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A JOURNAL, 


CONTAINING SUCH INTERESTING BOTANICAL INFORMATION, AS DOES NOT COME 
WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED LIMITS OF THE MAGAZINE; WITH 


OCCASIONAL FIGURES. 


Bv W. J. HOOKER, LL. D. F.R A & L.S. 


And Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. 


VOL. I. 


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TO THE 


BOTANICAL MAGAZINE. 


JOURNAL OF AN ASCENT TO THE 
SUMMIT OF ADAM'S PEAK, 
CEYLON. 

(Accompanied by a Sketch of the Temple at the summit, 

Tas. I.) 


I HAVE already (Bot. Misc. Second Se- 
ries, vol. I. p. 180) given a brief notice of 
the exertions of Col. and Mrs. Walker in 
the cause of Botany, in the fertile and in- 
teresting island of Ceylon. In their vari- 
ous tours the vegetable productions of the 
country have occupied a large share of 
their attention ; so that Dr. Graham's Her- 
barium and my own have been greatly 
enriched by many rarities which have been 
communicated to us at various times, and 
of which a more particular notice will be 
given in this journal. These specimens 
too, have been, in many instances, accom- 


panied by drawings made on the spot, and dosa , Tabernemontana 
bera Manghas, &c. $c. Nothing new, 


which have of course added greatly to 
their value and usefulness. One of the 
most interesting of their excursions was 
to the summit of Adam's Peak, in the be- 
ginning of 1833; and an accurate journal 
ofit having been kept by Mrs. Walker, I 
have the permission of that highly accom- 
plished lady to insert it in the present 
work, though not without the expression 
of many fears, on her part, “ that it is too 
superficial to be of any value in such a 
publication, since it was written merely as 
a memorandum of places and events, Nd 
a view to refresh her own memory.” 


shall be much mistaken if it do not 


| e. as attractive to the readers of these 


pages as it has been productive of gratifi- 
cation to myself; and I could wish that many 
other spots in our distant colonies, cele- 
brated in history, and for their natural pro- 
ductions, might meet with an equally faith- 
ful and scientific journalist. 


W:J3. B. 


Jan. 24th, 1833.—Left Colombo about 
two p.m. and drove to Cadawelle, about 
ten miles; road rather bad in some places, 
but we were not under the necessity of 
getting out of the gig as we had expected; 
the country flat and uninteresting; in the 
jungle on each side of the road we re- 
marked most of the plants common in 
the neighbourhood of Colombo, Cleroden- 
dron infortunatum, prois Cen 
Melastoma 


dichotoma, “Ger. 


but a species of Guava (Psidium) with a 
very small leaf, which I had not remarked 
before. At Cadawelle we mounted our 
horses; our road continuing t | the 
same description of country, most of the 
way close to the banks of the Kalaniganga 

until we reached Hangwelle, (about capt 
miles) where we were to pass the night; 
the rest-house here is situated within the 
ditch and walls of an old fort, built by the _ 
Portuguese, or Dutch, and formerly of con- : 
siderable consequence, but now 


garrisoned 
I by an old invalid serjeant: it overlooks the 


river, on a high bank, covered with trees, 
and low jungle or underwood. The accom- 


4 EXCURSION TO 


modation at the rest-house was clean and 
comfortable. We were visited bythe Mode- 
lear, or native headman of the district, a 
remarkably civil, respectable person, who 
understands and speaks English well; he 
brought us a present of fruit from his gar- 
den, consisting of oranges, pine-apples, &c. 
25th—Up before day-break, and on 
horseback almost before we could see our 
way over the frail-looking wooden bridge 
across the wide ditch of the ancient for- 
tress. A very delightful ride of eleven 
miles, brought us to Sittanaka, formerly the 
seat of government of Raaja Singha, king 
of Kandy, between the years 1581 and 
1592. The place now consists of a few mud 
huts in the neighbourhood of the rest- 
house e road, with the exception of a 
few bad places, and a number of very 
fragile decayed-looking wooden bridges, 
which appear hardly equal to support the 
weight of a horse, is, upon the whole, a 
tolerable bridle path, and I found the 
variety of a little up and down-hill work, 
a pleasant change after the dead level of 
our yesterday’s journey; and I think less 
fatiguing. We had some fine views of 
Adam’s Peak and the intervening moun- 
tains, but were disappointed by find- 
ing few plants in flower. In the forest, 
through which the last mile of our road lay, 
we saw many magnificent Ferns, some from 
twelve to twenty feet in height; and we 
carried to the rest-house with us speci- 
mens of a large shrub, or rather a small 
tree, new to Col. W., but which he thinks 
belongs to the Dilain flowers yel- 
low. Elephants, we are told, abound in 
this neighourhood, ag we saw none. After 
breakfast our servants brought us a few 
plants, among which we found two Sidas, 
mew to us. I never suffered so much from 
heat, in Ceylon, as during the forenoon of 
this day ; the rest-house was exposed to the 
direct rays of the sun, without shade of any 
kind, and the wind blew like the hot winds 
of India. At four o'clock set off for the first 
time in my little Madeira palankeen, in 


shape something between a cradle and a o 


coffin, and found ita very comfortable con- 
veyance. About half way we were met by 


ADAM'S PEAK. 


Capt. L., who returned with us, and es- S. | 
corted us to his hospitable mansion, at . 


Ruanwelle, where we arrived about six 
o'clock. 
26th.—The fort, or military station, of 
Ruanwelle, is situated very prettily, at the 
junction of two rivers the Kalanygunga, 
and the  Goosoogoddeoyah, the word 
gunga in Cingalese meaning river, and 
oyah a smaller stream; in the evening we 
went down the Kalanygunga for about 
two miles in Capt. L's boat; landed under 
a steep bank, and proceeded to visit a 
Boodhist Temple under a great mass of 
rock in the side of a steep hill, the whole 
of which is covered with singularly de- 
tached masses of rock, under many of 
which are caves, or hollows, so large that, 
our friend had converted one of them into 
a dwelling-house, where he lived with his 
wife and family for upwards of two months 
during the hot season, finding it consider- 
ably cooler than the fort of Ruanwelle. A 
rill of limpid and very cold water, trick- 
ling from the top of a neighbouring cave, 
was converted into a delicious bath. There 
is a tradition among the natives that from 
the top of the largest and highest of these 
boulders of rock, a queen of Candy, in 
former days, precipitated herself, or was 
thrown by her husband, but the legend 
does not seem to be very distinct in par- 
ticulars. Porcupines are numerous on this 
hill. The old priest, who (I believe, con- 
sidered me a proselyte to Boodhism, when 
he heard I had been to the top of Adam's 
Peak, and was so far on my way on a 
second pilgrimage) presented me with a 
number of their quills, which are much 
smaller than those I have seen in the upper 
provinces of Bengal. In the botanical way 
we found nothing in flower; but I am con- 
vinced there must be many and various 
plants on this remarkable mountain, which 
is watered by several springs seeming to 
rise among the rocks, and trickle in nu- 
merous rills down its side. The soil too 
varies ; some parts are wooded, others 
pen, affording localities for plants of dif- 
ferent habits and descriptions. It is also 


remarkable, as having formed the left 


a 


EXCURSION TO 


flank of one of the strongest positions 
taken up by the Kandyans during the war, 
the river protecting their right: as far as I 
can judge on such a subject, the post 
seems to have been well chosen. 

27th.—Our ride this evening was to 
view the spot where Major Haddock, of 
the 97th Regiment was killed by an ele- 
phant, little more than half a mile from 
his own house at Ruanwelle. The jungle is 
thick and, in attempting to escape, Major 
H. took a wrong turn and met the animal 
in a narrow path where escape was im- 
possible. 

28th.—Started at six A.M. on horse- 
back, accompanied by Capt. L., to con- 
tinue our journey ; road good ; through a 
fine valley bounded on each side by low 
hills. Crossed the same river, called at 
Ruanwelle, the Kalanygunga; but here it 
goes by another name, which I forget. The 
natives give the same river a dozen dif- 
ferent appellations; calling. it after every 
village it passes; taking the name of one 
until it reaches the next, which is then be- 
stowed upon it. The scenery continued 
much the same for about eight miles, 
when we halted and had a dejeuné à la 
fourchette, under a group of magnificent 
iron-wood trees, Mesua ferrea. 

After breakfast we resumed our journey 
in our moonsheels, sending our horses 
back to Colombo, the road from hence 
being considered unfit for cavalry: our 
friend, Capt. L., who had kindly escorted s 
us thus far on our way, returned to Ruan- 
Our route continued through the 


with occasional ascents and descents, less 
cultivation, and the jungle more dense. 
Among the most remarkable of the trees 
we saw in flower, was the Cinchona thyrsi- 
flora, of great size and beauty. The same 
style of country continued for five or six 
miles with little variety, until we reached 
a long and steep ascent where a ridge 
divides the districts of the three Corles, on 
which Ruanwelle is situated, from Suffra- 
gam; and from the top of it we had a 
splendid view of that rich and fertile dis- 
trict. The descent was abrupt and nerd. 


ADAM’S PEAK. 5 


and at the foot of it lay the village of 
Patberea, our place of rest for the night. 
The villages of Ceylon all consist of strag- 
gling mud houses, at a considerable dis- 
tance from each other, generally con- 
cealed from the traveller by trees, but 
always to be discovered by the appear- 
ance of the Cocoa Nut, and Areca Nut 
trees; which, in the interior, where they 
are not so common as on the sea-coast, 
always indicate the vicinity of the habita- 
tion of man. Having travelled a cross road, 
on which there are no rest-houses, the 
headman of the village had been directed 
to prepare a place for our reception. Such 
temporary buildings are soon erected with 
a few posts and cajans, (the leaf of the 
cocoa nut plaited,) of which the roof, walls, 
and partitions are formed, and lined within 
with white cloths, furnished by the wash- 
ermen of the village for the occasion, and 
fixed up, ina primitive and simple man- 
ner, with large thorns from the neighbour- 
ing jungle, which are used as pins. Our 
sitting apartment, that we might have the 
benefit of light and air, was only enclosed 
to the height of four feet, consequently we 
were completely exposed to the whole 
assembled population of the place; Euro- 
pean travellers, particularly ladies, being a 
novel sight, we could, by no means, con- 
trive to get rid of our disagreeable levée, 
until, fortunately for us, a heavy shower 
2e which dispersed the crowd; tho 
e braved a ducking for the gratifica- 
ion ge their curiosity, and continued to 
watch all our proceedings. Our rural 
dwelling was situated in a thick grove of 
palms, consisting principally of the Areca 
Nut, Areca catechu, Cocas nucifera and 
Gigantic Tallepot, Corypha umbraculifera. 
29th.—It was seven o'clock before we 
could collect our coolies, who were changed 
here for people of the district, through 
which we were about to travel, those who 
had brought us through the three Corles, re- 
turning from hence; we, therefore, waited to 
see our off before we started. Our 
route at first lay, for about a mile, Pro 
the finest paddy fields I have ever seen; 2 
tract of dense jungle s pe 


EXCURSION TO 


lled through 


extensive iy fields, bearing the finest 
crops I ever saw in the country. The sides 
of the paths were fringed by several very 
pretty species of Utricularia, generally 
blue, purple, and white. In one field I 
mistook a range of scarecrows for a field 
of reapers. This valley appearsto me the 
richest and most populous part of the in- 
terior of Ceylon through which I have 
travelled. The morning was foggy, and a 
haze continued to hang about the sur- 
rounding hills till the sun was pretty high, 
adding to the beauty and interest of the 
scene, by leaving something to the imagi- 
nation of the traveller. For about five miles 
our road continued through paddy fields, 
we then crossed a river, the name of 
which I am ignorant of; but its banks 
were ornamented by the most magnificent 
bamboos I ever saw. Just before we ap- 
proached it, we had a superb view of 
Adam’s Peak and the surrounding moun- 
tains. After crossing the river, our road 
carried us for about a mile over fine turf, 
surrounded by high trees and bamboos, 
with occasional views of the Peak be- 
tween. It was half-past nine when we 
-reached Cooroowette, our halting place 
until the cool of the evening. Having here 
joined the main road, we found a wretched 
rest-house made to look a little decent by 
the mud walls having been covered with 
white cloths for our reception. Bad as the 
accommodation here is, I should have 
liked to have remained a day on account 
of the beauty of the surrounding scenery. 
‘intended after breakfast to have taken 
a sketch of the Peak, &c.; but, alas! after 
breakfast no rock was visible; the moun- 
tains were completely enveloped in clouds, 
and a person arriving then, might, with 
apparent truth assert that, Adam's Peak 

was not to be seen from Cooroowette. This 
was the more provoking, as we did not in- 
tend to return by the same route, and are 
not likely to have another opportunity of 
seeing it again. At three, we proceeded on 
our journey, and found that we needed not 
to have delayed so long, on account of the 
sun, as we travelled through ; a forest of 


ADAM'S PEAK. 


high trees, impervious to his.rays: many of 
the trees in this forest were clothed to the 
top with the Pandanus scandens, which is 
very ornamental to those trees which do 
not throw out their branches till near the 
top, as is often the case in woods here. 
The road was good all the way through 
this forest, on emerging from which we 
travelled through low jungle; the country 
afterwards becoming more open and the 
scenery fine, generally on a descent all 
the way. As we approached Ratnapoora 
the ground became frequently marshy, and 
the road sometimes under water for three 
or four hundred yards on a stretch; and yet 
the defect in the landscape here is want of 
water. The mountains and woods are per- 
fect; but no fine lake or river embellishes 
the scene. We found here almost all 
the plants common in the moist parts of 
the Cinnamon garden near Columbo ; the 
Nepenthes, oo eee ,) very 
luxuriant; Melastoma Malabathrica, Os- 
beckia, Burmannia oth, Utricularia 
cerulea, and other anges Calyptranthes 
cumini, &c. e jungle, in some 
places, consisted entirely of dwarf Bamboo ; 
and at others nothing was to be seen but 
the Hedyotis suffruticosa : then again the 
vegetation became more varied; and, we 
remarked, among many others, different 
species of Croton, Dodonea, Melas 
Chironia; and on the day we left Ruan- 
welle we found a very beautiful Torenia, 
perhaps, Mr. Moon’s T. stricta, and the 
servants brought us a quantity of Stemodia 
lutea, which smells very strong of Cam- 
phor: I remarked it in some of the 
paddy fields through which w s 
About five o’clock we reached die fort of 
Ratnapoora; where we were kindly re- 
ceived by Mr. J. of the Ceylon Rifles, 
commandant there. 

