a hear aaaalie M3 BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. _ LONDON: PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE. o be purchased through any Bookseller or directly ea HM STATIONERY OFFICE at the wey wing addres Ivrertat Housz, Ktyesway, Lonpox, W.C. 2 28, j ponte Rennie, Lonpon, S.W. 1; 37, Parue ieisel Mise HESTER ; 1, St. ANpREW’s Crescent, Cak 93, Forta Street, EpInBuRGH ; or from E. PONSONBY, Leet, 16, Grarton Street, DUBLIN; or from the Agencies in the British Colonies and Dependencies, the — tates of America and other Foreign Countries of T. FISHER UNWIN, Lrp., Lonpon, W.C. 2. NTED BY > JAS. TRUSCOTT anp SON, “Lt, — Lane, Lonpon, E.C. 4. THE SEPARATE NUMBERS OF THIS VOLUME WERE PUBLISHED ON THE FOLLOWING DATES :— tae Eapee < ra .... March 6. Ne Bo a

on African Compositae : IV. (with XVII | ¢ re Selection in the Cultivation of Hevea brasilien XVIII “Miscellaneous Note Oa B.4 “The ap yd Strychnos in India and the East (wi gs. b.@.€ | geen tedss Notes ... ae oe XXI. toa mollis in Ascension sland (with pla XXIT. | Bark Canker i = Hevea brasiliensi XXIII. | The Significance of Diseases in he Economy of Malayan “Ru aber Plantations XXIV. ee aes vation of Leafy Twigs of the XXYV. Diagnoses Africanae: LXX. XXVI. | Miscellaneous Notes... Pax XXVII. | A List of Economic Plants ib Bee or dt copa for cultivation in the British Em XXVIII. Miscellaneous Note XXIX. | The Flora of the Somme Battlefield .. a. OS The Himalayan Species of Skimmia.. Natural re oe ng of Branches and Roots (with plates) ‘The N: ae of Charred Wood Page. 296 297 301 303 306 No. Article. Subject. _ |Rage. 9 & 10 cont.| XXXII. Pang Hixotici: XXIIL. (with ign)... sees es XXXIV. | On Tree of Aesculus Fe killed by 3 03) oe Botrytis cinerea (with Plate an and figs) : ” XXXV. |The Genus Cocos - a oo. %.4 — Introduction | of the ‘Spruce Fir: into ritain he ‘Z XXXVII.} Miscellaneous Notes a © Sgt, ee ae Appendix I — fr na of _— hardy herbaceous plants and 1 . : - of tr ° nae 1 _ Botanical Departments at home and in India | 23. jeanne [Crown Copyright Reserved. ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 1] [1917 I.—NOTES ON UGANDA FUNGI. I.—TuHEe FunGus-FLORA OF THE FORESTS. T. D. Marruanp and E. M. WaKkeFIELD. Botanist in the Agricultural Department, Uganda, and of Mr. R. Dummer. The species received now number some hundreds, and although far from exhausting the mycology ot the region, they appear to be fairly representative of the types of fungus flora to be found, at any rate in the Uganda Province. It has therefore seemed advisable to place on record some of the know- ledge which has been acquired, the more so because, as far as we are aware, the only list of Uganda fungi previously published is that of the collection made by Scott Elliot during the Ruwenzori expedition. sacins ‘The present account deals only with those sane chiefly the macro-forms, which occur as saprophytes in the forests. With the exception of the few species collected by Mr. Small on Mount Elgon, the fungi enumerated all come from forests lying in the eastern part of the Uganda Province. There are other large forests in the western district which have not been touched, but their fungi are probably not strikingly different from those of the forests visited. Ecorogicat Notes. (T. D. Maitland.) The first collections of fungi were made in several small forests lying within the Victoria Nyanza region, north-west of Lake Victoria Nyanza. The names of these forests are Wakigu, Namamywe, Nabaziza, Ntongo, Bumpenge, and Namutambula. * Miss A. L. Smith in Journ. of Bot. 33, 1895, p. 340. (4733.) Wt. 71-728. 1,125. 2/17, J.T. &8S., Lid. @. 14 2 They lie in a semi-circle stretching from Jinja on the one hand to Entebbe on the other. It will be seen that their dispositions are not varied enough to provide extensive modifications in their vegetation, and that a description of one forest will serve for em a These forests, with the exception of Bumpenge, lie in valleys, and their growth is restricted to a certain area on the incline, region of Bumpenge, possesses a small rivulet, which eet finds its way into the Great cot It is usual also to find small stretches of stagnant swam Although the forests are ae extensive, they contain some large sat dig trees which are exploited by the natives. The wild date alm (Phoenix reclinata) is dispersed in considerable numbers throughout these forests, as well as in the swamps and grassy lands ‘surrounding them. The Bisu palm (/aphia Monbut torum) is only sparsely “distributed, but some very fine and majestic trees are to be seen. ‘The decayed stumps of the various palms pias good hunting ground for fungi, especially for species of anoderma In each of esi forests the undergrowth consists in some parts of a tangled mass of lianes and shrubby plants, in others of a short ee eat Sectotiinaae, Tiliaceae, and Gramineae. tual habitat of some of the fungi is striking. As salient "Mate the larger species of Ganoderma occur almost always on dead palm stumps, but are by no means confined to the forests, for an abundance of these growths is found on palm stumps in farm clearings and plantations. The most conspicu- ous of the larger Aig of these regions belong to the Poly- poraceae. They are found principally on loose fallen branches, in many instances ‘ping on the top of the undergrowth. Poly- orus gil: us, however, is usually, if not always, found on much decayed fallen tree trunks in shady positions. Polystictus occi- dentalis, a common fungus, is another exception, as when found in the forest it is usually in open airy places. Most of the specimens of this species were gathered in the open country and invariably on smooth-barked trees, such as Albizzias. Poly- stictus sanguineus is, one may safely say, confined to outage and aaa a and invariably grows ‘on the dead trunks of Phoenia reclina There are oe ma any striking types of A garicaceae to be found, though numerous ‘‘ flushes’’ of small species are to be seen on thoroughly rotted tree trunks in humid and densely shaded situations. Species of Marasmius are occasionally seen, and The larger Sphaeriaceae are well represented, and are usually found on fallen, well-decayed tree trunks in damp and shady situations. one! grammica, X. polymorpha, and Tham- *'The"same fact has been noted in Nigeria ag a Farquharson. Se ae Bull. 1914, p. oH, and Joe of Bot. 54, No. 64, May, 1916, p- ‘ 3 nomyces Chamtssonts are common under these conditions. They appear to be almost entirely confined to the heart-wood of dead trees, and especially hard-wooded trees, as in many cases it is well-nigh impossible to cut specimens ou On the other hand Hee ragonia discopoda, Stereum lobatum Hymenochaete spp. etc., prefer the bark of dead branches, while other species thrive on ‘decay ed outer wood, and yet others, as Polystictus luteo-nitidus, on leaf-mould. It would —— that certain fungi are suited to certain stages in the decay o d. The second series of forests visited run along the sansa boundary of the Mawokota District. They commence at.about mile 16 on the Kampala-Mubendi Road, and continue to about mile 26, but here deviate somewhat from the main road. The sections visited are known as Balisangakibugo, Tiriulire, Mwen- gizanyagi, Nakatumba, and Nakinyika, and are drained by the Mayanja sae its tributaries ae flow north and north-west of the Great Lake into the river These forests are eget the canal striking within easy reach of Kampala, an most Buganda forests, nestle in a series of valleys, the Ee nwetehic being restricted to a certain area on the slopes of these valleys. n general character. they do not vary to any considerable extent from those strictly in the Victoria Nyanza region. The same undergrowth is met with—Dracaena, Amomum, Cyperus, lanes, and in parts a low shrub. This undergrowth is, generally speaking, not difficult to penetrate, and only when nearing the outskirts of the forest is a more tangled and denser vegetation encountered. This consists first of a thick shrubby erowth, then of a mixture of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum pur- pureum), prickly se srr —— spp., and Cucurbitaceae. Musa ensete is also fairly The forest trees are, ta nythi si more striking here than in the other series of forests visited. The tall white-barked trees with Usnea-like lichens hanging from their branches are very beautiful; likewise the giant ‘‘ Mwafu,’’ Canarium Schwein- furthii, with its massive arms laden with the Bird’s Nest fern (Asplenium Nidus), Platycerium sp., Polypodiums, and Orchids. hoeniz reclinata enjoys a wide distribution both in the sur- rounding country and in these forests. The fungus-flora is more or less identical with that of the forests i in Kiagwe and Busiro, round the lake, since the forests are in most respects alike. Of the Polyporaceae the most abundant representative seen was Polystictus aratus. This species was plentiful on stout fallen branches and on dead branches still adhering to the tree. Sterewm lobatum was widely ispersed, and the forms here were larger than any previously gathered. Species of Xylaria were also very numerous, including some very stout forms of X. grammica. The following fungi go se? hier onde to be widely distributed throughout these um, australe, Polystictus luteo- nities, Pz aabellijopman P. funalis, . Paher ee Polyporus Stereum Schomburgki, Lenzites , Lentinus tn- Ciadeiteeme, Hydnum, Laschia and Marimsui spp: 5 A A + Nabuvumba Forest, in Busiro district, in many respects re- sembles Nakinyika Forest, in Mawokota, both being for the most part humid and swam y. established at Maigana in 1913. ‘The result is very gratifying, a fair turf having been obanel § in oe than a year. V. Soe aaa NOTES. e death, on 21st December, 1916, of Pro- fessor Daniel elie. 7: iS. an D., who for over a generation took a prominent part in the activities of the Royal Botanic Gardens, the reputation of which his eminent labours have done so much to enhance, has been felt as a personal loss by former and present members of the Kew staff. The deceased, who was in his eighty-seventh year, was the son of Daniel Oliver, Newcastle-on- Tyne, where he was born on 6th February, 1 1830. His early — education was received partly in private schools, partly at the 32 Friends’ School, Brookfield, near Wigton. His devotion to botanical study began at an early ages his first contribution to the subject being published when he was 17. Already an active member of the ‘l'yneside Naturalists’ “Field Club, he became in 1851 a member of the tat ioe Botanical Society, and in 1853 a fellow of the Linnean Society. His reputation in 1858 was already so thoroughly established as to lead to an invitation from Sir W. J. Hooker, then mB a of Kew, to become an assistant in the Herbarium. A year later Oliver inaugurated a course of lectures on botany for the benefit of the young deners em- poke at. Kew, which he conducted without a break until 1874. n 1861 Oliver was appointed professor of botany at University College, a position which he occupied till 1888. In 1863 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1864, on the retire- ment through ill-health ef the late Mr. A. Black, he was appointed keeper of the Herbarium a Library at Kew, a post which he held until 3lst May, 1890. His sive participation in the work of the establishment continued, however, for five more years, as editor on peal’ at the Bentham Trustees of Hooker’s Icones Plantaru He took, in addition, an active interest in the work of tha: Linnean Society, on whose council he served from 1861 to 1863, and again from 1872 to 1874. He also served on the council of the Royal Society in 1875-76, and again from 1880 to 1882. In the latter year the Edinburgh Botanical Society, of which he had long been a — canthopanax setchuenense. SiR i > siniconeasei tend ccsdenen laa © 41 Berberis atrocarpa. _ Beaniana. es Edgworthiana. ¥ Tischleri. Ceanothus sanguineus. Clematis Spooneri. a9 x Verrierensis. Disanthus cercidifolia. Gaultheria pyroloides var. cuneata. ydrangea xanthoneura. var. glabrescens. is ¥ var. Wilsonii. Indigofera amblyantha. pendu >? >? Lonicera longa. Magnolia conspicua var. purpurascens. Prunus tenuiflora. Pyracantha Gibbsii. yy crenulata var. Rogersii. Rhododendron auriculatum. ° haematodes. oreotrephes. rotundifolium (orbiculatum). #4 Williamsianum. : Rosa elegantula. »» fasciculata. », floribunda. Viburnum brevipes. Vitis pulechra. istaria venusta. Museums.—During the past year no very considerable additions have been made to the permanent collections and but few dupli- cates have been available for distribution. A large number of reception of Sir Arthur Church’s collection of Botanical Drawings (see Kew Bulletin, No. 6, 1916, p. 162). Presentations to Museums.—The following miscellaneous 42 specimens have been received in addition to those previously recorded in the Bulletin :— Director, Botanic Gardens, Singapore——Samples of wood of Agathis robusta, dewacatia eacelsa, Albizzia odoratissima a Cedrela Too me MT. Dawe, Director of Agriculture, Colombia.— Various specimens of fibre of Fique (’urcraea gigantea), see Kew Bulletin, No. 7, 1916, p. 169; series of carvings in the wood of Spondias lutea, and sample of bark-cloth of Brosimum sp. worn by the Indians of Manaos. . Messrs. Wigglesworth ane Co., London, E.C.—Flax fibre from British East Mme J. Pechat, Paris. autisiital door-knobs made of the crushed and compressed seeds of the Palmyra Palm (Borassus * flabell ufer). Miss M. G. ete ne Surrey.—A collection of West Indian Woo Mr. G. Farmer, “Ta cesgae ee of Cocoanut Palm showing abnormal growth and of the Cocoanut Beetle Oryctes rhinoceros Colonel Stephenson Clarke, C.B., Cuckfield, Sussex.—Trans- verse section of stem of Pyrus torminalis Messrs. Thomas and Green, Ltd. Wooburn, Bucks. —Sample of paper manufactured from reeds of Phragmites communis. H.B.M. a Buenos Aires.—Seeds of Quebracho Mr. C. E. J. Esdaile, Tanetan ——Plank of Pinus insignis. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Boscombe, Hants .—Cones of Pinus Pinaster partially consumed by squirrels. Mr. E. H. Man, C.I.H., Preston Park, Brighton.—l. Tégo- chénga,”’ or ornamental wristlets worn by young men at dances, etc. Made in part of immature leaf of Pandanus sp., the skin of Dendrobium secundum, fibre of Anaden- . drum paniculatum, and portions of Dentalium octogonum. South Andamans. 2. ‘‘ Ok-ho,’’ or bark-cloth made from the bark of a species of Ficus used for clothing, wrappers, ete. Great Nicobar. 3. Skin of an orchid (Dendrobium secundum, South and Little Andam Professor F. W. Oliver, F.R.S., eee College, London. —Paper aera from Spartina Townsendit col- Pe in Poole Har Mr. L. Fosbrooke, Likbde la-Zouch.—Plank of Fulham one (Quercus fulhamensis). Mr. C. H. Scriven, Thong, Gravesend—Photographs of a 3 large Yew Tree at Melliker, Meopham, Kent. 5. Mr. Alfred Dobree, Buckingham Gate—Photographs of a various articles in silver designed from fruits, leaves, etc. - Fei Ms Bi Research in Jodrell iaeerteet in 1916.—Mr. J. Bintner examined cuttings of several species of plants in relation to the development of callus-tissue. Mr. L. A. Boodle made experiments on the maceration of 43 ohn fibres, and studied the anatomical structure of a number cf plan Miss T. L. SARE was engaged in a research on geotropic rs in Fern Miss F. M. Scott investigated the anatomy of the stem of a aieiizen of Aegialitis, and carried out some other anatomical work. Mr. H. Takeda made observations on some Freshwater Algae, and completed his study of a species of Chlamydomonas. Mr. W. C. Worsdell studied a number of teratological speci- mens in relation to their morphological nature, and examined the anatomy of Polygonaceae, etc Pathology.—In spite of war conditions the amount of material serious trouble in ama, in the south-west of England, and it appeared to be also more than usually frequent in other plants. he wet season was responsible for a very severe outbreak of chk ea on potatoes Mean —_ vad suffered through a_ po Nara diseases of apples oy ens and ether. plants have been carried out, and some results already published. Presentations to the Library during 1916.—In the Kew set the six volumes constituting Sir J. D. Hooker’s classical pads: The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage, the plates of only two volttmes—those devoted to the Flora Tasmaniae, and a few of the Flora Antarctica—are Dae The library now possesses a copy of the latter Flora in which all the plates are coloured, and for this valuable presentation it is indebted to the Bentham Trustees. All the volumes of the work are now very scarce, but it is hoped that eventually it will be possible to replace the Soa copy of the Flora Novae-Zelandiae in the library one. Volumes, or parts in continuation of numer- eae eatsintanade’ received in ormeatg for —— s Icones Plantarum, have also been presented by the Bentham Trustees. From the Secretary of State for India the ‘loan have been received :—The first part of a Flora of the Presidency of Madras, 44 by J. S. Gamble (a copy of which has also been presented by the author), A Manual of Elementary Botany for India, b R. B. Ranga Aslagh and further issues of the Madras Presidency College Botanical ag containing Prof. Fyson’s res and descriptions of Madras Plants. ._ he Under-Secretary of State for Egypt has presented eleven bulletins of the Technical and Scientific Service of the Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, and a Heport on the great imvasion of Locusts in E gypt un 1915. The Trustees of the British Museum have presented the Report on Collections of Natural History made in the Antarctic Regions during the Voyage of the “ Southern Cross,”’ and the two volumes of the Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the British Museum The Cretaceous Flora, by Dr. Marie Stopes. From Lady Church ee been received a complete set of the Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, by Sir G. Watt, Indian Art at Delhi, 1903, by the same author, and a volume of Technical de seed and scientific papers, edited by W. R. Dunstan ; from ooker, the continuation of the Comptes Rendus des Séanoas a Académie des Sciences, Paris; and from Miss Alice Eastwood, the weekly issues of Science for the year. From Sir Frank Crisp, Bart., have been received a copy of C. van Géel’s Sertum Botanicum, published in Brussels in 1828 to 1832, and a complete set of the Dictionnaire incono- ay OR des Orchidées, by A. Cogniaux and A. Goossens. r WS. Thiselton-Dyer has presented a number of pamphlets, a vas collection of notes, cuttings, etc., relating to the history of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, photographs of — of special morphological interest, and a volume of manuscript notes, with drawings, on his botanical lectures delivered at "Sourh sone ae for the Science and Art Department in 1873. sented by Dr. W. — en This was published at Weimar in 1822 and 1825, and is in two octavo volumes, formin part of the Neue Bibliothek der wichtigsten Reisebeschreibungen, edited . J. Bertuch. Only one of the plates issued in the original work appears with the translation, and the Latin diag- noses of plants and animals are omitted. The copy now acquired formerly belonged to Burchell himself, and is in excellent con- dition. Dr. Hemsley has also presented Unpublished Documents on the History of the Seychelles Islands anterior to 1810, etc., by A. A. Fauvel. Prof. Hans Schinz has supplied the library with further numbers of the Mitteilungen aus dem botanischen Museum Ziirich, No. 70 of which consists of the second part of Die Flora des Val Onsernone, by J. Bir. Other contributions from Prof. Schinz are:—Die Vegetationsverhiiltnisse des Pflanzenschon- bezirkes bei Berchtesgaden, by K. Magnus, and Weitere Beitrige = Kenntnis der Wirkung von Bakterien auf Gemiisekonserven, . by G. Rudolph. — C. S. Sargent has sent four more parts of the Plantae Wilsonianae, which has now reached the second part of vol. iii., eee 45 = KE. H. Wilson’s monograph, The Cherries of Japan; also a opy of a facsimile reprint of a Catalogue d’Arbres, Arbustes et Petes Herbacées d’Amérique, by William Young, Jr., origin- ally published in Paris in 1783; this reprint, which is furnished with an account of the author and critical notes, has been edited by S. N. Rhoads A selotion of the numerous publications of a United States Department of Agriculture have been received from the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, those of the Department of Agricul- ture in the Dutch East Indies, the continuation of the North American Flora, published by the New York Botanical he and the first part of the Archivos do Jardim Botanico do Rio d Janeiro, from the Directors of the respective establishments. Other contributions to the library, received from their authors or publishers are :—The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, bv L. H. Bailey, vols. iv. and v.; Marine Algae of the Danish West Indies, by F. sd vol. ii. pt. 2; Philippine Dipterocarp Forests, by W. H . Brown and D. M. Mathews; La Végétation de Paraguay, by R. Chodat; Lichenwm Lusitanorum «we Cata- logus, and other ublications, eis . X. P. Coutinho; A Hausa Botanical Vocabulary, J. . Dalziel; Third ania aeport The dans Vide. bs A. D. Achart, — W. C. Worsdell: Sleeping Sickness . . . in Principe, Portuguese West Africa, by B. F. Bruto da Costa and others, translated by Lieut.-Col. J. A. Wyllie, from the translator; Notes on Nigerian Trees and Plants, by E. W. Foster, and a Report on the Afforestation of Togo . . . by Unwin, from the Secretary, Southern Provinces, Menara Flora of the Carboniferous of the Netherlands and 46 adjacent regions, vol. i., by R. Kidston and W. J. Jongman from Mr, Clement Reid; “Transactions of the Third International Congress of cg Agriculture, vol. i., from the is pacar Secretaries; The Smuts of Australia, by D. McAlpine, from t Government of Victoria; Tratado elemental de Botanica aide al estudio de le Flora de la America equinoccial, Marquez, from Mrs. F. Tracey, and Prehistoria y viajes [inelud- ing lora Potorabesiay. by the same author, from Mr. J. M. Vargas Vergara; Flora of Saghalin (in Japanese), by K. mee and T. Miyake, from the Governor; Contribution a l’ Et Genre Pulmonaria, by P. Parmentier bd eternal from Mr. auaita = La Science frangaise, a work in two volumes, published on the occasion of the Rai eonat ital Exhibition, San Francisco, 1915, from the Director of the National Office of French Universities and Schools; and The Genus Phoradendron : a monographic revision, by W. Trelease, from the University of Illinois. The establishment is indebted Pati editors, and others for numerous publications which it is not possible to specify in this note, but a complete list of chs ~edatioc to the library a the year "1916, whether obtained by presentation, exchange, purchase, will form Appendix IT. to the Kew Bulletin, 1017, Additions to the Herbarium during 1916.—During the year about 12,000 specimens were received as donations or exchanges, in addition to two large Tropical African collections, and 8260 acquired by purchase. During 1916, 775 specimens were received on loan. The principal collections are enumerated below :— Kurorr.—Presented: British seeds, by Messrs. T. A. Sprague and W. B. Tur ee rchased : J. W. Ellis, British Fungi. Dr. E. G. Gilbert, Brith 4 Rubi. H. Sudre, Herbarium Hieraciorum, fasc. 5 Ortent.—Presented: Persian lichens, by Dr. 0. Stapf. ATLANTIC IstaANnps.—Presented: Tenerife, by Dr. G. V. Perez. CuIna AND JaPANn.—Presented: Chekiang at N. Meyer), by the United States. Department of Agricultu Purchased: China, E. H. Wilson and C. % Schneider, and Japan, E. H. Wilson, through Prof. €. 8S. Sargent Inp1a.—Presented: Madras, by the Madras Giratina Her- barium, through Mr. J. S. Gamble; Madras, by Mr. C. E. C. Fischer and — P. F. Fyson; Gwalior, by fons = M. , 2 Co: Purkiveu ‘through Mr. R. 8. Hole; iictiry Poiinelie Kedah Peak, by Messrs. H. ©. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss, a an Bt N. Ridley; Malay Peninsula, various, Ae Mr. . Burkill. Mataya.—Presented: Siam, by Dr. A. F. G. Kerr, Khun Winit Wanadorn and Phra Vanpruk. ry wy a, ale aii eae. i le alte een 47 AvsTRALIA.—Presented: New South Wales, by Mr. W. Green- wood; Western Australia, by Dr. F. Stoward and (Dr. Alexander Morrison) by the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Tropicat Arrica.—Presented :. Sierra Leone, by Messrs. C. E. Lane-Poole and K. Burbidge; British a Africa, by Mr. W. J. Dowson; Uganda, by Messrs. R. F and R. A. Dummer; Nyasaland, by Mr. J. M. Purves; Rhodesia (Mr. A. J. Teague and the Rev. F. A. Rogers), ay the Bolus Herbarium ; South- West Africa, by Dr. Hans Schin Sours Arrica.—Presented : Peiey ‘Sladen Memorial Expedi- tion, Keepmanskop to Windhoek, 1915-16 (Prof. H. H. Pearson) and from various localities, by the Bolus Herbarium ; Basutoland (Mrs. A. Dieterlen) and other rn by the South African Museum; Matabeleland (Rev. F. A. Rogers), by the Bolus Herbarium Purchased : anise Fungi, Miss A. Pegler. Norta America.—Presented: British Columbia, Dry rigs by Miss BE. M. Warren; United States and Canada, by Prof. C. S. Sargent; ‘‘ American Grasses” cent. 3-4 (i (a neluding some retract specimens), by the United States Department of Agriculture. Purchased: Collins, Holden and Setchell, Se batten Boreali- Americana, fase. 42-43: a. 0. soaps ti Oklaho CenTraL America.—Presented: “Mex ae G. Arsene and Nicolas), by Prince R. Bonaparte; “Basetio Island, by Mr. Scoresby Routledge. West Inpres.—Presented: Various islands, by the New York Botanical Garden ; = amaica, by Mr. H. N. Ridley; Porto Rican Fungi, by Mr. F. L. Stevens. Sourn AmeErica.—Presented: Colombia, by Mr. M. T. Da and Mrs. F. Tracey; Patagonia, by Mr. Scoresby Doudiades: Dr. E. G. Gilbert’s collection of British Rubi consists of more than 1000 sheets, representing many critical forms of which he critical species from Tenerife. Three important collections of Chinese plants have been acquired, one made in Chekiang by I. Meyer and received through the U.S. Department of he alae the others made by E. Wilson and Mr. C. K. Schneider respectively were Leta by Prof. C. S. Sargent, from whom also Wilson’s Japanese collection has been obtained. Plants from the Madras Government Herbarium have been presented through Mr. J. S. Gamble, who is re out the ‘Flora of Madras.’’ The plants collected by Messrs. H. C. oe and ©. B. Kloss on Redah Peak seid been said out at Kew by Mr. H. N. Ridley, whose report on them, with descriptions of new species, has been published in the Journal of the Federated Malay States sobehi ite ite vii. pp. 37-58. Mr. I. H. Burkill has sent, amongst other things, specimens of Dioscoreas eelitvated at Sin apore. Dn ke F. G. Kerr continued to send Siamese plants until he left Siam for service as an officer 48 of the Royal Army Medical Corps. Dr. F. Stoward has contri- buted additional material from Western Australia, and further ee of the late Dr, Alexander Morrison’s collection from the same region have been presented by the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Mosses from New South Wales have been received from Mr. William Greenwood. Tropical Africa, as has. been the case for some years, has furnished a large amount of Hans Schinz has presented an interesting collection of varieties of seal Sets from South-West Africa. Specimens collected by Pre H. W. Pearson and others during the various Percy Sladen “inemsorl Expeditions in South Africa have been pre- sented by the ee oe West Indian plants aera by Dr. N. L. Bri Mr. W. Harris, and others have been presenied by the ney York Botanical Garden. Mr. H. N. Ridley as presented a set of the seed collected by him last winter in Jamaica. Mr. M. T. Dawe, Director of Agriculture, has sent any specimens collected ete his tours in Colombia. Mr. Soonesly Routledge has presented the specimens collected during his cruise te Southern Patagonia, Socorro Island and Easter Tsland. In addition to dried specimens, a set of 293 water colour drawings of orchid flowers from the collection of Mr. J. Leemann = purchased at the Royal Horticultural Society’s Red Cross Sale. Black Rust of Wheat.—Prof. A. H. Reginald Buller, Pro- fessor of Botany, Winnipeg, sends us the following particulars as to the destruction of wheat in North America due to Black Rust: “The Black Rust has done enormous damage to our wheat crop in Canada and the United States. I have carefully looked into It is wall within the mark to say that this year ile , ae, of the wheat crop, owing to the attacks of rust, has been not less than 100 nillzot bushels. This loss is that suffered in our three prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. In the Central States of the United — of America, such as i [Crown Copyright Reserved. ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. 2] | [1917 VI.—THE BRITISH SPECIES OF PHOMOPSIS. W. B. Grove. (With Plates.) Saccardo, in his Sylloge, 1884, vol. ili, p. 66, suggested that one of the sections into which the vast genus Phoma could con- veniently be subdivided might be called Phomopsis— perithecio subastomo depresso, basidiis demum uncinatis’’—and added that the species of this section were probably all spermogonia of the ascophorous genus Diaporthe. At that time the real basis of this subdivision was imperfectly understood; it has since been worked out more fully, especially by. Diedicke (Annal. Mycol., 1911, ix. 8), and it is now seen that, so far from being a section of Phoma separated by only slight differences, Phomopsis is in fact a very distinct genus with well-marked characters. The typical pyenidium of Phoma is somewhat globose or lens- shaped, thin-walled, formed of rather loose olivaceous-brown or blackish pseudoparenchymatous tissue, which is only one or two cells thick and surrounds the pyenidial cavity similarly on all sides. It has a more or less marke ti be or pore, often papillate, through which, when placed in water, the mature spores issue in those long curling strings with which all micro- mycologists are familiar, while the sporophores are very short, oftentimes barely perceptible or in age totally obsolete. The typical Phomopsis, on the contrary, is rarely or never globose, when mature, and has the internal cavity enclosed by a heterogeneous wall; for it is floored below by a “‘ proliferous stratum ’’ several cells thick, composed of very minute faintly- coloured cells, while the upper half, in its perfect state, is roofed a dense layer, also many cells thick, of very dark minute closely-packed cells, pierced usually about the summit by an ostiolar passage, often wide and irregular, which does not allow the spores to issue forth in curling tendrils with the same regu- larity as in Phoma. The sporophores which line the interior are long, flexuous, subulate, -acicular, or cylindrical, densely crowded and much more permanent than those of Phoma; many of them, in fact, can always be seen under the microscope with the single apical spore still attached. The spores are lanceo- late- or oblong-fusoid, more or less acute at the ends, hyaline, (4978.) Wt. 152—699. 1,125. 7/17. J.T. &S., Ltd. G14 Sch. 12. 50 most often ie tie ttulate, and seldom exceeding 10m in length larger spores. It would be a mistake, erage to merge the more pecitinatte of Eaves is ‘fanteds at in Saccardo’s words **basidiis uncinatis.’ When the contents of a crushed walking-stick. Saccardo considered these to be the sporophores ea faa although how spores could legitimately be borne on the down-turned ends of such supports he did not explain. Other eat ad have described them as a second kind of spore, exactly similar to those ied to the genus Phlyctaena, It seems probable that both explanations are correct; that is to say, there is in some species of Phomopsis, if not in all, a second filiform kind of spore, borne on sporophores, which are in general shorter than those which bear the fusoid spores, but also the long acicular sporophores of the latter can break away from the hymenium, and then become more curved than when in situ, or even hooked. Diedicke called the typical fusoid spores the A-spores, and the long filiform ones the B-spores. Von Héhne separated those few species in which both forms of spore were known to occur into the genus Myzolibertella, but it is better to consider these as merely a part of Phomopsis. When the B- spores occur, a section shows them in serried ranks, standing more or less para rallel and erect on their sporophores ; when only a few filiform structures are seen scattered among the fusoid spores, they are usually nothing but the transformed sporophores. The — species may be considered to have both A- and B-spores Pp. ambigua (P. Malt). P. Lonicerae. P. Arctir. P. petiolorum. P. aucubicola P. Phytolaccae. P. Cacti. P. Ryckholtit. P. Coronillae P. scobina. P. cryptica P. Solant. P. Dulcamarae P. Sophorae. P. Herminierae P. tamicola. P. japonica. P. velata. edicke asserts that the A-spores are always borne on long ou at Di sporophores, and the B-spores on special shorter ones, wi intermediate links. Bubak states that the A-spores are on nar- | | | | 51 row ampulliform gale a and the B-spores on short thickish conical ones. Von H6 finds the sporophores more or alike in both cases. The Tait statement seems to represent the truth in most of the cases here mie os though the B-spores always have shorter sporophores. Diedicke also tries to make out that the A-spores occur in pycnidia of a different shape from those containing the B-spores, but for this contention there seems to be little or no groun The description given ‘above of the mature pycnidium would be misleading without further explanation. For, when the pycnidium is young, it may be incomplete shove: : in fact, in that case in some species the fungus would seem to belong to the Melanconiales, being much of the nature of a Gloeosporium. is this state which Von Héhnel describes, and it may contain either A- or B-spores. At this anes | however, the as et of The belief that the ended of this form- on th nus are pycnidial the fact that some of on one or both of these two groun Hitherto Phomopsis has ae ignored by all British myco- logists, but during the ast year the large number of British yeaa preserved in the Herbarium at Kew under the genus have been examined, with the result that the following — of Phomopsis are found to occur in this country. e ames are arranged siphabetinally. Only the spores and Ss chien, of which knowledge has been very imperfect, in general described here, as the macroscopic aspect 1s cstally. cor- rectly given in the original account, but complete descriptions will appear in a work on the British sc aoa i.e., Sp sidales and Melanconiales, now in course of Ee bel ration. There le treat in a similar manner ab: a later date. In what follows senna ties are given only when the species has not been previously ra as British. Some proposed new species are idea fe e en | Phomopsis, Sacc. aia. sei: 1905, iii. 166. Pyenidia lens-shaped, conical, pustular, or rarely ere 52 usually depressed and with a broader base; when mature, texture everywhere several cells thick, below more or less hyaline, but tinged in the lower layers with pale olivaceous or smoke colour, above Nae darker and brown or blackish towards the outside; provided with a decided ostiole or merely pierced by a pore, sometimes even ‘tnouthle ess, or opening by a slit or irregular ori- fice; internal cavity more or less divide at times by ebay ie of the proliferous layer. Spores mostly fusoid with subacut extremities, but occasionally tending towards ellipsoid with nar- rowed ends, or even oblong, usually biguttulate, hyaline; sporo- phores filiform, linear, subulate, or ampulliform, when long often curved, usually longer than the spores, densely crowded and more or less cM Sairescapaey u or hooked at the upper end like a Puy tap Many species the B-spores, see Nos. 28, 58, 67, The two most distinctive features of the nus Phomopsis are (1) the permanent sporophores, (2) the nature’ of the pycnidium, Which bears little resemblance to that of a typical Phoma, and in fact is so different that a practised eye can often distinguish them with a hand-lens or even without assistance. The chief accounts of the genus given since Saccardo are: Diedicke, Kryptogamenflora der Mark Brandenburg, Pilze, vol. ix, p. 238. Diedi cke, Annal. Mycol., 1911, ix. 8, ‘‘ Die Gattung Phomop- sis,’ with plates 1-3. Von Hohnel, Fragmente zur Mykologie, no. 87, pp. 32-3, May, 1906. Traverso, Flor. Ital. Cryptog. Part I, Fungi, vol. ii, fase. 1, October, 1906. 1, Phomopsis Achilleae, v. Héhn. Fragm. zur Mykol. no. 87, . 32. Phoma Achilleae, Sace. in Mich. 11. 616, Spores oe * fusoid, 8-10 x 2-5-3 »; sporophores acicular subulate, 20-26 x 1-1" 5 (Fi On dead stems of Achilles Milie}otinm, Probably the pye- nidium of ey ae orthoceras, Nits. f£. Achilleae. Undoubtedly British, but the specimens from Kew Gardens, referred to this, are Diplodina M itlefolis, Allesch., having a true Phoma-like pye- nidium, obsolete sporophores, — not in the least degree fusoid and at length faintly 1-septate 2. P. albicans, Syd. Mycoth. Germ. no. 1012. Phoma albicans, Rob. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1849, xi. 284. Spores elliptic-fusoid, rather acute at ‘ig ends, 8-11 x 22:5 p; aes subuiate, frequently curved, up to 15-16 x 3 pB.- (Fig. ON — 53 On dead peduncles of various Compositae, especially of Leon- todon and Hypochoeris. Stated to be the pyenidium of Pleospora albicans, but this is unlikely, since it is a distinct Phomopsis; the pycnidia are crowded without order on, bleached spots. 3. ar iio: ambigua, 7’rav. Flor. Ital. Crypt. 1906, Fung. 11. 266. Phoma ambigua, Sacc. in Mich. i. 520. Spores fusoid, often more pointed at one Sand: 8-10 x 2°5-3 p; sporophores filiform or subulate, 12-20 x 1-1: 5 op (Fig. 3. On twigs of Pyrus communis ; Domebty also on p Malus. The pycnidium of Diaporthe ambigua, Nits oa Amelanchieris, Grove. Phoma Amelanchieris, Cooke in Grevill. xiii. Spores subfusoid, obtuse at apex, 8- / x 2-2-5 u; sporophores subulate, curved, 15-20 plong. (Fig. 4.) On branches of Ainslaabeca 5. P. Arctii, Trav. l.c. p. 226. Phoma Arctit, Sacc. A Mich. ii. 340. Grove, in Journ. Bot. 1916, liv. 187, pl. 542, Spores ellipsoid-lanceolate, rather acute at the eae 7-9 x 2-5-3 yw; sporophores. crowded, more or less faible 20-25 x 15 p 1 On ‘dead Sines of Arctium Lappa. Almost certainly the pyc- nidium of Diaporthe Arctit, Nits., with which it is constantly associated. The pycnidial wall is often very imperfect or even non-existent in the upper part. For a long time I could find no B-spores, such as Sydow found, but after examining scores of pycnidia I at length found some of the usual kind, 17-25 x 0-75-1 uw. A very typical Phomopsis. P. Asteriscus, icin Phoma Asteriscus, Berk. in Ann. . 368 foes Oe Nat. Hist. 1850, v Spores Sblongatli paald, scarcely acute at the upper end, 7-8 x (ig. 5 3 sporophores cylindrical, often arcuate, 12-20 x 1-1°25 yu. 6. Or d stems of Heracleum Sphondylium. Even in his original description (l.c.) Berkeley perceived the characters which mark this species as distinct from the ordinary Phoma, ig an investigation of the original specimens (Guernsey, Rev. al- wey) and many others shows that it is distinctly a Pets someshhy the pycnidium of Diaporthe Berkeleyi, Nits. 7. P. Aucubae, 7'rav. l.c. p. 243. Phoma Aucubae, Westd. Ea no. 1373. Phoma insularis, C. & M. in Grevill. xvi. 6 (non peg. Spore ellipsoid or somewhat fusoid, often acute at the ends, 6-9 x_2-2°5 1; sporophores cylindrical, 10- _ On dead twigs and leaves of tet es ee Uae The form on the twigs (£. ramulicola Sacc. = £. ramicola Oud.) is undoubtedly a true Phomopsis, the Una oi of Diaporth Aucubae, Sacc.; d so far as can be seen from several specimens of Westendorp {no 1373) examined, ea "the leaves, “they are identical with those n the twigs in | every respect. Cooke and Massee’ s specimens of 54 P. insularis are only P. Aucubae, where the ascophorous stage, to which the circumscribing black line mene is beginning to be formed. There is no other difference 8. Phomopsis Beckhausii, Z'rav. l.c. p. 270. Phoma Beck- hausti, Cooke in Grevill. xiii. __ Spores sublanceolate, 8-10 x 2-2°5 u. ‘On dead branches of Viburnum Lantana, in company with young Diaporthe Beckhausit, Nits. According to von Héhnel P. tinea, Sacc. is identical with P. Beckhausii. 9. P. Cacti, Grove. Phoma Cacti, Berk. Plants Port. Welw. 1853, p. 12. Spore oblong- ellipsoid, subacute at the ends, 6-8 x 15-2 p; sporophores cylindrica uM erowded, about as long as the spore or twice as ao (Fig n dead stems of Castes The British specimens ‘examined Giudacdals fess Highgate) are a true Phomopsis; those from Portugal (Crypt. Lusit. no. 72) are the same, but in them were found large numbers of fi iform hooked spores, 18-20 x 0-75 p, in the same pycnidia with the ellipsoid spores—these os reat saw ahd ealled (l.c.) ‘‘ filiform sporophores The ety Opuntiae assigned to this species by Saccardo (Syl. ill. 138). must be something different, being apparently not a Phomopsis. cokQera Be Calystegiae, Grove Phoma Calystegiae, Cooke in Grevill. xiii. Spores sublanceolate, narrowed at each end, 7°5-8 x 2:5 u -On dead stems of Calystegia sepium The pycnidium aac the change usual in a Phomopsis, from the early imperfect to the later fully-formed state. iP, bor thd a Grove. Phoma Caryophylli, Cooke in Grevill. xiii. _ Spores tusoid: somewhat obtuse at the ends, 7-9 x 2-25-2°5 py; sporophores rod-shaped, 12-15 x 2p. (Fig. On the calyces, peduncles and stems of cultivated Dianthus. The dead stems were in parts widely stained with black; evidently the pyenidium of an unknown Diaporthe ee ee aa tage Grove. Seg caulographa, Dur. et Mont. Flor. Alg., ex Sacc. Syll. 6. Spores oblong-fusoid, often Hisihlateral, acute at lower end, 7-8 x 2-25 #3; sporophores densely crowded, subulate, 10-12 x “Tb. p, pene from a very fertile stratum. a ead stems of Chae rophyllum temulum, Warwickshire, reesterakine | The Yorkshire specimens recorded in the Naturalist (1904, p. 6) do not seem to be the same. I have seen no published authentic specimens, but mine have the black line, suggestive of a Diaporthe, very well developed, and the pyenidia aggregated in short linear series on the lanceolate blackish cir- cumscribed per But they are not erumpent by a slit, and thus, apart from the spots, this species is different in habit from striaeformis, var. hysteriola (no. 66); the young Sheer wall is of the scorer imperfect character. 55 15. even ripe asaacae Grove. Phoma Celastrinae, Cooke in Grevill. 92. Spores Deedee atbarenesn at each end, 7-8 x <7 ‘5 3 sporo- pheres straight, pointed 12-15 x 1°5-2 uw. (Fig. On twigs of Buonymus americanus. Certain rm larger spores, constricted in the middle, about 15 x 4 pu, were seen at the same time, but not on the sporophores. These were perhaps what Cooke meant in giving the size (].c.) as “13 x 5 w’’; they might be immature ascospores of a Diaporthe. ae cinerascens, frao. 1.6. p. 278. Phoma sera see Sace. in Mich. i. 521. P. Ficus, “Cast. in Klotsch, Herb. no. 1870. Jnbertella ulcerata, ‘Massee in Gard. Mag. is98. July Spore fusoid, somewhat obtuse at one or both ends, 6-8 2-2-5 u; sporophores filiform-subulate, crowded, arnight. diinély sakstinéa below, 16-20 x Fig. 10. On branches of Ficus Carica. The pycnidium of Diaporthe cinerascens, Sacc. A very typical Phomopsis, occurring on the bare wood as well as on the bark. Specimens under the name _ of P. Ficus, Cast. have identical spores and sporophores. Massee’s type specimen of L. ulcerata, in Herb. Kew, is also the same fungus in the early state, i.e., with incomplete pycnidium, but with the same spores and sporophores, although he ascribes to it spores 55-60 x 4 ». The length of the sporophores given by Diedicke and Allescher (7-8 ») must be yee: it is copied from Saccardo, and may be a misprint for 17-18 p 15. P. cistina, Grove. Phoma cistina, Cooke in Grevill. xiv. 3. Spores cylindric-fusoid, obtuse at the ends, 6-8 x 25 p; sporophores cylindrical, about twice as long. On branches of Cistus laurifolius. Accompanied by numerous exolete perithecia, probably those of a Diaporthe (§ Euporthe), t no ascil were seen and only a few 1-septate spores. e pycnidia were those of a Phomopsis; the long necks and the cir- non black line, connected with them by sien belong the Se which contained no Phomopsis spor a: PY apr oo rav. lc. p 257. Phoma conegla- oatshon Sacc. in h. 12. 240. Spores cbhonigctaaell,: 18 x 258 #3 sporophores acicular, about 15 x 3 p On fallen pitieles of Aesculus Hippocastanum, accompanied by a Diaporthe without spores, probably D. cone saa .et S, tr Italy and France it is recorded on the twigs a A 17. P. Corni, Trav. l.c. p. 268. Phoma Corni, Fckl. Symb. Myc. p. 207 Spores aida chibay or subfusoid, curved, 8-10 x 2-3 yu; here subulate, or oblong and pointed, 10-12 yw long. ei fon of Cornus alba, associated with Diaporthe Cornt, Fekl. It has a typical Phomopsis pycnidium. The reference aby Cooke and Massee to Cornus suecica is a mistake. 56 18. Phomopsis aero v. Hohn. lic. p. 382. Phoma cryp- tica, Sacce. in Mic 521. Spores ‘Selompbbota: 7-8 » 2°5-3 mu; sporophores subulate, curved, 13-20 by 1-15 pn. On branches of Lonicera, Cheshire (Ellis)! The pyenidium ee Mnaporthe eryptica, Nits.; imperfect as usual above. The Ken specimens assigned to this species by Gade are seen on examina- tion to be not on Lonicera, but on Tamus, and to belong to no. 68. oP, depressa, Trav. l.c. p. 272.: Phoma depressa, Sacc. in Mich. i1. 94 (non B. et Br. Pe sae lanceolate-fusoid, 8- 10 x 25 4; sporophores filiform, son bark of dead twi igs of Syringa vulgaris. The pycnidium of Laporthe resecans, Nits. In the gape: examined the pycnidial wall was very imperfect, as in P. Arc 20. P. Dipsaci, Grove. Phoma Dipsaci, Cooke in Grevill. xili. 94, Spores sublanceolate or fusoid, somewhat obtuse at the ends, 8-9 x 2-2°5 1; sporophores rod-shaped, crowded, 15-18 by 1-5 py. (Fig. 12.) On dead stems of Dipsacus silvestris. Accompanied by Pleos- pora herbarum and other ascophorous fungi, among which is one that is doubtless the beginning of a Diaporthe. pe A Dulcamarae, Trav. l.c. p. 246. Phoma Dulcamarae, Sacc. in Mich. ii. 272. Spores fusoid, 8-10 x 2-2-5 ~; sporophores subulate, more or less curved, 12- 15 x 2 On dry stems of hem Dulcamara. The pyenidium of Dia- porthe Dulcamarae, Nits. Diedicke found in this —— both A- and B-spores, the latter filiform, hooked, 25 x 22. P. Durandiana, Died. in Annal. Mycol. 1911, ix. 24. Phoma Durandiana, Sacc. et Roum. in Rev. Mycol. 1884, p. 29, pl. 45, f. 37. Spores oblong-fusoid, sometimes more acute below, 7-9 x 2 33 sporophores rod-like, crowded, about as long or longer On dead stems of Rumez. Probably the pycnidium of Dia- porthe maculosa, 8. et e epidermis is stained black over each spore-mass; just as in P. Arctu, there is little of a true pycnidial wall. 23. P. exul, Grove. Phoma exul, Sacc. in Mich. ii. 95. Spores fusoid or cylindric-fusoid, subacute at the ends, 7-10 x 2-2°5 uw; sporophores very crow ed, subulate, slightly queued 12-18 x 2 p. On twigs of Maclura aurantiaca. The pycnidial stage of an unknown Diaporthe, 24. fibrosa, v. Hohn. l.c. p. 33. Fusicoccwm fibrosum, Sace. gyi, ili: 247. a te y | dT Spores ellipsoid, acuminate below, 8-11 x 5 «4; sporophores fili- form, 10-16 x 1:5 On dry branches and trunks of Rhamnus catharticus. Saccardo considered this to be the pyenidium of Diaporthe fibrosa, Fckl. 25. eg glandicola, Grove. Phoma glandicola, Lév. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, v. 281. Sporonema glandicola, Desm ee. Sace. Spores oo 6-7 x 175-2 m; sporophores simple, obclavate, -14 25 w, arising from a smoke-coloured fertile stratum. (Fig 13. On fallen Acorns. There are two forms of this, occurring together ; in one the pycnidia are solitary and the spores as above; in the other the pyenidia are clustered and the spores measure 11-12 x 25-3 uw; sporophores nearly the same in both, but in- clined to be narrower in the clustered form a Herminierae, Grove. Phoma Herminierae, Cooke in Grevill, xiii. 93. Spores lanceolate, somewhat rounded above, acute below, 7-8 x 2p; sporophores subulate, 12-15 by 3 pn. ( ig. On bark of Herminiera Elaphrorylon. A typical Phomopsis, evidently introduced with the plant from Tropical Africa. With the A-spores were mixed large numbers of flexuous filiform B- spores, 30-40 x 1 yu, on shorter sporophores. Cooke gives the size of the fusoid spores wrongly as 10 x 3°5 » 7S eee incarcerata, v. Hohn. lc. p. 33. Phoma incarcerata, Sacc. in Mich. ii. 95. Spores fusoid, 8 x 2 mw; sporophores arcuate, 20 x 1 n dead branches of Rosa canina. The pycnidium e Dia- modthe incarcerata, Nits. 28. P. japonica, T'rav. l.c. p. 241. Phoma japonica, Sace. in Mich. i. 521. Phlyctaena Kerriae, Karst Spores fusoid, 6-10 x 2-3 p; sporophores filiform, flexuous 15-20 x 1:5 On twigs of Kerria japonica. The pycnidium of Diaporthe japonica, Sacc. The black line, mentioned by Saccardo as some- times bordering the groups of pycnidia, belongs rather to the ascophorous stage; there is no trace of it in the early pyenidial stage. ao. BP. juglandina, w. Hohn. lic. p. 32. Phoma juglandina, Sace. in Mich. i. 521. ; sca fusoid, 8-12 x 2°5-3°5 4p; Se aes filiform, , 15-25 x 1-15 emiae, v. ak ain Le. p 33. Phoma Lan- _ 30. P. Lande deghemiae, Sace. Syll. iii. 58 Spores subfusoid, nearly always straight, 5-8 x 2-2°5 3 sporo- te: densely crowded, rod-shaped, 12-138 x 15 yp. (Fig. 15.) twigs of Philadelphus coronarius. The pycnidium of Didipivat Landeghemiae, Nits. 31. Phomopsis Lebiseyi, Died. in Annal. re 1911, 25, pl. 1, f. 12. Phoma Lebiseyi, Sacc. in Mich, 1, 267. Spores ovoid-fusoid, 8-10 x 3 y; sporophores cubmlate or filiform, up to half as long again. n branches of Negundo aceroides. The pyecnidium of Diaporthe Lebiseyi, Niosel. The spores are rather wider in pro- portion than in most species of the genus; the pycnidia are flat and broad, pseudo-locellate within, rather thick and even papillate towards the mouth, which is at length exposed by the rupture of the epidermis. Oe. aaa sae Grove. Phoma lirella, Desm. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1849, Spores alliptio-fusoid:, subacute at the ends, 7-8 x 2-2°5 pw; sporophores crowded, more or less cylindrical, 12-15 x On dry decorticated stems of Vinca minor. Extemally exactly resembling a species of Leptostroma. 33. P. Lonicerae, Grove. Phoma Lonicerae, Cooke Fung. Brit. i. 616. Spores elliptic-fusoid, acute at both ends, 8-9 x 2°5 yu; sporo- Li grrraiat 15 x 2-25 p. (Fig. . old stems of Lonicera. A most typical Phomopsis, but quite distinet from P. cryptica, v. Héhn. (no. 18). Filiform hooked spores of the usual kind, 25-30 » long, were found in situ in some of the pycnidia, in company with the A-spores but on shorter sporophores. The wood is frequently stained black round the base of the pycnidia, which leave a whitish pit when they fall away. P. Lysimachiae, Grove. Phoma Lysimachiae, Cooke in . 94. cS) 5 @ } m br oadly lanceolate, 7-9 x = 5-3 »; sporophores linear, straight, a Ee longer than the s On stems of Lysimachia vulgaris. “Piecank ably the pata of a Diaporthe, as it has the true Phomopsis character od P. Malvacearum, Grove. Phoma Malvacearum, Westd. exs. no. 1232, P. muegatiets Westd. Not. vi. 2 no. 1232. Saccardo "(and of course Ashe says © canted that of P. A " This species is not, an Alles cher asserts, identical with Phoma nebulosa, Berk. 59 36. Phomopsis Menispermi, Grove. Lhoma Menispermi, Peck in 24th Rep. State me New York, 1872, p. 85. P. sar- menticia, Sacc. in Mich. ii. 94, 1880. Spores oblong-fusoid, atnatite at the ends, 7-10 x 2-225 p; sporophores subulate, crowded, 20-25 x 1-1-5 up. geet 17.) is just what takes Sie and what one sartetre expect with a Notes ade" where the pyinidinm is deeply seated and is less y formed below. A little area of the epidermis over each pyenidium is discoloured; the sporophores are unusually lon even for a Phomopsis, reaching sometimes to 35 p. The statement by Cooke, that the same species occurs on Cocculus carolinianus, cannot be ree aay See P. moricola, Grove. Phoma moricola, Sace. in Mich, . 525. Bodie ce eens slightly tapering below, somewhat ‘eurved, 8-9 2-2-5 3; sporo ae cylindrical, crowded, 18. pb curvulous, 10- 12 x ldo yu. (Fig. On dead twigs of Morus. Possibly the p Sree ts eee of Diaporthe Mori, Berl. The pyenidium is Nhat Sag ‘ 23 January to June... | oti Madras ships 7 . 175 Ib. bags. ——— * Trade is from various ports on the coast and proportions between ports fluctuate. 189 Grades of quality and prices in typical months.—Shipped against fair general average of season most usually Europe BA ing. It is claimed that West Coast produce is ‘‘ bolder’? than the East Coast. Prices— May, 1916. £15 a ton f.o.b. Cochin (tonnage teak Cochin ewt.). Madras ___... $62) eee a oe £22 a ton c.i.f. London. Freight Madras to London in 1914 was £1 17s. 6d. a ton. Freight Madras to London in 1916 was £8 17s. 6d. a ton. New York takes nearly all the Cocanada output. May, 1914. Cochin eo £9 Re | . §. Nux-blanda, A. W. Hill; species cum S. Nus-vomica, Linn., confusa et ei affinis, foliis grandibus abrupte acutis vel acuminatis, calycis segmentis lanceolatis, antheris apiculatis in tubo corollae insertis seminibusque dissimilibus praecipue differt. Arbor parva, usque ad 15 m. alta (Prazer) vel frutex in locis ae elatioribus circiter 8 m. altus; rami glabri, cortice vernicoso obtecti. Folia late ovata vel elliptico-ovata, abrupte acuta vel ; acuminata, basi rotundata, rotundato-cuneata vel nonnumquam The leaf is half natural size and the section of the seed is enlarged: 190 omnino phase minusve inconspicuis ; me ttit 1-15 cm “ong. In- florescentiae corymboso-paniculatae, pauciflorae, 4- 6 ¢ . longae, 2°5-4 em. latae, ramulos axillares bi- vel 4-foliatos devtekanitne pedunculi glabri vel subglabri; pedicelli papillosi vel minute pubescentes. Calycis segmenta anguste elliptico-lanceolata, acuta, 1°3-2 mm. longa, subglabra, marginibus ciliatis. Corolla alba, 1-1-1°2 cm. longa, lobis circiter 3°5 mm. longis elliptico- lanceolatis intus paullo rugoso-papillosis rar tubo versus basin pilis longis paullo hirsuto. Antherae 175-2 mm. longae, apiculate: subsessiles, paullo sub sinubus insertae. Ovarium glabrum ; lee 0°9-1'2 cm. longus, glaber. Fructus globosus, 6-8 cm. metro; pericarpium vernicosum, verruculosum, lignosum, 29-5 m mm. crassum emina period 8-12, irregu- lariter ovoidea vel subrotundata, 1°8-2°3 cm. longa, 14-2 cm lata, 6°5-8-5 mm. crassa, Hibben ressa, Margine awate carinate ambitu instructa, indumento contexto hebete obtecta. Nuz- vomica, Griffith, Icones Pl. Ind. Or. % 411. figs. 25 Der ee. iv. p. 82; Private Journals, P: 84; A. DC. in For. Veg. Pegu (1875), Append. A. p. xci., Append. B. p. 68; Kurz Flor. Brit. Burma, ii. p. 166; hike ; in Hook. f Flor. Brit. Ind. iv. p. 90 oes oad ee ex Tenasserim et a ag pur. Khongal Thannah & Kaboo Valley, 210 m. oe Feb.), ‘Watt 6628. Urrer Burma. —s Dist.; Bhamo, Griffith 3723; towards Camein, Griffith 3722; Bhamo, Burkill 22795 herb. R.E.P.; Katha, ‘Burkail 22485 herb. R.E.P.; Ruby Mines Div., Mogok, Walsh 27292 herb. R.E.P.; Shwegu Asst. Conservator Forests 27633 herb. R.E.P.; Upper Chindwin, Tamu (Fr. Dec.), Meebold 7589; Kachin Hills, Metkina. Shaik Mokim 16; Kalawa Hills, Prazer; Shan Hills, Fort Stedman, 1200 m. (Fl. May), Collett 676; King’ s Collector 456; Heho, 900 m., Collett 59; Madoe Ded King’s Collector we Yunnan ei eae without ey, : a 5 ep a i setts Kur: o74; Pees, Col. Ege Tseays ‘Brandi s 680 in heek. Sulp. fae: Moulmein, Falconer 172; Wallich 1586 (1807); Atran } \ ott 19] Wallich 1586 a; Atran Wallich 1593- (3) in herb. Wallich; Zamayi forest Anthony 26030 herb. R.E.P.; Rangoon,-Cleghorn 93; Rangoon, Tenasserim circle, Conservator of Forests 31718, 36721 herb. R.E.P.; Prome, Hauzwell 27817 herb. R.E.P.; R.E.P. Pyinmang, Smales 27378 herb. Am herst Dist.: Thingau-nyi-nawny, Burkill 24412, 24419 herb. R.E.P. Tenasserim: Chounguas; 1200 m., Gallatly 535 Southern Shan States: Near Laikan ; 840 m., Scott 29509 herb. R.E.P. Stam. Prae; 150 m. (tree), Luang Vanpruk 460; 180 m (shrub), Duane Vanpruk 197; Chiengmai, 300-600 m. (small tree or shrub fl. Apr.), deciduous ‘jungle, Kerr 603. Inpo-Cutna. Laos: Luang Phrabang; Spire 793 in herb. Mus. Paris. Vernacular names.—Burmese. Khabaung, Kabaung. Shan. Maktiing, Khapundee (Burkill). Karenni. Diterse. Stam Tung Ton. Laos. Kok-toung-ki. Var. hirsuta, A. W. Hill. Arbor parva, 2 4m. alta (Pierre). ami et ramuli pubescentes. Folia late ovata, abrupte subacuta, basi late rotundata vel subcord data, 9-18 c m. lon nga, 5-15 em. lata, 5-T-nervia; nervi pagina superiore ealeata subpubescentes, 15 (Pierre). S. Nua-vomica var. yoendijiohes Do se in B Soc. Bot. Fr. lvii. Mém. 19, uA 18 et in Lecomte, Flor. Gen. Tnd.- Chin. pt. iv. p. 169 partim Inpo-Curna. Cochin- nse: Bien-hoa, Thorel. Cambodia: Prov. Samrong-tong ; Mt. Rancon, Pierre 3687. Griffith in his drawing shows the character of the narrow lanceolate calyx segments very clearly and also the apiculate anthers which are inserted below the sinuses of the corolla lobes. vomica, hi This new species, which is known in Burma as ‘ Khabaung,’ is widely distributed throughout Upper and Lower Burma as far south as Tenasserim and extends westwards to Manipitre and eastwards into Siam and Laos, with a variety in Cochin-China and Cambodia. It is as a rule a small tree according to Praze a label, reaching a height of 50-60 ft. in the Kalawa Hills. » more normal height appears to be 20-40 ft. with trunk some 2 i in diameter. When collected at altitudes of about 4000 ft. is said to be a low tree or a shrub. It appears to be fairly frequent and is found in somé places as a common tree in the half- dens whies forests and it has been collected b Kerr in deciduous brie on Doi Sutep. Kurz states that ‘Ka- pung’ is a tree 30-40 ft. high and grows in the leaf- shedding forests, and Mr. Lace writes that it is en about the deciduous forests of Burma. It is remarkable for its large abruptly acute or acuminate leaves with their Gasinent strong , 192 nerves and inconspicuous veins, characters which enable it to be easily distinguished from S$. Nua-vomica. With these characters and the fairly thick sharp-edged seeds, irregular in shape and furnished with a felt-like covering—quite unlike the satiny coat of the round, flattened, button-like seeds of S. Nua-vomica*—it is . surprising that ‘ Khabaung ’ should so long have been confused ° with the well-known species. It does not appear that the seeds have ever been commercially exported as ‘ Vuz-vomica,’ and had this been attempted it seems hardly likely they would have been accepted by the dealers since their appearance is so different from the commercial product. As to the present uses of the tree, Burkill notes on his eee from Bhamo that ‘‘ Shans eat the pulp but not the seed,’ d Scott on his specimen 29509, from the §. Shan States, aus that it is ‘‘ used only as a + vegetable by the natives here,’’ but he does not indicate the pa the assay process of the British Pharmacopeia. The amount of residue (which would contain the strychnine, brucine or other * The seeds of S$. Nus-vomica from Burma referred to by Dunstan and Short) see Pharm. Journ. xiii. ser. 3, p. 1053), were evidently one from Griffith’s specimen 3722, and therefore elon to S. Nuw-blanda, A. ill. + Since the above fi written seeds have been sent to ia: bites rial Hentcation, as Nu«-vomica, and were forwarded to Kew for {The ot specimens under 1593 referred to S. acuminata, Wall, are 1598 Os. lasueine., Wall. ; 1508 (2) = S. rufa, var. Candollei, C. B. Clarke, —_ doubtful affinity and possibly not nearly allied to 9. rufa, O. B. ———— 193 alkaloid soluble in ether-chloroform) was quite negligible and when treated with diluted sulphuric acid and Mayer’s reagent added gave no precipitate. The quantity of powdered seed operated upon was 7°5 grammes; this powder was quite free from bitterness. “‘T conclude that the seeds contain no strychnine, brucine, or other alkaloid soluble in ether-chloroform; or at least that the quantity of alkaloid must be so very minute that it cannot be detected in the quantity of seed used with the process adopted.” It would appear that the seeds of S. Nua-blanda had previously been subjected to analysis, for Mr. J. Small’s ‘ Note on False Nux-vomica Seed ’ (see Pharm. Journ. xxxvi. ser. iv. April 12, 1913, p. 510), from Burma no doubt refers to this species. He was unable to detect any strychnine in the seed. The specific name Nuz-blanda has been given to this new species to indicate both its long confusion with S$. Nua-vomica and the absence of alkaloids in seeds. With reference to the var. hirsuta, Pierre realised he was dealing with an undescribed species, and gave his plant the MS. name of S. ranconensis (on the sheets at Paris), which has never 65. S. ligustrina, Blume in Rumphia, i. p. 68. t. 25; Rumph. Amb. 2. p. 121. t. 38; Mal. Breyn. l.c. 19 t. 5. f. 2.; A. DC. - Nuz-vomica, Benth. quoad syn. in Journ. Linn. Soe. i. p. non Linn. cf. etiam C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. iv. pP- 90 in adnot. S. Nua-vomicae. . Nua-vomica, L., depawperata, Miq. Flor. Ned. Ind. ii. p. 378 (?). S. colubrina, auct. plur. non Linn. nec Wight nec Van Roy. S. muricata, Kostel in Miq. Flor. Ned. Ind. ii. p. 380; DC. Prodr. ix. p. 15. _Trwor. Coepang, R. Brown (1803) in herb. mus. Brit. ; Timor, Zippel; Koepang, Teysmann 8969; Spanoghe, Kajve Oclar (19, 1911. 32) in herb. Mus. Lugd. Bat. . As was pointed out in Kew Bull. 1911, pp. 286, 287, S. ligus- trina and S. lucida appear to be very closely allied, and it may that we are dealing with only a single species. S. ligustrina, Bl., is described as a tree and S. lucida, R. Br., as a shrub, but © specimens sent to Kew from the Walsh River, Queensland, appear to be a tree if the wood specimen at the Imperial Insti- tute (see under S. lucida) really belongs to the Walsh River specimen. S. lucida and S. ligustrina can scarcely be separated on leaf and floral characters. In their fruits and seeds, etc., they show considerable affinity to S. Nuz-vomica. | : you 194 66. S. lucida, R. Br. Prodr. p. 469; G. Don. Dict. iv. p. 65; A. DC. in DC. Prodr. ix. p. 16; Benth. Flor. Aust. iv. p. 369; Bailey, eae Flora, iii. p. 1024; A. W. Hill in Kew Bull. 1911,-p. 287 N. Aoshi ok Port Darwin, Schultz 341, 605; Carpentaria Islands, R. Brown 2913; Se a Island, Cunningham; Victoria River, F. Mu elle er; Roe’s Riv Regent’ s River, Cunningham 321; Wyndham, J. Staer (Sep. 1905) herb. Edin.; Thursday Loon E. Cowley; Walsh River, T. Barclay Millar. tree. The wood is heavy and eee close erase and differs markedly from the wood of no. 286 (S. psilosperma, F. Muell.?). The specimen bears on the label the locality Walsh River, and if this is the tributary of the Mitchell River rising in the hills near Cairns, the locality is so far from the N. Australian home of S. lucida, where it is described as a shrub, that it seems possible the wood may belong to os erie ion tet species of Strychnos. specimen labelled ‘ River,’ however, and collected by Mr. T. Barclay Millar in ‘Moreh 1891, appears to be identical with S. lucida and may be the one quoted by Bailey, so the sent is rather uncertain. Ci: SS brent ear ene Thwattes,; Enum. Plant. Zeylan. p. 201; descr. emend. et ampl. Folia ovato- vel iio ancl, apice ao pea ry vel acuta, basi cuneata, rarius rotundato-cuneata, 8-9°5 cm. longa, 3°9-4 cm. lata, triplinervia, venis approximatis. Inflorecenta alyz 15-2. mm. longus; segmenta late ovata, subacuta vel acuta, inute ferrugineo-pubescentia. Corolla 14 cm. longa, lobis circiter 4mm..longis. Antherae 1°5-1'75 mm. oa ae ructus eee te eae 6:5-9 em. longus, 5-7°8 cm. latus; perl carpium lignosum, 6-7 mm. crassum, laev we, Meccaicbeunh Semen 8-15, irregulariter elliptica vel orbiculari-elliptica, 2-3 cm. longa, I 3-2-4 em. lata, subcompressa, circiter 1 cm. crassa, sub- biconvexa, pilis pes dense vestita, plerumque margine incrassato circumcincta; C. Clarke in Hook. f. Flor . Brit. nd. iv. p. 89 syn. excl. ; iteioaen, Fl. Ceylon, pt. ii. p. 174. Ceyton. Hantani District, moist low pare 600-900 m., Thwaites 1867; without locality, Gardner 578: Walker; seeds (Eta-Kiunda-wel) Col. Ind. Exhib. 