso, callo lineari obtuze carnoso, columna clavata alis triangulari-oblongis aeutis. Has.—W. Indies. Planta 1—13 poll. alta. Pseudobulbi 3-31 lin. longi. Folia 4-1 poll. longa, 1-12 lin. lata. Pedunculi 7-8 lin. longi. Bractew 2 lin. longs. in lin. latum. uro 21 lin. longa, ale 4 lin. longe. Mentum 3 lin. ngum À remarkable little plant, not much exceeding an inch high, and quite unlike any other known species. It was se ent to Kew by Mr. Wilke, Superintendent of the Rotterdam Zoological Gardens, and bloomed in the collection dating September last. The flowers are yellowish white, and bear much resemblance to those of Dendrobium crumenatum in o 109. Trichocentrum Hartii, Rolfe: foliis sions subobtusis carnosis, seapis brevibus univelpaucifioris, bracteis late ovatis acutis conduplicatis, sepalis elliptico-oblongis subacutis concavis, petalis paulo latioribus subobtusis, labello brevissime .unguiculato pandurato-oblongo obtuso basi bilamellato lamellis bidentatis, caleare quam labellum breviore apice cutvato, columna brevissima alis láfó obovatis fimbriatis AB. —Venezuela, Folia 14-24 poll. longa, 3-1 poll. lata, . Scapi 1 poll. longi. - Bractec l lin. Jonge, Pedicelli 9 lin..longi. -Sepala 5 lin. longa, 2-24 lin. lata. Petala 5 lin. ges 3 lin. lata. Labellum. 19 lin. longum, 5 liu. latum.. Calcar . longum, | Columna 1$ lin. longa; ale, 2 lin thirds as long as the same or, r while in t present 234 ATH are only half as long. The ms is light yellow with the exception of the lip, which is white, with some brownish red stripes on the meo and a few minute spots of the same colour on the column-win of n ; Trevor Lawrence, Bart, Burford, Dorking, in September 1892, but d n e identi 396 110. Sarcochilus crassifolius, Rolfe; caule ancipite scandente dis- tichophyllo, foliis breviter petiolatis ovato-oblongis subacutis crasso- carnosis supra canalieulatis subtus carinatis pallide viridibus, pedunculis brevibus teretibus paucifloris, bracteis late triangulari-ovatis subacutis, sepalis petalisque elliptico-oblongis subobtusis concavis, labello un- guiculato trilobo lobis lateralibus faleato-oblóngis membranaceis, inter- ce ae obtuso carnoso, callo parvo didymo, eolumna brevi Bae Not ; kno Caules 3—4 lin. “Tati Folia 12-2 po longa, 6-9 lin. lata; petiolus 2—24 lin. longus. Pedunculi 1^3 po l. longi. Bractee 3 lin. long. Pedunculi 2-24 lin. longi. Sepala Pe lin. longa, T Hn lata. Petala sepalis subzequalia. Labium: 2 lin. longum, 31 lin. latum. Columna ih A climbing species, with curiously MR stem, which flowered in the collection of M. A. Van Imschoot, of Mon t-St. -Amand, Gond, in October last. It is apparently allied to the Javan S. anceps, Rehb. a a species only known me. the very short description, but which, however, has a filiform pedune e flowers are yellowish white, with the front lobe of the lip Telf and an orange blotch behind the crest, CCCCXXIII.— PLAGUE OF CATERPILLARS AT HONG KONG. (Metanastria punctata, Walker.) In the Kew Bulletin, 1890, pp. 224—229, there appeared an account, pete en by the Foreign Office, of a serious forest plague in Bavaria by the caterpillars of a moth known as Liparis Monacha Büvibias plague was estimated oH Mor dia loss amongst pine trees in one year of nearly 40,0007. In some of ee forests attacked the excreta from the promis was lying 6 Vindhes d This yea mewhat similar plague of ape as appeared on pine trees in the Ee of Hong Kong and on the mainland of China, in British Kowloon. These caterpillars also belonged to a large moth (Metanastria punctata, Walker). "This species is apparently not. kn out of China, but it is not remote, according to to Mr. W. F. H. Blandford, .E.S., from the European Gastropacha pini. In Hong Kong the trees attacked were those of Pinus ciem veu very largely planted in the island for re-foresting el eee A the caterpillar plague at Hong Kong has recently be en siden tein te Kew by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. This was prepared by J. Tutcher, the acting superintendent of the Botanical and Afforestation Department. The caterpillars were first seen towards the end of April, when the insects were not more than two or three lines in length, At that time the pest had not commenced its ravages, but pie its habits by past experience, and in view of the fact that rs were greatly in excess of anything seen before, active steps were tad by Government to employ Chinese to coliect them, and to establish depóts in various parts of the island where the caterpillars could ber mdp and -— for by weight. The caterpillars were caught by 397 py shaking the trees and picking. mre Od eem by means of pin cased in hese precautions were onal as the caterpillars were furnished wiih brin hairs, causing a good deal of pain if incautiously handled. They were destroyed by boiling water, after which they were buried. The plague abr for pwp months. The quantity of PME collected was over 60,000 catties, and weighed nearly 36 tons. Cocoon to the Sh of 5 ,000 eatties were also collected. Altogether it is estimated that about 35,000,000 insects were destroyed. The cost was 5,000 dollars The cause of the large increase in the caterpillars this year is attri- buted to the exceptionally severe winter of 1892-93, which was possibly unfavourable to some natural foe which kept the increase of the pone treni in check. The markings on the — correspond ve sely with sears on the branches of the pine trees. n this account the caterpillars are very difficult to see, even when EÀ are fully — They are then about 3 inches long and a quarter of a breadth. “This close — e “the branches of the ven points to a form of protection from other insect or bird.” - Another point in favour of the ketin i that the severe weather had killed its foe is the fact that the caterpillar had been known on the mainland for several years past, but previous a; the winter of 1892-93 it had not been known to do considerable damage. According to wi ations mà year, the life history of the insect is as follows: The firs eggs were laid at the end of April. The caterpillars became dhrysshás at the end of May or beginning of June. The moths appeared in the middle of June, and they were depositing the second lot of ee in Ju rt pa as follows: : * It is satisfaetory to know that the ebd employed for the extirpation of the scourge have been decidedly successful ; of the ‘many thousands of trees attacked, only a very small per-centage their leaves destroyed are recovering. ‘The pest, which at one time threatened the destruction of all the pine trees in the colony, has, for the present at least, been most successfully coped with.” CCCCXXIV.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. e DinEcTOR has been elected an honorary member of the New ficat M in recognition, ein ud other grounds, “ of the aid he [or rather Kew] has so cordially rendered to botiniy in the British colonies," a i i Fleet-Paymaster WirLiaw WykEHAM PERRY, R.N.—This officer, whose services to Kew deserve some record, died on the 14th of June, 1894, at the early age of 48,a fact that only recently came ng our knowledge. Mr. Perry distinguished himself 19 bee: ago by an act of 398 although suffering from a LM mouth, devotedly sucked the wound, un- happily without inn In 1873, with the co-operation of Comm odore Goodenough, he obtained a specimen of the only kind of tree that inhabits the remote erii Island in the South Indian Ocean. The existence of trees on the island had been eats eighty years pre- lene s but not until Mr. Perry sent a specimen to Kew, was it known same (Ph Bia arborea) as that inhabiting the 5,000 miles- distant Tristan d'Aeunha group. Subsequently, when stationed in the Red Sea, M specimens of the Myrrh and Olibanum trees of Somaliland. e wa also the first to bring to Europe living plants of the plant yielding Socotrine aloes, which proving new to science w as named in his honour Aloe Perryi. He further succeeded in procuring a specimen of the Dragon's Blood tree of Socotra, which yields the drug called — me o Gulf, in Seind, and in Madagascar and Johanna Island. ‘These collec- tions were all transmitted to Kew, and though Nee large, they invariably contained some interesting plants. His last collection, received in 1883, was more extensive, a ising nc of 250 species from Mandshuria, Formosa, and. the coast of China, These have been worked up in Forbes and Hemsley’s eet eA sinensis | 'The great Temperate House, or Winter Garden, was commenced in 1860 from desigus by Decimus Burton. In 1861 the octagons (50 feet’ diameter) were finished, In 1862 the centre block (212 by 137 feet and 60 feet high) was completed. The JUNK design. ineluded two wings (each 112 by 62 feet). These, however, were never erected, though the raised terrace was prepared for them. he Treasury has now sanctioned the erection of the meieoma wing, and the proposed works are being already taken in hand. I to maintain in this a warm greenhouse temperature soas 6. — the adequate iron sae of many economie and large succulent plants of which the existing accommodation —— uM at Kew does not permit the datiatactony development. - Lecanopteris carnosa, Blume.—The genus Lecanopteris is allied. to Dicksonia and Deparia, and contains four or five species, all Ju of Malaisia. It was formerly included in Polypodium, and L. carnosa, /38 al was supposed by Sir William Hooker to be an abnormal "Yor m of P. lom wee ie soc aeg desert ; p. 365). Itis remarkable in the form ad i manner of gro of its rhizome, which forms an irregular putty-like mer dedu the branches of trees, to which it clings by means of short brown fibrous roots, The rhizome is glaucous Breen, fleshy, and scaleless, bebdhifai brown and leathery i in texture with age. Its interior is fall of wel cavities or r galleri ies, similar to the myrmeco- pbilous region. The leaves are pinnate, from six arde to à foot long, and they spring from raised i crm. or mammz, which oceur about an inch apart all over the rhizome, a good picture of this species, with à note on its peculiarities, by 399 Barek in Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg, vol. iv., p. 96, t. 7, where it is called Polypodium patelliferum. A second species, JI 'Curtisii, i is figured in Hooker’s Leones Plantarum, t. 1607. Living examples of L. carnosa are now in cultivation at Kew for the first time, thanks to the exertions of Mr. C. Curtis, assistant superintendent of Forests, Penang, whose interesting account of how he obtained them is Ley in x the following letter :— | Botanic Gardens, Penang, qu te 12th July 1894. By the S.S. “Bombay,” which left day before yesterday, I shipped one. W. Case containing four big pigope of the Perak Lecan- opteris, which you asked for some time ago, and a few other things to up the ease. “This is the very first oppor smi I have had of getting this plant, and I hope you will receive it alive. I cut off the portion of the tree on which it was growing, so that it is as ue esta- blished as it is possible to be, and I was Ake enough to the Bo adr ^ the plant was one. clear day. I started a en ter oo ere and got up to the top soon hy mid-day, collected the plant and got back to a bungalow about 2,000 feet down and slept there. The following morning I started at 5 a.m. to catch the boat for Penang, and on C. Curtis. ete a ee a ; = Dara ene. the minute alga Eee Flevxigha, Kutz., and 4. ng. n Nord., have s minnie sig immense numbers, forming a verdigris-green layer on the surface of the pond in front of the Palm House at Kew. Hydrodictyon po teree Roth., prm known as the * water-net," has also been very * the largest and most beautiful of European d 'otà Frisii Lasch., and Agaricus augustus, Fries., hitherto only ica Lepiota breit, Lo for Britain, have occurred in the Arboretum, Serag rem is closely allied to the common iiusheobi sep campestri larger size et superior flavour. 400 Korarima Cardamom.—The plant furnishing Korarima cardamoms appears to have never been seen by botanists or to have been ye botanieally, though Pereira proposed for it the name o 0 Korarima. There are specimens of dried fruits in the Kew Mince received from Bombay and Aden through the Indian Museum, from the Hanbury’s Pharmacographia (Second Ed., pp. de :—* The Arab inte a f ca hich was later known in Europe, and is mentioned in the most na occurring also in Valerius Cordus and Mattiolus. Like some vod Eastern drugs, it sons disappeared from European comm and its name came transferred to Grains of Paradise, which to the present day are known in the shops as Semina Cardamomi on a cord to dry; such — of cardamoms are sometimes used b the Arabs as rosaries. The fruit in question is ealled in the Galla Valrirdepte orari orarima, but it is also known - wrági spice, and by its Arabie names of Heil and abhal-habashi.” As the plant furnishing Korarima Cardainoms appears to be indigenous Nyanza to Abyssinia, it may soon be possible to obtain fresh seed or rhizomes in order to cultivate it in this country. We hope European travellers in Eastern Africa will make a note that the md of Korarima Cardamom is at present a mucli desired acquisition at Kew which ieee frons "th e usual orm to three, four, five, and six-lobed. A very fine ene of this latter form, which is in fact a triple frnit in which three nuts are developed, has just been presented to the Museum by the are ete of Ripon, to whom it was given by H.H. Abdullah, ex-Sultan of Index Ke wensis : Fasciculus iii— The editing and printing of this valuable work have so far proceeded without hiteh or interruption, and if all continues to go well we may look for the fourth and concluding part six months hence at the latest. Part 3 comprises 640 pages, and.carries the “ Index " from weg, to Psidium. It appeared about the middle of October. Upwards of 250 pages of the fourth part are already in re importance, because it includes a large number of garden names, or names publ lished without descriptions or with inadequate descriptions, 401 which it was not considered desirable to include in a purely botanical work, though the references are of great use in tracing and naming cultivated plants. Trees and Shrubs of the Bombay Presidency.—Mr. W. A. Talbot F.L.S., Deputy Conservator of Forests, has compiled what he modestly entitles a systematic list of the trees and shrubs and w oody climbers of the Bombay Presidency. Sind and North Kanara are included, and are referred to separately by name throughout the book. It is, however, very much more than a list, as it contains brief descriptions of the orders, genera, and cies, together with references to Hooker’s Flora o real merits or defects of such a book are discovered by using it; but from a cursory examination it appears to have been prepared very carefully, and it is certainly singularly free from peli gee errors. The arrangement, paper, and typography are go and the book is by forest officers. The author expresses a naa that it a, form Zealand outlying erudi is situated in 54? S. lat .and previous to 1880 only about half a ess vascular plants were knowa from thence, sent of the Otago Daiversiy, visited the i island, and M Died = number i wo such aris as Stilbocarpa po and Pleurophyllum — , which also inhabit the Aukin and Campbell Islands, and the forakt the mainland o Another interesting plant, and one of the commonest, is Azorella Selago, which has not been found in the New Zealand Islands, but has a westward distribution in the Marion, Crozets, Kerguelen, and Heard ome and in Fuegia Thos. Kirk has recently sent Eee -— Eee flowering ‘iting from the same source, collec ied by V Hamilton. They are :—Zanunculus crassipes, a Kerguelen viae "Caitieriehe antarctica psia cespitosa, in a perated condition; Festuca, sp Agrostis antarctica, Uncinia compacta, var. nervosa ; an seedling of Epilobium nummularifolium attached to the roots of the last. Fragments ofthe following mosses and liverworts were ner attached to the other plants :—Bartramia affinis, Posee Tur nens Cheiloscyphus australis, Jungermannia rotata, hoe Arse and Polyotus magellanicus, besides an indeterminable prem opus ? and a Jungermannia. Mr. Kirk writes that the total number of species ar several of which, however, have A come under observation at Kew We have also one more addition to the vascular plants of Macquarie Island, namely, Lycopodium Baldo; which was attached to the same sheet of paper as the original specimen of Azorella Selago, sent by Charles Fraser. "This widely dispersed Iv is not known from any . of the other islands south of New Zealand 402 Flowering of Camoénsia maxima in England.—Through fhe courtesy of Mr. William Bull we have seen a flower of this gorgeous the first inflorescence, we believe, produced in Europe, Camotae maxima was one of the numerous important discoveries made by the late Dr. Welwitsch during a long residence in Angola. It is a member of the Leguminose, and was first described and figured in a in the Transactions of the Louies Society (vol. xx., p. "301, plate 36). The flowers of Welwitsch's original speeimens, represented in the plate cited, are just about a toot long, “and the largest in the natural order. ‘These specimens were collected. at Golungo Alto, alittle north of the River Cuanza. Subsequently Mr. and Mrs. Monteiro sent specimens to Kew and Mr. H. H. Johnston from the Congo, below Stanley Pool. Both of these specimens have shorter flo owers, as well as the cultivated plant; r. W. M s successful cultivator of the Cimobisid ; and he writes that the ges of the white petals are at first of a bright golden yet changing $ “od gold on the full expansion of the flowers. The plant in question produced only one raceme of four flowers. Mr, Monteiro, who figured and described the Camoénsia Ier Ga and ed inq Congo, vol. i., p. 177), sent seeds to Kew from the locality mentioned above in 1873; and a LI * © w and y ,in tha ms den Dr. Trimen recorded (* Gardeners ots d f flowering it at Kew yet, though we have now had it growing for twenty-two yeat as AD. insectic id ie original Ag wood was derived fire ara, L., a small tree “of urinam. The supply, how- ever, fell e: ane, ne 2a of commerce is now almost entirely derived from i er W om the s Jamaica Quassia or (Picrena excelsa, Lindl. This is a large tree 40 to 60 feet high, with a trunk sometimes attaining a diameter of 1 to 2 feet. It has pinnate leaves not unlike an ash, hence one of its colonial names, bitter ash. The flowers are small, yellowish-green in colour, followed by small black berries. Quassia is. imported into this country in billets or logs. U sually the smoothish grey bark has been removed. _The wood is of a pale-yellowish colour; it has no odour, ey is of an niens bitter taste. Quassia chips are offic inal in the Pharmacopeias Britain, India, and the United States. ‘They possess tonic and Arsen propecia, and are valuable in dyspepsia and debility. Bitter cups (in which water allowed to stand acquires a bitter pans ha e made from as. wo eae The active principle is Quassin t Quassite, which appears in small white crystals, Tuy bitter and permet It is present in the proportions of about 44, per cent. Although an dp mra of Quassia is harmless to human beings, it is Aspen that the drug acts as a narcotic porron to animals, 1t is used in what is ya ku as papier mouri to des roy flies, and fruit and hop gr use ated quantities at im times of the year to destroy spider E Ln en “ blights.” To prepare an extract of quassia on 403 soap. A simple igtision without soap is, Baste quite as ; reddite and for use in green-houses the latter is preferred, Quassia water is odourless, and perfectly safe to use. In these respects it is preferable to both kerosine emulsions and to tobac acco water, There is always a certain amount of risk in using kerosine emulsion even in the most careful hands, and m the smell is 'ipoliilly objectionable. If more at Qu e i Coffee and Tea in Travancore—Travancore, a native state, occupies the extreme south-western corner of India. It is very picturesque, and its vasis forests contain much teak, black-wood, ebony, and other valuable trees. The cultural resources of the State are not very widely posed The following information respecting coffee and tea is taken from by on the Forests of Travancore by Mr. T. F. Bourdillon, F. Li S. dated 29th December 1892 :— Coffee:—About the year 1872, a fungoid disease (Hemileia vastatrix), which had attacked ga leayes of the coffee plant. in Geyler some three years previously, began to appear in Tarai ai rapidly spread through every estate in the country. As, however, ae price of coffee remained