—

BISL

, ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. ^ |

PEELE TIN

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.

FJ) 1898.

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(CON TENTS.

Date, Article, Subject, Page.
1898.
Jan. and Feb, XCII. Ceara Rubber (Manihot fano Be 1
i: DXCIII, anila Hemp in h North Borneo | 15
a XCIV. Cape Sumach ( Ep conpremem w | M
i XCV. iscellaneous 21
March X Artificial Indigo 33
es X i tk Gambia Botanic Station... 35
A DXCVIHI - T ; g Vanilla Pods.. 43
5 XCIX, dal orem a eisi “te 46
E DC. rmuda Arrow 50
» DCI. raine Plants in Zululand 51
DCII Miscellaneous Notes 54
April and May DCIII Botany of Ashanti ee 65
ms DCI Zomba Botanic Station 83
n Bo Museums in Belgium and
Holland ... i 86
A DCVI. Vanilla in Seychelles E sis 93
i DOVII, Miscellaneous Notes... i 96
June DCVIII, Tea n IT P 105
^ DCIX, ungi Exo an 113
z DCX, Moins iau s% 136
July DCXI Diagnoses Africans, XI... : 145
a CXI Fiji India Rubber 1 164
í DCXIII, San Jose Scal à $ed ove | 101
» DCXIV. Chill ... PN kii d DIE
» DCXV,. Miscellaneous Notes NS é 175
August CXV Coagulation of Rubber Milk KENEN
» DCXVII. Kendir Fibre (Apocynum venetum) «x 1 IBI
» DCXVIII, Carob Tree (Ceratonia Siliqua) ve | 184
" XIX. Shinia in Cyprus contianiod) s ^ 190
5 DCXX. New Orchids, and 22 192
n DCXXI. Miscellaneous Notes... "e .. | 200
September DCXX China Grass, 1891 onwards vee | 209
3 DCXXIII Decades Kewenses, XXXI. XXXI .. | 224
a CXXIV, Miscellaneous Notes ove | 294
October DCXXV. Para Rubber (HE m s | 34
” XX Miscellaneous m boat
November DCXXVII. 2 Budget from Yunnan fordimon. ss. | 289
ii DOCXXVIII, Insect Powders .. e. | 297
p DCXXIX Diagnoses oses Africani, xi a .. | 801
d DOXXX, Miscellaneous Notes — .. jen | 810
December DCXXXI, — - m pavo me 5
plate) | 821

1242

Date Article, PISIS OY Subject. Page.
1898, me
m DCXXXII. The Adv vances made in Agricultural
Chemistry during the last twenty- -five
Tum xs mm in yours - ;;; en e E 326
” DCXXXIII. I t fS ] J Chemical i
i a Selection s b 331
ap DOXXXIV. Miscellaneous Notes i 334
Appendix L - — List of seeds of hardy herbaceous RAIT
and of trees and shrubs 1
k R Ti New garden plants of the year 1897 ... | 37
a EHE — Botanical Departments at home and
a V ue 2s see sa. DP

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

BUTLLETIN

MISCELLANEOUS. INFORMATION.

No. 133-134.] JANUARY and FEBRUARY. [1898.

DXCIL—CEARA RUBBER.
(Manihot Glaziovii, Muell. Arg.)

The plant yielding what is known in commerce as Ceara rubber
or Manicoba, and shipped from the Brazilian ports of Ceara, Bahia
and Pernambuco, was identified at Kew eleven rs ago. The
— note on the subject appeared in the Kew Resort, 1871,
p

“ | mentioned in my last pon that a plant in up Merotai in
the Botanic Gardens of Regent's Park, London, of Buite zorg
(ave). and of Mauritius, d the name of Hevea n yanensis
was, in reality, probably Manihot Glaziovii, Muell. A
now abis to state that, having received authentic specimens of
this species from the Botanic Gardens, Rio Janeiro, it is identical
with the cultivated plant mentioned above, and also with that
producing the Ceara rubber.’

Manihot oe is a Euphorbiaceous plant which was
described by J. Mueller in Martius’ Flora Brasiliensis (xi., pt. ii.,
p. pr. Glazion (after whom the species is named) sent to
Kew specimens from Rio, where he had it under cultivation. A
full cipon with a plate, from a plant growing in the Ceylon
Botanic Gardens, was contributed by the late Dr. Trimen to the
Journal of perl y (1880, pp. 321-325, t. 215). ‘This plate was

reproduced in the Kew Report L5» LE.

erige uc d Glaziovii is a modera tely-sized tree, 30 to 50 feet high,

rect rr 8 H 20 inches in diameter, branching di- or

t
transversely in narrow strips. The Teia are palate, deeply
cut into three, five or seven oblong-ovate lobes, both
surfaces except for a small tuft of woolly hair at gc Jouotiod of
the petiole, thin in texture and deep bluish-green above, paler
. beneath. The flowers are rather large, completely unisexual

16573—1375—3/98 Wt90 D&S 29 P v E

2

(male and female in the same raceme) from the forks of the
younger branches, the male (more numerous) above, the female
below, and expanding dl days before the male. The fruit is
a pendulous capsule, about an inch in diameter, nearly globular,
dry and hard, when ripe, containing three smooth and polished
seeds, greyish yellow | or browni m düssdtdty mottled and
rotae die with purplish black. The testa (or coat of the seed) is

y hard and thick; the cotyledons are very thin, foliaceous,
slightly cordate at the ‘base ; the endosperm oily but solid.

In the young e Manihot eo P somewhat resembles the
well-known Cass r Mandioeca plant (Manihot utilissima,
Pohl.) and Nie 3 sinillar awalan mg The tree, when full
grown, has a stem resembling a birch, “ and the outer bark comes

In 1876 Mr. Cross, who had been engaged on behalf of the
xovernment of India to collect seeds and plants of india-rubber
trees in South America, visited the Ceara region on the north east
of Brazil, midway between the towns of Para and Bahia. This is
outside the great forest region of the Amazon valley, and is
own as the Sertao or wilderness, extending in a great belt from
the Paranahyba river "to the Sào Francisco.

Mr. Cross, in his Report to the India Office in 1877 (p. 14)
describes the flat country from Ceara, running back to the
mountains, on which the tree abounds, as manifestly p
“a very dry arid climate for a considerable part of the yea
This is SEEN from the fact that the mandiocca and other des
require to be irrigated. The rainy season is said to begin in
November and end in May or June. "Torrents of rain are then
reported o fall for several days in succession, after which the
weather moderates for a brief space. According to some state-
ments there are oóntibn al years in which hardly any rain falls.
This assertion concurs with e fot i boa by the imi
in general. The daily tempe board the ship ran
from 82° to 85? F., but iib Wu is koe probably 90°. The
localities drawal "by me nowhere seemed to be elevated more
than 900 feet above the sea.” At Pacatuba, about 40 miles from
Ceara, the actual place where the specimens were obtained, * the
general forest was tolerably high, but the sparse, small, foliage did
not afford much shade from the fierce rays of the sun. The soil
was in places a sort of soft sandstone or gravel which was bound
up in = most extraordinary manner. Neither grass nor weeds
Pride ong this phe and there si an pru praep of

rns, mo ev , and oth ants.” In another plac what
farther from the co vong yrs traveller, ilio y after enter tei the
bush-like forest, *came on a large tract of land co vered by
immense masses of grey nae some of which might be fifty
tons or more in weight. Rounded masses of the same rock also
cropped out in many places. . Man — et rubber
trees were growing in the spaces between thins granite masses.
The situation was very dry, but no doubt red seedlings
had sprung up, which, owing to numerous thickets of shrubs,
were not perceived.”

Cross obtained at Maracanahu, 30 miles inland from the town
of Ceara, lat, 4° S., 60 plants and 700 seeds. (Report, pp. 12-14.)

3

Of these, 42 plants and the seeds were safely deposited at Kew o
the 23rd November 1876. The following note appeared in the
Kew Report (1877, p . 16) :—

** As gt in my halt year’s Report, we obtained from the seeds

Mr.

gation. On June llth four plants were sent to Singapore, and on

September i5ih, at which date our stock had increased to

a plants of all sizes, 50 were sent to Dr. King at Calcutta, and
o Dr. Thwaites in Ceylon, all the stems collected by Mr. Or 08s

pede divided amongst these two recipientis, At the end of the

ysar our stock amounted to 448 plan

The further steps taken to y eeka plants of the HM rubber
are given in the Kew w report for 1878 (p. 15) as follo

* At the end of August of last year consignments of | ent of the
Ceara rubber, consisting, in each instance, of two wardian cases
Sun ates 80 plants, and one dry box containing 40 plants were

nt to Lieut.-Colonel Be edule. Conservator of Forests, Madras,
22 Dr. King, of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Caleutta. Of those
sent to Ma vB all were alive on arrival in the wardian cases,
while of the contents of the dry box about half were saved.
Those originally sent to Dr. King (see eu Report for 1877, x 16)
arrived in rather bad condition. Few were saved, and the growth
of these did not impress Dr. King fa becha cA ‘They all look
more or less w bxc and lanky, as if the climate were too damp for
. This was, perhaps, a premature judgment from want of
familiarity with t the habit of the plant. Ho Ring now writes :—
eara rubber is going to be a success her

“At Ceylon, in April, one of the plants first sent out had already
made an attempt to flower, and by the end of ihe year
Dr. Thwaites was distributing copious supplies of seed
Calcutta, Burmah, Madras, an See (where, however, it
seems unable to stand the wet season).”

“ I regard, therefore, the wie of Kew completed as regards the
Ceara rubber. Living plants of it have been distributed during
the past year to Dominica, Fiji, Jamaica, Ji vi: Sydney, Trinidad,
Queenslaud and Zanzibar.

Of Ceara rubber there are imported into this country about
200 to 300 tons per annum. There are three grades found in
commerce, varying according to the mode of tapping the trees
and the care taken in the preparation. ken, pure it is regarded

almost next to Para in value. It is a “dry” rubber, very

It
wood and foreign matter, causing a loss to the manufaeturer
amounting sometimes to 25 per cent. It would appear that the
eara rubber €— is not extending in — America, for
“every year there is an extensive migration of Ceara people to
Para bound for the ford of the Amazon." (Kew Bulletin, 1892,
p. 69.) In case 96, Museum No. I, samples are exhibited fro m Brazil,

and also from plants vh in India, Ceylon, Natal, and Zanzibar. ——

ants
It may be mentioned that the rubber produce under cultivation
in Ceylon has been singularly pure and free from impurities.
In 1883, acodiding to Dr. Trimen, * as much as 4s, per pond: had
been obtained for Ceylon Ceara rubber.

2
16573 A?

1

System = ore s Mage —According to Cross (Report,
p. 14) “t an operat of a ver simple description. On
ined eae vid the a ea takes ines him. a stout knife

sweeping the ground or laying down leaves, for which reason
the milk adheres to sand, dust, decayed leaves, and other im-
purities, The outer surface of the bark of the trunk is pared or
sliced off to a height of past or five feet. "The milk then exudes
d runs down in many tortuous courses, some of it ultimately
gn: on the ground. After several days the juice becomes dry
solid, and is then pulled off in strings and rolled up in balls
or pt into bags in loose masses. Only a thin paring should be
taken off, just deep enough io reach the milk vessels ; but this is
not always attended to. early every tree has been cut through
the bark, and a slice taken off the wood. Decay then proceeds
rapidly, and many of the trunks are hollow. In this condition
the trees must yield far less milk, and many no doubt are broken
over by the wind or wither away. Collecting is carried on
during the dry season only, when rain seldom falls.
Germination of Seed.—The following is taken from Notes on
some T'rees yielding India-rubber p: 4), by the late ps a me

(Ceylon, Sessional Paper, vii, 1880):—*'The seed c is of
remarkable thickness and very hard, and the na har rod
of germination occupies din per riod—it is said more than a

year. All that is Vicent to hasten this, if desired, is to assist
the seed coat in split (ing. This is best effected by holding the
seed firmly, and rasping off with a file both edges at the radicular
end. It is best not to file off the actual end, as it may thus
easily happen that the radicle of the embryo may be injured.
After this treatment, properly performed, the young plant
appears above ground in two or three weeks. The seedlings
require no particular attention. They grow rapidly and may be
finally planted out at distances of twenty feet. A peculiarity
which they share with their close relative the mandiocca is the
possession of large tubers on the spreading roots. The trees at
Peradeniya, from which seed has been distributed to Burma,

ia, Jamaica, &c., flowered at the age of eighteen months, and
at vu present time e (at 24 years) the larger ones form branching
trees about 25 or 30 feet high, with a stem 1 foot 9 inches in
circumference ne a yard from the base, and a smooth, silvery,
ioni ici; bark readily peeling off ; being poen half the size of
those which Mr. Cr ross de escribes, and which may be assumed to
have Aim fully grown.

Propagation and Planting.—Mr. Cross (p. 14) suggests “ f
mation of plantations by cuttings, which will take root as abere asa
willow. These should be taken from the points of strong shoots
and may be one foot in length. In planting, each cutting may
be put down in the soil to a depth of six inches. If scarce,
the entire shoot may be cut into pem speed cines ng a bud,
all of which will grow if covered with f-an-inch or of
soil. On loose sandy soils or exhausted Boc land, plantations

>

9

may be formed at little expense. Hard dry gravelly wastes, if
found to support any kind of bush, are also suitable site

flat, and a little heap of stones or any kind of iS bris, about the
size of a molehill, piled over each, care being taken that me
i ud i I

there is any sort of stunted tree or scrub vegeta ation, w
occasional sprinkling from a monsoon shanks the tree is likely re

per.”

Dr. Trimen adds (l. c. p. 4) :—

* Experience of the d in the botanic garden here has
proved the general accuracy of the above remarks. "There can be
no doubt of the hardiness of the Ree, its readiness of « culture,
and adaptability to circumstances It grow s equally readily from

cutta and Madras, but the wet season seems to have killed it at
ninge ore. It would seem especially adapted for the dry and

rren districts of our eastern and northern Lui d ret or in the
hor districts, but it would not be wise to risk it in localities
where the temperature is liable to fall below 60^ F."

In the following notes the results are given of the results of
the attempts to establish the Ceara rubber tree in our various
colonies and possessions.

CEYLON.

The cultivation of the Ceara rubber tree was carried on with
considerable energy in Ceylon for many years, Numerous
experiments were made to find out the best means = ee the
trees and producing the rubber in commercial quant

n the Kew Report for 1880 (pp. 17-18) the following informa-
tion is given on the authority of Dr. Trimen :—

* Of the three species of South cordes trees here in cultivation
(the successful introduction of which was due to Kew. See Kew
Reports, 1876, pp. 8, 9; 1877, pp. 15-17, Manihot Glaziovii is
still the only one which has flowered. Seed of this has been
supplied during the year to the Government gardens in India
oratra, Saharunpore, Ootacamund) and distributed as widely

as po mong the planters in the colony, 24,550 seed s having
Lon: us disposed of, as well as 1879 rooted cuttings. We have

so sent small quantities to the Botanic Gardens of Singapore,
onis Jamaica, British Guiana, and Kew, the Acclimatization
Society of Queensland, and Mr. Low, Her Britannic Majesty’s
Resident in Perak.”

Dr. ae adds :—* This plant is now flourishing in Cey lon in
suitable places and proves very hardy ; in the new estates in the
Vusdunpé district it is ae tu be thriving, but to have

own itself intolerant of w

Dr. Trimen wrote in his Rae’ for 1883 (p. 12) :—* A planted

area of 977 acres is credited to this cultivation, but rubber has

b

not yet appeared. among our exports. Since " pw been ascertained
that the quality is excellent, cultivators hav n endeavouring
to discover a means by which the milk can X buda ed at a co

vetare low to give a return, but without, as dn ee

sults e removal of the outer separable has bee

ehjouted to on the ground that the bark formed in its stead is of
a different character, very hard and inseparable from the green
layer a sec cond time. Instruments have therefore been devised

invention avoids all cutting, being a double spur-like wheel Mion
sharp but guarded points, which puncture the bark withou

further injury. The milking (one can scarcely call it mee
has also been practised on trees of various ages and at different
intervals and seasons. While it is found that the yield of
individual trees varies extremely, none of the experimenters is
satisfied that the small quantity m ble by present methods
is sufficient to make the cultivation profitable at the existing

young trees have been bled daily with the ‘pricker’ for some
weeks, and that thus a cooly can collect about half a end of pum
rubber per diem, thinks that, if trees will bear this treatment for
240 days in the year, the cultivation would be remunerative. It
appears evident that milking must be repeated at frequent
intervals, and (as often already Sod out) the cultivation be
onducted on a large scale. Much of the 35,000 acres in private
sa in Ceylon, at present growing nothing but Lantana and
other weeds, is suitable for this hardy plant, which costs nothing
to cultivate. affords a substance of a value which is continually
increasing, and awaits only the discovery of a process by whi ch
the latter can be bodily ind exhaustively extracted."
the Tropical Agriculturist for March, 1887, Mr. W. B.
Lamont füciibéd the following results of experiments carried on
by him in the districts of Heneratgoda and Mirigam a.
be regarded as the most favourable obtained in the island :—
“ Having reared about 100 plants of Ceara rubber up to their fifth

arrived, through a long poris of experiments, at the following
practical results :—N o satisfactory result will follow any we
to obtain roduc before the tree is at least four years old
system of cutting or piercing the bark will give a aa a y
yield : and it is only in the dry season, when the tree is leafless,
and the growth at a standstill, that a satisfactory result can be
obtained in the way of harvesting. The plan a obtaining the
rubber that my experiments led up to was, as s as the leaves
begin to fall, to remove the outer bark in vertion do of not
more than two inches wide, and not less than four inches apart.
The tender inner bark thus exposed to the sun breaks out in

process the strip of exposed bark is destroyed, but a vigorous tree
will close in the bared part in the course of the year, if the width
is not more than two inches Ceara rubber, planted at 100 trees

1

per acre will, after the second year, require hardly any expense in
cultivation. As for harvesting, I collected 30 lbs. last January
and er sedi by one oy: at 15 cents. a day, or say 23 cents. per Ib.,
e Pene value beiug about 80 cents. Supposing each tree gave

verage yield of 1 lb. per annum, and allowing 30 cents. for
Colinton and collecting, 50 cents. would remain as profit, or R50
per acre. Itis well to have the plant in the island, but it is not
likely to be largely planted so long as there are other produets
that pay better, or that are better understood, but a time may come
when it will kep a strait.”

In his Report for 1890, Dr. Trimen states :—* Interest in Ceara
rubber has of late years very much di led away, the yie of

epor
are, howeve er, considerable viande on some estates, and now
that the trees are older it is found to be sirofllanis to harvest the
produet. Several shipments have been made to London during
the past year, and have realised very good prices. Of course the
quantities have not Men large. One shipment of 4 cwt. fetched
Is. 85d. to Is. 95d. per Ib. net, showing a profit here of about
37 cents. (of a rupee) nee lb. A planter estimates the cost of col-
lection at about 36 cents. per 1b., and reckons that trees of eight
years old afford at least 3 OZS., whilst some - Lies old gave

T

way during the dry season, reis to ep After the outer
flaky layers of bark have been peeled off, the inner bark is
pricked copiously ; the tears of rubber which dinde: are allowed
to dry on the tree, and are picked off, the resulting eai. y being
quite like * Ceara scrap ' of commerce, but in small t M

* The present opinion of planters seems to be that this kind of
rubber pays to harvest, but not to cultivate, and they are pre-
pared to destroy their trees to get the crop. But, even on such

extensive areas o could surely be profitably oce pied
with this tree, so grown as to provide a crop annually ready
tapping.

A review of the position in 1893 is given by the India-Rubber,
Gutta Percha and Electrical Trades — - June 8 of that
year :—* A few years ago great hopes ained in Ceylon
as to rubber culture. We sii that ie ulcus efforts made by

many planters have not hitherto been so —— as was
expected. A fresh instance is just to hand, the Tropical
Agriculturist for May, 1893, regrets to learn ina Mr. Vollar that
his rubber cultivation in Dumbara is not like ely to be permanent.
The Cearas were originally planted for shade trees for the cacao,
but they have not proved very suitable € this purpose, and wil
probably have to be cut down. Meantim s poranpa 5,000 Ibs. s
rubber wili be collected on Pallakelle uis d eason ; a cooly
beginning the tapping early in the morning, usually gets 3 Is. ot
rubber in the liquid or soft state, which hardens and dries down
to perhaps to half that alali bis There is no fortune to be made
out of this (says our contemporary), considering how long the
rubber trees have to grow before yielding an appreciable quantity
of milk. Of course, it is the une of waiting, pre: vids so

à

much capital lies idle, that is the great difficulty in the matter.
Still, we cannot bring ourselves to think that Ceylon has done
with rubber culture. the climate suits the plant, we believe
that colonial energy and ER, iud will eventually find out the
way to overcome all hindra

Dr. Trimen, in his Rat Pa 1893 (p. 13), remarks :—‘ Ceara
rubber has not taken any hold on planters here as a permanent
cultivation; yet it might, I think, be worked t a profit by a

h of
trees when they reach ten or Dir About 13 lbs. of dry
rubber is at that age obtained from each tree.”

The subject is not further touched ipo. in the Reports of the
Ceylon Botanic Gardens. The whole interest in regard to rubber
in that island has now been transferred to the cultivation of the
Para Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis).

MADRAS.

The Director stated in the Kew Report for 1880 (p. 17) :—* In
the yo I am informed, Ceara rubber is doing well at
2400 fee

The foliosidit is the most recent information (Annual Report
- the Forest Department, Madras Presidency, 1895-96, pp. 29
30) :—

* In Ganjám an area of 3 acres in Napier's Park at Chatrapur
was re with india-rubber seedlings and they are doing well,
their height ranging from 1 to 9 feet. The sowing of rubber
seed in Gódávari was un codi

“In South Arcot seas were at the close of the v 410 trees,
including the self-sown seedlings (295) daring tho y

“In North Malabar, the sample rubber sent to "Kew € year
was reported on by the Director, Royal Garden, as follows :—

‘First sample.—Well cured, ‘put cuts very wet ; (ilte ls. 6d.
to zs ~ per lb. [This sample is ini Case 96, Museum No. I,
at K

4 scorn sample. — Well cured, dry, rather barky ; value 1s. 9d.
to 2s. per Ib.’

* [t is proposed to tap the trees after the rains in order to obtain
statistics as to the average yield in rubber. The trees grow
luxuriantly and 1e themselves very freely.

“In South Malabar, the Ceara rubber trees are € It
reproduces itself ail ei in Nilambür. Experimental tapping
was made in April, but as the plants were then an they did

not bleed freely and no rubber was therefore collected. They
will again be tapped in 1896-97."

MYSORE.

The results of experiments pisa Ceara pe penu in Mysore
are summed up m Mr. J. Cameron, F. ves + in his Report on the

9

of the year, and is thus preserved in a semi-dormant state until
the vernal showers excite growth again. Irrespective of their
commercial value, deciduous trees of this class are much needed,
and in the rocky maidan pd ns of Southern India would be
ied Judging from our own experience, the Ceara rubber
requires no pampered sorbate although, like most plenis,
it reto a little kindness to starvation and utter neglect. It grow
very rapidly in vegetable mould, but planted in any ordinary sail,
at the break of the South-West Monsoon, the seedling nie shift
for itself and possibly have em such a the und
that no artificial watering is uired during the caue

the whole will burst forth into fresh m" ip the rains set
in. At present they look like so many dead ca In open land
the tree will attain an average height of 30 po 35 feet, with a
diameter, through the branches, of 15 to 20 feet. Seedlings
might therefore be planted uniformly at 18 feet apart each way.
The latter are ready ur the field when six months old A coat

15 inches high, with a woody base.”
im auus of the lollo rias year contains further information
“A "ball of Ceara rubber, weighing 6 ozs., has been col-
lected from one or two trees in the garden (chiefly one tree
, as

it
as the milky juice will not run om w he jm are
wintering. I therefore regret that tapping nai be postponed
again. We have collected 17 lbs. of Ceara seeds for pro-
pagation.”
BURMA.

Colonel E. S. Berkeley, Rangoon, reported in 1834 that “ The
plants of Manihot Glaziovii received from Dr. King in 1879 are
growing into robust trees. The climate of Burma sééms to suit
this plant; it seeds freely."

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

Ceara rubber trees were introduced into the Malay Archipelago
in 1879, but dias possibly to the excessively damp climate they
do not appear to have succeeded anywhere. Mr. H. N. ley,
F.L.S., regards Manihot Glaziovii as quite ‘unsuited for remu
nerative cultivation in Singapore, and a similar opinion is.
expressed in regard to the prospects in the Native States. It is
possible, as in Ceyion, that the best rubber plant for regular
cultivation in Malaya is the Para rubber tree (raven by 'asiliensis).

URITIUS.
The foBo DE; eade gue respecting the "ranas
of Ceara rubber trees in Mauritius in 1883 were communicated

the late Mr. Scott :—

*Of all the eim where the Ceara rubber trees have been. p
planted they appear to thrive better and grow more s yummy at

10

the Gardens, Pamplemousses, than in any other locality. An
experiment was made when the trees of three years’ growth shed
their leaves in transplanting them. These were lifted Se
but without balls of earth attached to the roots, and plante
another part of the plantation; these transplants all “held, n
although they have not made such a strong growth as the other
trees, it proves that e be ee can be transplanted with impunity.”

Further, Mr. Scott

xx Dang the sueta parie the Ceara rubber trees were at rest,

6 inches and t ied n grass-enveloped balls of earth, and
arranged i oe under iad until they had formed deben
u

these e then divided amongst the plantations in the lower
parts of cl island."

SEYCHELLES.

. E. H. Edwards wrote on the 1st July, 1885
- Ceara rubber I pronounce a great success, both cuttings and
plants raised from seed grow gol b is too early yet to give
any opinion as to the yield, but, wth of wood be
eriterion, in the not distant future: uw should be a rabiei
producing couniry.”

ZANZIBAR.

EY following extract is taken from a PM on the cultivation

Ceara rubber trees in Zanzibar by Sir John Kirk, dated

Ponana Mth, 1883 (F.O. Reports. Commercial, No. 1 1885,
pp. 38, rege :—

n Five ago I received from the Director of the Royal
Gardens, ke on in exchange for plants of our African india-rubbers
of the genus Landolphia, other sorts of india- ted ee plants,
among which was the Ceara rubber, Manihot Glaz

“This I find grows here with the greatest aair and
propagates itself Pug in the worst soil. It is only now, however,
lhave beet able to obtain a sample of the india-rubber likely to.
be produced, Mid on which the value of the new introduction
entirely depends. I find that trees only begin to yield when five
years old, and no doubt these are even then too small to M
remun rativ e.

“I HR collected a sample of the produce, which I forward by
this mail, and which I would ask your Lordship to be good
enough to forward to Sir Joseph Hooker at Kew to be reported on.
If the quality of this india-rubber is found to be good, I can then
confidently eneourage the Sultan to plant widely the new ios in
the unoccupied parts of this island. It stands the climate, grows
freely, needs no care, and would be a source of income on which
his people might fall back in the event of other crops wipes

“The sample sent includes two qualities—that picked fro; e
trunk of the tree, which, of course, is the bes 5 and that ‘uate on
the ground, and so become mi price with sand."

11

The Report on the samples of Ceara rubber from Zanzibar by
the India Rubber and Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works
Company, Limited, dated the 7th February, 1884, was as
follows :—

“ The appearance and general physical properties of this rubber

ir John Kirk's letter above referred to *that trees only begin to
yield when five years old, and no doubt these are even then too
small to be remunerative,’ is conflicting.

“ The quantity of ash obtained from the sample collected from
the trunk of the tree amounts to 3°64 per cent., which, together

with its composition, are ae corroborative of its being
obtained from the Ceara p

* Of the two samples of this rubber which have been received,
the one which had fallen on the ground, and had become mixe
with sand, was so deteriorated and decayed as to require no
f iew.

promising appearance that sel anin behaviour under the
vulcanizing process was somewhat disappointing ; the SA
available for experiment was s too small to determine the cau
of its becoming spongy and por
* [ts loss on drying and tiet was 23°46 per cent.; this
shows that the rubber contains a arge amount of soluble
matter. Ceara rubber ied page in Ceylon gave onl
loss of about 7 per ce inder similar circumstances, but
obtained from plants Kuna two TOU D
* [t is by no means improbable that the Wire of samples
from younger plants may lead to more favourable results
* The india-rubber collected from the trunk of ‘he tree bes
be at the present time commercially worth about ls. 9d. to 2s
per lb. The sample collected from the ground we can put no
value to.
Sir John iem wo (Dec. 16th, 1885) as follows in regard to
the above
“As to t 3s yum rubber doses, on, which proves so unsatis-
factory when worked, it is certainly the product of trees I first
received from you as Manihot Glaz ziovii. lam quite satisfied the
tree is here of no use to a private planter. Some trees yield a
watery juice with almost no rubber, and at best the amount is
small. I have, however, had the seed widely scattered "er the
mainland over 300 miles of coast, and as it seems to grow so well
and propagate so freely, it may be a resource to the tere Sud
repay them the trouble. Perhaps inland, in less moist climates
iss Lang may be better, but I have condemned the tree as
ess to a European planter, and a troublesome weed where once
fiióiacod into a plantation."

NATAL. :

The Kew Report for becas (p. 18) records : oe

* Mr. Keit, th e Curator of the Botanic Garden, reports that the oe
Ceara rubber even Ad from seed obtained from Ceylon in — —

1878 have grown Pieces and had flowered, but had not :

12

had time at the date of his last report (December 31, 1880) to
perfect Voas seeds."

mate and soil in 1884 were found n suited to the

owth “of the plants, little progress has, however, been made in

extending the cultivation. Mr. Wood, the Gui of the Botanic

“The plant, which yields ‘Ceara crap,’ is considered to be
one of the most valuable of the mubber-yielding plants, and was
introduced into these gardens from Kew, in 1878, but all attempts

to propagate it were unsuccessful. In Sou ditor. however, of
further information received by me from abroad, another trial
was made, and about 25 plants were reared and planted out in the
garden, and thus a small beginning has been made, to test whether
or not the cultivation of this plant may be successfully carried
out in the Colony. The present appearance and condition of our
plants, shows unmistakably that the climate and soil of our
garden is well suited to its growth. More plants will be ready
for next spring, as we shall go on propagating them as quickly as
possible for distribution."

WEST AFRICA,

As might be expected the humid climate in the lowlands in
West Africa has not been favourable to the production of r

rubber. An exception must, however, be made in the case of the
Gambia which possesses, on the whole, a drier climate with a light

Tepic several young trees in the spaces now made available
for expe nts of this nature, and have no doubt that they will
be qioceeatally established.”

JAMAICA.

The Kew Report for tee (p. 17), gave the following particulars,
supplied by Mr. Morri

“This plant is sadi very a and adapts itself readily
to the exigencies of culture. Plants at Castleton (600 feet) and
at the Parade Garden, Kingston (50 feet) are doing well. At
the former gardens, 8, young trees when about 9 to 12 feet high

were beginning to flower, but the hurricane deprived us of the
hope of procuring seed this year. Judging by reports from
South America it is possible that tracts of dry, stony, almost
worthless lands, in the plains may be turned to good account
by means of this cultivation.’

e Report of the Botanical orion for 1884, states
“Of the "Dou rubber there are large trees at the
— a the KM is about 25 feet in height, with
circumference of 28 i about one foot from the ground.

m appears io $e 20 ore m pode than ind of the other species of
rubber-yielding pitis at Castleton."

13

^ Being anxious to obtain a small specimen of Ceara rubber the
trees at Castleton were tapped early in September. Although the
trees are strong and healthy the flow of milk was eura very
mall. When the trees were tapped they were bearing a heavy
crop of both flowers and fruit. It is intended to try them again
later.

The Report for 1886 states further :—““ The trees of Cea
rubber in the several gardens continue to grow well, but iid
rubber has yet been prepared froin them

DOMINICA.

The early account of Ceara rubber trees in this island was
communicated to Kew by Dr. H. A. Alford Nicholls, in 1884, as
follows :—

“ This is now establishel in the island, and the tree has taken
very kindly to the soil. From small experiments I have made,
the juiee appears to be abundant and very rich in rubber in the
dry months. The seeds have been borne abundantly, and I have
distributed them to planters here and in Grenada.’

LATER INFORMATION.

The most recent account of Ceara rubber in South America has
been oo e the result of a visit made to the north-east
coast of Brazil by Mr. T Howard and Mr. R. H. Biffen,
Deor DE: in Botany at the University of Cambridge.

The following letter, dro t o the Governor of Jamaica, by
Mr. Sowar, was published in the Jamaica Bulletin (Vol. w

. 242

"I hate been travelling in Mexico and Brazil for some months
to examine the habits of the different ruEber-producing plants of
i i i the most

suitable for plantations. In Ceara, Brazil, I bought several
thousand seeds of Manihot Glaziovii, which I think will grow
well in many parts of the West Indies, meaning to distribute them
in various islands for the purpose of experiment. seems to me
that parts of Jamaica sini be well suited for the cultivation of
this tree, which produces a good rubber, fetching at present where

well collected and rE the cee ne price of any rubber
on the market, viz., about 3s. 3d. per lb. Manihot Glaziovii will
grow well on hill sides in a rocky ed de poor soil. We found

ta

It is a rapid grower and can be tapped in five Ler after uml
provided it has grown well. I believe rainfall of about
100 inches or more is most suitable for it, Dat it will de with
much less, say 65 or 70 inches."

The occurrence of the plant at an elevation of 3,600 feet, and
the wide range of conditions under which it appears to thrive are

facts that have not hitherto been fully recognised. It is quite RA

possible that we may yet see suecessful plantations of Ceara

rubber trees established in districts that have been regarded as - : pu
unsuitable, and under conditions that may afford a sufficient - S ur
yield ne rubber to render the ep ] — pd 2 d

Ii:

Biffen has been good enough to furnish the following particulars
as the result of personal observations on trees in the wild
state

a The leaves fall in August and September. Seeds produced
very abundantly ; ripe in Se tember; they keep their power o
germination well. The tree is apparently Moti liable to a dry-
rot, for rotten branches are continually fallin

* Growth is very rapid ; in Baturité we saw one-year old plants
10 to 12 feet high ; in five to six years it is sae to tap; then it
is some 25 feet high and 8 to 9 inches in diamet

“ Propagated either from cuttings or from ads, Bo far nurseries
have failed in Ceara. Shade for established trees is unnecessary.
Large virgas are now being made in the district."

“The tree has a singularly wide range of conditions; it grows
in the de een where rainfall is said to be under 50 inches,
and the veg tation is scorched up for the greater part of the
year; also, rr the mountains S iini at 3,500 feet at Monte
Alegre) shoe rainfall, I should say roughly, is over 100 i vie
In the mountains the temperature falls even below 60°. F.
night."

* The tree is never found in marshy soil ; apparently it thrives
best in somewhat scanty soil among granite oulders.”

“The rubber is exported in three forms :—(a.) In pale yellow-
brown threads, + inch in diameter and several inches in length,
obtained by peeling off the thin layer of es bark and news
a slight incision with a narrow-bladed axe. small quantity of
latex flows and coagulates on the trunk. (b In small e cakes
prepared by tapping the base of the tree and allowing the latex
to flow on the ground and coagulate there. Hence the rubber
contains large quantities of dirt on its lower surface which is

moved to a certain extent by rubbing in coarse-meshed sieves.
(6) By smoking with the vapour from the burning nuts of a
palm, in a similar manner to Para rubber. So prepared it cop-
tains a large quantity of water, which partially sweats out on
exposure to the heat of the sun. The exudation on evaporation
leaves a brown resinous substance. This last method is becoming
very general."

“ To collect the latex small tin onpa are used ; each tree is tapped
80 days, divided, by an interval of about three mouths, into two
periods of pate each. Under ids system the tree is said to live
for 15 to 20 y

*'The tapping is always done in the dry season—from July to
December.

“The average yield per tree is from } to 1} kilos. (1 to 3 Ibs.)
per year; coagulation may be effected by churning, or by the
addition of an excess of €: or salt solution. In the former
case the rubber particles which are unprotected by any film (as
the fat sartiles of milk pie simply adhere to form a mass

* In the case of the gro of excess of water, salt, or r smoking,
coagulation is brought t by means of the glo bulin presens
(Green, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1886, p. 39). This coagulates at 74—76^ C.
or on dilution, etc. an nd tangles up the rubber particles in its
meshes, much as white of egg gathers up boat in suspension
when used for clearing jellies.”

*

15

SUMMARY.

The result of experience so far gained in the experimental
cultivation of the Ceara rubber plant may be summarised as
follows :

e.plani is readily propagate. ere from lucas and Miei o:
Seeds are abundantly produced most every part of the
orld where the plant has is p cred They iuc be
bye feci lants when only three to five years old. There is
therefore the great advantage that a large area could be planted
within a Pe MM: short perio Sowing the seeds in the
position where they are to grow permanently is universally
adopted in Brazil. It is get if adopted Pipp waote this plan
yona greatly reduce the cost of establishing plantation
2. e Ceara rubber plant is very hardy, a a fast zm wer, es
from Raters and fungoid attacks, requires little or no attention
when once established and thrives in poor, dry and rocky Soild
unsuited to almost any other crop. It is evident, however, that
the yield of a few trees cannot be remunerative and only large
areas ^s hope to make the industry a paying one
ae roduces a good class of rubber, second only when well
ded D the best Para rubber. For this there is a steady and

it may be possible to increase the yield hitherto recorded ; while
with skilful treatment the permanent trees may be tapped twice
yearly and last in a productive state for 15 to 20 years.

4. In spite therefore of the apparent want of success which
so far has attended experiments with Ceara rubber plants in
Ceylon and other countries, the increasing importance e of rubber
as an article in large demand in all c vilized Kien at good
prices, cone a reconsideration of the merits of this interesting
plant. In many of our colonies possessing a dry climate and a
poor stony soil, it is uin that large areas could be profitably

occupied "with oum rubber trees so grown as to provide annual
crops for tappin

DXCIIL—MANILA HEMP IN BRITISH
NORTH BORNEO.

(Musa textilis, Nees.)

Information respecting the important cordage fibre obtained
from Musa textilis, the whole supply of which comes from the
Philippine Islands, was given in e Kew Bulletin for April, 1887

1-3). More recent information was published on the same
subject in the number of the | ee Bulletin, devoted t o an account
of the “ Species and Principal Varieties of Musa,” for August 1894
(pp. 248 and 289, 290, with a fig de A “fa rther brief note
Sppered i in the following M id Bulletin, 1895, p p. 208).

he request of Kew B. Pryer, who is engaged in
agricultural enterprise in doe "North Borneo, has been a

16

enough to prepare the following notes respecting the experiments
now being carried on in that part of the world in cultivating
Manila hemp :—

>
fibre of proper strength is so small that it does not pay to extract.
It is from a cultivated variety that marketable Manila hemp is
obtained.
The wild plant of Musa textilis is known by the natives as
Saying Grolei or Gerólei, and the fibre-yielding variety as
I

appearance Musa textilis varies very little from M. paradisiaca, the
ordinary banana, but a sharp eye will soon notice that the leaves are
narrower and more pointed, and of a paler or more sea-green
colour, while the stems are of a dark pickled-cabbage colour with
broad irregular streaks of a dirty green.
Musa textilis requi yuable cli an M. paradisiaca,
and does not thrive in any country in which there isa distinct dry
season ; it also demands a good soil and a warm temperature. Its
present cultivation is restricted almost entirely to certain parts of
the Philippine Islands and to the adjacent coast of Borneo.
fact, the requisite eonditions of climate and soil are found in that

+ Po |

again, although it prefers rain every two or three days, it does not
like a continuously wet season. Even in the Philippines its range

otherwise be the case. When the plants are well up, however,
is best to cut down all other large plants, and the plantation will
then take care of itself with only one day’s going over every
three months or so.

Almost any lay of land will do for Manila hemp as long as it
is not too swampy or too steep, but it thrives best on rich flat land,
and does not much mind a flood as long as the water does not
stop too long on the land or leave it swampy afterwards.

Manila hemp suckers take longer to sprout than the ordinary
banana, and send up fewer shoots, but in three weeks or so from
the time the sucker is put in, if the weather is fairly favourable,
the first shoot will be seen, which will be succeeded by one or

+

17

wo more. It will at least be sixteen months before the main
shoot is fully matured rn ready to throw out its fruit spathe.
This is the best time to cut it down for fibre. If so desired,
however, it can be utilised at an earlier age, but the percentage o of
hemp obtained is very small. This is to none extent compensated
for by the better quality of the hemp obtained.

Within three or four months of the first hot showing, a care-
ful man Ld go over the entire € to edd any plants that
have come up Gerotei instead of Lanut. The same process should
be Fébésted later on, as several whch, looked “like true Lanut at
first will ultimately be found to have developed into Geròtei.
Once a stool is well established as Lanuwt it always remains 80.

t the age of twelve months when the main stem will be nearly
fully grown, though not fully matured, two or three others will be
of count a size and some four or five small suckers will be
coming on. In time the ground will be pretty well covered. As
the older —— are Su down the young suckers grow up and take
their place. When it has arrived at this state a Manila hemp
pla "men requires UI: any attention as long as the workers

o not open it "p too freely by cutting over aed stems, or allow
the jungle plants to encroach too much. As an instan
longevity 9 Musa textilis, I may mention one pon twenty years

old that has not cost a cent, but has yielded stem after stem for
treatment a frequent intervals during that period.
d

arks are based u n North
Borneo. In the Philippines it would seem to take u^ there is
not — mistake in the observation) nearly double the time to
matur
The “stem” of the plant is composed of overlapping layers of
ihe leaf stalks, somewhat similar to a stick of celery, but firmly
bound together. The fibre is found just below the surface on the
outer side of these stalks. A stem weighs from 50 to 80 Ibs.
No machine that I am acquainted with has yet saec Maced
that will extract it to pay. The native method is simple and
cheap. "The stem is cut down and each leaf Malk detuohied fron
the others. After this the operator sits down with the end of a
stalk in his lap, he then makes a mn incision just beneath the

fibre at the end, and giving a smart twitch, brings away a strip or
ribbon of the cuticle with the fibre in rm from the whole length of
the stalk, mu in same way that the fibrous part of a

operation is best performed on the plantation itself, as the disearded
portions of the stem remain as manure. When a sufficient
number of ribbons are obtained they are carried to a hut for
oomen The appliances used for the actual extraction of the
fibre of the most primitive and inexpensive ra

blunt knife i is obtained à nd a hole is made i in the front end of it,

wood, the blade of it pressing on the wood against which it is
held by the weight of the tied-on stones. Another piece of thin

over a bit of wood above it, to a treadle worked by the foot. All
is now complete. The operator twists the end of one of the
ribbons round a small piece of wood so as to get a fime hold, d x

16573

18

slipping p under the knife allows the blade to descend upon it ;
tead ] drags the fibre underneath the knife, which holds
no all the pith, weak fibre, and other useless matter. As the
strain is heavy it constitutes a guarantee that all the fibre that is
t

then hung over a pole to dry. This is soon done if it is a fine day,
and the hemp is then ready for mar

These operations are Ny at simple : and can be performed by

anyone; but some force is required to pull the fibre under the
knife, and he fiditicular muscles haart into play soon tire if
the operator is new to the work. Men who have been ee up
to LT ded d: can go on for qud d p discom

Som o be able e half a picul (66 tba.) of
hemp ina v : but ‘the most I jio ever seen oridaced by one
man in a day was 37 catties (a shade less than 50 Ibs.). With the
fibre at $6 a picul this quantity would sell for $2- dm a high rate of
pay in a country where wages are normally 30 cen

It is needless to add that it would not be i rionblo to employ
men on day wages to prepare Manila hemp, as so much depends

n the amount of force put into the work and consequently the
quantity of hemp produced.
W. B. PRYER.

DXCIV.—CAPE SUMACH.
(Colpoon compressum, Berg.)

The * Bark Bosch” is a bush of about six feet, confined t
Cape Colony and Natal, belonging to the Sandal-wood family
(Santalacee). ET is locally used for tanning leather. It

escribed as Thesium Colpoon, Linn., Fusanus compressus,
Murr., and Osyris compressa, A. D.

It has been Eg by Mr. Arthur George Perkin, F.R.S.E., in
the Cloth workers' Research Maporetory., Dyeing Department of the
Yorkshire College, Lee en) He has published the following account
in the Journal of the Chemical. Si for 1897 (pp. 1132-5) :—

* My attention was drawn to this material by Professor Procter
during its examination as a tanning material in the Saether
Industries department of this College, and to him I am also
i

he leaf is much used in South Africa under the Dutch name

of * Pruim-bast,' as a substitute for sumach for tanning ; only the
younger leaves are gathered.

* According to analyses made in the Leather Industries labora-

Tt is Qui as strong as the average Sicilian sumach (Rhus Coriaria)
and although its tannin is very “different Seona n from that in

19

the latter, it us a very similar leather. Its employment,
like that of the true sumach, is confined to the tannage of light
leathers and to sstsdisiin ing the colour of goods which have been

tanned with the bark k of Rhus Thunbergii and other darker
coloured materials. Alone, it produces a somewhat soft but
light-yellow uices In South Africa, the leaves are exhausted
with hot water and the liquor alone is used, whilst in the case of
ihe true sumach both leaves and liquor are die brought in
contact with the leather. For the supply of the leaves employed
in this investigation, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. R. H.
Coaton, of Wellington, Cape of Good Hope.

“The lea aves, roughly broken by hand, were extracted in a
Soxhlet’s apparatus, first with ether to remove wax and chloro-
phyll, and subsequently wee alcohol, which dissolved both
colouring matter and tanning principles. The light bro
alcoholic extract, after being evaporated to a small bulk, was
poured € water, vet mixture irme rs ether, and the
small quantity of alcohol verre removed from the aqueous
liquid by rie poen hi ch on cooling became "idoia owing
to the separation of crystals ; thien were collected with the aid
of the pump, and washed eit mag i with ether, chloroform, and
dilute alcohol until the washings were rait ie The yellow
produce thus obtained was further puri by two or three
erystallisations from dilute alcohol, and a itn crystallisation
from boiling water. The substance was dried at 130° and
analysed.

T 4 1136 gave 0- ope CO, and 0:0497 H,O. C = 51°66 =

0:1103 0:2102 C 0:0526 H;0. C= 5197. HZ

GO, requires C= 51°76 ; = 479 per cent.

It was obtained as a glistening mass of pale yellow needles, almost

insoluble in cold, and only sparingly soluble in boiling water,

but readily in alcohol. When heated, it sinters at 180°, and at

185° melts to a thick, treacly liquid. The addition of ferric

chloride to its aqueous vatem produced a dark green colora-
ith

4-86.
5:99.

tion, and with lead acetate an orange-yellow precipitate was
formed. Dilute alkalis dissolved it, yielding orange-yellow
liquids.

* Experiment having shown that this substance was a glucoside,
its oe ition with acid was studied in the following
mann

or 7658 gram, dissolved in 600 c.c. of boiling water, was digested
with 5 c.c. of sulphuric acid for two hours at this temperature ; a
yellow, crystalline product had then commenced to separate, and
more of it was deposited on cooling. This was collected (the
filtrate being reserved for further examination), washed with
water, and dried at 160°. In this way, 03710 gram of a yellow
colouring matter was obtaine ed.

“(1111 gave 0:2427 CO, and 0:0370 H,0.C = 59:58; H =3: 70.
. C,,H,,0; requires C = 59:60; H = 3:31 pe r cent.

* Tt formed a glistening mass of yellow needles ubi soluble
in water, somewhat readily in alcohol. In alcoholic solution
ferric chloride caused a dark green soluit and | aceta
gave an orange-red precipitate. pe. es

16573 | B2

20

“ The aceti yl derivative, prepared in the usual manner, Uds
from alcohol in colourless needles melting at 189-191?
* 0:1195 gave 0:2567 CO; + 0:0462 H,O. C= 58:65; H = 429.
0,,H50;(0H,0), requires C = 58:59; H = 3:90 per cent.

By fusion with alkali, two crystalline decomposition products
were obtained melting respectively at 210° and 195-196°; these
sucre of phlor oglucinol and p; ae "e acid. The colouring
matter resulting from the decomposi of the glucoside was
evidently, therefore, que? vet ” a fa i also corrobora ted on
examining its dyeing propert

* The Sugar. —lIn order to dmn some insight as to the nature

present in this solution being obviously too small to allow of its
M uid means of crystallisation and analysis, the liquid
was treated with phenylhydrazine pcos in the presence of
tel haein: in order to obtain the osazone, and the crystalline
product formed was purified by extraction with small quantities
of acetone and subsequent crystallisation from dilute alcohol.
It consisted of glistening, yellow needles melting at 205°,
apparently M
* The decomposition of Es glucoside with acid can be therefore
represented res the equatio
C5zH40,, T 2H, O= = C45H,,0; + 2C gH i20¢.
“ This reaction requires a yield of 48:24 per cent. of quercetin,
Morekendre- the amount actually obtained (see above) is equal to
“ Three di stinct glucosides of quercetin have been described, of
which quercitrin and rutin are the best known. The former,

quercetin and one molecule of Dois whereas the latter, a
constituent of rue (Ruta graveolens), when so wee yields
quercetin and two molecules of the same suga ola- arora in,
the third, obtained by Mandelin (Jahresber., 1383. 1369) fro
flowers of Viola tricolor vivariensis, gave, in a similar WT.
quercetin and glucose, as indicated by the following equation,
which is based upon the old formula of this colouring matter.
* C44H4305, + 95H40 = C4H4,,0,, + 20,H350,.

*As Mandelin's full paper is published in the Russian
Pharmaceutical Journal, to which I have not access, it is not
possible to be certain whether this equation is based upon the

Sm :

sed by acid. Consequently, the formula of viola-quercitrin,
C34H4,04 (025419; H = 451), if corrected AE to the
true formula of quercetin, may be expressed in two w
[Pally ae 31; H = 4°31) or C5H0,, (C = 54° 91; H=4-40),
Cx H0» + H20 = C,,H,,0; + C,H3,0
C; Ha0;; T 4H;0 = C, gy (9; + jodio.
“Of these, the latter formula, though possessing a somewhat
high percentage composition, would appear more probable, giving,

~

21

as it does, a yield of quercetin (51:19 per cent.) which closely
nm with that required by UM. s own equation (51:61
cent.) These figures, however, prove without doubt that the
glucoside present in Cape s ibid cannot be identical with viola-
quercitrin, and must retoro be a i. glucoside of quercetin.
lt is proposed to name this substance Osyritrin, derived from one
of the names of Cape sumach (Os yris compressa
The Tannin.—Altho oth it is not intended in ‘these investiga-
stoi to study thoroughly the tannin matters which are present in
the plants under in vestigation, it is des irable to determine the

mpa S
colouring matters. For this purposs the ase piis “filtrate from
the osyritrin, after removal of final traces of this glucoside by
further evaporation and cooling, was treated with lead acetate
solution drop by drop imul on filtration from the dark-coloured
precipitate, a pale orange-coloure liquid was obtained ; the latter
was then treated Ta iam trien hydrogen to remove lead, and
evaporated to dryne

“In this way, an ` orange- -coloured, hygroscopic, transparent,

Dilute alkalis disiel uit it, forming orange-yellow iutos which
became darker on heating, and on exposure to air developed a
blüod-red tint. It was found to be a tannin etie ze on
treatment with boiling dilute sulphuric acid there med,
together with a sugar, a reddish-brown, insoluble podist slebety
resembling the so-called anhydrides or drm quce air are
produced from so many tannin matters in this v On fusion with
alkali, both glucoside and anhydride yielded ved eidthaale 'adid.

“This tannin closely resembles, both in description "ue pro-
perties, quinotannie ac cid (Schwarz, Jahresber., 1851, 411) -

vatannic acid Serica tos Annalen, 79, 129), which a
dodónipos ed by acid into a sugar and an anhydride, and yield
protocatechure acid on fusion with alkali.
yeing trials with Cape sumach were carried out on woollen

cloth mordanted with chromium, aluminium, tin, and iron; full
buff, pale orange yellow, pe “yellow, and pale greenish- black
shades were obtained, respectively.”

DXCV.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Mr. J. A. GAMMIE, Deputy Superintendent of the Government
Cinchona Plantation in Sikkim, has retired from that post.
Mr. i

always met with warm appreciation from the Government of
Bengal. His share in working ae ina practical form the process
y which a cheap supply of qui is now ensured to India
has E Pod recorded in the Rod Bulletin (1890, pp. ey 24).
A few words may be quoted from the Memorandum by Mr.
C.H. Wood, ae Bibb serene Quinologist, already printed :—

* With t perseverance he mastered one detail after onu
using wa the simple appliances that he found at hand, until he

99

~~

was able to employ the process on a considerable scale. The

valuable results therefore which have been thus far attained in the

practical application of the process, are entirely due to his skill
d energy.’

Mr. ROBERT PANTLING has been appointed dnd Sine
tendent, men Cinchona Plantations, Sikkim, in succession
Mr. A. Gammie. Mr. R. Pantling went ou from Ke
in 1879 i the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta

Mr. JOHN HENRY HOLLAND, formerly a member of the
. gardening staff of the Royal Gar ‘dens and since 1896 Assistant
Curator of the Botanic APA oe Old Calabar, in the Niger
Coast Protectorate has been appointed by the Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs on the nba Hon of Kew, Curator in
succession to Mr. Billington.

Visitors during 1897.—The number of persons who visited the
Royal Gardens during the year 1897 was 1,239,683. That for 1596
was 1,996,875. The average for 1887-96 was 1,431,665. The
total number on Por me was 485,544, and on week days 754,139.

he maximum number on any one day was 84,431 on June 7,
and the smallest 51 on Marc

The detailed monthly returns are given below :—

January ei. m iu E 12,961
February A bbe eis E 26,124
March T i da 50,438
April 169,090
May 165,036
June . 218,184
July... 187,622
August .. 219,650
September 95,729
ber 55,160
November i in d € 19,254
December sai i Bs ie 10, 435
Total -.. 1,229,082

Botanical Magazine for December—Ayave Schottii is a sm:
slender species from Arizona

ood, but it is chiefly Venecie
on account of the soapy properties of its bark. The prett

29

Peruvian Odontoglossum retusum was sent to Kew by E. H.

Woodall, Esq., of Scarborough. Kniphofia enorm flowered at

Kew in October, 1896. It has small, pale-yellow flowers arranged in
a dense raceme. Habenaria rhodocheila has flowers with green

sc and petals, while the deeply lobed labellum is usually

orange-red. Tubers of this plant were sent to Kew by C. Ford,
sq., Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, Hongkong.

E Magazine for January.—Camoensia Veri is a
climbing leguminous plant from Western Africa, discovered i
the Congo region by Christian Smith i in 1816. It was utiodadet
= the bop the Page in 1873, when some seeds were receive

J. Monte Its magnificent flowers are very fugaci
Paphiapeditan Victoria- Mariæ is the name adopted for an droit
m S a, originally described as a Cypripedium. The plant
ured das dede to Kew by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans.
vobranties dyerianus, native of Burma, was received at Kew
from the Botanical Gardens, Singapore, and the ird

Curator of the Botanical Gardens, me dge. ` Tt first attracted
attention as a garden plant on account of its brilliantly coloured
foliage. The flowers are pale Violet blue; borne in erect spikes.
Lathyrus splendens, seeds of which were sent to Kew di Prof.
. L. Greene, of the Catholic University, Washington, is one of
the most vir etes of the genus to which it belong It is
a native of California, and not quite hardy at Kew. S/evekingie
Boro a rare orchid from Ecuador, is in cultivation in
the gardens of Sir Trevor Lawrence. The genus Halal’ to the
Stanhopiew, not to the Oncidiew, as inadvertently stated.

Flora Capensis.—The completion of the sixth volume of this
work, Miles. the orders H«modoracee to Liliacew was
announced in the Kew Bulletin for last year (pp. 226, 229). It
" resol ivedi to continue with the seventh volume for the reasons

explained in the following prefatory note by the Director, which
was prefixed to Part I., issued in December last :—

“ The elaboration of the Monocotyledonous orders, to which the
seventh and concluding volume of the Flora Capensis is devo
is a task of no smali difficulty. They can only, indeed, be dealt
with MüliafiotoRIy by those who have made them an object of
special study. But as it has been my d x fortune to secure the
co-operation of botznists who are acknowledged authorities on
these orders, it has been determined to ‘eerie with them at once.
And it see inier especially desirable to lose no time in publishing
the enumeration of the grasses, which must necessarily be of
jets pactis interest in a country so largely pastoral as South
Africa,"

24

Flora of Tropical Africa.—The resumption of the publication of
this work at the request of the Marquis of Salisbury was
announced in the Kew Bulletin for 1894 (pp.17, 18). In the
meantime descriptions of new species collected by various
travellers have been published in the Bulletin in — a:
under the title of Diagnoses a næ. Of these ten number
have appeared, including 599 new species.

The first part of the continuation was issued in December last,
with the following preface

The last of the three Vublihed volumes of the Flora of
T une " yt ica appeared in 1877. Since then our knowledge of

the vegetation of this region has increased very greatly. Large
tracts dn were unexplo red regn t, a that date have yielded
numerous and copious collect In resuming the work it has

therefore been found peius 1o more Boss define the regions
into which Professor Oliver divided the whole area. In attempt-
ing this, advantage has been taken as far as possible of political
boundaries, since they saat of incl Terognition. The regions
may now be briefly defined as follo

1. Upper Guinea.—The Western Coat à region from the mouth
of the Senegal river to the southern boundary of the Cameroons.
It contains practically the whole of the Niger basin. It is
bounded on the north by a line stretching from the mouth of the
Senegal river to Lake Chad ; on the east by the 15th parallel of
East MH dae to its intersection with the southern boundary of
the Cameroons, which bounds it to the south. It includes also
the REP of Fernando

2. North Central. This iin the Sahara. It is bounded to
the north by the Tropic of Cancer; on the west by the Atlantic ;
on the east by the 26th parallel of East Pag ag on the sou uth
by the | Upper Guinea region and the Congo Free State.

3. Nile Land.—The Nile basin. It is Eoisdid to the west by
the 26th parallel of East longitude; to the east by the Red Sea
and the Indian Bt to the south by the Congo Free State and
German bey Afri

4. Lower nint, —— The Western MN. region from the iain
EA ra of the Cameroons to t Tr ropic of Caprie
It contains the lower course of the Con do, and is bonded. to Abe

east by the Congo n State, the river Kwango, and the 20th
vindi] of East longitu

5. South Central. Gol mpr ises the Congo Free State, Lunda and
eder re West Africa, east of the 20th parallel of longitude
(Lo

6. Mozambique.—The East Coast from the I sepi of
German East Africa to the Tropic of Capricorn. It includes
Portuguese East Africa and British territories 18 P Tro m

As public interest 18 largely centred in the Petaloid Monocoty le-
dons of Tropical Africa, inasmuch as they lend themselves most
readily to cultural dores A has been thought advisable to deal
with these.in the first in

For the geographical yen the following map has been chiefly
used :—Spezial-Karte von Afrika. Gotha: Justus Perthes. 1885.

The preface to the completed volume will enumerate the most
important sources of the material upon which it has been based.

25
The Flora of Lord Howe Island.—A complete list of the vascular
plants known from this remote island has been compiled by
Mr. W. B. Hemsley, F.R.S., TyIDÓipal Assistant in the Herbarium
of the Royal Gardens, from m aterials in the Kew Herbarium.
It is published in the Annals OF Botany (vol. x., pp. 221—284),
together with a brief description of the island and its vegetation,
derived from various ar The general distribution of the
genera and species is given, and synonyms so far as it seemed
desirable, with klfetoh did o, the first place of es to
Bentham's Flora Awstraliensis, Hooker's Han the
New Zealand Flora, and other spiel dnd: Aitogethe: 209
i g bulated. i

genera and 50 endemic spec Pro among the endemic
plants are the palms: Hedy mel. jene yana, Clinostigma
mooreanum, Howea belmoreana and H. for steriana, and the
giant iridaceous plant, Morea robinsoniana—all in cultivation in
this country, and some of the palms in thousands.

Pelicans.—Through the kindness of Rear-Admiral Blomfield of
the Port House, Alexandria, and of Dixon Bey, of Port Said, six
fine specimens of Pelicanus crispus were obtained from
Menzaleh and despatched to e country in December last.
Through the kindness of the Secretary, Philip Sclater, Esq., F.R.S.,
the officers of the Zoological Society took charge of the birds on
their arrival. 'Two were selected for Kew and the remaining
four handed over to the Royal Parks.

Portrait of Robert Brown.—'Ihe Bentham Trustees have presented
to the collection of portraits of botanists in the Muse iis -= the
Royal Gardens one of the celebrated botanist Robert B F.R.S.
(1773-1858), President of the Linnean Society (1849-53). It
was painted by Pierce for Lady Franklin about the year 1856.
From 1801-5, Robert Brown was naturalist te Flinders’ expedi-
tion for the survey of the coasts of New Holland, to which
Sir John Franklin was attached as midshipman.

Philippine Islands’ Flora.—Mr. A. Loher, who has spent some
years in investigating the natural history of this EEE PUE E has
sent his very extensive botanical collections to
worked pal Most ote the plants were collected in llis bus

art of Luzon, and many are from the higher mountains. The
latter are peony ina Pieroni, and include a number of
temperate types not previously known to exist in the Philippines

— Ranunculus, for example. Another, and m unexpected
element in the "llora, is the presence of Himalayan types, such as
Clematis hedysarifolia and Berberis nepalensis. be ther. this
collection promises to be of great value and interest.

26

Flora of Tibet.—During the last five years the Kew Herbarium
has been enriched by a number of collections of dried plants from
various parts of Tibet, some pane i of which have appeared
in the Kew Bulletin dea time to time. (See 1893, p. 369; 1894,
p. 136; and 1896, pp. 99 T 907-916 ; ; also Hemsley in the
Senn o E d Linnean Society, XXX., pp. 101- 140, plates 4 and 5.)
r small collections have reached Kew since ; and
one har far the largest ever received from “ Tibet,” was pr esented
last July, but has not as yet been completely examined on account
e pressure of other work. This collection was made by
s E. Hobson, Esq., who is Pear at Yatung, on the dot
frontier of Sikkim and Western Chumbi, pede en Yakla and
Gnatong. Botanically it is in ei een Himalayan region, VP
the vegetation is comparatively luxuriant and diversified, whereas
all the collections previously noticed are from the arid sterile
country, which begins a very little to the north. Mr. Hobson’s
collection consists of about 1,500 specimens, largely of herbaceous
plants, amongst which there are doubtless a good many
novelties,

Flora of Mongolia.—Mr. and Mrs. Littledale ros made another
adventurous journey into the heart of Central ; this time to
North-western Mongolia, by way of Siberia. Mrs. Littledale made
an excellent collection of dried plants, which has been presented
to Kew. It com s between two and three hundred species.
Although there are F probabi few, if any new species, the specimens
are specially va e on account of the admirable care with which
Mrs. Littledale pes prepared them. In all cases where it was
possible the entire plant, including root, was procured. Few
professional collectors take as much pains as Mrs. Littledale has
done.

Mangosteens from the West Indies.—Plants of this well-known
and delicious tropical fruit have heir itai ping etie from

ew to the West Indies. The Mangosteen is a native of the
Molucea Islands, and is cultivated in "den eit. Guitleniant; hts
and in one or two localities in oe and Ceylon. The fru
regularly shipped from Singapore 5-the Calcutta market. "The
first West Indian fruits were olod at the Botanic Gardens,

F.L. * of Trinidad, conta ftég ute trees of Man oiii whi bise ere
perhaps, the first to reach this ccuntry in a condition to allow their
pain to be appreciated. Each fruit was separately packed in a

ompartment with pine wool. Owik to the firm consistency of
the outer wall of the fruit, it appears to travel well. The fruits
were distributed to the Secretary of State for the Colonies and
others. The reports received were uniformly favourable., One fruit

21

was sent to Mr. vi 2 Monro, one of the leading fruit merchants
in Covent Garden, to obtain an opinion as to prospects * ad
ments of Mangosteens to this country. Mr. Monro repor

“Yours to hand. I cut open the fruit and showed it to some of
my best customers, and they think with me that, if they came in
good condition, and not too many at first, a business could be
worked up in them. At any rate I should like to try some, and
if sent, will do all I can to get a trade for them. They appear to
be a fruit that would carry well."

Coffea stenophylla.—The Highland Coffee of Sierra Leone has
been fully described in the Kew Bulletin (1896, pp. 189-191, with
plate). Seeds and plants have also been distributed from Kew to
most tropical "ek The following particulars communicated
by Mr. J. H. Hart, F.L.S., respecting the success of plants that
have lately fruited i in Trinidad, only a few feet above the sea-level,
will be read with interest :—

* Some four years ago we received a new kind of Coffee from
Kew. This has now fruited for the first time, four years fr
seed. The trees are in robust health, and have given for a first
yield, a very fair return. This Coffee is quite distinct from any-
thing hitherto grown in the West rui and sopes rs likely to

develop into a voluble" minor product. e ries instead o:
being red when ripe, as in the Arabian varieties, are a dark purple,
and the bean is small and attractive-looking. When dried and

Cmm it has much the appearance of the finest Mocha. The
vour when made into a cup of coffee is excellent, being fully

mik to the finest Arabian, from which there is little to distinguish
it iu appearance when prepared in the same way. The trees are
much more vigorous than Arabian Coffee, they have a small, dar
shiny leaf, but the individual branches are somewhat smaller than
those of Arabian, and very much less robust than Coffea liberica.
Our trees are now eight feet in height and would appear to be
willing to go higher if we would let them. So far as our
experience has gone with Coffea Se td there i is good reason
to hope that it will prove a valuable introduction

At the request of Kew, seed not required in "'rinidad has been
distributed for experimental cultivation in other portions of the
British West Indie

Cashew Spirit.—The singular fruit of the Cashew (asaret
canny. a native of the New World, is now well :
m sd € Lii The tree is somewhat like a ERRE in

pear-like receptac When s nep £ the fruit a i
kernel is often CUL IN d forms Cashew nut ‘of commer,
In India and the "p. seii those are ased as a substitute

28

almonds. They contain an oil that is said to protect the floors of

ouses from the attacks of white ants. The pulpy receptacle is
also edible and has an agreeable flavour. It is sometimes called
in the West Indies the Cashew-apple. A new use appears to have
been found for prs in Portuguese East Africa. According to a
Report furnished by H.M. Consul in that region (F.O. Reports,
Annual Series, No. 1463, pp. 14, 15) the natives inhabiting the
Logon opposite the: island and city of Mozambique, poss they

have bets ERU ds , *are bent on enjoying the sweets of
indolen the only agricultural industry carri Ar on now
consists i in ‘brewing and distilling the juice of the fruit of Cashew
trees.’

The following is the Consul’s report of this apparently unique
ndustry :—

*Opposite the island and city of Mozambique there is a
peninsula, about 12,000 acres in area, connected with the main-
land by a narrow neck of land that is guarded by garrisons on
each side.

s peninsula, which forms part of Terras-Firmes, the
Portuguese have made efforts at agricultural industry.

“In the days of forced labour the plantations are said to have
been very profitable. The numerous ruins of substantial farm-
houses and residences testify to the wealth of the former planters.

n the suppression of the slave trade the slaves were suddenly

areis Food can be obtained from friends or robbed from the
landowners.

bad The liio of the natives and their pilfering propensities
result in reducing the value of property. An estate which
formerly produc ry a revenue of 2,000/. per annum hardly yields
2001. at the preient da

he only M bent! carried on now consists in
owing ery distilling the jui = the fruit of cashew trees, and
mowihg the $e of eqsonnat mm

“Taxation on this ustry STE its limit last year. The
lan pep olioan petitioned the King of Portugal to
annul the recent law on taxat monstrated that
if it were enforced they would be required to the

ped ipa amounts far exceeding their incomes; in fact it
uld fee them to cease manufacturing fermented and
distilled liquor
“Tt would seem that the law referred to was intended to
prohibit the manufacture of liquor, and thus prevent the natives
from obtaining
“ During ihe Mii season (October, November, and December)
the natives Mat themselves up to their favourite bevera rage, and
during that time they g come perfectly useless. A great end
would be obta tained if this liquor could be kept away from "un:
]t is easy to prevent Europeans from manufacturing it, but I am
afraid it will be Yenir to prevent the natives from doing s0,

39

as there are millions of trees in places beyond Portuguese control
where at present natives brew and distil liquor to their hearts'
content, without paying taxes to the Portuguese.

& The following is extracted from the petition ipsum to, which
was signed by 86 Portuguese and Indian landow

‘Tt is notorious that neither industry nor niiet properly
so-called exist in this territory.

‘The plantations about Mozambique piee of small tracts of
land, covered with cashew trees and cocoanut palms that grow
and bear fruit almost E and require but the slightest
care of the cultivator. Fermented liquor is obtained Tom both
trees, oe that of the cashew is false distilled.

‘The income and from ie industry is small, and ‘hardy
does more than r the expens

j Nevertheless it s the only agricultural mth Abe Rema
by the landowners of this country as a means of liv
necessary to point out that the dii of ‘this rio only
c , cash wt

n c n with profit, as experien
frequently üéinehettalég. The aridity of the soil, irregularity of
rains, as well as the absence of labour, are the chief causes of
failure.

Jicamilla.—-G. W. C. Griffith, Esq. H.M. Vice-Consul at
Tampico, has sent to Kew a nu mbe er of tubers of the e plant bearing
this name in Mexico, together with branches bearing fruit. The
only record of this name in an English publication, which has

come under our observation, is in the Pharmaceutical Journal,
(Oct. 31, 1896, p. 381), epus it is referred to as Jatropha n 'gans.
lt is uncertain what is meant by this name, because, so far as
known, it has never P Published with a eru ded of the
plant it is intended to designate. Curcas purgans (Jatropha
Curcas), a well-known and widely ae dedi species, may possibly
be intended, but the specimens sent by Mr. Griffith certainly
belong to Jatropha macrorhiza, Benth. (Pl. Hartw. p.
apparently a rare plant. It was collected by Hartweg in 1837,
and his specimens at Kew are labelled with the locality, “Aguas
Calientes " in i Mio Benthamian, and that of * Zacatecas" in the
Hookerian MU.

From a passage n Har tweg’s narrative of his journey (Trans
Hort. Soc. Lond., ser. 2, iii. 1848, p. 120) it is clear that the latter
statement is incorrect as far as Har artweg is concerned. The plant
had, however, been previously collected by Thomas Coulter at
Zacatecas (n. 1469), but his specimens were not distributed till a
later eP having AE in the herbarium of Trinity College, Dublin,
for some years. Mr. Griffith's were obtained from 08, a place
lying to he south of the other localities named, in Wie extreme
east of the State of Jalisco. Until these specimens came to hand
none had been received at Kew since Hartweg’s were n billed
some sixty years ago, although the area has been frequently
collected over. |

30

Hybrid Coffee in Mysore.—What are reg eia as hybrid coffee
plants, the result of cross fertilization between the — and
Arabian kinds, are Sinai cultivated in some e digits s in Mysore.
The most recent information regarding them is ini E. ntained in
a Report on the Manjarabad Ghat Forests presented last year to the
Government of Mysore by Mr. J. Cameron, F.L.S., Superintendent
of the Lal Bagh Gardens, Bangalore

It is evident that coffee planters in the district believe the
plants to be true hybrids. No specimens, however, which would
substantiate the fact have been received in this country. It is
therefore impossible to express an authoritative opinion on the

subject. In the meantime Mr. Cameron’s pre of the plants
Michiel vé will be read with interest :—

* When the Barguai estate had been well explored I was taken
to the adjoining one of Oossoor, the property of Mr. Brooke Mockett.

. Crawford, the Superintendent, kindly showed me

the hybrid coffee of which so paid is now heard.
* These hybrids, with their parents, are flourishing, in quantity,
on a ios of land situated near the cooly lines. On this plot,
many years ago, two coffee MM had been planted pretty close

the oe species, Coffea puris Both these plants, which are
said t the parents of the hybrid progeny, are still alive and
both aniihi their specific characters. The first two hybrids,
which are now very fine bushes, came up H aemp E: in the
vicinity of the parent bushes about 10 or 12 yearsago. Since then
numerous hybrid e ia have esce detected, of which the first
batch is seven years old. Mr. Crawford tells me that on Mr. Mockett's
ERU vct mera now cover six acres of land,and are not je
han 5,000 in number. The variation in the different seedlings no
in fruit is ily remarkable, and leaves n o doubt in my tiu as as
to the interspecific nature of their origin. Iam inclined to think
that in the first instance pollen from ughve ave ar eap Seis the

la
probable that the pede es Medline of C. liberica were better
preserved than ilias: of the adjoining C. arabica, hence my opinion
that the first hybrids were produced from the former and not
from the latter. But subsequently counter- and intercrossing have

In a few bushes, the elders are diawt cro wded
with berries nearly all ripening together, just as in C. arabica.

At the same time the leaves are larger, greener, and much firmer
in texture than the leaves of the imm ke I discovered, is the
most favoured strain, as it promises crop and shows no sign of

being attacked by leaf disease: =" fact, all the hybrids appear to
be proof against the latter pest.”

31

Caper Industry in France—The following interesting account,
taken from La Co-opération de Production dans Agr iculture
by the Comte de Roc equigny, is dace from the Journal of the
oo tbe of Agricniivte (vol. iv. PP- 2: d

of the re Pen of a locality for the ques of its produce. The

caper producers of Roquevaire and o me other neighbouring
localities have, ii 8 stated, combined in iie se to an economie
necessity, in order to counteract the continual eh per ane of prices
induced by the action of the local trade, which m gerian
and Spanish capers of inferior quality with thibee pem in
Provence. The producers of these localities have accordingly
determined to take the trade into their own hands, and have
s: ed gucci into a syndicate for that purpose. Roquevaire

tains some 3,000 inhabitants, and nine-tenths of the caper

Nb. of. die commune (who alone are eligible to the associa-
tion) have engaged to deliver their whole diis gren amountin
to some 220, 000 Ibs. or more, to the syndicate. The experiment
is said to have proved completely successful.

“ The caper is the floral bud of a bush (Capparis spinosa) which
has been cultivated from time immemorial in Provence. This
bud is picked when very small, as its EF deteriorates as it
grows larger. The labour of picking the buds devolves upon the
members of the association. Tt is usually done by women, at
intervals of five or six days during the season, which lasts from
the end of May to the beginning of September. When gathered,
the capers are put into wine vinegar (provided by the syndicate at
cost E ice) so as to be only just “covered, and steeped for two or
t months, after which they are de liver ed to the assoc ociation,
by whom they are sifted, and then replaced in vinegar in the
society’s cellars, being kept in barrels until sold. The producer
is credited with the weight of the capers furnished by him, and**
the quality of the buds as determined by the sitting (at which he

can be present if he chooses) is also noted. Some detur women
are usually employed at the association's headqua
six months in tegres É operation is performed i hand with
the aid of a metal s

“ The capers are laste in six qualities, the finest being worth»
in 1894, about £4 per cwt., and the inferior sort about 10s. The
net produce of the siye after deducting the general expenses of
the syndicate, is divided among the members proportionally to
the amount and quality of. their deliveries. Thus the money
foooived from the sale of first puse or is divided solely
Moon those who have delivered that grade, and the

mbers scili accordingly an interest in qg i er the quality of
ihe produc

32

. *'The principal outlets ten these capers are Russia, Germany:
fro

Sweden, England, and America. Apart from the assistance given
by the consuls in those countries, the syndicate has also agents
abroad, who are paid by a commission on the sales.

* Ag man M cultivators Sond not be ina positon to wait for their

at 4 per cent. to such of its members as require it, to an amount

sufficient to meet the demand for such loans ; but the association
has secured the faculty of obtaining, if necessary, a Sige ein
credit "a its bankers for this purpose. This can be dr: upon
the signature of the president, and all the members are liable for
its EM ayment.
“In 1893 the members of the syndicate picked 1,659 ewt. of
ORES and their sale produced £3,115. This allowed of an
average of 4d. per lb. being handed over to the members in 1894,
or ihe ut the same as was paid by the trade, which appears to have
maintained that price solely in order to retain clients among the
caper-producers, and to be able to compete with the sy ndicate.
Before the latter was boi d the trade only paid 23d. and 3d.
n the season 1894-5, however, the apis could only
distribute 3id. per Ib. owing, it is said, to the outside trade
etn mixed capers under the name of Roquevaire capers,
thus lowering the prices in the consuming markets.
P Co-operati ve associations for the sale of capers ratem also been
formed in other neighbouring localities. Tre syndicate of Cuges

eim a saving in the sena rers in a distributing the money
Péceivod from sales among its m mber the Cuges association
takes account xc ot she” amt of en delivered, without
reference to quality

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

BULLETIN

OF

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION,

No. 135.] MARCH. (1898.

DXCVI.—ARTIFICIAL INDIGO.

The Kew Report for 1880 contained (p. 49) a note by Professor
Armstrong, F.R he then recent “discovery by Professor
Baeyer, the successor of Liebig, at Munich, of a method of
producing indigo artificially, which it is proposed to employ on a
large scale (Patent No. 1177, 18th March, 1880).” The note con-
cluded with the remark :—* It is difficult to avoid the conclusion
that artificial indigo will most seriously interfere with, even if it
does not within very few years altogether displace, the natural
article.”

Eighteen years have elapsed, and the prediction, if not imme-
diately verified, is now much nearer realisation. The stages in
the artificial synthesis of a natural product follow an inevitable
course. The first is to ascertain, however complex, its chemical
composition. The next is to put it together from substances of
simpler constitution. The first attempts, although successful, are
cumbrous because success is mostly only attained by circuitous
methods. It is not, therefore, at first, usually available for
commercial purposes. But this is only a matter of time when
once the problem has been shown to be theoretically capable of
solution. The next step is to simplify the manufacturing processes,
and this is inexorably pursued till the artificial product can be
produced more cheaply than the natural one.

In the case of indigo, this result is actually within sight. |

Such a result is the inevitable outcome of the application of
scientific chemistry to the industrial arts. The world views it on
the whole with equanimity, for if it displaces labour in one
part, it gives increased employment in another. But it is
not without its drawbacks. It substitutes the factory for the
field, and makes for the congestion of the urban population which
seems inseparable from an advanced civilisation. Moreover, the ©
substitution of an artificial dye for a natural one has a defect o
the same kind as the substitution of mechanical work for that of
the hand, The artificial dyes have the defects of their qualities ;
they are too good, i.e., too pure. Their use is apt to lack interest,

16781—1375—5/98 Wt90 D&S 29

dd

Alizarine has now ag cae madder indyeing Turkey red, The
results are not quite Best same. Natural dyes are not absolutely
pure, but more or less complex mixtures, and they yield in conse-
dein in the hands of a skilful operator Doct tones which are
not easily realised, or, at any rate, without more trouble than
cheapness will allow, from the artificial substitutes. The following
note, which has been kindly supplied by Dr. Hugo Müller, F.R.S.,
shows that the natural dye may even have practical advantages.
But it is to be feared that these are not beyond the art of the
chemist to imitate

“It ‘is Sad nearly 20 years ago that the synthetical production
of indig as first accomplished, and it was then generally
eme that before long this remarkaple achievement of organic
chemistry would, a n the case of oe seriously affect the
natural product and pm Sok grav mportan e to the indigo
planter; but in this cecus this ccc was du realized as
suiparea.
“ The process being too complicated and costly it could not
compete with the natural indigo, and, with the exception of a
tentative “application in cotton printing, the artificial indigo

eral rely a landmark in the progress of. scientific
chemist
- Nevetthdlesi this discovery seems to have caused the indigo

planters to bestir themselves and improve their methods of
working, which in turn effected a considerable reduction of the

rice and a consequent increase of production.

* Meanwhile, however, the chemists were not idle, and a steady
progress in the improvement of the synthetical processes was

made, so much so that at the beginning of last year ER Badische
Anilin and Soda Fabrik, SECETA On, made the announcement
that they were now able compete with the natural indigo, by
offering to the trade Es Hate bide (Indigotine) at the price
of 17s. per kilo., which is a jog t the value of pure indigo-blue
contained in comme rcial indig

“ Thus, notwithstanding ihe heh reduced value of n soni
indigo, the production of artificial indigo seems now more
to have assumed a threatening importance to the indigo gió wor,
which will have in all probability to be reckoned wit

In an article published in the Chemiker Zeitung last

November, Sigismund Lang discusses this subject in a spiri
evidently lalesia to the artificial indigo, and points out that
the price of 17s. per kilo. of the artificial indigo is still too high,
inasmuch as the Codi of pure ban ay contained in the leading
sorts of commercial indigo varies 6d.—15s. 9d.— d. ;
but, what is still more to the po int, he calls attention to t the
importance of the 2—10 per ait of toil (Indirubin, Indi-
purpurin) contained in the bet er class of natural indigo, and
which is said to be absent in the artificial. It appears that the
presence of this colouring matter is all-important in the vat
Fringe: as it causes the proper fixing of the indigo-blue on the
fibre. Without indigo-red the goods a ej ts pue at hold the
Cinane matter in much les a font a manner, and this is in fact
the reason why Java indigo, which edi tarde little or no indigo-red,

is altogether unsuitable for vat dyeing.

35

* [t remains to be seen whether this absence of indigo-red in
the artificial indigo will limit its application.
anwhile it ought to be mentioned that in some of the
asa formations of indigo-blue a red colouring matter is
obtained as a by product, which is X eod to be identical with
the natural indigo-red, and if this is the case no doubt special
attention will be given to this beta with the view of
remedying the defect of the artificial indigo at present sent into
the market.

“The Badische Anilin and Soda Fabrik proposed to manu
facture during last year a quantity of indigo-blue, equal to 1 200
chests of 125 kilos. each, whilst the e annual export from Calcutta
alone is estimated at 32,000 chests.’

The main source of supply of indigo is India. The Kew
Bulletin for 1894 (pp E contained a brief aecount of the

C.I.E.

India in 1892-3 was of the value of 41,411,793 rupees, or about
two-thirds of the value of the export of tea. According to the
same authority the total area under the crop for all India might be
estimated at about 1,400,000 acres. (Dict. Econom. Prod. of
India, vol. iv., 1890, p. 422

DXCVII.—GAMBIA BOTANIC STATION.

The British Colony on the River Gambia (Colonial Office List,
ws pp. 119-120), consists of the Island of St. Mary, British
o, Albreda, the Ceded Mile and MeCarthy's n situated
IM the falls of Barriconda and Bathurst, and 153 miles from
the latter. The total area of the Colony proper is about t 69 Square
miles or about one-fourth the size of Middlesex.
The P productions are ground nuts, hides, beeswax, rice,
ous (Pennisetum), palm kernels, india-rubber and
> or country cloths. A considerable entrepót trade

ry an temperature is 82°. The rainfall from
Tus to Quis is astalty very scanty, and there are prolonged
seasons of drought. The cool Harmattan winds blow from
bruar
he ee acu 1 PUDE: ces of the Gambia have been discussed
in the Kew Bulletin (1889, p. 142 ; 1890, p. 261; and 1892, p. 109);
the meteorology for the years 1887-189 Lin Kew Bulletin (1892,
-110); the cotton cultivation im the manufacture of the
interesting " *pagns" or native cloths in Kew Bulletin erts
n. 19 the botany in Kew Bulletin (1891, p. 268, and 1892,
p. 45) ; Gambia mahogany in Kew Bulletin (1890, p. 168) ; and the
native medicines in K. B. (1893, p. 371).
In 1894 the Administrator made application to the Secretary of
State for the services of a Curator to take charge of a Botanic
16781 A2

26

Station proposed to be established at Kotu in British Combo. In
March of that year, Mr. Walter Haydon, a member of the garden-
ing staff at Kew, who had been Acting Curator of the Botanic
Station at Lagos, was appointed to the ‘Post. Mr. Haydon has con-
tinued in charge until the present tim

The poil extracts giving an Sedini of the work carried
on at the Gambia Botanic Garden, are taken from the Report of
the Curator for “tha year ending 3lst December, 1897. These
afford an germs record of the efforts made to establish new
industries in the ny.

THE CURATOR to the ADMINISTRATOR of the GAM
Botanic Station, ‘Kotu,
SIR January : 98.
I HAVE the honour to submit my A on the Botanic

Station for the year ended 31s Ersten

. Mr. G. J. Thomas was appointed Atia Curator during my
absence on leave. I left the DIG on the 11th May, 1897, and
Sisi, on the 5th November following. My absence, therefore,

tended over a period of five months and twenty-four days.

cet In the early part of the year a rre en erected within the
Botanic Gardens for the use of the Curator, who is now always
resident on the Station. The house is in ihe centre of the Gardens
and commands a view of all the ground under cultivation.

3. A low cane fence has been erected. around the house and the
adjoining nursery for a distance of 72 feet from the building.
This was necessary in order to divide this part of the Station from
the public part and add to the privacy of the dwellin

4. The general work during the year has Poén devoted to
making up nursery beds, sowing seeds, planting out, m digging
up roots, especially those of the * ‘Run” palm (Borassus flabelli-
formis), which had taken possession of the land ; asii making

paths around the house, keeping the np ew Írom weed and
in carrying on the general business of the

5. Nearly all the lürye trees still sedg pers the Station
ground were pruned. 'They were native forest trees when the
Station was started and were damaged by bush fires. They now

6. A
noticeable. It is growing out of the centre of a large Ficus
Vogelii tree. The long trailing roots of the Ficus embrace the
trunk »- the palm, and in time it will form a cede tree. This
specimen has also been pruned, and as it is in a prominent
pou t “its peculiarities can easily be Vinervel-

ROADS.
oe. All the roads have been kept in good condition. They
ould, however, be greatly improved by putting stone on them.
There is a bed of rock passing site es the surface of the ground
a few minutes' walk from the Station. By means of blasting,
enough stone could be obtained to pr the whole of the roads in
the Station. This would be a great improvement. At present
the roads are formed simply of earth thrown out of the drains
on each side and may at any time be washed away by heavy
rains,

37

NURSERIES.

8. A new nursery has been established close to the house where
young plants are moea until large enough to be transplanted into
their permanent piae They are protected fro

are supported by Fera fixed firmly in the ground and raised to
a height of three feet. The fronds are then placed on the top
and held in position by being tied down, while long bamboos on
the top keep them from being b blown away. The soil in the
nursery is the best in the Station and is being improved from time
to time by the addition of decayed leaves and manure. At present
manure is obtained with difficulty, as in the absence of a cart it
has all to be brought in by wheelbarrow

Nearly all the decayed tree stumps Lats now been taken up,
also a very large number of the “Run” palms. An experiment

number of palms Peel the ground is gradually becoming less.

v
trees is eut before it ripens to avoid the seed falling down and
growing.

PLANTS RECEIVED.

o wardian cases and a box of age were brought out
from the Royal Gardens, Kew n my return t the Colony. The
plants in the wardian cases arr velt in splendid condition, but a
few of those in the box suffered and have since died. The plants
nthe box were decorative and ornamental plants. Those in the
wardian cases were all of value as economic plants. These have
Since been potted into small powder kegs which answer the
purpose ae well. We have not the usual bamboo pots to put
them into. The plants are looking healthy and growing well.
There were also plants of Castilloa elastica, the Central American
rubber. These have been put into a nursery bed where they are

growing well. When the next rains come they will be trans-
aaa ies more suitable places. men of the decorative -€— are
flourishing. The fuchsias and geraniums wi i make good

display in front of the house as scorers plant
The wardian cases will be painted and sent judi to Kew with
living plants during the coming year.

WELLS.
= > pte well was sunk by the Colonial Engineer during the
yea r the nursery. This will greatly reduce the labour of

sedenti (io plants in this locality. Sometimes, however, the
water has failed, and the plants have suffered. I would suggest

since ue station ries commenced, fell in during the rainy season,

nee been ired and sunk deeper and now yields a good-

repai
supply | of water. The wellat the bottom of jie £p should

38

also be deepened and built up. A water tank for holding rainwater
is urgently needed for the supply of good drinking water for the
house. Good water is essential in the tropics. Often the water
here is practically unfit for use.

FENCES AND OUTHOUSES.

ll. The wire fence erected around the Station in 1895, is keeping
in good condition. It is as strong now as when first erected,
The posts are of the Run palm, and, so far, are free from the attacks
of white ants. The gates and gate-posts were painted and tarred
before the rains.

The outhouses of cane and grass have suffered badly from the
ravages of the white ants, and will require rebuilding. This
should be done as early as possible as the ants are destroying the
tools, seeds, &c., stored in these buildings.

ECONOMIC PLANTS.

in the nursery before I went on leave, but apparently failed to
produce plants. I have now planted more seed so as to have
young plants before the coming rains.

13. Kola (Cola acuminata).—The plants left in the nursery
were transplanted into their permanent places during the rainy

season.
14. Cotton.—There has been a fairly good crop of cotton picked

from the plants grown last year. It is of good quality, with a

long staple. :

15. Jute (Corchorus olitorius).—The seed of this plant was

again sown and better results were gained than on the previous

occasion. The ground was prepared and seed sown on the north

this year two months earlier. The oduced was a very fair
sample for a first trial. We shall be able to produce a much
larger and finer crop next season. The plant to be successful

fail through not having sufficient room to grow,

The following notes were taken on the crop which produced
the sample of fibre submitted to the Dundee Jute Growers’ Asso-
ciation.

The area of land sown was about a quarter of an acre. The
Seed was sown on June 13. Cutting the plants was begun on
October 11. Retting the stems took twenty days. The number

20

of plants cut from the area sown was 2,800, These weighed when
— 22 lbs., and the amount of cleaned fibre obtained was
€

The following od tok has been received from the Dundee Jute
via owers’ — ation on a sample of jute grown and prepared at
this station

JUTE from the GAMBIA COLONY.

Dundee, December 21, 1597.
DEAR SIR,

I HAVE now to advise that the sample of jute from the
Gambia Colony which was returned to you yesterday may be
said to have been seen by the whole trade here, by whom it has
been Varie with much intere

The sample does not have the high colour of the best jute from
India, but it is similar in that darsi to jute which is received in
large quantity from that count

The fibre is good, Dossdlisirig strength and good spinning
quality. It has been very well prepared, is free from “ blacks”
(small pieces of bark sometimes left pep to the fibre from
want of thoroughness in preparing) and it has a good glossy
fibre. The sample may be classed as medium quality of n and
quite merchantable.

The root end has not been cut off, nor what is known as
** erop " at the other end been removed, no doubt in order to show
the full extent of the growth as far as possible. Jute of the quality
of this sample when prepare ed for market should be free from
root and crop. It will be seen that if so treated the sample
would not yield more than two feet length of fibre.

Except forthe short length, there is no fault to find with the
sample in comparison with jute from India of the quality with
which it would be classe

It is understood that itio short length of the sample is a Bee

late planting and an exceptionally dry season. ing these
cireumstances into m the sample gives ET promise
that jute growing in the Gambia Colony will prove a pract

tical
success. It may be plodicen that the jute crop of this season
now arriving from India is a very large one, and that the prices
are exceptionally low ; but if with favourable conditions jute of
the quality of the sample from Gambia can be produced, with
length of uem s equal to the Indian growth, there is a large
uture befo

Taking one year with another, the values realised for the Indian
crop have been sufficient to induce a constantly extending
cultivation in that country.

You would receive along with the sample a small portion taken
from a bale of Indian jute which has been sent to show the "eom
of jute of this season's crop.

from the fact that a better price per ton is réitisei for

jute of a long growth, the bulk of produce from the land is

Seen mec thereby—a most important factor i in n the result
to the produe

40

It may be hoped that the trials now being made will prove that
jute growing in Africa will fulfill all the conditions of commercial
success.

Yours truly,
(Signed ) GEO. C. KEILLER,
Secretary.

16. Beniseed (Sesamum indicum).—Two acres of land were
placed under cultivation during the last rainy season with seed
of this plant. It has grown exceedingly well. Seeds have been
distributed to the headmen in British and Foreign Combo, but so
far I have not heard whether the seed was utilised. The retur

were tied in bundles and placed on Run 1 r 1
upright position. The seed was caught as it was expelled from
the capsules. By shaking the bundles d is readily

removed. The dry stems are then packed into a heap, and
burned, so that the ash may be returned to the land as manure.
17. Indigo (Indigofera tinctoria).—Seeds of this were sown
during last season ; the plants were smaller than usual owing to
the dry weather. large quantity of seed was given away to the

18. Kous-kous (Pennisetum typhoideum).—A large quantity was
grown during the past season. The yield far surpassed that of

e h
for feeding the animals employed at the Station. The land was
ploughed and the seed sown broadcast in August last. The

manager of Messrs. Spiller & Baker, the largest grain importers
in South Wales, that the corn was imported into England, and
used principally for feeding poultry, the market price then
(September) being three shillings per bushel. Possibly a trade
with Europe could be carried on with this grain.

RUBBER.

19. There are four different species of rubber-producing plants
growing in the station. The most common species are the native

41

20. Hevea brasiliensis (Para rubber).—A few plants of this are
at the station, but they do not appear to be growing very well,
owing to the long dry season.

21. Castilloa neti (Central — — fire Shien plants
were brought out by me as already mentioned fro They

are now growing well, and are about two vr usu These plants
are said to grow well in a deep warm soil, composed of loam and
sandy clay ; a dry or rainy climate seems equally suitable, but a

a and equal temperature, which does not sink below 60° F. at
any time is essential.

22. Manihot Glaziovii yields the rubber known in commerce
by the name of Ceara rubber. 'lhis plant grows well in the
Colony. The only difficulty up to the present has been to
procure the rubber from the treė. The sample of rubber collected
from a tree growing at the station is free from impurity, but
though small, it is quite large enough to show that the method of

collecting I have practised is the correct one and the one which
should be impressed on the local diia volonti. The plant is
very hardy, and will grow almost anywhere. Its healthy

appearance in this Colony shows ca it may prove of great
value.

FRUITS.

23. The EC MN Quem in and around the station have
borne an average crop of fruit this year. The flavour is very
good. The young platits put purs during the last rains are growing
well. A large number of young plants in m nursery beds will
be available "for distribution during the com ins. Some o
the two-year old plants will be grafted with edo from the plants
brought out from England. These are the Tangerine orange
The original orange plants brought out from Kew hav
planted in tubs, and are growin g ed They will cindy bo
rp eea into their permanent place

here are many plants of the West Indian lime growing in
nursery b ge These will be ready for transplanting during the

25 Cad verre CAnacardium occidentale).—The Dem ape s
years ago yielded a good crop of fruit during the They ar
looking very healthy, and are in full bloom inii. "The fruit is

welcome, as it is in season when there is no other fruit in the
local market

96. Avocado Pear (Persea. gratissima).—There are a number of
young plants in permanent places. They are looking ae and
appear to be one well. The original tree is again crowded

with good-sized fru

27. Water-lemon Passiftora laurifolia).—Twenty-four plants
were raised from seed and planted out. One plant only has done
well, but this, I ae will soon begin to fruit. Cuttings have
been successfully ro

28. Sour Sop (nma. muricata).—One plant is growing and
Ere e eene

29. Apple S PrE sativa). —The suckers of the Queen
pineapple brought from England in 1896 and planted inside the

pound are looking well : a are A ple fruit. There is

49

a considerable difference to be observed between these and the
almost wild plants obtained from Sierra Leone.

30. Bananas.—The best sort of banana is that known here as
the Grand Canary banana (Musa Cavendishii), originally from
China. It is dwarf-growing, seldom exceeding five feet in height
2 yields large bunches of fruit of good quality. Several bunches

fruit have been produced during the year, most of which have
bons sold to persons residing in Bathurst, who are glad to be able
to purchase bananas at a reasonable cost. The local varieties are
steadily improving under cultivation, both in TO de size, but
so far, they cannot be compared to the Chinese ban

3l. Plantains (Musa paradisiaca).—These are sates well and
are looking healthy. Fruit has been sold during the year.

CATTLE.

32. Two extra bullocks were purchased. The animals are in
good conditiou and do useful work. They are chiefly employed
in ploughing, and are able to perform this work during nearly the

whole of the dry season as well as during fine weather in the
rainy season. Should a cart be added to the Station, these animals
will be able to do all the hauling that is required. At present
this has to be done by means of wheelbarrows and baskets.

PLOUGHS.

33. A new plough was purchased, and an_ exhibition of
ploughing was given before the native Chiefs in Bathurst during
the Jubilee festi vals:

NEED FOR IRRIGATION.

34. It will be noticed that most of the crops produced here are
from annuals. This is due to the long periods of drought to
which the Colony is subjected every year. ie would be impossible
to grow other plants without irrigation. At present, if an experi-
ment is tried during the rainy season and is unsuccessfu 1, a whole
year is lost because there is not sufficient water vitia for

gr , either at this Station or within the Colo. But with
nearly eight months of drought very few plants can be expected
to thrive. This question of irrigation deserves to be taken up by
the Governme ent.

FrRE BELT.

35. A tract of ground, 15 feet wide, has been cleared all round
the station in case of bush fires. "This precaution is very necessary
as the bush is often set on fire by the natives.

43
SEASONS.

There was practically no rain for seven months this year,
e the rainy season was shorter and the rainfall lighter than for
the past five years.

The following is the record of the rainfall for 1897 :—

January ©... m. i vv HAE

February ; oes »"
[arch »

April

May 0:13

June 1:65
uly

August 10°27

September 11°84

tober
November.. = " : 0-13
December ... iw x ii CE,
Total for the year .. 33°61 inches.

The Harmattan set in during the first week n December. It
did some slight damage to the plants in the statio
21. The ire for seeds, plants, fruits, etc., mi during the

year were £14 9s
(Signed) WALTER HAYDON.
Curator.

DXGVIIL—NEW METHOD OF DRYING VANILLA
POD

In the Kew Bulletin (1896, p. 224) a note appeared giving a
brief account of a method of drying vanilla pods by ns of
chloride of lime in course of trial at the French island of Réunion.
Fuller has are now to hand in a report from Her Majesty’s
Consul, addressed to as Marquess of Salisbury (F.O. No. 1965,
Ann oe Betis 1897) :—

Explanatory Notes as to the Drying of Vanilla by Chloride of
Calcium.

The object aimed at in the treatment of vanilla, is to endow it
with keeping dicti and at the same time to develop the
perfume which has not yet come into being at the moment of
cropping.

Pods of the best quality should e perfectly smooth, and
without excrescences or holes. he longer the pods, and the
nda perfumed they are, without acidity, the more valuable is
t illa.

Sli success of the treatment of vanilla depends upon the
bestowed upon it, and especially upon the state of Mea

of t the pods,

44

If the vanilla is picked too green, its treatment will be difficult
and its keeping qualities doubtful, the pods will be thin and poor
after drying, whilst the perfume will not be properly brought out,
and what there is wili be lacking in quality.

If plucked when too ripe, the treatment will be easy, it will be
of good Tus and highly De PA but it will split and thus lose
much of its commercia

Ona Miei ventiintaa iid properly exposed decim the pods
are ripe when the lower part begins to turn ye

The treatment by chloride of calcium, CaCl,, : as id Indeed do all
the other methods of treatment, consists of several operations :—

1. Stoppage of vegetation.

2. First drying and colouring.

3. Drying.

4. Watching.

1. The process of drying in a stove by means of hot water is
the one resorted to. On the day of the cropping, or the next day
at latest, the pods are put to dry by heat in tin cases of the
following dimensions :—0-220 millimetres by € metres by
0:350 metres. Old petroleum oil t e generally used for the

o The size may be slightly stared; but the width and
breadth of the box should not be too large, as the vanilla in the
centre should be subjected to the same heat as that which is
nearest to the sides of the box. Otherwise the treatment of po
pods in the centre would not be assimilated to that of those
the sides, and the resultant colouring would be slightly afferent.

These boxes are fitted with lids closing on the outside of t
box. They are lined with wool carefully arranged along the
bottom and up the sides, and a little over the top of the sides.

The vanilla pods are placed on end close enough to secure
pressure without damage by rubbing ; a horizontal layer is placed
on Ree jd these, the woollen eite is folded over all and the
lid put o

The bones thus arranged are put into the halves of wine
barrels and hot water emptied into the barrels up to the lid of the
boxes, care being taken that no water gets into the boxes. In
order to prevent the sudden cooling of the hot water, the barrel is
covered with a piece of sacking. Itis left thus covered during
one night.

2. Next morning the Leer are withdrawn and exposed in the
air for some time to dry; then for two orthree days they are
kept under woollen coverings in full denim

For this operation low wooden boxes are used, a single layer of
pods being placed in the bottom dnd: cover ed with a woollen
cloth. The boxes are placed in sunlight on trestles to prevent
contact with the more orless moist earth. After this operation
the colouring of all the ye will be uniform if the drying by hot
water has been properly don

Now is the moment to rit to the dryi ing operation.

3. The old methods of preparation, drying in the open air upon

reens in an airy situation, or in hot-air oe in which the heat
is constantly renewed, result in a loss of perfume and at the same
time require a large amount of hand labour. "These drawbacks
are avoided by drying in closed vessels by means of chloride of
calcium, CaCl.

45

This operation is carried on in boxes of galvanised iron with a
hinged door and peor on an indiarubber edging to ensure air-
tightness. A drawing of the form and dimensions "m the box as
used by the Crédit I Fosioier Colonial is given below :

ee at ri rs gae
Ce M d
Pee ne ee ns
ire tein tr

i

DOOR
A./NDIA RUBBER EDGING.

Hu U

Each box has eleven drawers or trays; the bottom and the
Sixth drawer are for the vessels containing chloride of calcium,
the others are for holding the vanilla ; in “the former are placed
18 vue e chloride of calcium, and in the latter 45 kilos. of vanilla.

he vanilla is laid upon wooden hurdle-shaped frames resting
upon little brackets rivetted into the sides of the box he tray
can thus be drawn out in order to arrange the vanilla properly.
Several Bath are placed on each tra

The should not be made of resinous or strong-smelling

ada: as i viis absorbs and retains i it comes in contact
with; the hurdling is made of split ra

The vessels containing chloride of alerts should be double
bottomed, the inner one being qoin to allow of the escape of
the liquid chloride of calcium. Each time the case is opened the

chloride vessels should be looked to, dire de chloride renewed or

46

added to as necessary. When the trays are filled with vanilla,
and the chloride vessels are in am p'acon, the door is closed and
nod = perfectly into the doo E o be quite sure that the
box e hermetic cally closed all is. in the box should be
e fafaséls and

Every two or three days the vanilla is ur d and
any pods showing moisture are taken out put aside to be
sunned and prepared by themselves in a special box, whet they
are a collecte

In from 25 to 30 days the vanilla. will have reached t
required degree p dryness. Practice will show the exact maeta!
when they should be withdrawn.

Vanilla insufficiently dry will not keep and breeds small

worms; vanilla over-dried keeps well, but it is not supple, it is
called « broken " (brisée) and has les s commercial value

fter leaving the box, the coer is placed for jevbrid days

on small frames in a covered and well- ventilated lace, then it is
removed and shut up in tin boxes, each holding from 15 to 20 kilos.
of van

Ther e it remains for several weeks, being examined every
two or diee days and any showing traces of mildew is taretdliy
d.

When it is thought that the vanilla has reached perfection
(endas à point) and its perfume well developed, the cleaning of

not Mi Seine to this process is dull in colour and does not
keep w

25 bh 30 litres of water at about 60° Cent. (140° Fahr.) are
emptied into a perfectly clean receptacle and 15 to 20 kilos. of
vanilla are thrown into it and vigorously stirred up in the water
by hand.

The pods are withdrawn, lightly wiped and put to dry in the
shade. Ina few days when the pods are dry,they are sorted and

e
Er
I:
E
2
£g
—
eb
2)
e
[e]
®©
[er
B
ch
B
[^
o
£7
[m
et
>x
e
D
n

contains only m e the same length and quality, and holds
from 4 to 5 kilos. e

Vanilla hold ee be sent away immediately after dealing
with it. It must be watched s = et a month to be quite sure
that it will keep during a sea v

uring the time it is being acd the boxes should be

examined twice a week, and every pod showing the least trace of
moisture should be w dei.

The mildewed pods are worked up by various processes and
sold as quite inferior vanilla.

DXCIX.—DATE depu note IN BUSSORAH.
foie on the cultivation of the Date palm in South Australia
n the Kew Bulletin (1895. pp- 161-2), and in Antigua
(1896, | a 726-28). An extract from a Report on the Trade

47

96,
Annual Series, No. 1671), with particulars of the wth of
date palms in that region, was published in the K. un (1896,

The following interesting * Memorandum on the Bussorah Date
Season of 1897," prepared by Consul L. A. Forbes (F. O., 1898,
Miscellaneous Series , No. 448), iini important information
respecting one of the principal sources whence the dates of
commerce are obtained :—

Considering the popularity of the fruit of the Date palm (Phenix
dactylifei a), particularly among the juvenile portion of all classes
e United Kingdom, it is somewhat pr ising xe few even of

TRR who have received diaa poss ny wledge as to
the places from which the sweet and aoa POE CHE is exported.
The popular idea is generally found to be represented bya solitary
palm tree near a well, or by a score of such trees in an oasis o

rest with countless palm trees. When it is considered fe the
palm tree and its products can- be utilised for many more than a
hundred different purposes by the natives of the uus where

and trade connected with its cuiere and the export of its fruit.
The largest export of dates in the world takes place from
ki :

Shutt-el-Arab, which is the river formed by the combined waters
of the rivers Tigris and erae; ; other ports which compete
with it in this reped: are Maskat, on the western shore of the
Gulf of Oman, T angier, and some ports of Tunis.

The date season in Bussorah begins, according to the earliness

and lasts six or eight weeks. The crop was ready for pone
this year about the Sita nic viz., the middle of Septembe

buyers. This meeting or conference is generally held as soon as
the dates are ready for packing, but this year it was considerably
postponed with a view to obtaining reasonable terms with the
owners of the dates by showing them that exporters were in no
hurry, and were not eager to obtain dates at very high prices.
Nevertheless, the ara shippers and some even of the leading
exporters i n thei great anxiety to secure their requirements and
commence dicht paid high prices ut xe dates. e first

(the best packing date); 280 shamis ees £16 9s.) for
"khedrawis" (the second qualit and 180 shamis (about

r4
£17 13s., and ell 5s. iecur are said to have been give en
for the three Grus respectively.

* 17 shamis are equal to about £1 sterling.
1 1 oke equal to about 23 lbs. aver

48

These high prices, it is feared, must result in loss to some
shippers, for it is said that a large quantity of dates of last year
still remains unsold in Lon don and elsewhere. 'To maintain
prices at a level necessary to obviate great loss it has been thought
advisable to institute a combination in London, without which it
is believed that prices would have descended disastrously low
without sales being effected, owing to the flooding of the market
by this year's [editus Eas Mum es. The packing of the dates
and the departures of the mers were also delayed for the
purpose of gene last se ien s unsold stock in London and
America, a8 well as for the object above alluded to, but buyers
would seem not to have come forward, 80 that the stock has been
little eariy

The British firms engaged in the date trade would seem to

will certainly regard the relative prices of the different sorts, and,
therefore, to artificially keep up the price of dates would not seem
to be the best method of improving the trade in the long run,
although it may have been successful for one or two seasons. It
would appear that the direction in which improvement should be
sought is by pushing the retail sale, and by taking into greater
co Bas doratión the local changes v Mie have taken place in regard
to- the increase of native packers, the attitude of the native
growers and practices which were fortalde and advantageous years
ago, ie of binis irre circumstances may demand their partial

tal aban and the substitution of others more
Man to de British exporting fir

The quality of dates this season is said to have been exception-
ally good, although the quantity was somewhat less than last
season, owing to excessive heat about the time the crop was
entering into the ripening stage which caused the fruit to dry up

all. Some gardens were also affected by blight, yrr caused
much fruit to drop off pus e being matured. It is said that
about 750,000 cases of 4 each were shipped trotti Bussorah
for London, New York, JH Dolo plac Maskat is said to have
exported 60,000 cases. Besides the stipindnit of dates’ in boxes a
nt quantity is exported in baskets to India and its dependencies.
ese dates are generally of the inferior qualities and are trans-
portet in native sailing craft.

It would seem that the pre of dates were more or less
obliged to ship as many cases as they possibly could, uem d that
there were at the beginning of the season 1,000,000 empty boxes
which had been paid for, the smaller packers not being in a posi-
tion to be able to hold over empty paid-for boxes to the next
season ; and seeing also that sosta ble advances of money had

pac

have permitted them to pack; large advances to the growers

against their dates when ready for oki had also been made.

It must also be observed | that packers had incurred sundry not

ARAE expenses in the erection of packing sheds, and
ere presumably induced m make these siénntidicas for pac

49

many dates as possible by the comparatively fair prices which
won obtained last year for the first arrivals of dates in London,
while they seemed either to forget, or fail to take into considera-
tion, the considerable quantity remaining ond from last T 8
shipments. So eager and impetuous were some of the min
native shippers to obtain as many dates as they could that, it is
related, they have parted with their wives' jewellery even in
their hot haste to secure as much profit as possible. But looking
at the state of the date market in Lo ign which has already
been adverted to above, there would s em to be very little
room for doubt that many will repent their rash and ill-judged
Er gren
It may be gen nerally said that the culture of the date palm in
the Turkish province of Bussorah has steadily increased since
the packing of dates in boxes for export to the United Kingdom
and America was started, which is about 15 years ago. fi the
year 1896 the greater part of the country was inundated by
unprecedented floods, in which it is reported over a million diis
alms were destroyed ; these trees, it is believed, have been all
replaced by young €Ó but still it will take 6 to 10 years before
the latter produce fruit in any quantity. The high prices which

h

culture of the date palm receives from the t g care,
attention, and expenditure of capital in manuring and irrigation,
which is not the case with land under any other form of produce.

Tt may be interesting to note that one of the uses to iine the
date has been applied is the manufacture of vinegar. mpany
was formed for the hed east but es is no information avaliable

as to its success or other It n owore to have affected
no appreciable danori in as denna for

Until France imposed a dE pene duty, dais i in baskets used
to be imported into that country for distilling pe At
present she imports an inconsiderable amount of date

It might be worth while giving the date a iria for making
whisky, as “arak,” the cheap native liquor of the country, is dis-
tilled exclusively from dates.

may be observed that the date business of Bussorah
does not pret very bright prospects, although British rasis
employed in it has shown, and may show this year, good returns ;
nevertheless, there are circumstances connected with it, briefly
touched upon in this memorandum, which demand the considera-
tion of the British firms, and which may detrimentally and per-
manently influence their share in it.

The consumption of dates — to have been on the decline,
for which there may be many reasons, but perhaps it may
primarily ascribed to other dried fruits, such as currants, raisins,
and figs, ep dose at a cheaper rate, and it would terelie
see istake to bolster up the price of dates by combi-
nations bids will certainly not tend to augment the demand for
them. The large rper shipments serve only to glut as hen.
gae no signs of an increasing demand are appare The

and for dates must be dependent to a very piel Pas
idus on the supply and price of other dried fruits, and it

16781 ee

50

been said that a total failure of 2 Bussorah crop would not raise
the price of dates 25 per cent. if other dried fruits were an
average crop. On the other hand the expenses connected with
buying, packing, and shipping the dates to England are so large
that, oe a certain price is obtained for them, loss must ensue.

The e native growers for the last two years have demanded and
received much higher prices for their dete, and they will be
likely to hold out in future for equally high, if not higher, prices,
on one pretext or another. Combinations of packers to limit the
priee to be paid for the dates, or to limit the number of boxes to
be shipped, or to abandon the custom of giving advances to the
growers, seem to be impotent in effecting any good owing to the
unreliableness and untrustworthiness of some ‘of their number.
The practice of making considerable advances to small packers,
who are thus enabled to swell the shipments far beyon
requirements of the market, should be kept within very narrow
limits, if not abolished altogether. Asa final observation, it may
be said that probably the best thing for the date business in
Bussorah, as regards the interests of the British firms, would be
if the small packers were to suffer a severe blow which would
drive them to an abandonment of i it.

DC.—-BERMUDA ARROWROOT.

A €— of urgens respecting the important arrowroot
industry carried o island of St. Vincent was published
in the Kap] Bulletin (1893, pp. 191-904 and p. 360). Queensland
and ie ee arg se were discussed E the same volume
(pp. 331-333), and South Australia arrowroot two years later
(Kew Eat 1895, pp. 100—101).

Hitherto no authentic account wes — sa of the inter-
esting arrowroot industry carried o This colony
does not export a large quantity (about "500 m 700" kegs yearly),
but it is always admitted that the produce is of the finest quality.
The prices, in 1893, ranged from 2s. 2d. to 1s. 3d. per pound, while
good St. Jing only fetched 32d. to 6d. per pound. the
present time St. Vincent arrowroot has fallen still lower, and

ic

It is evident that one reason for the mpor character of
Bermuda arrowroot is the scrupulous care taken in every state
of the M ias dicit Added to this, the water is Pole pure.
The only particulars obtainable of the industry are contained in
the Report of the Commissioner of Agr iculture, U.S.A., for the
years 1881-1882, p. 226. As they may be of service to man y
aokenien | where arrowroot is cultivated, they are reproduced
below :

“The island of Bermuda has the reputation of producing
superior arrowroot. The mode of culture adopted is very similar
to that practised in the culture of the common potato. The
ground is well manured and ploughed deep. It isthen harrowed
and laid out in drills about 6 inches in depth and 3 feet apart.
In these drills the roots are set about 8 inches apart, covered

ni

with the plough, and the surface smoothed by apro vang. The
plants require a whole year F to m mature, and eco mical P

it inj
planted in these alternate rows, which is cut for "rete “ile
m ; if allowed to mature the main crop would be impaired

Ya The mode of preparing the fecula from the roots greatly

influences its value, and the superiority of the Bermuda article is
attributed to io. extreme care and cleanliness exercised in the
processes of manufacture.

*'l'he roots, Won being collected, are washed and their outer

subsequent treatment can remove. After this process the roots

are again carefully washed and then crushed between powerful
rollers, which reduces the whole mass into a pulp ; this is thrown
into large perforated cylinders, where it is agitated by A ae
wooden paddles, while a stream of pure water carries off t

it, in the form of "mias ae the perforated bottom of the

cylinder, from whence it is conveyed in pipes and passed
through fine muslin stra into large reservoirs, where it is
allowed. to settle and the supernatant water drawn o

* After £g repeatedly washed, it is wowed) to settle for "m
time, when the surface is skimmed with palette knives of
German ior in. order to remove any slightly discolougen
particles which may appear on the top, pated only the
lower, purer, and denser portion for drying for market.

“The rollers and cylinders are made of brass per copper, 80 as
to preserve the purity of the material.

“The drying is conducted with equal care and cleanliness.
The substance is spread in flat copper pans and ies
eovered with white gauze to exclude dust and insects. Thes

there is any danger from rains or dews. hen thoroughly dry
itis packed with German-silver shovels into new barrels; these
are first lined with paper, which is gummed with arrowroot paste.
“ The barrels are exported on the “decks of vessels under cover ;
if ba in the hold the arrowroot might be tainted by the
effluvia of other freight. Such are the processes employed and
the care bestowed in the preparation of arrowroot in Bermuda.”

DCL—FAMINE PLANTS IN ZULULAND.

The > o oeg correspondence communicated to Kew by the
Secretary of State for the Colonies atfords an interesting account
of wild plants that were utilised as a main source of food su
ply by the natives of Zululand quise a recent period of
scarcity. None of the plants dm ~ ene any special merit

16781 Dc B3

52

beyond the fact that they withstand prolonged drought, are
accessible and have no marked deleterious proprie: The
principal parts used are the leaves boiled and eaten as a spinach.
There are numerous berries, and a few bulbs an roots.

COLONIAL OFFICE to ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

SIR, Downing Street, November 25, 1897.

I AM directed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to
transmit to you, for your information, the accompanying copy of
a despatch from the Governor of Zululand, enclosing a list of
food plants eaten by the natives, which formed the main source
of food supply during the recent period of scarcity.

I am, &c.,
(Signed) FRED. GRAHAM.
The Director,
Royal Gardens, Kew.

THE Hon. SIR WALTER HELY-HUTCHINSON to COLONIAL

Government House, Pietermaritzburg,

SIR, Natal, October 27, 1897.

THE scarcity of food in Zululand, due to drought, and to
the ravages of locusts, in 1896, was particularly severe in the
Ubombo District. Owing to the remoteness of the district, and
to the presence = the fece a a s et a ag route thither,
the difficulties in the transport e great, and the

an
demand for “ relief = Teakon leer abun the supply which
it was possible to provide. Notwithstanding, although there
was a good deal of suffering, there was not, so far as is known,
a single death from starvation. Leave was given to the natives
to kill all the game they could, but the main source of their food
supply appears to cdi keen the seeds, fruits, leaves, and roots of
the plants which g wild in the bush. I have té specimens
of these plants eeriaited, and (as far as has been possible) identi-
Mr. Medley Wood, A.L.S., the Curator of the Durban

Botanic Garden. The list which I enclose may be of interest
to the authorities at Kew

A Natal T Ht long experience, to ipe I enero this
matter, said t * So long as there is rain ugh for the
wild salads aiid pui gs to grow, the disi ved, likoak they

may suffer from want of food, will never actually starve.”
It is to be feared, however, that under such circumstances there
must always be a large increase in infant mortality.

I have, &e.,
(Signed) WALTER HELY-HUTCHINSON.

The Right Honourable
Joseph Chamberlain, M.P.,
&e., LR &c.

53

(Enclosure).

SPECIMENS OF PLANTS AND FRUITS USED BY NATIVES OF THE
UBOMBO DISTRICT IN ZULULAND AS Foop DURING
TIMES OF SCARCITY.

No. Zulu Name. Botanical Identification. Remarks.
1 | Icena Aloe Cooperi, Baker ao ones i s the etn is
oped out and cooked
2| Umkwapa Strychnos Gerrardi, The ids. p this ics
N-E. Br, die out the seeds,

3 | Umganu ... Sclerocarya caffra, Sond. The "fruit of this tree is
made into beer. ulp
also e in Natal

4 | Isisimbi Cucurbitacea The leaves are cook
spinach with other Me.

5 | Idedelanyati Leucas sp. eav

6 | Umhlonyana Loch glabra a, Br. Leaves used as a spinach.

7 | Isinongwe "P ede Ri ofüie The roots of this plant are
boiled a:

8 | Izibo Kyuss stellata, | A water lily.

Willd. is boiled for a short time
Also eaten b
natives.
9 | Matandana Niebuhria nervosa, se e of this plant is
Hochst.
10 | Igegetyhana Cephalandra ... i$. Fruit. pi
11 | Iloba La Scilla, probably S. lance- | The bulb is cooked.
efolia, Baker.
12 | Umqokolo Aberia caffra, Hk, and | A thorny tree ; fruit eaten,
Harv.
13 | Meavusana * A , the berries of
which are eaten.
14 | Intangamana .. | Commelina s A plant; leaves eai
15 | Isankuntshana ... | Ophi oglossum "capense, A small plant; leaves
Schl ten.
16 | Iviyo Vangueria infausta, | A small tree ; fruit eaten.
Burch. so eaten in Natal
natives and colonists
17 mpela ... Strychnos (?) ies of tree
18 | Uguguvama Lantana salviaefolia, A small plant, the berries
acq. of which are eaten.
19 | Amatunduluka ... | Ximenia caffra, Sond.... | A tree; the fruit eaten.
Seeds contain oil.
20 | Untshungu Cucurbitacea creeper; the leaves
make a spinach.
21 | Matsana ... Aizoon canariense, Linn. | A small plant; leaves
ten.
22 | Isihlaza ... Celosia trigyna, Linn.... | Leaves and flo eaten.
23 | Umpema ... ies sis ie is e same, I think, as
No. 18,
24 | Mabelebela Sarcostemma viminale, | Stems and f eaten
R. Br. Commonly eaten by na-
tive women and chil
in Natal.
25 | Ugwapa ... Pme torulosa, | Small plant ; lenves eaten.
ene
26 | Isendelendtya ... | Cucumis sp. A creeper ; fruit eaten.
27 | Isankuntana Ophioglossum reticula- | Small plant, leaves eaten.
tum,
Ixabaxaba .. | Solanum M cin Linn, | Leaves eaten, also berries.

54

SPECIMENS OF PLANTS AND FRUITS—continued.

|
No. Zulu Name. Botanical Identification. Remarks.
28 | Bis... Tes ... | Sonchusoleraceus, Linn. | Lenva eaten, also berries.
29 | Izintondo .. | Argyrolobium margin- | A Le ig plant ; the roots
atum, Bolus. | n both cooked and
im waked.
30 | Utshwalabenyoni | Cucurbitacea | A creeper ; leaves eaten.
31 | Ibigicana... p porte 'ambros- | Leaves cooked and eater.
ioides, Lin |
32 | Umkuhlo T | Trichilia aea, E.M. A large tree; fruit eaten.
| Seeds contain oil, which
| is used occasionally by
| natives in Natal.
33 | Ubukobe ... We p Horas p in- | M TE roots cooked
| determinable d
34 | Umsobe ... et pov in Bax : iid doe of plant ea eaten.
35 | Mekukutwana .. vus ET acer ; leaves eaten as
| , Spina
36 | Umgxele ... Tr isis m hottentotica, > | A ten the berries from
| reh. | which are eaten
37 | Umbilibili xi | le acutifolium | A — dons the leaves
| ea
| |

(nid... Wu HE H,
October 29, 1897.