30¢h.—Remained at Ratnapoora, pre- 
paring for our grand undertaking; this 
being the last European station on our 
route. An arm chair denuded of its legs, 
with Bamboos attached as shafts to carry 
it by, was prepared for Col. W. as an oc- 
casional help ; though he proposed walking 
most of the way. Since we sent back our 


EXCURSION TO 


horses, (which, by the way, we found we 
could have brought here at this dry season 
of the year, without difficulty,) he has 
travelled in a Kandyan moonshull, some- 
thing resembling a hammock, swung on a 
pole, in which way, the native great men 
used always to travel. They are now, 
however, adopting English customs, and 
to seen on horseback ; and, where the 
roads admit, in gigs and palankeen car- 
riages. The moonshull, however, has the 
advantage in very bad roads, as the coolies 
can carry it over any thing. The position 
being recumbent, Col. W. found he could 
not so well look about him, and, therefore, 
preferred the chair, which, being elevated 
on the shoulders of the bearers, gave him 
a commanding view; though, I thought, 
neither a very secure nor comfortable 
position. My little palankeen, which I be- 
fore described, was very snug; but it had 
its defects, and inconveniences also: it 
was, however, very light and easily car- 
ried; being merely a strong frame of wood 
rattaned, as they do their bottoms. 
31s¢t.—In consequence of some delay in 
collecting our coolies, it was near one P.M. 
before we set off; the day excessively hot. 
Indeed, I think both Ruanwelle and Ratna- 
poora hotter than Columbo in the middle 
of the day; the heat there being tempered 
to our feelings by a cool breeze from the 
sea, although the range of the thermome- 
ter may be as high. As we were desirous 
of getting to Palabatula before dark, we 


particularly clear; and the outline of the 
mountains, which appeared quite close to 
us, almost harsh against the sky. Soon 
after leaving Ratnapoora we crossed the 
Cala-gunga, then so low that our people 
were hardly ankle deep in fording it. The 
road passes through a fertile and open 
country for about a mile and a half, when 
it becomes interspersed with jungle, so 


Peak presented itself directly before us, 
so majestic and so apparently inaccessible 


ADAM’S PEAK. 7 


that he seemed to be setting us at defiance. 
I found afterwards that this formidable 
looking mountain is the Bema Peak, 
which from Ratnapoora appears as high 
as Sree pada, (the Cingalese name for 
Adam’s Peak,) and on this part of the 
road interrupts the view of it. In shape 
the two mountains are much alike, from 
this position. Leaving the river to our left 
we again passed through open country 
with some cultivation. Three miles from 
Ratnapoora came to the village of Mata- 
welle, at the junction of a small stream, or 
oyah, with the Cala-gunga. The former we 
crossed, and halted for a few minutes to 
rest our coolies; and, while these are taking 
their rest, I may as well explain that, they 
are human beings, employed as porters 
and chairmen are at home, in carrying 
baggage or their fellow creatures. When 
employed in the last-mentioned manner, 
they are, on the continent of India, termed 
bearers, and consider themselves much 
superior to common coolies : here that dis- 
tinction does not exist; so few people keep 
palankeens that there is no occupation for 
bearers as distinct from coolies. I have 
been induced to give this explanation in 
consequence of reading a note by the 
learned editor of one of the penny maga- 
zines, on an extract from some publica- 
tion on India, I believe Capt. Mundy’s 
Sketches, in which he tells his readers, 
“that coolies are small horses.” He would 
have been nearer the mark if he had 
called them “ black cattle:”—but mine 
have rested long enough, and I must pro- 
ceedon my journey. Our route continued 
partly through jungle, with here and there 
patches of cultivation; sometimes ap- 
proaching the river; at others leaving it 
a good deal to the left; the Bema Peak 
almost constantly in view. At half-past 
three P.M. we Gelle-malle, and 
after resting our people for a quarter of 


neighbourhood appears populous. The 
rest-house is a mud edifice, consisting of 
two small rooms surrounded by a narrow 


8 EXCURSION TO 


verandah, pleasantly situated on a little 
height, and distant from other houses. 
Fowls are so abundant here, that the full 
grown are sold for one janam, value three 
half-pence, and chickens six pice, or three 
farthings each. At a short distance from the 
rest-house we re-crossed the Cala-gunga, 
and after proceeding about a mile, we 
found the ascent begin in earnest. Hitherto 
we have had afew ups and downs; but 
upon the whole the country has been 
much upon a level, and the road might 
easily be made practicable for horses. 
Again crossing the river, which we have so 
long accompanied, we immediately com- 
menced a rugged ascent; the low jungle 
gave place to very fine forest trees; and 
the nature of the vegetation altogether 
changed. We saw here a great variety of 
superb Ferns, and many plants which we 
had not seen before, but few in flower. 
Between Kahia Poora and Gelle-malle, 
almost the only flower I saw, in any quan- 
tity, wasa pretty white Convolvulus, which 
covers many of the bushes, and even trees, 
hanging in beautiful festoons, loaded with 
blossom, from branch to branch. Likewise 
another species of the same genus, with 
purple flowers and less aspiring. habits, 
being content to run along the ground. 
We also found a pretty white-flowered 
Thunbergia. 'The remaining part of our 
day's journey was frequently rugged and 
steep, with occasional levels—the forest 
trees sometimes gave place to the Bamboo, 

ich, in one part of our route, had been 
recently burnt down, l suppose with a 
view to cultivation. At every opening the 
Bema Peak still presented itself, and 
continued clear until we were very near 
Palabatula, when thick clouds came rolling 
over the top and down the sides of the 
mountain. Ata quarter pastsix we reached 
our resting place for the night, having 
been exactly five hours and a half from 
Ratnapoora to Palabatula. The rest-house 
here is of the same description and dimen- 
sions as that at Gelle-malle, but not nearly 


orming, 
indeed, the narrow end of an oblong 


ADAM'S PEAK. 


quadrangle, of which a Boodhist temple 
constitutes one of the sides. In this tem- 
ple are kept the sacred implements be- 
longing to the temple on the top of Sree 
Pada, where they are sent during the 
time of pilgrimage ; which commences at 
the beginning of the Cingalese year, about 
the end of February, and continues for 
three months; when one or two priests re- 
side there, in a hut about fifty yards below 
the summit of the Peak. 

Feb. 1st.—Breakfasted at eight; took a ' 
sketch, and set off at ten; our route the 
whole way was a precipitous ascent up the 
bed of a torrent at present quite dry. In 
many places, my position in my little 
palankeen became exceedingly awkward 
and uncomfortable, my feet being higher 
than my head. I tried to persuade the 
bearers to turn the vehicle, and carry me 
backward; but this they considered un- 
lucky, and could not be prevailed on to 
do. My conveyance being very light and 
comparatively easily carried, I got far the 
start of Col. W., and my people had a 
long rest, waiting till he came up. Not- 
withstanding the difficulties of the road, 
they seem to enjoy themselves much 
on this journey; talking, laughing, and ` 
singing, even during the most laborious 
ascents, where, I should have thought all 
their breath necessary for the exertion 
they had to go through in climbing the 
mountain, and carrying me. Every time 
they visit the holy shrine on the top of the 
Peak, I believe, they consider a step to- 
wards heaven; and to be well paid at the* 
same time gives them considerable satis- 
faction. At an ambulam, (or shed with 
rude benches round it, where the pil 
may have a comfortable rest,) about half 
way, we stopped for some time, and from 
thence walked for half a mile, botanizing 
as we went, and finding at every step 
something quite new to us. We here be- 
gan to recognize plants of the same genus 
with many which are common in the 
C of Nervera Ellia, but of 

species: several species of Im- 
jens, two of them very curious, Scu- 
tellaria, the Rumboddé Milloo (Acan- 


- stil 


EXCURSION TO 


thacee,) with the back of the leaf deep 
purple, but not in flower, (the natives say 
it flowers but once in fifteen years,) with 
many other genera and species of the same 
family. Near the ambulam there is a re- 
markable echo, which returns the sound 
almost immediately, very loud and dis- 
tinct. I observed that the mountains here 
form a kind of amphitheatre; and that 
almost opposite to the precipice, on the 
brink of which we stood, there is a mass 
of rock, which I think must occasion the 
echo; the voice seeming to be reflected 
back from it, if I may use the expression. 
After walking till I was quite tired, I got 
into my palankeen again, and proceeded 
as before, with my heels higher than my 
head. In this day's journey we had but 
one short descent which brought us near 
the source of the Cala-gunga, the river we 
have crossed so often since we left Ratna- 
poora. I saw but one little patch of culti- 
vation after we left Palabatula; which, I 
believe, is the highest inhabitable place 
in this part of the island. We soon began 
to mount again, and after passing over two 
or three places, where I really expected 
to be tilted out of the palankeen, I was 
safely deposited at Diabetma, twenty-five 
minutes after two, P.M. The rest-house 
here is a large substantial building but 
wretchedly uncomfortable, being damp 
and dark, and black with dirt and smoke ; 
it having been erected by government for 
the accommodation of the pilgrims who 
assemble here in great numbers; there 
being no huts or habitations of any kind 
after leaving Palabatula, excepting this 

rest-house. Our coolies seemed to con- 
sider themselves fully entitled to take up 
their abode under the same roof with us, 
and to prepare their food in the verandah, 
actually smoking us out of the house, 
although there are good out-houses and 
cook-rooms for the purpose. I never, any 


where else, saw them attempt such a thing 


Our servants were obliged to put 
out the fires they had kindled half a dozen 
times, before we could get rid of them. 
When Col. W. arrived, we looked over our 
plants and put specimens in paper; then 


ADAM'S PEAK. 9 


set about making observations with map, 
compass, and telescope. We saw the sea 
plainly with the naked eye; also several 
large pieces of water between West and 
South; the most extensive, we think, must 
be the lake of Bolgodde; the evening sun 
shining bright on the water, made it very 
distinct. With the glass we could distinctly 
observe the fringing of the cocoa nut trees 
round the sea coast. I took a sketch of 
the scenery to the westward of the rest- 
house; the principal object, the fine rocky 
mountain called Oonadiya parawette, said 
to mean Aoí-water mountain, from a tra- 
dition that, formerly, a boiling spring ex- 
isted on its summit, of which, however, 
there is no vestige now, the natives say, 
(for I do not know that the spot has ever 
been visited by Europeans,) and it does 
not seem very accessible. 


turesque; it exceeds the powers of the 
pencil: such Pisgah views cannot be re- 
presented on paper—the mountain rises 
abruptly before you, fronting the Peak, 
which, on turning to the eastward, pre- 
sents itself in all its majesty, over-top- 
ping the surrounding mountains, which, 
at a distance, seemed to rival it in height. 