high, and “ the leaf disease,” as it was called, ure and careful management, extension of cultivation still went on. After 1877 prices began to fall, until they reached a figure which could aiy pay those owners of estates who were getting large crops, and this the disease prevented. Under these combined circumstances, one estate after another was abandoned, and dt the pre cilia moment almost the only estates still cultivated with coffee are those which had been planted on exceptionally fertile soil, or gode have other advantages enabling them to yield good crops. The exports of coffee last year amounted to only 6,546 cwts. Prices of coffee are again mueh higher wing to short ope in aasi, and it is possible that the area indak "that product in Travanco y be again slightly increased, but it is unlikely that there will ever be a aay great extension. Although leaf disease and low prices together combined to ruin the coffee enterprise, other causes contributed to bring about that result, Much of the land planted was steep, and the heavy rain washed the soil away, other parts were expos to wind, or contained poor soil, while nearly everywhere the coffee plants were hurriedly planted out without a proper rejection of the weak and sickly specimens. Indeed pper who have studied the question are generally agreed that the leaf ase was a result rather than a cause, and that it would never have have ons the damage it did, unless the coffee plants had been already in à sickly condition, a belief that is supported by the fact that in Coorg where the soil is good and cultivation receives due attention, leaf disease is little fea Tea ~The tea plant was introduced into Travancore by General Cullen many years ago, but it was not until 1876 or 1887 that any 404 efforts were made to extend its cultivation, The first attempts proved so successful, that a large area n and som extensions are made every year. The annual out-turn must be nearly a million !bs, of made tea, but there are no statistics on the subject Araian. The arva para tea is probably about 3,000 6,000 feet. In the um situation it is pennis to start on account of the drought ; and the greater heat eauses it to winter more thoroughly, but during the monsoon months the growth is Mosi ibl rapid, and fully makes up for its cessation in the dry weather. At the higher eleva- tions the growth is more regular, but less rapid, and the yield less, but quality is better, so that the advantages of either situation are about equally balanced, Probably the iem elevation is about midway between It that the the two at about 3,000 feet. ere that first suecess was eai and here a very pests kes yield can be obtained, while the s more favourable for Europeans than in the low country. The mi position of - tea industry in Travancore is decidedly ing. The yield is good and the class of tea is on a level with that of Ceylon. The mistake of planting steep lands, made in the case of coffee, has been avoided, and the plants have been singularly free from diseases or MÀ of insects. y one or two of the estates at r elevai e suffered from the tea mosquito (Helopeltis —— which punctures the leaves cy prevents the plants flushing. The low prices now ruling, which are the result of extended cultiva- tion, re not admit of pee profits, but it is nevertheless possible to obtain a very fair return on the capital expended. ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. — 2 EM No. 96. IN DECEMBER. [1894. CCCCXXV.—CULTURAL INDUSTRIES IN DOMINICA. Dominiea (Kew Bulletin, 1891, p. 115), is = largest and most southerly of the Leeward Group in the West contains 291 square nis and has a population of about 29, 500. The principal town is Roscau on the south-west coast. The surface is very moun- tainous, and ;abundantly clothed with vegetation, and in — every valley there is a. clear running stream of water. The climate, for the tropies, is generally cool and pleasant. The rate of mortality i is 15-6 pe The rainfall is abundant and regular, All the high eleva- tions are covered with virgin forests, and only about 20,000 acres out of a total cf 186,436 acres are now under cultivation. In fact, this beautiful and fertile island is quite undeveloped. A full account of the fruits of Dominica, by Dr. A. Alford Nicholls, F.L.S., was published in the Kew Bulletin, 1888 (pp. 197-214). general review of the island and its agricultural resources was given by Mr. Morris in the report of his mission to the West Indies in 1890-91 (Kew Bulletin, dne pp. 115-119). In this report was also included a description of the steps taken to start the Botanie Station at Roseau. Information of a later date respecting the work of the station is given in the Kew Bulletin, 1893 (pp. 148 and 359). Since that time the affairs of Dominica have occupied a good we of attention. A Report of e Royal Commission appointed September 1893, to inquire into the co dition and affairs of the island of Dominica has lately been Sinni to Kew by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Corowxian Orrice to Rovar GARDENS, Kew. Downing Street, Sir, 3rd November 1894. I am directed by the marques: of Ripon to transmit to you a y of the recently Lenin report of Sir. R. G. C. Hamilton upon the bod of Domin u 85017. 187 E Wt. 45. E.&S. A 406 His Lordship is glad to observe that the valuable services rendered by your department to the Fees Indies are noticed by Sir R. Hamiiton on Hn rtm qo and 15 of his rep add that a copy neh ‘this letter will be sent to the First Com- scien ical Works. m, &c. ( Signed) x EDWARD WINGFIELD. The Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. In this report Sir Robert rs C. Hamilton, K.C.B., the Royal Com- missioner, has presented a very complete account of the condition of the lony. The portion vies doi: with the natural resourees of the island and the s whereby they might be more fully developed, n the work undertaken by Kew in ee. to encourage a wider range of cultural industries in the West Indie Dominiea is undoubtedly a most fertile island, aud suitable for rais- ing almost every description of tropical produce. Very strong evidence m given to abs eid by Dr. Ed who speaks with authority on t iselt the -a text-book on tropical indard work on thé Fabfeot- ‘Rather more = Si] 100 years ago the island was very d cate boul euam was coffee, of which theannual export amounted in four and five miilion pouads weight. "But this pr ropert ake ea continue. In the closing years of the last century many of the planters, who were French, were hostile to British rule, and political disturbances were frequent. These disturbances led to the de sportation of man French residents, and the numerous serious outbreaks and depredations of runaway slaves caused other planters to leave the island and abandon their estates, or place them in the bands of attorneys, who often mis- mana. hese bere “seriously interfered with the staple industry of the island, and its output diminished. nother cause which operated in the same liros was the denudation of the forest- lands, which was going on in some of the western districts of the island, where coffee was principally grown. This injuriously- affected its cultivation, especially. on steep hillsides. Moreover, as a rule, manure was not used at ali, or only in insufficient quantities, and the soil of many of the earlier plantations — became exhausted. Then, early in the present century, an insect blight made its appearance in the coffee plantations, aud inflicted considerable ravages, and in 1834 a hurricane occurred which created great havoc among the trees. The high price of sugar, mete ts induced MARE ' the coffee planters to root up their coffee trees avd to plant canes. But the result, as a rule, was not successful, for where cole had grown well, planters often failed to grow sugar, as the same soils and situations are not suitable for the growth of both these products. Afterwards came negro emancipation, and with it the impossibility, many cases, > obtaining sufficient e at the right moment for taking in the erop. These causes all combined practically to ex- tinguish the dalles eultivation of the i tend. Owners finding their estates unprofitable, got rid of them as best they abate "Roto few sold them, generally for small sums, and to persons without adequate capital hem. Others divided them up among their conuexions or dependents or former slaves. Some abaudoned - them altogether, and the peasantry appropriated them. Thus the class of peasant proprietors 407 we and they turned their attention mainly to the supply of what are led “ provisions” in Dominica, that is, cassava, arrowroot, plantains, bananas, yams, &e. In this way they raised sufficient fcod for their w in money, they praetically abandoned the cultivatiou of coffee altogether. 8 the coffee cultivation decreased sugar cultivation was advancing, bat i never flourished like the old staple product of the island. Still solong as the price of sugar kept up there was a certain amount of und situation, many sugar estutes have been abandoned, large numbers of cople have been thrown out of employment, and the island is in a depressed condition. Many planters tn pin their faith to the cultivation of sugar, and hope against hope that brighter times are in store for this industry, out of which so many for tunes were made in the old days. ‘They contend that foreizn countries cannot always go on granting bounties, and that. besides, the consumer must, in — come to recognise the superiority of cane to beet t sugar, and t that when he does, prosperity in this industry will revive. 1 am not without » e in this direction, but Dominica has not much land relatively to her area suitable to the cultivation of canes, which can only be profitably grown in the valley beds and surfaces low down, or of moderate undulation. Hope for the future of Dominica, therefore, in my view, lies mainly in the extension of other cultivations. It is the adaptability of pet soil to the production of many different m - produce. It is quite true that no other cultivation affords the ria employment to the labouring population as the cultivation of sugar d but there is plenty of room and to spare in Dominica for the settlement on the land of all the labourers who are now out of employment. I think what I have said above accounts to a great extent for the backwardness of the island, when compared with the other West Indian Islands, a point to which special reference was made in the Secretary of State’s letter of instructions to me. But there is anoth also at but these I regard ra ather as a symptom than the seat of the disease. But, while it is admitted that discontent is not a congenial soil for the growth of the prosperity of the hie it re fo asked why, in spite of this, some improvement is not being effec ; of the island, and why, if Dominica is so fertile, the cofiee industry is not revived, and other remunerative industries introduced for which the island is suitable? y answer is that something is being done in this direction, The cultivation of limes and cocoa is now considerable in fluctuates from various causes, on the whole it annually increasing. The lime crop also is steadily increasing, and although some witnesses expressed a fear that the supply of this product might exceed the demand, when it is borne in mind that there are three distinet articles produced from the lime—citrie acid, lime juice, and essential oil of limes—I do A 29 408 rot think there is any cause for alarm that the production of limes of ihe quality grown in Dominica, whieh is the best in the world, will ever cease to be a EE e industry. Coffee, too, is being — opem not to the extent it ought. The kind known as Liberian, which is never affected by blight, and which has the advantage of bein easily ud ed, asit ripens gradually instead of all at once like the Arabian coffee, i is being introduced o n the lower grounds, while Arabian coffee, the old coffee of the isla nd, i is being introduced at the higher elevations, where the effect of the blight upon it is never serious. "The substitution of one a t of cultivation for another, however, is a matter of time. Cocoa trees are not in full bearing until seven years after they are planted, sre until ten years, and coffee until from four to six years, according to the elevation at which the trees are planted, and, to some extent, inel to their exposure. ealtivations, but i 8 orne in mind that minica inly of small proprietors, who owe their origin to the circumstances in her history th bave deseribed, and that a great barrier to her progrere exists in the want of knowledge of the people. aoe. — a small money wants by selling any yeso beyond pus was Saya by themselves and ae families. There never was much of a market for * provisions," but now that many sugar estates have gone out of cultivation, and few papie have any money to spend, there is scarcely any market at all. Obviously what these small holders should do, and what they are beginning to do, is also to cultivate some of those other produets I have referred to, for which there is always a market. But it takes time for these poor ‘people to appreciate the necessity of doing this. Then, again, they know little of the best methods of cultivating cocoa, limes, and ppe n have any effective steps been taken to instruct them on this er. It is true that the present Governor of the Leeward Islands, ‘Sir William Barock Smith, has established a botanical station at Roseau, at which plants of these trees can b trade with England might be developed, kola nuts, spices of various sorts, and medical herbs, for the cultivation of which mauy parts of the island are peculiarly suitable. This I regard as a matter for which he is most highly to be commended. It is impossible to over estimate the value of the assistance which our colonies in such matters receive from the authorities at Kew Gardens. In fact, but for their action in directing attention to the benefits to be derived from the establishment of botanical stations, I doubt whether any of those stations would be in existence at all. Kew, moreover, not only lends her powerful aid in inducing Colonial Governments to intro- duce such stations, but she also finds curators for them, supplies them with plants, and is always ready to give counsel and advice, from ex- perience collected from all parts of the world, as to the descriptions and methods of cultivation most suitable for the different colonies, and the most approved ways of preparing the various products and ie them into their most marketable shape. e colonies themse l alive to the value of the services that Kew renders to "ilios in the : etre of their resources, but I doubt whether the important part that she plays in such matters is fully known in this country, or is appreciated as it ought to 409 In Dominica, however, though the evidence of the curator of the botanical station at Roseau shows that the demand for plants is rapidly increasing on the part of the owners of the larger estates, it is doubtful whether many of the smaller proprietors are even aware of the existence of the Botanieal Station. Every means possible should be taken of m cultivating something besides “ provisions.” They should be instrueted as to "e soil, situations, and exposures best suited for the cultivation of tion of those eats for which it is most suitable ; with the distances that trees of each sort should be planted apart, whisk differs even with the same description of cultivation on steep and on flat surfaces; with the best ways of sheltering such cf them as require shelter; with the e p produce for market. Notices containing this information should be spread freely throughout the island. The district government officers should be required to explain and disseminate this information as widely as possible, and the good offices of the priests and espagne in every parish shculd be enlisted in the same direction, and I believe their co-operation would be heartily given. 1 this were done a marked improvement would soon be visible in the island. e following evidence was taken in regard to the work of the Botanic Station :— ( Extract.) r. J. Jones, curator, Botanical Station. Wiese plants for sale at a small cost, mainly cocoa, coffee im two rts, Liberian and Arabian, kola nuts, vanilla, spices, limes, ora "The ident has chiefly been for coffee plants this year, last year it was for lim Cocoa pods for seed are obtained from Montserra c es made simply cover the cost of seed, pa rest is found by the Botanical Station. e larger cultivators take the majority of the plants. E say if all small cultivators know of the advantages of the UNI |: sell as little as one plan s not been able to "py the m which is increasing, as the funds at his disposal are not sufficien Has plenty of space in which to sate his operations. Montserrat cocoa obtains a nigh price than Trinidad cocoa. Small cultivators chiefly take lim Cocoa plants are 2s. 6d. per 100 in yo pots. Price for cocoa is 6d. per pod, the price given in Montserrat. Cocoa is delicate in the young state. Has sent out about 2,000 orange plants this year of the indigenous plant, but pre M. to get a better plant. Does not use Good pidas orum: is far better than artificial. Has to send weekly and poser reports to Mr. Barber at Autigua. Any demand over 1l. has to go to Antigua to be signed by the Governor. as six men and six women working in the gardens, and two men in the nursery. 410 The previous curator sent out 9,000 plants in 1891. This year the station has already sent out over 20,000. Has never had eomplaints as to plants sent out; as a rule the plants have done we -. There is now a great demand for Liberian coffee. - CCCCXXVI,.—GERMAN COLONIES IN TROPICAL RICA. ie a Foreign Office Report [ No. 346, Miscellaneous Series, 1894] on * German Colonies in Africa and the South Pacific ' a uo forwarded 2 ge Khibberloy by Mr. Martin Le M. Gossel in, C.B., H.M. Chargé d'Affaires at Berlin, some interesting pere uiars are given respecting the development of agriculture under German auspices in Tropical Africa, The principal i items are e contained i in nee following extracts :— —. TocoraAND. This i is the first German Colony on the West Coast of Africa. It lies immediately east of the British Colony of the Gold Coast and between it and the French Colony of Dahomey. The estimated area is 60,000 square kiloms. e population is said to number two and a half millions. Of these, in 1893, only 56 were Europeans. The port of the Colony is at Klein Po Lome is also a thriving town with 14 factories or European trading houses. * Togoland, from a financial point of view, is the most satisfactory of all the German Colonies. It is indeed, the only African Colony iain Ne its way without asking for a subsidy from the Imperial Gover “ The chief products of dio Colony are : « Palm-oil. .Palm-kernels. Cocoa- iud These were planted until quite recently only for the consumption of the natives ; latterly the cultivation has much increased. The Europeans have gine from 60,000 to 70,060 trees, and the natives are following their ex : Indian corn is grown in large quantities, but little is pote! as most of ihe crop is wanted for home consumption. A considerable quantity, was, however, sold last year to the this Commissariat for the supply of the troops engaged in the Dahome “Ground nuts are now only planted in id quantities almost exclusively for native consumption. * Caoutchouc grows well on the hills in the interior, and it is intended to plant a large quantity of indiarubber trees * Trees resembling mahogany, and in less ^. "erre ebony, are to be found in the forests along the Haho and Sio R anges, lemons, figs, pine-apples, melons, amie m: Joan Poppa and tomatos are all to be found in Togoland, an attempt is now being made to renr the estopa, The coffee plántatioe are Going well, and the first coffee harvest will be gathered this year. Very successful experiments have n likewise made in arboriculture, Eucalyptus and mango trees thriving particularly well. As for vegetables, salad, ero turnips, parsley, and asparagus are success- fully cultivated. Potatoes on the contrary are not a success.” 