DCIL—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

THE DIRECTOR has been appointed a Royal Commissioner
for the Paris Exhibition of 1900.

Mr. WILLIAM HENRY JOHNSON, a member of the gardening
staff of the Royal Gardens, and formerly in the employ of the

Kew, Acting Curator of the ie Station at Aburi during the
absence on leave of the Curator, Mr. C. H. Humphries, from
the Colony. Mr. Johnson Peg ' for the Gold Coast on the
19th January last.

nn

SIR GEORGE KING.—The posts of Ye gene of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, and of the Government M
Plantations at Mungpoo, were aca. on February 28,
pic igen Lieut.-Colonel Sir George King, K.C.I.E., F. RS,

had held them since 1871. He had previously been
Mane. in the Order of the Indian Empire in the New Year's
Gazette.

The success and brilliancy of Sir George King's administration

of his arduous and difficult posts has commanded equal admira-

DO

tion in India and at home. He has pss rer eset the
landscape effects of the famous Gardens under his char He
rebuilt the Herbarium building on lines somewhat ani lai to

accou hé he in itiated the splendid series -of the Annals of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, which supplements ai Flora
by fuller descriptions and life-size figures. Seven volumes have
been issued by the Government of Bengal, whose cabins
support Sir George King has never failed to enjoy.

In his admininistration of the Cinchona Plantations, Sir Georg
King has had to overcome great technical difficulties before p
Was apts: to realize the original design of ve pnb re =
supply the people of India, on a self-supporting basis, w
quinine at a nominal cost. This was anally thee in 1893, iod
a dose of five grains of quinine can now bo purchased at every
local post office for a pice, or about a fartbing.

The following extract from Sir George King's Annual "ido
for 18923 describes this momentous event in his own words

* Sale of guinen at post-offices.—The chief event of the year
has been the organization of the system by which quinine,
made up in doses of five grains, is offered for sale = most of the
p

the post-office officials to push the sale of these packets, a small
commission is allowed, and considerable facility is offered for
Je enti ar stocks by post-masters ; the parcel-rates for trans-
n, however, bear rather heavily on the "— and I trust

enisi tlitiià of lightening them may soon be found. When the
scheme was suggested last year, it very soon Dui obvious that
one of the first conditions of success would be to find some means

of making up the packets by which paired and loss from
pilfering aa careless ne A might be reduced to a minimum.,
It was therefore decided by Government to make this matter over
to the Jail Department. The quinine is therefore made over fro
the factory to that department in bulk, and by prison labour it is
sub-divided into pice packets, 1,400 of which go to each avoirdupois
pound. The Jail Department distributes these packets to the
post-masters, and collects the proceeds of the sales at the various
post-offices. A dose of pure quinine is by this means put within
the reach of any person within the province who has a pice to
buy it with. Thus at last, after thirty years of effort, has the end
been attained which the Government set before itself when the
growth of the medical cinchonas was begun in ape India.
That end was thus expressed in an early Government resolution
on the subject :— To put the only medicine that is of "ra use in
the cure of the commonest and most fatal of Indian diseases within
the reach of the poorest.’

56

The following extract from the Indian Forester (vol. xx., p. 81)
gives the deii for the first year :—
* A few months ago, we published a ae ae of the new
Minima: by which quinine is sold at post-offices in Bengal,
the Central Provinces and elsewhere, in d packets at 1 pice
each. Our readers may be interested in the following figures,
Showing the value of sales during 1893 :—

Rs.
January... a gs ae E ves 189
February ... vei i de SES P 177
March fy 3i ie " 5 iis 207
April 330
May ... 523
June 872
ul 1,305
August JIII
September . EI 05
October. 3,045
OVEMIDCE c Ges fe M s 4,262
December ... dis pm RR e t 3,402
Total Ré. 72 19,002

* The number of packets actually sold was 1,446,900, which is
not bad for the first year, and shows that the new scheme has
* caught on’ and bids fair to be a great success."

This result could not have been achieved without the * fusel

oil process of manufacturing quinine," of which the history is
given in the Kew Bulletin 2m 1890, pp. 31-34. This was devised
by Mr. C. H ormer y Quinologist to the Government

of Bengal, with the aid and ral ideis obtained by Sir George
King during a visit to Holland in 1887. The processes formerly
in p in India, now in great measure superseded, are described

r George King's * Manual of Cinchona Cultivation in
India” ” (1876).

A scheme for a botanical survey of Jndia was promulgated by
its Government, February 26, 1891, and Sir George King received
the official title of its “ Director.” In this Eater Hie he commenced
in 1893 the prete of “ Records of the aa 2 vey of
India." Of this, eight numbers have at present been

Sir George King has been n npe in his various fanitan by
SURGEON-MAJOR D. PRAIN, M.B., F.LS.,
tinguished Indian botanist, who a some years has assisted hin "
Curator of the Caleutta Herbari

In 1888, Sir George King was ieee by the Government of
the Straits Settlements, with the approval of the Secretary of State
for the Colonies, with the preparation of a “ Flora of the Recto
Settlements and Malay Peninsula.” He has published from tim
to time in the journal of the Asiatic Society of n: incidit
papers, ten in all, entitled * Materials,” for this important work.
Itisto be hoped that Sir George King's sitor leisure may
enable him to complete it in a definitive form.

51

The post of Government Botanist and Director of Cinchona
PED tothe Madras Government was rendered vacant by
the death of Mr. Lawson in

It has now been decided by the Government of India to separate
the two appointments. Mr. W. M. STANDEN has been confirmed
i that of Manager of the Cinchona Plantations for five years

Dr. Bourne, the Professor of Biology at the Presidency College,
having acted in the meantime. The Herbarium and Botanical
Library have bod n transferred to the custody of the Superintendent
of the oriedmant Central Museum, Madras.

By the death of PROFESSOR THOMAS KIRK, on March 8, after
a short illness, Australasia ho lost another distinguished botanist.
Of Scotch extraction, Professor Kirk spent the greater part of a
long life in New Zealand. For some time he held the ert of
Chief Conservator of State Forests to the Governm of New
Zealand. His Forest Flora of New Zealand (1889) is a deed
work which will always maintain his reputation as a botanist, and
remain as a splendid record of his official services. Latterly
Professor Kirk has been occupied with a revision of Sir Joseph
Hooker's Handbook of the New Zealand Flora, in which would
have been incorporated the results of further research on native
New Zealand plants since its publication in 1867. For this
pe pow Professor Kirk was in constont communication with
where the types described by Sir Joseph Hooker are
aeoo. Unhappily he has left it little more than half finished.
A letter received from Professor Kirk, dated February 17, did not
reach Kew till after the news of his death. But it conveyed no
intimation of failing health.

MR. FREDERICK ENOS WILLEY, Curator of the Botanic Station
at Sierra Leone , died January 18. The cuan Sir Frederick
Cardew, writing under date January 22, to the Secretary of State
for the Colonies, recorded his appreciation of the services
rendered to the Colony by Mr. Willey in the following terms :—

XTRACT from letter from Governor of Sierra Leone to Colonial
Office, dated January 22, 1898.

“I cannot speak too highly of the valuable services which
Mr. Willey has rendered to this Colony, not only as regards the
Botanical Gardens, the creation of which is due entirely to his
skill, ability, and energy, but also in ones an interest in
agriculture and gardening on the part of the community, and
I fear that = met with his death in die furtherance of this end,
for at the time he contracted the fever he was engaged in
inspecting farms in order that prizes might be awarded for the
best cultivated ones at the approaching Agricultural Exhibition.

“Mr. Willey was a conscientious and good officer, a: devoted
to his work." -

58

An account of the station cith a plan) was given in the Kew
Bulletin of last year (pp. 303

Mr. Willey’s death was totally unexpected. The most recent
news of ard din his work is contained in the following letter to
a member of the Kew staff from Mr. Louis Gentil, whose appoint-
ment as Agricultural Expert to the Government of the Congo
Free State was recorded in the Kew Bulletin for last year
(p. 333) :—

On board s.s. * Coomassie,"
October 22, 1897.

the 20th of this month at 8 rei a.m., the Sierra Leone
Site of hills appeared in sight. What a difference between the
arrival on the West Coast of. Africa kad the Canary Islands ! v
Africa it is marvellously beautiful and the vegetation runs dow
to the very sea; in Grand Canary a few green spots (B dns
cultivations), houses feteobted: ind hills of volcanic sterility.
Our ship anchored about a mile from the shore, and after the
sanitary visit of a native doctor, the as was invaded by crowds
of black men. About 80 were engaged by the captain in order to
work the cargo out of the ship at the Congo. Other natives came

have a run on shore. Still, by playing with feet and elbows lI
managed to find a suitable place in a small boat with a young
native of Sierra Leone, who promised to pilot me through
Freetown. Before arrival, I had carefully read the October
number of the Kew Bulletin, and knew that if I could reach

setting foot for the first — on the vs Ge continent. Some of

hammock. The roads and the streets are not paved nor asphalted
but covered with a nice verdure where a Species of little sheep
feeds. You meet black people dressed in the last European
fashion, some others i in variegated colours, and others again a la
Monsieur Adam. iving in Pademba Ro ad, I inquired at a
bazaar shop where I could find the Botanic Garden, and immedi-
ately the shopkeeper showed me a church close to the gate of the
garden. I reached the gate (a fine one) and followed a splendid
main path bordered with beds planted with Crotons, Acalyphas,
Amaryllis, Roses, Cannas, &c. A man was cutting the grass in
the lawn with a machine! Iam in n the Botanie Garden, no doubt
about it. I go on, the nr Bulletin plan in hand, and find a fine
house before me. Silence reigns everywhere, I must say i. ue
about 11.30 a.m. Mr. Willey do I shout; no answer. Mr.

I again shout a little more loudly, and directly an sid du
from the first nac A: nigger arrives and show e way
up. I find m myself in a spacious room lighted hy iu a dozen

view from the house! Willey saw the ship coming to
harbour, but he was not sure if I would be there, While talking
of Kew, its official and gardener friends, I am sponging my poor
head to cool it. There we lunch with good appetites, and I eat
for the first time the unripe fruit of Carica Papaya as a vegetable.

59

In taste, colour and appearance it does not differ much from the
vegetable marrow. After that we agree to facilitate re etica by
a walk through the garden. As far as I know, and from what I
deve seen hone is not much in Sierra Leone as regards e ie n
was surprised to find such a beautiful one as Willey
What captivates the attention of an European vistor. is to find
there in flower the ma ority of our favourite garden plants such
as dahlias, roses, cannas, zinnias, fuchsias, besides African species:
aas, coffeas, Cocos nucifera, Q arica, &e., and also the favourites
our continental glasshou Allam anda, Bougainvillea,
Fuss ellia juncea, Tecoma seated "Thunbergia erecta, Poinsettia,
La ntana, Aah ypha, Croton, — Here is a list of plants I saw in
flower in the Botanic Garden ; Iam taking them as they occur
in my pocket book : Tabernemontana coronaria, Pancratium ?
Ipomeea deae Salvia coccinea, Solanum Melongena,
nea rosea and V. ros “i Sonn Datura suaveolens,
D. ehlorantha, Tripátient. Jasminum Sam we Pte orrida,
Meyenia erecta, Ixora Fraseri, Acacia fa P a, Amaranthus
necs ones). Acacia Catechu, Clitoria irnal Aristolochia
elegans, Capsicum annuum Biza Pa Barleria (the
same as I had in 17a, at t Kew, fl. blue) Bryophyllum
calycinum, Ixora maxima, Hibiscus api oe Gloriosa superba,
hevetia neriifolia, Hippeastrum equestre, Melia sempervirens,
Acidanthera cwquinoc jipet A Hendersoni and A.
neriifolia, Alstonia macrophylla, Clerodendron fallax, Abroma
augusta, Begonia sp., any E t of Cassias (florida, Fistula,
alata, occidentalis, glauca, alba), Sesbania grandiflora, Poinsettia
pulcher rima, Nerium Oleander (splendid), Spathodea campanu
lata, Psoralea pinnata, Petiveria alliacea, Bauhinia megalandra,
. variegata, mm a roses, Cesalpinia "pulcherrima, Plumbago
capensis alba. the tank : Nymphaa Lotus and N. stellata.
ere is a est a Lantana with spines (horrida M. a species
Irom the Cape, which makes a pretty inae about one or two feet
high and covered with flowers. I saw also eel: Sranda
specimens of the Cashew-nut trees vom fic ad occidentale) giving
plenty of shade and at the base of which Willey has established a
ernery composed of wild species. A few orchids are also placed
on the trees. I noticed also a tree about 65 feet high, covered with
bright scarlet flowers A oder e ur Amongst other
really — trees in the gard ere the rain tree dept
Saman), Melia Azadirachta, "it ibt specimens of Adanson
digitata, 2 rina regia, Achras Sapota, the Jack-fruit CAPE-
carpus integrifolia ; in fact, it was a fine lesson to me, that visit to

in
interplanting of banana trees or by roof of dried palm leaves,
about three feet from the ground. I saw there many of the Kew
seeds given to Mr. Willey on his last return germinating freely,
also thousands and thousands of Kickxia africana, and at least
20,000 Coffea liberica. What a beautiful tree is the Sierra Leone
coffee (Coffea stenophylla), with its bushy appearance, small lea
and pretty berries. Mhar showed me a plant of Manihot Glaziovii

which had been sown twenty months ago, and has reached in

such a short time tuens feet in height ; whata very great amount
of rain does that colony get. Along the beautiful walks laid out

60

with so much care there are holes four and five feet deep made by
the heavy rains. Even the bridges built over the stream have
suffered.

Excuse my adding that while I landed on a dreadfully hot day,
which made me perspire like a ship fireman, I had the opportunity
to see the Sierra Leoneeses (female) in their pure beauty.

a beautiful hag of skin they have; itis not black, but a pale
brown choco

The eee F the “ Coomassie ” advised he would leave Sierra
Leone at 3 p.m., so that Willey and I took the way down to the
harbour in time to catch her. Along the street at the front of the
houses any amount of strong plants of Acalypha.

Now we are going at full speed towards Boma, about 1,600 miles
from Sierra Leone, without making any other calls on the way.
The distance between Antwerp and Boma is 5,000 nautical miles.
If we reach the Congo on the 30th we shall be glad.

Believe me, &
(Signed) " LOUIS GENTIL.

MA, November 2, 1897.
Atlast! Everything is done, all is settled [t TEOS Coomassie ”
arrived at Banana on Friday last at 2 p.m. It anchored there
until the next day, 6 p.m. We arrived at Boma at 3 h
authorities there gave me a bed and a pair of covers. The Foul waite
day was a Bank holiday and so was the Monday, so that tired and
suffering from the action of that wonderful sun I was lying down
nearly all the day long. To-day I had to mea e to the
General Secretary, who introduced me to Both
were charming men. many dudes Monts Riy studies
both at home and abroad, they decided to give me the direction of
the principal, healthiest and most extended eee pu aeris
TEC, of the Free State—I mean the equa So t next
rsday I shall leave Boma in order to reach Eraiteurvite about
the "middle of December. From Boma I travel by steamer to
atadi ; from Matadi to the river l'Inkissi by railway (?) From
VInkissi to Leopoldville six or seven days’ walking. From
Leopoldville E Equateurville (my future rosidénoo) by steamer.
Beside my ow y I have six men to carry my luggage and four
men for th Aga stores, olen water, &c. Next December
I shall be mn a vertical sun. As I promised you, my next
letter will give you my im Send ions of two months of super-
intendence of the Government Plantations at the equator.
The banks of the Congo from Matadi to Boma are beautiful, I
may say , just as nice as the Sierra Leone coast, but here at Boma
it is very poor indeed.
Believe me, &
(Si feet LOUIS GENTIL.

Botanical Magazine for February.—All the plants figured are in
cultivation at Kew. Richardia elliottiana was raised from South
African seeds by Mr. Knight, gardener to Captain Elliott, of

61

Farnboro' Park, Hants, in 1886 (not 1896, as misprinted in the
Botanical Magazine e). The Kew plant was obtained from Messrs.
James Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, in 1894. It has bright golden-
yellow spathes. Paphiopedilum chamberlainianum, a Sumatran
Meere is well known under the name of C, "ypr ipedium chamber-
der & Co. Da ap

Hourly white, overi which are EE in iro It was

í he dtait. white fes are borne | in a dense raceme
ruedas ver nalis i isallied to the British A. Pulsatilla. The pla nt
ped was collected in Switzerland by Mrs. Thiselton-Dyer,
in

Report on Economic Resources of West Indies.—As stated in the
Kew Bulletin for last dco (p. 339), the Secretary of State for
the Colonies expressed ish that the Memorandum on
the * Agricultural id. ind Requirements of British Guiana
and the West India Islands,” which was appended to the report
of the West India Royal Commission, should be issued in a more
convenient form. It has accordingly be en issued as an additional
volume to the Kew Bultetin, with the following prefatory note
by the Director :—

“The West Indies possess a large extentiof fertile soil, as well as
a varied and favoured climate. No part of the eart th’s surface
seems destined by Nature for a happier Spa y. That con-
dition is, unhappily, 5 realized. Their condition is far from
flourishing. Occupying an area nearly as gae as that of the
British Isles, little ine than 2 per cent. of it is cultivated at all,
and only 7 per ce pes of that which admits of cultivation. Yet
they are capable of producing every kind of tropical produce,
and in the papae countries of the New World possess a ready
and ample market. For at least a hundred years past no effort
has been wanting on the part of the home tio seatient to supply
them with plants from all parts of the world which would form
the etes of cultural industries

“To examine the causes of their promi distress, Her Majesty
the Queen was i oben: in December, 1896, to appoint a Commission
of Enquiry, composed of men of exceptional ability and experience.

With the assent of the Lords of the Treasury and of the First
Commissioner of Her Majesty’s Works and Public Buildings, the
Assistant-Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, was attached to the

ommission as ‘Expert Adviser in Botanical and Agricultural
questions.’ The Commission proceeded to the West Indies in
“sores of last year, and issued its cian in da following

e E this ae the document reprinted in the present volume
added as an appendix. It was drawn up by the Assistant-
Hieron for ‘ths: use of the Commission, Dr, Morris’s residence

62

in the West puc e repeated nc to them, and his intimate
knowledge of th onditions, have enabled him to produce
account as kareso pe jt is Bib paria of their natural and ae
resources, which is certainly more complete than any thing pacers
available. Why the West Indian Colonies have failed io ach
success, and in what direction the path to it lies in the future, ae
be readily understood by anyone who will take the mm 5 read
these pages.

t the conclusion of their report the cr ua RU bear
testimony to their value in the following term

«< We have had in the course of this report " refer frequently

to the very interesting and valuable survey supplied by Dr. Morris
of the agricultural resources and requirements of the oe
visited by us, which forms Appendix A. in this volume. Dr.

is’ ith th

infor
The Report which he has prepared bears witness to the Gigio
of his study of these questions, and the assiduity with which he
has collaborated e E vd course of our inquiry to further
the purposes of the Comm

“The Secretary of "ms pu the ie having desired
that this Appendix should be issued more accessible
and convenient form, it was eventually decided that this should
be done in connection with the Kew Bulletin, the pages of which
contain a large mass of erus cognate with the subjects
enquired into by the Commissio

“The opportunity has been sed to carefully revise it. Under
each Colony a brief aecount has been added within brackets of its
botanical organisation, as well as lists of books and papers which
may be consulted for further information.

WT, TD.

Kew, January, 1898."

Work from Jodrell Laboratory.— During the current session vi
the Royal Society the following communications have bee
made to it relating to work earried on in the Jodrell Laboratory :—

November 18, 1897.
Note on the Influence of very sew Temperatures on the
Germinative Power of Seeds. By Horace T. Brown, F.R.S., and
F. Escombe, B.Sc., F.L.S. (Proc. RS. tl: 62, pp. 160-5),

Seeds of 12 species were subjected for 110 hours to the
temperature of liquid air ( — 183° C. to — 192° C.), and afterwards
allowed to germinate side by side with seeds which had not been
so treated. Perfect plants developed in both cases, similar in all
respects. Since no metabolic changes are possible at these low
temperatures, the authors conclude that there are fed in resting
seeds, although these still retain potentiality of life,

63

On Spencerites, a new Genus of Lycopodismceous Cones from
the Coal-measures, re v the Lepidodendron Spenceri of
Williamson. By D. H. Scott, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Hon Keeper
of the Jodrell Latiolanense "Royal Gardens, Kew (Proc. R.S.
vol. 62, pp. 166-8).

The sporophylls are of pane form, consisting of a short
Haste ago expanding into a relatively large lamina.
rangia eee cae ae spherical bodies ; unlike Pts
of Lepidoiin vim they are quite free from the pedicel, and a
attached by a narrow base to the upper surface of the lamina,
where it begins to expand.

March 3, 1898.

On the Depletion of the Endosperm of Hordeum vulgare during
Germination, by Horace T. Brown, F.R.S., and F. Escombe, B.Sc.,
F.L.S. (Proc. R.S., vol. 63, pp. 3—25).

The authors investigated the relative rôles of embryo and en-
dosperm in the depletion of € latter duri is the germination of
Hordeum vulgare var. distichon. They came to the conclusion
that there is no evidence of my: vital DETT in the amyliferous
part of the endosperm during this process, but that some
amylohydrolysis, and the principal part of the cy ATE is iP
be ascribed to that Men bow part of the endosperm kno
the * ee

The embry shown to have marked amylohydrolytic, but
very feeble brtohy 'dedlyilo power

It is suggested that one Fi ékóh of the * aleurone-layer” is n
protect the lifeless, amyliferous part of the endosperm agains
inimical external organisms.

On Apogamy and the Development of gerne upon Fern
Prothalli, by William Lang, M.B., B.Sc., Lectt on Botany,

ueen Margaret College, and *G. A. Clark," Beholi, Glasgow
University (Proc. R.S., vol. 63, pp. 56—61).

Since m Fb 1874 it has been known that the apis of
certain Were capable of producing the fern by
Vérotativo g row; without — intervention “of the vetas a
To this phenomenon the name * apogamy " was given by De Bary.
Forthe further study of this venie mode of development a
series of cultures was commenced in the greenhouse attached to
the Jodrell Laboratory, in November, 15 18 95. The results, which
have been described in full, in a paper communicated to the
Royal Society, justify the expression ofthe belief that apogamy
will be induced in many fern prothalli under suitable conditions
of éutitvulion. All the eight species investiga came
mp, and in the case of two of them (Sc 'olopendri um vulgare,
Sm. and Nephrodium dilatatum Desv.) sporangia were produced
on ihe prothallus. The conditions to which these prothalli were
8 ted were long cultivation, which was rendered eee, Y
avoiding the access of water from above and exposure to

64

sunlight. The assumption of sporophytic characters was usually
gines id changes in the form and texture of the prothallus.

The ess of these cultures has led to an examination of
socihaliis e in the pits of the Royal Gardens. These pu
attain a considerable size before bearing a young plant ; a num
of prothalli in different pots were found to be icis a “itis
prothallus not unfreque per bearing a large mber of buds.
Aspidium Frondosum, Lowe, may be SIR. nienie, since
in it the T des ale eons of buds was clearly due to the
culture not having been watered, since normal embryos were
produced when this was done.

It is possible that these facts may be found to pen a a
application in the cultivation of the rarer ferns. For, the
just mentioned showed, a single large prothallus may f produco a a
number of buds, while it is exception nal for more than one normal
embryo to be formed on a prothallus. Father by elftulniting
the sexual process varieties may possibly be found to be trans-

mitted more truly, although on this latter point the facts do not
at present justify a definite conclusion.

North Wing of Temperate House.—The contract for the erection of
this building, which will ee a the whole structure in accord-
ance with the original design of Decimus Burton in 1860, was
entrusted by the Fir li Onateciiskén ok of ins Majesty's Works and

It is hoped that it may be completed during the present year. It
is proposed to devote it to Himalayan and cool temperate New
Zealand plants.

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

" as Its EE TaN

OF

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION,

Nos. 136-137. ] APRIL and MAY. (1898.

DCIIL—BOTANY OF ASHANTI EXPEDITION.

Military operations seldom afford much opportunity for
scientific research. The po. o expedition, which left this
country at the end of 1895, ved, however, an exception.
Saipeon: Captain H. A. Cum ea "WES had done some usefu
botanieal work in India, volunteered for service in the hope
of being able to obtain some collections from the interior. One
of the medical staff having at the last moment been found
physically unfit, the late Sir William Mackinnon, the Director-
General of the Army Medical Department, appointed Surgeon-
Captain Cummins on the recommendation of Kew.

He succeeded, brent considerable difficulties, in bringing back
a collection of some 200 species, which included nine which
ere new, besides one new genus. The whole has been worked
up by himself , at Kew, except the mosses which were determined
by vane Brotherus of Helsingfors.

An of the collection is given below. Me
tonem nota W ere drawn up by Surgeon-Captain Cummin
the physical and botanical characters of the Beauty ioter hg
hi

The following information is taken from the notes which I
made during the expedition. I travelled from Cape Coast Castle

the coast, I was enabled during that time to llai specimens of
the flora and obtain information about the country.
I.—PHYSICAL FEATURES.

Extending from the coast line towards the interior the land is
undulating as far as the river Prah (74 miles). The soil appears

16829—1375—6/98 Wt90 D&S 29 A

66

to be composed chiefly of disintegrated granitic rock mixed with
a large amount of vegetable matter, forming a loamy soil usually
of a black colour, but oat reddish from an admixture of
iron ore. From the Prah to the Moinsi Hills the ere
become "-— pronounced, the eiiis alternating with tra

of low swampy ground until a height of 1,500 feet above the a
level is ed in the Moinsi Hills. From the coast to the river
Prah rocks seldom appear above the surface of the ground, but
beyond that river they are frequent, and the beds * streams afe
rocky with many boulders and much gravel and sa

The small river at Brafa Edru, ni is situated at the foot of
the Moinsi Hills, is said to contain alluvial En and the quartz
in the neighbourhood appears to be auriferot

here is nothing very remarkable in the vegetation of the
Moinsi Hills: it resembles that of the surrounding country. The
hills have a local elevation of about 300 foit and probably d
of granite. The drainage of the general surface of the land i
impeded by the undulating nature ‘of the ground which e
the outflow, in some localities forming swamps into which
sluggish. a streams onge themselves.

The rahsu is about 80 yards wide and has clear
water aid a rocky bed. In the dry season it is shallow and the
current slow, but in the rainy time of year the water is said to
rise 30 feet and to flow very swiftly.

II.—CLIMATE.

There are two well marked seasons, the ‘wet’ and the ‘dry.’
The former begins in April and lasts until November, with an
intermission in August and September; the latter extends from
December to March, during which period there are occasional
tornados. In the forest region the climate is gee damp
during the whole yea The phenomena now to be described
— un oes humidity during the dry seaso

An i vapour is nid from the
leaves of “the large forest trees during the bright rag ay and
soon after sunset this becomes condensed, owing to the fall of
temperature, into athick mist which extends over the whole ee est
region, and where ‘clearings’ have been made reaches to the
ground and meet dispersed only when the sun is again high
in the heave

In addition to this, ae awe of the soil is hindered by
the S eS awa of the ntry, and, ena aa the level of

cies is very near the surface. Evaporation may
be prese as a factor in Aerei in drying the land, as the
thick vegetation impedes the circulation of air and is impenetrable
to the sun’s rays. Consequently all the atmosphere below the
summits of the high trees remains at saturation point and is very
slowly replaced by fresh air. The perpetual gloom and humidity
in the forest favour the fermentation of dead vegetable matter

Judgi ng by the secu of the posee from which persons
foreign to the country suffer while residing there, it is evident

67

that the soil forms a suitable nidus for the development of the
malarial parasite : natives suffer, but to a less exten
The rainy season is the most unhealthy time of Pec:

IIT.—VEGETATION.,

Two very distinct regions —— which merge into each other,
1. The so called * b
2. The forest re onam
The ‘bush’ forms a belt along the coast for many miles varying
in width from 3 to 25 miles. It consists of a dense undergrowth
f erect, scandent and twining ah ubs with compara ratively few

(Bombax buonopozense) appear. At Akeoful, 15 miles inland,
forest trees become fairly numerous, increasing to Mansu,
42 miles inland, where the dense forest region commences. Clumps
of bamboos grow to a great size and in are numbers oe
the ground is swampy. Villages are very numerous as far as
Mansu, and each possesses a tract of aii. land. Then atives
plant umbrageous trees, commonly figs, in and around every,
village for the benefit of the shade afforded by them. By the
road-side hedges of Jatropha Curcas, which possesses a copious
white milky juice, are frequent. Strophanthus gratus and
S. sarmentosus are common climbers with handsome 2d
as are also Ipomæa palmata and TI. involucrata, the form
having conspicuous purple flowers. Passiflora fot wtida, oat
d Amarantus spinosus and the orickly climber, Acacia
pennata,also occur. Myrianthus arborescens,a tree which perme
very ‘ie leaves, each of the six leaflets being over a foot long, is
of not infrequent pe trom near Dunquah. Sedges and grasses
are to be seen in small numbers. Many plants which are in
abundance in the forest first make their appearance at Dunquah.
The ponds from which drinking water is procured are frequently
covered by Veste € ratiotes ; this plant is said to havea purifying
effect on the w

The forest Mieres commences about Mansu and is said to extend
to the Kong mountains. The trees are of great height (100-200
AL

and very numerous; each has its smooth clean trunk free from
epiphytes and climbers, which here find no eet and radiating
from the base large buttress-roots. Far abov the t tops of the
other trees the branches begin to come off an i carry in the full

Other trees of the forest blond to the CINE genera ; uh
Sterculia, Carapa, Eriodendron, Monodora, A Albizz
Pentaclethra, ce iar Kickxia, Ficus, Musan qu a haroni
and Diospyro.

The leaves ot the trees form an almost uninterrupted layer of
foliage which intercepts the sun's rays and causes a perpetual

16829 i A2

68

in beneath. The majority of the high trees are deciduous,
a marked contrast to the shrubs composing the under-
muc. witch are all evergreen.

. The undergrowth consists of various kinds of shrubs and
e ee plants, aróids, and melastomaceous climbers. Vines
and prickly scandent palms, forming lianes, in thickness from a
bis to several oe wind round each other in their struggle

ards towards the sun.

DA the north of Ws Prah the trees are more closely set,
branching as a rule within 20 feet of the ground, and are covered
by ereepers which do not seem to impair their vitality. Epiphytie
shrabe, ferns, and orchids are to be seen near the tops of the
highest trees. Draceenas and palms are comparatively common in
the undergrowth.

When travelling through the forest many ipud ke
beautiful plants are seen. Crinum ple IO it is ry
handsome speéies, the flowers of which are white and falls four

».

diameter and very numerous, are seen with difficulty owing to
their ec ote to the surrounding foliage. In many places
the ground may be covered Mu the pes Eua of Erioden-
dron Arr od whic a very loft species of
Rhaphidophora (described in he ie Bulletin, 1897, p. 286) is a
common climber, and it seems strange that i t should not have
been earlier noticed. Cephaélis el tularis 1 is a very common
fay besa Amongst other plants forming the undergrowth
be mentioned species of Oxyanthus, Mussenda, also
Paulina Dnk Leea sambucina, a ORAR T opacum,
Calamus deerratus, Dracæna ar borea, Gouania uA ME
Selaginella scandens, Cardiospermum canescens, Heis
Haronga paniculata, Oncoba echinata, species of Cy yathula,
Achyranthes and Aerua, Piper umbe latum, Dioscorea sp.
many others.

re plants are numerous. Species of Costus are
frequent, and have large yellow or white flowers in a dense spike.
Hore pe Phrynium, p Canna, Calathea, &e. occur.

A few grasses were found, Panicum ovalifolium, Paspalum

conju db Centotheca lappacea, &c. Scleria Barteri is an
extensively climbing, very scabrous sedge

Ferns and mosses are fairly frequent. Among the ferns are
Nephrolepis acutu, Pleris spinulifera,

‘he orchids pde fede err had mee = flowers. The

following may ned :—Megaclinium fale atum, adh
sino "rmi, Poly vehe id affinis, Listrostachys spp., &e.
Several commelinaceous plants occurred, e.g., Aneilema spp.,
Palisota yridhodack ys, a a eight feet high, with purple
flowers; Pollia condensata is to be found from Mansu inland.
The berries of this plant are of a intense metallic blue colour,

69

IV.—AGRICULTURE.

The system employed by the natives in the forest region is
simple. The trees are cut down in pud e selected for the
‘clearing ' and the trunks MUHoTEL if not too large and heavy,

turned up and tu , Seeds, &c., are planted. The following are
generally found in culti o pla ns, India orn, pi

apples, sugar cane, yams, beans, ochros (Abelmoschus esculentus),
papaws, cassava, chillies, castor oil, egg apples, cotton, cocoa-nuts,
oil palms
A distinction has been made locally between plantains and
bananas ; the former never become soft when ripe and require
cooking, "while the latter can be eaten raw.
Very little trouble is taken to keep the land clear of weeds,
bem er numbers of Mà herbaceous plants spring up and
r the surface of the gr
pee th is extremely foil in the rich soil. Ginger plants grew
18 inches in three weeks in the ‘clearing’ at Assin Yan
ssi.

V.—ECONOMIC PRODUCTS.

Plantains are largely grown, and form the principal food of
ve inhabitants. Indian sae is extensively cultivated and grows
ely. Sugar cane is grown in many of the villages. Pine
pon are Found all over the country in fus a way as to lead
persons who have travelled far inland to believe them indigenous.
Cola, rupbor and gum trees grow plentifally in in the forest region,
and are reported to be more numerous in the districts aro und
m

The cocoa-nut grows as far north as Assin Yan Kumassi, and the
bread-fruit tree at Prahsu. The Indian mango tree (Mangifera
indica) is cultivated, but does not appear to ripen fruit. The
leaves, flowers and young branches are usually injured by ants
and other insects.
The cola nuts in the region of Assin Yan Kumassi
obtained from Cola acuminata, R. Br. These trees are plentiful.

rubber flows. This tree has a aaa ie Nadia zr
yielding excellent rubber. Zabernamontana crassa yields, on
incision of the bark or fruit, a copious supply v poene ^ ct
which gives good rubber ; it also grows at Assin

Gum denim from the E of many Ieguminons trees di kie
wounded, and soon hardens o: exer to the air,

10

Trees producing valuable wood are in quantity: Roop at
them is Carapa guyanensis, which is probably the “Danta ”
of sie Be gk the wood is hard and dark. The so-called

* Aman” has a white close-grained wood ; the “ Ceda,” probably
a peie of Albiz zid, has a red wood. A tree yielding wood
called “ Quanta ” is also utilised. The * Odoom " u te 4
excelsa) is said to be plentiful, and its value is well known

The cotton tree (Bombax) has a soft. white at ana is
employed by the native carpenters for making canoes, stools,
&6, ; 1 l cotton’ is used f

mattresses. The long offshoots of several palms make excellent
canes, and are much used for binding. when making huts.
Bamboos grow as far inland as Fumsoo ; the African is not so
skilful in utilising this grass for his feeds as the East Indian.
Native carriers take all tue merchandise to the Coast except
timber, which is, I believe, floated down the Prah river during
the rainy season. The former method is very unsatisfactory,
being uncertain and expensive. A railway is urgently required
for trade purpose

VI.—CONCLUDING REMARKS.

The great prevalence of malarial ie renders the ime
region quite unfit for European residence ; the intensity of thes
diseases i is increased tenfold when the soil is turned u up.

The physique of the natives A good, but they are very indo-
lent and superstitious, and the average mental gol is small.
Domestic animals were comparatively few. Small oxen appeared
to be the ony kind of animal whic h kept in good 2 didition on
the rank herbage. The sheep, goats, pigs and dogs seen were

mall and stunted in growth, and usually suffered from some
as disease. Common fowls were kept in every village, but were
leggy and ill-Havoured.

The portion of the main road extending from Mansu to
Kumassi becomes obstructed in many places by trunks and
branches of trees after a tornado. The force of the wind is most.
felt at the edge of a erate og or near the road, where support from
the natural surroundings has been partly removed.

The unhealthiness of the country is a great hindrance to the
employment of European agents, but us a railway penetrated the
forest sone; establishing a rapid means of communication with
the healthy mountainous interior, as tm been done in India, it is

mineral products of the country could be carried on without the
present limitations.

The friendly commercial intercourse thus established with the
natives of the interior of this wealthy land would have an advan-
tageous influence on the neighbouring native States, and thus
benefit the Colony.

Hy. CUMM

Surgeon i Capea A.M.S.
London, April 19th, 1896.

71

LIST OF PLANTS COLLECTED, WITH THEIR
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND DESCRIPTIONS OF
THE NEW SPECIES.

ANONACEJE.
Uvaria Chamæ, Beauv.—Sierra Leone to the mouth of the Niger.

Monodora tenuifolia, Benth.—Sierra Leone to the Camaroons, and
Ambas Bay.

Xylopia c mins ca, A. Rich.?—Senegambia to Angola. The
several species of Xylopia known from Uganda, Niamniam
land, ete. ker with difficulty separable.

MENISPERMACEJE.

seve naa nervosa, JMiers.—From Ashanti westward to
Sierra Leo

inicie ed (gen. nov.).—Sepala 6, 2-serialia, imbricata.
Petala nulla. Fl. stamina in columnam apice nudam trunca-
tam antheras desi coalita; anthere 6, columns m
superiorem circumcirca obtegentes et axi ejus parallel, loculis
distinctis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus, Fl. 9 ignotus.—Caulis
tenuis, alte scandens. Folia cordata, tenuia. X Racemi axillares,

minute bracteati, floribus 3-2-natis vel solitariis.

R. Cumminsii, Stap/ (species apre Caulis eed tortus,
sparse setulosus, parce ramosus. magnitudine admodum
varia, inte sean rudimentaria vel sies e "guppre 88a, e c eal goviti
ovata, acuminata vel caudato-acuminata, majora ad 24 poll. T
ad 1$ poll. lata, e 7-nervia, fopra parce et adpresse setulosa
secun ndum margines et infra in nervos pilosula, infra glauca ; :
petiolus tenuis, = “1 „poll. Tongus, inferne tortus. Racem

8 basi
4 lin. longe ; pee ign 1-2 lin longi. Sepala ovata vel
elliptica, obtusa, e 13 lin. longa, demum reflexa, exteriora viridia,
interiora rubesc Columna staminalis vix 1 lin. longa,
tenuiter spon s, g en flavidæ, vix 4 lin. longæ.

Assin Yan Kumasi, Cummins, 220. Also collected in Fernando
Po by Mann, 416.

ant seems to be allied to Aspidocarya, Parabena and
a

n
and dehisce transversely ; and besides Aspidocarya and Parabena
have men They a are all natives of the In igo pee
mmins' specimen is wholly leafless, but there are
visible del" the base of some of the branches ; ; in cibaria pi diy
are supported by setulous bract-like ear ie leaves; whilst in
others there is no trace of either leaf or bra In Mann’s specimen
there are the same stages of miee eiia n ioe but there
are also perfect leaves, the blades varying from 1-2] in. in vu m
The anatomy of the stem and the leaf is characteristic
Menispermaceex.

12

CAPPARIDE A.

Gynandropsis pentaphylla, DC.—Widely distributed within the
Tropics, — s North Africa ; probably introduced into America
from Africa

Merua inolonpis, DC. ? —Widely distributed in Africa, south of
the Sahara.
VIOLARIEJE.
Alsodeia subintegrifolia, VEL —sierra Leone to the Camaroons
and the island of St. Thom
BIXINEJE.
Oncoba echinata, O/iv.—From Ashanti westward to Sierra Leone.

HYPERICINEA.

Haronga Uem eon d Choisy.—Throughout Tropical Africa
and the Mascarene islan

MALVACEA.

Sida oe Linn.—Generally distributed in the warmer
parts of the world.

Abutilon fpes Gaerin.—Warmer parts of the world, even
extending into 8. Europe.

Urena lobata, Zinn.—Tropics generally.

sed air. Linn.—Naturalised or cultivated throughout
the tropic

Eid "divetsifoliué, Linn.—Tropics of the Old World.

Gossypium barbadense, Linn ER es, spread by human agency
over the world ; a native of Ameri

Bombax buonopozense, Beauv. i to Angola.

Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC.— Tropics of ms South
America, and eastward eec India to Java and Born

STERCULIACEJE.

Sterculia sp.

Cola acuminata, A. Br.—Throughout Upper Guinea to Angola,
and in Tropical America

Dombeya Buettneri, K. Schum.—Ashanti, Lagos, and Togoland,

TILIACEÆ.

Grewia inii aede on =a —Tropieal Africa, near the coast on
either side of the contin

Grewia ue iui nid Africa and India.

Triumfetta rhomboidea, /Jacq.—Tropics generally.

MALPIGHIACEAE.
Triaspis, 7. stipulate, Oliv., affinis.
Triaspis sp.

73
OCHNACE A).
Gomphia affinis, Hook. f.—From Sierra Leone to Angola, and
westward to Niamniam Land.
MELIACEA.

Melia Azedarach, Linn.—A native of Asia, distributed by man
through all tropical parts of the world.

Trichilia rubescens, Oliv.—Sierra Leone to the Camaroons.
Carapa guyanensis, Aubl. MM to Angola, and in
Central and East Tropical America
OLACINEJE,
Heisteria meets Smith—Senegambia to the mouths of the
Niger. The genus is chiefly South American
sisistitis; H. sisi Smith, affinis.
RHAMNE.E.
Gouania longipetala, Hems/.-—Ashanti to Angola.

AMPELIDEZ.
Vitis Vogelii, Hook. f. Sierra Leone to Angola.
Leea guineensis, G. Don.—Throughout Tropical Africa and the
Mascarene Islands.
SAPINDACEA.

Paullinia pinnata, Linn. M nt ene Tropical Africa, and
Madagascar ; and also in Tropical Amer

Cardiospermum canescens, ait atest Africa and India.

ANACARDIACEJE.

Mangifera indica, Linn.—A native of India, introduced into all
the tropical parts of the world

CONNARACEA.

Agelea brevipaniculata, A. oblique, Beauv., affinis,
sed dem longioribus vien disi et paniculis brevibus differt.
Frutex glaber. Rami graciles, teretes, Folia trifoliolata, circa
6 yell. ionge. petiolo basi dilatato; foliolum terminale ovatum,
integrum, breviter acuminatum e basi -nerve, venis circa 4-jugis,
24-3 poll. longum, 13-2 poll. aiu: M lateralia basi obliqua.
lores paniculati, axillares, 25 lin, diam., bracteis et bracteolis et
pedunculis brunneo-velutinis pilosis. Taiyi segmenta 5, ovato-
acuta, extra sparse pilosa. Petala lutea, anguste oblonga, concava,
glab Stamina 10, filamentis basi connatis. Carpella 5; styli
Baro stigmatibus simplicibus. Fructus ignotus. — . TUE
Ass an Kumassi, Cummins, 30a.

14
EEGUMINOSÆ.
Dolichos Lablab, Lini.—Cultivated throughout the Tropics.
Rhynchosia debilis, Hook. f.— Extends eastwards to the
Camaroons and the Gaboon.
Lonchocarpus sp. ?

Baphia nitida, Afzel.—From Sierra Leone to the Camaroons
and Fernando Po.

Baphia polygalacea, Baker. —From RE Leone tothe Camaroons
and Fernando Po, and also in Madagasca

Cassia alata, rdum —A native of iiec. introduced freely
upon the coast of Upper Guinea.

Cassia occidentalis, Linn.—Tropics generally.

See macrophylla, Benth.—Senegambia to Loanda, and
at Mom

ier Willd.—Widely dispersed in ME D Africa,
ane Natal and India and the Malayan Islan

Albizzia ferruginea, Benth.—Senegambia to m ud Sea.

MELASTOMACE.

Tristemma Schumacheri, Guill. et Perr.—Throu ughout West
Tropical Africa from Senegambia to Angola, and eastward to
Uganda and Jur

PASSIFLORACEA.

Passiflora ecd Linn.—Introduced from America into all

parts of the 'Tropic
CUCURBITACEJE,

Momordica Charantia, Linn RN the tropies of the
Old World, and introduced into Amer

Momordica cissoides, Planch. Rap: pr Leone to Angola and
Monbuttuland, and the Zanzibar c

Melothria triangularis, Benth. ae rom Ashanti eastwards to the
upper waters of the

Melothria sp.

RUBIACEA,

Oldenlandia Heynei, O/iv.—Very widely distributed in Africa,

us of the Sahara, also in India, Ceylon, and the Mala ay Isles

ssenda tristigma tica, Cum: mins; ramis et fructibus pildiis,
Mure pp ovario triloculari,
Frutex 12 ped. altus. Rami tomentosi. Folia integra, obovata,

i e spars
costa pilosissima, petiolata, 3-5 poll. longa, 13-23 poll. lata, venis
secundariis 12-14 3 petiolus pilosus, 4-7 lin. i it petu

15

lamine E foliaceæ, petiolate, luteze, utrinque pilose, 3} poll.
long:e, 2 poll. latee, petiolis 10 lin. longis. Corolle tubus dilatatus,
9 lin . longus, hirsutus, intus in nferne greet Petcibus plurimis

villosis. Stamina supra mediam partem tubi affixa, fila mentis
brevibus, antheris linearibus. Ovarium 3-loculare ; stylus
trifidus. Fructus trilocularis, sicco perianthio coronatus, Vitis :
semina 5 5 lin. longa, alveolata et minute pue ata

A an Kumassi, giten 41,

Very distinct in the thre celled ova ry and the vis calyx
segments. It is near M. er yen ylla, Schum. et Thon

Mussenda erythrophylla, Schum. et Thonn.—Distributed ed
out Upper and Lower Guinea, and eastwards to Niamniam an
Monbuttu is ds.

Mu scan frondosa, Linn. ?—A native of India, Malaya, and
Polyne
ea UM deeem: Benth.—From Ashanti to the Camaroons and

ando

Berdors macrocarpa, Benth.—Sierra Leone to the RR
and qp E Island. The genus has several members in America
none i

adie breviflora, Hievn.—Sierra Leone to the Camaroons.

Leptactina densiflora, Hook. f.—Ashanti, Lagos, and Abbeo-

outa,

andia E Benth. et Hook. f.—Sierra Leone to the

utm Su

Am nas: betio: Welw. ?—Sierra Leone and Angola to
dn and Monbuttu Lands.

Oxyanthus speciosus, DC.—Senegambia to Usambara.

Oxyanthus sp.

Tricalysia sp.

Ixora meh Smith—Senegambia to Fernando Po and the
Shire Highlan

Rutidea ithe DO.—Senegambia to the mouths of the
Niger.

Morinda longiflora, G. Don.—Sierra Leone to Niamniam land.

Geophila obvallata, Didr.—Senegambia to Fernando Po.

Geophila hirsuta, Benth.—Ashanti to the Camaroons.

a op ore peduncularis, Si UE r ongan to the Islands of

Fernando Po and St. Thom

COMPOSITUE.

Mikania scandens, Willd—A species cosmopolitan in the
tropics, belonging to a genus which is otherwise American.

Piece ee isis DC.—Throughout the Tropics of the
Old Wor

Melant m dat Sch. Bip.— Throughout the greater part
of Tropical Africa. uu genus is common to Afri ica, Madagascar,
and Tropical Am

76

EBENACE Æ.

Maba coriacea, Cummins; arborescens, foliis oblongis actumin-
atis coriaceis.

Arbor glabra, 20-40 ped. alta. Rami magni, patentes. Folia
oblonga, acuminata, integra, coria cien petiola ata, 9-1 poll. longa,
14-23 poll. lata, supra nitida. Flores 4 4-meri. in cymis Mer
viatis paucifloris ad nodos ramorum annotinorum vel vetustorum
dispositi ; pedicelli breves, bracteati; brac parve, ovate,
acute, minute vel obsolete ciliolata, Feber Calyx sub-
truncatus vel 4-lobatus, 2 lin. longus, lobis rotundis extus
parse pilosis apiculatis. Corolla lutea vel alba, tubulosa, basi
dilatata, faucibus contracta, tubo 3 lin. longo, lobis contortis patulis
vatis 2 lin. longis. Stamina 16, basi corolle inserta ; anther
lineares 1j lin. long: ; filamenta sparse pilosa, eie 1j lin.
onga. Ovarii rudimentum parvum, late ovatum, acutum.

Assin Yan Kurmaassi, Dominns, l19, 242. “A meth common
tree

«ons d Sp. ems puc _— D. verrucosa, Hiern,
but the seeds are not rumin

APOCYNACEJE.

Rauwolfia sp.

Tabernemontana, 7. Barteri, Hook., affinis.

Tabernemontana subsessilis, Benth. ?—Confined to Upper Guinea.
à Tabernemontana crassa, benth.?—Hitherto only from the Gold

oast.

Strophanthus gratus, Franch.—Confined to Upper Guinea.

Strophanthus sarmentosus, DC.—Senegambia to the Camaroons.

Kickxia africana, Benth.—Sierra Leone to the Gaboon.

ASCLEPIADE.
Secamone sj.
LOGANIACEJE.
Gertnera paniculata, Benih.—Sierra Leone to the Gaboon.

BORAGINEJE.
Heliotropium indieum, Linn b Mpepting Australia and Poly-
nesia, world wide in the Tropi

CONVOLVULACEA.
Ipomea obscura, Ker-Gawl.—Throughout the Tropics of the old

Ipomea involucrata, Be«uv.— Throughout Tropical Africa.

Ipomea palmata, Morsk.—Throughout the warmer Bi aene of
Africa, and in the Mascarene Islands, and Tropical Asia

Lepistemon africanum, O//v.—Tropical Africa.
Hewittia bicolor, Wight et Arn.—Tropics of the old world.
Breweria secunda, enth.—Senegambia to the Camaroons.

T1

SOLANACEAE.

Solanum Welwitschii, C. H. Wright, var. strictum, C. H. Wright.
—This species has been found in Ashanti, Angola, 'and about the
head waters of the Nile.

Capsicum Viger. nn. d or naturalised through-
out the Tropies. Native country uncert

Datura Sinin, Tina. —Very eb world wide in the
Temperate and Tropical Zones.

SCROPHULARINEA,
Artanema veep Benth.—India, Malaya, and on both sides
of Tropical Afric
ACANTHACEA.
Brillantaisia salviiflora, Lindaw.—Ashanti and Togoland.

Paulo-wilhelmia polysperma, Benth.—Sierra Leone to the
Camaroons.

Phaylopsis microphylla, T. Anders.—Ashanti to the Gaboon.
Phaylopsis sp.

Lankesteria elegans, T. Andevs.—Ashanti to the Gaboon.
Barleria opaca, Nees.—Ashanti and Lagos.

Asystasia vogeliana, Benth.—Ashanti to the Camaroons and
Fernando Po.

Eranthemum ludovicianum, Buettn.—From Ashanti and Fernando
Po to the Congo.

Justicia sp.
Hypoestes verticillaris, R. 5r.—Throughout Africa, south of the
ahara.

VERBEN ACEJE.

Vitex micrantha, Gir be Sain Leone to Ashanti. The berries
of this species are 4 inch lon
Clerodendron volubile, pauio E Leone to the Congo.

LABIATA.
Hoslundia opposita, Va//.—Throughout Tropical Africa.
Solenostemon ocymoides, Schum. et Thonn.—Senegambia to
Angola and Niamniam Lan
NYCTAGINEJE.
Mirabilis Jalapa, Linn.—An American weed introduced into
many parts of the Tropics.
AMARANTACEA,

Amarantus spinosus, i. .—Widely distributed in the Tropics;
in Africa only near the coast.
Cyathula prostrata, Bero pus throughout the world.

18

Pupalia lappacea, 30g.—'Tropies of the old world.

Arua lanata, Juss., var. viridis, d —Tropics of the old world,
eastward to Java and the Phili ippin

Achyranthes aspera, Don AES eben in the Tropies.

PHYTOLACCACEA,

Mohlana nemoralis, Mari.—Widely distributed in Africa and
Madagascar ; also in South America, and naturalised in Ceylon.

PIPERACEJE.
Piper subpeltatum, W///d—Throughout the Tropics of the old
world.

'T'HYMELZEACEJE.

Dicranolepis Persei, Cummins; fruticosa, foliis subglabris
ellipticis apice acuminatis basi cuneatis, perianthii tubo subfili-
formi sericeo, limbi segmentis late ellipticis.

"rulex 4-8 ped. rcnt Rami sparse pilosi. Foliorum lamine
i in pues gee iaces. 34 poll. longs, 14 poll. late, basi
ate, nerviis primariis multis, subtus sparse pilis appressis
volia tiolus 14 lin. Jok ran Floresi in axillis geminati, breviter
pedicellati, sericei, bracteis et bracteolis lanceolatis parvis pilosis.
Perianthii lobi patentes, late elliptici, concavi, 5 lin. longi;
tubus subfiliformis, 10 lin.-l poll. longus ; squamæ angustæ,
9 lin. longæ. Staminum filamenta l} lin. longa; antheræ
æquilongæ. Ovarium oblongum, in disco immersum; stylus
gracilis, EST ovato dilatato. Fructus ignotus.
pe wies dn Cummins, 186.

Allied to D. g ndiflora, Engl, and x vestita, Engl. lt
differs from the Torm rmer in having larger leaves, a shorter and
thicker bea -tube, and shorter filaments, and from the
latter in its thinner and less hairy perianth-tube and more
globular flower buds.

BALANOPHOREÆ.
Thonningia sanguinea, Vahl.—Ashanti to the Niger.

EUPHORBIACEÆ.

Phyllanthus Niruri, Linn.—Tropics, except Australia.

Uapaca guineensis, Muell.-Arg.—From Ashanti to Fernando Po.

Microdermis puberula, Hook. f.—Sierra Leone to Angola.

Jatropha Curcas, Linn.— Throughout the Tropics; widely
cultivated.

Croton lobatus, Linn — Throughout Mb Africa to Arabia
Felix ; very widely spread in Tropical Ameri

a paniculata, Mig.—Tropical hie” dnd eastwards to
Jav

i cordata, Benth. non Mwell.-Arg. (A cordifolia, Muell.-
Arg.).—Sierra Leone to Niamniam Land and Uganda,

19

Macaranga Schweinfurthii, Par.— Ashanti and the Eastern
Sudan.~ The fruits, which have not been prev adag described,
are produced abundantly about Assin Yan Kumassi, both on
young and old branches, and may be thus describe a2

Capsula rubra, in coccos circa 4 poll. diam. sulcatos dissiliens.
Semina circa 1 poll. diam.,

Tragia cordifolia, Rand haces tc Angola, and in Madagascar.

Dalechampia ipomezfolia, Benth.—Ashanti to the Camaroons.

URTICACE&.

Ficus EUN Kunth et Bowché.—Ashanti to Angola and
Monbuttu Lan

Ficus, 7. is oni, Baker, affinis.

Fieus sp.

Myrianthus arboreus, Beauv.—In most parts of Tropical Africa.

Musanga Pre R. Br.—Sierra Leone to Angola, Monbuttu
Land and Uga

vinti db Wedd.—Ashanti to the Camaroons, and

ganda.

ORCHIDEJE,
Megaclinium falcatum, Lind/.—Sierra Leone to Angola.
á MA saundersiana, Reichb. f.—Lagos and Ashanti to the
am
Pussy: ramulosa, Lindl.—Sierra Leone and Ashanti.
Polystachya affinis, Lindl.—Sierra Leone to the Lower Niger.
Listrostachys spp.—Two species were collected, both without
flowers.

Vanilla crenulata, Rolfe.—Sierra Leone and Ashanti.

SCITA MINEJE.

Amomum spp.—Fragments of two species.

Costus afer, Ker-Gawi.—Sierra Leone to Usambara.

Renealmia battenbergiana, Cummins ex Baker, in Flora Trop.
eer! Vol. vii., 313.—As far as at present known, confined to
Ashanti.

Seis vem, K. Schum.—Sierra Leone to the Lower Congo,
and to Niamniam Land.

Sa sp.

Thaumatococcus Danielii, Benth.—Sierra Leone to the Camaroons
and the aaa of St. Thomas.

Phrynium Benthami, Baker.—Ashanti to the Camaroons.

tbe brachystachyum, Awrn.—Sierra Leone to the Niger
and Cor

Dead conferta, Benth—Ashanti to Angola, The genus is
chiefly South American

Canna indica, mm of Asia and America ; naturalised
in many parts of Tropical Africa.

80

AMARYLLIDE.E.
Crinum sanderianum, Baker.—Sierra Leone to Lagos.
He —— eons Martyn.—Widely distributed in
Tropical Afric
DIOSCOREACE.
Dioscorea abyssinica, Hochst. ?—An imperfect specimen, very
similar to the species known from Abyssinia and Jur
Dioscorea minutiflora, Zgl.—Ashanti to the Camaroons,

LILIACE
Asparagus racemosus, Wi//d.—Tropics of the Old World.
Dracena arborea, Link.—Ashanti to Angola.
Dracena sureulosa, Lind/.—Sierra Leone to the Camaroons.

COMMELINACEJE.

Pollia condensata, C. B. Clarke.—Sierra Leone to Angola and
Uganda

Palisota aq are di C. B. Clarke.—Ashanti and the Gold
Coast x Monbuttu Lan

Polyspatha d. Benth.—Sierra Leone to the Camaroona.
Aneilema equinoctiale, Kunth.—Throughout Tropical Africa.

Aneilema beninense, Aunth.—From Sierra Leone and Angola to
Ruwenzori and Niamniam Land.

PALMA.

toons deerratus, Mann et Wendl.—Sierra Leone to the
Camaroons.

Ancistrophylun opacum, Drude.—Ashanti to Fernando Po and
the Camaroons

AROIDE.
Pistia Stratiotes, Linn.—Everywhere throughout the Tropics.
Anchomanes Hookeri, Schott.—Throughout Tropical Africa.
Cercestis Afzelii, Schott_—Ashanti to Sierra Leone.
Rhaphidophora africana, N. E. Br.—Sierra Leone to Fernando Po.

CYPERACEJE,

Mariscus umbellatus, JVaA/l.— Tropical Africa, Mascarene
Islands ; introduced into India

Kyllinga pumila, Mich oal Africa and the warmer parts
of America.

Scleria Barteri, Beck.—From Ashanti to he Te

SI

GRAMINEJE,

Paspalum conjugatum, Berg.—Tropics of both worlds, perhaps
+ Shee origin. In Africa from Sierra Leone to Monbuttu

Panicum plicatum, Lam.—Tropics throughout the world.

Panicum ovalifolium, Poir.—Upper Guinea generally; also in
Madagascar.

Panicum, P. ovalifolio, Poir., affine.

Oplismenus compositus, jua Wate countries throughout
the world

Pennisetum Benthami, Stevd.—Throughout tropical Africa.
Olyra latifolia, Linn.—Tropics of Africa and of America.

Centotheca lappacea, Hev Warmpr parts of the Old World,
extending eastwards into Polynesi

Streptogyne crinita, Beauv. are of America, India, but in
Africa rotten to Upper Guinea.

SELAGINELLACE.
Selaginella scandens, Spring.—Senegambia to Angola.

FILICES.
"ur Spelunce, Baker.—Throughout the tropics of the Old
rld.

hone tetraphyllum, Willd.—Upper Guinea and Angola to
Lake Tanganyika ; also in the Mascarene Islands and in tropical
America.

Lonchitis pubescens, Willd. oe h tropical Africa, in the
Mascarene Islands and South Am

Pteris quadriaurita, PRENE in the tropics.

Pteris spinulifera, Schum.—Throughout Tropical Africa.

Asplenium sinuatum, Beauv.—From Ashanti to Usambara.

Asplenium macrophlebium, Baker.—Ashanti to the Camaroons.

Nephrodi za S Hook.—Senegambia to Angola and
Tropical Am

Aaoi pes Desv.—Tropics generally.

Nephrodium pennigerum, Hook capes Tropical Africa, to
the Mascarene Islands, India and Ma

Nephrodium truncatum, P) iiL mA the tropies of the Old
World. s
7 Nephrolepis ramosa, Moore.—Throughout the tropics of the Old
Vorld.

Nephrolepis acuta, Presl.—Tropics generally.
Polypodium cameroonianum, Hook.—Ashanti to Loango.
Polypodium Phymatodes, Linn.—Tropics of the Old World.
ittaria lineata, Sw.—In most parts of the tropics.
16829 B

82

Acro fore — Sw.—Tropical Africa and the
Minaiené Isl
Prio «orcum: Linn.—Tropics throughout the world.
Platycerium Stemmaria, Beawv.—Sierra Leone and Angola to
Niamniam :

LEUCOBRYACEUE.
Leucophanes horridulum, E L. Camerunie, C. Müll.,
ffine, sed rigiditate, foliis horride ] viridibus

oculo nudo jam neee

Planta dioica, cæspitosa, cæspitibus o aak densis pallide
glaucescenti-viridibus nitidiusculis. aulis ad 8 lin. usque altus,
dense Sate infima basi radiculosus, inne. Folia sicca et
humida patentia, horrida, fragilia, canalicu ulata, e basi oblongo-
elliptica, subvaginantes, nee -lanceolata, apice rotundatula,
interdum radiculis prodita, Mire iturus summo apice minute
denticulatis, pem dimisi enui hyalino usque ad apicem pro-

ucto, nervo tenu Mdciténitó: cellule rectangulares, basilares
laxe hyaline, edi angustiores chlorophyllose. Cetera
igno

Ashanti, Cummins.

FISSIDENTA CEJE.
Fissidens sarcophyllus, C. Miill.— Ashanti to the Camaroons.

NECKERACEJE.
Papillaria Camerunis, C. Miill.--Ashanti to the Camaroons.
Pilotrichella communis, C. Mi//.— Ashanti to the Camaroons.
Neckera spuriotruncata, C. Miill.—Ashanti to the Camaroons.

HOOKERIA CE X,
Hookeria africana, Pruris.— Ashanti to the N iger and Fernando Po.
LESKEACEJX,
Thuidium meine Mitt., var. thomeanum, Broth.— This

species is common to West Tropical Africa and Tropical America ;
the Moe has now been found in Ashanti and on the island of
St. Thom
Thuidium gratum, Jaeg.—Tropical America and West Tropical
Africa
HYPNACEJE,
Trichosteleum borbonicum, Jaeg. —Tropies of the Old World.

pag onerum subelegantulum, Broth.—Ashanti and the island
_ of St. Thom

ours aptychose, ed (Hypnum aptychose, C. Müll).
—Ashanti, Niger and

Ectropothecium canis. oci to the Camaroons.
Leucomium perglaucum, Broth.—Ashanti to the Camaroons.

LEJEUNEEJE.
Phragmicoma florea, Mif/.—Ashanti, Niger and Camaroons.

DCIV.—ZOMBA BOTANIC STATION.

An interesting account of the steps taken to establish a Botanic
Station at Zomba, in the British Central African Ws iae was
given in the Kew Bulletin, 1895, pp. 186-191. This was bas
a Report presented to Sir H. H. Johnston by Mr. Merania
Whyte, the head of the Scientific Department, who had virtually
started the first Botanie Garden in Central tone Since Mr.
Whyte's retirement Mr. McClounie has been in sett of the
Zomba Garden, while Mr. John Mahon, formerly t Kew, is in
charge of the orestry branch. The followi ing progress report for
1897, prepared by Mr. McClounie, was pu iblished in the British
C 'entral Africa Gazette, dated the 5th February, 1898 :—

* During the past year steps were taken to bring under cultiva-
tion, by deep. irenching much more of the grounds than was
formerly tilled. "The soil over most of the garden is of such a

condition is almost vain.

“The entire absence of humus on the slopes of Zomba is very
marked, it having been washed eet Bt. ing many years into the
numerous swamps found in the v

“ Solar radiation in these parts d m cdi: great, especially
during October and November, and this action on the soil is such
as to make it so extremely hard that it prevents the admission of
light, air, and water.

"s The method adopted in trenching was such as is generally
practised in all Horticultural Ga rdens, and, though new to the
natives employed, with a little supervisio n it is remarkable how
quic kly they can trench a patch of ground.

* Large Teo of refuse, such as w weeds, banana leaves, and
manure, can be ered in while tre moire but the newly turned-
up soil must be sapai for some time to the action of the air and
water before its dormant constituents become active plant

* Surface feeding, fibrous-rooted plants, such as strawberries,
will succeed well twelve months after trenching, and it has come
under my observation that potatos do not thrive on newly trenched
plots until after a period of two or even three years has elapsed,

when the soil becomes fertile to the full depth.

** Coffee in British Central Africa has eminently exemplified
this theory, but of this I hope to write in another issue.’

FLOWERS.
“The specimens of flowering plants in the gardens are worthy
of mention, many came from Kew or Durban, and have been
successfully gr gr
* The following ou flowered exceedingly well :—
poania neriifolia,
Bea ntia grandiflora,
Boupsiuvillos —
gla
Aristolochia icanon
16829

84

T neare Thomsonæ,
Hibise l,

Clematis indivis
Zephyranthes itsidtoyatiá,
Haemanthus—local spp.
Crinums—local spp.
Albizzia—local spp.
Poinsettia pulcherrima.

“The eae reat does axçpodingiy well, continuing to flower
for a long time and producing seed. A. violacea is not of robust
growth but eek fairly well.

“The massive, well developed, rich white flowers of the
Beaumontia are a striking object of beauty in a vase within doors
or in the garden. Propagation of it, viris is very difficult, and
few cuttings of it have rooted. The blaze of the Bougaiei vitis
imparts a colour and effect which make vs very desirable plants
for a verandah.

“The strong growth of the TE e the singular form
of the flowers, which are produced freely, worthy of notice and

a place in any garden. The Clerode HAIr and Hibiscus also
succeed well, as also do the beautiful Poinsettia and Albizzia.

“The pe erfect mass of flower on Clematis indivisa is often
met with on the slopes of Zomba.

FRUITS.

“ Strawberries (common Alpine) have been successfully culti-
nd, considering the excellence of these fruits, it is safe to
predict that the home varieties now introduced will do exceedingly
well.

“Bananas, papaw, and pineapples luxuriate in the gardens.
Several trees of the Avocado pear are promising, and the Litchi
fruit tree is of good gro

“The large Grenadilla ( Passiflora up gie ma: Ds succeeds
well against a wall and bore several fruits last yea

CONIFERAE, ORNAMENTAL AND ECONOMIC PLANTS AND
SHRUBS.

“The avenues of cypresses, thuyas, &c., are striking features
of the grounds, and, as wa stand the ravages of locusts, they are
at all times objects of beau

* Sev specimens of ds wild date palm gracefully mingle
with the compaet Coniferae.

VA young e wise. of Mlanje ae pletion about three
years ago, is in a thriving condition. A e quantity of cedar
seed has been 80wn and ‘has germinated w ell

“These will be ready for planting during next season's rains in
and around all the Residency grounds, while there will be a large
quantity available for distribution and for transplanting on the
top of Mount Z epos where it is fully expected they will thrive
as well as on Mlanj

85

* Grevillea robusta and Albizzias—the trees about which so

uch id as shade trees for coffee—are of sufficient
size for anyone to judge of their Hoc m as shade trees, as also
of Erythrina umbrosa.

“A small i vi xe seed has bpon taken off the Grevilleas
this past season, and all have germina

-“ Large quantities of Mlanje cedar ie have been sent to the
Agricultural Department, Cape Town, the Botanic Gardens,

urban, and to Basutoland, as well as to different parts of
the Veiis 'ate.

“ There are a few other ornamental plants such as agaves, aloes,

Cycas sata. Pandanus Veitchii, Cannas of sorts, and some
Elephant Caladiums.

COFFEE.

“Following these remarks on the Garden, Bomen m soil
and Devan with regard to coffee may not 'be out of pla
* Many have been the arguments in favour of shade tor ees
as oe the one thing re uired to make it a success. It is not
consistent with reason that any shrub such as coffee can derive
any benefit from another tree growing in close proximity,
requiring as much and more Viu. as the plant from which
is expected a marketable produc
“The predominant dilata required for the cultivation of
coffee, are, iion es egg methods of treatment, only partially

provided. Hence a good return is often had in the third year
from planting, iiid from that onward the shrubs have a precarious
existence. The reason is not far to seek.

“The pitting operation isin itself a saving of labour and also of
time, but, were all the ground thoroughly trenched to the depth
of two feet between the plants the first year, and all refuse buried,
not burned, this would admit light, air, and water, and so fertilize
the whole, through which the roots will spread in h of
nourishment, with no hard balies in the case of pitted ground
only—to hinder their progress. Considering the tremendous heat
of the sun on the permeable nature of the soil trenched as above,
burning or extreme drought € result therefrom, but it ought
to be part of en routine of work to see that a sufficient amount of

we C., is buried a little under the surface as a means
of shade for the roots, and also adding, by slow decomposition,
carbonic acid.
2T oy stated that burning might result from the ground
being t o permeable, but at certain times it is impossible to

leaves off, thinning ought to bé resorted to,
ns e pruni ini is a recognized part of the labour of an

edi If several years crops are desired (instead of one and
clear out) eder vat ought to be looked to when the berry is about
the size of a pea, and discriminately proceeded with so that the
sap that is in the tree m may na concentrated upon the few rather
than partially upon the many, niodu cing what i
* ligh . Unthinned the berries swell, and the nourishment
gets exhausted before maturity.
(Signed) JOHN MCCLOUNTE.

DCV.—BOTANICAL MUSEUMS IN BELGIUM AND
HOLLAND

With the sanction of the First RUE n Mr. J. M. Hillier,
Assistant in the Museums of the Royal Gardens, was directed to
visit the e os botanical museums in Belgium and Holland in
October last. The object in view was to idepafr ‘unnamed pro-
ducts and specimens in the Kew Museums, to effect exchanges
and to obtain. Ion mation as to prove methods for preserving
objects in flui

Mr. Hillier « on n his return furnished the following report :—

sited, between the 2nd and 19th of October, the principal
io diatims of elgium iid Holland containing collections of

vegetable economic pro

ave observed much Ahat was interesting, and have obtained

informatión that will enable us to identify the Botanical origin of
various unknown specimens in the museums of the Royal Gardens
together with notes of many products, particularly of the Dutch
East Indies, in which our collections are deficient. The Colonial
Museum at Haarlem has afforded the greatest amount of valuable
information in this respect.

The arrangement of the various museums visited and the
mounting of Viae generally offered some suggestions that
will bo useful in our useums.

— method for sealing poe disks to jars.

I experienced the greatest courtesy and kindness from the
authorities of each institution I visited, and sp every facility
afforded me for atdyinz the various collection

MAISON DE MELLE, NEAR GHENT.

The Maison de Melle is an educational establishment situated
about six miles from Ghent in the centre of an agricultural
district.

88.
The museum is a large and varied one, arranged in wall and
table cases, scattered about in various portions of the building,
the specimens being classified we ih to their uses. Very few
specimens are in fluid. I noticed HUY vegetable products
presented to the institution b Kew some years since, and was
particularly interested in a fine series of printed muslins, and
cotton fabrics, together with a printing block used in their r pro-
duction, the more delicate portions of the design being formed of
metal pins inserted into the block. I also observed some curious
brass vessels similar in shape to an egg cup, and a small jug with
a straight handle, used in Turkey in the preparation of coffee

87

Notes were taken of other siege = more or less interest
forming desider ata for the epis collect
number of students v ed fica d 50 to

The taborktary I was given to understand is an exact facsimile
ot that at the University of Bon the Rhine. The Poe tied.
has its own gas-works, the vati, "eymitust um, and ming-
baths and in every way appears to be a PeT pea
establishment.

UNIVERSITY BOTANIC GARDEN, GHENT.

These gardens are not very extensiv e, but contain six glass
houses with a large e of economic plants. Mr.G. St taes,
Preparator at the versity, very kindly showed me the small
Museum collection k is exclusively use or teaching
purposes for the students of medicine Met chemistry. I saw no
products in the collection worthy of s special mention, but w

solution, some specimens submitted for my examination which
een so treated were excellent, especially some examples of
Ve and some leaves with galls. In the latter case the leaves

were bleached while the galls remained of a brownish colour and
coud readil ily be distinguishe

of the more delicate objects i in eu fluid were mounted
on piss opaque glass, and were very effecti

COMMERCIAL MUSEUM, BRUSSELS.

This institution appears to v a very important one. The
collections are extensive and very varied in character, and consist
chiefly of articles of commierve collected by Belgian Foreign

all cases, o

penal platform or step, about one foot high, to facilitate the
xamination of the specimens ih ee upper shelves. Part of the
ahe ction is arranged in table cases. As arule scientific names
are not attachec to the products, pen useful élan are given on
the labels with regard to prices, &c. I noticed many articles of
British manufacture. The exhibit of tobacco is a particularly
good one and contains an excellent series, collected in Constanti-
nople, of various forms from Asia Minor, in the original packages
of very neat and attractive appa arance. x iem noticed brass
vessels from Turkey used in the preparation of coffee and
oem me those I had Mee seen at the Maison de Melle.
The ions are neatly labelled and carefully tended, no
ipastmatis Fbst 1 in fluid. Attached to the collection is a Bureau
of Information where full details may de obtained concerning the
UT its. Atthe time of my visit many persone were consulting
t useum.

88

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, BRUSSELS.

These gardens are not very extensive, but are delightfully
situated. The acy contain a large collection of Aroides and
— but few palms. Professor C. Bommer was kind enough to

me over aue establishment. At the time of my visit
a a iee number of plants was being raised from seeds received
from the Congo.

The Museum and Herbarium ae consist chiefly of
specimens collected by = se "a jes s I could judge of the
Museum collection, it is Dod e E is very rich in mre
American products, but vifortütatély T could see very little of
the collection as it was practically stowed away until a suitable
building was available to receive it. I understood from Professor
Bommer that a new building would shortiy be erected for the
reception of the Herbarium, and that the present Herbarium build-
ing would be converted into a museum. It would be a great pity
were such a valuable collection to be neglected and S ev enti
housed, as from its dimensions and the fact of most of the
` specimens having been collected by Martius it "os contain
many rare and valuable products.

I availed myself of the OMpORTURTES of calling upon Profes
Errera of the Botanic Instituie of the University of Brussels ang
has been so successful in preserving flowers, &c., in their natural
colours. Unfortunately he was away at the time, but Professor
Bommer very kindly showed me Professor Errera’s specimens
and at the same time gave me details of the process for future
experiment. The specimens I saw were = rie

process is a simple one. The specimen to be preserved is
— ses a conical shaped paper bag, the narrow diameter resting

n the mouth of a glass jar. The bag is carefully filled up with
finely sifted sand, after which the jar, together with its contents,
is kept at a warm even temperature for two or three weeks, at the
expiration of which time the sand is carefully pees: and the
dried specimen placed in a stoppered jar. The stopper must ie
hollow and filled with unslaked lime, the latter being kept it
position by a thin piece of leather tied over the portion of the
stopper which is inserted into the mouth of the jar. The lim
absorbs all moisture and so preserves the specimen from prat rex
tion by damp.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT BRUSSELS.

The site of the exhibition was on the eastern side of the city in
the Pare du Cinquantenaire where the exhibition of 1880 was held,
and covers an extensive area. Generally speaking, the exhibition
was not rich in raw vegetable products, but, nevertheless,
contained many interesting exhibits

The Museé Scolaire section included exhibits of diagrams and
models of natural history objects for teaching purposes. The
Botanic Institute of the University of Brussels had an interesting
series of fruits and seeds illustrating various modes of dissemina-
tion, also a collection of well preserved flowers dried by the sand
process previously described.

89

Very few of the sections contained specimens of raw vegetable

products. T raguayan exhibits were the best in this respect
Liberia, Chili, and San Domingo were also r ted, but

represented

ot ER of a novel character in the courts or worthy of

special mentio
The Ant were Chamber of Commerce ue a fine collection of

raw and manufactured tobaccos, various s of Turkish tobacco
being especially striking and similar t those contained in the
Commercial Museum of Brussels.

ne collection of plain and ornamental straw plaits
from Chefoo, together with a series of China teas, were the only
other exhibits of special interest observed in a hurried visit.

CONGO EXHIBITION, TERVUEREN.

The Congo section of the Brussels Exhibition is located at
Tervueren, some few miles out of Brussels, from whence it is
s Herne either nd rail or electric tram. The Congo exhibits
were contained in a large building the centre portion of which
was dod. S a restaurant, while the two side wings were occupied
by the collections. On the one side was the ethnographical
section which consisted of a very large and varied assortment of

arranged in ai formed of the wood of Sa arcocephalus Diderrichii,
and typifying Congoese architecture, being very tastefully dis-
played. To add to the interest of the collection a frieze runs

of native life on the Congo. Unfortunately the ethnographical

objects were unlabelled at the time of my visit. e corre-
dni edd court on the other side of the building contained the
products of the Congo, together with a Commercial Museum, this

latter consist ng of a medley of articles which find a market in

the Congo region.
The collection of vegetable products was not a large one but
h

copal and small parcels of the latter wrapped in leaves and netted
over with what appears to be the split petiole of a palm. also
noticed a series of specimens illustrating the extraction of rubber
from the roots of Landolphia spp. by crushing , shredding, and
mastication. This court also contained some splendid photo-
graphs illustrating sugar-making, decorticating rice, the collection
of palm wine, tobacco fields, specimen it and an illustration
of the mode of collecting rubber from which it seems that the
vine is bent over and the milk runs from deep cuts made round
the stem into pots suspended to receive it.
conservatory at the back of the building contained many

living plants of the Congo, of more or less economic interest, on
loan from the Royal Botanic Garden, Brussels, and from eher
sources.

A typical Congo village forms part of the E UT but as
e ecce had left, little of interest remained e epting the

90

In another portion of the grounds a forester's hut built of pine
logs contains an instructive collection exhibited by the Belgian
Forest Department.

BOTANIC GARDEN, ANTWERP.

This garden is a small one but contains many interesting plants
which are, generally speaking, very distinctly labelled. The
museum collection is contained in a large and loft ty room which
x well lighted by side windows. The specimens are scientifically

rranged in two long cases of about 50 feet, and of similar height
aiid depth to those in the No. 1 Museum at Kew

Most of the bottles employed here have screw metal lids and
few specimens are preserved in fluid. The collection does not

many good things, and afforded some valuable information
bearing upon aiidetoribiried samples in the Kew Museums.

COMMERCIAL MUSEUM, ANTWERP.

e museum is sin: ilar to that wr Scie but much sien
extensive. The specimens are very varied in character and w
looked after. I observed nothing in the collection that was hes
to me nor any products in which the Kew Museums are deficient,
The cases are ebonized and of various shapes.

RIJKS’ HERBARIUM, LEYDEN.

The Herbarium is very much overcrowded, there ce only
sufficient case Reet ao ‘ed about half the n mber of
specimens. Mr. Goethart received me very xinüly, “and gave
m e useful hints to siet in identifying some unknown
products from the Dutch Indies in the Kew canes The
Museum collection was packed up at the time of my visit as
the floor had been destroyed by dry rot and was being re-laid.
I gathered from Mr. Goethart that the specimens consist chiefly
of fruits collected in the East by De Vriese, Korthals, &c., and,

t
specimens I saw a bore native names. The available wall space in
the Herbarium is utilised for the exhibition of coloured draw-
ings and dried specimens of useful plants. The only preservative
solution used is methylated spirit.

BOTANIC GARDEN, LEYDEN,

These deas are attached to the "Üiitversity. The houses
contain a varied collection of plants, many being of economic
interest, but eather crowded together.

The Museum collection is "Dany housed and very adhag
which is regrettable, as if POINT arranged and spread out i
Mur n a valuable museu

I nabled to obtain vilusbió notes from this collection
beari i iod unknown products and upon several deficiencies
in the Kew collections.

91

Were this collection and that of the Rijks' Herbarium merged
and placed in a suitable building they would form an important
institution.

COLONIAL MUSEUM, HAARLEM.

The building is an imposing gites delightfully situated
on the outskirts of the town in the immediate neighbourhood
of the Frederiks’ Park. It is the PAPE of the State, waia
keeps the fabric in repair, and for the past ten years has gran
an annual subsidy towards the up-keep of the Ser EAT wiel
are the property of the important Dutch Society of Industry.
This society founded the Museum about 26 years ago, and,
together with the provinces, the city of Haarlem, and large
commercial firms, supply the necessary funds for the proper
working of the Institution. The bem annual income from all
sources amounts to about 10,000 gulde
irector of the Museum, Dr. T W. van Eeden, and i
assistant, Dr. M. Greshoff, were most kind to me, and at all tim
readily gave me any desired information concerning the collée.
tions, icu are very large and complete. The specimens are
arranged rding to their uses, and are much c erlskege every
available xps being utilised ; the walls for the most part are
covered with well-mounted dried specimens and i res of
useful plants, together with many pope DAE illustrative of the
various industries connected with the produc
Spirit is the only preservative solution used. Specimens of
fruits, seeds, &c., which are not absolutely dry are placed in
Te jars, the stoppers being filled with unslaked lime to
absorb the moisture so io the specimens may be placed at once
in ikeir respective position
As the time at my di MEEN was limited, I found i} impossible
to thoroughly go through the collections, which would take at
least a fortnight, so I devoted the time almost Aa yat to
the products of the Dutch East Indies, in which the Museum
is very rich, Here I made notes of véry many products wanting
in the Kew Museums and arranged with Dr. van Eeden for an
exchange of duplicates.
Schools are largely ec on duplicates.
er floor of the building contains the Art Industrial
collection belonging to the same society, but distinct from the
Museum, and in the immediate vicinity is a school of design.

UNIVERSITY BOTANIC GARDEN, AMSTERDAM.

These gardens are situated in the Jewish quarter of the city to
the south of the Entrepót Dock, and are generally known as the
* Hortus.” They are open daily from 6 pre 6 in the summer,
and from 7 until 5 in the winter, the same arrangement applying
to Sundays. There are seven glase-houses in all. The Victoria

p
large and somewhat hideous ball-shaped reflector, to enable
visitors to see the plant in the evening during the flowering
period. i

92

The houses or, many economic plants, ferns, eycads, an
palms. A plan of nmm tos longifolius, about 20 feet high,
is reputed to bo of great age. I also noticed a fine plant o
Dracena Pad perhaps 30 feet high, branching into three
towards the s

The Arrt a aag in the open is not extensive, the system of
classification being that of C aque: Many of the labels which 1
found upon examination to made of paper, varnished over,
and secured in iron frames, ^ were quite obliterated. Aquatic
plants are grown in tubs.

irector, Prof. Hugo de Vries, kindly received me and
showed me the Museum collection, which is a small one used for
teaching purposes. Among the specimens brought to my notice

and Co., Kóln, very well preserved, but which appeared to have
been made u up with wax, &c. They had "ys en preserved by a
patent process of Prof. Pfitzer, of Heidelber

je preservative solution used here is "identical with that
employed at the Museum of the Universi ex of Ghent, and is
considered by Prof. de Vries to be very satisfactory.

For sealing glass disks to bottles paraffin i is ai and answers
the purpose well, it is certainly an improvement upon the Ke
method in several respects and takes far less time to apply

Within a short distance of the aek Garden are the Zoological
Gardens, which contain a large and important Ethnographical
Museum. I went carefully riders this collection, but did not
note any doses suitable for Kew. Scientific names were
comparatively ra

The docks "m" very extensive and scattered, but as the
time at my disposal had been expended I was "unfortunately
obliged to return without visiting them.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

In the Tp of kag I aie ae the un
several small tches of tóbacco, and in ing
shed with the ees of Aoun EES, bon tho outside of the

uilding

When at Antwerp I took the isda of visiting the
extensive docks. I observed here enormous quantities of cotton

ew season’s China tea congou,” sewn up in matting and
stencilled outside.

The timber docks are well worthy of a visit. Chiefly to be
noticed here were large baulks of pine and oak stems, the latter

It may be interesting to record the presence of large quantities
of paper-making machinery from Norway, together with rough
cardboard, probably from the same source.

93

The granary is an enormous structure, the grain being eon-
veyed into it by machinery. The elevator can be raised or
lowered according to requirement. og the atr of the
elevator is a fly-wheel which revolves with gre t rapidity and
forces up the grain, and at the top is an v opening ees which much
of the dust escapes during the operati

In the neighbourhood of Dordrecht were noticed large quan-
tities of vegetables under cultivation, many of which, I was
informed, found their way into the London market. I obs erved
that the gardens were effectively fenced in with a material I had

seen so employed before, and found upon enquiry that it
consisted of the stems of Phragmites communis, Trin., supported
by willow saplings; afterwards I noticed the same E ater
being harvested and so used in many paris. of Holland.

It was interesting to observe large quantities of Boletus edulis
Cantharellus cibarius and Agaricus campestris, exposed for sale
in the markets of Brussels.

e ditehes in many parts of Holland contained a luxuriant
Sidi of Azolla caroliniana, which first made its appearance
about ten n years ago, and which, I am given to understand, fruited
for the first time this year.

In many places on the Dunes, where the sand had been bared by

the wind, Psamma arenaria, > & S., had recently been
Sea in tufts about 1 foot apart. Somewhat stunted Scotch
fir (Pinus sylvestris, L.) and sea PA (Hippophae rham-
noides, L.) were the chief woody plants on the Dunes, near
IS

ing in the immediate neighbourhood of the nursery -
M cans. Krelage and Son, at Haarlem, I called upon them, and wa
very kindly received by one of the principals, who fodit t:
ducted me over the establishment. The shade for the houses
consisted of matting formed of the stems of Phragmites communis,
mentione above. It is prepared in the neighbourhood, and after
about three years’ service is cut into shorter lengths and fre unit
for fencing.
J. M. HILLIER.

DCVL—VANILLA IN SEYCHELLES.

The ees of vanilla in Seychelles appears to be at ee
in a comp ely Maece — 1 ation regard
the Seia aS been published in a Bulletin, 1899
(pp. 111, 120, with plate, p. 214) and 1897. (pt

Further information is taken from the jos ME for 1896
( Colonial sic eiae ee No. 214, 1897), by the Administrator,
Mr. H. Cockburn Stew

“The vanilla crop o d ae year is the largest that has ever been
grown in Seychelles—63,000 lbs. The prices ruling during the
year on the London and Paris Markets have also been most
TE and the value of the crop has been declared at

8.

94

“The large output of vanilla has given a fresh impetus to its
eultivation and a very large quantity has been planted during the
past year.

*« When the country is opened up by means of roads, as will
shortly be the case, many acres of vanilla land will no doubt be
taken up Mira at present are uncultivated, owing to the difficulty
of transpor
* In one diario alone, the Mare aux Cochons, to which a
road will be opened, there are about 5,000 acres of virgin pe
well suited to vanilla.

*'The culti vation of vanilla only dates back to about 20 years

“The Mexican system of allowing the vines to grow under
trees nearly wild is almost universally adopted at present, ves
is a decided improvement on the old system of training the v
on artificial supports. I trust that the new mode of roe pe it
will go far to ensure regular crops. othing pays better than
vanilla. Its production costs the planter Rs. 3 per pound, ede as
prices vary from Rs. 8 to Rs. 16 the pound, a net profit of fro

so 5 to Rs. 13 is the result. This year the average price was

s. 15 the pound. The yield may be taken to be 200 lbs. an acre.

z Taking therefore an average of Rs. 10, an acre of vai should
produce Rs. 2,000.

* Most of the land in Seychelles is in the hands of private
owners, and it is difficult to estimate its cost, but it may be
taken that land can be bought at from Rs. 100 to Rs. 200
the acre. It has been stated that landowners are reluctant to
part with their land, but I do not apprehend much difficulty on
this =a provided that purchasers are prepared to pay ready
mon

= There i is some land belonging to the Government well adapted
for vanilla eten which can be leased for periods varying
from 9 to 21 yea

* Seychelles = ‘unfortunately almost a lerra incognita, for I

nnot help thinking that if the scores of young Englishmen
Sho leave the mother country year after year for other lands
knew of it, they would ied RA preference to an English colony

which offers advantages not to be met with elsewhere for the
investment ot small "cef say £1,000.”

The following Saudi ees nies has since passed in regard to the
quality of Seychelles vanilla :—

COLONIAL OFFICE to ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

SIR, Downing Street, December 6, 1397.

I am pets by “ Secretary of State for the Colonies to
transmit to you, for your information, the enclosed copy of a
despatch Fen De Administrator of the Seychelles —
forwarding a cee of vanilla, grown on one of the estate
those islands

I am, etc.,
The Directo (Signed) H. BERTRAM COX.
Royal Gardeni, Kew,

95

[ Enclosure. |
ADMINISTRATOR of the SEYCHELLES to COLONIAL OFFICE,

Government House, eer. pee

r 16, 1897.
TE have the honour to inform you that I have fer asled to you
by this mail a specimen of vanilla, which was given to me by

r. D'Emmerez, the owner of Amitee Estate, Praslin, and which
is one of the finest samples of vanilla I have see

I went og da this estate when lately at Praha and was much
ig with its appearance and that t of the neighbouring estate

* Cote d'Or, " APER last year -produced about £5,000 worth of
vanilla:

Some of the Seychelles vanilla sent home last year was pro-
jotted by experts to be the finest ever seen on the London
market, and the bundle I am sending will show how well the
Prepar tto of vanilla is now understood in the Dependency.

have, etc.,
(Signed) H. COCKBURN STEWART,
The Right Honourable Administrator.
J. Chamberlain, M.P.

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW, to COLONIAL OFFICE.
Roya abet Kew, December 28, 1897.
1 "have the honour to acknow ledge the receipt of your letter
of December 6, transmitting a ioni of vanilla grown in the
ney chelles
I now enclose, for "i information of the Secretary of State,
a ea report upon

am, etc.,
(Signed) W. T. THISELTON-DYER.
H. Bertram Cox, Esq.,
Downing Street, S. W.
[Enclosure. ]

Report by Mr. A. C. Meyjes, of the Chemist and Druggist, on a

sample of vanilla grown in porche es and received through the
Colonial e ce ^I

“The pod you have sent is an unusually fine and long one.
Vanilla of this Shavacter would Jah realise about 26s. or 27s.
per lb. gross in the London market at the present time. From
that figure must be deducted certain tale allow ances, brokerage,
&c., amounting altogether to about 10 per cent. But your friends
should be careful to € the vanilla together in bundles containing
pods all of the same length, or at least not varying more than
l-inch, because the pods are paid by length as well as by
appearance. And further, I am afraid that the prices of vanilla
are on the decline. They have been unusually high this year,
and after Christmas gr trade demand is apt to drop. Moreover,

vanilla-growing must have been a very profitable business during

the past few seasons baa the usual result, viz., over-production is
sure to follow. Strange to say, vanillin (the coal-tar product) has
never been so cheap as now. The consumption of vanilla pas
however, is MM every year and likely to continue to do
for a long tim

96

DCVIL—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

MR. GEORGE A. BISHOP has been appointed by the aps
of State for the $e on the nomination of Kew,
intendent of the new Public Garden ree at Bermuda be
the Public Gaede Act, 1896, * ssist in developing the
agricultural and horticultural capabilities of the colony, upon
which its prosperity largely depends. Mr. Bishop has had twenty-
three years practical experience in every branch of gardening, and
was lately head gardener and steward at Wightwick Manor, near
Wolverhampton. He has, besides, considerable other attainments
which seem peculiarly to fit him for the varied duties of his new
post. He passed fourth in honours in the rms of the

leetures on hortieultural subjects under the Wolverhampton Cor-
poration, and appears to have been successful in raising the
standard of the industry in the district.

Botanical T for March.—All the Dee figured are in
cultivation ew. Camptosema pinnatum is a shrubby
leguminous stank from Brazil, whence seeds were sent to Kew by
Dr. Shaan formerly Director of the Passeio Publico, Rio
de Jane The flowers are two inches long, and are bright red-
purple. B^ MIN Hartwegi is a Californian ae which
has been in cultivation at nd foralong time. It is closely allied
to E. grandiflorum. Das godseffiana was first sentto Kew
in 1892, by Mr. Henry Millen, Tudor of the Bot Skea Station at

gos. The species is nearly related to D. surculosa, which -

ese n v
drawing in the * Botanical Magazine" unfortunately does ad
represent the best variety, which has much darker green deed
with more numerous spots. Hacquetia Epipactis is a curio
umbelliferous plant, native of South Europe and Siberia. The
flowers are yellow, in simple umbels, surrounded oad an involucre
of rather large green bracts. Nothing is known as to its intro-
duction into the Royal Gardens, where it has ace phos for
many years.

Botanical Magazine for April.—Allium Schuberti, a species
which is widely distributed in western Asia, has long, broad
leaves and rose-red flowers on remarkably long pedicels: the
umbels being nearly S bang inches in diameter. Bulbs
were sent to Kew by Messrs. Herb & Wulle, Nurserymen,
Naples, in po , and flowere d in June, 1897. The luxuriant
variety of e pretty AMyoectie fence figured, was
eae by E. J. Lowe, Esq., F.R.S., who desired that it
should be named after Mrs. Tec ie The native country
of the species is not positively known, but_it is believed to be
Switzerland. Crocus Maly isa native of pa C eamaten mountains,
where it was discovered more than fifty years ago. The flowers
are white or straw-coloured, with a a aey throat. Corms were

97

presented to Kew by G. Maw, Esq. F.L.S. the author of the
splendid monograph of the genus. Rheum Ribes is an old
inhabitant of botanical gardens. Itis ornamental both on account
of its large leaves and its bright red fruits.

Flora of Tropical Africa.—Part 2 of aay VIL, edited by the

Director, was published in April. It contains the conclusion of

r. Rolfe’s or sre 9 the orchids, and that of the Scitaminee
id Tridee, by Mr. B

Flora of Simla.—Since his retirement from active service,
Sean Sir Henry Collett has devoted much of his time to pre-
paring at Kewa Flora of Simla and the adjacent district. Simla
itself 1 is sit caret at an elevation of about 7,000 feet, and the area
included gives a range of altitudes from 3, 000 f eet in the valleys
to 10,000 feet the summit of Huittoo, hence "she vegetation is
highly diversified. Including ferns and a few other vascular

200 figures in the text, all uniformly half natural size, reduced
from drawings, by Miss M. Smith, of natural size. Sir enry
has presented the first portion of the original drawings to Kew.

Didierea mirabilis.—As long ago as 1880 the late Dr. H. Baillon
described — Soc. Linn. Par. i, p. 258 idierea madaga-
sc sat - the most singular plants which the botanieal

yiel

Cacti ; and the structure of the unisexual flowers is so anomalous
that the author took some years to decide upon its position in the
ree system.
cond species, D. mirabilis, was described (Bull. 2t go
Nat. pota i, p. 23) by the same botanist i n 1895. This i
different in habit from the other, being a anle tree, with a
very short n and long, thiek, cylindrical branches, giving it
he appeara at a distan nce, of a hu uge Lycopodium. th
species inhabit : the coast region of south-western Madagascar ; D.
madagascariensis growing gregariously in arid plains near Tulear,
about 23° S. lat., and the other in the plains of Morondava, about
three degrees further north. Mr. Alfred pup the editor of
the sumptuous s Akad work on the Natural "esed
of d gas nd in course of publication oe the French
ment, appears to ‘ae discovered D. madagascariensis, paar po
genus was dedicated to him. At least Baillon says : ail Je donne
ce nom a une curieuse plante de Madagascar, observée par M. A.
Grandidier, non cloin de Tuléar.” D, mirabilis was discovered by
l Mr. Grandidier pr iamen vs seeds from which

a few joies w were raised in the €— f the Paris School of
Medecine. This garden, by the sicui een abolished and the
plants dispersed. Thanks to the "kind offices of. Mr. A. Franchet,

n of the Botanical Society of France, and the concurrence
f Professor Blanchard, Dr. Baillon's successor at the Faculté de

16829 €

98

edecin

e of
mirabilis. It should be mentioned, however, that the plant was

batch belonged. The afcompanying figure, kindly lent by the
proprietors of the Gardeners’ Chronicle, though not really a portrait
of the Kew plant, very well represents it. In this state the very
short lateral branches or *eushions" bear three or four sharp
spines and as many very narrow, almost cylindrical, fleshy leaves,
overtopping the spines.

DIDIERA MIRABILIS ; Seedling plant, 8 inches high.

99

Figures of the adult state are given in Baillon's Histoire
— elle des Plantes de Madagascar G. part of Grandidier’s
ork referred to above), plates 261-2 and 2624. —- 262D. ; and
sm representing habit are reproduced in the Bull. Mus. ' Hist.
Nat. Par., i. des pp. 216-217. The genus is now referred to
the Sapindacez

* The Last of its Race" : This must be the epitaph on all that
remains of an interesting “ Cabbage tree," that has just disappeared
rom the flora of vie island “of St. Helena. It was originally
described b Sir Joseph Hooker under the name of Psiadia
rotundifolia, and figured by Melliss in his work on St. Helena,
t. 41 elliss wrote in 1875, “this plant had almost been classed
with the extinct species, until, after long and patient search, I
Hi aia the great delight of ee one tree of it in the

Ait. It existed i in atten gardens after i t had bed me extinet

main central ridge amongst ferns and cabbage "Xm about the
locality of Casons . . but it is no longer ther
Psiadia rotundifolia was figured in the Gardener Chronicle,
1888 As ), pp. 180, 181, and referred to as follow
he interest attachii ng to the tree is that i iv is the last
aiding representative of its race in the island of St. Helena.
Formerly, doubtless, there were many more, but goats and
the species perii of man have erg Ae this, and cepe
ci _in

isies, Chrysanthemums, soiree as all know them in
our gardens, are not to be classed with s, but here we have a
oer nearly allied, generally, to Astér, hich forms a good sized
tree with sprea ding n aked branches, bearing small, stalked,
spathulate, toothed itirbos crowded towards the ends of the
h IY

The rom Director of Kew who visited St. Helena in 1883,
and wrote a report on its agriculiural resources for the Colonial
Office—(African No. 275, C.O., January, 1884) contributed the
Po dmg further particulars to the Gardeners’ Bron 1888 (1.)

100

“The interesting plant recently figured and described is, I
regret to say, not represented at Kew. It is true, 2 you mention,
that I brought seed from St. Helena in 1883, but none of it
germinated. The same récit attended the seed taken to Jamaica,
and also some sent to Ceylon and Southern India. It is very
probable, as suggeste ted by Professor Oliver, that some of these
‘Cabbage trees’ are sub-dio oecious, and if this is true as regards
the plant under notice there is little hope of perpetuating it by

island, and also by an experiment which the late Governor Janisch
carried out on the spot. The ground near and under the tree was
enelosed by hurdles, and the soil broken upand carefully prepared
in the hope that some few well ripened seeds would fall upon it
and germinate. Nota single plant was thus raised. I ha ve only
to add to your excellent description of this plant, that the flowers,
which are plentifully produced in May or J une, are small (3 inc
diameter) and white, with a yellow centre."

The news of the death of the tree was announced in a letter
from His Excellency the Governor, dated Feran 29th, 1897 :—

“ You will be sorry to hear that the old Psiadia rotundifolia
at Longwood, the last of its race, was blown down in some recent

plan I

grafting on gum wood stocks, and seeds, but all in vain. Would
you like a specimen of the wood? though I think you have a
piece at Kew. It is plain white without veins, and extremely
hea

The specimen of the wood kindly offered by Mr. Sterndale was
received at Kew a few days ago, and this relie of the last living
specimen of Psiadia pohuidsfilia is deposited in the Timber
Museum (No. 3).

Sararanga sinuosa.—The Rev B..Comins has sent another
small collection of dried plants, Rid from the So on n eonia
and joniocing.a a hort branch and mature female inflor ce of
this singul mber of the Pandanacem. (See Kay Balletin,
Bos pp. 159-161 and 273.) phere is also a. oes inflorescence,

reviously unknown; but it is a very advance

hien and almost destroyed; unfortunately, is insects. Still it is
sufficient to give an idea of i appearance, and some perfect
flowers have been Heer ‘amongst the remains Which will enable
the diagnosis of the genus to be completed. Mr. Comins also
claims to have dra that the leaves are quadrifariously
arranged—not spirally, as in Pandanus ; and the branch he sends
ms his statement, Further figures will be given in Hooker’s

Icones PARIS

Aluvilla—Rhus juglandifolia, Willd., as limited in the latest
monographs, is usually a tree of moderate size, native of Western
America, ranging from Mexico to Peru, and inhabiting moun-
tainous districts up to at least 3,500 feet deve: tho level of the

101

sea. Galeotti describes it asa ee, shrub, having <> piriy,

fragrant flowers, poe * woods in the ordi llera of Vera Cru

at an elevation of 3,000 fe Birako 1 des indue iv a m tree,

growing at an altitude of 3, "500 feet, near Guarenas, in the province

of Caracas, and pere the na of nillo B " Spruce,
ho collected at Baños, Quito, has the following note

* Arbor patula, 4i-siedalls, lactescens, haud resinoso-aromatica.

Flores albi. Alubilla, Quitensium.” Purdie, who collected it

in New Grenada, states that it is “ “the cele brated Palo Petro-Fer-
nandez”; and on another label he describes itas a large forest tree.
There are specimens in the Herbarium from several other collectors
and localities, but they are unaccompanied by any remarks.
Ernst (La Exposicion Nacional de Venezuela = Ein p. 215)
enumerates Rhus juglandifolia among woods anc mbers, under
the vernacular name of ** Manzanillo de Cerro." Not one of the
foregoing Spanish names is given in Seemann’s Die Volksnamen
der ingesta hen Pflanzen, and we have found no publi
aecount of its possessing poisonous properties, w wey from its
popular name ‘ Manzanillo” ages aie might have been
expected. But some months ago Mr. J. V. Sigvald Muller, of

Jolia; one arcel named “ Aluvilla blanca," and another
* Aluvilla negra." There were slight differences in the foliage;
but we could find nothing to distinguish them specifically.
Mr. Muller, however, is of opinion that they are distinct, and
states that both have the reputation of being exceedingly
venomous. So far as we understand, his information was a
derived from hear-say, and is merely traditional. Indeed he
states that he had met none E Indians who even knew the
name *'Aluvilla There may a grain of
LU. though it is almost EV that Rhus juglandifolia
s not harmful to Europeans.

Fungus from indigo refuse. Professor C. A. J. A, Oudemans has
recently called attention (Versl. Konikl. Akad. Wetensch. Lindt.
IV., 89 (1897), to a new species of edible fungus, Verpa indigocola,

+ from — sva, which otaa Tewe on the

ived from
the Haarlem Colonial Museum proves to be; a species of Coprinus,

Books presented by the Bentham Trustees. In addition to about
twenty serial publications, received in exchange for Hovker’s
Icones Plantarum, the Bentham Trustees have from time to time
made important gifts of books. The most recent acquisitions
from this nud er a fifteenth, sixteenth, and seven-
teenth century b ong them are the Ae princeps of the
— esit a a of Crescen ood cop

f the same author's De e Agricultura vitii cine ex ntarum et
OS generibus, libri xii., &c., 1548; an excellent copy of

102

Another work presented t Trustees is Poiteau's mag-
nificent P ie Francaise. This comprises four large
quarto volumes containing 431 plates, which were issued

e
separately, with text, at a franc and a half each, between
and 1846.

Pomona Britannica, of which Kew possesses a fine copy of the
large edition, surpasses Poiteau in colouring, but does not equal
it in drawing.

Mexican Works on Botany, Materia Medica, &c. The Kew
Library has received a valuable gift of books from the Secretaria
de Fomento, Mexico. In 1787 an expedition was organized for the
scientific exploration of Mexico and other parts of America under
Spanish dominion, and Martin Sessé, a botanist, was nominated
its leader. J. M. Mociño and V. Cervantes were associated with
him in the botanical work ; and the two volumes entitled Plante
Nove Hispanice and Flora Mexicana are from manuscripts left
by Sessé and Mociño. Their interest now is little more than
historical, as most of the specimens described as new have already
been published by other botanists, and many of the identifications
are obviously erroneous. A useful work is the Biblioteca Botanico-

exicana, by Dr. N. León; it contains titles of works and

Estudio are serial publications treating largely of medicinal
plants.

Moth Borers in Sugar Cane.—In the Kew Report, 1876, p. 26,
mention is made of the ravages of the larva of a moth among the
8 ana. It was identified as Phalena
saccharalis of Fabricius, but regarded as the same as Diatrea

103

sacchari of Guilding, who rera it in 1828 from specimens
ound in the Island of St. cent. There isa brief notice, with
figures, given in the ey Slee. 1894 (pp. 152 and wee
A fuller Mee with a bibliography, is that of Mr. T.
Cockerell in the Jamaica Bulletin, April, 1892. Bothin the oo
Ug eet cited above and in standard works dealing with the subject

t has been suggested that n species also infests mapas canes in
ane and other parts of the East Indies Some confusion in
consequence has arisen in bords to its distributio

ccording to a note in the Comptes fondue. (exxv., hn

pp. Duck by M. Ediibnd Bordage, Director of the Muse

striatalis, Sailan This, it is said, was originally piden
rom Ceylon into Mauritius in Sar: with sugar canes. It is n
widely spre uy in the East Indie

The distinction between D. dico and D. striatalis, we
are informed by Mr. W. F. Blandford, F.Z.S., was established by
Sn Am in 059 ae OE van het Proefstation voor Suikerriet in
Wes a (1890, pp. 94 et s/q., tt. i. and ii.) ; also in Tijdschrift
voor "Pele. clip 1892, p. 349, t. xix., figs. 1-4).

t would appear, therefore, that D. saccharalis is of New World
origin, but apparently not now entirely confined to that hemi-
sphere. It may have been “the worm eating the sugar canes’
recorded 1 by Hans Soans in Jamaica in 1725. It has since been
found in nearly every put of tropical x Sees: while in the
United States it attacks not only sugar cane, but also maize and
sorghum. According to iie it is reported as *injuring sugar
cane " in India

D. "n iatalis, on the other hand, is apparently entirely an Old
World species. Is has not hit erto been recorded fr Mes any part
of the New "World, but in the interchange of sugar & plants
from one side to the other there is little doubt it will peed cares
be introduced there. Its present area of distribution includes
Ceylon, Mauritius, Java, Dingue, Sumatra, and Borneo.

M. Bordage draws attention to yet another su borer in
Sesamia nonagrioides. This was first observed sitackhbg maize

Algiers it attacked both sugar cane and sorghum. It may prove to
be the sugar-cane borer of the Canary Islands (Kew Bulletin, 1894,
p. 177). Snellen describes a variety, albiciliata, as attacking
sugar cane in Celebes and Java. From the latter it is supposed
to have been introduced to the Mascarene Islands and Madagascar.

Spurious St. Ignatius Beans._Under the name ^s * Ignatia
amara Beans," from Matto Grosso, Central Brazil, some broken
seed pods were recently submitted to Kew for Aeta It
was at once evident that they were not the produce of Strychnos
Ignatii, Berg—a large climbing shrub of the Philippines, which

furnishes all the St. Ignatius ‘beans of pharmacists. Md were
evidently portions of winged pods of a leguminous plant belong-
ing to the tribe Dalbergiew. Upon cutting through shoes ie they

were found to be highly charged with a a pale yellowish fluid
balsam, and upon further comparison there was but very little

104

difficulty in identifying them as portions of the pods of P/erodon
pubescens, Benth. The reason for the application of the obsolete
Linnean name, Ignatia amara, to these pods is not far to seek,
for it seems that the term * St. Ignatius Bean" is employed to
designate the seeds of several medicinal plants in South America,

and the species of P/erodon are included amongst them under
ihe name of Fava de St. Ignacio.

Cupu-assu._In a Report on the “Condition of tropical and
p pe. fruits in the United States," in 1887, published by the
United States Department of Agriculture (Division of Pomology
Bullets No. 1), the following account is given of a fruit with
this name which had hitherto not been identified botanically.

Deltonea luctea (sic)—Native of Brazil, where it is called the
“ Capu-assu.” It is a medium-sized tree, with immense thick
foliage, so that in a grove of them it would be dark at noonday.
The blossoms are small; the fruit an immense oval vessel, but

ro rd ith :

seeds. When ripe, one of the fruits will most deliciously perfume
the whole air. The flavour it is impossible to describe, but to

off in water and strained with a little sugar added, is worth a
voyage across the At ants ” (Edward S. Rand).

The writer of this note was a resident at Para, and an occasional

orrespondent of Kew for many years. The news of his death
was received Si regret in the autumn of last year.

Deltonea lutea, Peckolt (Hist. das Plant. pef Brasil, L,
p IIb "is a name only. It does not appear i n the
Index Kewensis, and, as far as can be traced, n6 deseiption has
ever been published. The native name Cupu-ass u or Cupu-acu
is not unfamiliar in connection Mu EET plants. It is given

by Martius (Flora Bras., XII., 4 p. 76) as the local name
of Theobroma gr ied To k han . while in Burchell’s MS.
list in the Kew Herbarium (Nos. 9,367, "9,467, aa 10,001) Cupu-

Ssu kad TOL esed are caleba to species of Theobroma. From
Mr. Rand’s descri ipon it is evident that "the plant which yields
the “ wine "of cupu-assu” does not belong to the Malvacew, as
suggested by Peckolt, but to the genus Theobi ‘oma, in the nearly
allied Sterculiacee, which includes the plant that yields the
Mies wn cacao, or chocolate of commerce. The details

Mr. Rand almost exactly apply to species re

ose

Theobroma, bearing sa shelled fruits, such as those of
r T. martia The — in Theobroma are
aei embedded in a swee et and somewhat aromatic pulp,

which, washed off and strained, with a little sugar added, would
afford a palatable or even a delicious drink in hot countries.
There are fruits of T. martiana in the Kew Museum from
R. Spruce, marked Cupu assu, with the information that “the pulp
is made into a preserve.” They correspond in size, form, and out-
ward appearance almost exactly with Rand’s description.

G. Massee det.

Tea Biights.

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

BULLETIN

OF

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION,

No. 138.] JUNE. [1898.

DCVIIL—TEA BLIGHTS.
(With Plate.)

The field of nature is one of incessant struggle. Every plant
has to hold its own in the face of foes bent continuously and
relentlessly on its destruction. If it sueceeds it is only because
its defensive resources are on the average superior to the attacks
made upon it. The final result is one Es equilibrium, in which
foe and vie ctim each manage to survive. This is arrived at
through the interaction of tae ead "étais difficult to trace,
but ponent into Man after a long period of struggle.

When appea the scene and for his own purposes
destroys ibo m nod pra piep horing anew with increased
severity. He grows some one plant in wide stretches after
clearing the ground of its pT A But in so doing he
relaxes the E of all its ion and. often gives them a chos
they have never possessed befor

Plants and their n DAMM es to live in nature as best they
may. The host can do without the parasite, but the parasite
cannot do without he host. A plant may exist alone in a forest and
ihe parasite which kills it will find its own fate sealed if it cannot
transfer its attacks to a neighbouring individual. "The straits to
whieh a parasite in consequence is put t o continue its existence,
and the varied means by which this is effected. form one of the
most fascinating subjects of biological study. But t me net result

Turpe are Eae d. A phere}: having by acci lent fastened
on an individual plant in a plantation and done its fatal work,
can then extend, usually with little difficulty, to contiguodg
plants. Under such circumstances the spread of a fungoid disease
can only be compared to a conflagration, which beginning on à
small scale may increase to disastrous dimensions. Such tro troubles
are part of the price which man has to pay for disturbing the
order of nature. The only way to treat them is to endeavour

4—1375—6/98 Wt90 D&S 29 A

106

either to restore the natural checks which man has abolished, or,
as this can from the circumstances of m case ied be
to substitute artificial ones in their place. Anda
practice, by an attentive study of the habits of the parasite this
can generally be effected s ihe i injury it inflicts circumvented.
The difficulties which beset tea-culture in Assam are o xe
illustration of these general Tic iples. But the Government of
India does not possess any trained mycologist in its service, and
no one was available for the study of the * Blights’ Bises affect
Indian tea-culture, but Dr. Watt, its Reporter on Economic Pro-
ducts. When a similar investigation was needed for the DGUDS
crop, it was entrusted to a gardening member of the staff of the
Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Dr. Watt was obliged to have
recourse to Kew for the technical investigation of the most serious
maladies with which the npg dde € to contend. The
Del ang report has been drawn up, from material transmitted »
Dr. Watt, by Mr. Massee, a Prisbfpel Prud in the Herbarium
of the Royal Gardens.

GREY BLIGHT.
(Pestalozzia Guepini, Desmaz.)

The amount of injury caused to the tea tagene by this
fungus is estimated by “es Watt as follow “T regard the
Grey Blight as very alarming, a disease that "t — checked may
easily reduce the productiveness of gardens by fifty per cent, lt

mad
examination of the fungus sent from Assam on leaves of
the tea plant, showed it to be identical with the parasite common
on leaves of cultivated species Camellia in Europe. The
fungus first appears under the form of small grey spots, more or

infrequently run into each other, forming large, irregular blotches
which often eventuais cover the greater portion of the surface of
the leaf. During increase in size, the spots are often bordered by
a narrow dark line. The grey or sometimes white colour of the
spots is equally évident on both éco of the leaf, and is due to
the disappearance of the chlorophyll, and the subsequent death of
the cells composing € tissue of the leaf. The mycelium of the

of the fungus becomes aggregated in numerous dense tufts just
beneath the cuticle, more especially on the upper surface of the
leaf. On the tips of these aggregations of slender, erect hyphae,
or conidiophores, which spring from a basal pseudoparenchymatous
stroma, the conidia are borne, As these clusters of conidia increa

107
in size they raise the cuticle of the leaf into a series of minute
warts, until finally the tension is too great, and the cuticle
ruptures, usually in a triangular slit through which the mature
conidia protrude and soon become free on the surface of the leaf,
n

host-plant, germinate at once, enter the Bac of yon leaf, and
orm a new centre of disease, which in course of time produces

bution, it can be readily understood how possible and certain it is
for ae disease to spread rapidly when once introduced into a tea
gar

ise Goia are oe at the apex of slender hyphae or
conidiophores, and are very beautiful objects when seen under
the microscope, be ung. narrowly elliptic with somewhat pointed
ends, and usually three-septate ; the two end cells are colourless,
while the two median cells are olive-brown, the terminal colour-
less cell being surmounted by four very slender, colourless,
spine-like processes eiie than the conidium itself. The abo ve-

to four ; the hair-like vi Cengage also vary from one to four, or
are sometimes entirely absen

rn B M of the bigi was ascertained from a series of
cu ; living conidia being obtained from the fungus growing
on P amelitüs vuiüvatod i t Kew

Conidia germinated "m within je ge om in hanging-
drop cultures in ordina y tap water. The median dark-coloured
cells of the conidia are Mone capable of peg on, each cell as
a rule producing a single germ-tube ; in rare instances two germ-
tubes spring from a cell, one of which remains rudimentary. On
sterilised bread a dense white superficial mycelium dodi appears,
on the surface of which very minute dark points, consisting of

groups of conidia are visible about the third day. e days
after sowing, the conidia are mature and eu le of germination,

ad does not appear to be a very sui dium for th
cultivation of this fungus, the characteristic breite mg filiform
appendages of the conidia being almost co ntly below the
number normally present, and in certain uu waGroly absent.
The spineless condition of conidium agrees exactly with the

Fra. i desorilied by Cooke as — Bobo, parasitie on
living tea leaves from Cachar, which is in reality nothing more
than an abnormal form of Pinas Guepini, and has also bee
observed on Camellia leavesat Kew. Examples of these abnormal
spineless conidia, sown on plum-juice gelatine, gave origin to
perfectly normal Piso within a week, in fact only normal
conidia were produced on the las-mebtonéd nutrient solution,
whether normal or icorptiond qug cha ar s u number
of apical spines were concerne It is qui easy
matter to inoculate living unin idit porem cea bs placing
heer on the damp under surface of the leaf, and keeping it

ist for two or three days. No result was obtained when the
ents were placed on the upper surface of the leaf.

4 42

108
Pestalozzia Guepini is not known to possess any other form of
fruit or mode of reproduction than the condition described above.

The disease under consideration is by no means new ; specimens
of tea leaves attacked by the Pestalozzia, now in Kew
Herbarium, are accompanied by the following note. “Tea leaves
(blighted). Cachar. 1872 growth. A. H. Blechynden.” A
second lot of tea leaves, suffering from the same disease, is
accompanied by a note as follows. “Leaves from a tea tree
recovering from ‘red spider.’ Sap just beginning to run through
them. This tree like many thousands has not given any leaf for
three months. T. B. Curtis. Receiv ed from Mr. Blechynden,
Calcutta, by T. B. C., October, 1878.

The fungus occurs as a parasite on leaves of plants belonging
to the following genera :— Camellia, ESP Citrus,
Magnolia, Alphitonia, N inobotus, did "Lager siromic

Owing to its wide distribution at the present day, the original
home of the HS ie is difficult to pienine with certainty, but
the amount of evidence at hand suggests an Eastern nea In
ages » -— on Camellia and pete bar S ; in Europe it is
by ns uncommon, but always on introduced WO
inlonding: to the two above-named genera. In the United States
it occurs on introduced species of Camellia and UMP, from
which it may possibly have passed on to the native Magnolia. On
theother hand, it occurs on indigenous plants CNiphobolus) i in New
Zealand, and on Alphitonia in Queens land.

Preventive measuvres.—]1f the diseased leaves were collected with
the amount of care and intelligence exercised in collecting sound
leves, an burned at once after being collected, the disease would

mped out, as the mycelium of the fungus is not
— € in the tea plant ; consequenty infection, and. a recur-
rence of the parasite, depends entirely on inoculation. by pe
numerous conidia or eeu par [oed of the fungus present o
diseased leaves. Remembering the very different kinds of Sioi
on which the fungus is known to be parasitic, it is very probable

i the
tea gardens ; if such proves to be the case, all such plants should
be removed if practicable, as the conidia 9 fungi are as con-
Ey es Pampo by wind, birds, and insects, and no nt of
attention in the of removing the parasite from the og panne
would avail, if ika supply of conidia requisite for inoculating the
tea plants were formed on other plants growing in the neigh-
bourhood.

e name of the fungus, together with the synonymy, is as
follows :—

Pestalozzia Guepini, pee Ann. Sci. Nat, Ser. 2, XIII,
- 182, tab. 4, figs. 1-3 (184
Syn. Pestalozzia inquinans, Karst., Hedw., 1891, p. 301.
estalozzia Camelliw, Passer., Rev. My yc., 1887, p. 146.
Cory yneum Cam clive, ’ Massee, Grev., XX. 4,8(1 891 ).
Hendersonia theicola, Cooke in Sace. SylL, IV.,
No. 2334 (1884). i

109

Fig. 1, Leaf of tea plant showing the pale — formed by
sý us blig ht” (Pestalozzia Guepini) ; nat. ;
through a auae of the fruit of the fungus; x 199. Figs. 3 & 4,
Peers of the fungus; x 400. Fig. 5, Conidia germinating ;

et
ve
o
c
e
e
E
©
s

BLISTER BLIGHT.
(Exobasidium vexans, Massee).

The amount of injury caused by this parasite, along with an

interesting account of its general appearance and mode of ^»
thered from the following account by Dr. Wat

* One he very worst blights on tea is known to en Wes as
Blister "B ght. At ed it seemed to me as es this might prove a
species of blister mite (Phytoptus), but I a now disposed to
regard it as a fungus, and possibly a oA of Exoascus or

of leaves ake well-form M cireular blisters, also the further
stages of the blisters appearing hairy fander ae sone ang others

turned quite black. The history of the dis mewhat
striking. It t invariably appears on tea E kas pe Seca pruned
in the autu About April it extends to the pruned tea, which

has by d come into leaf. At first it looks like a minute pink
Spot, which, on being viewed through the leaf, is seen to be
surrounded by a pale margin. This widens, and the upper
surface of the leaf at this point becomes depressed into a oiana
pit that appears shining and moist. Sia under urinae loo

üke a wart of a white, wo olly appeara These warts, as Rees
Le o suite together and invade the ae until ihe whole of
the affected parts shrivel up. The woolly surface of the ms

Eu seems to be covered with white filaments, but I could never
detect these as bearing spores. Shortly after this the leaves and.
shoots turn quite black, and fall to the ground. At this stage the
tea plantation looks as if it had been burned. ave seen
hundreds of acres completely ruined in this manner. But in two
months or so, new shoots appear, and the blight is not seen again,
asa rule, till next spring, and even then spasmodically, and where
unpru uned tea exists. It was very bad in the spring of 1895, and
in 1897 I could not discover a bush with this blight in the very
gardens where, at the time of my first visit, all operations had
been completely stopped by it
view entertained by Dr. Watt as to the fungous nature of
the naati proved to be correct, microscopic examinatiou showing
-ìt to be an undescribed species of na neci possessing
features vd interest from the = neca al standpoint, more

ls soris nie igi the spongy jer us of the leaf ee
situated Within the area occupied by the mycelium of the fungus.