2nd.—The coolies declaring at Palaba- 
tula that they could not carry our camp 
bedsteads any further, from the increas- 
ing difficulties of the road, we were 
obliged to content ourselves with our 
mattresses laid on the benches we found 
in the room ; rather a hard bed I thought. 
We were here glad to have recourse to our 
blankets, at night, the thermometer being 
64° when we went to bed, and 58° at six 
o'clock in the morning. Got up at seven, 
breakfasted, and by half-past nine were 
again fairly under way. From Diabetma 
there is an immediate and steep descent ; 
but we soon began to mount again, the 
road getting from very bad to a great deal 
worse, until it must have become quite 
impassible, had not the smooth surface 
of the rock been cut horizontally and 
fashioned into steps, to the number of one 
hundred and twenty-seven. About half 
way up this s/air there is a rude figure 


10 EXCURSION TO 


traced on the rock, said, by the natives, 
to be the picture of the pious Rajé, who 
had the steps cut for the benefit of the 
pilgrims: the rock is called Darma Rajé 
Gal. Another descent brought us to the 
bed of the river Setagangula: here the 
pilgrims bathe, an act of purification be- 
fore they approach the sacred mountain, 

the scenery and wood very fine. Got, on 
the banks of the river, a very curious 
species of Impatiens, growing to the size 
of a large shrub, a new Pavetta and a 
handsome yellow-flowered Polygala, con- 
stituting a small tree. A new species of 
Ozalis was likewise common on the rocks 
as we ascended from the river. I here 
walked, or, rather, to speak more correctly, 
scrambled with the help of a stick, and 
occasionally a man's hand, for a consider- 
able distance. We had an intelligent na- 
tive vidan, or headman, with us, who 
acted as my bearer, Col. W. finding it 
difficult enough to secure his own footing. 
This man pointed out every thing he con- 
sidered worthy of notice; among others 
an immense perpendicular mass of rock, 
which he told us was called the Devil's 
Rock, in consequence of that terrific per- 
sonage having frequently appeared on the 
top of it: it probably, in the rainy season, 
forms a magnificent cascade, as even now 
streams of water trickle over it in several 
places. The difficulties of the way con- 
tinued to increase at every step, so that 
we were obliged to scramble over large 
stones; or rather detached masses of rock 
jumbled together, and heaped over each 
other in most chaste confusion. Sometimes 
our only footing was formed by the roots 
of trees from which the soil had been 
washed away; at others we found rude 
ladders of sticks, or branches tied to- 
gether, by the help of which we managed 
to get over the larger masses of rock. We 
had one or two fine views of the real Peak, 
on our descent to the Setagangula; but 
about mid-day a thick fog came on, which 
continues to envelope us now that we are 
safely arrived on the top of the Peak; 


ADAM’S PEAK. 


betma, a distance of three and a half miles. 
I dare say we spent, at least, an hour and 
a half in botanizing and amusing our- 
selves. Indeed, we should have occupied 
ourselves longer in this way, had we not 
feared the fog might draw to rain, which 
would have added considerably to our 
difficulties—but I made a sudden jump to 
the top of the Peak, from which I must 
again descend, and proceed upwards in 
the leisurely way we travelled. After about 
a mile of such road as I have described, 
we reached a flat open space, named Ara- 
mette-pane. Another mile brought us to 
Undeamalaterme, where there was for- 
merly a small rest-house, now gone to 
ruin; which, I regret, as a day or two 
spent here, would, I am sure, afford the 
botanical traveller a rich treat. Here the 
base of the cone may be said to com- 
mence, and, we are told, the view of the 
Peak from hence is very fine; but, alas! 
we saw it not, Sree Pada was shrouded 
in his mantle of clouds, and invisible to 
us. We left our conveyances here, and 
proceeded on foot, through low stunted 
wood, covered with shaggy moss. For about 
half a mile the ascent is gradual; but from 
a place marked by a large white-washed 
stone, called Alahette, the cone rises 
almost perpendicularly; the face of the 
rock, in some places, being bare and 
smooth, would make the ascent almost im- 
possible, from the insecurity of the foot- 
ing, but for the long iron chains firmly 
fixed at the top, and hanging loose over 
the rock, by which the person ascending 
may secure himself. There is a series of 
four or five of these chains, the two last 
of which are very long and numerous, so 
as to afford assistance to many people 
ascending about the same time. Some of 
the more active of the natives, however, 
cling to the rock, with their bare feet, and 
ascend without touching the chains; but 
as this holy pilgrimage is undertaken by 
both sexes, and all ages, many could never 
accomplish it, without this aid. I confess I 
found the whole undertaking more arduous 
than I expected, from my recollection of 
my former journey to this place thirteen 


EXCURSION TO 


years ago; but as the whole route, until 
you reach the perpendicular rise of the 
cone, is through the beds of mountain- 
torrents, it stands to reason that thirteen 
years wear and tear must have washed 
away much of the soil, leaving the rocks 
more prominent, and increasing the dif- 
ficulty of the journey. Parts of the cone 
are covered with vegetation, long grass, 
an uncommon species of low Bamboo, with 
broad leaves, Sium lobatum, Valeriana 
villosa, Cynoglossum decurrens, and the 
beautiful crimson-flowered Rhododendron 
arboreum,' we found on the very summit. 
In the low wood, between Dia Un- 
diamalalerme, and the rise of the cone, 
the variety of plants is endless, and their 
beauty most striking : those we particularly 
remarked were four different species of 
Sonarila, Melastoma buxifolia, Chironia, 
Hedyotis, $c. &c. Lower down, between 
Diabetma and Undiamalalerme, we found 
several most beautiful species of /mpatiens, 
and other plants two numerous to mention. 
Finding ourselves completely in the clouds, 
and unable to distinguish any thing in the 
world below, I employed myself in ful- 
filling a promise I had made to write to 
the governor from hence, and continuing 
my journal. The circumference of the top 
of the Peak is about one hundred and 
eighty feet, surrounded by a wall of 
masonry, about four feet high, in which 
there are, I believe, three openings. We 
entered that towards the South; on this 
latform, as it may be called, rises a mass 
of rock, about eighteen or twenty feet in 
height, on the summit of which the tem- 
ple over the impression of Boodhoo's foot 
is erected. The temple is of wood, and is 
firmly fixed to the rock by numbers of 
strong iron chains. The holy foot-mark im- 
pressed in the rock, is about five feet in 
length and three in breadth, or there- 
abouts; Boodh, when one foot rested on 
the Sree Pada, and left its impression 
there, stepped across to Makoona, situated, 
the priest gravely and seriously assured 
me, in 1 There is a smaller temple, 
or shrine, — lower down on the rock, 
disais: nobile, Wall. 


ADAM'S PEAK. ll 


where offerings are also made by the pil- 
grims, dedicated, I believe, to Samen; and 
also a kind of open belfry, in which two 
bells are suspended, and which our coolies, 
in turn, rung. Each stroke of the bell; we 
were told, commemorated a former visit; 
if so, some of them must have been from 
twenty to thirty times on the top of the 
Peak. I remarked, during our journey, 
that Sree Pada was always saluted by sa- 
laams, and sometimes prostrations, when- 
ever it came in sight. We were accommo- 
dated for the night, in a hut, seven feet by 
five inside, in which we found two wooden 
benches; on them we placed our mat- 
tresses. One narrow leaf of our camp-table 
was placed against the wall, and between it 
and the bench we contrived to insert two 
chairs: these things our coolies brought 
up without any difficulty, and we had a 
most comfortable dinner of cold meat and 
Aot curry and rice prepared in the priest's 
hut before mentioned: never was such 
luxury known on the top of the Peak be- 
fore. About nine o’clock we again visited 
the summit of the rock, and found the 
mist clearing off in some directions, which, 
we hoped was the promise of favourable 
weather next day. 

3rd.—At one A.M. we again ascended to 
the highest point—the mist was gone— 
the full moon shone bright—the scene was 
stupendous—the deep shadows 


of the scene were illuminated by the mild 
and silvery lustre of a tropical moon, the 
most beautiful of all lights—of which none 
who have not seen it can form a concep- 
tion: it was not nearly so cold as I had 
expected. After enjoying this magnificent 
moon-light view for a considerable time, 
we again betook ourselves to repose until 
the approach of day-break, when we re- 


ingsun. The morning was a little gloomy, 
and it was twenty minutes past six 'ere 
Phebus surmounted the clouds on the 
eastern horizon, when Mi acoge 
his glory, i , as it were, life and 
animation to the scene © which T shal not 


12 


attempt to describe—no words would do 
it justice. But I must not omit mentioning 
what I considered the most remarkable 
and curious feature of the scene—the 
shadow of the Peak itself thrown an im- 
mense distance, reaching beyond the hori- 
zon, and plainly visible even on the sky, 
in form a perfect cone. The tract of country 
over which it fell, appeared, from the great 
height from which we viewed it, level to 
the sea; so that this enormous shadowy 
cone appeared as correct and perfect as if 
rawn by rule and compass: I never saw 
any thing more extraordinary or curious. 
We watched it gradually diminishing in 
length as the sun rose, for a long time, 
and then proceeded to take bearings, &c., 
and to ascertain the relative position of 
the most striking objects in view. On this 
elevated and isolated spot, the only noise we 
heard was the loud sound of rushing water, 
and the only living things we saw two but- 
terflies. At the foot of the cone the rushing 
water is not heard. t I took 
a sketch of the temple, &c.1 on the rock; 
and as the day began to overcast, and the 
clouds to threaten rain, we prepared, with 
regret, to leave a spot so remarkable, and 
which we shall, probably, never see again. 
Although this threatened change of weather 
was certainly far from desirable on some 
accounts, still it gave us the advantage of 
viewing the scene under almost every dif- 
ferent aspect it could assume—by the 
serene and placid light of the moon—in 
the glorious and refulgent rays of an 
eastern sun—and in the threatened ap- 
proach of storm and tempest which seemed 
to be gathering around us, the appear- 
ance of dense masses of cloud greatly be- 
low us, through which the rugged tops of 
some of the highest mountains appeared 
like islands in a tempestuous ocean, was 
wonderfully grand, and the descent of the 
Peak, (looking as we did to a fathomless 
abyss into which one false step might pre- 
cipitate us,) not a little terrific. However, 
we got safely to the place where we had 
left our palankeens in an hour; Col. W. 
believe, accomplished it in three quar- 
1 See Tab. I. 


EXCURSION TO 


ADAM'S PEAK. 


ters. Our party on the top of the Peak 
consisted, in all, of forty persons; thirty 
coolies, four servants, an orderly soldier 
of the Ceylon Rifles, a native head-man, 
and a Boodhist priest, with a boy, his at- 
tendant. We were obliged to leave some 
of our people in charge of things left at 
Diabetma, greatly to their disappointment, 
for all were anxious to visit this celebrated 
spot. I confess, I felt very glad to seat 
myself in my little vehicle again, for my 
knees were tottering under me. By the 
bribe of a bottle of arrack, at the end 
of a day's journey, the bearers undertook 
to carry me the whole way, which they, 
fortunately for me, accomplished. Soon 
after we started from Andeamalatenne, the 
threatened rain began to fall, and soon 
increased to a deluge; the rocks became 
so slippery that I expected every moment 
to be precipitated out of the palankeen by 
the coolies falling, which many of them 
did, but fortunately without injury to 
themselves or me, and we arrived safe 
and sound, though thoroughly drenched, 
at Diabetma, a quarter before three P.M. 
As we had necessarily deferred collect- 
ing plants till our return, the rain was a 
great annoyance, preventing our getting 
half of what we wanted, and rendering it 
difficult to preserve those we did gather. 
Much did I grieve at leaving so many 
beauties “to waste their sweetness on the 
desert air" which I had little chance of 
ever seeing again, as every different part 
of the island seems to be clothed with its 
own appropriate vegetation. In different 
regions, of equal height, we have ob- 
served: plants of the same family, and even 
genus, to abound; but rarely of the same 
species. The various, curious and beauti- 
ful Zmpatiens, which we found principally 
between Diabetma and the foot of the 
cone of the Peak, differ, most ass 
from the equally beautiful and curi 
species of the same genus, so numerous 
between Rambodde and Nervera Ellia, and 
in the neighbourhood of Maturatta. The 
Acanthace are also very numerous, and 
very various, from those we have found 
elsewhere ; and the splendid Sonarilas we 


EXCURSION TO 


have seen no where else; though there 
are several species in the neighbourhood 
of Nervera Ellia. The rain continued for 
the rest of the day, and we were obliged 
to content ourselves within the walls of 
our dismal abode—the only event of in- 
terest was killing a snake as it was making 
its way into the rest-house. 

AtÀ.— Left Diabetma at seven, the ground 
exceedingly wet and very slippery ; reached 
Palabatula at a quarter past ten. While 
there, we were shown the frame which, 
during the season of pilgrimage to Sree 
Pada, is placed round the impression of 
the foot ; it is said to be of silver gilt, em- 
bossed and set with precious stones; but 
looks to me very like bfass, embellished 
with coloured glass. 

Left Palabatula at two, and reached 
Galle-malle, at a quarter before four. This 
stage, although it appeared very bad in 
going, I considered a good road in return- 
ing: such is the effect of comparison. The 
rest-house too, I thought a wretched place 
in going; it now appears most comforta- 
ble—the situation is very good. On our 
journey to-day, the people have been 
much annoyed by leeches, which are 
always most active when the ground is 
wet. We did not see one on our way up. 
We were fortunate enough to escape rain ; 
it had just ceased when we left Palaba- 
tula; recommenced immediately after our 
arrival here; and continued till dark. To 
show how little the natives think of this 
journey, which appears to us so arduous, 
I ought to mention a circumstance which 
occurred at Diabetma, where, after re- 
turning from the Peak, we missed our 
thermometer: upon consideration, I re- 
collected Col. W. having given it to me 
while in the temple, on the top of the 
Peak, where it had hung during the night, 
and where we found the mercury at 54^ at 
day-break. I also remembered having laid 
it down on the wooden frame which sur- 
rounds the temple, and supports the props 
of the roof. Our cook confirmed the hope 
we entertained of finding it, by saying, he 
had seen it there when he went to pay his 
last devoirs to the holy foot ; but he did 


ADAM'S PEAK. 13 


not touch it, as he thought we had left it 
there designedly (as an offering to Boodh, 
I suppose). Col. W. desired our appoo, 
(head servant) to offer a reward of two rix 
dollars (three shillings) to any one who 
would volunteer to bring it to us. Appoo, 
considering his master extravagant, only 
offered half the sum, and, for eighteen 
pence, a man readily offered to go next 
morning, and to rejoin us at Palabatula : 
he left Diabetma at six A.M. and delivered 
the thermometer to us at Palabatula by 
eleven, having gone from Diabetma to 
the very top of the Peak, and from thence 
down into Palabatula, in five hours, nearly 
a three days' journey £o us. 