411 CAMEROONS. The Colony of Cameroons is situated in the Bay of Biafra opposite the Spanish Island of Fernando Po. Before the recent aa with England and France a area of this Colony was estimated at 413,000 square kiloms. The coast region is composed of primeval forest with a fruitful and rich soil, but unhealthy for Europeans. Adjoining i is a high-lying, grassy, Mone viti me tableland, with a cool tem ture and a healthy clim aet is de peii hinterland ming depend on the development of the interior portions and the encou ment of trade with native states. The pia condition of the M is described as follows :— * The chief productions of the Cameroons are : * Palm-oil, the staple production of the Colon ay: “ Palm-kernels and Palm kernel-oil, a good clean oil, chiefly consumed by the natives, and seldom coming into the markets. * Kopra, : e dried kernel of the cocoa-nut; a great many plantations have been m di Pacco found in all parts of the Colony, but edd in the high- lands. Experiments are being made under Dr. Pre the Director of brasiliensis) ; some of the imported trees are alread to 5 metres high, and if they continue to thrive in the Cameroons rhe will be of great advantage to the Colony as they yield the best rubber in the world. * Ebony, chiefly found in the Cameroons Mountains “ Mahogany and other timber, the export trade of these articles is mostly carried on by Swedes in sailing ships. “ Ivory, of which there is a plentiful supply, especially from the neighbourhood of the Mungo and Sannaga Rivers and the Batanga Hinterlan “ Cacao , the cultivation of which is being largely extended, though the plants are 'still too oo young for a large yield; one plantation raised in the year ended July, 1893, 200 kilos. cacao, and the Ambas Bay Trading Company exported 6,928 kilos : “ Coffee plantations are thrivi ing well, 12,000 Arabian coffee trees have been planted in the Victoria district, ‘also trees from Liberia and Jamaica; three year old plants have already borne a very heavy - Tobacco, 6,500 kiloz. were produced last year, realising an average price of 5s. per Ib. Experiments, so far satisfactory, are beiug made iu the rsen, Garden for cultivating vanilla, pepper, Jamaica ginger, cardamom ipecdcustts, and European vegetables. “The natives confine themselves, as a rule, to the cultivation of bananas, thon, maize, sugar-canes, oranges, and pine-ap mm ts in 1893 were valued at 206,250/., consisting of palm-oil, palm-kern m, ivory, and ebony. The trade is still carried on to a great dicii e barter, money not being of much use except in the coast towns German East AFRICA. German we Africa, the creation of Dr. Carl Peters, is an extensive tract of co ' covering 955,220 square kiloms. It has a coast line opposite Zausibàr of about 360 miles and extends inland as far as Lake 412 Vietoria Nyanza on - north a Lakes Tanganyika and Nyassa and the Stephenson Roa he only item of pai ge mitaaa from an agricultural mu of view from German East Africa is the occurrenee on the newly planted coffee areas of the well-known but Pipe coffee-leaf disease of ylon (Hemileia vastatria inthe Kew Bulletin, 1893, p. 361, correspondence was published on the subject of preventive measures to be adopted in British Central Africa for keeping out this disease from the coffee plantations in the Shire Highlands. The need for these measures is now greatly enforced by the calamity tiae has overtaken the German plantations to the north. Mr. H. H. Johnsion, C.B., regarded the “ introduction of the leaf disease * of Ceylon into uw coffee plantations ue — Africa as likely to ruin 15 * the commencing prosperity of the country." There is no doubt the disease is in German territory. Seite mens of diseased coffee leaves were [hah to Kew by the Deutsch- Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft and at request and expense a telegraphic message was sent to Africa confirming - suspicion that the disease was Hemileia vastatrix. Mr. Gosselin s :— “The yik coffee disease has unfortunately been discovered this season in East Africa. Every effort is being made to exterminate it, but if naturally throw back the Koao of what promised to be onë of the most successful crops in the Colon CCCCXXVIL—SISAL HEMP IN THE BAHAMAS. The gradual development of the Sisal hemp industry in the Bahamas continues to be watched with a good deal of interest. It is now in a position when exports of prepared fibre have begun to be made and its value quoted as a regular article of commerce. “An n important statement on the subject (in continuation of that in Kew Bulletin, 1894, p. 189) contained in the following extract from the Annual Repo rt on the Taken for 1893, submitted by the Governor, Sir Ambrose Shea, to the Secretary of State for the Colonies [ Colonial Reports, Annual, No. 110, 1894. ] The export of Bahama hemp amounted in 1893 to 1,2007. as against 692/. in 1892. The area of Crown land now disposed of is 85,000 acres, while about 15,000 acres of private land is also in course of cultivation, The quantity planted at the end of 1893 was 17,000 acres, an annual increase of about 6,000 acres will be the rate of progress. The history of the origin and growth of this nut has so often been written that but little remains to be said in that ati It will, hereafter, be a record of increasing Siveloguidat and soci advancement which sites now appear to be as assured as is nDe in the course of human events. As far as the welfare of the Colony is cerned there seems to be the minimum of uncertainty, for it is nof coii váble that the value of the fibre can go below the cost of produc- tion, though the profit, as in the case of all commercial enter rises, must ever be an u neertain and varying quantity, The export of 1893 was SALA below the ARES ei though not from want of an ample supply of 413 United Salers and the low price o of the ey o consequen in a pas cleaned perfectly, at the smallest sible amount of waste (Kew Bulletin, 1894, p. 189). There can be but little doubt that this machine will be universally adopted, as, besides its efficiency, it is cheaply operated, a woman to feed the machine with leaves, another to remove the finished fibre, being all the labour attendant on this process. It has been for some time a subject of much thought as to how the smali cultivators were to utilise their labour where, as in the great majority of lantings too limited to admit of the cost of a machine. A satisfactory som. however, has now been found which will bea great boon to this class and will bring the blessings of the industry home to the humblest peasant in the Colon ny. The process is as simple as it is available to all, and consists of a slit being made in the thick end of the leaf, when it is torn asunder, leaving the inner part exposed, and by then soaking it in salt water, which is never far to reach, in about a week the pulp may be removed by hand and the fibre preserved. No waste whatever is found in this method ; and it is under- There has always been a certain amount of speculation as to the effects of hurricanes on the fibre fields, and though the plants are so hardy, the idea was in some degree a disturbing one. ‘The question has been satisfactorily tested. In August last, as well as in October the Bahama Islands were visited with hurricanes which did considerable damage fo various kinds of property. In one or two cases fibre fields, by unusual — of the tides, were laid under water, and it was sup- posed that in these instances much injury had been done to the plants, In all other pn though exposed to the force of the storm, the plants their power of resistance was thus merged ey finally recovered to t extent, and they are now being " producing a fibre not much inferior to the best, but classed as No. 2, use of some small s og discoloured — detracts 1 unds of leaf yielding not more than four or five Sociis of fibre. Of the large plantations one has over 5,000 acres under cultiva- tion, one about 3,000, oue 2,000, and two others 1,000 acres each. e smaller farms are from 900 to about 700 aeres. Now wd a standard 414 scutching machine has been accepted exports should go forward moderately in 1894, but on a large and increasing scale in the following and future years. The gonecidly accepted standard of 600 plants to the acre, is now in many cases being changed to 300 and in some instances to If this increased number be not found to impede harvesting by the inconvenient crowding of the plants, the yield per acre should, of course, be largely augmented. ‘The estimated annual yield of a single Adr is 1,200 1 two pounds of fibre, and thus, instead of a return of 1 . from the earlier rete. of 600 suckers, assuming that the eed are nof modified by want of room for the full development of the plants, 2,000 lbs. will fo pom jipaka yield where 1,000 plants are given to the acre (Signed) A. SHEA. CCOCXXVIII. —SAGO QU LTIVATION IN NORTH BORNEO. J The sago of < commerce s kind pL hate ee ap internal stems of certain pals iiiv of the Malay Archipelago, Borneo, New Guinea, and possibly [y of Fiji. The word sago or sagu is said to. be Papuan for bread. There are two well-recognised species of sago palms. The smooth or spineless sago palm (Metroxylon Sagu) is specially abundant in Sumatra and adjacent islands. It does not reach so far eastward as New Guinea. In North Borneo it is known as rumbia benar. Wet rich soils, especi- ally at the base of mountains, are its favourite localities. This species is regarded as the principal botanical source of the sago received in Eur "Pls Quéfuf sago palm (Metroxylon Rumphit) is found further east than the other x anni It is plentiful in New Ginas, and in the Tae and Ambo ago palms riso bts each other in general appearance, but the acri is a * riae tree, and it has its leafstalk and the sheaths enveloping the lower part of the flower spikes armed with sharp spines from an inch to about 1 inch long. It has, moreover, decided littoral tendencies, and is abundant along the shores of many small islands forming a dense impenetrable belt. In North Borneo the thorny sag palm is known as rumbia berduri or rumbia salak. Some sago is obtained from the sugar palm (Arenga sacehar ifera) after the plant is exhausted of its saccharine juice. The sago palm of err is Caryota urens. The farinaceous part of the trunk of old trees said by Roxburgh to equal the best sago from the Malay islands. In Chi ina, Japan, mi Behe sago, differing in character of the starch grains from p sago, is obtained from species of-Cycas such as he: EAER and C. RE The commercial Hii sok tiie? of the latter is very sli The clivation * the true sago palms is entirely confined to the „Eastern Ar Archipe 'The plan nts are difficult to grow elsewhere, and it is improbable, a the industry will extend beyond its present limits. Both species of Metrozylon are monocarpic aie die after the seeds are 415 ripened. The life of the plant lasts for about 15 to 20 years, at the end of which period the terminal inflorescence is formed. In spite of the d of flowers very few fruits are produced ; these occupy two or three years in ripening. The propagation of these palms is usually affected by means of suckers or stolons formed round the base of old trees. An interesting account of sago cultivation in Province Dent in b British North Borneo is incl or Cr ,in the report on the Blue Book of Labuan for 1893. [Colonial Reports, No. 122 Annual 1894.] As the subject has not with in on the spot by Mr. J. G. G. Wheatley is reproduced for general information ;— A Report ON SAGO CULTIVATION IN Province DENT. The sago palm, from which is manufactured the well-known sago flour of commerce, resembles in appearance the cocoa-nut tree. The former is valued for its trunk alone, € nuts are useless, and the tree dies if allowed to fruit. Varieties of Sago Palm. . There are only two kinds of sage palm which are cultivated, the * rumbia benar ” P^ rea sago), and the “rumbia berduri " (the thorny sago), also known as “rumbia salak." In appearance, both are the same, but on ciatis inspection ge stems of the latter, to which the leaves are attached, known as “ pallapa,” will be found to be ora with bunches of thorns about 1} to 3 inches long. Mode of Planting. 2. Sago grows chiefly on damp ground subject to floods at certain times of the year. If grown in swamps, less sago is produced and the trunks do not attain as great a height as when planted on clayey damp soil subject to floods periodically. Once planted, the tree withstands floods and brackish water, but in the latter it does not grow as fast and the trunks are small. Sago is planted chiefly by suckers "e : Er earth is placed about the roots, but the plants are supported in an upright position by two sticks fixed on either side. The earth gradually fills the holes re pi rains and floods. One man with an assistant can Rumbia berduri is preferred to the rumbia benar, chiefly because the wild pigs do not attempt to destroy young plants, on ns of the thorns. In planting rum nar, fences have to be made to keep out the pigs, which are very destruct Rumbia Béidani is dn reported to pu more raw sago, but the ndis of flour is the same in both species. Each tree produces from four to five pikuls of raw sago 416 (133 Ibs.— one pikul), being at the rate of one pikul per fathom of trunk. Both trees grow to the same dimensious, 24 to 42 feet in height, and 1} to 3 feet in diameter at the base of trunk. The sago palm is not subject to any disease, but, if a deep cut is mudd at the base of the trank close to the earth, the pith i is attacked by large mag gots, which ecd eat their way into the centre of the tree, and in three or four destroy the whole trunk. Thisisa favourite way of payiig g offa grudge among the natives. The sago tree takes from five to seven to eerta een 2 to the nature of the soil. During the third year, the 1 oots. they form a dense thicket around the mature trunks and give a great deal of trouble to the workers. Every year, each clump produces a large number of workable trunks. During the fifth year, the parent tree is ready to be cut down. In the meantime, the young slioots are 3 of cattle, and it would be difficult to reckon the number of logs that each clump may have produced in the space of 40 or 50 years. When the sago tive is allowed to ee Eit the pith begins to diminish, and, if 1 o trunk supplies the sago; de leaves and s are largely used b by natives for building purposes, the former for odit and the latter for vegetable, while the trunk, when split in two longitudinally and the pith scooped out, is used as a boat to transport the raw sago which has been extracted from it. Tha bark when taken off makes excellent fuel, and an enterprising Chinaman who emp ys an engine for rasping sago logs uses this as a substitute for fire-wo The sago trade between okii and Labuan is carried on by native schooners of about 40 tons, which ply regularly and in fair weather are able to make a trip every two days. The following are the figures recorded in the returns at Mempakul of the sago shipped to Labuan since January 1890:— € |. Sago Flour. | Raw Sago. — = ~- } — — ————————— — angu — oe ———— ee | $ $ 1890 - "- - - - - +H 23,483 . 72 10,350 , 32 | 1891 - - - - - | 24,826 . 67 18,560 . 20 18929 - w R à = & "1 101,327.06 25,304.59 1893 - - - - - | 119,092 . 70 25,034 . 24 'The latter portion of the — is generally the busiest, as the assist in the transport of the raw material from streams which may harte become too sese during the d weather. 417 The present price of sago flour at Singapore is $2.55 per pikul. The Chinese traders buy the raw material at from $1 to $1.20 pi pikul, according to the market price at Singapore, and, after allowing for the cleaning of the raw sago and washing it in the factories, there remains a profit of at least 50 cents per pikul to the vi eie manufacturers. The freight from Labuan to Singapore at present is 22 cents per bag of 115 catties=150 Ibs. A royalty of 6 cents ad pikul is charged on sago flour exported from Province Dent to Labuan Moo the Singapore price is below $2.50, and 8 cents when sti ove that a raw sago, a royalty of 8 cents is charged to protect the igi "fet The sago trade is increasing rapidly on the Borneo Cait, and at the brae time over three-fourths of the flour and raw sago exported ay and imported into, Labuan comes from British North Borneo ports (Signe G. WHEATLEY Mempakul, ` Magistrate, Province Dent. Setebór 15, 1894. CCCCXXIX.—THE CLOVE AS A DYE PLANT. (Eugenia caryophyllata, 'Thunb.) cloves of commerce are the dried unopened flower-buds of Eugenia caryophyllata. The tree is a native of the Moluccas, but is now cultivated in Zanzibar, West Indies, and other tropical countries. An account of the important clove industry of Zanzibar is given in the Kew Bulletin, 1893 (pp. 17-20). This was prepared for the late Sir Gerald Portal, and published asa Foreign Oflice Report [ No. 266, "EE 18 The clove tree was introduced into Mauritius in 1770 by the French and at the end of the century an Arab named Harameli-bin-Saleh accompanied a French officer from Zanzibar to Bourbon, and obtained permission "f take back a small quantity of seed and plants with him. This was the commencement of the very flourishing clove industry in Zanzibar. In 1891 there were exported nearly 14,000,000 Ibs. (avoir.) of cloves from Zanzibar and Pemba. Although cloves are still cultivated in Mauritius, Seychelles, and Bourbon, the quantity exported is not appreciably la One of the best clove estates in tin Se ‘chelles is at Cascade. This was lately described by Mr. William Scott, Director of Forests and rdens in Mauritius, while on a visit to the islands. The trees are n established, regularly planted, and many are from 40 to 50 feet ight. According to the information supplied i in the correspondence given ‘below, it appears that the ripe clove fruit (called “ mother clove ”) is used in the Seychelles for dyeing cloth. This is not an entirely new use of the product, but its merit does not appear to have been fully investigated. The material received from the cx siege was submitted to Professor Hummel, of the Yorkshire College, Leeds. He was good enough to investigate it, and the ded bos it el be admitted is not very favourable, is given in his report Messrs. GovrFFÉ and James to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. 80, Bishopsgate Street er London, E.C. DEAR Sia, 29th May, x have received from the Seychelles Aree a tin of the ripe fruit of the clove; the natives use it to dye their clothes with. Do you think they could be used, commercially, for that purpose in England ? 418 so, and you could put us in communication with eet the article ould} be likely to interest, we should be very much obliged to you We send you the tin; we do not know whether you have seen | any specimen of this fruit before We are, &c. ( Signed) GovrrÉ & JAMES. W.T. Thilo Dyer, Esq., C.M.G., Royal Gardens, Kew Proffessor HUMMEL to ROYAL GARDENS, Kew. The Yorkshire, Leeds. My DEAR Sir Spee 6th, 1894. Ox June 5, 1894, I received a letter and a sample of the ripe fruits of the clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) from you, 2s ‘the statement that they are used by the natives of the Seychelles in dyeing, and with the request that I would give you my opinion as to their merits. Unfortunately € interveniug summer holidays have prevented me from replying ti I separated the bm of this fruit from the kernel, after drying, and dyed with this part only, since this alone appears to posses any tinetorial po "wer, i As a dye stuff it is of little value. It behaves really like a tannin matter, and I have therefore handed over the remainder of my sample to Mr. Proctor, asking him to examine it for tannic acid and to report to ou. À For your inspection I enclose three pieces of mordanted cotton dyed with weld, gall nuts, and skin E = clove fruit, respectively, from which you see at a glance how it beha It is attracted by aie og oes grey with iron one buff-yellow with aluminium, very much after the manner of groun Yours trul ye (Signed) J.J. HUMMEL, CCOCXXX.