110

‘The conspicuous maik present on leaves that have been attacked
for some time, are sed by the secondary increase in the number
of leaf-cells over a limited area of the surface being resisted by
the healthy unyielding tissues of the leaf; hence the abnormal
growth, stimulated by the action of the parasite, assumes the form
of a blister, being concave on the upper, and convex on the under
surface of the leaf. When the points of infection are numerous
on a leaf, the Sie osos distinct blisters grow into each other
diae their developm ent. The mycelium is very slender, not
exceeding 2u in hi ERN. sparingly transversely septate, and
tinged with yellow when seen in the mass. It runs between the
cells, which finally become e$: Funes and separated from each
other. ter becoming co ted in clusters between the
epidermal cells of the convex varices of the blister, on the under
surface of the leaf, the mycelium ruptures the cuticle and appears
on the surface of the blister under the form of minute, densely
crowded clusters of hyphae. When the growth of the parasite is
very vigorous the hymenium is not infrequently formed on both
surfaces of the blister. Some of these hyphae run out into long,
sterile filaments, ite a minutely downy or velvety appearance
tothe blister, when seen under a lens; the great majority of the
hyphae, mir rti ere ag short, and produce a single conidium at
the a - * The nidia are hyaline, or with a tinge of yellow
when in the. mass, elliptic with somewhat pointed ends,
sotto slightly constricted at the septum, straight, or sometimes
very slightly curved, measuring 14-16 x 5-64. It is not unusual
to find conidia germinating in situ, each cell of the “cae
producing one slender germ-tube. Mixed with the conidiophore

are numerous basidia, but these are not sufficiently crowded nd
compact to form a typical hymenium, the surface of the tuft
constantly remaining loose in texture, resembling the face of a
brush rather than a waxy, compact surface. "The basidia are
subeylindric, and so far as observed, constantly produce ues
slender, spine-like sterigmata, es ugh t the presence of fou
daughter nuclei in some preparations of basidia stained with
iodine would seem to su tieit the probability of four
sterigmata being found in some instances. The Vei iesus are hyaline,

5x3. When old, ee tufts of hyphae appear to contract a lit tle,
thus becoming more isolated and distant from each other, and
giving the iymestami s a cracked appearance.
The branches do not appear to be disfigured to the same extent
as the leaves by the parasite.
Preventive measures rumen the —— by Dr. Watt
that the disease *invariably appears on that has not been
pruned in the autumn," it seems ut pensieri to suggest that
autumn pruning should be carried out, unless there is so
strong reason for not doing so. The removal of diseased portions
before the spores are mature would go far towards preventing a
recurrence of the rre Such infected parts should be burned,
and not allowed to remain on the ground. Spraying would not,
in all probability, be permissible, vut io a solution of potas-
sium sulphide (one ounce to three gallons of water) would pre-
vent to a great extent the spread of the dites if applied at the

111

time when it first appears. All known species of ISCONMMMARIN
are parasites, forming blisters or galls on the leav es and bra

of the host plant ; the flowers and fruit are

Species belonging to the following genera are known to serve as
host plants :—-Rhododendron, Vaccinium, Andromeda, Cassandra,
EN ADAE Ledum, Saifraga, Laurus, Si Voc d 'ena-
therum, and Bromus. The above list of genera belonging to
diy separated orders of AD suggests T Possit ot some
ally of the tea plant also serving as a host for the * blister blight,"

is but little hope of eradieating the disease until suc

The following is a diagnosis of the species :—

Exobasidium vexans, Mussee.

H. ymenophora innata, effusa, forma varia, vulgo orbicularia vel
oblonga, in foliis infestatis bullas supra concavas infra convexas
4-12 mm. diam. interdum confluentesformantia. Hymeniumleve,
siccitate rimosum, initio pallidum, dein state albo-pruinosum.
Basidia cylindracea 30-35 x 5-6 p, actis sterigmata
aculeata, 3 x Op. Spore grips ux, hyaline,
glabrz, sepe gasiti, 2 x 3p. Conidia taa hvala
l-septata, ad septum leviter constricta, 14-16 x 5-6 y.

On living leaves and branches of Camellia Thea, Ass

Fig. 6, Leaf of tea plant, with blisters formed by blister blight
(Benbesidines vexans); nat. size. Fig. 7, Section through a
blister; x 100. Fig. 8, Portion of hymenium of same, showing
numerous conidia, v, and basidia, b, bearing two spores each ;
x 400. Fig.9, Free spores; x 400. Fig. 10, Conidia ; x 400

THREAD BLIGHT,
(Stilbum nanum, Massee).

This very remarkable d Ming: agreeing technically with
the genus Stilbum in the structure of the conidiophore, differs
very materially in the presence of it etabaesteyy branched, sterile
stroma composed of densely interwoven, slender, oped septate,
vaguely branched ae 2-3 p in diameter, combin
thin, white membrane, which is inseparable from the berk or leaf
on which it UNS. This sterile felted mycelium often forms

branches, and then breaks up into irregularly-branched slender
strands, many of which are not thicker than thread, hence the
planter's name “thread blight.’ "The delicate white strands of
mycelium run alon ng the surface of the bark to the tips of the
young shoots, b irregularly ; thence they
not infrequ iently pass “on to the leaves, where they form a yet
more delicate, irregularly branched pattern. Microscopic examina-
tion of a diseased branch shows that the slender mycelium is at
first most abundant in the cambium ae and extends to the young
wood, the vessels of which soon become choked with a dense weft
of myc o A slight browning of the tissues indicates m
progress of the mycelium. This rnal mycelium m passes throu
the * substance of the bark, and dum audi to the superficial stands

112
of mycelium described above. The branches are eventually killed

vessels of the wood by mycelium. So far as can be observed
from an examination of the ample supply of material forwarded
by Dr. Watt, the fruit of the fungus is only produced after the
branch on which it occurs is dead, when it appears on the surface
of the bark under the form of miniature pins about half a line
high, and of a pale yellow colour. These fruits generally occur
in large numbers, giving to the branch a minutely velvety or hairy
appearance as seen with the naked eye.

In the absence of living material it is impossible to state

interior of the living plant; but the general habit suggests the
idea of its being a root-fungus, first attacking the slender —
and afterwards extending into the above-ground portions of t
plant. If mycelium is found in quantity on the thicker vit
branches and about the base of the trunk, the above supposition
would doubtless be correct, and would imply the presence of
strands of mycelium in the soil ; such strands pete traversing
the soil and extending from one plant to another, as is known to

the case in other root-parasites, as Dematophor 4 pi atrix and
Rosellinia radiciperda. The fungus described above is in all
probability o nly the conidial ess of some higher form, which,
as is usually the case, nese forms its fruit on igs a "decay ed
portions of the host plan

Preventive measures t examination, as indicat above, ore
the fungus to be a root-parasite, a trench should be made round
the base of the stem, as deep as practicable without safari the
roots, and filled with Tee, or failing this, with sare shes. Deep
narrow trenches should be made enclosing batches of diseased
trees, for the dg ntis of checking the spread of underground

^ i d :
stances branches killed by the disease should be collected and
burned, otherwise the conidia formed on such branches will be
carrie ed by wind and other agencies, and infect healthy ees
Care should be taken to ascertain whether the fungus is sent
A eee plants growing in the vicinity of the plantations, in no
of care exercised on the tea plants to prevent the disease

will avail if the fungus is present on other plants that grow near
a

The r, brise will enable the fungus to be recognized
by a mycologist

Stilbum Mid Massee (sp. nov

Conidiophora minutissima, vix 5 alta, gregaria, flavida.
Stipites æquales, tenues. Ca apitula oboe) vel obovata. Conidia
A uu e ques minuta, hyalina, continua, elliptica, muco primitus
uias lr x

g branches and leaves ot Camellia Thea.

La

113

DCIX.—FUNGI EXOTICI, I.

The collections enumerated below have pose: recently received
Kew for determination. With the object of endering possible

a more exact knowledge of the geographical distribution of Fungi,
lists of all the species communicated are given under their
respective countries.

SPITZBERGEN.

The foliowing fungi were detected on plants collected during
the Conway Expedition by Mr. A. Trevor-Battye

PYRENOMYCETES.

Pleospora Drabe, Schröter, N s Pilz, (1881) p. 15.
On Braya alpina, Sternb. et Hoppe, Red Mount.

Spherella yo onion E ^ uersi. ne yc. Eur. Pyr. p. 17, fig. 19, ex
Sacc. Syll. i. (1882) p. 5

On dead grass kaea

SPHÆROPSIDEÆ.

Septoria Saxifragæ, Passer. in Rev. Mycol, ii. (1880) p
On Saxifraga Hirculus, Linn., The Flower Garden, A VEN:
Diplodina Arenariæ, Massee (sp. nov.). Perithecia bra eines
subepidermica, ostiolo erumpentia, globoso-conica, contextu pa ren-
chymatica, fuscidula, 5 m m, ata. Spor idia elongato-clavalata,

constricta, hyalin na, curvula Ra Ses e, 25-30 x 6-7 p; basidia
hyalina, 25-30 x 2-2-5 p.
e M mcer and fruit of Arenaria verna, Linn., The. Glen, Red

Distingoished from all — species of voee by the
large perithecia and spores. At first immersed, globose, and
astomous, finally a bepillate: ostiolum developes sai: pierces thé
epidermis, and about half the entire perithecium becomes
eru mpen at.

Coniothyrium arundinaceum, Sacc. in Michelia i. dpi a 203.
Dane’ s Island. On fading leaves of Phippsia algida, R

Cura.

The interesting fungus described below was collected and com
municated b M Mr. George M. H. Playfair, H. B. M. Consulate,
Ningpo, Chin

HYPHOMYCETES.
pue Rinse Massee (sp. nov.). Sporodochia hypophylla,
0-5-1 . lata. Conidia

beffu innato-erumpentia, 0-5-1 mm
Kilis, cim, 2-radiata, 16-20 p diam., radiis apice óbtiastis; |

114

Parasitic on leaves of Machilus canker Sieb. et Zucc.;
Ning

The small, snow-white erumpent patches superbeially resemble
the work of some Coccus. Distinguished from 7" riglyphium
album, Fresen., the only other species, by the conidia being
larger and constantly 3-rayed.

Inpia.

Specimens of fungi, accompanied in some instances ul sketches
or photographs, have been received from Mr. J. S. e, M.
F.L.8., Conservator of Forests, N.W. Provinces ; Bige. Shincon
J. E. T. Aitchison, M.D., CLE. ERS.: and Mr. G. Marshall
Woodrow, F.L.S., Poona Coll. of Science.

BASIDIOMYCETRS.

Lepiota altissima, Massee (sp. mov.) Pileus membranaceus,
albidus, centro tantum carnosus, e convexo-plano subumbonatus,
squ oneentricis innatis subsqua rrosus, ad marginem fim-
briatus, fibrosus, circiter 8 cm. latus. Lamelle libere, subconferte,
albe, dein pallide flave. Spore ovate, 8 x 5p; basidia sub-
clavata, 28-30 x 8-10 p. Stipes a pileo discretus, albus, cylin-
draceus, babilon duviilosun: tandem usque ad 25 cm. longus,
apice vix lem. crassus. Annulus persistens, fimbriatus.

BoMBAY. Growing in open pastures, near Poona, Woodrow, 22.

A very distinct a i belonging to the group of L. procera, In
all probability e

Collybia nipinl, Massee (sp. nov.). Pileus centro excepto
submembra s, e campanulato expansus, ct nereus, mar-
giae Mni. Vubibvolitus. velutino-squamulosus, 2-4 cm. ihc
Lamelle postice release st ha. distantes, alte, dein gris
acie Viam Spore subglobose, hyaline, 5-6 p. Stipes M
losus, Dunne attenuatus, pileo sim "undique densissime
costumi

N. W. Paora. Cæspitose, on naked rocks, Jehri Garh wal,
alt. 7500 ft., Gamble, 25418.

Hymenochete leonina, Berk. et Curt. in Journ.. Linn. Soc. x.
(1869) p. 334.

N. W. PROVINCES. On dead bark, Jaunsar, Gamble, 25101.

Lachnocladium himalayense, Massee (sp. nov.). Truncus cras,
siusculus, elongatus, 0 em. circiter, pallide rufescens. Rami
ramulique rugulosi, teretes vel subcompressi, axillis arcuatis,
alutacei, dein cinnamomeo-fuliginei, "apicibus pallidis state
nigricantibus, Spot Πsubglobo ose, hyaline, 4-5 p

SIKKIM the ground in fir bend Phalisioond Ridge,
alt. 10000 ft., pone 29.

Corticium ceruleum, Fries, Hym. Fi He oe p. 651.

N.W. PROVINCES. On old dry wood, e nitting a phosphorescent
light, t id Forest, Dehra Dun, Gamblin: 25600.

115

Erinella corticola, Massee (sp. nov.). Ascomata 1-1:5 mm. alta,
0*5 mm. lata, gregaria vel subsparsa, primo globosa, dein erumpentia,
planiuscula, extus ptu albida, margine ciliato pallido,

disco pallido vel ochraceo. Stipes brevissimus, cylindraceus,
bulbillosus, albus. Asci Tacagilaens 90-100 x 6-7 p, iodo
haud tincti. Spore pice filiformi-fusoidee, pluriguttulate,
demum 9-11-s pe 5-60 x Lop. Paraph yses fusoidez, ascis

longiores, 3—4 y lato.
N. W. PROVINCES. On bark, Dehra Dun, Gamble, 25545.

USTILAGINE®.

Ustilago segetum, Winter in Rabenh. Krypt. FI. i. qe P 90.
. W. PROVINCES. Dehra Dun; on Pre Gamble, 25681: on
Cynodon Dactylon, Pers., 25680 ; 8, 25 682.
a ae olivacea, Tul. in Ann. ks pay sér. 3, vii. (1847) p. 88.
V. W. HIMALAYA. On Carex condensata, Nees, ‘Gamble, 25069.

UREDINE®.

Gambleola, Massee (gen. nov.). Teleutospore biloculares, conca-
tenate, ex omnibus partibus arctissime coalite, columellam
eylindraceo- elongatam ro asas sporidiolis globosis hyalinis.
hone aud evolut

rfücially resembling Cronartium, but differing in the
teleutospores being two- celled, and in the absence of uredospores
aro the base of the ciluk of telentospores. Masseeella differs
in its teleutospores being one-celled, and not concatenate.

e present genus, "the teleutospores are for the most part
two-celled, resembling those of Gymnosporangium, each cell

septate the ape
cell producing a spherical, hyaline modit: Although ye
teleutospores are cemented together on every side, to forth the
column, yet when crushed they are seen to be arranged in
parallel chains.

Gambleola cornuta, Massee (sp. nov.). ee d
Sporarum gregarise, cespitose, cylindracem, filiform
curvateque, umbrine, usque ad 3 mm. longe. Teleutosporee
oblongatze, utrinque attenuate, i x 10-12 p, ad septum vix
constrictz, fuscidulx, loculis 2-pori

. PROVINCES. On living Tidi of Berberis nepalensis,
Spreng., Chakrata, alt. 7000 ft., Gamble, 24387.

The cylindrical sori s teleutospores are caespitose in tufts of
5-9 individuals, brown and somewhat flaccid when- moist,
becoming rigid and blackish when dry. Pursetità on the under,
or very rarely on the upper surface of living leaves.

Uromyces Hobsoni, Vize in Grevillea iv. (1876) p. 115. Sori in
maculas tumidas rubro-brunneas in Jasmini ramulis foliisque
dense aggregati; sori in ramulis 1-4 cm. de s sori in utrisque
pagnia oloa plus minusve orbiculares, 2-4 mm. diam., subtus

cte concavi, supra convexi. T eleutosporerelliptics, apice basique
acute wis subobovatae, dilute fulvie, leves, pariete apice incrassato,

+

116

48-51 x 20-24 p; pedicelli hyalini, wqualiter filiformes, 118-121
x 6-1 dia alba, cirea 05 mm. diam., marginibus hinc
inde fissis revolutis sque. Hcidiosporw hyaline, leves, globose
vel ob pressionem irregulariter angulatz, 14-15 » diam.
BOMBAY. On Jasminum sp., Kolapore, Colonel Hobson.
N. W. PROVINCES. Dehra Dun, Gamble, 25283.
In all the specimens examined the teleutospores are €:
mature, nevertheless, on several patches, scattered æcidia.
present, showing that these Hed: had preceded the. iéleifto-
spore condition on the same patch
Puccinia coronata, Corda, Icon. Fung. i. (1837) p. 6, t. 2, fig. 96.
N. W. PROVINCES. The ecidial form on livin leaves of
Rhannus purpurea, Edgew., Deoban, alt. 9000 ft., Cice 24427.
a Graminis, Pers. Disp. Fung. (1797) p. 39, t. 3, fi . 9.
N. W. VINCES. e æcidial form on living lives of
Berberis vulgaris, Linn., Deoban, alt. 8000 ft., Gamble, 25779.
Puccinia fusca, Wallr. FI. Crypt. ii. Ran p. 330
N. W. PROVIN NCES. The :ecidial for n Anemone rivularis,
Buch-Ham., Deoban, alt. 9000 ft., Baeble, 24409,
- p Hypericorum, Winter in Rabenh. Krypt. Fl. i. (1884)
p.

N: W. VINCES. On living leaves of Hypericum cernuum,
Roxb., ; alt. 7000 ft., Gamble, § 25111.

Melampsora epitea, Thimen in Mitth: Vers. Oest. ii. (1879) p

N. W. PROVINCES. On living leaves of Salix elegans, Wai
du alt. 9000 ft., Gamble, 24399.

Uredo Oldenlandim, Massee (sp. nov). Sori minuti, amphigeni,
maculas non e faa ag 300-500 p diam., sparsi vel inordinate
gregarii, prominuli, epidermide primo tecti, adm apice rupto
pallide S hficel- Uredospore oblong vel obovate, episporio pro
ratione tenues, ubique dense et ra echinulate, sessiles,
raro pedicellate, hyaline, 20-25 x 10-12

.W. PROVINCES. On living leaves of Oldenlandia sp., Jehri
Garhwal alt. 4000 ft., Gamble, 95441.

The sori are pale ochraceous when dry, but are in Md prohavtaiy
white dn cee the spores are colourless. sembles
U. Cussonie, Coo a in habit and general Nee but
differs pa er in frd spor

Acidium Clematitis, DC. É Fr. ed. 3, ii. (1805) p. 243.

N. W. PROVINCES. On living leaves of Jasminum humile, Linn.,
Jaunsar, alt. 9000 ft., Rogers.

SPH HROPSIDEA.

atinula ni rg Massee (sp. nov.). | Perithecia sparsa,
liem ares 1-155 mm. diam. ere disco concaviusculo humido
plicato-cavernoso raked: Ba sidia ma, 90 x 1'5 p, de tl
sporulis a tah utrinque acutisimis "8-10 x 2p u hyalini
hr NCES. On living leaves of Leucas hy VosopéfoMia,
,De Feds Du un, Gamble, 24584.
go bport from all known species by the whitish exterior

and irregularly lacunose, yellow disc. There are usually d
perithecia on a ieaf, mostly hvpophyllous

117

HYPHOMYCETES.

Fusarium pannosum, Massee (sp. ov.). Sporodochia Riu ee
5-10 “em. diam., suborbicularia, sepe confluentia,
cinnabarina, carnosa, compacta. Hyphæ repentes, dense rocker
ramoss, parce septate, 4-5 m crasse, hyaline. Basidia parce
ramulosa, ramulis fusoideis, conidiis fusoideo-falcatis de
acutissimis 3-septatis ad septa interdum constrictis 35-

NJ On living t he of Cornus aspen er Tg Wall.,
ae alt. 7000 ft., Aitchisor

ery r remarkable s species, in some instances nearly covering

"s Nn and thus forming a conspicuous object at some

considerable distance away. Thick, felt-like, and somewhat

gelatinous when moist, becoming much contracted and wrinkled

Srraits SETTLEMENTS.

Specimens sent to Kew for determination by Mr. H. N. Ridley,
M.A., F.L.S., Director, Gardens and Forest Department, Singapore.

BASIDIOMYCETES.
re oe blepharodes, Berk. et. Curt. in Journ. Linn. Soc. x.
(1869) p
doc OF ‘SELANGOR. On a stump.
Lentinus exilis, Fries, Epicr. (1838) p
SINGAPORE. On dead "wood, Botanic orden, Ridley, 10.
Fomes MAS Per: Syll. vi. (1888) p.

SINGAPORE. On wood, Botanic bandens, Ridley, 2, 11.
Fomes ees o Si by vi. (1888) p
SINGAPORE. On wood, Botanic Gardens, pa L

wie bt xerampelinus, al Syll. vi. iim P; Er
SINGAPORE. On wood, Botanic Gardons,
n flabelliformis, Sace. Syl. vi. ie
SINGAPORE. On rotten wood, Botanic Gardens, er 9.
iner a sanguineus, Fries in Nov. Act. Soc. Sci. Upsal, i.
(1851)
SINGAPORE. On dead trunks, Botanic Gardens, Ridley, 13.
Irpex flavus, Klotzsch in Linnea viii. (1833) p. 488.
STATE tx dames NGOR. Growing on the living trunks of coffee
trees, and said to be the xr of a serious disease, attacking the
plants at the collar, Ridley,

ps nitidulum, Be; P in ak Lond. Journ. Bot. ii. (1843)

SINGAPORE, On the ground, Botanic Gardens, Ridley, 8.
Tome vellereum, Berk. in Hook. f. Fl. N. Zel. ii. (1855) p.

pom On dead wood, Botanic Gardens, Wipro 5
Lachnocladium furcellatum, See. Syll. vi. (1888) p. 7

iu OF SELANGOR. On rotten wood, Batu Leg Ridley,
is

118

PYRENOMYCETES.

Xylaria Ridleyi, Massee (sp. nov.). Capitulum ellipticum vel
obovatum, obtusum, durissimum, crusta fragili pallida tectum, in
stipitem cylindrieum deorsum abrupte attenuatum. — Perithecia
peripherica, ovata, immersa, ostiolis minutissimis immersis.

ei cp N utrinque acute, seepe curvule, 18-20 x 4-5 m,
opace, brunn

SINGAPORE. a dead wood, sn gees Gardens, Ridles UA 15.

A very distinct and
stalked fruit. Capitulum broadly ovate or elliptical, obtuse, whitish,
glabrous, 1-1:5 x 08 — 1 cm., ostiola barely visible under a lens.
Stem about equal in length or slightly shorter than the club,
2-3 mm. thick, pale brown. Allied to Xylaria dealbata, Berk.,
but distinguished by the much less prominent ostiola of the
perithecia, ‘and the smaller spores.

Rosellinia picacea, Massee (sp. nov.) Perithecia dense gregaria,
rarius sparsa, vendo onacea, nigra, maculis albo-luteis ornata, ostiolo

minuto vix prominulo hiante. Asci cylindracei, stipitati, apice
abat, Setopati, circa 300 x 18 p. Spore oblique monostich:e,
fuscæ, ellipties, utrinque acute, 2-guttulate, 30 x 15 p. Paraphyses
septate, capitate, filiformes.

SINGAPORE. On dead bark, Botanic Gardens, Ridley.

Perithecia 1:5 mm. in diameter, crowded and forming patches
2-3 em. across. Superficially resembling a species of Pertusaria.
vem ito pare: dte pachydermatica, Cesati, but quite distinct

from and every other described species "in the large spores,
disney sspl cité ucl den ied in the se aerial patches
on the perithecium, which a metimes raised above the general

level of the surface, and odisequautly resemble wath

Xylaria d Grev. Flor. Edin. (1824) p. 355.
SINGAPORE. wood, Botanic gigas Hid y, 14.

Tryblidiella i rum Syll. ii. (1883) p
eae On dead branches, Botanic Line cid mpi

dinia Mig Cesati et De Not. in Comm. Soc. Crittog.
em i. (1863) p.
INGAPORE. Ge logs, Botanic Guda Ridley, 4.

Kertzschmaria Mee Massee; Poronia Heliscus, Mont. Syll.
Crypt. ues p. 2

SINGAPORE. ins dead bark, Botanie Gardens, Ridley, 1

i. resent species is a genuine Kertzschmaria, and not a
Poronia, as is proved by examination of a portion H een hy 8

fy
S
"A
E
B
Hi
oe
m
©
v
=
2
3
=

HYPHOMYCETES.

Tubereularia apiospora.. Dur. et Mont. in Erpl. Sc, Alger.
Crypt. (1866-69), p. 333.
SINGAPORE, On dead wood, Botanic iris

119

tinosa ioru
vel ellipsoidea, continua, isn nulata, demum plus minusve
secedentia, plasmate aurantiac

A remarkable fungus selec very obvious affinities, belonging
to the Tuberculariex- Muc edi inex, having continuous, brightly-

e
apical ones being the oldest, and becoming free they etie:
new conidia at the same time forming at the base of the chai

Necator decretus, Massee (sp. Mond! Sporodochia ase pend
laxe gregaria, sessilia, erumpentia, 1-1-5 mm. diam., interdum
oblonga, 2-25 x 1: 5 mm., alba, dein aurantio-rubescentia,
Conidia continua, ellipsoidea, catenulata, 14-18 x 7-8

STATE OF SELANGOR. On cultivated coffee trees.

Said to be a very pent parasite, attacking the young
branches, by commencing at the tips and working downwards.
When the pustules first burst through the bark they are white,
finally becoming oran nge-red, due to the formation of the coni idia,
the epispore of which is smooth and hyaline, but the contents
orange-red. The general appearance of the fungus under a
pocket-lens, is that of a minute Dacryomyces or Orbilia. It is
said that by removing the injured branches, the spread of the
disease is checked.

MYXOGASTRES,

aois Fo anian, Rostaf. Monog. Mycet. (1875) p. 285, t. 1,
figs. 7-12.
SINGAPORE. On dead wood, Botanic Gardens, Ridley, 16.

Borneo.

Fungi from the East Coast of British North pesega collected
by Mr. "0. V. Creagh, C.M.G., late Governor of Labua

BASIDIOMYCETES,

etus vix 1 mm. latus. L ibis postice decurrentes, iab

distantes, albide, Spore ‘obovate, hyaline, 5-6 x 4 4; basidia

clavata, 25-30 x 4—5 zi sig ipes filiformis, glaber, AEA basi
itu

Allied to Marasmius a Berk., hut distinguished by
the whitish, glabrous pileu

Tr aime pergameneus, Lv. ín Ann. ki: Nat. sér, 3, v. (1846)

120

On stumps and fallen branches.
The specimens are rather small in size, oe pore all the
characteristics of the species to which they are referred.
Panus conchatus, gg Epicr. (1838) p. 398.
Growing on fallen log
Polyporus — a ies, Syst Myce. i. (1821) p. 353.
On dead tree-trun
Fomes Ab vens Syll. vi (1888) p. 152.
On dead w
Fomes MEM face, Syll. vi. (1888) p. 176
On dead wood.
Fomes MESS Nn Sacc. Syll. vi. (1888) p. 196.
On dead. wood.
COPAIN membranaceus, Fries in Nov. Act. Soc. Sci, Upsal. i.
(1851) p. 93.
On dnd wood.
Polystictus Xanthopus, Fries in Nov. Act. Soc. Sei. Upsal. i.
(1851) p. 75.

n dead branches.

British New Guixza.

The species enumerated below were collected by Mr. W. ih ri rcd

and communicated by Sir Ferdinand von Mueller, K.C.M.G
F RS F.L.S.

BASIDIOMYCETES.
Laccaria Hookeri, Massee ; TR Hookeri, Berk. in Hook.
Kew Journ. Bot. iv. (1852) p. 1
On rotten wood, Amaiama.
A exactly with vtique 8 type, collected by Dr. (now
Sir) J. . Hooker in Khas elevation of 6000 ft. The

e
The present species is a typical
the ge nus Laccaria, Berk. & Broome, having the
ails at maturity powdered = white, globose, warted spores,
iris measure 7-8 py in diamete

ntinus infundibuliformis, Berk. et Broome in Journ. Linn.
Pen xiv. (1875) p. 42.

- On rotten vena Amaiama.

Lentinus dde oe Seog in Grevillea xiv. (1885) p. 12.
On logs, Kumusi R

Lentinus space ries, wore r. (1838) p. 393.
On rotten wood, Kumusi Riv

i crinitus, Berk. in ue Mag. Nat. Hist. x. en
jid rotten wood, Lampotan,

121
"ira pergameneus, Lév. in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, v. (1846)

m rotten wood, Kumusi hiver.

Lentinus oM mana, in Fries Syn. Gen. Lent. (1836) p. 10.
On rotten d, Guni

filu i iibi: dei (sp. nov.). Pileus membranaceus,
coriaceo-lentus, subreniformis, albidus aut cinnamomeus, tomento
albo obductus, sspe floccosus, margine striatus, 4-5 cm. latus.
Lamelle confertissime, albidz, setate stramines, acie lacerato-
dentatz. Spore elliptic, hyaline, 7 x 4u. Stipes tenax, fuscus,
1-2 em. longus, eiii or

On rotten branches, Sam ;

Allied to Lentinus flabellifor mis, due but distinguished by
the erowded gills and elliptical spores

Sehizophyllum sommas, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. (1821) p. 330.
On a rotten trunk, Dogura

SOyporue bia Fries, Syst. Myc. i. (1821) p. 358.
On trunks, Sam

Polyporus auberianns Mont. in La Sagra, Hist. Ile Cuba, Crypt.,
(1838-42) p.

uper dos, Medan.

Fomes incrassatus, Sacc. Syll. vi. (1888) p. 205.
On logs, Malama River.

aoe species hsa been previously collected in New Guinea by
rm

Hak end Sacc. Syll. vi, (1888) p. 164.
On logs, Jim

Fomes ita Gill. Hymén., (1814) p. 658.
On dead wood, Kumusi River.

The specimens agree exactly with the Australian form of this
species, being altogether smaller than the typical p es an form,
but at the same time not differing in any essential featur

Fomes Curreyi, Sacc. Syll. vi. (1855) p. 135; Polyporus mE
laceus, Curr. i n Trans . Linn. Soe. ser. 2, i. (1876) p. 124 (non Berk.).
n logs, Jim:

Polystictus ku, Fries in Nov. Act. Soc. Sci. Upsal. i.

(1851) p. 74.
titan wood, Medan.

Polystictus nephridius, Sacc. Syll. vi. (1888) p. 219.

On 1 K i River.

Eerstiotus affinis, Fries in Nov. Act. Soc. Sci. Upsal. i. (1851)
2

On fallen trunks, Kumusi River.
Polystictus E erea eis Syll. vi. (1888) p. 225.
On dead wood, Kum
Poit Ee Sace. Syll. vi. (1888) p. 288.
n dead branches, Kumusi River.

asi). 1. sanguineus, Fries, in Nov. Act. Soc. Sci. Upsal. i.

ecayed trunks and stumps, Kumusi River.
B
4

122

dome Persoonii, Sace. Si Als vi. (1888) p. 272.
On decayed trunks , Kumusi Ri

A very vasibble e spec ies ; soban effused and sec adnate
without the slightest trace of a free or reflexed margin ; suc
patches vary from 6 inches to 2 feet in length, and judging from
the appearance of herbarium specimens, are MODA still larger
when growing. In other specimens, the greater portion of the
fungus is resupinate, the margin alone being free and more or less
reflexed. Finally, there is every stage of transition shown by this
species, from the typical Poria, or resupinate form, to the equally
typical Polystictus form, growing cet ntally, and attached to the
matrix by a narrow base. The dark red cuticle usually peels off
and disappears as the fungus becomes old, commencing at the
margin of the pileus, and producing a very characteristic
appearance.

Polystictus obliquus, a wan (sp. nov.). Pileus tenuis, coriaceus,
applanatus, late obovatus, velutinus, dein glabrescens, concentrice
sulcatus, pallidus, nitens, doii fulvescens, azonus, latus.
Pori minutissimi, rotundati. Sporæ subglobose, flavidæ, 5 ji
Stipes lateralis, concolor, interdum basi fuscescens, 4-5 mm.
longus crassusque

On decayed wood, Kumusi Riv

Allied to Polyporus spathulatus, Berk., but distinguished by
the silky or tomentose pilev

Poria mellea, Sacc. des vi. (1883) p. 317.

On rotten woo ma
Hexagonia TER Fri ies, Epicr. (1838) p. 498.

On dead wood, Mulam
Trametes lactinea, Bork in Grevillea i. (1872) p. 66.
n dead wood, Wam

Dedalea omnis Berk. et Curt. in Grevillea i. (1872)

On dead wood, Samarai.
Laschia niei e tes, Summa Veg. Scand. (1846) p. 325.
On decayed wo
CRAB) py ide iibi, Fria in Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh,
On dead wood, Kumusi River.
Stereum dritter viis EAE (1836) p. 55.
On dead wood, Kumusi Riv
ce sone Beet. et Curt. in Grevillea i. (1813)

On dead wood, Kumusi River
The present species has only been recorded previously from the
United States and Brazil.
Stereum fasciatum, Fries, abt (1838) p. 546.
On rotten logs, Ku umu si Riv
virer vbi cael Fries, ‘ie (1838) p. 547.
On dea ia
"emend andres Fri se gc (1838) p. 548,
On dead branches, Amaia

193

ee leonina, Berk. et Curt. in Journ. Linn, Soc. x.
(1869). p
ibd. vob Samarai.
Hirneola polytricha, Fries in Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. (1848)
46

p. 146.
On dead branches, Samarai.

Guepinia spathularia, Fries, Elenchus ii. (1828) p. 32.
n dead wood, Samarai.

ASCOMYCETES.

Xylaria b g me ra Syll. i. (1882) p. 340.
On dead wood, Sam
Geopyxis elata, PAS (sp. nov.). Ascomata tecta cupulata,

extus intusque alutacea, rugulosa, glabra, 2 cm. lata. Stipes | ongie-
— eu glaber, pallidus, 6-8 cm. longus, 3-4 m
crassu Asci cylindraceo- -pedicellati, octospori, iodo e

tincti, 7320-250 x 18-20 u. Spore elliptico-fusoideæ, utrinque
acuminatæ, hyalinds, 32-35 x 14-15 p. Paraphyses filiformes.

On the ground, Kumusi River

Hypothecium and excipulum formed of slender, interwoven
hyphx, which pass into a small-celled parenchymatous cortex.
Allied to Geopyxis aluticolor, Berk., but distinguished by the
much longer stem, larger spores, and by growing on the ground.

Chetomium comatum, Fries, Syst. e iii. (1829) p. 253.
On dead stems of grass, Kumusi Rive

WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

Fungi collected by Miss Egerton-Warburton, and communicated
by Sir Ferdinand von Mueller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., F.L.

BASIDIOMYCETES.
Lepiota idile, Sace. Sui. ix. (1891) p. 9.
On the ground, on Riv
Collybia aao dibs, Sacr Syll, ix. (1891) p. 28.
On the ground, Gordon Riv
vr ue dealbatus, fus in Lehm. Pl. Preiss. ii. (1846-47)

On dead wood, Gordon River.
Flammula flavida, PN Ryss. Finl. Hattsv. (1879) p. 406.
On logs, Gordon Riv
Flammula sapinea, Karst ayn Finl. Hattsv. (1819) p. 410.
On the ground, Gordon Riv
Flammula fusa, Moris Rye Finl. Hattsv. (1819) p. 405.
On wocd, Gordon Rive
Polysaccum resets Cooke et Mass. in Grevillea xvi. (1887)

‘On the ground, Gordon River.

4 B2

124

TASMANIA.

The following collection, remarkably rich in new and
interesting hypogeous species, was referred to Kew for deter-
mination b Mr. L. Rodway, of Hobart, Tasmania. Coloured
figures of the Basidiomycetes were sent with the specimens.

BASIDIOMYCETES.

Clitocybe lilacina, ipee (sp. nov.). Pileus carnosulus, cyathi-
formis, margine primo involutus, levis, glaber, pallide violaceus,
expallescens, 2-4 cm, T b Lamelle ponte late, attenuato-
Bees a lilacine. Spore ellipsoidew vel obovate, hyaline,

7-8 x ; basidia clavata, 40 x 7-8 p. Stipes equalis, solidus,
subfibrillosus, lilacinus, apice albus ears agai 5-7 cm. longus.
r Hob art, Rodway, 54.

A remarkably fine ara superficially resembling the amethyst-
coloured form of Clitoci E: pantit Fries (La accaria laccata,

rk. & Broome) but differing in the smooth, elliptical spores,
and the deeply decurrent Ey Clitocy ibe porph bu Berk. &
Curt., a North American species, also possesses some points in
common with the fungus under consideration, but differs dis-
tinctly in having adnate gills.

Russula “Seema A Massee (sp. nov.). Tinu Ge e con-
vexo explanatu depressusve, mox siccus, margine exoletus
substriatus, Pm coccineus, epidermide Sopamblir 3-5. cm. latus.
Caro alba, mitis. Lamelle postice —M latze, ;quales,
raro subfurcate, albids, state om aut tantum hine inde
ochraceo-fuscate. nore aphiekotdeis; fies verruculose, hyaline,
11-12 »; basidia clavata, 21-24 x 9-10 u. Stipes spongioso-farctus,
dein lacunosa-cavus, basi subincrassatus, subrugulosus, albus,
3—5 em. longus.

On the ground, Hobart, Rodway, 296.

Distinguished from all known species by the following com-
bination of characters. ‘Taste mild ; pileus light to dark crimson ;

ills

Russula fragilis, Fries, which, however, differs in its extreme
preme acrid taste, and. forked ‘gills,

Russ urea, E Tab. Anal yi: (1884) p. 47.
On the miin z near Hobart, Rodway
. Identical with the species as “at Soe by Gillet, irom French
specimens. -

Lactarius subdulcis, Fries, Epic r Mae p. 345.
On the ground, near Hobart, Rodw

Agreeing with the typical fuioget es

tonia Rodwayi, Massee (sp. nov.). Pilews membranaceu

convexo-explanatus, profunde umbilicatus, margine bone
jets obscure essio-virens, squam ulosus, siecitate pallescens,
9-3 c atus. Lamelle adnatæ, postice sinuato-uncinate, late,
Eo ani pallidz. Sporw valde irregulares, roseæ, 8-10 x 7
Stipes subtistulosus, flexuosus, fibrillosus, viridi-olivaceus vel
uteo-virens.

On the ground, near Hobart, Rodway, 41.

Me
r

125

Solitary. Pileus dark green, rather nay, minutely squamu-
lose. Allied to Leptonia lampropoda, Fries, and L. serrulata,
Pers. but differing from both in the dark green colour of the
pileus and stem

Nidularia fasismi Massee (sp. nov.). Peridia "d haud
confluentia, alba, tuberculosa, nudo oculo glabra uissima,
taudem undique disr rupta et evanescentia. ia nume-
rosa, discoidea, muco copioso involuta, flavo-brunnea,

Spore ee ee ile oe acute, hyaline, 9-12 x 4-45 p.

(0) d, gully off Huon Road, Rodway, 345.

A anes tends wi mm. in diameter ; peridium very delicate,
silvery-white, evanescent. It belongs to the section Sorosia of
Tulasne, characterized by the presence of filaments mixed with
the Miss The four known species are imperfectly described ;
m one instance is any mention made of = —— hence the
inen affinity of the present species is uncerta

ASCOMYCETES.
Gymnomyces, Mass. et Rodw. (gen. nov.). sakes haud dis
tinetum vel nullum. Gleba carnosa, ad n fertilis, ditus

intusque Saito, cellulis cavis ubique atiati septa haud
scissilia. Basidia plerumque 2-spora. Spore globose, hyalinæ,
ETEF vel verrucosæ.
rs from Gautieria in the hyaline, globose speres. Some
T aa of Octaviania, in which the peridium is very delicate, bear
some resemblance to the species included in the present genus,
but are E To: by the well develdpal: sterile base and the
tinted spor
Gymnomyoss pem ost. et Rodw. (sp. nov.). Gleba globosa,
irregularis, initio albida, dein sordida, cellulis m majusculis irregu-
laribus s sordide albidis: P tenuia, albida, nec scissilia. Spore
glo 9-10 iam., hyaline, verruculosm sepe brevissime
saatii in aaile basidio tus sterigmatibus "brevibus suffultie. — —
nderground, Rodway, 299. pv
Irregularly spherical, 94 cm. in MOI very fragile, no distinet
ridium. Sterile base obsolete, but one ve cimen growing
into a slender stem emerging from an du billcua
Gymnomyces seminudus, Mass. et Rodw. ap nov.) Gleba
globosa, albida, extus laxe tomentosa, 1:5-2:5 cm. lata, str

rassi
albida, nec scissilia. Basidia subclavata, 2-sterigmatica. . Spore
Sphæricæ, 11-12 » diam., creberrime echinatæ, hyaline.

from those
peridium is slight. Distinguished from G. pallidus, Mass. &
Rodw., by the larger, strongly and densely echinulate spores. _

Genabea tasmanica, Mass. et Rodi. (sp. nov). Peridium : jab
globosum, tuberculosum rit anfractuosum, absque basi ——
propria eortice cinis bad ranulatum vel rugulosum brunneum. —
Gleba pallida, pag n sparsim —— nigro-punctata. —

126

Asci Toa vel oblongi, obtusi, 70-90 x 45-50 p, 2-4-spori.
Spore varie bee cS T ellipsoideæ, utrinque acutæ, leves,
foke, Ml 30-35 6-20 u, mature brunneo-nigræ, sub-
opacæ, nitentes, utraque g y mediam crassam includens.

Underground, in sandy soil, Rodway, 119.

Avery fine and distinct species, 1:5—2:5 cm. in diameter, remark-
able for the very large lemon-shaped spores, which are quite
smooth, clear brown, and translucent when young, finally becoming
blackish-brown and opaque. When quite young the asci are
almost globose, then py minh or obovate, and finally more or less
ju with age, the arrangement of the spores varying with the

orm of the ascus. Wall of ascus thick except at one point at the
apex; it does not turn blue with iodine. Substance of the gleba
consisting entively of hyaline, sparsely septate, thin- walled,
intricately — m hyphe. Not closely allied to any
described specie

Hymenogaster rer Massee (sp. nov.). Peridium globoso-
difforme, sat irregulare, carnosulum, sericeum, albidum, demum
lutescens. Gleba firma, compacta, demum obscure brunnea,
cellulis minutis irregularibus e basi sterili ad peripheriam obscure
directis. Basidia clavata, 2-sterigmatica, sterigmatibus brevi ibus

-8 u. Spore ellipticæ vel limoniformes, apice apiculate,
basi subtruncate, longitudinaliter ridi ier vel carinatz, initio
ochracez, dein flavo-brunne:, 20 x 10-12 y

ong buried twigs, Hobart, Rodway, 116.

Gro wing underground, irregular, 2-3 em. in diameter, white,
becoming dingy yellow when dry. Per vetu very distinct. Gleba
compact, cavities init irregular in form, showing an indistinct
tendency to radiate from the sterile base medica the periphery of
the fungus. Sterile base iens, op T a min giving off branching veins
penetrating the gleba, which bec s dark brown at maturity.
Basidia usually with two Stori diisto Shatin however only a
single sterigma is present. Spores elliptical or lemon-shaped,
apex apiculate, nr icem mts at the point MN
to the attachment of the sterigma ; longitudinally bed, ribs
ge or fortod: and iito, strong, radon at the

- MUN nearly approaching H. decorus, Tul. ; the latter however

iffers in the violet tinge of the gleba, the narrow basidia, very
in eanaplinn ous sterile base, and larger spores, which lack the
strong longitudinal ribs ornamenting the epispore of the present
speci

es.
Hymenogaster albellus, Mass. ot Rodw. (sp. nov.). Peridium
globosum, irregulare, subglabrum, album, demum pallidum, tenu-

issimum, nec separabile. Gleba pallide brunnea, firmula, eallalia
majusculis e pulvinulo basilari sterili minuto albido subradiantibus.
Basidia clavata, haud raro furcata vel irregularia, 1-4-, plerumque
2-, medie iie sterigmatibus longiusculis. Spore elliptico-fusi-
formes v riformes, vulgo utrinque y eygen flavee, maturitate
flavo-b B verruculose 16-17 x 8-9 p

Subterranean, Rodway, 117.

Irregularly subglobose, white, 2-3 cm. in diameter. Age closely
allied to H. /ener, Berk., but readily distinguished b e larger
eavities of the gleba, much less conspicuous sterile sii rae the

127

distinctly although very minutely warted spores. H. Klotzschii,
ul., also presents affinities with the present species, but differs
in the abt glabrous spores.
Hymenogaster violaceus, Muss. et Rodw. (sp. nov.). Per idium
globosum, sat Cg nennt lilacino-fuscum, dein violaceum, viscidum,
leba l

tenue, in nnatum, sericeum. Gleba subelastica, initio
tota albida, dein Picino, cellulis tortuosis majusculis Vesp be
basi sterili glebe minutis; septa tenuia. Basidia angusta,

g
subflexuosa, 2-sterigmatica, sterigmatibus longiusculis acutis.
Spore globoso-ellipticae, obtuse, verruculose, 9 x 7 p, initio
ochracez, dein fusce

Subterranean, or emerging from the ground, Rodway, 297.

Irregularly subglobose, 2-3 cm. in diameter. Allied to Hymeno-
sill lilacinus, Tul., and H. decorus, Tul. ; differing from the
former in the visc id, prr peridium and "warted spores ; and
from ‘the latter in the ‘abs sence of a violet or purple tinge in the
gleba, and the much smaller spores

Hysterangium viscidum, Mass. ef "Rohe. (sp. nov.). | Peridium
irregulare, oblongum, extus castaneum, viscidum, 3 x 1:5 cm., facile
a gleba separabi ile, elasticum, cellulis e basi idant irregu-
laribus minutis ; septa crassa, brdtiack, € scissilia. Spore
oblon ngo-elliptice, utrinque obtusatz, 14-15 x 10 p, 3-4 in quoque
basidio, Lese illatze , flavo-brunnez, pelluci ae vel in massis vise
sordide bru

aresti. near Hobart, Rodway, 210.

Readily distinguished in the genus by the TRE
viscid peridium, and the elliptie- -oblong, obtuse spor

Hysterangium fusisporum, Mass. et Rodw. (sp. nov i Peridium
subglobosum, irregulare, leve, salt tenuissimum, nec a gleb:
separabile, extus albidum flavo aculatum, in ntus albidum. Gleba
firma, pa allida, cellulis exiguis gei ribus sinuosis absque basi
sterili vix conspicuis. Spore fusiformes, leves, 20-22 x 8 p, in
quoque basidio bine, Mg censes brevibus suffultæ, hyaline.

Growin g underground, od 76.

A distinct Species, irregularly pL 1:5-2 cm. in diameter.
Allied to H. membranaceum, Vittad., and to the following species,
but readily Gatingusshed from either by the larger, distinctly

siform, hyaline spores, acute at both ends.

Hysterangium affine, Mass et Rodw. p nov.). Peridium sub-
globosum, basi fibrillis radicalibus instructum, supra nudum,

f :

tate sordide viridis, dein obscure grisea, cellulis difformibus

gyrosis creberrimis minutis. Basidia sor opengl” eben 40 x 8 p,

plerumque tetraspora, sterigmatibus brevibus. Spore ellipsoideo-

Hie Fg nque obtusate, leves, pallide Visuoó-vitemm tul
ngo : Gully, Hobart, Rodway, 123.

e species, subglobose, n em. in diameter, collected in

138

rooting fibres, and the absence of a broadly — ire white
mycelium ; and from H. membranaceum, Vittad., h ick.
glabrous peridium, and the very slight indication ob a a ile base,
The basidia are most frequently tetrasporous, but a few bisporous
basidia are present. The sterigmata are very short.
cine elathroides, Vittad. Monog. Tuber. (1831) p. 13,

Subterranean, Rodway, 265.
IUE: membranaceum, Vittad. Monog. Tuber, (1831)

t. 4, fig.

E les allied T H. affine, Mass. & Rodw., but distinguished by
the membranaceous, dry, subtomentose, white peridium, which,
like the gleba, becomes ün ged with indigo or green when bruised.

Underground, Hobart, DAT sy, 288.

H CAT australiense, Berk. et Broome in Trans. Linn. Sor.
ser. b i ii. (1883) p. 64; SER australiensis, Cooke, Handb.
Austr. Fung. (1892) p. :

Subterranean, Ae Ren 20. Also known from Victoria.

merging from the ground ; when freshly cut milk-bearing.
Irregularly reniform, 1:5-2 em. in diameter, rufous-brown. Gleba
rather compact, paler; sterile base small or none, peridium distinct,
continuous. Spores hyaline, globose, very minutely and sparsely
sentra 10-13 p in diameter. Basidia clavate, bisporous or
ely monosporous, sterigmata elongate

The Tasmanian specimens agree parted with Berkeley’s type
of the species.

base oa carneum, Wallr. in Dietr. Fl. Boruss. (1838)
t. à

Une d Rodway, 118. Widely distributed ; there are
specimens in the Kew Herbarium from the ollowing countries :
England, Scotland, IE Germany, Silesia, Italy, Sweden,
Finland, and Australia

t Gleb rather friable, pink; ¢ vilicd tortuous, rather large ;
sterile base very distinct, emen 8 sending strands through the
leba. Basidia narrowly ey iniri elavate, with two long, tapering

sterigmata, rarely only one ves is present. Spores globose,
hispid kenn crowded, slender spines, 2-3 » long, hyaline, 13-18 p
in diam

Allied p H. australiense, Berk. & Broome, but readily dis-
tinguished by the pink tinge of the peridium and gleba, and the

more distinetly spinulose spores.

Hydnocystis cyclospora, Massee; Bei Sa aurantiac cl, Var.
cyclospora, Cooke, in Grevillea xv. (1886) p. 16 ; Hydnocystis
convoluta, MeAlpine, in Agric. Gaz. N. S. Nus vii. (1896) p . 86.

Rodway ; and also New Zealand, Colenso.

Cooke states that the spores of var. cyclospora measure 18 p
in diameter but an examination of the type specimen proves that
the spores range from 9-12 p in diameter.

Meliola — Mont. in La neo: Hist. Ile Cuba,
Crypt., (18: 38-42) p

On a dead leaf of m argophylla, F. Muell., Rodway, 472.

129

Meliola corallina, Mont. in Gay, Fl. Chil. vii. (1850) p. 472.
On living leaves of mi — a, Labill., and Pomaderris
apetala, Labill., Rodway, 366

Xylaria digitata, Grev. Flor. Edin. (1824) p. 355.

n the ground on sandy heaths, Hobart, Rodway.

m peculiar form of this variable species, with a long, rooting,
stem-like base pushing deep down into the loose sand, and
bearing a rosette of short, obtuse, finger-like, equal branches at
the apex

Noinmalscís Bulliardi, Tul. Sel. Fung. Carp. ii. (1863) p. 43,
a figs. 11-19.

On dead bark of Acacia dealbata, Link, Rodway, 465.
fof gaat dau annulatum, Mont. in Gay, Fl. Chil. vii. (1850)

On dead wood of Fagus Cunninghami, Hook., Hobart,
Rodway, 184.
Very fine specimens of this somewhat variable Ei eee The
depression round the ostiolum is very pronounce
Hypoxylon celatum, Cesati, ieee Born, (1879) p. . 19.
On dead Hucalyptus wood, Rodway, 310, 453.
Agrees exactly with specimens collontéd by Beccari in Borneo.
Hypoxylon serpens, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. (1846) p. 384.
On dead Hucalyptus wood, Rodway, 181.
Hypoxylon multiforme, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. (1846) p. 384.
On dead bark of Acacia dealbata, Link, Rodway, 454.
Hypoxylon Archeri, Berk. in Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. (1860) p. 280.
` On dead Hucalyptus wood, Rodway tY, 451
Agrees exactly with Berkeley’ 8 type darent There is a
minute, smooth, depressed ring or zone round the very small,
papillate ostiolum, as in Hy poc o A krni Mont., but in
rcheri, ihe perithecia are much smaller, as is also the ring
round the ostiolum.
Eutypa lata, Tul. Sel. Fung. bee " e: (1863) p. 56.
On dead Eucalyptus bark, Rodway
Dimerosporium reser E Maie (sp. nov.) Perithecia
gregaria, mycelio maculiformi a ,sph idea, astoma,
setosa, fusca atrave, 80—100 ae, Asci cylindraceo-clavati,
breviter pedicellati, octospori, 80-90 x 15-18 p. Spore rape
oblongo-elliptic cæ, medio l-septats, utrinque rotundate, =
8-9 p, dilute olivaceo-fusce. Paraphyses filiformes, ra
On one surface only of the phyllodes of Phy eerste es rhor-
boidalis, Rich., Rodway, 367.
perithecia have short, black, spine-like — scattered
Sparingly over the entire surface. Subic ulum z tim

almost or entirely absent. Perithecia in prea of 3-6 usually
Surrounding a central one. Allied to D. excelsum, Cooke, from
New Zealand, but differing in the larger spores and pilose
perithecia.

Rosellinia mammoidea, Sacc. Syll. i. (1882) P. 223 Psilosphe ria
mammoidea, Cooke i in Grevillea viii. (1879) p.

130

n dead wood of Hucalyptus, Rodway, 271. The type was
cieie in New = ea ES nd.

A very fine spec The perithecia are sometimes so closely
crowded as to pde somewhat irregular from lateral pressure,
and to suggest an affinity with the genus Ay ypory lon. The
perithecia are just a little more depressed round the pa apillate
ostiolum than in the typical form, otherwise there is no
e.

Gibbera eumd Massee (sp. nov.). Stroma pulvinatum,
suberumpens, 1-2 mm. latum. Perithecia tuberculato- -prominula,
fulvo-miniata, denn gore glabra, ostiolo vix visibile.
Asci oblongo-ovati, 35-40 x 8-10 p. Spore distichz, elliptice,
hyalinz, medio 1-septatz, utrinque subacute, 18-20 x 4-4 Dp

On living leaves of Dillwynia cinerascens, ` T Rodway, 355.

Elliptic- Piong, pale brown, l-septate dia, measuring

8-21 x are sometimes present in codaider ania numbers on
the stroma. The leaves of the host are stunted by the fungus.

Quaternaria EEN Massee (sp. nov. Stroma suberumpen
corticolum, yere scabrosum. Perithecia subglobosa, were
prominula, A eer aa ntia. ma cylindraceo-clavati,
Posaune stipitati, 180 x 8 p, octospor Sporæ distichæ,
cylindraceo o-curvate, utrinque obtusate, pate En olivaces,
10-12 x 3-3:5

On the bark of aii hes d Labill., Rodway, 488.

Only a small spec was sent, and thi is did not show the
margin of the Auen "dh i tine to form broadly-effused,
scabrid patches on the branches

eee ae Aquila, Cooks Handb. Austr. Fung. (1892)
p. 304, t. 24, fig. 219.

On ious Eucalyptus wood, Rodwan A 452.

The dense subiculum has a a purple e tinge, but in all important
features s fungus is Eadie inotinbabie from European
specimen

Zigno nell Archeri, Sace. Syll. ii. (1883) p. 217.

On rotten wood, Re xdi vay, 499.
Hypomyces fulgens, Korit Myc. Fenn. ii. (1873) p. 207.
On i eg wood, Rodway, 493.
rithecia v ary from very pale yellow to oe ne nies
aunty: darker t in colour; otherwise as in Karsten's spec .

Hypocrea nebulosa, Massee (sp. nov.). iare oma F tomen-
tosum, lutescens, ostiolis peritheciorum crebre punctatum.
Perithecia minuta, subglobosa. Asci cylindracei, 60-70 x 8 p.
Sporæ octonæ, biloculares, hyalinæ, 10 x 6 p, loculis mox
secedentibus.

On a dead Polypor pe ares , 484.

A very distinct and r arkable species, in some respects inter-
mediate between the Paper Hypomyces and Hypocrea. Agreein

with the former in the somewhat byssoid and mealy, thin subi-
culum in which the numerous perithecia are completely immersed,
but conforming with Hypocrea in the narrowly c arara asci
containing eight spores, each of which divides md two portions
at an early stage of devcloparétii thus presenting the appearance

131

of an ascus containing sixteen spores. The present species agrees
most closely with yp citrina, K riea, but differs in the
thinner, byssoid stroma and shorter asci. Hypocrea JUnginuh
Karst. , which also Rum on old jpn of Apor: us and oth
fungi, ‘differs i in the thicker, waxy, yellow st

Mitrula cucullata, Fries, Epicr. (1838) p 584.
On ag = — e Eucali yptus urnigera, Ho ok. f., Rodway, 433.

The of the perfectly typical form of this ungus
mary on ag pe yptus twigs is interesting, as hitherto it has only
been met with on dead leaves of conifers. This circumstance
Serves to corroborate what has been previously stated respecting
the value of the host as a specific factor, and may serve to modify
the views of those who, on the ground that they depend on
particular species of conifers, have Sones? to discriminate
between the European species of Mitru

Peziza -— ictus Champ. edi E p. 270, t. 457, fig. 1.

Forma glabrata. Ascoma extus ide brunneum vix granu-
losum. viele io abaoe br dabo
On rich ground, manure, etc., Rodwa;

Differing en the typical form in da dark brown disc, and
paler, almost even and glabrous exterior. This form has also been
received from Victoria (.Mrs. Martin).

Patellaria Maura, Massee (sp. nov.). Ascomata gregaria, sessilia,
concaviuscula, dein planiuscula, virenti-atra, sicca tota nigra,

-2 cm. lata. Asci clavati, basi parum constricti, octospori, iodo
Cty RU. dure 150 x 10 p. Spore distiche, ellipsoideo-
oblongat:z, 3-6-, rumque 5-, septate, hyaline, 18-22 x 5 p.
Paraphy vive E ua, ramosæ, apice subincrassatæ, 2 mm.

On dead branches of Acacia verniciflua, A. Cunn., Hobart,
Rodway, 467.

Allied to P. tasmanica, Berk., but distinguished by the larger
size of the ascophore, also o by the longer, septate spores. The
n and excipulum consist of slender interwoven

yphie

Aleurina tasmanica, Massee (sp. nov.). Ascomata gregaria,
carnosa, subsessilia vel subradicato-producta, ex hemisphierico
expansa, ere gee brunnea, woke uy sa, 2-3 em. lata, hymenio
flavo-brunneo depallente. Asci cyli Sarana, iodo
haud E 300-325 x 18-20 n. Spore late elliptice, utrinque
obtusatz», episporio vésiaculone, flavo-brunnez, 26-30 x 13-15 p.
ied -aphyses septate, apice clavato, succineo-farcte, 4-5 mm.

n the ground, Hobart, Rodway, 128.
Distinguishod from all described species by the warted exterior
of the e ascophore, and the large spores with a somewhat coarsely
warted epispore.

SPH ZROPSIDE.

Libertella aurantiaca, Massee (sp. nov.). Acervuli flavidi,
difformes, diu epidermide velati, tandem in cirrhos tortuosos
auranticolores erumpentes. Conidia filiformi-faleata, continua,
hyalina, 5-7 x 155

132

On dead Eucalyptus wood, Rodway, 504.

The masses of spores are buried in the substance of the wood or
bark, and ooze out in bright orange, variously contorted, ipea
tendrils, which become rigid and brittle when dry. Indistinguish-
able from Libertella faginea, pesa to the naked eye, but readily
distinguished under the micro cope ‘by the much smaller, almost
or sometimes quite straight ves

€ chalybea Deis (sp. nov.) Per ithecia dense
gregaria, suberumpentia, subrotunda, levia, astoma, nigra, circiter
05 mm. diam., contexta distincte parenchy matica chalybeo-
purpurea. Bas sidia filiformia. Sporule oblongo-cylindracee,
we subattenuate, 24-28 x 7-9 yq, rect» curvuleve, 1-3-
septate

On dead bark of Bucal yptus. Rodway, 440,

Distinguished by the large, aggregated perithecia, large celled
parenchyma of a clear, intense blue or purplish-blue colour, and
the large 3-septate spores. May possibly prove to be m Py ye
condition of an ascigerous fungus belonging to
Gibberella.

MYXOGASTRES.

Trichia fragilis, ebd "Mate Myce. (1875) p. 2
On dead bark, Rodway, 4

New ZEALAND.

Specimens communicated by the Rev. William Colenso, F.R.S.,
Napier, New Zealand,

BASIDIOMYCETES.

Marasmius iii nu Massee (sp. nov.). Pileus coriaceo-mem-
branaceus, conico-convexus, demum explanatus, late umbonatus,
glaber, levis, door is us, margine primitus incurvo, 05-1 cm.
latus. Lamelle in juventute sat confert», tandem subdistantes,
initio alb», dein flavee, uiing rotundate. Spore ellipsoidex

bo-flavi die, 5x 3p. Stipes wqualis, levis vel subtiliter striatus,
eem 1-1:5 em Mm ongus, 2 mm. crassus, pileo concolor.

regarious, on a rotten log, Colenso, 14
; MeL: part of the piast has a yellow tinge, and when soaked in
€ Spirit, gives out a yellow colouring matter. Allied in
me Berne to M. CM. ugineus, Berk., but differing i in the even
Silens and crowde

Hypholoma eared Massee (sp. nov.). Pilews carnosus, con-
vexo-planus, discoideus, sepe subgibbosus, albo-luteus, disco cas-
taneus, squamis sehen dee appressis concoloribus, priecipue
gl

in juventute elegant variegatus, state glabrescens, visci us,
4-9 cm. latus. odeli» adnatæ, confertæ, flavo-viridescentes, acie
subcrenulate. Spore oblongo-elliptice, utrinque obtuse, viridi-
fusce, 7-8 x 4-5 p. Stipes farctus, dein cavus, het i
flavus.

In clusters on logs, Dannevirke, Colenso, 1507.

133

fine species, much resembling H. sublater vitium, Sacc.,
general appearance, but distinguished by the viscid or glutinous
pileus, which is ornamented, especially when young, wit tawn wny,

is naked and glabrous at d but if the viscidity dries ice zt
pileus the scales are also glued down and persist. The taste i
slightly acrid when dry.

ASCOMYCETES.

Parodiella maculata, Wassee (sp. nov.). Perithecia dense gregaria,
in maculis elongatis nigricantibus poe atra, 100-125 p
diam. Asci oblongo-cla avati, breviter pedicellati , octospori, 50 x 14 p.
Spore distincto, 2 -septatee, sub- ence elongato-elliptica, utrin-
que acute, 20 x 5-6 p. Paraphyses filif

On the leaf of i an undetermined plant, reda 1496.

A typical Parodiella in every respect save the subhyaline
spores, and in this one feature is distinct from all known species.

Nusia.

Collected and communicated by the late Mr. J. Theodore Bent,
R.G.S.

USTILAGINEJE.

Ustilago Digitarie, Rabenh. Fung. Eur. no. 1199.
Parasitic on Panicum Tenerife, R. Br., dintucking the ovary.

Bermupa.
Specimens communicated by Surg.-Capt. H. A. Cummins, F.L.S.
PHYCOMYCETES.
ahaa Lamii, De Bary in Rabenh, Herb. Myc. ed. 2,
no.
sr. GEORGE'S. On living leaves of Lamium amplexicaule,
Lin
SPH ZROPSIDEM.
cope nel Cumminsii, Massee (sp. nov.). Sporodochia

dense aggregata, Se ee ae, convexo-pulvinata, irm
("5 mm. diam. , compac Conidia crebra, obpyriformi-clavata,

ST. GEORGE’ s. On long ras of Garida "Papaya, Linn.

134
UREDINE.

Uromyces striatus, s in Abh. Schles. Ges. (1869) p. 11, ex
Sace. Syll. vii. (1888) p.
ST. GEORGE’S. On ee leaves of Medicago denticulata, Willd.

es Phoenicis, Poit. in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 1, iii. (1824)
rn

p.4
ST. GEORGE'Ss. On living leaves of Sabal blackburnianum,
Glazebr.

TRINIDAD.

The following fungi were collected and communicated by
Mr. John H. Hart , FL, S. Superintendent of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Trinidad.

ASCOMYCETES.

Eutypa erumpens, vi a (sp. nov.). Stroma latissime effusum,
maculiforme, innatum, dein subsuperficiale, in ramis corticatum,
scabrum, extus fntusque nigrum. Perithecia ae oe vp
ovoidea, mutua pressione sspe compressa, majuscula, 0:5-0-8 m
lata, ostiolo papillato. Asci PE EE EPEE EEN longissiille
stipitati, 175-200 x 7-8 pq, octospori. Sporidia disticha,
ees he utrinque subacuta, subreniformia, dilute olivacea,

Parasitic on “Ficus indica, Lin

The fungus forms black, TEE eee patches 10-40 em.
broad, which burst through the bark here and there, giving the
trunk a spotted “appearance. The pres ient species covered the
diy “dapat of the trunk of a large specimen of Ficus indica,

Daldinia Medi, Massee (sp. nov.). Stroma subglobosum, ee
applanatum, atrum, opacum, corrugatum, intus brunneum, c
centrice zonatum, 5-10 cm, latum. Perithecia ovata, peripheri
immersa, exigua. Asci cylindracei, longissime pedicell ati, 185-
220 x 7-8 p. Spore oblique monostiche, oblonge, fuscæ,
17-20 x 6-7 u. Paraphyses filiformes.

Growing on rotten wood, Hart, 6173.

Distinguished at once from every other species by the some-

what coarsely corrugated exterior, which is not due to shrinkage —.
during drying, but is a normal and constant character. Interior

solid, brownish or umber, concentrically zoned.

Lachnea erinaceus, a ace. Sy AA viii. (1889) p. 182.
On rotten wood, Hart, 5

UREDINE.
Uredo Orchidis, Winter in Rabenh. Krypt. Fl. i. (1884) p. 256.
On leaves of an orchid, Hart, 5120.
Uredo Vitis, Thiimen, Pilze des Weinstockes (1878) p. 182; U.
Viale, Lagerheim in Compt. Rend. ex. (1890) p. 728.

135

On leaves of cultivated vines.

The present species appears to be not uncommon on the foliage
of cultivated vines in the West Indies. The species afterwards
described by Lagerheim from West Indian specimens, is identical
in every respect with Thümen's species. For detailed account
concerning this point, see Grevillea xxi. (1893) p. ace

Uredo Canney, Winter in Hedwigia xxiii. (1884) p.

Destroying the foliage of “ Madame Crozy” a 3 in the
Botanic Garden, Hart, 6171.

The cause of a serious disease to Cannas in the New World,
but apparently has not yet been observed in Europe. In Winter's
diagnosis of the species he describes the spores as colourless, with
a query. When fresh the contents of the spores are clear yellow,
and the epispore is very minutely echinulate.

HYPHOMYCETES.

Brachysporium corynoideum, Sace. Sy Yn ns (1886) p. 423.
On decaying herbaceous stems, Hart, 511

Botrytis tenella, Sacc. Syll. iv. (1886) p. 119.
Parasitic on a “t thorny ” spider.

The entire body of the spider is covered with a dense, snow-
white mycelium.

MYXOGASTRES.

Arcyria leiocarpoides, Massee, Monog. Myr. (1892) p. 167.
On decayed wood and moss, Hart, 5121.

British Guiana.

The following fungi were €" and sent to Kew for
determination, by Mr. George S. Jenman, F.L.S., Superintendent
of the Botanic Gardens, George Town, British Guiana.

7 BASIDIOMYCETES.
ass PE sanguineus, Fries in Nov. Act. Soc. Sci. Upsal.i,
Demerara apama, 1032.

Sect. CHLOROSPORÆ. "eR glos, hana
Chlorophyllum, Massee (gen. nov.) Hymenophorum a in

annulatus, sed volva destitutus. Lamellæ libere, membranacee,
persistentes, albx, dein chlorine. Spor ellipsoideæ, chlorine.

136

Analogous with the genus Lepiota in the Leucospore, but dis-
tinguished by the green gills and spores.

Chlorophyllum erue mds Massee (sp. nov.). Pileus carnosus,
ee ee” mbon atus, cute in squamas (majores

eccles laceratus, 15-20 em. latus; caro a stipite discreta,

‘5 cm. crassa. Lamellæ , angusto, albæ, dein virides, a
stipite Sap tes. Stipes 18-25 em. altus, cylindraceus, basi sub-
bulbosus, levis, subeavus, annulo uie. nen persistente. Spore
ovate, mius obtusatee, leves, 7-8 x 5 u, coacervate olivaceo-

rentes.

meme land pastures, os 6166.

Edible mushroom, all white, gills oe livid green on the
second day, 6-8 inches in diameter r (Jen à

Allied to the North American sies es "6. Morgani, Massee,
(Agaricus pec Peck.) but distinguished by the white pileus

and smaller spores. The only other species known, C. Molybdites,
ie isa boe of Brazil.

Schulzeria Eyrei, Massee, (in Grevillea xxii. (1894) p. 38, t. 185,
g. 1.) belongs to this group and forms a second genus, for
which the name Chlorospora is proposed. It is cmc as
follows: Hi; ynenophovum a stipite diseretum, velo universali
cum epidermide pilei concreto. Stipes bred et aniiula- carens.
ded liberæ. € (e ellipsoidete, m

Distinguished from pied ‘ophyllun By the absence of a
permane dn ring on the The Gale species is C. Hyret,
Massee, a native of the New Forat

DCX.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Mr. HAROLD BUCHAN LLOYD, a member of the gardening
staff of the Royal Gardens, and formerly in the employ of the
Karl of Sefton at Croxteth Park, Liverpool, has been appointed,
on the recommendation of Kew, by the Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs, Assistant Curator of the Botanic Gardens at
Old Calabar, in the Niger Protectorate, in succession to Mr.
i promoted to the post of Curator. Mr. Lloyd left Kew
in May

Mr. Harry HOLLEY, a member of the gardening staff a
Kew, has been appointed Assistant in the Municipal Gardens at
Cape Town. He left for South Africa in May.

Botanical Magazine for May.—The plates of four of the plants
described could not be issued till this month, owing to a fire at
the lithographers. Amomum hemisphericum, the plate of which
has appeared, is quite new to cultivation. It is a native of Java,
and roots were sent to e w by H. N. Ridley, Esq., M.A., Director
of the Gardens and Forest DS ERRBU Straits Settlements.

p i

i
PETER Y

,

137

ee i anakae, native of Japan, is a slender shrub, Poder
inal us panicles of small, reus flowers. Seeds

Med from the Botanical Garden of the Imperial University of
Tokio in 1893. "The Senta is closely allied io > Neillia m which
it differs in having a monocarpellary ovary. M mph Iya
Wanneri, from the Banat, has been in cultivation the

Royal Gardens for many years, where it flowers outside, in sree
Symphyandra is distinguished from Campanula by having the
anthers united ina tube. Kalanchoe flammea was first described
in the Kew Bulletin, 1897, p. 266. 'Uhe plant figured was raised
from seeds collected by Mrs. Lort Phillips and Miss Edith Cole in
Somaliland. Its attractive flowers last two months. Armeria

m seeds received from the Botanical Gardens of Madrid

n 1893, tud flowered at Kew in April, 1897. The species is

allied to. A. maritima, but it is a much smaller plant, sometimes,
when in flower, not exceeding an inch and a half in height,

Hooker's Icones Plantarum.—The third part of the sixth volume
of the fourth series appeared in April, but in consequence of a
fire at the lithographers it was issued without the full number of
plates. In this part the genus Loeselia is illustrated by two plates
M eu a new species, L. cordifolia ; and there is a revision o

onymy L. involucrata and L. ciliata, LEUTE
pred a native of British Guiana, is remarkable the
character which suggested the specifie name, Rhigiophallwin
pe Meta el is a very singular member of the Campanulacee,
ative of South Africa, first discovered upwards of fifty years
ion and jedfisóvared by Mr. Schlechter and Mr. Harry Bolus
in 1896. Previous to the arrival of Mr. us's Pepe the
plant was unrepresented in the herbaria of this country.
Poupartia Fordii d is a small tee, inhabiting Hong
Kong, imperfectly known until Mr. Ford, Superin tees a of the
Botanic Garden there, sit: pes e specimens. tosporum
spathaceum is a Tonga Island species characterised Bs ps ing a
spathaceous calyx. Microula tibetica (Boraginacez) is interesting
on account of the variability “exhibited x Sa ws a

circumstance which has given rise to more tha e genus being
proposed for the same species. PiyIlanthodendron pinabilis is
a split off from Phyllanthus, presenting some curious struct

and vegetative characters. Pachylobus edulis (Burseraceæ), fro
tropical Africa, has a most singular embryo with very thick,
pinnate cotyledons. In other respects it is ossis allied to
Canarium, except that the e ndocarp i s thin. The principal
feature of this number, howater: is an ifii to illustrate, and
elucidate the synonymy, of the species of Hevea

devoted to this purpose, four of which were destroyed by fire

but they are being reproduce ced and will be issued, together with
others of the same geom, with the next number. It is ho ped
that they will be of some practical use; and it is intended to
illustrate other rubher-yfelding plants.

SI EEPE N EEE AAA

138

Rosa ego aLA. roger ed specimen of this species has been
received at Kew T. H. Hanbury, Esq. La Mortola,
Ventimiglia, TP Pis the following information under date
of April 26.—On Sunday I saw Rosa gigantea in full bloom
on the facade of the Chateau Eleonore at Cannes, the residence of
Lord Brougham and Vaux. 'The plant is growing in a
HOME? Leite 2l ft. x 1 ft. x lft; and I should say that
this box t be entirely full P. the roots of the plant. The
colour of the ace reminded me of those of the rose, Wm. Allen
Richardson, but under the rong sun £u opens very quickly and
looks almost white before the peta

R. gigantea was discovered in Gan „On the Shan hills plateau,
at 4,000 to 5,000 feet, by Sir Henry Collet — B., and also in
Manipur, at an altitude of 6,000 feet, by Dr. Wat

At first there seemed hopes that this fine ieee would succeed
on walls, &c., in sheltered places in Britain, but although several
plants at Kew and elsewhere withstood—with comparatively little
protection—the severe winter of 1890-1, that of 1892-3 killed all
of them outright. At Kew it grows vigorously under glass, but,
so far, has not flowered.

Totem Pole from British Columbia._By the courtesy of the
Provincial Government of British Columbia the Timber Museum
(No. III) of the Royal Gardens has been enriched by a very
interesting specimen of the decorative Hee’ E guo rd
ee used y the Indians on the Pacific hese pos

ually made of Red Cedar (Thuja gis QURE and are clnboritaly
eben with figures of men and animals, and coloured. There isan
aecount, with. illustrations, by Dr. Boas, in the Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science for the
year 1890 (pp. 564, 565). These posts possess considerable
interest from an ethnographical point of view, and are likely
to become very scarce or disappear altogether as the Indians adopt
European habits. They also exhibit one of the numerous uses to
which the Red Cedar of the Pacific slopes is applied.

Some of the poles are 30 to 50 feet high and give a singularly
pieturesque appearance to the Indian villages. The specimen
presented to ne is the lower part of a pole originally 35 a
hig about AM feet high and 3 feet 9 inches broad ;
is hollowed etd at the back and rounded in front. In the eee
part there is an partie boa 5} feet, by 2 feet, which formed the
doorway into the dwelling. The front part is ‘deeply carved into
allegorical figures of a bear, an eagle, a nd other animals. These
form the Totem or arms of the fami ily.

Further particulars are etg in the following letter announcing
the shipment of the specimen ;

DEPUTY PROVINCIAL SECRETARY, BRITISH COLUMBIA, to
ROYAL GARDENS, Kew
Provincial seater? 8 Office, Victoria,
March 8, 1898.
SIR,
"REFERRING to prior correspondence respecting the desire
expressed by yourself to obtain a specimen of the decorative

139

door-post in use by the natives of this Province, for deposit in
the Museum at Kew Gardens, I have the honour, by direction, to
forward herewith a bill of lading for one case containing a Totem-
nore ae by the parpi * Seestem," which sailed for London
e 15th November las

a5 pom send by ism post two photographs taken by Dr.
Charles F. Newcombe, M.D., who pur@hased iet post on behalf of
this Government. Of t these, one shows part of the deserted

Queen Charlotte Islands, where the Totem was bought, and the
other shows it 2» situ heer eats in front of the house to which it
belonged,

- Newcombe further repone that “the Totem-pole formed
the front and wy entrance to the house of Mrs. Thomas Moody.
It is made of Cedar t d gigantea) and is about 20 years te
Its position ie regard «i the frame of the house is shown in
photograph No.1. Between the ears of the Totem projected the
end of the ridge pole which rested on the top of the Totem
helping to keeping it in place. The pole was, furthermore, set
about four feet in the ground, but had very slight support from
bes building. It represents the crest of the deu owner's family,

n eagle over another animal, species aie sd

oti
Co reete A. CAM PBELL REDDIE,
The Director, eputy Provincial Secretary.
Royal Gardens, Kew.

Kola in the Lagos Hinterland.—In an account of a tour made
last year by Messrs Leigh and Dawodu at the request of the
Government of Lagos, to instruct the natives in right methods
for extracting rubber from Kickxia africana without asks.
the trees, the following particulars are given wodu of
of Kola trees (Cola acuminata) met with during the journey :—

* We left Ile-Ife and Modakeke on the 7th April and went to
Ikere, an important town in the Ekiti country, and a centre of the
rubber industry. 'The route was through forest and hilly lands

previously seen. The Kola-nut tree (the Abata variety) abounded
in these parts and. one often walked throu ugh groves of it before
entering a town. The trees were all in a most flourishing
condition, always bearing heavy and abundant crops. Indeed
the Ekiti country is famed for its Kola trees and the cultivation
of them is brought to great perfection by the natives.’

Gutta Percha.—The series of Cantor ating on hors Percha
delivered before the Society of Arts by Dr. Eugene Obach in
November and December last has no ae been ublished in a
Separate volume with numerous illustrations. ` "Tt forms an
exhaustive summary of all that pertains to the gutta percha
industry and contains numerous appendices with analytical and
statistical tables. The assistance afforded by Kew is fully

acknowledged,

140

The tree, the — juice of which yields commercial
gutta percha, was first brought into notice in 1842 by Dr.
Montgomerie. Bealls it was made known in 1847 by Sir
William Hooker who figured and described it under the name of
Isonandra Gutta in the London Journal of Botany, vol. vi.
(1847), p. 463, t. 16, from specimens contributed by Mr. Thomas
b and Dr. Ox cle ey of Singapore. It was afterwards placed
under the genus Dichopsis by Bentham i in Genera Plantarum, i ii.
p. 658. Dichopsis Gutta is figured and described in Bentley and
Trimen’s Medicinal Plants, t. 167. It is also included under
v wr in the recently completed Flora of British India, vol.
4p. 043. It is the Palaquium Gutta of continental botanists.

"Tho plant has been grown at Kew for many years and has been
sparingly reri to botanical institutions in the New World.
It is, however, difficult of treatment and appears to thrive well
only within its natural habitat in the Malay quem emen
Samples of and manufactured gutta percha are shown i
Case 68 in Museum

Dr. Ern t Werner von Siemens employed gutta percha eo the
electric Mdh of subterranean telegraph lines in 1847 and since
that time this interesting substance has been largely ted fora
variety of ^ ene but stil chiefly in the manufacture of
telegraph ca

NEUE d á Tw Obach the imports of raw gutta percha into

1,71 95 1885,

and 1895, 2,610 tons. The total imports for the years 1844 to
1896 y amounted to 82,607 tons, an average of 1,559 tons
per an

The | eei for raw gutta percha of first quality such as Pahang,
has been fairly uniform of late years. During tke period from
1889 to "ud inclusive it has only varied from 3s. 3d. to 3s. 9d.
per pou

The occurrence of trees of gutta percha at Singapore was noticed
in the Koi Bulletin (1891, p. 220) ; an account of a new process
for extracting n Sue from the eaves was also given
(K. B. 1891, p. 231, and 1897, p. 200). The inanis of
D ms gutta percha from two "Indian trees, Dichopsis obovata

elliptica was discussed in the Kew Bulletin, 1892

75 55 and 226).

With regard to i =< referred to above Dr. Obach made
the following rem

* A tree ten vente old yields about 15 Ibs. of dry leaves ; one
— years ie about 25 lbs, i.e., 1 lb. more for every two
years ic advances in age. If, therefore, the leaves of a tree
as regularly plucked every year from the age of ten till it
reaches ' matre at thirty, it would have produced 420 lbs. of

40 lbs, that is, at least twenty times as much as would be
obtained from a tree of the same age, when felled and bled in the
customary way. This result, even if only partly realisable, would,
in practice, be of enormous value to the pon ane d (Journal
of the Society of Arts, Jan. 7, 1898, p. 153). uS

14i

As stated in the Kew Bulletin (1897, p. 337), Gutta Percha
‘isa very ee plant to propagate by cuttings, but this can
done.” However, Mr. Ridley, the Director, Gardens and
Forest Department, Singapore, states that “the tree always comes
up again when cut down.” The unes — information
seems to point to greater success in propagatio
EXTRACT from letter from Director, Gastéás and Forest
Department, Singapore, to Royal Gardens, Kew, dated
February 16, 1898.

“A rustie — ees some cuttings of Gutta Percha
from Borneo which seem to be very Eee. $ They appear to be
cut from pretty thick. Soupis mgl ted over with wet mud,
and apparently are very healthy, errem out strong shoots. I
will find out how it is done, as it seems more successful than
anything I have ure Pod seen.”

The Toonu or Tunu.—In poesie me: of a misconception of the
Spp of the native tunu" in British Honduras,
me confusion has arisen, for: S Roh Kew is partly responsible.
B Dr. D. Morris's baad of British Honduras it is stated (p. 74)
that this is the na name of Castilloa elastica, the principal
rubber tree of tem peat It is now NN veia that the
name is properly a pee. to another speci till imperfectiy
known oud E Planters sent specimens w 7 astilloa elastica
as the “tunu,” so that in Us absence of adequate specimens of the
true * funt^ it has been assumed at the Herbarium that only one
species was concerned, and this opinion has been communicated to

ariu Museum,
with the result of ascertaining that two species of Castilloa. exist
in oe Honduras. This was pur established by Sir Joseph
er (Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 2nd series, ii, pp. 209-215,
iioc 27 and 28), where he describes and figures four forms of
Castilloa, including the *tunu;" but he does not attempt to
decide their rank. What he regarde d as typical, C. pn is
described x some length, and its distribution given as Mexi
from lat. 21° southward, through Guate maja, E Salvador,

on nduras, Nica a and Costa Ricá. anit ars the na
“ule,” in some parts at least of this a His mber 2 is pag
“caucho,” or Darien rubber plant, which kim refers to
(Peruvian Bark, p 453) as Castillon merihamiang Collins, a
yay different plant, and probably no th genus.
ra paper is illustrated ps a coloured figure of the
Darien lant, d in Ceylon. This is not specifically

cultivate

different from “Castillon elastica. Number 3, of which only the
fruit is figured, is from Honduras, and is also undistinguishable
from C. elastica. Number 4, of which only the fruit was
known to Sir Joseph Hooker, is the “tunu” of Honduras. It
differs essentially from C. elastica in the ovaries and drupelets
ke completely embedded in the receptacle. In all the forms
C. elastica the drupelets are easily separated. Since the
rabos of i Joseph Hooker's paper, Kew has received
some leaves of a tree from Mr. Rowlan LUN. Dalek; which hs

142

states is known locally in British Honduras as “tuno,”
* chaperna," and “divers other names.” It was at first supposed
that these might be old dd of ws — e a more
careful examination pro that they nfirmin
Mr. Cater's view, and ed is ; little doni. that hey s to the
same species as the fruit figured as the “t ' by Sir Joseph
Hooker. In order to make quite uuo measures i ope been taken
to procure complete specimens from one and the same tree.
The tuno is also known as the “ DAP Faber tree,” and the
“sterile rubber tree." As the male and female fiowers are some-
times, at least, borne on different trees, there ey be something
more to learn concerning the application of these

In queden to the Wer given above for Castilloa antie
there are specimens in the Kew Herbarium, collected by
Spruce, labelled as follows : " 0351. Castilloa. Arbor čo paii
lactescens. ‘Jeve’ Guayaquilensium. In planitie guayaquilensi
E secus radices montis Chimborazo, Decr., 186 Jeve

“heve” seems to be a generic name for rubber trees, as
Aublet, in founding his genus eme (Hist. Pl. Guiane Fr.,
p. 812) says: “Cet arbre est nommé siringa par les Garipons ;
hévé par les habitans de la province d'Esm eraldas au nord-ouest
de Quito, et caoutchouc par les Mainas.'

Judging from the material in the herbaria of Kew and the
British Museum there are two species of the genus Castilloa,
namely : C. elastica, rimging from Mexico to Ecuador, and the
* tunu," at present undescribed. —W.B.H.

Brunfelsia calycina._Brunfelsias are highly ornamental and
floriferous shrubs well adapted for the warm greenhouse. The
species have been unduly multiplied by horticuiturists. These
must be united and cee ptem arises Mies ard UE be
adopted for the aggregate. B. veg dee sense,
the oldest name, as it was previonaly use d (1827): cur Franciscon:
but it is of the same date under Brunfelsia as B. calycina t

inappropriate, it should be adopted. The genus Brunfelsia is
rem in need of a critical revision, which would doubtless
lt in a considerable ees on of the number of species.
presa cali doit Benth. (DC. Prodr. x. p. 199), Franciscea
calycina, Hook. ( Bot. Mag. t. 4583) should inelude B. pauciflora,
Benth. (DC. cae x. p. 199), and B. eximia, Bosse (Handb.
Blumeng. i. p. 524), Franciscea eximia, Scheidw (Bot. Mag.
t. 47 wae To these should probably be added Franciscea
lindeniana, Planch. ( Belg. Hort. xv. p. 226 cum ic. color.), an
F. macrantha, Sero (M. Hort. i. t. 24.). Schmidt (Mart. Fl.
ras. i 56), reduces B. eximia, Bosse, to B. macroph ylla,
Demi: of a ch Kew possesses no authenticated specimen,
Bentham PTEE merely removed it from Franciscen -without
seeing i

Paraguay tea.—Notes on ihe botany of the plants yielding
Paraguay tea or Maté were published in the Kew Bulletin ire
pP. ». 132-127). pos the following year it was noted (X. B. 1

143

had been received through the kindness of Sefior Glaziou
Director de Passeio publico, Rio de Janeiro. After r reta fair ot
few the others were distributed to various Botanical Tristititions
in the Coloni es, Unfortunately none of the seeds sown at Kew
germinated.

The following interesting information respecting the tea made
from the leaves, so largely used in South A America, is taken from
a Report issued by the Foreign Office (No. 1963, 1897) :—

* Yerba-maté, or Paraguayan tea, is the most valuable article of
export. There are two classes sold, but it is only in the mann
of preparation that they differ. The kind known as * Mboroviré
is merely dried over a furnace, and then beaten into small pieces
with sticks. The ' Molida' goes through the same pros but d
is afterwards pe ina mill The export duty on the form
was increased in 1895 from 30 c. paper to 10 c. gold, and on the
Ar from 25 e. paper e E: c. gold per 10 kilos. The revenue

derived from this sou in 1895 am fhönated to 471,668 dol.
(16,8457.). The yerba fórésla, called yerbales, were formerly the
property of the State, but most of them have pes en viu ioi are
now in the hands of a ae capitalists and compan The
Industrial Paraguaya Company, w which owns a Ph t half. of the
yerbales known to exist in the country, exports og, d about
400,000 arrobas (4,512 tons). |The total Sse of yerba
exported during the past year is estimated at about 9,024 tons,
and the average price per arroba (25 lbs.) was 11 dol. 50 e
paper (7s. 8d.).”

Paraguay tea is now advertised for sale in this country and
appears to be in moderate demand ; possibly, as a curiosity more
than as a regular article of food.

_ Matingorng in Egypt._The most varied problems are oe
to Kew, the following is one of the most curiou Un-

the Jodrell Laboratory, who could only conjecture that they were
fragments of the pales of some grass.

EXTRACT from letter from Mr. KENNETH Scott to Royal
Cc Kew, dated Cairo, Egypt, November 28, 1897.

* For some time now malingering Egyptian soldiers have been
sent into the Kasr-el-Aini hospital under my — suffering from

charge from the eye.
* The condition i is ien unlike that which they also produce
by putting in the juice of Euphorbia, slaked lime, seed of
' melocheeya' (? erorri olitorius) and other thin eode
* I obtained the specimens sent you by deci e os ea with a
thick collodion dressing so as to completely seal i The man

144

at the end of five days had evidently feared the inflammation
might dest and therefore raised the dressing and renewed the
baneful appt ication, part of which I found on the face of the
dressing Pins against the eye.

*T have been entirely unsuccessful in obtaining here any in-
formation on the matter, nor have I keen able to obtain further

he drug became
exhausted as he in no way interfered with the next collodion
dressing which was applied, the eye being quite cured, and the
dressing intact after a period of five day

A Chinese prescription. Mr. J. Burtt Davy, formerly a member
of the Kew staff, and now attached to the University of California,
Berkeley, U.S.A., has presented to the Kew betel the ingredients
of a Piney prescription purchased by him Sos na Town,
Franc As is well known, the Chinese ad very large and
Girad MM esci of products in the preparation of their medicines,
and Mr. Davy says that, in the drug stores of China Town, one
ean usually obtain a panacea for all ills, varying in the number of
A stri according to the price paid (25, 35, or 50 cents). Such

prescription usually contains a few slice s of the root of
Gi yeyrrhiza, dried flower-heads of a composite Dunt dried cock-
oaches, dried cockchafers, and the skin, head and tail of a lizard

stretched on thin sticks ; an extra five cents will procure a dried
* Sea horse " ; and yet another five cents a dried fish of peculiarly

in consequence of their being cut or broken up into small frag-
ments, but the following occur amongst those brought to Kew.
Fruit heads of an sig aaa apparently Æ. salen ge This
plant has a reputatio n China for various diseases, such as
ophthalmia, Mie paie in neater asa styptic in cd "bleeding,
and in affections of the kidney. Another ingredie pos
of identification, eonsists of the spiny hooks “from “thie ste

complaints. Some very thin transverse sections of the stem
of Akebia quinata, a climbing berberidaceous plant, also occur
in small quantities, as well as the bark of Hucommia ulmoides,
known as the “Tu Chung." Tonic and invigorating properties
are ascribed to it, and it is said to be valued at as much

8s. per pound, Though the bark is very thin, it
is abundantly charged with elastic gum, which can be drawn
out in silvery threads when it is broken apart. Among other
ingredients which have not been identified are crushed flower
heads of a composite plant, and slices of a slender, twig-like
stem, probably a willow.

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

BULLEIIN

OF

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION,

No. 139.] JULY. [1898.

DCXI.—DIAGNOSES AFRICAN.E, XI.*

600. Trimeria tropica, Burkill rm eit T. alnifolice, Planch.,
similis, foliis ovatis acuminatis differ

Arbor vel frutex inermis. Rami juniores eget Folia
utrinque, | praesertim subtus in venis, ie albidis vestita; petiolus
i poll. longus; lamina ovata vel obovata, basi subeordata, apice
acuta, breviter acuminata, margine tetuer dentata, 2 1 poll. ie nga,
1$ poll. lata ; stipule transverse elliptica, majores a Å lin. longæ,
6 lin. latæ, apice minute mucronatæ, utrinque pubesce ntes. Spice
flores masculinos gerentes nunc simplices, floribus in glomerulos
aggregatis, nunc e glomerulis basalibus breviter ramoss. Flores
bera agi tetrameri, sessiles vel brevissime pedunculati. Sepala

nuta, lance eolata,' à lin. Vien extus pilis d obtecta.
Potala sepalis consimilia, paulo majora, flore expanso margine in-
voluta. Stamina 12, inter glandulas subglobosas xls indistincte
3—4-dentatas 3-na inserta. Ovarium imperfectum tenue, in stylum
leviter curvatum staminibus subequilongum productum. Flores
feminei ignoti.

GERMAN EAST AFRICA. Amboni, Holst, 2582.

e extension of this genus from South Africa into the tropics
is of Diss st.

601. Oldenlandia acutidentata, C. H. Wright [Rubiacew-Hedyo-
tides] ; ad O. grandifloram, Hiern, accedit, sed cymis subcapitatis
et calycis lobis longe seats iffert.

aulis erectus, pedalis, vepres subtus lignosus. Folia anguste
lanceolata, ac uta, 1-1} poll. longa, 1-2 lin. lata, scabra; stipule
fimbriatz, '4-5-dentatæ esie. viec ale mpes ubeapitatze. Calyx
miel dentibus subulatis ciliatis tubo triplo longioribus. Corolla
extus pilosa, 5 lin. longa, czrulea?, lobis ovatis acutis reticulatim
nervatis. Stamina inclusa, antheris oblongis. Ovarium globosum.
Fructus 2 lin. diam.

LU CENTRAL AFRICA. Mount Zomba, alt. 4000—6000 ft.,
yte.

* The altitudes given for Mr. Forsyth Majors new Madagascar plants. plants,
Kew Bulletin, 1897, pp. 276, 281, and 300, should be yards instead of feet.

110—1375—7/98 Wt90 D&S 99

146

602. Vernonia (Decaneurum) amblyolepis, Baker [Composite-
Vernoniacee]; ad V. glubram, Vatke, accedit, sed differt ramulis
pubescentibus, involucri bracteis pilosis.

Herba perennis, erecta, ramosa. Caulis lignosus, brevit
pilosus. Folia se ossilia, Songs Moulin, 3—4 poll. longa, Hee
obseure crenata, facie viridia scabra, dorso aes breviter pilosa,
venis elevatis Capitula parva, ad apices ramorum dense
corymbosa, brevissime peduneulata. Znvolucrum campanulatum,

j lin. lon ac
pilosis, interioribus linearibus, exterioribus ovatis. Achania
cylindrica, dense pilosa. Pappus setosus, albidus, 3 lin. longus,
setis exterioribus brevibus.
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000—7000 ft.,
Whyte, 204; and between Mpata and the commencement of the
Nyasa-Tanganyika plateau, alt, 2000-3000 ft., Whyte.

603. Vernonia wer omy Baker, [Composite- Vernoniacew ] ; ad
V. monocephalam, Harv., capensem magis accedit, sed differt
involucri pease laiibebhilis haud acuminatis.

Herba perennis, erecta. Caules graciles, monocephali, sub-
pedales, simplices vel parce ramosi. DX sessilia, lanceolata,
ascendentia, 1-1} poll. longa, integr raro parce dentata,
utrinque viridia, tenuiter pubesc ait Dapit magna, solitaria,
longe ,
bracteis pauciserialibus appressis lanceolatis acutis pubescentibus
exterioribus sensim brevioribus. chenia immatura levite
pilosa. Pappus stramineus, fragilis, setosus, 2 lin. longus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Zomba, alt. 2500-3500 ft., Whyte.

fa)
pall
E
a
~
RS
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N
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O
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604. Vernonia aieri Buchanani, Baker [Compositæ-Verno-
n : ad V. nesii, Oliv., arcte accedit, sed differt foliis
subulatis tems

Herba perennis. Caules graciles, ramosi, subpedales, ad cipem
foliati, sursum obscure pubescentes. Folia sessilia, subulata
6 lin. lo onga, appresse pubescentia, Kgs eas margini vds revolutis.
Capitula nama ad apices ramorum solitari In volucrum cam-
panulatum, 6 lin. longum, bracteis Wes Dlurissrisifbur leviter
pubescentibus, exterioribus ovatis, interioribus rubellis chartaceis
linearibus. Corolla rubella, lobis linearibus. Achenia immatura
albo-setosa. Pappus albus; BH ries interior setosa, 3 lin. longa,
series exterior parvis paleis e

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika patan alt. 6000-7000 ft.,
Whyte, 160; and between Mpata and the mencement of the
Nyasa-Tanganyika plateau, alt. 9000-3000 f ft, Whyte; Shire
Highlands, ” Buchanan, 139 of 1878 collection.

605. Mise (Lepidella) chloropappa, Baker [Composite-Ver-
noniacez | =~ V. poskeanam, Vatke et Hildeb., "runs ged
differt pappo M iridi, involucri bracteis inappendi culat

Herba perennis, erecta. Caules graciles, ramosi, sursum pu-
bescentes. Folia pauca, remota, sessilia, linearia, 6-12 lin. longa,
integra, marginibus revolutis, facie viridia p dorso tenuiter

Ay

5.

147

pubescentia. Capitula magna, laxe corymbosa, longe pedun
cul

ata. Involucrum campanulatum, 5 lin. longum, brückeis
panciserialibus rigidis lanceolatis x pittisicoritibin, exterioribus
en revioribus. Achenia pilosa, lin. longa.

pu
biserialis, pallide viridis ; rie interior setis 2 lin. longis, series
exterior roit parvis effec
BRI CENTRAL Anica, Fort Hill, Nyasa-Tanganyika
platens alt. 8500-4000 ft., Why

606. Vernonia rere exsertiflora, Baker [Composite-
Vernoniacese]; ad ink eigen tied ve, accedit, sed differt
ramulis lbo-ioanis capitulis 7-8-flori

Frutex erectus, osus. Ramuli sient albo-incani, remote
foliati. Folia petiolata, oblonga, 4-7 poll. longa, acuta, i
attenuata, integra, penninervia, venis primariis parallelis erecto-
pate ntibus, facie viridia glabra, dorso. pabascentia, Capitul a

parva, 1—8-flora,dense corymohboso
Involucrum whi dien 2 = ‘lo ongum, bracts rigidis glabris
arcte appressis, interioribus lineari-oblongis, exterioribus sensim
brevioribus. Achenia ey nariai dense putonieptis 1jlin. longa.
Pappus ss flexuosus, setosus, 4 lin. longus, ex involucro longe
exsertus

piiris CENTRAL AFRICA. Between Kondowe and Karonga,
Whyte, 95.

607. eera (Cyanopis) karongensis, Baker [Composite-Ver-
noniacee | ; V. Leopoldi, Vatke, accedit, sed differt involucri
bracteis a dense plumosis.

Herba perennis, erecta. Caules ramosi, sursum aa appresse
pa seii iue Folia sessilia, lanceclata, minute serra a, 3-4 poll.

onga, ad basin angustata, utrinque pubescentia. Capitula multi-
flora, pauca, ad apices ramorum corymbosa. Znvolucrum cam-

p LJ
dense albo- Sie nee Achenia immatura glabra. Pappus albidus,
lin. longus, biserialis ; eub interior setosa, series exterior

paleis n. s Titisootitts effec
BRITISH CENTRAL eos Between Kondowe and Karonga,
Whyte.

608. Vernonia CSP leptolepis, Baker [Compositæ-
Vernoniacer]; ad V. tenoreanam, Oliv, accedit, sed differt
involucro —

Suffrutex erectus, ramosus. Ramuli lignosi, sursum leviter
pubescentes, "Folia distantia, sessilia, de teda 4—6 poll.
longa, minute serrata, facie viridia obscure pubescentia, dorso
dense pubescentia. Capitula magna, ad seri ramorum solitaria
vel 2-3 corymbosa. Involucrum campanulatum m, 9-12 lin. lon-
gum, bracteis pauciserialibus appressis glabris chartaceis Pere ra
lanceolatis vel lanceolatis apice membranaceis acutis. Achæn

lin. longa, vaca rim pees multicostata. Pappus ini
setosus, fragilis, 5-6 lin. longus

BRITISH esum AFRICA. Between Kondowe and Karonga,

110 A 2

148

609. Vernonia (Tephrodes) malosana, Baker [Compositz-
Vernoniacez ] ; ad V. cineream, Less., accedit, sed differt inyoltcri
bracteis paucis iequilongis, achieniis distincte costatis

Herba perennis. Caules erecti, ramosi, pilosi. ` Folia sub-
sessilia, ovata, 1-2 poll. longa, acuta, serri ata, utrinque viridia,
facie tenuiter, dorso magis pilosa, Capitula parva, pauciflora,
dense corymbosa, pedunculis brevibus pilosis. | Znvolucrum
campanulatum, 2 lin. longum, bracteis appressis squilongis
oblongo-lanceolatis foliaceis viridibus dense pilosis. Achwnia
cylindrica, angulata, glabra, ; Sm 8-10-costata. Pappus
copiosus, setosus, stramineus, jin. jus

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Mounts Malosa and Zomba,
alt. 4000-6000 ft., Whyte.

610. Mace (Decaneurum) myriotricha, Baker [Composite-
Vernoniacesm]; ad V. Hochstetteri, Sch. Bip., accedit, sed differt
inv Ulins dense piloso.

Suffrutex ramosissimus, erectus. Ramuli lignosi, dense pilosi.
PE. pecca, ru" obtusa vel acuta, ien cordata, e

super 14-2 poll. longa, facie viridia dense pilos
dus gus persistente molliter albido-incana. Capitula malii
flora, ad apices ramorum dense etiw mbosa. Aiert crum cam-
panulatum, dense pilosum, 2 lin. longum, bracteis pauciserialibus
í is rigidulis lanceolatis. Achenia see multicostata.
Pappus albidus, setosus, 2 lin. ‘lo ongus

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Masuku plateau, alt. 6500-
7000 ft., Whyte, 293.

ui
“

611. Vernonia polysphera, Baker [Composite-Vernoniacex ] ;
a ri a; oe differt capitulis in glomerulos axillares
sessiles conges
Frutex ere <<a Ramuli virgati, graciles, lignosi, glabri.
Folia sessilia, rigide coriacea, parce serrata, utrinque viridia,
glabra, inferiora oblonga 3 poll. longa, superiora multo minora
lanceolata. Capitula "Darm in glomerulos globosos axillares
congestos sessiles aggregata. Involucrum campanulatum, 3 lin.

acutis, intimis lanceolatis. Achawnia cylindrica, dense pilosa.
iamen copiosus; series interior setosa, straminea, 3 lin. longa,
series exterior parvis paleis effecta.
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. sig Fort Hill, Nyasa-Tanganyika
ences alt. 3500-4000 ft., Whyte

2. Ageratum polyphyllum, Baker [ Compositee-Eupatoriacex ] ;
ea. con yzoide, Linn., longe recedit habitu perenni, foliis sessilibus
angustis integris

Herba perennis. Caules simplices, erecti, pubescentes, crebre
foliati. Folia opposita, sessilia, ascendentia, lanceolata, 6-12 lin
longa, marginibus revolutis integris, facie viridia glabra, dorso
griseo-incana. | Capitula multi iflora, homogama, discoidea, "n

corymbos densos aggregata. Involucrum campanulatum, 2 lin.

149

diam., bracteis peace aaa appressis lanceolatis dense pubes-
centibus, exterioribus sim brevioribus. Corolla saturate
rubra ^ puseaeahit e i Jin. longo, lobis lanceolatis recurvatis.
ahead mf conte Pappi pale pauce, obtuse, corollae
tubo triplo brevior

BRITISH vines AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000-7000 ft.,
Whyte, 252.

613. Nidorella malosana, Baker [Composite-Asteroides | :
N. microcephalam, Steetz, ‘accedit

erba perennis. Caules stricti, erecti, pilosi, pedales, ad apicem
foliati. Folia alterna, sessilia, ascendentia, lanceolata vel oblongo-
lanceolata, integra, obsc cure viridia, facie glabra, dorso ad costam
ilosa, centralia 1 poll. longa, superiora et inferiora minora.
ki oie subdiscoidea, in corymbos terminales aggregata. Involu-

um campanulatum, 1} lin. longum, bracteis pancisorialibus
Mule ngis oblanceolatis "obscure brunneis leviter pubescentibus
Corolla lutea, pappo equilonga, sepissime cylindrica, lobis parvis

vatis. Achenia subcylindrica, angulata, nen l lin. longa.
Pappus copiosus, setosus, albidus, 14 lin. longus

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Mount Malosa, alt. 4000-6000 ft..
Whyte.

614. Helichrysum luteo-rubellum, Baker Bue icit - Inuloi-
des]; ad H. Kirkii, Oliv. et Hiern, magis ac

Herba perennis, erecta, ramosa. Rami ascendentes, albo-incani,
ad apicem crebre foliati. Folia sessilia, ascendentia, lin nearia,
6-9 lin. longa, facie viridia obscure albo-pubescentia, dorso dense
Lor ssc mic -incana. Capitula ad apices ramulorum solitaria
vel pauc mbosa. Znvolucrum campanulatum, 6 lin. longum,
bracteis 3-4-seriali bus scariosis appressis glabris, QE onmes lan-
ceolatis citrinis, exterioribus parvis ovatis rubelli = Flores omnes
hermaphroditi. Corolla angusta, cylindrica, 2 lin. longa. Ania
minuta, glabra. Pappus sulphureus, setosus, 2 lin. longus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000-7000 ft..
Whyte.

615. Helichrysum monocephalum, wet pal sien teens Inuloi-
des] ; ad H. Newii, Oliv. et Hiern, magis

Herba ogee Caules graciles, ves adii: subpedales,

bo-in picem crebre folia Folia pes linearia,
aste rd $2 hä longa, facie parc ei dorso den albo-incana.
Capitula magna, solitaria, terminalia, floribus onittibas herma-
phroditis. In E S mpanulatum, 9-10 lin. longum et latum,
bracteis 3-4-serialibus appressis albidis scariosis, interioribus
lineari-oblongis . rinbris; exterioribus parvis ovatis albo-incanis.
Corolla cylindrica, lutea, pappo equilonga. Achcnia glabra,
compressa, facie unicostata. Pappus mollis, albus, 2 lin. longus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. South Nyika mountains, alt. 4000—
7000 ft., and between Kondowe and Karonga, Whyte.

150

616. Helichrysum nanum, Baker [Composite-Inuloidex]; ad
H. gerberefolium, Sch. Bip., accedit, sed differt T brevi,
foliis utrinque RR, involucri břacteis aureis ac

Herba perenn Caules infra paniculam UNS E poll.
longi, dense albo-ineani, Folia radicalia erecta, longe petio'aia,
oblongo-lanceolata, 15-2 poll. longa, acuta, ad basin angus-
tata, utrinque dense persistenterque albo-incana; folia ——
pauca, sessilia, parva, linearia. Capitula aai multiflora

il
paniculam densam globosam terminalem ag ae pedunoelis
brevissimis. Znvolucrum campanulatum, =
albo-lanosum, supra basin glabrum, bracte ee

longis oblongis acutis aureis. Achenia biia. glabra. Pappus
albidus, flexuosus, 14 lin. longus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Mount Malosa, near Zomba,
alt. 4000-6000 ft., Whyte.

617. Helichrysum nyasicum, Baker [Compositæ-Inuloideæ] ; ad
H. auriculatum, Less., arcte accedit

Herba perennis, erecta. Caules Herm simplices vel furcati,
albo-araneosi, ad apicem foliati. Folia breviter petiolata, ovata,
‘ac poll i

viridia leviter araneosa, dorso dense persistenter albido- mom
Capitula parva, permulta, in corymbum densum terminale
aggregata, pedicellis arerin dense pubescenzi ous. Involucrum
campanulatum, 2 24-3 lin

seariosis albidis, rpm sensim brevioribus, floribus omnibus
hermaphr oditis. Achenia glabra, compressa, oblonga. Pappus
copiosus, setosus, albidus, € lin. longus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Shire highlands, Buchanan,
Rete 341, 812 of 1891 pice Mount Zomba, alt. 4000-6

618. Helichrysum patulifolium, Baker [Composite- -Inuloidex] ;
ad H. quartinianum, A, Rich. edit
erba perennis. Kasan erecti, d incani, ad apicem crebre
I nsa, sessilia, pat , linearia, rigidula, 6-9 lin.
longa, facie viridia jeviter Aee dorso = albo-incana,
pine pene revolutis ciliatis. Capitula plura, corymbosa. Involu-
um campanulatum, 2 lin. longum, bracteis 3—4- siad bus appressis
citrinis pee PT intimis lanceolatis, exterioribus ovatis
parvis. cenia minuta, glabra. Pappus setosus, albus, 1 lin.
longus.
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. South Nyika mountains, alt. 4000—
6000 ft., Whyte.

619. Hes rhodolepis, Baker Legenpon te tnnlostee) :
ad H. gerberefolium, Sch. Bip., accedit, sed differt involueri

bracteis exterioribus rubris, jntimis “albi is.

Herba perennis, erecta. Caules infra inflorescentiam simplices,
2-3-pedales, albo-incani, laxe He Folia icalia longe
petiolata, oblongo-lanceolata, 4-6 poll. longa, medio 11-2 poll.
lata, acuta, ad basin attenuata, facie viridia, dorso persistenter

151

albo-incana ; folia caulina sessilia, lanceolata vel linearia. Capitula
parva, pauciflora, permulta, in glomerulum x ge ors terminalem
aggregata. IJnvolucrum campanulatum, 2 lin. longum, bracteis
equilongis oblongis obtusis, interioribus albis ididbris, exterioribus
rubris deorsum Ms osis. Achænia parva, glabra. Pappus
albus, 14 lin. longu

BRITISH Tita AFRICA. Plains of Zomba, alt. 2500-
3000 ft., Whyte

620. Helichrysum sulphureo-fuscum, Baker M snas DU
dew]; ad H. Buchanani, Engl., magis accedit

Herba perennis, e basi ramosissima. Caules erecti, simplices,
semipedales, ad apicem laxe foliati. Folia plana, ape ag facie
viridia glabra, dorso dense albo-incana, radicalia 14 poll. longa,
caulina breviora. Capitula magna, homogama, solitaria; robe
Involucrum campanulatum, 8-9 lin. longum, bracteis 3-4-serialibus
glabris appressis scariosis apice atro-fuscis basi sulphureis,
interioribus lanceolatis, exterioribus ovatis parvis. Corolla
cylindrica, 2 lin. longa. Achenia glabra, minuta. Pappus setosus,
albidus, fragilis, 2 lin. longus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000-7009 ft.,
Whyte, 132.

621. Helichrysum syncephalum, Baker [Compositz-Inuloidem] ;
. auriculatum, Less., accedit, sed differt foliis bullatis,
capitulis paucifloris.

H; erennis. Caules erecti, ramosi, dense albo-lanosi, ad
apicem laxe foliati. Folia c cs subpetiolata, oblongo-lanceolata,
2-3 poll. lon er bul ad

nga, acuminata, levi lata, ad basin Mes me facie
viridia, costam sec e dee dorso dense persistent iae
incana. een itula rani, pauciflora, ad apices sence
corymboso-paniculata. Involucrum oblongum, lj lin. lo pag:
D

bracteis pencistiu ul cblongis obtusis appressis squilongis.
Achenia minuta, glabra. Pappus albus, flexuosus, 1 lin. longus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Between Kondowe and Karonga,
Whyte, 310.

622. Helichrysum xanthospherum, “aie AD paupe Inuloi-
dex]; ad H. Kirkii, Oliv. et Hiern, magis

Herba perennis, erecta, ramosa. Caules gid aa,
ad apicem crebre foliati, Folia sessilia, lanceolata, memi
12-18 lin. longa, utrinque dense persistenter albo-araneosa.
Capitula terminalia, solitaria vel pauca corymbosa, Tavanor
campanulatum, 9 lin. longum, bracteis 3—4-serialibus appressis
scariosis tendido citrinis glabris, intimis lanceolatis, exterioribus
Mad ovatis, capitulis omnibus Mes mda Achenia minuta,
glabra. Pappus albus, setosus, 2 lin. longus.

puits CENTRAL AFRICA. Between Mpata and the com-
vu of the = plateau, alt. 2000-3000 ft.,
- te.

152

623. aon ae Baker [Compositee-Inuloidee]; ad A.
debilem, DC., d ti

erba ares ramossisima. Caulis primarius erectus, semi-
joii ramis patulis strictis ope albo- pubescentibus et
nigro-setosis. Folia sparsa, subteretia, 9-12 lin. longa, marginibus
revolutis, facie viridia setis brevibus albis conspersa, orso albo-
incana. Capitula homogama, discoidea, ad apices ramulorum

3.4

solitaria. Znvolucrum campanulatum, ; lin. diam., bracteis
rigidulis coge eas lanceolatis albo-incanis, exterioribus levi-
ter squarrosis. Achenia angulata, 1 lin. longa, villosa, ad basin

nga, osa, à
attenuata. Pappus ashiento eequilongus, multiserialis, paleaceus ; i
pales apice fimbriate

RITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Fort Hill, Nyasa-Tanganyika
plateau, alt. 3500-4000 ft., Whyte.

624. Pulicaria n tan mear À ee [ Composite-Inuloidex ] ;
ad "p. vulgarem, Gaertn., magis dit.

Herba perennis, erecta. is ramosissimi, pubescentes,
graciles, semipedales, ramulis ascendentibus. Folia linearia,
integra vel subintegra, utrinque pubescentia, inferiora 14-2 poll
longa, ite oc ae minora. Capitula heterogama, ligulata, ad apices

ramulorum solitaria vel pauca corymbosa, pedunculis dense
aow Vubesestitibuk Involucrum campanulatum, in.
ongum, bracteis biserialibus lanceolatis rigidulis pusen
exterioribus parvis. Ligulæ parvæ, luteæ. Achenia minuta,

ompressa, glabra. Pappus setosus, albus, fragilis, 2 lin. longus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Near Fort Hill, Nyasa-Tanganyika
plateau, alt. 3000-4000 ft., Whyte.

625. Aspilia ee ee: Baker Mee -Helianthoidee | ;
ad A. Kotschyi, Benth. et Hook. fil, accedit, sed differt ligulis
aurantiacis, acheniis Tor is.

a perennis, erecta. Caules 6-7 poll. longi, graciles, — i
saat foliati, seepissime simplices, monocephali. Folia s ssilia,
opposita, pecu vel superiora alterna, lanceolata vel aha
lanceolata, acuta, ascendentia, basi angustata, utrinque viridia,
pilosa. Capitula heterogama, multiflora, radiata, longe pedun-
culata, sepissime solitaria. Znvolucrum campanulatum, 5-6 lin.
longum, bracteis pauciserialibus :quilongis oblongo-lanceolatis
dore dense pilosis. Ligulæ 3 lin. longe. Receptaculi pal

lanceolate, 4 lin. longe. Achwnia cylindrica, glabra.
Pubs iinukik paleaceus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Zomba, Whyte and MeClounie.

626. Aspilia ves Baker [Composite-Helianthoides | ;
A. latifoliam, iv Hiern, accedit, sed recedit -—
tloribus discoideis ea

Herba perenn nis. Caules erecti, graciles, simplices, pe
pilosi, ad apicem laxe foliati. Folia opposita, decussata, brevissime
petiolata, ovata, acuta, 1-1} poll. longa, basi rise rolas fàcio
viridia scabra, dorso leviter pilosa. Capitula multiflorsp>cterogama,
radiata, solitaria, terminalia. Involucrum cnim pal latu, 2-58.

153
longum, bracteis lil is lanceolatis pubescentibus.
—ÁÀ— must, 2 lin. lo onge. Receptaculi palee lanceolate,
rigidula, 2 lin. longe. Achenia cylindrica, glabra, apice pubes-
centia. Pappus obeblobus

BRITISH CENTRAL Loc Mount Zomba, alt. 4000-6000 ft.,
Whyte. °

627. Guizotia nyikensis, Baker [Composite-Helianthoidex ] ;

G. abyssi pic Cass., accedit, sed recedit involucri rate Gait
magnis folia

erba perennis, erecta. Caulis Lie ee biete eria
remote nee Folia opp oblon uta
basi ata, minute Ly deemed visidia- tenuiter lan.
ited ork 3-4 poll. longa. Capitula multiflora, heterogama,
ligulata, ad apices ramorum solitaria vel pauca conferta. Involucri i
bractez pauce, ovate, inzequales, foliacee. Ligule luteæ, 5 lin.
longs, apice conspicue dentate. Achenia cylindrica, glabra.
Pappus abortivus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, e 6000-7000 ft.,
Vhyte

Whyte, 198; Masuku plateau, alt. 6500-7000 ft.,

io Coreopsis aspilioides, Baker [Composite-Helianthoidee ] ;
| C. linearifoliam, Oliv. et Hiern, accedit, sed recedit foliis
lanceolatis scabris.

Herba perennis, erecta. Caules l-2-pedales, ramosi, NS
io foliati. Folia Ss le sessilia, lanceolata, 3—4 poll. longa,
ascendentia, integra vel parce dentata, utrinque viridia, scabra.
Capitula multiflora, he verom a, radiata, ad apices ramorum
solitaria vel pauca corymbosa. perc ah um campanulatum,
4 lin. longum, bracteis sequilongis lanceolatis foliaceis hispidis.
Ligule aurantiace, 6 lin. longze, apice profunde fisse. — Aeceptaculi
pale lanceolate, epa zc onge. Achenia glabra. Pappi
palec 2, parvee, lanceo

BRITISH Caniat Ar Zomba, alt. 2500-3500 ft., Whyte.

629. Jaumea Johnstoni, Baker [Compositæ-Helenioideæ] ; ad
J. Oliveri, Vatke, et J. Compositarum, Benth. et Hook. fil., magis
accedit

a perennis, erecta, glabra. Caulis bipedalis, teres, gracilis,
Pura ni Folia opposita, sessilia, oblongo-lanceolata, acuta,

a,
laxe corymbosa, pedunculis elongatis n nudis vel foliis parvis
diet i ed præditis, ,Involucrum campanulatum, 5-6 lin. longum,

Cor vila eVDIREHos, aurantiaca, 6 lin. longa, lobis lanceolatis.
Achenia cylindrica, dense pilosa, 2 lin. longa. Pappus albidus,
setosus, 4 lin. longus, setis a tng apice uncinatis.
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRIC Ny ika plateau, alt. 6000-7000 ft.,
Whyte, 228; Masuku plateau, alt. 6500-7000 ft., and between Mpata
and the e Nyasa-Tangany ika plateau, alt. 2000-3000 ft., Whyte.

154

630. Emilia oceani seat —— E D ad E.
ecspitosam, Oliv.

Herba annua, bilem: eee ceespitosi, erecti, monocephali,
6-9 lin. longi, prope basin tantum foliati. Fol per ascendentia,
oblonga vel oblanceolato-oblonga, obtusa, crenulata, ad basin atten-
uata, utrinque viridia, pubescentia, majora d poll. loni». Capitula
solitaria, -homogama, pedunculis nudis rectis semipedalib

n i lan

glabris equilongis. Corolla cylindrica, lutea, 2 lin. longa. Ackæenia
minuta, glabra. Pappus setosus, albus, mollis, 2 2 lin. lon ngus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Mount Zomba, alt. 4000-6000 ft.,
Whyte.

631. Senecio exsertiflorus, Baker ie gem
ad S. nyikensem, Baker, (vide infra) arcte accedit

Suffruter sarmentosus, subcarnosus, glaber. Ramuli infra
sublignosi, Folia distincte petiolata, ovata, acuta, utrinque Min.
labra, basi subcordata vel rotundata, inferiora 1j poll. longa.
Capitula enia. ad apices ramulorum laxe corymbosa, pedun-

ulatum, bracteis interioribus circiter 8 lanceolatis obtusis vel
subacutis, Gitestoribus paucis parvis. ores ad capitulum circiter
20, involucro duplo longiores. Achænia cylindrica, parva, glabra.
Pappus albus, mollis, 2 lin. longus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Mount Zomba, alt. 4000-6000 ft.,
Whyte.

632. Senecio nyikensis, Baker oo aad Senecionidex]; ad
S. petitianum, A. Rich., magis ac

Suffrutex sarmentosus, glaber. pir — cere teretes.
Folia distincte p integra, utrinque
deltoidea, 2 poll. longa, basi truncata, superiora dd ra basi
cuneata. Contes discoidea, oblonga, ad apices aros p dist
corym mbosa. Znvolucrum campanulatum, 3 lin. lon ngum, bracte is
rimariis circiter 8 lanceolatis glabris, basalibus paucis parvis.
Flores gary circiter 20 ad capitulum. red enia minuta,
cylindrica, glabra. Pappus albus, 3 lin. lon

B viri CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika SE alt. 6000-7000 ft.,
Whyte, 238.

633. Senecio deem carin € 2 neal eager Den
ad S. bupleuroiden, DC., magi

Herba PELIS erecta, ires ADR sd ciles, stricti, profunde
sulcati. Folia sessilia, erecta, chartacea, utrinque viridia, glabra,
inferiora ovato-lanceotata 5-6 poll. longa basi cordata, superiora

sensim minora. Capitula haero multiflora, ligulata, in anicu-
lam laxam terothpiem disposita, pedunculis elongatis gracillimis
erectis. IJnvolucrum campanulatum, 2 lin. longum, bracteis interi-
oribus 7-8 glabris obtusis, exterioribus obsoletis vel 1-2 linearibus
minutis. Ligule luteæ, 3 lin. longæ. Achenia Sienra glabra,
l lin. longa. Pappus setosus, mollis, albus, 2-23 lin. longus.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Plains of Zomba, alt. 2500-3000 ft.,
Whyte.