5th.— After breakfast Col. W.went about 
a mile back on the road we travelled yes- 
terday, to the place where the jungle ceases 
and the forest begins, for the purpose 
of collecting Ferns, of which there is an 
endless variety. During his absence I took 
a sketch of the surrounding scenery, which 
is very fine: he returned laden with speci- 
mens, and bitten by leeches. Among the 
loftiest trees we remarked in that forest 
were the Horogaha, Dipterocarpus tur- 
binatus, which abounds, and over-tops the 
other trees. At ten o'clock set off on our 
return to Ratnapoora. When we got about 
half-way the day over-cast, and the rain 
fell in torrents, accompanied by loud thun- 
der, and very vivid lightnings, which con- 
tinued during the rest of our journey. The 
river, which our coolies had forded ankle 
deep, on our way to the Peak, was now a 
swollen torrent, impassible but in a boat: 
the ferryman not making his appearance, 
we were obliged to sit in the rain for, at 
least, a quarter of an hour. We reached 
Ratnapoora thoroughly drenched, between 
three and four, I believe; and found there, 
Capt. M‘K—— and Mr. M , so far 
on their way to the Peak, which they in- 
tended to cross, ascending from Suffra- 
gam, and descending on the Kandian side, 
which, we are told, is much less abrupt 

d rugged. 


an But as there are no rest- 
houses, or huts of any kind on that route, 
travellers, in general, prefer encountering 
the difficulties of the road on the Suffra- 


14 


gam side, rather than running the risk of 
sleeping in the jungle, and, perhaps, being 
suddenly awoke by the approach of a 
checta, or wild elephant : the latter, we are 
told, are numerous in the jungle, on every 
side of the Peak, and traces of them are 
frequently seen a good way up the cone. 
We saw none, and it is rather remarkable 
that I have never met with one, although 
I have travelled a good deal in Ceylon, 
and through parts of the island where they 
are said to abound the most. 

6th.—Remained at Ratnapoora. 

7th.—At six in the morning embarked 
on the Cala-gunga for Caliura. About four 
miles below Ratnapoora, we landed to 
visit the great Suffragam temple, con- 
sidered a place of much sanctity, and 
where the great Boodhist festivals are cele- 
brated with almost as much parade as at 
Kandy: the Peri-peri was attended last 
year by upwards of 7,000 people. At half 
past four we reached Nambepané, where 
we landed, and sl 

8th.—Set off again about six A.M.; the 
morning foggy ; the scenery uninteresting; 
tLe banks of the river covered with jungle 
to the water’s edge, sometimes opening a 
little, and affording glimpses of low hills in 
the distance, There are three rapids which, 
when the current is strong, are sometimes 
difficult to pass; but they occasioned little 
delay or impediment to us. We remarked 
a considerable variety of birds, and a great 
many monkeys among the trees. It was 
quite dark before we reached Caltura, 
where we slept, and next day arrived at 
Colombo, early in the evening, after an 
agreeable and interesting little tour, which 
we both enjoyed very much. 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


Ir. ever there was a period, when, more 
than at any other, a JoURNAL was required 
which might give an account of the pro- 
gress of Botanical Science, it is surely the 
ms when, thanks to the blessings of a 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


extent, which has not lately been the field 
of some botanical discoveries. And this is 
eminently the case with the vast continent 
of the New World, which, in many of its 
finest provinces, had so long been the the- 
atre of war and strife. North America, 
especially the United States, bids fair to 
have its botanical riches as well known and 
as faithfully described as many parts of 
Europe: and we are very happy to be able 
to announce that, our valued friend, Dr. 

Torrey, is preparing a “ Synopsis of North 
American Plants,” arranged according to 
the Natural method. It is a work that has 
been long called for, and it is fortunate for 
Science that the execution has fallen into 
such able hands. In this labotious employ- 
ment Dr. Asa Gray lends his valuable as- 
sistance, a gentleman who has already de- 
served well of Science by the publication of 
his “Specimens illustrative of the Grasses 
and Cyperacee of North America,” of which 
the first vol ume has ery appeared, in 
fo! lio, contai ; andit 
may fairly be slossod among the most beau- 
tiful and useful works of the kind that we 
are acquainted with. The specimens are re- 
markably well selected, skilfully prepared, 

critically studied, and carefully compared 
with those in the extensive and very au- 
thentic Herbarium of Dr. Torrey, which is 
especially rich in these two families, A 
second volume is, we believe, ere this, 
published! by the author, who has, more- - 
over, collected materials for a work of a 
similar nature on the Mosses of North 
America, under the title of “ Muscologia 


Mr. Nuttall, who, though he appears to 
have resigned the Botanical Chair in the 
University of Harvard College, seems to 
be as ardently devoted to Natural History, 
and especially Botany, as ever. In the 

ransactions of the American Philosophical 
Society he has commenced his “ Collections 
towards a Flora of the Territory of Ar- 
kansas,” arranged according to the Natural 
Orders. This memoir will prove extremely 

1 This volume has, while this sheet is in the press, 
reached this country; and the two volames are now 
on sale here, as well as in America. 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


interesting to the subscribers to Mr. Drum- 
mond’s Collections; since many of them, 
especially from the interior of Texas, prove 
identical with Mr. Nuttall’s discoveries in 
kansa: two countries not very remote 
from each other. Many new species are 
here described, and among the Grasses is 
a new genus, * GREENIA," dedicated, and 
most deservingly so, to B. D. Greene, Esq. 
. of Boston, U. S.; but the “ GREENEA” of 
Wight and Arnott, of the Order Rubiacee, 
published in the Prodromus Flore Penin- 
sule Indie Orientalis, has the right of 
priority. 1t is observed by Mr. Nuttall, 
that neither Symplocarpus, nor Orontium 
appear to the westward of the Alleghany 
mountains; and of the superb Cyamus lu- 
teus, (Nelumbium luteum, Wiild.,) he re- 
marks that, ** the Osages and other western 
natives, employ the roots of this plant, 
which is of common occurrence, for food, 
preparing them by boiling. In form the 
tubers resemble those of the Batata, or 
sweet potato, and are traversed internally 
by from five to eight longitudinal cavities. 
They are found to the depth of twelve to 
eighteen inches beneath the surface of the 
earth, and are connected by means of run- 
ning roots. The tubers arrive at maturity 
about the time that the seeds begin to 
ripen: before that period they abound with 
a milky juice, in common with the whole 
plant. When fully ripe, after considerable 
boiling, they become as farinaceous, agree- 
able, and wholesome a diet as the potato.” 
Two other valuable papers on American 
Botany are given by Mr. Nuttall, in the 
Seventh Volume of the Journal of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 
phia: the first entitled “ A Catalogue of a 
Collection of Plants ; made chiefly in the 
Valleys of the Rocky Mountains or North- 
ern Andes, towards the sources of the Co- 
lumbia River, by Mr. N. B. Wyeth.” The 
collection, Mr. Nuttall informs us, was made 


15 


Herbarium occurred. The number of the 
species, and their interest to the Botanist, 
will, therefore, be duly appreciated, and, 
particularly, when it is known that this was 
the first essay of the kind ever made by 
Mr. Wyeth; and yet I can safely say, that 
besides their number, (there being many 
duplicates,) they are the finest specimens, 
probably, that ever were brought from the 
distant and perilous regions of the West, 
by any American traveller.” This collec- 
tion is, indeed, an extremely important 
one, amounting to one hundred and thir- 
teen species, the majority of which are 
described as new: many of them, how- 
ever, will necessarily be found identical 
with the discoveries of Mr. mmond, 
and, more particularly, of Mr. Douglas, in 
the same district of country. Perfect 
flowering specimens of Lewisia rediviva 
were obtained, and a figure is given of it; 
but, it is deeply to be regretted, without 
any analysis of the parts of fructification: 
for it is made to constitute a new order of 
plants under the Flat-head-Indian name 
of SPÆTHALUMEÆ, the root being the’ 
Spetlum of the Sailish, or Flat-head 
Indians. 

It is, probably, the highly interesting 
character of this collection from the Rocky 
Mountains that has induced Mr. Nuttall 
himself to join an exploring party; and 
cross the continent of North America, to 
the shores of the Pacific, on the south side 
of the Columbia, than which a more in- 
teresting journey can scarcely be ima- 
gined. Of the particulars of the route, and 
the nature and success of the expedition 
he accompanied, I have been unable to 
learn any particulars, further than that a 
vessel sent round to meet them with stores, 
&c. had not arrived, on which account the 


16 


consist of eighty-three species, nearly the 
whole of which were previously unde- 
scribed: several of these are, however, 
likewise in Mr. Drummond’s collections, 
and more may be expected from that in- 
defatigable naturalist during his journey- 
ings in Eastern Florida. 

In our last mention of Mr. Drummond, 
(see Bot. Misc. Second Serves, p. 184,) 
we spoke of his having left New Orleans, 
for Texas, a country recently claimed by 
the United States from the dominion of 
Mexico, but hitherto almost untrodden by 
the foot of a Botanist. No wonder, there- 
fore, that it had attractions for Mr. Drum- 
mond, which were, perhaps, increased by 
the circumstance of a small collection of 
plants falling into his hands, which were 
gathered in that country by M. Berlandier, 
and which, at once showed how different, 
in general, was the vegetation from that 
of the United States. The particulars of 
_ his stay in Texas, will be given in the in- 
troductory notice to the remarks we shall 
have to offer on the plants themselves: 
suffice it to say, at present, that he has 
sent at three separate periods several 
chests of dried plants, of which the E 
and by far the most interesting arri 
still remains to be distributed ; and iint k 
has, besides, enriched our gardens with 
seeds and roots of several new, or little 
known plants: among them are five species 
of Cactus, some handsome species of 
Phlor, a most remarkable new Cruci- 
ferous plant allied to the beautiful Strep- 
tanthus, (Bot. Mag. t. 3317,) and two 
kinds of Pentstemon, which, I think, may 
be reckoned, by very far, the handsomest 
of this very handsome genus : of these, one 
had been previously discovered by Mr. 
Nuttall, on the Red River, and called by 
that gentleman, on account of the great 
pec general appearance of the flower, 

P. Cobea; the other and more beautiful 
one appears to be quite new. On his re- 

New Orleans in the latter end of 


! This place, Eoo cc TÉ ap- 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


which he reached in January last: there he 
collected twos boxes of specimens, which 
have reached Europe, when, finding from 
the peculiar nature of the country, sur- 
rounded by a widely extended waste of 
sand in almost every direction, that it was 
scarcely practicable to reach the southern 
extremity of Florida, except by the very 
circuitous route of the Havanna; he em- 
barked for the island of Cuba on the Ist of 
February, and intended from thence, to 
reach Key-west, so as, on proceeding 
northward, to pass through the whole 
length of the southern peninsula of North 
America. 

American Botany has sustained a great 
loss, and his adopted country a most in- 
valuable member of society, in the death 
of Dr. Schweinitz, of Bethlehem, Penn- 
sylvania, so well known for his accurate 
investigations of the Fungi: he lately be- 
came the possesscr of aldwin's ex- 
tensive Herbarium of plicit chiefly col- 
lected in the southern states, and in South 
America, and had intended publishing 
some remarks upon them. For some 
years past his health had been declining, 
and early in last year he was carried off 
, by a disease of the heart, an ossifica- 
tion, as it appeared, of the valves. His 
death was very sudden, and his collections 
have been bequeathed to the Academy 
of Sciences of Philadelphia, and is, to- 
gether with the other valuable Herbaria 
belonging to that Institution. under the 
able charge of Dr. Pickering. 

Dr. Barratt, of Middleton, United States, 
America, has undertaken the difficult task 
of describing the North American Willows, 
a task to which, probably, no person is 
more competent. This gentleman has fa- 
voured us with a copy of his “ Conspectus 
of North American snp in m in 
which he has e hundred 
pearance of the surrounding country afforded to our 
traveller some Mus, "^" as the —s 
crs Fore, the rare Epidendrum conopseum, 

on Magnolia the ouly sed 
Pipes the United States ; a fine new A 
new Cactus, a Sarracenia, a variety of s. 
variolaris, with leaves a foot and a half long, S. psitta- 


cina, &c. &e, 


Lu ae ee so eae ees MS 


> 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 17 


kinds, (including a few varieties, and some 

uropean ones, that are cultivated as 
oziers, or otherwise,) arrahged in nine 
natural groupes; and it gives us much 
pleasure to find that the collection made 
during Capt. Sir John Franklin’s expedi- 
tion, the whole of which, so far, at least, as 
the specimens would allow of it, he has been 
good enough to determine for us, has af- 
forded several new species to the Ameri- 
can Flora. Many of the North American 
species are eminently deserving of cultiva- 
tion, on account of the beauty of their cat- 
kins 2 paie um id pastigulasly some of 

f merica; 

and we confidently hope that Dr. Gairdner, 
who now resides at Fort Vancouver, and 
Mr. Tolmie, who is stationed in a most 
interesting spot, namely, at Fort M‘Lough- 

in, in Millbank Sound, lat. 52° 6’ N., will 
enrich our collections with many novelties 
from that rich botanical field. 