—THE LAHAINA SUGAR-CANE. The Lahaina cane of the Hawaiian Islands has been regarded as one of the most valuable varieties cultivated in that Archipelago. It has of late years been introdaced to other sugar-producing countries, such as the Southern United States and the West Indies, It very closely resembles the white canes brought to Jamaica from the Pacific in His Majesty's ships by Captain Bligh in 1796. The Lahaina cane may very possibly, therefore, be the original of the canes now known in West Indies, and other sugar countries, as the Cuban, Bourbon, Otaheite. These are valuable white canes £ o closely resembling e other that it is almost impossible to distinguish them. The history of the Lahaina cane has lately been publishe d by the Planter’s Monthly of the Hawaiian Islands. We reproduce the following extract from the Sugar-cane for November 1894 : Origin of the * Lahaina” Cane. The following account of the “ Lahaina cane” and its history has a certain possible value in view of the inquiries now being made in the endeavour to trace the facts connected with the origin and propagation of certain diseases of the cane. 419 In 1854 or 1855, Captain Edwards of the American whaleship ** George Washington, " brought a bundle of choice sugar-cane from Marquesas for Mr. Charles Titcomb, of Hanalei, Kauai. Asthe ship put into Lahaina first, and the facilities for sending the cane to Kauai were few and far between, he gave them to Consul Chase, who planted some in his garden. Mr. F. A. Oudi i a resident of Lahaina a, known a * Marshal Oudinot, ” also planted some of this cane on his initio, From these few w plants sprang what is now known as Lahaina cane. It proved to be a remarkably rapid grower, very sweet, and as the ar dl eva es being :—1. Rapid actin thus quickly covering the t AR erties rooting, drawing nourishment from the subsoil, or from soil the surface of which has already been exhausted by other varieties of cane. 3. Possessing, when mature, a hard rind which prevents the ravages of ats. 4. The s r perior richness of its juice, generally weighing one- third more than the juice of other varieties of cane cultivated under like cireumstan a com fibre, which renders the vantages may be mentioned the peculiar whiteness of its juice when mature, which exceeds that of any other island variety, "a with its superior density would naturally insure white grades of su About the year 1870-72, the Lahaina cane began to take the place generally throughout these islands of other canes, inereasing the average yield from two or three tons per acre to fou r, five, and even six tons, r similar pole hein of cultivation and manufaeture in various peo of the gro This increase of yield from Lahaina cane has continued from year to year ado more favourable mill work, mgs now it is not uncommon to hear planters report eight, nine, and ten tons of sugar obtained from favoured portions of the plantation. Where this cane is well cultivated and cared for, there appears to be no appreciable deterioration in any of its leading characteristics of easy cultivation, easy stripping and hand- ling, the juice maintaining its high, excellent qualities as the purest, richest, and most productive of any variety known, at least so far as our soil and climate are concerned. It has been exclusively grown on some of our plantations for over 20 years, and remains as thrifty and productive as when first planted. At the same time it should be stated that it is very seusitive to cold, and thrives best on lowlands and in warm sheltered localities. CCCCXXXI.—BOTANIC STATIONS IN THE LEEWARD ISLAND * Botanic stations were established in the Leeward Islands in 1889. Of the four stations, Antigua, Dominica, St. Kitts, and Montserrat, the most successful, so far, is undoubtedly that at Dominica. Particulars of this are given in the Kew Bulletin, 1893, pp. 148 and 359; 1894, p. 405. In the Annual Report on the Leeward Islands for 1893, submitted by Sir William Haynes Smith to the Secretary of State for the Colonies — AS 420 (Colonial Reports, Annual, No. 112, d the following particulars: are given respecting the work of the stations du ring that year :— P The work of the. Antone | ce! station wan. Sega an on. TETTE uring the past. year ides the ordinary lar rocker ig x. to the station and. stocked with valuable NIST from A sine of manurial plots were Jaid out-with different kinds. stables, , e JUPE. of sisal Minis in the nurseries was ea increased. —. r In St. Kitts the work was somewhat interfered with iyt the endie of curator. The many plants put iù the grounds arë “bëginning to show Very large plant sheds were éreeted and stocked with ornamental and economic plants, and the station, now in its second year, is rapidly' assuming s sha ape. _ The botanical eintiou: in Domi inica- ini. proved its usefulness. -y he, out during the..year, principally in. small lots.: This’ increased. eae for plants has taxed the resources of the: station to the utmost n extra + rent of 502 hae. been made d the: work of the entrent The small ial garden in. nalis it p prm and new walks and seats w were added. The station was without a curator for a good part of the year, and not much progress can be r pass INDEX. A. Abutilon Ranadei, Stapf, 99. Acanthosicyos horrida, 166. Additions to Nice: 75, 193, 371, — — Herbert ium, 135, 136, 166, 194, 195, 227, 370. — — Library, 78, 197; -— Museums, 76, ~ 164, 226, 400. Adenium micranthum, Stapf, 334. Affon-tree, 359. Africa, South, dried plants, 166. Turkey-oak i in — Tropical, dried plants, 166. African species of Musa, 225. AU augustus, 399. Agricultural Progress in Jamaica, 159. Woodrow & 135, 167. 110, 135, — —— Agtediture in British Honduras, 97. — — St. Vincent, 367. Alafia caudata, Stapf, 123. 6. Alocasia Curtisi, JV. E PANT: Aloe Luntii, Baker, Anabena Flos-aquie, $00. —, Hassolli, 399. Angola, Coffee imeem in, 161. Aniba perutilis, Hem ; 197. Anthistiria australi is, à — avenacea, 377. Antigua Bot. Station, 420. A ppointments, 108, 133, 192, 348. Arboretum, Lak Arborieuitare and Horticulture in the United States, 3 Ardisia megaphylla, Hemsl., 6. er, 67. — macrocalyx, Baker; 67. u 85442.—2. Arthrosolen sphærocephalus, Baker, 341. Artocarpus Blumei, 103, — elastica, 10 Astrebla pectinata, 377. | — triticoides, 377 | Austin grass, 385. | B. Bahama grass, 377. ahamas, § Sisal nore at the, 189. | Bailey, F. M., | Baissea seris Stapf, 126. — brac yantha, Stapf. 125. oe hookeriana, Hemsl., Baiuboo Herbarium, Gamble’s, 37 Banana or sweet plantain, 253. Bananas, 25 —. and Plantoiüb eontrasted, 252. —, ME eei ated varieties, 260-270. — at Kew, 240, 980. — — at Sion "House, 281. —, cultivation, 271. | —,— in England, 279. —, diseases, 281. —, dye and tan from, 288. —, economic uses, 284. —, fibre of, 289. — , feshy-fruited, 231. bet. gia voe —, red- pvo ated, 257. —, vives stomitaed, 240. =, true, ‘ —— Jit Australasia, 272. British Guiana, ctm 268, 278, 282, 300, 307, 311 — British Honduras, 276. | Ca anary Islands, 295. | — — Central America, 285. A Bananas in Ceylon, 262, 273. iji 81, 286. — — India, 260, 288. — — Indian Archipelag 263. — — Jamaica, 270, 275. ‘397, 302, 310, 312. — — Java, 264, 265. — — Mauritius and Madagascar, 266. — — New Caledonia, 250, 287. — — ode 278. — — Philippine Islands, 263, 289. — — Polynesia, 265, 273. — — e ies eur 306, 310, Bla: — — Trinidad, o ` 976, 383, 302, 304, 313. — — Tropical Africa, 265, 274, 286, 287, 3 — — "United T 311. — — Venezuela, 269, 278. — — West Indies, 270, 275, -> 299. — rane of information re- lating to, — trade in, 95. —, wine from, 294. Beech, table oils from, 218. TM bees destenetion of, in , 198. Belmont platypters; Baker, 25. pumila, Baker, 25. to the Hadramaut Valley, 194, 328. Bentia, Rolfe, gen. ge Fai — fruticulosa, elfe? ntham Tru 7. by, 13 Bermuda grass, 377. — minor in ndustries i in, 352. Bhabur grass ae Carr vos Rolfe, Bion ‘Lime, 116. Bitter Vetch, 349. 285. i: Mei icai | | Borneo, 1 Black Walnut, 140. Blue-grass, 385. Blumea Balfourii, Hemsl., Presidency, trees shrubs of, 401. Books, preservation of, in Tropics, 2 Borers of Jarrah Timber, 78. Bornean Collections, Dr. G. D. Haviland’s, 136. N.E., Timbaran tree’ of, 213. and the Botanie Station, St. Vincent, 80, -— por Leeward Islands, 419. Pte al Departmen itj: Jamaica, Botany of the Hadramaut Expedi- n, 328. Bothriocline laxa, N. E. Brown, Es longipes, N. E. Brown, 389. rassiea campestri is, var. glauca. 96. — griquensis, N. E. Brown, 353. Breweria baecharoides, Baker, 68. — buddleoides, |. H eudelotii, Baker, 68. — microcephala, Baker, 68. — sessiliflora, Baker; 68 British Honduras, Agriculture i in, 97. — India, flora of, 225 —, supplementary note .to f, — flora of, Broadwa y, W. E, 192. 1 Buddleia pulchella, N.: E. Brown, 889. Buffalo grass, 385, 387. Buitenzorg, Photographs of, 1 Bulbophyllum pteriphilum, "Rolfe, Bulbous violet in the Himalayas, 368. C. Calatheas, 193. Calcutta, Royal Botanic Giaden, Annals of, 195. California, dried plants, is 370. Camaridium lawrenceanum, Zo/fe, 185. Cameroons, 411. Camoénsia maa flowering. in England, 402. Canaigre, 167. Canna Hana, 386. Capim de Angola, 385. — — Colonia, 382. Caragana Bark, 164. = decortican ns, 164. Caralluma flava, N. E. Brown, — zE, Br own, 335. miens Garden, | Jamaica, 160. = B [^ — Ed w s, Stapf, 19. rea veriicillata, MW. £. | |. Coffee cultivation ae Barteri, "ned 20. — Mannii, Stapf, — Gehwei afi ii Siapf; 20. Clove as a dye plant, Coca, cultivation in Ceylon, 152. — — — India, 151. Cochlearia Conwayi, Hemsl., 4. spt Or in Kew Museum, Coelo Mossiz, mm 156. — swaniana, Rolfe, 183. Coffea sp., Sierra Leone, 79. in Angola, 161. | — hybrid, in Queensland, 164. | — — Indi p Materiel, 137. | — — Travancore, 403. Caterpillars, plague at Hong Kong, Cattleya Brownii, Rolfe, 1 — ing loeus Ctr ir jas mi e , 180. Central Tibet, Flora x; 136. Ceropegia Rendalii, N. E. Brown, Ceylon ches leaves, 152. — Flora of, 34, 227. Shilo a CO 172. hina, Flora : 225. Chironia laxiflors. a, Baker. —, Maragogipe, 163. Coffee-leaf miner, 130. Cold storage of fruit, 187. ; contributions to Coleus bar batus | Colletotrichum faleatum, 169. ethods c remi caf | Colombia, Comino trees of, 197. © Colorado grass, 385. . Comino trees js Colombia, 197. Conserv hia gf structural improve- Baker, men Oir angolensis, 67. | — hadramautieus, Baker, 337. 67. Chondrorhyncha ro “Rolfe, 393. Cinchena Bark, West African, — — Calisaya, 120. 119. Citric acid, artificis production of, Te 1 Citro in ^ WG I Clerodendron sae in Baker, | 102. — minutiflorum, Baker, 150. — Thomsoni, Baker Cool Fern Pit, 75. = gs Aurea a Baker, 26 hrysocarpa, 7. Cordia Heudelot "Haler, ru i , 28. Cotton industry, . Gambia, 191. dia, 318. — in Crab grass, 386. Crowther, W., visit to West Indies, 27 | 227. _ Cryptogams, interesting, 399. Cultivation of bananas in England, 279. — — Coca in India, 151. — — — Vanilla in Tahiti, 206. Cynodon Pacinos Cynoglossum Soran, Baker, | Cynometra Lyallii, Baker, 344. jr. a tortilis, NM. E. Brown, 356. Cyrtopera flexuosa, Rolfe, 363. D. Death Valley dried plants, 194, 370. —-— M 194. Decades K. es, 4, 99, 344, 353, Dendrobium glomeratum, Rolfe, — odd tum, Rolfe, 1 — Hildebrandii, olje "ise. Diagnoses E ir, x 120. “ Diarrhea plant, E erma soit, Wright, Drawings of Indian and Malayan plants, 135. — — Mauritius plants, 136. Dry rot, 33. Dutch peser 383. Dyes of India, 321. E. | East Africa, German, 410. — acutifolia, Baker, 28. ang r, 29. , Epidendrum n" Rolfes 184- — Hartii, Rolfe, 15 | — Pfavii, Rolfe, 392. ko Disiorghiiidra megacarpa, Rolfe, | 345. Disease of sugar-cane, 1, 81, 154, Diseased sugar-cəucs, treatment of, Vost Indies, 169 Discdécà of plantains and bananas, 281. Dissotis eryptantha, Baker, 345. Ditch Millet, 386. Dolichandrone Hildebrandtii, Baker, 31. — hirsuta, Baker, 31. c latifolia, Baker, 31. — obtusifolia, Baker, 31. — platycalyx, Baker, 30. — — Baker, 30. — stenocarpa, Baker, 31. Dominica Botanic Station, 409, 420. — cultural industries in, 405. Doorva grass. . Doub grass, 377. Dracæna oe Baker, 342. Eragrostis ey ssinica, 378. ranthem Hemsl., “214. Eria necem Rolfe, 183. opcm 112, 314 a oe 8 3 r, Pursh., N. Amer Hartwig Benth., Mexico. levigatus, Sol., var. Digitalus, Gr ovatus, Dougl., "N. Aida pubescens, Sol., N. Amer. Perezia multiflora, Less, Peru, Petroselinum sativum, Hoffm., Eur. Petunia nyctaginiflora, Juss., La Plata. Peucedanum Ostruthium, K., Eur. Phaea oroboides, o n Eur. Phacelia campanularia,Gray.,Calif. divaricata Bagge Calif. i, Tor ., Calif. minh og ‘Bth., Calif. Phaseolus tercia Lam. ricciardianus, tuberosus, Lour., , Cochinehina, vulgaris, L., India. wightianus, Grah., India. Phleum mie Jacq., Eur. i, Wib., Eur. praten se, E Eur . nodosum, (L. ) deeem rus, L or Orient. mbrosa, Siberia. Ps M Hook., Calif. -— yar. stellaria, el; N. Amer. Physalis Alkekengii, L., Eur. Benth. eee virginiana, j N. Gray., Marc Haller AIL, S. Eur. limo nifolium, Sibth. et Sm., Micheli, Ali., Eur. spieatum, L., Eur Phytolacca acinosa, Roxb., India. Picridium tingitanum, Dsf., Eur. Pimpinella Anisum, L., Eur. Pisum sativum, L., Eur. ipo ers arenaria, L., Eur. ,L., Eur. lagopus, lanceolata, à Eur. major, Ls Eur. nar ui S., Eur. oui grandiflorum, A.DC., Sib — var. " Mariesii, Hort. Platystemon californicus, Benth., Calif. Pleurospermum peste Aitch. et Hemsl., Afghan Poa Sin L., Eur. — var. badensis, Hke. vial Eur. kon Bell, Eur. Podophyllum Emodi, Wall., Himal. Polemonium ceruleum, L., Eur., Amer., ete. — var. album, Hort. favum, Greene, Amer. himalayanum, Baker, Himal. pene den Wats., ee reptans, , N. Amer. Pollinia Gryllus, Spr., mete Polygonatum verticillatum, All., cod We. * 3 : Polygonum aviculare, L., Eur. Bi ur. capitatum, Don. , Himalayas. molle, Don., Himal. viviparum, , Eur LR F. a Sachal. Polypogon monspeliensis, Dsf., Eur. Potentilla —2 Lap., dnm argyrophylla, Wall., Himal. Chi kotschyana, Fenzl., Kur- di -kurdica, Boiss., Orient leschenaultiana, Ser., Ind., Or. malacophylla, Bunge., Orient. montenegrina, Pane., on- Lore an Hook., Nepal. nevadensis, Boiss., Spain. pedata, Willd., France. pennsylvanica, L., N. Amer. var, ara achnoides; Lehm. 2E. m Haller fl; r ee Thurberi, Gray., N. Am Visianii, Pane , Eur wrangeliana, Fisch.; Siberia. Poterium canadense, B. et H., N. mer. . Sanguisorba, L., Eur. Primula clusiana, Tsch., Eur. 17 Primula—con obconica, matte oe rosea, Royle, H verticillata, Poti) , Arabia, Prunella grandiflora, L. med Cauc. ar. Taci Ho Psoralea macrostachya, DO., N. mer, physodes, Dougl., N. Amer. Pyrrhopappus carolinianus, DC., Florida, Texas. Rich., Ramondia pyrenaica, P " aborti L.,N. Amer Basted, Freyn., ‘Spain. acris, L., arvensis, L., Eur brutius, Ténore, Italy. cassius, Boiss., Taurus. falcat biratan, Tai Hur. parviflorus, L., Eur. repen E s, L., Eur. trachycarpus, F. et M., Orient. Raphanus sativus, L., Eur. Rapistrum linnzanum, All., Eur. Reseda abyssiniea, Fres., Abyss. | -À Eur. glauca, L., Pyren. lutea, L., Eur. Luteola, L., Eur. Rhagadiolus stellatus, Gertn., S. Eur. Rheum collinianum, Baillon. , Wall., Himal. macropterum, art. officinale, Baill., Thibet. palmatum, L., Ind., ete. — var, tanghuticum Rhaponticum, L., Siber. rugosum, Desf., Ind. Or. Tranzenbachii, "Hort. Berlin. undulatum, L., Siberia, etc. wobia Royle., India. U 79096. | Saxi Rudbeckia "dh rs Vahl., N. Am bicolor, Nuit., N. Amer. columnaris, Pursh, var. dem cherrim falgida, Ait., N. Amer. hirta, L., N. Amer. occidentalis, Nutt., i irens purpurea, L., N. Am Rumex alpinus, L., Eur. Brownii, Cam mpd., Austral. ne alensis, Spr., Himal. obtusifolius, r. — var. sylvestris, (Wallr.) Patientia, L., S. Eur. pulcher, L., Eur. purpureus, "Poir. , Eur. salicifolius, Weinm., N. Amer. vesicarius, L., , Afr, Ruta graveolens, L., Eur. Sagina glabra, Willd., S. Eur. — var. pilifera. Linnzi, Presl., Eur. Salvia æthiopis, L., Eur. argentea, L., Medit. Beckeri, Trautv., Caucas. glutinosa, L., gr a Ot Li, 9. "Eur r. bracteis violaceis. dads, Rig. . In interrupta, Schousb., Marocco. napifolia, Jacq., § . Eur. syl. y S. Eur. L., var. alba., Eur. hl., Mexico. Verbenaca, L., Eur. vertieillata, L., Eur. Sanvitalia Mexico. ; Saponaria orientalis, L., Orient. procumbens, Lam., Satureja hortensis, L., Taur, montana, i S. Eur. ifraga altissima, Kerner, ND aphylla, Sternb., Eur — var. bti. 18 Saxifragra—cont. Scandix Balansæ, Reut., Orient. Aizoon, L., Eur., Alps. brachycarpa, Guss., Sicily. — var. Churehillii, Kern. maeroryncha, C. A. ' Mey., Eur. — var. Gaudinii. ` Pecten-Veneris, L., Eur. m Hc incrustata. Soh marginatus, Saat: igs B. : ur. ii cs ao Schizanthus pinnatus, R. et P., — var. pygmæa. ; : i d uL toco fans dete s a Walkeri, Sims, — var. rotata. : j 2. Mo jm dailcebM D ae. Scilla poe Ait, Spain, cæspitosa, L., Eur., ete. cis — var. decipiens, (Ehrh.) di Meri euh uu miei. —Ó— Se chinos Benth., China. var. sedoides, (L.) lingulata, Poir., Eur. cartilaginea, Willd., Caucas. nonscripta, Hoffm., Eur 3. is AE RTS Alps M uds., W. Eur amidalis, (Lap.) Scirpus setaceus, L., Eur. crustata, Vent., Alps. Scleranthus annuus L, Eur. granulata, L., Eur. perennis, L., : Hostii, Tausch, var. vuscnabians, Hort, iiia: arris L., Eur. — var. tristis. ; Scrophularia aquatica, L., Aout kolenatiana, Regel, Siberia. Ehrhartii, Stev., Cau actea, Turez., Temp. Asia. nodosa, Lo Eur. lingulata, Bell., Marit. Alpa, vernalis, L., Eur. m kip lantosean, (Boiss. ) Scopolia lurida, Dub., Himal. e ee ee dcmgiqrde Scutellaria alpina, L., ane altissima, L., Cauca e: lericulata "L Eu ur. Prostii, Sternb., Eur. ge Bd fochilidna: teens B "Bosnia macrantha, Fisch., Siberia. — var. coriophylla, (Griseb) Secale gae iei Ad Minor. rotundifolia, L., Eur -— villos — var. bna. sponhemica, Gm., var. hirta, Sadum Aizoon, fn Sibi Don., Eur. tenella. Wulf Alps. glaucum, W. et K., Eur. T Pate y ; magellense, Ten., Italy. iocus se "p middendozüanum, Max., Si- umbrosa, L., i , ” valdensis, DC., Savoy, Alps. Rhodiola, DC., Siber. dum arvensis, Es Enr. ropurpurea, L., Eur sonis Bbrst., Cauc. — var. amoena, (Jacq. Selinum Candollei, DC., Nepal. 1 Sempervivum boutignyanum, Bill , Pyren | gramuntia, L., Eur. | mettenianum, Lehm., Switz. integrifolia, Wulf., Eur. | montanum, L., Alps. mens Vill. Eur | Senecio ES Pers., S. icrantha, Def, Maced. patstiind; em Syria, e ete. | Porte, Huter., Eur. stellata, L., Eur. a etia Fach. Tyrol. ur. ae "curs Eur. Taro je Eur. ux elegans, L., Cape. - i 19 Senecio—cont, — var. alba. japonieus, Sch., Japan macrophyllus, Bhs. , Caucas. thyrsoideus, CA viscosus, L., E Serratula coronata, L., Siberia. — var. macro Gmelinii, Ledeb., Caucas. quinquefolia, Borst. Caucas, tinctoria, L., Eur Seseli gummiferum, Sm., Greece. Setaria glauca, Beauv., Eur. italica, Beauv., Eur macrocheta, Link, Eur., sia, etc. verticillata, P.B., Eur. viridis, Beauv. Sherardia arvensis, L., Eur. Sicyos Baderoa, Hk. et Arn., Chili. Sidalcea malveeflora, Gr., Amer. Sideritis scordioides, L., Eur. Silene alpestris, Jacq., Alps. rmeria, L., Eur — var. coipacta, (Hornem. ) chloræfolia, Sm., var. swerti- folia, Armenia. Chouleti, Coss., Eur. col conoidea, L., Levant, ete, creti ., uur. Cucubalus, Wibel., Eur. diurniflora, Kunze, Ca echinata, Otth., Italy. mbriata, Sims., Crete, etc. Fortunei, Vis., China. fusca, Link, Portugal. juvenalis, Del., Egypt. linicola, Guiel., German longicilia, Otth. u Portagail. aerem r. sya L. Mr. xem ded Willd., Italy. U 79096. | Sisyrinchium bermudianum, | Bermuda. Silene—cont. tatari asa f Otth., Dahur. vallesia, L. Eur vesiculifera. Gay, S. Eur. vespertina, Retz., S. Eur. Zawadskii, Herbich, Austria. pen een L., N. Amer caberrimum, Ell., N. Amer. trifoliatum, L., N. Silybum eburneum, Coss. et uc Eur. marianum, Gzrtner, Eur. ge bred Ailiaria, Scop., Eur. Eur. S. Eur. H. B K ,, santrincam, Jaeq., myriophyllum, ui officinale, Scop., S. Eur. pelyceratium, L., Eur. Sophia, L., Eur, strictissimum, L., Eur. L., | Siam angustifolium, L., Eur. — Smyrnium Oiusatrum, L., Eur. Solanum Dulcamara, L., Eur guineense, Lam., T rop. Afr., Pipe. Lam., Eur. Solidago canadensis, L., N. Amer. Sonchus asper, Hoffm., Eur. oleraceus, L., Eur, _ palustris, n Eur. Spesginrin con. A.DC., Mediter. — var. castellana, Lange. pentagon A.DC., Orient, DC., N. Amer. ia Specular A. DC., Eur Spergula arvensis, L., Eur. c 20 Rasen wg pe Hort. y Es N. Amer Sim Thunb., J Japan. Ulmaria, L., Eur Stachys alpina, L., Eur. — var. intermedia. T aca Eur. granditiora, B Bth, — ing „ Gre eec sylvatica, L., Eur — ae age Eur. flora, Guss., disi "Willd., itur. gregoria; Girard, Spain. Limonium, L., Iychnidifolis, Gir., S. Eur Suworowii, Regel, Turkestan. tomentella, Boiss., Eur., etc. Stipa pennata, L., Eur., etc. Swertia perennis, L., Eur. Caue. Symphyandra Wanneri, Heuff, Eur. Symphytum officinale, L., Eur. Andrz., supe eq sia, Siberia. 