171, 1886 in Mus. Kew (Eta- rindi-wel, Trimen); fruits and seeds, Petch (recd. 1917). ie Wightii, A. W. Hill. Folia ovata vel late ovata, 65-14 cm. longa, 3°5-75 cm. lata, plerumque 9-11 cm. longa, 5-6 cm. lata, plus minusve abrupte acuta, basi matis. Inflorescentiae floribus congestis podieellts ferru- oo brevibus crassiusculi ongus; segmenta elliptico-ovata, subacuta vel acuta, minute ferrugineo-pubescentia. Corolla 1:4 cm. longa, lobis 3-4 mm. a ea & ae a” i: 195 cincta (Bourdillon spec. in Mus. Kew, comm. ix. 1896); S. colubrina, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. p. 264; Fl. Ind. i. p. 577. Wight, 1590 partim. S. cinnamomifola, Brandis, Indian Trees, p. 475 non Thw. spec. Zeylan. excl. S. Bourdilloni, Brandis, Indian Trees, p. 474. S. Inpra, Without locality Wight 2286 (K.D. 1814); Herb. Wight 2286, 2288 partim and 640 (?) in herb. Glasgow. Travancore: Nannattapara; 600 m., Bourdillon 75, 789 (ever- green forest, flowers Feb.-April, fruits Oct., gigantic climber) ; 0-750 m., Bourdillon 759; Coorg & S. Canara (enormous creeper) 0 1900) herb. Travancore; Nallay Mallys, Beddome 5303; S. anara, Beddome 5304 in herb. Mus. Brit.; Cochin, 450 m., Meebold 12507; Mysore: Kempkull; 600 m., Meebold 8543; Rajampara, Rama Rao 91; (Fruits), Bourdillon ix. 1896 in Mus. Kew; (Seed), Quilon, Conservator Forests in herb. Calc. Assam. Silhet, Smith (Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. p. 264); without locality, Roxburgh (1813) in herb. Mus. Brit.; Khasia: Pundua De Silva.—Wallich Cat. 1590 in herb. Kew. Wallich Cat. 1590 in herb. Edin.; Cachar 17 without collector’s name in herb. Edin. The seeds of the type which have recently been received at Kew through the kind offices of Mr. T. Petch are rather larger and thicker than those from Travancore and are unusuall biconvex and about 1 cm. thick. The wall of the fresh fruit 1s 6-7 mm. thick and the seeds are embedded in a solid fleshy pulp. The seeds show a distinct marginal border and have a dense felt-like covering of short hairs which do not show the satiny lustre of those on the seetls of S. Nuz-vomica. of. Greenish, who has kindly analysed the seeds, informs me that they contain 2:07 per cent. of alkaloid, which is brucine, the percentage of strychnine being at small. The species may I : be distingtished oriuedpaliy by its leaves, which are markedly cuneate at the base. 196 imens since collected from that region; it would appear, Wallichian s In alli ye ? is the leaf of quite another species which proves to be identical with the entire specimens bearing Wallich’s number 1590, preserved at Kew and at Edinburgh. The specimens according to the label were collected at Pundua by De Silva, who certainly travelled in Silhet and not in India, and they agree very well with Roxburgh’s drawing of S. colubrina (Wight’s Icones t. 434). As a further indication that Silhet is really the habitat of these specimens it is of interest to find that on the Edinburgh sheet of Wallich, 1590 an inflorescence of S. Wallichiana (an undoubted Silhet plant) has been mounted among the leaves. Some correlative evidence is also afforded by the sheet of no. 1590 at the British Museum, which consists of a fragment of S. chi. ch of S. aenea, var. S. Bourdilloni, Brandis, which is referred here to S. cinna- momifolia var. Wightit, was described from specimens with flowers in the bud stage and before the corolla tube had developed. It seems better to refer the Indian specimens of S. cinnamomt- folia to a variety, since they differ from the Ceylon plant in having broader leaves with more rounded bases and somewhat different seeds. : resemblance between this species and S. Nua-vomica 1s considerable, but the latter being a tree with different leaves, uits and seeds, can easily be distinguished from the huge climbing plant. 68. S$. rupicola, Pierre ex Dop in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. lvii. Mém. 19 (1910), p. 17, et in Lecomte, Flor. Gen. Ind.-Chin. 1v- p. 168. — Inpo-Curva. Cambodia. Prov. Samrong tong; Monts Pra, Pierre 3688. 197 A subscandent species with leaves like those of S. nai og folia, The flowers are immature and fruits are unknow (0% 69. S. tubiflora, A. W. Hill ; species S, cinnamomifoliae, Thw., affinis foliis ovatis venis distantibus fructibus semini- busque minoribus praecipue differt Folia ovata vel rotundato-ovata, L 10°5 cm. longa, 4-7°5 cm. lata, abrupte acuminata, basi rotundata, superne vernicosa, tri- vel ‘subtriplin nervia, venis distantibus. IJnflorescentiae ramulis bifoliatis axillaribus Jaxae instructae, pedicellis gracilibus glabris. Calyz 1 mm. longus; segmenta ovata, acuta, glabra. Corolla 1:4 em. longa, lobis circiter 3 mm. lon gis, tubo ima basin hirsuto. Antherae 2 mm. longae, apicilatae Ovarium cum stylo glabrum. Fructus circiter 4 cm. diametro; pericarpium crustaceum, 1°5-1'75 mm. crassum, minute verruculosum. Semina erase, compressa, 1°8-2 cm. longa, pilis laneis inter- textis vestita ANDAMAN Issued: S. Andamans: Dhani Khari; hill jungle (May), King; Andamans, (Nov. Fr.) Prain’s Collector 22, 84, 293. The Andaman plant has been referred to S. cinnamomtfolia, w., and is no doubt nearly allied to that species. e broadly ovate, trinerved or subtriplinerved leaves with their more distant and less conspicuous veins, the slender glabrous inflores- cences and smaller fruits and seeds serve to distinguish the man specimens from those of S. cinnamomifolia from Ceylon and Travancore \o4 70. S. ct i A. W. Hill; species S. cinnanidinijoliae, var. Wightii, A. W. Hill, et S. rupicolae, Pierre, affinis, ab hac prrnt alfiyrtivts pericarpio laeve, ab illa foliis trinervis praecipue iffe Frutex scandens, glaber, ramulis cylindratis. Folia elliptica, bast rotundato-cuneata, apice abrupte acuminata vel acuta cm. lo onga, 3-5 cm. lata, trinervia, venis oe: eal In- 7 mm. aie Bac ciit. deaatlatte phe, bet 3 mm. crassum. Semina stint 2°3-2°7 cm. Inp NDO-CxINA. adie: : OBAv Nghe an; baat Gauthier in herb. Pierre 1663. The above description is only slightly altered from the ne description at Paris written by Pierre. It is attached t flowering specimen, apparently collected by Gauthier, included 198 with Lesserteur’s specimens of bo leaves and bark of Hoang Nan (see p. 203) which is the true S. Gautheriana. Dop also includes Balansa 2129 from Tonkin and: has modified Pierre’s Gén. aa do-Chin. iv. PL ike 5, but fig. A Smuts the ae branch of S. Duitharind. S. Pierriana shows considerable affinity to S. civieamnace var. Wightii, but differs especially in the seeds which have a silky coat and in the trinerved leaves. It is also no doubt closely allied to S. rupicola, Pierre, from Cambodia, of which only immature specimens have been collected. 71. §. Wallichiana, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. p. 90; descr. ampl. Folia elliptica, 12-14 cm. longa, 4-4°5 cm. lata, abrupte et rn s pubescentibus; petioli 0-5-1 cm. gate Basico: longe i 5 cm. “Tenia, Silhet: Bisdua: Wallich 1590 in hen, Wall. nec erb. Kew nec-herb. Mus. Brit. nec Edin. Assam: Mikio Hills (March), Simons; Margerita, Luckinpore, C. B. Clarke 37876 A. (sub nom. M yee, er itarayoleg) in herb. Mus. Brit.; Kufoo Forest, Griffith K.D. 3726. Chittagong ; Pharoka, Gamble 6720 A. in herb. Gamble. Golaghat, King’s Collector * ohm 1590 in eee Wall. = & Wallichana. In herb. Kew, the men bearing this is 8S. cinnamomifolia, var. Wightw (a leaf of Hea alee achat to the Wallichian hist), and at the British Museum it is partly 8. Wallichiana, Benth.. and partly S. aenea, var. acuminata. 199 ( (1891); Dibru Ghar, Masters 1109; Lushai Hills, Changsil, Prazer. Chittagong Hill Tracts, Gamble 6720 b. 1043 Var. ovata, A. W. Hill. Folia late ovata, 8-11 cm. longa, 0-63 cm. lata, conspicue 5-nervia, sub-triplinervia, abrupte acuta, basi rotundata vel rotundato- cuneata, petiolis marginibus ut in typo incurvatis pubescentibus. S. Wallichiana, Steud. ex Kurz, For. Fl. ii. p. 167; Kurz, Rep. For. Veg. Pegu (1875), 7a Sime A. po xel., Bp: 68 ; vide Brandis, indian Trees, p. 474, Burma. Pegu: Yomah, Kurz 2319. pr Var. intermedia, A. W. Hill. Folia elliptico-ovata vel ovata, 8-11 cm. longa, 4-5-5-5 em. lata, apice plus minusve abrupte acuta, basi Oa hg 5-nervia, triplinervia, vernicosa, coriacea, nervis vix impres CHITTAGONG. Burkul, Lister 321. S. Wailichiana is a distinct plant, among the species with a long corolla tube, in having a dense line of hairs at the base of the corolla lobes, surrounding the ater filaments, and in having the lower two-thirds of the style cov asia with erect hairs. The ovary and the corolla tube are glabro In the type specimens the two Saitdeis8i ate nerves run parallel to the margins of the long elliptic leaves and are placed some 5 mm. from the actual margins; the outermost pair of nerves, which are inconspicuous, run just inside the margins. In the variety ovata the intermediate nerves retain the elliptic outline seen in the type, but there is a broad extent of leaf lamina between them and the margin owing to the widely ovate shape of the leaf; the lamina is also much thinner. From Chittagong a plant intermediate between the type and the var. ovata has ‘ae collected, which is sufficiently distinct to be considered a separate variety with the name intermedia. iz. $. Spireana, Dop in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. lvii. Mém. 19 (1910), -p: 19 et in Lecomte, Flor. Gén. Ind«Qhin, iy. p- 169, Pl. iui. figs. C, 6-10. ‘Jovpb-Crzaa Laos: Tranninh; Cahn-Trap, Spire 1204. According to Dop this species is distinct in having the lobes of the corolla hairy on the inside, a character however which I have failed to recognise. The leaves closely resemble those of - Pierriana, but the Sara appear to be less pubescent. "8. einer A. W. Hill, in Kew Bull: 1909, 2 359; in Tow nae 1911, . 288. RCHIPELAGO. Borneo: Sarawa ‘e Kuteing, Beccari 1188, 1348; gree Central wake Ais Nieuwenhuis in herb. Hort. Bot. Reg. (?) | The. Central, cea specimen. is said to: cf a tall. tree, as it consists of; leaves’ only, its reference »4 to, this. spécies must. be 200 regarded as doubtful. Mature fruits of SS. cuspidata are un- known. ‘The ovary and style are glabrous. 74. §. Balansae, A. W. Hill; species S. ovalifolia, Wall., affinis, foliis ovatis majoribus inflorescentiis majoribus dense ferrugineo-pubescentibus seminis grandibus numerosis _pilis laneis hebetibus obtectis praecipue differt. Frutex scandens, glaber. Folia ovata ihe ovato-elliptica, plus minusve abrupte acuminata, basi rotun 4-6 cm. lata, labra, vernicosa, ihaevig. 3-5-nervia, venis approximatis conspicuis ; ae circiter 1 cm. longi. Jnflores- centiae axillares, paniculatae, 2-2°5 cm. longae, pedunculis pedi- cellisque dense fesirupitien gubescentibti: Calycis segmenta triangulari- te subacuta, pubescentia. Corolla 1:13 cm. longa, lobis 5-6 mm. longis gli abris, tubo interiore subtus hirsuto. duthonas oblongae, 2 mm. longae. Ovarium glabrum, cum stylo glabro 1-2 cm, longum. Bacca patter pericarpium crustaceum, laeve, circiter 1 mm. crassum. Semina numerosa, irregulariter elliptica, 2-2°6 cm. longa, 1:7 cm. la a: complanata, plus minusve 6-7 mm. crassa, pilis laneis hebetibns obtecta. S. Gauthierana, Dop in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. lv. ti. Mém. = (1910), p. 17, et in Lecomte, Flor. Gén. Ind.-Chin. pt. v. p. ee partim. 8. Gea A. W. Hill in Kew Bull. 1911. 289, partim. Inpo-Cu1 Tonkin: Prov. Tung Tien; Vallée de Lankok (Mont Bavi); forests, Balansa 2129. This species resembles S. ovalifolia, Wall., but is easily dis- tinguished be? - larger leaves and by the thin-walled fruits with arge seeds. all the fruits at Paris are broken neither their size nor the Pee an of the seeds can be given. 75. S. Igmatii, Berg. Mat. Med. i. p. 146 (1778); G, Don, Dict. iv. p. 65; Oliver in Hook. Icon. t. 2212; Tavera in Med. Pl. Philipp. Is. (trans. M Sicorag 1901, pp. 171- 173; De Lanessan, Pl. Utiles des ete Franc. Flor. Cochin. 1886, p. 767; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. Ind. vi. pt. iii. p. 379 A. W. Hill in Kew Bull. 1911, p. 290. Strychnos philippensis, Blanco, Flor. Filip. ed. 2 (1845), p- 61. PuitrpPInE Isutanps. Mindanao: Boxall in herb. Kew.; Lake Lanao, Clemens 895 ; Central Windkaie. Lyon. > ty SE near Dagami; woody vine in forests, Ramos Bur. Se. 0. 286 Samar: Catbalogen, Carruthers; Guerrero; Cullen (seedlings) Bur. Se. No. 1 Biliran : betand forest, McGregor Bur. Sc. No. 18718. Seat pa ape from all other species by the large fruits » and irregularly trigonous stony seeds. For further iculars see K.B. 1911, p. 290. r sr 76... S< Tieuté, Lesch. in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xvi. p. 479, t. 23; Blume in oe i. p. 67, t. 24; G. Don, Dict. iv. P- 66 ; A. DC. i in DC. Pr . 13; Mig “Flor. Ned. Agee ii. p. 380; th. in Journ. Linn. Son. ik (185: 7) p. 103; g & Garrble in Mat. “Flor. Mal. Penins. iv. p. asi an tiens, er Dop in 201 Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. lvii. Mém. 19 (1910), p. 16; A. W. Hill in Kew Bull. 1911, p. 292. Matay ArcHIPetaco. Java: Teysmann; rel Reinwardt 1599; Zollinger 2639 ; Horsfield 368; Pu lle; Kur In foliage and floral character S. Tieuté ee resembles S. ray hs Wall., from the Malay Peninsula; the most useful distinguishing character lies in the plano-convex. seeds with their thick covering of closely felted hairs. In S. ovalifolia the seeds have a satiny coat. The original description and figure given leaves are well drawn, and it is therefore not so surprising that Colebrooke should have suggested that his S. axillaris (see Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 857) might be compared with S. Tieuté. p- 103; Mig. Flor. Ned. Tae ii. p. 380. Kin ng & Gambl e, Mat. Flor. a Penins. iv. p. 826 roa, Latah 3044 s ayes Coll. 4865 exc ae S. laurina, C. B in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. iv. p. 88 (quoad 5. AT Wall fae 1592). S. pseudo-tieuté, 7 W. Hill in Kew Bull. 1911, p. 287. 8S. Tieuté, King & Gamble in Mat. Flor. Mal. Penins. iv. p. 831 partim, oon Lesch. in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xvi. P. $19, tise: S. ain: var.? fructuosa, CO. B. Clarke et Beccari 1580. a: qaveasts; Gilg i in Notizbl. der Kgl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, no. 8 (1897) p T ate W. Hill in Kew Bull. 1911, p. 291. The Pai emendation to the description in Kew Bull. 1911, p. 287 (S. pseudo-tieuté) is necessary. Folia 5°5-12 em. longa, 2:8-6-5 cm, lata. Inflorescentiae usque ad 3 em. longae, pedunculis 0°5-2 em. longis glabris vel sub- glabris, pedicellis ferrugineo-pubescentibus. Corollae tubus intus versus basin pilis paucis instructus. Antherae apiculatae. Semina pilis sericeis nitentibus dense vestita Matay Prntnsuna. Perak: Larut; 450- 610 m. (open jungle horns to trees) King’ s Collector 5348; King’s Collector 10595 (large creeper 18-30 m. long). Penang: Wallich 1592 in herb. Wall.; Government Hill 30-60 m., Curtis 3468; 300 m. Curtis 709*; Experiment nursery 600 m. Curtis 1490 (a climber); Goversapend Hill, Maingay Rides (K.D . 1038). Penang Hill, Ridley 9358; Moniots Road Matson mea, 3289 (K.D. 1037); Bukit Sidanen Reserve, Corporal Base Leo name Ipoh Akar Buah pines Sungei Udang meester Es Ali (local name Ipoh Singapore : Garden Jungle, Ridley. without fos ns aa 1%6 in herb. Kew; Ridley 2746, 5645 A in herb. Mus. Brit Matay Arcurpetaco. Borneo: Sarawak, Beccari 1580; 3167: Amai Ambit, Maudai River, Zallier 3153 B. (?) Bentham suggests that Wallich’s S. ovalifolia is allied * In Kew Bull., 1911, p. 287, this number was wrongly cited as Curtis 700. F 202 to S. Wallichiana but the character of the leaves, calyx and style do not suggest that this isa real affinity. I can find no real ditference between Waillich 1592 and the various plants referred to S. pseudo-tieuté, A. W. Hill, and have therefore included this species as a synonym of S. ovalifolia. The condition of the Wallichian specimens is unfortunately imperfect, neither whole flowers nor fruit being present, but the only differences between the two species are the long, lax inflorescences and the rather larger leaves of Wallich’s plant. In all the specimens previously dase under S. pseudo-tieuté the main peduncle is_ stout does not exceed 1'cm. in length, the inflorescence being a com- pact panicle. In Wallich’s plant the inflorescence is a lax corymb, borne on a long slender peduncle which may be due to conditions of dense shade. In all cases however the main peduncle is glabrous or fol pean the pedicels and calyces being ferrugineous-pube Under S. ovalifolia, Ring and Gamble include King’s Coll. eatin and Curtis 3044, but i have referred both of these to my Reng’ $ Collector 4865, app lies to S. siuleaaderth, and not to S. ovalifolia 45 p- 166). it of S. ovalifolia is correctly described under S: pseudo-tieuté, A. W. Hi — K.B. 1911, p. 287, and is remark- able for its thick woody pericarp. can also find no Ea difference between S. ovalifolia, from the Malay Peninsula and S. Beccariwi, Gilg, from Borneo and have therefore merged the latter species in S. ovalifolia. The seeds with their satiny coat distinguish this species easily from S. Tieuté from Jaya in which the seeds are covered with a thick woolly fe entham* suggests that Wallich’s S. acwminata from Amherst should be referred to S. ovalifolia. It is a leaf anit only and is here considered to belong to’S. laurina SPECIES NON SATIS NOTAE. 78. S. rufa, C. B. Clarke. 79. S. narcondamensis, = W. Hill. 80. S. Gautheriana, Pierr 81. S. quadranguiaris, y W. Hill. 82. S. tesseroidea, A. Rh ! 83. S. monosperma, Miq 84. S. myrioneura, Gilg 85. S. Thorelii, Pierre 86. S. polyantha, Pierre. 87. S. donnaiensis, Pierre. 88. S. usttata, Pierre. 89. S. dinhensis, Pierre. 90. S. leuconeura, Gilg et Benedict. 91. S. Rast, Gilg et K. Schum. 92. S. Bancroftiana, Bailey ae Linn. Soc. i, p. 103, Py 5 203 78. S$. rufa, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. p. 89; non King & Gamble, Mat. Fl. Mal. Penins. iv. p. 827. Maray Prninsuta. Malacca: Maingay (K.D. 1034). Var. Candollei, Clarke. Burma. Tenasserim: Amherst, Wallich 1593 partim. Both are leaf specimens only, and it is very doubtful whether the Wallich specimen from Amherst is in any way related to the men is about 4 cm. in diameter, with a pericarp about 3 mm. in thickness, and contains numerous flattened seeds some 2 cm. lon There are three doubtful leaf specimens at Calcutta, Meebold 15450 from Wagon, Tenasserim; a cure specimen From enas- serim, and one collected by Falconer in Moulmein, all rufous- tomentose, which may be related to Clarke’s doubtfu plant S. rufa, var. Candollei from Amherst; they also show some resemblance to the plant from Narcondam. 79. S. narcondamensis, A. W. Hiil. Frutex scandens, ramis striatis in ee rufo- pubescentibus. Folia ovato-lanceolata, circiter 9-16" longa, 4-6°5 cm. lata, basi rotundata, apice sensim oe “Tonge acuminata, superne vernicosa, trinervia, nervis paginae superioris paullo eminenti- us, paginae inferioris dente rito-pubésosntibue; petiolis brevi- bus dense rufo-tomentosis. S. acuminata, Prain in Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Ixii. pt. ii. 1893, p. 73, non Wall. Anpamans. Narcondam (March, 1891) Prain. (descr. i imperf erie; Pierre ex De cael tes Plantes Utiles des Colonies akc Flor. — are Bot Fig. A tantum; A. W. Hill in Kew Bull. i911. p- 289, sll a HP. 1663 tantum. S. malaccensis, C. B. Clarke oad syn. in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. iv. p- 89, et King & Gennes, Mat. Flor. Mal. Penins. iv. p. 829, non Benth. Frutez scandens; rami crassi, cortice rugoso sub cuticula cinerea aurantiaco; ramuli plus minusve quadrangulares, glabri; cirrhi bijugi, incrassati. Folia elliptica, versus basin et ad apicem plus minusve cuneata, apice longe acuminata, 7°5-13 cm. longa, 4-5°5 cm. lata, trinervia, venis arproximens glabra, in siccitate rufescentia. Flores et fructus i ignoti * S. Gaultheriana in Ind. Kew. in err. : ; F 204 Inpo-Cuina. Annam: Prov. Nghé an; Conchank (Lat. 19°, Long. re oe Thanh-hoa, Lesserteur in herb. Pierre 1663 in herb. Mus Vern. name. " Hoing Nan. One of the earliest agrees to S. Gautheriana (Hoang Nan) appears to have been in ‘‘ Les Missions Catholiques’’ for 1875, and the following extras is taken from the Kew Report for 1877, : p. 31:— “Hoang Nan, a supposed remedy for leprosy.—Mr. Prestoe, Superintendent of the Trinidad Botanic Garden, has drawn m attention to some accounts given in ‘Les Missions Catholiques * for 1875, desmribing the surprising efficacy of a drug the produce of a plant found in Cochin-China in the treatment of leprosy and rabies. ‘The plant is known by the name of Hoang Nan, and the c oe and its bark as the efficacious portion. iad M. who first gave the virtues of the Thos Nan a wider cblict y: On receipt of this information Sir Joseph Hooker appears to have written for specimens to M. Piatt for on June 25, 1877, M. Pierre wrote to Kew as follow *“* J’ai le regret de ne pouvoir vous ‘envoyer des apes du Strychnos Gautheriana de seul que je posséde, tout al oben est celui qui & servi a faire le dessin que 6 vous envo paraissent étre yoisines S. colubrina, mais en différer par la nervation et par les vr In the na Wesivistani there are several leafy = apres of Hoang Nan bearing the Herb. Pierre number 1663, and with them are pieces of bark, orange-coloured below the surface. This is undoubtedly the medicinal bark whose properties are described 1879. Lesserteur in “ Le Hoang Nan,” published in Paris in It is in this publication that the first but incomplete descrip- tion of S. Gautheriana is given, siaae was drawn u M Monrouzies, a missionary of Ton The orange bark, more or a ‘quadrangular branches and sharply acuminate rufescent leaves of this plant are very characteristic. Mixed ed with these specimens at Paris, however, are two other distinct species. The one collected by Balansa in Tonkin has small axillary inflorescences and large Gay iy larly _ oval seeds, and proves t0 be A drawing a leaves, is — tendrils of Hoang Nan was una at Kew from M. Pierre in Ma: $78, and. it was on this drawing ey, B. Clarke made 9. Gaut ecto tha synonym of S. malaccensis (see Pp. . 205 Wall. The other bears the number Pierre 1663, but has quite different leaves from those of Hoang Nan, and its leafy in- florescences are like those of S. Nuz-vomica (see Dop in Lecomte, Flor. Gén. Ind.-Chin. iv. Pl. iii. Figs. B and 1-5). This it has been necessary to describe as a new species with the name S. Pierriana, A. W. Hill (see p. 197). The confusion between these two distinct species bearing the number 1663 was the more difficult to bale since Pierre him- self considered then to be the same plant and there is a M description of the flowering specimen drawn up in the pate j ramclbaey which I have used with vor} little alteration for S. Pierr Both S. Se See and S, Pierriana, » appears, are found in the calcareous mountains of N. Annam, not far from the locality of the doubtful species S. Spireana (see p. 199), S. Gautheriana shows considerable resemblance to some in- complete specimens collected in the Khasia Hills (also a limestone range) whic ve been referred to S$, aenea, var. acuminata, A. . Hill, and it also appears to be allied to 5. Vanprukii, Craib, from Siam, S. aenea, A. W. Hill, from Travancore, and to S. quadrangularis, A. W. Hill. A further point of interest in ge connection is that S. Pierriana, which has been collected and con- fused with S. Gautheriana, appears to be closely allied to S, cinnamomifolia, var. Wightii, which occurs in the Khasia Hills Wi aenea, var. acuminata and in S. India grows in the same places as S. aenea (see p- 188). : ‘he economic properties of Hoang Nan are thoroughly dis- cussed by Lesserteur. De Lanessan* also states that its bark is of a reddish-ochre colour, containing Strychine and Brucine, and is used for leprosy and skin diseases. Shoemakert too directs attention to the use of Hoang Nan in skin diseases, but cannot concur in all the eulogies that have been bestowed on ‘this bark. 81. §. quadrangularis, 4. W. Hill; species ramis rangularibus angulis carinatis foliis spealcitk grandis distincta. Frutex scandens, 15-22 m. longus, robustus; caules 5-6°5 cm. diametro; rami et ramuli glabri, fortiter quadrangulares, angulis carinatis. Folia 13-20 cm. longa, 5°5-11 em. tats ellip- * Les Plantes Utiles des Colonies Frangais, Flor. Cochin. 1886, p. 5. 767. Jon Fe are, Medical Bulletin, November, 1889, p. 348; see also Pharm, urn. 3. xx. 1889, p. 425. 206 cosum (in vivo glaucum, King’s Collector). Semen orbiculare, plano-convexum, Sse ane circiter 1 cm. diametro, 8 mm. crassum, corneum, gla Matay PENINSULA. Bark Dense jungle, clinging to large trees, limestone hills, 90-120 m., King’s Collector 7193 (or (2) 8193); Cheroh, 60 m., Wray 4 427 7; Gunong Batu Puteh, 900- 1200 m., Wray 3, 1236 ; Perak, Scortechini 295 a. Vornac. name. Ipoh Aker (Wray). below lien ried, and rg ay iret i stems with con- spicuously keeled angles (cf. S. aenea, A. W. Hill, p. 138). King e mm. longus, glaber vel. parcissime pubescens; stipulae minutae. Amenta 8 desunt. Amenta 2 1-3 cm. longa, laxa, pedunculos breves foliosos terminantia; rhachis eriseo-villosa. Bracteae late ovatae, obtusae vel subacutae, 2 mm. ongae, cee fere 2 mm. ae membranacsa, dense villosae Pedscellur circiter 1 m wea crassus, glaber. Ovariwm anguste ovoideum, 33:5. mm. longum, glabrum, in stylum distinctum fere 1 mm. longum ee attenuatum; stigma reviter crasseque 2-lobum. Capsula Seng anguste ovoideo-ellipsoidea, 4-5 mm. longa, 2-2°5 mm. lata. Tropica, Arrica. British East Africa: ticks of the Guaso Nyiro River, Hutchins; at 1830-1980 m., Battiscombe 29. 1618. Salix Murielii, Skan [Salicaceae]; S. nigericae, Skan, affinis, sed foliis saepe latioribus etiam adultis majus gTiseo- Pihaentbus stylo nullo differt Ramuli teretes, juniores dense erisdo-villost demum glabri et brunnei. Folia ovato-lanceolata vel late lanceolata, apice acuta vel acuminata, basi rotundata vel leviter cuneata vel interdum era, 3°5-7 cm. longa, 1°3-2-5 em. lata, utrinque etiam adulta plus minusve dense griseo-sericea ; petio olus -T mm. longus, dense breviterque griseo-villosus; po oblique ovatae, 4-9 mm. longae, plus minusve glanduloso- denticulatae, interdum supra papillis glandulosis instructae, interdum minutae vel 0. Amenta foliis coaetanea. enta Se eebame My 2 _ em. longa, 7-8 mm. crassa, densiflora ; rhachis villos culus ad 15 cm. Foe bow Mage folia plura e Glande disci fere ad 1 mm. Tones, lates ot yee: le ina ; 236 longa; rhachis villosa. Pedunculus 1°5-3 cm. ae folia plura elliptico-lanceolata apiculata ad 38 cm. longa et 1°5 cm. lata ferens. Bracteae ellipticae 3 mm. longae, “8 mm. -latae, obtusae, dense villosae, cito “deciduve. Glandulae disct poculum Safsa hirta, Aden on Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockh, vol. vi. (1867) no. ‘tL Pp: 12, and in DC. Prodr. vol. xvi. pars ii. p. 197. TroprcaL Arrica. Nile Land: without precise locality, Sabbatier. Nubia; near Khartoum, Schweinfurth 866; between 0 ‘ n on the Blue — ahaa S18, S19; north of the mouth of the River Dinder, Bro 1619. Salix nigerica, Skan haps S. Chevaliert, eemen, proxima, sed foliis haud vel tantum leviter reticulatis et capsula breviore late aonnlos Si inigatenin. Ramuli teretes, juniores sericeo- pubescentes, demum rubro- brunnei et glabri. Yolia lanceolata, apice acuta vel acuminata, basi rotundata vel cuneata, remote minuteque serrulata vel coaetanea; rhachis dense villosa. Pedunculus 1-2 cm ine villosus, folia pauca elliptico-lanceolata breviter petiolata apice rotundata vel apiculata 6-18 mm. longa 3-8 mm. lata plus minusve sericeo-pubescentia ferens. Amenta 64 cylindrica, "1-3°5 em. longa, mm. lata, densiflora. Bracteae sub- orbiculares vel obovatae, fere 2 mm. longae, 1°5 mm. latae, apice rotundatae, villosae. landulae disci anticae, subcylindricae, fere ad 1 mm . longae. Stamina ad 11 vel plura; filamenta inferne dense willoan: Amenta 2? fructifera ad 3 cm. longa. Bractae eis amentorum 6 simillimae, cito deciduae. Glandulae disci poculum lobatum pedicellum cingens eique fere aequilongum formantes. Pedicillus vix 1 mm. longus, villosus. Capsula ‘late ovoidea, 5-6 mm. lon 3-3°5 mm. lata, minute lepidota, interdum an _sericeo-pubescens stylus fere ‘5 mm. longus; stigmata 2-lo TROPICAL — Northern Nigeria: Katagum District; on banks of streams, Dalziel 220. Lake Chad to Bornu, Talbot 1493. Dalziel’s no. 199, from the banks of the Benue River at Yola, has male catkins only, and these are more slender than those of his no. and have narrower sparingly woolly or nearly glabrous bracts, while the flowers have only 5 to 8 stamens. The leaves present on the short catkin-bearing branchlets are narrower and longer. It is possibly a distinct species, but the material is inadequate for a complete description. Its Hausa name is “‘ba ruana.’ ' 237 1620. Salix Schweinfurthii, Skan [Salicaceae]; S. Murielii, Skan, proxima, sed foliis oblongo-lanceolatis longe acuminatis ad cm. longis, amentis fructiferis ad 6 cm. longis, eapsula distinete rostrata differt. Ramuli_ primo dense griseo-tomentosi, denum brunnei et glabri. Folia petiolata, oblongo-lanceolata, longe acuminata, basi rotundata, serrulata, ad 12 cm. longa, 2°5-4 em. lata, primo 4-5 mm. longa, circiter medium 2°5-2°75 mm. lata, glabra; stigmata subsessilia, brevissime 2-lobata. Tropican Arrica. Nubia: Khartoum, Schweinfurth 879. Kordofan, Kotschy 439. Kotschy’s no. 436, also from Kordofan, probably belongs to this species, but differs in having much smaller leaves. Like his no. 439 it bears no catkins. z Solms (in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. p. 187) mentioned under the name of Saliz nilicola a willow with long acute toothe leaves and very long catkins, of which specimens were collected by Ehrenberg in Dongola. It is possible that it is the same as S. Schweinfurthii. XXVI.