But it is impossibf® to revert to the 
Natural History of the Pacific side of 
North America, without recollections of 
a most painful kind. It is become the 
duty of one, who has, for a period of six- 
teen years, taken the most lively interest 
in the welfare of Mr. David Douglas, now 
to record the circumstance of his death— 
cut off in the prime of life, at Oahn, one of 
the Sandwich islands, by an accident, which 
has already been mentioned in the public 
prints; and this, at a period, when his 
friends were expecting to welcome his 
return to his native country, after an ab- 
sence of many years which have been de- 
voted, and with the most unexampled per- 
severance and success, to furthering the 
cause of Science in distant, and, pre- 
viously, little explored countries. It was, 
indeed, intended by the writer of this 
brief notice, that these very pages should 
have contained some account of Mr. Doug- 
las's adventures and discoveries during his 
two first voyages and travels; for the more 

satisfactory execution of which, the Horti- 
cultural Society of London, with a readi- 
ness and kindness, (for which he here begs 
to express his grateful acknowledgments, ) 
had entrusted him with the whole of his 

NOL, EL 


journals in their possession, Any fur- 
ther notice of this lamented traveller and 
naturalist will now be necessarily deferred 
until the arrival of his Collections and M 
which are daily expected by H.M.S. Chal- 
lenger. Suffice it to say at this time, that Mr. 
Douglas's friends are under the greatest 
obligations to R. T. Charlton, Esq. H.B.M. 
Consul, at the Sandwich Islands, and Chas. 
Ryde Rooke, Esq. acting Consul in Mr. 
Charlton's absence, for the lively interest 
they have taken in the affairs of our unfor- 
tunate and deeply regretted countryman. 
In the Second Series of the Bot. Misc. 
vol. 1. p. 176, we gave a brief notice of 
Mr. Mathews's indefatigable exertions in 
the cause of Peruvian Botany; and, we 
stated that, in the month of August, 1833, 
he was on the point of setting out for the 
interior of Huanuco, in the tenth degree 
of South latitude, where Ruiz and Pavon 
thered so many of their interesting 
plants ;! but this journey was, for a while, 
! Nothing 
A É— 


, however, could be 
first vis 
R ing at Huanuco,” says the historian of 
Ruiz, ‘‘ dli the 10th of June, 1785, he departed again 


more unfortunate 
sit of these celebrated botanists. 


new disciples, one a bo 
falla,the other adraughtsman, Don Francisco Pulgar. 
During his stay at Huanuco, he collected new ma- 
terials in its vicinity with his acc 
perseverance. He proceeded to Chinc 
ing one Chulqui, and = Pampa * p deemed 
Tambo de Paty, and in the Hacienda of Macora 
Here he made a rich clin o of Piper Ee 
small birds, barks, gums, , often losing 
himself in these dense woods, ind i often suffering 
from the Mal del Mayco, a terrible disorder, which 
had already attacked him at Poyuzo, and which abso- 
€ incapacitates the patient from any kind of 
lab ade enquiries to trace the origin of 
this severe malady, and ascertained that it was occa- 
sioned by the shade of two species of Schinus 

the 6th of August, he dispatched to Hiashi te 
specimens of rare trees, that they might idi dried 
to Lima, and from thence to Spain, and a packet of 
the coffee which he discovered in these mountains. 
Returning, however, to Macora, he found the place 
reduced to ashes unfortunate conflagration 


o 


irc for three years and a half, the botanical 
scriptions y ar — eyes d bes phus ee of 


corrected Sebeequently né a apát with living 


18 


interrupted by the revolutionary disturb- 
ances at Huananga and Canamarca, as 
well as by the country between it and 
Lima being for some time after infested 
by a band of miscreants, one hundred and 
twenty in number, who had recently broken 
loose from the island of San Lorenzo, and, 
for a time, almost kept the capital in a 
state of siege. At length, in November 
of that year, Mr. Mathews reached Casapi, 


on the banks of the river Huallaga, which M 


empties itself into the Amazon, and situat- 
ed in the Quebrada of Chinchao, in the 
Montana of Huanuco, where he gathered 
(between the time of his arrival and the 
16th of March, 1835) three hundred and 
fifty species of plants, exclusive of Mosses, 
and where other kinds were then daily 
coming into flower. Cuchero, about six 
or eight miles distant, was for some time 
the head quarters of the celebrated botan- 
ist and traveller, Dr. Poeppig (the first 
volume of whose travels has just ap- 
peared); so that this collection may be 
expected to include many of the discove- 
ries of that gentleman. So damp, how- 
ever, was the climate, at that season, that 
Mr. Mathews was obliged to send his col- 
lections, which were very considerable, 
as quickly as possible to Lima, which 
place they.reached in a very excellent 
state. The Orchidee, he describes as nu- 
merous and beautiful; and of these, being 
furnished with an excellent microscope of 
Banks, he has made numerous drawings; 
very wisely reflecting, that in the recent 
state alone they may be satisfactorily 


On the 17th of April, 1834, our tra- 


plants in Poyuza, and the ravine of Chinchan, the 
works of Linnzus, Murray, Plumier, Jacquin, and 
other botanists, the presses, field-tents, drying-pa- 
per, provisions for two months, with many pieces of 
plate. He would, probably, himself have perished, 
his e ess to save the fruits of his labors, had 
of 


Hippolitos Ruiz Lopez, translated from the Spanish by 
A. B. Lambert, Esq. On an after-occasion, however, 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


veller left Casapi, and after four days' 
travelling, reached Juana del Rio, opposite 
the river Monson, passing on foot through 
dense forests, scrambling among rocks by 
the side of the river, with scarcely a 
vestige of a road (and, even this route is 
rendered impassible when the river is 
swollen); continuing down the river, in à 
canoe, he arrived at Juan Guerra, the port 
of Ree near the junction of the Rio 
yo with the Huallaga, on the 
llth of May, after devoting a day to each 
of the Pueblas (where the Indians of the 
canoe were changed,) for the purpose of 
collecting plants. The scenery on the 
banks he states to be peculiarly magnifi- 
cent; but the stream is not so easy of 
navigation as it has been described; so that 
it seems doubtful, if, as has been sug- 
gested, it could be navigated by steam- 
boats, even of a small class. The Indians, 
who are extremely dexterous in the t ma- 
nagement of their canoes, are ex 

much risk, particularly in the descent, Ped 
the course is continually interrupted by 
rapids and malpasos. On both sides of 
the river is a continued succession of im- 
mense hills, (so that no where does the 
Cordillera come into view,) and in many 
places approaching so close to the water 
as to present almost perpendicular preci- 
pices many hundred feet in height, clothed 
with timber. Where these hills recede 
small plains are formed, when the river 
takes a serpentine course, forming numer- 
ous shallow branches with large islands, 
covered with the trunks of immense trees 
and mud, d are continually altering 
the channel. principal trees on these 
flats are a species of Cecropia, and a strong 
cane, called, ** Canna brava ;” while, in 
places, when the surface becomes more 
elevated, these give place to Palms, and 
other lofty trees; but still it is some dis- 
tance from the river, where they attain 
their greatest elevation. 

In his letter, dated “ Myobamba, (lat. 
7° S.) Province of f Minas, 30th June, 
1834,” he says, “ The rivers here abound 
with fish, and the woods with birds, and 
other animals. In my way from Tara- ` 


hundred 
Relea abveedy dusbon Naan The hey 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 19 


pota to this place, distant 35 leagues, with 
roads the most wretched and fatiguing 
imaginable, (in many places rendered 
almost impassible by the continual rains, 
and the falling of trees,) I had reckoned 
upon a vegetation considerably different 
from that near the river, and I was not 
disappointed. The trees of the vallies are, 
indeed, similar; but the plants on the 
hills, and near this city, are entirely dis- 
tinct from anything I have before seen in 

The surface being generally rocky 
and sandy, the trees are small, and admit 
the growth of much under-wood; small 
shrubs, particularly of Melastoma, are nu- 
merous; and there are besides large open 
tracts of pasture (or pajonal). Orchidee 
are few in number; and Mosses and Ferns 
are of still less frequent occurrence. 
collection, since I left Casapi, in plants, 
animals, insects, and shells, is consider- 
able. I shall leave this in about a fortnight, 
for Chacapoyas, (situated upon another of 
the tributaries of the Amazon, ) where I 
intend to stay five or six weeks, if the 
season prove favorable; and, that place 
being within the limits of the Cordillera, 
(but with constant rains,) I have no doubt 
that I shall find many plants which are 
not met with to the southward: and im- 
mediately on my arrival at the coast, I 
shall forward every thing I have collected 
to England.” 

All this has been happily accomplished, 
and in the middle of April this year (1885) 
I had the pleasure of receiving letters 
from Mr. Mathews, dated Lima, Nov. 30th, 
1834, in which he briefly mentions his 
journey to Chacapoyas, thence to Truxillo 
upon the coast, and so to Lima, where he 
arrived on the 10th of Nov., after an ardu- 
ous and most successful journey. Chaca- 
poyas proved an eminently Saracho sta- 
tion, particularly for alpine plants; so that 
he was detained two months there :—and 
the result of this expedition, in Botany 
alone, has been a collection of upwards of 
ten thousand specimens, including nine 

cies, Of these, nearly one 


and 


- 


accompanied by a list! of stations, and 
cannot fail to give the greatest satisfac- 
tion to the friends of Mr. Mathews, and 
to reflect the highest credit upon Mr. 
Mathews himself This part of the col- 
lection is peculiarly rich in Composite, 
(many of great beauty) Melastomacec, (of 
which he has gathered nearly fifty kinds.) 
There are several Andromedas, Fuchsias, 
Rubiacee, two Proteacee, several Lau- 
ruses, Weinmannias, Befarias, &c. &c. 

Since the arrival of these, another let- 
ter has arrived, dated Lima, 20th of Jan. 
1835, announcing the departure, (at the 
same time with the letter,) of the rest of 
these valuable collections; so that their ap- 
pearance is daily looked for; and I feel 
confident that they will prove equally in- 
teresting with those just noticed. 

No sooner were these dispatched, than 
with all the ardour and perseverance which 
so eminently characterize this naturalist, 
Mr. Mathews set out on another and more 
extended journey to the eastern side of the 
Cordillera. From Chacapoyas, his first 
station, he has the intention of proceeding, 
by San Jaen de Bracamoros, to Loxa, for 
the purpose of gathering the Cinchonas ; 
after which he will determine upon the 
exact route he will take; but under no cir- 
cumstances does he expect to return to 
Lima in less than a twelvemonth, or a year 
and a half. 


BOHLER'S BRITISH LICHENS. 


Itis with much pleasure we announce 
the appearance of the first Number of 
Bohler's Lichenes Britannici, published 
by G. Ridge, Sheffield, consisting of speci- 
mens, accompanied by generic and specific 
characters, synonyms, localities, and occa- 
sional remarks. Coloured figures are sub- 
stituted where the specimens are of that 
nature as not readily to admit of their in- 
troduction; or, in those cases where, from 


1 At least this is the case with my set. Shonld it 
not be so with the ong “subscribers, which the labour 
of preparing so m renders very probable, I 
shall Eladly publish | my amm of numbers and stations, 
for the vidis of other 


20 


the extreme rarity of the species, it is not 
possible to procure a sufficient supply of 
specimens: so that the whole will form a 
work admirably illustrative of the British 
individuals of this extensive and beautiful 
family of plants. The species given in the 
first Fasciculus, or Number, are, Endo- 
carpon, miniatum, Squamaria crassa, 
Squamaria murorum (plate), Solorina 
saccata, Spherophoron coralloides, Cla- 
donia rangiferina, Scyphophorus gra- 
cilis, Scyphophorus filiformis. The plate 
is extremely well executed, both as to 
drawing and colouring, and the specimens 
are prepared with much care and neat- 
ness : so that we trust this useful publica- 
tion will meet with the encouragement it 
deserves. 


GARDENER’S BRITISH: MOSSES. 


Mr. Gardener, of Glasgow, has, for a 
long time, been engaged in collecting 
Specimens of British Mosses, with the 
view to the preparation of a work to be 
entitled “ Musci Britannici,” on a similar 
plan to that of the beautiful * Deutsch- 
lands Moose,” &c. (or Pocket Herbarium 


of German Mosses,) of H. C. Funck; and d 


the author considers his collections now 
to be sufficiently numerous to warrant him 
to commence the undertaking, and to so- 
licit the names of subscribers, By the 
plan he has adopted, a neat pocket volume 
is capable of containing a full set of British 
species. Each page is marked out in com- 
partments suited to the size of the respec- 
tive species, in their proper order, and the 
generic and specific names are written in 
lithography, precisely according with the 
arrangement of this tribe of plants in 
Dr. Hooker's British Flora. As, however, 
every set must, of necessity, be deficient 
in specimens of several species, from the 
difficulty of procuring some, and the im- 
ossibility of obtaining others, the price 
of the copy will vary according to the 
number of species it may contain; each 
species being reckoned at the moderate 
sum of 3d. It is ealculated, upon the 
average, that each copy may contain from 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. 


one hundred and fifty to one hundred and 
eighty species; and, as the author will 
spare no exertions to increase his store of 

species, he trusts to be able, from time to 
time, to offer specimens to his subscribers, 
which may enable them to fill up many of 
their blank compartments. With a view to 
further this object, he will thankfully offer 
rare Mosses which are peculiar to Scot- 
land, for those which are confined to the 
more southern parts of Great Britain: a 
system of exchange which may be of mu- 
tual advantage. Dr. Hooker will be happy 
to be the medium of communication be- 
tween Mr. Gardener and any Muscologi- 
cal friend. 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY. 


By Dr. Wight & G. A.W. Arnott, Esq.—T as. II. 
ABUTILON GRAVEOLENS, 

Ramis pubescentibus pilisque mollibus 
sparsis horizontalibus tectis, foliis rotundo- 
cordatis breviter ac repente acuminatis 
dentatis utrinque velutinis, pedicellis peti- 
olum subequantibus sub flore articulatis, 
laciniis calycinis ovatis acuminatis, corolla 
emum reflexa, capsula hirsuta truncata 
calycem paullo superante, carpellis 25—30 
acutis exaristatis. 

Abutilon graveolens. Wight et Arm. 
Prod. Fl. Penins. Ind. Or. v. 1. p. 56. 
Wight, Cat. n. 191. 

Sida graveolens. Roxb. Hort. Bengh. 
p. 50; Fl. Ind. v. 3. p. 179 ; in Cet. Merc. 
Angl. Ind. Or. Mus. tab. 1492. De Cand. 
Prod. v. 1. p. 473. Spr. Syst. Veg. v. 3. p. 
118. Wall. List. n. 1856. 