'Tagetes lucida, Cav., Mexico. patula, L., Mexico. Syrenia Rus pusilla, H.B. , Quito. Tamus communis, T., Eur. Taraxacum corviculatum, DO., | ur. gymnanthum, DC., Eur. | Tellima grandiflora, R.Br., N. | Amer. | Tetragonia crystallina, L’Herit., | Peru. expansa, Murr., Austral. J— Ó— pe Monch, S. Eur luec landi E Eur. aurea. Siebatithe L., Caucas. | Trifolium agrarium, multiflorum, i. Orient. Scorod , Eur. —var. vari Thalictrum angustifolium, Jacq., S. Eur — var. (T. nigricans, DC.), Eur aquilegifolium, L., Enr., ete. — var. purpureum flavum, L., Eur. — var. sphaerocarpum, Lej. laucum, Desf., S. Eur. javanicum, Brio, Java. minus, Eur — var. affine, "(tapas == Var. elatum, Regel, trigynum, Fisch., Dahur. Thelesperma folifolium, Gray, N. Amer. Thermopsis lanceolata, R.Br., Siberi montana, Nutt., N. Amer. Thlaspi alliaceum, L., Eur. arvense, L., Eur. alpestre, L., Eur. præcox, Wulf., Austria. Thrincia hirta, DC., Eur. Thymus comosus, Heuff., Transs. Serpyllum, D. Eur. Tofieldia di uiua, Whinb., Eur. Tovaria racemosa, Neck., N. Tape stellata, Neck., N. Am rp £21 15d P9 o8 ,Hook., Buen. Ayres. Trachymene ccerulea, ustral. pilosa, Sm., Austral. Graham, | Tradescantia erecta, Jacq., Mexico. | Tragopogon majus, Jacq., Eur. orientale, L., Eur., etc. L., Eur. badium, Schreb., Eur. diffusum, Ehrh., gemellum, Pourr., Eur. incarnatum, L., Eur. Lagrangei, Boiss., Orient leucanthum, Borst. , Taurus, minus, Sm., Eur multistriatum, Koc ‘h, in pannonicum, L., Eur., Perreymondi, Gren., in prateuse, L., Eur. repens, ur. resupinatum, L., Eur. 21 came cont. tomentosum, Ls Eur. Triglochin maritimum, L., Eur. Trigonella cornieulata, L., S. Eur. cretie iss., etei fænum-græcum, L., S. Eur ovalis, Boiss., Spain. poly a, L Trinia Hoffmanni, Bbrst., Eur.,ete. Kitaibellii, Bbrst. » Russia, etc. Tripteris cheiranthifolia, Schultz., Abyss. Triticum caninum, L., Eur chinense, Trin., N. China. desertorum, Fisch., Russia. urum, Desf: S. Eur., N. Afr. r. Mei ig 3 ovatum, G. et G., Eur. en, Horn: Eur. Tritonia crocosmaeflora, Garden ybrid. Pottsii, Benth., Cape. Trollius ang he L; E europ: Tropæolum oan, Pug Peru. eru. tuberosum, R. et P., Peru. Nutt, N. Troximon glaucum, mer. var. laciniatum, Gray. Tunica illyrica, Boiss., Eur. — Dalechampii, Desf., Eur picroides, Desf., S. Eur. Ursinia pulchra, N. E. Brown, — var. sulphurea, Hort., Kew. Urtica dioica, L., Eur membranacea, Poir, Eur. os L., var. Mens D. Valeriana ` alliariefolia, Vahl, Caucas. — var. intermedia. montana, L., Eur. Valeriana—cont. ikan. — var. prices (Mikan.) Phu, L., S. Eur Valerianella Masi) DC., Eur. carinata, Loisl., S. Eur. eriocarpa, Desv., Eur. Venidium fugax, Harv., Cape. Veratrum album, L., Eur. : igrum, L., Eur. viride, Ait., N. Amer. Verbascum Blattaria, L., Eur. pheniceum, L., Eur. Siber. pyramidatum, Bbrst., Caucas. speciosum, Schrad., E thapsiforme, Sehrad., Eur. Verbena Aubletia, L., N. Amer. bonariensis, E 5. Amer éaroliniatiá, Med., N. Amer. officinalis, L., ür venosa, Gill. et Hook., Buenos Ayres. Vernonia altissima, Nutt, N. Amer. Veronica agrestis, L., Eur. aph L., Eur. gentianoides, Vahl., Taur. incana, L., Lyalli, "Hk. "Em 3 Zeal. officinalis, L., Eur Clar., " Corsick: repens, saxatilis, L., serpyllifolia, L., Eur spicata, L., Eur. taurica, Willd., Taur Teucri Eur — L. N. Am ES japonica, (Stend.) Vesicaria ag e mbosa, Hort retica, Poir., Crete. edentula, Poir., Eur. grandiflora, Hook., Texas. 22 Vicia amphicarpa, Dorth., France. alearata, Desf., Algiers. cassubica, L., S. Eur sad L., Eur. disperma, DC., France. ijuga, A. Due Z Siberia. . villosa, Roth., S. E Vincetoxicum d iris Reh. as nigrum, Michx., Eur. Viola eiie fey Eur. itor; Fre Eur. Jooi, Janka, Transylv. Viola —cont. palustris, L., Eur. reichenbachina, yo nee striata, Ait., N. Am sylvatica, ii; Eur. tricolor, L., Eur. Wahlenbergia graminifolia, A.DC., Dalm. Xanthium indicum, Wall., Ind., etc. strumarium, L., Eur. EXEC rape ced s, B. et Hk. f., Arizo Zinnia Fw eis Jacq., Mexico. mu ultifi A L., Mexico. ra, L., N. Amer. Ziziphora capitata, L., Taur., etc. Zollikoferia PhiL, Chili. elquinensis, Zygadenus — Pursh., N. Amer TREES AND SHRUBS. Acer campestre, L. — var. hebecarpum, Hort. papery Pursh, NW. "Am Poste: -Platis La Eur, ete — var. euchlorum. — var. purpureum, Hort. Ailantus glandulosus, Desf., Japan. Alnus cordifolia, Ten., Italy. firma, S. et Z. deti tis. — var. rubronervia, Hort. — var. sorbifolia, Hort. Alnus—con incana, "Win, N. aaie Hor — var. latifolia, Hort. Amelanchier Botryapium, DC. vulgaris, Meench, Europe — var. cretica, Amorpha fruticosa, L., N. Amer. Aralia edulis, S. et Z., Japan. spi L., N. America. Aucuba japonica, Thunb. vera, Hort. 23 Azalea rhombica, Regel, Japan. Berberis buxifolia, Lamk., Chili. stenophylla, Hort. virescens, Hook. f, Hima- lutea, Michx. f., N. Amer. populifolia, Ait., U. S. Amer. Buddleia japonica, Homsi Japan, spate gerere fenes Orient. r. g Redowskii, DC., Siberia. Carpinus Betulus, L., Eur., ete. Cedrus Deodara, Loud., Himalaya. Celastrus scandens, L., N. Amer. Celtis occidentalis, L., N. Amer. Cephalostachyum €— Munro, Sikkim Cerasus lusitanica, tugal. Lb Por- Chamecyparis Sie gare arl., Calif. obtusa, S. e LZ. , Japan. ( etigi ‘obtusa. ) Cistus laurifolius, L., Spain. Cladrastis amurensis, Benth. et Hook., Amur, Clematis irme L., Europe, ete. Flamm ur. — var. cruenta, (Ait.) — var. haleppica, Pon ) Cornus alba; L., N. Am alternif olin, L de N.. Amer. ers ON. Amer. paniculata, L'Horit, N. Amer. inea, L. sericea, L., N. Am sibirica, Lodd., Siberia, ete. > Cotoneaster acuminata, Lindl., imal. €— d Himal. — nda, Hort. — var. ibt ort. buxifolia, Wall. Himal. Fontanesi, Spach. frigida, Wall., Himal. horizontalis, Dene. laxiflora, Lind., microphyl Wall. Himal. reflexa Carr., ina. "andes Wall., Himal. Simonsii, Baker., Himal. iiti m. Lindl., Eur. Crategus vong id Vawvel Lavallei, Her coccinea, b N. Am mer. — var. acerifolia, Hort. — var. glandulosa, Hort. — var. indentata, Hort. ar. Kelmanni, Hort. saita Mill., N. Amer. Crus-Galli, n. N. Amer. pein: (C. Oxyacantha, bs — var. fusca, Ho P — e mper bicolor, parvifolia, Ait., N. Amer. punctata, Jacq., N. Amer. — var. brevispina, E Hort. — var. Pyracantha, t , var. La i, Hort. tanacetifolia, Pers., Orient. toment L., er. Cupressus nootkatensis Lamb., Thyoides, L., N. Amer. Oya — L., S.W. Eur. incarnatus, Hort bifloras, L., Herit., Eur. leucanthus, W. et K. , E. Eur. x praecox, Hort. monspeseulanus, S. Eur. nigricans, L., Eur. purpureus, Scop., E. Eur. scoparius, L., E 24 Cytisus—cont. — var. Andreanus. endula, Hort. sessilifolius, Ud Eur. Dabeecia polifolia, D. Don.,W. Eur. — var. alba. — var. versicolor. Deutzia crenata, S. et Z., Japan. r. Sieboldii, Hort. scabra, Thunb., Japan. Eleagnus longipes, A. Gray., apan. umbellata, Thunb., Japan. see cinerea, = Eur. var. — var. rin diliom. — var. pallida. — var. purpurea. — var. rosea. strieta, Andr., S. Eur. Euonymus europzus, L., Eur — var. coccineus, Hort, latifolius, Scop., Eur. Forsythia suspensa, Vahl., Japan. siaga Mog L., Eur. r. latifolia, Hort. — var. rotundifolia, Hort. Garrya eliptica, Dougl., California. Gaultheria Shallon, Pursh, N. À procumbens, L., N. Amer. Genista emp DC., n radiata, Scop., S. Eur bct L., Eur virgata, DC., Madeira. Hamamelis virginica, L., N. Amer. Hedera Helix, L., Eur., etc. Hippophae rhamnoides, L., Eur., ete. Hypericum Androsæmum, L., E densifiorum, Pursh, N. Amer, elatum, Ait., N. ‘Amer: galioides, Lamk., N. Amer. Hex Aquifolium, L., Eur. — var. platyphylla, Hort. erticillata, y, N. Amer. Kalmia genet Ait., N. Amer. latifolia, L., N. Amer Laburnum alpinum, Griseb., Eur. Alschingeri, Vis., . Eur. — var. quercifolium. — var. sessilifolium. Ledum latifolium, Ait., N. Amer. Leucothée Catesbei, Gray, N. Amer racemosa, Gray, N. Amer. Leycesteria formosa, Wall., Himal. Ligustrum medium, Fr., Japan. € esie Gray, Japan. taliis, Steud., N. Amer. antali, Len; Asia Minor. Sulivan N. Am Xyl m, L., xam : Lyonia "ITUNES DC., N. Amer. Magnolia tripetala, L., N. Amer. N. Mahonia morio Nutt., € urrayana, Hort. pS est DC., N. A mer. Menispermum canadense, L., N. Amer. Mespilus Smithii, DC., Caucasus, Morus nigra, L., Eur Myrica cerifera, L., United States. Neillia amurensis diee axim.), an Serge here = Hook., N. Am Olearia agunt: Hook. fil, N. Zeal. Ostyra japonica, Japan. Paulownia imperialis, S. et Z., Japan. Pernettya | mucronata, Gaud., Chil, etc. Photinia villosa, Dene., Japan. ‘Pinus Peuce, Griseb., Macedonia. | Piptanthus nepalensis, Sweet, 25 Prunus puniila, L., N. Amer. Ptelea peer L., N. Amer. urea, Hort. — var. Ë cibis Pyrus Pmeriosna, DC., N. Amer. Ari rh., Europe, ete. E Sm., ariii Sieb., Japan pinnatifida, Ehrh., Eur. ingo, Max., , ete. spectabilis, Desf., China, ete. Rhododendron arboreum, Sm., Sikkim campanulatum, ser Sikkim. ciliatum, Hook. f., Sikkim. Wightii, Hook. t ” Sikkim Rhodotypus kerrioides, S. et i Japa Rhus glabra, L., N. kue. radicans, L N. Amer. Ribes alpinum, L., Eur. aureum, Pursh., NW. Amer. sanguineum, Pursh., N.W. Amer. — var. atrosanguineum, Hort. — var. glutinosum, Benth. Rosa acicularis, Lindl., — etc. it., N. Amer. ien Ch. et Sch., Calif. ur., ete. — renes and degavensis, Baker. bem nds = N. Amer. namomea, L., Eur., etc. hibernica Sm., Britain. Rosa Sir hrh., N. Am microphylla, Roxb. qu a. p MN A. soy N. Amer. — var. major, "Hor t. — var. rubra, Hort. Wilsoni, Bor., Britain. laciniatus , Willd., leucostachys, Sm., Eur. lindleyanus, Lees, Britain. mucronatus, Borr., Britain. occidentalis, L. et N., g rhamnifolius, W. e t N., ar Schott (R. Dado, Rubus echinatus, Lindl., Britain. Ho rt. — nigra, L., Eur., ete. e cocarpa — var. swindonensis, Hort — var. virescens, Hort. -Skimmia Fortunei, Mast. (S. ja- Hort.) ponica, Smilax excelsa, L., Orient. rotundifolia, L., N. Amer. Spartium junceum, L., S. Eur. Spiræa brumalis, Lan ca arpinifolia Pall; piss Douglasii, Hook., N. W. Amer. pica. tide pau a, Wall, Himal. luxurians, Lavallée (S. prui- nosa salicifolia, L., N. Amer. sanssouciana, Hort. splendens, Hort. » Symphoricarpusracemosus,Michx. | N. Amer. Syringa pekinensis, Rupr., China, vulgaris, L., Orient. Taxus baccata, L., Eur., etc. — var. Washingtoni, Hort. Ulex europxus, L., Eur. Vaccinium maderense, Link., Azores. € L., N. Amer. Viburnum cassinoides, N. Amer. dilatatum, Thunb., J ia. Viburnum—cont. Opulus, L., Eur., etc. Vitis heterophylla, Thunb., Japan. — var. humulæfoli Labrusca, L., N. Amer. Zenobia speciosa, D. Don., U. S. Ame r. — var. pulverulenta. ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION, APPENDIX II.—1894. NEW GARDEN PLANTS OF THE YEAR 1893. The number of garden plants annually described in botanical and horticultural publications, both English and foreign, is now so consider- able that it has been thought desirable to publish a complete list of them in the Kew Bulletin each year. The following list comprises all the new introductions recorded during 1893. These lists are indispensable to the maintenance of a correct nomenclature, especially in the smaller botanical -establishme nts in correspondence with Kew, which are, as a riodicals. Sı i this establishment, many of which will be distributed from it in the regular course of exchange with other botanic gardens. The present list includes not only plants brought into cultivation for the first time during 1893, but the most notewo rthy of those which have been re-introduced after being lost from caltivation. Other plants included in the list have been in gardens for several years, but either were not described or their names had not been authenticated until recen In addition to species and botanical varieties, all hybrids, whether introduced or of garden origin, but described for the first time in 1893, are included. It has not been thought desirable, however, to give authorities after the names of garden hybrids i in such genera as Cypri- pedium, &c. Mere garden varieties of such plants as Coleus, Codiæum or Narcissus are beue for obvious reasons. In every case the plant is cited under its published name, although some of the names are doubtfully correct. Where, however, a correctio has appeared desirable this is made. The name of the person in bie collection the plant was first noticed . or described is given where known. asterisk is pes to ail those plants of which examples are in cultivation at Kev The publications from which this list is compiled, with the abbre- viation used to indicate them, are as follows :— /.— Botanical Magazine. B. T. O.—Bulletino della R. . Società orata di Orticultura. Iu Cot — ed en, of New, Beautiful, and Rare Plants, Gard.—The Ga — Gardeners’ Chronicle. G. and F.— U 81493. ee Wt. 45. A + 28 Pon and Forest. Gfl.—Gartenflora. G. M. BIR oh sn! Magazine. J. of H.— L'Ilustration Horticole. Jard.—Le Jardi of Journal of Horticulture O.—Journal des Orchidées. K. B. Bulletin of Miscellaneous E amen Royal Gardens, Kew. | £L.—Lin- denia. M. G. Z rie Deutsche Gärtner-Zeitung. O.—L’Orchi- dophile. O. : id Review. R. H.—Revue give K. H. B. — Revue de PHortieulture Belge. Veitch — Veitch & Sons, Catalogue of Pla W. G.—Wiener Hilario Garten-Zeitung. Williams Cat, — "Williams, New and General Plant Catalogue. A.—Warner & Williams, Orchid Album — pre heres P Rolfe. Foot or Feet. reenhouse. In.— Inches. The abbreviations in the descriptions of the plene are: Hard * Acidanthera equinoctialis, Baker. (G. C é ; G. and F, where only itis a native. "Adiant um ang Tk Hort. ( VY. Mh: seedling dig of b ou. (Py- rt, Ghent.) p. 64 hi new species ce = = Roulletianum. Leaves in. long, h wide; sca 5 in. iae Bol ur reflex m an i flat light Duff, lip ot aad purple. Habi. tat not recorded. (Glasnevin.) “Aganisia 1 lepida, Lind. & "ne E rchideæ. S. marked specie first A ypes at in 1865, en it was bed and figured by Reichenbach in h de ia Or chidacea. It has erect grassy Med and tall many- flow ere spikes of cup T: andy flower 1i Brazil. (E Hertealtare Iniciais e.) Agave angustiss Ms Engelm. e "and F. 1893, v. vi., p. 5 Ama- ryllidee. G. spe ecies belonging to the — Littea and allied to A. 12 Y filifera. Leaves in. to 20 in. long, $i ad, flat both ; - gins filiferous, apex pungent; peduncle 12 ft. high, flowers in pairs, 1} i long, very narrow, yellow, stanien . purple. M (Washington, Dept pe Of Ag Agave erraccianoi, Pax. (Gf. ein ~p 66, ie 14.) G Ge Remise, ro ette. G.C Filices. S. A (K. B. HL Halt bendy, Per tiated, S. pibe. of numerous narrow lanceolate leaves, and 2 in. bro d with pink an used pen 21 in. hoo EC Tatok & am » Ed © Walay a? Aglaonema. versicolor, Hort. e p. 414.) Aroidex S. green and w n pate E. (W. Bull) Until this plant Bowen its genus is unce *Allium cabulicum, Baker. "9 AM. t. 1294; se C. 1898, v. xiii., p. 546.) Lili- acee. H. Flo ed pes globose, many- -flowered umbel; segments lanceo- late, acute, whitis sh, with a keel of red- brown. A native of Kabul. (Kew.) * Allomorphia Griffithii, Hook, f. ut M. t. 7324.) S xillary erect red Ape 8 ong, bearing numerous suit white fin ers. ” Malay an Peninsula. ew.) loser leaves, mae bene gre abov Alocasia coriacea, Lind. (G. C. 1893, ad 475.) Ae S. “Leaves Mer lea: r green dins the petioles rise estre when young, t rosy-white, tat Internationale.) marbled with green." Habi- ecorded. ^ (L'Horticulture *Alocasia watsoniana, Hort. (G. C. v. xiii., pp. 442, 569, fig. 83.) Amides S. A near ally of A. Put- wz. It has large cordately lobed leaf- blades, wavy margius beneath. Sumatra. (F. Sander & Co.) Y ed E st pee p. 194.) Lili G. M keia pe stated. Marseilles.) *Aloe simoniana, Hort. (W. G. 1893, p.194.) G. A garden hybrid betw i. Gaster ia disticha and Aloe longiaristata. (Deleuil, Marseilles.) Ae. se siege Presl. (G. and 94.) Filices. S. An indios inde te fern with a stem a spreading head of broad nriptutitié ges the e. large dark green, crisp an ` Brazil. (Kew, and F. Sander & Co. d *A ho ian 0 h EM Lo X un a ix I y sP rain. A garden (Deleuil, cus Pi mex Hoa. alk 3 R. high 3i ft. rani Peduncle half as long as the spathe nearly a foot long, bat dinner. at ase, and coloùred inside deep brown ith y erect, smooth cream yellow. our very disagreeable. Andaman Islands. (Kew.) Androsace sempervivoides, Jaeq. zh 1893, v. 44, p. 466.) die eo BA: remarkable ee coming nea 4. wie: but having x ecu curled up l. bright purple. 1 Thibet. (Correvon, Genev *Angrzecum bistortum, | uu E E 1893, p. ue Parte species allied to A. ar im. bu ze vith much smaller flowers, E hich are cem in having a bu cuis spur. Tro Africa. (Kew.) co Weti a.) Ansellia oe N.E. A var. rossi- rade (0. R.vi 199.) Orchi- e ^t 5 variety with h paler-coloured fowers than the type. (H. J. Ross, Florence.) um elm Lind. var. (Pyn aert, Ghent.) - - *Anthurium andréanum, Lind. Mtrosangniaeum, Hor. (G. C. 1895, ne. G. 1893, | ds ^w 1893, v. zo A ing - 29 v. xiii., p. 415.) S. A "ep d aig with dark crimson spathes. (Pyna t.) Ghent Anthurium crystallinum, Lind. & André, var. variegatum, ort. (G. , V. xiii., p. 641.) S. A variety with large blotches of d white on the leaves. (Pitcher & Manda.) urium gandavensé, Hort. (G. C. 1893, v. xiii, p. 415.) S. cod Ja ai hybrid between A. andréanum an Chantrieri. (Pynaert, Ghent.) Anthurium Goldringi, | awe (G.and F. 1893,'v. vi, p. 269. A garden hybrid between A. ina ii anum and A. scherzerianum. (Greaves, New Jersey.) Anthurium Homer = gio - = 1893, v. vi., rid betwe E eu dp and es Xen: e; Sn res, viam Jersey.) Anthurium Kellerm (Jard. 1893, p. 43, fg 1 paa pos large, $ sagittat n rounde d obtu margins. Spathe the spadix, fls. my gus ish. Origin own. Anthurium scherzerianum, Scho var. roseum, cows (Bull Cat. ie with salmon-rose- I.) p- A coloured pe ts ow. Bul Anthurium emen pr n uri Schott agree mm (Bull Cat. 1893, p. iety a wm ris crimson te Erud (W.B AUMIA — Baroni. (B. 7 893, t This consan pei Schott, an oa yin allied to A. erubes- ce Chin *Arundo madagasearie nsis, Kunth. (K. B.1893, p. 341.) Graminez. A tall reed of wide distribution and Africa as £e as Madagascar. It o 20ft. high a and pem feathery pani icles sim Pampas grass. chent presented to Kew by Lord de Saumarez.) en od duale, Jenman. (G. C. 93, v. xiii, p. 10.) "p S. oot new species resembling A. falcat with woody oe “pina fronds, 15 in. high, pinn nch d, Tuavertet uus as Adiantum. G. C. ibid., p. 40.) Jamaica. resa lenium marginatum, Lin. (G. 7. 1893, v. , p. 641.) Filiees. S. A large Prion Mund species, the k2 fronds ultimately becoming 8 ft. long by 3 ye in width, the pinnze strap-shaped a rich emerald green colour. (Kew d H. B. May.) Azalea hybrida Li us onde (Gf. 1893, p. 65, tab. 1387.) H. A garden hybrid eur white fls., supposed to have ear y by crossing A. sinensis Fx viscosa. — (Lorberg, Due) à rustica, Hort. flore pleno. (R. - 1893, p.195.) H. A garden race said be deri ived from A. pier and A. Mud lis #1 eodendro on, Hodigat. e e: 1893, v. XliL, p. 665). led bi- generic hybri Pedig doo mollis and Rhododendron John Waterer mg others. bes varieties have been They come properly under Pinned dron Prosa Ghent t.) *Bauhinia varies. ata, Linn., var. can- dida, Ham. CB xk 789. AE. n ET o ema ln EA p: 277, fig. aj S. A hand hrub 5 ft. nem with bright gr large pure white fragrant fis. Th figured in B. M. t. 6818. Trop. Asia. (Kew MNA: coronata, weed 3.) Begoniae hybrid between B. car ae iniafolia e LB. polyantha. (V.Lemoine & Son, Nancy.) Begonia Sacre pa tgp crt ee 12 A garden 2 Weir. me B. P RAR and B.. Ve itbhii. . (V. Lemoine & Son, Nan *Begonia fulgens, Hort. (Lem at. 1893, No. 123.) G. An Pici bee omn a seen deiecti leav and racemes of rich red fit wers veia are fragrant. E is closely related to B. Davisi. Bolivia. (V.Lemoine & Son, Nancy.) Lansberges, Linden and (t. H. 1893, p. 41, e =) pale reima, Lem. (Lemoine, Cat. 893, No. G. variety with small pup tinged leaves st large carmine-red flowers. (V. Lemoine * m ^ Bignonia rodigasiana, Lind. (I. H. /: 3998, t 183, ay rome ee Foliage with bright green ground colour varie- gated with white, tinted with rosy (L'Horti a when young. iculture Inter- — 30 *Bletis godseffiana, Krünzlin. .C. 893 p. 442.) Orchidee. S. iety of B.v vere- R. Br., differing only in having smaller flowers. ? Brazil. (F. Sander 0.) Brassia Mene set Rs . 378.) rchid ew species nearly allied "i Be gen s large A ur and harii iss the ipd bein, ng in. lon è petals 2 in. long, the lip inate. Peru. (L’Hor- om ent a Goalies iteration. ) Brassia peas. Rolfe. ( i «d w species n . lan as oblong pseudobulb, Boer oii; leaves 6 d raceme abou ip greenish yellow spotted w pale PN w with white fé n range mark a bitat not recorded W. L. Ek *Brownleea cor ulea, Harv. (B. M. t. 7309.) Orchidee. G. A terrestrial long straight sp S. Africa Brugmansia are Lagerh. 1893, p. 3.) Solanacee. G. aud rior character this does not differ from Datura (Brugmansia) arborea, but the fis. are golden yellow. Chili. “Bulbophyllum | Meets Abre (G.C 2.) Ore 3 cie & be far ien oes Orchid received for a long ‘spec ellowish-white with brown spots. itat not recorded. (F. Sander & Co ) Balbo p uut Hamelini, Hort. (G. vi., 6.) S. A re- saria ble and dis tinct wor A emis with o flat shell-like € obulbs 4 i di nst the "thick n ® D a pir ap xe d B. 1893, p. 6 A scape 6 in. long, n. long week spotted with maroon, she lip onl wth black ted near the tip. Borneo. (Sir ce.) T. Lawre Ear sanderianum, Rolfe. 