155

634. Senecio rectiramus, Baker Sb oe Shape Senecionidesz] ; ad
S. sarmentosum, O. Hoffm., magis accedi

Suffruter sarmentosus. Caules dtr cal, flexuosi, graciles,

acuta, facie viridia glabra, dorso persistenter albo-incana, majora
14-2 poll. longa, petiolo basi auriculato. Capitula heterogama,
multiflora, i in paniculas laxas disposita, panicularum ramis prim-
ariis rectis patulis. Involucrum campanulatum, 2 lin. longum,
bracteis interioribus circiter 15 rigidulis alata lanceolatis, exter-
ioribus sic parvis albo-incanis. Ligule paucs, parve, lutez.
decem cylindrica, parva, glabra. Pappus albus, mollis, 2 lin.
ongus. $

gn CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000-7000 ft.,
yte, 110.

635. Senecio or etu P: d eee ad
S. Steudelii, Sch

Herba perennis, din parce RE Caulis gracilis,
erectus, bipedalis, dimidio inferiore simplex, dimidio superiore
axe ramosus. Folia basalia lan ceolata, semipedalia, subcoriacea,
obscure crenata, in petiolum m canalic ulatum attenuata, facie glabra

nerd acutis leviter araneosis, exterioribus parvis linearibus.
Ligule late, lutez, 2 lin. longs. Achenia D ridi glabra,
1 lin. Ted Pappus albus, mollis, setosus, 4 lin. lon

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. eee ft.
Whyte, 162.

636. Berkheya dnm ima Baker err iamen
a speciebus reliquis tropico-africanis facile dis ur foliis
profunde morr is et involucri bracteis bi cem eri

Herba per Caules teretes, cuir eer haud
alati. Folia sessilia, con Dae, poll. longa, profunde
pinnatifida, spinis paucis parvis stramineis marginata, facie viridia
scabra, dorso dense persistenter albo-ineana. Capitula homogama,
plura, discoidea, terminalia, in paniculam latam corymbosam
disposita. Involucrum campanulatum, 4 lin. longum, Pepe
lanceolatis rigidis pungentibus, mon copiosis stramineis mar-
ginatis. Achenia immatura glabra, ad basin attenuata. E
pale: lanceolate, integre, 2 lin. longs.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000-7000 ft.,
Whyte, 186.

637. Berkheya parvifolia, Baker ee Ar E ; ad
B. johnstonianam, Britten, magis a

Herba perennis. Caules ala vem DOSES angusta prediti.
` Folia alterna, parva, ander sessilia, lanceolata, dentata, spinis
parvis stramineis marginata, facie spinulifera, dorso glabra
Capitula PEETS magna, solitaria vel pauca corymbosa.

156

Involucrum campanulatum, 9 lin. longum, bracteis appressis
lanceolatis dem pungentibus, spinis stramineis inequalibus

marginatis. Ligul lineares, luteæ, 9 lin. longs. <Achenia
immatura cylindrica, glabra. Pappus yis puer à

TROPICAL AFRICA. German East Afri ry common on
hills north of Lake Nyasa and north of the Livingatotte ae
Rev. W. P. Johnson. British. Central Africa: between Kondow
and "Karonga, Whyte, 551.

638. Berkheya rumeur rid [Composite-Arctotidex] ; ad

B. spekeanam, Oliv., magis ace
Herba perennis. Von Nb erecti, albo-lanosi, ad apicem

foliati, foliis decurrentibus spinosis irregula riter alati. Folia
alterna, sessilia, lanceolata, 2-3 poll. longa, pinnatifida, marginibus
copiose spinosis, facie setoso-spinosa, dorso albo-lanata. Min ete
pauca, magna, Sire corymbosa. Jnvolucrum campanulatum
1 poll. diam. , bract is multiserialibus appressis lanceolatis foliaceis,

Ligule multe, lutez, 9 lin. longer. Achenia immatura cylindrica,
glabra. oo paleaceus, 3 lin. longus, paleis paucis integris
lanceola tis

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000—7000 ft.,
Whyte, 150.

639. Gerbera raed di — A goon aera Mop ad
G. piloselloiden, Cas dit.

Herba perennis, ine wee swiss — Folia pauca,
omnia radicalia, eee petiolata, oblonga, integra, 2-3 poll. longa,
facie viridia glabra, dorso purpureo tincta Aopen al Pedunculus
monocephalus, 6-10 pol longus, gracilis, erectus, inferne parce.
superne dense pubescens. —Znvoluecrwuin campanula atum, 6 lin.
longum, bracteis peucisia [bna linearibus appressis dorso albo-
pilosis. Lowsn multz, lanceolate, rubro-lutex, 6 lin. long:, dorso
poe Florum disci corollæ cylindricæ, 3 lin. longæ. Achæenia

mmatura cylindrica, Purus lj lin. longs. Pappus setosus,
"pin albidus, 3 lin. lon
PEL CENTRAL aii Masuku plateau, alt. 6500-7000 ft.,

yte,

640. Lobelia (Hemipogon) oma oie ec hue ene
Lobeliex] ; ad L. trullifoliam, Hemsl.,

Herba pusilla, annua, glabra. dodi cd a tes, ramo
graciles, subpedales, apice ascendentes. Folia distincte pos
ovata, obtusa, 3-6 longa, distincte crenata, membranacea,
utrinque viridi ia. Flats pauci, ad ape ramorum laxe racemosi,

dicellis ascendentibus filiformibus 1-2 poll. longis. Ca/ycis lobi
lanceolati, 1 lin. longi. Corolla cærulea, t tubo calyce duplo longiore,
lobis obovatis 1 lin. mi ol Stamina corollae tubo :quilonga.
Capsula obconica, 15 lin. d

_ BRITISH CENTRAL pp Plateau of Mount Zomba, alt.

6000 ft. Whyte; aeiio j ae 312 of 1891
collection.

157

641. Lobelia (Hemipogon) intertexta, Buker DIM

coma ad L. trullifoliam, Hemsl., etiam acce
annua. Caules gracilimi, erecti, erii dense

éféapttoni, eig alati, pilis sparsis patulis preediti. Folia me
brana oe parce pilosa, utrinque viridia, inferiora sees orbicularia
3 lin. onga profunde inciso-crenata, suprema sessilia linearia.
Flor ai ad apices ramorum laxe racemosi, Violin 6—12 lin.
longis basi foliis Nduslis stipatis. Calycis lobi subulati, 14 lin.

ongi. Corolla cerulea, fauce albo-ceruleo maculata, tubo 2 5 lin.
longo, lobis obovatis tubo duplo pitar Stamina e tubo
haud exserta. Capsula obconica, 1} lin. dia

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. mes um alt, 6000-7000 ft.,
Whyte.

642. Lobelia (Hemipogon) nyikensis, Baker erri spine
Lobeliez] ; ad L. acutidentem, Hook. fil., magis accedit.

Herba perennis, glabra, e basi ramosissima. Caules subpedales,
graciles, erecti vel diffusi, ad apicem laxe foliati. Folia alterna,
— remm etin vel late ovata, ees lin. longa et lata,

rofu nde rana u vir

12-18 lin. ee = nee Pega stipatis. Calyx 14-2 lin.
longus, ad ova obeonicum fissus, lobis linearibus. Corolla

inferioris 2 obovatis 1 lin. longis. Antherw coroll tubo protruse.,
E CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000—7000 ft.,
Whyt

643. Lobelia ere squarrosa, Fee? Me egeret
Lobeliecw] 7 ad L. gibberoam, Hemsl., magis a

Herba robusta, erecta. Caulis aK poe saltem
Teia ad apicem dense foliatus. Fo/ia densa, ascendentia,
— lanceolata, suprema 21-3 poll. longa, Sedo 6-8 lin. lata,

renulata, utrinque obscur re viridia pubeseentia, venis iin

inferioris haud elevatis. Racemus densissimus, cylindri
bracteis lineari-subulatis — €: 12-18 lin. longis. Calycis lobi
lanceolati, dorso ooh seaman Jorolla expansa ignota. ie unm
duorum anther barbate :

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Masuku plateau, alt. 6500-7000 ft.,
Whyte, :

ne Cyphia m Baker ie age, ad

C. tortilem, N. E. Br., magis accedit

Hep ba glabra, gracili ili s. Caules volubiles. Folia SPOPHN, remota,
breviter petiolata, ovato-lanceolata, acuminata, 1-2 poll. longa

embranacea, serrat utrinque viridia, glabra. Flores 13 gréa.
axillares, breviter pedicellati. Calycis lobi lanceolati, reflexi,
1j lin. longi. Petala lanceolata, 9 lin. longa, basi intus pubes-
centia. Capsula globosa, glabra, 3 lin. diam., dimidio es ga
libera, Stylus brevis, indivisus, curvatus, stigmate capitato

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Between Kondowe and i ironga,

yte.

158

645, Lightfootia capitata, Baker Lem pere Mo" -Campanules];
ad L. gloniératam, Engl., magis acc
Herba perennis, erecta, vix eda superne ramosissima. Ram
graciles, ascendentes, pilis subtilibus patulis vestiti. Folia Noe
lin. lon

lanceolata, 9—12 nga, Biss pilosa, marginibus conspicue
crispato-undulatis. Flores in capitulum terminale globosum
aggregati, bracteis rigidulis lanceolatis, Calyx hispidus, 2 lin.
longus, profunde fissus, lobis lanceolatis primum erectis demum

patulis. Corolla filicina, calyce paulo longior. Capsula oblonga,
dimidio superiore libera

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000-7000 ft.,
Whyte.

646. Faroa oe Baker [Gentianee]; ad F. graveolentem,
Baker, magis a
Herba annua, EU Caulis quadrangularis, erectus, semi-
pedalis, ramosus. Folia opposita, patula, sessilia, membranacea,
ario oblonga, trinervata, 15-18 lin. longa, superiora lanceolata.
in glomerulos globosos sessiles axillares aggregati. Sepala
T e aest obtusa, 1 lin. longa. Perianthium stramineum,
tubo oblongo 1 lin. longo, segmentis ovatis patulis tubo duplo
ey — perianthii segmentis zquilonga. Capsula
in tubo inclus
MM uec AFRICA. Masuku plateau, alt. 6500-7000 ft.,
yte.

647. ee ramosissima, Baker [Gentianev ]; ad C.decussatam,
Schultes, accedit.

Herba nana, glabra, e basi ramosissima. Caules acute tetragoni,
haud alati, ramis erebris ascendentibus. a hii lanceolata,
inferiora 6-8 lin. longa. Flores pauci, ad apice racemosi,
foliis valde reductis bracteati, pedicellis Provinims i 'éroóto-pelót

tibus. Sepala ovata, viridia, 2 lin. longa, dorso anguste alata.
Cor ollæ spa e calyce breviter exsertus, lobis parvis. Stamina
inclusa. Capsula oblonga, 2 lin. longa.

BRITISH CENTRAL eie Fort Hill, Nyasa-Tanganyika
plateau, alt. 3500-4000 ft., Whyte.

648. Swertia pleurogynoides, Baker [Gentianee]; habitu
omnino Plewrogyne deor Griseb., europe, sed petalis supra
basin foveolis binis preediti

erba annua, glabra, Cite erecti, graciles, subpedales,

linearia, patula, 12-15 lin. longa. Cyme multe, pauciflore,
terminales et axillares, in paniculam ipid - laxam elongatam
dispositz, pedicellis brevibus erectis. Sepala linearia, 3—4 lin
longa. Petala sublibera, lanceolata, bm supra basin foveolis
binis parvis viridibus prwdita. Stamina petalis duplo breviora,
antheris parvis globosis. Capsula eni petalis æquilonga.
usse CENTRAL AFRICA. Between Kondowe and Karonga,
yte.

159

649. ip Lon] ite ioa Baker [Gentianee]; ad S. Lastii,
Engl., magis accedit

Herba annua, Mee rinm erecti, graciles, —— —
dimidio superiore valde ramosi. Folia r emota, opposita, sub-
EM ovata, Liebe crassa, pret viridia. Cyme in seti

mplam corymbosam odis lang pedicellis erectis quam

TUR jongiaibas. Sepala crassa, viridia, oblonga vel oblanceolato-
spathulata, obtusa, 2 lin. longa. Corolla 4 lin. longa, tubo revi,
lobis latis obtusis. Stamina corolla duplo breviora, antheris
oblongis parvis. Capsula PORUM chartacea, bivalvis, petalis
persistentibus demum longio

BRITISH CENTRAL nd Nyika plateau, alt. 6000—7000 ft.,
Whyte, 141.

650. Tecoma eter Baker [Bignoniaces] ; ad T, shirensem,
Baker, arcte ace

Frutex ‘sett sister: Ramuli wines E ES Folia Vinci
petiolata, imparipinnata, foliolis 9-11 o eutis, su ribus
9-16 lin. longis, basi cuneatis Ziiineer micros Boii
viridibus facie glabris dorso leviter pubescentibus. Racemi laxi,
pauciflori, terminales, pedicellis ascendentibus 3-4 lin. longis

panulato paulo brevioribus. Corolle tubus infundibularis,
curvatus, l poll. longus, lobis latis tubo duplo SO TT
Stamina longiora et stylus corolla paulo longiores ; anthers 2 li
longs, loculis basi segregatis.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000—7000 ft.,
Whyte, 112.

651. e thyrsoidea, Baker [Selagineæ] ; ad S. whyteanam,
Rolfe, acce

Herba perennis, e basi ramosissima, Radix magna, lignosa,
fusiformis. Caules plures, erecti, simplices, semipedales, pubes-
centes, ad apicem crebre foliati. Folia conferta, 'gessilia,
ascendeniia, anguste linearia, uninervia, do reo pubescentia,
siccitate nigrescentia. Flores perplurimi, in paniculam densam
thyrsoideam dispositi, oe Weeden anit gs Calyx campanu-
latus, $ lin. longus, dense p asin suni bes
linearibua. Corolle tabüs eye éoquilóhgrü ; limbus
2 lin. diam., lobis obovatis obtusis 1 lin. longis, pagaia "basi
connatis. Stamina longiora limbo squilonga.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 7000 ft.,
aha te, 144.

652. Clerodendron a M Baker [Ver-
benace ud ad C. myricoiden, R. B accedit.

Suffru ramis robustis deni erectis glabris. „Folia
sessilia, eira vBintedoliio-eblügn, 4-6 . longa, dimidio
superiore erenata, e medio ad basin sensim attenuata, penninervia,

ie viridia, dorso pubescentia. Cym« dense, multiflor:e, sessiles,
in paniculam eylindrieam 6-9 poll. longam aggregate, bracteis

160

primariis linearibus parvis foliaceis, pedicellis Vue a
Calyx pubescens, tubo campanulato, lobis inzequali ovatis vel
oblongis demum 2 lin. longis. Corolla. e staining ignote.
Ovarium globosum.
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Mount Zomba, alt. 2500-3500 ft.,
vy te.

653. LRA — gien E Baker [Ver-
dit.

ee d C. glabrum, E. Meyer, magis a
Fru ramis lignosis angulatis ‘tas ure pubescentibus Folia
opposita, "longe petiolata (petiolorum x bus uratis persisten-
bus), ovata, cordata, cuspidata, 2-3 poll ings ntegra, utrinque

viridia, fovitor pubescentia, dorso crebre ghee dns rubris punctata.
Cyme in paniculam densam terminalem congeste, pedicellis
brevibus leviter pubescentibus. Calyx glaber, 3 lin. longus, tubo
campanulato, dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. Corolle tubus
cylindricus, 5-6 lin. longus ; limbus expansus 3 lin. diam., lobis
orbicularibus. Stamina segmentis triplo longiora.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Between Mpata and the Nyasa-
Tanganyika plateau, alt. 2000-3000 ft., Whyte.

654. Ac os mad €— Baker (| Labiate]; ad A. cylin-
draceum, Oliv., accedit

Herba perennis. — erecti, ramosi, graciles, pedaies vel
sesquipedales, obscure pilosi, parce foliati. Folia breviter petio-
lata, lanceolata, 1-1} poll. longa, crenata, ad basin attenuata,
utrinque viridia, pilosa. Capitula parva, globosa. solitaria, foliis
2-3 reductis basi ems bracteis floralibus orbicular i-cuneatis
11-2 lin. latis. Calyx 14 lin. longus, labiis obtusis. Corolla
tubus calyci æquilongus, labiis parvis. Stamina e labio inferiore
vix exserta.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Between Kondowe and Karonga,
Whyte ; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 193 of 1891 collection,

655. a sedge venosus, Baker [Labiate]; ad A. /ilacinum,
Oliv., ace

Herta perennis, erecta. Caules graciles, pilosi, remote foliati,
bipedales. Folia sessilia, lanceolata, erecto-patentia, 2-3 poll.
longa, integra vel obscure crenata, utri rinque viridia pilosa, dorso

due 13-2 lin. longis et latis. Calyx 2 lin. longus, labiis elongatis
obtusis. Corolle tubus e calyce breviter exsertus, labiis parvis
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Manganja hills, alt. 3000 ft., Kirk :
Shire Vo gegen Buchanan, 266 of 1891 collection ; North. Nyasa-
land, Why

656. Holanthus nyikensis, Baker [Labiate]; ad Æ. Nyasse,
Gürke, arcte accedit.

Suffrutex basi lignosus, ramulis ascendentibus subtiliter pilosis.
Folia breviter petiolata, suborbicularia, 1-1} poll. longa, profunde

161

ineiso-crenata, basi integra cuneata, utrinque viridia pubescentia.

Spice dense, jd 1} poll. longs, pedunculate, in

— Drabi late ovatæ, 2-3 lin. longæ, acute, membranaceæ,

persistentes, Veron i purpures. Calyx brevissimus, mem-

arapapone, labiis xpi. Corolla 4 lin. longa, tubo e calyce
onge exserto, labio superiore concavo, inferiore suborbiculari

profunde lobato. Stamina coroll: squilonga.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000-7000 ft.,
Whyte, 119.

657. Holanthus salicifolius, Baker [Labiate] ; ad Æ. ambustum,
Oliv., magis accedit.

Herba perennis. Caules breves, pousse graciles, teretes,
dense pubescentes. Folia sessilia, linearia, ascendentia, subcori-
acea, integra, glabra, 1-1} poll. longa. paio dens, 1-3 poll.
onge, in panieulam brevem terminalem aggregate; bracteæ
lineares, pilose, calyci PIDE. Calyx 2 lin. longus, pubescens,
tubo eylindrico supra basin induratam persistentem circumscisso,
labiis brevibus obtusis. 'C rollo! tubus calyci equilongus, labio
superiore parvo oblongo-naviculari, la hio inferiore parvo orbiculari
trilobato. Stamina in tubo inclusa.

RITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, 6000—7000 ft.,
Whyte, 107.

658. Pycnostachys peter ie. Baker [Labiate]; ad P. urtici-
Joliam, Ho ok., magis accedit.

Herba erecta, ramosa. Caules acute tetragoni, graciles, parce
ramosi, remote foliati. Folia puustjugh, petiolata, ovata, acuta,
crenata, membranacea, inferiora 2 poll. longa, utrinque viridia,

2-3 poll. longs, laterales breviores. Ca/yz campanulatus, tubo
brevi, dentibus Tigidis setaceis 2 lin. longis. Corolla c:erulea, 6 lin.
longa, tubo reflexo sursum infundibulari, labio superiore parvo,
inferiore coneavo unguiculato 2 lin. longo. Stamina haud
exserta.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRIC Between Kondowe and Karonga,
Whyte : ; Shire highlands, Bue hanan, 873 of 1891 collection.

659. Pycnostachys D Baker [Labiatze] ; ad P. Schwein-
Furthii, state magis acc Salit

Her
foliati wien mea paucijuga, cire i i lanceolata, acumi-
ra

posit
iridis 3 lin. longis. Corolla cerulea, tubo elongato reflexo, labio
inferiore concavo 4 lin. longo, labio superiore parvo. Stamina
haud exserta.
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Fort Hill, Nyasa-Tanganyika
plateau, alt. 3500—4000 ft., Whyte.
ll f B

162

660. dae. 78 sphserocephala, Baker em me Ta
ur mein ee , et P. reticulatam, Benth., medium tenens.

Herba s. Caulis erectus, ramosus, bievitet Ea
Folia potestis, oblongo-lanceolata 3-4 poll. longa, acuta, basi
attenuata, crebre inciso-crenata, facie pee scabra, dorso persis-
tenter griseo-incana. Flores ad apices ramorum ah glomerulos
globosos congesti, floribus inferioribus Voies Calyx floriferus
tubo brevis, a ae rigidis lanceolatis 1-1} lin. longis. Corolla
cerulea, 8-9 lin. longa, tubo reflexo dimidio superiore infundi-
bulari, labiis poles inferiore profunde trilobato. Stamina
inclusa.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 5000-6000 ft.,
Whyte, 139.

661. Scutellaria Livingstonei, Baker [Labiatse]; ad S&S. pere-
grinam, Linn., accedit.
Herba perennis. Caules cæspitosi, erecti, pedales, dense
te eg Folia paucijuga, breviter petiolata, ovata, obtusa,
es in. longa, subintegra, utrinque viridia parce pilosa. Flores
laxum terminalem dispositi, pedicellis SS ae
Sa bon bracteis parvis oblongis foliaceis. Ca
panulatus, pubescens, 1} lin. lon a rs labiis bie valde obitus
Corolla atropurpurea, pubescen , 7-8 lin. longa, tubo reeto sub-
cylindrico, labio superiore oblongo-naviculari tubo duplo breviore,
labio inferiore suborbiculari superiori squilongo. Stamina ac
stylus coroll: squilongi.
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Manganja hills, Kirk; Shire
highlands, Buchanan, 144 of 1891 collection ; Blantyre, L. Scott ;
Mount Malosa, alt. 4000 ft., Whyte; without locality, Livingstone.

First known to us from a fragment in Dr, Livingstone’s pocket-
book, genet after his death in 1874,

=;
S

662. Achyrospermum HIN Baker [Labiats] ; A.
africanum, Hook, fil., accedit

Frutex ramulis sina ratites dense aaea Folia
opposita, brevissime petiolata, ovata, 3-4 poll. longa, acuta, crenata,
basi rotundata vel cuneata, Paen viridia, bone sa. pane sessiles,
umbellate, in paniculam densam cylindricam 5-6 poll. longam
aggregate ; bractes late ovate, inferiores 5-6 lin. latee ; pedicelli
pubescentes, calyce breviores. Calyx demum 4 lin. longus, tubo
infundibulari, denti bis ovatis subeequalibus 1 lin. longis. Corolla
pubescens, 6 lin. longa, tubo infundibulari, la bio superiore parvo
oblongo-naviculari, inferiore orbiculari. Stamina stylusque e
labio superiore breviter exserti,

S tla CENTRAL AFRICA. Masuku plateau, 6500-7000 ft.,
yte.

663. Leucas masukuensis, Baker [Labiate]; ad L. myriantham,
Baker, magis accedit,

Herba perennis. Caules graciles, ramosi, erecti, pedales, dense
pubescentes. Folia brevissime petiolata, ovata, acuta, 5-6 lin. ——
longa, utrinque viridia, tenuiter pilosa, dorso crebre nigro-punctata. ——

163

Glomeruli multi, globosi, in panieulam cylindricam terminalem
aggre gati, bracteis primariis see foliaceis, pedicellis brevissimis.
Calyx 2 lin. longus, pubescens, dentibus equilongis acuminatis.
Corolla alba, tubo calyci squilongo labiis parvis. Stamina e
labio superiore haud ex

BRITISH CENTRAL vede Masuku plateau, alt. 6500-7000 ft.,
Whyte.

664. Leucas megasphera, Baker [Labiate]; ad L. grandem,
Vatke, magis accedit,

Herba p Folia brevit Caules facien dem ue Ped remote

bracteis floralibus linearibus dense Ben Calye T ? Hn iu
obli i .

superioribus linearibus, inferioribus parvis ovato-acuminatis.
Corolla cy tubo calyci equilongo, labio vacio 4 lin, longo

superiore hacks

Wage shana AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000-7000 ft.,
7h

665. Leucas myriantha, Baker [Labiate]; a speciebus reliquis
recedit ore calycis viri glomerulis pluribus approximatis,
bracteis primariis parvis

Herba perennis. ride Sn pubescentes, pedales vel sesqui-
pedales, simplices vel fure Folia breviter petiolata, ovata,
acuta, 1-1} poll. longa, narod utrinque viridia, tenuiter pilosa,
dorso erebre nigro-punctata. Glomeruli multi, in paniculam
cylindricam semipedalem aggregati, bracteis primariis parvis
foliaceis, bracteis floralibus lanceolatis pilosis calyci equflonets,
pedicellis brevibus. Calyx 4 lin. longus, dense pubescens, tubo
brevi, ore haud obliquo, dentibus setaceis wquilongis. Corolle
tubus calyci squilongus, labio EM parvo oblongo, — adi
parvo deflexo trilobato. Stamina e labio superiore haud exserto.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nyika plateau, alt. 6000-7000 ft.,
Whyte, 178, 214; between Mpata and the commencement of the
Nyasa-Tanganyika plateau, 2000-3000 ft., Whyte.

cet Tinnea spen Baker [Labiate]; ad 7. wthiopicam,
Kotschy et Peyr., accedit
Piai ramulis Sinetin lignosis Map breviter pilosis. Folia
opposita, petiolata, . ovata, acuta, 2-3 poll. longa, basi late rotundata,
facie saturate viridia subglabra, dorso pallide viridia pubescentia.

centibus 2-4 lin. longis. Arn a pubescens, valde accrescens,
primum oblongus, 7-8 lin. longus, demum vesiculosus, membra-
naceus, basi cordatus, 12-15 Pn longus, labiis brevibus rotundatis.
Corolla pubescens, 1 "poll. longa. Stamina inclusa.
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Masuku plateau, alt. 6500-7000 ft.,
Whyte, 289.

110 B2

164

667. Eriospermum tulbaghioides, Baker [Liliacem]; a speciebus
reliquis recedit filamentis quadratis emarginatis.

Tuber globosum, 2 poll. diam., cortice sordide brunneo. Folium
post scapum productum, lor nge petiolatum, lineari-oblongu
5-6 poll. longum, 15 lin. latum, subcoriaceum, glabrum, apice
ED pd Pedunculus gracilis, ene ae Racemus oblongus
subdensus, pedicellis erecto-patentibus 3-4 lin. longis, bracteis
deltoideis minutis. Perianthium dere 2 lin gm ongum, segmentis
lineari-oblongis. Stamina perianthio triplo breviora, filamentis
quadratis emarginatis rubris, antheris oblongis par

SOUTH AFRICA. Cultivated at Kew from om sent by
Mr. Charles Howlett, of Uitenhage, in 1895.

668. Ornithogalum subspicatum, Baker [Liliacee]. This n
is substituted for that of Ornithogalum Galpini, Baker (Flora "t

"pensis, vi. 526), which had already been used for another
species (7.c. 516).

DCXII.—FIJI INDIA RUBBER.

In the Kew Report for 1877, p. al, it is stated that a specimen
of native caoutchouc had been received from Sir Arthur Gordon
(now Lord Sanare), Governor of Fiji. This is still in the
Kew Museu t was favourably. mM upon at the time

character as the higher grades of African rubber. If free from
water admixture ibd impurity the Med would be Is. 6d. per
und,” This was twenty-one years ago. At the present time
the price would seine “be 2s. or 2s. Gi, per pound. After so
promising a beginning it was hoped that a successful rubber
industry would he established in the Fiji E Si So far,
however, this expectation has not been realize

It was xem that the tree from which the rüber was obtained
* was very common in the islands." In 1878 Mr. John Horne,
F.L.S., then Director of the Botanie Gardens at Mauritius, visited
Fiji and paid particular attention to their economic resources.

A report on the C2outchoue or India rubber plants is published
as an Appendix to his “Year in Fiji” (London, Stanford, 1881),
pp. 195-202,

The Fijian n name for caoutchouc is **drega," and the
juice kau ” is generally applied to all trees that have a eroe

Horne found a species of Tabernemontana (since named
T. Mur Hone Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. XX., 368), with white
flower and a reddish- -yellow berry about 5 inch diameter. * When

wounded a thin milk-white juice exudes which yields a small
quantity of caoutehouc." Locally UA wa is carts as “Kau Drega,”
or “Talotalo.” Mr. R. L. Hol (in the enclosure to the
Governor's despatch of the 15th April, 1898) speaks of it as
“decidedly our best rubber-yielding tree." He adds: “ It grows
to a large size. Those that I saw were up to 18 inches or 2 feet
through at the base. It is found scattered in the forest on the |
hills and valleys, but is not gregarious.” The specimen of rub

165

from this tree recently received from Fiji was hard and gutta-like
and without elasticity. In the condition in which it reached this
country it was of little or no Laion value

The most pde yup rubber plant met witk by Mr. Horne
was A/stonic Labill. ; of this possibly, A. villosa, Seemann,
is a hairy form. The ed, given of this tree is as follows :—

“The Fijian name" says Mr. Horne “is * Drega quruquru.'
They collect the juice in their mouths, which makes the
caoutchouc as adhesive as glue, and of about the consistency an nd
colour of putty. To get the juice, the Fijians break off the leaves
from the branches, and collect it as it flows from the posicion. and
the wounds on the branches heres by the breaking off of the
leaves. The branches are next broken off the trees, E each
branch is broken up into pieces ee 6 inches to a foot lo

* As fast as the pieces are broken, first one end of them is oe
in the mouth, then the other, till the mouth is full of crude
caoutchouc. Several mouthfuls are collected together an
squeezed into a round mass or ball. This method of collecting
the juice, with the ruthless manner of eeh the trees, some-
what surprised me when I first saw it done. Since then repeated

branches. The youngest branches of the tree contain most juice.
When the old or firm-wooded branches are broken very little sap
flows from them. When the young branches are broken the sap
flows rapidly for a few seconds. It soon coagulates when exposed
to the air, and the wound has to be freshened to cause the sap
to flow anew. When the branches are broken into pieces of
about a foot in length the juice flows from the ends and the
pieces are drained almost entirely. A little more may be obtained
by breaking the pieces in the middle, but very little. The juice
flows from between the bark and the "wood, and from the pith, or
from between the pith and the henas

The caoutchouc may nt to market in balls, or it ma
pressed in moulds into ond thin pieces, ge or € inches broad
ma an iinch. in thickness (more r les uired.

d — was done in regard to Fiji is soa last
year, = in response to an inquiry ' from o
made to obtain botanical specimens of all er than ird
a milky juice,

166

This was followed by the receipt of two samples of rubber
forwarded by the present Governor, Sir George O’Brien. The
first samples proved entirely valueless, The second, received in
March, 1898, were more promising.

Alstonia "plumosa is known in Viti Levu as “Sarua.” It
is described as abounding in the foresis and if cesta
treated might prove a useful dune deeper plant. Mr. Joske,
the Commissioner for Colo N orth, *the leaves are large

k

d with a f bamboo
different particles are pressed together into balls. That is the
way it is produced when required as an article of commerce.
It is also chewed by children as a pastime and made into
plastic (em se: which to play

Mr. Joske adds, “I remem ber twent y years ago that it was
Dti on both of the above islands [Viti Levu and Vanu

Levu] as an article of commerce. If I recollect rightly. it "dni
then fetched a good — in e European markets. The export

of it fell off owing to the difficulty of getting the natives to
continue steadily at the industry, and owing to the fact also that
settlers hoped to do better with what they then considered
more important articles such as cotton, sugar and coffee.’

It is possible that under ie stimulus of higher prices decies
gathering in Fiji may be revived, It is — however, that
the preparation has almost Abos a lost art, for the s dicia
lately received from Sir George O'Brien was “soft and viseid on the
outside, with little or no elasticity, and practically without value.”

later specimen, received in June last, was € so viscid, but it
gradually became hard and inelastic. Mr. as s confirms Mr.
Horne that no milk i is obtainable -- the ste

With the cedi was en nclosed a sample of Pubie from a tree
known as “Baka” (Ficus bkit Forst. f.). According to
Mr. Joske, this 4 yields quantities of ru ubber.” Further, “it is
used by the natives of the interior as birdlime with which at
certain seasons of the year they catch wild pigeons; it is very

easily procured. Incisions are made in the bark and underneath
are placed bamboos which receive the sap = pours out. It is
e ated by means of heat, natives say they
could get immense quantities of ‘this ea much trouble.
Were it discover ed that the rubber was of commercial value it

w
not been sufficiently coagulated, it was regarded by Messrs.

Hecht, Levis, and Kahn as suitable for ue ipn and
its value to-day was placed at ls. to 1s. 3d. per pou

A substance obtained from the * Ban " tree, kiy a rhe
of the Sapotacecw, but, in the absence of flowers, otherwi in-
determinable, was slightly elastic and might command a mie at
= to p" per pound.
her specimens, obtained from the * Wasalili " (Carruthersia
Sisi Seem.) and the **Malawaci " (Trophis an
: gor Seem.), were entirely deficient of elastic properties and
reported to be of no commercial value.

167

DCXIIL—SAN JOSE SCALE.
A plant-pest known under the above name has recently attracted
a good deal of attention in the United States and Canada, as we

griculture.* The original home of a scale (Aspidiotus
perniciosus) is at present unknown. It was observed in an
epidemic form in the San Jose Valley in California, about 1870.
Since then it has rapidly spread in every direction in the United
States. The seriousness of its attacks may be gathered from the
following extrac

“There is perhaps, no insect capable of causing greater damage
to fruit interests in the United States, or perhaps the world, than
the San Jose, or pernicious scale. It is not striking i in appearance,

all deciduous fruit trees—trunk, li mbs, foliage, and fruit— that
it is only a question of two or three years before the death of
the plant attacked is brought about, and the dieses d of eii
which, from experience with other scale enemies of deciduo
plants, might be easily ignored or etn insignificant a vote
startlingly demonstrated. Itsimportance from an econ
point, is vastly increased by the ease with which it is distributed
over wide districts through the agency of nursery stock and the
imabketing of fruit, and the extreme difficulty of exterminating
it where once introduced, presenting, as it does i in the ge regard,
difficulties not found with a any other scale insect.” (l.c. pp. 9-10.)

Aspidiotus PEE belongs to the sub-family Dipl of
mu Coccide. It is mall soft insect which secretes a scale

rate from itself uh Jike the shell of an oyster. This scale

is ve minute, round, flattened, and in the case of the me is
“ grayish, hardly bla ck, a a light + dot : and ring.”

The illustrations reproduce ed in the Gardeners’ Chronicle
(Feb. 12, 1898, p. bue - BA. will afford some idea of t
appearance of the . 87 it is on a Californian pear

the United States the insect is known to occur in
han Chile and Hawaii. It is now spread throughout the
States of California, Oregon and loge reaching British

Columbia during the last few years. It has extended southward
to Ne aan Arizona and New Mexico. In the usar States its
occurrence has in many cases been traced to two large New Jersey

nurseries i4 fiom which infested plants had unwittingly been sent
out for certainly six or seven years.” The Southern States, such

San Jose scale has in a we years gai ined a foothold in no le
than fourteen States east of the Rocky x HRSG Its latitudinal
range extends from 28? S. lat., to 50° N. 1

* The San J
of its life history and the rétiediol to be eed gaia it. By L. O. Howard and
C. L. Marlatt. Bulletin No. 3. New Series. United States Department of
ieulture, i tote x. atem logy. Wi th a map and numerous woodcuts,

168

As regards the plants specia it is stated that * practically all
deciduous fruit trees are subject" to its attacks; also ** many
shade trees and ornamental t The pear, peach, „plum,
pple and cherry are almost equally liable to injury”; also
currant and gooseberry bushes

All parts of the plants Denon eventually covered, giving them
the appearance of a “grayish, very slightly roughened, scurfy

git ^»

Various methods are ds ges as remedies and preventives.
A lime-sulphur wash is said to be used during the dormant
season as a winter dec ce a Bee wash both as a winter and
summer wash, chiefly the former ; while a arian emulsion is
used in the summer PX In addition, or is Mie hydrocyanic
gas treatment applied to nursery s vA : all cases of recen
attack AN this is of special interest in this MENT *the affected
stock should be promptly uprooted RES burned. No measure is
so sure as this, and the dan nger of spreading is so great that this
course seems fully warranted.”

8 precautionary measures the United States Department of
Agriculture suggest the following :—

“No orchardist should admit a single young fruit tree or a
single cutting from a distance into his orchard without first
carefully examining = n satisfying reais conclusively that
it does not carry a single = jen of the San Jose scale;
he should insist ves on a guarantee from tiic nurseryman of
such freedom. In addition, no fruit should be brought upon
the premises without — careful inspection." (l.c. p. 66.

naturally to be expected, all European countries
receiving vegetable production, such as fruit, &c. from the
United States have been keenly anxious not to introduce so
serious a pest as the San Jose scale into their nurseries or
orchards.

As far as this country is concerned, according to an extract
published in the Gardeners’ Chronicle of March 19, 1898,
* Mr. Newstead, an authority on scale insects, is satisfied that the
insect has not yet established itself in this country, either upon
fruit trees or cultivated plants of any kind, whether grown in the
open air or under glass, or upon indigenous plants.” How long
this inftaunity will last it is difficult to

In the cmn according to a ea tothe Times, from Berlin,
dated Febru 3, an order has been issued by the German

m
all fresh fruit from America. en the same is discovered to
es infected with the San Jose scale it is at once refused. The

mportation of windfalls packing material and plants is entirely
forbidden

La Semaine Horticole tor May 7, states, however, that i"
des miren EMG est prohibée en Allemagne, moins
temporair

A seorang d ‘the n Horticole for May 16, * Le gouverne-

ment hollandais a interdit pour quatre mois l'entrée des

arbres et arbustes, fraita: frais ou secs, de provénance ARES

: n cóté, le — fodenit suisse vient de prononce
ja móme iatentiction. f

169

The CODE AY 9 the Dominion of Canada to the Uni
States, and the sequent greater danger of infection with
which it is HDI E has le d to the pining of a law by the
Mong Parliament prohibiting the entry of all nursery stock

m the States. It regards an effective inspection of such stock
as s HU DOBÁLDIS. Hence the prohibition is absolute as in the case of
iermany.

The following correspondence, communicated to Kew by the
Secretary of State for the Colonies, indicates the strong position
taken up by the Dominion Government in endeavouring to deal
with the subject :—

COLONIAL OFFICE to ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

Downing Street,
May 6, 1898.
SIR,

1 AM directed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to
transmit to you, for your information, a copy of a despatch
which has been received from the Governor-General of Canada
with its enclosures, on the subject of the don law prohibiting
the importation of ve stock from the United States entitled
the “San Jose Scale Act

I am, &c.,
(Signed) EDWARD WINGFIELD,
The Director
oyal Gardens, Kew,
LORD ABERDEEN to SIR JULIAN PAUNCEFOTE,

Ottawa,
April 9, 1898,

SIR

TH reference to Your Excellency’ d ASDA, No. 5 of
the 28th "ulii on the subject of an Act recently passed by the
Parliament of Canada, prohibiting the url of a

herewith copy of an approved minute of the Privy Council
explaining the considerations which led to the enactment of this
measure and representing that propc circumstances do not admit
of any modification of its provision

I have, &c.,
Signed) ABERDEEN.
His Excellency Sir Julian Pauncefote, G.C.B.,
&c., &c.

(ENCLOSURE.) :

EXTRACT from a report of the Committee of the Honourable
the Privy Council, approved by His Excelleney on the 7th April,
1898.

"The Committee of the Privy Council, have had under con-
sideration a paraphrase of a despatch Secret of March 28, 1898,
d a despatch dated March 28, 1898, from Sir Julian Pauncefote,
"Majesty's Ambassador to the United States, intimating that
some modification in the oent We prohibiting nursery stock

170

de the er States is urged by the State Department of that
untry, owing to the disastrous effect on the interests of American
ddaiérs diem contracts are to be filled.

The Minister of Agriculture, to whom the said despatehes were
referred, states that the very serious depredation caused by the
ravages of the San Jose scale in the United States of America,
induced Canada, in self protection, to take immediate and extreme
measures to prevent the introduction of the pest into the
Dominion.

The Minister ow states that 32 of the States of the Union
as well as the District of Columbia are now known to be infected
with this pest, Md pa so alarmed are the authorities of the
different States at Se increase of this insect, which is acknow-
ledged to be by the worst enemy of trees which has ever
been studied by e entomologists, t that many of the States are now
for this reason actually passing legislation as drastic as possible
in their cireumstances, with the o object of preventing the shipment
of intested stock from State to State.

spend submits that, in the opinion of all entomologists
who have studied the su bject, inspection is insufficient ; the
Dominion nS eel claims that thorough inspection is
impossible.

The Minister observes that the following sentence appears i
the latest publication on the subject by the United States’
Entomologist, Bulletin 12, New Series, United States Department
of wee page 25

e insu quU of inspection certificates has been insisted
P wir n and a

The Minister utl states that the San Jose scale has been
found at a few localities in the province of Ontario, in one of the
most important fruit growing districts of the Dominion.

That the Provincial Government of Ontario recognizing the

its eradication, which is confidently believed will soon be
rami am if no further introduction of the pest from abroad
occu

That so important was immediate action for the rete of
Canada's most important fruit industry, and so nu were
demands from fruit growers, fruit growers’ as itii and
others in all fruit growing sections of the Dominion, that the
members of both Houses of Parliament, upon the introduction of
y iue suspended the rules of the Houses and passed the Bill
at

That ‘this was done with the full rat. that a number of
Canadians would suffer in consequence of the sudden prohibition

of all nursery stock, they having pee agents for the aru
of this stock, and in many cases having been paid for
advance.

That the results of the Act were referred to on a subsequent
date in the House of Commons, and the Members evinced a
strong determination not to recede in any particular from their
action in passing the Bill.

The Minister, under the circumstances, is unable to recommend
that for the present any modification be made to the provisions of
the “San Jose Scale Act.”

171

he Committee of the Privy Council, on the recommendation
of the Minister of seating advise that Your Excellency be
pleased to submit an an n the sense of this Minute, to His
Excellency Her Majesty’ 8 i Arabi dor to the United States.

All which is respectfully submitted for Your Excellency’s
aipsovel,

(Signed) JOHN J. MCGEE,
Clerk of the Privy Council.

DCXIV.—CHILLIES.

Pod peppers or eae oe fruits of Capsicum annuum and
allied species, are a well kno spice and condiment. They are
an indispensable ee ae in curries and are largely consumed
in the fresh and dried state and in pickles. Some forms of
Capsicums known as Bell peppers are entirely free from the acrid
and burning pungency so characteristic of these fruits, and may
be eaten cooked as a vegetable or in salads.

Chillies, Bird or Guinea Peppers the fruits of the shrubby
Capsicum minimum (usually much smaller than the {Eo
grow generally in tropical countries. These are in c
in commerce. When thoroughly dried and ponai, and after-
wards passed through a hand mill and sifted, they are the principal
source of the well-known Cayenne pepper

It is estimated that about 100 tons of dried chillies are annually
received in this Veri from the West Indies and the East and
West Coasts of Afri The price at which they are sold appears
to be liable to eoi dei blo fluctuation. In May 1898, “50 bags
dull Zanzibar sold gra reserve e 29/- to 29/6: whi ile 58 bags
good Japan sold at 39/- to 41/- per cwt.” A sa a a of capsicums
grown at St. Lucia in ie "West Indies, dull and uneven in colour,
were valued (in February last), i in limited demand, at 20/- per cwt.
What is evidently required is an article bright in eei even in
quality, and possessing great pungency.

ZANZIBAR CHILLIES.

In the Kew Bulletin (1892, p. 83) the following information
respecting chillies was given in an article on the Agricultural
Resou etn of Zanzibar, contributed by Sir John Kirk, G.C.M.G.,

“ The - smell red peppers or chillies are largely grown in the
more dry and rocky part of the island, where the upheaved coral
presents a honeycombed surface, that favours the accumulation of
rich soil in the crevices. The ‘pods are picked when ripe, sun-
dried, and packed in mat bags made of the split frond of the
Hyphene palm for edema 'This is an industry that has sprung
up within the last 30 years

(F. 0. Checa 1892, Misc. Series 0. 396) —

"T. r plant growi ng on the island is Spem
minimum, usually termed the ‘shrubby capsicum,’ and pro
ducing the bird's-eye chillies forming the basis of cayenne

172

pepper. This is to be found in a small degree in every shamba,
but the principal source from which the annual ex ports are
derived i is the eastern side of Zanzibar, and the eee eer here

“Judging from observations made during my brief visit to
this portion of the island, east of Dunga, the chillie cultivation
k of a

struck me as being o very scattered nature, generally small
isolated patches from half to one or two iege in extent, and
combined with tobacco, toma u D regret my

to, pumpkins, &c.

at to quote the annual total exports, but I believe they are
arge, and an undoubted source of revenue. As the chillie is, as
To = only product of any value grown in this less favoured
portion of the island, I consider that this cultivation could be
ext idc and that a little foste ering care might be productive of
much advant tage. It isa cultivation easily carried on, and calling
for no special trouble or skill, and the returns are certain and
profitable. At present the people are so blind to their own
interests as to purposely depreciate the value of this product.
I qudoriend pas through fear of possible shortage by theft
way wn, owners actually damp the chillies before
P ieu dd ind it is often necessary, on their reaching the
overnment Customs godowns, to dry them as quickly as is

possible as the only chance of saving them.

* Another variety of pep pper ( ? Capsicum annuum) bearing à
larger red and yellow pod is also cultivated, but the produce
from this is all consumed locally.

The latest account of Zanzibar chillies is contained in the Report

of Mr. Consul Cave on the Trade and Commerce of — for
the year 1897 (Foreign Office, 1898, No. 2129, Annual Ser eg) :—

“ The production of chillies has risen n from 16,336 fei lar in 1896
to 17,698 frasilas i in ds an increase of 47,6 701lbs. The average
price was 2 dol. 57 c. per frasila, as against 2 E dol. 57 e. per frasila
during the previous year." A better price than this could
doubtless be obtained for Zanzibar produce if a little more care
and attention were devoted to its cultivation and harvesting, but
up to the present time it ve been allowed to grow almost wild on
the coral outcrop which covers the eastern portion of the island,
and the slight pena: discomfort: bres attends the handling o
pods prevents the native from ing any care in its picking
and subsequent pearson ior peace. Attempts have lately
been made to obtain a better sample on ground which has been
specially cleared. and prepared for. the purpose, but the results are
not yet to hand,”

JAPANESE CHILLIES.

In a Note on Recent Additions to the Museum of the Pharma-
ceutical Society (Pharm. Journ., Dec. 11, 1897), Mr. E. M. Holmes,
F.L.S., furnished the following interesting particulars at an
aiid meeting of the Society, respecting Japanese and other

“During the last -three or four years there has beer in
commerce a very bright red variety of Capsicum minimum,

_* A frasila = 35 Ibs. avoir.

173

Roxb. (C. M Ri iL Bl.), said to be imported from Japan. In
voe eiim of its elean, bright, and attractive appearance it has

ommanded a higher prit than other varieties. Mr. J. C, Umney
lind recently direeted my attention to the fact that this variety is less
pungent than the Sierra Leone and Zanzibar varieties, although
far superior to them tm colour. On further inquiry I find that
this fact is well known to drug and spice brokers. Mr. Umney
points out that when an alcoholic tincture of the Japanese and
Zanzibar varieties are respectively diluted Wer about 14 parts of
water, the former gives a much clearer solution than the latter,
indicating less oily matter. All the bright red Üay enne pepper until

that state. The entire pod pepper imported from Natal is a

of chillies at €— in English commerce eoi am in one

those of Sierra Le and Zanzibar, the former being of

seal pS un ‘tent, aes pm latter of a dull, dark red, and often of

inferior quality, containing badly-dried. fruits, stalks, and foreign
t

ut both
The latter is, however, quite pungent enough for most people,
although perhaps unsuitable, by reason of its lesser pungencr, for
medicinal hororon; as an outward — ete. Iam indebted
to Mr. ung, of the firm of Messrs. Dalton and Da for
information concerning the different saeco varieties and for
specimens illustrating them. My object in directing attention to
these commercial varieties es to point out to students and to retail
chemists that there are often differences in the qualities and
appearance of the same drug, which are worthy of careful obser-
vation, not e from a scientific, but also from a commercial point
pal Cayenne pepper is made from a small variety
of € désert: annuum, and is remarkable for its violet odour
Neither this kind nor the Zanzibar gives a red, but a brownish,
powder.
The following comments on uote. Holmes' paper were made at
the meeting by Mr. MacEwan
“The subject of cayenne mor was interesting to ma
chemists dme apart from medicinal purposes, probably more
capsicum being sold for feeding birds than for any other purpose.
he pepper used in that way was tasteless, and seemed to contain
a large amount of fatty matter. lt was dark in colour, and the
object was to heighten the colour of the feathers. It wi
supposed to come from Capsicum annuum, and he should much
I onl

like to know where it came from. It was only nipe Ay two
or three houses, and attempts by others to vista it h t been
very successful. There was no doubt that the pepper as

qae :
an untreated product. The a Dr. Brady, on his return from

Japan, passing through Vie came across a comparatively

tasteless pepper, which pears pdilirablo discussion at the time,

ere was a large amount of it on the market, but the substance

had bee n pretty much lost sight of since. He thought it would

well repay inquiry, as very little had been done on the subject of
peppers since Dr. Thresh dealt with it about eighteen years ago,"

174

According to a writer in Spon’s Encyclopedia, Div. V.,p. 1803:
* Several “varieties of C. annuum have little or no pungency ;
one of these is abundantly grown in Hungary, forming the
puo of the Magyárs. Another variety, cultivated in Spain, is
mported into this country in powder for giving to canaries, to
"merce the eolour of their feathers. The Nepal capsicums,
which have an odour and flavour resembling orris-root, are the most
esteemed as a condiment.’

SOUTH AMERICAN PEPPERS.

The following ris account of the use of peppers in
South America appeared in the Saturday Review of the 15th
September, 1886 :—

* Aji-ajii—Pepper of peppers is the meaning of this compound
Quichuan word, and both word and thing are largely distributed
over South America, extending from the Bibo-Bio in the south to
the ae in mon onis F is also sh geese in the dialects of the
Gra ct rain n Andaqui, ong the agricultural
Indians M Chocó, the rari e iala of Potosi) and the Cerro de

DP “There are "two kinds of aji; but there is only one way of
preparing it. The best is that which is made from the greatest
variety of peppers. The pods of these are taken when fresh,
stripped of their seeds, and ground into a paste of the consistence of
fresh spring butter. The paste is put into a small, well-dried gourd,
prepared on purpose, of the size and shape of a well. grown orange.
'The gourd, when thus charged, is then coated with a layer of well-
tempered clay, and placed in the sun to dry, or to ripen, as the
simple people who prepare it say in their own tongue. By the
time when the clay is well baked, the pulp or paste within has been
dried into a fine yellow powder, and i is then fit for use. Many people
ignorant of this fine art of the Incas, have supposed, quite naturally,
that these aji-laden gourds, with their exquisite flavour and
refined taste, were some uncommon and little-known natural

with ne pods, oe Ag aes adds great Apt mad to the pepper,
and is always used in the preparation of m r Indian corn,
ahid is bollo in its own husk with much ai. an ii surpasses in
flavour and pleasantness any vegetable curry of the East. The
gourds of aji, when ORE ripe, are cleansed of their cup of
clay, e: up in suitable leaves, well secured by the fibre of the
aloe, nd mne h resemble when ready for market reeves of large

their lives in Pieria of MUR daily. newspapers, and quota-
tions of the state of the markets, had their own special way of
Sambo aji, mixing with it some delicately-scented bark grou und

to powder, or other salutary substance known only to the reticent

* Specimens of these gourds are in the Kew Museum labelled “ Gourds used in
[x for holding red pepper‘ aji ' (Capsicum spp.), from Mr. H. F, Stahlschmidt,

175

Indian. From such houses no visitor was ever allowed to take
his departure eerte carrying with him a supply of the latest-
made aji; no raveller went to the capital or my. of the —

Santa Rosa, or the et Fathers who once a year went long
journeys to baptise the children, marry their parents, and
otherwise maintain the influence and authority of the Church
in the remote gn of the earth. “But even this good custom is
fast dying out

DCXV.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Mr. OLIVER TIETJENS HEMSLEY, a member of the gardening staff
of the oo al Gardens, has been appointed, on the recommendation
of Kew, by the Secretary of State for India in Council, a pro-
bationer a for employment in the Royal Fouale Gardens,

aleut

Mr. ALEXANDER WHYTE has been appointed by the Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs, Curator of the Botanic Garden,
Uganda, about to be established “for the better (E and
development of the agricultural resources of the Protectorate."
Mr. Whyte had previously started a similar aiei in British
Central Africa, in which he was from 1891-7 Head of the Scientific
Department. An interesting report of his work is given in the
Kew Bulletin for 1895 (pp. 186-191). He made an important
collection in North Nyasaland, a country which had never been
previously explored botanically. A portion of the novelties was
described in the Kew Bulletin for last year (pp. 243-300) and a
further one is published in the present number.

Mr. JOHN WEIR. t. Tho death of this old collector for the Royal
Hortieultural Society occurred on the 98th of April last, and
was recorded in the phi eners’ Chronicle of May 14th. John
Weir collected in Brazil and New Granada between 1861 and 1864,
when he had an attack of sre followed by paralysis, from which
he never completely recovered. In addition to living plants and
seeds he made an extensive collection = dried plants, which were
only partially distributed at the tim Many of the novelties
among the flowering plants were aieritiad by the late John Miers,
F.R.S., in the Jo rnal of the Horticultural Society ; and the mosses
by Mitten in the Journal of the Linnean Society. At the wish of
the deceased the considerable residue of his collection was offered
to Kew only a few days before his death.

Botanical Magazine for June—Crinwm Woodrow? is a fine new
species from Central India, named after Mr. G. Marshall Woodrow,
Professor of Botany in the College of Science, Poona, by whom

176

bulbs were sent to the Royal Gardens in January, 1897. Morisia
hi ypogæd, native of the rocks and sandy shores of Sardinia and

'orsica, is a dwarf Crucifer with golden-yellow flowers, borne
singly on slender scapes which curve downwards after flowering,
so that the young fruits become büríéd in the soil, where they
mature. The plant flowers annually in the Rock Garden.
Celastrus articulatus was raised from seeds communicated by

wall in the Royal Gardens, = a is not hardy. It differs from
cus solitary-flowered Beets of P. grandiflorus in nog
trongly fragrant flowers. Orchis monophylla was sent to t
Royal Giderin by Mr. TAs H. Hildebrand, C.I.E., Suiperthteddent
of m Southern Shan States. It isa perde of the Shan Hiils of
Burma, growing at an elevation of 4,000 fee

Early Opening.—The open-air departments of the Royal Gardens
S opened to the publie by direction of Án er Be First
ya ia r of Works and Public Buildin el
10 o'elock. The arrangement will continue for the dine following

First guinea apu made the following statements on the
subject i in Parliament :
“I have eun to admit the public to Kew Gardens (not
mibg the plant houses) at an earlier hour than noon on week-
n the ensuing months of June, July, August, and September.
I shall thereby be in a better position to judge of the extent of

which ! am
having inquiry made, and I hope to we further taforindtios in
a few weeks’ time.” —( Times, April 5

“ The subject of opening Kew Gardens at an earlier hour was
a difficult med we it had occupied his attention for some time.
There was ne a difference of opinion as to opening Kew
Gardens at an sales hour subject to two conditions—that the
Gardens would be taken advantage of by the public; and,
secondly, that it would' be safe in the interests of science and the
students at Kew to grant an extension. It had at length been
decided to open the Gardens on June 1, at 10 a.m., and to open

If it was found that the publie appreciated the new arrangement
and patronized the Gardens to the extent that the advocates of the
earlier opening of the Gardens said they would, the Office of
Works would make the extension of hours—as far as the summer
months went—permanent."—4( Times, April 19.)

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

BULLETIN

OF

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION,

No. 140.] AUGUST. (1898.

DCXVL—COAGULATION OF RUBBER-MILK.

The extensive use of India-rubber in the arts and manufac-
tures, renders the production of this substance a matter of
general interest. One of the most kombe problems that awaits

solution is a simple and effectiv eans for coagulating the
rabbe aiii and producing an article ` free from impurities and
capable of being worked with as little preparation as possible.
In the following paper, which has recently | yr in the
Annals of Botany Mon xii., pp. 165-171), Mr. R. H. Biffen, B.A.,
Demonstrator in Botany at the University of Cambridge, has
given an admirable summary of what is alre ady known on the
subject. Mr. Biffen accompanied Mr. Esme Howard last year on

a tour through the rubber-yielding countries of T ropical
America. They visited Mexico, Central America, Brazil, and
some z the West India Islands. Mr. Biffen has therefore had

a favourable opportunity for becoming ss borg hoe hs con-
dititions under which rubber is at present prepared, is

a position to suggest scientific akoak for the tt proverb
of the industry.

While sep de during ins rcs part of 1896 in studying the

functions of latex, cen on was frequently called to its
spontaneous dohai on wise’ in contact with the air.
De Bary describes the phenomenon as follows* :—* As 1 as

latex comes in contact with the air, and still more quickly on
treatment with water, alcohol, ether, or acids, coagula appear in
the hitherto apparently homogeneous clear fluid itself, and inde-
pendently of the no goce n of the insoluble bodies described by
Mohl (Bot. Zeit., 1843, No. 33). The stats collect together and
separate with the senile bodies from the clear fluid. These
phenomena of coagulation which appear under the action of so
various agencies point especially to a complicated composition of
the fluid, and deserve further investigation.

An examination of the subject was therefore commenced with
the small quantities of latex obtainable from plants grown for the

* De Buy; ung. pem Phanerogams and Ferns, p. 184.
378—1375—8/98 Wt90 D&S 29

178

purpose in the Sois cmd san anical Gardens. The results
obtained were of some interest, and accordingly the experiments
were d ic her with ner researches on a larger scale,
in Mex o, Brazil, and the West Indian Islands.

Bubber-yielding plants, which always have peces, cells,
were for the most part chosen on account of the e
large quantities of latex could be obtained, and boots the various
processes used in the preparation of crude rubber seemed likely

ject.

A microscopic examination of any of these latices shows that
its milky appearance is due to the presence of innumerable small
granules of caoutchouc, which in themselves are soft and sticky.
for they readily cohere to form a small mass of rubber if the
sp is ape is lightly rubbed on the slide.

Some of the processes employed to prepare this rubber may be
desorbed ere.

In the preparation of Para epis athin layer of the latex of
Hevea He cies (Muell. Arg.) or other species of Hevea, is
exposed to the action of the smoke at burning “ urucuri " nuis
(Attalea excelsa, Mart.); coagulation is mm ediately brought
about, resulting in the formation of a soft, curdy mass of rubber,
which on drying becomes tough and ela

The same process is now being applied with good results to the

preparation of Ceara rubber from the latex of “Manihot Glaziovii
(Muell. Arg.).
The usually accepted Erp anaon of this is that the water
contained in the latex is simply evaporated off;* but as the
coagulation i is brought about in so short a time, and moreover as
there is no loss of weight on its occurrence, this is "opviodels
incorrect.

On passing the smoke of the burning Attalea nuts through a
condenser, condensation occurs, and two layers of liquid are found
in the receiver, one colourless and limpid, the other dark brown
and oily. If these are separated by means of a pipette, or with a
moistened filter paper, and analyzed, the former is found to
consist mainly of acetic acid, and the latter of creosote and traces
of pyridine derivatives.

On adding acetic acid to the crude latex. of Hevea coagulation

e

quote

It orthy of note that the latex of Hevea brasiliensis is in
itself pir and that the addition of a solution of ammonia
preserves it indefinitely from spont Nie coagulation. The
addition of alkalies brings about coagulation, however, in the latex
of Castilloa elastica. In Mexico and Nicaragua, where this tree
abounds, a decoction is made of the stems of ihe Moonflower
Ipomoea Bona-noz (Calonyction speciosum), and added to the

* Ernst, Trinidad Bulletin, vo. i ie =
+ Kew Bulletin, 1890, Art. 142, p. 89.
i Watt's Diet. Economie Pola of India, vol. iv., p. 343,

179

latex.* The alkaline properties of this extract are well known

to the native Indians, who frequently employ it in the manufac-

ture of soap. The latex has an acid reaction iss litmus
latio

Coagulation may also be eme about $: ‘roiling the latex, as,
for example, in the preparation of * balat from Mimusops
miey in Venezuela and Trinidad.

here are several other methods in general use besides the few
that have been quoted, and many others have been suggested from
time to time
r exists in particles in the latex, it ponas possible
that the BRAA method of separation might adopted in
examining the phenomena of coagulation, A "modio d form of
the ordinary centrifugal milk-tester was, therefore, designed
capable of being rotated some 6,000 times per minute.

The latex was n n directly from the trees, strained through
wire gauze to remove any pieces of bark, and then, if very thick,
diluted to about ihe consistency of thin cream. The first experi-

ments were made with the latex of IRAE elastica. | After
centrifugalizing for from three to four minnis the rubber-
particles completely separated as a thick, creamy, white layer,
from the deep brown solution containing dime c acid in which
they had been suspended. This layer was taken off, shaken with
an excess of water to thoroughly wash it, and again separated.

y

n lo
several days. The particles couid, however, be brought into a
solid mass by pressure, by gently heating, or by drying off the
water with a porous tile.

So prepared, the rubber formed a pure ag mass, without any
trace of its usually characteristic smell. On ;exposure to the a
for "s days, the surface became locum probably owing to
oxidatio

The percentage of rubber in the latex was estimated at the same
time by — ing 50 c.c. The weight of the dry substance was
1255 grammes, which; as the specific gravity of Castilloa elastica
latex is practically 1-0, gives a yield of 25 per cen

On treating the latex of Hevea bi WHAtRAD SHE in the ho malon, ERE OF for

* Belt, Naturalist i in — ua, :
t For a complete account, ie UD et la Gutta-percha, Seeligman,
Lamy, and Falconnet, Paris, 1896.

378 A2

180

gave results imeem parallel with those mentioned above. This
latex is interesting, as it is readily clotted by churning. A soft
spongy clot is forried in a few minutes containing in its meshes
the greater part of the solution in which the rubber-particles were
suspended. If this clot is cut into alive while still soft and
pressed between sugar-cane crushers, or in a heavy press, the
bulk of the solution is extracted er a fairly pure rubber is
fou On drying, it does not ve off the putrid smell
characteristic of the ordinary Ceará be

Other latices can also be clotted by churning, but the process is
a long one,

he latex of Hancornia x wem and of Mimusops globosa gave
similar rakit on centrifugalizing. In the case of the latter, the
pink colouring-matter hich characterizes ‘ balata’ was found to
have separated as a thin layer at the bottom of the tubes

Artocarpus incisa contains a very viscous latex employed by
the Brazilians as a bird-lime or as a substitute for glue When
diluted and centrifugalized it separates ed giving a creamy
white layer which dries to a resinous mass somewhat resembling
gutta-percha. At the ordinary temperature this is quite hard and
iu but if the temperature is raised sli ghtly it becomes plastie,

at the temperature of boiling water it is soft and excessively
isk. The substance is soluble in carbon bi-sulphide, and
nsoluble in Aloch k nd water

Urostigma Gamelleira* yieldsa similar sühebition of a chocolate-
brown colour

We thus see that cue mere action of centrifugal force effects the
separation of rubber; and from the failure of the processes
usually employed, involving the use of chemical reagents, to
bring about the clotting of the separated and washed rubber-

les, we must infer that no chemical change occurs in the
rubber itself, and that the cause of coagulation iun be looked for
in the medium in which they are suspended.

From our knowledge of the constitution of latex, it is evident
that the proteids are the most likely substances to cause this
icem treated with acids, alkalies, excess of salt, &c., and when

oiled.

Unfortunately few latices have as yet been examined for their
proteid constituents, chiefly on account of the diffieulty of
obtaining them in their natural condition in European laboratories,
owing to their coagulating and undergoing decomposition during
the journey from the tropics.t The ag tone so far made
prove t the presence of albumin, globulin, albumose, and peptone
in several prise Resin) latices. t In the clear solution left after
NT IE of the rubber-particles the xantboproteie reaction

always showed the presence of proteid matters, but under the
circumstances it Bed impossible to identify them.

Now albumins are characterized by the coagulation of their
solutions on heat ing, especially in the presence of dilute acids,
and globulins or their ready precipitation with the salt-solution
and their coagulation on heating.

* Mart. Fl. Bras. 4. i. 93, Ficus doliarum of Mart. Sys. Mat. Med. Bras 8.

t This does not apply to the latex of Mimusops globosa, or Hancornia iun,
both of which may be kept for months w Im undergoing any change.

I J.R Green, Proc, Roy. Soc., 1886,

181

Thus when the latex of Hevea brasiliensis is held in the smoke
of the burning urucuri nuts, the albumin it contains* is clotted by
the action of heat in the presence of dilute acetic acid.

The globulin of. Manihot Glaziovii latex diui pe on heating
when the temperature rises to 74—76? C,

The acid latex of Castilloa elastica contains an gae albumin,
which on neutralization forms a gelatinous precipita

These coagula on forming gather up the Pa Pertot icles (and

probably starch -grainsalso,in the c eof starch-containing latices) i in
the same way as the white-of-egg putida up particles in suspensio
when clotted for the purpose of clearing jellies. e may even

push the old analogy of blood and latex further, and compare the

formation of a rubber-clot, in many cases, to the formation of

blood-clot, the rubber-particles being bound together by coagulated

proteids in the same way as the blood-corpuscles are "bound

together by fibrin. In this case, however, we must remember
iir d

are, are bro ped of aggregating together of their own accord to
form a solid
Rubber then, as now prepared, -— among other Weinen
proteid matters. wed these must be ribed the well-knoy
‘fermentative chan which causes a id siderable loss by con-
verting the solid blocs of rubber into a foul-smelling spongy
substance, In the Para rubber the creosote absorbed from the
smoke of the burning nuts acts as an antiseptic and now ents
this proteid decomposition
o test for the coagulated ‘Laden is not an easy matter ;
continued boiling with a concentrated solution of caustic potash
will, however, extract small quasi titios of alkali-albumin. ‘ Balata '
dete good results most readily. On extraction with caustic
tash a flocculent precipitate is obtained, which is readily
soluble in dilute n itric acid, and is reprecipitated EX the am
ali i a

pue
R. H. BIFFEN.
Botanical Laboratory, Cambridge.
February, 1898.

DCXVIL.—KENDIR FIBRE.
(Apocynum venetum, Linn.)
In November, 1896, a letter was received from the Foreign

BF n used in the manufacture of Russian paper money. With
the report a packet of the seed of the plant was received.
araday—see Le Caoutchouc et la gutta-percha,

+a. R. Green, ibid.
1 Cf. the smoking of fish, &c., for preserving purposes.

183

The following particulars were furnished ie ‘eign Office

Reports, 1896, Miscellaneous Series, No. 409, E d 17):—
“Attention was especially drawn to a plant (Apocynum

sibericum) which grows wild in the Seminehinsky d

near the River Amu Daria, and the Ili. The local name

* Kendir," or “ Turka," and it is much employed by the Visti vol.

who use the fibre for their ropes and fishing nets. Its chief

fact that it grows without irrigation. Specimens have been
shown at various Russian Exhibitions, but the Government only
took serious steps to procure any large quantities in 1894, and in
the following year it was used Neatly in the manufacture of
Russian paper money.

* With the seed brought back in 1894, sowings were made
various parts of Russia, and these gave good results at Pina
where the plants grew to a height of four. feet in two years. Ina
wild state it reaches a height of six feet, growing best when on

a hill-side near a river, sufficiently low to ig i by the Ig
f ds. I enclose a small sample of seed, and some flax from tl
autumn crop ; that E oithorod 1 in the Toray is of a ; lighter shade."

seed sown at Kew germinated this summer and yielded
four Pan. From these it uy possible to identify the species as
Apocynum venetum, L., of which A. sibiricum is asynonym. e
Journal Linnean So ociely, xxvi., p. 98.)

In the Flora of British India, iit, p. 657, Apocynum perdu L.,
is described as an undershrub with slender cylindrical s
branches. Leaves 2-3 ins. long by 3-1 in. broad, linear eles or
oblong arbori entire or crenulate ; Denys very slender ; petiole
very short. Flowers in small, erect, sub-corymbose cymes ;
bracts subulate, l in. diam., purplish, puberulous. Fruit con-
sisting of two long, slender follicles. The plant is distributed from
Southern Europe to Asia Minor, through Siberia and Northern
India to Minden and Japan

The following account, with a plate, is given by Dr. J. E. T.
Aitchison, C.I. E., in the peen of “the Linnean Society,
2nd Ser. Bot. iii, p. 87, t. 37, on the Botany of the Afghan
Delimitation Commission ot 1884-85 .—

Apocynum venetum, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iv. p. 48 (plate
xxxvi).

Badghis: 115, March 5, 1885. Native names: Dumb-i- roba,
Kundar, Dumb-i-gosalla. Common in beds of sircaiii and in
marshy localities at Gulran, at an altitude of 2,000 feet. Stems
about 4 ft. high, springing from a md sat d rootstoc k, and termi-
nating in a panicle of flowers. The annual stems remain attached
to the rootstocks, but by the action a the wind they are soon
dece is their fibrous element, and this is found in bunches,
havi appearance of artificial preparation. My attention was
— i them by the seed-vessels still persistent on the battered
branches. The fibre is a most excellent one, and the wonder is,
as the plant seems to be common from Eastern Europe to China,
that it has not heretofore been employed in manufactures. The
bark of the creeping rootstocks is employed in tanning the leather
skins used as water bottles

183

Roots of this plant were sent to Saharunpore, whence we
received flowering specimens for the Herbarium at Kew.
account of the plant had previously been
received from Dr. Aitchison

DR. J. E. T. ArTCHISON TO ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
Gulran, Sth March, 1883.
DEAR SIR JOSEPH HOOKE

SINCE I wrote last to you ee a couple of days ago, I have come
across a find—an Asclepiad, a fibre plant that ET in marshy
land, amongst loam with sweet water, about five feet high, annual
shoo ts from a woody rootstock, and great creeping thick roots.

I first ofall noticed the shrub-like plant in good seed, and the
seed flying about out of a pair of x. pong pods ae belong to
the Ápocynacez, the seeds with s ilky plumes. On examining the
stems, bundles of several years’ AS. together, the bases were
covered with a mass of what looked like tow (naturally exfoliated
from the standing stems by rubbing against each other during a
wind), very silky, and a good fibre. "This natural tow, with the
fruit and seeds, 1 have sent you by sample post. "The natives of
the surrounding paris, especially the Turkomans, say that ordinary
twine and rope is made from the fibre, but that a tribe of Turko-
mans, called Kayak, east of Bokhara, who live at a place called
K eT d Mr from this fibre. The natives here call
that cloth Katán. The plant is called Dümb-e-robá (tail of fox),

or Dümb-e-Gósallá Tan of calf), this name, no doubt, due to the
fluffy seed.

The bark of the rootstock is p Ur for tanning, or rather
preparing, prie to hold water, and it is known as ** Gao-gosh ”
(cow's ear). 'lhese skins become red in p i deiat and water-

oof.

A A Russian traveller, No Mri E mentions a cloth being made
at Lobnor, in his travels, from an Asclepiad.
As I think it is dies to turn cát a good thing, I have sent to
Saharunpore a large number of the roots, which were -— showing
eyes like potatos, and hope they may succee eed. I have no doubt,
if you have Prejevalsky’s species, that you will be able to recognize
my plant from the fruit. This is s nearly 5 ins. long, and not
thicker than lin. With the seeds, you will be able to raise some
plants. The roots during winter are covered with water, and in
summer I should say are almost dry. It is in immense quantities
in this vicinity, only in marshy ground. The natives call the

cloth Katan, but this is the Persian name for linen and hem
fabrics eh a hiaiely. We would require to get the true Turki

name

For rsyth, in his Yarkand report, mentions a cloth called “ Fesk ^
I feel sure this is the same. Native information said it w
duced from a plant that had a fruit like the princess

The annual shoots, growing in March and coming to perfection
during the summer, would pr one to suppose it might do well
in India. The fibre I have t you is merely what I collected
on the stalks, but, of course, “if collected at the proper season, it

would be of much better quality—as it is, ied is ve hg good.

(Signed) J. Th EX AITCHISON.

DCXVIII.—CAROB TREE.
(Ceratonia Siliqua, L.).

The get b or rp p. is a pne of sie Europe.
min 9 to 25 feet high,

10Wh r fall | of a
mucilaginous pulp, six to ten inches long, and contain numerous
seeds. They are often eaten b Uv oorer people in the

and yields valuable crops. The value of the carob pods exported
from Cyprus has, in some years, reache ,000.
There are several cultivated varieties, and as the tree is usually

ensure large crops. “In the case of [fully grown] male trees
each branch is usually grafted from a female tree, pais
if

the tree is female, one branch must be gra ted with a male
branch for the same purpose. "—(Haldane.) For cultivation in
hot and dry districts, with stony vite sped is des doubt that the
carob is a valuable tree, and des o be widely cultivated.
It requires warmer conditions than ibe fd. /.^., à mean yes rly
temperature of, say, 66° F. It is said to pre efe er à fenetre
subsoil. It begins to bear at about eight years old. A
codd ae tree may yield pods weighing in the igpteyute about
2¢

s arob trees are MT objects in some parts of the Canary
Islands, especially above Puerto Cruz, in Tenerife. Ther
they are evidently medii and produce only a scanty crop o
pode. In the garden of Dr. Grabham, at Funchal, Madeira, there
a very handsome carob tree. The m main stem has à circum-
fossice of 15 feet ; at about 8 feet from the base it divides into
. numerous wide-spreading branches, and covers a considerable
area. Asitisthe only tree in the neighbourhood and produces a
fair erop, it is probably d A
The carob tree was introduc o Jamaica in 1883, chiefly
from seed gathered by the amari Ausetgtairt- Director of Ke wW,
from the Madeira tree above mentioned. The plants ami grown
well in the plains, but those that have hitherto flowered have
produced male flowers only. Steps are now being taken to
introduce grafted plants from Naples.
An interesting report on the carob tree fui lately been pre-
sented to the Foreign Office ed Mr. E. Neville-Rolfe, Her

185

respecting the propagation and cultural treatment of the tree in
Italy :—

Report on the Cultivation of the Carob or Locust-bean Tree.

n the course of last spring a well-known gentleman from South
Africa made inquiries at this Consulate concerning the cultiva-
tion of the carob or locust-bean tree and the possibilities of its
introduction into the Cape Colony. The carob is a tree the fruit
of which consists of a long pod, which not only forms excellent
horse-food, e is very T tg eaten by human beings, especially
children, on account of sweetness. The pods contain very
hard böki, etimh are ‘instal only for seed, as horses leave them
in their mangers, and if by ae Pes swallow them, it is found

o igest he ears, M

It grows in many places in the Mediterranean where nothing else
will grow, notably on the arid hills of Malta, and it seems certain
that in the endless varieties of soil and cli mate to be met with in
the Cape Colony there must be many districts where it would
grow freely. Thes ERE AN result of such an experiment would
be simply f vatostlo $ the colony if me rely as a supply for
legem for one of de greatest difficulties in travelling at the
Cape is to feed one's horses, the price of forage in some districts
being vitro ely high, and the sipiy often distressingly short.

moreover, as it consists of oats with their straw, is not
raay portable, Dut carobs enough for a pair of horses for a day
can be carried in a small bag. The carob in Italy grows cio oe
the oranges and lemons, and there can be no reason why it should
not grow with the magnificent orange trees of Wellington, and
become as superior to the carob of Italy as the Cape orange tree
is superior to its Italian prototype. In places like Graaf-Reinet,
and Aliwal North, the success of the experiment seems absolutely

there is good hope that it might take kindly to the * Kopjes"
near Colesberg, the bush eie of the Western EX the lower
slopes of the "Drake nfelds, or among the trees the Knysna
forest. The writer being well acquainted with d Cape Colony,
has had much pleasure in investigating the matter thoroughly,
and, after lengthened consultation with practical arboriculturists,
ihe f following modus operandi has been decided upon. First, a

seedlings in different parts of the colony. These seeds will
uce carobasters, which will not have a fruit worthy of the
name till they are grafted. a strongest seedlings may
grafted in their third year, but it is of no use to graft until the
plant is en to and well grown, which may not be till it is five or
even seven years old.
A number of plan in pots will be grafted pue As spaw;
en t

acked,
water, and it is confidently hoped that they will bear the eae
satisfactorily. They will be sent from here in the month of
February, and will probably Wave vid England, which seems
climatically preferable to the East Coast route, by German steamer

186

to Durban vid Zanzibar. If the coincidence of the steamers can
be secured, they may reach Cape Town within a month of their
despateh from here, or even less, but if not, we have no doubt
that the Un company will see what the roots are kept
carefully wetted while the trees are in bond at the port of origin.
It is with the object of keeping the roots wet that they are now
being repotted in hs AS clay, a soil which is in itself favourable to
the growth of t

avin: aa sd a general sketch of the scheme, it is

chance of Sulla doni out arriving in a sondt tion to be of. aij
value whatever, so that it becomes absolutely necessary to send
out the plants themselves ; besides, when the pla ants at the Cape
were ready to be grafted, our grafts would be out of season
here. We have already secured some excellent plants, from each
of which a large number of grafts should be available. It does
not seem possible to secure plants already grafted, for the reason
that they are not usually grafted in pots, the operation DOE

after they are planted out and have got a good po

me. We Bod graft
these plants till May, 1898, nor can we be sure of the success of
the eBesgsian till May, 1899, when the plants will be sent out.
Th a tree which cannot be tran splanted on account of
its yer 80 that once planted it must remain SER it is ; it is
therefore very essential to plant it in du right place to begin with.
In the case de our plants it will be necessary E top them and to
cut off every leaf in zu ias ue sap bw ds t be exhausted by
We shal

ct
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un
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s,
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EB
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et
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mm
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4
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to time to prevent the pista striking a tap-root feculi the hole
atthe bottom of the pot into the soil, in 3 which case they will
certainly perish. They will not require very much yet „in fact
the climate of South Africa so much TA that of Naples thak
were it not for the clay Whick we must send with them the plants

187

scarcely require water at all in the Cape winter. If, however, this
c^ gets hardened it may kill the rootlets which by that time will
have spread into it, and give the tree a worse chance, so that the
clay must be kept moist. It may € desired to plant the trees out
at once, but this should not be done in windy weather, and on the
whole it will be safer to pot them, at all events for a few monik
till they can recover from their journey.

to the seedlings, they should be sown in pots with
proper drainage, and in garden mould, with a slight sprinkling of
old, short, farmyard manure. The greatest care must be taken to

years. The carob does s freely in a soils, but, economically
speaking, it has been found preferable to raise "them n pots. The
seeds will be sent out in the pods, as this has guid to be the

e
beans from the pods, and soak the beans for four days before
d UH i

but they are apt to sprout very — The majority grow
freely and well, but some come up as late as October, and mr
generally develop weak plants. The pose seedlings may be
potted at the end of the Te year, or even as early as Hubs ;
the weaker ones at the close of the ond. They must be kept
in pots till they are finally planted, as eripe will not bear trans-
planting, and windy w eather should be avoided for these operations.
'The experiments conducted here show that it takes a minimum
of four years and a maximum of seven to produce a plant.
A strong plant may be planted out in safety in five years, but
much eae on the skilful care of the seedlings in the nursery.

o
in the long run to grow the plants in the nursery than to sow mr
in the open ground. They are not particular as to soil, and grov

freely in clay, if not too d in sandy soils, and in the clefts M
rocks, where, of course, holes of about a We yard must be dug
for them and filled up with soil, drainage being provided in the
ordinary way. Itis iunii necessary to bui ld a rampart of stones

e
intervening ground can be used for garden crops, but these must
not be grown within four ge of the young trees, sar m the

mere must not be soi: n, but nde and garden produce
harm.

generally will ve i
It is better to let the plants obtain a strong growth before

188

attempting to graft them, the third year being about as early as
it is prudent to do it. If a plant is very full of leaf it is desirable
to leave it alone and not to graft it at all, for a reason which will
appear Maie and also because being leafy it may be taken to be
a good variety. The season for grafting here is from the middle
of May to ihe end of June, the grafter being careful to see that the
bark opens easily. The best plan is to graft on the boughs and
not on the stem, leaving the smaller boughs to utilise the winter

be c
can also be satisfactorily budded, or grafted by sawing off the
trunk and cleaving it. In windy situations it will be necessary
to bind canes to the grafted eese: to stiffen them, and to prevent
the grafts from moving. est two varieties of carob are both
called here the “ Honey bug ^ : one bears a long narrow pod, the
other a short wide one.
he = aad of leaving a fair sprinkling (say 25 per cent.) of
ungrafted trees in a grove is the following. The grafted tree ne.
duces almost dato E female ilowers, the ungrafted tree males
Unless these flowers are in due proportion there can be no crop ;
and in fact this was the Ie cause of the failure of a carob
grove in Sicily, a cause which was discovered and remedied by
Professor Bianca. In planting hese trees on ordinary arable land
great in ome will often be found in the plants, Misi ek
from the fact that the carob cannot support water, e enc ere
water diui anal in the subsoil the tree will not grow, w bam eas,
where the water drains away, it will grow dir and for this
reason a hill side is the best situation for a grove.

Some ees ago the Italian Alpine Club agreed that it would
be greatly to the advantage of sem Italy, and would add
materially to the attractions of the mountain scenery, if the
Apennines, which are now for the iion part quite bare, could be

y beli

Signor Savastano, the professor of arboriculture in the school of
agriculture at Portici, near Naples, who gave it as his opinion that
the mountains where the lentisk and the myrtle grow freely
enough could be utilised to produce the more remunerative carob.
o the obvious advantage of reafforesting the mountains, and thus
adding to the rainfall, would be added the production of a valuable
crop where nothing saleable had grown before
e great carob-growing districts of South Italy are in the Bari
region, on the ven d coast, and quantities are exported annually
to Russia and Centra ] Europe from Brindisi and the other ports
along p coast. Though the tree may be seen in almost any
garden here, and is not uncommonly found on the mountains, the
only person who has made a hobby of its iris is the Prince
of Belmonte, who has large d in the province of Salerno,
not far from the ruins of Paes Besides S rium several trees
in a shrubbery, the Prince Dies long avenue of them leading
up to his house, which is particularly (ken on and is, we
bales the only avenue of its kind. The trees are planted
7 metres apart, and the largest a them has a ink of 85 oan
metres (about 2 feet 9 inches) in. yh oca dac This tree 1
8 years old, and its top is from 6 to7 metres in diameter, dl

189

4 or 5in height. In common with the other trees of the avenue,
the fruit is of the best description, and each tree may be taken to
em annually 50 kilos, or say 120 lbs. of fruit, worth here about
shillings. This may be spoken of as the omamental part of is
ees while the plantations of Licosa and Tresina are more
the scale of a commercial enterprise. They are both germane P
our present purpose, as they show in what different circumstances

there is scope for observat i h is very much expo to
the wind, and in the first attempts at forming the grove as many
as 70 cent of the gero were lost here were other

and in what way it was best to graft the trees, and also the
grafters had not anything like the skill which they have since

acquired.
The grove at Tresina is planted in altogether different con-
ditions. Here we have a hilly country fully 1, feet above

the sea, and here the outside loss of plants has been 20 per cent.,
which is not more than occurs in the pla ot of ordinary forest
trees. The plantation consisted originally of 7,000 trees, but has
been largely increased year by year, and the Prince expresses

Savastano asks very pertinently why, if these results can be
obtained at "Tresi na, they should not be Wiese elsewhere, and
thousands of barren acres of Italian mountains be made useful
and productive. And, in fact, since he ique wa the matter,
the spread of this eui vatidit has been steady and continuous.

e have shown pretty pla inly: that Prince Belmonte has attained
success only by venta i Snare extending over a considerable

number o

yea Commercially speaking he is abundantly
satisfied with the results obtiined but he does not relax his
rs e 8,000 eedling every year, and has a

duction should form a mine of wealth to our industrious colonists.

ere is one important advantage that the carob has over other
beans, namely, that it does not require threshing. In feeding
horses it is usual to break the pod into two or three pieces and to
put it in the nosebag or manger mixed with bra

E. NEVILLE-ROLFF,

190

DCXIX.—SHINIA IN CYPRUS—(continued).
(Pistacia Lentiscus.)

The use of the leaves = Pistacia Lentiscus as a substitute for
Sumach was noticed in the Kew € ei pp. 421-422).
t has since vs chemically studied Clothworkers’
Research Laboratory, Leeds, by Messrs. peu dud P. J. Wood.
The following nectit are eds from the Transactions of the
Chemical Society for 1898 (pp. 374-379) :—

“During the investigation of Sicilian sumach, the ERA of
one of us was directed to the excessive adulteration that the
unio article is frequently subjected to, mnch care on "this
account being necessary to ensure that the material then examined
was a p sample of the leaves of the Rhus Coriaria. It was

application to Sicily was made for us by large and well- nown
merchants in ko country. Ultimately, we were fortunate in
OE DIAE the aid of Mr. F. Gennadius, the Director of Agriculture
yprus, who readily hed trae us with the required materials,
for which our best than e due
“Owing to the incer PES of sumach, the quantity
exported fřom Palermo has PT Veri (Ke w Bulletin,
Pa Veni and this has been discussed in the Heo dei Can npi
i (Rome, February 16, 1897, p. 99) and Bulletin de la
Socidié RA d Acclimation (Paris, May, 1896). The adultera-
tion consists in grinding with the sumach the leaves of other
plants, peoi paty d those of Pistacia Lentiscus, Ficus Carica, Ail-
anthus glandulosa, Tamarix africana, and probably also Arcto-
staphylos Uva ursi, and such a mixture, when ground, does not
differ in appearance from ground sumach itself. With the aid
of the microscope, however, it has lately been found possible to
detect this adulteration to some extent, for, of the above plants,
the leaves of the R. urban (sumac ch) alone are covered with
eu hair-like threads. The difficulty could be readily over-
come by importing sumach in the underground leaf form ms -
any reta admixture would then be at once visi t
is worthy of remark ee bd exports annually Uh
unadulterated eser in lea
* Pistacia Lentiscus is a Arad tree about 20 feet high with
evergreen leaves, which grows bari c Bs most 8
Cyprus, Wide it is called *shin For e time the leaves
were exported to England by uj Css Goien. but now are
hardly known in this country, although a considerable quantity
is consumed at Lyons, in France, as an assistant dyeing materia
for silk stuffs. 2 m bos wes Hope from Tunis to
Sicily annually a 100 k and are re-
exported from ditt T en 5 si be, 1d, to M Td. for the same
antity.

191

“For the sample examined, we are indebted to the kindness of
Mr. P. Gennadius, the Director of Agriculture of Cyprus.

san

matter was 1'5 grams, or 0°15 per cent. This was obtained as
a lustrous mass of yellow needles, soluble in strong potassium
hydroxide solution with a yellow coloration, which, on dilution,
changed to a deep green.

*From the colouring matter, by fusion with alkali, two
products were obtained, melting respectively at 210° and 238°—
240°. The former was found to be phloroglucinol, and the latter,
which ve a blue-black coloration with ferric chloride, was
evidently gallic acid.

“The colouring matter of the leaves of Pistacia Lentiscus is,
therefore, indentical with myricetin, which has been previously
shown to exist in Rhus Coriaria, or Sicilian sumach, R. Cotinus,
and Myrica Nagi.

“Judging from the fact that an aqueous extract of shinia -
leaves dyes calico mordanted with iron a blue-black shade, it
appeared probable that the tannin which they contain was
ordinary gallotannin. The deep, red-brown coloration produced
on boiling an extract of the leaves with dilute sulphuric acid was,
however, a property usually indicative of a catechol, rather than
a gallotannin ; moreover, some qualitative tests which Professor
Procter kindly carried out for us also hardly corroborated this

ew.

tannic acid and a new tannin or tannin glucoside
“Tanning Properties—According to Sir Thomas Wardle

(private communication), the shinia leaves contain 11-29 per cent.
of tannin. Under the direction of Professor Procter, a sample of
the material employed in the above investigation was analysed b
the International Conference method.

“Tannin matter ... ee ^. 113 per cent.

* Soluble non-tannins ie ee

“Insoluble at 60° E. — ... m UNS

* Water se eds 81

“ It seems that the leaves of Pistacia Lentiscus contain gallo-

”
”
* 100-0

* A good, plump leather is obtained from this material, but of
a faintly reddish tint, the result being intermediate in character
betw ose which are given by oak bark anc mach,
Although evidently a useful tanning agent for dressing leather,
it cannot be employed as a substitute for sumach, when a very
light coloured lezther is required, but in other respects it has very
similar properties.

and duller character; it seem "
would be best employed for the production of the darker tints."

—— are

192

DCXX.—NEW ORCHIDS.—DECADES 21 and 22.

201. D vnm an ioe open rufa, Rolfe; ad P. vittatam,
Lindl., accedit t foliis angustioribus, floribus subfascicu-
latis et multo mea

Caules osea i 3-4 poll. longi, obtuse angulati. Folia
lineari-oblonga, subobtusa, subcanaliculata, crassa, 34-4 poll.longa,
6-8 lin. k bs EZ es subfasciculati v. in racemum brevissimum
etg carn Bractee spathacex, truncate, parve, glauce,

lin. longæ. "Se epalum postieum oblongum, subobtusum, 2 lin.

ongum; lateralia elliptico-oblonga, obtusa v. apiculata, supra

medium connata, 2 lin. longa. Petala | oblongo-lanceolata,
subobtusa, obscure crenulata, l lin. longa. ZLabellum subtrilobum,
elliptico - oblongum, obtusum, crenulato-undulatum, canalicu-
latum, 1 lin. longum, medio bicarinatum, lobis lateralibus parvis
obtusis. Columna 1 lin. longa, apice late alata.

MEXICO.

Flowered in Messrs, Seeger and Tropp’s Nursery, Kast Dulwich,
in June, 1890. Flowers dull brownish red with a brown lip.

202. Platyclinis rufa, Rolfe; ad P. uncatam, vigo accedit,
recedit racemis brevioribus et foribus rufo-brunneis

Pseudobulbi czespitosi, Abc nisi t monophylli, 6 lin. longi.
Folia linearia, acuta, Tus poll. longa, n. lata, basi attenuata.
Scapi graciles, 6-1 poll. 1 ongi. Racemi distichi, 1-1} poll. longi,
multiflori. Bracteew lanceolato-oblongs, subacute, 2 lin. longs,

marginibus ich Pedicelli vix 1 lin. longi. Sepala ovata,
acuminata, concava, carinata, 12 lin. longa. Petala oblonga,
acuminata, concava, 1} lin. longa. L abellum trilobum, 14 lin.
longum, 1} lin latum, basi subsaccatum, lobis lateralibus latis
obtusissimis utrinque angulatis, intermedio triangulari-ovato
subobtuso, disco inter lobos laterales bicalloso, callis latis trans-
versis obtusis. Columna gracilis, incurva, 1 lin. longa, infra
medium utrinque bidenticulata, rostello oblongo.

TROPICAL ASIA.

Flowered in the Royal Botanie Gardens, Glasnevin, in February,
1894. Flowers reddish-brown, a colour very unusual in the
genus

203. Dendrobium ($Pedilonum) cymbiforme, Rolfe ; ma-
tam, Rolfe, accedit, recedit multo minore, et labello i. ipe
dilatato,

Pseudobulbi erecti, vw subgraciles, 1-1 ped. longi. Folia
oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, 2-23 poll. longa, 6-7 lin. lata. Racen
axillares, biflori, 4 e. longi, basi breviter tubuloso- -vaginati,
Bractee ovato-oblongs, obtuse, 1 lin. longs. Pedicelli 1-8 lin.
longi. Sepalum wee ovato-oblongum, subobtusum, 6 lin.
longum, 33-4 lin. latum ; lateralia triangulari-ovata, subobtusa,
5 lin. lat basi i n mentum calcaratum incurvum obtusum extenta.
Petala korsin- obtusa, circiter 7 lin. longa, 4 lin. lata.
Labellum unguiculatum ; unguis 4 lin. longus ; limbus flabellato-
dilatatus, truncatus, 6 lin, longus, explanatus ll lin, latus,

193

lateribus erectus, medio gibbosus, supra medium constrictus, apice
recurvus erenulato-undulatus ; callus cymbiformis ad unguem
situs, 3 lin. longus. Columna ‘brevis et lata, 2 lin. longa; stigma .
valde concavum. Mentum 8 lin. longum.

SUMATRA.

A remarkable species which flowered in the collection of
Mr. L. Kienast, of Horgen, near Zurich, in April 1896. Flowers
straw- teda a little whiter on the petals, with about five purple
stripes each of the nan and petals, and a number of similar
lines at the apex of the

204. Dendrobium hirtulum, Rolfe; ad D. stwposum, Lindl.,
accedit, recedit Ape subintegro, racemo breviore, pedic cello
longiore et floris e

Caules closest: terete, paullo incrassati, 9-13 poll. longi.

Folia oblonga v. lineari-oblonga, subobtu 182, 1j-2j jn UN
2-6 lin. lata. Racemi laterales, breve es, : ori. ractee ovate
acute, concave, 2-25 lin. longs. Pedicelli 8-10 lin. Tonge.

Sepalum posticum Toii voir co apiculatum, j e: longu
lateralia lineari-oblonga, subfalcata, subacuta, 6 lin. longa. Potala
anguste ovato-oblonga, subobtusa, vix 6 lin. lo ong. Ee
subintegrum v. obscure trilobum, ovatum, obtus 5 lin
longum, basi cuneatum, isco omnino villoso. STORIKA
lata, 1 lin. longa. Mentum oblongum, latum, obtusum, 2 lin
longum.

BURMA ?

Flowered in the collection of H. Grose-Smith, Esq., The Prior
Ryde, I. of Wight, in v 1898. Flowers bright yellow, with
a number of red-bro streaks on the sides of the lip. The
native country is not ions with certainty, but it is reported to
have been piace ged with Dendrobium Infundibulum, which is
only found in Burm

205. Bulbophyllum sapere Rolfe; vs B. aiee Rchb. f.,
accedit, recedit floribus triplo majoribus et solita

Hhisomo ve repens. Pse obe bi Rud x itidi, E poll. longi,

1-9 lin. lati, monophylli. Folia DE is, ‘obtusa, coriacea,
subsessilia, 11-2) poll. longa, 7-12 lin. lata. Scapi breves, 24 poll.
longi, uniflori. ractee laxe tubuloso- spathaceæ, oblique
truncate, 4 lin. longe. Sepalum S te eie ovatum, obtusum
concavum, 1 poll. longum, 6 lin. latum ; masia similia, majora,
circiter 1 e longa, 8 lin, lata. p Mani 5 ato-o blonga, subobtusa,
recu

Sinan, 7 in. longum, 8 lin. la atum, lobis lateralibus mem-

edentata, 2 lin. longa, pede 10 lin. longo.
ASSAM,
Flowered in the Royal Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, in May

1896. Flowers pale green, closely spotted with deep brown, the
spots being arranged in numerous lines,

378 B

194

206. Eria (SHymeneria) latibracteata, Rolfe ; ad E. bractescentem,
indl., accedit, recedit bracteis mulio latioribus et floribus
majoribus.

Pseu tec ovoidei, 1-1} poll. longi, apice triphylli. Folia
lanceolata v. oblongo- lanceolata, acuta, 25-45 poll. longa, 8-11 lin.
lata. Racemi 3 poll. longi, naker i circa 7-flori. Bracteæ late
Toii iate. subacute, concave, 6-8 lin. long:e, 31-6 lin. Ph,
P l li

m, 5 lin. longum, 3 lin. d lateralia late triangulari-

. longa, 5 lin. 1
elliptica, subacuta, 5 lin. longa, 2511 li EU bilium "irilobum,
51 lin. longum, 5 lin See lobis rela hic semioblongis apice
rotundatis, intermedio transverse oblongo obtusissimo v, repando,
disco medio bilamellato nervo mediano leviter carinato. Columna
clavata, 3 lin. longa. Mentum amplum, obtusum, 4 lin. longum.

BORNEO.

Introduced by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., with whom it flowered
in July, 1895. Flowers pale whitish yellow, the petals veined
with pale pink, and the side lobes of the lip maroon at the apex;
bracts greenish yellow.

207. Celogyne pulchella, Rolfe; ad. €. longipedem, Lindl.
accedit, recedit labelli apice obcordato- bilobo, carinis crenulatis,
et floris colore.

Rhizoma validum. Pseudobulbi ovoideo-oblongi, vetusti circa
T-costati, 2} poll. longi, 1 poll. lati, diphylli. Folia breviter
petiolata, oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, subcoriacea, 5-5} poll. longa,
l poll. lata. Scapi terminales, 5-6 poll. longi, graciles, proliferi,
sub racemis squamis distichis arcte vaginati. Bractew ovate
acute, Costes, 5-6 lin. lon ngwe, deciduæ. Pedicelli 6-7 lin.
longi. Sepala ovato-oblonga, acuta, 6 lin. longa. Petala linearia,
subacuta, 6 lin. longa. Labellum trilobum, 6 lin. longum, lobis
lateralibus erectis semiovatis obtusis, intermedio late obcordato-
bilobo undulato crenulato, disco tricarinato, carinis crenulatis
intermedio brevioribus. Columna clavata, 3 lin. longa

TROPICAL ASIA.

Introduced by Mr. J. W. Moore, Eldon Place Nursery, Bradford,
with whom it flowered in March last. Flowers pure white, wit
the exception of a large sienna-brown blotch on the disc of the
lip, which becomes darker on the keels, and a smaller blotch at
the extreme base of the lip. The flowers of C. longipes, Lindl.,
its nearest ally, are yellow.

208. Epidendrum (SOsmophytum) organense, Rolfe; ad E. cala-
marium, Lindl., accedit, recedit planta duplo breviore, et foliis
multo brevioribus.

Planta ni poll. alta. | Pseudobulbi erecti, oblongi, meg iu

(an semper ?), 1-1] poll. longi. Folia elliptico-oblonga, o

l poll. longa, poll. lata. Racemi breves, erecti, av
-] poli. longi. " Bractew lanceolato-oblong:e, acute, 13 lin. longe.

| Reden 4 lin. longi. Sepala oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, 41—5 lin

eu 11-2 lin. lata. Petala lanceolata, acuta, 44 poll. longa,

195

11-1j BÉ lata. Labellum superum, 4 lin. longum, 23 lin. latum ;
un lumne ad imbus ovatus breviter acuminato-
apiculatus, aona yos callo subcarnoso, late oblongo. Columna
brevis, 3 lin. longa

BRAZIL : Organ Mountains.

Introduced, among Sophronitis pou d by Messrs.
F. Sander & Co., with whom it flowered in 1891. Sepals
and petals dull yellow, the former oct ma ble ds nd streaked
with purple-brown at the back ; Pl whitish with nine short dark
Durpte radiating lines round the c

209. Lycaste dyeriana, Sander; ad L. Locustam, Rchb. f.
accedit, recedit habitu pendulo et foliis glaucis
Pseudobulbi orbiculares, subcompressi, 14 poll. diam., LEE
Folia pendula, lanceolata, acuminata, glauca, 6-8 po onga,
9-12 lin. lata. — suberecti, uniflori, 4-5 poll. longi. Bi ae fe
lliptico-oblo $

* i
. poll. j

carinata, 12 poll. longa. 8-9 lin. lata. Petala oblongo-lanceolata,

acuta, 13 poll. longa, 4-5 lin. lata. Labellum trilobum, circiter

1 poll. Mess it 7 m latum, lobis lateralibus parvis erectis v.

subincurv 8 obtusis, intermedio elliptico-oblongo obtuso convexo
margine denii culato, din gnalo callo Shae Davee es inibus
BeA incrassatis apice obscure tridentato. Colun clavata,

incurva, § lin. longa, alis auriculatis. on iani gf
4 lin. longum.

ERU.
ixhibited under the above name by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., at
a meeting of ads Royal Horticultural Society, on July 9th, 1895.
"lowers green, with the Use ap of the column, which is white
with a yellow: isa at the base

210. Chondrorhyncha albicans, Rolfe; ad C. lendyanam, Rehb.
f., accedit, recedit floribus multo minoribus.

Folia vau up breviter petiolata, igh PO qu acuta,
3-4 poll. longa, 7-9 lin sa Scapi breves, 2 poll. longi, uniflori,
Bractewe ovate, acute, 2 li . longe. pahin posticum oblongum,
acutum, 5 lin. longum, ne Ste ae ME lateralia
falcato-oblonga, conduplicata, 7-8 lin. lon pice incurva, acuta.
Petala oblonga, obtusa, 5 lin. aoe p abalone is suborbiculari-
ellipticum, obtusum, subundulatum, 9 lin. longum, 8 lin. latum,
callo lato bilobo obtuso carnoso. Columna clavata, 4 lin. longa.

COSTA RICA.

Flowered in the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild,
Tring Park, in June, 1896. Flowers white with a faint tinge
of green in places

Eres Sievkingia reichenbachiana, Rolfe; ad S. fimbriatam,

chb. f., Stil recedit labello fimbriato, petalis omnibus
petant fimbriatis.

Pseudobulbi cadit vaginis seariosis amplis acutis vestiti,
3-14 lin. longi, monophylli. Folia petiolata, elliptico-lanceolata,

378 p?

-

196

acuta, plicata, r3 pt longa ; inn 3-11 poll. longi. Seapus
pen ndulus 2-25 poll. longus, vaginis ovatis acutis vestitus,
5-florus. Bractew ovatae, acute, nervos, 4 lin. longw. Pedicelli

) lin. longa, pollinario hamato-
appendiculato.—Gorgoglossum reichenbachianum, Lehm. in Gard.
Chron., 1897, xxi, p. 346, in nota.

ECUADOR : Western Andes, 1000 to 2000 ft. Lehmann.

This flowered in the collection of Sir Trevor Lawrence in 1896.
Sepals pale yellow, and the deeply-fringed petals and Hp deep
yellow, with many red-purple spots at the base of the latt

212, Stanhopea impressa, Rolfe ; ad S. Mead Lindl., accedit,
recedit hypochilio subtus prope apicem impre
Pseudabulbi conico-ovoidei, 24-3 poll. ce alia petiolata,
elliptico-oblonga, breviter abrupteque vienes i-
petioli 21—3 poll. longi. Scapi penduli, circa 6 polt longi, 4- cin ri.
Bractee EE ball. leu subacute, involute, 17-2} poll. lon
rhea 2- 2: po ll. longi. Sepalum posticum elliptico- o blonghzu.
culatum, 21 poll. dini: lateralia oblique cae Manes
NDlouisti, 2l poll. longa. Petula elliptico-oblonga, apiculata, 2 poll.
Labellum trilobum, 2 poll. longum; hypochilio late
oblongo subtus prope apicem impresso lateribus bicarinatis

angulis ante Dem Meo v. Herio ore obovato-oblongo,
canali drio, ochilii cornubus incurvis d iaa prd
a 12 poll.

acutis, epichilio pes nee Hes, esi ato. Colum
longa, ad medium late alata, alis late triangularibus sa Dobai.

WESTERN ANDES OF S. AMERICA.

Flowered in the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild,
June, 1896. Flowers fragrant, light buff yellow with a few tithe
of purple deta on the sepals and petals, and the base of the
lip orange-yellow

213. Maxillaria elegantula, Rolfe; ad M. yrandifloram, Lindl.,
accedit, recedit stl tp Eo deed eae labello apice trilobo
urvo

lobo i ntermedio O crasse carnoso su
Folia oblon tele case acuta, ji poll. longa, 20 ue lata, basi
angustata, conduplicata. Scap/ 8 poll. longi, vagin

po ngi, spathaceo-
lanceolatis acutis carinatis laxis subimbricatis vestiti. "Br actea
spathaceo-lanceolata, acuta, carinata, 15 poll. longa. Sepala
15-14 poll. longa, posticum lanceolato-oblongum, acutum, leviter
carinatum, lateralia triangulari-oblonga, vine Magos doe
triangulari-oblonga, acuta, subfalcata, Ho ge onga. Labellur
obovato-oblongum, 10-12 lin . longum, apice Pichon lobis latei
alibus leviter crenulatis, intermedio Pree carnoso ‘subrecurvo,
disco copiose farinaceo medio callo transverso obtusissimo
instructo. Columna crassa, 6 lin. longa. Mentum late conicum,
1 lin. longum.

197

PERU or ÉCUADOR.

Introduced by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., and flowered in their
establishment in October last. Sepals nearly white at the base.
brown-purple towards the apex, and spotted with dark purple-
brown ; lip yellow, margined with purple at the base

214. Maxillaria dichroma, Rolfe, ad M. venustam, Lindl.,
accedit, recedit floribus multo minoribus.

Folia oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, 11- 12 poll. longa, 20 lin. lata,
basi angustata, conduplicata. Scapi 6 po ongi, vaginis
spathaceo-lanceolatis acutis carinatis laxis subimbricatis vestiti,
Bractea spathaceo-lanceolata, acuta, carinata, 18 lin. longa
Sepala 14 poll. longa, posticum lanceolato-oblongum, acutum,
eviter carinatum, lat eralia triangulari-oblonga, acuta, dissi

Petala triangulari-oblonga, acuta, subfalcata, 1-1} poll. longa.
Labellum obovato- oblongum, 7-9 lin. longum, apice obscure
ri m lateralibus subrepandis, intermedio rotundato

apieulo recurvo instructo, disco copiose farinaceo medio callo
transverso obtusissimo instructo. Columna crassa, 4 lin. longa.
Mentum late conicum, 7 lin. longum.

PERU or ECUADOR.

Introduced by Messrs. Sander & Co., of St. Albans. Flowers
white, with the basal half of the petals veined and suffused with
light purple; lip margined with yd same colour. An albino of
the species has since flowered at St. Albans. This and the
preceding species were d together with .Mazillaria
sanderiana, Rchb. f.

215. Trichocentrum alatum, Rolfe; ad T. fuscum, Lindl.,
mine f recedit floribus minoribus, petalis et labello multo
atioribus

Plsudobutbs suborbiculari-oblongi, 2-3 lin. longi. Folia
ee nga, acuta, canaliculata, valide us 3} "A

3-34 lin. lata. Pedunculi breves, uniflori. Bra
lanceolato-ovater, acute, 3 lin. longe. Pedicelli Sotona,
10-12 lin. longi. Sepala lanceolato-ovata, acuta, subcarinata,
7 lin. longa, 23 lin. lata. Petala obovato-oblonga, obtusa, 6) lin.

lin. lata. Labellu'n orbiculari-obovatum, retusum,
longe cal caratum, 8 lin. longum, 64 lin. latum. Calcar 10 lin.
longum, attenuatum. Columna lata, 1j lin. longa, alis late
oblongis subintegris.

COLOMBIA : Millican.

Flowered in the piede es of Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
June, 1895, Flowers white, except the fet two-thirds of the
lip, which is deep yellow with seven light red veins along
the centre, and the spur, which is yellowis ^n :

216. Oncidium ($Restratm) gracillimum, Rolfe; ad O. luteum,
Rolfe, accedit, recedit labello multo angustiore bifido.

Pseudobulbi ovoideo-oblongi, subcompressi, 3 ames oum H poll.
lati, apice diphylli. Folia li neari-lanceolata, a cuta, 7-8 poll.
longa, 11 lin. lata. Panicula ampla, ramosissima, 3 ped. longa ;
rami graci] es, 6-9 poll. longi. Bractew lanceolato-oblongæ, acute

198

141-1} lin. lon Pedicelli 4-5 lin. longi. Sepala libera,
spathulata vel Ghlasiveolati, vix obtusa, 331 1 in. longa, 1 lin

lata: lateralia basi approximata. Petala ia ao oblonga,
obtusa, 24 lin. longa, 1] lin. lata. Labellum iarri 4 lin.

cy
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1 lin. lati, intermedio oblongo v. obovato-oblongo, D lin. ong: ;
13 cm lato, apice bifido, ine Fern v. cu — Bass
6-lob Columna 2 lin recu bas
pean os producta, alis oblong as apice inq aier tridenticulatis,
dente postico faleato-recurvo, rostello rostrato elongato 1 lin
longo.

PERU.

lowered in Messrs. F. Sander & Co.’s nursery in April, 18906.
gs yellow, with a few very pale brown markings at the base

f the sepals and petals and around the crest.

217. Sareanthus hongkongensis, //o/fe; ad S. filifor eei Lindl.,
accedit, recedit floribus minoribus, calcare inflato-oblon

Planta 1 ped. alta. Folia teretia, subobtusa recur ux "m. poll.
longa, 1-1} v lata. Racemi axillares, graciles, arcuati, 5 poll.

Pedicelli 3 tie. longi. Sepa/um posticum late elliptico-oblongum ;
obtusum, concavum, 1 lin. longum; lateralia plana, paullo
longiora. Petala elliptico- oblonga, obtusa, 1 lin. longa, sepalis
paullo angustiora. Labe ie trilobum, 1 lin. longum, lobis

TSO.

Hostis : Foi 'd.

Flowered at Kew in June, 1893. Flowers pale lilac, with the
column and front of the lip bright purple.

218. Jenmania, Rolfe (gen. nov.) Perianthium connivens.
Sepala et petala subæqualia. Labellum petalis multo latius,
obsolete trilobum, facie inferne columnæ basi adnatum, marginibus

clinandrium breve. Anthera incumbens, apiculata, bilocularis ;
polma 75 apsula elongata, teres, columna persistente

coronata.— Herba elata, terrestris, habitu Neu wiedia. Flores

mediocres, in paniculam laxam dispositi, Bractew ample.

J. elata, Rolfe (sp. unica).

Herba terrestris. Folia radicalia v. subradicalia, longe
petiolata ; mice lanceolatus, acuminatus, plicatus, 1-1} ped.
longus, 17-33 poll. latus; petiolus j-1] ped. longus, basi vaginatus.
Scupus ad 4 ped. altus, vaginis imbricatis tectus, apice laxe panicu-

ll. longi, racem iege veda apen mplæ, ovate
y. io acute v, mucronate, concav scaberule
7-11 lin. lo vau Flores flavi. Pedicelli 6lin. med yp oe oblanceo-
lata, a 12-13 lin. longa, 3 lin. lata. Petala sepalis paullo
angustiora. Labellum obscure trilobum, 1 poll. lo ongum, expansum
6-5 lin. latum, basi angustum, Columna 1 lin. longa, Onpsulee
elongate, 13-12 poll. longs,

199

TRINIDAD: Prestoe. BRITISH GUIANA: Pomeroon River,
b mn. "1640; Demerara River, EARS 6904.

A remarkable orchid allied 9. Corm i among other
Tees distinguished by the ‘Towe the lip being
adnate to the column for half to piis length. "the incumbent,
not erect, anther, and the iA ale ioled radicle leaves, recalling
those of Pon uwiedia. It is also near Palmorchis, e ni which,
however, according to ihe* or iginal drawings an ription, :
a reed-like habit, something like Sobr alia, and a tireo-Iobéd lip |
which is shorter than the column, besides ome differences in the
latter. A plant sent by Mr. Pres panne Trinidad flowered at
Kew in September, 1870, but a since been lost sight of; and
since then good specimens have been collected in British Guiana
by Mr. Jenman. Living plants would again be acceptable, as the
structure of the anther and stigma are difficult to decipher after
being pressed and dried. The genus is dedicated to Mr. Jenman.

b
ee

219. Sobralia luteola, Rolfe; ad S. Voie tis i Rehb. f., accedit,
recedit floribus breviter racemosis, labello gro.

Caules glabri, 1-3 ped. alti. Folia longe ME —
matte. plicata, 4-7 poll. longa, l]-1j poll. lata. Flore

racemos congestos ee iti. Bracteæ subdistichæ, abrat
o Yatootils ong, subacute, glabro, 3-6 lin. longee. Pedicelli 1 poll.
longi. D a et phon oblongo-lanceolata, subacuta, 1j poll.
longa, 1 lata, sepalis E carinatis. Labellum
fere Aen oblongum, obtusum v. emarginatum, crispato-
crenulatum, 1] poll. longum, 8 a. iru disco 7-nervo, nervis
fimbriato-pilosis. Domo clavata, 9 lin. longa, dentibus

falcato-oblongis.
TROPICAL AMERICA.
Flow rdc in the collection of Pantia Ralli, Esq., Ashtead Park,

Epsom, in March, 1896. Flowers light yellow with rather darker
nerves on the lip, and a few traces of brown between the keels in

ront

320. Hetsria samoensis, Rolfe; ad H. LN Rehb. f,
accedit, recedit foliis latioribus, bracteis longioribus

Caulis repens. Folia petiolata, eifiofibxo longi. acuta v.
brevissime acuminata, membranacea, 35-4 poll. longa, 13-2 poll.
lata; petiolus 1-2 poll. oe basi laxe vaginatus. Scapus
erectus, pubescens, 1-11 ped. altus. Racemus 3 poll. longus.
Bractee anguste ovato-lanceolate, acuminatz, concave, pubes-
centes, 4-6 lin. onge. Sepala libera, ovata, vix obtusa, concava,
2 lin. longa. Petala oblonga, obtusa, 2 lin. longa. Labellum
superum, ovatum, subobtusum, 2 lin. longum, basi ventricosum,
T Columna brevis, margine inferiore bibra--
chii

SAMOA : Walter.

Described from a specimen in the Cambridge University Her-
barium, collected in 1875. The flowers are rather old, and the
pollinia missing ; the arms at the base of the. column have almost
the shape of the anther case, though slightly shorter, but Wibther
this is the normal condition is uncertain,

200

DCXXL—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

. EDOUARD LUJA, a member of the gardening staff of the

upper regions of that country. He leaves for Africa in the present
month.

The Library Association.-On July 11th a number of members
of this Association visited Kew for the puporo of inspecting the
age z of the Royal Gardens. The visit was arranged by

Mr. F. Turner, Librarian of the Brentfor d Free Library, and the
visitors were received by the Director and Herbarium staff, and
conducied through the various a apartments of the library. A
programme of the afternoon's proceedings, prepared by Mr. Turner,
contains a photographie view of the interior of the room of the
Keeper of the library.

Botanical Magazine for July.—C cron Aig swaniand Was dimos
from the Philippine Islands by Messrs. San nt a
plant to the Royal Gardens in 1892. It closely resembles C. ajani
Callianthemum rutefolium var. x eei native of Styria,
flowered at Kew in March, 1897. Iris Grant-Duffii is a distinct
new Paten from Palestine. It was first collected in 1864 by

B. T. Lowne on the banks of the River Kishon, and again by
Sir M. E. Grant-Duff in the Plain of Esdraelon. The drawing
was made from a plant which flowered in the garden of

new species imported from Borneo by Messrs. Bander d & Co.
whom the plant figured was sent to Kew, where it flo vast 1 in
July, 1897. The Californian Calochortus clavatus has lately
been introduced into cultivation by Mr. Carl Purdy, of Ukiah,
California, and is one of the finest species for the garden. The
plant drawn flowered at Kew in June, 1897.

LJ

Flora Capensis.—Part II. of Vol. VIT. was issued during the past
— It contains the completion of the elaboration of the

Cyperacee, by Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.R.S., and the commencement of
a of the "osi sie by Dr. Stapf, who worked i in collaboration

vith Sir Joseph Hooker on the same order for the Flora of
British India.

Queen's Cottage Grounds.H.M. the Queen has directed that
access to these grounds (37:397 mdi in extent) shall be given to
the public. The First Me rtm eed sese the following state-
ment with regard to them i 2 Parliam

he Queen's Cottage had been abdo. over by Her Majesty
he the enjoyment of the public. . . It was the intention of

201

the Office of Works to preserve the grounds as far as possible in
their present condition. They would. only open a os from Kew
Gardens to the cottage. e rest would remain much in its
present condition. It would not be cut up unnecessarily, and it
should still form one of the most ed bits of bor country
in the proximity of London, and as it certainly had been, a
great sanctuary ‘of all bird life in the ‘district. " (Times, "April 19. )
The “formal” addition of this precinct to the Royal Gardens
took effect from May 21st. But public access cannot be given
E provision for its maintenance and a has been made
n the estimates for the next financial year

New Offices.—The business offices of the Royal Gardens have
for many years occupied extremely cramped accommodation

o
Descanso House (No. 181, Kew Road), adjoining the M
Ground," the principal workyard of the establishment. The
upper part of x house has been fitted up as a residence jm the
Assistant Curat

escanso Mab was for a considerable period the official
residence of the Director during the time that the establishment

was in Royal occupation. When W. T. Aiton, Director-General
of the Royal Gardens at Kew and elsewhere, aes S41 he
was allowed to retain his residence, West MN rented by

, r e
On Mr. Aiton's death in 1849, Descanso House was let by the
Office of Works on a yearly tenancy. A vacancy having occurred,
the Board has resumed possession, and devoted it to offici al
purposes, the adjoining garden being thrown into the principal
workyard, and a new workmen's and goods entrance constructed.

Gardeners’ Reading Room.—Kew is, amongst its other functions,
a school of advanced horticulture. In 1848 the Office of Wo rks
devoted to the use of the young gardeners as a reading-room in
the evening a portion of the building now used asa Di rector's
office. In 1860 a new room for this deben" was added, which
remained in use till the present year. The accommodation
had, however, long become altogether satci for the number
of gardeners employed, which now amounts to some fifty
Fortunately, a large room Mene Descanso House was avail-
able, and this the Office of Works has adapted to the purpose.
T'wo small rooms adjoining serve as a cloak-room and lavatory.

Bronze poete othing seems to be known as to the origin of
the name Descanso House. Mr tnu to a statement in the
Linn. Soc. (May 24, 1850, p. 83), it “ was bos expressly ” for
W. A. Aiton, the first Direitor of Kew, by George III. The large
room referred to above, which adjoins it on the ars was apparently .
intended as a kind of summer dining-room for the use of the King

209

when visiting the Kitchen Gardens. The walls of the interior
were decorated with five large bronze relievi, which had apparently
long been lost sight of. The attention of Sir John E the
Surveyor r of the Pictures to Her Majesty, was drawn to them, and
as the result of his report, the Office of Works dochded upon
their removal.

Sir John Robinson gave the following account of them in the
T'imes for June 4th. e, however, fell into an error in stating
that they were nawed 1 in Kew Palace.

“TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES.
* SIR,

* PENDING the discovery of the original locality and reason
of being of the historical monument of which these relievi doubt-
less formed an integral part, it will perhaps be not uninteresting
to give a brief account of the subjects which they represent

“This, as I expected, has required very little research.

“ The identification of the bronzes has shown, in the first place,
that they illustrate several distinct events and not a single occur-
rence, and, in the next, that the date of their production must
put somewhat later than I had thought to be the case—namely,
shortly after 1687 rather than 1680.

“ The earliest — in point of date, which we may call No. 1,
doubtless refers to the quarrel of Louis XIV. with the Pope
Alexander VII., on apaes of the affray at the French Embassy
in Rome w ith the Pope’s Corsican guard, which served as a
pretext for t the seizure of Avignon (166

“This is the subject in which the erection of a pyramid is seen
in the backgrou nd.

^ E 2isthe relievo in which are the arms of Sweden on a

r, and in which one of the personages has the Danish Order
of the depka ant.
- “This illustrates the overruling by Louis of the Elector of
Brandenburg and the King of Denmark, in 1679) of his ally, the
King of Sweden, at the een of Msn (1679

* No. 3 apparently represents the submission Wi the Republic s
Genoa, when the Doge and four of the leading Senators were se
as suppliants to Versailles (1685

s : ave no doubt have reference es esi further
ia he

and I have, in fact, an impression that the bronze is still extant.
As the date of pae Siamese Embassy was 1684, it seems not im-
bends sers may be a missing relievo from the present series.
3 Su Sido of all these t tran sactions will be found in
Voltaire’ ip “Sidele de Louis Quatorze
ae | Pin
* Your obedient servant,
. “107, Harley Street, June Ist. “J, C. ROBINSON.”

203

Pelicans.—The fine birds received from Admiral Blomfield in
Dibihber last (Kew Bulletin, 1898, p. 25) are now believed to be
Pelicanus onocrotalus, not, as then stated, P. crispus. In May
last two further pelicans were received at Kew through
„Mr. T. L. F. Beaumont, Chairman of the Gardens Committee at
Karachi. These are believed to be Pelicanus mitratus.

Bamboo brooms.—An addition to the collection of bamboo pro-
ducts exhibited in Museum No. 2 of the Royal Gardens has recently
been made by Mr. J. H. Hart, Superintendent of the Botanic

arden, Trinidad, who sends some convenient sized hand brooms
made entirely from the stems of what is ee pii.
vulgaris. In the preparation of these brooms the outer portion
of the stem is split down, then beaten into a fibrous ed turned
back, and tied viel with tri leaving the central and naked
portion of the stem to form the handle. The brooms illustrate a
very simple pi useful application of bamboo stems.