Sida tomentosa. Wall. List. n. 1852. 
B. (quoad spec. e Gonga-chora)—Abutilon 
hirsutum, &c. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 4. p. 29. 
(descr, bona), ¢. 10 (haud bona). 

Herbaceous, erect, branched, every- 
where clothed with clammy pubescence. 
Stems clothed with much soft pubescence, 
mixed with longer, but also soft hairs. 
Leaves alternate, roundish-cordate, occa- 
sionally slightly lobed, 5—7-nerved, re- 
pandly-toothed, very various in size, being 
from one and a half, or two inches, to a 


MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 


foot in diameter. Petioles about as long 
as the leaves. Stipules linear, recurved, 
acute. Peduncles axillary, solitary, one- 
flowered, scarcely so long as the petioles, 
jointed a little below the calyx. Calyx, 
five-cleft, persistent, without any involucel: 
segments ovate, with a rather long acumi- 
nation, with a nerve along the middle. 
Corolla yellow, dark purple at the bottom, 
rotate; limb at length recurved or even re- 
flexed; petals broadly obovate, or slightly 
obcordate, twisted in æstivation. Stamens 
numerous, united below into a tube, free 
in their upper half. Anthers reniform, one- 
celled. Ovary 25—30-celled, with three 
ovules in each cell. Styles 25—30, united 
in their lower half, free, and spreading 
above, filiform. Stigma capitate. Cap- 
sule hairy, composed of 25—30. Carpels 
or cocci, truncated, each carpel a little 
acute but not awned, two-valved, splitting 
elastically, containing three seeds. 

It is probable that this, A. hirtum, G. 
Don, (Sida hirta, Lam.) A. Asiaticum, 
G. Don, (Sida Asiatica, Linn.,) and A 
Indica, G. Don, (Sida Indica, Linn. ,) may 
prove, on further examination, to be mere 
varieties of one and the same species: they 
seem, indeed, to pass, by insensible grada- 
tions, into each other. W. and A 


NOTICE CONCERNING MR. DRUM- 
MOND’S COLLECTIONS MADE 
CHTEFLY IN THE SOUTHERN 
AND WESTERN PARTS OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 


( Continued pon Bie rdi td c Lo 


TH m Juss. 


185. ease Se ae subpubescens, 
foliis libus, foliolis obovato- 


| summis su 
germineque fulvo- villosis, le 
acuminato 


A S Pod Mh. ees 
(«o Am.— yria ap m. 
o BLP 263.—. " lanceolata, 4 

mes interesting, and, probably, a goo 


21 


rs which, I think, is perii. as 
[ Mich. and 


Schw onn as“ - pubescens, n. sp.: aff. 

B. tinct. of L? from Georgia. This is 

very ya e all o 

6. Baptisia australis Br. —Sophora 

australis, Sims, Bot. Mag. 

sem td australis Vent.— 
— This’ 


hanies 


paya 
beautiful 
initis is penta by the banks of rivers 
and wate entucky, where 
Wild In 


digo,” and whence I have beautiful spe- 
cimens from Dr. Short and Mr. Gris- 


wold. 
187. Baptisia alba. Br. De Cand.—Po- 
dalyria € Sims Bot. Mag. p. 1177. 
—N. Orl. is. 
OBs. The. Panini leucophea, Nutt. 
does not appear to have n found by 
r. Drummond, in Louisiana ; ion he has 
gathered it een a n Texas as, and Mr. 
eem finds it in Car 
; 2. The mera deoa Meum = 


Griswold, who fin 
cliffs of the Kentucky river, bearing Biss 
early in May, and fruit the muddle of 


ise C p yc ovalis, Pursh. Hook. in 
Bot. Mag Nc Or. UE TIJ 

189. Orid Vie Linn. (var. E 
gre Orl. 


barrios var. linearis. 


Et 

191. Medicago lupulina, L.—N. Orl. (n. 
78. 

E ee , Willd.—N. Orl. 


- 


22 
193. Medicago denticulata, Willd.—N. 
Orl. (n. 79.) 
194. Melilotus parviflora, Dest.—N. Orl. 
n. 81. 
195. Trifolium umbellatum, Sw. in De 
Cand. Prodr. v. 2. 199.—N. Orl. 


A. 


by Mr. Tainturier, 
Dr. the T. 
Dr. Short sends two very handsome 77e- 
foils from Kentucky, both known under 
the name of “ Buffalo Clover ;" the one 
T. reflexum, . and De Cand. Prodr. 
um X 5. NE, d 
Waldst. et Kit. De C 3 
p. 197. n. 61.) and the other T! stoloni- 
ferum, of Muhl., whose heads of — 
are quite equal in size with those of th 


reflecum ; but which is altogether a "iy 
different species; it may be thus charac- 
terized: T. stoloniferum ulibus re- 


— diffusis, foliolis. faaie obcor- 
a 


mbranaceis, capitulis axilla- 
ribus Venen pe unculatis, floribus pe- 
icel , post anthesin deflexis, calycis 


repens ; but it is three or four 
l in all its parts. Colour of the flowers 
esae white. 

196. Psoralea eglandulosa, Ell.—JMelilo- 


ina. 
a, L.—Covington. 
199. Clitoria Tite L. Covington. 
—As it appears to me, Mr. Nuttall mis- 
takes the C. Mariana for the Virgin- 
and vice versa : for he 


C. Virginiana, L.; and of the latter. he 

says, ‘‘it has the largest papilionaceous 
in the United States 

Ew Mariana has the larger flowers of 


200. Galactia pilosa, Nutt. Gen. Am. 
- X "eie 116.—Covington. 


; caule erecto 


MR. DRUMMOND'S 


COLLECTIONS. 


ton.—I can find no description to accord 
a perennial, 


forming a kind of 
Pedicels three to four lines — hairy, 
bracteated at the base airy, bi- 


equal, subulate, hairy segments, 
half the length of the 
Vex illum broad. Carina on 
tamens diadelphous. Germ 
al thickly clothed with vin 
hai The fruit I have not seen 

02. “Petaostemon candidum, Mich.—St. 


2 
L 
203. Petalostemón violaceum, Mich.—St. 
ouis. 
3. Balsa alopecuroides, Nutt.— St. 


205. "Tél Virginiana, Pers.—Ga- 
lega, L.—St. Louis. vington. 
T Tephrosia hispidula, Nutt.—N. Orl. 


207. Tephrosia dps er. Nutt.?— EU, 
Carol. v p. P apis Y villosa. 
Mich. (Rote L. IN Or L (». 85. -)—Our 


orry; but not 
with the plant I have received from Mr. 


Nuttall, from the Arkansas, marked 
" TE ephrosia cinerea, Jacq., T. pauci- 
folia, Nutt. Gen.” which has more nu- 


m the Gal 

L—N. Orl. 
(n. 86. 

209. J e i A C.— Ro- 


q. Jc. Rar. v. 1. t. 
148. — AMA platycarpa. Mich. 
Sesbania disperma. | Mich.—N. Orl. 


nina ine ier in fruit only occur in 
the Herbarium; but it is readily distin- 
guished by the curious sme of the 


stricta gra- legumes. 
ETE prse deitoliolatis glabris, 210. uses tetraphylla, Mich.—Cov- 
b 


s longitudine 
glaucis longi 


, caly- 
cibus pedicellisque hirsutis. birsutis.—Coving- 


issimis su 
tioli, umbellis "St losanthes elatior, Sw.—N. Orl. 
dinis n. 87. 


Desmodium Canadense, De Cand. 


MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS, 


var. hirsuta —St. Louis.—This, if it be 
not a distinct species, as Dr. Boott sus- 
pects, is a very remarkable variety of 
D. Canadense, having the stem and 
branches clothed with copious, patent 
airs 
213. Ell. 


Desmodium  scaberrimum 


estr. fide specim. 
( Boott Je is not e viridifl. of 
Linn. Dr. Boott petes retaining El- 
liott's name.—St. 

De 
d , Willd. ? 
s Dok Herb.—Jacksonville. 


215. Desmodium sabias Net Nutt. 

.)—Jackso 

rum, Gron. et 

Hedys. nx acksonville. 

217. Desmodium cu atum, Willd. 
(sub Hedys.) D. bracteosum B. De 
Cand.—Jacksonville. St. Louis.—Dr. 
Boott meprote that the HZ. raise 
Mich. . levigatum o 


218. a aina ae glabellum, Mich. (sub 
23 


re it acksonville. 


atum, Linn. 


Hedys. )—Jacksonville.—This is 
asin, Herb. Hort. Reg. Paris. 
( 


g2. adag acuminatum. Mich. 


um nudiflorum. Linn. 
Hedys. )—Covington.—This species is 
found in the Himala Mountains by Mr. 
Royle. 


23 


cum. in Herb, Hook. ex Boott.)—Jack- 
sonville, under two forms, in the one 


oott 
as “ L. virgata, Nutt. MSS." 

227. Lespideza capitata, Mich. Hedys. 
fructescens .L.—Jacksonville.—8. sert- 
cea ; foliolis angustioribus sericeo-niten- 
tibus.—Jacksonville.—y. aque 
Pursh, D C.; ; foliolis linearibus.— 
gustifolia, 

228. 


i 
dys. p 
E ario 

9. Lespiders violacea, L. (sub Hedys. 
Bo Linn.)—Hedys. Tig, eh 
Willd. T io L. fide pasin. layt 
in Herb. Gronov. (nec aliorum.)—Ja 
sonville (in fruit only). 

. Lespideza prostrata, rA 
ua )—Jackionvile N. O 

ington.—Dr. oe disti eed di) 

ocumbens, by its being 


us; by mie 
dedi short 


rt petio 
231. Vicia Darolinsana, Wal — VF. pau- 


don. hirta, Willd. (sub He- 
polystachya. Mich.—Jack- 


ack- 


9) 


duced to two ae a peduncle, 
these flowers are sm 


. Amphicarpea monoica, Ell.—Jack- 
ER Cis St. Louis.—£. caule foliisque 
fulvescenti - sericeis, floribus numero- 
sis.—St. Louis.—Dr. Short finds that 


Desmodium pauciflorum. Nutt. owers are more numerous than in a, 
sub Hedys.)—N. Orl. (n. 88.)—This larger, much more purple. The 
species seems to have been long over- leaves are iei rms DU dh 
looke . Boott has lately received 2: is, DC.—Ar- 
it from West Chester, as I have also from ray aiit jum m. El —Glycine 
Pittsburg, gathered by Voltz, and from — fomentosa, mono lla. Mich.—N. Orl. 
Canada, by Mr. Goldie. (n. 91. 
ao Desmodium lineatum, Mich. (sub 235. Rhynchosia erecta, D C.— 
-)—Jacksonville.—Dr. Boott, who yen: erectum. Ell.—Glycine so 
eae undertook to examine and name Nutt. tomentosa, erecta. € 
all my N rican smodia, —Covington.—An Glycine tomentosa 
remarked on this “ rarissimum, De —-Nutt—Our plant differs from the erecta 
Lessert gave me three leayes deo a of Nutt. us mnl the racemes always 
er ves. 
ray ae eee oder Hh regres ce tomen € Hone " 
225. ag d reticulata, Willd. (sub — Arn.—Glycine tomentosa. Linn. Mich. 
edys.) L. yo ag « oliis sub- excl. a. B. y.) Ell—Dill. Hort. Elth. t. 
da m olia. M CE Covington. 
Darl. Fl. Cestr.—L. divergens. Bi. "om belong ecta ? Fees 


24 


obtuse leaves. Our plant is the true 
Glycine tomentosa of Linn. according 
to Hort. Elth. above quoted 

237. Apios tuberosa, Mench. —St. Louis. 


Covington 
238. isteria frutescens, D C.—N. Orl. 
n. 93. 
x : ca. perennis, Walt.—Jack- 


ville. 
240. Piecedios Malis Pers. D C. 
— P. trilobus. trophostyles an- 
os trilobus. 


speci N. Orl. (1893) 
241. Ph haseolus Helvolus, L.—St. wien 
—g8.a 


. f. 300, better sabes. 
sents the preceding species than the pre- 

sent. May not these, and P. verillatus 
of the United States, be mere varieties 


Dillenian plant referred to as the P. 
vezillatus and t geh of Jacq. 
they are a tropical species, I have 


never seen anything onbin them 
from the United States. 
242. Vigna glabra, Savi.—Dolichos lu- 
teolus. Jacq.—Covi 
243. Lupinus perais, L.—Pen nnsylvania. 
—(Lupinus villosus, the most beautiful, 
perhaps, of all the eee although not 
sent by Mr. Drummond, I have received 
from the are ‘gathered by M. 
Tainturie 
44. 


Erythrina herbacea, L.—Covington. 
N. Orl. (n. 94. 


245. Schrank uncinata, Willd.—N. Orl. 
(n. 95) and 
(Dariingtonia glandulo sa, D C.— 
This plan rom the Mississippi, 
gathered 5 "Tantus; but it scarcely 
appears to me to e from the north- 
ern species, D. brac. 
ceived from Dr. Depen insel 
246. cacia Farnesiana, Willd. Nutt. 
Gen. Am.—N. Orl. (n. 95 bis.) 
247. Acacia ig Sill. Am. Journ. v. 7. 
p. 61.—N. 1833.—Leaves only: 
jut e ire specimens from 
M.  eeinercd on the Missis- 


pes Aypogea, L. Covin 
ra e sem 
219. Cassia Tora, .L—St. Louis. Cov- 


250. Cassia occidentalis, BeN. Orl. 
1833. l 


/ 
E 


MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 


251. Cassia mictitans, L.—Covington. 
252. Cassia Chameerista; L.—Covington. 
253. Cercis Canadensis zE —N.Orl.1833. 


ROSACEJX. Juss. 
MilL.—N. Orl. 