1893 € is A new — It has short oor: angled Preiera (amici cpm acemes of green brown spotted fis. S Hp hairy and purple-brown. Penita (E. Sander & Co.) Bulbophyllum spathacoum, Rolfe. (K. B. 1893, p. 170.) S. A new species with ger small light straw - yellow, the lip big iter Burma. (J. O’Brien.) a viride, Rolfe. (K. B. 1893, S. A new species, alli n “intertextum, with small Trop. Africa. (Kew “Bulbophyllum _ shar gems: Rolfe. (K. B.1893, p. 4. Y species with a creeping rhizome, juli 4. angle crore phyllous pseudobulbs, and racem uud clothed small whitish veri Fiji. (Kew.) S. ink flowers. EL ere e N. E. Br. (G.C. 98, v. XIV; green. pathe 3} in. long, gr blackish stripe. ‘Brazil. c. Bender & Co.) "Caladium venosum; I N.E. Br. (G. C. 1893, v. xiv., p. 8 new species with leaf- blade 10 in. as. 4 in. broad, ge green, with yellowish. nerves and a red margin. Spathe 3 in. long, prea. Brazil. (F. Sandee & Co.) Calamus gracillimus, Lind. Dv ik p: 475.) ur “Foliage abi Internationale.) Calamus robustus, Lind. r aa (Tu. H. 1893, "tab, 169.) S. e palm with broadly emplescsal spiny | mom E ish stalks with bro -black bran argins; piii nes yellowish-green disposed in fen of six or eight. — ensiform, crowd rneo. (L'Horti culture Toasnetiduis ) Calanthe burfordiense, Hort. (R. 63.) Orchidee. S. A garden hybrid, supposed to be between digne rs and C. vestita rubro-oculata. Co "me the gigas, Hort. (G. C. 1893, v. n J. of H., v. xxvi., p. 129 31 fig. 24.) S. A garden aries between 7. sanderiana war. gig and eas var. gigantea. ro “Veitch & s.) eae oe ae (G. C. 1893, v. xiv., p. garden hybrid or seed- hii a Pis white C. Veitchii. (B. S. Willian & Son J Calanthe vatita, en var. oweniana, Willams. (O. A 464.) A garden cross between C. did - C. Veitchit, Calanthe Victori (R.t. den hybrid supposed to be see C. Veitchii and C. rosea. (F. Sander & Co.) AMA 1 s Benth. ( B. M.t yellow flowers. ilian An DEM gps otianum, 76 epe à (L'Hortieul- ture Internationale.) Cattleya Aclandiz, Lindl., var. sal- apr we. Hort. (L., t. 399.) Orchidew. Av variety w with the e ground ipe E du tow rs tinted salmon red. (L'H culture patois onale.) & Rolfe, ) type, coloured culture wien ale.) brown colour rose-purple lip. (L Horticulture p ADEE A = ameth lossa, Lind. and ME var. ystog Role. (L. t. S. A rose-tinted variety of C. var. Prinzi. vi rticulture ional ana (G. C. 1893, v. W. L. Lewis & Co 0) : Cattleya Bro rownii, Rolfe. (G. & F. 1893, v. vi. p. 515.) S. peri species with peendabulbs 2ft. high, eac f large oblong coriaccons leaves five or mcre flowers 32 lated ; the lip is — and pale purple with veins of a darker shade. Habita not bet (F. Sander & o.) Cattleya Chloris. (6 p.470.) S. A Td hy git edi and C. e: Veiteh & Sons Cattleya Eldorado, 1 m var. Treye- vid between rans, Hort. (L.,t.402.) S. A variety with large broad pe coloured rosy-lilae, and a large labellum with a bloteh of orange-yellow o front lobe. (L’Horticulture Interna- onale.) Cattleya ttata, Lindl., var. ernam- bucensis, i Exe CIN. 1893, t. lip bright re dered CLHartiesteats Aiia le.) Cattleya intermedia, Fag var. pic- turata, Rolfe. (0O. R 7 as well as heavily flaked and striped with amethyst er si esr. Capek Vesinet, Seine- t-Ois go Cattleya Jason (GFC. S. A gar rden 2 hybri Mfg same tel as C. ashtoniana, which Cattleya Mossiz, Hook. var. ee L., Lind. (L.,t. 376.) S. A variety intermediate between C. labiata Morria d C. labiata Mentel Satna a Internationale.) Cattleya Patrochii, Ho (O. R. : 843.) apposed EN i yb and Loddigesii with rose-purple flowers and a three lobed yellowish lip, the front lobe ane pe AEA ty Brazil. (A. A. Peeters, Brussels.) a meny (G. C. 1893, v. O-R. v. i, p. 363.) S. A duin hybrid between C. intermedia and C. maxima. (J. Veitch & Sons.) Cattleya Trianz, Lind. & Rchb, f., var. broomeana, O'Brien. (G.C.1 893, v. Broo man Triang Lind. & €€— f, var. — Gravesim, R. M. Gre rey. (G.C 1893, oy. xi,p. 357.) B: marrow leaves and pseu large flowers with a red blotch on the . labellum. Œ. Graves, New Jersey.) be of the lip: SN Warneri, we var. for- mong, (G. C. 1893, v. - "es l.) 3 ^ Me at with large rich ured flow (Cha iiber d rne & "Co a Cattleya Warscewiczii, Rchb. f. var. fra raged nee is, O’Brien. (G. C. 1893, v. xiv., p. 150. . A variety za pure white flowers rm a blotch of rich purplis my eris the lip. (Due de Massa, Fra Cattleya Warseevicai, oer f, var. urea, Hort BA 1893, v. xiii, p. 152. S. Av variety with rich deep ael coloured flowers. (F. Sander & Co. gg ort Ry Warscewiori int f, var. ES C.1 hM v. xiii. s p.752). E i sofa son colour and vith. a poe labellum. (F. Sander & Co.) Cattleya William Murray. (G. C. 1893, um xiii., p. 639.) S. A garden hybrid between C. " Mendelii i and C. lawrenciana. (N.C. Cookson.) Cattleya oe i k 1893, v. xiii, p. 639.) A garden hybrid ween C. superba ‘and Eois. elegans. ? (F. Sander & Co.) eo ru Fenolleri. Gray. ( Gfl. 1893, Rhamnacez. A mu uch assi d thorny bush froin one to t feet high with egg-shaped or elliptie and d green DD ~ leaves silky below l dark green, glossy, and smooth abo Flower snow-white. Colorado, &c. (Spath, rlin.) This name oubtless a n. misprint for C. Fendleri, Gray. — i odorata, Koch, var. alba. 1893, p. 105, f. 12.) Com- e M t having w yn. C. Margarite, Sprenger. Damien & Co., Naples.) *Cophalandra p palmata, Schrad. (B. 31.) Cu icurbitacem. S, bulbous k and ivy-like leaves and small fruits scarlet marbled wit white. S. Africa Aree. *Chloro eu. tachyum Chlorophyt tee vy. ——— y ps 7103 Liliacee. 4 species a . st er are lt has Eucomis-like leaves, 8 in. long and a dense race sm white flowers. Nyassaland. (K weniana, Hort. (G. C. 1893, pp eris xiv., p. 756)" Orehides. S. This is C. bruennowiana, Rchb. f., which bears several medium-sized flowers of a pinkish hue. Peru. (F. Sander & "A fig. 78. eee ames varie margined with creamy yellow. May.» ——— "brienianum, Rolfe. :B. 1893, p. 62.) tig eke S. species allied to C. makoya- atai $ in. long; , A me zd num, pseudobulbs (L'Hortieulture Interna- and mek Meets leáves 13 in. long and 4 in. S ery stout, mee an clerenflowered kibel 7 Cross; flo 2i in. long; sepa als mutus petals grecuish yellow tinged with purple, lip p red purple. This is the ee free known. New Guinea. (Col. T. Clarke.) Cologyne borneensis, Rolfe. OB t 1893, p. 62.) Orchidee. S. eem iis —— to ee 8 et init. TE ; rom x7 in. «it p flow: — ‘whitish with red brown andirkings on the lip. Borneo. (L’Horticulture Tobin done ) Celogyne Clarkii, Pegg 1893, v. xili; P. S. species in — light bro mistari rmn lip mar, brown. Habitat not recorded, Co.) Hes t new Sander & *Celogyne sandere Kranzlin. (G. C. 1893; v. xiii., pp. 336, 360, fig. 52; R. t 6.) S. ru new spec cies allied t barbata. t has ovat morti ovate lanceolate leaves, s erect ers bearing flowers 2 ih. across, white w yellow blotch on the lip and 2 “tinge of long brown hairs on the keel. Upper Burma. -(F. Sander & Co. Cologyne tenuis, Rolfe. (K.B.1 P- new species, T differing in its acters. a light buff colour. culture Internationale e) Cladrastis tinctoria, Raf. (R. H. 1893, p. 391.) fol. var. 33 A form of the yellow wood with varie- gated leaves, variegation said to be eon- stant. (Simon-Louis Fréres, Metz.) Clematis Pitcheri x coccinea. R- = 1898, p. 376.) Ranunculacez. garden hybrid d in character be he tween t par (More Lyons.) í rn arbon Ait., var. fol. vari at. ( 1893, B Laat ) Madeiran tree with variegated leaves. (Pynaert, Ghent.) -Cocos odorata, Barb. Rodr. (R. H. 1893, p. 345, f. 110) Palmex. G. A eng species bi: ampestris, but rng i ssed subspheriecal apiculate tilta, ) Comite de Foz Writer var. 3, p. 449, ronzy, an heads. United States. (Darms Orcliden.. ae very a scapes yellow and poen t f^ medium-sized owers, ble for their ne solid ade Ecuador. dur *Cotyledon Barbeyi, Ba (E C, 18 » v. xiii., p. 624.) Cena G. C. bius laris. It is perennial, tall “bra ees stems and end giaucons leaves 3 in. in a ong. numero sub globose panel, corolla TRE long, green and - red. _ Arabia Felix (Dammann & Co. Naples.) Cotyledon quitensis, Hort. (W. G, 1893, p. 144, f. 33.) G. A dwarf branched conipact-gro ing plant, with red flowers bor racemes from December onwards a mmann & Co., Naples.) This plant is altogether different from the true C. quitensis, ker. Crocus Crewii, Hook. Mi ee v. Celi, p. 278.) icc tinet em close li n le ee enl 2 ost lack abad and ntre. Asia Minor. Witte pie ) Crocus ar. striatus luteus, Roch Solin 1893, v. xii. p $85) H. A form the ordina: ary Dute ch er ng Belongs distinet ris doe: on the b outer s of the E. on. Tiere. x Crocus Tauri, Maw., nm. uit Baker. n 6 C. 226.) H. black anthers. (J. spine *Crotalaria longirostrata, H & CB. M. t. 7306.) fiae. A Mel dose use plant, growing to ard i height, with thin branches, = with trifoliate — and bear- of rich nn ge ing in winter erect race fellow flowers. Mexi "TRES Croton Hosen, Hort. (G. C. 1893, v. ; P- ; J. of H. v. xxvii., p. 493 fig. 71 S Rushers S. Aseedling variety of the popular garden Crot (H. Low & = Codicum pictum, var. Co.). Croton Thomsoni, Hort. (G. e E v. xiii, p. 641.) S. One of t any see dling varieties of Codicum. Jii, (J. Laing and Son.) *Cucurbit à maxima, Duch., var. gyl- youths, Naud. (B. T. Ò. 1893, p. C PRF as aples. ) d, ds (B Himalayan region; fruit man's head. CDantmanz:& Co., B Cucurbita. mexicans, T.O. 1893, p.334.) H. H to Naudin "this i Naud., var. mexicana. size of those of the type. Said to grow wild in the neighbourhood of Mazatlan in Mexico. (Dammann & Co., Naples.) Cup roger scd Lind. se C. 1893, . xiii., p. 74.) Sapindace "A * species ih light and repeat foliage, w * ves ume and toothed at the itat (L'Hortieulture. "Titeroationdle.) CX ika r: x aspersum, Lind. (G. 3, v. xiil,, p. 475.) Melastomacee. more elongated than in C. most nation Cymbidium grandiflorum, Griff., var. netatum, C Cogn. (L., t. 389 ; J.0. p.76.) Orchider. S. Av Mr purplish spots on the lower of the s. (L’Horticulture In- ternatio orm, ow iano Rchb. f., (G. | C. 1893, v. xiii., || ee i ety w with flowers ua Lin wholly of a "yellow colour, with oes a blotch of or ange on the lip. 34 Cymbidium lowianum, Rchb. Hh var suporbinbaun Lind. (L. t. 392.) A variety w ith the Ajse» abe ‘of the ‘hci aeie dee rp (L'Hortieulture ieee de Pos p owe um (G. 893 v. xiii, plis k uu 29; lee. “? Miis ous aa restr orchid, um gt iform annual lea an ect one- or voti - MN foot long. Flowers 14 in. and lip large, four-lobed with a long spur, and coloured ve med ose Lace - gascar. (Lewis Cype aristatus, Hort. eo 1893, rs alor f 14.) pe . An annual species hardly s nches high; said to be a pr es decorative plant. Mexico. (Dammann & Co. Napl art gracilis, e CH. HE 1893, 91.) of C. alterni- folins “variegatus with filiform stems es. (Dutrie Fréres, France.) — JEson. (G. C. 1893, 0.) a E S. A garden C. Druryi and C. in- signe. (J. vank & Sons.) Cypripedium Alfred 93, p. 84, xn rende "à garden hyb n C.ciliolare and C. insigne Chants " (Bleu, Paris.) Cypripedium ere? (G. C. 898, v. xiv., S. A garden mer between c A mand C. law- rencianum. (J. Ve teh & Sons v) um appleimiamum, Hort . R. v. i. p. 185.) eat y only panier of “ lenianum, et paler coloured flowers “and bright n "cavis reticulated * with dark green. " (W. M. Appleton.) ripedium —— Rehb. f.,var. Cyp copurpur " (Ge. 18 v. Loyi T p. 179. p A variety with ’ yello wish flowers blotched with purple. (G. W. L. Se gu go ium 1893, oe Fin a 580; F Bleu. (R. H. Bapes S. la . 517 A garden n hybri rid beeween c. radios and C. "helat ui (C. Ric us ol ge lesworthii, Rolfe. 1893, e bat Cpa 406, 437, fig. 70 ; o. R. v.1., p. 303.) new species, closely lied to C. :spiceriamum, which it resembles in lea size and form of flow v. dila eie dios colour ; the dorsal id is white, "qure and shaded # 95 with rosy gen dre - lip ee ish = staminode ikea Hesarcethen - RbetieWenh, Uypripedium - Claudii. (L. t. 397.) ^us cue between. C. spi- cerianum an (M. Moens, Lede.) wc sm ere Cleola. (O. 1893 arden hybrid betweén e SONDA albifforum and C. boissieria- Cypripedium clinkaberryanum. (G ypripeium clinkaberryanum, A genie’ p ied between C. philippinense d C. Curtisii. (C. G. Roebling, New Janey. Cypripe Mp Clonius. Ses = a v. 536.) J. of H., s p. 395, fig. 58. ) A garden hybrid | se oh C. con dere and C. caudatum Wal- lisii. (J. Veitch & Sons.) Cypripe Verr betas (G. C. 1 y. XHi., as ign hybrid bet i. ar um and audat var. uo allisti. d. Veitch & Sons 3 Cypripedium. conco lawre, (J.of H. 1898, v. xxvi., p. 193 p 41): SoA. garden hybrid be tween t concolor and C. lawrencianum. (Sir T. Lawrence.) ripedium nee C. 18 Parish, = T. Saas S. A variety with narrow seg- nts r4 ed with purple, the Jud mp with purple. Mergui. (R. B te.) CIS p. 13 Ss. A ga m. (G. ac. fai a "Constable: "New York Cypri meo Crean. (G. C. 1 zi kp. 8 B. A garden hybrid he: Lo 2i um superbum and C. Mek P um. d. Veitch & xd Cypri — Déception. (O. 189 5 d S. A garden hybrid Socii € Dih and C. venustum. (Gode- froy-Lebeuf, Paris.) Cypripedium Dibdin y. xiii., p. 162.) etween < Argus (F. G. Tau betw (F. (G. C. c A den hybri aac Bozalli. Cypripedium ise rail. (G. C v. xiv., p. 132.) S. A garden ond between C. estre and.C. superb- iens. (Pit teher & Manda.) Cypripedium enfieldense n Hebe. (OUR vt v. i, p. 309.) S. A garden hybrid ‘between C. Ho okere measuresi- . lawrencianum. sear (R. Cypripediam 7 Erato. (O. R., > P- 118.) m A garden hybrid. bsfyten C. Sallieri and C. hirsutissimum. | (C. Vavisteke, Ghent.) Cypr = orig m 4 es p: 19 ri A g ween C. a Chant rosca iiy (C. Vuy ake medi (G.C. 1 — “hybrid Cypripedium phe var. Diana. ks S. A garden hybrid bitirdi te. a on ri superbum a . spicerianum, (R. J. Measures.) Cypripedium PARRA RUN, E " hy M b w vultis. (J. Hye-Leysen, Ghent.) fairieano-lawrenci- . 1893, p. 728; fig.) S. A garden hy brid between the i species indicated by the name. (T. Statter.) "imm. (C. M RT T pma n hy brid between C. A "camem and C. Sal- lieri. (R. J. Measures.) Cypr dium anum. (G. C. Aa v. xiii., tp / B Xx gré hybrid between C. nici and C. Dru ryi. (Pitcher & Manda.) em Hebe. (G.and F.1893, 105.) S. A garden idees Mia C. Stonei eus c spicer (H. Graves, New Jersey.) Cypri ipe pa operum (G. C. 1893, eis p.682.) S. ^A garden hybrid een C. spicerianun and C. barbatum Warners (R. Young.) id ie edium hybridum corbeill- nse (R. rh 1895; p. 250) S. Across Bullen C. insigne Glades, redit SS UN Wall, CE coloured yellow and icu with scarcely any of the brown markings of the type. (Heath & Son.) Cypripedium insi Mer BY cuim 537.) variety with only a few spots wd Tm dorsal sepal. (W.C. Clarke.) Cypripedium insi estii, ^ Hort. im e, Wall., var. Er- . C. 1893, or xiv., J S. Av riety with pale-coloured Rowen, not talka that called Sanderæe. © (R. J. Measures.) 35. s ipedium ne Wall., var. ve eue . €. 18 1893, v. xiv., s with flowers 5 E c Ska dioe hue than usual. (R. J. Measures.) ripedium — amplia atum, ort. (G. and . 1898, v. vi, p. 1 ariety a larger than the type. (Pitcher & Manda.) SARN Ledouxiæ. (0. R S. A garden hybrid of doutit- or uu. It is J) T ma very near C. harrisianum. (G. R.1 ux.) cons. (L. t. 360; hi 342.) iw A gne, ors "CD Ho culture Internationale. Cypri — lucienianum. $62. 8S. arden hybrid between C. villosum a C. enanthum 1, = C. bellatulum. eni cea In- ternationale.) Cypripedium lynchianum. (G. C. 1893, v. xiv., Y 692 2.) A garden hybrid between C. spicerianum and C. selligerum majus. (F. Sander & T Cypripedium macro terum. (G i ge YIXBL. p. p S. A gorden hybrid between C. "E owii and C er- biens. (Pitcher & Manda.) Cypripedium Mme. Gibez. (O. RoR p p. o7 d. A garden hybrid be- C. venustum and C. (Mame. Gibez, France.) Cypripedium massaianum. (G. 1893 nee XIV. ide 267, fig. 48.) S. = garden hybrid be reen C. pe ge mear ha 5 rot. Sick Mun. (F. Sander ; ifo Cypripedium mauriceanum. (O.R. 8) S. A garden hybrid adn c harrisianum and C. spiceri- . (O: Block, Paris.) Cypripedium Melanthus. (G. C. 1893, y. xiii, A NS vp 141) S. A an hybrid” be biis XD Haios and C. Stonei. (J. Veitch & Sons J hirsutissimum. j oens, m Minos. (G. C. uel "692. ) S. A garden hybri icerianum and C. pin ties Veitch & Sons.) ane, xiv. p. ES is A we owers MEE C. villosum. | | Cyor ipedium Phedra. Cypripedium Mulus. (0. R. p. 244.) S. A garden hybrid his C. hirsutissimum and C. lawrencianum. Cypripedi um Murillo. A C. 1893, v. xii, p. 162.) S. A garden hybrid betw ween C. Bozcalli, var. atratum and C. Argus. (C. Vuylsteke, Ghent.) eonun ceno- aede (J. d 38.) 93, v. xxvii., p. 269, A see: hybrid between e ait and C. superbiens. Pee gee E) M eere Orion. (G. C. 1 ns em A garden hybrid. le Po. ie and C. insigne. d. "Veitch & Bent 3 Er AUE Paris. (0. R. vi. p. 87, So A US end i prer e c. Jellies ‘and probably C. Stonet. (R. H. Measures.) Cypri oãium.. Pauli. (0. R. v., i., p. 147.) S. arden hybrid ket C. teri isianum and C. . selliger um. (J. ring.) C. Bo Cypri pedium n Penelans. (G. C. 1893, u ru n. (J. Veitch & Sons.) See under Selenipedium. EP oed pryorianum. (G. es 6 A gar hybrid between C. ‘athamiomn er C. Co.) harrisianum, (E.S | Cypr porrum Sallieri pictum, CG, and F. 1893, v., vi, p. 1 S. garden hybrid between C. villosu superbum and C. insigne Chantini. (Pitcher & Manda.) a sigh Sandero superbiens. C. 1893, v. XIv.,, p. 2783 € spicerianum, Rehb. f., um, ;p X15 À . 81). S. Y ar- Mm “hye between the two species necks by the name. (N. C. Cook- n.) Cypripedium sib olense. ypripe è ida Je YA hybrid bet C. Boa alli and signe. (L^Hortic ulture foteruatanale). wl eee cua Jut mee een 898, v.XIV., p 5. ana hy brid between C. belio: € C. harrisianum. (T. Stat- ter). CB. Pucci. varie " Oitétoatelli, Florence. 37 “Bore. um statterianum. (G. C. 93, v. xiv., p. fener J. of H. v. xxvii., x A — — be- ^ picerian C. vexil enel CT. Statte Cypripedium Sylvia. (G. C. 189 barn p- — A garden hybrid between A — and C. lawrenci- anum. nn.) (OW ad Tacita. (G. C.1 EI A ga sop hybrid betw ert e. nth Ds an - sum. (H. Graves, New Jer T C dum Tonn "m (G. C.1 ones p. 490.) S arden iyid between Sa pee Eri panico and dayanum. (P. McArthur.) Cypripedium tonso-villosum. (G. 898, Ve Via p. 347. A ser Tm hybrid between the two species erm in the name. (Pitcher & Manda.) Cypri ium TU . 1893, p. is A gar aa ybrid t between. = partita: VAT. Ord ossii and C. Argus. C Godefroy-Lebeuf, Paris. ) ped: um T. Mf Bond. v. xiii., p. 396.) A garden iyi between C. swanianum and C. hirsutis simum. (C. L. N. Ingram. TE ——À (G. C. 3, v. xiv 3.) S. A garden hybrid betw idi 'c. lawrencianum and C. Boxalli. (F. Sander & Co.) €— rdum (GSC. 893, v. xiv., p. 134. A garden h brid between LC. Merl and C. superbiens. (H. Tate OX io, vox umlauftianum (G. 1898, v. = p.70. $8. A garden hybrid between C. insigne, var. Ue and C. APOE ir (F. Sander & Cypripedium venustum, — — n4 C "1893, xiv., p. 9 riety with meses, im which ae only colours are white and green. (R. J. Measures.) ripedium vernixium puncta- Cyprip (G.a and F. 1898, v. ui» Ey S. A variety with a reeurved dorsal sepal and slight dokur differences. (Pitcher & Manda.) ~ Cypripedium um vexill-Io. (G. C. 1893, v. xiii., p. 752.) S. A garden hybrid ween C. vexillarium and C. Jo. (N, C. Cookson.) pitis f -— pkey RG c: 180, = A om Burma villosum, Lindl., var. (G. C. , P. 297.) S. A variety wit Tange a dank ENA ~ in C. Box- alli v . (F: Sander & Co.) ui se ge - ipani, var. roseum, Rv i, p. 345.7 B. A garden hybrid between C. niveum and . philippinense var. Ingram.) of its flowers. Cypripedium Re aig O’Brien. Cypri vk illosum, mod a vio um, Desbois. (G. Ve X v 195. A jede ‘hybrid and C. hirsutissi —€— C. villos um. (Ch.V areka, Ghent.) Oypripedinm a | gig (G. C. 1893, v. xiii, oa 1) 3° y variety with owe twice as large asthe type. (H. Cypripedium watsonianum. (0. R. P 244. A garden hybrid tote n C. harr —— nigrum and C. ope. (F. Sander & Co. Cypripedium NE t. 89 y between C. leeanum superbum and C. hirsutissi- mum. — orticulture xb ale.) (8. ER E ds (O. R. v 11g S. X garden hybrid ioro C. 5 nom and C. hirsutissi- mum. (C. Vu Miike: ‘Ghen nt.) rugta intermedia. (G. C. 1893, 413.) Amaryllidee. 8. A garden "hybrid between C. Mackenii d C. angustifolius. (W. Bull.) apillosa, Rolfe. (K. B. br geris, 8. A new C. the lip. Natal. (J. O Cyrto ue Alici — & c (L. T 371.) jin, in 6. nh um, "em — leaves, nched scape aring numero flowers which are lj in. across, green with brown -spots, and labellum wolearsd white spots. Brazil. (L’Horticulture Inter- national Davallia L mro Hook., var. ele- gans, Hort. (G. C. 1893, v. xiii, p. . 