Artemisia pallens.—Mr. G. Marshall Woodrow, Professor of
Botany, Poona, has communicated E the Herbarium a number of
specimens of an Artemisia which is, he states, cultivated in the
Bombay Presidency and used as a offering at the nava
festival. He suggested that it might be Wallich’s Artemisia
code da dg pee 2» a very obscure plant, which is enumerated in
Hook. f. FT. . India, iii. 329, among the dubious species.

aph of

Comparison vii. Besser's description in his monogr: the
section Ab Mc of Artemisia (in 3 iem Soc. Nat. Mosc.,
iii. (1834), 85)—which description was dra from Wallich’s

up

specimens—left hardly any doubt as to its identity with that
species, and this was further conard y comparison with
the originals in the Wallichian Herbarium at the Linnean Society
by Mr. C. B. Clarke. Wallich got his specimens from the Madras
Herbarium and from Heyne; but there is no evidence where they
were collected. Wight mentions A. pallens in ies Contributions,
p- 20, and he distributed specimens of it € No. 1463, with the
note “ Wall. 3302." The specimen in Kew, which a label is
attached bearing the name Artemisia pausa. Wall, in A. P. De
Candolle's handwriting, ses rather smaller heads than Woodrow's
examples, and is in a more advanced state, but otherwise agrees
perfectly with them. ni looking through the collection of
drawings at the Kew Herbarium I came across Roxburgh's
unpublished figure of his Artemisia aibe and was at once
struck by the great resemblance of it with Wight’s specimen.
A closer examination of the drawing and of f Roxburgh's description
CFI. ied iii, 418) of this plant convinced me of = ae of
A. pallens and A. paniculata, Roxb. (not of Lam. of Rottl.).
Roxburgh mentions the name in his earlier Hort. Bau: 61 (1814),
indicating Persia as the native place, and a Mrs. Honeycomb as
the donor. In do Flora Indica, edited by Carey, FM he
says: “The ve place of this plant I cannot well asce

It was miotas into the Botanic Gardens from the acai pe ts

204

of Bengal," A. parcial Roxb., was referred to A. vulgaris,
L., in Fl. Bri t. Ind., iii., 325, probably on the strength of the fact
that a specimen fro i Bo ombay being named A. paniculata in the
Kew Hoe Nota is A. vulgaris. 'Thus, the question as
to the origiu of the plant was unsolved so far. Sir Jos eph Hooker
suggested. that Wallich's examples were from a garden, and so are»
Woodrow's; but what is then the native country of A. pallens?
Artemisia is an essentially boreal genus. The only species found
in a wild state in the Dekkan Peninsula are A. parviflora, Roxb.,
and A. vulgaris, Linn., both very different from A. pallens. On
e other hand, í Ti

the section Abrotanum, numbering over 5 ies, comes i
consideration. Besser (/.c.) and De Can dolle (Prod. vi. 120) have
already stated that A. pallens is a rather cheese type 2 no

section Abrotanum, pedi. no distinct affinity towards
the other species, on acc of the particular sivticthine of die
involucre. "This is, no Tabt true, in so f lative size

a elirutoscent species «mem Lower Egypt a nd the Sinai
Peninsula. The native country of A. pre Ets therefore be
sought for rather in the Orient than in the Himalayas or in
Central Asia. "This hypothesis is further supported b y eroe men
original ees that the plant was of Persian origin and by
curious statement in Dymock’s Materia Medica of Western T dia,
2nd ed., 435. Speaking of A. sieversiana, Willd., he says:
* The drug current in Bombay is derived from the plant at the
head of this article; it is imported from Persia, and has for many
years been cultivated at Bandora, in the neighbourhood of Bombay,
for the sake of the fresh herb, which is always obtainable in the
market, and is much valued by the Hindus, The cultivation
appears to have been i in the hands of a few Christian families for

j The
two plants are called Azarona and Mazarona by the native
Christians, and were no doubt introduced into the country by the
Portuguese.” Now, . sieversiana does not grow in Persia ; but

phoraceous and very aromatic.” I have therefore very little
doubt that at least a part of Dymock's 4. sieversiana, namely, the
fresh herb sold as downa in hé Bombay markets, is A. pallens,
and that, if it was really introduced by the Portuguese or at the
time of the ortuguese ascendency in the East, it came from the
Persian Gulf. Graha m (Pl. Bomb., 102) mentions also a species of
Artemisia as cultivated in gardens near Bombay. e calls it
A. Abrotanum ; but a aee is no other evidence of this species
occurring [n India, either in a cultivated or a spontaneous form,

205

I suspect that Graham's plant was also A. pallens. Finally,

might point out that the name * downa" occurs in Ainslie's
Mat. Med. of Hindoost. (1813), 44, 161, as the Dekkani name of an
Artemisia which is ** one of the many sweet smelling shrubs that
are strewed before the Hindoo gods at religious ceremonies,’ ' and
“an offering at the shrines of Sheva and Vishnoo.” He refers it
to A. austriaca, L., a synonym of which is A. or ee Willd.,
the name Wallich found attached to the specimens of A. pallens
i ras ium. That this e

zE
S
=
s
B
=
E
E
I]
5
c
4

pr rominent among

d

A. pallens; but they attribute the word downa to A. indica
(A. vulgaris, L., according to FI. Brit. Ind., iii., 325), a plant
which Ainslie enumerates also, y under different vernacular
names. Other vernacular names of the plant are: “ maritolundoo "

(Tamil) and * dawanum ” (Teling an according to Ainslie, l.c., and
“dawana-kaha” (Sanskrit) pata a to Piddington (Engl. "Ind.
Pl. Ind. s.).

O. STAPF.

Annals of the Royal Botanic Tarin caran” —The eighth volume
of this work has just reached this country. It is entirely devoted
to the description and illustration “of the orchids of the Sikkim-
Himalaya, by Sir George King, late Superintendent of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, and Robert Pantling, Deputy-Superin-
tendent of the Cinchona plantations at Mungpoo o. Each succeeding
volume of the Annals exceeds its predecessor in size, and the

t is not easy to convey an idea of the immense amount
of | abou put T this addition to orchid literature, and much of
it was done under great difficulties. The drawings were all
executed by Mr. Pantling, and, with v mr z eed pee from
living plants. uci — not merely repres of the plants ;
they also contain reat amount of boarda detail that could
only be satisfactorily er rr rom living plants. he
drawings, we are infor1 in the preface, were all lithographed
by natives of Bengal, eiiaoe at the Government School of Art
in Calcutta. And the colouring was done, under Mr. Pantling’s

e 8 i

t
more omen than a hoe. Sir intesa King adds : * Mr. Pant vid ~

u
of their gigantic undertaking ; and the liberality of the Govern-
ment of Bengal in defieyi ing the cost of its publication cannot be

206

too highly spite’. The value of the work is greatly enhanced
by the fact that twelve sets of dried specimens of the orc pel
escribed nd figured have been prepared and presented to a
many of the leading botanical establishments of the wor

Natal Plants.—The first part has reached Kew of a quarto publi-
cation puedas the flora of Natal. Its title is: Descriptions

and Figures of Natal Indigenous Plants with Notes on their
Distribution, Economic Value, Native Names, &c., &c. It is the
joint work of Mr. J. Medle y Wood, Curator of the Botanic Gardens,
Prashant and Mr. M. S. odd. M.L. A,; and is, we believe, the first
illustrated botanical book entirely produced in South Africa.
Both Mr. Wood and Mr. Evans have long been contributors to the
Kew Hauata. where their plants have been identified or
co red. I every way the enterprise is deserving of commen-

many different plants. Should the authors meet with sufficient

ncouragement, they will continue the work. It is satisfactory to
note that the liberality of the Natal Government will protect the
authors from the risk of any serious financial loss.

Lemon Grass Oil.—Andropogon Nardus, L., has been largely
cultivated in Ceylon and [mee for the production of this
volatile oil, which has an “odour s rongly resembling the sweet-
scented verbena or lemon plant of our gardens.” It has some
reputation in India for medicinal purposes

prenne to the following information its production and that

milar oils seems to have fallen into some neglect in the
Straits Settlements :

EXTRACT from letter from Director, Gardens and Forest De-
poc Singapore, to Royal Gardens, Kew, dated February 16,

“The decay of the Lemon-grass oil trade in Singapore has
attracted my notice, and I am writing a few lines to try and stir
up the cultivation again. It was chiefly, I believe, produced b
one man, who had a distillery for citronella, lemon-grass, &c., à
little way usines Singapore. He died a few years ago, and I fear

Cassia, clove, nutmeg, Ocimum, cops. Artabotr UL “ent a loi
of other things might also be tried by an energetic distiller. The
natives would buy them if no one else did.”

207

Ipecacuanha in the Straits Settlements.—The first commercial
sample of this drug produced in the Old World found its way into
the London market in 1887 (Kew Bulletin, 1888, p. 128). Johore

was, it was believed, the source of the c consignment. Nothing has
been heard of it till the Jh during the present year of the
following information

ExTRAOT Pe letter from Director, Gardens and Forest
ingapore, to Royal Gardens, Kew, dated February 16,

1898.

“I thought that the cultivation of Ipecacuanha here had gone
out, but one of our best planters tells me he has not only got
a very fairly extensive garden of it, but is going on on a much
larger scale. It was fo rmerly cultivated by him at fan cea in
Johore, but it has bier moved to Selangor, where it grows well
and pays too, as he gets full price of 10s. per Ib.’

zr hata v de m note on hybrid coffee in Mysore was recently
published in the Kew Bulletin (1898, p. wir Würde D n the
4 Bur orded a

elean eget (1898, p . 164), Dr. reco milar
hybridization of Svinte and decem ie: in Java. The r results
in that island are, however, not considered so favourable as in
Mysore. In Java the hybrid piante are a 2 ipee very
sparingly, while some are quite barren. err F. von Braun is
quoted as stating that “of the many hundred hybrid | Sanu in the
experimental gardens at Tjikeumeuh, near Buitenzorg, a few only

produce fruits." On the other hand, grafted een ( Arabis
coffee on Liberian B are said to be very promis

Hybrid coffee plan appear to have been also pr Ti in the
West Indies, but Lotti is stated as to their productiveness.

EXTRACT from letter from Curator, Botanic Station, Dominica,
io Royal Gardens, Kew, dated June 8, 1898.

* | noticed in the Kew Bulletin a note on hybrid coffee in
Mysore. It will interest you to hear that there is a coffee grown
in Martinique which is said to be a hybrid between the Arabian
and Liberian kinds. A gentleman here obtained a small plant of
it for me, and I am now growing it at big: Station. The leaves
of my small plant are as large as the leaves of Liberian coffee, but
in appearance they are similar to the leaves y ne rabian coffee, ant
like the latter are badly attacked by the coffee

Florida Velvet Bean. Under this name a leguminous plant has
been prominently recommended in American omen as a forage
plant and as admirably adapted for green crop manuring. Recently

the beans have been offered for sale in this country. As frequent
referetodd have been made to Kew, it is desirable to place on
record what is known of the plant and its capabilities. As to its
identity, it was from the first conjectured that the seeds belonged
to a plant very near the common purple-flowered Cowhage or
Cow-itch plant of the tropics, Mucuna pruriens. The difficulty,
in the absence of adequate specimens, in identifying it with this

208

was the fact that in the Cow-itch plant the jfi are densely
covered with stinging hairs of a brownish colour. A Tes 80
T armed, ‘it was thought, eodd t not safely be recommended
or general ee tion. The name first given, Dolichos AEE EE
es Boykinii), was clearly wrong. In these circumstances we
nd from the Queensland Agricultural Journal,

‘vol. ii., pp. 370-371 (with a pinte) ee the plant has tower ed and
fruit ed in that colony, and that Mr. F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., the
Colonial Botanist, has identified it 25 Mucuna pare var.
utilis. In this variety of the Cow-itch plant the pods are
apparently devoid of stinging hairs. It is probably M. utilis of
Wall., described in the Flora of British India (vol. ii., p. 187), as

?*

“a cultivated variety " with ridic: not hairy pods. This is
figure ghts Icones (vol. i., t. 280). According to Watt's
Dictionary of the Economic Pr oducts of India, “the young tender
pods are cooked and eaten as a vegetable.” What may also prove
to be the same plant, biis jet black seeds, is cultivated as a rotation
erop on sugar estates poiner ens under the name of “ Pois
Mascate.” The ac ise given by interested parties in a rica
ee the agricultural value of the Florida velvet bean, must
e received with cau It is undoubtedly a rapid iré ad and

affórds a large yield s "uüteiiods forage. It bears an bee vig nt
crop of seed ga is therefore readily propagated. It may also, in
common with many other leguminous Lir. possess the power
o obtaining its nitrogen from the atmosphere, and thus be

mirably adapte ed for green crop manuring. How far it may be
forind TIS in these respects to other plants it is es e
say. As it is now being carefully tested in various part
tropies, it Would be well to await reports which will, no doubt "he
shortly issued on the subject.

ean while it may be useful to mention some of the more
prominent leguminous plants that have long been used in tropical
countries, both ne ern and western, as rotation erops for fodder

green manuring : (1) Vigna Catiang, the Chowlee of India,
the Tow Cok he China and the Cow pea of the West Indies ; of this
there are several varieties with black and clay-coloured seeds ;
(2) Cajanus Sidious: the Pigeon pea (the small form is known as
the No-eye pea and the large as Congo pea); this is laiene
grown in St. Kitts and elsewhere in the West Indie ** gree
dressing" on sugar estates ; (3) Phaseolus orans “he FORE or
Lima bean known in Mauritius as “ Pois d'aché pU ; “it remains

ripe beans are igh Scie regarded a; as poisonous ; (4) Dolichos
lablab, t the e Madagascar or Lablab bean, this is known in Mauritius
as the “ Antaque" ; (5) Dolichos pui ‘pureus, ai eg a Morbi of

the latter known in Queensland as the Poor M; °)
Phaseolus Mi — the green gram of India, known in

Woolly Pyroe." This is planted “after the canes are reaped quer
afterwards tone] in a8 a green dressing."

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

BULLETIN

OF

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION,

No. 141.] SEPTEMBER. [1898.

DCXXIL—CHINA GRASS. 1891 ONWARDS.

In OF articles* in the Kew Bulletin, the names China
rass, Ramie, and Rhea, have been applied, a as had been customary,
MA Minka to the products of Bæhmeria nivea and
tenacissima. Itis now generally agreed to employ them with
more rem
CHIN A GRASS is obtained from Behmeria nivea, easily recog-
nised by the white under side of the leaves, which yields an
annual crop of stems in the open air, even in Englanc
MIE or RHEA is obtained from B. tenacissima, which has the
mature antes green underneath, and in this country can only be
grown under glass.

PARIS TRIALS.

Trials of machines for the preparation of China grass were
held at Paris in the years 1888, 1889, and 1891.

The first were under the direction of the French Government ;
the results were given in the Kew Bulletin for 1888 (pp. 213—980).
The second were in Viger nime with the Paris Universal Exhibition
of 1889; the results were also published in the Kew Bulletin
deut pp. 968-278; 281-287), The third was not a Government

* The previous NT that have TENUI in the J Kew Bulletin on this pos
are as follows :—
1, Previous history and an account of an industry started at Barcelona, Spain,
1888, pp. 145-149. f
mn "Report of the Concours Internationale de la Ramie, held at Paris, 1888, pp.
3. CORPER of the present position of China grass and Ramie, 1888, pp.

- 298.
. Report of trials of Ramie machines at the Exposition Universelle, Paris,
1889, pp. PA PE -
5. List of awards for the decortication of Ramie, made at the Exposition
Ui niverselle, Paris, 1889, pp. 281-9287.
ie leaves as a food for Silkworms, 1890, pp. 174-175. r^ i after-
wards shown to be not well founded ; see “ Insect Life,” Vol, IIL.,
Note on a trial of methods and a appliances rh decortica ting org Preparing
Ramie, held by the Société des Agriculteurs de France, 1891, pp. EE 7-278.
shina grass at Menerio, 892, p. 251,
9. Trials of Ramie machines at New Orleans, 1892, pp, 30: -306.

518—1375—8/98 Wt90 D&S 29

210

competition, but was held under the auspices of the Société des
Agriculteurs de France. brief notice is given in the Kew
Bulletin (1891, pp. 277, 278). It was attended by the Director
on behalf of the India Office.

of Paris sewage. The growth of the crop was extremely vigorous
and in,that respect left nothing to desire. The stems succumb to
the first frost, which however does not appear to injure the roots.

Six machines were submitted for competition ; of these only the
four which received rewards require notice.

Faure Machine.

This received a gold medal. It admitted of being worked by

hand, but the most satisfactory results were obtained when driven
P h i

the details. The leafy stems of China grass as cut from the

plantation were fed on to a table from which they were drawn

against. which these beaters worked was a quarter of a
cylinder, the radius of which was smaller than that of the drum
carrying the beaters. The space between these and the surface

the drum.
The Faure machine in this form produced clean ribbons without
apparently bruising the fibre, but did not remove the epidermis.
It had the advantage of working continuously, but did not always
disengage the core from the butt-end of the stems. It required
the attention of three men; two to feed and one to remove the

ribbons re obtain fro

fresh stems 41bs. (when dried) of ribbons in six minutes (or

| hours) ; these ribbons
2:6 per cent.

The Faure machine of this type has however been apparently

abandoned by its inventor. The form at present in use will be

described subsequently.

De Landtsheer Machine.

This was not materially different in principle from that
exhibited at previous competitions. It is described in the Kew

311

Bulletin for 1888 (pp. 275-276) and 1889 (pp. 271-972). It
received a gold medal partly on the ground of the long services
of the inventor to the solution of the problem.

Barbier Machine.

This also did not appreciably differ from that shown at previous
trials. It has already been described in the Kew Bulletin (1888,
p. 276; 1889, p. 269).

Subra Machine.

This resembled in some respects the two preceding pacninor.
But the beaters kino continuously without reverse action.

was an arrangement by which the workman in charge nd
elevate the upper dion cylinder and 80 release the stems which
were then reversed by hand. The jury was, however, of opinion
that the Subra machine, except in the hands of LUE
skilled workmen, would probably lead to serious accidents.
had, however, the advantage of rem oving the Aca uo in great
part as well as the woody core from the ribbon

Like the Faure, the Subra machine in the eei now described
has also been abandone d.

Since 1891 the problem of resting the fresh stems of Chin
grass by sS m methods has engaged incessantly the i aa
of inventors. The results up to the present time m Licking
in the following pages. For convenience a general summary is
given in the first place of the facts relating to the raw een

SOURCE OF MATERIAL.

Perhaps the most important advance has been in the complete
abandonment of the attempts hitherto made to treat the dry stems.
This has been definitely acknowledged to have been a mistake,
experience having proved that to obtain the full éd vata: of the
many valuable qualities of the fibre the stems must be treated in
the green state.

The original China grass so long cultivated by the Chinese
under the name of Tchou Ma is Behmeria nivea, Hk. & Arn
The leaves in this are Mire etia eene The plant is
moderately bent in temperate co it grows well
during the summer months in the ‘South: ‘of "England. During
1895 an ekseptton nally good crop was harvested at Kew from a
small plot that had been established in the open ground for more
than five years. An equally large crop is being produced this
year (1898). The plants are, however, regularly cut down by the
first frosts in October and do not sprout again until the middle or
ee of May. Thus only one crop is capa able of being produced

early. Behmeria nivea is the plant chiefly cultivated in the

South of France, Algiers, the United States, and many parts of

India. The plant is more readily propagated by division of the
rhizome or rootstock than from seed.

ie or Rhea is probably only a geographical variety of

China grass, but from an economic point of view the differences

between them are so important that the two plants show be kept
quite distinct. The Ramie or Rhea (B. tenacissima, Gaud.) is
A?

518

212

sometimes known as the green-leaved China grass. This name
has been given it as the leaves are green on both surfaces.

e and the same plant. The Malay name is the one
generally used in this country; in India, Rhea is chiefly used.
This plant thrives only in tropical countries and it is useless to

attempt to cultivate it elsewhere. At Kew it will only grow well
when kept under glass all the year round.

Both plants require good deep soil such as is found in alluvial
deposits in tropical countries. The climate should be warm an
humid and without a prolonged dry season. In the systematic
treatment which China grass receives at the hands of the Chinese
it is abundantly supplied with eie ei pes sagas and by these
means several crops are produced in one seaso Hence poor
soil and rather dry situations are quib. vibisaiteble for growing
these plants. "The relative yield of China grass and Ramie over
large areas has not yet been definitely determined. This is a

quality of the fibres and their suitability for various textile
purposes. The two plants are kept distinct in Jamaica. Mr.
Faweett, F.L.S., Director of the Botanical Department in Jamaica
states :—“ The green-leaved Ramie (Behmeria tenacissima) is
evidently the best for low elevations, while China grass with the
white under-surface (Behmeria nivea) is the best for the hills.
At Cinchona (4,800 feet, with a mean ——i of 61:4? F.) the
latter is growing 10 to 12 feet high.” As r s difference in
growth Mr. W. Cradwick, at the Hope Gardens ( ON 600 feet,
mean temp. 75°4° F.), finds that the “ green variety produces
with. similar treatment about double the number of canes per
root.

In the Agricultural Ledger (1894, No. 6, p. 4), issued by the
Government of India, Dr. Watt draws attention to the different
requirements as regards climate between China grass and Ramie
in the Coi Mg) wor

been done in the majority of experiments hitherto conducted in
India. From time to time fresh su supplies have been imported

m China and distributed. all over this country, so that India
may fairly be characterised as having fully attempted the
por inaMegH on of China grass, but done little or nothing t toward
endeavouring to extend the production of Ram ie (B. no
which for the sake o convenience of MIA we ma
characterise as its indigenous stock."

As regards other points: co difference between China grass and
Ramie the following opinion was expressed in a letter Case
by Kew to the India Office, disi the 8th May, 1890 :—

“ Whether the fibre of Ramie is at its best really as good as the
best China grass (Behmeria nivea) is a point that spoit not to

have been definitely settled. It may turn out to be simply à
question of soil and climate. China grass may give a larger and
better a of fibre under cool conditions, wher o
hea may do equally well u mene essentially tropical conditions.
The question as € India mt! easily be settled by cultivating
under various condition of climate and soil authentic specimens
of each plant, and ted ins tituting, as suggested by Dr. Watt, a
careful chemical and microscopic analysis of the fibres yielded by
Indian-grown plants of both Behmeria nivea and B.tenacissima."

In the United States, with a comparatively temperate climate,
except in the extreme south, the plant so far cultivated is China
grass SERIO TAE, nivea). In a“ Report (No. 7) on the Cultivation

nited States,” by Mr. Chas. Richards Dodge,
issued by the U. s. Department of Agriculture Csahingion,
1395), the distinctions between China grass and Ramie are not so
clearly kept in view as could be wished. Practically the former
only is dealt with. But the name Ramie or Rhea is unfortunately
re toit. It is probable that China grass (Behmeria nivea)
is the more common plant under cultivation at the present time,
but iti is possible also that, where Ramie or Rhea (Behmeria
tenacissima) is grown, sufficient — is not laid on the fact
that it is not hers ordinary China grass of commerce. As pointed
out by M. Charles Roux in Notice sur la Ramie, * this error has
crept into mun publications and has been extremely mad
to the development of this culture. It has been represented that
Ramie (Behmeria tenacissima) is successfu lly grown in France,
but well organised experiments have proved that this is a mistake.
amie is essentially a plant of warm countries." "The plant
chiefly cultivated in France, and possibly in Algiers also, is
China grass (Bahmeria nivea). The fibre at present known in
commerce as China grass is the produce of B. nivea, prepared
entirely by hand labour in China. The stems are first stripped
and the epidermis removed by scraping and washing, but a good
deal of the gum is still left in soda with the fibre. This has
subsequently to be removed by chemical means in Europe. The
quantity of this China grass e ey et is somewhat limited.
It forms, however, the chief source of the raw material used for
China grass fabrics hitherto pibaieed in this country and the
Continent.
in commerce is a term applied indifferently to the
produce ‘of either B. nivea or B. tenacissima. m chief use in
Trade Re Bbbrts appears to be to distinguish between machine-
prepared fibre (* Ramie") and the hand-cl hbd fibre of the

Chinese (* E X T rce
consists of (1) Aba or strips which are merely the cortical

zer removed from the stems and dried ; or (2) the grey, brown,
or whitish fibre in a more or less cleaned Ae t ney freed from

and from the epidermis and gummy

The use of the term China grass eile "i a hand-cleaned
fibre shipped from China is Bud from objection. It is really the
produce of B. nivea, and no contusion is likely to arise. The term
should, however, be applied to all fibres, whether cleaned by hand
or by machine, if originally derived from B.n nivea. The latter
might be called “ machine-cleaned China grass.” On the other
hand the term Ramie should be strictly limited to the produce of

314

B. tenacissima. A classification of the hand- and machine-cleaned
fibres appearing in commerce (showing also their origin) might

be adopted as follow

1. Commercial China ep ]
€ ae in Chi
2. China ribbons or "inire Produced from the
hand- o vá v machine- cleaned ra ANDE TE ; bsc
3. China gra w fibre
Cokin iusan], J À
l. Ramie or poe ribbons or lanières ) Produced from the
(hand- Aieri? cleaned) Ramieor Rhea plant,
2. Ramie or Rhea w fibre. twi pte tenacis-
Citloh itietentiad).

The completely cleaned and bleached fibre or Kk could be
easily distinguished as China grass filasse or Ramie or Rhea filasse,
paing to the plant from which it was originally obtained.

During the last five years more interest appears to have been
taken in these fibresin the new world than in the o

ae United — Department of Agriculture has organised a
systematic series of experiments in different sections of the
country, and shone are likely to produce very interesting results.
Mr. Richards Dodge’s Report (No. 7) already mentioned contains
a large mass of very useful information. In fact, it may
abe as containing, from the American point of view, all that
is known practically of the cultivation and treatment of China
grass.

PLANTING.

The following is extracted from Nm Foreign Office Report,
Annual Series, 1897, No. 2017, p. 8. :

“The cultivation of the Ramie RIS E siart Aaye grase],
the fibre of which is superior to flax, on the ned by t
Imperial domains at Chakva, near Batoum, i is Paonia a ran, doni
of attention just at present. The climate and soil of the low-
lying land in that locality appears to suit this plant extremely

that the Administration of the Imperial domain lands is able to
furnish a ee ipe d quantity of the dried stalks to the Govern-
ment Paper Mi t St. Petersburg, where it is to be used in the

manufacture of the. Ea. from which rouble notes and stamped
bill of exchange forms are made.

As already stated, both China grassand Ramie have been tiie
experimentally in Jamaica,and avery useful Memorandum has
published by Mr. W. Fawcett, F.L.S., inthe Bulletin ofthe perte
Department (1894, pp. 33-34), This contains, also, a Report of the
Jamaica Committee with reference to a prospective trial of the
Allison Fibre Machine. The following extracts give the cultural
results obtained in Jamaica (Report of the Director, 1894-95,
pp. rad
experience I think there is little reason to doubt that
ui bnt] part of the plant to propagate from is the bottom of the

915

ripe stem. 1f a field is being reaped, and it is desired to increase
the area, then the canes should be papei cutting them to within
two inches of the ground. Some one should then follow and
grub out the remainder of the stalk, zu low enough, if possible,
to secure a little root on it. This will generally givea piece about
four inches long, and if inserted into the ground with about half
an inch left above the surface will make a strong plant in an

credibly short space of time. The old plants will be all the
Rue for the removal of the stems for propagating. In the event
of not wishing to propagate, care should be taken to cut the stems
as low as possible, as the plants grow much stronger than when
the old stumps are left five or six inches above ground.

“ The best distance to Buena is twelve inches apart, with eighteen
inches between the rows on fair land, but on strong land eighteen
inches to two feet EH be quite close enough. If planted nine
inches apart they have to be hand-weeded when young, which is

ery expensive, whereas at eighteen inches or two feet they can be
hoed through. If the land is fairly rich and they are kept clean
while they are young, they will grow so thickly, even at two feet,
that very little weeding is required, except, perhaps, after cutting.
The piece which was planted three feet apart is now so thick as
almost to prevent any weeds growing, except when the crop is
reapec

r a long period Rhea has been grown in small quantities by

the pete of Assam. A note on i cultivation was issued by
the Agricultural Department, Ass in April, 1897. This was
prepared by Mr. F. J. Mon ahs in, “Officiating Director of Lands
Records and Agriculture. He states that the Rhea of Assam at
the present day is Behmeria nivea.

A useful memorandwm on the coc of Behmeria nivea

Mysore was issued in 1897 by Mr. J. Cameron, F.L.S.,
se dL ana of the Lal Bagh Mild ns at Bangalore. This
contains an SORE almost life-size Oiar kiii of the plant in
flower and fru

A note on cup same subject was published by Mr. Ridley in the
Agricultural Bulletin of the Malay Peninsula for June, 1597

A very interesting correspondence relating to the introduction
of Ramie cultivation into Perak appeared in Perak Museuin Notes
(Vol. ii. pt. 2, pp. 103-124.)

YIELD OF STEMS AND FIBRE.

More accurate observation has shewn the promou. yield that
may be obtained both in stems and fibre from a given 4
m a small patch of China grass (Bahmeria nive) five
years old, growing in the open air at Kew, it has been found
that four square yards yield 100 stems. The weight of these,
without leaves, was 241bs. This gives a yield at ihe rate
gie

D :
yielded in the second year stems, without leaves, at the feto
of 26,300 Ibs. per acre: in the third year two crops yielded at

216

the rate of 32,360 Ibs. Der acre. The we t of raw fibre

mewhat wife Pel resu alts. His a tinal yield was 1,285 lbs.
por diets In California, Hilyard gives it at 1,935 lbs. per acre.
It is probable that the yield of clean ribbons per acre on a large
area, with two or ise Lire. will Ma about 900 to 1,000 Ibs.
per acre. Mr. s Richards Dodge, of the United States
Department of Miren is of opinion L that two cuttings of
second year’s growth, when properly cu Itivated, will produce
20 tons of green stalks with their leaves." Fur ther, “as each
ton of green stalks, with leaves, will yield 465 Ibs. of clean, LO

have, therefore, a return per acre from two cuttings iind pu
930 Ibs. of ciiin jebbolis and 500 lbs. of degummed fibre
filasse. No returns of the actual fibre have, however, been made
continuously on a sufficiently large scale to justify absolute iem
fidence in them. At Wenchow, China, it t has bee n found tha

MACHINES.
In this country many machines and peepee have been
ign into notice, but owing to the absence of a suitable supply
of n stems no exhaustive trials have been held. Such trials
are oily possible when a large area specially siege for the
urpose is available. As already shown, the conditions in this
country, except in specially mild situations, are Ha favourable for
the cultivation of Chin The s at Kew have,
mM been placed at the disposal of pelecie making application
or t
Àn experiment with these stems matis ia oe was made
with a Subra machine in October, 1895. It t be understood
that the results here given represent a ade rh | only, and n
opinion is intended to be expressed as to the capabilities of the
chine working vegan ii on a large scale. The stems were
divided into two series as follow:

Series A.—Green stems : selected.

: Ve No. of W | Weight of Wet | Wet Ribbons
Series. | Condition. | Stems. | in MEME | Ribbons delivered | after shaking
by machine.

by hand.
I. | Stems with 27 1,361 454 318
leaves at-
tached.
II Stems with- 29 1.134 567 ' 819
out leaves.

217

Series B.—Green stems: rather woody.

vn 2 No.of | Weight | „Weight of Wet | Wet Ribbons
Series. | Condition. Btems. | in grammes. | Ribbons delivered "7S —

—
dS
-1
b2
bo
eo |
©
-1
m
or
©

ITI. Stems with 2
leaves.

IV. Stems with- 22 2,268 1,021 599
out leaves.

The Subra machine (in its present form) weighs about 3 to
4 ewts., and has the appearance of an ordinary chaff cutter
mber, are fed at n

shaken. The latter plies a t dps rid of most of the adhering
wood. The ribbons are then ready to be hung up to dry. The
machine requires nca orse power, but was worked during
the trial entirely by hand. The bar. can ae treated either bi
or without the leaves. There action as in mo

machines, and hence the whole of ib edit 2 rapidly through.
and are at once delivered on the apron ready for shaking a
drying. It is impossible to speak oonelasiely of a single trial,
and Hh such a very limited number of stems. "The following
reports on the trial, furnished to the Subra Company by

vi Sc Cross & Bevan, give, however, the results SORT
attained :—

No. 1.
MESSRS. CROSS AND BEVAN TO THE SUBRA COMPANY, LTD.

Laboratory, 4, New Court, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.,
16th October, 1895.
DEAR SIRS,
HAVING been present at your request at a trial of the
working of your Decorticating Machine (Subra, Eng. Pat.
23, 642/94) we now beg to report as follows :—

China Grass Stems (green). ae stems were supplied from
Kew. The results obtained on the machine were quite satis-
factory. The ribbons prove on examination to be intact, and
are ue ari stripped without injury to the filasse. The wood

was quite free from fibre, and on the other hand the ribbons
retained only a fractional percentage of wood. We, of pem
d no opportunity o ing a continuous run with a

weight of stems, and can prose e only form an estimaie of the
behaviour and output of the machine under ordinary conditions
of work. rie estimate is favourable. We were not able to see
any weak t in construction or operation calcu
interfere with pos fet working and steady efficiency.
Yours faithfully,

(Signed) Cross & BEVAN.

Messrs. The Subra Fibre Co., Ltd.

318

No. 2.

MESSRS. CROSS AND BEVAN TO THE SUBRA COMPANY, LTD.
Laboratory, 4, New Court, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.,
October 21, 1895.

DEAR SIRS,

WE beg to hand you the further results of our examination
of the samples of China grass ribbons referred to in your favour
of the 9th instant. Each s —— was received sealed.

The following are the results :

Weight as received by us, in gramme s 318 319 459 599
Weight when air-dried 72 68 129 148
Weight of adhering wood ... A. ix! 45 2:0 2:0 3
Neco of eee wood bas gu 14 "6 43 6
Weight of filasse ON "ew — -— 76 —
PONO of fila cern se on green ri ribbon — — HO koco
of filasse on dry ribbon — a 58 —
Pusbitéee of 6éiNidose d in filasse ... -== — 80 —

Yours faithfully,
(Signed) CROSS & BEVAN.
Messrs. The Subra Fibre Co., Ltd.

The result of the investigation in regard to Sample 5—mature
stems with leaves—may be summarized as follows :—The green
stems with leaves weighed 2,722 grams, and yielded air-dry
ribbons weighing 129 grams. This is at the rate of 47 per cent.
The same dry ribbons : yielded filasse weighing 76 grams. This is
at the rate of 58 per cent. on the dry ribbons, and at the rate of
16:5 per cent. on the wet ribbons. On the other hand the per-
setttage of filasse Hist is from the green stalks with leaves is
?'8 per cent. According to this, 100 tons of green stems wit
leaves (of B. nivea) will yield 4-7 tons of air-dried ribbons, and
2:8 tons of pure fine filasse,
While the yield of air-dried ribbons closely agrees with the
Paris trials, the yield of filasse is nearly double.
ane following report was made by Messrs. Ide and Christie
mple of China grass ribbons prepared D by the Subra fei
aM green stems grown at Kew
MESSRS. IDE & CHRISTIE TO ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

12, Mark Lane, E.C.,
2 nd October, 1895.

a — of the 29th instant, with the sampie ^ China
TS. rib ns, is duly to hand. The latter appear to befairly well
done, but we notice many bits of the wood still arem to them.
This should not be, as it is a fatal objection with man

e

219

We value them at £10 to £12 per ton, but would require a few
tons for distribution before being able to say definitely whether
in this state they would be preferable or otherwise to the ordinary
cleaned China grass.

Yours faithfully,
(Signed) IDE & CHRISTIE.
D. Morris, Esq., C.M.G., D.Sc.

Faures Decorticator.

The Faure machine, as already stated, has taken a new form
since the Paris trials of 1891. The im roved machine was under
trial at Limoges in July of 1897. In the COMME HOD, the inventor
has aimed at the production, in one operation, not of ribbons Ed
strips, but of fibre ** free from woody matter, from skin, and wi
the least amount of * juice’ in it.” He claims that the product is

ut in
condition, and free from the possibility of dali tion. The
new Faure machine “is fed by two men, Wore alternately,
each iso in his hand about ten stems. The stems are treated
green in the same condition as cut, with us ine attached.
The Porra of feodis is as follows :— The stems are passed
twice. They enter the machine leaf end first, and after being
teoste about two-thirds of their length they are withdrawn, an
operation easily carried out, and fed in a second ic the thick
end first, so as to complete the operation . . The machine
is simple in construction. Practical experience shows that
two men working at one machine can treat 360 pounds of
fresh green stems per hour, or about 35 cwts. per day of ten hours.
The amount of suy fibre produced depends on the nature and
growth of the stems On a 5 per cent. basis, the net
production 2 ‘ty fibre by ‘each machine per day is 180 pounds.
Und ordinary circumstances, a Aie ae varying from

160 to an pr of dry fibre in ten hours per machine may be
expect

pe is ihe inventor’s own account of the capabilities of the
machine. The first point that will occur to those acquainted with
the numerous efforts to extract the fibre by mechanical means is
the € that still exists, even in this improved erret s
pass the stems twice into it. Abou t 5wóvthirüs of the st
first cleaned and withdrawn, they are then reversed, and pony in a
second time to complete the operation. This practically reduces
the — of the machine almost i one-half.

Experience in the Pa of Agave leaves (a problem now
ioniy i solved) has s n that the pore effective Ms is for the
raw material to be d once only to the machine and it

yo oe pass through —— further handling. When this i is the
a boy of fift n do the work of two men, and feed a

sinihido A pesn half à a oes of dry fibre per day.

It is to be noted that the prepared fibre from the Faure crm
is claimed to be “equivalent to commercial China grass."
latter is hand-cleaned fibre with an average value in the Dobiion
market of about £30 per ton. With a possible maximum yield
of 2 wie. of hey Gland per da feorts the Faure machine the gross

220

value would be £3. This would be the approximate value of
fibre “ produced on a 5 per cent. basis from a ton of green stalks
with leaves.’

The most complete and recent account of the Faure machine is
given in the report of a lecture delivered before the Indian
Section of the Society of Arts by Mr. Thomas Barraclough on the
25th —€— 1897. This is published in the Jowrnal Soc. Arts.
(vol. A pril 2, 1897, pp. 421-440) ; seealso British Trade
Journal (May 1, 1898).

“The machine, which yim 11 cwt., is very strong and not
liable to get out of order. It consists mainly of the framework
and driving-gear, the decobticating drum carrying beaters and the
feed-bed. This latter is the important feature of the machine, by
reason of its special contour which varies at different parts to suit
the various MIS of work which the machine has to perform.
The first part of the bed is curved outwards, the second is straight,
and the third is curved inwards. The stems are fed into t e
e anam over € mb part of the bed, where the woody portion
becomes immediately broken and partly removed ; tri
wane on to the Dt part, and as the speed of the beaters is
considerably ae than that at which the stems are fed into the

ing effec

than the thickness of the stri This scraping action effects a
double purpose ; it attacks the outer skin and also all matters
extraneous to the fibre. Thestrips then pass idR vertically into
th preme dnd the Panier matters, viz., most of the woody
parts, the skin, and gummy substances, are thrown out to a
distance bt ps cen ntrifugal force of the beater drum. When the
stems have entered to within a short distance of their end, the
return movement is effected and they are withdrawn. During the
withdrawal the following action takes place: At the inward curve
or prs part of the bed, the filaments are slightly and viget
y the beater blades, which throw out the coarser of the

débris still adhering. The operation is performed with great
delicacy ; the fibres assume the position of the chord of the curve,
and are constantly agitated by the beaters. When the fibres
arrive at the second part of the bed, as the space between it and
the ters is infinitely reduced, the entire removal of matters
still adhering to the fibres is effected, and these latter leave
the machine white, parallel, and free from woody matter, from
skin, and from the major portion of the juice. The concave bed
or breast is mounted in such a way that its position to
the action of the beaters is easily regulated. The brackets

w

feminie legs, the object being to obtain a rubbing action between
he beaters and the fibre, having for its special object the loosening

d removal of the skin. The elastic: bed gives way or vibrates

an enormous number of times per minute, and this produces the

desired rubbing or *knuckle-joint' action between the beaters

and the fibres on the bed. The shape of the feed-bed causes it to

. Choking
abnormal strains are avoided, and the machine can be kept a
work from morning till night without oppia for E

221

The refuse alin pademen the machine, and is removed from
time to time. In the case of a number of machines working
apadi an cis s ban qom co Pakia passing inler the machines,
removes the re itio continually, and s 0 keeps the neighbourhood
of the machines perfectly free from it."

MecDonald-Boyle Decorticator.

This machine, Mn. constructed on the plan of a revolving drum
and beaters with a reversing process, has been carefully tried in
Trinidad and JE and appears "i be under trial at the present
time in Uie m^ lay Peninsula.

The t of the Filiae ma in Trinidad are given in the
Proceedings, S the Agricultural Society (1897. pp. 149-153). The

ing is an extract :—

“The McDonald machine the committee saw at work simply
produced ‘Ramie ribbons’ by breaking up and detaching the

cheaply than could be done by the cheapest hand labour and the
operation is so easy that the Wei ta cannot get clogged or out of
order, and requires no skilled labour. The machine was under
the disadvantage of being run cg a DE engine not under proper
control, but in ten minutes we saw it decorticate 18 lbs. of stem,
giving 91 Ibs. of green fibre, which would equal llb. of dry.
Working under proper conditions, we are of opinion the machine
with one trained man would be able to treat about one ton of
a in 12 hours, yielding one cwt. of ribbons, which is estimated
to e 75 per cent., or 841bs. of eee or cleaned fibre, after
td si the degumming proce

*'The Boyle process degums the ribbons by treating them with
rige simple, and rw i chemicals, and we saw the process
ca out on a small s

The results in, Ja nidi are published in the Jowrnal of the
Jamaica €— — y ne 1, a pp. 211-272.) “The
summary of five tests eight green stems
passed through the incide, 99. T gr OZ8.; time nds in
treatment, 81 minutes; weight of wet ribbons produced, 18 lbs.”
The Committee added, * We think the whole process can only be
e ra successfully on a large scale by the central factory
our

a ` Report issued by the qoem Office ue. » soni Annual
Bri, 1898) on the trade of Guatemala, Mr. Trayner
states experimental trials cia ve been esac by a

that p enta
wealthy | inhabitant of that country who claims that, with a machine
prepared locally, “ the fet anes can not only deco rticated, but
also degummed without damaging the fibre.” It is impossible to
offer an opinion on cum merits of this machine with our present
information, but, if it realizes the expectations of the inventor, we
shall doubtless hear more about it.

DEGUMMING.

No ia gaa can do more than decorticate the stems o
grass, and m or less clean the fibre. There is still the Heer
task of sueta iun this into filasse fit for manufacture.

222
intricate element in the problem is the MU T of the two
rocesses, one mechanical, the other chem It was at first

longed action of Bera cdm treatment with which it is
desiablo to reduce to a minimu Hence mere conversion into

ribbons was thought to be no Toni sufficient; the epidermis
must be got rid of, and the fibre as far as possible mechanically
separated. But at present the tendency appears to be to fall back
on bons, and this implies the existence of methods which will
produce filasse uninjured by the chemical treatment. Great
hopes have been entertained of the Favier process, which still
seems to hold the field in n measure. 'The United States
Consul at S. Etienne in a report quoted in n the Journal of the
Society of Arts (Nov. 16, 1894, p. 946), ipsins this as *a
chemical process of which M. Favier keeps ret, but which
is supposed to consist of a weak alkaline voted in which the
fibres are boiled.” Mr. Barraclough, in the lecture already
quoted, v (p. 431) : * Manufacturers use a variety of processes
and apparatus. As arule, the most successful of them keep their
processes of degumming and bleaching to themselves, and do not
patent them."

Boyle Process.

The following information respecting this process is taken

from the Glasgow Herald (Aug. 13, 1895) :—

“The Midland Spinning Company of bead Eaton claims that for
the past twelve months it has ‘been engaged in treating and
degumming Ramie, and spinning the result into yarns which are
being sold i in the open m market at very remunerative prices

ss or ram
ribbons or lanières. It is passed through a series of tanks, or
chemical baths, which remove the gum and subsequently soften
and bleach the fibre. The Ramie is drawn slo wly through these,
clasped between two endless chains kept moving by s uitable
gearing. At the feeding end the chains are kept about iia foot
apart one above the other, but as they near the first tank they
o eru until they firmly grasp the bundles of m placed
between them. As the fibre passes from one tank to another the
chats wins separate and allow the Ramie to pass between rollers,
which are fluted breaking cylinders in the first stage and wringing
rollers in the latter part of the process. The gum is ici in
the first tank, and when the Ramie has passe seeds tt the rollers the fibre
is sufficiently loosened to be pulled out free from the woody part
of the bark. hen the Ramie finally emerges at the end of the

tty i m working this Reinié:eli vef. in other spinning mills
with their ordinary machinery. Twines, fishing-lines, and sa
cloth are Ten manufactured."

992

~~

Gomess’ Process.

A chemical process, the invention of Mr. A. F. B. Gomess, for
the treatment of China grass or Ramie ribbons has been much
discussed during the thet three years. It is not intended to deal
with jhand-cleaned commercial China grass, but with ** Black
Rhea,” by which is probably meant the stiff brown ribbons
obtained by drying the bark when removed from the stems

The ribbons may be — either by hand or by machin,
From these dry hard ribbons it is claimed that by esca
means all woody particles, the ‘epidermis and gum M remove
and that the fibre is emersit in pe form of filass ready for
being eombed and spun into yar This is Dtselicails all the
information so far ebisinablei in this. country. It appears, however,
that an effort is being made to grow the China g

(Behmeria nivea), and the Ramie or Rhea plant (B. niece
in India in order to supply the raw article in a si rdc condition
to be treated by this process. "The following particulars are taken
from the Madras Weekly Mail (July k 1896 6):—

“The owners of the Gomess process, who are aay dail in
England by the Rhea Fibre Treatment Company, Limited,
17, ecce cerle London, W., and in this ried i by the
Indi hea re Parent Company, Limited, Bombay, are
mime to Gdiitiadt for the purchase of large quantities of dried
ribbons er bark, and in regard to this the London Company
report

z "m That they require the raw material in the shape of

ribbons; that is, the whole bark hand-stripped from the stem,
thoroughly dried, and packed in bales.

*(b.) That they prefer:the species Behmeria nivea, but that

they can also use the Behmeria tenacissima and Ban-rhea

(Villebrunea integrifolia).
*(e.) That the quantities required by the pondon Paves ad
would be continuous and very large; that ould be

Y. to ET exact figures, but that they od TA i with
0,000 tons to commence with.
= a3 ) That they are at "ew prepared to contract at prices
bebe thei to from £10 to £11 per ton, delivered i in London,
at £7 a ton at port of Rua in India
Fu d er particulars may be obtained from a BAA entitled
* Rhea, its Cultivation, Decortication, and Baling, and the subse-
quent treatment of the Ribbons by the Gomess Process, emet
by the Rhea Fibre Treatment "Oolnrdieh] 17, Shaftesbury
Avenue, W.

”

SUMMARY.

Few practical problems have consumed so much time and
energy as the attempt to bring China grass and Ramie into u
for manufacturing purposes. Notwithstanding all the nia eut ea
of mechanical skill and inventive ability, the conclusion cannot
be evaded that we are still as far off as aver from being able to
place upon market a finished product which will effectually
compete with silk, flax, ‘att the better Sae ti of cotton.

224

The plants can be grown with the greatest ease. But when the
problem of treatm ent is “chives the supply of the raw material
will be limited to warm countries. The cultivation of China
grass in temperate regions will sia be able to compete success-
fully with that of Ramie (or eames of China grass) in the
tropics. It is known that when ribbons can be produced
sufficiently cheaply, these can re misst and turned into
filasse at a small cost. The whole question then still turns, as
in 1888, on the production of ribbons. We are still waiting for
a decorticator which will not merely turn out ribbons fit for
further manufacturing — has been accomplished—
but will turn out, say, half a ton a day at a small cost. Till
this has been found, the planter canttok profitably deal with

n on hand-cleaned fibre from China are paralysed for
ant of a supply which will allow the finished product to
pence im with other fibres.

The ribbons must be enr rli of being delivered to the de-
gumming factories at a cost not exceeding £7 to £9 per ton.
'This would pay the planter if we T: ad a Hte ec which would
enable him to prepare the ribbons at a cost which would leave a
apai At present he cannot produce ribbons under £12 to £15

Thon the degumming Procee should turn out filasse at a total
cost of £36 to £40 per ton. At this price the demand would be
considerable, and a large did prosperous industry would result.
To put the position in other words, filasse must be put upon the
market at about 47. a lb. To use the words of one of the ae
in the diseussion at the Society of Arts, “unless it could b
brought down to something like the QN of cotton or flax, it was
impossible to make any profit out of it

DCXXIIL—DECADES KEWENSES.

PLANTARUM NOVARUM IN HERBARIO HORTI REGII CONSERVATARUM.
DECADES XXXI.—XXXIII.

301. Pellaealyx symphyodiscus, Stapf [ Rhizophorew] ; disco
breviter tubuloso sublobato atque staminum serie epipetala in
lobulorum apicibus altera inter lobos ad basin disci inserta
insignis.

Famuli fulvo-hirtelli. Folia obovato-oblonga, genta obtuseque
acuminata, basi rotundata, 35—5 poll. longa, 2-2} poll. lata, minute
glanduloso-denticulata, supra pilis minutis fugac cm solitariis vel
paucis fasciculatis e tuberculis albidis ortis cons
indumento ena laxo sed robustiore diutius persistente jpo omiin
nervis admodum prorsus ductis utrinque circiter 6; petiolus
pesticdyne oin 4—6 lin. longus, hirtellus, demum glabratus; stipulæ
ovatæ, obtuse, dense fulvo-tomentellz. Flores solitarii vel pauci,
brevissime fasciculati, 5-6-meri ; pedicelli fulvo-hirtelli, floribus
squilongi. Calyx campanulato-tubulosus, lin
fulvo-hirtellus ; lobi triangulares, tubo triplo vel ultra brevior es

225

Petala alba, obovato-oblonga, ob margines superne inflexos fim-
brilligeros subeucullata, 1j lin. lon ga, ful o-pubescentia. Discus
tubulosus, E lin. onanan sublobatus. indie biseriata, insertione
supra descripta ; filam

BORNEO. Sarawak, n paret Haviland, 2206.

202. Jasminum nitidum, ecm ae ex affinitate J. bifarii,
Wall, et J. subtriplinervis,

Ramuli graciles, atal akea Folia simplicia,
opposita, elliptico-lanceolata, apice breviter acuminata, basi sub-
cuneata, nitida, supra viridia, glabra, subtus pallidiora, pare
pilosa solum ad costam, venis primariis. 3, 2-3 poll. longa, 3-14
poll. lata; petiolus 24 lin. longus, dense pilosus. by yme pauciflore,
ramulos breves térmiten tes. Flore i dicen sime: ; pedicelli

longi. Calyx pilosus, tabo quam dentibus breviore,
dentibus linearibus recurvis 2 lin. longis. Corolla alba, tubo
angusto $poll. longo, lobis 9-11 lineari-lanceolatis quam tubo
paulo brevioribus.

ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. Imported by Mr. W. Bull, of Chelsea.

303. n br Aur N. E. Brown [Asclepi ander)
Kar

M. urceolate, affinis, corolle tubo multo breviore differt
Caules ee ie hirsuti. Folia 6-7 poll. longa, 4—42 ut
lata, elliptica, cuspidato-acuminata, basi cordata, auriculis im-

pedunculatæ, 8-10-floræ. — Bractee 6-8 lin. longs, 4 lin. late,
lineares, Seu mInaup. Pedicelli 3-4 lin. longi, hirsuti. “Sepal a 4-5
li

onga, * T lata, oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, Corolle tubus
subglobosus, 24 21 lin. longus ; limbus 1 poll. diam., planus, ADU
extra minute ubescens, intra puberulus, olivaceus, fauce viridis.

Conca lobi carnosi, deltoidei, truncati, dorso in corolla ram:
incurvi, albidi.

BRAZIL. Described from a living specimen, introduced by
F. Sander & Co.

304. Alpinia strobilifera, Baker [Scitaminee]; a speciebus
reliquis recedit spicis lateralibus prope basin caulis impositis.

Caulis foliiferus elongatus. Folia oblongo-lanceolata, facie
glabra, dorso pubescentia, subpedalia, 2-3 poll. lata. Flores in
spicis oblongis Sake lateralibus prope basin caulis dispositi, ante
anthesin in braeteo li = P n inclusi. Spice 2 poll. longe,

poll. diam.; bra , persistentes, floribus breviores.
Calycis tubus infundibularia, 3 9 lin. longus, lobis ovatis tubo aere:
longis. Labellum obtusum, dorso villosum, 6 lin. longum

BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. East Coast, Creagh.

5. Zephyranthes (Zephyrites) longipes, Baker [Amaryllideæ] ;
a aub reliquis hujus sectionis recedit pec pain: ee
Bulbus ovoideus, 1 poll. diam., tunicis exte
branaceis brunneis. Folia linearia, glabra. Paine a vacant Y
fragilis, subpedalis. Spatha 15 lin. longa, deorsum cylindrica,

518 B

226

sursum bifida, valvis convolutis. Auge 3-4 poll. longus.
Ovarium oblongum obliquum, 3 lin. longum. Per ianthium
pallide rubrum, 3 oll. longum, tubo beni anguste infundibulari,
limbi segmentis lanceolatis. Stamina perianthio triplo breviora,
antheris Yes Nn ngis. Stylus profunde trifidus. Capsula
globosa, 6 lin. diam.

URUGUAY. wanes Video, on the banks of the river St. Lucia,
flowering in December, Cantera, 2.

306. Zephyranthes stenopetala, Baker [Amaryllidex] ;
speciebus genes uis sectionis Euzephyranthis differt perianthii
segmentis linearibus.

serik globosus, 1 poll. gener. d erties mem-

rani brunneis. Folia uste men , glabra.
Paucis umieilis fragilis, cae 8-9 pes gus. * Spatha
membranacea, 15 lin. longa, cylindrica, apice bifida, pee parvis
subulatis. Pedivellus erectus, 15-18 lin. longus. Perianthium

allide rubrum, 21 lin. longum, tubo brevi, limbi segmentis
omes ibus. Stamina perianthio triplo breviora, antheris parvis
lineari-oblongis. Stylus tricuspidatus. Capsula oblonga, 2 lin
longa.

URUGUAY. Monte MOOR: on the banks of the river St. Lucia,
lowering | in January, Cantera, 10.

307. Hippeastrum Arechavalete, Baker [Amaryllidee]; a
speciebus omnibus Huh/ ippeastri dà limbi segmentis oblongis

tubo anguste infutdibolasi sequilon

Bulbus globosus, magnus. fol pue obtusa, glabra, 13-2.
poll lata, ad basin e medio igi attenuata. Scapus validus,
11-2-pedalis. Euer 4-floree, spathe valvis magnis oblongis,
pedicellis 13-2 poll. longis. p ianthium album, venis rubris
decoratum, 3 “poll. Ponit limbi segmentis oblongis obtusis
3-9 lin. latis tubo anguste infundibulari squilongis. Stamina
limbo duplo breviora, antheris linearibus. Stylus profunde
trifidus, antheris superans.

URUGUAY. Monte Video, Cantera, 1.

208. cup suem Davyi, Baker [Liliaceæ-Aloineæ]; ab H.
yue efolia, Engelm., recedit foliis latis medio subplanis, racemis

copi ose per erena. pedicellis brevibus medio articulatis, antheris
magnis ib

Herba nee Pola dense rosulata, ensiformia, crassa, dura,
viridia, 3-4 ped. longa, me — "A na, ad — m acuminatum
convolutum desees attenu bru filis copiosis

margin

dejectis. . Pedunculus genes insitum) TE ota Ha; rami patuli,
1-2-pedales; pedicelli breves, erecti, fasciculati, medio articulati ;
bractez parve, ovate. Perianthium oblongum, viride, 8-9 lin.
pi e ernaia oblongo -lanceolatis, facie albis venis crebris

ridibus percursis. Stamina i eec thio paulo breviora, antheris
Mnondibtus filamentis applanatis. Ovarium ampulleforme, in
stylum brevem erectum inim um.

CALIFORNIA? ? Received with a description from Mr. J. Burt
vy, from the garden of the University of California at Berkeley.

221
309. Nothoscordum uniflorum, Baker Lid pons Allies];
speciebus reliquis recedit pedunculo brevi unitlor

Bulbus globosus, 6-8 lin. diam., tunicis exterioribus brunneis
membranaceis, interioribus supra collum productis. Folia 6-8,
synan sparse falcata, sapete linearia. glabra, 2-3 poll. longa.

ili poll.

lba; 4 lin. long:
Ede sursum bifida. S Padicalius 1-1} lin. longus. Perian-
thium campanulatum, album, 3 lin. longum, segmentis oblongo-
spathulatis obscure viridi-carinatis. | Stamina perianthio distincte
breviora, antheris parvis stramineis. Sty/us ovario equilongus.

URUGUAY. Monte Video, in Campos near the city, Cantera, 20.

310. — Woodrowi, C. B. Clarke [Cyperacee] ; simil-
ima et affinitate d Mum Kunth, Americ incole, sed

nuce iab differ
Herba glabra, tenuis. Radix fibrosa. Culmi czespitosi, 1-2 poll.
longi, apic: 5-angulati. Folia tenuia, 1-2 poll. longa, 1 lin. lata.
mbella subcomposita, condensata, 6 lin. lata, s-lS-stachya ;
in. late, 2 re;

spicule &epe geminate, in. longe, 3 1 à -flore ;
bractea ima umbellam pono superans. Glumæ undique imbri-
cate, navieulares, brunnes, carina viridi excurrente. Stylus

3-fidus. Nur obovoidea, en: longitudinaliter striata, inter
strias horizontaliter trabeculata, alba, tuberculis paucis interdum
ornata.

INDIA. Bombay; Bhandalla, Woodrow.

311. Miscanthus oligostachyus, Stapf Meer Rer fien on
goneæ]; habitu speciminibus maeris M. nudipedis, Griff.,
similis, sed glumis acuminatis diversus.

Culmi graciliores, ultra 2 ped. longi, glabri. Foliorum vaginæ
teretes, prope os pilose, ad nodos sericee; ligula brevissime
ci iliolatee ; lamin e basi Se lineares, tinte acutate,
5-9 longe, ad 3} late, plane, subtus pilose
supra glabre, marginibus naan Panicula ad racemos 2- 3
reducta : rhachis communis ad 1 poll. longa, compressa, meu
nodos pilosos glabra; racemi ad 3j poll. longi, breviter pedun-

— lin. longis
glabris; pedicelli longiores ad 2-3 lin. longi, sursum paulo dilatati.
Spicule lanceolate, 35-4 lin. long, eripe puc peces
albidos ve purpurascentes zquantes ; gluma e acuminata,

identata, in carinis sub apice ciliata, fere coe villis piger
excedentibus obtecta, 6-nervis, nervis preter carin infra
apicem evanidis ; ii. similis, tenuius acumina :
iii. oblongo-lanceolata, aristulata, l-nervis, marginibus ciliatis ;
iv. oe s minute bidentula, 2} lin. longa, superne ciliata,
basi 3-nervis, arista scaberula 7—8 lin. longa ; palea parva, oblonga,
in te superne ciliata. Lodiculæ glabre, Stamina 3; antheræ
1j lin. 1

JAPAN. inel Mts., Maries.
518 : B2

312. Erianthus formosanus, Stapf [Gramineæ- -Andropogonez]:
Eriantho fastigiato, Nees, similis, spiculis minoribus et gluma iv.
ciliata et staminum numero (2) distinctus.

Culmi ei om 3 ped. alti, multinodes, summa parte excepta
li

glaberri Foliorum vagine ore fimbriate, ceterum laber-
rime ; ligu læ brevissime, “truncate, ciliolate ; lamin: lineares,
basi vix angustiores, ad 1 ped. longs, circiter 1j lin. late, mar-

ginibus scabris ex ceptis leves. Panicula obovato- oblonga, e
racemis 15-20 composita, ad 6 poll. longa; rhachis communis
ad 3 poll. longa, secundum igalis ciliata, racemis infimis paulo
brevior ; racemi sessiles, erecto-patuli, ad 5 poll. longi, flexuosi,
graciles, albo-vel subroseo-villosi, multiarticulati ; articuli pedi-
celli ue filiformes, 1-1} lin. longi, pilis duplo longioribus ciliati.
Spiculæ sessiles lanceolatæ, 14-13 lin. lon ngw, spadicee quam
villi involucrantes 4-plo longiores; gluma i. chartacea, suba-
cuminata, minutissime bidentata, carinis superne ciliolatis, in ite
medio longe pilosa, inter carinas marginesque tenuiter l-nervis ;
ii. chartacea, lanceolata, acuta, longiuscule Mee 3-nervis ;
iii. oblonga, obtusa a, hyalina, ciliata ; iv. quam i . duplo brevior
lanceolata, hyalina, superne ciliata, ex apice Sine aristata,
arista gracili palida 3 lin. longa; palea minuta, subrotunda,
apiculata, hyalina, evenia. Lodicule glabre. Stisháihia 2;

h i Spicule pre om se sessilibus paulo
minores ; gluma i. ubique longe denseque pilosa; ii. in dorso
pilosa.

>
5
i
i.

Al
mr

FORMOSA. Taiwan, Apes’ Hill, Playfair, 314.

This and H, fulvus, Nees, collected by Dr. A. Hen near
_ i Patung ‘district (No. un are the only eies Miu

rom Chinese or Japanese territory

313. Spodiopogon Beccarii, Stapf [Graminew-Andropogonex ];
inter Spodiopogonem et Hrianthum intermedius, ob ramos graciles
et glumam i. haud manifeste carinatam priori adnumerandus,
et, si divisionem generis a Hackel p accipias, juxta
8. (Pleurachnen) dubiwm, Hack., ponendu

Feed Vinea ad 4 lin. crassi, glaberrimi. Foliorum vagine
uam yos iai paulo prie iores; ligule breves,
rot iisitht- "firme; laminæ basi angusta lineari-lanceolatz
setaceo-aeutatie ad 9 po dn. longs, p 9 lin. late, oan
glaberrime. Panicula ad 8 poll. sen GE E solitarii, graciles
basi longe nudi, inferiores = 14 poll. longi, ad nodos ba rbati ; 3
racemi breviter vel brevissime pes im. ulati, pauciarticulati,
brunnescentes, gilbo-villosi ; yo his fragilima ; articuli 1-1}
wv n. longi, ut pedicelli paululo breviores clavati, glabri vel
e pilosuli atque apice breviter ciliati. Spicule ven
binicóóluis villis involucrantibus pau ululo breviores ; ; gluma i.

lséoralibus paululo longioribus et validioribus vix carinan-
tibus nee medio nervo distincto ; ii. lanceolato-oblonga, s ubacuta,
dedii marginibus breviter ciliatis ; iii. preecede s ies sed
latior et paulo brevior ; iv. oblonga, 1} lin. longa, ad medium biloba,
lobis Mcuioulatis arista ad 5 lin. longa; palea Jinceri-oblonge,

el

220

ciliata, 11 lin. lon Lodicule glabro. Anthere vix 1 lin. longs.
Spic ule pedicellata sessilibus similes, sed nervi glumarum i., ii.
et iii. cre

sateen, a of Padang, Beccari, 398.

314. Diplachne Gatacrei, Stapf Meet Festucew | ; aes
D. serotine, Link, sed panicule ramis gracillimis spiculas tantum
3-2 distinete pedigellatas gerentibus vel spicula solitaria pees
atque glumis florentibus 3-nervibus distincta.

Herba laxe cæspitosa, ad 2 ped. alta, innovationibus abbreviatis
dense foliatis. Culmi graciles, multinodes. Foliorum culmorum

pedicelli (dim æquantes. Spiculæ ad 5 lin. longæ, 4-6-floræ ;
rhachilla minute hirtella ; gluma i. lanceolata, acuta 13-2 lin.
longa, krai arie ii. ‘similis, sed pis oblonga et obtusior ;
glume florente ovato-oblon ngæ, obtuse, obscure emarginate,
25 lin. longs, glabre, pallide rates apicem versus sepius
purpurascentes, 3-nerves, mucronate

PA Chitral, Warai, 4500 ft, Chitral Retief Ex ped., 1895,
1762

2315. Alsophila Henryi, Baker LE iBone Noly podiacee]; ab
A. Oldhami, Bedd. (A. scottiana, Baker) recedit Worse
ultimis uplo latioribus distincte dentatis, venis 9-10-ju
soris majoribus medialibus

Caudex 9-20-pedalis. Lamina ampla, tripinnatifida, modice
irma, utrinque viridia, glabra; pinne oblongo -lanceolatæ,
2-24-ped. longa, 9-10 poll. latæ, rhachibus castaneis facie pilosis
dorso nitidis ; pinnulæ lanceolatæ, sessiles, inferiores 45-5 poll.
longæ, 12-14 lin. late, profunde pinnatifide ; segmenta tertiaria

perspicuæ, erecto-patentes, omnes pleræque simplices, inferiores
interdum furcatæ. Sori impérninlos globosi, inter costam et
marginem mediales.

CHINA. Yunnan ; forests of Mengtze, alt. 4000 ft., Henry, 11451.
316. Davallia pe) platylepis, Baker; [Filices-Poly-
dit

podiacee]; frondibus JD. canariensi, Smith, ‘similis, rece
indusio late ME marginibus liberis.

Rhizoma gracile, late repens, epigeum, paleis rupes
membranaceis dde dentibas férrüg ola demum albidis den
vestitum. Lamina deltoidea, 9-10 poll. longa, coriacea, dins

glabra, rhachibus anguste alatis ; asd infime reliquis multo

segmenta ultima parva, inequaliter oblongu; obtusa; venm seg- —
mentorum furcate ; petiolus nudus, pallide brunneus, 6-7 poll.

220

longus. Sori globosi ad dentes ultimas solitarii. Indusium
orbiculare, chartaceum, cvm stens, glabrum, 4 lin. diam., basi
affixum, marginibus liberis

CHINA. Yunnan ; ianei on rocks, alt. 4800 feet, Henry,
10082.

317. Adiantum myriosorum, Baker [Filices- Polypodiaceæ] ;
habitu omnino A. pedato, Linn., simile, recedit soris parvis
globosis, indusio Finder persisten ite.

Lamina pedata, 8-9 poll. longa et lata, chartacea, utrinque
tei intense ortus rhachibus gracilibus nudis nitidis atro-
: segmenta primaria 10, erecta, lanceolata, pinnata, cen-
er 6-8 poll. lana: 10-12 lin. lata, exteriora sensim minora ;
segmenta ultima crebra, subsessilia, rds ipei margine superiori
crenato fertili, mec inferioribus et interioribus rectis
sterilibus ; petiolus 8 6-7 poll. longus, atrocastaneus, nudus, nitidus.
Sori ad segmenta inferiora 4-5, globosi. Indusium reniforme,
firmum, glabrum, 4—2 lin. diam.

CHINA. Yunnan; southern mountains of Mengtze, alt. 6000 ft.,
Henry, 9266.

318. Nephrodium (Lastrea) Creaghii, Baker [Filices Polypo-
diacez | ja a N. caripensi, Hook, recedit venulis 7—8-jugis, indusio
persistent

PUN acl nudi, straminei, 15 poll. longi. Frondes oblongo-
lanceolate, bipinnatifidz, modice firme, utrinque virides, acie

BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. Polat

319. Nephrodium (Lastrea) diffractum, Baker [Filices-Poly po-
diacee]; cum N. undulato, Baker, ceylanensi, rhachidi primario
valde flexuoso congruit ; differt pinnis magis compositis, rhachibus
alteris rectis.

Paleæœ basales magna, lanceolatæ, erectæ, firmulæ, brunneæ.
Lamina deltoides, decomposita, 15-18 poll. longa, modice firma,
utrinque secs glabra, rhachi primario gracili stramineo nudo
valde flex ; pinne infime reliquis majores, deltoide:, deflex:,
distincte prts latere inferiori products; segmenta ultima
ovata, obtusa, basi inferiori cuneata; vens laxe, compost per-
spicue, venulis lateralibus ascendentibus ; petiolus nudus, gracilis,
pedalis. Sori parvi, globosi, ad bases dentorum ultimorum ap-
proximati. Indusium parvum, viridulum, glabrum, persistens,
reniforme.

CHINA. Yunnan; Mengtze, south-east mountains, in woods’
alt. 8000 ft., Henry, 9025.

231

320. Polypodium — S — Baker [Filices-Polv-
podiaceæ ]: ad P. lineatum, Colebr., magis accedit ; recedit venulis
sorisque dai -jugis laxe disposi we

Lamina deltoidea, 16-18 poll. longa et lata, Vier ciens pinnata,
subcoriacea, utrinque viridia, glabra, rhachi gracili stramineo sub-
nudo ; pinne lanceolate, acuminate, den ticulate, breviter petiolate,
basi utrinque rotundatz, inferiores 7- 5 poll. longz, deorsum 8-9
lin. late ; vene primarive parallele, venulis simplicibus ascen-
dentibus 3—4-jugis ; pohioius. pone sursum stramineus, nudus,
deorsum palei magnis s rosis lineari-subulatis atrobrunneis
preditus. Sori parvi, bereri superficiales, 3—4-jugi, laxe dis-
positi.

CHINA. Yunnan ; mountains north of Mengtze, alt. 5500 ft.,
Henry, 9038.

321. FoYportom, (Goniophlebium) VIDISTI eed LPS ilices- Po
podiaceæ] ; ad P. subauriculatum, Blume, magis dit; differ
pinnis paucioribus Tani ribus, areolis P E Tet Ms
uniseriatis, soris paucis sparsis

Rhizoma repens, epigeum, flexuosum, 2 lin. diam., paleis
lineari-subulatis brunneis dense vestitum. Lamina oblongo-

lanceolata, i rer iter pinnata, 15-18 poll. longa, 5-6 poll. lata,
membranacea, utrinque vir idia, glabra, rhachi gracili nudo ; pinne
infra apic -]2-juga, lanceolate, acuminate, peer inciso-

crenatz, teins liberæ sessiles 24-3 poll, long: 4 lin. late basi
utrinque rotundata, petites basi adnate ; areole utrinque costam
sepissime uniseriate ; vene liberæ, perspicum, laxe disposito ;

iolu ilis, nudus, 15 poll longus. Sori radii globosi,
ge a evt sparsi.

Un
.03
£

CHINA. Yunnan ; Mengtze, south-east mountains, alt., 6000 ft.,
oo y, 9054.

322. Polypodium (Phymatodes) subintegrum, Baker [Filices-
Polypođdiaceæ] ; ; ad P. soridentem, Hook., magis accedit ; differt
frondibus angustioribus subintegris, soris majoribus oblongis
superficialibus

Rhizoma epigæum, late repens, paleis parvis lanceolatis nigres-
centibus membranaceis dense vestitum. Lamina anguste linearis,
rigide coriacea, 10-12 poll. longa, medio 2 lin. lata, ad basin et
apicem sensim attenuata, facie viridis glabra, dorso paleis minutis
peltatis brunneis conspersa, — obscure repandulis leviter
revolutis; ve przte ostam ure immerse : iolus
subnullus. Sori magni, Pica pt oblong, superficiales, bullati,
2 = lon b

Yunnan; south of the Red River, alt. 6000 ft.,
ms z 9194 ex parte

= x eam (Pleuridium) oligolepis, Hake [F posed o
hemionitideum, Wall, accedit; differt
utrine a costam uniseriatis, inter Ta primarias Seale

Rhizoma epigeum, repens, 2 lin. diam., paleis — sor-
dide brunneis vestitum. Lamina lanceolata , integra, 9- 2 poll.
longa, infra medium 18-21 lin. lata, ad apicem sensim attenuata,
basi secus stipitem SeouErens, modice firma, facie viridia gla ra,
dorso præsertim ad costam parce paleacea ; venæ majores margini
pæne parallele ;. venulæ intermediæ in areolas copiosas anasto-
mosantes; petiolus peter they gracilis, 4-6 poll. longus. Sori
globosi, superficiales, 1 lin. diam., utrinque prope costam uniseriati.

CHINA. Yunnan; Mi-le district, Henry, 9896.

324. Pol ora Eid iicet palmatopedatum, Baker [Filices-
Polypodiácem] ; ipm reliquis hujus subgeneris recedit
frondibus ealinitspédati

Rhizoma epigeum, um repens, 2-lin. diam., paleis magnis
lanceolatis ne gem membranaceis sordide brunneis erectis
dense vestitum. Lamina quadrata, dingue omg cire basi cuneata,
10-12 poll. longa et lata, membranacea, utrinque viridis, glabra,
facie nuda, dorso paleis minutis bratnieis conspersa, segmentis
10-12 erectis lanceolatis leviter imbricatis, bovem ide kis poll.
longis 12-15 lin. latis, exterioribus multo ribus; vens in
areolas parvas 'hexagonas smastomosantes, pibe asia
nulle. Sori superficiales, prope costam ae inferiores
oblongi vel lineari-oblongi, Race glo

CHINA. Yunnan; Mi-le district, Henry, pus

325. ee iege (Phymatodes) trisectum, Baker [Filices-Poly
podiaceze]; ad P. trifidum, Don, accedit; differt rhizomate gracili
frondibus membranaceis trisectis, lobis lateralibus parvis erecto-
patentibus.

Rhizoma epigeum, repens, Aree paleis parvis linearibus ap-
pressis sordide brunneis vestitum. Lamina deltoidea, trisecta,
10-12 poll. longa, iranan benis cd "E glabra, lobo
terminali lanceolato integro deorsum 18-21 lato ad apicem
sensim attenuato, lobis lateralibus. multo Vest cis m erecto-
patentibus; venæ primarie parallele, erecto-patentes, margini
pene products; venulz Daan | in areolas copiosas hexagonas
anastomosantes, venulis liberis inclusis ; petiolus gracilis, nudus,
4—5 poll. longus. ‘Sori globosi, superficiales, ad costam contigui,
utrinque costam bts inter venas primarias solitarii.

CHINA. Yunnan; Mi-le district, in woods, Henry, 9891.

326. Polypodi um (Phymatodes) triglossum, ce sd Tra
podiacem] ;^ ; ad P. trifidum, Don, accedit ; rondibus
chartaceis trisectis, lobis jateralibus | magnis «i si ri

Rhizoma repens, epigeum, paleis parvis lanceolatis mem-
branaceis ferrugineis dense vestitum. Lamina egre trisecta,
pedalis, chartavea, atus viridis glabra, facie dorso
pallidiora, paleis paucis appressis membranaceis atro-brunneis
peltatis vel ovato-cuspidais AM vena primarie parallel =
erecto-patentes, margini pene producte ; venule inte edis
areolas parvas hexagonas anastomosantes, venulis liberis inerti

233

ssepe productis ; petiolus subnudus, gracilis, brunneus, pedalis.
Sori parvi, oblongi, su POR utrinque prope costam uniseriati,
inter venas primarias solitar

CHINA. Yunnan; sae of Mi-le, in mountain forests,
Henri ; 9953.

321 their Fa (Selliguea) pentaphylla, Baker [Filices-
Poly podincest] d G. ellipticam, Baker, arcte accedit; differt
pinnis paucioribus latioribus, soris brevioribus ab costam et
marginem remo

UE epigeum, repens, paleis lanceolatis erectis sordide
brunneis dense vestitum. Lamina deltoidea, simpliciter r pinnata,
8-9 pul longa et lata, chartacea, utrinque viridis, glabra; pinnæ
bijuge, lanceolate, ei qim mem 15-18 lin. lates, e medio a
n et apic sen atten n

productis; petiolus gracilis, nudus, 8-9 poll. longus. Sori lineares,
erecto- ea laxe dispositi, uniseriati, inter costam et marginem
mediales

C Hei. Yunnan; Mengtze, mountains, alt. 6000 ft., Henry,
9033.

328. Antrophyum Shr ge Baker A ip a iepa
ad. A. lineatum, Kaulf., cedit; differt defectu coste
centralis obviæ, et soris ir 2 iei formanti bus

—— Hiec d paleis Gati ms seolatia w nigris clathratis
itum. 4-5 poll. lo

integra, linearis, onga, medio 3 lin.

lua, ad apicem ét basin sensim attenuata, i tici tree utrinque
viridia, facie venis elevatis plicata ; ven: ve o anastomos-
antes; petiolus subnullus vel Movidtan dis go sepissime 2,

paralleli, verticales, aam raro anastomosantes, ad apicem et
basin laminæ haud produc

CHINA. Yunnan ; on d Hsinkai, Red river, Henry, 9607.

329. Antrophyum obovatum, Baker [Filices-Polypodiaceæ] ;
hab bitu ad A. -e ieri accedit ; soris in canalibus angustis
verticalibus immersis r

Rhizoma breviter repens, paleis subulatis parvis brunneis dense
vestitum. Lamina obovato-cuneata, cuspidata, 5-6 poll. longa,
medio 2-4 poll. lata, coriacea, utrinque viridis, glabra, facie plicis
verticalibus rugosa, dimidio superiori rotundata, cuspidata, dimidio
inferiori cuneata ; vene primariz verticales parallelze, ssepe anasto-
mosa i

n
Sori copiosi, immersi, ad venas decurrentes, ad apicem et basin
producti.

CHINA. Yunnan; Mengtze, on rocks in mountain forests, alt.
3000 tè, Henry,9153 A. —

330. Acrostichum e aphoglossum) nM Baker Ue
P D) qediscemis tad... A, spera cns Fée, magis
frondibus linearibus ad marginem paleis parvis ciliatis et eric
facislibux profunde stellatim fissis differt.

234

Rhizoma breviter repens, paleis lineari-subulatis castaneis
erectis dense vestitum. Lamina sterilis simplex, linearis, sub-
coriacea, 6-8 poll. ionga, medio 5-6 lin. lata, ad basin et apicem
sensim attenuata, utrinque viridis glabra, paleis minutis peltatis
pallide brunneis profunde stellatim fissis decorata, margine paleis
minutis ovatis membranaceis pallide brunneis ciliata; vene
i rse, obscure, erecto-patentes, simplices vel furcate ; petiolus
12-18 lin. longus. Lamina fertilis 5-6 poll. longa, medio 3 lin.
lata, per totam faciem inferiorem sorifera ; petiolus 4-5 poll.
longus.

CHINA. Yunnan; Mengtze, on mountains, alt. 2000 ft.,
Henry, 10310.

DCXXIV.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Her Majesty’s Government, having determined to adopt the

passed by the House of Commons on August 2. It had been
decided to constitute for the purpose a new Department, to be
administered by an Imperial officer, to be styled Commissioner of
Agriculture. The post has been offered d
DR. MORRIS, the Assistant Director of the Royal Gardens, who
had accompanied the Commission as expert adviser. The head-
quarters of the Department will be at Barbados. In the course of
the debate the following remarks were made by the Secretary of
State for the Colonies, and by Sir Edward Grey, who had been one
of the Royal Commissioners :—

EXTRACT from the “ Times,” August 3rd., 1898.

-p

7
it must not be supposed that that would relieve us from difficulty.

indeed, it will be the only hope if under any circumstances th
cultivation of sugar were absolutely to fail. But, as I have said,

235

the Royal Commission themselves point out that any attempt to
substitute other industries for sugar must be a slow process, and
: : rii

act
is followed by some kind of disease or pest by which the se
is hampered and erty | as y witii the coifeo in /eylon, "ed

wem e with
mendation of the Royal Commission, that oves chis should be
e that can be done to promote a better knowledge of the
industries likely to be teet carried on in the West Indies
and any other colonies where possible. The obstacles in the wa

the lack of communication. The fact is that the West Indies are
separated, one island from the other, and all from the great
markets of the world, only being related to them by communi-
cations which at the present time are very slow, imperfect and
unsatisfactory. Where tropical produce is concerned speedy
communication is of the first importance a recommendations
of he: Commision in this rogard. were wofold,

li mud dealing with all DNO of economie plants
Tonie stations in all the island e propose to adopt
that suggestion—and that this — shm - should be placed
under the direction of Dr. Morris, Assistant Director at Kew,
ho is marked out,as I think any o K s anything of
Kew will admit, by special qualifications foran important position

ledge i in the possession of the authorities at Kew, but also special
acquaintance with the West Indies, and if those other industries
are to be "rait vig there is no one more capable of doing it than
Morris. In er to carry out this scheme, which we owe
entirely to the Royal Commission—because, except in -——
I know no way of improving on their (—— IQ ask
for a grant of £4,500,all the money w spend quite the
present financial year. But we imi. diii the annual charge
will be £17,500. That will be the future demand, and it must
continue if the experiment shows a prospect of success until the
Colonies are once again placed in a self-supporting condition. In
connexion with this there is another recommendation which is of

e importance, and that is that ue ETRE E between the
islands and the markets should improved. We wish
ed establish direct co nication or al

m 2
ropose to establish a line of steamers to carry fruit between
iio islands and New York, and, if possible, to secure better

236

communication between Jamaica and London, where at the present
time no large fruit trade has been establishe d with the West

only communication were satisfactory. We also propose, for the
sake of the i — generally and the peasant population, that
intercolonial communication should be established —fortnightly
communication-— between the different islands. The sum we ask
under this head is £5,000 for the present year—all we expect to
spend during the Suaticial year; but, as far as we can at present
say, the ae war estimate of future expenditure is — 000 - ear.
As regards both _ and iuo grants which we ask from the

Imperial exchequer, I have to point out that it is abeoloieis
impossible for the ficlonits je bear the cost under the present
settima e hope. they may be in the future self-

whole matter into our own hands is that we shall have it under
our control, and we shall not be hampered by local jealousies, and
shall be able to intr roduce something like a general scheme, which
would be impossible if local Tagini in each case to be
consulted, and local jealousies were brought into play. 1 regard
the whole of this cost as being an expenditure intended to relieve
the British Dor nt of e charges. The object is to sce
the W ian Colonies in every possible way to pro
alternative oun to sugar. TE it succeeds the Colonies will
again become self-supporting, and if it fails I am bound to say
that we, at all events, are unable to suggest any runs imer
Sir EDWARD GREY said: Part of the vote is a grant aid
of the agricultural department, and I am exoeskinety glad id quee
that Dr. Morris is to be in charge of this department. He will
bring to the discharge of his duties a knowledge of tropical
produce, the possibilities and conditions of the cultivation of that

assistance in reference to the prospects of the islands were o
the greatest value to the Commission, and I am sure his work at
the head of the department will be of the highest value to the
islands, and, should the appointment become permanent, will be of
increasing value year by year. Somuch in regard to the personnel
of the departm ent. The object = e alternatives of culti-
vation is referred to in the report of the Commission ough

h

that relief may become less necessary every year, and as

possible cease altogether. That is the object of this part of the
vote, that in the islands ine the Vani industry has almost
disappeared, or i^ likely to alternative industry may be
created. In some of the islands deni is a posetptüiby of doing that
at present, unb in Jamaica, to which the hon. member for
Northampton referred, alternative cultivation has saved the

oat

situation, though it yo DA Py eit prosperity. The hon. member
for Northam mpton has noticed this, and he seemed to think that what
ad been done in yen iig be done in the other islands.
But it is ux teen for the smaller islands to do for beer
what Jamaica has done. A first necessity is to
boira erer with xat and this the smaller Mine fnis
no maica is a larger island and the industry is more extensive
in proportion, and there are n and cheap means of communi-
eation. Dominica, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, and perhaps some of
the other islands are just i "Tmuitel-t to the viis of the fruits
which have been to the advantage of Jamaica. But at the —

fruit because they could not seca = ec to the market, and no
one will provide the steam com on because there is no
fruit to bring away. What is meram = cheap and rapid freight,
and that steamers should call regularly. The object of this vote
will be to aknea steam communication, and to encourage the
growth of produc

The tiigiga correspondence records the circumstances under
which Dr. Morriss long and useful connection with Kew
terminates :—

COLONIAL OFFICE to OFFICE OF WORKS.
Downing Street, August 4, 1898.
SIR
I AM directed by Mr. Secretary Chamberlain to request you
to inform Mr. Akers Douglas that the House of Commons having

Indies, Dr. Morris has been definitely offered, and has definitely
toe the post of Commissioner of Agriculture for the West
Indie

It is D sdbneepd that he shall vacate his present post and enter

upon his new duties on the 1st of September next. It is under-
stood that this arrangement will be convenient to the Director of
the Royal Gardens, and Mr. Chamberlain trusts that it will meet
with Mr. Akers Douglas’ approval.

ete.
The raed of (Signed) p. C. P. Lucas.
e First Commissioner of Works.

OFFICE OF WORKS to ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

THE DIRECTOR OF KEV

THE appointment of "Dr. Morris has now been officially
confirmed.

The First Commissioner regrets the loss of Dr. Morris’ valuable
services, but is glad that they will be retained for the furtherance
of objects most important to the State, although beyond the spbere
of this Department.

August 14, 1898. R. B. B.

R. DAVID TANNOCK, at present a sub-foreman in the employ
of ny Rey i Gardens, has been appointed by the Secretary of

State for the Colonies, on the recommendation of the Com-
missioner of Agriculture for the West Indies, Resident Agri-
eultural gore ci to be attached to the Botanic Station at

pe

Colonial id id Kew.—In the course of the debate in the
House of Commons on August 2, the Secretary of State for the
Colonies made the following pti to the services of Kew to
the Colonies :—

Let me express in passing, what I think is only due—my deep
sense of obligation to the authorities at Kew for the assistance

they have n me in regard to the West Indies and othe
colonies. I believe my predecessors would heartily join me in
this recognition of the services of Kew. Ido not think it is too

much to say that at the present time there are several of our
important colonies, which owe whatever prosperity they possess
to the knowledge and experience of, and the arteria given by
the authorities at Kew Gardens. Thousands of letters pass every
year, between the authorities at Kew and the Dutenies and they
are able to place at the service of those colonies, not only the best
advice and experience, but seeds and samples of economie plants
— of cultivation in the Colonies. (Cheers.)

milar testimony to = value of this br anch of the work of
the’ snablinbunetit was given by Mr. Chamberlain’s predecessor,
the Marquess of Ripon (see on Bulletin, 1895, pp. 205-208).

Botanical Magazine for August.—Cortaderia jubata, the subject
of plate 7607, was originally described as Gynerium jubatum.
This species and a few others, including the well known Pampas
Grass, G. urgenteum, are found to be sufficiently distinct to be
separated from Gynerium. The specimen — was furnished
by

. E. Gumbleton, Esq. ” in whose garden at Belgrove, County
Co rk, it was grown. It is a native of the Ando of Ecuador,
olivia, and Peru. Tehihatchewia isatidea is a handsome

ss 'rucifer from Armenia. Seeds were received at Kew from the
rial Botanic Gardens, St. Petersburgh, in 1896. The
beautiful Buddleia variabilis is a native of China, where it was

1896, which flowered outside against a wall in Jnly, 1897.
Ledum glandulosum, native of California «uc British Columbia,
flowered in the Aboretum in May, 1897, the plant drawn having

has been grown at Kew for many years; it has golden-yellow
flowers borne in dense racemes.

Flora of China.— It x basi ien bd be able to announce
dat ts enumeration of ese plants (in the Journal of the
Linnean Society) is near EERI in its original form ; but a

239

long time must elapse before the enormous qi come of
additional material can- be worked out. Dr. A. Henry has
recently ser nted a further collection of some 2,500 n piin
which, he estimates, contains about 2,000 species. “This vodenti4e
is from Eastern Yunnan, and it has been geo classified an
some of the more striking novelties taken out for early publica-

tion in Hooker’s Icones Plantar m. The novelties are numerous,
but no distinct or obviously new Cos Dui type was detected in the
sorting. Messrs. Bourne, Carles, Ford, and Hancock, and othe

mc have sent smaller, though not less interesting,
collections

Incense Trees of the West Indies.—There are apparently several
very Manap plants known as “Incense trees" in the West

(1.) The most widely distributed and best known plant is
Bursera gumnmifer a, L. BICI ara This is the * Birch tree "
of Jamaica, the * Gommier" of the Windward and Leeward
Islands , and the “ Teee e tree " n St. Vincent. There are
specimens in the Kew Herbarium also from Cuba, Florida, Mexico,

st
deciduous tree, from its clean stem and its habit of Bren e
only at the top adapted for live telegraph posts. As a timber used

in coopering." Macfadyen states that all parts of the tree Cee
a gum capable of being substituted for gum-mastic as a transparent
varni Museums there are * ote x fn E

Dominica, said to contain the resin of this tree wrapped in leav

of the Balisier (Heliconia sp.), and in the spathe of Kuterpe rias
tana. Itis do gdis whether this resin in every case is really
fr rom Bursera gummifera. Dr. Imray, who has also eirg a gum
resi n fr om Bursera pE i refers to it as “ the large Gommier
tree.

(2. In order to distinguish it from the incense ded e. she forge
lands, there is another tree calle d the * Mounta
but often simply “the Gommier." This is (me les erandri
M also belonging to the natural order Burse Gri ch
- from Dominica specimens as a eene pue
10 to 15 feet high, The size here given is ove an error. It
is correctly described by Hooper in his report on the forests s
Grenada and ya acon, oa 6, as follows : * The tree locally know
as *Gommier' is also commonly represented in the forest, d
grows a he dimensions, a dae of 9 feet bene general with a
ight of 150 fee Well grown Gommiers are found on the
nase ownd Tes at the Gread ‘Wend (1, 800 feet). It is used
for canoes, being hollowed out for the purpose, also in flooring
and for roofing shingles." "The occurrence of this iree in Grenada
is referred to in the Kew Bulletin (1891, p. 149).
In July last, specimens of the resin of Dacryodes hecondve,
st hig from tr trees growing in the Annandale Woods, Grenada,
e forwarded to Kew by Mr. W. E. Broadway, Curator of the
n lotenio Station.

340

In St. Lucia, Hooper records the presence of the same tree,
where he says it is known as “Gommier à canots.” There are
in

Exhibition at Edinburgh, in 1884, as “Gum opal.” In Dominica,
Ramage ol cette specimens of leave es and. flowers, which are
_labelled * Gommier rouge," and, he adds, “rich in:.a very
inflammable gum. ^ There are also specimens from Martinique
and Porto Rico. In 1885 the Director of the Botanical Depart-

ment in Jamaica forwarded to Kew Lepra received from

of a tr
Professor Oliver believed to be Dacryodes sandra, with the
information that a resin similar to that sent had been valued in
aa > p 6d. per pound. The amount of resin, ne to
nvan, ordinarily obtained in Montserrat is very small. It
is possible that elsewhere, and from very old trees, ita may be
decas in danger quantities In March last, leaf specimens of the
me species were ved from Professor Tilde n, of the Royal
College of tikino, Both Kensington. In forwarding them to
Kew for identification, Professor Tilden stated : “The resin pre-
sents some points of chemical interest, and might be of some
ees value if obtainable in quantity. It resembles Gum
e gums animi and copal of commerce are well-known
hate fossil resins found on the East and West Coasts of Africa.
They differ sanamay À in texture — the soft resinous gums
obtainable from these West Indian tree
(3.) A third | veg of West Indian incense trees is Protium
guianense, March. This is not recorded under that name in the
Flora of the British West Indian Islands. It is probably the

plant recorded by ch as Icica prec Ape MS 172).
Specimens of a variety of it were received fro a from
Hooper 886. Previously it wa bicis Ss “he Kew
Herbarium fro Lucia, communicated b n, and al
from the collection of Bishop Goodenough, but without a locality
This plant was figured and described in oker’s Icones Plan-
tarum, t r. Hooper sent it as the * Gommier l'encens,
of St.

typical

America, M rding to Marchand, it affords the “ ar
(sic) huilense degen and a resin called ‘Encens de Cayenne." "

very similar fro d Spree in the Kew Museum is
labelled * Teeniaitianea.” "The tr e was found in British Guiana
by Schomburgk and pei op Iti is desirable that further i iie
be made respec cting the urrence of the plant in St. Luc
and some of the resin iid ue be yielded by it might be forwüsdad
for examination to this country.

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ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

BULLTHTIN

OF

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION, -

No. 142.] OCTOBER. [1898.

DCXXV.—PARA RUBBER.

(Hevea brasiliensis, Muell. Arg.)
What is known as the Para rubber to tape qo is obtain

from the "fu palo drained by the Amazon and its tributariós
estimated t embrace a territory ee penis WES the size of
urope.

The plants yielding Para rubber consist of several species of
Hevea belonging to the natural order Euphorbiace:s, familiarly
known as Spurges.

We owe the first authentic account of the plants of this genus
to M. de la Condamine, the leader of the French e — sent
out in 1773 to measure an are of the meridian ve e
tree was known in the ean region as * Heve” or “ deve but

according to Spruce this name is also applied to "Castilloa elastica
and to Siphocampylus Caoutchouc. In the Amazon valley it was
called “Cahuchu” probably the origin of the word ie parma
The Portuguese in Brazil call t the rubber * Seringa," acsi
native collectors *Seringuieros." The tree is * Pao de Ser ^
These names suggest that the syringe was one of the cáriiedi uses
to which india-rubber was locally applied.

Plants belonging to the genus Hevea are widely V ipe duo ent in
tropical South Sena They are apparently found wild i
other part of the world. In the present state of our kuowiateid it
is ao e to wen accurately all the species that yield Para

rubber

n a review of the species of Hevea by Mr. W. B. Hemsley,
in Hooker’s Icones Plantarum, figures are given of Hevea
spruceana, Muell. Arg. (t. 2570), found in North Brazil, and of
H. benthamiana, Muell. Arg. (t. 9511), collected by Spruce on the
Uaupés river in North Brazil and reported to be under cultivation
in Venezuela. The floral structure of eight species are elucidated
(it. 3515 and 2574), and the seeds of five species are carefully

637—1375—9/98 Wt 90 D&S 29 A

242

compared and discriminated (t. 2575). This is the most recent
revision e ihe eem. but their P esc iota distribution in each
case is n yet satisfactorily ascertained. In addition to
those ad above the following are known from North
Brazil: H. rigidifolia, Muell. Arg., H. discolor, Muell. Arg., and
H. lutea, Muell. Arg. The latter is found on the Rio Negro and
also in East Peru. One or two species of Micrandra (with
simple leaves) are also known as sa and according to Spruce,
yield a milk containing caoutchou
It is admitted that the chief ióbolon disini the Para rubber of
commerce is Hevea brasiliensis, Muell. A g. (Siphonia brasiliensis,
H. B. K.) the Seringa of the bonum an AA the Para rubber tree
of the English. This is a slender tree reaching a height of 50 to
60 feet with a circumference near the base of 6 to 8 feet. The
leaves are sb Fa earl on long slender petioles. The diclinous
ers are produced in axillary panicles, the female larger and
terminal. The fruit is a dry ore vee bes [n ai
seeded pieces. The s eeds are

( Collins’ Caoutchou ic, t. 1; Hoo er's Icones S 2575,
eom "1 Siphonia brasiliensis Hay yne's Gewache, xiv t5.
report recently ydo to the Foreign Office, by
Mr. Ooni 1 W. å. ‘Chane hill (7.0. No. 2140, Annual Series, Trade
of Para and district for the year ist) the. following account is
given of this rubber tree (pp. 25, 26.) .
“The Hevea tree is not Med abe and resembles many other

forest trees. People have travelled fo ls of miles through
the rubber region v have lived tor years i “in the centres of the
industry without even noticing it. 'The new-comer invariably

expects ba see s familiar glossy dark-green leaves of the aw,
and is dissappointed with the insignificant appearance of t
Hevea. In habit it is more like the English vias than i
else. It grows to a height of upwards of 60 fee

" Pe T inu where rubber-trees thrive the post are on islands

and | ound near rivers where the banks are periodically
rules s lesund that is above water at all times or that has no
drainage is e so suitable to the t

* A peculiarity of this rubber-tree is, that it will not grow
ieee on cleared and open gr round. It requires the shade
of other trees, and still air, from the time that its growth begins
until it becomes an adult tree. Without these conditions the
supply of milk is very much affected. In fact, the tree has been
known to die soon after the clearing of ground ‘around it

* No cultivation of rubber trees worth mentioning ia been
aai in the Amazons region. It is considered useless to
invest capital in cultivation so long as the Amazonian forests
show no sign of exhaustion

A very interesting note on the early history of the india-rubber
industry on the Amazon was communicated by R. Spruce to
Hooker's Journal of Botany Shy vii., 1855, pp pp. 193-196). This
gives a graphic account of the beginning of the collection and
preparat ion of Para rubber.

* When I ascended the Rio Negro in 1851, I — out to the

inhabitants the abundance of'seringa trees they po possessed in their
forests, and tried to induce them to set about Staatl ihe; gum ;

243 i

but they shook their heads, and said it would never answer. At
length the demand for india-rubber, especially from the United
States, began to exceed the supply ; the price peque rose
rapidly, until early in 1854 it reached the extravagant s of
38 milreis the arroba (2s. 9d. per pound). This woke ub Y
people from their apathy and the impulse once given, extended
80 rapidly and widely, that decir throughout the Amazon and its
principal tributaries the mass of the x dg r E itself into
motion to search out and fSbricaté seringa. the province of
Para alone (which now includes a very titi portion of

that branch of industry in the year 1854. Mechanics threw aside
their tools, sugar-makers deserted their engenhos, and Indians
ona rogas; so that sugar, rum, and even farinha, pem not pro-

the two former articles having to be imported Ari Maranham
and Pernambuco, and the last from the river Uaupé

The next authentic account isa “ Report on the itr edm
pa collecting of plants and seeds of the india-rubber tre f

. &e,” by Robert Cross, presented to the Under Secretary of
State for India in 1877. Extracts from this are given below.

Mr. Churchill’s report pedo: D ee contains the latest ay most
gei information in regard to the Para rubber indus
of a revenue of £428, 894 aolo on exports in RA State
of Patong) in 1896-97, £415, im was collected on rubber alone. "The
export died is 23 per cen
“The entire Am Moon erop of 1895-96 amounted to 20,981
tons, whereas that of 1896-97 reached eo es ons, an increase of

6'4 per cent. The crop of the State of Para during 1896-97
def ende wd 8,844 tons."
e source 8 of the rubber supply of the Amazonian region are
upuMéuimately given by Mr. Consul Churchill, as follows :—
Sonrces. Quantity.
From River Purtis 3, 500 Tons.
?* Hl Madei 1r&á i 2,2
z » uruá MER pue "un : 2100
T », Solimédes is a e A ,UO00
: T Deci Bs Ex is TOO iy
” ary and Port of Iquitos m i TRA 1500 y
» Peru A. "Bolivia ae D i 2,000 .,,
„ Para 9.000 ,
22,000

Approximate annual production ...

“The internal water communication afforded by the river
Amazon and its numerous branches is so great vem railroads and
iesu means of transport are hardly needed. Ocean steamers c

h Manaos, which is about 1,000 miles from the. iin at all times
of tl the year. There is a regular se rvice of ocean steamers plying
during high river as far as Iquitos, a port of Peru, which is 2,200
miles from the mouth of the Amazons,

637

A 2

944

Mr. Churchill continues: “The great demand for rubber and
the ever-increasing prices for it have the natural nm of m:
the bulk of the people to this remunerative indus

he demand for rubber continues the ccna as ; regards iie
[oe el of deriociitiivad industry will be comparatively
insignifican

It follows shit the rich lands of the Amazon valley are practically

untouched except to tap the wild rubber trees growing upon them.
Non rly all the necessaries of life are imported from other countries.

The town of Para or Belem the headquarters of the great rubber
industry of the Amazon HERR is on the right bank of the river
Guama and about 100 miles from the sea

It is not on the banks of Á Amazons, but is connected with the
latter by a labyrinth of narrow channels through which passes all
the shipping between the outer world and the numerous

i inland. T i

comm: ctically the whole Am region and the
peace) where is transacted the Ein Titii rn bot per i in
the world.

gei ing to Mr. Churchill, during the year 1897, the dis-
tribution of Amazonian rubber from Para was as follows :—

Zaiid Kingdom in VA ie 8,843 tons.
Fra ii i i 2010-
Ital M^ Am n 05...
U. S. America bet eR ee Be. lu
Total ica MEME. ses

LOCALITY, SOIL, AND CLIMATE.
Para is in about south latitude 1°, but the district of the same

Northern Brazil the rubber trees are abundantly found. The
climate has been often described and is remarkable for its uni-
formity of temperatyre, usually not exceeding 87° F. at mid-day
or below 74° at night. The greatest heat recorded is 95°, and the
mean for the year is 81°.

The rainfall occurs principally eben the months from ery
to June, the maxi cimum eing in April when it reaches 15 inches

wet seaso
the dry. The in country is covered with dense moist forests,
and the soil near the numerous and gigantic rivers is deep,
heavy, and very Medo. During the wet season much of the low-
lying country near the Amazon’s mouths is flooded. _In the due

with lad a low A filled with a ES gk D mad. The
forest here, in which caoutchouc-collecting was ec rousl
on, was 80 or 100 feet high, and very damp and unhealthy, pis

245

soil full of moisture and very rich and fertile. The young
plants, however, were not often observed to grow actually within
the reach of the tides, but it is iis that they must occasionally
be partially covered with wate

PROPAGATION.

The most convenient means for propagating Para rubber trees
is by seeds. As might be expected seeds are difficult to collect in
he dense growth of the Amazonian forests. There is further no
certainty that they are sound. On the other hand seeds are very
readily obtained from cultivated trees now distributed over many
parts of the tropics. If quite fresh they bear transport for a
period of three or four weeks. Seeds forwarded from Ceylon to
h

other method of propagating the tree is by cuttings. These
cuttings may be taken from the green lateral te wigs as soon as iii
begin to harden ; they strike readily in rich firm soil. Mr.
(p. 8) observes that “for planting on inundated lands the tel
of high flood should be preferred. Cuttings of greater length
would be or dies in this case, the lower ends of which should be
sliced off in the form of a wedge. The workman could take a
bundle of raras and wading into the iib would plant at proper
canga but ocn upright, taking care to push each cutting
down deep enough in the soft muddy bottom, so that B more
Dd three or ous inches is above the surface of the wa e
same rule would be applicable when planting in door or soft
marsh land. The crowns of the cuttings must not, if possible, be
put under water, as the young growths springing therefrom might
rot. Seeds will not be found very applicable for planting in
watery places or dae mud deposits. Some would come up, but a
good many would mould and decay. In the varied course of
circumstances and conditions, slight changes and modifications
in the PAAR b working will no doubt suggest themselves.
ould be anto] in places where nothing else
could be iobiahiy: X gag such as rae inundated river
argins, marsh land, an ud deposit These remarks, it
ahedia be noted, apply only to o 06 Amasan region. In other parts
of the world Para trees have been found very impatient of floods,
me have actually been killed by being planted within their
Again, it would not be desirable to form a plantation in
an HT a Nh the temperature at any time falls to 60° F.
The tree when fully grown does not exceed a height of aren
sixty feet, and the pam trunk measured by Mr.
feet ten inches i in circumference ata yard from the ground. oe
the upright habit o. the tree it will not be necessary to plant at
any great distance apart

LI

246
COLLECTION OF RUBBER.

Several iie dic met been given of this; the fullest is As
of Mr. Cross, who saw in practice the methods employ vant Bathe
neighbourhood o of Pars. His description (p. 4) is as follow

“The collectors begin to work iacu p daybreak, or or as
soon as they can see to move about among the They say

I do not attach much importance to this statement, but I have

recorded it. Another and more probable reason is that as rain

. often falls big nn two or three o'clock in the afternoon the

tapping must be done early, as in the event of a shower the

milk w jila. w spattered about and lost. The collector, first of
nd and la

all, at the beginning of the dry season goes roun ays at
the base of each tree a certain cone of small cups of burnt
clay. At the lesser trees only three or four are put, but at the

larger ones from eight to twelve are i eposited, The footpaths
leading from tree to tree are likewise cleared of sapling growths,
and the bridges over the gopa (natural een formed at each
place by the trunk of a tree, are, where necessary, replaced. On
RAS to his work ud collector bna: with him a small axe
or tapping, and a wicker basket containing a good-sized ball of
well-wrought clay. He usually [hn likewise a bag for the eei
droppings, and for what may adhere to the bottoms of the c
These promiscuous gatherings are termed sernamby, and fait
the *negrohead' of the English market. The cups, as NY
stated, are of burnt clay, a: are sometimes round, mo
frequently a or perd concave on one side, so as p^ sti ck
sily with a small portion of ay pressed Rare the trunk of
the tree. The paret of fifteen cups make one English Imperial

always goes through the k, and penetrates an inch more
into the eut is an inch in breadth. Frequently a
small portion of bark breaks off the r si an
AT a thin splinter of wood is also raised. n: p
st e di down he takes a cup, ae aw ting on a small quantity
of clay on the flat side, presses to the trunk close Danes

the iit BY this time the milk, which is of dazzling whiteness,
is beginning to exude, so that if Aperi he 80 smooths the clay
that it may trickle direct into the cup. At a distance of four
or five inches, but at the same height, aei cup is luted on,
and so the process is continued until a row of cups encircle the
und, Tree after

eat o e
performance of these dtr: Some take care to get good clay
previously, and incorporate it well, so that a very — portion
to lute the cup to the trunk. They also work with
eatness and intelligence, and invariably collect a soon mnt
of milk. Others, again, do not take the trouble to prepare clay

-

241

beforehand, but merely scrape up a handful when they require
it at the side of a gapo, which is often of little consistence, so
that a large quantity is required to fasten the cups. This class

od of working. The quantity of milk that flows from each
cut varies, but if the tree is large, and has not been much
tapped, the majority of the cups will be more than half full,
and occasionally a few may be Pilled to the brim. But if the
tree is much g sidie from tapping, whether it grows in the ric
siudge of the | gapo or dry land, many of the cups will be found
to contain only about a tablespoonful of milk, and sometimes

onion then "bafi as high a speres and didi a as

t nd rface of the gro

and in the course of working the upper row grins Bac dic daily

six or eight inches, while the lower one ascen

distance, both rows in a few days come together. When the
produce of milk diminishes in long-wrought trees, two or three
cups are put on various parts of the trunk where the bark is
thickest. Although many of the trees of this class are large, the
quantity of milk ahtedined is vind dari ee This state of
things is not the result of overtapping, as some have stated.
Indeed, I do not believe it possible to aaa a tree of in the
operation the wood is not left bare or injured. But at every
stroke the collector’s axe enters the wood, and the energies of

erous st redii ue ree I exa d h
the marks of twelve rows of c hich had already been put
on this seaso e rows were adr six inches apart, and in

each row trunci were six cups, so that the total number of wood cuts
hippie the space of three months amounted to 72. It grew close

a ga po, only i inches above high-tide mark, and being a
vinohous tree the cups were usually well fill ed, but with
two years or so of such treatment the tree would probably be

the milk is better in the dry season than during the rains.
Such is the case with some vegetable products, but as regards
i ink

opinion that thena — quantity of erue flows from the tree.
No doubt the dry season is the most — for caoutchouc
collecting, although, whether a plantation is formed with
2 house, convenient tapping sisi, certainly be always
carrie when the weather is fine . . . . There are two
ro sinbtbsbtla adopted in tapping, which are chiefly confined to

he Upper Amazon and tributaries. Both are exactly on the same

248

principle, the materials used being only a little different. The
loose outside bark of the tree is cleaned off to a height of about
three feet. Beneath, a gutter or raised border of clay is pasted or
luted to the trunk, enclosing one-half of the entire circumference.
Cuts are thickly made in the bark above this, from which the
milk flows down to the gutter, whence it is conveyed to fall into
a calabash ignia placed. The other mode is by winding
round the trunk the stout flexible stem of a climber, and claying
it round iride so that no milk may escape between the trunk
and the p eisean These plans are not extensively adopted, and
can only be successfully put in apes where the trees have
not been Dico tapped. There is alw ways a great deal of
* negrohead,' the result of the distin the mi "d ^ to run, and
of the large quantity of clay employed in the pro
* Going from tree to tree at a sort of running Ded y collector
empties the contents into a large calabash, which he carries in his
hand. As he pours the milk out of each cup he draws his thumb
or chen dich over the bottom to clean out some which otherwise
ould adhere. I is

m
be ready for the following morning. The trees occur at various
distances from 10 to 100 yards apart, and, as I travelled over the
ape network of muddy footpaths, I continually felt —€—

urprised that the natives had not yet seen the
that yout be derived by forming plantations, wher eby more
than twice the quantity of caoutchouc vem ^n collected in one-
fourth the time, and at far € cost and la

The trees are atit if they have a circumference of eighteen or
twenty-four inches, and the rough process above described is
carried on for many years, until the cotisiantt and extensive injury
to the young wood causes their death, for some years previous to
which event they almost cease to yield milk and are practically
abandoned.
It will be advisable, i in order to avoid this injury, to employ an

able to penetrate beneath the inner bark. With this precaution it

€ probably be found unnecessary to rest the trees as has been

mmended ; but actual experience alone can decide on the

tho of tapping which will secure the greatest yield with the
east damage to the tree’s general vitality.

PREPARATION OF RUBBER.

he preparation of Para rubber has often been described. The
process that turns out the best quality of rubber depends merely
on a cheap and accessible supply of labour. The implements used.
are very simple. So far no rubber is so good as that prepared by
erem. over a fire of palm-nuts. As suggested by Mr. Biffen,

rubber fr tation during transit. The belief in the
efficacy of the s moking dn cess is so strong that even when the
t rubber is i bbiak d from cultivated trees in Ceylon Bee

ures
de Straits Settlements ‘the prices quoted are always below those

249

of smoke-cured Para. The following graphie account of the
preparation of Para rubber is taken from Wells’ * Voice of
Urbano" (London: Allen, 1888) :—

* Master and men then departed to Pic dna out-buildings, where
the Indian boys and eae after partaking of a very hasty and
M pans of dried piraurucu (a large river fish) and farinha,

set to work at eoi veis the milk, or sap of the rubber tree,
[ES indi APO er.

“This process does not require any great manual labour; it is
rather a work of patience. In a distant nd of the yard, under
the shade of one of the few remaining — a MITES of the
fruit of the Urucuri palm was burning on ral fires The

properties of which has proved to be the Loe efficacious for

er Near
one of the large earthenware pots was placed Det vost a couple o
Indian boys, each boy having a small, round-blade d paddle in his

wood, is he
rapidly coagulated and turned almost at once to the black india-
rubber of commerce. The round blade of the paddle, ga
with a thin coating of rubber, is then again dipped into the pot

the outer circumference of the paddle, when the round cake o

ground alongside the operator. So the process is posses until
the collected sap is exhausted and the rubber stored aw

arly the next morning, the Indians will again go neas in the
canoes to the forest, there to empty out the contents of the tins
that have been previously left adhering to the rubber trees by a
dab of clay below a gash in the bark, whence the milk slowl

Ignacio's men, all the sap that it was possible to obtain was take
from every tree (pp. 119-120).

In the Museum No. 1 at Kew there is shown (in case 93 on the
ground floor) a complete series of specimens illustrative of the
Para rubber indus

the early stages, when the rubber was exported in small
quantities, it appeared in the form of shoes or the grotesque form
of animals; the better qualities came in the form of bottles
miere over soft clay, which was afterwards washed out br

bove
classed, according to the localities in
which iti is próQtidéd, as ** Islands " ‘atid * Up-river," or as * hard-
cured” and “soft-cured.” The medium pier are called
entrefine, in which there are occasionally some streaks of white

^
a
m
"Uu
e
=
[m
x
la:
fz]
E

uncoagulated milk or an excess of moisture, while the vm
scrapings from the trees, mixed with the residues
collecting pots and vessels, are made up into o] imegularly
rounded balls and form a third grade known as “ser
* negro-head "—the oye be “the keid- iener of the
mass to the head of a neg

The illustrations of bee used in the preparation of Para
rubber here given were prepared from articles i in the veri Museum,
and are kindly lent by the Editor of the Phan jurnal:—

ARTICLES USED IN Ager oe iple AND decora PARA RUBBER
(Hevea) IN BRAZ

A. Small axe with cutting edge about 1 inch wide.

B. Small earthenware eup placed below incision to receive the latex.

O. Ca pee carried by the seringuiero, in which is collected the latex from
the small c

E. oria E a calabash used to pour the latex over the paddle.

F. Wooden paddles—to the right before use, to the left with a first layer of
cured rubber.

H. Cutlass used to collect the nuts of the Urucuri palm (Mazimüiana regia).

D. Large earthenware pan into which the day's collection of latex is poured
preparatory to coagulation

"LE

G. Earthenware stove under which a fire of palm nuts is kept up. The late
on the paddle after exposure to the heat and pcc merging at the top, is is
coagulated and assumes a firm texture and dark co

FUTURE PROSPECTS.

Mr. Churchill discusses these as follows (p. 26) :—
“ Some people suppose that the supply of — rubber
y become exhausted in the near eoe The most competent
authorities are not at all of this opini but 1 torrente that the
supply is inexhaustible, because the Hevea is continually being
rtainly e us

quality of rubber. Ther i special quotation for it in the
foreign markets. This district, tabe is now exhausted, waid
for about 40 years, thousands of men have tapped its trees. All
new-comers flocked to Cametá to make their fortunes. There are
still og districts that have not been t RUD d.

* The area that is known to produce Para rubber amounts to at
least 1,000,000 square miles. Further Renoir will, no doubt,
show that this area is under-estimated.

352

* The richest zones as at present known are along the banks of
all the southern tributaries of the River Amazons, and on the
islands in the main stream and near Pará.

“ The most prolific ok is on the River Aquiry or Acré, one of
the tributaries of the River Purüs. Here 100 trees yield as much
as one ton of rubber per annum

* The northern tributaries of the Amazons do not ocn much
rubber. Of these, the River Negro produces the m The

large stores of rubber. The Hevea is known to exist on the banks
of the Japura, but that district has not yet been opened u
BOLIVIAN RUBBER.

The following interesting particulars respecting the yield of
as rubber in Bolivia are taken from a Report to the Foreign
ce (F.0., Annual, 1897, No. 1841) by Mr. Consul A. St. John :—

“ Nearly the whole of the india-rubber cc ratam in gus goes
ol.

to England viá Para. On the spot it is worth from 22 to
per arroba of 25 lbs. Thro ough the Bolivian Mision house a Villa
Bella on the Sgen bee 69,040 arrobas were exported in
1894, viz., 63,663 arrobas of eei eet vide 5,977 arrobas of the
inferior kind know die eee

* During that year, pu E v" arrobas are said to have been
exported through La z (Puerto Perez), whilst 3,000 or 4,060

arrobas are said to e bea exported through Puerto Suarez on
the Paraguayan frontier. Hevea brasiliensis, the tree which yields
this warnah sap, abounds in the virgin forests of Bolivia.

* [f these figures be correct, and no contraband trade in that
article be carried on, the annual production may be MEO 7
present at about 850 tons. The duty on fine rubber is 1 Bol.
arroba and 50 c. on sernamby.”

Some Bolivian rubber is shipped from the Port of Mollendo on
the Peruvian coast. It is brought by rail from Lake Titicaca, and
obtained from that portion of Bolivia which lies above the navi-
gable portions of the River Beni. “Mollendo rubber” has only
made its appearance during the last three or four years. It takes

k with good Para rubber, and commands almost identical

1898, is mentioned :—* Mollendo ” : 7 packages sold, fine, 3s. 1134. ;
entrefine gutty, 3s. 10d. ; negrohead, good, 3s. 22d.

INTRODUCTION OF PARA RUBBER TREE TO THE OLD WORLD.

The introduction of the maben yiee trees of tropical
America to British Possessions in the East was an enterprise ir
which, more than twenty years ago, Kew took an active part.
The expense was E borne by the Government of India.
The record of the steps taken in regard to Para rubber is given
in the Kew Viren (1875, p.7; 1876, pp. 8 and 9; 1877, p. 15,
and 1878, p. 1

*

253

' A concise summary, published by Dr. Trimen in the Appendix
to the Repert of the New Products Commission UN Papers,
Gerken, 1881, No. 13, p. 9), is reproduced below

“T am desirous of taking this opportunity of putting upon
record something of the history of the introduction of the
valuable Para rubber into the East, which has been effected at a
large cost and with much trouble. When the PM parma ia
et vet eres upon the enterprise, a comm
n to Wickham, then living at Santarem, to collect ped at
dis pe of 1 £10 per 1000. He Mes es d in obtaining 70,000 seeds
in the Siringals of the Rio FK MR which he packed with the
greatest care and with a full FIER of their evanescent
vitality ; and coming straight home with them arrived at Kew
on 14th June, 1876. The following a the whole number was
sown ; not more, however, than “ about 3i per cent. germinated,
some as early as the fourth day ater sowing ; and many in a few
days reached a height of 18 inches.”—(Kew Report, 1876). At
Sir Joseph Hooker’s suggestion, it had been previously arranged
between the India and Colonial inn that owing to the want of
any accessible and properly constivuted Botanical Garden in any
part of India suitable for the growth of this completely eid ien
species, the seedlings should be sent to Ceylon to be cultivated
and propagated for subsequent vc ago to Burma, and Bree
hot and moist districts of the Indian Empire. Owing to the
plants' rapid growth wardian cases of a special form had to be
made for their transmission, and, on August 12th, thirty-eight ^i
these, Aegean " Hag p VON were despatched from Kew
charge of a gardener (W. Chapman). - due course e thay Wis
idived at Poriditiivid in very good or
* Mr. Cross's share in the iihi of Para rubber was a
very small one. 2 ei had been sent by the Indian Government
u ring hom

a
ly Moi seedlings without soil, of which, with the zi eatest care,
cely three per cent. could be saved. About 100 plant
stieg ie at Kew from nie were inchoate vert to Ceylon,”
“The cost of procuring the seeds of Para rubber, freight and
other expenses, appears to have been no ‘er than £1,505 4s. 2d.,
the wardian cases alone costing £120, and the gardener and his
passage £163. The whole of this large expenditure was borne
by the Indian Government. An undertaking involving such an
outlay as this, it is obviously beyond the power of the Execntive
of this Colony to carry a i but in this case, it is Ceylon which
(from climatie causes chiefly) appears likely to benefit most
largely from the nodes ‘wai of the Government of India.’

EXPERIMENTAL PLANTING IN CEYLON.