204. Persica vulgaris 
(n. 102 bis. 
255. Cerasus borealis, Mich.—Allegha- 


nies, 

256. Cerasus Americana, Prunus Ameri- 
(n. 98. Leaves only.)— 
this are singularly veiny and down 


neath. ey agree with specimens of 
Americana I have received 


from Dr. To 
257. Cerasus nigra, (Prunus ni- 
gra, Ait. = Leaves only 
258. Cerasus Chicasa, Mich.— r 
18 In leaf only.—This Mr. Drum- 


eans. 


. n. 102 with larger flowers, 

stouter branches, : and greyer bark, e 

ren with my specimens of C. asa 

m S. Carolina. Those nobel: en. 

102 » bis, a.” (in flower likewise), seem 
almost intermediate. 

mes 3). Aller — Lois.—N. Orl. (n. 


96.)—Alleghanies. 
260. Suites opulifolia, L.—St. Louis. 
261. Spirea Aruncus, L.—St. L 


Dr. Short observes, “ This is distinctly 
and Piet diæcious. never 
var. Americana, of Pursh, which, 
he sa in has hermaphrodite flowers." 
262. Gillenia £rifohata, Mench.—Alle- 
—— 
Agrimonia suaveolens, Pursh. — 


vington. 
264. Agrimonia parviflora, Ait.—St. 


uis. 
265. . Geum album, Gmel.—Ohio. N. Orl. 


(n. 
Oss. Th Stylopus vernus of Raf. is a 
very curious oe plant e it p differs 
om Geum, except having a very 
distinct support to the | head of 
I possess beautiful specimens from Dr. 
Short. 
NT zane fragarioides, D C.— 
xr secon Willd.—N. Orl. 
Eo tibus.—N. 
(n 102) AIL specimens have 


MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 


ternate leaves. Specimens of a Rubus, 
sent in 1833, from N. Orl., with remark- 


very young leaves; others, with ternate 

leaves, appear to be another cp 
Rubus trivialis, gm h. vix alior.— 
—N. 


z B. rd nullis, aculeis 
validis.—Another state, probably, 
plant, in leaf only, with strong, re- 
curved aculei, without sete, and con- 


: the latter is 
what I receive from the northern states 
as R. trivialis. 

269. Rubus odoratus, L.—Alleghanies. 

270. Fragaria Virginica, L.—N. Orl. 
In leaf only. 

— es ues Canadensis, L.—Penn- 

ylvani 

D Poteritilia supina, L.—St. Loui 

273. Rosa rubifolia, Ait.—The same fine, 
and rare, and most distinct species 
possess cs from Dr. Short, gathered in 

entuc 

274. Row: Carolina, L.—Ohi 

275. Rosa parviflora, Ehrh. d Orl. 
18 


tegus Crus Galli, L.—Alle- 
s, (Flower and young fruit.)—St. 


276. E 


bris opacis subtus pall 
ie ap use fructu 5- 
culari.—N. Orl. (n. 104.)— This is unfor- 
tunately destitute of — but the fruit 
is present, - this — as that 
of our C. ox iiia. m marked in the 
dry state with NU furrows, (alternating 
with the cells,) and crowned with the 
triangular segments of the cal It 
appears quite distinct from any species 
we are acquainted 


d e ie parvifolia, Ait.—St. Louis. 
"uk a pun Py Ait.—St. Louis, 
T i fr.)J—N. Or. (n. 103, in fl. mim 
arietis and 103? bis fr. 
ian a Sup mace 
280. L.—Pennsy. 
vania. 


931. Crategus glandulosa, Willd.—Alle- 


25 


be as xat as a musket ball, and of a 
blue colou 


e 283. 2) apifola, Mich.—N. Orl. 


(n. 105, b 

yrus mue L.—Alleghanies. 
N. od (n. 104 
Pyrus unde tifolia, Ait.—N. Orl. 


286. Pyrus arbutifolia, L—Pennsylvania. 
var macrophylla.—N. Orl. 1833. Cov- 
ington. 

287. ag melanocarpa, Willd.—Penn- 
sylvan 


CALYCANTHES. Lindl. 


288. oet levigatus, Willd.— 
Pennsylvania. 
289. conem anthus glaucus. Willd.—Penn- 


sylvania (perhaps cultivated). 


ONAGRARLE. Juss. 


ge oe coloratum, Muhl.—St. 
e “Th re are, in the northern states, 
two varieties of Epilobium angustifolium : 


specimens from West X ul and it has 
ues long cultivated in the Glasgow Bo- 
tanic Garden, "end it bes its charac- 


rn.); ter after many yea 


291. CEnothera ie L.—Covington. 
Jacksonville. 

292. CEnothera p gr .—Hook. in 
Bot. M Orl. (n. 107, ^e 
—var. foliis irns n. 107 bis.) S 


ouis. 

Oss. Dr. Short and Mr. Griswold find 
the beautiful Œ. Fraseri, Pursh and Sims, 
Bot. Mag. 1674, allied to Œ. fruticosa, in 

entucky. 

. Gaura biennis t. Loui 
294. Gaura angust 2s Michi diis 
sonville. Covington. 
295. Gaura fina Nutt.—Jackson- 
ville.—This i gue. different from both 
the preceding species, and agrees with 
an original Spe ilt 2 G. linifolia in 
my Herbarium, entirely in the foliage, but 
the flowers are much less densely spiked. 
~ 996 Jussieua leptocarpa, Nutt. —N. Orl. 
833.— topes are small: the 


Mog & 2192 —N. Or. "Ww e 
E pe n. 108. 
folis brevioribus obtusis CN. Orl. (n. 
102) 1833.—Our var. &. ap 


26 


very near to the J. repens, Linn, and 
may possibly not be specifically dis- 


inc 
298. Jussieua erecta, L.—N. Orl. 1833. 


Covington—An Ludwigia decurrens, 
Walt. Ell. 
wo Isnardie alternifolia, D C.—Cov- 
ington ouis. 
300. Isnardia linearis, D C. (Ludwigia 


oh 
30. 
—Co 
302. Isnardia hirsuta, R. et S.—Coving- 
ton.—This species is probably a hairy 
variety of I. virgata 
Isnardia mollis, Poir .—Covington. 


304. Isnardia — L.—N. Orl. (n. 
S. dens 
mee 


—Ludwigia angustifolia. —Mich. 
vington 

Isnardia virgata, (Ludwigia.) Mich. 
ovington. 


snandin microcarpa, Poir.—Cov- 


306. Taada cylindrica, D C.—N. Orl. 
1833. 


HALORAGEJE, Br. 


Proserpinaca RODA L.—N. Orl. 
(n. 111.) Covington 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGH- 
BOURHOOD OF QUITO, AND 
TOWARDS THE SUMMIT OF 
CHIMBORAZO, IN 1830 

By Col. Hall, of Quito. 
( Continued from p. 327, of the Botanical Journal. ) 
VISIT TO ANTISANA. 

On the 3rd of August, M. Boussingault 
and myself, accompanied by Don Jose Val- 
divieso, set off to visit the farm and moun- 
tain of Antisana. Antisana is one of the 
peaks of the Eastern Cordillera, situated 
S. 75? E. from Quito, at the distance, in 
a straight line, of thirty miles. The road 
across the upper or southern part of the 
Valley of Chillo. We crossed the ridge of 
El Chasque to the village of Conocoto, dis- 
tant about two leagues, a little beyond 
which the rivers of San Pedro and Pite, 
having collected the streams from the head 
of the 


-pamba. The road. road continues near the south- 
em extremity of the hill of Y ylalo, from the 
foot of which rise ‘the hot-springs of San 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


Pedro, or Alangusin. Though destitute of 
accommodations, they are frequented for 
their medicinal virtues; although from the 
analysis of M. Boussingault, it does not 
eem they possess any other than those of 
hot water. That of San Pedro, at the 
southern point of the hill, is surrounded 
by an Indian village, the inhabitants of 

which, by some happy casualty, have re- 
mained masters of the soil, and form, by 
their activity, industry, and comparatively 
easy circumstances, a pleasing contrast to 
the abject mass of the Indigenes. They 
have tiled houses, and live stock, and 
manufacture coarse linens, and other tri- 
fling articles with which they trade as far 


as Pasto and Barbacoas. The climate 
here is mild and agreeable ; the elevation 
of San Pedro is 8,470 feet. The tempe- 


rature of the spring is 101°, We continued 
our route across the valley, which is level, 

and cultivated. The ridge of Pasuchoa, 
with its rocky peaks, divides the head of it 
into two compartments, of which the west- 
ern rises gradually towards the heights of 
Tiopullo, while the eastern ascends to- 
wards the roots of Sinchulagua, and Ru- 
minavi. The latter was on a subsequent 
occasion the object of an excursion by Pro- 
fessor Jameson and myself, during a visit 
to the estate of Don Vicente Aguino. The 
most interesting object in it is the cascade 
of the Piti, which, descending from Sin- 
chulagua, precipitates itself perpendicu- 
larly about 150 feet, into a wooded glen. 
All this tract is covered with thickets, 
rising sometimes to the dignity of forests. 
We found several shrubs and trees we 
had not before seen, especially the tree 
named by the inhabitants El Olivo, from 
its supposed resemblance to the olive. Ve- 
getation here is favoured by the abundance 
of humidity. The clouds, collected on all 
the surrounding peaks, dissolve in abun- 
dant showers, or rather storms, accompa- 
nied by electric explosions, so numerous, 
that it seems to rain as much fire as water. 
A friend of mine once counted forty-three - 
in five minutes. These storms often de- 

scend Ps the valley, and extend to 
Quito, because Pichincha forms part of- 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


the area of the mountain basin, while a 
little further to the North, the village of 
Pomasqui is so dry as to have obtained 
the appellation of “ Little Pieiro.” Pass- 
ing near the village of Pintac, we crossed 
a deep ravine, on the opposite brink of 
which stands the farm of Pinantura, which 
is the principal mansion of the estate 
of Antisana. Of the house it is suffi- 
cient to say it has all the characteristic 
defects already noted. Its elevation, by M. 
Boussingault’s barometrical measurement, 
is 10,377 feet. Its medium temperature 
may be reckoned at about 52°. The next 
morning, accompanied by the owner of 
the estate, Don Jose Valdivieso, we set off 
for Antisana, Like Sicsipamba, Pinan- 
tura is situated at the foot of the Para- 
mos; the Peak of Antisana is included 
within its boundaries, which descend to the 
woods of the Napo, so that it is a good 
day's journey across the property, the 
limits of which may, in fact, be considered 
indefinite, as, on the eastern slope of the 
Cordillera, they fall on a boundless unin- 
habited territory. The weather was fa- 
vourable, by which must be understood 
still less the absence of rain than of wind, 
which, on these elevations is the most for- 
midable obstacle to the traveller. On a 
former occasion, Professor Jameson and 
myself encountered such a blast, that our 
horses refused to proceed, and we had to 
- dismount, not without some difficulty, to 
prevent being rolled down the turf into 
the ravines below. It is remarkable, that 
on the Cordillera, it is not at the greatest 
elevations the wind is most prevalent, but 
rather on the intermediate slopes. Con- 
tinuing to ascend along the edge of a 
deep glen, we reached the farm-house, call- 
ed Licso, the elevation of which is 11,440 
feet; barley and potatoes are cultivated 
round it, a warm spring issues from the 
banks of the adjacent stream, the tempera- 
ture of which is 81°. On the rocks, 
near the house, there is a stalactitic for- 
mation of carbonate of lime, but scarcely 
abundant pen to iy eo a kiln, though 
is 


27 


ing from Lieso, we entered on the Para- 
mos, and towards the evening arrived at 
the farm-house of Antisana, a desolate- 
looking building, in a region still more 
desolate. Its elevation is 13,430 feet. M. 
Humboldt speaks of this house as one of 
the highest inhabited spots on the globe; 
yet if Mr. Pentland’s measurements in 
Upper Peru and Bolivia be correct, not 
merely solitary houses, but towns and vil- 
lages are there found at equal or greater 
elevations: as Tucora, an Indian village, 
14,252 feet; hamlet and post-house of Chul- 
lunguani, 13,869; post-house of Anco- 
marca, 15,772; principal square of the city 
of Potosi, 13,314 feet. . The inhabitants of 
Antisana consist merely of an Indian herds- 
man, who resides in a hut of straw and mud, 
apart from the principal edifice, which is 
reserved for the occasional visits of the pro- 
prietor or bailiffs ; at the time of the rodeo, 
or gathering of the cattle, which usually 
takes place once a month. On these occa- 
sions, the whole cavalry of the estate is 
mounted, and with the posse comitatus of 
the Indians, form a circle, embracing the 
extent of the pasture grounds, driving the 
cattle before them:to a central point, where 
pens are prepared, (in ease the court or 


patio of the farm is not employed for this 


purpose,) in which they are counted and 
branded with the peculiar mark of the pro- 
prietor. This service is not devoid of dan- 
ger; the bulls, in particular, frequently be- 
come irritated, and charge through the line, 
bearing all before them; the dexterity, 
however, of the herdsmen in entangling 
them with a long rope of hide, called a /azo, 
aided by the intelligence of their horses, 
accustomed to this exercise, is generally 
more than a match for the animal’s ferocity. 
The horses, whan the lazo i is thrown, plant 
require, and thus affording their riders a 
point d'appui sufficient to check the bull's 

career, who seldom fails to be thrown to 


depend on the greater or less extent of the 
ee € being thus 
more or less accustomed to the sight and 