641 D Filices variety with | finely divided fronds. (W: & J. Bir- | kenhead.) Dendrobium Benita. (G. C. 1893, v. xiii, p.355.) Orchidee. S. A gar h ybrid bet ween D. aureum, and D. Fal. i. (W. E. Brymer.) Le age Bensonis, Rchb. f — ort. (G. C. 1893 than the type. (T. Sta Dendrobium sa (G. C. 1898, v. xiii, p. 395.) A garden hybrid between D. “atc and. D. wardi- anum. (N.C kson.) ndrobium chaltenhamense. (G. v. xliii., p. 389. A garden hybrid betw X Y CLR and D. aureum obium Mentor. (G. C. 1893, v. xiii, p. 580.) S. hybrid between D. superbum and D. primuli- num. (J. Veitch & Sons.) Dendrobium om (G. C. 1898 v. 56; d and D. nobile. Dendrobium nobile, "d. Veitch & Sons.) Lindl., var. and petals and a large richly coloured lip. (F. Sander & Co.) — nobile; "ie var. bal- lanum - 1893, v. xiii, > 322; "0. "R. v. i * 15) RB A variety wit "segments, tipped with pale pink instead of purple. (F. Sander & Co.) *Dendrobium owenianum These Rehb. f. (EF. Sindas and Co. Dendrobium ræblingianu (0 R. - P. 211) B- rd hybrid betw: D. Ruckeri and D. nobile. (Pitcher & Manda, New Jersey.) Dendrobium Rubens. (G. C. v. xiii., p. 226.) S. A garden hybrid D. leechianum and D. nobile nobilius. (J. Cypher.) e Dendrobium Tan (G. C. 1893, v. . xii, p. 395.) A garden hybrid lanum and D. bigib- kson.) ts of D. chlorostele, ) ee ndere sec CK. p.367.) Sero what herbaceous stems a — high and fleshy oblong ovate leaves; the flow are produced in line e b Mew the ae rath te each r being tubular 1j long, a and eslodied bright red and wallow. Zululand. (Kew.) Desmodium pum xor Oudem var.fl. albo. (W. G. f pd 69.). Leguminosee. ite flowered form. (Treyve, Weibel ) Deutsis meris Aur C. 189 jp 31.) " Basilium. A white miei. d. hardy in Britain. Chin Dianthus hybridus, Gartenba Direcktor R Brandt. (Gf. 1893, t. 1389.) Pao H. A new garden race supposed to have originate ed between D. barbatus and D. sinensis. ( shes Berlin.) vibes, v mi Sumea, Hemsley. (G. C v. xiv., p. 120.) Apocynaceæ. S. spe ie with elliptical or orientar "evo nearly 2 in. long, an racemes of rich rose red wers, each 2} in. across. ? Brazil. On Sander & Co.) wat — = : 1893, v. xiii., ; G.& Fy 244. en chi- in A iden Fhybrid ween D. greitos and D. Mese (Kew DM E (G. C. 1898, v. xiv., p. 0; G. M., 1893, p. 658, fig.) G. A n hybrid between D. Veitehii and D. spins. (Kew eo rcm leptophylla, Hemsl. 156.) Araliaceæ. S. fnis is the Att ect name of the plant which has been in log misge for over 30 years ralia under ign ro i Habitat Sram but likely olynesi: oe isimplicitolius Hook.f. (B. 7318.) Leguminose A new of pink pea-shaped flowers. (Kew.) Afric = Doratent oe oe Hemsl (G. C. 8.) Urticacee. S. ars Mannii, with a shaped, n earlyan inc tails 2 in. long. Nyassaland. | ue) ) “Dotyanthes agi ta pow (Gard. P. xliv. A ryllidez. Queensland. den: Mlini e.) Dracena caprea, Lind. Liliaceæ Co (Botanic t G. terminalis wit - brown ficia shaded with pies leaf sta salmon-rose. (L’ Horticulture Internationale.) esed & F. rettily ds sagi anas of pes on the leaves West Trop. *Dracena gi pceotiana, Bent 1898," v. vL, p. 194.) variegated plant, with D. surculosa, but the s are bright creamy ye Africa. (F. Sander & "Co » Ap TRE. Hort. (G. C. 1893, y. xiv eedling yere of Cor dans terminalis. (J. Veitch & Sons.) cs — sanderiana, Hort. 42, fig. 65, CH. x xxvi., p. 389, 09 "9 A dis and ornamental aree with ads veis branched at the base ys i j le- loured green with fro West Africa. (F. Sander & Co.) (GA. 1 pright tel on aene with Equisetum-like Colorado, &c. (Späth, Ber- Ephedra echter Torr. . 535.) Anu 2 ft. "E branches. lin.) marum. clesianum, Hort (G 1893, v. xiii., p. 641.) Orchides. "eri vom ua Wallisii. ( G. A garden iyii between tke Wie species indicated in the me. (J. Veitch & Sons.) Epidendrum forge teanum, Hort. G. C. 1898, v. xiii, p. 752.) S. “A ^s y; pretty new Epidendrum with yellowish * flowers, veined with dull rose." luni & Co.) Epidendrum - ek. B. 1895; E rtl allied t gran iliorum, b but wiihleavesand even only halfthe size ; stems, 8 in. long, ; leaves narrow, 3 to 6 in. long ; racemes terminal man owered, the whole of a brownish colour, Hip green. New Granada. (F. Sander & Co.) lauche eanum, Rolfe. 63.) A ne many- et Rodigas. - or Dat probably ppe (F.. Epi i 4 C (K, B. 1893, p. 171.) G. A new species allied to E. Endresii. Stems 5 in. long, rt fi of greenish yellow flowers. Costa Rica. (F. Sander & Co.) B endrum tricolor, E Rolfe. (K. B at p. 63.) species allied o E. pu ee pine ; leaves 4 ii. long; flowers s mirer pei light yellow, with 2 rers odour. Venezuela. (H. Low & Co.) Epidendrum Umlaufti, Zahlbr. (W. G. 1893; p. E Pl.) This is E. costa- ricense, Rchb. f. Menu wendlandianum, amt (G 893, yii new satin ‘allied to atum ; it has ereeping fleshy icis linear leaves 2in.a and petals light green, and the now- en with purple lines on'the side Misa. Mexico. (Herrenhausen B. G.) *Eria Me > Rolfe. CK. B. 1893, p. 171.) Orch new species, near E. agr ped Lindl: It is small in all its parts with ovoid pseudobulbs and a short scape of small white flowers. S. India. (Kew.) *Eucharis Lowii, at (G. es 1893, v. xiii., pp. 455, 538, fig. 78.) iaryll- ide A supposed mater hybrid between E. grandį d E. enm It orted, e was im vith rU last species, from E. grandiflora. (H. Low & Co.) PR pe awd Hook. f. (B. M 0.) E describe vd p olor, a name ye rous roots, siform leaves 18 in. 1 2n | over a foot long, bearing at the top six to ten hands ell ers purple-brown iy c br the lip South Africa. (H. J. El *Euphorbia Sipolisii, N.E. Br. pL B. s P- 158.) Euphorbiacee. ve oe us the section Euphorbium, inged stems erect, , wi , leafless, in dia ime: flowers small in sessile cymes, Brazil. (Kew.) ena mac macrantha, Hook f. (B. men "es H. erect ro herb w h hairy stems and leaves, "the latter Dinit 2 in. to 4 in. ong ; ks terminal "d e $ in New Zee *Exarrhe M. t. *Fritillaria citrina aeos eid Cat. 1893, p. 4.) Lilia A. very pretty species with bell-s Med ndulous flowers, i ped Amd and yellow within. Taur (Dammann & Co., Naples.) *Fritillaria Whittallii, Baker. (G. C. 1893, v. xiii, p. 506.) H. As species ren resembling F. fpr ited in habit, it has an orbicular inst al of a be: Saree d. Taurus. (Whittall, Siri) “Fritilari ia do cx d = 6 893, v. xiii. H. lo Allied e bs: inlipifolia Mis clo - and F. na. s dark lur untesselated, purple stk daca jateide. Kashand Mts., Persia. (Max Leichtlin, Bad *Furcrea albinptae, Baker. (G. C. 1893, v. xiv., 6.) Amaryllidez. G dwarf sees allied to F. depau- perata, with 8 in. long 2 i wide, with vec whitish eee prickles. Flowe erect uu jii 6 ft. long. Central Ameri (Kew.) "Galanthus byzantina, Baker, (G. C. 6.) Amaryllideæ. H. edges, as in be: form saan ot inner perianth-se iara cay wee as in ‘the latter. (J. Alle Galanthus Coreyrensis, Leichtl., var. praecox, 3n em (J. of H. 1893, v. xxvii., p. 549.) An early flower- ing form of od "vei with broader leaves. (S. Arnott.) Galanthus Elwesii, A. f., var. robus- tus, (G.C. 1893, v. xili., p. 226.) t very Cat varies of the type, with a large bulb an thick tre Oo, o leaf. Asia Minor. (Dammann & Naples.) t us gracilis, Celak. (G.C.1893, v eg p H. A closely allied perianth. Bulgaria. (Herr Polaky.) Galanthus grandiflorus oed i C. 1893, v. xiii, p. 656. IH species remarkable for ti m y tubus , forms of G. nivalis. ( - Backhouse.) 40 *Galanthus Wu Baker. (G. C. 1893, v. xiii., aud Ls E Species with the pet uie gree leaves of G. Fosteri, the ende pret of the inner segments of t the crisped edges of G ivalis. Linn. Nikaria CWhittall, ates Galanthus maximus, Baker. (G. C. — v. — p. 354.) This name has unk, and that z G. grandi- brad Gaio see) adopted ear ees Legit Hort. (G. C. 1893 2) H.-A species inter en G. caucasicus and mediate b " Ohdskeus: (T. Ware & Bon) *Galeandra Claesii. Cogn. — Orchidee. S. A new specie to G. villosa. It has slender Pee obe about a foot long, blue-green leaves , i ong, ari and (L istak hee Internationale. Giadiohis ARA. x gandavensis., (G. C. 1893, v. xiii, p. 596.) Iridec B GEO pes between the two plants indicated by the name. (Dam- mann & Co., Naples MEAM p oa aa Baker. v. mdi p. 45 IL fL eu new sp red e G. draco- cephalus in pies Pierce but with broader, sho rter opposite leaves, and a tall spike of A yellow ers with red. Natal. (Kew; Max Leichtlin.) Giadiolus ee Lire = x . xiii. 2p. 5 rden ys ma. betwee G communis and G. cardinalis or G. Colvillu. "Duda & Co., Naples.) Gongora Charitewthd, Rolfe. O How is 198) rchideg. S. ew e les h the it of G truncata brin nga = out pei Sas which are arly y b with a very light berout ema Habitat not re corded. (Char rlesworth, Shuttlew piti Graderia subintegra, M. T. M (G. C.1893, v. xiv., P 798, fig 122.) Serophularines. new species with woody an te ee eroe usc wohidea Bc Aerial aen; ub m intended being G. speciosum. Eee TaD Ore rege Te 3.) Orchidee 6 i cluster of small orange-red flowers. Madagascar. (W. L. Lewis & Co.) *Habenaria Pp Hook., var. zm oe F. 1898, v. vi., p. 336.) sigan Dar Bot. Mag. t. 3, in. ) is a ‘syno . Susanne, Br. era var Y is p as having eN wers on erect scapes, with AE hes lobed labellum. Sumatra (F. Sander & Co.) *Hapaline Brownii, "iura t (B +. 7,325.) Aroidee. S. Anew tee with the I habit of a Spathicarpa, from om the spath : has gree cordate leaves and a greenish white inflorescenee. Malayan pom uee (Kew.) Hedera Helix, L. var. tessellata. (Gard. 1893, v ” 44, p. 150.) Araliacee. es tmi rked fo of the * common ivy, spoon einings after the v unis er - of the variegated Japanese * honeysuckle." (Miss Browning.) Hedracantins niveus, G. Beck. (W. 1893, p. 288, f. 63.) Campanulacee, à warf plant with grassy leaves, stem ma bracts purple, calyx reddish, corolla snow-white. Al ps of Bosnia. HUM. vereris EE M. (G. : seg. hear nial foliag ge plat with Mo ike habit, the leav es colo oured rose-red with the veins "eng che in rose e uth Sea (W. Bulk) [Heliconia is wid gs in America. cad is naturalised in ruga o and Tr rop Asia bably H. illustris is ect form of this Heuchera rosea, Zabel (M. G. Z. 2.) Saxifragee. H. A garden | hybrid betw sis H. pilosissima, F. d H. sanguinea, Bagi, Gabel, mede Hibiscus crassinervis, F. var. flam- mea, ud E Xe 1893, a 494.) Malva G. wy annual and long-stalked fiery red Abyssina. (Dammann & Co., Naples.) 41 Hibiscus Tebelei, Tra ngn. H. 1893, p. 449.) H.H. An base of the corolla. China. (Naudin, Antibes.) Hoploph ytum. lineatum, 893, v. xiii., black. Brazil. (W. B the plant flowers the genus is un- certain. ] "Huernia Sprengeri, Hort. e. (Pe , f. 30.) Asclepiadewm. a e species with gold eet pecs white - Abys cóc Ca & Co., Naples. ) o temper concinua, Baker. (G. 1898, v. rre p. 150.) Amaryllidez. species resemblin ca aribea, but evergreen an Mexieo. (Dammann & Co., Hypolytrum schraderianum, Nees. Tt. TS . 44) € peraceæ S “A stout with tufted leaves 21 ft. long and 2 in. ith wide, entire, c wit purple margins Brazil. (W. Bull s) dropped CB. bre? > de^ rs ac om with lanceolate serra E es axillary racemes of white in EK Interesting as f th ants whieh yield Brazil. * Mate" or Paraguay tea. Kew “Impatiens 2) Geriacen mee — 893, p. ete ie 2 oun a dest stem and opposite » slat yellow with a short Comoro Islands. (Landry, France.) ag Pg Delavayi Franch. (R. 1893, p. 544; Vae xem p. 58, ri 20.) Bignoniacem. H.H. early stemless iso hard hardy dee diat with pinnatipartite leaves and raceme of red or deep rose-coloured flowers. China. (Vilmorin, Paris.) Iris , Athoa, Foster. d C. 1893, v. 711.) Iridex. A more robust sp. than Z. subdi d t which it comes very near. Flowers, por. red-purple in colour. Mt. A: (M. Foster.) trofusca, Baker (G. C., Xs vieta » p: 384.) H. A distinct ae tall as Iri and a concolorous brow tine. (Herb and Walle, ‘Naples. ) Iris caroliniana, Wats. (G. and Ps 1893, v. vi., p. 334, f.51.) A specie nearly allied to Z. versicolor. N. esr (Manda.) Iris anica, L., v Rodigas | Gu. H H. 1898, € LANI B H. A for h pale pearly- "white flowers. "i7: jh daria Internationale.) *Iris Grant: Dui, Baker. (Damm A species closely allie v diria an nax, wit yellow and yellowish-white flowers, i (Dammann veined violet. - Palestine. & Co., Naples.) Iris Hane Baker. (Damm. ao t. 1893, An Oncocyclus species Pies S, and large egini C Bowers ofa grey ESSE vowrU = ck. Palestine. (Dam- n & Co. ples.) *Iris kaui arb. ^ a Deni ) (e M. 1893, p. elegant species with ‘all of a ded h cri colour, and having a black crimson bloteh in the centre of ba Standards lilac with darker veins. Palestine. (T. Ware & Son.) *Iris Sari, Schott, var. pamarene, Foster. (G. M. No. 2059, 1.), A beaut tiful Tris of ote nest qut group in i appear near I. Lor The falls are heavily — t wi of brown- s n a straw coloured ground and have a rs arge maroon bloteh in the andards erea m im with blue veins. Palestine. (T. V e & So s Kalanchoe grandiflora, Hort. Dam- mann & Co. is K. marmorata, which see in Kew Bulletin, App. 1893, p. 38. "Kniphofia citrina. a wen G. C. enge; | p». ME) Lilia em H.E A Mea on with and ele K. Macowani, Wit pas shorter ped w flowers and exserted piv: ni » nds a pt 8 in October. S. Afri (Max Leichtlin, Baden. E —_ lo ongico collis, ^ Leitchlin. i ice L 3899. v, xi, p. 683 QUE. E a- species, dw die arfer than K. aloides, : ith bright green ensiform leaves, short racemes, and large clear yellow flowers inMay. Natal. (Max Leitch- 42 "Kniphofia n modesta, fers from plants ia t Kew (B. M. ribed in 1889 , but not panicle 2 ft. high h of white flowers ong. Natal and Griqualand. (Kew Eros — pauciflora x Macowani. m p.424.) H.H. i e hybrid between the two species istae by the name. (Kew.) Kniphofia Tuckii, ee eee nee As poles ing K. ‘peda its rni pe » bi Enel. (Max Leichtlin, " Baden) Lachenalia aurea, ) Pen var. gigan- tea, Hort. (G. C xiii., pp. 290,364.) ` Liliaceæ s from the Spe: s n having jte and od I MA. A at Kew sida bore spikes 19 inches high us 27 open flow — Euterpe. aerias: e epe i xiv., p. 536.)). Orii arden hybrid decns za pears and L dayaWa. (T. Statter.) Lelia finckeniana, 0” d e C. xiii., p. 6, fig. Iu) S.A pénal pos hybrid between L. autumnalis anceps, oa at probably only a variety P the latter (C. W. Fincken). osos lucasiana, | reis (O. R; v.i, species, allied to Lh erispilabia, fon Sid it differs in having a yellow lip; the other parts of the flower being purplish mauve. Habitat not recorded. (C. J. Lucas.) Maynardii. dur C. 1893, ¥. P €: i 8.) 2S gan n L. pumila, var dayana tyle ri, Alexandre, Hort PE Veitch & Sons, Wallace Martagon, L the | de unopened buds. produced about a oy after thise of the t e N. Ita lia Gerardi, Sauv." (R. H.1893, 9.) Campanulacez. H. A garden Rybrid between AL. cardinalis, and L. syphilitica. B "Lonicera hi hildsbrandiaiia, C 2 sad Hems ree PARE d. "This is les ma by MT Miis A years ago, cho deseribed i “A conspicuous shrub, with p + Pde glossy leaves and hay crimson ") * flowers, 7 ins. long.” (Kew Lonicera mündeniensis. (G/. 3, p- ‘102, fig. 18, 4-6.) H. A RERE hybrid between L. w E vs Ase a. re A bush us ‘erect softly hairy s 8. us or yellowish (Mün- is ees ovoid, x» den Forest School.) Lonicera musosviansii. a DN $, 100, fig. 1-3.) ‘id L. Mor goer eg i. o xz ane nn character be- two pare owers white, turbid: Sian ny.) (Gf. 1893, Rs 104; arde rid between tiana. tween t fruit a Lonicera Zabelii. is 19, 1-3.) H. betw ee fico: t dar toge- , round, coral-red. (Münden Forest School.) *Ludovia crenifolis, Drude. (G. C. mend v. Xiii., p. 142, fig. 64.) Cyclan- d S. Ae arge plant of tufte habit, the gi rij we at the base and se anks, thick, M Abe, ioan ovi. narrowed to ¢ stalk-like base. Brazil. (F. Sander & Co.) Luffa Forskali Hort (B. T 2 1893, A le LR ai iier with alpin r- elie flowers, small sek ribbed fruits ahd hlaek seeds, Arabia, &e. Dammann | & Co., Naples *Luisia — de TR T. C. 1893, v. xiii, p. 75 8, also E 218. Y: Orc Aide ds spe cies ith terete leaves Mid cluster of flowers, Sepals and petals ovate, greenish yellow p large, lobed, spotte ed with dul! re a Tree aodio by Messrs. H. Lo in 1890, but name p Sabtlsbed. Burma. (Sir, T. Lawrence.) Luisia. Volucris, e ipt C. 1893, y. xiii., p. 751 fig. 9.) S. Leaves t rete, do» e " jum i in the axils, with, linear oblong M sepals * and petals, the petals horn-like, the np fleshy, brown-purple, pressed uie the stem. (Sir T. Lawrence Lycas Me. (O. | Ey: i, p.303; L., t Orchideze. G. A new species to L. mesoch lena. k has large, — leaves and - At Í | | | ii | M single-flowered seapes, each tlower bei dd ier white ith a ture Internationale. | Lycaste RENI Hort. Linden. KM C.1893, v. xiv., pp. 756, 775, sA 9.) ne nd with t babit of L. Sawer and large flowers in which = sepals are pale p wn w ^ dl pur n Skinnert wit aillaria nigre escent (L Horticulture Inter- | Lycaste es Hort. Linden. Pa Ag xiv wei allied t to L V rund m el yale bro h pink s the: petals AE ue 8, the pare ae and (1? Horticulture Internationale.) x = ER ro white oe .macrobulbon, Lindl. Yo i, Rolfe. (ZL. t. 368) G. This plant has been in cultivation for some years under the name of L. it It is act tna more aero on, of which hag E var. ‘ 4228 a is Ma villaria macióbul tolfe. FA R. new species allied t L psg but with smaller flowers a differently oed Us i ong acute nish vello: the petals are Modo $ pe bati Fellow with a few brown spots near the bas and the lip is three Citar" Lm faintly 1 (€ rossiana, G. barred with brown. Habitat not re- corded. d. J. Ross, Wlóredóe ty Lycaste rete E dm (0. R. bi Y. 3; B. pot pl.) Å gi dei bra bette n L. Skinneri and | probably L. schilleriana. (Emperi of Austria.) Lycaste Barur sindh ae pu ( purea, Hort variety with pale di ede a purple petals and a white lip slightly inged with yellow. (L'Horticulture Internationale. ) Magnis stricta, H ort. ees d. 1893, 1.) Magnoliaces H. 6 Fie es M. KORIE En an x DA obovata." — (Jokn Saul, Unite States.) | Malva hastata. Hort. (B. T. O. p. 108, f. 15.) usa. H. A bcne annu ] with la rge most alked rose- violet flowers. M Dammann & Co., Naples. "Maranta Leone, Hort. (G. C. 1893, TSK) ' Marantac eg. S. A t with ovate leaves, and the petiole both covered with soft silky hair, and ‘coloured -= with grey variegation. (F. San Co.) err i ee Mee aaa Rolfe, (0O 265.) Orchideæ. G. A new pesi die ics Saccolabiate. Leaves 5 in. Tong, t tu less than half an in long, w greenish yellow with brown spots and ellow hairs, lip S at da New Grenada. (Glasnevin.) roe dee ecu Be Rchb. f. var. Wallisii with d Roezlii. (W. Vanner.) Masdevallia. fragr ne, Woolward. edes B v xv p 160) Gora spec es with leaves like M. ele- yixeerp, and cupped yellowish flowers with short fleshy tails, much like those of M. iiem Pe in bapa, New Grenada. (Lord Lothian.) t e ties are es are Keg eljani, lilacina, carnea, gine, i" illustri ris. (L'Ho rtieulture | retino mai ) Masdevallia Mennerte. (G. C.1 v. xiii., p. 740.) arden hybrid between M. Shuttewor dii and M. ignea (F. L. rk.) Ames, New Y Masdevallia Parksii. (G. C. 1893, v. xiii., p. 636.) G. A garden roe between M. harryana ot M. igne (Heath & Son.) Masdevallia Pourbaixii, Hort. suse : i. ) G. A garden hybrid b M. veitchiana and M. Bhuttleworthi. (E. Pourbaix, Mons.) Masde llia | pusilla, Rolfe. (K. B 1899, T p. 338.) A new species near M. Tr Ar Leaves lanceo- late, 6 in. long; scape 4 in. long, flex- e, : g ng, uous, flowers the smallest in the group, yellowish, with mri blotches. Habitat not reeorded. (Glas vin.) peer ien oo uie C. "f M U 81493. 45 move Rushtoni. (O. R. 210) G. A per hybrid biva M. ignea, var. Eckhardii, and M. race- mosd, var. Crossi. (Captain 1 fincks.) re ced Meca at Estrada. (G v. xiii., p. 7 4, hts Aw b. garden hybrid between th e two species indicated by the name. (Capt. Hincks,) chb. f. v aded hp. (E. Sander & C 0.) Maxtiiaris = Rolfe. elg e v. . 266., spite with ie "habit of M. venusta, and large flowers a in. across, t sepals and petals greenish Sello» Hi brown purple stripes, pem the lip white i purple vein-like lines. Peru. (L'Horticulture Internationale.) decem RU minutum, Rolfe. M. t. 7314; K.B. 1893, p. 5.) pallies diminutive species with a creeping rhizome, small ovate sey ce bearing each a pair = mall leaves; scape short, flattened, pude. with two rows of small Grine (Kew. red flowers. Sierra Leone. ) *Melo a (B. T. O. 1893, p. 13, fi ue bitacee. G.orS. perennial elimber with yx small yellowish flowers, fol- lowed by small roun m E fruits, produced in great profusion in autumn. Abyssinia, Dann inn & Co., Naples.) peces desear O'Brien. (G. C. y Y. X. 06.) Orchidee. 