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. form) and E. vernicosa. All the others were killed. species of Cistus, too, could only be regarded as existing in our grounds on sufferance. When the last snows of April went and pring had really come, we found that five sorts had survived. - cyprius and C. laurifolius were scarcely damaged; of C. 238 corbariensis perhaps half had succumbed; and of C. salvifolius and C. Loreti sufficient avsne growth remained to preserve them for the apolats But, on the whole, by August the damage is seen to be sur- parratren ig small. ‘The number of plants killed outright is not large, and most of those which were badly scarred four months ago have had their wounds concealed by new growths. At the present time (August) the collection of bamboos looks better and more luxuriant than it has done for some years, thanks of course to the abundant rainfall, but in May last these plants made the most depressing group in Kew. Only one species, Arundinaria anceps, was cut back to ground level. is a curious fact that European vegetation has shown ill effects from the winter almost.more than that of any other of the great areas that supply our Te trees and shrubs. In many places, common gorse has been ed to the ground. t Kew, than £. mee suffered injury, Sees ally EZ. Veitchii, of which most had to be dug up. Large breadths of HZ. mediter- ranea are grown at Kew and they were badly. hit where the plants had besots crowded and drawn up; but sturdy well- exposed plants came through with little injury. Of the Portu- guese form of Erica ciliaris (Maweana) a large proportion died. Many old plants of Daboecia polifolia were irretrievably injured but young ones have recovered. Arbutus Unedo and A. hybrida were badly cut where the trees were fully exposed to the north- ast. Our stock of Cytisus albus was very much damaged, and ; Astin t several seedlings of C. Dallimorei—a hybrid between C. albus and C. Andreanus—were killed duatiineh, =e four or five veite old. Whilst common gorse was so severely hit; Ulex Galli, a species confined in this country to the south-western counties, and generally regarded as less hardy, was not affected. On walls, myrtles and the olive were shied but that was only to be oo ‘ son splendid growth this summer. e same can also be said of another inhabitant of the Hinulag: with a similar see dleia Colvilet, which, growing Mii mae; Sninanopieian Stewartra, Dipelta, Kolkwitza, Foodie: thyrsis and Sinofranchetia. Nor were the young conifers of Wilson’s and Forrest’s introduction in anyway hurt. The only 239 barberry to show ill effects was B. atrocarpa (the B. levis of gardens), but it has quite recovered. ome of the newer Rhododendrons of Yorrest’s introduction were killed, amongst them FR. bullatum and a few unnamed species, but on the whole the Chinese species came through remarkably well. Except that the flower buds of many were destroyed and some of the more sappy growths cut back, they were so little affected that by July the great majority presented anormal appearance. Much of the damage done to Ericaceae at Kew was caused by an exceedingly bitter north-east wind which swept across the place without intermission for about a week near the end of January. During this period of incessant wind the tempera- ture rose only once a single degree above freezing point. Prob- ably this black week did more harm than all the frosts, which can scarcely be regarded as of extraordinary severity. e lowest temperatures were recorded on Feb, 7, 8, and 9 when the minimum thermometer registered 22, 20, and 17 degrees of frost respectively. ne thing greatly in favour of hardy vegetation was the absence of the soft mild periods so characteristic of our winter Zapupe.—Zapupe fibre came into prominence a little more than a decade ago, when in 1907 there were over ,000,000 plants Mm various stages of growth in the State of Vera Cruz (see K.B. 1907, p. 397). Except for the botanical identity all the important information has been given in previous issues of the Bulletin (see 1906, p. 190; 1907, pp. 896-400; 1908, p. 268). _ The three following cultivated species have been defined by Trelease, and good descriptions of the plants are given by Trelease and Berger :— Agave Zapupe, Trelease in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, xviii. - (1909), p. 32. +t. i. (spines), t. ii. (panicle and bulbils); Berger, _ Die Agaven (1915), p. 237. | 240 Blue Zapupe, Zapupe Azul, Zapupe de Estopier or Zapupe de San Bernardo of Tuxpan, Vera Cruz. A. Lespinassei, Trelease, l.c. p. 33, t. i. (spines), t. i. f. 1. (parts of leaf); Berger, l.c. 6. Zapupe de eee or Zapupe de Vincent of Juana, Ramirez and ‘Tuxpan A. Deweyana, T'release, l.c. p. 35, i > Og Sea t. vi. (photo- graph of old panicles); Berger, l.c. p. The cultivated green Zapupe, roe Fe Huasteca, Zapupe de Tantoyuca or Zapupe Verde of the region between Tampico and Vera Cruz. None of these are known in the wild state; but Trelease dis- tinguishes a fourth species, A. aboriginum, known in the region between Tampico and Vera Cruz as the wild Zapupe, Zapupe Cimarron, Zapupe silvestre, or Zapupe de Sierra Chontla; and this is said to be sometimes cultivated. the Missouri Botanic Gardens ages with the fiaae le of those of A. Zapupe, do not appear t tse been described by yone, and the species have been iiienishes chiefly on the characters of the leaves and spines. The latter are so well marked as to prevent any one species being mistaken for the other, and in general the plants, allowing for the slightly narrower leaves with the radii on the edges, closely resemble Sisal Hemp (Agave sisalana). In 1909 it was reported that the planting and cultivation of Zapupe continued to attract much attention, e several planta tions three years old were cleaning and exnorting fibre." By 1910 several companies had been formed for ee cultivation, be ‘9 A ies of Fahepe fibre (species indefinite) in the Museum, originally from Mexico, was valued in London, 1918, at £30 to £32 ek ton, with Sisal Hemp in the same year realising up to £35 per ton. The latter fibre it may be of interest to “note is aeee (feng wd at £80 per ton, nominal value It would seem to be advisable therefore for tics Colonies where the ind Hons are suitable for Agave cultivation to con- fine their attention to the better known Sisal Hemp, over which, notwithstanding early recommendations, Zapupe appara possesses no advantage. 2 Dip. and Cons. Rep. Shag “ads, » P- 5, Tampico. 7 lic. 4665, 1911, P- 9, Vera C $ 1.c..4873, 191 Ee 5365, 1914, p. 15, Tuxpan, Vera Cruz. [Crown Copyright Reserved. 2 ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION, Nos. 7 & 8] [1917 XXVII.—A LIST OF ECONOMIC PLANTS NATIVE OR SUITABLE FOR CULTIVATION IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE. | The editor of the Kew Bulletin has very kindly asked me to write a few words of intruduction to the List of Economic Plants, which comprises the present double number of the Bulletin, with a view to explaining its origin and object. in response to the invitation of the Council of the British Association the Sectional Committees met early in last year to consider what could be done in their respective Sections to meet problems which would arise after the war. Among the sugges- to their uses was a desideratum. Sir David Prain, who part in the discussion, kindly undertook to have such a list pre- pared, from the sources available at Kew, ‘for the information of the members of the Committee. The list having been pre- pared, its great value and importance at once indicated that it ‘Should be made widely available for botanists and others in- terested in economic botany. The Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens was asked, and agreed, to publish it as a number of the Kew Bulletin, and it was suggested that an additional number of copies might be supplied to the British Association for dis- tribution by the Botanical Committee. The Committee of ection K welcomed this suggestion, and its recommendation was accepted by the Council and General Committee. Owing to the temporary suspension of the Bulletin the publication of the List has been deferred until now. The List is of great interest. It not only indicates the large number of plants which are already recognised as of practical economic use and capable of being grown or cultivated in (5070.) Wt. 152—699. 1,125. 11/17. J.T. &S., Ltd. G14. Sch. 12. 242 différent parts of our Empire, but is also full of suggestion for possibilities of development. The botanist who wishes to work at a problem which may yield results of economic value will find numerous hints in the following pages. ere is ample oppor- tunity for work on physiological, chemical, anatomical or taxo- nomic lines; and there are also problems wicali should interest the Mendelian. The remarkable differences in yield of the economic product in oui allied species, or in ‘varieties and forms of one and the same species, or in plants of the same form when grown under different conditions of climate or soil, afford subjects for investigation. The systematist may do good service by monographic study of such groups, and by careful diagnosis of the species and varieties may enable the man in the field to discriminate the more valuable forms from those which are of ific identity of the useful plant is unknown; the botanical collector may solve such problems, and also increase our know- ledge of the habitat and range of distribution of useful plants, “ well as add to their number. To the botanist who is*willing o help on matters after the war by taking up work which eer or indirectly may be of economic value this Kew List indicates many paths of widely varying interes The List will also be useful for general he esioe. Botanists associated with various institutions frequently receive queries of an economic nature which are answered with some difficulty or only at the cost of a search throu h very scattered literature. Probably most of these queries could be easily answered at Kew, but it will be a sav ing of time and labour “ round to have the information, now supplied by the List, ready to hand and thus to render available for workers at- home et Friis an epitome of the knowledge which has been gathered together at one centre. A. B. RENDLE. FATTY OILS. In addition to extracted oil large quantities of Nuts and Kernels for the extraction of ou are imported. In 1913, : h a 24.714 tons of Copra valued at ae 18, 322. Coco-nut (Cocos nucifera, L.). _ Brrrisu.—India, Straits Settlements and Dependencies, Sak New Zealand, British West Indian Islands, &c. REIGN. ilps Possessions in the Pacific, Philippine ads, £ 5 aed meat of the nut (Copra) is imported from these ornate aa, and the oil extracted here. But in addition a — 243 quantity of refined and unrefined oil is imported. The imports of Copra are shin above. The imports of Coco-nut Oil for 19138 Be were as follows: ForrEIGN— Value. Cwts. £ , Refined ro ele 537,939 viw ya G, O19 7 Unrefined.... wie 435,227 sis 939,128 | a Britisp— . 1. Refined ie me 8,803 ae 19,627 ; Unrefined ... ws 187,574 ny 403,341 The Foreign Countries principally concerned with the oil : ere : — Ee Refined. Unrefined. : Cwts. wts Denmark... eee, ees 21,289 Germany : 210,604 397,016 ! Belgium ~ ~~ 53,675 isd 6,370 France | a a 194,556 se 9,610 i The British Possessions chiefly interested were : — [ : Refined. Unrefined. Cwts. Cwts. India al ies 222 Ke 20,089 Ceylon ae ie 8,516 wat, 140,771 Australia... ne 65 se 26,714 . African Oil Palm (Elacis guineensis, Jacq.). Britisu.—Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Southern Nigeria, &¢. -Forrran.—Ger many, German West Africa, French West Africa, Pirtcanss West Africa, Liberia, &e. Imports and Values of African cna Oil (excluding - ; hacks for setaetag! for 1913 were as follow Unrefined—British— a Cwts. £ a "&* Stora Teone We 87 B19 os. 54,057 oe Gold Coast a 44,138 fen 61,597 Southern Nigeria ... 1,325,964 w> 1,981,107 Other British Possessions... 24,992 ae 37,570 Total ... 1,432,306 £2,084,931 | Refined—Colonial and British Possessions— Cwts. £ British Possessions... 200 sie 432 Unrefined—F oreign— Cwts. £ Germ 91,854 red 186,234 Geant West Africa 15,002 eng 22,116 French West Africa 12,088 is 17,803 oo: Africa 4,101 sia 5,765 Liber , 3,132 oe 4,398 Other Horoign Countries 3,702 isi 5,595 ‘Total 45: 129,879 £241,911 Refined—F oreign— Cwts. £ Germany as 55,848 ies 135,820 Other Foreign Countries 2,182 ees 5,715 TOWEL” ta 58,030 £141,535 The African Oil Palm (Hlaeis guineensis) is fully dealt with in the Kew Bulletin for 1909, p. 33 and p. 161. Descriptions of various varieties are given in the same work for 1914, p. 285. Central American Oil Palm, Cohune Palm (Attalea Cohune, Britisu.—British Honduras. This Palm is very common in British Honduras. The kernels are rich in oil, but the nuts are not largely worked owing to the thick woody pericarp being difficult to remove cheaply without injuring the kernels. Olive (Olea europaea, L.). Britisu.—Australia. Forrien.—France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Mebane Algeria, Tunis, California, ete. 1 to orts of Olive Oi the United Kingdom are almost entirely from Foreign Countries. In 1911 and again in 1912 one In 1911 the value was £81 and in 1912 £73. In 1918 British si «ahem supplied this country with £33 worth of oil. orts of Olive Oil from Foreign Countries in 1913 were as eke. Value. Tuns. £ oe bee igs 255 ic, 10,462 Fra ae ‘ 303 13,988 Sant 732 35,289 Italy 395 16,459 reece - 292 = 12,355 Turkey and Cr ike We 693 ke 33,252 Other Foreign Countries 212... 8,386 Total. ... 2,882 £130,191 ee 245 It is probable that important Olive Oil industries could be developed in South Africa, New Zealand and British East Africa as well as in Australia Castor Oil (Ricinus communis, L.). Britisu.—India (chiefly). Forerien. America, &e. In 1918, 1,203,355 cwts. of seed valued at £709,061 were imported into the United Kingdom from British India. From foreign sources 1584 cwts. valued at £992 were received. Althoug gh few countries are enumerated in the Board of Trade Returns as sending seed or oil to the United Kingdom, the plant is widely grown in tropical and sub-tropical countries, the oil expressed from the seeds being in considerable demand for lubricating purposes, burning, ictkes dressing, and for medicine. From Foreign Countries 1067 tons of oil valued a t £32,174 were received in 1913, and ean British India 332 ie of oil valued at £9,701 were imported during the same year. Italy, United States of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum, L.). Bririsu.—India, Canada, &e. Forrren.—Russia, German Netherlands, Belgium, France, Turkey (European and Asiatic), Morocco, China, United States of America, Uruguay, Argentine Republic, &c. Large quantities of seed and oil are imported. In addition a considerable quantity of cake manufactured from the residue of the seed after most of the oil has been extracted is imported for cattle food. The imports of seed and oil for 1913 are as follows :— Seed from Foreign Countries. Value. Quarters. : ose oa as 99,247 aa 228,167 Germ zs cis 9,652 es 21,952 Manet ai -n 13,587 a 39,949 Belgium... vi 5,325 a 12,326 France nat “is 57 er 196 Turkey, European ... 1,826 sik 4,667 Turkey, Asiatic ... 872 ie 2,347 orocco 1,538 ae 4,292 China (not Hon, Kong nor ‘See territory) 7,709 au 17,957 U.S. America ; 42,936 bak 98,366 Uruguay 3,036 an 7,2 Argentine Republic 1,126, 866 ...,_ 2,398,635 Other Foreign Caranieiee wes 377 7 967 Total ... 1,318,028 £2,836,986 246 cs Seed from British Possessions. Value. Quarters. ; £ British India Nee 682,948 ... 1,564,428 Cana oe ; 1,277,673 ia By te Other British Possessions... 413 wr 1,030 ; Total .... 1,961,034 £4,358,413 Linseed Oil Imports for 1913. ForrE1Gn— Value Pure Oil. Tons. £ ermany .. 1,074 29,340 Netherlands 3,045 82,57 Belgium - 2,381 61,428 ? S. America 5,325 135,464 ) Other Foreign Countries ... 37 na 1,208 France ees Vis — we 27 Total ... 11,862 £310,042 | Value Tons. £ Britisu... onl aol 4 ee 115 7 Value Impure Oil. Tons. £ ermany ... ae cae iis 105 Netherlands... Ee 13 ez 284 Belgium bs! an 102 her Foreign Countries ... 1 end 22 Total ... ae ; £513 Soya Beans (Glycine hispida, Maxim.). Forrrcn.—Manchuria, China, Japan. : Large quantities of Soya Beans have been imported into the be Ee Isles during the last 8 years, chiefly into Liverpool and bull. ey are almost entirely from Foreign Countries and the oil extracted from them is used for soap making. 247 Imports for 1913— Value. £ Rusia ... .... 88,086 =... S-816,848 China (not Hong- ] kone or eased territories) 36,430 ... 801,595 Japan, Formosa, &e. L929 dias 17,240 Other Foreign Countries ... Me ‘is 21 Total ... 76,447 £635,704 Soya Beans imported from British Possessions in 1913. Tons. 5 : 43 It is likely that Soya ag eat) prove to be a valiebls crop in various British Colonie Cotton Seed (Gossypium spp.). Britisu.—India, Egypt,* Nigeria, Brit. East Africa, Uganda, West Indian Islands. Forxicn.—Turkey, U.S. America, Hayti, Brazil, — &e. _ The imports of Cotton Seed and Cotton Seed Oil for 1913 were as follows. Cotton Seed from Foreign Countries. Value. Tons. Russia oo ded were ud 124,486 Germany 3,510 hs 28,001 Portuguese ~ Posses- sions in India ... — 30,462 on 209,715 bed wes ne 26,639 a 171,877 gvpt 238,788 ... 2,065,471 China (exclusive of Hongkong and leased territories)... 182 1,290 U.S. America ie 380 ne 2,636 Hayti oa ak 1,860 a 14,138 San Domingo 182 67 Colombia... ae 886 rec 7,060 | Peru ... ae :< 12,745 or 99,263 Brazil a 47,629 as 326,369 Other Bacchi Countries ... 3,234 is 21,439 Total ... 384,217 £3,072,712 ° 1915 5 Egypt appears under the heading British ‘Possessions i in the “ Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom 248 Cotton Seed from British Possessions. Value. Tons. Southern Nigeria ... 5,360 es 32,002 British East Africa.. 4,172 ve 26,504 Uganda 5,142 sad 39,305 British India ie 215,931 ss 614,459,992 Other British Possessions 2,510 Ss 185101 Total ... 231,115 £1,575,905 Cotton Seed Oil (unrefined) from Foreign Countries. Value. Tons. £ China (exclusive of ongkong leased ami 654 hie 18,163 U.S. America ; 405 nee 13,331 Other Foreign Countries 2 Bes 50 | Total ... 1,061 £31,544 | Cotton Seed Oil (unrefined) from British Possessions. =a a Value. Tons. £ Total = mak 9 ash 204 1| tia Seed Oil (refined) from Foreign Countries. ; Value. i\ Tons. £ Netherlands ae 545 os 18,766 France La 183 de 6,602 China (not Hong- | cong, &c.) 80 os 2,166 | U.S. America wii 15,506 dn 521,746 Other Foreign Countries 266 ia 8,808 Total ... 16,580 £558,088 Ee Value. | we Tons. From British Possessions 6 oh 189 Z rate Seed sis (Brassica campestris, L. sub-sp. Napus, L.). Brit India. a a —Russia, Germany, Netherlands, Delgium, Fin _ Chin 249 e quantities of seed for crushing and the extracted oil are ae annually. . It is probable that a great deal more Rape seed could be produced i in British Possessions. Rape Seed imported from British India in 1913. Value. Quarters. £ Total _ ad 96,497 ocd 221,231 Rape Seed imported from Foreign Countries in 1913. Value. Quarters. £ Russia ae ai 116,440 ves 194,617 e an 3,480 ae 8,239 Netherlands 1,868 7,311 Belgium ayl41 5,369 apan, Formosa, &e. 11 ia 30° China (exclusive of Ho ngkong, &e.). 32,880 as 69,866 Other Foreign Countries 12,293 _ 25,062 Total ... 169,063 £310,494 Rape Seed Oil imported from Foreign Countries in 1913. Value. Tons. Germany... oa 1,539 oe 47,707 sina es 903 a 29,118 Belgium a ve 1,884 Ga 55,411 France 366 ey 10,770 China ( eedlantve of ongkon an _ leased territories)... 50 oh 1,500 Japan, Formosa, hu, 2,786 ane 75,791 Other Foreign Countries ... - SR as 2,209 Petal: ws: 7,599 or The residue of the seeds of Cotton, Rape, Soya Bean, Linseed and various other seeds is made into cake for cattle food and large quantities are imported in addition to the seeds and oil. Ground Nuts (Arachis Nespicainds L.). Barrisu.—West Coast of Africa, Rhodesia, Sudan, Natal, Ceylon, Fiji, West Indian Islands, &c. Forrercn.—Most tropical countries. The imports are not given separately in the Board of Trade Returns, frit a large quantity is imported from the various 200 British Colonies in Africa. It appears-to be certain that all British needs could be supplied from the Colonies. The oil was worth from £38 to £45 a ton in 1911. The residue of the seed after the extraction of the oil can be used for cattle food and for manure. nial Sesamum Seed, Sim Sim (Sesamwin indicum, L.). isH.—India, Abyssinia, Sudan, Nigeria, &c. Forrerign.— rey see &e. eed is very rich in oil which is used for soap making and as a suaetitele for ag oil. In 1915 the price of seed per ton in Liverpool was £15 to £15 10s. The plant is easily grown in most tropical and at tenpiaal countries. Full ——- of this species are given in Ko Bull. Add. Ser. 1x. part ae Sunflower Seed Oil (Helianthus annuus, L.). Britrsu.—India. Also being tried in British East Africa, Sudan and other countries. Forrray.—Russia, China, &c. A sample of seed ibe in the Sudan and examined at the fp good cattle food and the deed are a er food for poultry. The seed received from the Sudan in 1911 was valued in Hull at £8 per ton. The seed was not, however, of the best quality. Col. Rep. Misc. Ser. No. 88, p. 467. | Aare (Balanites Maughamii, Sprague.). OREIGN.—Portuguese East Africa. Lebombo Mountains and si banks of the Umbeluzi River The nuts contain about 60 per cent. of clear oil similar to Olive oil, grr hie a bright flame. Kew Bull. 1913, p. 131. Col . Rep. Mi , No. 88, p. 492. Balanites pone Delile. Britisu.—Northern Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda. An oil resembling Cotton-seed oil has been obtained from the kernels which it is he ae (Col. Rep. Misc. Ser. No. 88, p. 492), could be use 1 for soap-making and would probably be worth about the same as refined Cotton-seed oil. It is sometimes called ‘‘ Betu Oil.’ Osteophloeum platyspermum, Warb. Forrren.—South America. The kernels supply about 55 per cent. of fat. Kew Bull., 1914, p. 333. Oiticica Seed (Moquilea sp.). Forrren.—South America. Attention has frequently been directed to this seed in corre- seat tee with Kew. The seeds: are said to contain 64 per ce ent. ied i SE SS TTT 251 Mafura or Mafureira (Trichilia emetica, Vahl.). Bririsu.—East Africa. These seeds are said to contain 60 per cent. De a fatty oil used in cookery, for soaps and candles, -&c. The value of the seeds in ge may be £8-£9 a ton. Kew Bull., Add. Ser. 1x. pt. 1, 146. Niger Seed Oil, Inga or Ramtil Seed Oil (Guizotia abyssi- nica, Cass.). Britisu.—Tropical Africa, cultivated in India. The oil has Laie suggested as a substitute for Linseed oil in soap-making. It is used as a condiment and for burning. The seeds are also ae as food for cage birds. Okoto Nut or Koma Nut Oil (Pentadesma butyracea, Sabine). Britisn.—West Africa. Forrtcn.—Belgian Congo. The kernels contain an edible oil. Several eee of the seeds have been received recently for identificati See Bull. rm Congo Belge, 1912, vol. 3, No. _ p- 573. Chinese Wood Oil, Tung Oil (Aleurites spp.). Forricn.—China. This oil, which is a natural drying oil, has poisonous bi and is oaed in paints, varnishes, lno eum, kc. n icle on “The Wood-oil Trees of China and Japan’”’ is given in gre Kew Bull., 1914, Emi, Emi-Ori, Shea Butter (Butyrospermum Parkii, Kotschy). BritisH.—West Africa. The kernels yield about 50 per cent. of fat known as Shea Butter. It is used for soap and candle making and in the manu- facture of vegetable butters. See Kew. Bull. Add. Ser. ix. pt. 3, p. 410. In the above notes most of the principal fatty oils ya men- tioned together with a few of the more uncommon kinds to which attention has been directed lately. There are, tec a large number of other kinds of fatty oils derived from seeds, such as Dilo Seed Oil (Calophyllum Inophyllum, L. ds Vateria indica, L., ndia; Poppy ye Oil (Papaver somniferum, L.), Asia Minor, Persia, Egypt, India; Tea Seed Oil Canada Thea, Link. India ; oe "Tree of India sia butyracea, me, India; Mimusops Djave, — Southern Nigeria; Argan Oil (Arganta Stderorylon, R. & S.); Cow Pea Oil (Vigna Pasion, Walp.); nes glabra, Vink. References to many kinds of oil and fats are to be found in the Colonial Report (Miscellaneous Series) No. 88, and in Kew Bull. Add. Ser. ix. Some of the newer kinds of oil seeds are dealt with in Kew Bull., 1913, p. 127, p..181 252 ESSENTIAL OILS. Bergamot Oil (Citrus Aurantium, L., var. Bergamia). Britisu.—Jamaica. Forercn.—Italy, Germany, Algeria, &c. In 1915 the average price of this oil, which is obtained from the rind of the green fruit, was about 12/6 per lb. Most of the imports are from Foreign Countries, but the West Indian Islands could probably produce a considerable quantity of oil for home use For further particulars see K.B. Add. Ser. ix. Part i. p. 123. Oil of Orange (Citrus Aurantium, L.). Forrran.—Sicily, South of France. The price of this oil, obtained from the flowers, ranged, in 1915, from 6/3 to 7/6 a lb. See K.B. Add. Ser. ix. Part i. p. 123 for further particulars. Oil of Neroli (Citrus Aurantium, L.). Forrign.—Germany, S. France, S. Spain. This oil is obtained from the flowers of the Orange. The price varied in 1915 from 5/6 to 12/- per lb. See A.B. Add. Ser. ix. Part 1. p. 123. Oil of Petitgrain (Citrus Aurantium, L., var. Bigaradia). Forrign.—Paraguay, 8. France. This Oil is produced from the young twigs, leaves and imma- ture fruit of the Bitter Orange. The best oil is site 7 be im- ported from Paraguay. Price in 1915 12/- to 13/- p , In K.B. Add. Ser. ix. Part i. p. 124 other aetieulare are given. Oil of Lemon (Citrus medica, L., var. Limonum). Forrran.—Sicily, Germany, S. France. The oil is obtained from the rind of the fruit. The principal rica § of aie is Sicily. The price per lb. in 1915 ranged TOM ¢ to See K.B. Add. Ser. ix. Part i. p. 136. Oil of Limes (Citrus medica, L., var. acida, Brand). Britiso.— West Indian Islands, rrr Jamaica, Dominica and Monserrat. The price of this oil, obtained by distillation from Lime Juice, ranged in 1915 from 6/6 to 9/- per lb. A certian amount of oil in 1913 was imported from Germany. See K.B. Add. Ser. ix. Part i. p. 132, for further particulars. Oil of Japanese Star Anise (Illicitwm verwm, Hook. f.). Forrran.—China. The oil is obtained from the fruits of this plant. They ar often imported into France and the oil extracted there. Refer- ence to this oil is given in K.B. 1888 p. 173. . 253 Aniseed Oil (Pimpinella Anisum, L.). Forrercn.—Germany, South Russia, &e. The oil is obtained from the fruits. Oil of Cloves (Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunb.). BritisH.—Malay States, Mauritius, Zanzibar, West Indies, &e,. The oil is distilled from the unopened flower buds, from the leaves and from the wood. That from the buds was valued in 1915 at 5/4 per lb. and that from the leaves at 3/9 to 4/3 per lb. Clove Bark Oil (Dicypellium caryophyllatum, Nees) and perhaps other trees. Britisn.—British Guiana. Foreign.—French Guiana. Oil is distilled from bark and wood in 8. America and wood is imported into France for the extraction of the oil. The oil has a strong clove-like odour. It is probable that the wood of other trees belonging to Lauraceae may be used for the same purpose. Particulars about this oil are given in K.B. 1912 p. 242. Bitter Almond Oil (Prunus Amygdalus, var. amara, Stokes). Forrign.—South of France. The price of Almond Oil rose in 1915 from 12/6 per lb. to 36/- per lb. Oil obtained from the kernels of Apricot seeds imported from Asia Minor is said to be used as a substitute for Oil of Bitter Almonds. Birch Oil (Betula alba, L., and other spp.). Forrign.—Russia, Siberia, Germany, Austria, N. America. | The oil is obtained from the bark. Cajuput Oil (Melaleuca Leucadendron, L., var. minor). Forrten.—Celebes, Bouro, Amboyna. The oil is distilled from the leaves and is used for medicinal purposes. Much of the oil used in this country has been im- ported through the Netherlands. Recent prices have been from 4/9 to 6/- per 21 ozs. Some oil is imported from the United States of America. Oil of Bay (Pimenta acris, Kostel). Britisu.—W. Indies. This oil, obtained by distillation from the dried leaves, is an industry of considerable importance in the West Indies. e leaves are also exported to other countries for the extraction of oil. P.acris var. citrifolia is a lemon-scented variety resembling very nearly P. acris proper, but differs markedly from it in, the odour of the essential oil and does not appear to be extracted on a commercial scale. This variety is valueless as a source of True Bay oil. See K.B. Add. Ser. ix. Part ii. p. 346. 254 Ajowan Oil (Carum copticum, Bth.). Britisu.—India, Egypt. Forrran.—Persia, Afghanistan, &. The oil has stimulative and carminative properties and is obtained from the fruits. It is rich in Thymol, and as most of the Indian exports of Ajowan seeds went to Germany before the war an ymol was obtained from Germany that substance has become scarce. By the end of 1914 the price of seed had risen from 6/6 to 21/6 per lb. The following new sources of Thymol have been suggested. Cunila mariana, Monarda punctata, Mosla japonica, Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum viride, Origanum floribundum, Origanum hirtum, Satureia Thymbra, Thymus vulgaris. See Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, Vol. xu. pp. 601-602. In K.B. 1916, p. 88 further information is given. Caraway Oil (Carwm Carvi, L.). Britisu.—British Isles, India. Forreran.—Holland, Ger- many, Russia, &e. The oil, obtained from the fruits, has been scarce during the _last year or two, and prices have advanced from 6, er lb. in January, 1915, to 9/ - per lb. in December, 1915. The cultiva- tion of this plant might be increased in the British Isles. Ylang-Ylang Oil and Cananga Oil (Cananga odorata, Hk. f. & Thoms.). Foreicn.~-Luzon, Java, Bourbon and Madagascar. Ylang-Ylang Oil is obtained by distillation from the fresh flowers of Cananga odorata and Cananga Oil from dried flowers of the same tree. Much of the trade seems to have been conducted through Germany. As the tree is common in the Malay Peninsula the extraction of the oil might be carried on in British Colonies. The price of the oil is at present about 10/- per lb. See A.B. 1906; p. 398, for further particulars. Camphor Oil (Cinnamomum Camphora, Nees). Britisn.—Ceylon. Forrrcn.—Formosa, China, Japan. To distinguish this oil from other Camphor Oils it is often called Common or Laurel Camphor Oil. ‘The oil is usually dis- es. th K-B. 1899, p. 57, and 1908, p. 88, other particulars are given. Borneo Camphor Oil, Sumatra Camphor Oil (Dryobalanops aromatica, (aertn.). : RITISH.—Malay States. 255 Cinnamon Oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Breyn). Britisu.—Ceylon. Oil can be obtained from both the leaves and the bark. At hy Sewer time it is valued at 5d. to 6d. per lb. Citronella Oil (Andropogon Nardus, L.). BritisH.—Ceylon, Singapore, Forrergn.—Java. _ The oil is obtained from the leaves. Ceylon oil was valued at from 1/6 to 1/7 per lb. in the autumn of 1915 and Java oil was worth from 3/- to 3/6 per lb. at the same time. For further particulars see A.B. 1906, p. 297. . Eucalyptus Oils (Zucalyptus spp.). Bririsn.-—Australia. The oil is pe from the fresh leaves. Although native of Australia the various species of Hucalyptus are cultivated in many inti and the distillation of the oil is under- taken in California, S. Europe, india, Transvaal, &c. Of the numerous species used three of the most important are E. Globulus, Lab. (Blue Gum); E. citriodora, Hook. (Lemon- scented Gum); H. amygdalina, Lab. Cas amen Tree). In the autumn of 1915 the oil of Z. Globulus was Let at 1/9 to 2/- per lb. That of EZ. amygdalina was worth 1/- to 1/2 per lb., and oil of £. citriodora sold at 7/6 per lb. There might be a good future for the distillation ‘of oil from various species of Eucalyptus in South Africa. For other information see K.B. Add Ser. ix. Part ii. p. 312. Oil of Geranium (Pelargonium spp.). Forrign.—France, Spain, Algeria, Germany. This oil is obtained from the leaves of several South African species of Pelargonium, chiefly P. Radula, var. odoratissimum, Soland., and P. capitatum, Ait., cultivated for the purpose in S. France, Spain, Algeria and wie Island of Réunion. The value of the oil in 1915 was Bourbon, 9/6 to 10/3 ig Ib.; Algerian, 12/- to 15/- per lb.; French, 30/- to 35/- per 1 Ginger-grass Oil (Andropogon << haealit danas L.). Britisu.—India. The oil, which is extracted from the leaves, was valued in 1915 at from 5/6 to 6/- per lb. Further information is given in K.B. 1906, p. 297. Lavender Oil (Lavandula vera, DC.). Britisn.—England. Forsien.—South of France. The cultivation of Lavender for oil is undertaken in_ certain “et of Surrey, Hertfordshire and a few other places in England, t the business appears to be capable of development. English oil was worth from 58/- to 60/- per lb. in 1915, and French oil at the same time sold at 11/6 to 16/6 per lb. 256 Oil of Spike or Lavender Spike Oil (Lavandula Spica, Cav.)