As Ceylon was adopted as the central point in the East Indies
for the cultivation and distribution of the rubber plants intro-
duced by the Government of India from tropical America, this
island east took an active part in starting experimental
plantatio

254

A concise summary of the results attained up to the end of 1894
was prepared for Kew by the late Dr. Trimen, and as it contains
observations made by a competent and experienced officer for many
years in actual charge of the experiments, it is a valuable record :

“In October, 1876, Dr. Thwaites being at that time sni
fro harge of a

there were received at Jd eniya m Kew, in c
gardener, Mr. W. Chapman, 38 wardian cases ontaining some
hun ve of young AENA of Hevea Oraniin in excellent

s: The s eedlings were at once planted in bamboo pots, and in the
rainy season of the following year, 1877, were transferred from

low-country at Henaratgoda. Here they were planted out, and
at once began to grow with great rapidity. Propagation by
cuttings was commenced in order to send supplies to India
which was done in 1878 and 1879; and a moderate distribution
was it made by Dr. Thwaites to planters i in Ceylon
y arrival here in February, 1880 I found at 'Henaratgoda

She "300 of the imis qe seedlings, tall slender trees four years
old, the tallest about 30 feet high, and at Peradeniya about 20 trees,
smaller and less lux evant in growth. Since that time the number
has boda increased, mostly by cuttings, and now consists of about
424 € Mass trees at the low-country garden, and 30 at
Perade

« The pin of growth of the ay during this period is shown in

the following table, the measurements being taken from one of
the best grown of the original seine at ^ Persei da :—
fh. in. ft. in.
End of 1880 1 4 End of 1888 "0-0
pis 1 9 3:01 3880 e»t 0
» 1889 9 H » i Aw
„ 1888 2 6 "5 eel 871
, 1884 3 0 , 1892 UE S
STI ANNE 8.7 » 1898 Nee ake? |
1886 art son NM vat 8
;c NN 4 5]
The e EY Ree was S n at a level of 3 feet from sed
base. I doubt if the trees will increase much more in girth,

Mr. Cross states that the largest he measured in Brazil w
but 6 feet 10 inches. The trunks are straight and tall, and the
branches short, so that the trees do not occupy muc

and a few (36) seeds were secured that year; at Peradeniya there
were no flowers till 1884. The tree does not seed profusely and
it was not till 1887 that any large pec was produced. Till
that year they were for the most part so in nurseries, and the
young latón distributed in Ceylon to orien ent Officers and a
few snes e hei ut as soon as larger erops of seeds were
produced w eto comply with official Pie ve for seed
from other Colonies lie below), and I was able, also, to advertise
their sale at a low price to the p DER oni n o generally.
Thus we have distributed in Ceylon

eeds. | seeds
DM co La o 2 | eee
1891 Sie Sas ves e. 15,000 1894 e» $e aves .. 86.000

1892 EI DE oF ore 16,000 |

255

A large number of estates in the low-country have now plantations
of ms seedling trees, and some must be themselves producing
see

“ As far back as 1882 I urged on Government the desirability of
forming large plantations of this valuable ei in the South of the
island, but as at that time there was no Fore bise here,
nothing was done. Again, in 1888, after the ovd bio roe of
the quality of rubber cunc by Ceylon-grown trees, I again
advocated this cultivation by Government, and in the next year,

planting this was made, the Gardens supplying 9,000 e Ad the
purpose, followed in 1891 by 20,000 seeds an nd 2 0 d
plants, and in 1892 by 30,000 seeds. We have had no Aram for
any further supply, but I understand it is the intention of Govern-
ment to form another plantation this year

* Mr. F. Lewis, of the Forest Department (under whose charge
the plantation is aves has epe given me à full report of the
de dod of the from which I extract the following
particulars. The land pen in May, 1890, is at a place called
Edangoda, on the north bank of the Kaluganga River, and is under
100 feet above sea-level. It is 20 acres in extent ; the rain-fall is
del werk approximately 150-170 inches per annum. At that

8 belie

Q

the river was in flood. It was, however, found that three days’
flooding was vilnédimi to oeiy kill all the young plants, and
after a second trial in the next year, with the same result, this
portion of the land was EA ed. The seedlings, in the small
bamboo baskets in which they had been raised, were planted out
at intervals of 12 feet. In 1891 further land was selected at a
place called Xa, 37 cap in extent, at a rather higher level

same river, and not liable t o flood, being raised i in the

printed. and the seed nro biet pres iaecomilty poriniti

* Measurements taken recently (December 1894) of average
sample plots from each plantation give the following mean girth,
at 3 feet from the groun

At Edangoda (4 years old) average of 100 trees... dk iss re ins.
3 iy H 50 " oe n ... 45 *
5 (d 21 X E NL. s. n MN.
At idus eh e 2) " 108 ,, on western slope 9,37 ,,
2 au » 108 , on eastern slope 9.13 ,,

the KT sane in the last measurements being due to amount of

* My firs t experimental tapping was made in October, 1882, of
five trees, then six years old; and about 23 ounces only of dr ry

256

rubber was obtained. This small sample was sent home and
reported by Messrs. Silver to be * fully equal to good Para India-
die as regards strength and elasticity, and to be worth 4s.

r lb. This was quite — as s quality, but it was
obvious that the trees were yet too young to affo can any quantity
of milk. I therefore deferred any further M forafew years,
till 1888, when the trees were 11 yearsold. One of the best-grown
and healthiest was then selected, having a stem cireumference of
4 ft. 2} ins. at a yard from the ground. The plan followed was
to scrape off a little of the rough outer bark and to make V-shaped
incisions with a j-inch chisel in the inner bark. The milk mostly
dried on the tree in dei thick strings and small sheets, and
that which ran down the trunk was prevented from reaching the
ground by little cups of cocoanut-shell fastened grim clay to its
b The operation was performed on 17 days in the driest
months of the hing and the whole amount of dry Bhs obtained

1 Ib. 122 ozs. ; the time occupied was in all about 20 hours
and the cost belated at 62 cts. of arupee. Though the bark was
of course much scarred with the numerous incisions, the tree in

u

90 g l
n 1892 gave 2 lbs. 13 ozs. ; in 1894 gave 3 lbs. 3 ozs., being a total
of 10 lbs. 7$ ozs. On a focus of this rubber sent home in `
February, 1893, Messrs. Hecht, Levis & Kahn, reported that it Es
*very good in ndeed’ its value at that date bei ing from 2s. 3d. t
2s. 6d. per lb. easily saleable in any quantity.

23 Pai of over on lbs. of first-class rubber from a single
tre six years fully warrants a belief that the opting of
kenge ‘paintations via be highly profitable. Nor is there any
reason to suppose that the trees would not easily eaf irem d
annually, and continue to yield for very many years if the wood
were not injured. I do not think they should be bled, however,
until at least 10 years old. It is noticeable how rapidly the yield
increases with age.

* In India the oniy “taner in which the tree has been found
to succeed are Lower Bur d Malabar, and to Forest Depart-
ments in both districts, Mergui i in A dd former and Nilambur in the
latter, seeds and plants have been largely sent from Ceylon, as

8:— ;

To Burma (Mergui), uem i Piante (rooted cuttings) 500
To Malabar si 1878 Ex pase (rooted cuttings).
1879 .. ; ;
: » 1883 , (stumps) 27
» " 1884 ” " 26
LH ” ” Seeds.
Ü 3j 1885 " 800
1887 ^

1 ”

“In 1880 we sent two plants to the First Prince of Travanco
in 1881 a Wardian case of 28 plants to the Andaman Islands, ud
in 1888 about 2,000 seeds to the Commissioner of Agriculture at
Nagpur, Central Provinces.

257

* We have also been able to comply with the requests for seed
ceived from the Governments of bte cn British Colonies, and
in a 1887 and 1888 we Ert o:

Singapore (1888) ... ; à db .. 11,500 seeds.

Penang (1887 - Ai ies x me eeds.

Fiji (1888) 1,100 seeds

Queensland (1887) eds.

D orneo Sy kon .. 40 plants

Jamaica (through Kew, 1887) "s ge .. 2,000 seeds.
( 93) .. 200 seeds.

We have ST ET nes to the Botanic Gdidihá at Buitenzorg,
Java, and to the German Kast African Company.
* HENRY TRIMEN."

At the beginning of ot Bg year Dr. Trimen’s successor,
Mr. John C. Willis, F.L.S., issued a Circular (No. 4) in which he
continues the record of ru i te er ORENG 1 in Ceylon The points
dealt with in the following extract ee rp a wider circulation
than they are likely to obtain in the Cir :—

* The e m trees ripa in E at the Henaratgoda
Garden ow very fine trees, with an average height of about
60 ft., mid rofa ges at éft. above da ground of 4 ft. From
their seed other plantations have been made in the Botanic

seed has sold to private planters since 1886. There are
about 450 pica in the Botanic Gardens, producing about 100,000
seeds per annum.

“ The number of trees on private estates in Ceylon is probably
about 200,000, of various ages from one to twelve years. This
number represents an area of about 750 acres.

* Soil.—In its native country Hevea is a jungle tree usually
growing in deep, rich, alluvial soil whieh is liable to be flooded
during the wet seasons. The earliest plantations made in Ceylon

found that if ees plants were well grown up, flooding did them
no harm, whereas it was fatal to seedlings or very young plants,

It would seem, chores ore, that what the plants really require isa
damp soil, and this has been borne out by local experience. The

of any great depth, r. eae? in msg tte the valleys are narrower,
and the water ma sily ri — feet. Land liable to
frequent flooding chowtd ehisvefobs wen oided.

“Chena land has been tried at "s ngoda, but the result has
been unsatisfactory ; sandy soil also has been found unfavourable
to the growth of Hevea,and the tree also grows badly where
exposed to much win

t would appear doretere that the most suitable soil and
situation for this tree is fairly flat land, at about sea level, with

area
rs pal is thus comparatively small, possibly not more t
10,000 but, on the other hand, this eultivation need not
interfere with that of cocoanuts.

637 B

358

* C'ultivation.—Hevea forms a Mi tall tree, not very

much branched. It begins to flower at about six years old, but

for planti ng purposes the seed of AE mature trees (12 or more
ears old) is preferable.

* About F orders, i in Ceylon, the leaves mostly turn brown and
drop off, and the flowers soon afterwards appear. They are
followed. s large woody fruits, each containing three seeds,
which ripen in July and August. The fruits open vec aiden
usually in the hot part of the day, and scatter the seeds to som
ne The seed is very large, weighing about half an ane

t has a hard seed coat, and the interior substance is very oily.

“ The seed soon loses its power of germination, and ought to be
sown within a week of its falling from the tree. If it has to be
sent on a voyage of more than a week, it should be very carefully
packed in charcoal. Even thus, however, the majority of the
seeds soon die, and rst only satisfactory way of sending seeds to
distant countries is to plant them in soil in a Wardian case and

“ The germination of the seed is very rapid, and a long tap root
is soon produced. The seed should be sown about an inch deep
in well prepared soil, in nurseries, or, if preferred, in bamboo
pots or baskets. They should be kept shaded and watered, and
when the young plants are from 18 inches to 24 inches high they
may be planted out. Good results are also obtained by stumping,
the plants being allowed to grow about 3 feet high, then taken

up, and the main root cut across about a foot below the ground ;
but the method of planting out the smaller seedlings is iaa
preferable.

“The plant may also be propagated by cuttings. The method
employed in the botanic gardens has usually been to Fuse cuttings
near the ends of the branches, but further back than any of the
leaves. Each cutting is about a foot long, and as thick as a lead

by obli

earth. This method is somewhat precarious; sometimes nearly
all the cuttings grow, at other times only a small proportion

“Thes eedlings, stumps, or ee should be planted out during
rainy want in prepared plac Holes should be dug as in
the case of cacao, and filled S p soil. A little manure will
often be advantageous. 'lhe young plants require to be lightly
shaded for a time until they are established, and agr for the

rst two or three years they will grow the better for a certain
amount of shade, such as would be given by Nanc belts of trees
running through the plantation. These 1 belts should be arranged
to act as wind belts, as the Hevea is easily injured by wind. By
the time the trees are abd three years old they will have grown
up toa height of about 25 feet or 30 feet and form their own
sha

de.

“ Various distances apart have been tried in planting Hevea. The
younger plantation at Henaratgoda Garden has the trees planted
12 feet apart. Their average girth is now about 30 inches, and
they _ thinning. It will not do, however, to conclude from
this. is sometimes done, that the trees should be originally
ratur more than 12 feet apart. On the contrary, the best poorer
have been obtained by planting 8 or 10 feet apart each way,

259

trees thus form their own shade and keep down weeds, and a
process of natural selection of the best trees goes on, and the
more weakly and dwarfed trees may be gradually thinned out in
subsequent years. Another advantage of close planting is that the
trees grow up straight without forming many branches low down,
and this very greatly facilitates tappin

“ Para rubber is a m feeding tres; and catch crops should
not therefore be grown between c£ trees, which require all the
nourishment that the soil can affor

“ The young plants are greedily one by cattle, deer, hares, and
other animals, and require careful protection for about eighteen
months, after which time they are generally tall enough to
vetro but little further protection

* Weeding is also required for the first year or two, but after-

wards the trees form a dense shade, under which but few weeds

OW.

“The comparatively superficial growth of the roots renders
manuring easy, and it would probably be found advantageous in
poor or sandy soils.

* Rate of growth.—The tree adr Mani ey 1 in height. The
original trees, planted at Henaratgod 1876, were about 30 feet
high and 14 inches in girth two years taker. Tn 1882 the largest
iree was 50 feet high and 25 inches in girth s a yard from the
ground. The girth of this largest ie was taken et ded
this, with the following resu ults: It was 30 inches n 1883,

1884, 43 in 1885, 49 in 1886, 533 in “1887, 60 in 1888, 65 in 1889,
693 in 1890, 73 in 1891, and 794 in 1893. "The girth of the largest
tree in dA in Brazil by Mr. "rona was 82 inches.

* The measurements above given are those of the largest tree.
More useful data for paient ia and Bracken. peers are V ggg
by baking the mean girth of all the on siderable
This one in January, 1897, pi the rri cae A
Bonnis, in 1876. This now consists of 45 trees, about 30 feet
apart. The girth was taken at the height of the eye, about 5 feet
6 inches above the grouud. The largest tree was 7 feet 5 inches,
d smallest, 2 feet 1 pets in girth. The mean girth was 4 feet

ine
ne; Tappi ng.—The yield of rubber from very young or slender
trees is too small to make their fapping worth Ms and it x best
for many reasons to. abstain from tapping a tree until it has
reached a girth of 2 feet. In a large plantation the girth ot the
trees always varies between wide lim ew trees may be fit
to tap after the sixth year, and in $E nbecaiadt year more and
more trees will reach the size necessary. In favourable localities
the bulk of the trees should be in bearing before the end of the
eleventh year. The results of the experiments hitherto made at
Henaratgoda go to show that it is inadvisable, having regard to
the future, to tap trees of less than two feet i ug girth, but it is still

uestion whether the minimum size of tree for tapping

necessitate longer waiting for the return, as the mean rate o
increase of girth in trees of this size is oly about tiko inches
per annum.

637 B2

260

“The methods of tapping and of coagulation of the rubber
employed by the native collectors in Brazil and elsewhere are
eque wasteful, and inefficient, and there is great room for

describe the method which _ been employed for some years in
the tappings carried on at Henaratgoda.

“The requisites for the wo n are a j-inch chisel, a wooden
mallet, a — of clean cocoanut shells, each cut in two so as to
form small basins, a kni fe, and a ho fal of clay and water with
which to form a Tenn deese: the

“ The tree is first carefully and etii stisvd with the knife
from a height of about 6 feet down to the ground, so as to form a
ventri gar ape Only the outermost layers of the bark

ust b oved this process, otherwise the tree will be
idiei: When she: Paine) is completed, the tree may be polished
by hand, or carefully brushed. The great object in view is to
obtain a smooth and clean surface, over which the milk can run
easily, within becoming contaminated by small particles of bark
or other ae” as the market value of rubber depends on its
cleanlin

"A E po is next made round the tree about 6 inches
above the asl e ei gules as ts catch the milk which will
rw down the and empty it by two or more spouts into as

any clean seh atlis placed below. Three shells ar

suficient for a tree of 2 feet 6 inches in girth, but Mana trees

may require four or five. The gutter is made by rolling rather
wet clay into a sausage form, between the hands, and then pressing
it on to the bark, and forming the channel against the bark by aid
of a wet finger. The gutter must not beallowed to dry before the
tapping is begun, otherwise the rubber will be contaminated by
particles of clay ; neither must the gutter be so wet or irregular
as to allow the acy: to be dirtied.

“Tncisions ma w be made in the bark aah ae mallet and
chisel, commencing iioii the top of the cleaned port V-shaped
eut is made in two strokes. The object to be aed: at is to make
these cuts to such a depth as just not to reach the wood. They
should stop in the bark close to the cambium, as the vessels which
contain the rubber occur only outside, but very close to the
cambium. If the cambium is not injured the wound rapidly

ters th

the healing of th d u lower, and at the same time
risk is run of introducing parasitic fungi into the wo which
may cause much damage, Injury to the wood also causes a check

ET njury t
to the upward flow of sap, and thus to the growth. of the tree.

with a number of isis it will be found most economical and
satisfactory to keep separate coolies for each of the various
operations rgita as they all need much practice.

“ As soon z the cut is Nava the white and very rey milk
commences to flow. A second V-shaped incision should be made
about a foot noe the ‘ivat, and others at similar distaiiiöók down

261

io the gutter at the base of the tree. Another set of incisions may
then be made parallel to the first, at about es "i twelve inches
from them, and other vertical rows of cuts m made if there
be sufficient room for them. On a tree of 2 feet ry inches in girth,
four vertical rows of cuts may be made without serious injury.

* As each cut is made, the milk flowing from the cut above it
should " guided downwards to it along the bark by means of a
twig, otherwise the milk is liable to be wasted by dropping to the
ground from projecting portions of the bark.

“The bulk of the milk, especially in large trees or trees which
have not been recently tapped, ultimately flows into the cups at
the base of the tree. "These should be kept covered in such a way
as to prevent dust or other rubbish falling into the milk. As soon
as the milk ceases to flow into the cups, these are removed to a

. o
of the year for tapping are still di subject of experiment. The
most satisfactory results have on the whole been obtained by
tapping in the drier parts of the two monsoons, n from January
to April, and in August and September. The tapping should be
done on dry days, E it is difficult to prevent dilution of
the milk and to dry t

“The tappings may follow one another at intervals of a week for
about four to eight weeks. The second tapping gives a much
larger yield than the first, and the third and fourth tappings are
usually very productive. In a series of experiments made during
1897 on trees of about 2 ft. mean girth, the ATATIA, yield per tree
of the successive weekly tappings was as follow

oz. | oz*

First week ... i Sa .. 773 | Fourth week nM EOS ge + SB

Second week AM Fs .. 148 | Fifth week... sue wie SUB T

Third week id aa .. 797 | Sixth week vie su oe
Total sua i4 IER ONE

* Yield.—The statements as to yield of rubber found in books of
apral 2p: po opojar articles are very unreliable, and experiments
ing made to test the whole question of yield. The late
Dr. Trinh commenced in 1888 to tap one of the original trees at
Henaratgoda, then park twelve years old and 504 inches in girth,
a yard from the groun
“Tt was tapped on seven days between January 25and ben Hl 15,
. yielding 171 oz. of rubber, on six days between July 2 and
August 29, yielding 1 oz., and on four days between December 6
and 20, yieldin ng 44 oz. ; a total of 1 lb. 123 oz. The same meshed
was followed in alternate years, with torik as shown below :

1888. oau i on | weed dh MB ok h 3004 saas ban silon Bih B. o
1800 («^ o ae A 10 om. | 1896 jansa sab KAAN D OR.
WE Qu s RIS

Tol ., I31b.7 ok
Cnt man Roe mae acrem

262

“The average yield of this tree E ie twelfth to the twenty-
first year is thus almost 14 lb. per annu This result is very

the success of the cultivation would be assured. It should, how-
ever, be noted that the girth of this tree in 1888 was larger than
the mean girth of the whole plantation, as mentioned above, in
reds and that therefore this yield, if me tree tapped be accepted
as a fair sample, represents rather the result to be expected after
twenty years, by Which time the ines go rth of the trees should
be equal to the girth of this one at the time its tapping was com-
need. The trees in question are about 30 feet apart, t .c., 90 trees
to the acre. These data thus indicate a yield of about 90 lb. of
rubber per acre in the twentieth year, a result aiani to make
it worth the while of private planters to take up rubber cultivation.
“It seemed probable that better results might be obtained by
tapping younger and smaller trees more closely planted, and
experiments were therefore begun in 1896 on a younger ese
of trees at Henaratgoda. e mean girth in January,
at 5 feet 6 inches from the ground, of 225 of these trees, was
2 feet 45 inches. The figures already given for the average weekly
yields represent the mean results of the tapping of 27 trees of a

girth of the whole plantation. From six consecutive weekly
tappings of each, a mean yield of 5°17 oz. per tree was obtained.
This represents a yield $, 9i Ib. see acre a oy) eee (12 is

apart). If the trees tapped had b of the mean girth a
the whole plantation, the yield wean pistehiy gato Pond. at the
rate of about . per acre. Further, only six tappings were

made, and the trees, after a rest of a few months, would probably
have stood three or four more AEP pat whose yield might have
been at the rate of 30 or 40 Ib. per

“ No record, unfortunately, was Th of the date when this plan-
tation was m made. It is probably twelve years old at least. The
sandy soil at Henaratgoda is unfavourable for ines eie soy in
better soil the trees would probably reach this m
years or even less. It would seem, therefore, that if this culti-
vation is taken up in favourable localities, a yield of about 120 to
140 lb. of rubber per acre may be expected after the tenth year.
This estimate is, however, liable to modification by the results of
experiments which are still in progress.

“Cost of opening Plantations.—The fo aded estimate of the

first year's cost of opening a plantation of 300 a of forest land
with rubber was prepared by Mr. F. Lewis, Auiti Conservator
of Forests, Colombo :—
Rs.
Felling and clearing at Rs. 12 per ac vi ifi cid 1- 8600
Lining, 10 ft. by 10 ft., at Rs. 2 per aoro +i m di 600
Holing, at 75 holes per cooly at 40 c 697
wem m planting and c pes plants from their: nursery
s, 300 LT cooly at 40 175
Drejhisig : 300 ft. of drains ras per ea at 1 cent. per foot run 900
Lines for adu lshed of 10 rooms of 12 ft. by 10 ft.,
mud walls, and battocalla roof, at Rs. 30 per room 300
Roads for inspection, 2 miles... she dee iba x 160
Plant nursery, including watering... do aS izi 150

Carried forward ... e as 0,082

263

Rs.
ought forward 6,582

Weeding, at Re. 1 acre ee onth ... Ey 3.6
Cost of surveying Tis round plantation, s «d ey 75

Contingencies, such as special work, ere | over streams,

or supplying vacancies, &c. Bes m 250
Salary of assistant... E. te lii si h^ 1,000
Tappal cooly a os 2 T is i am 120
Tools... ve ij T - at "^ : 300

Total ... 11,927

“This represents an average of Rs. 40 per acre. A return of
Rs. 4,200 is estimated to be obtained by the sale of beg and
firewood from the land cleared. P should suffice to erect the
Assistant's bungalow and leave a small margin for c contingencies

“ To this estimate private po must add the cost of land
and of seed aba t Rs. 20 per 1,000). "These items will A,
bring up the MA cost for the first year to at least Rs. "A per
Ts Asa Haa of fact 300 acres is more than can be o
in one year, as the number of seeds requi red will be at [uh
160. ,000, CENE amounts to nearly rid years’ crop of the trees in
the Botanic Garden

* For the second, “third, and fourth years Mr. Lewis estimates

following i is at the of Rs. 5 per acre, the cost of the planta-
ip and oy cia the tenth year, might work out as

folio

Rs.
Cost of land, aue acres at Rs. 75 fe Ds fs .. 22,500
Cost of se in x ^s w: $000
First year's pen above s es i 475:11,927
Weeding and rupptring. second year (UM RUE e i 800
Do. thir aM -4AUUR dit ood AD
Do. reet oit hae ud 1000
Do. fifth to tenth years, ‘inclusive... 9,000
Salary of assistant, second to tenth years, inclusive.. .. 9,000
Tappal cooly and tools, second to tenth years inclusive |... 1,25€
TON. ues on TTE
o

* Allowing interest at the rate of 7 per cent. on all mon

expended up to the end of the tenth year, the outlay upon the
plantation will amount to at least Rs. 100,000, or Rs. 366°66 per
acre.

“ Return.—The value of Para rubber in the London market
varies between two and four shillings perlb.according etsy ed
the which

2s. per lb., and the yield in the tenth year at 100 Ib. only per
acre, the return in that year will be £10, or say Rs. 150 per

264

acre. The cost of harvesting should not be more than Rs. 50 per
acre, in tas carriage to London. This leaves a margin of

8. per acre, representing a return of 27 per cent. upon the
original outlay ; if 12 per cent. be allowed for contingencies and
the usual vicissitudes of a tropical cultivation, there remains still

a prospect of a good return on the capital expended.”

PARA RUBBER IN INDIA.

The climate of Bengal, where there is a distinct cold season,
was soon found to be unsuitable for the cultivation of Hevea
brasiliensis. After experimental efforts in other parts of India it
was ultimately decided to establish rubber plantations at Mergui
in Lower Burma, and Nilambur in Southern India. In accordance
with the mig d apnd with the Government of India a first lot of
plants propagated at Ceylon was despatched to vete in 1878.
These consisted of 500 rooted cuttings. In 1887 there was sent a
further consignment of plants and ioci To N ‘haber from 1878
to 1887 rooted cuttings and stumps were for Adar d, as well as

in 1885

Malabar prodaci ng regular supplies of seed. The introduction of
Hevea brasiliensis trees into India has therefore been successfully
ege shed.

a letter received from the India Office, dated the
iie September, 1888, the following memorandum was enclosed
containing an account of the result of the dr génibimól cultivation
of Hevea brasiliensis in Burma.

NOTE on the cultivation of Hevea brasiliensis in the Tenasserim
Forest Circle, by Colonel W. J. Seaton, Conservator of Forests,
dated 24th April, 1888.

Early Experiments —Experiments on a small scale were com-
mg at ou in 1877, with eo seedlings, the survivors of

all batch received from Dr. King, Superintendent of the
pen Botanical dardani, Calcutta.

They were successfully set out in the Forest Office compound
at Mergui, and although on a low hill, a not very desirable site,
yet their growth was for some time satisfactory.

n 1879, a large number of Hevea plants, believed to be well-
sonal cuttings, were forwarded by Dr. Thw waites, Director of the
Royal Botanical Gardens, Ceylon, che although in the charge of
M Te who had been sent to Ceylon for special instructions,
only 178 survived the voyage. ese were set out in. 3 e
plantation area selected, about 1j mile inland from Mergui
pauio: low ground drained by the sources of the Boke QU

small tidal creek.

Only 64 of the healthiest pn survived the planting opera-
tion, and of these again casualties continued to take place Jur

owing chiefly to attacks of idis ants, until the number wa

265

reduced to 50 in 1886, since when there have been no further
casualties. The following were the sizes of ten of the largest
trees of 1879 on 29th March, 1888 :—

|
Td P Fus

7 Height in
so. feet BRE
Š Piae perd
] 39 291 Forked into two branches 4 feet from
ground.
2 431 7 Clean bole of E feet.
3 40 8
4 344 401
5 361 391 Forked at 3 fect from enis
6 381 271 Clean bole of 8
7 363 31 v adi 3s
8 30 18 e 6
9 31 27 DW UOS
10 21i 18} 8

Propagation with rest de —In the rains of 1879, 24 cuttings

from the young trees in the Forest Office compound were set out
in wes pmo but ils experiment proved unsuccessful.
attempts made from time to time met with no

8 nt a
fabio ab visi the AChE generally dying off during the iens
year
Propagation with seed.—In 1884, a few of the older trees
aving commenced to seed, experiments were made, with the
result that 51 iébdllhis were successfully raised.
These, however, when tra wd spia into the main plantation,
were speedily reduced in num 28 by attacks of white ants
and the browsing off of the d ee by deer.
The following year a large quantity of seed was procured from
tho 50 older trees, but, not being sown immediately after collection,
a great portion of it failed to germinate, and only 121 seedlings
were raise
- In the rains of 1886 better results were obtained by the timely
n of the seed obtained from the older trees, and by e
emoval of the husk enclosing the seed. As many
PoBo. seedlings were raised, germination occupying three io
our
Seperiiente were continued in 1887, and 8,430 additional
seedlings obtained.
From Ceylon 54 seeds were received in d 1887, of which
only al were fit to sow, but all failed to germin
Stock on hand at end of March, 1888.—The ek of trees and
plants in the plantation and nurseries was as follows at the end
f March :—

Trees set out in
Seedlings of 1884 jt 21896 set out in the main plantation
0' x

2
the nurseries ready for transplanting ‘and | of 1886 3,609
” Meteibattod of 1887 = 8.

Grand total m s 14,841
MÀ

266

General remarks.—The 50 older trees appear to be in perfect
health, with evidence of such vigour as to leave no doubt that
they are fully established, and have outgrown all danger from

ttacks of white ants.
yield an abundant supply of seed, some of which, if
allowed to fall, occasionally germinate under the ire

The flowering takes place generally in January, in the
season. The fruit forms in March and April, a Mas anh in "nns
and August, about the middle of the rainy seaso

It will be seen that the d of the Hev vea brasiliensis
in this part of Burma is now quite independent of external

assistance, and that its e a tion has been successfully
demonstrated.

It now only remains to subject the larger trees to RAN
tapping o ascertain the yield in caoutchouc, after which t
g will have to be determined as to the precise area w whi di

may be advisable to peo zr at Mergui and other suitable
Mice with this valuable tr

e following further edm affords information
respecting the experimental tapping of Hevea trees in Tenasserim :

INDIA OFFICE TO ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

India Office, Whitehall, S.W.,
26th April, 1889.
SIR,

IN continuation of Mr. Walpole's letter of the 24th gender
last (R. S. & C. 1269/88), I am vine ted by the Secretary of Sta
for India in Council to forward f r your information a copy of a
letter received from the MEM of India, together with its
enclosures, reporting the results “tier from i tapping Hevea
brasiliensis trees near Mergui, in Tenas

he specimens of caoutchouc be tdi in ‘the enclosures have
been forwarded to you separately by parcels post.

I

Cs
(Signed) C. E. tinent

tary,
Revenue, Statistics, and Commerce
The Director, Departmen
Royal Gardens, Kew.

ET ede from Colonel W. J. Seaton, Conservator of Forests,
nasserim Circle, to the Chief Secretary to the Chief Com-
irem of Burma, dated 28th January, 1889.
Referring to my letter, No. 330-24, dated 6th October, 1888,
: have the honour to advise the despa atch by parcel post of a
ackage containing the following quantities of marin Ad which
e been obtained in the tapping of the Hevea brasiliensis trees
in the plantation near Merg
Collected in July, 1888.
(1.) From 5 trees on the west bank of the Békchaungale 5 oz.

267

Collected in November, 1888.
(2.) From 37 trees on the east side of the aus one 9 oz.
(3.) From 5 trees on the west bank . 90

2. 'The e tapping experiment was first undertaken in July, under
the impression that the flow of milk would be more abundant

Small bamboo pots were, in the first instance, affixed to the
trees by means of well-wrought potter's clay, and above them
small pieces of tin were also placed in such a position as to
protect them from the rain ; but, as the clay yielded to the rain
and fell to the ground, tapping had to be undertaken at intervals
between the showers, the bamboo pots being affixed by sharpening

th i

followed by the «hitsi " collectors. In order to obtain the
largest UT of oa in los shortest time possible, numerous
incisions were made on the trees. The incisions were made in an
upward diebdon fs EO VEHÉIRE as required.

The quantity of milk collected was so small in the intervals
between the showers that it was deemed necessary to limit the
experiment finally to five of the larger trees on the west bank of
the Bókchaungale, which flows through the plantation. "The milk
was found to flow much more freely from these trees, although
not much AN than the trees first experimented upon. The

was thickest, while at a height of 6 or 7 feet it was almost nil.
wing to continued wet weather, it was found necessary to dry
the milk over a fire and keep it subsequently in a warm place
near the fire for about three weeks.

3. The experiment was renewed between 22nd and 26th
November, when the rains had fully ceased, 42 trees being
operated on, viz. 5 to the west and 37 to the east of the
Bókchaungale.

The method of tapping was the same as that followed previously :
but the yield from each Peta ns being small (less in fact than

as the case in the rains), Ph ral trees were tapped to nnd
utmost extent, and, by co mantiy collecting the milk before
had time to dry, the QUatttity now forwarded was obtained, vá.
3 oz. from the 5 trees to the west, and 9 oz. from the 37 trees to
the A. of the Wet yg

4. I append a statement exhibiting the girths of the Hevea
trees tapped bet ioc the veg and 26th November, 1888, and the

number of incisions made h :—

| —— —

-— Average Girth. ot: Ino
à Ft. ins.
5 trees west of stream ... bd dk 3 1 22

37 trees east of stream ... oe dm 2 7 12

268

Mr. J. W. Oliver, Deputy Conservator of Forests in Charge of
Tenasserim Circle, supplied the following information explaining
the method of collecting and drying the rubber :—

The milk collected from the trees west of the stream was
poured into a deal-wood box, and the milk from the trees east of

The mi p t

morning, placed in hé akide during the heat of the day, and
again nos out in the e in the ee at ee three o kanin
Im as the milk became firm, more milk was poured over it.
The milk coagulated 80 quickly on the trees that about 30 per
cent. of the milk was collected in the shape of sernamby. Instead
of keeping the em separate, has odd pw were placed in the
milk in order to secure the rubber in mass. These are the

rubber in any way, the odd pieces themselves being de and so
umo of a better quality than the surrounding rubber

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW, TO INDIA OFFICE.
Royal Gardens, Kew

pud June 4, 1889.
AM desired by Mr. Thiselton- -Dyer to acknowledge the

BSS of your letter of the 26th April = (R. S. & C. 614)

forwarding a copy of a letter received from the Gov vern nment of

India with enclosure reporting the r esults obiahiód. from tapping
trees of Heve asiliensis near Mergui in Tenasserim.

2. 'The specimens of caoutchouc riii to were duly received
by parcels post, and they were subsequently submitted for valua-
tion and report, through S. W. Silver, Esq., F.L.S., to the India
Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company, T at
Silvertown.

3. I enclose herewith a copy of the valuation and repor
received respecting them. On the whole this report is jeg apii
Eus pu Rana of rubber available (in no case exceeding a

ou in weight) rendered its manipulation Bg, s^
difficult + pen bearing this fact in mind the result as shown in
the samples of prepared rubber sent in a separate cover is very
encouraging.

4. It will be noticed that the best quality, valued at 2s. 3d. per
ound, is nearly equal to the best South American rubber. This
was labelled * Sernamby" and was formed by milk which
— immediately on the trees in the dry season

5. The rubber (marked No. 3) obtained from troos during s
rainy season was dried over a fire. The quality of this appears t
be better than either No. 1 or No. 2, and it approaches very near
to No. 4. Except as regards the difficulty of coagulating the
robe there appears from these experiments to be little differ-

e between the specimens collected during the rainy season
d those collected “ when the rains had fully ceased,”

6. All the trees tapped were young and few were more than
12 inches in diameter. Mr. Thiselton-Dyer is of opinion that it
is very desirable that these interesting experiments should be

269

continued if there are sufficient trees available. If during the
dry season the milk is found to coagulate readily on the trees, this
method might be provisionally adopted with the view of testing
on a larger ‘scale its y rein n general use in India. Where,
however, the milk doe agulate readily, it might be
advisable to try the citi olds prese of dry heat in the most
convenient manner locally available. Mere sun heat, especially
during the rainy season, does not appear to produce good rubber.

. In South America the milk of Hevea brasiliensis is collected
generally at the beginning of the dry season. e quantity
collected is large it is necessary, in order to prevent jp teme
to obtain the caoutchoue in a solid mass as soon as possible. The

ing wood
and palm nuts. When the first layer is dry the paddle is libret
again and the process repeated until a thick solid mass of
caoutchouc is obtained. A slit is made down one side, the rubber
is peeled off the paddle and ud up to dry.

I have, &c.,
J. A. Godley, Esq., C.B., (Signed). D. MORRIS.
India Office, Whitehall, S.W.

[ Enclosure.]

REPORT from India co ait Gutta deas and Telegraph Works
mpany, Limited.

Sie Bowls May 30, 1889.

The four samples of Hevea rubber received from Kew have
been treated with sulphur in the same way as that adopted in the
case of the better kinds of Brazilian rubber. Allowance must be
made for the smallness of the quantity experi imented u upon

‘ight samples sent herewith, four each, “ washed " and
“cured.”

No. 1. Has the appearance of MAC imported some 12 months
since, and known as Rio rubber ; is soft, and would decompose if
exposed to the necessary heat, : after washing, ur Pus 12 per cent.
in that process ; its commercial value 1s. 11d. t

No.
irifling riaa value
dn 4. Found to un stronger and — not so likely t
mpose when drying; worth 2s, 3d.; ow dd the scrappy

ria the loss is greater than it other wise MT

In Southern India the results of the cultivation of Para rubber
irees have so far not been satisfactory. In 1888 Mr. Lawson was
asked by the Government to supply a short resumé of the success
which had attended the cultivation in the Madras Presidency.
He replied sh follows :

here three young trees of Hevea brasiliensis in the

Parli iyár Glüdens. They are about 20 feet in height, and have

stems of about 18 inches diameter at the base. They grow

vigorously and they have flowered for the first time this spring.

but so far I have been unable to extract rubber from them in any
ty."

quanti

270

At Nilambur the rubber trees (Ceara and Hevea) were planted
amongst teak trees. In the Administration Report for 1884-85 it
was stated “the growth of the rubbers on the whole continued
good though Mr. Hadfield doubted whether they would yield
much revenue as there was little milk in the seven years old
trees.” Again: * One pound of rubber was obtained from 80 of
the largest trees in 1886-87 but no tapping was done subsequently."

No distinetion appears to have been made in these Reports
between the Hevea and Ceara rubbers. It is possible that the
failure noted applies more particularly to the latter trees

The latest information available on the subject is contained in
the Report of the die wae Teak mir nia 1895 (Appendix C.,
p.69). The following quoted from Commercial Circular,
No. 8 of 1897, issued by the BO UH on pea Products to
the Government of India) appear under Exotic Plantations—
Rubber :—

“3. Working. The rubber is quite out of place in the middle of
a teak plantation, even should it prove itself of any commercial
value. e soil o ue is some of the most valuable in the
plantatio Experiments are now being conducted in tapping
the rabies, and, as pia as they have gone, show little prospect of any
material revenue being realised. The biggest trees are now nearly
20 years npe and each covers the space d P two teak trees of
the same age. The yield appears to be from 4 to 6 oz. of rubber
which production may perhaps be continued 1 for five or six years
(even this is very doubtful), and the result expressed in current
coin would — — unfavourably with the value of two teak
trees of the same

* Probably the most paying thing to do would be to fell thi8 area
in 1895, clean and to plant it up with teak. In order, however
that the success or failure of the rubber growing may be proved,
it is proposed to clean and fell at the end of the first rotation
in 1900, when very few saplings of small size will be available,
and plant up the whole area with teak in 1901. This compart-
ment will then work into the working circle."

n a Note on the Working Plan for the Nilambur Valley Teak
Pisuiniun the Inspector-General of Forests in India, Mr. B.
Ribbentrop (Indian Forester, 1898, p. ams diausse the suggestions
for cutting out the rubber trees as follow:

“ It would appear that the oil iuetin eit carried out with the
introduction of rubber-yielding trees have so far been unsuccessful,
but I feel nevertheless disinclined to agree in the proposal that
the experiments of making the Nilambur Basin an impo pend
centre of rubber supply should be discontinued. To m
it an that the Nilambur Basin is eminently adapted for Ho

wth of rubber-yielding plants, and the facility of export renders
the prospect of a trade in a product which can bear a land trans-
port of hundreds of miles particularly attractive. The demand
its pri

strongly advise that experiments should be continued till the
most suitable rubber-yielding tree is found, which will grow in
localities not required for the extension of the teak — u

271

PARA RUBBER IN THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

Plants of Para dete were forwarded direct from Kew to
cedi in 1876. 1877 Mr. Murton reported : “ Our climate
is evidently suited ra the growth of Hevea, judging by the

Sw P
Mr. (now Sir Hugh) Low reported : “The Heveas are 12 to 14 feet
high. They take to the country immensely.

Kew possesses very little information in regard to the number
and character of the Para rubber trees now existing at Singapore.
Mr. Ridley, Director of the Gardens and Forest Department, was,
however, good enough to forward photographs, in May last, of a
rubber iinr pen in the Botan ic Gardens, showing a grove of
trees of different ages and sizes. One of these had been tapped
at nine years old, and had yielded two pounds of rubber

An interesting account of the original trees interd at Kuala
Kangsar by Sir Hugh Low was lately given by Mr. R. Derry in
Perak Museum Notes, Vol. IL, pp. 101-102. They are yielding
pits freely (5, d last year), and are considered at present of

value bearers than as rubber producers. The
following letter Has len iene éd from Mr. Derry :—

CURATOR, GOVERNMENT GARDENS AND PLANTATIONS, TAIPING,
PERAK, TO ROYAL GARDENS, KEW

Government Plantations Office, Taiping,
DEAR SIR October
T AM now able to reply to your letter, dated ‘December 14, 1896,
with reference to Para rubber trees planted by Sir Hugh Low at
Kuala Kangsar i Pera

It is quite mistake to Eug that these yield no rubber.
I have PATA over 1 cwt., nd the trees run quite freely.
From a few trees I have collected 5 lbs., each and only stopped
for fear of taking too much.

I notice in the extract from Sir Hugh Low's letter d. you
sent me) that the trees had previously been tapped by Dyaks
unsuccessfully. As you are aware, Para rubber does n exude
' for some days after the incisions have been made, and Dyaks, who
are familiar with such rubbers as Alstonia, Ficus, Willughbeia, &c.,
no doubt concluded that as the trees did not run at once when
tapped there was not any rubber—hence the coma

am now sending samples home for valuation.

&c.,
'The Director, (Signed) " R. DERRY.
Royal Gardens, Kew.

The following further particulars, communicated by Mr. Derry,

are taken from the Perak Government Gazette for April 8, 1898 :—
Para Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis).

Many trees have been tapped, and a report on the work submitted.
The rubber obtained is not yet sufficiently smoked ag sending
home, but samples have been valued in Mincing Lane at 2s. 8d.

and 3s. per pound, and considered equal to Brazilian Ed
rubber, and also worth 1s. per ii more than that —' sent
home from the Straits, j

272

here has been a large demand for seeds, and about 35,000 have
been PAPlied: How far this industry is 5 RA attention may
be inferred from the follow wing moderate estima
poun 14 feet x 14 feet = 25 da to 2 acre.)

: Yield per acre, i.e., Gross value per acre,
Age. Yield per tree. one tree x 225. eiii tedát 2s. per pound.

Years Ounces l'ounds £

10 140} 14 10 0

T 18 250 20 <0 0

8 26 365 96-15 -0
9 34 78 47

10 42 5904 59 1 0

The importance of close planting is not E EA realis
Planted at 14 feet x 14 feet, a
possibly result in a difference of one year in n favour of
close planting. I a c A erra that, olatited y feet x e feet,
trees could be lipped i in the fifth year, if not earlier. Para rubber
is a remarkably adaptable tree, growing in swampy land or dry,
high ground without, so far as I have tested, any difference in the
yield of rubb

The following extracts are taken from Notes on Rubber Growing
in Perak by Mr. L. Wray, Curator and State Geologist, Perak,
dated 4th December, 1897 :—

In 1887 some seed was obtained from the Kuala Kangsar trees
and planted in the Museum grounds, Taiping e soil is very
bad, the land having all been mined over, but still the trees have
grown well and have attained, in the ten Sg which have elapsed
since they were planted, a considerable siz

The tree has also been planted at Parit Bhd where it grows
well. It is in the garden of the District Magistrate, and close to
the river. The land is occasionally flooded by the river, and in
the ordinary way 2t high tide the river is only a foot or two
below the level of the surface of the gro ound. The river is quite

S ks.

sea; at Tapah, Batu Gajah in Kinta, and other places in the
State, and in all it has grown well.

It may therefore be stated that it will thrive in any locality,
from the bakau swamps to the foot-hills, and on any soil, from
rich alluvial to old mine heaps.

8o - I have not noticed that it has any enemies which do it
serious injury. When large areas come to be planted up there
may arise trouble with some pest, but at estu there does not
appear to be any indication of such a contingen

Hitherto the trees have been planted singly, ‘ea. as might be
expected, they have grown wit th short trunks and bu shy €
To be a success—that is, to yield large brafierwie of rubber
the tree must be qnie so that it will run up and form a tall,
straight, branchless trunk.

ssa is little to quide one on the subject, but from 15 to "

eet apart would appear to be about the correct spacing..

273

20 feet it might be necessary to plant something in between
them to keep them from early branching, but this would not be
fe

: r
they are being planted at 10 by 10 feet, that is 544 peracre. It is
very close, E it is the intention, I am informed by Mr. Waddell
Boyd, the manager, to thin them out later on to 20 by 20 feet or
108 per "pica re the Tessin toda Lathnt is, those which
are ultimat tely t o be thinned out—as early as possible and as
severely as they will stand, while the others are allowed to grow
toa rad size before tappin

With a view to giving s ome data respecting the debes of the
trees, I Rive’ measured thirteen of those in the Museum grounds.

a
in height of 7 feet : "arci in circumference of 5 inches, and
in diameter of 1:6 in

The trees are very pm fic seed bearers. Those in the Museum
grounds have this year yielded nearly 14,000 seeds—or, to speak
more correctly, that number have been collected. Most of the
trees are planted by the side of a large pet and all the ‘seeds
which fall into it are at once carried away, as they are very light

d float on the water. The seeds have Keet distributed, 3,000
EUG to is Jebong Estate, and 11,000 to the Sam Sing Est tate.

5 by 15 feet — seeds would be Puro to plant 724
cres of land. Where the land is ready it certainly an
advantage to plant the seed at stake, but Sie "this cannot be
one not much loss would follow planting in nurseries and then
transplanting. The thing to avoid in this method is the pro
duction of double stems near the ground, caused by the origins!
shoot dying out or being broken off.

It has recently been proved by Messrs, Curtis, Derry, and
others that these trees will yield at least one pound per tree
per year of clean Juge: Taking the value of the rubber at
2s. per pound only, we get for an aere of land planted at 20

by 20 feet, an annual crop worth £10 16s., eni if planted at
15 by 15 feet worth £19 6s. This should begi vin as is now
known, at about the sixth or seventh year, and by th e 12th year

should have increased to double the amounts give

A sample of rubber obtained from a tree cultivated in the
Botanic Garden, Penang, and recently forwarded to Kew by
Mr. C. Curtis, has been submitted to Messrs. AN Levis & Kahn,
21, Mincing Lane, E.C., who report upon it as OWS :—

te to-day (31/8/98) 3s. 3d. per Ib. ; babe rubber, very
well cured."

den y be mentioned that Fine Para rubber is now selling at

bout ie m per pound. It would be interesting to learn why this
» beautiful rubber" from Penang should be valued at more than
a shilling per pound less than Amazonian rubber. One explana-
tion is that Hevea rubber cured in any other way than by the
smoke of palm nuts is intrinsically not so good as Fine Para.
This is éddesig. sis the whole story. It is "pouitde (hero is a
637 e

4

214

certain amount of prejudice existing against Hevea rubber in any

other form than that in which it has always been received in this

In any case it is desirable to institute a comparative

pyi investigation of the value of Brazilian rubber as against

that obtained from cultivated trees. So far it would appear that

no Hevea rubber obtained from cultivated trees has reached the
highest prices attained by Amazon rubber

Tu utu

In the *Shamba," the Journal of Agriculture for Zanzibar
(October, 1897, p. 2), hene by Mr. R. N. Lyne, F.L.S., the Director
of EIE, the following interesting Ms RRRS, HPeecHng
a fine tree Hevea brasiliensis growing at Mbw
originally atten from Kew, was planted i in Re Botanical DERE
established by Sir John Kirk when he was Consul-Genera
Zanzibar (see por HH Tul. p. 80-86) :—

“The cultivation of ru Pointing to occupy attention
here now. At weni, Saal is a Para rubber tree 50 feet in
height and over 6 feet in girth. It is a beautiful tree, clean and
straight in the trunk, with not a branch to interrupt its tapering
symmetry till the crown is reached. It is now flowering. We
believe that this tree has not been tapped, but a casual stab in
ened induced a flow of milk which suggested a good reserve.
This tree is growing in a spot which by no means corresponds to
the conditions of its natural habitat in Brazil which are low and
alluvial. At Mbweni, the Para rubber tree is found on a porous

sandy ridge within 100 yards or so of the sea cliff. And yet it
has grown on this nprascntly uncongenial locality with the
greatest vigour. In the richer and damper soils, it ought to thrive
as in its native country.”

sig RDR
In the Pius on the trade — East Africa for the
year 1889 (F.O. Annual Sate. "1890, . 742), forwarded by Sir

aap ohnston, Mr. Vice- onsul Be at Quilimane records the
existence of trees of Hevea brasiliensis as follows (p. 10) :—“ In a
private garden on the bank of the Chinde River, I was shown
half-a-dozen very healthy Para rubber trees a year old, and some
15 feet high. "They had fruited well, and the owner had sown in
the neighbourhood most of the seeds they had borne.”

WEST AFRICA.

Gambia.—In the report on the Botanic Station at the Gambia
for 1897, the grew reported (Kew Bulletin, 1898, p. 41) : *afew
plants of this are at the Station, but the ed do not appear to be
growing well, mri to the long dry seaso

Sierra ‘Leone.—In the First Annual pa on the Botanic
Station at Freetown, Mr. Willey, the late Curator, states: “Some
plants of the Para rubber, the premier rubber of the world, are
growing here, but they are too small yet to express an phon as
to their-ultimate success. They will be reported on late

Gold Coast.—In the Report on the Botanic Station p Aburi
for 1894 the Curator states, “rubber plants, pain a: Para

rubber, are making good progress. Some of the only
18 months growth are 10 feet high and Bc stems 3n Mica in
diameter.

215

Lagos.—In Mr. Millen’s Report on the Botanic Station for he
quarter ending 30th September, 1895, mention is made of Hev
spruceana but not of H. brasiliensis, The ormer is deserted
as having done “ fairly well.” In the Report for the year 1897
seeds of Hevea brasiliensis are acknowledged as having been
received from Kew

Para rubber trees have been introduced to French and German
Romeamona 1 in West Africa. They T. described as having done

well in some localities in the Cameroons, and according to the
TVopeu anser rubber jr already yi obtained from them.

WEST INDIES.
Jamaica.—Seeding trees of Para rubber have existed at the
Castleton Gardens, Jamaica, since 1882. In the Bulletin of the
Botanical Department, 1894, p. 104, ag Faweett, the Director of

* There young trees at both ‘the Castleton and Ho ope
Gardens, but tise have not yet yielded any rubber. The bark is
about 4 inch thick, and the lactiferous vessels lie in the inner half
of the bark. From examination made in the Gardens, it would

constantly wet. It is quite possible that these conditions are
more important than the rainfall, and that the tree might be grown
in the swamps along the South Co ast."

Dominica.—In th he Report on the Botanic Station at Dominica
for 1896 it is stated : * We have now all the best vm “9 rubber
trees, viz., Hevea, Castilloa, Ficus, Manihot, and Kic
The pla nts he] Hevea and Kickxia are still small.”

St. Vincent.—According to the Report on the Boianic Station at
SÉ Y (s the quarter ending 30th of June, 1891, six plants

the Para rubber tree were planted out at the Station during
that period. There is no record in later Reports of the success of
xperiment. 'lhe Central America rubber T i (Castilloa
tahea) is said »* be pong very well in St. Vince
nada.— ubber tree is recorded as emg te cultivation

t the Botanic Station, botas in a list published in September,
1893. In 1895 it was in flower and fruit.

Trinidad.—ln the Annual EUR for the year 1897 on the
Royal Botanic Gardens at Trinidad, Mr. Hart, the de eco
states *the Heveas or the Brazilian and Demerara rubbers are
trees of large size and do not bleed a freely as asl DA. neither
do they grow so quickly, but they have the advantage of being
able to grow in places where Castil/oa could not thrive. Trees of
large size are opm in the Garden and annually give us seed in
limited quantit

The fo rs ia particulars have lately been =
respecting rubber obtained “from these trees during this year

SUPERINTENDENT, BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT, TRINIDAD, TO
ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
Botanical Department, Trinidad,
SIR, 8.
I FORWARD you a ball of Hevea rubber collected from opr trees
in the following manner :—The rough bark was first “ spoke-
637 2 r

é

216

shaved" so as to obtain a clean surface without injuring the
cambium. At the upper part of the surface thus exposed longi-
tudinal slits were made some four or five inches long and
purs igi uei d to reach to the xylem. Streams of latex then

ced t n down on the clean surface, which when
DOMI der were collected by rolling into a ball. Every night
for eight successive nights, the latex started afresh and was
collected in the morning. The qu hend sies 8 to be greater
after rainfall. It came without fresh cuttin

Yours faithfully,
The Direc (Signed) J: HS CHART.
“petit re SS Kew.

MESSRS. HECHT, LEVIS & KAHN TO ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

21, Mincing Lane, London, E.C.,
DEAR SIR, July 12, 1898.

IN reply to your favour of the 8th instant, which only reached
us this morning, we have examined the ball of Hevea rubber from
Trinidad which you sent us and find the quality excellent i 2 every
respect, clean, strong, and dry. is rubber would an it
saleable in this market and would at the present
a very high price, probably about 3s. to 3s. 9d. per lb, mee
even à little m more.

Yours faithfully,
(Signed) HECHT, LEVIS & KAHN.

BRITISH GUIANA.

Hevea brasiliensis does not appear to have taken well in this
colony. According to Mr. Hemsley there a at least two species
of Hevea native of British Guiana. Hevea pauciflora, Muell

aa has recently been described as a new species eue is Hevea

re Hemsley (Hooker's Icones Plantarum, vol. vi., pt. iii.,
t pn gs. 1-3). This was collected by the Sohomburbs core
by nds on the Mazaruni River, by Jenman on the Maza
No. 621) and Essequebo Rivers (No. 133 2), and is now Mad
cultivation at the Trinidad Botanic Gardens (Hart, No. 3554).

eport vd “some of the Ru Misi kane Plants of British
Guiana, by the Government Botanist," was published at the
* Royal Greate” office, in ree eun in 1883. Later information
on the same subject is included in a Report on * the Balata Industry
of British Guiana," published in 1885.

The following brief account of the rubber-yielding plants of
British Guiana appeared in the Appendix to the Report of the
West India Royal Commission, 1897 (Kew Bulletin, Additional
Series I., pp. 34-35) :—

The most promising rubber tree is the * Hatie.” This is found
in the upper basin of the Essequebo and plana rivers, and.

o fou e
Pomeroon river, Mr, Saleen cates that eae a lange bee

211

itis Vt od of rubber might be produced. The milk of a tree
t n as “ Touckpong,” or * Cumakaballi," is sometimes
ves with balata milk, but it is not separately prepared. A
specimen of rubber obtained by Mr. Je nman from a large twining
plant known locally as ** Macwarrieballi," RE determined to be
Forsteronia grac ilis, ae received at Kew in 1888. It was shown
that if the plant from which this rubber was perpung existed in
any quantity in the interior of the Colony, the collection of the
rubber would be a Ma promising commercial undertaking (Kew
Bulletin, 1888, pp. 6
is very desirable that all these rubber trees should be care-
fully and exhaustively investigated in order to find out their true
value. It is probable that it may be found profitable to establish
natural plantations in districts where the best rubber trees are
already found. This could be done with little difficulty, and it
offers the best means “of immediately extending the area under
rubber trees in different parts of the Colony. Where plants are
plentiful it would only be necessary to clear away some of the

conditions are favourable, and the plants only sparsely found,
wild seedlings might be transplanted or dirae seeds * dibble ia in”
at intervals to fill the vacant places. The cost of this pen

ia

n nsid
after they were well start

DCXXVI—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

The Secretary of State for en in Council has appointed, at
the nomination of Kew, e te RLES ALFRED BARBER, B.A.,
F.L.S. Professor of Bota Indian Civil T ib College
(Forestry Branch), and (1891.5) Superintendent of the Agricultural
Department of — of the Leeward Islands (Kew Bulletin,
1891, p. 245), to be Government Botanist, Madras, in succession to
Mr. M. A. Lawson, Wo. died 1896 (Kew Bulletin, 1896, p. 185).

Mr. ROBERT EVANS GRESSON, a member of the gardening
staff of the Royal Gardens, has been engaged as head gardener by
Archibald Findlay, Esq., for his garden in Durban, Natal.

Foreign Estimation of Kew.—The Paris Journal L'Eclair gives
the following account in its issue for August 17th of the organisa-
tion n botanical work in British Colonies and of its relation to
Ke

“Les Anglais sont arrivés, en ce qui pee la culture et la

pro tion des plantes tropicales, fe créer une organisation
pea uec donnant des résultats parfai
“Tis ont établi dans chacune de gar colonies des établisse-

ments bas nor doak le but - d'utiliser les ressources de la

278

végétation oranana Ces établissements sont classés en trois
groupes bien. distin

“1° Les dé mud botaniques qui sont un groupement
a'étiblisiehiorite et de jardins sous la direction d'un seul fonction-

500 ac ' tre 75,000 et
150, 000 francs. Des départements botaniques existent à Calcutta,
à Madras, à edens aux Straits Settlements, à Maurice, en
Australie et à la Jam aique

*2? Les jardins botaniques, institutions à peu prés similaires

à celles des Gábina bota wis mais occupant une surface

moindre excédant rarement 50 acres, et nécessitant une dépense
annuelle de 25 à 75,000 francs. xod jardins existent à Hong-
Kong, dans l'ile de la Trinité, dans la Guyane et dans les provinces
nord-ouest de l'Inde.

* 3° Les stations botaniques qui ne sont que des diminutifs des
jardins botaniques, et dont le role principal est de maintenir en
parfait état les pépinières destinées à fournir des plantes économi-
ques on Mad de la distribution aux colons. Des stations botani-
ques ex Saint-Vincent, Sainte-Lucie, Dominique, Monserrat,
daint Kitts Novis, la Lagos, la Gold-Coast, la Gambie et Sierra-

eone,
“Ces différents établissements ne coûtent rien au gouvernement
anglais; chaque colonie en supportant les frais. Ils sont eux
aussi self supporting. Dans quelques Viren es s wm
ue tal, les jardins eerte sont
scientifique, subventionné par le ANASO, Rin voit a s
verdes ges dépenses couvertes par la vente des plants dans la
colon
* Mais ces divers établissements ne sont que la premiere partie

immense corps sans cerv eau, n leurs efforts, si vu nn fussent-
ils, seraient souvent menacés de zyditieisas —

* Kew est en perbótielie — spondance avec “eux, et se tient

on stamment au courant de leu P ehtet vee. Il aga directement
Jós plants et les graines Fotmetitis par chacun d'eux ; une fois qu'i
les po oak ^ essaie de les utiliser, nie de les resin dans une
autre colon Kew sert ma d'intermé édinire entre les diverses
es cultures

des végétaux paps d’étre utilement introduits dans certaines
colonies, ou des variétés oe y apice piis poe a rie que
celles qui y sont déjà cultivées j e Kew
gràce à ses essais répétés, gráce à ses prt dL riis dd
perpétuellement la culture coloniale pratiquée dans le vaste
empire colonial de l'Angleterre. Il a été toujours à méme d'appro-
visionner le colon anglais de plantes industrielles trés avantageuses.
C'est de Kew que sont partis les quinquinas ayant fait la fortune
des colonies britanniques; c'est de Kew que sont partis les Hevea
(caoutchouc du Para) que l'on cultive avec succès aux Indes.

279

d bs rire pee encore à la cause gne anglaise x autre
moi à mon humble avis—e

son enseignement, une université de jardinage, dont les éléves
deviennent rapidement — à prendre la direction pw jardin
botanique ou d'une plantat

“Ce jardin de Kew est largoment doté et fort encouragé par le

LA *

e fai on suje

“O rg secrétaire thes ade nies, j’ai été et suis en relations con-
stantes avec Kew en ce qui concerne la culture de toute espèce de
SE A ab je n’hésite pas a dire que quelques-uns des plus grands
perfectionnements a portés dans certaines colonies sont dus

presque entiérement aux avis et à l'assistance de Kew
* J'ai tenu à visiter Kew-Gardens et à me rendre bompte un peü
de son organisation. Dans cette visite, j'étais aceompagné par mon

e de 1
Cultures ee , Nou niic ns l'un et 1h

qui a fort belle allure. Sa surface est de 135 hectares. Son aspe

est celui d'un beau pare aux grandes nose Om tied 8 et bordées

- massifs de fleurs d'une variété infinie. Ce pare diets des serres
nnombrables ouvertes au —— et meni. toutes les variétés

connues de la. fleur du monde enti
«T

un endroit spécial,
et sont rigoureusement interdites au pii ap eiA que
cette sévère consigne ne nous fut pas appliquée

yos au contraire, le directeur de Kew, M. Thiselton-Dy er, qui
nous fit un accueil aussi charmant que possible, désira que non
sealemient les serres ores iques et coloniales nous fussent
ouvertes, mais encore qu n jardinier parlant le francais nous les
fit visiter en détail. C’ oit avec le plus grand intérét que j'ai donc
examiné les serres à multiplication qui Bic: dans les colonies
anglaises les plantes utiles à exploiter. J'ai é à méme de me
rendre compte que Kew était un grand centre “activité o nA
fonctionnant avec un mécanisme excellent. Un areas aboratoire et un

salles claires odd die: admirablement agencées pour les re-
cherches, et ses armoires multiples ou toutes les plantes sont
classées Pane: façon si simple et si ingénieuse, m See

rappé. J’aurai tout dit du jardin de Kew lor rsque j’aurai ajo outé
que ses travaux sont péri odiqueme ent publiés, et forment une série
de public Nae fort appréciées et fort riches en inca fecit
peehiques concernant la flore tropicale."

Botanical Magazine = September.—Eulophiella peetersiana,
m one of the most magnificent ai pi Orchidec, is a native
adagascar. The PNA from which the drawing was made

flowered i in the garden of Sir Trevor rende. and produced a

~

280

scape three feet in np m bearing a massive raceme of pe imenie
flowers, each about four inches in diameter. he v of the
entire plant was prepared from a figure in the dpa fr SOREN
a coloured sketch by Mr. W. H. White. Rhododendron
yunnanense, one of the numerous species from Western China,
was sent to Kew by Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, in 1894.
an ornamental plant and quite hardy. Lobelia intertexta, native
of Central Africa, is "dr niod tothe common L. Erinus. Seeds
were received from A. C. Whyte, Esq., F.L.S., recently Head of the

ra y Mos
Vilmorin & Co., which were collected in Eastern chase by the
Abbé Farges. It is the wild “single” flowered state that is
figured, and many persons will doubtless prefer it to its garden
descendants. We must go back a century and a quarter ('Trew's
sis ‘tus) to find a good coloured representation of the single China
aster,

Flora of Tropical Africa.—The circumstances under which the
continuation of this work, commenced in 1868 by Professor Oliver,
has been resumed at Kew, at the instance of the Marquess of
Salisbury, have been detailed in the Kew Bulletin (1894,
pp. 17-18). The publication of the si part of Vol. VII. was
ks v urs on p. 24 of the present volum

h ird and concluding part e deg ie been issued. It is
accom anid by the following preface by the Director, under
whose editorship the work is being prepared :

* The * Flora of Tropical Africa’ has met with many vicissitudes.
It was projected by Sir William Jackson Hooker as part of the
series of Colonial kd Indian Floras to be produced at Kew which
he initiated. The immediate mpi bp led the Government
to sanction the undertaking w: y Dr. Livingstone on his
return from the Zambesi Expedition 358-64) to which Dr.
(afterwards Sir John) Kirk had been attached as naturalist. ae
work having been offered to Dr. Kirk and declined by him
entrusted in 1864 to Sir Joseph Hooker sat Fir gene Oliver
jointly, and was to be completed in four volum

“Sir Joseph Hooker succeeded to the Disedtoiehts of the
Royal Gardens in 1865, and was in consequence obliged to

resign the preparation of the Flora to Professor Oliver, although
d ^

Oliver further obtained the assistance of other botani

“Vol. I. appeared in 1868, Vol. II. in 1871, and Vol. "Cil. in 1877.
It was soon evident that the work would exceed the limits at first
cian dt to it. Not less than five additional volumes will be now

required to enumerate completely and describe the known plants
of Tropical Africa.

* [n the preface to the first volume Professor Oliver states that for
e Lih! demos region to which he gave the name Lower Guinea

wholly dependent on the Angolan collections

stade at ihe cost of vic Portuguese Government in 1853-61 by
Dr. Frederick Welwitsc

“This botanist, Pais Oliver adds, *has freely granted us
the opportunity of inspecting his collections, which, in respect

981

of judicious Medion and admirable preservation, are without
rival. His carefully accurate notes upon the fresh plants have
also been at our service. Without the access to Dr. Welwitsch's
Herbarium this region would have been comparatively a blank
in the present work.’

“ Dr. Welwitsch died in 1872, wem bequeathed his à —
to the British Museum. This led t o prolonged litigation on the
part of the Portuguese over utiint ending in a UM omise.
But the collections were no longer available for study at Kew,
and rien Oliver eventually abandoned the further prosecution
of the work. He retired from his official post in 1890.

«e Mean while the publication of the first three volumes had
` considerably stimulated Mieres research in Africa. Sir John

irk had become Consul-General at Zanzibar, and lost no

. Commissioner in British Central Africa, imitated his example
in British Central Africa. Much valuable work in Equatorial
Africa was also done by the missionaries of the Church Missionary
ue The Temperate flora discovered on Kilimanj aro by the

ev. C. New, who was probably the first human being to reach
its snow-line, and the collections subsequently made by Mr. Joseph
Thomson on the mountains of East Equatorial Africa confirmed
the relationships of the high-level floras of Tropical Africa with
those of the northern hemisphere on the one hand and of the
Cape on the old. which were first indicated by Mr. Mann's
collections on the Cameroons. Fede occ ek e raise theoretical
questions of the highest intere The us Delimitation
Commissions which followed the Parson of "ihe continent each
yielded botanical results of more or less value. And the addition
of new territories to the Colonies on the West Coast stimulated
the desire of ied Governments for an investigation of their
vegetable produc

r ise result was pou n immense mass of material poured into
, though individual core uns were worked out in a
xod of scattered papers, a general demand sprang up in rss

countries, y^ well as at home, for a comprehensive work w
would sum up the knowledge which had been acquired, wit ü no
little éfpétidittte of labour and even of life, of the vegetation of
Tropical Africa.

* The desire eventually found expression in the following
letter :—

* * FOREIGN OFFICE to ROYAL GARDENS, KEW
* * Foreign Office, March Slat, 1891.
eee SIR,

“cI AM directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to state to you
that his attention has been called to the fact that three volumes
only of the ** Flora of Tropical Africa” have as yet been pene
and that the want of a complete handbook describing know
pup Lap pene their study by Her Majesty's officers in ve
di of Africa which are now being opened up to
civilisation

“IA knowledge of African botany is of great practical value, as
was proved by the discovery of Sir John Kirk, whilst ia pei

282

the Zanzibar market. So, too, on the West Coast of Africa, the
trade consists almost entirely of vegetable products, some of which
have only recently been brought to light.

**Lord Salisbury is of opinion that a proper knowledge of the
flora of Tropical Africa would do much to aid the development
of the territories over which this country has recently acquired
an influence, and he would therefore suggest that the completion
of the work in question should at once be carried out.

«*T am, &c.;

**(Signed) T. V. LISTER.
“<The Director, Kew Gardens.

“In replying to this letter I pointed out that my scientific staff
was 80 occupied with routine work that it was impossible to treat
the completion of the Flora as a matter of official duty. If, how-

undertaking, I was willing to do my best, with such voluntary
assistance as I could obtain, to assist Her Majesty's Government
in getting the work completed. It was accordingly agreed that a
commencement should be made in 1892. Much preliminary

i incon-

were available for working up subsequently in the Flora. The
number of species so published up to the present date amounts to
more than 800.

“ A list of the known plants occurring in British Central Africa,
amounting to upwards of 1,800, compiled from the Kew records
by a member of the Kew staff, Mr. I. H. Burkill, M.A., is printed
in Sir H. H. Johnston's ‘British Central Africa, pp. 233-284,
prefaced by a brief history of botanical exploration in the
Protectorate (see Kew Bulletin, 1897, pp. 170-171). It is estimated
that the number of species would be increased by the intercalation
of recent additions to 2,500.

“As to the general scope of the work, it will be convenient to
quote the following passage from Professor Oliver's preface to the
first volume, It still in great measure holds good :—

Africa interested in the natural productions and economie
products of the country,’

283

* [n the mode of execution the pattern of the published volumes
has been closely adhered to, I may again quote Professor Oliver’s

“ < The “ Flora of Tropical Africa," forming one of the series -
Floras undertaken, at the instance of the late Sir William J. Hooke
under the authority of the Home or of Colonial nag it
is ne T Ur uniform in general plan with ien which have been
already is eom

"VIS TDO bci a are drawn i UD in vh "Ekglish language,
Mr. Bentham's * Introduction to Botany, drawn up with special
reference to Local Floras," containing ‘on yere terms used in
the descriptions, being prefixed to the

* *2nd. The e general sequence of Nat mal yA adopted is that
of the * Prodromus " of De Candolle, being a which experience
has shown to be practically the most convenient. In accordance
with this se od. British botanists are Fide pita to arrange
their Herbaria and works of Descriptive Botany. In the more

Messrs. Bentham and Hooker we Sd followed, and a reference
to that work is given with each g

** With regard to the pg ie oe the species here described,
while the authors have endeavoured to quote all names whic
have been applied to Tropical African e they dei ie in

the case of widely diffused species, a. as either necessary
or desirable to include their whole synonymy, the reliable citation
of which would have involved very much more time, labour, and

space than the end to be attained would warrant ; besides that, it
would be out of place in a special work of this kind. Any new
Seen oe Sear of African with extra-African species are, of course,
orded.'

E In one particular, however, I have iw obliged to depart
slightly from the plan of my predecessor. The last = the ye
published volumes of the ‘ Flora of dosi Africa’ ared i
1877. fone nce then our knowledge of the vegetation ‘ns ectsased
very greatly. Large tracts which were unexplored botanically at

that date eh yielded numerous and copious eae apne
resuming the work, it has therefore hoii found necessary to

clearly define the regions into which Professor Oliver divided. the
whole area. In attempting this, advantage has been taken as
far as possible of political boundaries, since they admit o
easy recognition. The regions may now be briefly defined as
follows :—

* UPPER GUINEA. —The Western Coast region from the mouth

the Mes T Fernando Po.
. NOR CENTRAL.—This includes the Sahar It
bounded vi the north by the Tropic of Cancer; on vis west by

. 284

the Atlantic ; on the east by the 26th meridian of East longitude ;
on the south by the Upper Guinea region and the Congo Free
State.

“3./ NILE LAND.—The Nile basin. It is hounded to the west by
the 26th meridian of East longitude; to the east by the Red Sea
and the Indian Ocean ; to the south by the Congo Free State and
German East Africa.

“4. LOWERGUINEA.—The Western Coast region from the southern
ege of the Cameroons to the Tropic of Capricorn. Itcontains

“9. SOUTH CENTRAL.—Comprises the Congo Free State, Lunda
and Portuguese West Africa, east of the 20th meridian of longitude
(Lobale).

“1. UPPER GUINEA.

G. L. Bates. Plants of the Cameroons.

* Captain (afterwards Sir Richard) Burton and Commander
Vi e A small collection from the Gold Coast.
Surgeon-Captain H. A, Cummins. Plants collected during
the Ashanti Expedition of 1895-6. (See Kew Bulletin,
1898, pp. 65-82.

* G. F. Scott-Ellioi, A large collection made during the Anglo-
French Sierra Leone Delimitation Commission of 1891-3.

“ Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.B. A collection from the Cameroons.
“Dr. Brown Lester. Plants collected during the Anglo-French
Gambia Delimitation Commission, 1890-1. (See Kew
Bulletin, 1891, pp. 268-275.)
"HH, UE Wende. Botanie Station, Lagos, Kew Bulletin,
» p. 72.

189 A
“Alvan Millson, Assistant Colonial Secretary, Gold Coast.
Lone mud Yoruba. (See Kew Bulletin, 1891, pp. 206-219.

ie ;

“Sir Alfred Moloney, K.C.M.G., late Governor of Lagos. A
small collection of Lagos plants.

* Dr. Rowland, C.M.G., Chief Medical Officer, Lagos. Plants
chiefly collected during the Expedition undertaken by Sir
Gilbert Carter, K.C.M.G., lat i
interior. (Kew Bulletin, 1893, pp. 146 and

* H. Veiteh, F.L.S. Collection made by Kalbreyer in the

285

“2, NORTH CENTRAL.
“The material still remains extremely scanty, and nothing of
importance has been added.

“3, NILE LAND.
" a te a Barbey.: Dr. G. Schweinfurth’s collections from

Eri

Miss. Edith Cole and Mrs. Lort Phillips. A collection from

t= Somaliland. (See Kew Bulletin, 1895, pp. 158 and 211-230.
“G. F. Scott-Elliot. <A large collection from British East
Africa made during the Ruwenzori Expedition, 1893-4.
(See Kew Bulletin, 1895, pp. 77-78.

* Professor A. Engler has communicated ane penis iJ cines

rom Abyssinia and of Stuhlmann fro
* Dr. J. M. Hildebrandt. Collection iani British East Africa,

(Died 1881.)

* Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.B. eee pia: made during the
Kilimanjaro Expedition. (See ansactions Linnean
Society, Second Series, Botany, vol. i ü. pp. 337-355

“Dr. G. Sch weinfurth. Collections from the upper ir hutarien
of the Nile.

“Rov. 1. Wakefield. A collection from British East Africa,
chiefly near Momba

* Rev. C. T. Wilson. re collection from Uganda and Unyoro,

“4, LOWER GUINEA.

«G, L. Bates. Plants from Gaboo

“Professor J. A. Henriques, Unive rsity of Coimbra. Col-
lections qe dg and of St. Fhoriád, oollectbd by F. Quintas
and

« Sir H. H. Toini K.C.B. A collection from Angola.

* J. J. Monteiro. Plants from Angola. (Died 1878.)

“ Professor Hans Schinz. Plants from German South-West

ica.

fr
« H. Soyaux. Plants from Gaboon and Loango.

* 5. SOUTH CENTRAL.

“The vegetation of this region, which includes the Congo
Free State, is, although undo ubtedly very rich, almost
entirely unknown. — Professor Engler has communicated
plants collected by Buchner, Biittner and Pogge. part
of Dr. G. ns wk collections cem the Monbuttu

Kirk's, Galeton on ie Giver: Zambesi had been yen
They were despatched to England in 1861 on H.M.S.
‘Sidon, and were never heard of again till they were
discovered in Portsmouth Dockyard in 1883.

“6. MOZAMBIQUE DISTRICT.
“Right Honourable James Bryce, F.R.S. Plants from

Mun
«J. Buchan M.G. A large collection made in Nyasaland.

yO:
(Kew Bulletin, 1892, p. 249; and death, 1896, p. 148.)
“ K, J. Cameron, Collections from Nyasaland,

286

is —— EN (afterwards Captain) V. L. Cameron. Plants
. from the neighbourhood of Lake Tanganyika. (Died
4.

s y muet eem B.Se. Plants from South of Lake
Tangany (See Kew Bulletin, 1893, pp. 343, 344 ;
1895, x pi pp. 63-75 and 288-293 ; and death, 1896,

[48-9.

pP.

“G. F. Scott-Elliot. Collection from German East Africa
and Nyasaland, made during the Ruwenzori Expedition,
1893-4.

“ Professor A. Engler ie presented collections, rich in
novelties, age Usambara and various other parts of
German "Fas t Africa, dhe by Baumann, Fischer, Holst,
Stuhlmann, and Volkens. (Kew Bulletin, 1897, p

“Bishop Hannington. Plants from German Hast Africa.
ee 1885.

. Emil Holub. Collection from Rhodesia, South of the
p^ imbesi.

* Rev. W. P. Johnson. Collection from mountains East of

Lake Nyasa.

s -— TIE GE ei K.C.B. Collections from Nyasaland

d Kilim

S Sir John Kirk, "G. C.M.G. Plants from Zanzibar and other
parts of East Tropical Africa.

* J. T. Last. Collection from Namuli Mountains in Portuguese
East Africa and Nyasaland.

* Dr. Livingstone. Eight fragmentary specimens found in
his pocket-book after "dh erm 1

- Noon té D. and Lie J. Lugard. Plants from

nd. (Kew Bulletin, 1897. p . 242.)

“J. MeClounie. Plants from Nyasal td (Kew Bulletin, 1895,
p.158

“Rev. C. New. Collection from Kilimanjaro. oen Journal
Linnean Society, Botany, vol. xiv. pp. 141-6. Died 1875.)

“Dr. T. G. Nicholson. Plants from North Nyasaland and
Upper Loangwa Riv

“W: H. Nutt. Plants from dee of Lake Tanganyika

* F. Oates (presented by C. G. Oates). Plants from Matabele-
land. (See * Matabele Land, " Ist ed. pp. 366-369 ; 2nd
ed. pp. 390—413. Died 1875.)

“L. Scott. Plants from Portuguese East Africa and Nyasa-

d

land.
" p mieten ey C. S. Smith. Plants from Umba Valley, German
st Africa, collected during the Ang MER Delimi-
tati tion Commission. (Kew Bulletin, 1803, p.1
“Joseph Thomson. Collections from the neighbourhood of
Lak asa and Tan nganyika. (See Journal Linnean
Society, Botany, vol. xxi. pp. ae Died 1895.
“ Alexander Whyte. An important collection from Nya
nd. (See Kew Bulletin, 1897, pp. 241, 243-300 ; 1808,
pp. 145-164.)

* As soon as I was able to organise the necessary staff the work
was attacked at various points. But some time necessarily elapsed
before sufficient material was accumulated to commence printing

287

When a work of this kind is once planned out, it is immaterial
what part is first issued. I eventually decided to first issue the
present volume (the diste devoted to the Petaloid Mono-
cotyledons, as these groups of plants are of wider general interest.
The printing of the volume commenced in July of last year, ee

it is followed by any other volumes n largely depend on ies
extent to which these difficulties are re iba

“T have to express my oe assistance
I have received from the following foreign botanis

ons. W. Barbey, Herbier Boissier, Gen

* Professor Bo "Jardin des Pla ntes, Paris, who has obligingly
lent the specimens of Liliacee from the French Congo described
by Mons. Henri Hua.

“ Professor A. 7 dg imperat? ies the Royal Botanical Garden
and Museums, Berlin, who communicated important collec-
tions made by Gerihad aipe as wen asnumerous publications.

* Professor Th. M. Fries, Director of the Botanic Gardens, Upsala,
for the loan of the types of Swariz's orchids.

* Dr. Hans Schinz, Professor of Botany, Zurich.

“I have further to record my acknowledgments of the assistance
given me by Mr. C. H. Wright in preparing the eg tees for
the press and in checking the proofs, "€ to Mr. N. E. Brown for
working out the geographical distributio

* For the detailed topography the third edition of the “ Spezial-
karte von Afrika," Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1893, has been

ed.

chiefly us age

41

“Kew, Aug. 1898.” -

Records of the Botanical — of India.—Number 9 of this
Re

aH diti consists of a Report on the botany of the Chitral
Relief Expedition, by Mr. J. F. Duthie, Director of the Botanie
Department of Northern India he were collected by
General Gatacre, C.B., nel Davidson, Lieutenant-Colonel

e : Colo
Hamilton, and Surgeon-Lieutenant Harriss. Nearly a menie
kom are enumerated, belonging to 459 genera and 93 natural

orders. The list has a special value, inasmuch as the altitudes are
taréfuliy oboli It is gratifying to find so many officers of the
army taking an active interest in botany.

Number 10 is devoted to an interesting account of a botanical
tour in Chamba and Kangra, by Mr. G. A. Gammie, supplemented
by a list of the pisi bivo

Sisal in the Turks FEREN —The dave] is an extract from
the Annual Report on the Turks and Caicos Islands. (Colonial
Reports, Annual, No. 230, p. 7.) :—

The value of Sisal hemp exported was £2 039, or more than
double the tigure of the previous year, and extraction and export
are steadily continuing. At present prices the outlook for
plantations where the growth has been ince is rather more
encouraging than it has been for some tim

288

Palmetto Straw from Turks Islands.—The following is an
extract from the Annual Report on the Turks and Caicos Islands.
(Colonial Reports, Annual, No. 230, p. 8.

small minor kysti di collection and export of
Palmetto straw, which gives employment to women and children

owing principally to the troubles in Cuba, which have, as I
understand, caused the supply ordinarily obtainable from there to
fail.

Amomum ngu Sonnerat. Voy. Ind. iii., 276, t. 137.—
This plant is widely distributed in. tropical Africa. A full
description with Tocal ities à is given in the recently issued Flora of
Tropical Africa, Vol. VII. (pt. ii.), p. 308. Under the name of
A. Danielii it is figured in Bot. Mag., T 4,764. There has hitherto
been no record of its being of economic value.

The following extract from a letter received from Mr. Joh
Mahon, formerly of Kew and now attached to the Scientific
Department of the Administration of British Central Africa, p
some interesting particulars of this plant. The * Korarima Carda
mom," for which this plant was taken by Mr. Mahon, is still
unrepresented in the Kew Musuem

EXTRACT from letter from Mr. J. Mahon to Royal Gardens, Kew,
dated Zomba, British Central Africa, June 6, 1898.

The receipt of the Cardamoms has reminded me to write you
concerning a plant fairly common by stream sides and in moist
gullies here which I take to be the * Korarima Cardamom”
referred to in Kew Bulletin A ses p.400). I iiim seeds of this
with nd fruits some time o Kew, and. also a specimen of
the flower. The plant ei in "ova mber, and last season I
collected and dried several specimens, but during one of my
absences from Zomba my boys cleared them out and only the
flower sent remained. Iam sure, however, the Herbarium on
possess foliage and stems of such a striking plant. I am no
drying stems which I will forward when ready, and I shall pat

more flowers when the time comes. I have E, collected a
few ripe fruits and sun-dried them and these are sent in this mail

the ripe fruits raw occasionally and, I believe, use the seeds

or “Tambala.” It is a handsome and stri riking plant, often reach-
ing a height of 15 feet. The fruits, often produced in clusters of
three, are a leger shining scarlet. The flowers are of a tawny-
orange colour with some rose-coloured markings; they are pro-
duced in detai compact clusters almost impossible to dry en masse
owing to their containing so much water. Roots that I have had
taken up possess very little pisat or ginger-like properties,
indeed the leaves are richer in arom

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

BULLETIN

or

MISCELLANEOUS. INFORMATION.

No. 143.] NOVEMBER. [1898.

DCXXVIL—A BUDGET FROM YUNNAN—continued.

The following letter is in continuation of those printed in the
Kew Bulletin for 1897, pp. 99-101, and 407-414.

Dr. A, HENRY to ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
c/o Customs, Szemao, par Loakai,
Tongking, 8th June, 1898.
DEAR MR. THISELTON-DYER,
NEED

to hear often from you. More is the pity, as letters are the only
stimulant of a healthy kind an exile has to cheer him up in
moments of depression, and to remind him that there is a fair
world on the other side of the globe, where men and women live.
On this side there is an all-prevailing stagnation, which depresses
the stoutest heart by its constancy and immovability, and as one
grows older the less one seems to like isolation.
I left Mengtze in the end of January with a caravan of mules,
e 40, carrying stores, &c. I had three mule-loads, e.g., of
silver. The journey here took 18 days, rather easy stages. The
country passed through was very varied. was in good spirits,
rode nearly all the way, and enjoyed the trip very much.
I crossed three large rivers en route by pontoon and suspension
bridges, the latter very well made, of iron rods joined by rings a
the ends, the best specimens I have seen of Chinese blacksmith’s

the ugly-looking shrub Calotropis gigantea was in flower, and
there was a great display of the tree-cotton, Bombaz, in flower,

more than a living tree. These and some Areca palms were the

738—1375—10/98 Wt90 D&S 29

290

only things of note. At the higher levels ecu was at a
ittle, one speci

ead point and I collected very 1 ecies 0
Clematis, two Rhododendrons : the very pisas olonia
Delavayi, which I had never seen before, I found on a

place, two plants of Abutilon sinense, which had been sent by me
from Ichang, and an s iii as yum, which may be new. I also
came across Lonicera Bournei in flower ; it is of no value as an
ornamental plant. There Sei very little forest until after Talang,

when we passed one or two days through almost continuous pine
forest, varied dre and there by little woods of evergreen oaks.
Here, rather to my surprise, I learned that the peacock exists in the
wild state, and it is quite common in the forest south of Szemao.
These bind forests had not a plant in flower amongst them.
I noticed, however, two Pn Me ues up of an Abies, new to
me, but I only found on However, I am not pretending
now to give any account of ae trip botahiéalis, asit would require
too much time to get my notes in order at the reete n
eighteen days I may have collected about 30 plants in flower.
At one or two places I might have done a lot of MER l
could have stayed for a e or $55, but 1 was travelling on official
business, and could not tar

main interest of the MAPS was the aborigines, or non-Chinese

races. Chinese here and there dwell on the little tracts of good

gear of the Shan women made them look like so soy butterflies.
South of the Red River, in the very barren mountains, the Wo-ni
are the chief inhabitants, a swarthy people adiddetod to cattle-
lifting. They speak a language akin to that of the Lolos. There
are many sub- divisions of the race, and the variety of dress of e

which is reminiscent of a college-cap magnified ten diameters
I saw some little Kadoo girls, tiny creatures dressed in Euro opean
skirts, In the valley of the Pa = d near the suspension

nte
silver batons dil turbans, and ti Ue bound i -gear, and
carried handsome guns of native workmanship. This strange race
lives in isolated communities in the mountains from here east to
the Kwangsi Li ap and they indulge in little cultures, like the
medicinal plant san-ch’i, indigo, ete. Nothing is known about
Eus ii My five hunters were fine manly chaps, very frank and
en
On the way I captured a Lolo literatus, and he stayed with m
here exe stie s, and I have read thro ough kak or three of their
SS., the script of which is very peculiar. It is made
priae hieroglyphic originally, but havik very doubtfully ay

g
s

291

connection with Chinese. No printed books exist, and these MSS.
deal mainly with religious ritual. The Lolos are little influenced

ifiee. I picked u

limited reading some very curious bits of folk-lore. They have
a very definite - legend of the deluge, one man being saved, whose
six sons are the ancestors of the present racesof mankind. Before
the deluge, human beings were cyclopes, ~~ oe of one eye.
In these olden days, — lived to 500 and 600 years old, &c., &c.
One would fancy that some Jews or E RAA mie in Yunnan
in early days. This isa peines province for the Psychical etam A
as it is peopled with very troublesome ghosts and demons of all
kinds, which everyone believes in. The Lolo language da tonie,
and in gyntax is like Chinese, except that v adjective follows
the noun, whereas in Chinese it comes befor The c composition
of words is ingeniously simple. gun is “ fire-hit t," gunpowder
is * fire-rice," a snare is *take-get," a bucket is “two ears pro-
Jecting," lightning is *the sky winks.” My Lo i has gone home,
promising to return, but I am a little afraid I shan’t see him
again, and PW study of Lolo ways for the moment has been
br acid to a stop.

o is tke end of China. To the south is Chienhung, a col-
ER of little Shan States, dependent on China ai the moment, as
Britain didn’t claim them on taking Burma. The Yunnan plateau
is still here and goes on ak if one can calla plateau a collection
of mountains rising to 6,000 feet, with intervening valleys averag-
ing 4,000—5,000 feet, occasionally "widening out nin plains of a few
miles in width and le ngth. The mountains are be ang ert:
by Lolos and Chinese, while the valleys are in he s of t
Shans, who live by cultivating rice. They are a lazy uam pees
people, and have none of the industrial virium “of the Chinaman.

and young priests. The girls
independent of patari odkial: Other races appear to the sou
and west, viz., er Akas, who do the hard work for the Shans,
and the Kaw as, the west, — for scantiness of clothing and
bloodthirstiness of dispositio

Whether the ethnology of ze part of the world MES ever be
satisfactorily eéolaitiéd is doubtful. There seems to be the same
variety in the human being as exists in the vegetable wol in the
same region, and there is a strange blending of races of Chinese,
ered Negrito; perhaps even Caucasian here.

As much is talked of Yunnan at home, it may he Tus well to say
that all that talk is full of an astonishing ignoran Yunnan is
a poor 8 and is impracticable, from INEA reasons, for
railway schemes. The only possible railway may one con-
pes the capital Yunnan with Tongking, and it will scarcely
ever pay. As Yunnan is the foreland, of which pokes and
the Yangtze valley are the hinterland, it may be necessary for

Tai it will
, in fact

738 A 2

292

h
with people carrying salt. The wild inhabitants of the mountains
came out, for once in the year, out of their fastnesses, and I think
itisa fairly correct theory which makes out salt to be the first

staying-at- md for centuries, has no doubt kept up the extra-
ordinary — of diferent. Arso ji Bi &c., now existing
in vemm part

In the Shan States south and east of Szemao, there is a good deal
of cultivation of tea, the so-called P’u-érh Tea, co ul which
you have published in the Kew Bulletin (1889, pp. 118-120;
139-142), a lot of sary mainly gathered by Borina on his
trip here, some years ago. This tea is sent to all parts of China
and to Tibet. I aeri an idea that this region is, perhaps, the site
of the earliest cultivation of the tea plant; but this section of

ee A a Pes rds have not been studied ; I presume that they
xist. the place-names here are Lolo. Szemao in Lolo
means * Old blood," Talang is the Lolo Ta-la, Leyes &c.
The ancient Voy ete kingdom of Yunnan is generally
suppose ed to have been a Shan one; kut I think that the posses

pid ne a written otitrücter by the Lo los indicates that they o
vi acp with independent government and fon lees
civilizatib

The trug who come here with a few caravans, twice a
year for tea, are fine, big, strapping sage with loud voices; a
pair o them measured 6 feet 4 inches in height. These belong
to the Ku- Tsung t ribe. The diers between them and the
other races is so gece that one almost fancies the i: Tsung
to be of € own race (cf bere uod rin are not). The

Sympathy ; he doesn’t care for their virtues, and dislikes their
vices e faults intensely. "That the Chinese have great brain-

only the more speedily bring to t ront the antagonism an
competition betwee ellow and wh a
mighty question in the future. I think on this question that the
ellow race is by nature well.adapted to be t ard-working

servant, in the hotter regions of the world, of the more vigorous
white race, which will doubtless stick to temperate regions,

293

The greatly increased interest in China at home will, I hope,
give a stimulus to the study of the history of the social evolution

developments of the oe race, one on the west of Nor E
the other on the east side, very little deponado on each other

At the start, the Ghinsee seem to have been fairly equal to the
Westerners ; and even in the middle ages, judging from the way
in which medieval travellers wrote, Chinese civilization was quite
as good as that of Europe. Whence the decay on the east, the

a crime against human nature. ey have anticipated all our
current fads ; they have for sangeet adopted peace-at-any-price
as the highest morals, and h despised war and soldiers

ess ma

regards interior policing and protection from foreign aggression.

Needless to say that rod € for years gone in for the rooney us

examination, and hav result a body of ii i —
cials. i

autocratic one. It is nothing of the sort, it is on a ihordughly
democratic basis, the democracy of the Tam mmany Ring kind.
There is no country in the world with less of aristocracy, and the
result is not encouraging to those who sigh for abolition of the

ouse of Lords. I doubt if one Prose rightly attribute any of
the decay of China to the abse of chris tmn f for Europe
owes its progress much more to Gree and Rome, than to Israel.
In China, woman has never been in a position of honed and trust
and influence. This is an side failing. teed amid ET for
woman occurs in many hundreds of characters, some indicate
female relationship, but all the rest, save pian inakat vices and
failings, words such as envy, lust, &c. eas agg oiim character,
hao, good, is made up of woman and son; but some Chinese
Say m is only an apparent and accidental vest cili pos: character
originally meant something else

The decay of manly spirit, brought about A oe idea that war
is immoral,-the low position of wom an, absence of an

and trivialities akin to Latin verse, all these causes mus
been acting rera to have brought an intelligent race into
such a es sition.

fl *
nearly so interesting as Mengtze nor $0 rich in species. Hills
clad with pine and oak are almost barren in interesting plants,

294

and I haven’t come on any of those dark ravines and steep wooded
cliffs which are the joy of the botanical collector. There is a
great absence (perhaps the autumn will make a better show)
80 far of ferns and herbaceous pou What one collects is

of epiphytic orchids. ommon pla not the
ommon plants ss Mengtze, in =- the two floras are very
different. Szemao will possibly t out very like the Shan
country where Sir Hen: nry Collett collected and Indian forms not
hitherto recorded from China are requent enough. The com-
monest tree after ihe: Uie and the ks (of Sieh there

are perhaps ten) and Pisis i is y Een Wallichii. There
are four or five Laurine, a Halesia, a Eugenia, Itea macrophylla,
Meliosma, two Rhododendrons, a tree Callicar pa, seven or ei
species of Ficus,a Magnolia; to mention the first which come to my
mind (bus is represented by five species, one new to me; and
in China one always expects en meet a new and very distinct
Rubus aum asap 20 miles in any mountainous part. Rubus
ellipticus appears in its ordinary form in the forests with large

distinct variety occurs, with smaller, harder, rounded-off leaflets,

and this variety occurs in the open couniry, on poor bad soil, in dry

barren exposed places. It is quite evidently a case of adaptation.

The variety has rather pow yellow raspberry fruit, produced

in great profusion, and I think it might be of service to gardeners

in places where they wanted to grow raspberries on very bad soi
e an

in arid climates. In the dry pin d oak woods a Cycas
occurs, with a stem 2 or 3 feet high, but it has not as yet flowered
There is also a fern in the same locality, I have not seen

flower-buds are a delicate red, and the flower just on opening is is
flushed with pink ; the pink disappears, and the flower, 3 or 4 inches
in diameter, becomes a pure white, except for a dash of yellow

295

florist’s flowers. It does seem a pity to spoil the simply beautiful
flowers by converting them into monstrosities with crested
appendages, &c., &c. Of course, as scientific experiments the
cresting, doubling, &c., are all right and ne and your
account of the Cyclamen I read with much interest.

The woods near Szemao are full of birds, and the notes are
exquisite, ine to be heard in perfection in these days of showery

weather. the rainy season has begun. en the sun gets out
the sean or such a racket that one can hear nothing else. I
have not told you of the jungle-fowl; this ved : believe, Gallus
bankiva, the original form of the fa rmyard fo l. They are very
common in the forests and woods here, and a simply gorgeous.
They are glorified bantams, the colours having a brilliancy that
seems abated in the domesticated kind. They crow and cackle
and behave in the woods just as a farmyard fowl dd do, pum
they are a little shyer of man. Occasionally one sees a flying-

a
I saw the other day what I thought was a calf; it turned out to
be a red-coloured deer, which speedily bolted with an up-turned
tail, white beneath like a rabbit’s. It is very hard to believe that
this pue UAE Rem which only occurs, so far as I know, one or

chi when they are
* young " condition, velvety at the bases, are worth to Chinese
deleri as much as $50 a pair. Elephants, wild cattle of
e kind, wild boars ‘ae: &c., all occur in the same large
ruli lying to the

I am afraid ikae l be no chance here = getting hardy
bamboos. Bamboos of that charaeter do occur in the higher
ranges of Yunnan, but who is to go there at the time when they
are in seed, once every 60 years, the Chinese say.

I am sorry about the non-success of the lily bulbs; but you
have received seeds of the species. I am afraid there will be little
here of a hardy nature, but there grin! a few things of which I shall
try to send seeds later. Is it worth while sending seeds of
orchids? Yesterday I came acr ca a very peculiar " terrestrial
orchid, with tiny flowers (3 in.) like beetles. I also found in the

dd and very long (3 in.) cylindric-tubed, rotate- deem. white

pretty in eultivation. "These I found on a bit of cliff which I
stumbled against for the first time. "There are also two litile
palms here, which I hope to get in fruit later on. Has Burmannia
been in gere ee any species, with you? There is a species

here and at Mengtze, occurring in wet grassy places at hig
elevations, d the flowers, deep blue, while not very large are
very curious, and a nu f massed together would be

bodie: Shape

In many p the Mengize and Szemao trees and shrubs the
flowers occur on the branches below the leaves, and not on the
peripheral surface of the tree, as in ordinary cases. Many lianas

296

have this peculiarity. These are all forest pueda and I think the
explanation is that in forests there are urfaces open to
tre

o

climbers can’t get to the top, so they have their
ue at the bottom. But of course this explanation is only a
There is no time for me to make any observations of the
ER necessary ; ; if one could spend six months on end ina forest,
one could observe, measure, &c. The Mucuna sempervirens of
Iebang was a splendid example of this peculiarity. „There was in
specimen a dense wall e foliage i "100 1 ng over trees, inter-
geal with them, &c., nearly 200 ft. 100 ft., while the main
runk of the climber close to ‘the a was covered with flowers

which ign easily visited di thousands of insects m e eei
There is quite a little group of shrubs which on the
banks of rivers end anda in beds of streamlets) that "overflow.
. These shrubs are submerged often and are not hurt. The ese
fluviatile ieg ese a ortas facies, ex difficult to describe.

Yun

There b or 40 species of them in the nan n
valleys, These shrubs don’t e elsewhere than on banks
in the beds of streams. The last one I have found is x dens

fine species of Ficus. This class " shia would be a nice reti

2 " you will try and get a young Cambridge or Oxford
botanist to come to this part of the world, do some €—
Noi pem collect seeds and live plants for cultivation. Chin
is a very easy country to travel in, and expenses of velis
are not heavy. The mountainous regions of Yunnan and
Szechwan are very healthy besides

With regard to San-ch'i es species of Aralia $ Panax), the
medicinal plant of which I have ent you herbarium specimens

next mail. It wouid bea favourable opportunity, if one of the
staff had time, to go through the section and make a little
synopsis of it. It includes the American mc ren pom Corean

into each other in a puzz ing Beef it is very curious that the
Chinese should have selected two forms—one in the extreme

which European doctors consider useless. Take sarsaparilla and
china-root, species of diii much believed in by native American
races and by the

ith regard to Benz zoin, it is not known here ; but our ype
wi probably take a trip by-and- -bye down into Sia am, and I w

and induce him to make enquiries for the tree. Have in
tried writing on the subject to the British Consul at Chiengmai,
in Siam? The Yunnan plateau is apparently continued into the
Shan States, and teak, benzoin, &c., are probably ideni to the
lower levels lying sout

have some specimens—only leaves—of the tree which produces
the very valuable cinnamon of the Laos, but I am afraid they
will not help much in clearing up thes species. They were brought
to Mengize by a pedlar after I had left the place.

291

I have said nothing in my letter —— recent events in China,
but they are very important. It is impossible to believe that
China will remain hopelessly aii, ‘and that she will ma
effort to cope with these disastrous times. The Chinese are just
as clever as the Japanese ; they are wonderfully homogeneous ;
there are no class or race hatreds as in India. Waking up is slow,
very slow, but it must co

In such places as this letters are esteemed more than gold, more :
than tobacco—they a are m seré little joys we have. It is very
hard to live in such places as this, and we only go through it by
the aid of letters and a boim: doggedness — is acquired by
practice. verso officers in similar stations in Siberia commit
suicide at the rate of 5 per cent. — I Nave been told.

My kind an to all, and best

Yours wy pe ils
(Signed) AUGUSTINE HENRY.

DCXXVIIL—INSECT POWDERS.

Recent inquiry has been made as to certain vegetable powders
known as Persian and Dalmatian Insect Powders. As references
to these are Bonkceren through works not usually accessible, a brief
summary is giv

There are ak plants employed. What is known as Caucasian

r Persian insect powder is obtained from the flower-heads of
Chr ysanthemum roseum, Adam (Pyrethrum roseum, Bieb.), with
rosy flowers, a native of oe Caucasus, where it grows on mountain

= ata high elevatio

matian insect pow Mem , usually regarded as the more oe
is cad from Cr, ysanthemum cinerariefolium, Visiani (
thrum cinerariefolium, ie ‘ev.), Bot. Mag., t. 6781, with white
flowers, a pit of Dalm

A full account of os plants (where, however, they ar
referred to E species of Pyrethrum), = cultivation and silks
is given the Fourth Report of t U.S. Entomological
Cominision, 1885, pp. 164-180. From thie Report the following
extracts are taken :

HISTORY.
“ There are very few data at hand concerning epu E -
the poii properties of Pyrethrum. The powder has bee
use for many years in Asiatic countries south of the Casini

Mountains, di was sold ata high price by the inhabitants, who
th nin

in the mountain region of what is now cae as the Russian
province of Transcaucasia. The son of Mr. Jum ntikoff began the
manufacture of the article on a large scale in "1828, after which
year the Pyrethrum industry steadily -grew, until to-day the
export of the dried qe represents an important item in
the revenue of those countrie

298

* Still less — to be known of the discovery and history of

the Dalmatian species of Pyrethrum (Pyrethrum cineraric-
Jolium), but it is probable that its history is ee similar to that
of - Asiatic species. At the present time the Pyrethrum

flowers are consider ed by far the most xeipsbis product of the
it of Dalmatia.” (Pp. 164-165.)

CULTIVATION.

“There is also very little information published regarding
either the mode of growth or the cultivation of Pyrethrum plants
in their native home. dd to the Caucasian species, we have
reason to believe that they are not cultivated, at least not at the
resent time, statements to the contrary notwithstanding. Dr.
Gustav Radde, Director of the Imperial Museum of N atural
History at Tiflis, Transcaucasia, who is the highest living authority
on everything pertaining to the natural history of that region,
wrote us recently as follows :— The only species of its genus,
Pyrethrum roseum, game gives a good affective insect powder,
is nowhere vola but grows wild in the basal-alpine zone
f our mountains at an altitude of from 6,000 t o 8,000 feet. 7

seed of phia s species. He writes that his agents were not able to
get more than about half a pound of the seed from any one
person. From this statement it may be inferred that the seeds
— be gathered from the wild, and not from the cultivated
pia.

“As to the ——— plani, it is also said to be cultivated in
its native home, but n get no definite information, owing
to the fact that! the inisibitarita are very unwilling to give any
information regarding a plant, the product of which they wish
to monopolize. Forsimilar reasons we have found great difficulty
in obtaining even small E Pp ER of the seed of P, cinerariæfolium
that was not baked, or in other ways tampered with, to prevent
germination. Indeed, the people are so jealous of thar plant that
to send the seed out of the co ountry becomes a serious matter, in
which life is risked.” (P. 165.)

CULTIVATION OF C. ROSEUM IN FRANCE.

“Tn 1856, Mr. C. Willemot made a serious attempt to introduce
and cultivate the plant on a largescalein France. As his accoun nt
of the cultivation of Pyrethrum is the best we know of, we quote
here his experience, with but few slight omissions : * The soil best

extremely sensitive to an excess of Hbc. and would in such
cases immediately perish. A southern exposure is the most
favourable. The best time for eig the seeds in athe ground
rom March to April. It can be done even in the month of
usd if the weather will permit it. After the soil has been
prepared and the seeds are sown, they are covered by a layer of

299

earth mixed with vegetable mould, when the iere is slightly
e pem to it. Every five or six days ce tering is to be

and as soon as they have gained strength enough they are trans-
planted at a distance of um six inches from each other. Three
months after this d eit they are transplanted again at a
distance of from fourteen to twenty inches, according to their
strength. Each transplantation requires, of course, anew watering,
which, however, should be only moderately applied. Th
blossoming of the Pyrethrum commences the second year, toward
the end of May, and continues to the end of September. Mr.
Willemot also states that the plant is very little E aos s cold,
and needs no shelter, even during severe winters." (Pp. 165-166, )

CULTIVATION OF C. CINERARIZFOLIUM IN CALIFORNIA.
“As to the Dalmatian plant, it is well known that Mr. G. N. Mile
Dalmati i

Pyrethrum cinerariefolium near Stockton, California, and
powder from the California- “grown plants, to which Mr. Milco
has given the name of ‘ Buhach,’ retains all the insecticide quali-

know from experience. Mr. Milco gives the following advice
about planting—advice which applies more particularly to the
Pacific Coast :—* Prepare a small bed of fine, loose, sandy, loamy
eta pe mixed with fine manure. Mix the seed w with dry
sand and sow car í

n
depth. pur ihe bed every evening until sprouted ; too
much water will cause injury. After it is well sprouted, Penta!

wiee a week is sufficent. When about a month ed
carefully. They should be transplanted to loamy soil during
the rainy season of winter or spring. " (P. 166.)

CULTIVATION IN VICTORIA.

According to a Melbourne agricultural paper, quoted in ihe
Cape Agricultur al Journal of June 5th, 1890, * Mr. Kleesattel
has now six acres under oe and the portion first planted
has commenced to yield a return. In establishing his plantation
the land was ploughed 12 inches deep, eM the soil reduced to
a fine tilth. The seed is sown in beds the month of August,
and the following winter the young pnunts are transplanted
out in rows 2 feet 6 iwi apart, there being a de of d
l foot between the plants, The crop is kept clean by the
of the horse hoe, and in the following November, i.e., fifteen
months from when the seed was sown, the plants begin to
flower. This is, of course, the harvest season for the Pyrethrum,
and the plants continue to voi till the end of January. The
picking operation was at first rather venite but a stri Va

The powder, w iioi d of a saffron colour, has been eris and
found superior to thé: jinpoitod article.”

300

PREPARATION OF THE PLANTS FOR USE.

The United States Report continues: “In regard to manufac-
turing the powder, the flower-heads e be gathered during

n
the lee ming tis Raned the stalks may be Sat “witha about
ü

w
weight. kent care must be taken not to expose the flowers to
moisture, or the rays of the sun, or still less to artificial heat.

zation in large quantities is best done by those who make a business
of it, and have special mill facilities. Lehn & Fink, of New York,
have furnished us with the most satisfactory powder. For his
own use, the farmer can pulverize s mes quantities by the simple
method of pounding the flowers ina mortar. It is necessary that
the mortar be closed, and a piece of Tolha through which the
pestle mm such asis generally used in pulverizing detienen
substances in a laboratory, wil answer. The quantity to be

pllverised should not exceed one pound at a time, thus avoiding
too DEN. a degree of heat, which would be injurious to the quality
ofthe powder. The pu ulverization being deemed sufficient, the
kabotan f is sifted through a silk sieve, and then the remainder
with a new addition of flowers, is put in the mortar and pulverized

“The best vessels for keeping the powder are fruit jars with
patent covers, or any other perfectly tight glass vessel or tin box.”
(Pp. 167-168).

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.

In the Botanical Magazine, t. 6781, the following rele E
are given respecting the efficacy of these insect powder
“Tt appears that the powder of both species is XT as a
general insecticide, especially in a liquid solution, but that it a
not a universal remedy, and has serious disadv: vantages. Of t
advantages the most notable is that it is a specific in the case pe
aphides, house flies, and mosquitoes Ag gnats), and if used with
pa

ir of ordinary bellows is very effectual in killing the
commoner insects that infest icu in rooms uses. The
powder burnt is not disagreeable to smell, and very effectual in

powder diluted in water, 2 OMS solution in water, and the
decoction in water, are all m t useful in cases where the powder

powdering the upper side of a leaf has no effect on an insect on
the under side. More important still are ‘ihe facts that it has no

301

effect on insects’ eggs or hard chrysalises, on beetles with hard
elytra, and on the vast class of hemiptera (true bugs), whilst
hairy caterpillars and spiders of all kinds are proof against it.
Hymenoptera, however, quickly suecumb to its effects.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLE.

The active principle of aee us flowers has been si ere
by Messrs. Schlagdenhauffen and Reeb. An account of t
research is given in the Pharmaceutical Journal (July 26, 1890,
p. It is an acid soluble in alcohol, amylic alcohol, ether, and
chloroform, which may be isolated by means of ether after rk
been converted into an alkaline salt, and decomposed by tartari
acid in aqueous solution

When Agios acid was s aaa ouf sige hae at ?
animals, it observed that the poison produced its effec
two distinct : sts pee. In the first there was an moie nt m inus or
less pronounced, proportional to the quantity administered ; in
the second there was a complete prostration, accompanied always
by paralysis of the lower extremities, which might disappear
after a time, or be the precursor of a fatal issue, the respiration
and circulation being affected only in the latter case.

DCXXIX.—DIAGNOSES AFRICANA, XII.

669. P I | C. H. Wright [Hypericacez ];
ad P. tenuifolium, Hook. fil., accedit, ged foliis membranaceis et
nervis secundariis pancioribus di iffert

Frutex 6-8-pedalis. Rami —Í nitidi. Folia eiie
petiolata, ovata, acuminata, irregulariter crenata, basi cuta,

-8- :

ceolata, acuta, glabra, ME Petala ovata, obtusa, nigro-
lineata, intus prope apicem pilosa, 4 lin. longa, 23 lin. lata. Disci
glandule 5, breviter boat. Staminum filame nta 4—6-na con-
nata, pilosa; antherm globose. Ovarium conicum ; styli clavati,
staminibus paullo longiores.

FRENCH Congo. Angoni, 70 miles east of Gaboon, Bates,
559.

670. Dombéya Johnstonii, Baker eoe ad D.schim-
perianam, A. Rich., abyssinicam, magis accedit.

Ramuli ides nee enc ae brevibus dico pallide brunneis
dense persistenter vestiti. Folia cordato-orbicularia, poll.
longa, crenata, integra vel obscure 3-5-lobata, utrinque dense
pubescentia, lobis basalibus vel magnis imbricatis vel minoribus
sinu basali aperto ; petioli 3-8 poll. longi. Umbelle cipum

i 1—4 poll. dia

ongi; pedicelli pubescentes, flore longiores, primum cernui ;

— oblonge, pena calyce paullo breviores. Sepala lanceo-
lata, 8-9 lin. longa, dorso dense pubescentia, flore expanso reflexa

Petala cuneata, falas, imbricata, rosea, calyce vix longiora,

302

persistentia, demum scariosa. Stamina basi in cupulam ovario
sequilongam coalita ; staminodia 5, ligulata, petalis paullo breviora.
Ovarium globosum, dense pilosum ; ; Styli 5, elongati, pubescentes,
apice falcati.
ice CENTRAL AFRICA. Between Mpataand the beginning
f the Targanyika prom alt. 2000-3000 feet, and Nyika plateau,
alt, 6000-7000 ft., Whyte

671. Geranium Whytei, Baker [Geraniacere] ; ad G. tuberosum,
Linn., europeum habitu et foliis accedit ; differt radice elongata
fusifor mi haud tuberosa, petalis angustioribus.

Herba perennis, radice dura, fusiformi. aon radicalia multa,
longe petiolata, ad basin dissecta, 1-1} pol l. longa, leviter r pube-
scentia, segmentis profunde pinnatifidis, lobis paucis ascendentibus
BLUE uninerviis, superiora reducta. Caulis PM pubescens,

ectus, subpedalis, foliis paucis preditus. Pedunculi pauci,
aty cries s, biflori; bractez parvee, lanceolate, scariosae ; pedicelli
gat ascendentes, pubescentes. Sepala lanceolata, pubescentia,
4 lo: Petala oblanceolata, obtusa, rubella, in. longa.
Stamina calyei equilonga, filamentis esiste dnt Carpella 5,

se pilosa, rostris elongatis pubescentibus

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Mount Malos and Mount Zomba,

alt. 4000-6000 ft., Whyte.

Differs greatly from any Tropical African species already
known.

672. Phyliea tropiea, Baker Serr a ad £F. FORMEN,
Linn., capensem habitu et foliis accedit; di fectu stipulam
Frutex erectus, ramulis multis erectis eges lignosis
albo-incanis ad apicem crebre foliatis. Folia sessilia, lanceolata,
5-6 lin. longa, integra, mucronata, rigide coriacea, exstipulata,
facie atroviridia nitida glabra, margine recurv vata, dorso albo-
incana. Capitula sessilia, terminalia, pauciflora, dense pilosa.
Calyx parvus, campanulatus, persistens segmentis 5 lanceolatis
recurvatis. Ovarium globosum, pilosum, brevissime pedicellatum.
diam. globosus, durus, niger, indehiscens, glabrescens, 2 lin.
iam.

ITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. me South Nyika
M ni. alt. 4000-7000 ft., Whyte

673. Virecta salicoides, C. H. Wright [Rubiaceæ-Hedyotideæ] ;
ad V. rdc ni te m accedit, sed major, foliis acutis et
staminibus longe ex

Caulis lignosus, ies lineis duabus pubescentibus Sp
ad n

rnatus. Folia irr ure Nes apiceque acuta, supra a vos
appresso hirsuta, 13-2 poll. longa, 4 lin. lata; stipulæ alte "2-4-
partite. Flores ad hiec apices eymoso-corymbosi, 1 poll.

303

longi, 6-7-meri. Calycis lobi quam corolle tubus breviores,
subulati. Corolle tubus ab Monet ae 7 lin. longus, apice
21 lin. diam. ; lobi subulati, 5 lin. lon Stamina quam corollee
lobi paullo longiora ; filamenta filiformia ; ; antheræ oblongæ,
versatiles. Stylus exsertus, 12 lin. longu

FRENCH CoNGO. Mfoa, 85 miles east " Gaboon, Bates, 521.

gd d ee pat alegre: Baker [Composite-Senecionides ].
This name roposed for S. nyikensis, Baker (Kew Bulletin,
1898, $ 154), HR was already occupied q. c. 1897, p. 271).

614. Carpodinus congolensis, Stapf [Apocynacem]; affini
niflore, Stapf, sed foliis minoribus latioribus tannioribus,
bracteis calycis spite faults minoribus et ab his magis
diversis, corolla tubo multo tenuiore distincta.

Frutex scandens, ecirrhosus, glaberrimus. Folia oblonga vel
elliptica, 15 poll. longa, 15-2 lin. lata, abrupte acuminata, acumine
lineari 2 in. ies "papyracea, læte viri ia, nervis utrinque
5-6 ; petiolus gracilis, 2-4 lin. longus. Flores axillares, solitarii ;
bractew minute. Calyx 1-1} lin. longus, segmentis late ovatis
obtusis ciliolatis. Corolle tabus gracillimus, sub fauce ampliatus,

in. longus, extus glaber, lobos lineares aequans. Ovarium
sti tylusque pubescens.

CONGO FREE STATE. Lower Congo, Bingila, Dupuis.

5. Carpodinus gracilis, — itin da affinis C. ligus-
tr Polim Stapf, sed x Zr iis minoribus tenuioribus plus minusve
pilosulis, cymis 2- 3-floris laxis vel ad florem vica pedunculo
gracili suffultum sodnats distincta.

Fruticulus, ramis A peapea glabris vel sparse pilosulis nonnullis
in cirrhos gracillimos transmutatis. Folia ovato-oblonga vel ovato-
lanceolata, sensim obige acuminata, basi otadi. 13-24 poll.
onga, 7-12 lin. lata, tenuiter coriacea, subtus parce pilosula,

glabrescentia, ervis secundariis nque circiter 12 pa
um tertiariis et venis tenuibus vel tenuissimis. Cymæ axillares
vel terminales, 3-2-flores vel ad r solitarium redacte ;

pedunculus et cymæ ramuli gracillimi, ille 4-12 lin., hi 1-3 lin.
longi, pilosuli ; bractee minute, rufo-pilosule. Cal ycis segmenta
ovata, subobtusa, vix 1 lin. longa, minutissime he ess |
ciliolata. Corolle gracilis tubus 81 in. longus, sub fauce sensim
ampliatus; lobi lineares, acuti, circiter 8 “lin. longi. varii
basi subconstrictum, glabrum ; stylus gracillimus, 6-7 lin. longus,
glaber. E Tori ellipsodieus vel subglobosus, basi truncatus,
1$-1j poll. 1

CONGO fume pice TE. Lower Congo, Dewevre, 516; very
common between EH bafis and Léopoldville, Lawrent.

676. “Sent a vem Stapf [Apocynacee]; affinis C. par-
viflore, Stapf, sed foliis minoribus oblongis abrupte longeque
acuminatis, ids Publics do Pus crebrioribus, floribus graci-
lioribus diver
ruter ss ond cirrhosus, ramis gracilibus glaberrimis. Folia
oblonga vel elliptico-oblonga, abrupte longeque acuminata, basi

-

304

— 21-3 poll. longa, 1- 14 lin. lata, Vie ni glaberrima,
undariis subhorizontalibus 3-5 lin. dis ias cum.
rtiari riis vix tenuioribus parallelis utrinque Murs es
axillares, bees i sparsi, subsessiles ; bractes ze ails: tenuissime
rufo-tomentelle. Calycis segmenta ovata, subacuta
longa, zen et minutissime LA iie ciliolata. Corolle viridi-
me ial tubus pertenuis, sub fauce leviter ampliatus, 4 lin.
ongus ; lobi anguste lineares, filiformiter contorti, ad 3 lin. longi.
Ovarium tenuiter crispo-puberulum ; stylus tenuissimus, 1j lin.
longus, superne glaber. Fructus globosus, 10 lin. dimetiens.
Conco FREE STATE. Lower Congo, Dewévre, 590.

677. Carpodinus ligustrifolia, Stapf [Apocynacem]; affinis
CO. turbinate, Stapf, sed foliis oblon ngo- -lanceolatis sensim et
longius acuminatis s tenuiter nervosis diversa.

Frutex scandens, imo apice interdum rufo-tomentello excepto
glaber. Folia wie vel oblongo-lanceolata, sensim longiuscule
obtuse aiunt, basi rotundata, 2-34 poll. longa, 9-14 lin. lata,
—— nervis secundariis utrinque pn 8 tenuibus; petiolus
gracilis, 1-14 lin. longus. Flores psa raro in ramulo uno
alibrove terminales, solitarii, subsessiles; bractes minute, tenuis-
sime rufo-puberule. Calycis segmenta Aig subobtusa, vix
1 lin pia ciliolata, ceterum glabra. Corolle glabre albe
tubus gracilis, 8-9 lin. longus, sub a eit ampliatus ; lobi
lineares, sett circiter 1 poll. longi, 1j lin. lati. Ovarium basi
constricta pon eei tomentellm ; : stylus tenuis, 6-7 lin.
longus, superne glabrese

CONGO FREE STATE. "na Congo, Dewévre, 109.

8. Carpodinus turbinata, Stapf [Apocynacem]; affinis
C. Barteri, Pm sed glabritie, foliis oblongis distinctius
acuminatis subtus prominenter reticulatis, floribus solitariis
majoribus diss ta.

Frutex scandens, ecirrhosus, veu Folia oblonga, breviter
obtuseque en minata, basi subrotunda, 21-31 poll. longa, rs ex
lin. lata, coriacea, pallida, nervi SERO Men nque e 1-9 e
venis retieulatim anastomosantibus subtus pr denies j Sahota
24-34 lin. longus. lores axillares, raro in ramulo alterove
LAU HE 80 sepe subsessiles; bracteæ minis poba ule.
Calycis segmenta ovata, obtusa, 1-14 lin. longa, glabra, minutis-
sime ciliolata. Corolle glabre tubus gracilis, 10-12 lin. longus,
sub fauce us best lobi anguste lineares, 9-12 lin. longi, 1 lin.
lati. Ovarium basi giabra excepta villosulum ; stylus 7—9 lin.
longus, villosulus. A uctus late HUNC py mmidatus fase 3 poll.
longus, basi truncatus

CONGO FREE Bruni. Lower Congo, Dewévre.

679. Pleiocarpa tubicina, Stapf [Apocynacee]; affinis P.
T Stapf, sed foliis verticillatis longius petiolatis, floribus
numerosis minoribus in glomerulis collectis, corollæ lobis
admodum brevibus a

Frutex glaberrim Folia ternata, oblonga, breviter et
plerumque obtuse AE A basi acuta, 234-4] poll. longa

305

1-1j poll. lata, Visas supra lucida, nervis numerosis io rs
pa atulis cum venis supra pr rominulis ; petiolus 6-8 lin. longus.
Cyme glomeruliformes, multiflore. "Cal ux g vik ber, bord iB,
3—4 lin. longus, segmentis aes obtusis. Corolla flavido-alba ;
tubus cylindricus, 34 lin. lon lobi ovati, Eae A dins longi.
Anthere sub fauce "inseri, S p^ longs. Ovarii carpella 2,
utrinque 2-ovulata; stylus tenuissimus, 2 lin. longus.

CONGO FREE STATE. Lower Congo, prog 945.

680. Tabernanthe albiflora, Stapf [Apocynaceæ]; affini
Iboge, Baill., sed floribus albis roseo-punctatis minoribus, tibo
corollino fere phone dives

Frutex giaberrim Folia obice utrinque acuminata vel
basi Nous (acumine Pis vel obtuso, 3-7 lin. longo), 3-5 poll.
longa, 1-12 poll. lata, tenuia, nervis utrinque 6-9 ; petiolus tenuis,
1-3 lin. longus. Cyme longe pedunculate, laxe, pauciflorz,
foliis breviores ; Leia ain gracilis, 4 11$ poll. longus ; 7 M esitere
insequales, ad 3 lin. lon Calyx 3 lin. longus
persistens, reflexus, | segmentis rotundato-ovatis iinde
ciliolatis, interioribus basi 1-2 glandulosis. Corolla alba, roseo-
punctata ; tubus sibevhindHoug bw ime ia ere
lobi obovati, 1j lin. longi. a ina medio rta; anther
fauces attin es. Ovarium "oto rcr gue SlabP ui,
multiovulatum. Fructus citriformis, stylo persistente coronatus,
subpollicaris, pericarpio levi subcoriaceo ; semina verrucosa, 2j
lin. longa, ut videtur in pulp utum

Conco FREE STATE. Lower Congo, Deltora, 684.

681. Tabernanthe tenuiflora, Stapf [Apocynace:] ;
Iboge, Bai ll, = cymis gracillimis, floribus S Lass "foliis
firmioribus diver

Frutex Hass Folia late Mice tee unum plerumque
subsessile vel sessile basi plus usve rotundatum, alterum
ejusdem paris breviter petiolatum t ^ basi acutum vel subacutum,
omnia acuminata, equalia vel unum sepe idea minus, majora
4-6 poll. longa, 11-2 poll. lata tenuia nervis utrinque 8-10.
Cyme gracillime padunculate, laxæ, pauc dias ; "patlofun 3-1 poll.
longus ; pedicelli ad 3 lin. longi. Calyx ł lin. ‘longus, segmentis
rotundalis parce et minute ciliolatis, interioribus basi puer
l-2-glandulosis. Corolle flavescentis tubus e basi oidea
cylindricus, 2 lin. longus; lobi late obovati, tubo Éréviorn
Stamina medio inserta; anther fauces attingentes. Discus
subnullus,

CONGO FREE STATE. Lower Congo, Dewevre, 361.