5$. sed E naiiai hy bald between M. Clowesii and M. candida. It has wers 3 in. d yel Brazil. with brown blotehes. (Major y) Joice Éprccero chinensis, Hort. GB. T. O. from longer rass of. a silvery sole China. (Dammann & Co., Naples 2 Momordica muricata, H rt. (B. T. O. 1893, 14.) S. A "uon annual climber with pale yellow flowers, and golden or orange-yellow fruit with blood- red pulp and w Nep AM "Peru. (Dammann & Co., es.) rmodes i sepals and petals spotted with p Cc brown, and a coppery red labellum. (L’ Horticulture Internationale.) "Musa emi E. v. Mi <1 G. ©: 1893, xiv., Musee. S: n Atben Reni of the M. sapien- up. It has a sens TS large leaves, and an erect p e bearing whorls of white sg vt po d by Queensland. (Kew.) *Musa Manni, d (B. AE 7311.) warf go the stems peat 4 ft. 2d = ith sieht: ies T Tt; 7 in. brog ad, an erec er Bd an several con spieuous boat-shaped bracts of a rose-crimson colour. The owers are in threes and yellow, and the fruit small ko par, and green sam. ) gem e doe am (G. C. 1893 p. Amaryllidee. A num bes “of which hen rr. parents are imis are dn ribed. Narci aaa d: Cat. 1899, p. p- A garden hybrid between JN. Jon ir Miss N. Tazetta, Cennad & C >i Naples 3 Neodryas sacciana, Lind. (J. O. 1893, p. 73.) On chid A new species with the habit of | a mest Oncidium, and small flowers coloured pede ip. amesiana. (G. C. 1893, v 56.) vale sng gene S. A garden hybrid between JN. rafflesiana . hookeriana. GJ. Veitch & Sons.) Nepenthes mixta. (G. C. 1893, v. em m 46, "E 9$) s. pee n hybrid ween JV. northiana and N. Curtisi, a. Veiteh & Sons.) *Nerine elegans var. alba, Hort. (J. of H. 1893, v. Aere 349, fig. 51.) of ae origin. It Moorei. (T. Ware.) Nerine meist, » P comes near JV. (G. e 1893, v. . A garden bybrid between. N. humilis and N. pr en (R. A. Todd.) *Nicotiana colossea, variegata. . Solanaceer. G the plant describ l. tomentosa. ( Sallier, Paris.) A di stinet plant | 46 Bion PESE Nidularium digeneum. (W. G. Ap a Ads Bromeliacee. rden iets n N. Innocenti and Bro- ud ot "Hübsch, Bavaria.) Tophounierns. n Hort. Y« XI. 38.) Filices. light abe silvery powdered ae habit den se, compressed, as e th as e fro nds. 3 & J. "Birkbülienit: ) C. G. E ron [11 me Nymphzea Laydekeri E e (Gard 1893, v. p YP. ay ee Hs? scaling he , said to ge of E origin and ha rdy. owers 3j in. in f, pe tals dark crimson. (Lat cae Medio, France.) mein 1893, v. xliv, p. A seedling variety, said to - of hybrid origin and hardy. Flo diameter, c rose- bete (aoe Marliac, Franc Nymphea Laydekeri E p Nymphzea marHsom i Xe (G 1895, v. xliv., p. A rig variety, said to be i hybrid origin and veu Flowers nearly 5 in. in diameter, tals t rosy crimson. (Latour- Martat, France.) Nymphæa — rubra punc- T. (Gard. 1893, v. xliv., P. quse A. seedling variety. said to hy- brid origin and hardy. Flow 4 in. in diameter, petals deep rose purple and marbled. (Latour-Marliac, France.) ghey ares e Gard. 1893, c 80 had with yellow. (Latovr-Masllae i Prem de = F., 1898, rid oN 7 e ard, New J Maece ce i: onan any spots. (F.S landum, Rchb. f. — — b em, (G. C. with pri imrose-c banded instead of brown. (C. Vuylsteke, Ghent) ssum pum, Lindl. var. O amplissimum, Hio Hort. T C. 1893, * crunt ys large sepa vides segments, and yellow blotch on the lip. (L/ Horticulture Inter- onale.) 47 gs pa mag crispum, Minii; var. ferri Hort 38 G. A v variety a vi ge lowers, i seg- ments ma each a large red- purple ab ose-tinted ground. Pt Hentionituce rris ha le.) Odontoglossum crispum, s var. owenianum, Hort (G. C. 1085, V; xiii., p. 636:3 G. A tite with large fl owers heavily spotted with m yellow on a white ground. (F. San ) xb rdi crispum, Lindl. var. Thom mpsonis, Hort. (G. C. 1893, v. xiv., p. 756. A variety with large full flowers, pure white with blotches of rich b red on the petals. (L’Hor- fiehltare | aiea, ) Odonto rete Be aoe be Lebe var. imschootianum, Hort. (ZL. t. 359.) A variety with flowers of a yellowish as in the iety call ureu hue (L’ Horticulture Internationale.) “Odonto lossum p — f. album, € h.v ; Pe 00.) riety bon iis rose VU colour i in etes flowers. (Kew.) MCN uc Kranzlinii, O'Brien. 1893, v. iia e 442.) 4G. E spots atthe sides. Columbia. (F. Sander & Co.) Odontoglossum. lancosas var. grave- sianum, O'B (G. C. 3, v. xii, p. 322. A pao with creamy white sepals and petals spotted with red-purple. (F. Sander & Co.) Odontoglossum _ luteopurpureum Lindl. var cobbianum uis (0. R p.94) G. Avr riety w with sepals an iid petals coloured Men aire — chestnut, the latter marked w sn yellow band. (W. Cob jb.) Mere ien mulas, M var. . * i, p. 636.) "s. variety with MOM large and gei marked flowers. (T.Statter.) Odontoglossum Pescatorei Lin var. Lewisii, Hort. (O. R. v. L, p 135.) ith medium sized flowers, white, unspotted, suffi with purple, the lip with a large biotch of enu (W. L. Lewis & Co.) l * Odontoglossum ramosissimum, "x var. coeleste, Lind. et Rod. (4Zil. 1893, tab. 170.) G. Thisv variety aittens from the type in the flowers being tinted with mauve oo > p he spotted with that colou ground. (L ri arean Internationale) Soe aT R roe um, Hort Y. Hi G. X ^E. Sander & supposed natural hybrid, Co.) Odontoglossum Sg ita A ro splen ens, O'Brien. (G. C 93, Y. Xi., p. 985.) A large flowered richly marked variety of what isa —— natural hybrid. (Sir T. Lawrence.) Odontoglossum ^ thompsonianum, Garnier. (L.t.388. G. A form of O. luteopu V ndn with broad seg- ments, the tches Bee and deep chocolate in idi: p being n with a blot of auge Se. (Ho bia Internationale.) grep nte birar iere dl., r. album xd C. Xm * . 410 p. $943 'G. variety with a im "white lip. (Major- Gen. Berkeley.) Odontoglossum wilckeanum : ar. elegans, Rolfe. (O. nh. Ve iy p. blotched with bro wn, prim coloured petals and lip with a few vier: prerie spots. (Austen & McAslan Oncidium” luteum, Rolfe. (K. B. 1893, p. 172.) Orchidee. G. A new species alli rysop yramis, pseudobulbs ovate, over an inch long ; leaves 4in. l le 18 in. long; flowers numerous, small, light i ene ose not recorded. | (Sir Law- ce.) *Oncidium sande Wem. Rolfe. (K. B. 1893, p. 337; G. and F. | oO Pied "i ae —€— scapes of large “rosy red oms. Hes € — been descri bed. as chocolate- P. (E. Bander & Co.) as dium unicolor, Rolfe. (0. R. y:i p, 266.) G. Anew es allied : reir habit with larger flow a uniform yellow facon ull.) speci it = more robust rs, which are of Brazil. (W. aum, Cogn. (J. O. ye with t bro oe at (1 Horticulture Iteriatiu- ale.) - wipes natalense, Baker. M. 1893, p. 557.) his xd very closel v "allie ee o. is ient and is found at an altitude of 6,800ft. Natal. (Kew.) *Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Lindl (.Lemoine Cat. 1893; G. C. 1893, v. xiv. pp.628, 743.) Rosacem. H. ru with gy branches, pinnate leaves mbs of w vhite fragrant haw- It donne extensive Bur is eaten (Jardin see corym and ttle. China, India, &c. des Phat, Paris.) Oxalis anthelminthica, A. Br. nu e 1893, p. 5.) Geraniacez. A charming species with Litas or flac Abeer Abyssinia. (Damm & Co. , Naples.) “eet rig bys ecd Munro, B. 1893 Bambusee. S. Eu ipee barbo which is widely distributed i f, s3i wide at the in and I olate leaves 6 in. long. wes from Lake Nyassa by Lord de Saumarez, who presented a plant to Kew. Peonia lutoa, 1 ers un G. 1893, cee, ellow- flowered eem rs hon (Jardin ) des Plantes, Paris ena maculata, ut (K. B.18 7.) Orchide A new Vict with shining ei. s leaves blotched with above and purplish below. ng, purple, clothed with corded. (Kew and rey Pentas qu artiniana, Q (W.G. 1893, p. 143, no Rubinem, S. A variety of ie d P. carnea, than which it is szid d a finer ad freer flowering. Abyssinia. (Dammann & Co., Na ples 5 dee amabilis. Kar C. 1893, v. xiii., ; SM wit fig. 32; O. R. v. i., p. 87. Orchide E eei ybrid between FP. erandiflius and P. tuberculosus (J. Veitch & Sons.) MCG. C. 1895, v: sedeniana se eae (G 93, v. xi, p. garden hybrid b 2 Phas e ors "E folius and C ‘abteihe’ oisi, var. (J. Veitch & Sons.) i Phaio - penne sedeniana rosea, n |... was the seed parent but in this variety _ tors the pollen parent, (J. Riley.) — 48 PME sane here Bagi bee st F. 1893, à) '& den E AVES P. Wallichii oi P. grandifolius. P. hybridus, raised by D. "0. Drewett in 1892 is fror om the same parents Graves, New Jersey. Rolfe. (K. B. 1893, A new dps ple. lanceolate leaves a n: ong, a erec ong, bearing six ies Africa. (Eari of Searborough. 5 RE uin fus, Krünzlin. (G. C Hox nai chide. S. Ka ion S, ot | green vies ; and idi n wish ed, which hav the peculiar character of expanding at about 9 a.m. an i bout 3 p.m n tl d itat not recorded. t (Sir T. Lien) era td i pape var. A ose xiii., E 38) S E e hybrid ‘peewee 2m r. leucaspis, and P. Aphro dite.. "d. Veitch & Sons = Philodendron rere Hort. (G.C. v. 4. Aroidew. E ng and cordate, "Habitat not recorded. [ The genus of this plant is uncertain until it flowers.] Phenix IELBEOCAT DE, Naudin. (G 893, v. xiv. 99.) Palme. I4 A supposed large fruited nm of as black ai in a garden on the Rivie TE Lngardi, | por p. 6.) Orch 8. w to p. peo ener but s parts. racemes , pendent, and clothed with Western re 6in. lon small shell like white flowers. Burma. (Kew.) Physosiphon Lindleyi, Rolfe. (K.B. 1099 siphon Ore ilice S. A new P: vede with the jes kn long, ara with red se vin.) (Glasn *Pleuro thallis Rolfe. nd 1893, p. 334.) Orchidee: S. w species allied to P. recurva ; leaves 2 in. long, blotehed with dull purple ; flowers small, white and purple. Brazil. » eae crag ge oe Rolfe. 18 4.) new ^t has nse ds apes high, bearing very umm yell dh slower with Purse ace: ish Honduras. (Kew.) Pienrothais puberula, Rolfe. K. B. 1893, p, 169.) S. A new species, allied to Fe univaginata, but the flowers are smaller and more numerous ; they ru oloured xdi and dull y rellow, and d allied" t i pets ata. small spathitte leaves in a sue sem cap Habitat n recorded. Coler n.) — Fhe pelle, Rolfe. CK 2 ew species allied rcuata, a, with Ms rac cemes of cata Et and purple flowers. . Roraima. (Charlesworth & Co.) *Pleurothallis unis triata, Rolfe. CK. B. 1893, p. 334.) S. — species near E marginata. Leaves inch long neg 2i in. ie earing wh with perils Unés: Habitat not recorded. (Kew.) ;Polysiaebsa Hes. (K. B. 1893, S. À new = cies, very similar to P. hls Leaves about 6 in. lon pes 12 in. long, dover ipi yellowish, v ith fain traces of purple Trop. Afric ) DERA, France Verbascum map Fisch. et Mey. (G. C. 1893, v. xiv., p. 785.) Scrophularines. £ is perennial Species with flov ging indigo-blue to loni e e distan. dou & Schmidt, Erfurt.) Verbesina tifida, E oy cm Cat. Lt Mee P- 7, fig. om- siteze VER RA bs grow Tent t hi igh and has large Sinais. pie remarkable for their elegance. Guatemala (Bruant, ) *Veronica Colensoi, Hook.f. (G. M. 1893, p 269.) Dresd epar qon u.o. iirabby species Bacci fe Trasersii and bearing a small (New ed to V. pr aedis of trusses of lavender-blue flowers. Zealand.) RSEN Fairfieldii, pote - A vs - positi a natural hy brid ‘closely related o V. hulkea I ort oe te toothed leaves des than inch long, with wnish m rele ; dieit A e d on shor cemes. New Ze esi. (Edinburgh Bot. Gard.) T loganioides, Armstr. ( 3, v. s 480 J BH A the plant is derye - n in coiour bearing racemes of white flowers. New Zealand. (Stansfield Bros.) *Vitis Coignotim, Planch. Ampe (G. and F. lideæ. H. bru. it resembles in n hs foli age. en ip for rich crimson umed by e Sane. Ja apan hb oue re da Pommer-Escheana, (Gf . 1893, P 129, tab. 1388.) Brome- cer. A garden rect between splendens in autum V. redii and V.s Vries urascens, Hort (G. C. 1893, xili., R 413.) S. “A richly coloured plant, the leaves dark green as with purple, wholly proh on derside. Bra (W. Bul NS the drin flowers the genus is uncertain. | Vriesia tesselata. crees var. San- derz, Hort. base 1893, v. xiii., p. 442. 's ety with leaves preutly varjegated in white and yellow band a green tesselated ground. S. (E. Sander & Co.) Bh cat a IM xi 03 v. nine . 1893, p. I Eri G. fi ae species known, mug one o of the few conoce: of the Ericacez ralia. It cd a B Rs Hi poe creeping stems and ascending a foot Ba clothed "ik oa ick r axilary yellowish or red campan wers. Australia. (Kew ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. APPENDIX III.—1894. LIST of the STAFFS of the ROYAL GARDENS, Kew, and of Botanical Departments and Establishments at Home, and in India and the Colonies, in Correspondence with Kew. * Trained at Kew. 1 Recommended by Kew. Royal Vetus api :— Director - - W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, C.M.G., - LE, FRS, PhD, MA, F.L. S. Assistant-Director - - Daniel Morris, C.M.G., D.Sc., Assistant (Office) - *John Aikman. ” » . - *William Nicholls Winn. Keeper of Herbarium and Library John Gilbert Baker, F.R.S.,F.L Principal Assistant (Phanerogams) *William Botting Hemsle y; F.R. S. A.L.S. (Cry Pose) George Massee. Assistant (Herbarium) - Nicholas Edward Brown, A.L.S. » » - *Robert Allen Rolfe, A.L.S. om a - - Charles Henry Wright. » » se A Sidney lfred Skan. R for India - - Otto Stapf, Ph.D. U 84471, — 1375.—11/94. Wt. 45. 54 Honorary Keeper, Jodrell La- | Dukinfield Henry Scott, F.R.S., boratory - - - M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S. Curator of Museums - - John Reader J a, A.L.S. Assistant (Museum) - - John Masters Hilli Preparer - z - George Badderly. Curator of the Gardens - - George = eng A.L.S. Assistant Curator - William Wat Foremen :— Arboretum - *William J. Bean. Herbaceous Depari - *Walter Irving. ad inis Onid Frank Garrett. Departm Temperate House (Sub-tropical *Thomas Jones. Department). Cambridge.— University Botanic Garden :— : Profes - Charles C. Babington, F.R.S., F.L.S. Deputy Professor Francis Darwin, M.B. F.R.S., F.L.S. Curator — - - *Richard Irwin Lynch, A.L.S. Dublin.—Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin :— Keeper - - Frederick W. Moore, A.L.S. Trinity College — Gardens :— Profess E. Perceval Me cui M.D., Curator - . *F. W: Taride M.A., FLS. Edinburgh.—-Royal fos Garden :— Regius Keeper - Isaac quisi Balfour, M.D cy F.R.S, Curator © = = Robert Lindsay. Glasgow.—Botanic Gardens University + Pi ofessor F. O. Lo rti D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L Curator - - *Daniel Dewar. Oxford.—University Botanie Garden :— Professor - - Sydney H. Vines, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. Curator - - *William Baker COLONIES. Antigua. (See Leeward Islands, ) Barbados.—Dodd's Reformatory, Botanic Station :— Su perintendent - John R. Bovell, F.C.S. British Guiana,—Potanic Gages: See Georgetown - Superintendent an wee m ent Bo- *George S. Jenman, F.L.S. Head Gude jdn ohn F. Waby. Secon Robert Ward. Promenade Gar den :— Head Gardener - William Jackson. Berbice - - Keeper - - Richard Hunt. British Honduras.— Botanic — Cur - James McNair. Canada.— Ottawa - - Dominion Botanist - Prof. ee Macoun, n à , F.R. a C., FALS. Assistant »" - das i “Maco Director of Govern- Prof. - W m. pa nder$, ment E oan FRSC. F.L.S. Far à Botanist- and "Bios James Cii F.L.S. Montreal - Director, University Prof. D. P. Penhallow, Botanie Garden. B.Se. Cape Colony.— IE Botanist- Prof. MacOwan, F.L.S. Gardens and Public Bess: Cape Town - Cura E - H. J. Chalwin. Grahamstown - baie - - Edwin Tidmarsh. Port Elizabeth (St. in s Park) :— Superintendent - John T. Butters. King Williamstown Curator E - —— Graaf Reinet - rh - - J.C, Smith, Uitenhage - ü - - .H. Feirey. Ceylon.—Department of Royal Botanic Gardens oc Diru. - Henry Trimen, M.B., | F.R.S., F.L.S. Peradeniya . Hog Gardener `- "Peter D. G. Clark. - J. Ferdinandus. Desogfiüsninh - W. de Alwis. Hakgala - Superintendent ^ - *William Nock, : : Clerk and Foreman | M. G. Perera. Henaratgoda - Conductor - - S. de Silva, Arachchi. Anuràdhapura - E - - D. F. de Silva. Badulla - Hie J " - D. A, Guneratne, 56 Dominica. (See Leeward Islands.) Fiji.—Botanie Station :— Curator - - *Daniel Yeoward. Gambia.— Botanic Station :— Curator ~ - *Walter Haydon. Gold Coast.—Botanic Station :— Curator - - *William Crowther. Grenada.--Botanie Garten pan Cur: - - *Walter E. rate hic Hong Koht Route: ae Afforestation Departme Superintendent - tCharles Ford, E. LS, Assistant Superin- *W, J. Tutcher ndent. J amalon, "Variante s E Gardens god Plantations :— - fWilliam Fawcett, B.Sc. Hope Gardens - Superintendent - *William Cradwick. Castleton Garden " - Eugene Campbell, Cinchona (Hill » . *William Harris. tden). Kingston Parade m * John Campbell. Garden. Kings House » - *William J. Thompson. Garden. Bath - Overseer - - W. Groves. Lagos.— Botanic Station :— urator - - *Henry Millen. Assistant - - *F. G. R. Leigh. - *T. B. Dawodu. Leeward Islands. Agricultural Department :-— uperintendent - [Charles A. Barber, M À. F.L.S. Botanie Stations :— tigua - - Curator - - *Arthur G. Tillson. Dominica - 5 - - *Joseph Jones. Montserrat - Head Gardener - Henry Maloney. St. Kitts-Nevis - » - Joseph Wade. Malta.—Argotti Botanic Garden — Dir Dr. Francesco Debono. Mauritius. — Department E F oreste and Bois : Qarda “= Pamplemousses - Director - *William Scott. Assistant Direetot of J. Vankeirsbilek. Gar Assistant Dirediot of P. Randabel. Fores Curepipe - - Diner. - - William A. Kennedy. Montserrat. (See Leeward Islands.) Natal.— Botanic Gardens :— Durban - - Curator - - John Medley Wood, _ Head — - *James Wylie, Pietermaritzburg Curator . + Q, Mitchell. 57 New South Wales.—Botanic Gardens :— Sydney - Director - - Charles Moore, F.L.S, New Kosan d Wellington.— Colonial Botanic Garden :— Director - - Sir James Hector, K.C.M.G., F.R.S, Head Gardener - 6G. Gibb, Dunedin - - Superintendent - 4. McBean, Napier - E » ~ W. Barton. Invercargill - Head Gardener - "Thomas Waugh, Auckland - - Ranger - - William Goldie. Christchurch - Head Gardener - *Ambrose Taylor, meer — Protectorate.— Botanic Garden :— ` wmator >» - Horace W. L. Dillingten Queensland —Botanie Departme Colonial THER > F.M Builer, FLG Bolanis EET i- Curator - - *Philip MacMahon, E . Tobin. Avclimatisation powi s Garden Secretary and Manage e Soutter. A. Humphrey. Rockhampton - Superintendent - J. S. Edgar. St. Kitts-Nevis. (See Leeward Islands.) St. Lucia.—Botanic Station :— C = - TJohn Gray. urator St. Vincent.—Botanic Station :— - - *Henry Powell. urator South Australia.— Botanic Gardens :— Adelaide - - Director - - Maurice Holize, F.L.S. Port Darwin - Curator -= - Nicholas 7 x mie ——— and Forest Departn:en PH N: Ridley, M.A., Assistant Superin- * Wolter Fox. tendent. Penang - - Cert — = fCharles Curtis, F.L.S. Malacca - E *Robert Derry. Perak (Kuala Kangsar). — Government Plantations :— Superintendent - Oliver Marks. Tasmania.--Dotanie Gardens :— Hobart Town - Mane - F. Abbott. Trinidad.—Royal Botanic Garden 4 Suptribietdin ^ - TJohn H. e F.L.S. Jd Assistant ,, - *William Victoria.— Melbourne - Government Botanist Sir F. Von Mueller, K.C.M.G.,F.B.S.,F.L.S. Botanic Gardens :— Director - - W. R. Guilfoyle, F.L.S. INDIA. Botanical Survey.— Director, George King, M.D., LL.D, C.LE., R.S., F.L.S. Bengal, Assam, E. the Andamans and Nicobars; North-East Frontier Expeditio velitis of the) George King, Royal Botanic Gar- > LL.D.,C.IE. PRS” dens, Calcutta - F.L.S. Bombay, including Sind :— Madras: the State of Hyderabad and the State of Mysore :— Government Botanist Mid Director dt Cin- de I Wis M.A., dus Plantations ee Western Provinces and Oudh; the Punjab; the Central corsa Central India; Rajputana ; North-West Frontier Expeditio Director of the Bo- tanic Department | TJ. F. Duthie, B.A., Northern India F.L.S. W. Sende N. Bengal.—Depariment of Royal Botanic Gardens :— Calcutta - Superintendent - George. King, M.D., (Seebpore) LL.D., OLE, F.R.S; i F.L. Curator of Herbarium Dr. David Prain, F.L.S., Garden — - *Robert L. Proudlock. ; .*G Lan ,» Assistant Mungpoo ®©- Superintendent, | Go- George Dis iX, c rnment Cinchona > LL.D,,C.LE.,F. R B4 Plantation ns - - F.L. S. Deputy - *J. A. Gammie, Ist Assistant - - By Pantling. ANM y - - *Joseph Parkes. dtd. p - - G. A. Gammie. 4th , E - *Amos Hartless, Dazjeeli ; Lloyd Mme — :— : ind Cur: - *William A. Kennedy. Darbhangah ; midi: Garden ;— Mice. net - Herbert Thorn, Bombay.— Poona - —— "— : Lecturer on Botany - *G. Marshall Woodrow, Ghorpari- Botaglo Garden :— Superintendent - A. R, Lister. Bombay.—Municipal Garde 3 "ade d meri - €, D. Mahaluxmivala. Central Provinces.— Nagpur - - Superintendent of *J. R. Ward. Public Gardens. Madras.—Botanic Department :— Ootacumund - pete Botani Director of Go- varient Gardens, Park d in- an C chona Plantations -. Curator of Gardens and Parks. Madras.—Agri-Horticultural Society :— on. Secretar - Superintendent Native States.— Mysore (Bangalore) etia Cura Baroda - - Superintenden New Works Gwalior - - j Morvi x - ” Travancore(Trivandrum) ,, Udaipur o i » —— North-West Provinces.— Agra (Taj Garden) Superintendent - Allahabad - sj - Cawnpur : á - Lucknow - 5 - Saharanpur and ” i Branch Garden, Mussoorie. Punjab: Lahore - E Superintendent - Simla - : i : TM. A. Lawson, M.A., F.L.S. * Andrew Jamieson. Col. H. W. H. Cox. - *J. M. Gleeson. dr emos F.L.S. ne Stephen. IL Kmbig, e MH TC. mine i *T. H. Storey. F. J. Bullen. *J. Phillips. G. H. T. Mayer. *Matthew Ridley. William Gollan. H. G. Hein. * A. Parsons.