- Forre1cn.—Spain, 8. France. This oil is inferior in quality to ordinary Lavender oil, and realised from 2/6 to 4/6 per lb. in 1915. Otto of Rose (/osa spp.). Forrrgn.—Bulgaria, 8. France, Persia, &c. The chief Rose grown for the production of oil is Rosa gh scena, Miller, others being #. gallica, L., R. centifolia, L., R. moschata, Hermm. The oil is obtained from the (ae ‘of newly-expanded flowers collected before sunrise. In the autumn of 1915 it was worth from 42/- to 45/- an English ounce. For other infcrmation see A.B. 1892, p. “22. Patchouly Oil (Pogostemon Cablin, Bth.). Britisu.—India. The oil is obtained from the leaves. Its value in 1915 was 20/- to 22/- per lb. For full particulars see A.B. Add. Ser. 1x. Part ii. p. 5384. K.B. 1908, p. 78. Oil of Peppermint (Jfentha piperita, L., and var. officinalis). BritisH.—British Isles. Forrrgn.—Japan, France, Germany, United States of America. Peppermint is grown in several parts of England, but there appears to be room for an extension of its cultivation. The highest price obtained for the oil in 1915 was 14/6 per lb., the lowest price for American oil was 6/9 per lb. Mentha arvensis, ., 1s the source of Japanese Peppermint Oil. Pine Oil (Pinus:spp.). Foreign.—Siberia, Bavaria, Switzerland, &c. A somewhat similar oil is obtained from the leaves and young shoots of species of Abies, Larix and Picea. The oil was valued in 1915 at 1/6 to 4/6 per lb. Sandalwood Oil (Santalum album, L.). Britisn.—Mysore. Price in January, 1915, 22/- to 23/- per lb., price in December, 1915, 30/- to 32/- per lb. Turpentine (Pinus spp.). Forrrgn.—France, Germany, United States of America. A great deal of turpentine is a from Pinus Pinaster in Western France, the chi ief port of shipment being Bordeaux. oii eas 257 There are many more essential oils; some orders of plants, particularly Labiatae, Lauraceae, Compositae and U mbelliferae, being very rich in them, but the more important ones are men tioned in the above list. GUMS, GUM RESINS AND RESINS. Gum Arabic (Acacia arabica, Willd. and Acacia Senegal, Willd.). Brrrisu.—India, Egypt, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Nigeria, &c. Forre1cn.—Morocco, Senegal, &c. The total amount of gum-arabic imported into the United Kingdom from all sources was, in 1913, 113,274 ewts., value £229,791, and in 1915 150,282 cwts., value £255, 092 . Acacia Senegal is a tree native of Senegal, widely distributed in Tropical Africa and cultivated in India. In Kordofan the gum is obtained from both wild and cultivated trees, and the Arabic name of the best quality there is ‘‘ Hashab.’’ This tree yields the true gum-arabic of commerce ne se Fe as ‘4 Kordofan, ” “ Picked Turkey,”’ ‘‘ White Senaar’’ or ‘* Senegal Gum,’ ’ oraded according to colour, size and general aupeaadite Acacia arabica is a tree widely distributed in Tropical Africa, India, &. It yields a ge ti pet of the gum-arabic of, commerce, chiefly ‘‘ Moro ‘“Mogador’’ or ‘‘ Brown Barbary ” and “ Hast infin” ” (so-called because it comes into commerce from Aden and the Red Sea ports via rear l An inferior sort known as ‘‘Suakim”’ or ‘‘ Talki’ obtained from Acacia Seyal, ae one of the principal Acacias yielding gum inthe Nile regio The inferior quality enue complained of in certain sup- plies of gum-arabic may be due to a mixture of inferior sorts or inefficient grading. Variation in quality is also sometimes attributed to climate, soil, seasons, &e. most important centres of the t rade in gum-arabie are Bensetdos and Kordofan, and the Seto markets are (or have been) Antwerp, Barcelona, Bordeaux, Hamburg, Havre, Liver- pool, London, Marseilles, Melbourne, New York and Trieste. Confectioners are probably the largest users.* Further particulars regarding gum-arabic and gtisa 4 gums are to be er in K.B. Add. Ser. ix. Part ii. p. 288, and in K.B., 1910, p. 133. Gum Tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer, Lab.; A. eriostylus, Boiss. and Haussk.; A. adscendens, Boiss. and Haussk.; A. a ago Fisch.; A. microcephalus, Willd., and other species). Foreian. ined shrubs native of mountainous districts in Asia Minor, Persia, Syria and Greece. Smyrna and Basra are important trade centres in the countries of production, and the principal markets in Europe are London, Marseilles, Trieste, &c. See also K.B., 1895, "O88. : = B 258 Asaioetida a Narthexz, Boiss., and F. foetida, Regel). F. Narthez or “‘ Tibetan Asafoetida ”’ is a native of the northern slopes of the mountains dividing Kashmir from Western Tibet. F. foetida grows on the East of the Sea of Aral and also in Northern Afghanistan, and furnishes ‘‘ Persian Asafoetida.”’ Gum Ammoniacum (Dorema Ammoniacum, Don). Northern Afghanistan, South-West and Northern Persia, and known in the trade as ‘‘ Persian Ammoniacum Particulars of other Gums Ammoniac are given in K.B., 1907, p. 375. Myrrh (Commiphora spp.). Somaliland, Southern Arabia. Myrrh is usually shipped from Aden to Europe or Bombay. Myrrh is dealt with in A.B., 1897, p. 98. Bdellium (Commiphora spp.). India, Africa. “Indian Bdellium’’ (Commiphora Mukul, Engl.) is a hs ; found in the ry parts of Sind, Kathiawar, &e. ‘‘ Afric Bdellium’’ (Commiphora africanum, Engl.) is exported to Bombay from Berbera. mi or Common Resin (Pinus spp.). Britisu.—India, &c. hoy Belgium, aia Portugal, -Spain, United States of Ameri The amount of Rosin ae into the United Kingdom from all sources was in 1913 1,758,067 cwts., value £1,120,652, and in 1915 2,048,264 ewts., value £1,191,483. Rosin is the residue after distillation of Oil of Turpentine. Indian Turpentine is obtained from Pinus _ longifolia, Roxb., American Turpentine from ‘Pitch Pine”? (Pinus palustris, Mill.), and European Turpentine from “Scotch Pine’? (Pinus sylvestris, L.). ‘‘Corsican Pine’? (P. Laricio, Poir.) and ‘Cluster Pine’’ (P. Pinaster), of the ES region, yield the “‘ Bordeaux Turpentine’’ of commerce Kauri or “‘Gum”’ Kauri (Agathis australis, Salisb.). Britisu.—New Zealand, from whence this country imported, in 1913, 145,633 ewts, dakoe £602,851, mie in 1915 64,692 cwts., value £293, 263. —. Cobeis lacca, Kerr), an insect belonging to the Britisu.—India, Straits Settlements. | Forrran.—French Indo-China, Siam The lac insect tive upon various plant lly But plants, principa ured frondosa, Roxb., Ficus religiosa, L., Gebtbichors ego) Willd, 259 Shorea robusta, Gaertn., Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam., &c., and in some parts plants are grown specially for feeding this insect as Acacia arabica, Willd., in Sind, and Cajanus indicus, Spreng., in Assam, &e. Lac yields a dye and a resin; the chief source of the Lac-dye, Seedlac, Shellac and Sticklae wt commerce is British India, from whence, in 1913, this country imported 107,015 cwts., value £411, 761, the total from all sources for the same year being ae 739 cwts., value £418,447. In 1915 the total from all ources imported into the United Kingdom was 113,470 cwts., =i £355,122. Amongst other resins more or less of commercial importance may be mentioned ‘‘Gum Accroides’’ or “ Grass Tree Gum obtained from Xanthorrhoea hastilis. R. Br., X. arborea, R. Br. X. Preissii, Endl., X. australis, R. Br., &e. , natives of Australia; v Gosincun. - obtained from ‘the stem of Ousiaean officinale, L., a tree native of Tropical America, and G. sanctum, L., native of Southern Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, &c.; ‘ ‘Mastic ”” (Pistacia Lentiscus, L.) from the Greek Archipelago, chiefly in Scio; ‘Blemi” or “ a Elemi’”’ (or Soft Resin) from Canarium nea A. Gray, native of the Philippine Islands; ‘‘Benzoin’”’ “Su oar ‘* Gen, Benjamin ’’ or matra Benzoin ”’ St bei Benzoin, Dryand.), from Sumatra and ‘‘ Siam Benzoin ”’ (Styrax sp.) fro m iam; “‘ Piney Resin,’’ ‘‘ Indian Copal’”’ or *‘ White Dammar’ (Vateria indica, Li.), native of Sonthori India; ‘‘ Dammar”’ (A gathis loranthifolia, Salisb.), a Conifer, bt ‘of Burma and _ the ] Peninsula; ‘‘Copal’’ ‘“‘ Ani or ‘‘ Zanzibar Copal”? (T rachylobiwm Hosocrnibalitanaiss ; a yne), native of Zanzibar; a similar product is obtained from the cc West Indian Locust Trac a (Hymenaea Courbaril, L.), from British Guiana; ‘‘Inhambane Copal’? (Copaifera Gorskiana, Benth.), from Mozambi que; ‘‘ Sierra Leone Copal’? (Copaifera Guibourtiana, Benth.) ; f Accra Copal’’ (Copaifera sp.) from the Gold Coast and ‘““Ogea’’ (Daniellia Ogea, Rolfe, and probably other species) from ee and Southern Nigeria, &e. The following Gums _ and Cscymuaie Substances have been discussed in the Kew Bulletin ‘“* Bengal Kino Tree ne s frondos), > Sept., oe p: 20, and ‘‘ Butea frondosa,’’ Add. Series ix. Par » Pp. 222. ‘Brazilian Gum Arabic,’’ 1888, a rrespond- ence between the Royal Gardens, See. and the “British aac Para; on ‘‘Jatuba’? (Hymenaea sp.) an "aa (Acacia Angico; determined later on 3 Poe Ce at Kew as Piptadenia macrocarpa). “Inhambane Copal (Copiafera Gorskiana),’’ 1888, p. 281. ‘¢Dammar from New Caledonia,’”’ 1891, p. 76. ‘Siam Products,’’ 1892, p. 312; hppa sent to Kew by Mr. W. R. D. Beckett, of HM . Legation, Bangkok; probably Shorea robusta; reported on for Kew by Mr. R. Ingham Clark, West Ham Abbey, Stratford, London, E. B2 . 260 ‘*Gum Tragacanth,’’ 1894, p. 36; Extract from Foreign Office Report on the Trade of “Baghdad and Bussorah, No. 1320, 1894 and 1895, pp. 238-239. **Siam Benzoin,’’ 1895, p. 154 and p. 195; “‘ The Seiictigs of Siam Benzoin (Styrax Siaudies ? 1912, p. 391 “Siam Gamboge saehuegen Hanburyt),”’ 1895, p. 189. ** Myrrh ‘and sen amg 1896, P. 86, including ‘* Arabian Myrrh,”’ ** African Bdelliu um, “Opa que Bdellium,’’ ‘ Bissa Bol, ‘Hotei >and “Indian Bdellium,” “ Myrrh,”’ 1897, p. 98. ‘‘Commiphora africanum,” Additional Series ix. Part i., p. 140. - ** Kano from eee malabarica,’’? 1897, p. 101. “Incense Trees of the West Indies,’’ 1898, p.. 289, ae Bursera gummifera, the ‘‘ Birch Tree’’ of Jamaica, the ‘‘ Gommier ’’ of the Windward and Leeward Is tats, and the ‘‘Turpentine Tree”’ of St. Vincent; Dacryodes hexandra, the ‘‘ Mountain Incense Tree’’ or ““Gommier’”’ of Dominica; and Protiwm giianense indi- genous to the mainland of South America “Trachylobium Dewevrianum,’’ 1899, p. 139, a newly- discovered Copal from the Congo; sample reported upon, for Kew, by Messrs. Ingham Clark & Co., West Ham ** Kast Fudan Lewin s Blood ap gta snp.) 1906, p. 197, Malay Penisula, Sumatra and Bor “Persian Gum (Amygdalus leiocarpa),’’ 1808. p. 109. **Ogea Gum (Daniella ae Cyanothyr 28), ”? 1906, 199; © Daniallia.” Add. Series ix. Part i., p. 268; Ly es niellia Oliveri,’? Add. Ser, ix, part.4, 'p. 270; 1912, p. 96. “The Gums Ammoniac of Moroceo and the Cyrenaica (Ferula communis, var. brevifolia),’’? 1907, p. 375. “Sudan Gum,”’ 1907, p. 23. ** African ate ideas! sg ermnaceus),”’ Add. Series ix. ' Part 2, p. 239-240. “Gum Riciee (Acacia spp.),’? Add. Series ix. Part i1., p. 288, mcluding Acacia arabica, A. Senegal, &c. Various Gums and Resins are dealt with in Colonial Report, Mise. Series, No. 63, 1909, ‘‘ Selected Reports from mee oe and Technical Department, Imperial Institute,’ pp. Reference might also be made to ‘‘A Few Notes on Varnish and Fossil Resins,’ by R. Ingham Clark, PP- 1-69, in which 1s acknowledged, to the Royal Gardens, Kew, ‘such information on the subject as the Gardens afford The imports wit me _ corresponding values, given under “Gum Arabiec,’’ ‘‘ Ros “‘Kauri,’? and “‘Lac,’’ are taken from “The Annual ious of the Trade of the United King- dom with Foreign ountries and British Possessions,’ Vol. 1., 1915, and ‘‘ Accounts Relating to Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom, Dec., 1915,” and as with Dyes and Tanning « 261 Materials, figures are not readily separated from the returtis given in reference to some of the products mentioned in the above notes; the ‘‘ Unenumerated ’’ Gums from Foreign Countries amountin for instance in 1913 to 162,065 cwts. value £392,588 and from British Possessions in the same year, including Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Zanzibar, Aden, British India, Straits Settlements, Australia, &e., to 67,535 ewts., value £135,498. RUBBER, GUTTA-PERCHA AND BALATA. Para Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis, Muell. Arg.). BritisH.—Ceylon, Straits Settlements, Federated Mala States. ForEtan.—Brazil-Amazon Region, Dutch East Indies. Under cultivation in West Africa—Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Togoland, Nigeria, &c., in Trinidad, Dominica, Mauritius, Seychelles, East Africa, Zanzibar, &e. Plants or seeds were distributed to the various Colonies from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, beginning about 1873. The returns of rubber imported into the United Kingdom show that plantation rubber from British Possessions in the East now exceeds that from wild trees in Brazil, the original home of the plant. The imports in 1915 were, from the Straits Settlements 660,532 centals (of 100 lb.) value £7,384,830; Federated Malay States, 288,803 centals, value £3,540,071; and from Ceylon, 286, 097 centals, value £3,230, 218, or a total from these Bikineazicnen of 123,543,200 Ib., value £13,955,119, against 28,639,100 1b., value £5,240, 779 from Brazil. See also K.B., 1907, p- 153; 1908, p. 379; 1914, p. 162; 1917, p. 118. Ceara Rubber (Manihot Glaziovii, Muell. Arg.). Forrian.—Brazil, German East Africa. Cultivated in tig: and the Colonies mentioned under Hevea. “‘Jequie Manicobas’’ (Manihot spp.) natives of Brazil, and recently Econ aaa to many British Colonies, are fully dis- cussed in A.B. 1908. p. 59, and 1910, p. 204. Assam Rubber (Ficus elastica, Roxb.). Britisu.—Assam, Burma, Federated Malay States. Foreren. —Java, Sumatra. Distributed by cultivation to the Colonies mentioned above. Lagos, Silk or West African Tree Rubber (funtumia elastica, Stapf) Cameroons, Liberia, &c. Cultivated on a large scale in most of the West African Colonies and Uganda, in the Cameroons, Congo, &e., and dis- tributed to Trinidad, "Straits Settlements, and other Tropical 262 African Vine Rubber (Landolphia spp.). British and Foreign Tropical Africa. Believed to come exclu- sively from wild vines but under experimental cultivation in West Africa and other Colonies. See A.B. Add. Ser. ix. Part iii., p. 428. Borneo Rubber (Willughbeia spp. and Leuconotis spp.). Borneo and Malaya. Central American Rubber (Castilloa elastica, Cerv.). BrivisH.—British Honduras. Forriagn.—Nicaragua, Guate- mala, Mexico, Ecuador Cultivated with success in Trinidad, and under experimental cultivation in most of the British Colonies in the Tropics, having been distributed from Kew, beginning about 1875, to Ceylon, Singapore, Fiji, Mauritius, West Africa, West Indies, &c.; also to Java. See K.B., 1899, p. 159. Mangabeira Rubber (Hancornia speciosa, Gomez). ForEIGN ——Brazil, chiefly shipped from Pernambuco and some- egy eI ‘Pernambuco Rubber.” K. B., 1892, p. 67; 1899, R Abba Rubber (Ficus Vogelit). BririsH.— West Africa; sometimes called ae Rubber.’” For particulars see K.B., 1888, p. 255; 1890, p. Touckpong and Colombian Virgen Rubber (Sopiwm spp.). BritisH.—Guiana.—Forr1en.—Colombia, Bolivia, &c. Some- times also called ‘ Bolivian,’’? ‘“‘ Colombian,’’ or ‘‘ Esmeralda’’ ‘“ Serap Rubber.’ Guayule (Parthenium argentatum, A. Gray). i imi aca K.B., 1907, p. 285; 1908, p. 255; 1910, p- , Colorado Rubber (Hymenozys sp.). Forreran.—Colorado. Both of these plants are wild, yielding an inferior description of rubber, and are exc eption nal. as belonging to C tae, an Order not usually associated with the geucust obtained ea trees with a milky juice.—A pocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, The foregoing are the principal rubbers of onddni! and the rdi imports into this country are usually entered according to sions: Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Nigeria, Natal, East Africa Protectorate, Zanzibar and Pemba, Indi ments, Federated Malay States, Ceylon and Dependencies, Borneo, &e. (from whence, in 1913, came 776,790 centals, value 263 £11,739,834). Under Foreign Countries: Dutch East Indies, Du toh Guiana, German West and East Africa, French West Africa, Somahland, Madagascar, Portuguese West and East Africa, Congo, Liberia, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Brazil, Ur uguay; Bolivia, Argentine Republic, &e. (from whence, in 1913, came 797,649 centals, value £8,784,185). The total amount from all sources in 1913 is therefore 1, 574, 439 centals, value £20,524,019; and in 1915 1,825,659 centals, value £20,225,060 were imported, the figures for this year showin that the British Possessions supply the greater quantity of rubber to the Home country. Gutta-Percha (Palaquium Gutta, Burck., &e.). Britiso.—Malaya. Forrran.—Java, Sumatra. Native of Malaya; cultivated in the Straits Settlements and ava. Distributed to many British Colonies in the Tropics from ew. Pontianak Gutta (Dyera costulata, Hook.f.), from Malaya and Borneo. Balata (Mimusops bidentata, DC.). Britisnh.—Guiana. Forricn.—Venezuela, Dutch Guiana. This is the chief forest product of British Guiana. The latex is sometimes adulterated with that of ‘‘ Touckpong’’ . Rubber (Sapium Jenmani), and the imports appear to be entered as ‘‘ Gutta-Percha,’’ the total from all sources being given in 1915 as 75,894 cwt., value £668,431. In 1913, 111,240 ewt., value £1, 370 ,658, were imported into the United Kingdom. Further particulars of all the above rubbers are given in Kew Bulletin, Additional Series vii., ‘* Rubber,’’? 1906, or in sub- sequent issues of the Bulletin. See also Colonial Reports, Miscellaneous, No. 82, 1912, ‘‘ Selected Da from the Scien- tific and Technical Dept. Imp. Institute: “‘ Rubber and Gutta- Percha,’’ pp. 1-447: ae Cultivation in Togoland and Gennan East Africa, A.B., , p. 97. The following have been eel in the Kew Bulletin : — ‘* New Rubber-Containing Plants,’’ 1908, p. 199. ‘© A New Rubber Plant (Asclepias stellifera)’’, 1909, p. 345, from the Transvaal, sample from the root valued by Messrs. Hecht, Levis & Kahn for Kew (14. iv. 09) at about 4/6 per lb. “Reanda Rubber (Raphionacme utilis),’’ 1908, p. 209; p. 305. Tubers from Benguela and details of fants sent to Kew by the Companhia de Matin, examined in the Jodrell Laboratory at Kew “*A New Rubber Tree: Palo Amarillo (Huphorbia fulva),”’ 1907, p. 294, and 1909, p. 392. ** Nandi Rubber andelphia sponds) ” 1910, p. 304, a first-rate rubber from Uganda, the vine found growing at an altitude of 4000 ft. 264 <‘ Rubber Cultivation in Togoland and German East Africa,”’ 1911, p. 97. “©The Introduction of Para Rubber to Buitenzorg,”’ 1914, 162 “* Wild Rubber & Selection, 1915, p. 183. r: eee0, ON a Gutta Percha Tree at Singapore,’ *. 1891, . 230; w Process for ee loss,’ p. 231. - te eel Buia 1892, p. 296. ‘‘ Extraction of Gutta Percha from leaves,’’ 1897, p. 200. “* Gutta Percha Trees of the rags Peninsula,” 1907, Dp: 109. ‘‘ Palaquium,’’ Add. Ser. , pt. in. p. 403. * Balate,”” 1911, p. 198. Add. ae ix. Part ii. 415. DRUGS. Aconite (Aconitum Napellus, L.). u.— British Isles (Cultivated). Forricn.—Swiss Alps, Bri Salebing: North Tyrol, Vorarlberg. A good deal of Aconite root has been obtained from Switzer- land and Germany; the cultivation of the plant might extended in the British Isles. Japanese Aconite Root is from A. Fischeri, and probably other species. Dried root from foreign sources other than Japan is usually worth about 50/- per ewt., Japanese root at the same time sells for about 35/- per cwt., and English root for about 2/- per lb. Aloes (Alve spp.). Inspissated juice from the leaves. Brirish.—South and Hast Africa, particularly Zanzibar, India, West Indies. Forrrgn.—Curacao In mee 1916, Zanzibar Aloes were valued at 75/- to 87/6 per ewt. and Curacao Aloes at 72/6 to 87/6 per cwt. Cape Aloes sold for 39/- per ewt. Dill Fruits (Peucedanum graveolens, Bth. and Hk. f.). BritisH.— British Isles. Forerax.—Netherlands and various parts of Central and Southern Europe.. It is probable-that the cultivation of Dill could be extended profitably in the British Isles. The plant is also grown in India. Chamomile Flowers (Anthemis nobilis, L.). _ Brrrtsu.—British Isles.. Forercn cy Haneexy, Laly, Ger- Belgium. many, _ More Chamomile Flowers might be produced in the British ‘Asles. The present price of the towers is from 115 /- to 140/- per cwt., -* to a ee 265 Horseradish Root (Cochlearia Armoracia, L.). - Forricn.—Belgium, France, Germany, Holland. A large quantity of Horseradish Root is imported for use in medicine and as a condiment. It is probable that the whole of the wants of the British Isles could be supplied from home-grown plants. At the present time very little is grown here from a commercial point of view, although a small plot is found in most kitchen gardens. Asafoetida (Ferula Narthex, Boiss., and F. solide: Regel, &e.). Forrrcn.—Mountains of Persia and Afghanistan. : A gum-resin obtained from the roots. Belladonna (Atropa Belladonna, L.). BritisH.—British Isles. Forrren. —Germany, Austria, &e. The country might easily be self el ene in this drug. In 1913 the ae of dried leaves was from 38/- to 60/- per ewt. It is now 200/- to 300/- per cwt. The roots are also employed medicinally. Balsam of Peru (Myrozylon Pereirae, Klotzsch.). Forriagn.—State of Salvador, Cent. America. The balsam exudes from the trunk after it has been beaten and scorched. Value in February, 1916, 21/- to 21/6 per lb. Balsam of Tolu (Myrozylon Toluifera, H.B. and K.). Forr1cn.—Colombia and Venezuela. This and the last named _— perhaps be produced in the est Indies or in British Guian Bael Fruit (Aegle Mab nedlas: Corr.). Britisu.—India. The drug is manufactured from the unripe fruit. There does not appear to be room for much development in the production outside India. It is occasionally imported. Buchu (Barosma spp. particularly B. er Bart.). Britisu.—South Africa. Iti s doubtful whether the cultivation of Buchu could be con- of Buchu leaves, walneal ‘at £26, 575, were are into the British Is] Calumba Root (Jatorhiza Columba, Miers). Forrren.—Portuguese East Africa, &c. 266 Camphor (Cinnamomum Camphora, Nees.). BritisH.—Ceylon (cultivated). . Forrigx.—Formosa, Japan, hina. In February, 1916, crude Camphor was valued at 165/- a cwt- and refined Camphor at 1/7 per lb. for 2} lb. slabs. Particulars of the distillation of Camphor are given in A.B., 1907, p. 88. Caraway Seeds (Carwm Carvi, L.). Britisu.—British Isles, India. Forrran.—Holland. This crop might be grown more extensively in the British Isles. The “‘ Perfumery and Essential Oil Record ”’ for February, 1916, pp. 32-33 and p. 38, directs attention to the extensive area of land usually employed for the cultivation of this plant which has been devastated by the recent floods in Holland. The price of Caraway Seed in Feb., 1916, was from 56/6 to 57/6 per cwt. Indian Hemp (Cannabis sativa, L.). Britisu.—India. Forrign.—Russia, Temperate Asia. Cloves (Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunb.). Malay States, Mauritius, Zanzibar, West Indies, &c. Cloves of commerce are the unopened flower-buds of Lugenia caryophyllata. The present price is about 7d. per lb. wholesale. Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus Purshiana, DC.). Forricn.—Western N. America, particularly California. It is probable that this bush might be grown profitably in the milder parts of the British Isles. Bark from English-grown plants has been manufactured and found to be equal in merit to Dried American-grown bark. Dried bark was valued at 52/6 per cwt- m February, 1916. Cinchona Bark (Cinchona spp., particularly C. Calisaya, Wedd., C. Ledgeriana, Moens, and C. succirubra, Pav.). Britiso.—India, Jamaica. Foreran.—Peru, Ecuador, Java- Quill and broken quill bark was sold at 73d. to 93d. per lb. in February, 1916. For particulars of Cinchona see A.B., 1888. p. 139; 1890, pp. 29 and 54; 1894, p. 327. Cocaine, Coca (Erythroxylon Coca, Lawk.). The leaves. Foreicn.—Peru. The plant is also cultivated in Ceylon. Cocaine is worth about 21/- per oz., less 5 per cent. for hydrochloride, at the present time. Colchicum Corm (Colchicum autumnale, L.). Britisa.—British Isles. Forrrgn.—Central and Southern Europe, N. Africa. Both corms and seeds are used. It is possible that a greater quantity could be produced in the British Isles. 267 Senna Leaves, Alexandrian Senna (Cassia acutifolia, Delile), Tinnevelly Senna (C. angustifolia, Vahl.). Egypt, Arabia. Other species of Cassia also have medicinal properties, includ- ing C. Fistula, L., C. marylandica, L., and C. obovata, Collad. Pods and flowers are used as well as the leaves in some cases. Senna leaves are worth up to 103d. per lb. Colocynth (Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrad.). Forrien.—Smyrna, Trieste, France, Spain. The fruit pulp. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum, L.). BritTIisH ecieny Isles (Essex). Forerren. —Russia, Germany, Holland, Mor The fruits are a present valued from 17/3 to 19/- per ewt. It would probably pay to produce more fruits in the British Isles. Datura Leaves and Seeds (Datura fastuosa, L., var. alba, D. Stramonium, L., and D. Metel, L.). Britisu.—British Isles. Forre1an.—Germany, Austria. - It is probable that the witches Isles could be made self-support- ing with regard to this Digitalis, Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea, L.). The leaves.. RITISH. Paine Isles, wild and cultivated. Forreran.— Germany, Austria, &c A greater Suen could be produced in the British Isles. Fennel Seed (Foeniculum vulgare, Mill.). Forriegn.—France, Austria, Persia, Japan, &c. Seed is sometimes grown in the Br itish Isles. Value February, 1916, 31/- to 32/- per cwt. Gentian Root (Gentiana lutea, L.). Forrren.—France, Germany, Switzerland, &c. Price in ice 1916, whole root 62/6 to 65/- per ewt., cut root 72/6 per - Liquorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra, L.). Brit1su.—British Isles (Yorkshire, near Pontefract). ForEren. —Belgium, Germany, Russia, Asia Minor, Persia, France, Spain, &e. This crop was formerly grown more extensively than at present in the British Isles. Present price about 40/- per cwt. Witch Hazel Bark (Hamamelis virginica, L.). Forrren.—North America. This could probably be produced both in the British Isles and Canada. 268 Golden Seal or Hydrastis Rhizome (Hydrastis canadensis, L.). = ei America. ant is sometimes grown for commercial purposes in the ace iste but its éeitiowinn might be extended. Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger, L.). Britiso.—British Isles. Foreran Beale Russia, Austria The ice are the important part of the plant. English-grown leaves after drying are usually worth from 3/- to 6/- per Ib. More might be grown in the British Isles. Ipecacuanha ‘Root (Psychotria Ipecacuanha, Stokes). Brittsn.—India, Malay States. Forer1agn.—Brazil. It would probably pay to grow this plant more extensively in British Colonies. In December, 1915, Matto Grosso root was valued at 24/- per lb. and Johore root at 20/- -perlb. At the same time Cartagena root (P. acuminata, Benth. ?) sold for 16/- per lb. Jalap (Ipomoea Purga, Hayne). The tubers. Forreran.—Vera Cruz. ee p reenas Schimperi, Engl., and other spp.)- Gum-res Boi Arabia. The best grades sold in February, 1916, for 60/- to 62/6 per cwt. Nux-vomica (Strychnos Nua-vomica, Ti). Britisn.—India, Burma, Ceylon. In December, 1915, the seeds were valued at 22/6 per cwt. An “orl 0 On various species of Str pede “ to be found in &.B. 19%1, - 881. See also K.B. 1917, p. Ajowan Oil. See Essential Oils. Oil of Cade (Juniperus Oxycedrus, L.). - Foreicn.—South France. Opium (Papaver somniferum, L.). Britisu.—Kgypt, India. Forrran.—Asia Minor, Persia. Rhubarb (Rheum officinale, Baill., and other spp.). The dried root, - Brrtisu.—British ee Foreten.—North-West China, Tibet * 269 Santonin (Artemisia maritima, L., var. Stechmanniana). The dried unexpanded flower-heads. Forrien.—Russian Turkestan. At present almost unobtainable, price very high. + Squill (Urginea Scilla, Steinh.). The bulb. Forrran.— Mediterranean region. Stavesacre Seeds (Delphinium Staphisagria, L.). Forrrcn.—lItaly, Greece, Asia Minor. Dandelion Roots (Zarazacum officinale, Weber). Britisu.—British Isles. Forricn.—Various European Countries. Thymol (Carum copticum, Bth. and Hk. f., and other plants). For list of various plants yielding Thymol see Essential Oil list. Valerian Rhizome (Valeriana officinalis, L.). Britisn.—Grown in the British Isles. Forercn.—Europe, Asia,. Japan. Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium, L.). The bark. North America. - Cinnamon Seine tee zeylanicum, pecs ae The bark. Brirrsu.—Ceylon Chicory (Cichorium Intybus, L.). The dried root. RITISH.—British Isles. Forreran.—Belgium, France. Castor Oil (Ricinus communis, L.). See Fatty Oils. References to various Drugs. “The Cultivation of Medicinal Plants in England,’’ in Journal of the Board of Agriculture, No. 6, Sept., 1914; Reprinted as Leaflet No. 288 (obtainable on application to the Secretary, Board of Agriculture and Fisheries). “The Cultivation of Medicinal Plants in Britain,’ by E. M. Holmes, in the ‘‘ Pharmaceutical Journal,” Jan. 2nd, ‘1916, pp.4-5, and Feb. 12, 1916, pp. 161-163. — Bulletin : — “Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), 7” 1894, p. 142. “Ginseng in China,’’ 1902, p. 4. “ Distillation of Camphor, 1907,. p. 88. “Cascara Sagrada’? (Rhamnus Purshiana), 1908, p. 429; 1912, 393. “A New’ Buchu from South Africa’? (Barosma Peglerae), 1912, p. 326. Additional Series ix., he paler to various woes grown in Nigeria. 210 ‘‘ American Medicinal Leaves and Herbs,’’ by A. Henkel, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin No. 219, 1912. “The Cyltivation of Drug Plants in the United States,’’ by R. H. True, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Year Book, 1903, pp: 337-346. The Commercial Possibilities in Growing Medicinal Plants,”’ by F. A. Miller, in Lilly Scientific Bulletin, No. 5, April, 1914, pp. 163-168. “The Cultivation of Modicival Plants,” by J. A. Borneman, in American Journal of Phar rmacy, Dec., 1912, pp- 546-553. ‘The British Pharmacopeia.’’ Published under the direc- tion of the General Council of Medical Education and Registra- tion of the United Kingdom, pp. 1-602. (Constable & Co., Ltd., London, 1914.) “ Potter’s Cyclopedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations,” by R. C. Wren, pp. 1-339. (Potter & Clarke, Ltd., London, 1914.) DYEING AND TANNING MATERIALS. ry came (small hemipterous insects fed on species of Opuntia and Nopalea). Forri1cn.—Canary Islands, from whence in 1914 this ane imported 2010 ewts., value £20, 122, with 624 cwts., value £5,189, from other Foreign. Countries Mexico, Guatemala, Java, &e. ., also produce this dye, and the plant and insect haves been introduced to Algeria, Australia and India. See also A.B. 1888, p. 170. Indigo (Indigofera tinctoria, L., and I. arrecta, Hochst.). Britisu.—India, Forergn.—Java, &e. The imports from British India to the United Kingdom in 1913 were 3646 cwts., value £48,208, the total imported from all sources in the same year being 4174 ewts., value £54,739. The total amount of indigo Pere in 1915 from all sources was 25,157 ewts., value £1,256,712. Pidociors arrecta 1s largely grown in Africa, and as a source of Indigo was recommended (1905) by the Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to the Government of S. Nigeria for “devs suid there in preference to J. tinctoria. It was introduced to Java from Natal, and in India, according to Coventry (Watt, Comm. rod. India), the Java plant shows an increase of 35 per cent. in the amount of green plant cut per acre, and of 45 per cent. in- crease,in vat produce over the ordinary plant of the United Provinces. Indigofera tinctoria is cultivated for commercial purposes, chiefly in India—Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Sind, &c.