682. en rem Smithii, Stapf [Apocynacem]; affinis
T. contorte, Sta t T. durissima, Stapf, a priore calyce paullo
minore, co Miis aes recto, lobis multi minoribus, ab altero
corollis. erber iube: latiore, antheris longioribus

rbor parva, gla berrima, ramulis crassis. ee elliptica vel
oblonga, obtusiss ssima, basi subacuta, 7. .12 poll. longa, 45-8 poll.
lata, coriacea, nervis utrinque 11-14; petiolus 3-9 lin. longus,

138 B

306

robustus. Cyme Perey basi Sepsis, corymbose ; pedun
culus robustus, ad 6 poll. longus. Calycis segmenta late elliptiox:
lin. longa, obtusissima, minute ciliolata, basi multiglandulosa.
orolle albe tubus basi leviter tortus, 2} poll. longus, medio
2 lin. latus ; lobi oblong, obtusi, circiter 1 poll. longi, 4 lin. lati.
Stamina T lin. supra basin tubi inserta; antheræ 6 lin. longæ.
Stylus 5-6 lin. longus.’ Folliculi 2, gets
CoNnGO FREE STATE. Lower Chr. emei Dewèvre,
261 ; near Popoli and SAS Taarn

- 683. Tabernæmontana deca Durand et De Wildeman Mscr.
ex eed TAE pocynaceee ]; affinis 7. durissime, Stapf, sed DER nen
foliis majoribus latior ibus, nervis numerosioribus, corolle tubo e
Müprint J lobis brevioribus.
ui circiter 15 ped. altus, glaberrimus, ramulis crassis.
elliptiea vel obovato-oblonga, ed v Hippie basi

upian vel rotunda, 8-12 poll. longa, 41-8 poll. lata, coriacea,
nervis utrinqu ue 11-12; petiolus ad 1 poll. lon ngus. tues robust,
basi dichotome, submultiflorz, 2-21 poll. P qu pedunculus

robustus, 3—4} poll. longus; pedicelli crassi, ad 6 lin. longi. Calycis
segmen nta elliptica, obtusissima, 21-23 lin. longa, minute oe aa
basi rath So Balad osa. orollæ albæ odorat: tubus ima bas
tortus, 2} poll, longus, medio vix 1j lin. latus; lobi opioid:
obtusi, 1315 M longi, 31-4 lin. lati. “Stamina 4 lin. s supra basin
tubi inserta ; antheræ fere 5 lin, longæ. Stylus 3-3} lin. longus.

CONGO FREE STATE. Lower Congo, Bogolo, near Businga,
on the margins of woods, 300 ft., Thonner, 109.

684. p i oa aly APT [Apocynacex]; affinis H.
febrifug lotzsch, segmentis lanceolatis diit
breviori puc lobis. omi tia jor ftd diversa

Arbusculus 6-12 ped. altus, ramis juvenilibus imo apice hic inde
minute puberulis csterum glabris. Folia elliptico-oblonga,
abrupte breviterque vel obscure acuminata, basi rotundata, 3—4 poll.
longa, 14-2 poll. lata, subtenuia, glabra vel secundum costam
minute puberula, nervis utrinque 7-9; petiolus 3-4 lin. longus.
Jyme multifloræ, specie laterales, sessiles in ramis foliatis
hornotinis, parce et minutissime fulvo-puberule ; pedicelli graciles
1-3 lin. longi. Calycis segmenta lanceolata, acuta, 1-1} lin. longa,
minute ciliolata. Corolle tubus tenuis, 6 ds longus, minutissime
Leere) lobi oblongi, obtusi, 8-9 lin. longi. Stamina paullo

sup: inserta ; anther vix 1 lin. 1l cies Ovarium glabrum.

ise "Yam STATE. Lower Congo, near Boma Lundi, in
Savannahs, Cabra

685. Isonema EPEE Stapf [A fti
> pocynaceæ ainne
I. Smeathmannii, Roem. et Schult., foliis majoribus kottan
acutiusque acuminatis oteicis petiolatis, corollze tubo infundibuli-
formi latiusculo divers

Rami teretes, novelli rufo- vel fulvo-tomentelli, deinde glabrati,
nigrescentes. Folia oblonga, longiuscule acuteque acuminata, basi
rotundata, 34 poll. longa, 14-2 poll. lata (infima ra
minora); coriacea, supra glabra, inferne ad nervos piveattuasuli,

-307

nervis secundariis painga, circiter 6, venis supra prominulis laxe
ee ee infra nspicuis ; wie erg he eee an.
ongus

basi ertali subulatis brevibus munitis. Corolla rubra e extus
tenuissime tomentella; tubus infundibuliformis, 4 1 in. longus ;
lobi admodum asymetrici, 3 lin, longi. Staminum conus 3} lin.
longus, ultra medium exsertus; filamenta in juga intus valde
prominentia, albo-hirsuta, decurrentia. Ovarium apice rufo-
pilosum.

CONGO FREE STATE. Lower Congo, Dewevre, 554.

686. Alafia mre EA aie ee modum affinis
A. Barteri, Oliv., f um nervi tio sd, d mis nicula breviter
pedunculata, pedisettis FU FUP Ba neers majoribus distincta.

Frutex scandens, glaberrimus. Folia late oblonga vel obovata,
obtusissima vel Found mii obtuseque acuminata, basi subacuta,
4—5 poll. longa, 23 poll. -—- domine supra lucida, nervis
utrinque 5-6 distantibus J 1-1 poll., venis laxis subtus prominulis;
petiolus 14-3 lin. longus. Panairi intl: densa, foliis
summis multo brevior; pedunculus } poll. longus; pedicelli ad

lin. longi. Calyx $ lin. longus, segmentis ovatis subobtusis.
Corolla alb: tubus cylindricus, medio subinflatus, 23 lin. longus,
extus tenuissime puberulus; lobi lati, oblige truncato-obovati,
6 lin. longi, papillosi. Antheræ apice subexsertze.

CONGO FREE STATE. Lower Congo, Dewévre, 673.

. Oncinotis tenuiloba, Stapf [Apocynacee ] ; affinis O. gracili,
Stap f, sed foliis tenuioribus obliquius nervosis, panicula graciliore,
partons longioribus corollæ lobis multo angustioribus diversa.
Frutex inflorescentia et ramis novellis minutissime tomentellis
exceptis glaber. ae a lanceolato-oblonga, acute acuminata, basi
acuia, circiter 3 poll. | , 1 poll. lata, tenuiter coriacea, n rvis
TIO 9 valde obliquis, venis transversis laxis ; ; petiolus tenuis,
2-3 lin. longus. ET 14-2 poll. longs, graciles; pedicelli
1j lin. longi ri lin. d segmentis ovato-oblongis

Anthera i lin. longe. Discws subinteger
CONGO FREE STATE. coe Congo, Dewevre, 883.

688. Kickxia penis Stapf [Apocynacez]; affinis K. africana,
Benth., sed foliis latiori doque basi rotundatis, corollis albis, lobis
multo brevioribus div

Arbor glaberrima. Ta ia oblonga. vel elliptica, acuminata, basi
rotundata, 6-7 poll. longa, 24—4 poll. lata, coriacea, nervis susie
10-12 subrectis ; petiolus crassus, 4-5 lin. longus. con-
geste, multiflore, breviter pedunculate ; pedicelli 1-2 is longi.

788 B 2

308

es ycis segmenta ovata, subacuta vel obtusa, crassiuscula, 11-1j lin.
nutissime ciliolata, intus basi biglandulosa. Corolla
Saute alba, alabastro ad 6 lin. longa ; tubus parce et minu-

t I
obtusi, 21-3 lin. longi. Antherw gata attingentes, 1 lin. paullo
longiores. Discus crassiusculus, 5-lobu

CONGO FREE STATE. Lower Congo, VER 867.

689. Secamone Whytei, N. E. Brown [Asclepiadacem]; affini
S, Stuhlmannii, K. Schum., sed pedicellis longioribus facile
distincta.

Caules volubiles, an cesse ferrugineo-pubescentes. Folia 11-23
poll. longa, 45-10 lin. lata, lanceolata, acuta, juniora ferrugineo-

æ

Corolla $ Tin. dia am., glabra ; lobi oblongi, Soha: zu ‘one v lobi
falcato-subu lati. E yli apex ultra antheras exsertus, globosus,
minute pubescen

BRITISH Gen AFRICA, Nyasaland; Mount Malosa,
4000-6000 ft., Whyte.

ee Ex kr Nuttii, V. E. Brown [Asclepiadaces]; proxi
A. bili, N. E. Br., sed corona exacte truncata edentata facile
Amit.

Caulis simplex, 1-1} ped. altus, gracilis, glaber. Folia erecta,
14-23 poll. longa, 4-1 in. lata, linearia, acuta, glabra, marginibus
minute scaberulo-ciliata. Umbella terminalis pedunculata, 8-10-
flora. Pedicelli 4-5 lin. longi, minute pubescentes. Sepala 2 lin.
longa, 4 lin. lata, lanceolata, acuminata, mini pubescentia.
Corolle lobi 4 lin. longi, 14 lin. lati, oblongo-lanceolati ti, subacuti,

glabri iiri jux 1} la longi, erecti, cucullati, truncati,
edentáti, intra n

GERMAN EAST AeA Between Lake Tanganyika and Lake

Rukwa, 6000 ft., Nutt.

691, Ceropegia qucm E. Brown [Asclepiadaces] ; C. /euco-
tenic, K. Schum., affinis, sed floribus multo majoribus differt.
Caules vida pubescentes. bene -a ere longa, $ 1—] poll.
lata, petiolata, elongato-ovata, acum utrinque e ubto-
mentosa. Cymæ a umbelliformes, 10- 20-flori, cbeuntidn Pedicelli
4-5 lin. longi, pubescentes, Sepala 3 lin. longa, lineari-lanceolata,

acuta, pubes C € tubus ł poll. longus, strictus, basi
— estas intra basi papillatus ; lobi 3 gi, erecti,
apice connati, lineares, replicati, intus villosi. —Coronc lobi

exteriores 4 + lin. longi, erecti, lineares, To bifidi ; lobi interiores
-2 lin n. longi, connivento- erecti, lineare
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Nra; Plateau of Mount
Zomba, 5000-6000 ft., Whyte,

692. Ceropegia Perrottetii, N. E. Brown ea no affinis
C, beccariane, Martelli, sed floribus racemosis differt

309

Caulis ape pe glaber. Folia 6-8 lin. longa, 5-6 lin. lata,
ovata, acuta, apiculata, basi cordata vel subcordata, net
glabra. Flores in Quent los 3—4-floros secus peduneulum 1-3 poll.
longum racemosim ORE Pedicelli 3-4 lin. longi, glabri.
Sepala 11 lin. longa, lanceolata, acuminata, glabra. Corolle tubus
9 lin. longus, basi inflatus, fauce infundi buliformis, extra glaber;
lobi 3 lin. longi, deltoideo-ovaii, acuti, replicati, apice connati,

glabri

REGAL. Perrottet, 191.

693. Ceropegia pumila, V. E. Brown [Asclepiadacem]; affinis
C. pygmee, Schinz, sed floribus multo minoribus valde distincta.
Herba 4-6 pe hex I ramis plus minusve PM

Folia 6-11 lin. 1-2 lin. lata, anguste lanceolata, acuta,
ciliata. Pedunoulus CE fin. longus, 1—3-florus ; pedicelli 1j lin.
longi. Corolla circa 6 lin. longa, curvata, extra pubescens, intra

glabra, Peiper uis vel atro-purpurea ; tubus 4—5 lin. longus,
ovoideo-inflatns, inti fauces breviter infundibuliformes Mar
constrictus ; lobi 14 lin. longi, e basi deltoidea lineares, libe

ANGOLA. Huilla; near Lopollo, 2500 ft., Welwitsch, pe

94. Ceropegia paricyma, N. Æ. Brown [Asclepiadacew]; affinis
C. leucotenic, K. Schum., sed sepalis minoribus et corolla multo
maj differt

Caulis volübilis, parce pubescens. Folia petiolata, 1-2 poll.
longa, 3-1 poll. lata, oblongo-ovata, obtuse-acuminata, basi cordata,
utrinque parce pubescentia. Cyme subsessiles, binz, 4—6-florze
Pedicelli 3-5 lin. longi, forthe Sepala 1-1] lin. e lanceolato-
subulata, subglabra. Corolle tubus rectus, 7-74 lin. longus, basi
inflatus, fusco-purpureus, superne e angustatus, pallidus, fauce vix
dilatatus ; lobi 3j lin. longi, erecti, apicibus cohzrentes, e basi
deltoidea angulis reflexa lineari-spathulati, replicati, ciliati, basi
subnigri, superne atrovirides.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Lake Nyasa, Simons.

695. Huernia somalica, N. E. Brown [Asclepiadacee] ;
Nace Hook. fil, affinis, sed corolle lobis Enae EA
differ

oue 24-3 poll. alti, "edic glabri, angulis longe et acute
dentati. Pedicell lli 3-4 lin longi, cn Sep ala 3 lin. longa,
subulata, acuminata, glabra. Corolla 1}-15 te oll. diam. ; tubus
campanulatus, utrinque glaber, intra fusco-purpurena ; ; lim us
recurvus, convexus, fusco-purpureus ; lobi distantes, deltoidei,
acuti, dentibus 5 parvis interjectis, extra glabri, intra papillosi,
hebeti-ochracei. ^ Coronc« lobi exteriores subquadrati, bifidi,
sanguinei ; lobi icai shed conniventes, 1 lin. longi, subulati, lutei,
supra purpureo-margina

SOMALILAND. Mrs. Ld Phillips (Cult. in horto cantabri-
giensi).

696. Morea (Eumorma) nac Baker [Iridacee]; ad M.
angustam, Ker-Gawl., magis ac

310

Cormus magnus. Folia radicalia linearia, sc 2 poll. longa,
9-12 lin. lata, glabra, chartacea, conspicue vata. | Caulis
simplex, teres, bipedalis. Spatha cylindrica, "3-4 poll. longa,
valvis rigidulis pallide viridibus, exteriore e interiore
conspicue breviore. Ovarium clavatum, 6—9 lin. longum. | Peri-
anthium saturate lilacinum, 21 poll.longum,
obovatis 1 poll. latis e me dio reflexis, segmentis interioribus
oblongo unguiculatis erectis 8-9 lin. la tis, Styli rami lilacini,
12-14 lin. longi, cristis magnis deltoideis. y

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. North-west of Lake Nyasa,
Whyte. `

The finest known species of the genus, with flowers resembling
those of Tri ris lævigata, Fisch. (I. Kæmpferi, Siebold).

697. Hæmanthus (Melicho) Nelsonii, Baker [Amaryllidaceæ] ; a
speciebus reliquis subgeneris differt foliis magnis membranaceis,
genitalibus longe exserti

Bu oblongus, compressus, 2 poll. diam., tunicis crassis
SPIN fabelis, Folia s synanthia, sessilia, oblong a, membranacea,
alia, medio 4 poll. lata, facie pilis molbu conspersa, dorso
at bra. Pedunculus pedalis, pilosus. Umbella multiflora, globosa,
3 ae diam., pedicellis 5-6 lin. longis, bracteis parvis apg ipm
reflexis. Perianthium coccineum, tubo cylindrico 3 lin. longo,
segmentis linearibus tubo duplo tonciribus flore end me
patentibus. Stamina longe exserta.

TRANSVAAL, Johannesberg. A dried specimen and living
bulbs sent to Kew, November, 1897, by Maa Leichtlin.

DCXXX.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

By the death of Brigade-Surgeon J. E. T. AITCHISON, on
September 30th, Kew has lost one of her most valuable co

tributors and botany one of its most enthusiastic and einn

followers. He was a son of the late Major James Aitchison, and

was born at Nimach, Central India, in 1835. After graduating

.D. and. L.R.C.P. at Edinburgh in 1856, he entered the service

i n.

and
iini. British Commissioner to Ladak ; but he had already
e known as a botanist, having publis hed an account of the
Figs of the Jhelum District of the: Punjab, in 1863 ; a Catalogue
of the Plants of the Punjab and Sindh, in 1869, and other
o

if a
rue so seris selected and so well dried that de were
valuable for that reason alone. From. the date mentioned

311

onward, Dr. Aitchison frequently sent small parcels of seeds
and dried plants from the various districts in whic e was
stationed. During the winter of 1878 he served with the

he was attached to the force as botanist ; and during

1880 he very thoroughly explored the country from Thal to the

Shutar Gardan, at elevations r: ranging from 2,000 feet up to 13,000

feet on Mount Seratigah, and 15,000 feet on Mount Sikaram.
epa 1 x A ;

the same Journal. Subsequently Dr. Aitchison was appointed
naturalist to the Afghan Delimitation Commission, and on this
expedition, during 1884-5, he collected some 10,000 specimens,
comprising about 800 me This very important collection
was published in the ond series, third volume, of the
Transactions of the idofi Society, and was illustrated by
forty-eight plates; and, as the author states in his * Introduction,"

was made under very great difficulties. The value of these
collections is not to -be estimated by mere numbers, though no

han fift

spot. Each of the papers to which reference has been given was
preceded by an essay on the vegetation and vegetable products,
both wild and cultivated, of the country explored ; and much

Indie Desert (i.e. North-west India, Afghanistan, and
Baluchistan), but his sufferings prevented him from working them
out.

Dr. Aitchison was of an enthusiastic and energetic A ee
and of an amiable and warm hearted disposition, an will
feel his loss. Much. of his success in collecting in a hostile EY
was due to his kindness to the natives, pesca to the sr
whom he treated medically or surgically ; and reputation as
‘doctor preceded him in many places that he vi idw

Descanso House.—It was mg above (p. 201) that “ nothing
seems known as to the origin the name Descanso House
which is now devoted to the pea offices of the Royal

312

Gardens. The following a, which has been obligingly
furnished clears up the m

Rev. S. GoLDNEY TO ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

DEAR SI IR, Kew, September 5, 1898

There appears to be some mystery as to the origin of the
pano Descanso Lodge. If a following information is of any
use to you it is at your serv

n E year 1889 the ene was tenanted ee Mr. Willison.
Mr. Willison was a South American merchant, who had lived
many years in Brazil. He found that it had no Tanav name,
so he gave it the title of Descanso Lodge.

Poriuguese dictionary oe me that Descanso, or rather

Descanco, means “a resting plac

I remain, &c.,
(Signed) S. GOLDNEY.
Enquiry at Her Majesty’s Office of Works confirmed the

explanation.
“Mr. G. Willison rented Me rum from an dise till
ord May, 1892. The name nso Hous e appears tina

letter from him of 8th July, 18897 B. 4107/89."

Cantor Lectures on India-rubber Plants.—The lectures delivered
at the on of Arts in Pe last, by D. Morris, Esq., C.M.G.,
D.Sc. missioner of Agriculture for the West Indies, late
Assisant-Direcior of the Royal Gardens, have teen issued in

separate form as a pamphlet. They give a complete account with
numerous figures of the known plants yielding commercial India-
rubber, with special reference to the rubber industries connected
with Her Majesty's Colonial and Indian possessions.

Botanical Magazine for October.—Cyrtosperma senegalense is
an interesting Aroid from Upper p The spathe is a
foot to eighteen inches long, dull and red on the outside,
and pale yellow-green with broad interrupted bands of maroon-

wn on ond inside. Roots were sent to Kew in July, 1897, by
Mr. H. W. L. Billington, the late Centar of the Old Calabar
Botanic Garden. Cytisus purgans, native of Central and Southern
banat and Northern Spain, is an ornamental species, which,

cordi o Miller, was introduced into Regehr Veit 1768.
Fito ce canadensis var. Oh irna the swamp sugar pear,
was raised fron T received from Mr. H. P. Kelsey, Fighibiids
Nursery, Kawana, N. Carolina, It dites from typical canadensis
in its smaller size and usually shrubby habit, and slightly i in its
mde racemes, and fruits. Feijoa sellowiana is a distinct
member of the myrtaceous family, beautiful in foliage and flower,

and producing a large edible fruit. Specimens of this plant,
which is a native of South Brazil and Uruguay, were sent to Kew
by Mr. Ed. André. Rhododendron rubiginosum is another of the

313

numerous species of Rhododendron disce in TA by the
Abbé Delavay. The plant from which the figure was prepared
vifi s from Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea,
in 1894

Coloured drawings of Burmese Orchids.—The widow of the late
Rev. Charles Samuel Pollock Parish has presented Kew with two
folio volumes of coloured drawings of orchids, executed by him.
Long before orchid growing had become so popular as it is now,
that is to say in 1852, Mr. Parish went to Moulmein, in Burma,
where he deeem until 1878. He was y attracted by the

correspondence with Kew, and a contributor to the Herbarium
and Garden. When he came home in 1871 he presented a
beautiful collection of water-colour drawings of orchids. These
are accompanied by adm ible natya of the flowers. On his
return to Burma he continued to send specimens and sketches or
tracings of his original drawings. Now, in accordance with his

he published deseriptions of a large number of new orchids in
the Transactions of the Linnean Society (vol. xxx., 1873), illus-
trated by a number of plates from his own pencil. Parish also
cruel te d the part dealing with the eed in MT
n's Burma (1883), upwards of 350 species being e
rated, nearly all from the province of Tenasser t ee noir" (2 79
species of Dendrobium. Among the many species tukeoditioed-h y
im into cultivation are Sarcanthus Parishii, Hook. f. :
Mag. t. 5217); Dendrobium seil Parish (t. 5520), and the
ighly curious Bolbophyllum lemniscatum, Parish (t. 5961). In
1870, Sir Joseph Hooker dedicated the ninety-sixth volume of the
Botanical Magazine to him, as a tribute to the value of his many
contributions to Kew, and to the plates of that publication. He
died on October 18th, 1897, at the age of seventy-five years.

Bretschneider's History of Botanical Discoveries in China.- The
zoo Wing 3 interesting letter from an old and valued ducere
of Kew, ee physician to the Russian Embassy in China
gives some acc of the progress of his mont umental work on
the history of Chines Botany, in which British botanists and
collato lis e played so large a part. It also incidentally clears
up the origin of Arundinaria nitida, the most beautiful of all
tod y bamboos :—
St. Petersburg, May 18, 1898.

During the preparation of my great work * History of Botanic ce
Discoveries in China,” upon which I have been en, for
quarter of a century, and which will be published in about four
months, I have experienced very much kindness from Kew.

314

iae liberality always shown to me encourages me to appeal once
e to your obligingness, for a little information which I hav
iot wi en able to draw from printed sources.

In my book I do not confine myself to give a sketch of the
botanical discoveries in China proper, but I include also in the
scope of my researches such tributary states of VoU as Manchuria,
Mongolia, inen Turkestan, and Tibet. As to the latter two
countries, I intend to put on record the British a of prod
work done in these regions, which, in recent times, have bee
frequently visited by Russian explor Let me first tell S

what I know about the matter from ionem sources,

ead in the Kew Report for 1871: “A very complete and
ma collection of Yarkand plants, the first ever made in that
region, was presented to the Kew Gardens by Dr. Henderson.”
Dr. G. Henderson accompanied Forsyth in his first mission to
Yarkand.

Kew Report for 1875 : “H. W. Bellew presented to Kew 208
plants puni at Kashgar and Kashmir.” Bellew accompanied
Forsyth in his second mission to Kashgar.

These a collections probably constitute the only plants from
Chinese Turkestan gathered by British explorers in the Kew
Herbarium, oni several T travellers have visited these
regions in more recent time, v

A. D. Carey and Dalgleish, Ee in 1887, Mark Bell and
F. E. Ser at arie sue the latter, in 1889, travelled also in the
Pamirs; Major C. Cumberland and Lieutenant Bower, 1890
(Karakoram Posi Yarkand). In the accounts these travellers
have given of their journeys, no mention is made of collections.

The Botanie Gardens, St. Petersburg, received the first plants
from Chinese Turkestan from Przewalski, who travelled there in
he summer of 1885. You have probably at Kew specimens of

Kew

high importance, and was always anxious to give complete sets
of novelties discovered by Russians. The flora of Chinese Tur-
kestan is not very rich. may observe that of the plants dd
e under the name of Przewalski, only those from his first and
econd journeys, respectively 1870-73 and 1876, were pee
id prepared by himself. During the third and fourth journeys,
Robor le

the botanical suis dns were made by ovski, his a
ashore who also during Pevtsov's Verdi to Tibet, 1889-90,
was charge of the botanical department. He ollected in

c
vani parts y the tableland of Raster Talent tan and on the
Kuen-lun Range, which he crossed in several places to the plateau
of Tibet. From this expedition, Roborovski brou ught home and
handed ie to our Botanie Garden 7,000 numbers of plants or
700 spec Only a few novelties have been described by the
late Directo Batalin - and by Mr. Winkler.

borovski's last expedition, 18595 -98. T'urfan, lue Reine. Amdo
resulted in 1,300 species of plants, not yet examin

.. * Henderson's plants were worked up in Henderson and Hume's Lahore to
ie 1873 (pp. 308-346). Bellew’s plants presented no feature of special
‘interest, and the list of these remains in manu ipt

315

As to the botanical exploration of Tibet by British travellers,
I take the western limits of Tibet in a geographical (orographical)
sense and as they are marked on English maps, and do not include
Ladak and Little Tibet. It does not seem that the Brothers
Schlagintweit, who from 1854—58 explored the Western Provinces
of ia, also visited Tibet
In the introduction to Hooke er & Thomson's Flora T nah A dues
it is stated that the French traveller Jaequemont, who bo
in the N. W. Himalaya, visited Tibet, and that auber RE
Winterbottom, in 1848, travelled there. They made an excursion
to id bes which are the Sources of the Indus, as is repor ted in
Hooker's Kew Journ. Boi. v1. (1854) 348. Mr. Lance is stated to
R 'solfdeted plants in Kashmir and Tibet. His collection was
communicated through Edgeworth. This is about all I know.

ihesa reg

I have, TE course, seen all the interesting papers regarding
recent British explorers in "Tibet,— Pratt, SAU. Littledale,
Rockhill, Wellby, Malcolm, Deasy, Pike, Hobson, etc.

As Mr. Franchet reports in Bull. Mus. d Hist. sien I. (1895) 191,
the Museum at Paris received a collection of plant Minden by
nd anterin French € Dutreuil de Rhi on the
western border of Tibet near Lake Pan ng-kong, a and on n die ierg
siec from the lake to Keria and Aksay in Eastern Turkes
Lake Pun ng-kong was probably visited earlier by British voilofióte
opem Winterbottom).

et me notice here that Dutreuil de Rhins sent his first botanical
polite made in Chinese Turkestan to General vieni
Governor of Ferghana, the well-known promoter of ural
science in Turkestan, who forwarded the plants to the Botanic
Garden, St. Petersburg. From this collection Mr. Winkler
described in Acta Horti Petrop. XIII. (1894) 245, a novelty :
Saussurea amblyophylla.
will be interested to know that Mr. Korjinski has taken

Maximowicz. is o o e three Chief Botanists or
Assistants of the E OE of the Botanic Garden, and holds the
post merly SOM by Maximowicz. He is a very able

form
systematic bota
The Botanic lat is now in possession of a vast collection of
plants made in Northern Mongolia during the summers from 1895
to 1897, by Mrs. Elizabeth Klements. This zealous and energ -—
ary o

search of stone monuments with inscriptions of the ancient Turks
who lived in these d more than a thousand years ago. e
-couple Klementz are now about to start for a scientific expedition
to Turfan
Mr. Lips, a young Russian botanist of great promise, is now

316

Keeper of the Herbarium of the Botanic Wine a pons provi
ill e

for many years oceupied by a C. Win He ontin
Maximowicz’s Flora Tangutica and wor e the Tibetan ME
of the Herbarium CiMesdnki JBobarovakis Potanin).

Mr. C. Winkler, an experienced systematic bie a specialist
for Composite, whose name you have frequen ntly met with in the
Acta Horti Petropolitani, is timi Chief Boloriak It is his
duty to secl the plants cultivated in the garden and the
hot-hous

In me Rap Bulletin (1896, p. 20) there is the description of a
new Chinese bamboo, Arundinaria nitida, Mitford. It is reported
to have Mens raised in Tiphaund from seeds gathered by Potanin
in N. Szechüan and sent to the Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg.
The plant tus not been cultivated ies St. Petersburg, nor are there

herbarium specimens from Potanin. There is only one specimen
from Dr. A. He Hove viotleltod; communicated by Kew. I asked
Potanin about this bamboo. He has no sert fei of having

gathered bamboo seeds, but Mr. M. Berezovski i, who belonged to
ee

independently- when. jd ae to him about it, told me that
the bam question may have been raised from seeds he
had sent de ‘St. [der sagen 1886. In that year he A ims the
summer E a n near Tán Cháng, in South Kansu (see

map of China, 34? N. lat., dde) 104? 25' E. long), and it
happened that m: bamboos all r und in the country flowered.

and more, and about 20 feet high, is very common dee
and the Chinese use it for many Were p y
Bi roin that the bamboo flowers only once in 100 years, and that
men remember having heard from their "mendo t that it
Bowered and seeded. Berezovski tells me that, after the flowering
had finished, it seeded abundantly. The soil everywhere was
thickly covered with these seeds, which the natives eagerly
collected for food. Berezovski found a porridge or bread pre-
pared of bamboo-seed meal very palatable. The seeds attracted
many birds, and Berezovski acquired several rare specimens for
his a élection: After seeding, all the plants died,

and even the roots. us, the people had to wait several
for new bamboos shooting up from the seeds. Berezovski then
sent a ein i recen of these bamboo seeds to St. Peters-
He does not know what has become of them. I have

have been forwarded to Kew. Maximowicz, Regel, the chief
gardener Ender, who knew about them, all are dead. I enclose
a sample of the bamboo seeds collected in 1886 by Berezovski.
Do they agree with Henry’s herbarium specimens, which are in
fruit as far as I remember? Perhaps he collected them in the
same year, 1886.

Mr. Berezovski is a clever and Spee em, aie mus
traveller. Birds are his specialty, but he
interesting collections of plants and err during his ies expone
journeys in S. Kansu and North Szechüan, Da and 1892-95
respectively, which have not yet been worked u

317

A new expedition to Tibet is in preparation. It will be headed
by Lieutenant Kozlov, who accompanied Roborovski in his last
journey.

Hoping es you will generously pardon me for trespassing on
your kindnes
I remain, etc.,
(Signed) E. BRETSCHNEIDER.

Lonicera hildebrandiana.—This large-flowered er, was
disco ge ed in Upper Burma, in 1878, by General Sir nry
Collett, K.C.B., F.L.S., and described in the Journal of the
med Society (Vol. XXVIII. , p. 664) as E bona undas 8 shrub,
with large, dark, glossy leaves and fine crimson flowers seven inches
ong, and is by far the largest of any known species of honey-
suckle.” Seeds of it were TR forwarded to Kew, in 1894, by
Mr. A. H. Hildebrand, C.I.E., Superintendent and Political Officer
of the Southern Shan States, after whom the plant is named, and
plants raised from them were noa distributed. It proved too
tender for cultivation in the open air at Kew ; on the other hand,
it has grown vigorously under RET, treatmen t, but has not
yet flowered. Mr. F. W. Moore, the able Keeper of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Heg however, been more successful,
be

from S dus in April last Mes Mr. Hildebrand said: * I am sorry
that are unable to flower the large honeysuckle and rose
(Rosa 2b tea). The bother is à si ight to behold just now in my
garden, and strikes the densest in horticultural matters with
astonishment. It is a mass of flowers, white when they open,
and of a lovely gold when far spent. It flowers on last year’s
wood. ed at "the roots is what both rose and honeysuckle
require."

The oldest India-rubber Plantation in the World.—The following
is an extract from the Indian Forester (vol, xxiv., pp. 160-161) :—

The oldest caoutchouc plantation in ip taba is pate one
existing in the west of Java, in the pr e of Kra nong. A

cultivation of this plant was no longer lucrative, he planted some
of the land up with Ficus elastica. The coffee plantations cem
already been more or less cleared of forest growth, so that

planting of Ficus elastica cost less than thirty shillings per ines.
The soil of these coffee gardens had become useless for other

318

growth. The pent were planted 8} yards apart, or 72 trees to
the acre. The area planted was 72} acres, containing 5,200 stems.
The trees were fir d tapped when the plantation was eid years old,
and the yield for that and the six following years was :—

| Year. lbs. Average oz. per stem. Value.
ETE:
| -
| si
imd | 5519 17 600
po HESTo | £00 15 540
1888] 1,54 4 165
1890: | 3,307 10 360
L. or | BIS 18 387
1892 | 5,992 18 256
1895 3,197 10 411
p
| one Average per year per
| Total. <2 | 30,589 stem, 6 ozs. £2,719

724 acres thus, it is said, yielded in seven years a surplus of
£2,712, or per acre per annum, £5 8s. The yield was 711bs. per
acre per annum during this period. During the 23 years from
the establishment of the plantation in 1872 till 1875 the net yield
per acre per annum amounted to £1 12s. 10d

A. H. BERKHOUT.
Late Conservator of Java Forests.
‘Wageningen, Holland,
6th January, 1898.

_ Esparto (Stipa tenacissima, L.).—Mr, T. S. Jago, Consul-General
n Tripoli, gives the fo ollowing account [F. O. Annual, No. 2125,
pp. 11 and 12] of the commerce in this material :—

* Happily, in times of great iere an article growing wild
= the country rescues the native b from starvation. 1 refer
o halfa, or esparto fibre The year 1368 saw the first exportation of

all goes to England for paper-making purposes. That near the
oe has long been eradicated by over-plucking in the early days,

en the fibre fetched £12 per ton in the English market, now
ri o e In ee hand-presses gave way to hydraulic

37, 200 tons, valued at £74,400, were exported, showing the
decreasing Bes of the article, consequent on the large use of
wood-pulp in the manufacture of paper
“ The "a attains maturity after three years' growth, under
which age it is useless to the paper-maker, through lack of the
-necessary strength. No discrimination is exercised by the Arab

319

of
ric near the sea, where it formerl ew co ate necessi-
tating its being sought for further afield among the hills and
watercourses, two to five days’ journey from the coast.

* This latter E coupled with the natural laziness of
the Arab, in seeking to increase the weight of his load with the
least possible toil to himsel by plucking weighty and mature fibre,

may e? obably delay the total extinction of the plant for some

years come. In the Algerian provinces, notably Oran, large
plains To densely covered with the fibre, are now entirely
denuded, and not a plant left, owing to the ignorance and thought-

Loon of the labourers.

* Despite the very little remuneration now offered by present
prices to the peasantry, coupled with the long distance, whence
it has now to be brought wd a iih en ay have ere
diminished, showing the pecuniary assistance it affords t the
peasantry when the ask de crops fail, franco eaten rainfall”

The ic em. information — esparto in this country
is taken from the Cantor Lectures “Commercial Fibres,”
delivered in "1895, before the Society P Arts. The figures are
brought down to J uly 15 of this year :—

* The extensive use of esparto for paper-making is greatly due

t

1861 e "in A d 891 tons.
1870 wie e d vd 89,156 ,,
1880 s =A E in M IRSE. uw
1890 Ts eat REA i MIU ,
1898 ve ved MS Da RULI gs

“ The highest imports were in 1888, when they reached 248,836
tons. Since 1890 they have somewhat declined.

“ There is apparently a disposition, except in Scotland, to give
up the use of esparto in favour of the cheaper and inferior wood-
pulps. The gae in esparto are easily dissolved and bleached.
An authority on paper-making writes es il felt readily, and

yield an excellent pulp, which is RU d alone or mixed with
rags, wood-pulp, or straw. They Farmeka a paper pliant, resistant,
transparent, and of great purity ; thicker than other papers of the

and f

The following Table will show the comparative "ios
esparto in 1878 and 1898 respectively. The great falling off tá

320

prices of late years is due, as suggested, to the competi ition of
wood-pulp. The figures are compiled from the circulars issued
by Messrs. Ide & Christie, 72, Mark Lane, E.C :—

Average Price per Ton,
Source and Quality.
1878. 1898,
RAUA posa
Spanish, fine to best ive suk sv wx pO 5-0 515 0
ji fair to good... i T a E 10. 0.0 5. Gea
Algeria
oma frst — Us P sis PS us 7.10 0 8.6 8
ODd. s. nan e zie ey p E d d
Tipo handy -picked : ais ied ^ 6 10 0 F 1.
fair average axe us x $e 0 0-0 216 3

Messrs. ae & Christie furnish the following additional
particulars

* Total din aria’ into the United a of esparto and other
oe fibre for making paper, viz

1896, 1897, 1898.
ons. ; ;
Month ended 30th Pene Ps 5s 17,952 18,268 15,512
Six months ended 30th June 103,707 | 110,977 110.655
Importation for eal vede ending June 200,806 | 194,549 204,257
|
|

“These statistics are the best evidence of the undiminished
hold which esparto maintains on the estimation of British Bd acts
makers, erage en read in conjunction with the enormou ight
of the wood-pu ilb imports, testify to the remarkable expansion of
the stalin ta 2 industry of this kingdom in recent year

gr ee M
ESN NS
Eo 194. S

=

'hunb.

$.

ca,

japoni

t

-—

Gummosis of Prunus

ith 34

LI

Wyman & Sons t.

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

DULLETIN

MISCELLANEOUS. INFORMATION.

No. m p : DECEMBER. [1898.

DCXXXI.—GUMMOSIS OF PRUNUS JAPONICA,
THUNB.
(With Plate.)

During the past two redi a considerable number of joven

of the beautiful flowering shrub, Prunus japonica, Thunb.,

growing in Kew Garden iud have been killed or much disfigured by
a parasitic fungus belonging to the genus Cladosporium.

The disease is first indicated by the appearance of tear-like
drops of almost colourless gum on the branches. These drops are
sometimes solitary, in other rita numerous and more or less
crowded,

The ae eee to increase in size for some time, often
forming ma arying in size from a marble to that of a
walnut, and enr two or more originally distinct drops coalesce
the resulting mass usually becomes irregularly nodulose and
conto der

ng damp or rainy weather the masses of gum are quite soft
and gelatinous with just sufficient consistency to hold eei
or sometimes during a heavy rain drip away by de egrees. In very
dry, warm weather the mass shrinks very considerably in size and
becomes horny, expanding again when moistened.

As previously stated the mass of guin is almost colourless at
first, becoming steel-grey as it increases in size, e finally black.
The black colour is however confined to a surface layer, the
central portion remaining colourless. This is aa evident on
cutting through a mass that has been hardened in spirit.

In the end these outflows of gum are always washed to the
ground by rain, where they RIRS dissolve and disappear

1242—1375—12/98 Wt92 D&S 29

322

When the black masses are removed irregular canker-like
wounds, sometimes extending to the pith, are present on the

ch, m
continue a feeble existence until the following season, when it
almost invariably suceumbs, owing to the formation of new disease
spots.

The fungus is a wound- -parasite gaining access to the living
tissues through small wounds in the bark, broken branchlets, and

ore especially at those points where leaf- buds or flower- -buds
have been broken off, and as birds remove these buds rather freely,
as in searching for insect larvæ, the opportunity for infection
is amplo.

Tho following account of tho life-history of the fungus is
founded on observance of the s sequence of development and
microscopic examination of material ohare — from artificial
males n of previously healthy specimens.

Whether inoculation is effected by means of spores or conidia,
the first product is invariably a Cladosporium, which morpho-
logically appears t o be in exact accordance with the ubiquitoti
species, C. epip hyllum, Fries, CRT physiologically, the two
are widely separated ; neither am I aware that any known species
o pinde cie "hus been dido ibed capable of promoting the

e known as gummosis, as is the case with the form under
consideration.

Inoculation was aoe by placing spores in a small wound
made in the bark, or on the surface of the wound caused hy
breaking off a barbod. Oiled silk was immediately tied round
.the branch at the points inoculated, and allowed to remain for
ten days, as a preventive against complications that might
possibly have arisen from undesired inoculation by foreign,
floating spore

The fasci ten (i Hebe ote appeared at the points of inocu-
lation at periods varying from sixteen to twenty days after infection
took place, and Saten for about another fortnight, all the while
producing spores, after which they gradually appare their
position becoming occupied by a small drop of gum

If a section is taken through a disease spot at this stage, it will
be seen that the hyaline, enden septate, and much branched
mycelium has extended to a distance of about 2mm. on all sides,
from the point of infection, and has also Died down to the
cambium. "Towards the centre of the diseased spot the tissue is
completely disintegrated, the transformed material oozing to the
surface as the drop of gum already alluded to. Towards the
periphery of the infested portion of tissue, the slender hyphe can
be seen in the cells, having perforated the wall, probably by
means of a ferment secreted by the tips of the hyphæ. There is
very little discolouration of the tissue, just a tinge of brown in
the contents of cells recently attacked.

Returning to the small drop of exuded gum—the increase in
size of which may be taken as an index of the activity of the

hyphe of the fungus in disintegrating and converting into a
gummy substance the tissues of the host—which usually retains
pale amb

grey on the surface. Ifa s cob ule at this stage of development is
hardened in spirit, and afterwards examined in section, its
substance will be seen to be permeated by venfiedten slender,
nre septate hyphe, agreeing in all essentials with the hyphz

fungus present in the tissues of the host. These are in
ue an extension of the hyphe of the parasite into the external
mass > gum for the purpose of producing secondary reproductive
bodie

^ hyphae ae Lun the base of the globule of gum, and
continue to gro til within a very short ee e from its
periphery, but never rere beyond the matr
At the stage indicated, the grey tinge meas on the surface
of the Fac, of gum is due to ey formation of larger, vent walled
cells, a Figel dia d moniliform manner, and of a pale smoky-grey
colit at the tips of wee buc of aes e ems nearest the
outside of the gum matri
s of cues gum continues to increase in size, and
the included hyphe kee x pei with UM extension, always keeping
ne At the sam i

m
moniliform strings increase in ‘number, size, and depth of colour,
imparting to the mass of gum the black colour indicating what
may be vormied the period ota maturity.

If during the period of formation of the mass of gum, the
Wine. has been continuously moist, the ee hyphe radiate
in comparatively straight lines from base to cireumference of the
mass. On the other hand, if, after a PAM of damp weather, the

as
accommodating themselves to the altered conditions, ana: when
the mass again expands after being moistened, the coils of hyphæ

do not unfold, the tips resuming growth in a straight line so
long as conditions are favou for oing; consequently
when during the format um-mass, spells rain and
ry hot weather have alte this is indicated by the

ot w nated, idicate }
alternation of spiral and straight zones of hyphe in its interior.
If, after hardening in spirit, a section of a black mass of gum is
examined, the internal portion is seen to be crowded with delicate
hyaline hyphe, all SRO towards the circumference, as already

explained, and possessing no feature of special interest, but as we
approach the detonar of the mass, these slender hyphæ become
tinged with and gradually widen out into the ns of dark-

coloured, d, thick-walled cells previously mentione
These terminal ains of dark cells are very irregular in
structure, sometimes consisting of piii of elliptic or sausage-
Shaped cells, much constricted at the septa, frequently branched,
and bearing at the tip of each branch, sometimes also intercalary,
very large, Vie arie thick-walled "cells. Other strings consist
f larg drate or irregularly angular cell& which at times
coalesce to form soli d masses of tissue resembling micro-sclerotia.
A2

1242

224

A black mass of gum that had been collected and allowed to

nd
described above had germinated, and ee innumerable very
minute hyaline sporules, many of which were reproducing
mea by a process of budding, Torula- or SAN Om gos:

dier this discovery another mass of black gum was collected
and allowed to become perfectly dry and horny. After remain-
ing in this dry condition for several weeks, a portion of the
aterial was examined, and the same process of germination and
reproduction of sporules by gemmation was seen to have occurred.
After another interval of some weeks, during which the material
remained perfectly dry, a fragment was placed in a hanging drop
uh sterilized water, and reproduction of sporules by gemmation
8 Soon as active as € T process had never been interrupted,
the matrix of gum presumably serving as nutrient material.
Germination of the tgo brown cells, and continued repro-
duction of the sporules by gemmation in a dense matrix of gum
comparatively devoid of air, suggested the idea that under certain
conditions the fungus could exist as an anaerobic IE or
urpose of testing the validity of this idea sks of
nutritive solution, consisting of thoroughly iBEE colourless
masses of the gum e ien ed ing the early stage of the disease
and dissolved in ee P; e prepared according to Kitasato’s
method, which practi RHY Sori in excluding the air by
a layer of parafin poured on the surface of the nutrient
on.

Seven days after inoculation the contents of the flasks were
plge: and microscopic examination showed this turbidity to be
due to the presence of myriads of sporules, mostly arranged in
liiis of two to four cells.

When removed to hanging drops of the same nutrient solution
those anaerobic sporules refused to grow, and eb gs of the
host plant with them produced no sign of the dis

Grown in hanging drops or in flasks as OM organisms, the
large brown tes E origin to a very stout, hyaline mycelium
composed of t o four cells, constricted at the septa. When
full grown, vids vale cells give origin from every portion of
their surface, but most Mittdanty near the septa, to numerous
small elliptical sporules, which generally form chains consisting
of two or three cells by acropetal growth. The sporules soon fall

the parent mycelium, and continue to reproduce
themselves by ecd soon rendering the nutrient solution
turbid by their immense n 8

The product of REDE just described corresponds to what
has been described as Dematium pullulans, well known as 4
uat in the life-cycle of Cladosporium.

he Dematium sporules or conidia readily ge the disease
e placed on a wounded surface of the hos
Fragments of the sporophores of CISD, when placed in
water, also give origin to the Dematium form of reproduction.

3235

PREVENTIVE MEASURES.

The disease, which spreads rapidly, was checked by spraying
with a solution of potassium sulphide.

Diseased usc UB should be removed, as the mycelium is
probably nial in the tissues, and would consequently give
origin to De ik thé following season.

Quicklime should be placed on the soil under diseased plants
for the purpose of TENAS the sporules produced from the
fallen masses of gum

SUMMARY.

Gummosis of Prunus japonica, Thunb., is caused by a species
Cladosporium, morphologically indistinguishable from Clados-
porium epiphyllum.

The masses of extruded gum are permeated with the hyphe of
the Cladosporium, which bear large, thick-walled, dark brown
cells, or masses of cells resembling micro-sclerotia at their Pe
situated just within s qo puer of the mass of gum, and
imparting to it a black c

These a. mee and micro- sclerotia, when caused to germinate
in the abse of air, give origin to myriads of very minute
sporules, Vieh reproduce boue n by gemmation ; ; under
these conditions hyphe are not formed.

Grown in a nutrient eae in the presence of
form of reproduction once known as Denatióm pulita M
produced.

Inoculation with the Dematium sporules produces the disease.
No results were Anes from infections with the sporules of the
anaerobic con

Bacteria were period. enyen from the masses of gum during
every phase of developmen

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.

Fig. 1. Portion of a branch of Prunus Japonica, Thunb.,
bearing two masses of gum ; nat, size.
„ 2. Cladosporium-form of fruit; x 400.
D ow pp of a a portion of the periphery of a black gum-
ass, showing the hyph:e of the Cladosporium; x 80.
a + Dark coloured tips of hyphe from the periphery
of a gum-mass, bearing large, thick-walled, brown
00.

cells; x

» 9. Large thick-walled, brown cells RE in a nutrient
solut ion in the absence of air, and producing yeast-
like cells, which reproduce Verdun i by gemmation ;
x LJ

J dA

Stray cells which are emitting a germ-tube, seen in the
terial described in 5.

326

Fig. 7. Micro-sclerotia germinating under conditions similar to
those described under 5, and producing similar
sporules; x 400.

». 8. Large brown, thick-walled cells germinating in
nutrient solution with free access of air, and deep
the form of fruit known as Dematium pullulans ;

0.

FY Sporules of the Dematium increasing by gemmation ;
x 400.

y ^29. Runs of sporophores of Cladosporium producing a
slender form of Dematium pullulans ;
, ll. A form of Macrosporium often- appearing on old
eg di caused by the Cladosporium. N
netic connection between the two could be
entautlahiod $ x 400.
» 12. Spore of the Macrosporium germinating ; x 750.

G. MASSEE.

DCXXXIL—THE ADVANCES MADE IN AGRI-
CULTURAL CHEMISTRY DURING THE LAST
TWENTY-FIVE YEARS.

An important address has been recently delivered by Professor
MAERCKER, of Halle, to the German Chemical Society (Ber. 1897,
summarising the advances which have been made in
agricultural chemistry during the last twenty-five years. Professor
aercker pointed out that the term Agricultural Chemistry meant
more at the present time than the mere application of chemistry
to agriculture, as shown by the fact that the agricultural chemist,
in his efforts to assist the farmer, was often more concerned with
the biological sciences than with chemistry ; ; while, in addition to
his purely scientific work, he was required to take account of

II. Soils and Manures; III. Artificial Selectio It repro
duced here by the kind permission of the Editor | of the pee
Institute Journal.

I. PLANT-FOOD.

In pt bn nourishment to plants we must know what
substances are necessary, and in what form and quantity they
should be pro videt. Little progress was made in our knowledge
of the subject till the quite recent introduction of the method of
water-cultures of Sachs, Knoop, and Nobbe and the method of
sand-cultures of Hellriegel permitted of the conduct of experi-
ments in pure media, and thus rendered it possible to ascertain
not only what substances are essential for plant life, but also the

327

part played by each substance in the plant cell. Thus we know now
that phosphorie acid is essential for the formation of ears,
substances in the plant, sroga the albumens, whi
fundamental importance in the transformations of substances in
plants, result from an toraa iie E pim ic a compound, as
is indicated by the regular occurrence of lecythin in protoplasm.
Again, iron is an essential constituent of chlorophyll and sulphur
of albumen, and hence must be supplied to plants. The true
eicit A calcium was for long doubtful ; its action is now
kn of a medicinal character, since it serves to neutralize

e alw n edia
product of the oxidation of the carbohydrates. It was formerly
thought that mien fulfilled some important function in the
leaves, being chiefly found in the foliage of plants. Since, how-
ever, the leaves are also the chief seat of the oxalic acid, this
distribution of the calcium is easily explained.

The part played by potassium has only within the last three
years been explained by Hellriegel, who, by exact experiments
with beet-root showed that the amount = m in the beet
stands i e close relation to the amount of potassium provided for
the pla . Wagner has made the interesting observation that
the ore a may si partly replaced by sodiu

The exact value of magnesium to plants is not yet well under-
stood, but it appears to be of importance in the formation of the
nitrogenous substances of ee as in these considerable quantities
of magnesium phosphate o

Nitrogen is an indispensable plant-food, for it is an essential
constituent of album

In addition to the quantities of mineral substances required by
plants to enable them to exhibit a healthy growth, further
quantities are found to be essential to satisfy what has been
termed, though not very aptly, the ** mineral-hunger " of the plant.
This is best explained by an example. E. Wolff found that for
the SH dente wd 100 parts of € sees edes 5 parts
phosphoric acid were necessary en the remaining mine
ubsta

substances were necessary for the production of 100 parts of
oat-plant :—

Phosphoric acid ad a . ‘oO parts
otash ... pi ia eee av Oe
Lime 3 T is Ps sx. OS
Magnesia * vus a 22990 ay
Sulphuric acid ... sé H. sco ON
1:95 parts

A total of 1-95 parts of mineral substances is us e ine y
in the case of the oat-plant. However, there is oat-plan

nature Shick contin so little as 1:95 per cent. The E pea
is 3 per cent. The difference, 1:05 per cent., is the measure of the

328

* mineral-hunger" of the plant, and represents the mineral sub-
stance which does not perform any special function. "This excess

indifferent substance, such as silica. The observation is of
considerable interest to the farmer, for it shows that it is not
economical to manure crops with pure substances,

II. SOILS AND MANURES.

Having ascertained in general what substances are necessary as
UN ox agricultural chemist has next to apply this e
informatio id manuring of soils which are more or les
deficient i i er ingredients. It has been found, unfortunately,
that the chethical analysis of a soil is of little use as a guide
unless accompanied by what may be termed a “ mechanical
analysis," by which is meant chiefly a determination of the
mde of finely-divided constituents present in the soil. It is
he finely-divided earth which presents a Dokl large
ss for the exercise of the solvent action of the water and its
dissolved carbonic acid. There is one case, however, in which
: : ; h

ind traces of some necessary element are present in a soil.

E on rii other hand, large quantities of an elementare present,
it does not follow that there is a sufficiency in the soil even when
the latte er = in a e state of division, for the substance
in question may be present in an insoluble or refractory form.
This is cominoniy the eats with nitrogen, which exists in the soil
chiefly in the form of a mixture of indefinite nitrogenous sub-
stances known as humus, or mould. These substances sometimes
easily give up their nitrogen to plants, but in other case :
refractory. The uncertainty as to their action is indeed so great
that certain peaty soils are known which consist almost entirely
of cr but contain, nevertheless, an insufficiency of available
nitrogen

Poito acid affords another illustration. The soluble
phosphoric acid of the manure is absorbed by the soil as dicaleld
peres which is comparatively easily soluble in the soil-water.
With time, however, it may change in the soil to the insoluble
tric eem phosphate, or even to iron or aluminium phosphates,

which are still less soluble.

n the case of caleium, chemical analysis has been found to be
of considerable service in determining what manuring is required,
since calcium is chiefly valuable in the form of carbonate or
humate, and these are easily estimated in the soil. l

Since then the direct method of prep sie dens is an insufficient
guide to manuring, it is fortunate that chemists have been able to

evelop successfully an indirect method. This is the cultivation
method, by which hiris are allowed to grow in the soil under
examination, after taking care to provide a sufficiency of all
plant-food stuffs except the one, e.g., phosphoric acid, whose
presence in available form is being tested. The plants are then

329

analysed, and the results com pared men the analyses of the same
plants grown on soils provi ed wit the necessary plant-food
stuffs. Asan important result of dio method it has been found
that different plants take up very different quantities of the same
mineral substances. On this is largely based the system of
rotation of crops, where the second crop is so chosen that it chiefly
removes the ingredients of the soil which have been left by the
preceding crop.

ita the aid of the cultivation method it has also been possible
to draw up the following table which represents the relative
values “of the different nitrogen compounds for plant-food.

Nitrogen of Saltpetre ... = f i 100
5 , Ammonia... dus ne .. 85-90
a „ Albumen ... es T aes 60

This X € be made use of in Kea the nitrogen value
of a manure.

The ideis method may be used for testing the value of

f phosphate annually
produced in Germany is now peter utilised by the e agriculturist,
and its preparation for the r has become an important
offshoot of the iron industry

Similarly the sania es by the cultivation method of the
value of potash salts in manures has given an enormous impetus
to the potash industry.

Speaking gener; rally, pee method gives us be hed control over
ne ‘fertility of a soil in so far as this depends on manuring. One

onsequence of this bia been that our views as to the value of
agreata land have CoNIprevery changed, for whereas formerly
sandy soils were generally considered poor, they are now, by
means of a system of ‘intelli gently directed manuring, made to
give yields which are scarcely inferior to those of the best soils.
The beet- -sugar industry, Which formerly could only be conducted
in the best soils, has now been extended with marked success to
sandy soils.

III. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION.

It might seem that with a perfect knowledge of the manuring
of plants, the need for further investigation would cease, for

supply of excessive nourishment is a disadvantage, and only
tends to produce sick plan is
There still remains, however, a method by which the fertility
of plants may be increased far beyond the limit which nature
appearsto have fixed. "This is the method of uM selection
which has been applied in Germany on approved
scientific principles. German agriculture Mond hare long since

330

broken down under the stress of foreign competition had it not
been for the perfect technology of its agriculturists. Asan example,
= sho he Ble may be quoted. This plant contained originally but
mall amount of sugar, and could only be used as a source of
sog when e price of the latter was very high. With the fall
in is came cum irr need for increasing the ‘percentage of
sugar in the bee This was effected by utilising the fact
that ees chaos: is a. so that by selecting artificially
the roots richest in sugar, getting seed from these, planting the
seed, again selecting the richest roots, and so on, a race of plants
x at length obtained in which a high percentage of sugar is
mal.* Accordingly the próduoems of beet-root seed in Germany
have erected great laboratories in which the percentage of sugar
in the roots is carefully determined. By applying the principle
of artificial selection with regard also to the form and size of leaf
and the purity of the sap, it has been found possible to improve
the roots from year to year, so that now beet-sugar can easily
hold its own against cane-sugar, and is indeed cheaper than flour,
costing as it does in Germany less than a penny a poun

Similar success has attended the efforts to increase the crops of
different kinds of grain. The improvement in malt-barley has
been specially marked.

s been found that plants which have been highly cultivated
en

part in Germany, during the last ten years, yee chemistry of
plants. The most interesting of these trace re chemical history
of nitrogen as it passes from the atmosphere to the soil, then into
the substance of plants, and finally back into the atmosphere.

The corresponding cycle for carbon has long been known.

Most plants assimilate nitrogen only in the form of compounds.
As, however, the total quantity of nitrogen compounds in the
atmosphere is comparatively small, there must be some other
source of nitrogen for plants. Now the classical researches of

f

elementary nitrogen and so to leave a soil in which they have been
grown richer in nitrogen compounds. It has been found that the
power of acting as nitrogen collectors isalways associated with the
presence of micro-organisms on the roots, and that the assimi-
lation of the nitrogen is in some ake not understood due to the
micro-organisms. "The r recognition of the power of leguminous
plants to act as nitrogen collectors is manifestly of great practical
importance, for it shows clearly that the best rotation of crops
is one in which a leguminous crop is followed by one of
nitrogen consumers, /.^., plants which cannot assimilate nitrogen
directly.

Leguminous plants, whether first used as fodder for animals or
simply left to decay in the soil, have their albumen changed
in the first instance to amides, ‘which under the influence of

oai comae clo ut

* See Kew Bulletin, 1897, pp. 317, 318.

331

ammonia-ferments are decomposed with SEROR of ammonium-
carbonate. The saltpetre bacillus then con s the ammonium-
carbonate (and probably also amides) into eee i.e., into the
best form of nitrogen plant-food.

Unfortunately the whole of the nitrate thus formed is never
available for plants, on account of the destructive action of the
nitrate-destroying bacilli, which decompose the nitrates with
evolution of free nitrogen, and so complete the nitrogen cycle.

The nitrate destroyers are usually present in stable-manure,
and cause a deplorable loss to agriculture, amounting in Germany
to a sum of several million pounds annually.

Efforts which, as Professor Maercker assured the German
Chemical Society are Ard to meet with success at an early date,
are being made to avoid this loss; and for this eae special
bacteriological investigations are soe being conducted at many
agricultural stations in Germany.

DCXXXIIL—IMPROVEMENT OF SUGAR-CANE BY
CHEMICAL SELECTION.

The Kew oe Em 1894 (pp. 86-96) contained an account
of the experiments made in Louisiana for the improvement of the
sugar-cane by A nac Ne te of “seed canes,” t.e., of ER canes
used for propagation. The principle was essentially the same as
that which has been applied to the improvement of the Some pU
(see Kew Bulletin, 1897, pp. 317, 318). The method has begun
to attract some attention in sugar-growing colonies. The follóiine
remarks are quoted by the Queensland Sugar Journal and
Tropical Cultivator for April 15 last from Mr. McCulloch, ei
Government Inspector under the Sugar Works Guarantee Act :

zd aaa the improvement of our canes or the propaga-
tion of new varieties by mean ine d or otherwise is a slow and
iis process, pem we are, Teas debarred from individually
impro r varieties by this means. This being so, we should
give careful attention to accidental kae which undoubtedly
do occur. In most canefields a stool, or stick of cane in a stool,
is Non found having characteristics ds unlike in appearance
to the mother plant. These a bd as * sports,’ or accidental
T Where observed these nes should be carefully
oted and used for future planting, “keeping them in a field, or
ese of a field, by themselves. Then, again, one can almost always
notice in a cane efield a few stools or sticks far and away cleaner,
healthier, and bigger-looking than the others. These, at should
be carefully noted and used for future planting. This s known
as ‘seed selection.’ It is by such means as these, also by careful
and intelligent cultivation, drainage, manuring, &c., by observing
be bates dant ai of the soil to the plant, carefully recording the
n it was planted, the cultivation bestowed on it, the manner

of 8 stooling, number of canes in a stool, that every individual cane-
grower in Queensland can do his little or more to better the

332

varieties of our canes. Such data, if intelligently kept and
recorded, would, in the course of a very few years, result in con-
siderable pecuniary gain to both miller and grower. The
Pb te poem of varieties from seed can only be done scientifically
r State supervision, and it is to be hoped the day is not far
dient beum this will be recognized in this Colony, and a well-
ese pas experiment station take this matter in hand. Till then
r cane-grow st help themselves, as above &racenm never
fomdhiing that yi little one discovers, added to that which
another does, and so on, if carefully recorded and po for
will be the mean a

nd a
effort on the part of c cane-growers materially by encouraging the
growth of ech al rich in sugar, by paying a higher price for
such cane, by analysing varieties for poras free of charge, and
by encouraging them in every possible manne

Mr. NN. and Professor d'Albuquerque give the ioo
accou their * Report of experiments made on the exper
etl "Relds, at Dodds Reformatory " (1897, pp. 26-29) :—

“The experiment was made at the suggestion of Mr. Thiselton-
Dyer, Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, and is a repetition on
a small scale of bela grege made in the years 1890, 1892, by
Messrs. Thompson and Edson, at Calumet plantation, Louisiana.
The object was 46 ascertain the possibility of increasing the
average richness and purity of the juice of a given variety of

r e,. j

were found by the analysis to yield the richest and purest juice.
* Accordingly, the lower half of each of a number of canes was

average amount of available sugar, were planted in a plot by
themselves, ae med - low the average by themselves; a plot was
planted at the time in the ordinary way, that is, with
cuttings taken tüdtetriminsidy from the ordinarily well grown
canes.

“Burke canes were used for this experiment. Thirty holes of
each of these ide were reaped, and the results are recorded in
the tables below

“The plot of canes planted from ‘high’ seed cane yielded a
juice of higher sucrose content a lower glucose content than the
plot planted from ‘low’ seed can

333

LEPIDE | 6-281 +

8-98 6-6 | T6.

09t 9 £6 86 6.66 8 G6 LE

ESI 6 0.91 86 86 6 8.8 8E

841 OI LOL #8 9.-£TI OL LS 9

9-21 890'cc

6-61 scr Ic

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oer 1d MO'T “

tee 101g ÁKxeutpa() 4:

"' — 401d ugrg 'exmg

‘SIUL "'eonpodq

jo 920€ red *syMo
ur eying vy} uo
esvaroop 30 esuoloup

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: |
o ‘ueg ‘doy, ‘dumyo | 9108
dump out) xod | aod
‘souvy uo3303I | ‘sauvo poox) | ‘sdoy, ouv) 'eonpodiq |
ouo Jo "ST UT FUSION jo exoy aed 431 AV 8S9uv;) Jo "ON

‘soupy ay} Dwidpow fo syynsagy

T "Sv,

324

Tabte fi.
Results of the Crushing of the Cane.

| Lbs. per Impl. Lbs. per 2 u

167° F.| 60° F. 5 galls. of acre of $s &

a TH

B 3 Q
ae 2| Wy ci do. eS | 9825
t [ORBE vele e $ | og | 38 | 98g
wg no 2 5 o ° 2S Ja E 3 E
Qe tee 2 - | RI GEB. fx | oe
qs | ÂA | $ E oO- 1-2 |< | 583
"B8 Bd 5-5
dz n =

Burke, High Plot ... | 5,006 | 9-89 | 67-97 | 163| 103 | 7,999 | 7,242 | + 1,516

» Ordinary Plot | 4,187 | 9-66 | 67-98 | 158 | -119 | 6,457 | 5,726 =
» LowPlot ...|4065 | %55 | 6672 | 156| -114| 6,204 | 5,524] -202

| ;
TABLE III.
Composition of the Juice of the Canes.

| | :
— Water. | Sucrose. | Glucose. | Ash. Organic

Burke, High Plot dí S EE 15:23 96 +38 1-79

» Ordinary Plot .. ..| 8211 14-72 111 36 71

» Low Plot... ste sid 82:42 14:58 1:07 43 1:50

DCXXXIV.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

at Lagos, where he had done excellent service, has been memen:
on the recommendation of Kew, by the Secretary of State for the
Colonies, Curator of the Botanical ‘Station recently established in
Tobago.

MR. WILLIAM HENRY JOHNSON, who went out to the Gold
Coast in January, 1898, as Acting Curator of the Botanic Station
at Abu as been confirmed in the appointment on the
resignation of Mr. C. H. Humphries.

330

Mr. ALBERT EDOUARD PIERRE GRIESSEN, a member of the
Gardening Staff of the Royal Gardens, has been appointed, on the
recommendation of Kew, by the Secretary of State for India in
Council, a Probationer Gardener for employment in the Royal
Botanic dardai, Calcutta

Sir HENRY BARKLY, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S.—Botany has
been promoted, and Kew has S gr eatly benefited by the action of
many Coldnial Fidei n but probably none have done so much
as the late Sir Hen vag. who died at his residence in South

r a, Ja
ritius, and the Cape of Good Hope, he had excellent opportunities
r indulging his taste for Botany, and exercising his influence
over Colonial Botanical Institutions. His correspondence with
Kew goes at least as far back as 1852, when he wrote to the late
Sir William Hooker, from Gov ernment House, Seoige yib
British Guiana. He advises the despatch to Kew of a wardia

case containing ferns, lycopod jungermannias, a “new
warf Sobralia.’ Th following year (1853) W. Hooke
dedicated the seventy-ninth volu of the Botanical Magazine

o Sir H, Barkly, ** who, amidst n. many arduous duties attend-
ant upon his pac m ow patronized and encouraged

horticulture and bot colonies.” In 1858 the late Sir
Ferdinand Mueller edicated « a Rn dones genus of the Sophorez,
Barklya syringifolia to him. his is a monotypic genus

inhabiting the Brisbane river district, and is figured in Mueller's
xk Fibs (i. t. 3). It was See Gee E English gardens the
ear, and is still cultivated at Kew; but it grows very

or

thence in the Kew correspondence "aue A857) 1 - almost
entirely devoted to Botany and gardenin g. He diim moons
Mueller’s return from Gregory’s North Australian Expedition,
and states that Mueller was most Lic dese ed by the existence of a
species of baobab in Australia. His interest in plants never
lars

and museum objects. In South Africa, his last sphere of active
official Tife (1873. -7), he paid special attention to de e plants,
wits more particularly to the Stapelieew. He collected and culti-

ted as man

Merida of living plants to Kew. Lady Barkly and Miss E. B.
rkly made water-colour drawings of thenr as they flowered.
Copies of these drawings were sent to Kew, together with
specimens in alcohol, accompanied by c copious descriptive notes.
A portion of this material was published in Hooker's Zcones
Plantarwm, plates 1901-1925 ; and coloured figures of a number

E bee that flowered at Kew appeared in the Botanical Magazine
enry was also instrumental in the re-introduction of Aloe
dishorones and other species of this characteristic African genus.
He was joint author with Colonel Pike of a report on the flora

>

336

and fauna of Round Island, near Mauritius. rins mum he himself
p: ublished very little he contributed largely in the way of notes

specimens to several of our Colonial je and it was due
tu his support that 2 approval and aid of the legislatures of

Flora Capensis, He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
in 1864,

Botanical Magazine for November.—As/ragalus ponticus is onè
of the numerous Se eu o ie of the genus in Asia Minor,
whence seeds were o Kew by Edward Whittall, Esq., of
Smyrna. Its eos habit, and globose or ovoid, almost sessile
heads of yellow flowers in the axils of the long leaves are
characters which it has in common with A. narbonensis, to which,
in other respects also, it is closely allied. Kniphofia longicollis
is a new species from Natal, and is one of the recent introductions
of Mr. Max Leientlin, of Baden, The drawing was made from a

Thomas Cooper, from whom the Kew plant was purchased. It
is a decidedly ornamental species, having leaves freely spotted
with white and capitate racemes of bright orange-yellow flowers,
hies with green. In Podotheca, chr betta: is represented a
singular genus of Composite, which consists of six species, all
confined to Western Australia. P. chr Saintes is an erect, slender
annual, each branch being terminated by a lax head of bright
ye ellow fl aby The Kew plants were raised from seeds com-
municated by Miss Bunbury, of Picton, Western Australia.
Calliandra Ainsi is a distinct and handsome new species from
exico. Though allied to C. Aematocephala it is easily dis-
tinguished by the pubescence on the leaves and the much smaller
number of leaflets. The plant drawn was received from the
gardens of the Royal Botanie Society, Regent's Park, in 1888

Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon.—The first Mie of this
addition to the series of Colonial Floras was announced in the
Kew Bulletin for 1894, p. 34, and the death of the lamented gina
in that for 1896, p. 219. It was further announced (1897, p. 208)

Ranunculacex to Balanophoraces» ; the arrangement followed
being that of Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum. He
also left the manuscript of the Euphorbiaces nearly ready for
ress. In a comparatively short period, considering his advanced
age, Sir Joseph Hooker has completed the fourth volume. This
comprises the orders Euphorbiacew to Naiadacem. With it are
issued Pub oe additional quaro coloured plates, making one

ndr n all and completing this part of the work. It is
eden x note that no Conifers inhabit the island ; that

337

160 species of orchids, belonging to sixty-one genera, are described;
and that only six genera of palms are represented by native

well advanced with the concluding volume, being at the present
time engaged on the grasses.

Alluding in the preface to the material utilised in preparing
this volume, Sir Joseph states that the Ceylon collections in the
Kew Herbarium are much richer than those in the Herbarium of
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya.

New Orchid Houses.—During the past year the Orchid Houses
(Nos. XIII. and XIV.) have been entirely reconstructed. The old
houses, which were erected in 1869, had proved ee Ede. to
the cultivation of orchids according to modern pra ; they

dee ihe glass. "They were, in fact, almost useless except for the
mporary NAE S of plants in flower, which had been grown

in ihe orchid pit
The a of the houses had so far decayed that their
ratoetMtoR ion had become necessary. It was decided to carry

tK adopted
two parallel ranges, each 82 feet long and 12 feet wide, were erected
on the site which had formerly been covered by a single pr

Each range is divided by a transverse partition into a warm
(XIII.) and tia portion (XIV.). The southern (left- ‘idle range
has an ordinary stage on the € side, and a low bed on the right
for pie —— In the warm portion n (XIIL) will be found
he species of Dendrobium, "Erud, Cattleya, VUES Pr tees and
Sian kopsá, &c.; in the cooler r (XIV.) t those of Cymbidium,
Sobralia, Mazillaria, Bomid um, ilaji Lelia, &c. Th
northern (right hand) range has ordinary stages on both sides,
that on the left being overatank. The warm portion (XIII. A)
is devoted to such genera as Vanda, Aerides, Phalaenopsis,
Angrecum, Cypripedium and Anectochilus ; the cool (XIV. A)
to Lae rt Masdevallia, Oncidium, Lycaste, &c.

hese ranges, which are open to the publie, now contain a large
E FEEN of plants which are permanently cultivated in them
hey still serve, as before, for the exhibition when n flower
of those which require special cultural treatment in the orchid
pits (XVI. C & D). "These pits are connected with the exhibition
houses by a glazed corridor, which also communicates with a new
potting shed.

New Work Sheds.-No competent work can be accomplished
without proper appliances. In these Kew has long been deficient.
But potting and other cultural operations virium pert meee be

1242 B

338

carried out in the houses in which the plants are exhibited. They
require work sheds in which not merely will valuable plants
suffer no injury, but the gardeners can work with convenience
and comfort. = is impossible to get good work done with the
best of workmen if there isa want of due regard to the health
and E SO edd of those who have | to use them. It is
not, however, always easy to get funds for appliances which,
however necessary , make no external show

During the pa year Her — Office of Works decided
to remedy this state of things, or at any rate to make a vigorous

commencement. The following important items have been
poene d of :—

I. Fernery Shed.—This serves houses Nos. II. and III. and the
adjoining pits. The reconstructed shed is 58 ft. long by 14 ft.
8in. wide. The roof has been boarded, a concrete floor laid
LL and it has been properly warmed and thoroughly lighted.
It is continuous with the Filmy fern house, into which it opens.

II. Propagating Shed and Packing Room.—This has been recon-
structed (50 ft. by 11 ft. 6 in.) on the same principles. Large
consignments of plants from Indian and Colonial Botanie Gardens
or from m foreign correspondents can be handled on arrival without
risking injury, and wardian cases for abroad can be kept at
a proper temperature while inier ius despatch.

III. Decorative Department Shed.—This has hag A recon-
structed and enlarged (77 ft. by 11 ft. 6 in.) The k for which
it was used had hitherto been condnctel under Sis puse

IV. South Nursery Pit.—This furnishes the supply of new plants
for the Great Temperate House. It has been converted into an
admirable span-roofed house 70 ft. long s 18 ft. wide.

Models of Fruits and Flowers from Amboina.—Through the
kindness of Dr. Treub, the ia of the Botanic Garden,
Buitenzorg, Java, we have recently been enabled to add
many interesting. Specimens to the Museum Collections, Some

Konigii, Vahl, a shrub with succulent stems, distributed over
Tropical E. Asia, Australia, and Polynesia; and the foliage is
represented by feathers. The m ikalti of these articles is
not a modern dgra as a reference to the Herbarium
Aubinh vol. iv., p. 117, will show. Rumphius there gives
an interesting HAM of the uses of this plant. In Zooker's
S M ae of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany cro aes d

, the employment of this plant for the ma of
Dicit flowers is also referred to as being fully y described by
Rumphius before 1690

339

American Golf Sticks—The following report appeared in the
United States Consular Reports (pp. 505-506) for the present
year :—

* At the pretty He essai of Hoylake, a suburb of Liverpool, there
are golf links which are famous as being the oldest and among
the best in England, the sb e being brought here by the see ee

Hoylake have been exported through this consulate to the United
States. Quite recently, oo golf sticks made in the United
States have been brought to England, and their arrival has aroused
a great deal of comment. There is already a steadily growing
bes in England for domestic wooden ware of United States

pee . There is undoubtedly a great opening in this market for

ost woods are cheaper in America, and improved machinery is
died to a far greater extent in the manufacture than here. Th
appearance of American-made golf sticks leads to the suggestion
that the United jeeni could even supply bats and wickets for the
English national game of cricket cheaper and of better quality
than the Tapado articles. The following item is from the
Liverpool Echo of February 1, 1898 :—

* * Most people will be surprised at the statement that we are now
importing golf clubs from America; but it is a fact, according to
the statement of Mr. Charles S. Cox, an Englishman long resident
in America, who, on his return home, has stated that he had no
diffieulty in obtaining orders for 8,000 clubs from the largest
dealers in golf goods in Scotland and England. The reason for
this is asserted to be that the American clubs are better psy and
better finished than Head that can be obtained at home at any-
thing like the same price. Mr. Cox says that the reason für this
underselling is the improved machinery and advanced methods
of manufacture which are used in America, compared with our
own."

On enquiry, the following information was obtained :—

ARMY AND NAVY CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY, LIMITED, to
ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

43, Johnson Street, Page Stre
Westmi nster, S.W., May 12, 1898.
DEAR SIR,

GOLF sticks, both square ede a have been imported into
England from America for some time. I have not heard that they
are sending us complete sak, er think this hardly likely, as
the game is a new one for America, and they have had to get golf

1242 B2

340

club makers from Scotland to make their clubs. Until recently,
they imported their complete clubs from Scotch makers.

The golf sticks would be second growth Hickory of the same
description as the samples we sent you.

We are making a few golf heads of Hickory, but this wood is
not generally liked ; it is very hard, and does not give so good a
grip of the ball as Beech. i

I am, &ce.,
(Signed) D. T. RUDDOCK,
Manager.

ENDER.

A.
Achyrospermum cryptanthum,

Acrocephalus
aker,
-— venosus, Baker, 160.
EC ee (Elaphoglossum)
aker, 233.

oligocephalus,

nanense,
Adiantum myriosorum, Baker,
330.
JEolanthus nyikensis, Baker,

— salicifolius, noe. 161.

Agave Schottii, 2

Agelæa brevipaniculata, Cum-
min

Édeintinr i polyphyllum, Baker,

Agricultural
vances
twenty-five years, 326.

rien ad: Imperial Depart-
nent of, West Indies,

Aitchison, rigade - Surgeon,

., death of, 310.

—- — —, fungi from India, 114.

Adi i, 174.

Alafia major, Stapf, 307.

Aleurina tasmanica, Massee,131.

Chemistry, ad-
e during last

Alpinia strobilifera, Baker, 225.
Alsophila veis Baker, 229,
, 165

\luvilla
Amelanchier ganadonsih var.
oblongifolia, 312

American golf sticks, 339,

Amomum angustifolium, 288.

~- hemisph:ericum, 136.

Amsterdam, University Botanic
Garden

Anacardium aei en

Andropogon Nar

Anemone vernalis, 6
s of e

Antrophy um obovatum, Baker,

233.
— stenophyllum, Baker, 233.
Antwerp, Botanic Garden .90.
mercial Museum, 90.
Apocynum venetum, fibre from,
181.

Appointments, 22, 54, 57, 96,
200, 234, 237, 911,
334, 335.

Armeria ceespitosa, 137.
Arrowroot, Be

Arundinaria nitida, 316.
Asclepias Nuttii, N. E. Brown,
Ashanti, agriculture in, 69.
onomic products of, 69.

— expedition, botany of, 65,
Aspidiotus perniciosus, 167,
Aspilia m onocephala, Baker,

52

— ec

— zombensis, Baker, 152.
Astragalus ponticus, 336.
Athrixia diffusa, Baker, 152.

b.

Bamboo brooms, 203.

Barber. yet

Bark Bose », 18.

Barkly, ar ‘Henry, 999.

Belgium, botanical museuins in,
86.

Beniseed at the Gambia, 40,

Bentham Trustees, books pre-
sented by,

Berkheya echinopsoides, Baker,
155.

— parvifolia, Baker, 155.
— polyacantha, Baker, 156.

96.

. H., eoagulation of

rubber-milk, 177.

— — —, notes on C 'eara rubber,
14.

* Birch tree” of Jamaic a, 239.
Bishop, G. A., 96.
Blister blight (with fig.), 109.

209.

ubber in, 252.

Books presented by Bentham
Trustees, 101.

— — — Secretari ia de Fomento,
Mexico

Borers, sgar cane, 102.

Borneo, fungi from, 119.

—, inis hemp in, 15.

-Botanic Garden, Amsterdam, 91.

,

, Ghent, 87
— —, Leyden, 90.

, Royal, Brussels, 88.
= Station, Gambia, E:
eone,

' Zo mba, 83.
Botahical Departments, staffs
of, Appendix IIT.

— dBiicoveried China, Br et-
,

— Survey of India, Records of,
287.
Botany of Ashanti Expedition,

Bretschneider, Dr. E., history of
bot tanical discovárion in China,

British Central Africa, coffee
cultivation in, 85.
uiana. Para ru bber in, 276.
— New Guinea, fungi from, 190,
— No rth Borneo, Manila hemp

Bronze relievi, 201.

Brown, Robert, portrait of, 25,
Brunfelsia calycina, 143.
Brussels, Commercial Museum,

-— International Exhibition, 88.
— Royal Botanic Gardens, 88.

Buddleia variabilis, 238.
Bulbophyllum spectabile, Rolfe,
193.

urma, Ceara rubber in, 9.
Burmese orchids, enin» "i draw-
ings of,
Bursera gummifera, 239.
Bussorah, date production in,
46.

C.
— Roy al Botanic Garden,
s of, 205.

Calliand? fulgens, 336.
Callianthemum rutæfolium,
r. anemonoides, %
Callistephus raa S 280.
Calochortus clavatus,

m, 96.

Ca anscora ramosissima, Baker,
158.
Cantor lectures on India-rubber

plants, 312.
Cape vier e 200.
Sum: 18.

Caper sad in France, 31.
Capparis spinosa, 31
Capsicum annuum, 171.
imum, 171
Carob tree, 184.
‘ar rpodinus congolensis, Stapf,
303.

— gracilis, Stapf, 303.
— leptantha, Stapf, ip
— ligustrifolia, Stapf, 3X
— turbinata, Stapf, AL
Cashew spirit, 2
Catinula leucoxantha, Masser,
116.

Ceara den :

ole mbia, 41.

Celastru K artioulntee, 176.

Oetatouth Siliqua

Ceropegia papillata, N: E.
Broi 308. F

— paricyma, N. E. Brown, 309.

— Perrottetii, N. E. Brown,
3

— pumi N. E. i 309.

Ceylon, Ceara rubber in,

343

Ceylon, Handbook of the Flora

of, 336

—, Para rubber in, 253.

Chemistry, Agricultural, advan-
ces ing last twenty-

China, Bretschneider's history
of botanical discoveries in,
313.

—, Flora of, 238.
—, fungi from, 113.
— grass, 209.
Chinese prescription, 144.
ese llum, Massee, gen.
; 199.
— mA Massee, 136.
Chondrorhyncha albicana,
Rolfe, 195.
Chry santhemum cinerariefoli-
um,
Clerodendron (Cyclonema) ma-
crostachyum, Baker, 159.
— (Euclerode ning Er 'syringm-
olium,
Clitocybe Tei. M. 124.
Coagulation of rubber-milk,
177

aepo ppnicnelle, Rolfe, 194.

— swan

Coffea reniophylia: 27.

Coffee, highland, of Sierra

eone, 27.

—, hybrid, 207.

— —, in Mysore, 30.

— in British Central Africa, 85.

—, Liberian, at the Gambia, 38.

, fungi from
N i 2.

Collett, Col. "Sir H., Flora of

a; 00

Collybia rupicola, Massee, 114.

Colpoon compressum, 18.
omins, Rev. R. B., Solomon
Islands dried plants, 100.

Commissioner of Agriculture,
West Indies, 234,

VS Exhibition, Tervueren,

Corchorus olitorius, 38.
Mer de aspilioides, Baker,

Cortaderia jubata, ed
agh, C. V., fungi from

bene 119.

Cri A Ee 175.

mam Malyi, 96.
ummins, decodes Capt., botany
of Ashanti expedition, 65.

— — —, fungi from Bermuda,

Cupu-assu, 104.

Cyphia n m Baker, 151.
Cyprus, Shinia in, 190.
Cyrtosperma senegalense, 312.
PUE purgans,

D.

Dacryodes hexandra, 239.

Daldinia aspera, Massee, 134.

Dalmatian Insect Powder, 297.

Daphne blagayana,

Dasystachys Drimiopsis, 61.

Date production in Bussorah,
46.

Davallia (Humata) platylepis,
Baker, 229.
avy, J. B., a Chinese prescrip-
tion, 144.

Decades Kewenses, 224,

Dendrobium n Pedilonum)
cyiibitoeme, olfe, 192
— hirtulu , 198

Descanso House, 201, 311.
Diagnoses Africans, 145, 301.
Diatrea saccharalis, 102.

— striatalis,

Dicranolepis Persei, Cummins,

18.

Didierea mirabilis, (with fig.)
Ji.

Dimerosporium tasmanicum,

Massee, 129.
Digisohne Gatacrei, Stapf, 229.

Diplodina Arenarie, Massee,
113.

Dombeya Johnstonii, Baker,
301.

Dominica, Ceara rubber in, 13.
—, Para rubber in,
Draczna godseffiana, 6.

344

E.

Egerton-Warburton, Miss, fungi
from Western Australia, 123.
Egypt, malingering in, 143.
Emilia basifolia, Baker, 154.
Epiclinium Cumminsii, Masser,

133.
Epidendrum ($ Osmophytum)
ganense, Rolfe, 194.
Eria($ Hymeneria)latibracteata,
Rolfe, 194, 200.
Erianthus formosanus, Stap/,
2

228.
Erinella iren ee 115
Eriospermum ulbaghioides,
aker,
Erythronium "Hartwegi, 96.

Esparto, 318.

Eulophiella peetersiana, 279.

Eutypa erumpens, Massee, 134.

Exobasidium BA pair Massee
(with fig.), 1

F.

Faroa eue eid ure 158.
Feijoa sellow a, 312.
Fibre, China ine. 209.
—, jute at the Gambia, 38.
—, Manila hemp in British
orth Borneo, 15.
Fibre- So machines and
agg à grass :
re machine, 210, 219.
pp machine, 211, 216.
McDonald- Boyle Decorti-
cator, 221.
Boyle Process, 222.
Gomess’ Process, 223.
Ficus obliqua, 166.
Fiji India-rubber, 164.
Fimbristylis Woodrowi, C. B.
Clarke, 227.
Fitzgerald, W., fungi from
British de Guinea, 120.
Flora Capensis, 23, 200.
— of Ceylon, Handbook of, 336.
— — China, Xi

Flora of Lord Howe Island, 25.
— — Mongolia, 26.

— — Philippine Islands, 25.

— — Simla, 97.

— — Tibet, 26.

— — Tropical Africa, 24, 97,

9
Florida velvet bean, 207.
Fra r industry in, 31.
Fruits nde ebted at the Gambia,
41.

Fungi Exotici, 112.

Fungus from indigo refuse, 101.

Fusarium pannosum, Massee,
HU

G.

Gambia Botanic Station, 35.

—, economic plants cultivated
at,

—, fruits i in cultivation at, 41.

ara rubber in,

—, A Tamh for 1897, 43.
—, rubber plants at, 40.

Gamble, J. S., fungi from India,
114.

Gambleola, Massee, gen. nov.,
E10:

— cornuta, Massee, 115.

: «di retirement of,

Garcinia Mangostana, 26.

Gardeners’ reading-room, 201.
Genabea tasmanica, Mass. et
Rodw 5

Gentil, L., visit to Sierra Leone
Botanic Station, 58

Geopyxis elata, Massee, 123.

Geranium Whytei, Baker , 302.

Gerbera Lasiopus, Bake

Ghent University EE Gar-

en, 87,
Gibbera fulvella, Massee, 130.
Gold Coast, Para rubber at, 274.
Golf sticks, American, 339.
Gommier, 539.

Grenada, "Para rubber in, 275.
Gresson, Ta

Grey blight (nur fig. 2' 106.
Griessen, A. E

Tm
aw

E
D

Griffith, G. W. C. tubers of

Jicamilla, 29.
Guizotia ny ikensis, Baker, 153.
s of Prunus japonica

mos
with plate, a
Gutta percha,
ymn eee Belligues) pen-
taphylla, Baker, 233.
Gymnomyces, Mass et Rodw.,
gen. nov., 125
ss pallidus, Mad et Rodw.,
12

— sonia Mass. et Rodw.,
125.

H.

Haarlem, Colonial "pem 91.
Habenaria rhodochei

Nel-
sonii, Baker, :
Hart, J. H., fungi from Trini-
dad, 134.
— Museum specimens, 203.
Helichrysum luteo-rubellum,
Baker, 149.
— monocephalum, Baker, 149.
— nanum, *, 150.
150.

er,
— patulifolium, Baker, 150.
— rhodolepis, Baker, 150.
— sulphureo - fuscum, Baker,
151.
— syncephalum, Baker, 151.
— xanthospherum, Baker, 151.
cenae ONE T. 14
MU peapet from
re ers 289.
— Chinese dried plants, 4
Herbarium (see Kew).
Hesperaloe Davyi, Baker, 226,
Hetæria samoensis, Rolfe, 199.
Hevea brasiliensis, 241.
J. M. report on botanical
in Belgium and

239.

plants, 26

Holarrhena congolensis, Stap/,

306.
Holland, botanical museums in,
86

Holland, J. H., 22.

Holley, H., 136.

Hooker’s Icones Plantarum,
Esi.

Howard, E., Ceara rubber, 1

2.
Huernia somalica, N. E. Brown,

Hybrid coffee, 30, 207.

Hymenogaster albellus, Mass.
et Rodw

— Rodwayi, Massee, 126.

— violaceus, Mass. et Rodw.,
127.

Hypholoma glutinosum, Massee,

Hysterangium afine, Mass. et
Rodw., 127.
-— P Mass. et Rodw.

— SUN duas Mass. et Rodw.,
127.

i,
Incense trees of the West Indies,

India, fungi from, 114.

—-, Para rubber in, 264.

—, Records of the Botanical
Surve ey of, 287.

— rubber plantation, oldest in
the world, 317.

— a a Cantor lectures on,

—— p also Rubber).
Indigo, artificial, 33.

— at the Ga bia, 40.

Indigofera tinctoria, 40.
nsect pow

Z

tnfsidibeltüéPuo,
tm , 906.

346

J.

Jamaica, carob tree in, 184.
—, Ceara rubber in, 12
, Para Fb in, 275.
Japanese í Chillies, 172.
Jasminu nitidum, Skan, 225.
Jatropha pesi za, 29.
Jaumea Johnstoni, Baker, 153.
Jenman, G. S, fungi from
British Guiana, 135.
Jenmania, Folfe, gen. nov., 198.
— elata, Ro lfe, 198.
Jicamilla, 29.
odrell Laboratory , work from,
62.

Johnson, W. H., 54.
Jute from. the Gambia, 38.

K.

Kalanchoe METTE Tai.

Kendir fibre, 181.

Kew, iei relievi, 201.
j i

pening, 176.
ign estimation of, 277.
—, gardeners’ reading room, 201.
— ded additions to, 25,
26, 100, 175, 239.
— library, additions to, 97, 101,
102, 206, 313.
— Museums, additions to, 25,
138, 144, 313

—, — work sheds, 337.
—,north wing of Temperate
House, 64.

—, number of visitors in 1897,

—, Pelicans at, 29, 203.
—, Queen's Cottage Grounds,
—, visit of Library Association,
— work from Jodrell Labo-

ratory, 62.
Kickxia latifolia, Stapf, 307.

King, Sir George, retirement of,
54.

Kirk, Prof. T., death of, 57.
Kniphofia breviflora, 23.

— longicollis, 336.

Kola in the Lagos hinterland,

Kous-kous, 40.

L.

xu pcm ye
Massee, 114.

A mier p: in, 139.
ra rubber in, 2 215.

-- “Past ‘of its race,” 99.

Lathyrus splendens, 29.

Ledum glandulosum, 238.

Lemon grass oil, 206.

Lentinus

21

himalayense,

crenulatus, Massee,

Lepiota altissima, Massee, 114.
o Rodwayi, Massee, 124.
masukuensis, Baker,

= megasphæra, Eaker, 163.

— myriantha, Bake 163.
Leucophanes clu.
Brotherus,

—— Botanic Garden, 90.

, Rijks’ Herbarium, 90.
Libani coffee at the Gambia,
38.
aurantiaca,

Libertella Massee,
131

Library Association, visit to
Kew, 200

— (see Kew).

Lightfootia capitata, Baker, 158.

Littleda le, Mrs, Mongolian

Hemipogon)
Buchanani, Baker, 156.
— (Hemipogon) intertexta,
Baker, 157, 280.
— (He mi pogon) nyikensis,
Baker, 157.
— Chynchopetalam) squarrosa,
Baker, 157.
Loher, da Philippine Islands
dried plants, 25.

-

Lonicera hildebrandiana, 317.
Lord Howe Island, Flora of, 25.
Luja, E., 200.

Erans dyeriana, Sander, 195.

M.

Maba coriacea, Cummins, 76.

Macroscepis elliptica, N.
rown,

Madras, Ceara rubber in

Maison de Melle, Ghent, 86.

b rie bata in Egypt, 143.

E.

Mangos 'rom the West
Indies, S.

Manicoba E

Maniho t Ghi L A.

Manila em
Borneo, 15.
Mar. asmius erumpens, Massee,

| British North

— tinctorius, Massee, 132.

Mauritius, Ceara rubber in, 9.

Maxillaria dichroma, Rolfe, 197.
— elegantula, Rolfe, 199.

Mexican works on Botany,
Materia Medica, &c., 102.

Millen, H., 334.

aohia oligostachy us, Stapf,
221.

Mongolia, Flora of, 26.
orea ( Eumorza) macrantha,
Baker. :
Morisia hy pog:ea, 176.
Morris, Dr. D., 234.
antor lectures on
E ndis-rubber plants, 312.
Moth borers in sugar-cane, 102.
Mountain incense tree, 2:
Mozambique , Para miter in,

Miiller, Dr. H., artificial indigo,
34

Musa textilis, 15.
Museums, botanical, in Belgium
ek foe 86.

Mussenda 1 P arana Cum-

: Myosotie dissitiflora, 96.
Mysore, Ceara rubber in, 5.
—. hybrid coffee in, 30.

N.
Natal, Ceara rubber in, 11.

— plants, 206
Necator, Massee, gen. nov., 119.
— dec (8860, :

Nephrodium (Lastrea) Crenghii,

«ker, 230.
— poten diffractum, Baker,
230.

New pels plants, Appendix. H.
— Offices, 201.

a abaa ‘houses, aol.

— work sheds,

— Zealand, fungi from, 132.
Nidorella malosana, Baker, 149.
Nidularia fusispora, Massee, 125.
Not ordum uniflorum,

Baker, 221.
Nubia, fungus from, 132.

O.
Obituary notices, 57, 175, 310,
335

5.
Odontoglossum retusum, 25.
Oldenlandia acutidentata, E
Wright,
Oncidium (S Rostrate) gracilli-
mum, Ztol/e,
Oncinotis tenuiloba, Stapf, 30T.
Orchid houses, aes at Kew,337.
Orchids, ese, coloured
pie of, 313.

Orchis i id onophy lah, 176.
Ornithogalum : subspicatum,
Baker, 164.

E.

Pantling, R., 22.

Paphio opedilum

ianum, 6

toria- Marise, 23.

Para picem 241.

Paraguay tea, 142.

Paris Exhibition, 1900, Royal
Commission,

Parish, Rev. C. S. P.. eoloured
drawings of Burmese orchids,
313.

chamberlain-

245

Parodiella maculata, Massee,
Patellaria Maura, Massee, 131.
Pelicans, D.

Pelicanus crispus, 25.

— mitratus, 2

a onocrotalus, 203.

Pel cese symphyodiscus,
Stapf, 22

His Uh bee typhoide um, 40.

Peppers, South American, 174.

. Perkin, = G., Cape Sumach, 18.
Persian sect powder,
Pestaloasil Guepini (with fig.) )

106.

Philadelphus mexicanus, 176.
Philippine Islands, flora of, 25.
d tropica, Baker, 30.
Pistacia Lentiscus, 190.
Platyolinis rufa, Rolfe, 192.
Playfair ES. fungi from

Chin a, 113.
Plei vade tubicina, Stap/, 304.
p'osrothee (§Aggregate) rufa,

Rolfe, 192
Podotheca hry santha, 336.

Polypodium (Go surop hinm)
sspersum, Bake
-— (Pleu Tunes oligolepis,
Baker, »1.

— (P hymatodes) ee
tum, Baker

— Sonor
Baker, 231.

— (Phy matodes) subintegrum,
Baker, 231.

— es fore triglossum,
Baker, 2x

— (Phymatodes)
Baker,

Polys stictus obliquus,
122

stenolepis,

trisectum,
Massee,

Praiti; E D., 56.

Preservation of wers in
natural colours, 38.

Protium guianense 40.

Prunus japonica, Gummosis of,

321.
Pryer, W. B., Manila hemp in
Paiadia rotundifolia, J9;

Tope membranaceum,
' H. Wright, 301.

Pterodon pubescens, 102.
Pulicaria tanganyikensis, Baker,
152.

Pycnostachys leptophylla,
Baker, 161.

-— remotifolia, Baker, 161.

— spherocephala, Baker, 162.

Q.

Quaternaria aspera, Massee, 130.

Queen's Cottage Grounds, 200,

Quillaja Saponaria, 22.

Quinine, po and distri-
bution in India, ¢

Rheum Ribes, 97.
Rhododendron rubiginosum,
312.
— yunnanens
mAr ea iar. gen. nov.,

c Cumminsii, Stapf, 71.

Rhus juglandifolia, 100.

Ribes illos um, 38,

Richardia siliottatis, 60.

Ridley, H. N., fungi
Straits Settlements, 117.

Rijks’ He ee Leyden, 90.

Rodw ays gi from Tas-
mania, 124.

Rosa gigantea, 138.

Rosellinia picacea, Massee, 118.

Rubber, Ceara,

DES
— milk, coagulation of, 177.

—, Para,

a ‘plants at the Gambia, 40.

Russula coccinea, Massee, 124.

S.

St. esc beans, spurious, 103.
St. Vincent, Para uer. in, 275.
San ie scale,

Sararanga since, 100,

249

Sarcanthus
Rolfe, 198.
Sentellariá Livingstonei, baker,

1623

hongkongensis,

Secamone Whytei, N. E. Brown,

Secretaria: de Fomento, Mexico,
ooks presented b p
Seeds of herbaceous plants and
of trees and shrubs available
for distribution, Appendix I.
Selago thyrsoidea, Baker, 159.
Ec exsertiflorus, Baker,
54

— Dicen V ibid 154, 303.

ergamentaceus, Baker, 154.

— rectiramus, daddy, 95.

= subpetitianus Baker, 303.

tabulico aker, 155.

tite nonagr ioides, 102.

Sesamum indicum

mener Ceara rubber i in, 10.
—, vanilla in, 93.

Shinia in Ori

Sierra Leone Fri Station,

58.

—, Para rubber in, 274.
Siovitügia reichenbachiana,

Simla, Flora of, 97.

Sisal in Turks Islands, : 287.
Sobralia luteola, Rolfe, 199.
"X Islands dried plants,

Spi fungi from, 112.
ogon Beecarii, Stapf,

Staffs of Botanical Departments,
list of, Appendix III.
Stagonospora chalybea, Massee,

Stan den, W. One oF.

Stanhopea impressa, mage 196.
Stephanandra Tanake, 137.
Stilbum nanum, Massee (with

fig.),
Stipa tenacissima , 318,
Straits Settlements, Ceararubber

in,
— —, “fungi from, 117.

— —, Ipecacuanha in, 207

— —, Lemongrass oil in, 206.
— —, Para rubber in, 271.

Strobilanthes dyerianus, 23.

Sugar-cane borers, 102

—-—, improvement of,
chemical selection, 331.

Sumach, Cape, 18.

Swertia ‘pleurogynoides, Baker,
158.

by

— porphyrantha, Baker, 159.
Symphyandra Wanneri, 137.

"hs

Tabernemontana Smithii,

Tabernanthe albiflora, Stapf,
9.

— "tenuiflora, aa 305.

TOU D., 2

Tas steel om, 124.

Tehihatehewia igatides 238.

Tea blights (with plate), 05.

—, Paraguay, 142.

Teron nyikensis, Baker, 159.

Temperate House, north wing,
64.

Thread aligat (with fig.), 111.

Tibet, Flora

Tinnea eain Baker, 163.

Toonu, or Tunu

"Totem pole from British Colum-
bia, 138.

Trevor-Battye, A. fungi from
Spitzbergen

Trichocentrum alli; Rolfe,

Triglyphium niveum, Massee,
113.

Trimeria tropica, Burkill, 145.
Trinidad, Coffea stenophylla i in,
27

—, fungi from, 134

—, Para s BTS.
Tropical Africa, flora of, 24, 97,
2

Turks Islands, palmetto straw
from, 288.

RECETE Jv.
Turpentine tree, 239.

350

U.

Uredo Oldenlandiæ, Massee,
116.

Y.

Vanilla in Seychelles, 93.
pods, ie method of drying

* Ath , 43.

Velvet ben Florida, 207

Vernonia (Decaneurum) ambly-
olepis, er, s

— itor]; Bake ^, 146.

— (Lepidella) inohi,

14

— (Lepidella) chloropappa,
14

— (Decaneurum) exsertiflora,
È tker, 147.

--- (Cyanopis) karongensis,
Baker, 141.

" ‘tengelia) leptolepis, Baker,

— a ephrodes) malosana, Baker,
1

— (Decaneurum) myriotricha,
Baker, 148.
— polys sphrera, Baker, 148.
Verpa po ola, 101.
Virecta salicoides, C. H. Wright,

302.
Visitors during 1897, 22.

Vitis (Cissus) zombensis, Baker,
302.

W.

Weir, J., death of, 175.

West. Africa, Ceara rubber i in, 12

— —, Para rubber in, 274.

— Indies, Latent Department
of Agriculture, 234.

— —, Incense trees of, 239.

— —, Para rubber in , 915.

— —, report on economic re-
source

Western Australia, fungi from,
123.

Whyte, A., 175.

Willey, F. 'E., death of, 57.

anion G. M., fungi from
India, 114.

Work sheds, new, at Kew, 337.

oS
Xylaria Ridleyi, Massee, 118.

X.
Yunnan, a budget from, 289.

Z.
Zanzibar, cim rubber in, 10.
— n
—, s Fabbe n, 274
Zéphyranthes (Zepinyrites) long-
aker, 225

— stenopetala, Bake er, 226.
Zomba Botanic Station, 83.
Zululand, famine plants in, 51.

PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE,
By DARLING & SON, LTD., 1-3, GREAT ST. THOMAS APOSTLE, E.O.

1398.

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

BULLETIN

MISCELLANEOUS. INFORMATION.

APPENDIX I.—1898.

LIST OF SEEDS OF HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS
AND OF TREES AND SHRUBS,

The following is a list of seeds of Hardy Herbaceous Annual
and Perennial Plants and of Hardy Trees and Shrubs which, for
the most part, have eau die t Kew during the year 1897. These
seeds are not sold to the general publie, but are available for
CU with Colonial, Indian, and Foreign Botanie Gardens, as
well as with regular correspondents of Kew. No application,
except roni remote colonial DM can be entertained after
the end of March.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

Acaena a ee Rutz | Achillea, cont.
leptophylla, Bieb.
ligustica, .A//.

Millefolium, L.

a, Hook. f.
myri cophylig: Lindl.
Novae Zealandiae, Kirk.
ovalifolia, Ruiz & Pav.
pinna atifida, Ruiz & Pav.

acros n: wt J: |
|

ptarmicoides, Maxim.
r opah = uter.

Sanguisorbae, Fahl. Sant

sericea, Jacq. eer oid & Kit.
Acanthus longifolius, Poir. taygetea, Boiss. & Heldr.

a D eee umbellata, Sib. & Sm.

Achillea Ageratum, L. Aconitum ferox, Wall.

compacta, Willd. heterophyllum, Wall.

decolorans, Schrad. Lycocton L

filipendulina, Lam. Napellus, L.

14888—1625—10/97 Wt6l D&S 29 A

Aconitum, conf.

Napellus var. album.
orientale, /
paanu, D. Don.
uncinatum, L.

Acroglochin chenopodioides,
Schrad.

Actinolepis coronaria, A. Gray.
Actinomeris squarrosa, Nutt.

Adenophora Lamarckii, Fisch.
liliifolia, Bess.

Adlumia cirrhosa, Rafin.

Adonis aestivalis, L.

a
HE
EB:
P

battles aica, DC.

Aegopogon geminiflorus, Humb.
& Bonpl.

Aethionema cappadocicum,
preng.
coridifolium, DO.
saxatile, R. Br.
Aethusa Cynapium, Z.

Agrimonia NEM L.
leucantha, Kunz
odorata, Mill.

A "muse Roem. &
Sch

Nees.

pungens, Roem. & Schult.
— var. eh Godr.

repens, Beau

Richardsoni, , A T “ad,

tenerum, }

7Asey. |

uibus mt L. |
r. gigantea, Roth.

— var. stolonifera, ( L.).

alpina, Scop.

nigra, With. |

vulgaris, With. |

Ajuga Chamaepitys, Schreb.

Alchemilla rice L.
conjuncta, Bab
splen udane Christ.
vulgaris, L.

— var. hybrida.

Alisma Plantago, L.

Allium exe. cei bade L.
angulos
atropurpureum, Waldst. &
Babingtoni, Borrer.
bauerianum, Baker.
cardiostemon, Fisch. & Mey.

Pa

cari arming

Gydni, p d ix Kotschy.
fistulosum, L.

giganteum, Regel.

globosum, fred. var.
albidum

hirtifolium, Boi.

hyme cs ‘Lode,

ny ee Regel

Moly, L.
narcissiflorum, V7//.
paruni, ie

odor

pest om C. A. Mey.

orientale, Boiss.
polyphyllum, Kar. & Kir.

pulchellum, Don.
rosenbachianum, Regel.
roseum, L.

Pervenan inoa, L.
var. Sibiricum, ( Z.).
sobruiiiorsfoltuan: Red.
senescens,
sphaerocephalum, L.
subhirsutum, L.

Epor ionat Salzm.
oe T n
trique

Victorialis, T

a incisifolia, Ruiz & Pav.
Warscewiczii, Rege/

auttm agrestis, L.

pratensis, L.

Althaea onam L.
a ensis, Pourr.
ficifolia Cav.
Ludwigii, L.
rosea, Cav.
taurinensis, DC.

Alyssum argenteum, Vitm.
c L.

reticu

gemonens

prandii ohim. Hort. Kew.
in L.

saxatile, L

Amaranthus caudatus, L.
ondriaeus, L.
polygamus, L.
retroflexus, L.
speciosus, Sims.

Amethystea caerulea, L.
Ammophila arundinacea, Host.

Amsonia Tabernaemontana,
Walt.

Anacyclus formosus, Fenzl.
radiatus, Loisel.

mms arvensis,
. carnea, Sonn k).
— van caerulea, (Schreb.).

Anarrhinum bellidifolium,
Desf.

Anchusa capensis, Thunb.
officinalis, L.

Andropogon cirratus, Hack.
halepense, Brot.
provincialis, Lam.

Androsace nana, Horn.

Andryala ragusina, L.
varia, Lowe.

Anemone decapetala, L.
multi oir

nemo : £5
pennsylvania, L.
Pulsa :
dirum Buch-Ham.
sylvestris, L
14888

var.

| Angelica dahurica, Maxim.
Anola hastata, Cav.
Wrightii, Gray. ;
Antennaria dioica, Gaertn. var.
tomentosa, Hort.
Anthemis arvensis, L.
ia,
Cotula, L.
cupaniana, Tod.

— var. “discoidalis, Hort.
tinctoria, L.
Triumfetti, DC.

M Liliago, Ti.
algeriense, B. & R.
poy nies Y

Anthoxanthum odoratum, Z.
Puelii, Lecoq & Lamotte.

Anthyllis Vulneraria, L. var.
Dillenii.
| Antirrhinum Asarina, L.
mer D;
Ovontium, L.
seras Boles & Reut.
siculum, Mill.

| Apera interrupta, Beauv.
| Aphanostephus arkansanus, A.
| Gray.

| Apium graveolens, L.
Aplopappus rubiginosus, Torr.
& Gray.

_ emi L.
a, James.
aetas Ud A. Me. y.
glandulosa, F'ise
sibirica, am
vulgaris

pes bida, Stev.

cop.
bellidifolia, L.
cebennenis
Holboellii, 'Hor nem
muralis, Berf.var. rosea, DC.
pumila, Jacq.

Arachis hypogaea, L.
A2

Aralia cordata, Thunb.
Archangeliea officinalis, Hoffm.

Arctium mam Bernh.
T. Kotschyi, Hort.
nh.

mhs , Ber
nemorosum, Lejeune.

s, Poir.
Büdleubx. ELO
gothica, Frie
gratiinttelie, Soke ad.
— var. multiflora
gypsophiloides, L.
montana
pinifolia, Bieb.

Arenaria soca, L.
pi

purpurascens, Ramond,
serpyllifolia, Z.
verna, L.

Argemone mexicana, L.
ochroleuca, Sweet.
platyceras, Link & Otto.

Armeria elongata Hoffm. var.

alifornica.
maritima, Willd.
— var. alba.
plantaginea, Wi/id.

Arnica Chamissonis, Less.
sachalinensis, A. Gray.

Arrhenatherum avenaceum,

Artemisia Absinthium, L.
annua, L.
frigida, Willd.
parviflora, Buch-Ham.
pectinata, Pall.
stelleriana, Bess.
Arum italicum, Mill.
Asarum europaeum, L.
Asparagus officinalis, £L.
Asperella hystrix, Willd.

Asperula azurea, Jaub d Spach.

tinctoria, L.

Asphodeline liburnica, Reichb.

Asphodelus albus, Willd.
fistulosus, L.

Aster acuminatus, Mcr.

& L

altaicus, Willd
ellus, L
corymbosus, Ait.
Curtisii, A. Gray.
dahuricus, Benth
laucus, Torr. & Gray

longifolius, Lam.
Novi-Belgii, L
oa

sibiricus, £L.

spectabilis, Att.
tanacetifolius, H. B. & K.
trinervius, Desf.
umbellatus, es

— var. latifoliu

Vahlii, Hook. & ere:

Astilbe rivularis, Buch-Ham.
Thunbergii, Miq.

Astragalus alopecuroides, L.

S, b.
ETE Lindl.
Cicer,
danicus, Retz. var albus.
frigidus, A. Gray
glycyphyllus, L.
graecus, Boiss.
monspessulanus, L.

tibetanus, Benth.

Astrantia Biebersteinii, Fisch. &
Mey.
major, L. :

—var. carinthiaca, (Hoppe.)

Athamanta cretensis, L.
Matthioli, Wf.

viec ae L.
bra, Hort.

Atropa Belladonna, Z.
Aubrietia deltoidea, DC.
ar

— . grandiflora. :

— var. Richardi, Hort.
gracilis, Sprun.

Avena distichophylla, Vill.

Huds.
sativa, L.
sempervirens, Vill.
cilis, A. Gra
d hispanica, Benth.

voee eer A. Gray.
ay.

Baptisia australis, R. Br.
Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br.
Basella rubra, L.

Beckmannia erucaeformis, Host
ar. uniflorus, Scrib.

Beta sana
trigyna, Waldst. & Kit.
vulgaris,

Bidens cernua, L.
fro

l

tripartita,
Biscutella auriculata, L.

ciliata, DC.

di

ma, L.

Blumenbachia insignis, Schrad.

Bocconia cordata, Willd.
microcarpa, Hazim.

Boltonia asteroides, L'Herit.
incisa, ith.

Borago officinalis, L.
Bouteloua oligostachya, Zorr.
Boykinia rotundifolia. Parry.
ee ee distachyum.
Pett
tim Beauv.
oreet Rts

Praonica idee
chinensis PA ‘=
i glau

|
|

Brassica, cont.

Tournefortil, Gouan.

| Briza media, L.

minor, Z

Brodiaea HL Sin.
act Wat

Deep n 5. Wats.
Ba

Bromus adoénsis, Hochst.
a j --

Brevis cuf , Buc

brizaeformis, Fisch. P gis
carinatus, 77 & Arr

ciliatus, L.

erectus, Huds

— var Quat (Parl.).

mollis,
propendens, Jord.

orum, Z.
unioloides, AD ek.

vedo elata, L.
osa, H. B. 4 K.

Bryonia dioica, Jacq.

Bulbine annua, Willd.

Bulbinella Hookeri, Benth. d
ook. f.

Bunias orientalis, L.
Buphthalmum grandiflorum, L.
salicifolium, L.
speciosum, Schreb.
E "pce. Fisch.
eet Phe

mort real
protractum, “Hoping & Lk.
rotundifolium, Z

Butomus umbellatus, L.
Cakile maritima, Scop.
Calamagrostis confinis, Nutt.
i Ange.
epigeios, Roth.
lanceolata, Roth.
varia, Beauv
Calamintha ore Mair.
chinensis, Benth.
Clinopodium, Benth.

patavina, Host.
Calandrinia grandiflora, Lindi.
pilosiuscula, DC.
umbellata, DC.
Calceolaria mexicana, Benth. |
Calendula arvensis, L.
_ officinalis, L.
suffruticosa, Vahi.
Callirhöe pedata, A. Gray.
Caltha palustris, L.
Camassia Cusickii, S. Wats.
ae, nes
Fraseri, Tor
Leichtlinii, s Wats.

Camelina sativa, Crantz.

Campanula alliariaefolia,
be ats

, Wall.
drabaefolia, Sibth. d: Sin.
alba

— "e attica, (Boiss. &
Heldr.).

rinus, L.
excisa, Schleich.

'm.).
latiloba, DC.

Willd.

acrantha, (Fisch.).
ar. versicolor, (Sibth. d

Campanula, cont.

idalis, L.
ramosissima, Sibth. & Sm.
rapunculoides, L.
reuteriana, Boiss. & Bal.

rhomboidalis,
rotundifolia, L.
Scheuchzeri, Vill.
signee

r. div vengens, ( Willd.).
festa Pour
spicata,
subpyrenaica, Timb.
thyrs L
E ai L.

Cannabis sativa, L.
Carbenia benedicta, Adans.

Cardamine chenopodifolia, Pers.
graeca, L.

impatiens, La

Carduus r ED L.

r. acanthoides, (L.).
sialon Benth.
tenuiflorus, Curt.

Carex adusta, Boott
peti Mas Tucker m.

divulsa, Good.

A ds
ar lepidocarpa,
"Claus
— var. Oder (Ehrh.).
— var. viridula.
fusca "AU.

hirt a L
hordeintichos, Vill.
L

punctata, Gand.

pn cont,
ariflora, Sm.
Mc tie ake MuAl.
strigosa, Huds.
sylvatica, Huds.
teretiuscula, Good.
AM Wahlenb.

pina,
vulp oidea, Miche.

kee flavescens, Willd.
lana
leucocaulos, Sibth. & Sm.
tinctorius, L.

Carum Carvi, L.
copticum, Benth. &

Hook. f.
Petroselinum, Benth. &
Hook. f.
Catananche caerulea, L.

Cedronella mexicana, Benth. var
cana jk.

Celsia glandulosa, Bouche.
pontica, Boiss.

Cenchrus tribuloides, L.
Cenia turbinata, Pers.
Centaurea axillaris, Willd.
i L
Cyanus, L.
cynaroides, Link.
hs ryand.

riopho ra, L.
Fontanest Spach.
oe a, L.

Jac an.
macrolopha, Fenzl.

nervosa, W.

nigra,
nigrescens, Will
—var m vockinensis Boh

phrygia,

salmantica, ES

Scabiosa

— var. eA R (DC.).

Centranthus Calcitrapa, Dufr.
macrosiphon, Boiss.
ru

Cephalaria alpina, ie ain
leuc HR, 4 chre
, Griseb. f Schenk.

transsylvanica, L

Cerastium alpinum, Z. var. lan-
t ;

— var. villosum,
(Baumg.)
arvense,
var. pon
perfoliatum

purpurascens, Adams.

Cerinthe alpina, Kit.
major, L.

Chaerophyllum aromaticum, L.
a L4
temulum, L.

Charieis heterophylla, Cass.
Cheiranthus Cheiri, L.

oe sed majus, L.
var. laciniatum.

Chelone nemorosa, Doug.
obliqua, L.

Chenopodium album Z.
ambrosoides,
Bonus-Henricus, L.

Botrys,
capitatum, Aschers.

— Luciliae, Boiss.
var. sardensis.
= Med Tmolusii.
Chloris elegans, H. B. & K.

Chlorogalum pomeridianum,
Kunth.

Chorizanthe membranacea,
Benth.
Chorispora tenella, DC.

anserinae-
Hausskn. &

Chrysanthemum
foliu
eS SIESTE Pe ers.

coccineum
n

m, Ram ond.
Miecropnyriui, Waldst, d
Kit.

multicaule, Desf.
palle

getum, L.
setabense, Dufour.
Chrysopogon ieee Benth.
Gryllus, Tri
nutans, Benth.
Cicer arietinum, L.
Cichorium Endivia, L.
L.
ape n Pursh.
acemosa, Nut
Cineraria oe DC.
Circaea lutetiana, L.
Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad.
Cladium germanicum, Schrad.
Clarkia elegans, Dougl.
: pulchella, Pursh.
— var. alba.
rhomboidea, Dougl.
Claytonia perfoliata, Donn.
sibirica, L.
Cleome violacea, L.
Cleonia lusitanica, L.
Clypeola cyclodontea, Delile.
Cnicus altissimus, Willd.
h

canus, Koth.
Diacantha, Desf.

Cnicus, cont.
eriophorus, Roth.
monspessulanus, L.
ochroleucus, Spreng
oleraceus, L.
serrulatus, Bieb.
stellatus, Roth.
yriacus, Roth.
tataricus, Willd.
Cochlearia danica, L.
glastifolia, L.
officinalis, L.
Codonopsis ovata, Benth.
Coix Lacryma-Jobi, L.

Collinsia bartsiaefolia, Benth.
bicolor, Benth.
verna, Nutt

oollu eies Lehm.
grandiflora, d e
linearis, Nut
Commelina coelestis, Willd.
Conium maculatum, L.
Conringia orientalis, Dum.
— jo pentapetaloides, L.
eere UT
undulatus, Cav.
Corchorus olitorius, Willd.

Coreopsis auriculata, Z
Drummondi, Torr. & Grai y
grandiflora, Nutt.
lanceolata, L.

tinctoria, N utt.

—var. atrosanguinea.

Coriandrum sativum, L.

Corispermum hyssopifolium, L

Coronilla atlantica, Boiss. &

Reut.

cappadocica, Willd.

cretica, L.
vaginalis, Lam.
varia, L.

Corrigiola littoralis, L.

Cortusa Matthioli, L.

Corydalis capnoides, Wahlenb.

elavieulata, D

glauca, Pursh.

lutea, DC.

racemosa, Pers.

sibirica, Pers.
Corynephorus canescens, Beauv.
Cosmidium burridgeanum, Hort.
Cosmos bipinnatus, Cav.
Cotula coronopifolia, L.
Cotyledon lusitanicus, Lam.
Cousinia uncinata, Rege/.
Crambe hispanica, L.
Crassula glomerata, Berg.

Crepis our Reichb
blat tarioides, Vil.

tectorum, £L.

Crocus eerie Mill.
atus, Herb. var. cili-

Bieb.

us, Ker- -Gawl.
tom maatuisintis Herb.
vernus,

zonatus, Gay.

Crucianella aegyptiaca, L.

Cryptostemma calendulaceum,
R.Br.

Cucubalus bacciferus, L.
Cucurbita Pepo, L.
Cuminum Cyminum, L.

Cuphea pinetorum, Benth.
Zimapani, Morr.

Cuscuta Epilinum, eM
Epithymum, Mur
europaea, L.
Cyclanthera A Naud.
Cynara Scolymus, L.
Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.
Cynoglossum furcatum, Wall.
enth.
otficin

ale, L.
petiam A. DC.
pictum ;

Cynosurus auae L.

Cyperus esculentus, L.
longus, L.
vegetus, Willd.

Dactylis glomerata, L.

Dahlia coccinea, Cav.
variabilis, Desf
Dalea Lagopus, Willd.
Dasylirion texanum, Scheele.
Datura inermis, Jacq.
onium,
Tatula, L.
— var gigantea.
Daucus Caroi L.
mari ede 8, L.
muri E L:
ere Mic ha.

Poppaea Ajacis, Reichb.
etalum, DC.

corymbosum, Regel.
elatum
— var. alpinum, (Waldst. &

— var. ~ intermedium.
formosum, Boiss. & Huet.

a lum, Dh

speciosum, Bieb.
— var. turkestanicum.

Delphinium, cont.
Staphisagria, L.
tomentosum, Auch.
vestitum, Wall.

Demazeria loliacea, Nym.
sicula, Dum.

Deschampsia caespitosa, Beauv.

Desmodium canadense, DC.

Deyeuxia
canadensis, Munro.
neg , Kunth.
sylvatica, Kunth.

Dianthus arenarius, L.
A :

giganteus, U? v.

hirtus, Vill.
monspessulanus, L.
petraeus, Waidst. & Kit.
plumarius, L.

Requienii, Gren. & Godr.

Dictamnus albus, L.
ar. purpureus.

Dierama pulcherrimum, Baker.

Digitalis ambigua, Murr.
ferruginea, L.

Dimorphotheca annua, Less.
hybri i
pluvialis, Moench.
Dipeadi serotinum, Medic.
Diplachne imbricata, Seribner.

10

— siifolia, Kunze.
tenuifolia, DC.

Dipsacus asper,
atratus, Hook. i , Thoms.

japonicus, Miq.

laciniatus,

sylvestris, Mill.
Dischisma arenarium, A. Mey.
Dodecatheon Meadia, L. var.

plendidum.

Doronicum glaciale, Nym.

scorpioides, Lam.
Dorycnium herbaceum, Vis.
Downingia elegans, Torr.
Draba aizoides, L

car Pepe Hoppe.
tirigida vut.

hirt "um
hispida, Willd,
incana, L.

stellata, Jacq.
Draeocephalum grandiflorum,
Moldavie

a, L.
parviflorum, Nutt.
peregrinum, L.

Dryas octopetala, L.

Drypis spinosa, L.

Dulichium spathaceum, Rich.

Eatonia obtusata, A. Gray.

Ebenus Montbretii, Jaub. d
Spach.

Ecballium Elaterium, A. Rich.

Eccremocarpus scaber, Ruiz &
Pav.

. Echinodorus ranunculoides, £n-
gelm.

Echinops bannaticus, Rochel.
globifer, Janka.

Ritro, 4s
sphaerocephalus, Z.

— var. albidus, (Boiss. &
)

Sprun.).

Echium plantagineum, £
Sp E Lange.
vulgar

Eclipta s Hassk.