—and to some extent in the Straits Settlements, British Honduras, Philippine Islands, Central America, Colombia, and for local use erey id ey countries, including probably the whole of Tropical Africa a atl Logwood (Haematozylon campechianum, L.). Bririso.—West Indies—Jamaica, Mauritius, British Hon- duras, &e. Forrrgn.—Hayti, San Domingo, Mexico, &e. In 1913, 8137 tons, value £42,534, from British Possessions, and 1492 tons, value £8,167, from Foreign Countries, were imported into the United Kingdom. A recent market report quotes £8 to £9 per ton. The tree is a native of Central America and is shipped largely from Yucatan, where the Logwood cutters distinguish four varieties of the wood—‘‘ Tinta Negra,”’ ‘‘ Tinta Maria,”’ ‘‘ Tinta Catzim,”’ and ‘‘ Tinta Amarilla Catzim,’’ according to the dye content. It has been naturalised in Jamaica, the most prominent British source of the wood, and has been introduced to Mauritius, Nigeria, and other Colonies. ‘* Bastard Logwood ”’ is of no value for dyeing purposes, and the cause of the difference in the wood appears to be uncertain; botanically, no differences can be observed, and no distinguishing characters are evident until the trees are cut. Experiments have been undertaken (1903) at Hope Gardens, Jamaica, and the New . York Botanical Gardens with seedlings of the trees producing normal and abnormal dye-wood to find out if possible the cause of this difference. For further particulars see K.B., 1916, p. 221, and Add. Ser. ix. Part 11. p. 253. Fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria, Gaud.). Bririsu.—West Indies, Guiana. Forreran.—Brazil. A dye-wood. Value on the London market £6 to £7 per ton. The ‘‘Osage Orange’’ (Maclura aurantiaca, Nutt.) has been used in Texas as a dye-wood, and is recommended as a substitute for Fustic (see Agric. News, Barbados, Aug. 14th, 1915, p. 262). The tree is a native of North America, and the wood known there “Bow wood” is largely used for fence-posts, paving as blocks, &c. Camwood (Baphia nitida, Lodd.). Bririsn.—West Africa. The heart wood is used as a dye, the value of which may vary from £5 to £12 per ton. A good deal of information will be found in K.B., 1906, p. 373; 1908,- p. 192; and Add, Ser. ix.. Part ii. p. 246. Ake Barwood (?terocarpus Soyauxiu, Taub.). Native of West Tropical Africa; the wood for dyeing was formerly of some importance in England, but it now appears to be unsaleable. For particulars of Barwood see K.B., 1906, p. 373; 1908, p. 192; and Add. Ser. ix. Part 1. p. 242. Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia Sappan, L.). A red dye-wood imported into ss country chiefly from sikin and the Philippines, but not of so much importance as formerly. The Philippine product 18 patie: largely to China. In India, where the tree is ee ated, the wood is chiefly used locally. The tree is — propagated for distribution by the Dept. of Agriculture, 8. Nigeria. See A.B., 1916, p. 211, and Add. Ser. ix. Part 1. p. “352. Arnatto or Annatto (Biza Orellana, L.). The fleshy covering of the seeds BritisH.—West Indies, Ceylon, &c. Foreien. —Chietly from South America. Prepar red dye and seeds imported. The price of the dye on the London market may vary from 1/- to 2/- per lb., and the seeds 43d. to 6d. per lb., but the demand is more or less stationary, and has always been distinctly limited. Native of Tropical America, naturalised in West Africa, and distributed by cultivation to most of the tropical Colonies. For 2 oon ihe see A.B., 1887, July, p. 1; September, p. 1; and 1890, p. 141 Woad (Isatis tenctoria, L.). .The plant. An ancient He temy 4 until lately carried on near Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, and at Boston and Holbeach, Lincolnshire (see “Nature,” Nov. 12th, 1896, pp. 36-37, and K.B. 1902, p. ei The dye was used in combination with indigo. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, L.). The flowers. Bririsu.—India. Forrrgn.—France, ia &e. As a dye for silks and cottons, Safflower, once of considerable importance, is, in common with Madder (Rubia tinctorum) a and others, now almost forgotten in this country, owing to the development of synthetic dyes, he in India it appears to have lost nothing of importance for local The imports of Safflower into the United Kingdom 50 or 60 years ago were calculated in tons (405 tons in 1847, 506 tons in ita &c.), the price according to quality being from £1 to £8 r ewt., imported from Bombay and Bengal. The last dase in ‘alioh returns are shown by the Customs is 1899, when 20 ewt value £62, came in from India. The exports of the dye from India now go mainly to Hong Kong. The plant is cultivated in the Sudan, Wabin: Senaar, India, China, Abyssinia, S. Europe, &c. Further details will be found in K.B. Add. Ser. ix. Part iii. p. 392. 278 Saffron (Crocus sativus, L.). Stigmas of the flowers. Fore1an.—Grown for commercial purposes in France, Spain, Italy, &c., henets, used as a dye, but has been superseded by cheaper materials, the ae use at the present time being as a condiment or flavouring agen Quercitron Bark (Quercus discolor, Ait. ) from North America; used as a dye and for tanning purpose Persian or Yellow Berries (Rhamnus infectoria, L.), grown in Asia Minor, Persia, &c. Spee (Uncaria Gambier, Roxb.). Extract from the leaves and shoot . BririsH. So eeits Settlements i Dependencies. Forrtgn.— Dutch Possessions in the East Indie In 1918 81,352 ewts., value a 168, pot British Posses- sions, and ewts., value £26, 858, from Foreign Countries, or a total of ‘101, ile woe : ada £142,026, were imported into the United Kingdom. In 1915 the total from all sources im- ported to this country amounted to 208,748 ewts., value £306,698 The plant has been recommended by Kew for cultivation in various Colonies, West Africa, West Indies, &c., but so far it does not appear to have been commercially successful anywhere other than in or near the original countries of production. Used for dyeing and tanning. Additional information will be found in K.B. 1889, p. 247, Add. Ser. ix. Part iii. p. 346. Myrobalans (Terminalia Chebula, Retz.). Bririsu.—India, Burma. In 1913 564,462 cwts., value £176,621, from British Posses- * sions, chiefly British India, and 760 ewts., value £234, from oreign Countries, or a total of 565,222 cwts., value £176, 855, were imported into the United Kingdom. In 1915 the total from all sources imported to this country amounted to 778,984 cwts., value £292,297. It is the dried fruits that come into commerce, and, in addition to being used as a tanning material, a valuable yellow or brown dye is extracted. See also K.B. 1909, p. 209. Sumach (hus app.) Leaves and Twigs. Britisu.—Cyprus. Fore1gn.—Spain, Italy, Tunis, &c. In 1913, 396 ewts., value £130, from Cyprus, and 163,704 cwts., value £83,031, were imported into the United Kingdom. In 1915 the total from all sources imported amounted to 143,333 ewts., value ; Three sorts of Sumach come into commerce (1) “* Venetian Sumach,’”’ or ‘‘ Young Fustic,” the young twigs of Rhus Cotinus, L., a 8. European ‘eer yields a bright yellow dye, (2) ‘North American Sumach’’ (Rhus glabra, L.), and (3) the Sumach of the a Region, the tanning material con- c 274 sisting chiefly of the powdered leaves of Khus Coriaria, L., a ardy shrub growing on rocky slopes in Sicily and elsewhere, cultivated near Palermo. The Sumach plant (/thus Coriaria, L.) has been successfully introduced to Australia, where it is said to thrive well in the dry plains of the Wimmera District. Samples of Sumach from Melbourne plants shown at the Exhibition of 1863 are in the Kew Museum. Further particulars are given in K.B. 1895, p. 298. Valonia (Quercus Aegilops, L., and vars. macrolepis and ert). Forreran.—Greece, Smyrna. In 1915 142,456 cwt., value £101,922, were imported into the United Kingdom. The Acorn-cups are used by tanners and dyers. Gall-Nuts or Mecca Galls (Quercus Lusitanica, Lam., var. infectoria, A. DC.). Forrren.—Asia Minor. Chinese Galls (Rhus semialata, Murray). Forreign.—China and Japan. for tanning, and mentioned as being used for dyeing in Used the Silk Industry at Lyons (see A.B. 1900, p. 5). e Divi-divi (Caesalpinia coriaria, Willd.). BritisH.—West Indies. Forrray.—South America, Vene- zuela, &c. : Native of Central and South America. Cultivated in India, . Java, Australia, Gold Coast, Nigeria, East Africa, &e The pods are the part used for tanning, and an extract from them is also a useful dye. Additional information will be found in K.B. Add. Ser. ix. Part ii. p. 250. Oak Bark (Quercus oT The principal native tanning substance, and imported from the Continent of Europe, Belgium, &e : Large quantities (324,070 cords, value 3,533,862 dollars) of Oak- bark, and also of the extract (36,930,861 Ibs., value 703,805 dollars) are used in the United States annually (see Board of Trade Journ., June 30th, 1912) for tanning purposes. Hemlock Spruce Bark (Tsuga canadensis, Carr., ‘‘ Eastern Hemlock ’’ ; Tsuga Mertensiana, Carr., ‘‘ Western Hemlock fe Britisu—Canada. Forrigy.—United States. yd quantities used in the Unit . also K.B. 1912, p. 81. e United States for tanning. See 276 Mangrove Bark (2hizophora spp.). BritisH.—East Africa, Zanzibar, &c. Forrercn.—Mozam- bique. Chiefly from Lhizophora mucronata, Lam., a species also found on the shores of India, Burma, &c., from whence also the bark is probably obtained for tanning in this country. Watt (Comm. Prod. India), states that it is exported from Mergui to Rangoon, and a considerable trade is also done in it from the Perak Coast. ‘““Gamfort’’ is a trade name for an extract (like ‘‘ Cutch’’), made on the coast of Borneo, near Sarawak. There is a sample of this in the Kew Museum, and it is believed to be obtained from a Mangrove bark, probably that of the species mentioned. The best Mangrove bark or extract is not so acceptable to tanners as Oak Bark, Valonia, Quebracho, Mimosa Bark, &c.; the principal objection is its deep red colour, and it is only con- sidered satisfactory for tanning leather when used in combina- tion with better class substances. Some particulars of the “‘Cutch ”? Industry from Mangrove bark in Borneo are given in Journ. Soc. Arts, July 23, 1909, p. 737. See also K.B. 1892, p. 227; Add. Ser. ix. Part ii., p. 304. Quebracho Colorado (Quebrachia Lorentzii, Griseb.). Wood and Extract imported chiefly from the Argentine. Quebrachia Morongii, Britton, is known as ‘‘ Quebracho Colorado ”’ in Para- guay, where the wood is ground up and used for tanning pur- Wattle Bark or Mimosa Bark (several species of Acacia, notably A. mollissima, Willd., A. dealbata, Link, A. pycnantha, Bth., &.). Britisn.—Australia, Natal. The cultivation of Wattle bark, which has been very successful in Natal (with Acacia mollissima, introduced from Australia), has also been undertaken in New Zealand, Hawai, California, &c. Information about A. saligna especially will be found in K.B. 1893, p. 370. Mallet Bark (Eucalyptus occidentalis, Endl., var. astringens). Britiso.—West Australia. As a tanning substance this is comparatively new, some large shipments bate been made, beginning about 1904, and the bark is regarded as a strong competitor of the more widely used Mimosa or Wattle Bark. See also A.B. 1911, p. 114. Cutch or Catechu (Acacia Catechu, Willd.). Britiso.—India, Burma, &e. us The extract for tanning purposes is obtained by boiling the chips of the heart-wood of the tree. It is known in commerce as “Dark Catechu,’? ‘‘ Black Catechu,’’ ‘‘ Pegu Catechu,’’ or “Terra Japonica.’’ The last name is also applied to the extract of Uncaria Gambier, Roxb. See also K.B. 1894, p. 323. 276 Chestnut Extract (Castanea sativa, Mill.). Extract from the wood. Forrran.—France, Corsica, North America, &c. In the foregoing list pages 270-273 are Dyes and pages angele are Tanning materials, though some of the products may be u for both purposes. The imports into this country, with the corresponding values, are taken from ‘‘ The Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions,’ Vol. i., 1915; and ‘‘ Accounts Relating to Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom, Dec., 1915.” Figures are not readily separated from the returns given in retfer- ence to some of the products mentioned in the above notes, as, for instance, ‘‘ Cutch’’ obviously includes to extract from Mangrove Bark (Rhizophora mucronata, &c.), and that from the wood of Acacia Catechu; the Tanning Barks sete those obtained from Acacia, Rhizophora, and Eucalyptus, &c., but the absence of the figures herein may, perhaps, not so much matter when it is remembered that it is important in the case of all tanning materials and most dyes that large and regular quantities, as well as quality, must. = assured to sustain the market in those well known, or before any new product can be accepted by the trade, eats those requag esa are calculated to meet these Fag tancersg => tioned in addition to ‘‘ Woad”’ (satis tinctoria), but the cost of ie on preparing he aera would probably be much in corus, aes &e. ‘Safflower ’ “ri deel tinctorvus, L.),:‘ Madder’ (Rubia cordt- folia, Lu.), but there seems no raid reason why others should depth of colour that defy imitation.’”? The eee Dyes an Tans have also been discussed in the Kew Bulletin “Red Guinea Corn (Sorghum vulgare),”’ 1891, p. 219, cultivated as a red-dye in Yoruba. = <= Clove as a Dye Plant (Eugenia wunycpheytateys ? 1894, . 417; used for dyeing in the Seychelles; repor rted an for Kew by Prof. Hummel, of the Yorkshire College, deeds; ‘As a dye stuff it is of little value.’ R17 “Shu Lang Root rhipogonordes),’’ 1895, p. 230, a dye-yam of China; extensively used in Pakhoi 1 is coarse te ae cotton cloth and fishing nets a dark rown or tan colour, and_ for -clot cheesy yeing grass-cloth “Indian Yellow or Piuri,’’ 1890, p. 45, obtained from the urine of cows fed on Mango leaves in India “Maqui Berries (Aristotelia Maqut),’’ 1890, p. "34, used for colouring wine; shrub common in Chile. “ Artificial Indigo,”’ 1898, p. 33. ‘““ West African Indigo Plants,’’ 1888, p. 74. eae Indigo ee cyanescens),’’ 1888, p. 268, Add. Series ix. Part i , p. 244. ees Indigo ene: laeve: E. tinctorium),”’ 1892, p. 179; correspondence with fare Foreign Oftice and report by Prof. Hummel. “* Shinia in Cyprus (Pistacia Lentiscus), 1897, p. 421, and 1898, p. 190. “Tengah Bark (Ceriops Candolleana),’”’ 1897, p. 91, used at Singapore for tanning and dyeing; report by Prof. Hummel, Leeds. “Fungus Gamboge (Polyporus hispidus),’”’ 1899, p. 28, specimens examined for Kew by Prof. Hummel, the York- shire College, Leeds, who reports “ the calaia obtained are not bright enough, nor is the fungus sufficiently rich in colouring matter to render it of commercial value in urope.”’ ‘Siam Gamboge (Garcinia Hanburyi),’’ 1895, p. 139. ‘Persian Zalil (Delphinium Zalil),” p. 1i1, and 1896, . 167, where it is stated that “ Although quite a good dye stuff for native use, the comparatively low colouring power of the flowers will prevent it from finding any employment in Europe. *‘ Geranium Wallichianum as a dye plant,’ 1896, p. 29; report by Prof. Hummel on the dye, and also one by Prof. Proctor as to suitability for tanning leather sh momen Plants (Uncaria Gambier),”’ 1891, p- 106 ; corres- ondence between Kew and the Colonial Office on the intro- srucetoin of the plant to the West Indies. "4 Cape Sumach (Colpoon compressum),’’ 1898, p. 18. “ Valonia in Cyprus,’ 1888, p. 163; correspondence between the Royal seers Gardens, Kaw; and the Crown Agents for the Colonie ry er ‘inti hymenosepalum),’’ 1890, p. 63; 1894, . 167; 1897, p. 200. - Shaadi North American (Rhus glabra),’’ 1895, p. 293. 278 PAPER-MAKING MATERIALS. Esparto (Stipa tenacissima, L.); part used, the plant-culms and leaves. Forrign.—Spain, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli. An important fibre for paper-making. The imports in 1913 amounted to 204,957 tons; in 1914, 183,144 tons; in 1915, 137,538 tons; and in 1916, 149,358 tons; the average current prices on the 15th of December of each year mentioned being £3 5s. to £5 per ton, £3 10s. to £5 10s., £4 to £6, and £5 7s. 6d. to £6 2s. 6d. (based on a sea freight of 60s. per ton) per ton respectively (see Messrs. Ide & Christie’s Monthly Circular). — Britisu.—Newfoundland, Canada. Forreign.— Norway, Sweden. The imports of Mechanical (Wet) Wood Pulp into the United Kingdom in 1915 included trom Canada 37,501 tons, value £115,469; from Newfoundland, 25,232 tons, value £71,245. The principal foreign sources for this class of pulp are Russia (no 5), ‘ ‘“* Mechanical Dry,” chiefly foreign sources, Russia, Sweden, orway, &c., were imported in the same year to an extent of more than 400,000 tons, value exceeding £3,800,000 (see Annual Statement, Trade of the United Kingdom, i. 1916, p- 184). Hedychium coronarium, Koln., a plant of the Natural Order Zingiberaceae, native of India; distributed to Ceylon, Malacca, Central America, West Indies, West Africa, Mauritius, &c., naturalised in Brazil. This plant, as a new source of paper-pulp, has been investi- gated by Messrs. Clayton Beadle & Stevens, 15, Boro., London Bridge. The experiments were made with dried material from Brazil, and with fresh stems grown in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and later with a supply of dried material from the Royal Botanic Garden, Sibpur, Calcutta (see A.B. 1912, p. 373; 1914, p. 165; and 1917, p. 104, for detailed accounts). Amomum hemisphaerica, K. Schum., native of Jay Alpinia nutans, Rosc., found in Hong Kong, Eastern Hima- laya, Malay Peninsula, and the West Indies. Also in Guate- mala, Venezuela, Surinam, Brazil, Formosa, and Cochin China. Both these plants are similar in habit to the above-mentioned, and have also been investigated by Messrs. Clayton Beadle & Stevens for paper-making (see K.B., 1912, p, 377). ; the Kew Reports, 1874-1880, some particulars of the follow- ing plants for paper-making are given : — Lygeum Spartum, ‘‘ Esparto Grass,’’ 1876, p. 24; 1877, p. 37; Stipa (Macrochloa) tenacissima, ‘‘ Esparto,’’ 1876, p. 24; 1877, 279 p. 37; 1879, p. 83; Adansonia digitata, ‘‘ Baobab,’’ 1876, p- 24; fimbristylis spadicea, 1876, p- 20; Heliconia Bihai, 1876, p- 20; Lepidosperma gladiatum, 1876, p. 25; Uniola virgata, 1876, p. 25; Calotropis gigantea, 1877, p. 37; 1880, p- 52; 1881, p. 32, 45; Broussonetia papyrifera, 1879, p. 33; Yucca brevifolia, 1878, p. 44; Eriophorum comosum, 1878, p. 45; Phragmites commuiis, 1876, p. 25; ‘‘ Bamboo,’’ 1876, p. 24; 1877, p. 35. Later papers have appeared in the Kew Bulletin as follows :— ‘“ Bhabur Grass (/schaemum angustifolium),”’ 1888, p. 157; 1894, p. 367; Add. Ser. ii. ‘‘ Vegetable Fibres,’’ p. 253. “ Esparto (Stipa tenacissima),’’ 1898, p. 318. “Lalang Grass (Imperata arundinacea),’’ 1909, p. 55. ‘“‘Marram Grass (Ammophila arenaria) for Paper-making,’’ 1912, p. 396; and 1913, p. 363. ‘*Streblus Paper (Streblus asper),’’ Add. Ser. ii., ‘‘ Vegetable Fibres,’’ p. 46. The specimens referred to are in the Museums at Kew, and there are many more that have been contributed from time to time which do not appear to have attracted any special notice. The following plants have been under consideration in com- paratively recent years, but their use does not yet appear to have come general for paper-making : — Bamboo, Bambusa polymorpha, Munro; &c. botanical science there is not one so well calculated to meet the pressing requirements of the Paper-trade as ‘ Bamboo,’ both as regards facility of economy and production, as well as the quality of the ‘ Paper Stock’ which can be manufactured therefrom. -..T have made ‘Paper Stock’ from a stem of Bambusa vulgaris, Schrad., sent me by Dr. Hooker, from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, which, as measured by the gardener in the Palm-house, grew at the rate of three feet in a single week.” _ The Indian Forest Record, Vol. iv. Part v., contains a ‘* Note on the Utilisation of Bamboo for the Manufacture of Paper- Pulp,’”’ by R. S. Pearson, printed on paper made from Bambusa Amongst recent publications on this subject may be mentioned ‘Bamboo Fibre as a Paper Material,’’ in “‘ The ommercial 280 Common Reed (Phragmites communis, Trin.); two specimens of paper in the Museum, one made of reeds grown on the banks of the Tay, near Errol, 1876, and the other of reeds grown at Keyhaven, near Milford-on-Sea, 1916; but there appears to be no published information on this plant as a paper-making material. Rice Grass (Spartina T'ownsendii, L.); specimen in the Museum of paper made from plants collected at Poole Harbour, Nov., 1916. An article on this plant, ‘‘Rice Grass in Poole Harbour: Possible Use in Paper Making,’’ will be found in Bournemouth Visitors’ Directory, 1916. Kaoliang (Andropogon Sorghum, var. vulgaris, Hack.: Sorghum vulgare, Pers.); specimen of ‘‘ Kaoliang Paper’ in the useum from Dairen, Manchuria, received from the Japan- British Exhibition, 1910. In reference to this paper, the British Acting-Consul at Dairen (see Board of Trade Journal, March 9th, 1911, p. 531) reports that, ‘‘ owing to the keen demand for the kaoliang eane for sundry domestic uses, it is impossible to obtain it for paper making in large quantities and at moderate prices, and there is consequently little prospect of the development of a kaoliang paper making industry in Manchuria. ‘The cost of production of kaoliang pulp is slightly less than 5 sen (1jd.) per lb.’ This grass is cultivated throughout India, Ceylon, and Africa, more particularly in the hotter parts of these countries, and in most, probably all, of our tropical Colonies. Papyrus (Cyperus Papyrus, L.). According to the Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, July 9th, 1915, p. 772, some experi- ments were conducted in 1908 at the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories, Khartoum, with this plant for making pulp, and experiments on a larger scale have been carried out by Messrs. Tullis, Russell & Co., and by Messrs. Thomas & Green, under the auspices of Messrs. Cross & Bevan. The results indicated a valuation about equal to Esparto. The following are recent publications on the subject :— ‘* Paper and Paper Materials,’’ in the C ial Products of tage s Sir G. Watt, pp. 861 is e Commercial Products _ ery a a Ts eee Sa i ee 281 ‘* Paper Making Materials,’’ in Colonial Report, Miscellaneous Series, No. 58, 1909 (Selected Reports from the Scientific and Technical Department, Imperial Institute), pp. 119-128. New Sources of Supply for the Manufacture of Paper,’’ by Clayton Beadle and Henry P. Stevens, in Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, February 14th, 1913, pp. 347-363 “The Empire’s Resources in Pa aper-Making Materials,” by S. Chas. Phillips, in the Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, May 2lst, 1915, pp. 613-636. FIBRES. Cotton (Gossypium spp.). The seed hairs. Britisu.—India, East Africa, West ae West Indies, Egypt (from 1915) and other Possessions. The imports into the United Kingdom were in 1913—71,915,000 Ib. vale £1,931,963, and in 1915—566,954,700 Ib. value £17, 482,608. Forricn. — Turkey, G E. Africa , Port. E _ Africa, Ke. The imports into the Taitid Kingdom were in " 1913—2, 102,384,600 Ib. value £68,638 584, and in 1915—2,080,699,500 Ib. ‘value £47,190,041. The amount imported from Egypt in 1913 (then under Foreign sountries) was 402,669,400 lb. value £17,642,358. ma under normal conditions would therefore be the most important source from British 7 eseaeotsa and the United States the principal Foreign Sour .B. Add. oUih ii. p. 11; Add. Ser. ix. part 1. p. 76. Kapok (Lricdendron anfractuosum, DC.). The seed hairs. Bririsu. India, Ceylon, Togoland. Forrran.—Java, East Africa. Value 1913—2d. to 6}d. per lb.; in 1915—Indian 44. to 6d., Ceylon 5}d., Java 8d. to 83d. spot, 7}d. c.i.f. per Ib. K.B. “Add. Ser. ii. p. 27; Add. Ser. 1x. part i. p. 87; 1918, p. 236. Ak aay or gigantea, Br., and C. procera, Br.). The seed hai Piecea. tine Value 1915—2id. to 34d. per Ib. A.B. Add. Ser. ix. part iii. p. 463. Ali is the most important source of Ka _ ok. It is there ae oe come into the English he Both Kapok and Akund are common in the Colonies of Tropical Asia and Trop. Africa and might be readily extended by cultivation. Sisal Hemp (Agave rigida, Mill., var. sisalana, Pers.). Leaf fibre. Britisn.-—India, East Africa, Natal, Bahamas. Forrran.— atic. ‘East Africa. Value 1913—Indian, £17 to £27 per 282 ton, Mexican £26 10s. to £27 10s. per ton; in 1915—Indian £39, Natal £36 10s., Mexican £37 to £38. The figures showing the general imports of this fibre are not readily “accessible, being “included under the broad term ‘‘Hemp’*’. Mexico is the principal source, 824 tons, value £24,459, coming from that country to the United Kingdom in 1913, but large quantities are shipped to the United States ; 949 tons, value £31,210, were imported into England in 1913. British East Africa and the Bahamas are perhaps the most successful Colonies in the production of this fibre, but consider- able attention is being given to it in India, Jamaica, Natal, Uganda, Nyasaland, West Africa, Fiji, &e., ‘and there appears to be no reason why the plant should not be grown successfully in any Colony possessing a hot climate and dry calcareous soil. K.B. Add. Ser. ii. p. 180; 1908, p. 300; 1912, p. 354; 1913, p. 231; 1914, p. 350. Mauritius Hemp (Furcraea gigantea, Vent.). Leaf fibre. Brittsu.—Mauritius and St. Helena. Value 1913—£25 to £29 per ton; in 1915 434 to £35 per ton. : The plant is under cultivation in India, Ceylon, Nyasaland, i q K.B. Add. Ser. i. p. 208; 1916, p. 169. Manila Hemp (J/usa textilis, Née). Stem fibre. Forreren.—Philippines, -Java. Manila hemp is the best of the white fibres used for making rope, which includes the two hemps above mentioned. The plant has been cultivated in British North Borneo, and has been introduced from Kew to India, the West African and West Indian Colonies, &c. K.B. Add. Ser. ii. pp. 95, 106. New Zealand Hemp (Phormium tenax, Forst.). Leaf fibre. Bririsu.—New Zealand, St. Helena. 21,824 tons, value £649,170, imported in 1913; and 14,512 tons, value £397,858, in 1915 to this country, from New Zealand This plant does not appear, so far, to lake been grown on a commercial scale in any other Colony. Flax (Linum usitatissimum, L.). Bast fibre. Brittso.—Ireland, Canada. Forrren.—Russia, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, &c. Imports into the United Kingdom from the Foreign Countries enumerated in 1913— 84,222 tons value £4,178,782, and from British Possessions 1913 ai48 tons, value £1,347 t is under expeniitel cultivation in Cyprus, East Africa Protectorate, Transvaal, Or range River Colony, India (asa fibre plant, but an important source of the seed: see ‘‘ Lin- seed’). In British East Africa Protectorate ‘‘ the experiments i —ee 283 which have taken place during the last few years have had satisfactory results, and practical interest in this crop is now being displayed by a number of settlers. Some of the samples sent home were valued as high as £55 per ton and the yield also compares favourably with that in other countries’? (Colonial Report Annual, No. 840, 1915, p. 22). K.B. 1913, p. 319 Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea, L.). Bast fibre. Bririsu.——India. India, where the plant is largely cultivated, would appear to be the only commercial source, over 5000 tons a year being e ex- ported to England. The plant is found in Ceylon and Burma; distributed He Malaya and Australia; introduced to Lagos Botanic Station, seeds being sent from Kew in 1885; cultivated experimentally in Ceylon and Italy. K.B. Add. Ser. ix. part u. p. 181. European Hemp (Cannabis sativa, L. ). Bast fibre. Brrrisu.—India. Forrrgn.—Russia, Germany, Italy, Japan, Belgium, France, Austria-Hungary, “Unite d States. ‘The prin- cipal Foreign source is Russia, from whence in 1913 this Pores imported 12,818 tons, value £432,201. and in 1915—582]1 tons, value £260,368. According tw Watt (Comm. Prod. India), the exports: oes oe *” from Tudia are mainly in the afore-men- tioned “Sunn ”’ or ‘‘ Sann”’ Hemp (Crotalaria juncea). Jute Sone capsularis, L.). Bast fibre. Brivisu.—India; principal centre of the trade, Bengal. Im- ports into the United Kingdom 1913—347,548 tons, value £9,182 ,226. Cultivated experimentally in Nigeria and other parts of West Tica. K.B. Add. Ser. ix. part i. p. 109. Bimlipatam Jute (Hibiscus cannabinus, L.). Bast fibre. Britiss.—India; principal centre of the trade, Madras. Im ported as Jute in association with the above mentioned. Cu Iti- vated in Nigeria and French West Africa. Grows wild in the Gambia, ied and widely distributed in Tropical Africa where it is believed to be indigenous. The plant is also known as ‘““Ambari Hemp,’ “Deccan Hemp,’ “Indian Hemp,” “Bastard Jute,” etc. K.B. Add. Ser. ii. p. 9; ix. part 1. p. 70. China Jute (Abutilon Avicennae, Gaertn.). Bast fibre. Foretcn.—China. mported into this country as ‘‘ China Jute,’’ but usually in association ae Jute proper (Corchorus capsularis). Grows wild in N.W. India _K.B. Add. Ser. ii. os 259. 284 Para Piassava pe ee Piassaba, Wallace). Amazon Region; principal centre of the trade, Manaos, shipped from Para K.B. Add. Ser. 11. p. 250. Bahia ~ paral tub). funifera, Mart.). Brazil. Value, £46 to £50 a ton (19 K.B. Add. iis. p. eh Liberia and French Guinea. Tt i also ‘enoern in the aes as ‘* Lagos Bass.”? Value £30 to £32 a ton (1915) K.B. Add. Ser. ii. p. 228; 1910, p. 169. Madagascar Piassava (Dictyosperma fibrosum, Wright). Madagascar. Value, £45 to £60 per ton (1915). K.B. Add. Ser. ii. p. 227. ‘These various Piassava fibres obtained from the signe bases of the leaves are used for making —— The palm rom which they are obtained are all growing wild in their respective localities and apparently not Panaie cultivation for fibre production. A similar fibre, classed as “‘ Piassaya’’ is obtained from the yer bases of the “Palmyra Palm ”’ oe flabellifer, L.). native of India, Ceylon and Tropical Africa, value £45 to £48 for good, £36 to £50 for dyed and sized, and also from the ‘‘ Kittool’’ or ‘* Kitool’’ Palm (Caryota urens) found in India, Ceylon, Malaya, etc. ‘The exports from India are not important and the fibre comes principally from Ceylon, this oo having supplied the Londen Market for more than ars Rafia or Raffia (Raphia pedunculata, Beauy.). A Madagascar Palm. This is the principal source, being the cuticle of the young leaves, dried; it has also been obtained from Raphia vinifera, of West Africa. K.B. Add. Ser. ii. p. 2382. Coir ses nucifera, L.). The fruit husk. n.—India and Ceylon, where the industry has been long deta Bike, Experiments have been made at Lagos in the pro- duction of this fibre (see A.B. Add. Ser. ii. Veg. Fibres, p. pegs The palm is common in all tropical Colonies, near the se K.B. Add. Ser. ii. p. 245. ea Grass ae aahen nivea, Gaud.) and Ramie or Rhea (Boehmeria nivea, Gau gprs Bast fibre. Native of China. - Under experiinent in India, and there is perhaps ‘hardly a British Colony in which this fibre has not been u nder experiment during the past half century or so, but so far neil > coats > ) Sa io) th =r =} mc) oO ie) ok de B TR * Kissling, E. Zur Biologie der Botrytis cinerea, Hedwigia vol. 28, 1889. + Nordhausen, M. Beitrage zur Biologie parasitirer Pilze, Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 1899. t Potter, M. C. Rottenness of Turnips and Swedes in Store, Journ. Bd. Agric., vol. iii, 1896. § Brooks, F. T. Observations on the Biology of Botrytis cinerea, Ann. Bot., vol. xxii, 1908. | Brooks, F. T., and Bartlett, A. W. Two Diseases of Gooseberry Bushes, Ann. Mycol., vol. viii, 191 “ Yubeuf, V. K. F. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Baumkrankheiten, Berlin, 1888. ** Behrens, J. Phytopathologische Notizen, Zeit. f. Pflanzenkrank Bd. v, 1895. +t Massee, G. A Conifer Disease, Journ. Bd. Agric., vol. x, 1903. _ tt Brierley, W. B. Note ona Botrytis Disease of Fig Trees, Kew Bull. 1916, p. 225. 328 placing either spores or mycelium on previously wounded surfaces. In the ‘‘die-back’’ diseases of woody plants caused by germ tubes almost certainly enter through injured buds, while in the ‘‘ die-back’ rough some injury caused probably in transplanting. In the present specimen of Aesculus Pavia the distribution of the Botrytis pustules, the youngest being at the upper and lower “Sarg regions and the mature ones being in the centre (Pl. vu. ig. 1, a) indicates that the primary infection occurred approxi- mately in the middle of the diseased region, and would therefore take place about twenty-six centimetres above the surface of the soil. This eliminates the possibility that the attack was a direct invasion of the tree by saprophytic mycelium from the soil as in the limes and larches noted above, and postulates a spore infection. The brief consideration of the biology of spore infec- tion, however, has shown the great improbability of the penetra- tion of an unwounded bark surface by a germinating conidium ; but although a thorough inspection of the diseased area’ was made no wound could be detected. Nevertheless it is almost certain that a minute wound must have been present, and it would seem probable therefore that infection of the Aesculus Pavia occurred by a Botrytis spore, which chanced to be in- serted under favourable weather conditions in this very minute wound in the bark of the tree—a combination of circumstances rarely to be repeated. and manner of behaviour. When cultures of Botrytts from * Brierley, W. B., loc. cit. + s, F. T., and Bartlett, A. W., loc. cit. t Smith, R. E., loc. cit. 329 to the aie of the particular environment presented by Aesculus Pavi Other Instances of Woody * Trees Killed by Botrytis.—The fungus Botrytis is not infrequently found upon large woody trees growing as a saprophyte, and in such Cases is usually confined to young shoots and twigs which have been killed by frost, or other agency. ats rarely “indeed does it develop in the woody tissues of the main stem. “In a few cases the fungus is known as an active prnatic upon tess, and then is usually the cause of a ““die-back’’ of the shoots. In the common “‘die-back’’ of conifers due to Botrytis it cannot be said that the fungus attacks woody tissues for only the soft and tender green shoots are destroyed. and only very exceptionally does the “mycelium extend into the older lignified tissues of the branches. In the “ die- back’’ of fig trees, roses, and ribes Fiizhes, it is again usually the young sappy shoots which are attacked. In these cases, however, the mycelium not infrequently develops into the hard lignified regions of the branches and occasionally even invades @ main stem of the plants. The hyphae extend in a down- ward direction, growing most rapidly - the cortex, and gradu- ally 2 ee inwards “eventually penetrating all the Gana of the plant Only hres cases have been described in which in nature aaee has invaded a ora hao + the base of the ee, The nLag aie The attack commenced at the ground Teva and the hyphae spread lla upwards in the tissues eecarieha the ’ bark in advance of the wood. he invasion occurre ably during the winter months and its progress was saftchenthy ‘doe to permit of the neighbouring saplings becoming fully leaved whilst the baataope trees remained in bud, the buds, however, being cortex. The ig ie instance is given in rief account by — these burst through the bark and gave rise to conidiophores. n 1903 Miss Lorrain Smith* described a disease of the goose- ban eaused by Botrytis. The host was attacked at the ground level and the bark destroyed ; the mycelium of the fungas. per- * Smith, A. L. AY Disease of the Gooseberry. Journ. Bot. vol. xli, 1903. : ss 330 meating the inner cortex and bast almost to the first branches and downwards into the roots. Sclerotia were found on the out- side of the bark. These cases present a number of interesting comparisons with the diseased Aesculus Pavia. In the former the infection occurred at the soil level presumably by Botrytzs growing sapro- phytically in the soil and the mycelium spread slowly upwards destroying the cortex. In the diseased Aesculus the infection took place probably by a spore some twenty-six centimetres above the soil level and the mycelium spread rapidly in all directions, penetrating the medullary rays as far as the pith. In the goose- berry, lime trees and the larch seedlings there was no direct effect on the transpiration stream and the eventual death of the upper portion of the hosts was merely part of a general necrosis. In the Aesculus the cutting of the water supply to the upper part of the tree was rapid and complete, and although not a direct result of mycelial thrombosis, was due to a choking of the con- ducting elements by tyloses formed as a direct reaction to fungal stimulation. The diseased lime saplings normally showed only a form of conidiophorous stromata, whilst in the gooseberry and larch seedlings true sclerotia only were present; these, however. in the latter apparently very shortly giving rise to conidiophores. In the specimen of Aesculus both types of structure were present normally and bore a very definite and constant relation to the . lenticels. Thus the disease of lime trees, gooseberry bushes and larches have much in common, but apart from their similar etiology show little resemblance to the diseased Aesculus Pavia under considera- tion. ConcLuUsION. The points of interest in this specimen to which attention may e drawn are as follow :— The position on the tree at which infection occurred. The symptoms of the disease and the rapidity with which the host, a comparatively large woody tree, was killed. The distribution of the fungus in the tissues and especially its absence from the water-conducting channels. The induction of the formation of tyloses which created an effective barrier to the transpiration stream. The development by the fungus of conidiophorous stromata and of true sclerotia, and the constant relation of these to the lenticels. A number of very interesting features were presented by the ‘morphology of the fungus in the tissues, and these will be described in a further communication. I am glad to record my indebtedness to Miss M. N. Owen, Temporary Technical Assistant in the Laboratory, for the pre- paration of many slides upon which much of the information in the present paper is based A ens a ten eee are ernie. * | Bol iixphanarion or Texr Figures anp Pate, Lext Figure 1.—Semidiagrammatic vertical section pees: h u small conidiophorous stroma, a—conidiophores; b—slightly more solid cushion of tissue which resolves into conidiophores ; eas mycelial structure free from host elements; d—complex hyphae, erystals and cortical cells; anaes ramifying in ae cortical tissue. Text Figure 2.—Diagrammatic representation of cortex with A—conidiophorous stroma; and B—true sclerotium. A: a— conidiophores; b—-coni iophore cushion; c-—loose hyphal tissue ; d—complex of fungus and host elements; e—cortical hyphae massing together to form the stroma ; k——lenticular tissue pushed outwards; n—hyphae in cortex; o—cambium; s—bast fibres; g—lacuna i in cortex filled by pseudoparenchymatous mass of my- celium. : f sclerotial skin ; g—dense tissue of sclerotium ; h—loose internal tissue; p—scle erotial ring from which the dark skin is absent; m—unbroken surface of bark. EXPLANATION OF PLATE Vii. Fig. 1.—a—diseased zone showing Botrytis Ldoninrnags The young pustules are situated at the margin of the zone, and the mature ones in the middle. Their distribution corresponds with that of the agen: b—healthy stem shewing tumescent lenti- cels; c—dry stem in which the lenticels may only be seen with difficulty ; d—wound-callus occluding old cea and giving rise to vigorous adventitious shoots. Fig. 2.—General appearance of tree immediately after removal from ground. a—diseased zone; b—whorl of developing shoots ; c—-soil level. oe ee portion of the tree is in a thoroughly desiccated conditi Fig. 3.—Radial longitudinal section through diseased zone; aca—upper limit of fungal growth ; bdb—lower limit of ungal growth; e—wound callus tron which the new v, shoots spring ; f- stroma. Note the Seyniel of the upper region wot the section and the cortex splitting away from the wood. The hollow in the centre of the section represents the position of the pith. XXXV.—THE GENUS COCOS. In 1886 Dr. O. Beccari published in Malpighia vol. i. p- a preliminary study of the palms included in the genus Cocos, Linn.; he has now supplemented this a revision, olga in the L’ Agriculture Coloniale, x. p. (Florence, 1916), in which nine distinct genera are oe . and distinguished as in the key reproduced below arbosa, Arecastrum, Butia and Glaziova, regarded as keh in the earlier publication, are now raised to generic rank, but the name Giaziova, Mart. (1871), has been replaced by that of Syagrus, Mart. ( 1824), in order to e2 s 332 avoid confusion with a genus of the same name belonging to Bi gnonraceae and described by Bureau in 1868; Butia, however, is retained, although Butea, Koeni (Leguminosae, 1795), is a us. grou p- Key ro Cocos AND ALLIED GENERA. I. Flores foeminei ovati vel ovato-conici, sepalis acutis vel cucullatis, petalis apice valvatis. *Spatha superior extus plus minusve profunde plicato-sulcata. 1. Albumen ruminatum., Nucleus 1-locularis, pariete tenui- er lignosa, apice ir rostrato clausus. Album oleosum in medio late cavum. Frondium petiolus ad mar- gines inermis ... ... Barbosa, Becc. Nucleus sealer atti cras- sissima ossea. Albumen sic- cum in medio anguste cavum. Frondium petiolus ad mar- gines inermis ... ... Rhyticocos, Becc. gaiictee vulgo 1- jocilanis (vel nterdum 2-locularis), pariete rondium petiolus ad margines spinosus. Arikury, Barb.-Rodr. to Albumen aequabile. Frondium petiolus ad margines laevis vel fibrosus. Nucleus l-spermus, pariete crassa ossea intus plicato-gibbosa, 1 nd tum; embryone _basilari. Ovarium dense papilloso-pilo- sum. Truncus annulatus ... Arecastrum, Becc. Nucleus I-spermus, endoca arpli Bo mets SIs =e eg Sone regular, embryone ee eee basilari i+ + Syagrus, Mart. 333 *““Spatha superior ee aequalis (non plicato-sulcata). tFloris masculi stamina 6. Frondium petiolus ad margines mus, vel abortu 1-2-spermus, loculis regulari- bus, dissepimentis osseis, for- aminibus superificialibus (non , impressis); mesocarpium pul- poso- -fibrosum., Semen regu- lare; albumine intus vix vel terali: Ovarium — glabrum. Truncus ee numero- atu sis depressis signa ... Butia, Becc. tt Floris eee stamina 9 ay plurima. Frondium petiolus es inermis. Floris aac stamina numerosa ; calyx 3-partitus, basi in pedi- ~cellum attenuatus. Fructus globoso-ovatus, nucleo 1- 1-vittato, paullo infra medium 38-poroso; loculorum sterilium vestiglis angustis, in substantia ossea endocarpil aeeap albumine _—intus cavo; embryone laterali ... Jubaea, H.B. & XK. Floris vied stamina 9-16; caly- cis sepala libera, basi imbri- cat r exucco fibroso; endocarpio intus 1-vittato, supra medium 3-poroso ; loculorum pe vestigiis obsoletis; album : intus cavo; embryone istorii Jubaeopsis, Becc. II. Flores foeminei globosi, magni; sepala et petala concayo- cucullata et arcte convoluto-imbricata. Spatha striata (non plicato-suleata). loris masculi ‘sepala libera, basi imbricata; stamina ruc- tus magnus L-locularis, 1- a propulsis; albumine oleoso amplissime effosso ; staat b Pus asilari - Cocos, Linn. 334 The following list has been compiled from Dr. Beccari’s paper to show the changes in nomenclature proposed for species which have been in cultivation. The second list gives the names ot plants which have been cultivated under the name of Cocos, but which have not been definitely identified owing to the absence of flowers or fruit or sufficient information. PLANTS CULTIVATED UNDER THE NAME OF Cocos WiTH THE NAMES NOW ACCEPTED. The ieureg refer to the pages in Beceari’s paper. Arechavaletana, Barb. Rodr. — Arecastrum Romanzoffia- num, var. australe, Becc., 45. C. australis, Hort. = Butia capitata, Becc., 507 (usually). C. australis, Mart. = Arecastrum Romanzoffianum, var. aus- trale, Becc., 459, c. Bonetti, hk ) C. Bonneti, Linden > = Butia Bonneti, Becc., 504. C. Bonnetti, Hort. ot C. campestris, Mart. = 465. te Syagrus campestris, //. Wendl.; Becc., C. capitata, Mart. = Butia capitata, Becc., 507. C. sae ese = Diplothemium ikéii nest, Mart. (ex H. endl) ; , 612. C. comosa, sea = eaeins comosa, Mart.; Becc., 466. C. coronata, Chabaud, non Mart. = Butia capitata, var. subglo- bosa, Becc., 513. C. coronata, Mart. = Syagrus coronata, Lecc., 466. c . coronata, var. Todari, Becc. = Syagrus coronata, var. Todari, 466. C. Jatil, Gris. et Dr. = Arecastrum Romanzoffianum, var. aus- trale, Becc., 459. C. elegantissima, Chabaud = Butia capitata, var. elegantissima, B ie C. sd diastates Linden = Syagrus Weddelliana, Becc., 468, 12. '. erlospatha, Mart = Butia eriospatha, Becc. , 496. : i iii eg Chabaud = Butia capitata, var. erythrospatha, , oLd. C C cs ane aie = Syagrus flexuosa, Becc., 466. c . flexuosa, Hort., non Mart. = Arecastrum Romanzoffianum, var. ae. Becc., C. insignis, H. Wendl. = ings insignis, Becc., 467. C. Jatta, Hort. = rr robusta, H. Wendl. (ex H. Wendl.); Becc., 614, C. lamdea, Hort., non Gaertn. = Arecastrum Romanzoffianum, var. botryophorum, Becc., 614 ee CS Q ey Aa 335 . lejospatha, Barb. Rodr. = Butia lejospatha, Becc., 520. llaceiflora, Chabaud = Butia capitata, var. lilaceiflora, Becc., 518 . longifolia, Hort. = Attalea excelsa, J/art. (ex H. Wendl.); Bece. 614. wammillaris, Hort. = Butia Yatay, Becc., 498. . minima, var. glauca, Hort. = Syagrus Weddelliana, var. Pyn aertii, Hort.; Becc., 615. ', Normanbyi, W. Hill, = Novaalubya Muelleri, Becc., 615. - nucifera, Linn.; Becc., 532. ', odorata, Barb. Rodr. = Butia capitata, var. odorata, Becc., 518. sebbpaiei gia odd. = Syagrus botryophora, Mart. ?; Bece., i. plicnoud: Hook. = Arecastrum Romanzoffianum, var. genui- num, Becc., 447. Procomana, Glaz. = Syagrus macrocarpa, Barb. Rodr.; Becc., 467. Romanzofianum, Cham. = Arecastrum Romanzoffianum, var. genuinum, Becc., 447. Rossii, Hort. — Attalea Cohune, Mart. (ex H. Wendl.); Becc., 616. schizophylla, Barb. Rodr., non Mart. = Butia Bonneti, cc., 504. : '. Urucuru, Hort. = Attalea excelsa, Mart.; Becc., 617. !, Weddelliana, H. Wendl. = Syagrus Weddelliana, Becc., 468. . Yatay, Mart. = Butia Yatay, Becc., 498. IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES. attaleoides, Hort. (. majestica, Hort. Balansae, Naud. CU. marituma, Hort. Blumenavia, Hort. C. Mazximiliana, Hort. botryophora, Hort. CU. ovata, sg i Butaei, Hort. C. Piassaba, coronata, Hort., non t Q 8 i) rz) g #3 ne =} be} ee wt fan) S ° booed ae — 7 Mart. fernambucensts, Hort. frigida, Linden Gaertneri, Blumenau Q : WwW 7allisis, Linden . Yurumaguas, Linden AARAI ¥ 3 8 mie ou oO =) , Hort. Kotchoubeyi, Linden latifolia, Hort. ASAAAS agaans SQ 336 XXXVI.—THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SPRUCE FIR INTO BRITAIN. L. A. Boone. A fragment of wood was sent to Kew not long ago by Major A. Farquharson, as the identification of “the wood was desired in connection with a matter of historic interest, the specimen being a portion of a pole thought to belong to the banner of Scotland captured in the battle of Pinkie in 1547. An examination of the specimen led to the conclusion that the wood is either Spruce or Larch. These two trees are not native in Great Britain*, but have been grown in the country for a long = Botanical works were therefore consulted for statements as to the dates of intro- duction of Larch and Spruce. The anaes elicited gives no evidence thai either of these had been introduced as early as 1547. - A note on the subject has been drawn up, for the reason that a misapprehension appears to have arisen in the case of the records relating to the Spruce. A reference to the Larch ees grown in Britain is made by Parkinson (Paradisus Terrestris, 1629, p. 608), and this is apparently the earliest record, as sta ted by Loudon (Arboretum et fruticetum Rama 1838, oT 4, p. 2358). Parkinson writes as follo “The Larch tree where it naturally grow eth, riseth up to ae as fall as the Pine or Firre tree, but in our land being rare, and noursed up but with a few, and those only lovers of rarities, it groweth both slowly and hecanith not high.” Thirty-five years after the date of Parkinson’s ‘‘ Paradisus ” the larch still appears to have va rare, but there was at least one good-sized specimen in t count This is referred hey Evelyn in his “‘ Sylva’”’ ( 1664, p- 57) as follows :—‘“‘ That whic now grows somewhere about Chelmsford in Essex, arriv’d negligence and want of industry.’’ That large trees were still common a hundred and twenty years later i is — by the fact that in the 1786 edition of the ‘ Sylva’’ (vo as an object lesson. Young trees we + however abundant, the larch being stated (vol. 1, p. 80) to be ‘now very common in One may einclade with Elwes and Henry (The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland, ii., 1907, p. 353) ‘that the Larch was probably introduced at about the beginning of the seventeenth century An earlier date of introduction is claimed for the — by _* The Spruce (Picea sein: tank) was fusmocl indigenows, remains of this species having been found in the Ssovegnty al Cromer Forest-bed at different localities in Norfolk, though unknown in Britain in Fabre o deporte: See Clement Reid, The Origin of the British Fl Flore (1899), p. 151. 337 Loudon (loc. cit., ers 4, 2302). i will be as well to give his statement in full. pough the Spruce fir is generally allowed not to be a native of Britain, it appears to have been introduced at a very early period, as Turner includes it in his mes of Herbes, “published in 1548, and both Gerard and Parkinson not only give very good engravings of it, but speak of its being found in great quantities in different parts of the island. The early British writers on rees, however, appear to have confounded the Scotch pine with the Spruce fir, and it is remarkable that neither of the above-mentioned writers mentions the Scotch pine at all, thot gh it is pr obably the tree Parkinson means, when he speaks of the ‘firre tree’ growing wild in Scotland.”’ The same evidence is relied on by later writers. Elwes and Henry (loc. cit., vi., 1912, p. 1551), for example, write thus of Picea exrcelsa: —‘‘ It appears to have been introduced early in the sixteenth century, as Turner includes it in his Names of Herbes published in 1548; and both Gerard ips Parkinson state that it was found in different parts of Britai Turner’s reference to the Spruce (‘The Fone of Herbes, 1548) is in these words :—‘‘ Picea is called i in greeke as The wilore Gaza turneth, pitys and after Ruellius peuce* “and it is called in duch rotté Dan wherfore it may be called in englishe a red firre tree. It is difficult to understand why this mention of the Spruce should have been brought forward as evidence that the tree was grown in Britain at the date of Turner’s publication, especially as the Larch is also included in his list. The fact, noted by Loudon, that both Gerard and Parkinson give engravings of the Spruce, proves nothing, since these figures are taken from the works of earlier authors. Thus Gerard’s illustration on p. 1172 of this Herball (1597) is the same as that given by Tabernaemontanus (Hicones Plantarum, 1590, p. 940). while the figure in the 1636 edition of Gerard’s Herball Ee 1354) and in Parkinson’s Theatrum Botanicum (1640, p. 1538) is to a found in Lobel’s Plantarum seu Stirpium *itiate (1576, . 633). ee referring to Gerard and Parkinson for the statement aitri- _ buted to these authors by Loudon, that the Spruce was “‘ found in great quantities in different parts of the island,’’ no such information could be found. Gerard’s reference to distribution (The Herbail, 1597, p. 1172; also 1626 edition, ah 1354) reads : — ‘*The Pitch tree groweth in Greece, Italy, France, Germanie, and all the cold regions even unto Russia,’’ while Parkinson (Theatrum Botanicum, 1640, p. 1539) merely says :—‘‘ The first [i.e. Pecea vulgaris, The pn oar Pitch tree] groweth usually in all countries with the Firre trees, but seldom neere the Sea. Tt appears therefore that a record of the Spruce being grown * The index of plants at the end of Hort’s “'Theophrastus’ Enquiry into Plants” (1916), does not include the Spruce. Four species of Pinus are given as the equivalents of different trees referred to by Theophrastus under neha 4 nd zirvs, no mention of Spruce having been identified under either of ese names. 338 in this country as early even as 1640 has. still to be found.* Moreover the absence or rarity of the tree at a later date may be inferred from Evelyn’s remark in Sylva (1664, p. 63 am not satisfied why it Piven) might not prosper in some toler- able degree in England, as well as in Germany, Russia the colder tracts and abundantly in France.’’ The same sentence is repeated in the 1670 edition, cn in that of 1786 (vol. 1, p. 278) one — that the Common Spruce Fir Tree ** is a native of Norwa Denmark, where, it grows spontaneously, and. is one of the staan productions of their woods. It also grows plentifully in the Highlands of ee: where it adorns those cloud-capped mountains with a constant verdure.’”? This refer- ence to Scotland appears to at an example of the confusion between Spruce and Scotch Pine mentioned by Loudon, and is surprising at so late a date. Parkinson’s reference to the fir tree growing wild in Scotland should presumably also be inter- preted as applying to the Scotch Pine, as suggested by Loudon. The sentence in question (Theatrum Botanicum, 1640, p. 1539), which comes sonden the heading of ‘‘ Abies, the Firre tree,’ s tree groweth in “all the Countries of Germany. Polonia, he ks and Macedonia, and in divers other Countries also in Italy, Greece, etc., in Scotland also, as I have beene assured, but not in Ireland or England, that I can heare of, saving where they are planted, and whether there was ever any erowlng aaturay in England at any time heretofore is almost out of sbter To summarise the result arrived at with regard to the Neamt —no confirmation of the current opinion, that this tree had been introduced by the middle of the sixteenth century, has been obtained; and, further, the references to it quoted “above suggest that the Spruce may even have been introduced at a later date than the Larc h. To return to the question of the specimen of wood referred to vt the. beginning of this note, one may conclude that there -was o home-grown timber of either larch or Spruce in the year 1547, and that the pole, assuming its supposed history to be correct, must have been made from. imported timber. Early in the seventeenth century, wood, including masts for ships, was among the imports into Scotland from the continent.. as shown by a list of Customs and Valuations of Merchandises of the year 1612.+ Similar imports of timber were probab bly being made in the middle of the sixteenth century, and might have: come from Antwerp, whither timber for ship-building was at that time brought by sea from Norway, Sweden, Poland and Ayes Pics ” is inc sbitiiodl j in ‘Getactle ‘Gitslogils of -platite phadieeten in tie garden (Catalogus arborum, etc.), tec in 1596, but is omitted from the 1599 edition. As this omission may im the discovery of an — e Garden of a Ae Jackson, 1876), to mean Pinus Abies, L. Ge ants: but the correctness interpretation may be doubted, sapceully. as “ Abies ” pia * Picea the 1596 list. - "+ See Ledger of Andrew Halyburton, 1492-1503, Edinburgh, 1867. hy . 339 other countries.* As a good deal of this cnet tag especially that intended for masts, is likely to have been Spruc , there is nothing improbable in supposing that this wood was ene and that the choice of it for the making of a pole might even be expected. XXXVII.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. The Fruits of Cydonia japonica and C. Mauleii— he crop of these fruits, usually good, is this year exceptionally so, and owing no doubt to the prevailing desire to utilize everything possible for food, a good many samples have been sent to Kew with a request for information as to their edibility, etc. Like all quinces, they are too harsh and acid to be edten raw. Nor can they be used by. themselves for cooking in tarts, but a few slices may be put in apple tarts for flavouring. The only form in which they can be considered palatable is in that of a jelly. Last apes fruits of vy aver Maulei and of five varieties of . Japonica were sen n the Kew collection to the Rev. J. Jacob, of Whitewell pea Whitchurch, Salop, for him to experiment with for jelly-making. He reports that they were all treated alike and that after trvi ing each one “‘ without knowing \ which was which, he and two “friends agreed that the Mater jelly was the best. Then came C. japonica coccinea; then C. j. Horibunda ; ; then C. 7. umbilicata. The other varinGes of Cydonia japonica were har diy different from wild crab apple jelly.’’ It is interesting to find differences in the quality of these garden varieties which were, of course, raised originally with a view to flower beauty only. Whilst the present dearth of sugar continues there will be small opportunity of utilizing the fruits of these J apanese quinces. But when happier times arrive it is iia from Mr. Jacob’s report that a conserve, excellent and new to many, may be seaike from fruits that have mostly been ahead to rot on the —_ B. Chatubinskia, Rehmann.—During his travels in South Africa in 1875 to 1877 Dr. Rehmann collected a large number of mosses and Hepaticae, which he distributed in sets accompanied by siiaiad labels bearing details as to the habitat and in most cases also the determination. Amongst the mosses were many pro- posed new species of which dosoriptions were oes published at the time, but this was done in some cases by Carl Mueller in Hedwigia, xxxviii. pp. 52-155 (1899), while others were merely enumerated in the Revue Bryologique, 1878, pp. 69-71, and in General Paris’ Index Muscorum, but up to the present time no general list of this valuable collection has pepe No. 595, collected in the Transvaal, was regarded Rehmann as a new genus, for which 7? proposed the name + Seapets africana, which up to the time of the recent issue of T. R. Sim’s Handbook of the Bryophyta of South Africa See Ledger of Andrew Halyburton, 1492-1503, Edinburgh, 1867, Pretace, mes XEXVil, 340 (p. 199) had been neither described nor identified. The specimen at Kew shows that this is not a moss, but the almost cosmo- politan hepatic, Herberta juniperina, Spruce, in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb., xv., p. 342 (1885); Jungermannia juniperina, Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 1855 (1806); Schisma juniperinum, Dmrt. Comm. Bot., p. 114 (1822); Sendtnera juniperina, Nees in Gott., Lindenb. et Nees, Syn. Hepat., p. 239 (1844). The locality given on Rehmann’s label is: ‘‘ Transvaalia; in silvis primaevis mont. Lechlaba in latere meridionali in summi montis Snellskop ad arborum truncos.”’ C. H. Ww. Candle Nut.or Indian Walnut (Aleurites triloba, Forst.).—\ tree 40 to 60 ft. high; native of Polynesia and Malaya, distri- buted by cultivation to India, Burma, Ceylon, Hongkong, Mauritius, West Indies, East Africa (specimens of nuts sent to Kew from Blantyre) etc. Allied species A. cordata, R. Br., A. Fordii, Hemsl., and st. trisperma, Blanco, have been dealt with in previous issues ot ae Bulletin (see ‘‘ Chinese Wood Oil,’’ 1906, pp. 117-119, pp. Wood previously been given a place in the Bulletin, except for (1887; Sept., p. 7), where it is stated “this plant is widely distributed in tropical countries. The seeds contain a large stuck upon a stick, are used as candles in the Polynesian 39 Islands. from Hongkong and Mauritius to the Imperial Institute. The oil, however, is of growing importance because of the industrial . a ( rties, typi ied by linseed oil, and recommends it ‘‘ for the manufacture of soit o41 soap, the preparation of oil varnishes, paints, and linoleum and tor other similar purposes to which oils of this class are applied industrially.’’ Further, the value (1906) for nuts in Europe is given at £12 to £13 per ton, and of the oil (1911) at £28 to £30 per ton, with the residual cake at £1 10s. to £2 per ton— ‘* Agricultural News,’’ Barbados, . 6, 1906—showiag ‘Moisture, 8-23; Albuminoids, 8°04; Oil, 59-93; Fibre, 2°62; ae 3:56; Carbohydrates (by difference) including pectous odies.”’ The nuts have been submitted to Kew for identification under the names ‘‘ Mireken Nut’’ and ‘*’ iri : more general one of ‘“‘ Candle Nut.’’ In Ceylon they are known as “* Kekuna,’’ and an important paper entitled ‘‘ Candle Nut (Kekuna) Oil as an Industry’’ is published in the ‘ Tropical Agriculturist,’’ vol. xlviii., May, 1917, pp. 300-302, urging its cultivation which, as the tree grows so freely, should not be attended with any difficulty. Planting 25 to 30 ft. apart in protected situations up to 2600 ft. above sea-level is recom- mended, and the tree is said to bear at the end of the second year. o's. H. Strychnos Nux-vomica in Cochin-China.—In A.B. 1917, pp. 184, 185, some evidence is given as to the occurence of this species in Cochin-China in the wild state. Since the account was written a letter and a packet of undoubted Nuw«-vomica seeds have been received from the Director, Agricultural and Com- mercial Services, Cochin-China, with the information that the seeds were obtained from trees growing wild in the country. .B.M.’s Consul, Saigon, also sends the following information about S. Nu«-vomica in Cochin-China which he has received from Monsieur Morange, Director of the Agricultural and Commer- cial Services of Cochin-China, and also a sample of the seeds obtained from a Chinese exporter. The tree exists in the Eastern provinces of Cochin-China, principally in the forests of Baria. The seeds are bought by Chinese from the savage tribes known as Mois, who collect them in the forest; the Chinese then export them to China or sell them again to firms exporting to Europe, The time of fruiting is in November and December. M. Morange considers that the tree is certainly indigenous in Cochin-China, and was not introduced by early traders. Strychnos psilosperma.