Eleusine coracana, Gaertn.
stricta, Roxb.

Elsholtzia cristata, Willd.

Elymus arenarius, L.
cao nsis, L.
var. glaucifolius, A
Org.

condensatus, J. d: C. Presl.

dyii Vahl.
sibiricus,
yraa L.
Emilia flammea, Cass.
Encelia subaristata, A. Gray.
om Agnetem, L.
a.
billardierianum, Ser.

Dodonaei,

linnaeoides, Hook. f.
luteum, Pursh.
montanum, Z

nummularifolium,4.Cwunn.

iere ii ie Haenke.
var. ens um.

tetragont
trigonum, AS ant.

Eragrostis minor, Host.
pectinacea, Nees.
pilosa, L.

Purshii, Schrad.
reptans, Nees.
tenuis, A. Gray.

Eranthis hyemalis; Salisb.

Eremostachys laciniata, Bunge.

11

Eremurus altaicus, Stev.
manniana, Regel.
robustus, Regel.
spectabilis, Bieb.

Erianthus fastigiatus, Nees
strictus, Baldw.

Ee. bellidifolius, Muht.
mpositus, Pursh.
plabeling. Nuit.

— var. asper.
macranthus, Nutt.
mucronatus, :
multiradiatus, Benth. d

Hook.
philadelphicus, I
speci s, DC.
= rigosus, ' Muhi.

niflorus, L.

Erinus alpinus, L.
r. albus.
Eriophorum angustifolium,
Roth.
Erodium alsinefolium, Delil.
chium, Willd.
ciconium, Willd

m, Stev
irichomanefolium, L'Herit
tmoleum, Reu

Eruca sativa, Mill.
Eryngium alpinum, L.
amethystinum, L.

Bourgati, Gou
broneliefoliun Delar.

maritimum,
oliverianum, Delar.

anum, L.
triquetrum, Vahl.

. Erysimum asperum, DC

boryanum, Boiss.
hieracifolium,

Erysimum, conf.
arshallianum, Andrz.
perowskianum, Fisch. d
Mey.
Erythraea Centaurium, Pers.
ramosissima, Pers.

me californica, Cham.
. caespitosa, Brewer.

Eucharidium concinnum, Fisch.

ey.

— var. grandiflorum.
Euchlaena mexicana, Schrad.
Eupatorium ageratoides, L.

cannabinum, L.

purpureum

serotinum, Miche.

sessilifolium, L.
Euphorbia coralloides, L.

dentata, Micha.

Selah. L.
Baroni iniiai, Boiss.
Lagascae, Spren,

stricta, L.

virgata, Waldst. d Kit.
Fedia Cornucopiae, Gaertn.
Felicia fragilis, Cass.
Ferula communis, L.

Fe dis

siglo L.
a Heldr.

Festuca case Vill.

o es,
capillifolia, Dufour.
delicatula, Lag
piese la,

ar. crassifolia, Gaud.
elation,

var. pratensis, (Huds).

12

Festuca, cont.

heterophylla, Lai
montana, Sud. var. altis-
oe

Kunth.
coparia, Kern.

Foeniculum vulgare, Mill.
Fragaria indica, Andr.

s acmopetala, Boiss.
e 0188.

a Baker.
imperialis, L.
kotschyana, Herb.

lutea, Mill.

Meleagris,

Whittallii, Baker.

Fumaria anatolica, Boiss.

officinalis, L.

Funkia ovata, Spreng.
siebo Idiana, Hook.

Gaillardia aristata, Pursh.
Galanthus Elwesii, Hook. f.

Galega officinalis, L,
orientalis, Lam.
Galinsoga brachystephana,
Regel.
parviflora, Cav.
Galium boreale, L.

30,

u m, Req
tenuissimum, Bad.
tricorne, Stokes.

Gastridium australe, Beauv.
Gaudinia fragilis, Beauv.
Gaura parviflora, Doug/.
Gentiana airs iren L.

— y

ar.
n 3

lutea, L.
ascites Pall.
tibetica, King.

,
Geranium albanum, Bieb. Gladiolus anatolicus, Hort.
anemonaefolium, L Herit. atroviolaceus, Boiss
armenum, Boiss. segetum, Ker-Gawl.

han um, L.

collinum, Sto ph. Glaucium corniculatum, Curt.

— var. rubrum, Hort.
flavum, Crantz
fulvum, (Sm.)

var.

ibericum, Cav. ;

Londesii, Fisch. leptopodum, Maxim.

lucidum, 7. Globularia trichosantha, Fisch.

nodosum, Z A :

palustre, L. vulgaris, L.

pratense, L.

pusillum, Burm. f. are eri Sm

pyrenaicum, Burm. f. itima, Mert. d: Koch.

Richardsoni, Fisch. & Glycine Soja, Sieb. & Zuce.
Trautv

rivulare, Vill. Glycyrrhiza echinata, L.

sanguineum, L.
sylvaticum,
wallichianum, G. Don.
Wilfordi, Harim. Gratiolá officinalis, L.
wlassovianum, Fisch. minor.

Gnaphalium indicum, L.
luteo-album, L.

Grindelia glutinosa, Dunal.
inuloides, Willd.

Gerbera Bellidiastrum, Benth.
&
* squarrosa, Dunal.

Asch.

nivea, Sch. Bip.

Guizotia abyssinica, Cass.

Geum chiloense. Balb.
hispidum, Fries Gunnera chilensis, Lam.
inclinatum, Schleich. manicata, Linden.
macrophyllum, Wi//d. : TA
montanum, L. ier muralis, L.
parviflorum, e ] Rokejeka, "Delile.
pyrenaicum, Mill. Steveni, Fisch.

strictum, Ait. Hablitzia tamnoides, Bieb.
triflorum, Pursh.

tyrolense, Kern. Hastingia alba, S. Wats.
urbanum, L. Hebenstreitia tenuifolia,
aiia achilleaefolia, Benth. sae ap i
androsacea, Steud. Hedysarum boreale, Nutt.
var. rose coronarit
capitata, Sims esculentum, Ledeb
densiflora, Benth flexuosum, £L.
dianthoides, Endl. microcalyx, Baker.
inconspicua, Dougl. neglectum, Ledeb.
laciniata, Ruiz & Pav. obscurum,
liniflora, Benth. Pestalozzae, Boiss.
Sa Steud. spinosissimum, Z.

squarrosa, Hook. & Ar n.

HE see ct "Month. Helenium d L. var.
pum

milum, ( Willd.).
Gillenia trifoliata, Moench. Bolanderi, A. Gra y.

Helenium, conf.
Hoopesii, A. Gray.
quadrideniaium, Z gud
tenuifolium, Nut

Helianthus annuu
rgop

hyllus, Torr. 4G ray.
debilis, Nut
laetiflorus, Pur: sh.
bracteatum,

purus omen

age eet D. Don.

lanatum, DC.

plicatum, DC.

serotinum, Boiss.
Heliophila amplexicaulis, L. f.

erithmifolia, Willd.

Heliopsis laevis, Pers,
Heliotropium europaeum, L. `
Helipterum
Mangiesii, F. Muell.
roseum, Benth.
Helleborus colchicus, Regel.

orientalis, Lam.
— var. roseus.

ges x LE L
atifolia.

Hemerocallis flava, L.
* PT

— var. Kwanso, Regel.

Heracleum asperum, Bieb.
gu e Willd.
lanatum, Micha
pyrenaicum, poer
Sphondylium, 7.
villosum, Fisch.

Herniaria glabra, L.
hi ,

Hesperis matronalis, 7.
Heterotheca Lamarckii, Cass.

Heuchera cylindrica, v aii
or

pilosissima, Fisch. & Mey.
sanguinea, Engelm.

humboldtianum,

14

Hibiseus d L.
Tri i

Hieracium dior M a

ample d ie

aurantiac

reee 5 C. Gmel.

corymbosum, "ries.

crocatum, Fries.

Dewari, Boswell.

glaucum, All.

gymnocephalum, Griseb.

rein Uec.

ju m, Fri

lánstünt. Waldst. & Kit.

spicis pe Arv. Towv.
| be. var. integri-

pratense, Tausch.

pulmonarioides, Vill,
idum, Hartm.

meme. AU.

Dre leu Valdst. &

tabslistuih. b.

villosum, Jacq.

vulgatum, Fries.

Hilaria cenchroides, H. B. & K.
Jamesii, Benth.
rigida, Vasey.

Hippocrepis multisiliquosa, L.
Hippuris vulgaris, L.
Holcus lanatus, L.

Hordeum adscendens, H. B.K
bulbos "X L.
jubatum
maritimum, With.

murinum,
weenie: Schreb.
Horminum pyrenaicum, L.

Hosackia purshiana, Benth.
subpinnata, G. Don
ge ap erc d Zucc.
riegat

Hunnemannia co
Sweet.

Hyacinthus amethystinus, L.
romanus, L.

Hydrocotyle repanda, Pers.

Hydrophyllum canadense, L.
virginicum,

Hyoscyamus aureus, L.
; Tx
—var. albus, Hort.

Hypecoum grandiflorum, Benth.
procumbens, L.

coget atomarium, Boiss.
7. A. Mey.
poian L.
olympicum

orientale, Fa var. decussa-

pyramidatum, Ait.
rhodopeum, Friv.
tetrapterum, Fries.
tomentosum, Z

Hypochoeris glabra, L.

Hy POM officinalis, L.
ar. aristatum, (Jord.).

Iberis amara, L
ectinata, Boiss.
umbellata, L.
—var. carnea.

Impatiens amphorata, Hdgw.
samina

scabrida, DC.
Inula barbata, Wali.
bifrons, L

Conyza DC.

sifolia, L.
anaal. Puschk.
grandiflora, Willd.
Helenium, L.
irta
Hookeri, C. B. Clarke.

salicina, L.
diste. Spreng.

Ionopsidium nece, Reichb.
albiflorum, Dur

Ipomoea purpurea, Lam.
sinuata, Orteg.
lris iR L.
gramine
—var. latifolia, Litas
missouriensis,
Pseudacorus,
setosa, Pall.
sibirica, L.
spuria, L.
—var. notha, (Bieb.).
Isatis glauca, Auch.
inctoria, L.
Villarsii, Gaud.
Isopyrum fumarioides, L.
Iva xanthifolia, Nutt.

Jasione montana, L
perennis, pri

Jasonia tuberosa, L.

Juncus epim Vil.
Willd.
bufoni ve L.
Chamissonis, Kunth.

ritim

GE id. Ehrh.
squarrosus, L.

tenuis, Willd.
Jurinea cyanoides, DC.
Kitaibelia vitifolia, Willd.
Koeleria albescens, DC.

istata, Pers

phleoides, Pers.
setacea, Pers. var, valesiaca
(Gaud.).

— brevirostris, awani
; dei . Mey

piss

Plumier, Gren. & Godr.
Scariola, L.

virosa, L.

Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser.

Lallemantia canescens, Fisch. &
Mey.
iberica, Fisch. & Mey.
peltata, Fisch. & Mey.
Lamarckia aurea, Moench.
Lapsana communis, L.

Lasiospermum radiatum,
Trevir.

Lasthenia glabrata, Lindl.
Lathraea Squamaria, L.

Lathyrus angulatus, L.
A phi £

P p aca, P
articulatus, L.
icera,

Clymenum, L.

filiformis, Gay.

latifolius, L.

—var. Gasol Lus, — 0),

este =

Och

pannonicus, Garcke var.
us.

rotundifolius Willd.

sativ
pna ET Hort. Kew.

bopi, M whl.

Lavatera cachemiriana,Cambess.
thuringiaca, L.
irimestris, L.

Layia elegans, Torr. & Gray.
glandulosa, Hook. » Arn.
platyglossa, A. Gre

Lens esculenta, Moench.

d db ums Boiss.
wed

Vil H.
Ehrenbergii, Hort. Kew.
hastilis, Z.

16

Leontopodium alpinum, Cass.

Leonurus Cardiaca, L.
sibiricus, L.

mtm Draba, L.
mini ifoliam; Ls
iasan, Roth.
latifolium, L.
Menviesii, DC.
sativum, L.
virginicum, L.
Leptosyne Douglasii, DC.
maritima, A. Gay.
Lepturus cylindricus, Trin.
Leucojum vernum, L.
Leuzea conifera, DC.
Levisticum officinale, Koch. var.
variegatum.
Liatris scariosa, Willd.

spicata, Willd.
— var. montana, A. Gray.

M inge Spreng
p um, Gor

cotic sas
Seriei, Koch.
Thomsoni, C. B. Clarke.
Limnanthes alba, Hartw.
Linaria Memes Spreng.

na
anticaria, Boii: & Reut.
illd.

multipanciata, Hoffmgg. €
nin

peloponnesiaca, Boiss. &
Hel vede

purpurea, L.

Folio data; dd

— var. purpur
sapphyrina, Hoffmg. & Lk.
saxatilis, Hoffmgg. & Lig
spartea, Ho offmgg. & Link

striata, DC.

IER cont.
RH Mill,
tristis,
y ulgaris, aL ill.

Lindelophia spectabilis, Lehm.
Lindheimera texana, A. Gray.

Linum a NN EU Desf.
— var. coccine zum
Bi isi um, For
nervosum, Waldsi, 4: Kit.
peren
lunsatiisinits L.
Lithospermum latifolium,
ichz.
officinale, L.
Loasa muralis, Griseb.
. wuleanica, André

Lobelia cardinalis, L.
Fri
sy -philitica, L.
tenuior, R. Br.
triquetra,

Lolium multiflorum, Lam.
pe L. .

Lonas inodora, Gaertn.
Lopezia coronata, Andr,
Lotus corniculatus, L.

, Scop.

Wd raat L.
siliquosus, L.

tenuis, "Waldst. & Kit.
Tetragonolobus, L.

Lunaria annua, L
rediviva, £L.

Lupinus affinis, Agardh.
a tifolius, L.

elegans, H. B. & K.
micranthus, Dougl.
mutabilis, Sw.

poly phyllus Ling
pubesce enth
naloka Sweet,
tricolor, Hort.

14888

17

Luzula campestris, DC.
i C.

nivea, DC.
Lychnis Hipiai Mill.

chalce ca, L.
quee go
— var. elegans, Hort.
ee Desr.

var. culata.

yrenaica, Berger.
Viscaria, L.

Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill.
Lycopus europaeus, L.
Lycurus phleoides, H. B. & K.

T atropurpurea, L.
barystachys, Bunge.
ciliata, L.
clethroides, Duby.
davurica, Ledeb,
vulgaris, L

Lythrum Graefferi, Tenore.
renia L.
var. rosea

— bn erre D. Don.
a, Molina.

Malcolmia africana, R. Br
maritima, A. Br.

Malope trifida, Cav.

Malva niee L.
cris
Duziaei, Hort. Kew.
moscha
oxyloba, Boiss.
rviflora
rotundifolia, L.
sylvestris,

Malvastrum limense, Ball.
Mandragora officinarum, L.

Marrubium astracanicum, Jacq.
pannonicum, Reichb.
vulgare,

Martynia fragrans, Lindi,
ues ge Ball.
proide ea, (.DO.).
Tehihatchewii, Hort. Kew,
Matthiola incana, R. Br.
sinuata, R. Br.
tricuspidata, AK. Br.
Meconopsis cambrica, Vig.
Wallichi, Hook
Medicago apiculata, Willd.
hispida, G'aertn.
littoralis, Rhode.
lupulina, L.

upu
maculata, Sibth.

l
orbicularis, All.
sativa, L.

talin a, All,
Saberodlied, Willd.

Melica altissima, L.
a, L.
E ed penicillaris, (Boiss.

glauca, F. Schultz var.
nebrodensis, (Parl.). -

nutans, L.
uniflora, Petz.
Melilotus alba, Desr.
indica, All.
officinalis, Lam.
Melissa officinalis, L.
Mentha Puleguim, L
sylvestris, L. var. candicans,
(Mill).
viridis, L.
Mercurialis annua, L.
Mesembryanthemum pomeridi-
n i
pyropeum, Haw.
Mimulus cardinalis, Dougl.
cupreus, Pegel.
luteus

- Mirabilis divaricata, Lowe.
Jalapa, L.
longiflora, L,

18

Modiola multifida, Moench.
Molinia caerulea, Moench.

Molopospermum cicutarium,
DC,

Momordica Charantia, L.
Monolepis trifida, Schrad.
Moricandia arvensis, DC.

Moscharia pinnatifida. Ruiz &
Pav.

Muehlenbergia glomerata, Trin,
mexi in.
sylvatica, Torr. & Gray.
Willdenovii, Zrin.
E SM oni Hort.

niacum, Ba
siioni Boiss. y Reut.

szovitsianum, Baker.

Myosotis arvensis, Lam.
collina, Hoffm.
dissitiflora, Baker.
palustris, Lam.

Myosurus minimus, L.
Myriactis nepalensis, Less.
Myrrhis odorata. Scop.
Nardus stricta, L.

Nemesia floribunda, Lehm.
pubescens, Benth.
versicolor, E. Mey.

A aurita, Lindl,

signis, DIS
valka nth.
Menziesii, Hook. y Arn.
parviflora, Doug

Nepeta azurea, R. Br.
Cataria,

Nepeta, cont.
spicata, Benth.
suavis, Stapf.
Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn.
Nicotiana acuminata, = ook.
alata, Link
Langsdorffii, Schrantk.
paniculata, L.
rustica, L-
Tabacum, L.
Nigella damascena, L.
hispanica, L.
orientalis, L.
sativa L.
Nolana prostrata, L.
Nothoscordum fragrans, Kunth.
Ocimum canum, Sims.
Oenanthe S L.
Lachenali, C. C. Gmelin.
peosedésihits Pollich.
impinelloides,
Muse Bieb.
r. australis, Wulf.
Oenothera amoena, Lehm.
berteriana, Spach.
biennis,
— var. grandiflora, Torr. &

ray.
A Nutt.

ON L.

speciosa, Nutt.
tenella, Cav
tetraptera, Cav.

Omphalodes linifolia, Moench.

Onobrychis lasiostachya, Boiss.
sativa, Lam.

Ononis arvensis, L.
rotundifolia, L.
spinosa, L.

14888

Onopordon Acanthium, J...
| sibt

thorpianum, Boiss.
Opoponax Chironium, Koch.
d mn ie Soland.
latifolia, s
maculata, L.
Origanum vulgare, L.

Ornithogalum arcuatum, Stev.
exscapum,
fimbriatum, Willd.
narbonense, ZL.:
nutans, 4.
orthophyllum, Tenore.
Ornithopus perpusillus, L.
sativus, Brot. -
Orobanche Hederae, Duby.
minor, Sutt.
ramosa, L.
M em ges et L.

r. atropurpurea.
Oxybaphus nyctagineus, Sweet.
Oxytropis vere DC.

ochroleuca, Bunge.
pilosa,
Palaua dissecta, Benth.
Pallenis spinosa, Cass.

Panicum bulbosum, He Bret K.
capillare,

virgatum

Papaver ETER Thunb.
alpi L. var. roseu

um, 4.
laucum, Bois T & Hausskn,
laevigatum,
lateritium, C. Koch
nudicaule,
B2

Papaver, cont.
orientale, L.
— var. bracteatum, (Lindl).
pavoninum, Mey.
pilosum, Sibth. & Sm.

oeas

— var. latifolium, Prain.
rupifragum, Boiss. & Reut.
— var. atlanticum, Ball.
somniferum, L
strictum, Boiss,

Pappophorum alopecuroideum,
Vahl.

Paracaryum heliocarpum, Kern.
Paradisia Liliastrum, Bertol.
Parietaria officinalis, L.

Parnassia nubicola, Wall.
palustris,

Parochetus communis, Buch-
Ham.

Paspalum dilatatum, Poir.
pubiflorum, Rupr. var.
glabrum.
virgatum, L.
Peganum Harmala, L.
Peltaria angustifolia, DC.

Pennisetum cenchroides, Rich.
typhoideum, Fic
villosum, A. Br.

Pentstemon barbatus, Roth.

glandulosus, Dougl,
glaucus, Grah. var. steno-
sepalus, UA
Hartwegii, Sa, th.
laevigatus, Soland. var.
Digitalus, A. Gray.

Petunia nyctaginiflora, Juss,

Peucedanum aegopodioides,
andas.

coriaceum, Aeichb. f.

gallicum, Latour.

grav velot. Benth.

suisum, Benth, & Hook. f.

20

Peucedanum, cont.
owa, Kurz.

verticillare, Spreng.

eem bipinnatifolia, Michi.
anularia, ay.

live icata, A. Gray.

hispida, A. Gray.

emerged ee

arryi, 7

tanacetifolia, "Benth.

viscida,

Whitlavia, m Gray.
Phaecasium lampsanoides, Cass.
Phaenosperma globosa, Munro.

Phalaris arundinacea, L.
canarien

parad
tuberosa, L.
Pha qon Jacq.
florus, Willd.
Mango, ;
pilosus, PTE AE
deiecit scili ed

tuberosus,
vulgaris,

Phelypaea coccinea, Poir.

Phleum asperum, Jacq.

- Boehmeri, Wibel.
pratense, L.

Phlomis agraria, Dunge.
armeniaca, Willd.
lunariifolia, Sibth. & Sm.

Fale,

Physalis oe L.
Francheti, Mast.
peruviana, L.

Physochlaina orientalis, G. Don.

imde arose Benth.
— speciosa, A. Gray.

Phyteuma canescens, Waldst. &
Kit.
Halleri, AV,

Phyteuma, cont.
orbiculare, L.
Scheuchzeri, A//.
spicatum, L.

Phytolacca acinosa, Roxb.

osandra, L.
octandra, L.

Picridium tingitanum, Desf.

Picris iplum: L.
hieracioides, L.

Sedo, ae Anisum, L.

Pisum E A L.
elatius, Bieb.
ru. L.

Plantago arenaria, Waldst. d

Kit.
Candollei, Rafin.
Coronopus, L.

ovata, Forsk.
patagonica, Jacq.
Tad 31 1:43

,A.DC

Paige californicus, Benth,

Pleurospermum angelicoides,
th

enth.
pulchrum, Aitch. & Hemsl.
Plumbago micrantha, Ledeb.
Poa abyssinica, Jacq
ALi:

PS
var badensis, neon.
arachni fera, T'or

violacea, Bell,

Podolepis acuminata, R. Br.
Podophyllum Emodi, Waltl.

Polemonium ai ad L.

S
M
=

pauciflorum, S. Wats.

reptans, L
Polygonatum biflorum, Æl.

verticillatum, AU.

Polygonum alpinum, AJ.
iculare, L.
Bistorta, L

capitatum, Buch-Ham.
cilinode, Michx,

um, L.
Weyrichii, F. Schmidt,
Polypogon monspeliensis, Desf.
Polypteris texana, A. Gray.
Portulaca grandiflora, Hook.

Potentilla alchemilloides,

Lapeyr.
m oit Hall. t

a, L.

— var. neairt PAA (Tenore).
argu
argyrophylla, "Wall.
chinensis, Ser.

ougl.
PRIM, Mil.
hippiana, Lehm.

hi

kotschyana, Fenzl.
kurdica, Boiss
montenegrina, Pantoc.
mooniana, Wight.
multifida,

c ci Boiss.

pennsylvanica, JZ.
arachnoidea, Lehm.
pyrenaica, Ramond,

. Potentilla, cont.

T T
— var. laciniata.
— var. macrantha.
— var. palmata.
rivalis, Nutt. var.
grana, Wats.
rupestris, L
schrenkiana, Regel.
semi-laciniata, Hort.
seric ;
Sibbaldia, Hall. f.
cetifolia, Willd.
erate tata, So 2 nd.
Visianii, Pan
wrangeliana, Fisch. & Mey.

mille-

Poterium alpinum, Zort.Kew.
Serco A. Gr find
officinale, A. Gra
Sanguisorba, L.

Pratia angulata, Hook. f.
Prenanthes purpurea, L.

Primula algida, Adams.
capitata, Hook.
Meo R
denticulata, Sm.
elatior,
orbesi, P anch.

japonica, A. Gray.
obconica, Hance.
officinalis, Jac

Poissoni, Franch
rosea, Royle.
verticillata, Forsk.
vulgaris, Huds.
Prunella grandiflora, Jacq.
— var. laciniata, Hort.
r. rubra, Hort.
Vulgaris L.

Psoralea macrostachya, DC.
ysodes, Hook.

Pulicaria dysenterica, Gaertn.

Ramondia pyrenaica, Rich.

Ranunculus acris, L.
— var. Steveni.

caucasicus, Bieb.

22

pag e con
rophy ts L.

Chi
Cinnbelatia Fursh.
L.

muricatus, L.
OR ORO Din Vill.
Sardous,

trilobus, Desf,

Raphanus maritimus, Sm.
tivus, L.

Rapistrum linnaeanum, Boiss.
& Reut.

Reseda alba, L.

odorata, L.
virgata, Boiss. & Reut.
Rhagadiolus Hedypnois, Fisch.
& Me
stellatus, “Gaer tn.
Rheum collinianum, Baill.
E Wall.

varnar oe Muent.

y JA
— var. Xinahüiiowra,
Rhaponticum, L.
undulatum
webbianum, Roi yle,
Ricinus communis, L.
Roemeria hybrida, DC.
Rubia peregrina, iL,
Rudbeckia Wong Vahl.
digitata, 7
irta, L
laciniata; L.
inn Nut
speciosa, Wonder.

Rumex abyssinicus, Jacq.
alpinus,

Acetosella, L.

Rumex, cont.
Brownii, Campd.
conglomeratus, Murr.

crispus

nepalensis, Spreng.
obtusifolius,

— var. sylvestris, “nag »
occidentalis,

orientalis, Ber nh.
Patientia, L

pulcher

roseus, L.
salicifolius, Weinm.
sanguineus,
scutatus, L.
vesicarius, L.

Ruta graveolens, L.

Sagina glabra, 7
— var. eiii (Fenzl).

Salpiglossis linearis, Hook. var.

grandiflora.
sinuata, Ruiz & Pav.
Salvia argentea, L.
Beckeri, Trautv.
cadmica, Boiss.
clandestina
Co lumbar Benth.

8 ros
r. bracteis dlieis.
LEGE pi, Schousb.
lanceolata, Brouss.
lyrata, L.
nubicola, Wall.
nutans,
officinalis, L.
pratensis, L.
—var. m (Heuff-).

—var.r
regelia a utv.
sepli Stapf.
Sc pem s

sylve
tinfoln Vanl.
naca,
— RE disermas, (Sibth. &
m.
verticillata, L.
virgata,
viscosa, Jew.

23

Be Valerandi,

L.
| .americanus, A.Gray.

| Sanvitalia procumbens, Lam.

| Saponaria calabrica, Guss.

| orientalis, L.
| Vaccaria, L.

| Saracha Jaltomata, Schlecht.

| Satureja montana, L.

| Saussurea etre: Hook. f. d
| Thoi

| Soxifragra A Aizoon, L.
decem dro Kern.
Priscus (Bruegg.).

usta

- peck ais (Schott).
. rosularis, Schleich.
— var. rotata.
€ "i

var. hirt
bias tiis, Willd.
cochlearis, Reichb.
— € L

va pyramidalis,
- (Lapeyr )
crustata, Vest
decipiens, var.

Ehr
ar ar (Tausch).
Boi Reut.
gra

hirsuta, L.

Hostii, Tausch.

— var. altissima, (Kern.).
— var. macnabiana, Hort.
hypnoides, L

e ta, Bell.

— Oa ti (Boiss. &

l aita so A

etm Wulf.
r. pygmaea, E ow. Je
L.

fits
yar Torr. & Gray.

Be Sternb.
oriophylla, (Griseb. "m
rotundifolia,

— var. hirsuta.
sarmentosa, L.
Sibthorpii, Boiss,
umbrosa,

— var. gracilis.
valdensis, DC.

Scabiosa amoena, Jacq.
is, L

uif.
brachiata, Sibth. & Sm.
caucasica, Bieb
Columbaria, L.
graminifolia, L.
muntia, L
integrifolia, L.

prolifera, L.
Pterocephala, L.

sa, L.
ix. L.
vestina, Face.

Scandix Balansae, Reut. |

a pinnatus, Ruiz &

Stag Hook.
Schizopetalum Walkeri, Sims.
Scilla bifolia, L.

sibirica, Andr ews.
verna, Hu

Scirpus so Micha.
Holoschoe
volyplyltos. "Vai.
setaceus, L.
triqueter, L.
Scleranthus annuus, L.
Sclerocarpus uniserialis, Benth.
& Hook. f.

Scolymus maculatus, L.
Scopolia lurida, Dun.
Scorpiurus vermiculata, L.
Scorzonera hirsuta, L.

hispanica, L.
laciniata, L.

24

Scrophularia MI Gilib.
alpestris, J. Gay
aquatica, -
sa, L.
me ia, L.
sylvatica, Boiss. & Heldr.
vernalis, L.

Scutellaria albida, L.
ina,
altissima,
i, Geor gi.
galericulata, L.

Secale Cereale, L.
Securigera Coronilla, L.

Sedum acre, L.

m, Sut.
— Var. atro Dupin eo
middendorfianum, Mazim.

osum, L.
wallichianuin, Hook. f. &
Thor

Selinum an. Bray.
tenuifolium, Wali.

Sempervivum arvernense, Lecoq
amotte.

Boissieri, Hort.

boutignyanum, Billot &
Gren.

caucasicum, Rupr.

flagelliforme, Fisch.

mettenianum, Schnitisp.

mon m, Z.

obscurum, i-a
Pilosella, Hort.

Po melli, Lamotte,
. speciosum, Lamotte.
tectorum

— var. rusticanum, Hort.

Verloti, Lamotte.
violaceum, Hort.

Senecio adonidifolius, Loisel.

aegy ptius,
aurantiacus, DO.
Cinera

diversifolius; Wall.

Doronicum, L.
elegans, L.

Ho dgsoni, Hort. D
genes in Sch.
Kaempferi óc
macrophyllus, Bieb.

squalidus, L.
suaveolens, Kli.
leu DC.
viscosus,

Serratula coronata, L.
heterophylla, Desf.
quinquefolia, Bieb.
„tinctoria, L.

Boanzrtat indicum, Z.

Seseli elatum, L.
gummiferum, Sm.
osseum, Crantz

Sesleria cylindrica, DC.

Setaria glauca, Beauv.
italica, Beauv.
macrochaeta, Spreng.
verticillata, Beauv.
viridis, Beauv

Sherardia arvensis, L.

Sidalcea candida, A. Gray.

Sideritis scordioides, L.

Siegesbeckia orientalis, L.

Silene alpesiris, Jacq.

rmeria, L.
chloraefolia, Sm. var. swer-
ifoli

tifolia. _
chromodonta, Boiss.
Reut,

ciliata, Pourr.
clandestina, Je acq.
co Poir.

conoidea, L.
cretica, L.
Cucubalus, Wel.
echinata, Otth.

25

Silybum eburneum,
Du

Silene, cont.

Fabaria, Sibth. & Sm.

monachorum, Vis.
Muscipula, L.
noctiflora,

nutans, L.
obtusifolia, Willd.
L

un
apat a J. Gay.

Siler trilobum, Scop.
Silphium M mon Miche.
perfoli

iatum
scaberrimu m, Ell.
trifoliatum

; L,
— var. ternat um, Retz.

Coss. &
T.
Marianum, Gaertn.

Sisymbrium assoanum, Losc. d:
Pard.

austriacum, Jacg

polyceratium, L.
phia, L.
strictissimum, Z.
tanacetifolium, Z
Thaliana, Hook.

26

Sisyrinchium angustifolium,
Mill.
striatum, Sm.
Sium latifolium, L.

Smilacina racemosa, Desf.
stellata, Desf.

Smyrnium Olusatrum, L.
Solanum guineense, Lan.
igrum, L.

villosum, Willd.
Solenanthes lanatus, A.DC.
Solidago arguta, R

canadensis,

mmondi, “Tor r. & Gray.

Dru
elliptica,
elongata,

glomerata, Miche.
lithospermifolia, Willd.
irgaurea, L.
Sonchus oleraceus, L.
i:
Sophora angustifolia, Sieb. &
Zucc.

Sorghum vulgare, Pers.
Sparganium simplex, Huds.
Spartina Schreberi, J. F. Gmel.

ciega Verri A.DC.
curie: Sei it

m, A.DC
Spergula arvensis, L.
Spiraea Aruncus, L..
Filipendula, L.
Ulmaria, L.
Mone iu Torr.
asper,
érypatdPuE A. Gra y.
heterolepis, A. Gray.
Wrighti, Munro.
iun Dem L.
intermedia.
Feder

arvensis, ‘Bi
Betonica, Benth.

' Stachys, cont.
er

sylvatica, L.

Statice bellidifolia, Gouan.
cordata,
echioides, E
eximia, Schrenk.

tomentella, Boiss.
Stevia Eupatoria, Willd.

Stipa umm L.
magrostis, Wahlenb.
a, L.

viridula, Trin.
Suaeda maritima, Dum.
Succowia balearica, Medic,

Swertia cordata, Wall.
nis

Symphyandra Hofmanni, Pant.
pendula,
Wanneri, Heuff.

Symphytum peregrinum, Ledeb.
Synthyris reniformis, Benth.
Syrenia sessiliflora, Ledeb.
Tagetes erecta, L.

patula, L.

pusilla, H. B. & K.
Tamus communis, L.
Tanacetum vulgare, L.
Taraxacum gymnanthum, DC.
Telephium Imperati, L.

Tellima grandiflora, R.Br.

Tetragonia crystallina, Z/ Herit.
expansa, Murr.

Teucrium Arduini, L.
aureum, Schreb.

otrys,
canadense, L.
Chamaedrys,. L.
Marum, L.

— var. crispum,

Thalictrum angustifolium, L.
aquilegifolium, Z
fi

— var. sphaerocarpum, (Lej.

ourt
ir Desf.
us, L.
—var affine , (Jo rd.)

ar. ; LEAL).
—var.pubescens, cara X
— var purpurascens,

jeorgi).
squarrosum, Stephan.
Thaspium trifoliatum, A. Gray.
Thelesperma filifolium, A. Gray

posue armes M. A.

omens, Nutt.
Thladiantha dubia, Bunge.
Thlaspi arvense, L.
ceratocarpon, Murr.
kotschyanum, Boiss.
latifolium, Bieb.
perfoliatum, L.

Thymus comosus, Heuff.
Tigridia Pavonia, Ker-Gawl.
Tinantia fugax, Scheidw.
Tofieldia calyculata, Wahlenb.

Tolmiea Menziesii, Torr. &

Tolpis barbata, Gaertn.

Trachelium caeruleum, L.

27

Trachymene pilosa, Sm.
Tragopogon pratensis, L.
Tricholepis furcata, DC.
Tridax trilobata, Hemst.

ipii nk L.
angus stifolium, L.
illd.

m,
multistriatum, Koch.
pannonicum
Perreymondi, ` Gren.

Godr.
pratense, L
procumbens, L.
api AET ' Loisel.

repen
apr. L.

tomentosum, L.
Mtentatum, om ndl.

Triglochin maritimum, L.
palustre, L.
Trigonella Balansae, Boiss. &
corniculata, L.
caerulea, Ser.
cretica, Boiss.
Foenum-graecum, L.
0188.
polycerata, L.
radiata, Boiss.
Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb.

Tripteris cheiranthifolia,
Schultz.

Trisetum flavescens, Beauv.
rigidum, Roem. & Schult,

Triticum durum, Desf.

cum,
ovatum, Rasp.
vill. Beawv.

violaceum, Hornem.
vulgare, Vill

Tritonia Pottsii, Benth.
Trollius asiaticus, L.
Tropaeolum aduncum, S.
majus, L.
minus, L.
A.

—— grandiflorum,

ray.
SATS A. Gray.
Tunica olympica, Boiss.
roli
axifraga, Scop.
Typha angustifolia, L.

latifolia
stenophylla, Fisch. & Mey.

Tyrimnus leucographus, Cass.
Uniola latifolia, Miche.
Urospermum picroides, Desf.
Ursinia pulchra, N. E. Br.

Urtica membranacea, Poir.

. pilulifera, Z.

— var. balearica, (L.).
thunbergiana, Sieb. & Zucc.
oo pem es

volti: Mikan),
CUORE sambucifolia,
(Mikan).
Phu, Z.

Valerianella carinata, Loisel.

echinata, DC,

eriocarpa, Desv

olitoria, Poll.

vesicaria, Moench.
Veratrum album, L.

nigrum, L.

viride, Ait.
Verbascum Blattaria, L.

ixii, Vill.

,

ES

| Verbascum, cont.
Lychnites, L.
malacotrichum, Boiss. d
Heldr.

ceniceum, Z.
pulverulentum, Vill.
pyramidatum, Bieb.
sinuatum, L.
speciosum, Schrad.
Thapsus, L.

TE With.
Verbena angustifolia, Michx.

serrata, H. B.
bonariensis, L.
caroliniana, Miche.
officinalis,

Verbesina helianthoides, Micha:
Vernonia altissima, Nut.

Veronica aphylla, de,

L.
— var. a aie Miq.
by is,

repen s DC.
xli, Scop.
serpyllifolia, L.
spicata, L.
virginica, L.
— var. japonica, (Steud.).
Vicia amphicarpa, Dorth.
argentea, Lapeyr.
bithynica, L.
catari "Desf.
racca, b.
disperma, DC.
Faba, L.
— var. t (Steud.).

pyrenaica, Pourr.
sativa, L.
sepium, L.

Vicia, cont.

a, Hos
Mim Roth.

Vincetoxicum

grum, Moen
offici nale, ADU: h.

Viola rin L.

syrtica,
tricolor, L,

fuscatum,

29

Wahlenbergia capensis, A.DC.
Imatica, A.DC.
tenuifolia, A.DC.
undulata, A.DC.

Xanthium spinosum, L.
strumarium, L.

Xanthocephalum gymnosper-
moides, Benth. & Hk. f.

Xeranthemum annuum, L

cylindraceum, Sibth. &
Sm.

Zaluzianskya capensis, Walp.

Zea Mays, L.

Zinnia haageana, Regel.
pauciflora, L.

Ziziphora tenuior, L.

Zygadenus elegans, Pursh:

TREES
Acanthopanax
Seem.

Acer campestre, L.
— var. aetnense.

var. GOTH: Wallr.

circinata; Urs

coriaceum, Tausch.

hyrcanum, Fisch. & ea

insigne, Foiss, d Buhs

Lobelii, Ten

Ge ui Pursh.

monspessulanum,

opulifolium, Vill.

— var. neapolitanum.

Pseudo-Platanus, L.

— var. lutescens.

— var. purpureum,

tataricum, ZL

Ailantus glandulosa, Desf.

Alnus cordifolia, Tenore.

incana, Willd.
japonica, Sieb. & Zuce.
maritima, Muehlenb,

sessiliflorum,

AND

SHRUBS.

Alnus, cont.

illd.
EU 0. A. Mey.
viridis

Amelanchie canadensis, Torr.
ray.
— var. oblongifolia, Torr,
& Gray.
vulgaris, Moench.

Amorpha canescens, Nutt.
fruticosa,

Andromeda polifolia, L.

Arbutus Andrachne, L.
"Menziesii Pursh.
Unedo, L

Aucuba japonica, Thunb.

| Baccharis halimifolia, L,

Berberis angulosa, Wall.
uifolium, Pursh.
— var. fascicularis, Nichols.
ar. murrayana, Hort

EA Desf.

var. spathulata.
Thunbergi, DC.
virescens, Hook. f.
vulgaris,

mA foliis purpureis.
iberica, Hort.

SUMUS DC.

Betula vet L.
ubescens, Loud.
corylifolia, Regel & Maxim.
davurica, Pali.
Er

r. Gm esa Mii
humilis, Schrenk

lutea, Micha.
papyrifera, Ma; a
populifolia, Ma;
ulmifolia, Sieb. 4 E
Bruckenthalia spiculifolia,
Reichb.

Buddleia intermedia, Carr.
japonica, Hems
variabilis, Hemsl.

Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers.
Buxus sempervirens, /;.
— va ifolia.
— var. prostrata,
Calluna vulgaris, Salisù.

Calophaca wolgarica, Fisch,

Calyeanthus occidentalis, Hook,
& Arn,

RUE repent tine Lam.
var, Redowskii

D
.

30

| oa dr cont,

rantiaca, Koehne.

microphylla, Lam.
pygmaea, DC

. Carmichaelia australis, R. Br.

Carpinus Betulus, L.
— var. incisa.
caroliniana, Walt.

orientalis, Mill.

Cassandra calyculata, D. Don.

Cassinia fulvida, Hook. f.
leptophylla, Hort.

Catalpa cordifolia, Jaume.

| Ceanothus americanus, L.
Arn 1 ort.”

azureus, ta es
grandiflor
papillosus, p 2 Gray.

Celastrus articulatus, Thunb.

Celtis occidentalis, L.

. Cistus hirsutus, Lam.
1

ius,
igh orm L. -
vaginatus, Ait.

Cladrastis amurensis, Benth.
Clematis aethusifolia, Turez.
lpin ill.

campaniflora, Brot.
(6

lanuginosa, Lindi.

— Wall.

orien

Pitcheri, T
lis.

songorica, Bung?.

italba PR

Vitiell L. var. alba.

rubra

orr. & Gray. var.

Clethra ei Miche,
alnifolia, Z.
— var. Michauxii.

Colutea "Lee rp L.
cruenta, Ait.

melanocalyx, Boiss.
Conyza ivaefolia, Less.
Coriaria japonica, A. Gray.
Cornus alba, L.

alternifolia, Lu 6

Amomum, Mi

Baileyi, Coult. & Evans.

tr aa Benth

s, L.

pubescens, Nutt.

sanguinea,

stolonifera, Miche.
Coronilla Emerus, L.
Corylus rostrata, Ait.
Cotoneaster affinis, Lindl.

pn Wall.

r. flo ribunda, Hort.

, Wall,

multiflora, Bi

Simonsii, Baker.
ventole, Baker.
Crataegus Carriérei, Vauwvel.

chlorosarea, Maxim
coccinea, L.

var. macracantha, Dudley.

ordain:
Crus-Galli, y^
m Li ndl.

ar. rivularis, Nutt.

flava, Ait
heterophylla, ut egg:
h

nigra,
orientalis, Pall.
— var. sanguinea,

31

Crataegus, cont,
sit etn ere Thuill.
— var. er
pentagy A Kit
sarenatitlds, Bunge.

tetiseetifotil Pers.
tomentosa,
uniflora, Muench.

Cryptomeria japonica, D. Don.
bc Benthami, Mu
law

oniana, Mur
rooticataniiih: Tahi,
och.

— var. corneyana.

Cytisus — L.
biflorus, L'Herit.

lphureus.
acest Potts, L.

Daboécia polifolia, D. Don.
Desmodium viridiflorum, Beck.

Deutzia corymbosa, R. Br.
crenata, Sieb. & Zuce.
seabra, Thunb.

Diervilla hortensis, as & Z.
ses z = lia, Buc
r. Sp dev

Dorycnium suffruticosum, Vill.
pes ic as scaber, Ruiz &
Pav
Elaeagnus angustifolia, L.
arg ursh
Th

iuit ora, unb.
umbellata, Thunb,

Erica ciliaris, L.
cinerea,
mediterranea, L.
multi L

vagans, L.

Watsoni, DC.
Escallonia exoniensis, Hort.

pu C.

rubra, Pers.

Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacq.
L

europaeus,
— vàr. purpureus.
latifolius, Scop.
nanus, Bie
obovatus, N utt.

Exochorda Alberti, Regel.

Fraxinus a. Wall.
nigra, ]
Ornus,
rhynchophylla, Hance,

Garrya flavescens, S. Wats.

ee procumbens, Z.
aefolia, Hook. f.
Shallon, Pursh.

Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr,
Gray.

Genista aethnensis, DC.
li

rm
hispanica, L.
pilosa, L.
sagittalis, L
tinctoria, L. var. elatior.
virgata, DC.
— Meer Nichols,
raptera,

Hedera Helix, L.

Hedysarum multijuga, Mazim.

Helianthemum

mal.
halimifolium, Willk.
polifolium, Pers.
vulgare, Gaertn.

formosum.,

a ome cont.
mutabile.
— var. Brera A

Hippophaë rhamnoides, L.
Hovenia dulcis, Thunb.

aeien ridi ioi L.
Hortensia, DC. var. acumi-

paniculata, Sieb. d: Zuce.
pubescens n
radiata, Walt.

Hymenanthera crassifolia,
Hook. f.

Hypericum Androsaemum, Z.
L.

cinum, Z.
hookerianum, Wight & Arn.
inodorum Jacq.
kalmian num, f.
moserianum, André,
patulum, Thunb.
prolificum
uralum, Don.

Ilex Aquifolium, L.
SRI Wait.
glabra, A. Gray.
laevigata = Gray.
opaca,
rica A. Gray.
— var. fructu luteo.

Jasminum fruticans, L.
humile, Z.
Juniperus chinensis, L.
e is.
excelsa, Bieb.
Sabina, L.
sphaerica, Lindl.

Kalmia angustifolia, L.
— var. nana.

latifolia, £L.

Laburnum alpinum, J. un Dy est.
—var. biferum,
—vulgare, J. S. Pres i

Larix meee Trautv.
uropaea, i
n med
urra
oorkdbutulis Nutt.
Ledum latifolium, Ait.
palustre, L.
Lespedeza Stuvei, Nutt.
Leucothoe Catesbaei, A. Gray.
Davisi orm.
racemosa, A. Gray.
Leycesteria formosa, Wall.

oo bodes pee Sieb.
regelianum.
bicis Thunb.
sinense, Lour.
vulgare, L

Lindera Benzoin, Blume.
Liriodendron tulipifera, L.

Lonicera alpigena, L

Morrowii, A. Gray.

nigra, L.
orientalis, Lam.

— tin
Sullivantii, A. Gr ay.
tatarica,
Xylosteum, L.

Lupinus arboreus, L.
Lyonia paniculata, Nutt.
Magnolia tripetala, L.
Menispermum canadense, L.
Menziesia globularis, Salisb.

Microglossa albescens,
Clarke.

Morus nigra, L,

Myrica cerifera, L.
ale, L.

Myricaria germanica, Desv.
14888

C. B.

33
Neillia amurensis, Benth. &
H

00
opulifolia, Benth. & Hook.
Torreyi, Wats

Olearia Haastii, Hook. f.
macrodonta, Baker.

Ononis i i ila Asso.
frutic
rotunditoli, L.

Ostrya carpinifolia, Scop.

Oxydendron arboreum, DC.
Pernettya mucronata, Gaudich.
Petteria ramentacea, Presl.
PE acuminatus,

coronarius, L.
— var. tomentosus, Hook.

Lewisii, Pursh.
Satsumi, Siebold.

Photinia variabilis, Hemsl.
Picea Glehni, F. Schmidt.

Pieris pA ee D. Dor
mariana, Benth. 4 "Hook.

Pinus Cembra, L.
A:

tuberculata, Gord.
Piptanthus nepalensis, Sweet.

Platanus acerifolia, Willd.
occidentalis, L.

Populus deltoidea, Marsh.
nigra, L.

Potentilla fruticosa, L.
salesoviana, Steph.

Prunus acida, Borkh. var. sem-

pe E
alleghaniensis, Porter,
americana, Marsh.
Amygdalus, Stokes.
vium, L.
Brigantiaca, Chaiz.

pr ri L. var. col-

lusitanica
aritima, Wangen) t
Panis, Stokes. var. foliis

serotina, Zr.

. Ptelea trifoliata, L.
— var r. glauca.

Pyrus americana, DC.
arbutifolia, L.
,
— var. graeca, Boiss.
aeter Gaerin.
baccata, L.

floribunda, Nichols.
paronia Hook. f.
i

ydonia, L.
decaisneana, Nichols.

iinet ree d Durieu.

Malus, Z

Maulei, Mast.

Michauxi, Bose.

nigra, Sargent.
ivalis, Jacq.

pinnatifida, Erh.

p £ illd,

spectabilis, Ait.
spuria, DC.
To ists Sieb.

34

Rhamnus Alaternus, dy.

angani ton nU
Gen Walt
catharticus,
crenata, Sieb. & Zucc.
Frangula, L.
libanoticus, Boiss.
purshianus, DC.

pate m campanulatum,
D. Don.

shai baxinum, Hook. f.
ferrugineum, L.
flavum, G. Don.
myrtifolium, Lodd.
ponticum, Z.

— var, chen unto ah
— — lancifolium
Smirnowi, Trautv.

Rhodotypus kerrioides, Sieb. &
Luce,

Rhus Cotinus, L.

glabra, L.
daiiooduci iUe L.
typhina, L.

Ribes alpinum, L

— var. aurantiacum minus,
Hort.

— var. praecox, Lindl.
r. tenuiflorum, Torr.
l.

um, [^
— var. Schlechtendalii
sanguineum,
— var. air Quam gine un.
Hort.
— var.

Koch.

epruinosum, A.

Robinia Pseudacacia, L.

Rosa acicularis, Lindl.
agrestis, Savi.

,
alpina,
— var. sauna! Gouan.

Rosa, cont.

arkansana, Porter
beggeriana, Schrent:
— var.

blanda, Ait.

canina, L.

carolina, L.

— "e
danken

— var. sindaiiolia.
damascena, Mill.
Fendleri, Crépin.
ferruginea, Vill.

g

ter.
Jundzilli, Besser.
lucida, Zh.

ar

idic Willd.

tomentosa, cu
webbiana, Wa!
wichuraiana, Cr "épin.

Rubus affinis, Weihe & Nees.

balfourianus, Blow
i Weihe.
caesius,

reckon Blow.

Rubus, cont.

corylifolius, Si.
crataegifolius, Bunge.
deliciosus, James.
& N.

plandilegs, Bell.
Guentheri, Weihe & Nees.
hystrix, Weihe & Nees.
Koehleri, EUN.
laciniatus, Willd

lindleyanus, Lees.
UE Lees.

acrophyllus, W. & N.
ch cum ‘ake
ans, Gren odr

micis olius
phoenicolasius, Maxim.
pubescens, Auct. Angl.
Purchasi, Blox.

s, Blox
TATT W. & N.
scaber, Weihe ei Te
spectabilis, Pur.
Sprengelii, Wake & Nees.
suberec tus, Anders

villosus,
LNOT pras, Franch.

Ruta graveolens, L.

eerte emer Nutt

ocarpa, A. eee "ay.
2A

rs
racemosa, L.
— var. Teniti

Skimmia Fortunei, Mast. (S. ja-
ponica, Hort.).

Spartium junceum, Z.
Spiraea pee Pall.
bra aas abel.
mios ns, D. Don.
ek Sure.
Douglasii, Hook.
ak piace: LAs;
var. glabrata, Nichols.
lindleyana, all.

tomentosa, j
Staphylea pinnata, L.

Symphoricarpus Heyeri, Dippel.
mollis, Nutt. var. ciliatus,
Nutt.

orbiculatus, Moench.
cemo icha.
rotundifolius, A. Gray.
Symplocos crataegoides, Buch-
Ham.
oe geen Wall,
r. rosea, Cornu.
Dekincniis. Rupr.
persica, L.
Tamarix; tetrandra,{ Pall,

Taxus baccata, L.
cuspidata, Sieb. & Zuce.

Tecoma radicans, Juss,

Thuja gigantea, Nutt.
ja

orientalis, L.

Tilia wo rage Desf.
cordata, Mill.
porti D
platyphyllus, Scop.
vulgaris, Hayn

Ulex europaeus, L.
nanus, Forst.

Ulmus campestris, L.

Vaccinium S ETHER foe
cor Tria

m, A. Gr di.
erythroosrpum, E ich.
irsutum
atum,

pensylvanicum, Lam.

Viburnum acerifolium, L.
burejaeticum, Regel &

cassinoides, ‘LZ.
dentatum, L.
dilatatum, Thunb.
hanceanum, ms m.

molly ‘Wich, -

Opulus, e

prunifolium,:L.
inus, L.

Vitis meaai Michx
heterophylla, Thunb.
pesa rusca, L.

riparia, M iche.

Widdringtonia Whytei, Rendle.
Yucca Whipplei, Torr.
Zelkowa acuminata, Planch.

Zenobia speciosa, D. Don
— var. pulverulenta.

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.'

BULLETIN

MISCELLANEOUS. INFORMATION,

APPENDIX II.—1898.

NEW GARDEN PLANTS OF THE YEAR 1897.

The number of garden plants annually described in botanical
and horticultural publications, both English and foreign, is now
80 eonsiderable that it has re thought desirable to nob a
complete list of them in the Kew Bulletin each year. The
following list comprises all ihe new introductions recorded during
1897. These lists are indispensable to the maintenance of a
correct nomenclature, especially in the smaller hotairive! esta-
blishments in correspondence with Kew, which are, as a rule,

cultivation at this establishment, many of which will be distri-
buted from in the hr course of exchange with other
botanic garden
The 4 mee ite includes not only plants brought into cultivation

for the first time during 1897, but the most noteworthy of those
which have been re-introduced after being lost from cultivation.
Other plants included in the list may have been in gardens for
Several years, but either were coh described or their names had
not been authenticated until recently.

addition to species sad botas varieties, all hybrids,
wheta introduced or of garden origin, with botanical names,
and described for the first time in 1897, are included. It has not
been thought desirable, however, to give authorities after the
names of garden hybrids in such genera as Cypripedium, &e.
Mere garden varieties of such plants as Coleus, Codicum or
in ‘cissus are omitted for obvious rea

every case the plant is cited indies its ears TUUM
TA some of the names are doubtfully correct. Where
however, a correction has appeared desirable, this is made.

The name of the person in whose collection the plant was first

noticed or described is given where known

asterisk is rtm to all those gluta of which examples
are in cultivation at Kew

15500—1375—1/98 Wt61 D&S 29 A

38

The publications from which this list is compiled, with the
abbreviation used to indicate them, are as follows :—B. B.—
Bulletin de L’Herbier Boissier. B. H. N.—Bulletin du Museum
d'histoire naturelle, Paris. B. M.—Botanical Magazine. Bruant
Cat.—Bruant’s Catalogue of New Plants, 1897. B. T. O.—Bulletino
della R. Società Toscana di Orticultura. Gard.—The Garden.
G. a. EON G. and F.—Ga dom and Forest.
G fl. — Gartenflora. — Gardeners’ Magaz G. W.—
Gardening “World, A H- —L Illustration Hon. Jard.—Le
Jardin. J. of H.—Journal of Horticulture. J. H. F. meses de
la Société nationale d'horticulture de France. J. O.—Journal des
Orchidées. K. B.—Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal
Gardens, Kew. ZL.—Lindenia. Lem. QCat.—Lemoine, Plantes
Nouvelles. Lind. Oat.—L’ Horticulture Internationale, Catalogue.
M. D. G.—Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesell-
schaff. M.G. Z—Mi jller’s Deutsche Gärtner-Zeitung. M. K.—
Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde. N. B.—Notizblatt des Königl.
G. M.—Dr.

Neubert's Garten-Magazin. O. &.—Orchid Review. R. H.—Revue
Horticole. R.H. B.—Revue del'Horticulture Belge. Sand Cat.—
Sanders’ Catalogue of New Plants, 1897. Spaeth Cat.—L. Spaeth,
General Nursery Catalogue. Veitch Cat.-— Veitch & Sons,
Culllóguo of Plants. W. G.—Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung.

The abbreviations in the descriptions a x^ plants are :—ft.—
Footor Feet. G. gni H.—Har H. H.—Half-hardy.
in.—Inches. S.—Sto

Acalypha Ohantriari: n H. 1897, | Aon Sigan, Chantri«r. H.

402.) re arden hy- i A handsome plant
om Mrd 5ft. high, intense green
above, er beneath. Remarkable
for its lar ge size, the deep cutting of
the leaves and the ipale-green RUE

brid bet iMi dn iwioniont and
A. mac rophs M (Chant r Fréres,
Mortefontaine, France.)

cdm qe deemed (R. H. petioles, dm €— Fréres,
e) S. A garden hybrid be- fontaine, Fra
A. brise and A. mar-
qinata, ee er Fréres, Mortefon- A Uhinki. Bi 1897,
tain Ey. a S. A garden ween
Alocasia metallica iid A: ERES x ora.
Adiantum potu Hort. (G. (Chantrier Frères, Mortefontaine.
ices. S. A France.)

Metus rd E gu reie with crested
fronds. (H. B. May.) * Androsace macrantha, Boiss.& Huet.
Aglaonema oblongifolium, var | (4rd. 1807, lii, 434.) Primulaceae.
5

PRICE di t species, belonging to th
in E ide . B. = - (G. C. 1897, xxi., A. sepientrionale group. It forms a
70.) Aroidem. S. Differs from the larg f leaves which are

type in having — variegated with
white along the course of the principal

lateral veins, Penneg. (J. Veitch & Sow, , —————
Sons.) j

Alnus virescens, Koehne. (Spaeth areir raddiana, Somm. & Levier,

Cat. 1897-8, 66.) Cupuliferæ. A Jard. 1897, 378.) H. A pretty bi-
handsome Alder allied to A. incana. vete M with rosettes of toothed
Colorado. Gs Spaeth, Berlin.) lea and -coloured flowers

Oaiedinié. (H. Gorei Geneva.)

yen ana od A.argyrea. (Chan-
tiet Pelee Mortefnotaine, France.) speci es, S didt “tong

A garden hybrid between ARR EIER Manias. ig: G
897, 26.)
tote

formed of sub-rotund pinne which
are tinted with purple when young.
: 9

ÇW. Bull
peee Boeie Rolfe.
CG. C. 1897, ae B

C.
..* A pretty Tittle ‘species with sa
oloured flowers.” (Sir T, RJ

—€— bogotense. Sander.
(Sand, Cat. 1897, 3, f£.) Aroidem. S. A
i s with a short

stem, leaf-stalks and
. sagittate green leaf-blades, Colombia.
(F. Sander & Co.)

a — (W. 6
56.) garden hybrid of

wh ich one me parents is A,
andreanum. (Valvassori, Cascine,
` Florence.)

CW.
arden. hybrid of
F : parents is

NM: is S” Ridolfi, Flo-

Anthurium A
1897, 258.) S.

Ww Are one o
andreanum,

- rence.)

Anthurium ridolfianum. (W. 4.
1897,.258.) S. A d m of
which one of the par
andreanum. (Marquis Ridolfi, "Flo:

ce.)

An OE Tope (W.
1897, 258.) garden hybrid e
which one of e parents is
andreanum, (Marquis Ridolfi, Flo-
rence.) .

Anthurium "Pa vaanórH. (W. G.
1897, 256.) p “ig - eigr of
which one the is
andreanum., (Vil r Goi Flo-

rence.)

*Apera dg regs Hook.
1897, xxii., 282-283, f. 84.) Gra
An elegant grass, growing ak d ft.

k and Dried feathery droop-
ing spikes 4 g. New Zealand.

(J. Veitch & gone.)

n

A a Sturii, Hort. dtr
, 968.) Orucifers
mad species, bearing lange 1 Nive
white flowers in early spring. (J.
Wood.)

coat

Grapes bakeriana, Sander. Ce, A '
st eres roidee. §
ll-spatned LOW ^ot
)

pm a
X. Sander & Co.

bab
A. REL

eee elegans x I ree pera
(€. C. 1897, xxii, 126, f. 36.) Aristo-

15509

39

lochiacez. S. A garden hybrid be-
tween the two species indicated by the
name. (Canon Prettyman.)

*Arum Dioscoridis ve song ey
(G. C. 1897, xxi., 2.)
This species with
leaves, throws u

Col. reddish purple, passing into green

above with spots. Asia Minor,

Aruncus Abhi Kneiffi. (W. a.

; Z. 1897, 260, ff.)

Rosacez. H. EY CON variety of the
well-known Spirea Aruneus. (Zabel,
Gotha.)

acras M WE d. Siehe.
(6G 397, f. 116)
Tas The largest of all
the Aspho es, growing 8 ft. hi

Flowers aen ge ds white. Asia
Minor.

oe Delavayi, Franchet. (R. H.
ite. H.. This species

permanent violet-

y
o brown. Yunnan
)

in
(M. de S rilmorin, Paris.
t

egon: S.
e latu

Begonia arr
(Sand. Cat 7, 6:) - Be
A eis Ate “Th
borne on tall, densely hairy didis, Ma
are ‘slightly bullate in appearance e, the

a-green ing reticulated
fencers veins of green

." (ŒE. Sander & Co.)

i" bey CR. H. 1897, 561,

67. G. A garden hy brid between

2. Duchartrei and B. pictavensis,
(Bruant, Poitiers.)

s

nm Heldreichii, Boiss. var.
(G xii,2) Lilineen.
Ne viih broad lea spikes
of flowers c colour of "Sella sibirica,
Asia Min

— Adami, pu MÀ i (Pp so
14) €

ranched ; radi |
sinuately lobed spine-toothed ;
upper leaves 3-6 egit ng, spotted vith
= op th; flower-heads
mbose 3} in. across, ye. "s.
Afros, (Kew.)

Billbergia Canterae, Ed. André.
Ys H. 1897, 60, t.) Bromeliacee, S.
handsome plant belonging to the

A2

“section Helicodea,
dulous shorter than
large, deep adim flowers pale green
T Pen André, Lacroix, Indre-

Inflorescence pen-.
the

oru claptonense, Hort.
petis - me y Orchidex. S.

f B. Lobbii. (CH.
: mà

Bulbophyllum ptiloglossum, Wendl.

30.)
ee new specs, al cat 2A barbigeram,
from which it differs chiefly i in

sh hairs covering
the margins of the distinctly lobed
. lip. Madaghaant; (Herrenhausen.)

Bik da ee RS Wats.
(G. M. 1897, 392.) Lilia
e ward ees en n yellow Festari
ving a JEn ine of rich

he portion

mme Antlers — purple.
California. (R. Wallace & Co.)

Calochortus Plummere aurea. ( 6. M.

1897, 454.) H. A variety with golden

i d the

r
of C. venustus.) California,
(R Wallace & Co.)

EARE re (e Ire -
anulaces

A pen Sareea sp ort gen €

rogi EW: Balchin & Sons.)

‘Canna vm variegata. Sander
(6. C.1 xi., 352.) Scitaminex. S.
A vr el e leaves striped with
yellow. eie Islands. (F. Sander
Co.)

*Carex Vilmorini, Mottet. (E H.
1897, 79, f. 26.) Oype races A
grac raceful species with long fi nar-
row leaves, New Zealand. (Vilmorin,
Andrieux & Co., Paris.)

Catasetum splendens Grignani.
(S. H. 1897, 418.) Orchidex. $.

form of this natural hybrid, nearly

allied to C. s. lansbergeanum but with

the lp white tin ee

yellow CL orticaria. n
tionale, Brussels.)

Catasetum — won foe asai
"epe -H. 1897, 418) S. -

40

f this natural hybrid ides broad
with ro

lip

deep yellow inside, eth. pde
nal. (DL Hortioulbare Inter-
nationale, Brussel

pres Manta as rubiginosum,
t

a deep une :
rw lip deep yellow with lines

-bro (L perm Pet
Tere teats, ER ya 8.)

Camera bowringiano ~ blesensis.
(J. 934.) Orchidez
ical hybrid Tia C. bowringiana
and C. blesensis. (C. Maron, Mar-
seilles.) j

a. port rt g H. F. 1897:

34.) en hybrid between C

Taig ad C. superba, (C. Maron,
Marseilles.)

Ee jy ae e H. F. 1897,
954.) between
i bic ES ar € dun PE (G
Mantin, Orleans.)

m dubia. (J. H. F. 1897, 934.)
bp
> ANE 8
sonia, (C. Maron, Marseille s.)
pep a verge Bs H. 1897, 300.) A
bri

n C, intermedia
ney c Slims neri. i (d. Mattia, Orleans.)

—À gpro (J. H. F. 1897,
33.) garden hybrid between
e Set Leopoldi and C. superba,

(C. Maron, Marseilles

mrp — -— H. F. 1897, 934.)
n hyb ween C. guttata
poli. and A Loddiqest (C. Maron
Marseilles.)

n hybrid between C

pertes ims et so (S. H. 1897,
ui Loddigesii. (G.

Monde T Lie E
Mantin, Orleans.)

— a Krünzl (@f. 189
1436.) C. bicolor, i

C. guttata.
(8t. Mid. B.G

heroe — moortebee ki-
CS. 7, 449.) A large-

fopered Kasedi form of this
hybrid. (L. Linden &-Co., Brussels.)

o a hardyana Reginae. (S. H.
Vi. io: Lorem, em of. this

hybrid LL the sepals and "m
seil yel (L. Linden & Co.
Brussels D

Cattleya Heloisiae. (R. H. 1897, 385.)

A garden hybrid between C. Mossice

and C. Forbesii superba. (G. Mantin,
ns.)

Orlea
cac de E gjett — Skinner
Q. 09.) A garden hybrid
febrem $ ie loe: indieated by its
. (G. Mantin, Orleans.)

Cattleya labiata superba. (Z.

1897, t. 560.) Sepals and petals rose
shade with perpe: ; lip large, —
red - aee e

meee Horticulture Inte
nationale, Brussels.)

Gaiblays massiliensis. (R. H. 1897,

12, t. ; O0. 1897, 357.) arden
hybrid which Laelia erispa an

C. m" id Bs able parents.

e elio-

correct f this
eattleya iatsitionsis. (Louis-Fournier,
Marseilles.)

pg maxima virginalis. (Z.
558.) Petals and sepals
white, lip blotched and striped with
-purple. id Horticulture Inter-

di tionale, Brusse ls.)

setend pci. c Mum CL.
1897, 589.) h the
ower g, white ‘vith the Nelle
€ of be disk, which is striped and
sulphur- dioi. (F. Keg-

ejes; ibi ur.)

med E (R. H. 1897,
en hybrid between

c "Loddigesit perio and C. maxima
peruviensis. (G. Mantin, Orleans.)

xvm Reginae. (J. H. F. 189
garden hybrid eiii Lelie ia
purpurata blenheimensis and Cattleya
Forbesü. (G. Mantin, Orleans.)

Cattleya E (R. H. 1897,
D den hybrid between C.
biata Maran i

petii

Cattleya russelliana major. (Z.
Hf, 1891, 385 .) A garden os
between C. labiata W. arneri
schilleriana. (G. Mantin, Orleans 8.)

schilleriana
)

and C.
(G. Martin: Orleans

A garden hybrid
iata Warneri
sehilleriana. (G. Mantin, Orleans.)

orien dep SE Sulpbnraa.
E dr . 1897. 385.

41

Cattleya Trianae deliciosa. (L.1897,

form with the lip of a rich

ioi Er ceto disk golden yellow.
(Dr. Capart, Brussels 3

Cattleya appen eminens. ids
1897, 70.) A form with w
sepa. als, Side rose-coloured eer
up with a large carmine-purple blote
argined with white, disk As aen
(L. Linden & Co.)

Cattleya Trianae pir pan -
1897, t. 556.) Sepals and
an eol sc A per

rose, lip wit

surrounded by red-purple. (L. Linden
*Ceropegia ^ Woodii, Schlechter.
(4G. C. 1897, xxii., 357, f. 104.) —
piadeæ. G. small decumbent o
climbing iet with thin viciis,
bearing fleshy grey and green

co ani
leaves, Kad PV flowers an inch

long coloured pink and purple. Natal.

(Kew and W. Bull.)
ea T i C. 1897
hE H. A natural

ud b tee WA ra Lucilie
RE Scilla bifolia. Its characters are
intermediate between the two parents.
(Kew.)

SIDS hard (G. and .F. x.
44) C as A garden hybrid
Comit and C. cruenta

var. (Cambridg m)

u— te ae f.

CB. M. t. 7554.) Orchidee. S. A new
5 :

n. long ; in. lon
nihil of Sum white, pink at Sow
wers. Malaeca. (Kew.)

Cirsium en eer C. A. x.

(Jard. 1897, 378.) ite

with Fi, yray pb

leaves and stemless heads of yellowish

flowers. Caucasus. (H. Correvon
Geneva.)

Claisostoma zollingerianum,
nz]. E C. 1897, xx. 19 Orchi-
ccm

white with
spots," Sunda Islands. (Zollinger-

Jenny, Zurich.)
Cnieus Provosti, ien,
H.

(J.B.
1897, 43.) Com À near

. ally. of C. kamtschaticus, but differs
by Tts -— Aue — ae leaves

with a ed base, margins cut as
in 6 RD Northern China.
(Maurice de Vilmorin, France.)

Cochlioda Cee one L. nr eu 1897,
62.) O sed to be
x a natural brit bo eas " oi iana
nica. (L'Horticulture

ga e Brussels.)

Cochlioda stricta, cg (G. 0.1897:
xxii., 410.) A species, with
ovate compressed, bronzy- a T
bulbs,

slender erect unm
mero ect rose- «colon
isita? shun thos

they otherwise dein Colombia.
(M. de Lairesse, Liege.)

Colchicum candidum, may &
er (G. C 1897, 2.)

Lilia H. free-bloom ing plant,
with delicate white flowers dashed w ith
pale rose, Asia
Colchicum cilicicum. x e 1807,
species with sma
rose-coloured flowers ippa with sed.
Asia Mino

—

pn Ritchei, R. Br. (6.
1897, A Sandi hope
species, “the flowers of which 5 in
spring "with the leaves. Asia Min

Commelina, sellowiana, (OV. .G.

1897, 287, f. 34.) Commelinacew. G.
Aaa growing species with

showy cobalt-blue flow Ais Argentina.
(Dammann & Co., Naples.)

I EN x ru as (G. C

G.
i ofi c bout. co the leaves

coloured dull enel the midrib being

yellow, (J. Russe 1L)

*Coriaria terminalis, Hemsl. M.D. G.
1897, t.) Coriariæ. H. This plant is
fi

n rv
leaves and it minal inflorescen

Himalaya and China. (Max Leichtlin,
Baden Baden.)

bres greg Deomm — re
xxi,, 2 G.

S, Africa,

Crinum penes Durand & De Wild

CHO B us 97, t) Am aryllider.
CE flowered specie e a
nearly allied to C. giganteum, Congo
(Brussels B. G.)

T basse n
Ån

scape 2 ft., bearing an l of about
welve white tubed flowers
Bombay. (Kew

poian agar, Benn. (B. M.

Bahamas.

g H. 1897, ea
arden form
(Chan

ce.)

Croton ` Warneri.
arently a

Codie it ron Bieb im
Pes Mortefontaine, France

Cyclamen colchicum, M €
1897, 378.) Prim
differs from C. ol tg in fts iiw
tubers and lea ar in the wider
and more ob oen
(H. Örer: Geda)

— rte. 0. (G.and F, x., 46.)
G. g sport from €. Ure.
Gens. ke de Langhe, Brussels.)

C bidium lowianum flaveolum.
UL. 1897, 72.) Ore mer S. »
form with tiie flow ers l ight ye ellow
colour. (L'Horticulture ptis brio
Brussels.)

Cypripedium M (R. H.
1897, ent Orchidex. A garden hybrid
ween € aper = pa C. politum,
(Cambet & Bessy Lyons.)

Cypripedium aurelianum. (R. ZH.
1897, 353.) A garden hybrid between
C. callosum ut C, javanico-superbum.
(G. Mantin, Orleans.)

ye ht Beekmani. (G. (. 1897,
xxii., 388.) S. “Said to be a hybri rid
between C, Bowalli and €. hellatulum.”

Cypripedium bellatulo - vexilla-
rium. (S.H., 1897,238.) A garden hy-
ween th ci ted

by the name. (Mrs. Briggs- Bury.)

otto. joues memor (R. H.

n hybrid between

ri Rain ad. C Morganie, (G.
Mantin, Orleans.)

x) ri n deedmanianum. (
88.) S. A garden hybrid
V rbi" ianum pee C. Chan

“(Birmin ngham B. G

34 ween
berla ini,
ri gems riaja (J. H. F.1897,
65.) n hybrid—origin not

8.)

stated ^d cen, Orleans

pou porrun fd
arden hybrid between

i . venosum. “M
Gibez, Sens, France.)

vL gna or dan gan Wil-

COA. t. 524.) A garden

brid be Verde C. ictum and C.
Wield. (S. Gratrix.)

Cypripedium geriet Chamber
lai BEC.

je 01897; m 316.) 8S
A garden hybrid t the two
esci indicated b she: oan (E.
Ashworth.)

me) eae ee nd € E ed
garden hybrid

eA um d C. Talk. i iride e ns.
(G. Mantin, Orleans,)

bo eie — LL 180%, t.

ee forms of this species

Lea figu aed viz.: fuscum, im-

Wosiatwi, pic turatum. (L. Linden
& Co., Brussels.)

nm Lees ianum tri-
Cl t.575) S. This
is a ate o form. ‘ith è large and TURIY
coloured s ; petals very lon
and A ardre more deeply coloured a
usual. (L. Linden & Co., Brussels.)

Cypripedium lebrunianum. (S.Z.
1897, 458.) A sup sed natural hybrid
tween C. spicerianum and C. pur-
gratum, (L'Hortieulture Interna-
tionale, Brussels.)

wi iiem macrocarpum, (R. H.
1897, 282.) A garden hybrid--paren-
tage not given, (M. Bleu, Paris.)

Cypripedium mri gprs GR. H.
1897, 282.) garden acus —
C, crossianu barba war-

nerianuw. G. Mantin, hrec

43

— nobile. (A. H. 1897,
282.) garden hybrid—parentage
not eem (M. Bleu, Paris.)

TRADER norrisianum. (G6. W.
1897, , 148.) S. A garden hybrid
bet C. purpuratum and C. leeanum.
Rehder.)

CF. A

crpripetium Pauli. $e 1897, t. 571.)

n hybrid between C. insigne

[e pu C. ti fatte Bozalli. G
Miteau, Jette St-Pierre, Belgium.)

TURO m a a Sate 6 H.
81.) A garden hybr
Pi di are and C Ho Tie ADR. (G.
Mantin, Orleans.)

COTES. EE E:
1897, 2 Ag n hybrid be
Misi Ps e. 4 Sor ham
magnificum. (G. Mantin, Orleans.)
cuprum senonense. (J. H.
1897, 745.) A garden sy between
et de rin (M.
Sens, Thinoe-

or gal Samone (J. H. F. 1897,
rid between
ndis xf T % insigne Chantini. (M.
Courmontagne, Paris.)

*Cypripedium Pewter iy phis
(G. and F. 1897, 216. ariety
with pure white flowers. S an

Gypripedt ium Vipani Corningii, (0.
m 1897, 241, S. A garden
brid of doub pital parentage. (E.
Cong, T New York.)
hne sie aad (6. C. Pe
sm. ites
byboia a LE Ardoini dm C.
albus. (Kew.)
— speciosum. var. glabra-
pf. (G. €. 1897, xxii., 307.)
Ranunculacex. H. Similar in grow th

and flowers to D. — n but
with larger inflorescence onger

spurs to its flowers. Himali ya. (Haage
& Schmidt, Erfurt.)

Den act ador (o. yi

tw
D. ignore, (J. Backhouse &
Son.)

Dendrobium erem Cogn. (G.

1897, xxii, 394 new poh

D. ciliatum, with short

(M. de Larisse, Liege.)

Dendrobium burberryanum. (o.c.
Sis 1897,80. f.
n D dominianum

d D. eaii aiti a Chamberlain.)

Dom — — (G. C.

1897, xxii.) pecies. ‘‘ The
fleshy fi a are dank Bub. the ovary
and spur purple; sepals and petals
ovate, sub-equal ; lip obovate, blunt."
? Philippines.

Dendrobium greatrixianum. (6.
1897, Me du S. “ A pretty iler
Species h white flowers and a large

CF. Sander E3600).

Dendrobium a
(0. E

eai n ee
R. 1897, 145, À variety

Ss save a tinge
of pale primrose on the labellum.
(F. Sander & Co.)

m qe me (4. c.

lip wavy, purple veined? ? Phili epit.

Dendrobium determi Rolfe.

(B. M. 5 8S. t of, and
allied to, D. barbatulum Ste s very
slender, 18 i , branched ; leaves
produced before the flowers, the latter
being solitary or two or thr her,
: ie across, white beara Seana blotch
da few lines of crimson at the base
of the chalice. Burma. "Oko 7.)

Dendrobium —— oe amboin-
capes Rolfe. (0. R. 1897, 304.) S.
ety with flowers coloured yellow,
ipelted with brown, the type being
white and purple. rrr Let (J.
Veitch k Sons.)

Dendrobium on ietoriae Reginae,
xxi. 399, xxii.

; the se
ed with blue, the oblong lip
blue. Philippines. (T. Statter.)

44

* Deutzia corymbiflora. (R. H. 1897
i with

aS

*
1897, 393, t.
A. Japanese species nea oar a

D. amabilis and D. florida. Gene

Nancy.)

*

D» a wr rimi D. C.

CB. M. t. 7535.) Composi a.
herbaceous perennial wi z ibsessile
lanceolate toothed leaves 5 in. lo
and erect axillary sc gd E > ihe

. across, ray-fl
outside, ivory white Hie be disk obt.
S. Africa. (Kew.)

Diplacus tomentosus. (W. &. 1897,
i Sc G a see H. This differs
fro

utinosus in its bright gre

a white wool,
young stems.
Nancy.)

are

calyx
California. (Lemoine,

Dipladenia speciosa, Hort. (Sand.
Cat. 1897,12, f.) Apocynacex. 8. Said
be

(F. Sander & Co.)
Dombeya Cayeuxii.

544, i) iecit
vti D. Mastersii
D. Wi eM. bey n B. G.)

qe. H. 1897,
S. A garden

and

Doryopteris "e
563, f. 168.) A garden
hybrid between D. erui dis and D.
puiuate. (Duval, Versailles )

e ré 1897,

Draba scabra, C. A. Me p (Jard.
pretty

o
(H. Correvon, Geneva.

* prem "ue yq (B. M.t. 7565.)

Liliae w species with a
la Rx d bulb, oblong
leaves 8 in. by 3 in. pale glaucous
green spotted with darker green;
spike erect 8 in. long, spotted with
brown and bearing n us flowers
j in. with reflex i

ong
segments and i ape i Somali-
land. (Kew.)

Echinocactus pelas yt, » n
ge. (M. 7,
e or ped eth
er a ribs lanis y aa :
nes short. In general aspect this
ani resembles Æ, per s Paraguay.
e, Junr., Erfurt.)

epee Ux eer E cos

(M. 1897, 187, A
species aw -— groen tec ribbdd
stems and brownish spin Mexico.
(F. Fobe- Cii Damen)

Echinopsis deemed var. ochro-
iue, R. Mey. (x
. A va
the wie in its yeltéveis h-white flow
> (Hildmann, Berlin.)

xoc ere oa e C. 1897,

s 71.) Orchidea i

FT M neid between Z YHP

radicans ana Cattleya bowringiana.
(J. Veitch & Sons.)

radico - VR
897, 16.)
Orchidee. G: X garden hybrid Setwuen
two species indicated by the name.
a Veitch & Sons.)

e rga
(G

Epidendrum — tant Krünzl.

(G. C. 1897, xxii., 29.) G. A new species,
E. cária natum, havin short
thin stems, small leaves and terminal
racemes of small green and purple
flowers. Colombia.

cm —Á den H.1
G. Agarden hybrid
[e of ia autumnalis
iiaea. ciliare. (G. Man E
Orleans.)
poc Tasio- pupuni (6. C
xxii, ^ 83, rd
betw: a Epidendrum arare

and Laelia perpurat a. (J. Veitch &
Sons.)
Eremurus tmohsrions, Regel; k (ear rd.
— li, 396.) L
ral Asian spec aoe - pee ere qoe ya qr as
ing in flower in the garden of A. K.
Bulley.

Eriopsis Helenae, Krünzl q. C
1897, xxii., 98.) Orchidee. S. Ane
he finest of the genus,

in

veral flowers which
those of £. ” biloba, we twice as large.
ru. (F. Sander & Co.

45

*Erodium chrysanthum,

( Gard. ae in lii., 208.) Gerani

A very distinct species with finely

cut maag; foliage and y yellow
flowers. (A. K. Bulley.)

L'Her.

*Erythronium Johnsoni, olen.
(Gard. 1897, li., 136. f.) Liliac

A distinct species with se ue

(R. Wallace & Co.)

*Erythronium revolutum, Smith.
CÈ. M. 1897, 220, 270.) A species with
ed leaves ; i

*Escallonia angieynsi £e C.
1897, xxii., 17, f xifr
A garden hybrid UT phillipiana
and E. macrantha. (J.
Sons.)

"e m u, E. André,
t.) æ.

(Ed. André, France.)

Freu ramen Vade eth. Bull. (6.
1897. 149.) rticaceze
s variety gui leaves Mito with
creamy-white, (W. Bull.)

f recur were Torr. (G. €.
1897, x 6.) Liliacee. H. A

pats on long pedicels. California.
(Kew.)

— — Hausskn. (6.
xi, 16.) H. A species aim
don - m feet high, bearing
con and striped red flowers. ple
Min

oe Zaen; Ragel. on.

1897, lii., 244, t. 1137.) H. showy
plant is here o Fls. w stish on
the outside, shaded wi ove colour

Turkestan. (Barr &

ph gn re — (8. C.
221. —

Pr ie veta chance d betw
F. triphylla and F. rini The

flowers are larger and different in
colour from those of F. fr ipli ylla.
~- (R. Veitch & Son.)

E UN Baker.
14.) Ama

. bat differing in its a: robust habit,
uch narrower leaves, and absence o
the large green blotch on the lower
half of the inner segments of the
perianth. Cilician Taurus. (T. S.
. Ware.)

Galanthus Nicana.
283.) Liliacee. H.

- distinct snowdrop “<a
foliage. Doubtless G. ag so Baker,
is the plant meant. (J. Wood.)

scp 1897, li.,
te flo

Gazania MU A, deseen CR. H.
1897, 351.) Composite. H. A garden
hybrid betwee rhs "e. splendens and G.

. nivea. (Lemoine, Nancy.)

*Gazania nivea latiflora. (Gard.
ite. G. A form
. flowers,
Geum emi Alboff. (Jard.1897,
378.) Rosae
species wit ih po yello
Caucasus. (H. Correvon, études

*Gladiolus E ae
Flora Capensis, vi., 530.) Iri G.
A new species near G. dracovephatns
Leaves eg pbs 15i E long, li
stem 2 ong, bearing 12 bove rs sfin.
long, ient wid minute stripes of
claret-brown. Afri (Kew.)

(B. M.
Allied to
with T metae

*Gomphocarpus pieis, Br.

green leaves
umbels of flowers about the
apex of the branches. S. Arabia.
(Kew.)

irae oes sprengeriana.
(W. G. 1897, 257.) Filices. 8. ER
G. ar

garden hybri rid between
and G.laucheana, dager: Arte
Angliana, Tuscany.

Habenaria Ellioti, AM
1897, xxi, 407.) Orchidex
lanceolate, bright green, stadia on

^ g stem; flowers green, spur
Paves a thin. Madagascar. (Her-

. renhausen.) ;

CG. C.
Leav

46

Hance.

cene
ally of

*Habenaria
(B. M. t. 75
“in sini ris.

r leaves

sepals and petals small, g
large, four-lobed scarlet; s
long, yellow. S. China. (Ke

Haemanthus longipes, — (N.B.
1897, 290, t.) jec A
i i flowers

stris. Cameroons.

allied to H. rupes
(Berlin B. G.)

—Ü — Ay z F, o
41.) gar

iy ‘ican “IL brat us i A;
lactiflorus. (M. Millet fiis, Bourg-la-
Reine, near Paris.)

form of H.
Whigs flowers.

PME Laken egy is M. 1897,
H.

iai A
G. Paul & Son.) ^
ET

RETE Baroni.
CE, T. 897 ilia

fü
tiri in the longer
ing three times
m tube and the flowers twice the
China. (Florence B. G.)

Hemerocallis flavo- Middendorffi
CR. H.1897,247.) H

the name. (Dr. H. Christ, Basle.)

— — var. rre
d 1897, 175.)

rem he type

western China. (Florence B. G.)

————

amethystina, Rolfe.

a 1521. rchideæ. S. A
addi with a Maia fleshy tuber.
a soli ova ordate leaf,

ren
4 ins. sonar yellow-green, hri with
b:

rown pe erec s. long, bearing
numerous Orne dike ipe wers, } in.
and purple. Burma.

across, white
(Kew.)
ne mantegazzianum,
Levier & j
Umbelliferz. H.

parsnip with umbels
half across, Caucasus. (H. Correvon,
eva). ;

PEU Brides ee Sus G. 1897,
66.) S A gard n hybrid

To: rd priua pares Heue

(M. Lemoine, Nancy. )

i a
era sanguinea,

a orthoceras,
t. 7523.) Orchidee
seat terrestrial orchid with a pair «x

Reichb. f.
A

urp
small flowers, which are white sijo
with purple. S. Africa, (Kew.)

e, one d ncquc tar G. 1897,
nvolvulac
limbi
long-stalked green leaves and show
. Southern Argentina. (Dam
mann & Co., Naples.)
Sp chai SH. GB. T. O
52, 7.) A vigorous
atin ber yen golden eaves e blue or
rosy -lilac flowers.” (Dam n & Co.
Naples.)

1897, orm
railed pet a the ai
wi crimped mar. (Dam-
mann * Ox Naples.)

er VATÁERCAS ms (B. T. 0.
8.) with

peer MEN NE (a.
1897, w speci
with sender climbing sens navered
with stellate hairs; 1 s petiolate
ovate, Tobed at tg base ; sewers b
crateriform,
Cameroons.

ypo-
in. long, violet-rose.
(Berlin B. G.)

Iris germanica. maxima.

and pale blue standards, (T.S. Ware.)

Iris ass Dose que (W. G. 1897,
H. pog of this rare

n
(Dammann
& Co., Naples.)

He P aros Veiaan (G. C. 1897,
riety with silver-
rey. Dina ents having a
large claret-coloured spot. (Herb &
Wulle, Naples.)

Iris Rudini.

garden hybrid be
By ee and J, Lorteti,

ios a edd t H. A
Herb & C Walle lle,

47

*Kalanchoe rpm Stapf. (K.
; and F., 1897, 293)

numerous

cyme
bright
flowers. w.)

Blic cunt (Kew

flow
peduncle uu: . long bearing a
long, x short tubular

race
flowers. Natal.

*Kniphofia "E Baker. E eng
i and Z., x., 74.) G.

of tubular primrose-yellow forem.
Natal. (Kew.)
mo d Cui cmn ce. C.
A
" krw with. the fred pres pum alien
of the lip coloured dark rose, (1. Brandt,
Zurich.)

— behrensiana in-
rsa. ;

proc raion be broomeana,
O'B G. C. 1897, xxii., 174.)
owers 6 in.

: e, petals he as.

oad, flat; ‘Golde rosy-m

with a crimson-purple blotch = front

lobe of lip. Brazil. (J. Broome.)

J.
G

X.

ano eroe i ign a.
(G. C. 1897, 61.) A garden
hybrid eise the lanis indicated

by the name. (J. Veitch & Sons.)

elio a mei (J. H.
37.) den hybri id

iih Laelia indt and Cattleya
poseer (G. Mantin, Orleans.)

Laelio-cattleya olivatensis. (R. H.

1897, 282.) A garden hybrid betw: een
elia anceps morada and Le
bowringiana. (G. Mantin, Orleans.)

Laelio-cattleya parisiensis. (S. H,
1897, 150; JN. G. M. 1897, 244.) A

ard hybrid between Cattleya
Warneri and Laelia purpurata: œ.
Alfred Bleu, Paris.)

na cattleya Reginae. (s. H.

7,300.) A garden hybrid between

Laelia purpurata and Uil e Forbesi.
(M. Mantin, Orleans

Laelio-cattleya stelzneriano-
hardy (J. H. F. 189 5) A
. garden ybrid between the plants

indicated by the name
Marseilles.)

oe cde i ye Z
39.)
adia Tighina and and Cattleya
ober rt (T

Laelio cattleya - dresses res (0.

gard ybri
di bet) purpurata and M
pre G. W. Law Schofield.)

Laeliodendrum bellaerense. (J.77.F.
1897, 602.) [See Epilaelia bellaer-
ensis.]

Laeliodendrum Margaritae. (J.M.F.
1897, 1245.) Orchideæ. A garden'hybrid
- between lia grandis and Epiden-

drum feiestem Pes "E. pat MARIO ANM.
osa: an Epilaelia.] (G. Mantin,

Lapageria m egent ds if.
1897, 617, t. 144

flo met than those ot the
Sander & Co.)

co amem crestiana. (G. C. 1897,
1,0. RH, 18975 T Malvacea.
" garden hybri Li

trimestris and L. maritima. et Michell
Geneva.)

m xU dg A. E B o
1897, 612, f. 83.
utiful v m wan "yellow dee
h and leaves with linear lobes.
California. (Ernst Bena, Erfurt .)
Mara d Hot Meo
1897, 1 88.)
Ad e nie ttm Appt bo | 8 iios
high, t the cmm flowers Dan —
very free. Spain,
toh & Sons) [This is the same as
ntirr deve ai Coss, a syn. of L.
Cavamitlonte Chav.)

48

Lobelia Rivoirei, Hort. (6. €. 1897,
ii H. A

3 rated Campanulacez.
perennial with clear rose-coloured
flowers. (Rivoire & Son, Lyon.)

instit cilat pando e e F.

1897, 201.) riety

pinnae me "wide a in SUA
brasiliense. . (T. May.)

VENIS M Bur. & Fra
drea

rn
. de Vilmorin, Les
Barres, France

em ZI Krünzl.

(G ias, i, 138.) Orchidez.
S. í px ies resembling ZL
Leimanni, "diffbrin in the cream

f its flowers, y in the

and a cushion-like hairy callosity of
the darkest purple. Colombia. (ŒF.
Sander & Co.)
a Pace ei earr - m 1897, —
n hybrid
d. Smart sn " L. Mm.
(3. Mantin, Orleans.)

Mamillaria hirschtiana, (N. G. M.
1897, 154.) Cacteæ,
from rose to in colour. (F.
C. Heinemann, Erfurt.) j

ADIRE jy v Hort. (6. €.
d. Cat. 1897, 14. f.)

1897, x
yperh [poe arching, gree
2 ft. ing. 1i wide. Grows to a
height of of ANS Fohr feet. Habitat not
ecorded. (F. Sander & Co.

ue TAFE. u- A
H. 401
Scitaminee.

grey-gree
» oval-oblong ac
green and thr ead li like lines of the sam
colour. Braz C fréres,
Mortefottalod, ee

Maranta "— — (QR. H.
1897, 408.)
— with suboordat o
es, bearing six distant worse of
dee p ag te pre im Brazil. (Chantrier
fréres, Mortefontaine, France.)

Maranta picta, Hort. (6. C. 1897,
xxii., aeo S. A tufted plant, w with
elegant b roadly oes leaves a

foot long, deep green withan irregular

area of greenish yellow running along
the midrib. Mr side coloured deep
"This is üroliably
a Calathe

Maia 2$ 13 Baker.
29.) . Filic
to M. alata.

e. 4 1897,

ur opposite p
crowded, lanceolate, 1} in. lon e-
nate. Colombia. (J. Veitch & —

Maxillaria elegantula, Rolfe. (G.
€. i 0, f) Or chidez.

spotted with brown. CF. Sender i & Co.)
Melocactus humilis, Sangir «et
1897, 281, t. 1439.) æ.
ow-growing, d
green species with carmine-
Venezuela. (Dammann & Co., Naples.)

— Binoti, Cogn.
Or

(G. C. 1897,
, 393.) Orchidee. G. A

The
aoa with the T ene à narrow
one or two imperfect transverse
s of pale LORE yellow ; lip violet
purple.” Brazil. (A. Peeters, Br ussels.)

— Y iw iis (GA.
wit rose with dark bloteh:
Col mbia. M prob ably M. vewillaria
doipoutii ToCA Foters, Brussels.)

seine portans Coe C. 1897,

> és to natural

hybrid [eun AM. spec tabitis more-

liana and M. Clowesii. (R. J.
Measures.)

Miltonia vexillaria. CL. 1897,
varieties are age
"ida Sisi Jr alba, beltatula,
gloriosa, lineata and trico (L.
Linden & Co.)

Miltonia yexillaria bousiesiana.
(S. H. 1897, 150.) This diffe:
the type à in having large deep rolah.
flow (L’Horticulture Inter-
eretiers pei Ji

Miltonia yezillaria Eirsteiniae.
(L. 1897, t. 588.)
sepals an ui

s are ederet A sient

49

at base, where they are rose-purple ;

lip white, disk Le edd the t teeth

of the crest M -purp (L. Linden
& Co., Brussels.)

Miltonia verias quadricolor.
fe H. 1897, 238.) A form with white-
argined aati Te ] sepals, white-
Med petals with an intense rose-
purple base, and a large yellow vemm
Horticulture Internationale, Bru
1s.)

Miltonia vexillaria. vittata. CL.
576.) and

ciate pth rose ae e ] se changing
to pale rose in the cen d. porn
white at the tips.

(L'Hor seule
Internationale, Brussels.)

Mormodes ast Rolde. CS, oF £

x.,54.) Ore 8
r M. igneum "it 8 si 2 domes
1 ft. long, ing about a dozen e

Mulgedium albanum, D.C. A Cm

1897, 37 8.) Composite. H.
nial species with pani
h . Caucasus.

icles of orco

(H, Correvon,
Geneva

Eee. Rigs i,
B.,. Meo Ge 17.)

ri.
Rubiacem. S.,

rica
pod iptie-ovets 4 in

long, bright green; flowers ball,

white. Torres Straits. (Kew.)

Mystacidium hariotianum, cr
(J. B. 1897, 153.) Orchidee. 5. An
Gi y of M. Sosa thus) e ttin-
ium - M. xanthopollinium, v, differin

Fl
emburg Garen; Paris.)

i oe E Tiveyi. (4. C. 1897, xxii.,
201, 60.) Nepenthacee. S.
n ydrid inven N. Veitehii
and N. Curtisii superba, (J. Veitch
& Sons.)

* Nepenthes Wittei. erg Cat.
€ has S. A garden hybrid between
rtisii and an mam to species,

a. Feitoh & Sons.)

Nidularium Me heny ray (J. ios
gar

eliac
hybrid NW. ‘Mon "e "ador Ji and
N, pristine (A. Truffaut, Versailles.)

TR ae Mo ellisiana, E. André.
CR. H. 7, 518.) Nyimphieacew. en
rs fee inches or he
bri ight scarlet,
broad filaments of
bright orange colour. Garden o Miet.
(Latour-Marliae, Temple- sur - Lot,

France.)

un
ce:
=

— edem Sis G. M. 1897
G. A garden rid between
[4 scut ifolia and JV. VA ‘dis

Nymphaea gloriosa, E. André. (R. H.
) H. Flowers large, upwards
rmine-
ie (Latour-
Marliac, Temple-sur-Lot, France.)

Nymphaea — exquisita. (R.H.
Flowers three inches
eter, petals a

bees em ie crown
rigin. (Latour-
Marliac, Temple- dk et. France.)

Nym mon rper daret azurea.

1897, 328. t:) G.
with coarsely ia

and violet a nthers. Catour-Marliac,
Tian plecrir: Lot. France.)

Odontoglossum opaca A 1897,
G. arden

t. 590.) Orchid
hybrid between 0. S eH Fer
hunnewellianum, (L. Linden & Co.,
Brussels.)

Odontoglossum cx amem
bogaerdeanum. (0. R. 1897, 305,
L1 G. A variety uk seg-

UNE eias e: CE.

ag x arden hybrid be-

pend indicated by the

name, (Lite tionltuse Internationale,
Brussels

Odontoglossum cog. tg MMC.
pium. (G. C. 1897, xxi., 293.) G.
variety with large rose-tinted Pak
spotted flowers. (R. B. White.)

50

Odontoglossum crispum Kegeljani.
CL. 1897, t. 565.) G. A form with
copiously spotted and

he ‘
blotched with ur brown. (L.
Linden & Co. Pru ls.)

Odontoglossum aits Lindeni.
CL. 1897, t. 567.) th

(L. Linden & Co., PM

Odontoglossum crispum Luciani.
C

e-
(L'Hortieultbure Inter-
8.)

blotches.
nationale, Brussels

Odontoglossum rael Arce oorte-
" ekie nse. n 1897, 28, £5108
LL. 1897, t. 581.) A — ith lar arge
urple-red “blo tehes the petals.
Li tutae Tutertationalo, Brus-
ls.)

Odontoglossum crispum spectabile.
(L. 1897, t. 552.) A form with
large chestnut- brown. blotches. (L.
Linden & Co., Brussels.)

ND DE Rchb. f.
CG: C: 1897, 88.) G. Similar
t P praes dani ^en large cream-
white flowers profusely ted with
cinnamon-brown, lip white and ces
mauve. (Baron Sir H. Schroeder

Odontoglossum excellens Lowiae.
(a. ; XXls 2 G. A variety
with ona yellow flowers spotted
with bro (H. Low & Co.)

Odontoglossum luteo-purpureum
cornutum. = wes t. 584.) A
form with flowers having large eset
like teeth. (L'Hortoaltige Inter
nationale, Brussels.)

koc Puce deine le Hort.
(G. C. 1897, 210.) One of
udersnimm E with

my-w OW tied flowers.
(D "Horotilture p fnnt Brus-

ae D.

Oncidium aryr arron
Ch. 1897, t. 553.) Orchide:
having a deeper e a a Ta
and larger blotches than the type.
d siete Internationale, Brus-

iram vx punctulatum.
97, t. 577.)

bright
(L Horticulture Inter-
padtonate: Bris els.

Mogao ENS
bpe = , 85.) Lilia
bit, similar on à.

dwa
pp pha "i Lum. al Min

‘Passiflora pruinosa, Mateni
PIENO =x, 393; f. 117.)
: od fice

AS

and petals w on. pose

of cage EA threads, coloured

white, ritish
- Guiana. ticas dr " Sido & Co.)

Perilla oe rosea. (B. T. 0.
1897, 202.) iate, A form with
ores peers wit th red, rose, light
green and whitish. (Francesco Biego,
Vicenza

"Petasites at mabe $ B EM

growing ou. 6 ft. high, the petioles
being i s in the Rhubarb
an,

Phaio-calanthe Imperator. (6. ¢.
1897, xxii, 815.) A
rden hybrid between Phaius grandi-
Jolius xnd Calanthe Masuea, (J. Veitch

*Philodendron imperiale lauche-
ana, bores, i < 1897, xxi., 352.)
Aroi =... AY F> wi
ideae | leaves 6 in. To in. long, bright
green, heavily dh with grey. (F.
Sander & Co.)

ene n—— (x A.
. 1897, 241.) H. A Ec oeas 8
seal with eae leaves. (Moser,
Vernis 3

Polypodium uirum cristatum.
(Vietch Cat. 1897, 7 f.) Filices. G.

i

rn are 3 to 4 ft. long, and the
markedly crested or tasselled.
(J. PJ. Veitch & Sons.)

JL

Potentilla Ve miae TER Cat.

1897, Rosa H. A garden
y bria. tiim P. ja wee Mt P;
fruticosa.

E he foot ban alba. 57 C.
MD i, x 07.) Primulacex A
white firm, wings &

Schmid.)

*Primula dee are (W. G.
ng

1897, 63, er 14 € m differin

from Med ni fring:

corollas O iain Andrieux & Co.,
ris.

ae Mieter rosea. (6. M. 1897,
72). ose-coloured form.
^ Ware:

Primula Trailli, Watt. (6. C. 1897,
263, f. 80; Gard. 1 say, li.,
À species very ‘losly allied to
“involucrata. ush, tinted
white borne on tall slender scapes
Himalaya. (G. F. Wilso

Pyenanthemum pilosum, c
(B. T. 0, 1897, 53, f. 9.) Labiate. H.
& gone pungent donec per-

ense cymes of white

erica, (Dammann &
se Naples.

Pyrethrum —
(Jard. 1897, 878.) C
greyish-tomentose Nes plant with
cut leaves. Caucasus. (H. Correvon,
Getie ate

Alboff.
H A

ert mAr ETE 8. — (G. and

1L) y A Am
alph v^ em NP jah. pre n,
Oregon, M" (Arnold Arboretum.)

proven repas ae. ibe
78.)

deep] wee. ves ve iate g bright
yellow flowers. Caucasus. (H. C
von, Geneva.)

em rur eS G. A. Lindb,
Gt. 1897, 150, f.) Cactem. G.

Lindberg,

Rhodanthe Manglesii phe
e e 2 1 1897, t.)
qoem

this han
tating with y violet- red " Miror
Mud.

Rhododendron. Harriaii d C. 1897
18). Eric A n hy brid
nu nh 1 Cond m rth ip Sy iri.

`~ (Lord Swansea.)

Rhododendron gpporhiasimam Ke

* 290 cé e Suidae feres id vib oie

- R. Veitehii and R. Edgeworthii? (J.
Veitch & Sons.)

“Rhus trichocarpa, Miq. (6. and F.
1897, 384, f. 49). Anacardiaceze

clusters of pale, prickly fruit. Japan.
m)

(Arnold Arboret

eu dece ise o H. T 1897, 777,

n hybrid,
ER ween vo rans ape R. lutea. (M.

: Cochet-Cochet, France.)
*Russelia Lemoinei. (W. 6. 1897,
60 rophularineæ. G. den

)
hybrid between R. juncea and R. sar-
y-)

mentosa. (M. Lemoine, Nanc
*Salix gracilistyla, Miquel. (6. C.
1897, xxii., 292.) Salicineæ. H. A
handsome wi i , broadly-
ceo a

measure from 1} in. to 3 in. in len ngth.
ost North China. (Barbier frères,
eans.)

SCAG sanderiana. Be Cat.
niacem. G. arden
cin ES Dr mmi rubra
and $. Makani. (F. Sander & Co.)
*Scheelia kewensis, Hook f. (2. M.
tt. 7552, 3.) Pal

Soros colour. Trop. America. (Kew.

Selenipedium Duvali. (s. H. 1897,
229) Orchidee. A garden hybrid

` between S. tongifolium and $. lind-
leyanum. (G. Mantin, Orleans.)

necio porrovonisans, _ Alboff,

m
handsome yellow Sore Caucasus.
(H. Correvon, Geneva.)

52

*Sidalcea malvaeflora Listeri.
(Gard. 1897, lii., 51.) ac H.
À variety with fringed pink flowers an
inch and a half in diameter.

REN macrantha alba - nana.

a ide high. (F. Sander & Co )

— Dem guine Dun. ve C.
189 nace A
nN deno et. : foil high, ee
whitish leaves and purp d “flowers.
Western Australia, (S. Moore.)

gs ah Soh aureo - Veillardii.

pecies
indicated by the name. (J. Veitch &
Sons,

panes i ae teh Greene. AS and
Rosa

4 Bi

fiow ington, Oregon, &c.
(Arnold ian )
*Stachys chrysantha, Boiss.

(ara
ed lii, 208.) Labiate. A

woolly ea species with pue
yellow-coloured fl flowers. Greece. (A.
K. Bulley.)

Stapelia cupularis, N. E. Br.

(a. C.
1897, xxii, 45.) Asclepiadex A

S. "Africa. (N. E. Bro

BMreptosarpus adhimesifare, (6.
M. 1897,
garden hybrid raes r i, polyanthos
aaa a seedling of the S.
Ti Veitch & Sons.)

ge eemi sed gratus. (W. G. 1897,
id : 31 A garden xen =
ich S. hound is one of the pare
T "Veitch & Sons

MORE, pulchellus. ques

1897 1897, 280 33.)
sie e brid of UE sh S.
Fanninii x one of the parents. (J.
Veitch & Sons.)

‘trobilanthe — eei (B.
38.)

riia red "E high pers branched
lea nod : to 9 in. long, lanceola
flowers large, pale violet-blue in short
eatin like spikes with green cu

racts. East Indies. (Kew.)

t. 7563 chides. 8. Pesudobalbs
clustered, flagon-shaped, 2 in. long,
parplish ; leaves 1 ft. long, elliptic-

flowers, 2 in. across. Penang. (Kew.)
nid and

E DUROS Baker.
Tj s.

Bromelia

te je um with arate poldi
peduncle shorter than leaves ud
Solet sheathed by bracts, the bases
hich are glossy eid crimson ;

a foot long; crimson
an ine aly
tains ud Santa Rosa, eere: Meszioo.
(Harv: 00.)

Doo ymiss: L. Lind. (Gf.
1

1897, 162.) melinacex.
species with cyli indrie green and dark
purple blotched stalks ^ u eget surface
of | s dark gre eenish-

white stripes, iS pms cs nei miti
violet. (L'Horticulture Internationale,
Brussels.

Trevoria Nou F.C. Lehm. (G4. €.
1897, xxi. idee. S. Anew
genus, allied to P ecce It has

r-shape seudobulbs,

thirty po fleshy green flowers TT
dise, Colombia. (Sir
Eo )

Trifolium polyphyllum, C. iise Mey.
(Jard. 1897, 378.) Leguminoseæ. H.
species mnch like 7. alpini =
habit but with several leaflet
Caucasus, (H. Correvon, Geneva.)
PM. cron — Se te
20.)
vases st. the e ove uis ‘is TN
figured : segments with a pale purple
spot at the base internally, and pops
ETE ; anthers purplish, Chi
ral. (F. Sander & Co.)

ca, 6
arf early
Asia

[ue an LET Fenzl.
1897, xxi, 35.)
Tulip with rosy violet flowers.

ird. dd. Sn

A Bid Soho Hort. en.
s an air e

182;

ot U. tn dp with tall ‘weg "of
Mem co a ers, each nearly 2 in.
an It is called U. lati-

(F. Sander &

folia in * The Garden.”
Co.)

15500

Vanda amoena, dd O'Brien. (G
1897, xxii., 226, f. 69 ; Z. 1897, t
Orchidex. $S. sh i
ne hybrid between V. Peut. uid

di vite ii, but aeos ecd little
from the last nam culture
Tatsit iude, Brussels

TRUM coerulea peetersiana, Dogi.
(G. C. 1897 94.)

591. j
be

riety
CM la ge, "iic, rose- dated flowers
devoid any Khasia.

of a blue shade,
(A. Peeters, Brussels.)
Mene BD Rolfe. O. R. 1
29.) S. A supposed natural hybrid
LB kinia ef and V.earulena.
W. Moore.)

Vanda suavis magniicens.

1897, t. 587.) A form with larger
and more brightly colour ow
than the type.

pasion “pai
nationale, Brussels.)

“Veronica balfouriana, Hook. f. (B.

dwarfer, e al smaller c ich
are margin ith brow Md longer
racemes o ipu violat - coloured
owers. New Zealand. (Sir J. D.
Hooker.

“Vitis voinieriana. (@. and 2: 1897,
293.) vm ago à new ies
with thick fleshy scandent posed

alternate trifoliate — leaves, the
leaflets oblong ob by £
t

ime grape-like
peculiar flavour. (J.
Sallier, Paris.)

Vriesia, furcata. af H. sted ne 241.)

^ ot pr

n do fore ase
Neraot "nine, )

Vriesia MIA ogee giere (GA.
idi S. A garden hybrid
be un E poe a and V. wittmac-

kiana.

(Kittel, Eckersdorf, Silesia.)

€ — se G. 1897,
14.) G -

brid voten z aid ‘ak ee

(Dammann & Co., Naples.)

Zephyranthes aralan, Baker. (W,

5.) mall-flowered
lei. aih. pale - m oe lilac on
Uruguay. (Dammann & Co., Naples.)
vi obrui Perrenondit o

1897 261.)
Orchid "i garden airia be
een Z. Cations and Z. intermedia,
Qr Veitch & Sons.)

B

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

BULLETIN

MISCELLANEOUS. INFORMATION.

APPENDIX III.—1898.

LIST of the STAFFS of the ROYAL GARDENS, Kew, and
of Botanical Departments and Establishments at Home,
and in India and the Colonies, in Correspondence with
Kew.

* Trained at Kew. + Recommended by Kew.

Royal Gardens, Kew :—

Director - - - - W.T.'Thiselton-Dyer. C.M.G.,
C.LE., F RS GLL D, PhD,
M.A., EL

Private Secretary - - - Stephen T. Dunn, BA,
F.L.S.

Assistant (Office) - - - *John Aikm
ic ae - - *William Nicholls Winn.

”

Keeper of Herbariumand Library J ohn Gilbert Baker, F.R.S.,
PrincipalAssistant (Phanerogams) *William Botting Hemsiey,

bed aot aie dm George Massee, F.LS.
Assistant (Herbarium) Ni cho las Edward Brown,

A.L.S
- - *Robert Allen Rolfe, A.L.S.
- - Charles Henry Wright, A.L.S.
*Sidney Alfred Skan.
9 » (Temporary) I. H. Burkill, M.A., F.L.S.
» for India - - Otto Stapf, Ph. D; A.L.S.

2477—1375—3/99 Wt 92 D&S 29

56

Honorary Keeper, duh - herr Henry Scott,
L.S.

boratory - - ERS, M.A., PhD, E
Keeper of Museums - - - John Reader fae A.L.S.
Assistant me . - John Masters Hilli
Preparer - - - George Badderly.
Curator of the Gardens - - George e F.L.S.
| gcns Curator - - - William Wat
For sd

Ashia - E - *William J. Bean.

Herbaceous Departmje ent - - *Walter Irving.

presets n Oriisinental Frank Garrett.

Depar
I aooiie Bous (Sub-tropical *William Dallimore.
Department).

Cambridge. —University Botanic Garden :—
Professor - ~- - Henry Marshall Ward,
M.A, Se.D;,, F,R.S.,

ELS.

Secretary to Botanic) A. C. Seward, M.A.,
Garden Syndicate | F.R.S.

Curator - - - *Richard Irwin Lynch,
ALS.

Dublin.—Royal Botanic Moers Glasnevin :—
Keeper - - Frederick W. Moore,
AB:
Trinity yero Le — i
- E. Perceval Wright,
MD, FLS, Sec.
R.I

T. À.
Curator - - - *F. W. Burbidge, M.A.,
F.L.S.
Edinburgh.—Royal Botanic Garden :—
Regius Keeper - - Isaac Bayley Balfour,
2 M.D., 3 ;
TS,
. Head Gardener - - A.D. Richardson.

Assistant Gardener - *R. L. Harrow

Glasgow.—Botanie Gardens :—
University Professor - F. O. Bower, D.Sc.,

F.R.S., F L.S.
Curator - - - *Daniel Dewar.
Oxford.—University Botanic Garden :—
Professor - : - SydneyH.Vines,D.Sc.,

F.R.S., F.LS.
Curator - ‘ - *William Baker,

57

COLONTES.
Antigua. ud Station :—
Acting Curator - - Alleyne S. Archer.
Barbados.—Dodd's Reformatory, Botanic Station :—
Superintendent - John R. Bovell,F.C.S.,
F.L.S.

Bermuda.—Botanic Station :—
Superintendent - TG. A. Bishop.
E a Africa.—Scientifie Department :—

ead of Department- J. McClounie.
ovedmmiht Botanist *John Mahon

British Guiana.—Botanie Gardens :—

Georgetown - Superintendent and :
Dovermnment Bo: *George S. Jenman,
us F.L.S.
anist.
Head Gardener - TJohn F. Waby.
Second * Robert Ward.
Promenade Garden
Head Gardener - William Jackson..
Berbice - - Keeper - - - Richard Hunt.
British Honduras.—Botanic Station :—
Curator - - Eugene Campbell.
Canada.—
Ottawa - - Dominion Botanist - Prof. John Macoun,
R. S. On

E.L.S.
.Agsistan . Jas. M. Macoun.
Dress ot Govern-

ment Experi

mental Farms.
petere 8 Assistant

erin-

ms dent ers Bo: W. T. Macoun.

tanie Garden.
Botanist and Ento- James Fletcher, F.L.S.

mologist.

Prof. Wm. Saunders,
F.R.S.C., F.L.S.

Montreal - - Director, University Prof. D. P. Penhallow,
Botanic Garden. B.Se.
Cape Colony.—
Government Botanist Prof. MacO wan, F.L S.

Ceylon. "dingue of Royal Botanic Gardens :—

ector - - - TJohn C. Willis, M.A.,
F.L.S
Peradeniya - Curator - - - *Hugh MeMillan.
Clerk - - - J. Ferdinandus.

Draughtsman - - . de
Hakgala - - fuperintendent - - *William Nock.
Clerk-and Foreman - ‘M. G. Perera,

Henaratgoda - Conductor - - S.de Silva, Arachchi.
Anuradhapura » CULTU. D. F. dë Silva.
Badulla - - a E E - D. A. Guneratne.

Dominica.—Botanic Station :—
urator - E - *Joseph Jones.
d dm Instrue- *David Tannock.

East Africa Teb adorate. —— Garden :—

Uganda Curator - - tAlexander Whyte,
M.A, F.L.S.
Falkland Islands.—Government House Garden :— i
Head Gardener - - * Albert Linney.
Fiji.— Botanic Station :—
Curator - - - *Daniel Yeoward.

Gambia.—Botanie Station :—
urator - * s Du oe em
Gold Coast.—Botinie Station :—
Curator - - - *William H. Johnson.
Grenada.—Botanic Garden :—
Curator - - - *Walter E. Broad way.
Hong Kong.—Botanic and Afforestation Department :—

Superintendent - - TCharles Ford, F.L.S.
Assistant Superinten- *W. J. Tutcher.
dent

Jamaica.—Department of Public Gardens and Plantations :—

Director - - - moe Fawcett,
B.Sc., F.L.S.
Hope Gardens - Superintendent - - *William Cradwick.
Castleton Garden a - *William J. Thompson.
Cinchona (Hill » - *William Harris.
Garden).
Kingston Parade " - John Campbell.
Garden.
King's House 5 - "Thomas J. Harris.
Garden
Bath - E - Overseer - - - A. H. Groves.
Lagos.—Botanic Station :—
Curator - - i cendi
Assistant - - - *F. G. R. Leigh.
x - - - *T. B. Dawodu.
Malta —Argotti Botanic Garden :—
irector - . - Dr. Francesco Debono.

Mauritius.—Department of Forests and Botanic Gardens :—
Pamplemousses - Directo - - J. Vankeirsbilck.
ce cqui - - Paul Koenig.
nd - - $. E. Pougnet.

59
Overseer - - Eg "onte
Curepipe - - Overseer - -- = E.
it - - W.

Bij
j i pee y

Montserrat.—Botanie Station :—
Curator

Natal.—Botanie Gardens :—

Durban - - Curetor - - - John is Wood,
E A.L
Head Gardener - - *James ^S ;lie
Propagator > E Thor pe.
Pietermaritzburg Curator - E - G. Mit
New South Wales.— botanic Gardens :—
Sydney - - Director - - - J. H, Maiden, F.L.S.
Technolegical Museum :— À
Curator - E e RH. T. Baker, F.L.5,

New Zealand :—
Wellington.—Colonial Botanic Garden :—

Hea ner - > G. Gibb.
Dunedin - E - Superintendent- - J. McBean.
Napier - - W. Barto
Invercargill - - Head Gardener - - Thomas Waugh.
Auckland - - Ranger - William Goldie.
Christchurch - Head denor- - - *Ambrose Taylor.
Niger Coast pec i —Botanie Garden :—
Old Calabar - Curat - - *John H. Holland.
sistunt Curator < "Harold B. Lloyd.
Perak (Taiping).—Government Gardens and Plantations :—
Superintendent - *Robert Derry.
Queensland.— Botanic Department :—
Brisbane - - Colonial Botanist - F. M. Bailey, F.L.S.
Botanic Gardens :—
C en or. - - - *Philip AE
O - J. Tobi
Aor Society’ 3 Garder
Sec — ‘and coma + Edward Grimley.
- James Mitchell.
Rockhampton - Gugeriniendont - - - J.S Ed ar
St. Kitts-Nevis.— Botanic Station :—
Curator - - - *William Lunt.
St. Lucia.—Botanic Station :—
Curator - - - *John Chisnall Moore.
St. Vincent.—Botanic Station :—
Curator - E - *Henry Powell.

Sierra Leone.—Botanic Station :—
Curator - - - *Walter Haydon.

60

South Australia.— Botanic Gardens :—

Adelaide - - Director - - - Maurice Holtze, F.L.S.
Port Darwin - Curator - - - Nicholas Holtze.
Straits Settlements.—Gardens and Forest Department :—
Singapore - - Director - - - TH. N. Ridley, M.A.,
: Assistant Superinten- *Walter Fox.
: ent.
Penang - - Assistant Superinten- fCharles Curtis, F.L.S.
dent.
Tasmania.—Botanic Gardens :—
Hobart Town - Superintendent- - F. Abbott.
Tobago.—Botanic Station :—
‘Curator - - - *Henry Millen.
Trinidad.
Superintendent- - tJohn H. Hart, F.L.S.
Assistant ,, - cet
Victoria.—Botanic Gardens :—
Melbourne - - Curator - - - W. R. Guilfoyle.
National Herbarium :—
Curator - - - J.G.Luehmann, F.L.S.
West Indies.—lImperial Department of Agriculture :—
Barbados - - Commissioner - - D. Morris, C.M.G.,
D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S

Travelling Superin-
endent.
Secretary - = - Walter Farrell.
Western Australia. s of Agriculture :—
Perth- — 4 s Bot Alexander Morrison.

Counting Botanist - F. Turner, F.L.S.
(Sydney).

Zanzibar.—
Director of Agricul- R. N. Lyne.
ture.

INDIA.
Botanical Survey.—Director, Surgeon Major D. Prain, M.B.,
F.L.S., F.R.S.E

Bengal, Assam, Burma; the Andamans and Nicobars ; North-
East Frontier Expeditions :—
Superintendent of
the Royal Botanie |

Surgeon-Major D. Prain,
Gardens, Calcutta M.B.

B; F.LS., FRSE |

Bombay, including Sind :—
E LT wr of d
College
Science, Bena: -

1 *G. Marshall Woodrow.

Madras: the State of Hyderabad and the State of Mysore :—
a Government Botanist- tC. A. Barber, M.A.,
F.L.S.

North-Western Provinces and Oudh ;

the Punjab ;

the Central

Provinces ; Central India ; Rajputana ; North-West Frontier

Expeditions :—
Director of the es =
tanie Departm
Northern india
Sa haranpus
NWFP -J
Bengal :—

Reporter on Econo- )
mic Products to |

Museum, Calcutta J

Bengal.—Department of Royal Botanic Gardens :—

Calcutta Superintendent — -
(Seebpore)
Cur scat of Her-

ar
Peles of Garden - -
Assistan *
Probationer -

"UG T. b
*Ge

tj. E Duthie, DA,
FLS.

George Watt, M.B.,
OM., CLE, FLS-

ge oer. d D.
ALB, FLB;
F. R. ri E.
Surgeon-Lieutenant
Gage

eorge E Cav

* Albert E. P. Grim.

Caleutta.—-Agri-Horticultural Society of India :—

Secretary - -

Mungpoo

vem Plantations j

Deputy
oe Assistant -
2nd
3rd ii E
Ah 4 -
Darjeeling.-Lloyd Botanic Garden :—
Curator - - -

Darbhangah.—Maharajah’s Garden :—
Superintendent -

PA in es: 2 l

P. Lancaster.

Surgeon- -Major n
MB, ELS,

F.R.S.
"R. Pantling.
*Joseph Parkes.
G. A. Gammie.
* Amos Hartless.
*Oliver T. Hemsley.

*William A. Kennedy.

Herbert Thorn.

Bombay.—
Poona -

Professor of Botany *G. Marshall Woodrow.
Ghorpuri—Botanic Garden :—

Superintendent - P. G. Kanitkar.
Bombay.—Municipal Garden :— .
Superintendent - ©. D. Maksluxmivala.
Karachi.—Municipal Garden :— i
Superintendent - *William Strachan. —
Central Provinces.—
Nagpur - - Superintendent of *J. Horne Stephen.

Public Gardens.
Madras.—Botanic Department :—
Ootacumund 7? - Government Botanist TC. A. Barber, M.A.,
F.L.S.

Director of Gove
ment

Cirichons W. M. Standen.
Pianta.

Curator of Gardens *Robert L. Proudlock.
and Parks.

Madras.—Agri- ea tide D
Hon. Sec

ary - - Dr. A. G. Bourne.
cuerpo - *J. M. Gleeson.
Native States.—
Mysore (Bangalore) Superintendent - *J. Cameron, F.L.S.
Baroda - - ^ - *G. H. Krumbiegel.
Gwalior E - ^ - tC. Maries, F.L.S.
Morvi

” A

T - T. H. Storey.

North-West Provinces—

> 3 : » - *Joseph Beck.
Travancore (Trivandrum)
,Udaipur - -

ae nm aman) Superintendent - F. J. Bullen.
Allah » - *H. J. Davies.
Caw » - G. H. T. Mayer
seine » beh 2 - *F. W. Seers.
Lucknow - - m - *Matthew Ridley.
Saharanpur and

— IM 5 - William Gollan.

Muss

Punjab.—

Lahore - - Superintendent - H. G. Hein.