—We have received from Mr. J. H. Meas. YRS. Botanic Gardens, Sydney, an excellent set of specimens of this Australian Strychnos, showing both the adult and juvenile states, collected by Dr. T. L. Bancroft, in the 342 Kidsvold District, Queensland. This species forms a_ shrub from 6-15 ft. high, a nd on an average about 10 ft. high. In the axils of some of ies leaves of the young stots slender terete at Kew or in other British herbaria show the spines, but they were met with by Mueller, who mentions in his aioe al description that the species is occasionally spinescent. This character is not referred to in K.B. 1917, p. 171, but the similar, though longer, spines of the S. arborea, which Mr. Maiden informs us is a stout sturdy Pa, are figured on p. 172. The figure has been inverted by mist A. W. H. Enneapogon mollis in Ascension Island. —ln A.B. 1917, p. 217, an account is given of the sudden appearance of this grass in the island. A further letter has now reached us from the Director of Victualling, Admiralty, enclosing the following extract from a later letter received from the Farm Superintend- ent, giving further particulars about the grass :— ‘‘'The grass appeared first in Wide- a-wake Plain—it was prob- ably brought entangled in the feathers of the Sooty Tern, which . nest. on this Plain in millions about every eight months, and after rearing their young all depart again, either to the West Coast of Africa or elsewhere ‘“‘ Being in the strong trades here, the seed only blew from the Plain in a north-westerly direction, covering in a large, fan- like shape to Garrison the ‘intervening land for 3} miles by 2 miles at the front—behind the Plain, to windward, no grass was growing. gee have since collected some seed and have sown it to wind- ward in other places and am now awaiting results. The grass first made its appearance in the hot season in February “and March, after the heavy tropical rains, which were unusually plentiful this year. It commenced to seed in April 1 and May. and lasted on as green grass till August—the heavy rains enc about July, when the grass, which is an annual, commenced to dry off and the ground is at present covered with the dry grass and a great quantity of seed. *“T am now anxious to see what happens after the next heavy rains, which may occur again next year; but I ave known five consecutive years with scarcely any heavy rain on the lower levels of the island, up’ to 1000 ** Every endeavour should be aa to make as much hay as aoe if the grass appears again, for the little we made is xcellent, and its nature reminds me of hay made in England Fide Trifolinm trees was strewn with flakes, not only numerous, but unusually large. In France, where the peeling commenced in July, flakes of bark have been observed to be occasionally as ery as 6 ft. in length. It is many years since our plane trunks have shown so clean and well-groomed an appearance. The plane, of course, sheds its bark regularly, and what has happened this autumn is that, in seer to the normal release of bark, a future shed- of the freshly-stripped trees. In attempting to account for this decortication there are two circumstances that suggest themselves as having possibly some connection with it. These are the severity of the winter and early spring of nea and the especially good growing weather of the past summer. The winter frosts may have loosened the hold of the outer “lets Certainly the favourable summer of 1917 must have induced an unusual expan- sion of the trunk, and this would, of course, also help towards the detachment of the outside and effete layer of bark. It can be noticed that the trunks, as a general rule, but with exceptions, are at present more denuded of bark on the south side than on the north. This may be due to the influence of the sun, or to that side being more exposed to strong winds, or to both. Plant Materials of Decorative Gardening.* a copy of a little work bearing this title from the author, Prof. ‘anywhere except on the more pretentious estates, or in nurseries or botanical establishments. The volume is a thin one, measures only 6 in. by 45 in., and is composed of 204 pages. It is, Bisetans, of very convenient pocket size. Making allowance for its dimensions, we consider the book very creditably achieves its aim. The keys are ig on the dichotomous system, and as regards the genera, we they work very well. And for the gardens of Eastern North America, the keys of species, no doubt, are equally useful. But for this country, where the number of cultivated trees and shrubs is much greater, we find the lists of species, especially of the more important genera, often too meagre to fulfil their purpose. Of Cotoneaster, for instance, siX species mgs are ‘‘ keyed,’’ of which but one, C. microphylla, is commonly grown in our gardens. Such common species as C. frigida, C. y poche iy C. bacillaris and C. Simonsii are not Bi dares Of Elaeagnus, again, the evergreen and most popular iri are not included. In ne of this, cota the book * Plant materiais of oe Gandentie —The Woody Pi ants. By William Trelease, Profes of Botany in the University of Tlinois. Published by the Author. “Uivank: 1917. a very valuable One: and contains a remarkable sigh of infor- mation compressed in small space. The key te the genera of woody plants is especially useful, and it is sup sete ed in the body of the wonk. by a concise and accurate description of each genus, Botanical Magazine.—The following plants are figured in the numbers for July, August and September :—/inus tuberculata, Gord. (t. 8717) jo “Western North America ; Ddestantiseues platycheilum, yr (t. 8718) from Guatemala; Oreocharis Forrestu, Skan 8719) a native of North- Western Yunnan ; Sinofranchetia oe Hemsl, (t. 8720) from Western Hupeh and ae ay Rhododendron be arial ee pt 8721) from (t. 8724) from Northern ee and Western China; Odonoto- glossum chiriquense, Reichb. £. (t. 8725) from Costa Rica and Colombia; Oresitrophe rupifraga, Bunge (t. 8726) from North China: Rhododendron neriifiorum, Franch. (t. -8727) from Yunnan, and Aster fuscesens, Bur. et Franch. (t. 8728) from Western China. In the numbers for October, November and December the following plants are figured : ‘a Dleions Pricet, Rolfe (t. 8729) a native of Formosa; Castilleja miniata, Dougl. (t. 8730) from Western North America; Orthrosanthus Chimboracensis, Baker (t. 8731) extending from Mexico to Peru ; Daphne Giraldiz, Nitsche (t. 8732) from China; Prunus subhirtella var. autumnalis, Makino (t. 8733) from Japan; J/egacarpaea polyandra, Benth. (t. 8734) from the Himalaya; Primula nutans, Delavay ui from China; Sarcochilus solomonensis, Rolfe (t. 8737) a native A the Solemn Islands; Sechium edule, Sw. (t. 8738) from Tropical America; Syringa Walsonzi, Schneider (t. 8739) from Western Szechuan; Cryptophoranthus Dayanus. ae (t. 8740) from Colombia and fA oleioides, Sieb. (t. 8741)), a native of New South Wales. The volume for the year is eioeren 8 to Mr. R. I. Lyuch, Curator, Botanie Garden, Cambri sal isa ten i ies 345 INDEX. Aconitum funiculare, sho 24. Aesculus ae kille d Botrytis rea (with plate and fe ), 315. Agrostistachys ngandensis, Hutchinson, Fs (rl triloba, 340 Avield derma infandibulifor me, Wake- 309. Aino hoph eae Seip 213. opsis coll n at Kew, 89. Angalee Clifton, 2 Ascension Islan in (with pl ate), 2 Aspidopterys, revision of (with figs.), _ Eimeapogon mollis 7, 342. — on Hutchinson (with fig.), — floribunda, Hutchinson (with fig.), 95. Henryi. Hutchinson (with fig.), 94. Aster fusceseens, 344. B. Bark canker in Hevea brasiliensis, 219. mci Clayton, 211. edychium coronarium in 104. razil, — and H. P. Stevens, Seed se tion in cultivation of Hevea oe hensis, 19. “dee preservation of leafy twigs of, as 2 Berberis ris aggregata, 344. — Stapfiana, 213. Black rue a wheat, 48. Botanical Magazine, 213, ding and Hanting in the Practice of Forestry, 21 Botanic Station, edion, 30. } , 213, 344. Botrytis rea on a plate and figs.), 315. razil, Hedychium near in, 104 Brits Empire, econo: rape native or suitable for oaMevabiont + in, 241. Bulbophyllum lilacinum, 344 us Pavia | one oapleerd Ephesia, 213. Candle n ve a minia ata Corcospora cannabina, Wakefield (with fig.), € ‘eylon agricultural leaflets, 296. Charred the nature of, 306. Cirrhopetalum 0 Clematis Fargesii, var. ior liei, 213. Cocos, Beccari’s revision of the genus, 3 Compositae, African, notes on, 111. Corylopsis Willmottiae, 213. Cotoneaster salicifolia, var. rugosa, 213. Cotton, leaf-curl of, in Nigeria, 213. Crossland, Crotalaria Bidiei, —_— 2. Cryptophoranthus Dayanus, 344. Cyd art fg ng a, 339. 1, 339. Gytisus aie, 213. D. Daphne Giraldii, 344. Darwin letters, 212. Decades Kewenses, Dichaea ciliolata, Rolfe 83. oses african Disanthus creo, ois. Diseases of Plan oe pos aan in eras brasiliensis, 219. Botrytis cinerea on eee Pavia (with plate and figs,), 31 Bunching of ground-nut re ‘Nigeria, Diplodia — on Hevea brasi- liensis, Fomes ie on Hevea brasilien- sis, uses beaeiionsi bark acini atu. — diseases of, in Malaya, 219 Leaf-curl of cotton in Nigeria, 213. Ph thora Faberi on Hevea brasiliensis ,-219. pe Diseases of Plants—cont. aie ensland Diseases in Plants Act, 120. eo oe zonata on Hevea brasilien- , 225. Whe at, black rust of, 4 Drugs native or suitable re cultivation in the British Empire, 264. Dye plants native _or suitable for cul- tivation in me British Empire, 270. E. Economic plants native or suitable for cultivation in the British Empire, 241. Ellipanthus neglectus, Ssanage 26. Ellis mycological collection, Enneapogon mollis in As sein n Island (with plate), 217, 342. Epidendrum tricarinatum, Rolfe, 81. Eria albolutea, Rolfe, ma tula, 82. obsoriiet Hote: 82. -- — triloba, Rolfe, 81. F. Fibres native or suitable for nace 281 — seeding and. planting, 215. Fungi exotici, — Nigerian, — Uganda, notes ons.b, G. jar est J.§., the Himalayan species of a, 301. Gra ania ural, of branches and : italy ith plates), 303. Gre , additions to Wild Fauna an Flore of Royal Botanic Gardens, 73. Grevillea ole oides, 344. Ground-nut, bunching of, in Nigeria, Grov ve, W. B., the British species of “oie ig al and resins native or suitable £ fag aaieeenail in the British Empire, 257. H. ae Sena coronarium in Brazil, 104. elicobasidium longisporum Wake- a (with fig.), 310. Herberta juniperina, 340, Hevea brasiliensis, bark canker in, 219. — — diseases of, in Malaya, 219, 225. ff sy itty selection in aot of, 8, 118: Hexagonia ae re na hire 310. Hirneola floccosa, Wakefiel 4. “pepeene luteo- badia, WW vakejield, i Indian walnut, 340, Kk, oo Botanic Station, 30. Key Ae horetum, additions and alterations, ig ts ot avis - ga Zot. Library, ne to, 43, 212. Museums, 41. Pathology, ne Tree labels, Vine peileston (with plat e), 8 Wild Fauna and Flora, aos to,. Te. L. Larch introduction into Britain, 336. i ih 8.; wings of Pinguicula, ieee Valkobasiadi Gamble, 26. M. Maitland, T. D., Notes on Uganda Fungi, 1. Malayan rubber plantations, signifi- nce of diseases in the economy of, 295. | Massee, G. E. 84. Matricaria, African, notes on, 111. Mauran pusii, 213. Maxillaria Shepkeaniit Rolfe, 83 Megacarpae lyandra, Merulius insignis, Wakefield, 107. Mesembryanth Miscellaneous Notes, 31, $4, 120, 210, , 296, 339. Monilia carbonaria, 110. Mycological salleciioa of Dr. J. W- Myrica ar arbore rea, Hutchinson, 234. Myrsine africana, con N. New orchids, 80. igeria, Kaduna Botanic Station, 30. -- physiological diseases of plants in, 213 Taser fungi, 105. O. Obituary notices Beadle atin 211 Crossland, €.;°36. E mels, native or suitable for caleiyatinn 3 in the British Empire, | si gs sinense, f. brachypoda, mm Oils, essential, native or suitable for cultivation in the British Empire, 52 Olax ‘inscupta, Hutchinson ex E. G. Baker, 231. meres dentata, 87. a, Si. Olive “BI. Deen | gilva, | Orchid dra cing Eee collection, 85. Or ewormaeder new stii, 344. Teoc iectrunie fens svat ty 344. Orthrosanthus chimboracensis, 344. |e Paper-making materials native or suit- able for production in the British lle in Ascension 217. Pro ., seed selection in cultivation brasiliens British species of (with c — pear i 7d 1e, 67. lani, Grov Phyllan thus Picea excelsa, introduction into Britain, 68. Se cae Hutchinson, Pilea Forgeti, 213. Pinus tuberculata, 344 Pinguicula, drawings of, 211. -Puccinia Plant Diseases in Queensland, 120. Pleione Pricei Pleurothallis costaricensis, Rolfe, 80. licaria congregata, Wakefield, 109. gi aes. Parkinsonii, Hute ison, Polygonum Griffithii, Polyporus Coffeae, Wakefield (with fig.), 308. Potatoes —e from single eyes, 214. Primula nutan unus eclevicteitings var. autumnalis, 344, Pteleopsis obovata, Hutchinson, 232. Berkheyae, Wakefield (with fig.), 312. —_ Hohevias, Wakefield (with fig.), 312. Pucciniosira Dissotidis, Wakes (with fig.) , Pyrola bracteata, 213. — uliginosa, 213. Queensland, plant eer in, 120. Quercus densiflora, 213. Giineerd fruits, 339, R. Rhododendron Cuffeanum, 344. — discolor, 213. ssi gry — neriiflorum, 344 Rodway, Dr. L., aie seed _Plantations, Malayan, signi- a of diseases in the economy 35. re a native or suitable for cul- tivation in the British Empire, 261. Rubus illecebrosus, 77, 213. 8. Sabal, gender of, 212. Salix oe ae 4 235. BP 935, — Muri — nigerica, n. 236. — Schw einfurthil, Skan, 237. Sapium - omg , Hu nea ap 234. Sarcoc. solo omonens cen iy turbinatum, ‘Wake, 109. Saxifraga manshuriensis, 213 Scott, M. B., 210. Sechium edule, 344. Seed selection in cultivation of Hevea brasiliensis, 19, 118. Seeding and planting in the practice of fosgstry, 2 ~ Seeds — for distribution, \* Appe Sane “Hector, pAls? Sharples a Bek canker in Hevea 9. — = gipnitiednoe of diseases in the asnronge of Malayan rubber plan- tations, Sinofranchetin ae , 344. n species ¢ of 301. Remind Tattlefield 5 on of, 2' pruce fir, parecer into oa: 336. Staffs of cal departments, Appendix Ir Pasig Loony 213 Stevens, H. P., Clayton Beadle, aay " golo a _in cultivation of fae | } —aenea, A. W. Hill (with figs.), 138. | ill, 138 — — var. acuminata, A. W. Hill, 138. | —andamanensis, A. W. Hill (with figs.), 146. — angustiflora (with figs.), 1 arborea, A. W. Hill cia ac }, 192: = armata, fs lg Hill — or aa , 169 — Balansae, A. W. bi 200. iana, 20 = = =" par ifolia, 166. osa. a var, Wight. W. Hill, 194. _- ~ cinnamophyll, 1 eee — Cartisii iecith figs.), 164. — cuspidata, 199. — Dalzellii, 176 — — var. jane A.W. Hilt, YT7. i 208. 2 ‘go oP i iu a, 203. — ilacetiticien, “ W. Hill (with figs.), — Horsfieldiana, 179. — hypogyna, 146. — Tanke 200. = er ba A. W. Hill, 180. nata, | ca erenbect 44. — laurina (with figs. ), 150. — va oe lii, A. W. Hill, 150. Edina 179. a = i W. Hill (with figs.), 5 — luc aby acm (with meh ), 180. | — Maingayi (w ig gs.), 141. ee — malaccensi . Hill, 2 — er — A. W. Hill (with on )s — bracteata aneseens. chamaedrifolia. discolor. Wilsonii. Staphylea colchica. Coulombieri. pinnata. trifolia. Styrax japonicum Obascia. 22 Symphoricarpus Heye?) Syringa Emodi. Josikaea. pekinensis. villosa. Vaccinium arboreum. m erythrocarpum. hirsutum, simulatum. Veronica carnosula. Viburnum brevipes. betulifolium. cotinifolium. dilatatum phlebctrichum. pubescens. rhytidophyllum. theiferum, venosum. Zanthoxylum Bungei. Zenobia speciosa — var. pulverulenta ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW. BU 45 20 36°. 1 oR OF MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. APPENDIX II.—i917. LIST of STAFFS of the ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, | Kew, and of Botanical Departments, Establishments and Officers at Home, and in India and the Colonies, in Correspondence with Kew. , * Trained at Kew. + Recommended by Kew. > 4 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.— Director - - - - - Lieut.-Col. Sir David Prain,. i. » U.M.G.,C.LE., M.A M.B., LL.D. FBS, P.LS. Assistant Director | - - - Arthur W. Hill, M.A., F.L.S Assistant, First Class - - - *John Aikman a Poo a « . *= *William Nicholls Winn. Keeper of Herbariumand Library Otto Stapf, Ph.D., F.R.S. F.L.S. ‘ Assistant, First Class - - - Charles Henry Wright, A.L.S. ‘ : : _ . ~ *Robert Allen Rolfe, A-L.S. ‘ ee ‘a - - *Sidney Alfred Skan. ‘ Second Class” - - Thomas Archibald Sprague, B.Sc., F.L.8. ee oa m - - Elsie Mand Wakefield, F.L.S. a 3 ¥ 2 - *Willia Bertram Turrill, - for India - . - *John Hutchinson. | Assistant, First Class, Plant Arthur Disbrowe Cotton, | Pathology Laboratory. F.L.S. 7 2 m= William Broadhurst Brierley, ie. Y ond Class Mrs. N. L. Alcock. Second Cl Assistant Roepe; Jodrell Labora- } Leonard Alfred Boodle, FJ 8 Keeper of Museums - . - John Masters Hillier, — Assistant, First Class - - - *John H. Holland, F.L.S, Second — - - *William Dallimore. Preparer - - George Badderly. (13993—18.) We, 152—699, 1125, 11/17. D&S. 17/ 26 24 Royal Botanic So Kew—continued. Curator of the Garden - - William bey A.L.S oe Curator - - - *William J. Bea Herbaceous sia atta - - *Walter Irving. Arboretuin - *Arthur Osborn. Greenhouse ered Oensnen tal *John Coutts. Department. Tropical a ba - - *Charles P. Raffill. emperate - - *William Taylor. Storekeeper - . - - *George Dear. Aberdeen.— University Botanic Garden :— Professor - - - J. W. H. Trail, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S: Cambridge. Bina oh cae ic atlyrcnaeg Profes A. C. Seward, M.A, F.R.S., F.L.S. Curator, Liege Herbari Curator, Praiseestl r : Mein. Y! HH. H. Thomas, B.A. Curator of Garden ~- *Richard Irwin Lynch, M.A., A.L.S. Dublin.—Royal Botanic eaeiens,\ peeorne: — Keeper ir Frederick W. Moore, M.A A., FLAS. Trinity Goltge Botanic Ganlens = ; rofes H. H. Dixon, Sc.D., F.R.S. Edinburgh.—Royal bee? Garden :— Reg s Keeper - - I. B. Balfour. M.A., M.D., LL.D., Se.D.. ERS, FS. Assistant to Regius W. W. Smith, M.A. Assistant (Museum) - H. F. Tagg, F.L.8. H re erbarium) *J. F ay (Laboratory) M. Y. Orr Head ‘Garden - *R. L. Harrow. Plant’ Propagator - L. B. Stewart. Assistant Gardener - 8. Stewart. Foremen :— Arbore A. Johnstone. Gre Detectinent J.J, Campbell. Herbaceo e- ai Glasgow.—Botanic Garden Univonitre Professor- F, 0. Bower, M.A., Se.D., F.R.S., F.L. Ss. Curator - - - James Whitton. London.—Chelsea Physic Garden :— ura - *W. Hales, A.L.S. Oxford Gioerishele oe Howey Garden —- SydneyH.Vines,M.A., Se.D., F.R.S; BLS. Curator - _ - *William G. Baker 29 AFRICA. Union of South Africa.— Pretoria.— Department of Agriculture :— hief, Division of Botany tI. B. Pole Evans, B.Sc., Mycologist - - - Bthel M. Doidge, D.Sc., F.LS. (Herbarium) - A. B. gee re B.A. Botanist ( ) - Sydney M. Sten Assistant Botanist. - - A. O. D. Mog ok Chief Conservator of C. E. Legat, "BSc. Forests. Cape Town. sets on Fapapee Garden :— Director - - rator - - - “ag es Bathowe: Gardene - - *A. W. Maynard. Durban om atal Herbarium , Mycologist in gihnes - P. van der Bijl, M.A., F.L.S. Cape Province Cape Town. ign of aoe ae rican South Attias Museum Herbarium :— Assistant in charge a Me © beri M.A., Curator, Bolus Herba- Mrs. "FB, “Bolus. rium. Gardens and Public Parks :— Superintendent - - *G. H. Ridley, Grahamstown.—Albany Museum Superintendent “of S. Schénland, Ph.D. Caitgnn i ‘Public ae —_ Curator E. J. Alexander. Port Elizabeth - Superintendent - John T. Buiters. King Williams- Curator - George Lockie. wn. Graaff-Reinet - ‘ - - *O, J. Howlett. Uitenhage -. “ - H. Fairey. Natal.— Durban.—Municipal Gardens :— urator - - - *James Wylie. Pietermaritzburg.—Botanic Garden :— Curator - - *W. J. Newberry. Transvaal.— Pretoria.—Transvaal Museum :— Superintendent of Herbarium - - Mrs. R. Pott. ch oe East Africa Protectorate.— Nairob - ee of Agri- Hon. A.C. Macdonald cultur Mycologist - TW. J. Dowson, M.A. Chief of Economic *Henry Powell. Plant Division. Agricultural Instrue- G. Farmer. tor, mn. Conservator of Forests. E. Battiseombe. 13993 vo ior) Egy pt.— Cairo.—Ministry of Agriculture :— Consulting Agricul- Gerald C. Dudgeon tu Inspector General - A. T. McKillop. Botanist B. G. C. Bolland, B.A. pend of fisfank. *T. W. Brown, ELS. tur rpecdat Director * bY. Ge bone naam *G. S. Cro ba] 9 Gold Coast.—Agricultural Department :— Director of Agricul- W.S. D. Tudhope. t ure. Assistant Director and R. H. Bunting. Mycologist. A anc aed * Alfred EK. Evans. Agricultur * H G.S. Branch. Senior ee - - rs C. Miles. e z - - ©. Saunders ” 3 « - ia 2 B. Culhain. ” s - » *T.\Hunter. Curator - - - M.D. Reece. - - - - *G. H. Eady. 4 - - - ae W. Morse Conservator of Forests - N.C. McLeod. Nigeria.— Southern Provinces.—Agricultural Department :-— mined of Agricul- *W. H. Johnson, F.L.S. Assistant rhtoneel - A. H. Kirby, B.A. Mycolog - tC. O. Farquharson, a ofS. V. Henderson. griculture. *F, Evans, F.L. B. Assistant Superinten- “Re Gill. dent. As A. J. Findlay, M.A., B.Se. ms i H. G. Lae B.Sc. Curator - - - *A. R. Bel : me - - - *C, Warren. Chief Conservator of Forests - H.N. Thompson. Northern Provinces.— Agricultural and Forestry Department :— rie of Agricul- P. H. Lamb Aspistent Superinten- R. Nicol. dent. ” ” K. T. mai ” ”? ” ” T. Thorn * Wainwright ock. Senior Conservator of ie W. ‘Foster. Forests. 27 N seer Protectorate.— mba. aang ne Forestry Department :— Di of Agricul- J. 8. J. MeCall. mesiouleein . - *K, W. Dav ee - 2:5, he catia le - - ~ P. Clit. a . - Dz M. Archdale. - - - H. Munro. Chief Forest Officer - *J. M. Purves. Rhodesia.— Bulawayo.— Rhodes Matopos Park :— Curator - - - W. E. Dowsett. Salisbury.—Department of Agriculture :— irector - ak ie E. A. ee Ph.D., ee Agriculturist and H.G. Mundy, Ei, 3. Botanist. Sierra Leone.—Agricultural Department :— Director of Agricul- D. W. Scotland. Assistant Director ~ a. M, Wat Conservator of Forests - *K. G. Burbridge ; (Acting.) Soudan.— Khartoum - Director of Agricul- Major E. B. Wilkinson. ture and Forests. Superintendent of *F. 8. Sillitoe. ” cheno yi dens. Jebelin - - Super ndent of *T. Cartwright. “hale seo Plan- Uganda.— Kampala—Agr — Sey Director of Agta S. Simpson, B.Sc. Botani - - = Fw ee ea B.Se. easier Agricultural KE. T. Bra Offic A. R. Morgan. L. Hewett. R. G. Harper *T. D. Maitland. Ass - *J. D. Snowden. Entebbe—Botanical, For nae and Scientific au seco 2 os Forestry ims men nt - - *Robert t Fyffe. . - - - W. Howells. Zanzibar - - Director of Agricul- F.C. McClellan, F.L.S. ure. Assistant Director - Robert Armstrong. 28 AUSTRALIA. New South Wales.—Botanic Gardens :— Sydney - - Director and Govern- J. H. Maiden, I.S.0., ment Botanist. F.R.S., F.L.S. Superintendent - !E. N. Ward. Botanical Assistant - KE. Cheel. ‘i ‘ - A. A. Hamilton. = es - W.F. Blakele University Professor of Botany - A. Anstruther Lawson, D.Se., Ph.D. E.LS. Technological Museum :— urator - : - R. T. Baker,'F.L.S. Director of Forests - - - »R..D. Hay. Queensland.— 'Brisbane.— Botanic Gardens vernment t Botanist- C. T. White (Acting). KE. W. Bick. : Cur; Acclimatisation Society 8 Gandens : a Sec L. G. Corrie, F.L.S. - . - .R. W. Peters Forest th — Director - - - ‘N. W. Jolly, B.A., B.Sc. Cairns.—Instructor in Tropical Agrieul- — ure. -Kamerunga State Nursery :— Manager - - C. E. Wood. Rockhampton - Superintendent - - - R. Simmons. South Australia.— Adelaide.—University Professor of TT. G. B. Osborn, M.Sc. B otany. Botanic ‘Gardens: a or - - - J. F. Bailey. Woods and Pores Conservator - - Walter Gill, F.L.S. Northern Territory.— Port Darwin.—:-Botanic Gardens :-— ‘Curator —- - --#C, KE. F. Allen. /Rasmania.— Hobart - - -Government Botanist Leonard Rodway, . C.M.G. Chief Forests Officer- J.C. Penny. ‘Botanic Gardens :— Superintendent - - J, Wardman. Victoria.— Metbourn etbourne.— Botanic Gardens :— — - - - J. Cronin. National Herbarium Dateien Botanist A. J. Ewart, D.Sc., and University Pro- Fu.d., PLE fessor of — Conservator of Forests - - H.R, Mackay. 29 Western Australia — Perth. alsa = = Agriculture :— nis . and Patho- og Department of Woods and Forests :— I nspector Genernl F, Stoward,: D.Sc. C. EK. Lane Poole. BERMUDA. Agricultural Department :— Di . . - CANADA. Ottawa - - Director of Govern- t Experi- e mental Farms Dominion Horticul- turist. Dominion Botanist Assistant - ” CEYLON. E. J. Wortley, F.C.S. J. H. Grisdale. W. T. Macoun. J. Adams. F. Fyles, B.A. Peradeniya.— Department of Agriculture :— irector of Agriculture - - Botanist and Mycologist Assistant Botanist and KEywologiat’: sa ve ad Peradeniya Experimen - TF. A. Stockdale, M.A., BA. a a if Pet ch, B.Se. +G.. sir id M.A., ‘B.Sc. Ciaiscabideacatarth of Botanic Gardens *H. F. Macmillan. Curator on ... Botanic Gardens, *T. H. Parsons. Pera Curator, Tiakali Gardens” - ’ Conservator of Forests . - CYPRUS. Principal Forest Officer - Director of Agriculture - - *J. J. Nock. H. F. Tomalin. A. K. Bovill. W. Bevan. FALKLAND ISLANDS. Government House Garden :— Head. Gardener - + - - - *A, W. Benton. FIJI. Superintendent of Agriculture and H Curator, Botanic Station. on. Charles H. Knowles, B.Sc. 30 HONG KONG. Botanic and Forestry Leparearen va Superintendent Assistant daneeateadent : . - *H. Gre MALTA. Inspector of Agriculture - Francesco Debono, Supérintendent of Public Gardens - J. Borg, M.D. MAURITIUS. Reduit.—Department of Agriculture :— Director - H. A. Tempany, B.Sce., PAG, FCS. Assistant Director - at. Gh Auchinleck, B.Sc. Agricultural Instructor - *F, Birkinshaw. Pamplemousses. hel iioem of Forests :— irector - - - - Paul Koenig. NEW ZEALAND. Dunedin - - Superintendent - - *D. Tannock. Napier - - x - -- W. Barton. Auckland - Ranger - - - William Goldie. Christchurch - Head Gardener- - J. Young. SEYCHELLES. Botanic Station :-— | Curator - - - - - P. R. Dupont. STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. Straits Settlements.—Botanic Gardens :— Singapore - Director - - - fl. H: Burkill, M.A., Assistant Director - *T. F. Chipp, B.Sc., : E.LS. Assistant Curator = - —— Federated Malay States.—Forest mepertisent' — Conservator “ G. E. 8. Cubitt. S = Wt. ao ELS. 31 Federated Malay States—continued. Kuala Lumpur.—Agricultural Department :— Dir toned of Agricul- tu Chief. Agricultural In- spector. Assistant Inspector - ” Fi Agriculturis Assistant penrie eee L. Lewton- Brain, B.: TF. Ww. South, B.A. F. Norris TF. G. Spring, F.L.S B. Bunting. Mycologist - +A. Sharples. Assistant Myeologist - TW. N. C. Belgrave, B.A. Economic Botanist - TG. E. ty B.Se. Superintendent Gov- *J. N. Milsu ment Planta- tions. Perak (Taiping).—Government Gardens and Plantations :— Superintendent - L. M. Berenger. Selangor and Negri Sembilan Sa patudadent - - *J, Lambourne. WEST INDIES. artes igs 00 of Agriculture :— Barb - Commissioner - - Sir Francis Watts, K.C.M.G., D.Sce., FL... F.C.3: Scientific Assistant - W. R. Dunlop. Mycologist and Agri- W. Nowell, B.A., B.Sc. cultural Lecturer. Antigua —Gov ernment Chemist and E. Collens, F.C.S. Superintendent of Agri- ee ng). culture, sphere Islands. Botanic Station :— or - - *T, Jackson. Ageioulaisil Assistant A.W. Gall ey wees bs V. Pere Seater Department “of yrange — Superintendent J. R. Bovell, 1.8.0., S., F.C.S. oe Superinten- J.S. ‘Dash, B.Se. nt. Dominica.—Botanic Staion: — Cyrato - *Joseph wists Assutnil Garatae and G, A. Jon —— Chemist. Brena ans Garden gricultural Super’ *J. C. Moore. hese ent. Agrivultifal Instructor W. N. M. Smith. ' 32 Montserrat.—Botanic Station :— Curator - - - *W. Robson. St. Kitts-Nevis.—Botanic Station :— Agricultural ‘Super- fF. R. Shepherd. intendent. Agricultural Instruc- W. I. Howell. tor, Nevis. St. Lucia.—Botanic Station :— Agricultural Super- *A. J. Brooks, F.L.S., intendent. F.C.S. Overseer - - - R.W. Niles. St. Vincent.—Botanic Station :— Agricultural Superin- *W. N. Sands, F.L.S. tendent, Assistant Agricultural §S. C. Harland, B.Sc. Superintendent. Virgin Islands.—Botanic Station :— Curator - - - *W.C. Fishlock. British Guiana.—Depariment of Science and Agriculture :— Georgetown - Director - - - Prof. J..B. Harrison, C.M.G.,M.A.,F.LC., Assistant Directoriand fC. K Bancroft, M.A.,, Gov vernment. Botan- F.L.S. ist. eae hat at Super- E..M. Peterkin. intendent. Assistant Gardener - »F. Greeves. Agricultural Superin- *Robert’ Ward. tendent. ' Forestry Officer = - - — British Honduras.—Botanic Station :— Curator - . - Eugene Campbell. Jamaica.—Department of Agriculture :— Director - - - Hon..H. H. Cousins, M.A., F.C.S. Travelling Instructor *William Crad wick. ”? ” Public Gardens and Plantations :— Superintendent - *William Harris, F.L.S. Superintendent of P. W. Murray. Experiment Siation, Trinidad.—Department of Agriculture :— Director 33 Tobago.—Botanic Station :— Cu tor - = - s tines - W. G.) Freeman, B.Se., F.L:S. (Acting). Assistant Director and — Government Botan- ist. Curator,Royal Botanic *R. O. Williams. grt bnhenivets ae As- *W.E. Broadway. tant Bot Mycologis, Board of Geese J. B. Rorer, M.A least Officer - - - ©.S. Rogers. INDIA. Botanical ue of India :— Director - - - Major A. T. Gage, I.M.S., M.A., M. F.LS. Economic Botani - TH. G. Carter, M.B., Ch.B. Assistant for Putacieeule Botany i S. Ramaswa mi, M.A. Pe Debburman, B.Se. ” ” Departments of Agriculture, Botanical Officers attached to :-— sete pe Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, ngal Mycologist - : - ne J. Butler, M.B., F.L.S. Assistant epycolaeiat - Jc FB Shaw, B.Sce., Economic Botanist . = A Howard, C.I.E., M:A., F.L.S. Supernumerary Botanist - — Bengal Agricultural Department, Calcutta :-— Economic Botanist — - - G.P. Hector, M.A., B.Sc. Binere and Oriss omic Bonin t and Prin- E.J.Woodhouse, M.A fs Sabour, Agricultural F.L.S. © College Bombay Agricultural Department, Poona :— Economic Botanist - - tW. Burns, D.Sc. Central Provinces Agricultural .Department, Nagpur :— Pease Getapist + — < +R. J.D. Graham, M.A.. B.Se. 34 Departments of Agriculture, Botanical Officers attached to—continued Madras Agricultural Department :— Government Sugarcane Ex- tC. 4 Barber, M.A., Se.D., pert, Agricultural College, F.L.S. bat Coim Lecturing Boianis “ - K, Rangachari, M.A. Mycologis - laid yas M.A. B.Be:, L.S. Punjab Agricultural ens Lyallpur :— Economic Botanist = - - TD. Milne, B.Sc. United Provinces Agricultural Department, Cawnpur :— Economic Botanist —- - fH. M. Leake, M.A. F.L.S. BENGAL. Calcutta.—Royal Botanic Garden, Sibpur :— Superintendent = - - - - Major A. T. Gage, I.M.S., M.A.,;: . MLB. B.Sc. F.L. S. Curator of Herbarium - - - ae Ager B.Se., F.L.S. Curator of Garden - - - T. Lan lst Overseer - - - - “4 M itra 2nd deen gl . - - - M. Jones. Probatione - s - *G. B. Mould. me Se ve Calcutta = — he t Curator - - - s5SP oN; eae S. N. Bos Aagt-Hortculara Society of India = — - $. P. Lancaster. piace. —Lloyd Botanic Garden :— Superintendent = - - - Major A. T. Gage, I.M.S., M.A., Baocbwe. ¥. Curator - - - - *G. H. Cave. Cinchona pats aiden —_— Superintendent of Cinchona Culti- Major A.'T. Gage, I.M.S vation. M.B., ~B Se., i . 5 Mungpoo Plantation :— Manager . - - - - *P. 'T. Russell. lst Overseer - — - - - - P. Cresswell. 2nd Overseer - - - - - James Hulbert. Munsong Plantation :— Manager - - - . - *H. F. Green. Assistant Manager - . “ - *H. Thomas. Overseer sy a ee, Been. 35 Dacca (Ramna).— Arboricultural Adviser to Govern- *R, L. Proudlock. | ment of Bengal. BOMBAY. ‘ Bombay City. es Garden :— | Superintendent = - - ©. D. Mahaluxmivala Ghorpuri.— Botanic Garden :— Superintendent - - - P. G. Kanetkar. Poona.—Government Gardens :— Superintendent - . : - *F, Little. CENTRAL PROVINCES. Nagpur.—Public Gardens : — Superintendent - - - *J, K. Leslie. MADRAS. Madras City.—Government Gardens and Parks :— Superintendent *W. V. North. Agri-Horticultural + Society —- Hon. Secretary : ob. B.A Superintendent - - - - HUE. fiblistion, F.L.S Ootacamund.—Government Garde ns and Parks :— Curator - = *F, H. Butcher. Cinchona Department.— Superintendent of Cinchona Planta- — Wilson. tions. Superintendent, Dodabetta Planta- H. V. Ryan. Superintendént, Nedivattam and EK, Collins. Hooker Plantations. PUNJAB. Delhi. meh olay ETS Horticultural erties — Officer in Charg *A. EK. P. Griessen. Historie and ochee gree — Superintendent - - - *R. H. Locke. Lahore. ies gas Gardens :— - *A, Hardie. Superintenden ‘ po ee aa iat ede: — Superintendent - - _ *W. R. Mustoe. Simla.—Vice-regal Estate Gardens :— Superintendent - - - *Krnest Long. 36 NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE. Agri-Horticulturist - - - *W. R. Brown. UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OUDH. Agra.—Taj and other Gardens :— Superintendent - - - - *R. Badgery. Allahabad.—Government Gardens :— Superintendent - - - *W. Head. Cawnpur.—Memoria!l and other Gardens :— Superintendent - - - — Johnson. Kumaon.—Government Gardens :— Superintendent - - - *Norman Gill, F.L.58 Lucknow.—Horticultural Gardens :— Superintendent . - - - *H. J. Davies. Probationer - - : Saharanpur.—Government Botanic Gardens :— Superintendent = - - - *A. C. Hartless. Dehra Dun.—Imperial Forest Research Institute :— Imperial Forest Botanist - - R.S. Hole, F.L.S. ASSAM. Shillong.—Government Gardens :-— Curator - ~ "i, I. Rune. NATIVE STATES. Mysore (Bangalore) :— Economie Botanist - =! = es Baroda :— Superintendent - - - - 'T. R. Kothawala. Travancore (Trivandrum) :— Director . - . - - Major F. W. Dawson. Udaipur :— Superintendent - - . - ‘'T. H: Storey. Gwalior :— Director, State Gardens - - - *B. F. Cavanagh, F.L.S Printed under the authority of His Majesty’s Stationery Office N Street, E.2. By DARLING anv SON, Limrrep, Baco SOR ae Pa reins ome ee ee