28 


dominion of man. In spite of the rodeos 
on all these estates, a considerable number 
of cattle escape to the deserts of the Para- 
mos, or conceal themselves in the forests 
below. They are then called alzados, or 
miscreants; a term frequently in the Revo- 
lution applied by the Spaniards to the Pa- 
triots. The stock of Antisana is reckoned 
at about 4,000. It is curious that the two 
great reservoirs of cattle in South America 
are placed, one on the burning plains at the 
level of the sea, and the other near the 
limits of perpetual congelation. Mules and 
horses are equally bred in both; but the 
latter, though hardy, are inferior on the 
highlands, both in size and figure, to the 
breed of the lowlands. The best horses of 
Quito are those which are brought colts 
from the pastures of Guayaquil, and after- 
wards reared in the mountains. 

e dined, on our arrival, in the open 
balcony of the mansion of Antisana, for the 
benefit of fresh air, with the thermometer 
at 369, though, to say the truth, there was 
no room in the house big enough to hold a 
table, nor a door through which it could be 
introduced. We accommodated ourselves 
tolerably well at night with blankets and 
sheep-skins, and suffered little from cold, 
except M. Boussingault, who imposed on 
himself the task of getting up several times, 
to observe the horary variations of the ba- 
rometer. The next morning we rode seve- 
ral leagues, through bog and mire, to exa- 
mine what it was hoped might prove a 
silver mine, situated in a glen on the east 
side of the mountain. The specimens, 
however, produced nothing but iron pyrites. 
On the 6th we set out to visit the Nevado, 
or snowy summit of the mountain. We 
arrived early at the foot of the peak, which 
rises abruptly from the surrounding table 
land. The northern extremity swells into 
a dome, while the southern is terminated 
by sharp broken pinnacles. The interme- 
diate space has somewhat the figure of a 
saddle seat, and as the slope seemed here 


ing the ascent to the summit at this point. 
The surface of the snow was frozen hard, 
and the first part of the glacis was so steep 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO: 


and slippery, that it required the aid of 
M. Boussingault’s mineralogical hammer 
to break a footing; but after mounting in 
this manner a few hundred feet, the slope 
became more gradual, and finally termi- 
nated in a plain, forming the connexion 
already mentioned betwixt the two extre- 
mities. This was the limit of my ascent; 
for having made an attempt at a point 
which seemed more accessible, I was sub- 
sequently obliged to return, and retrace the 
path of M. Boussingault. In the mean while 
he had continued to climb, and reached, by 
his computation, a part of the northern 
dome, not more than 200 feet below its 
summit: here a perpendicular ice-rock im- 
peded his further progress: the barometer 
giving 17,653 feet. According to the mea- 
surement of the Academicians, Antisana 
is 19,305 feet high; but M. Boussingault 
could hardly be far mistaken as to the 
height of the rock betwixt him and the 
summit, which he compared to that of a 
middling-sized house; granting the inter- 
vening space to be 300 feet, or say, 18,000 
feet, there is still a difference of 1,300 feet 
—an error I am the more inclined to con- 
sider on the part of the Academicians, be- 
cause, judging by the sight, Cayambe, to 
which they give an elevation of 19,386 
feet, is much higher than Antisana. The 
thermometer, at the point ascended, sto 
at 29°; but when the sun occasionally 
broke on the broad snow-field, it produced 
a glare too intense to be endured by the 
eyes, and a heat like that of an oven. The 
bens was partially clouded; but we 
in part above the region of clouds, 
which rolled beneath our feet, and as the 
landscape glimmered far below, dim and 
blue through their misty veil, it reminded 
me of the shadowy worlds of Hades, de- 
scribed in Lord Byron’s “ Cain.” Our 
descent, as may be supposed, was readily 
accomplished, and at 1 P. m. we were at the 
foot of the snow. I found the sun's re- 
flected heat to be here 81°. The vegeta- 
tion of Antisana has little to distinguish it 
from that of the other mountains. It is 
abundant in han one species of 


which, with Ornaments 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A 


thé turf beside the rivulets. The same 
species is found also on Chimborazo; but 
I have seen it only on those two mountains. 
The Sida Pichinchensis, incorrectly named, 
because its habitat is by no means limited 
to Pichincha, grows in the sands near the 
summit, and close to the snow I found the 
same dwarf Andromeda we had met with 
on Pichincha; and in general, the Flora of 
these two mountains is, in every respect, 
similar. The following table will give an 
idea of the mean temperature of the house 
of Antisana, from observations made by 
Professor Jameson and myself in July, 


July Ist. .6 a. M. .33° 
7 49.9 


84 s. a 
: Water 44° 
3 = P. M. 45 Tire 33? 3' 
E 
5. cor OU: 
Mean. .38° 6' 


M. ficdisings alt, from the temperature of 
the ground, reckoned the mean at 40° 1. 
An hygrometer, on Leslie’s principle, gave 
33° 3'— 69^ 7' of Saussure. e dryne 
of the atmosphere at these elevations of 
Antisana is diminished by the clouds al- 
most constantly gathering round the cul- 
minating points of the Andes. 

We varied our direction, on our return, 
for the purpose of visiting a volcanic erup- 
tion, near Licso. It is one of the freshest 
in the country, having taken place in 1801. 
The head of it exhibits the appearance of 
a circular area, full of black scorie of cal- 
cined pumice-stone, without, however, any 
trace of a crater or profundity. From 
hence we observed, as it were, an immense 
torrent of the same materials poured down 
the ravine below, for a distance of about 
three miles, exactly to the point where the 
T road to Pinantura crosses the dell. 

Boussingault doubted, ries whe- 
m this should be considered as a torrent, 
or a simultaneous eruption hm a longitu- 
dinal fissure. The want of a proper crater 
supports this opinion, and it may be added, 
— the scorie all down the ravine are 


FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 29 


heaped into a figure of a ridge, which 
seems more naturally the consequence of 
having been thrown up than poured down 
from the head of the valley. An eruption 
of Antisana in 1590 is mentioned by the 
Academicians; and M. Boussingault consi- 
dered traces of fire to exist in a cave near 
the farm-house. The sharp broken pinna- 
cles of the southern extremity of the Ne- 
vado are a further confirmation. This ap- 
pearance is recognized in Pichincha, Car- 
guirazo, and Capac Ucu, undoubted vol- 
canoes. Truncated cones, such as Cotopaxi 
and Tunguragua, afford equal or stronger 
indications ; while the dome of Chimborazo 
proves merely that its eruptions have been 
lateral. As we arrived rather late at the 
volcano of Licso, our intention was to sleep 
at the farm-house, and repeat our visit in 
the morning ; but it was decreed we should 
carry into effect only the first half of our 
plan. We had been but an hour or two in 
bed when we were both awakened by a sharp 
darting pain in the eyes, and very soon 
found that the glare of the snow had almost 
wholly deprived us of sight. M. Boussin- 
gault's negro servant and an Indian, who 


ss had accompanied us, were found to be in 


nearly the same state, and the next morn- 
ing we returned to Pinantura, M. Boussin- 
gault, with his mule led by an Indian, 
being unable to distinguish a step of the 
road, and the rest of us nearly in as bad a 
plight. Our lips and faces were also so 
chapped and peeled, that it took us nearly 
a week in Quito to recover our sight and 
human aspect. 
(To be continued.) 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A 
FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA 
AND THE ISLANDS OF THE 
PACIFIC. 

By W.J. Hooker, LL.D. and G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 

A.M. F.R. S.E. 


I Exrra-Tropicat SOUTH ÅMERICA. 
( Continued from p. 322 of the Botanical Journal. ) 
COMPOSIT. 


e above Journal, we 


ore of th 
ted our team to reserve our- 


30 


account of the South American C. 
until the appearance of the Fifth 
of De Candolle's Prodromus, which we 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A 


osite, 


king- 
dom, have greatly retarded the Te 
of his work; while, in the mean time, o 

collections have been returned by Mr. Dos 
in of his observa- 


scribing 

our extensive collections, and thus to re- 
ord the numerous and important discove- 

ries par have been made by Messrs. Gillies, 

C need. & Boni (in 
di h 


but only in those cases where the increase 
of species seemed to require it. 


Tris. I —CicrBonaACEx.— Vaill Juss. 
Less. Syn. p. 126 
ge TRIB. L—ScoLYMEX.—.Less. l. c. 


Mro sor ie e ret 
os ON 26.—Scolymus His 
Desf. E we m (Cult. ) re 


SuB-TRIB. IL—H vosgRIDEE.— Less. 


MicrosEris.—Don. (1832.) Lepidonema. 
F. and M. (1835.) 


Rachis ebracteolata. Achenium obfasi- 


- few or no scales 


FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


Krigie affine, et precipue differt achenus 
longioribus et "yup. uniseriali uniformi" 


731. a JM mea. Don, Ph. 
Mag. (April, 1832) p: 388. CEDE 
ma d. 


; oF qi —V 
Cet d (n. 50€ 
mena, 

FL Bor. Am not Cassini) 
only differs by the imbricated, not sim- 
ple, involucre 


SUB-TRIB. IHI.—HYPOCHÆRIDEÆ. Less. 


SERIOLA!—4Z. Less. l. c. 
tCaulibus foliosis. 
732. (1.) S.tarazacoides (Hook. et Arn.) 
caule simplici monocephalo, foliis ra- 


dicalibus runcinatis, involuc 
intertextim setoso-pilosi foliolis interi- 
s t 


oribus acuminatis.—Oreophi raxa- 
coides. Don. in Ph Apri 

—Valparaiso. Macr ges, 
Cuming, (n. 486,) Mathews, (n. 369.) 


The to sma. 
te. The flowers are about half an 
733. (2.) s. dicus pi (Less,) caule an- 


gulato ad inflorescentiam p 

v. polycephalo, involucri glabri folio- 

re Bes lanceolatis obtusiusculis.—a, 
ndifiora ; capitulis 8—12 lin. longis. 

Porcellites Brasiliensis. Less. in Linn. 


E. coast of Patagonia, Dr. 


1 We agree with Lessing, Syn. ba - 130, in gie the 
Sobth American species of Porc Genus, 
The European species have a simple Sa cae with 
at the base: the South American 
ones have it wq imbricated. Porcellites, Cass. 


the type of re ee 
eal with A Our Seriole here 


seen (even those from Pera). 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


Eight! —Subvar. c. hirsutula, Less. l. c. 


any other difference between « and £, ex- 
cept what we have ib out, although 
the general a e be very distinct. 
In £, the fom is y either z> glabrous 
or slightly hispid, and the leaves are 
either quite entire, or the lowat ones are 
pinnati 

734. (3) 8. Tweedii (Hook. et en 


loso.— Buenos 
Ayres, where it is frequently employed 
as Endive. Tweedie. 


tt Caulibus ad ramificationum baseos 
Jolio unico instructis, ceterum aphyllis 


735. (4) s. apargioides (Less.); folio- 
rum ee petiolis limbo pe A e- 
vioribus, caule plus minusve r X 
volucri kirtill foliolis ligulatis vel 

lineari-lanceolatis obtusis.—a. caule gla- 

orcellites apargioides. Less. in 


bvar. paraiso. 
= Cruckshanks ; [Cuming (n. 413.) 


Don ane —Hy cheris a ms ee 
Hook. et Arn.in Bot.Beech. oy : 
—Conception, oe: Lay and lley. 739 
—We find th ets of the involucre 
to be onis abies, not acute as 
-scribed by Lessing : and the pappus is 
really stipitate, though DOE de- 
ribed by us in Beechey's Voyage as 
E iia isis were deceived by the fruit 
ure, 
736. 0) S. S. petiolaris (Hook. et Am.) ; 


petiolis gracilibus limbo longioribus, 
caule submonocephalo glabro v. piloso 
foliis 2—4-plo longiori, involucri pe n" 
nece eui Tecos intimis acumi 


Ayres, Tweedie. 
-797 7. (8) S. tenuiplia’ (Hook. ei Arn); 


! Some very interesting plants from the extreme Tweedie 
Southern countries of 


ee aan bets OF te i 
Pacific, 
ar aesvi ia ea Aaria vain, have been very 
us by Dr. Beck, from 


NUM 2 Fani New York. 


31 


* acaulis, folis linearibus spathulato- 
isve integerrimis runcina 


cri squamis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis, 
piles rere lon 
uifoli 


Herba parce lanugin gla- 
t capus sesqui-tripollicaris. Ca- 
TS 


pitulum turbinatum lanu nosum. 
pus sordide cinereus.” Don in litt 


SuB-TRIB. IV. Lactucea.—JLess. l. c. 
p. 135. 


~ 


F (1.) Taraxacum Gilliesii (Hook. et 
Arn.); “ foliis runcinatis glabris, scapis 
folio brevioribus, involucri foliolis exte- 
rioribus ovato-lanceolatis acutis yatta 
sis, achenio breviter rostrato."-—Leon 
don Chilensis, Do», MSS. 
das, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies — 
** Herba perennis, radice i 


the ultimate length of the beak. em 
` e hits scape and smaller capitu- 
appears scarcely to differ from 
gue d van we fear it will prove 
Hi e a vari Mr. n s specific name 
is inadmissible, as the plant i is found on 
the eastern, not on the Chilian, side of 
ni e NT 
1 crorhynchus Chilensis 
ae T Din. 


yn. p. 139.—Valp 
S ig (nT 745) ; ; Mathews (n. 306); Brid- 
and a 


ges 501 
740. (1.) Sonchus oleraceus, dex 
Blanca,? Tweedie.—Near arche in 


Se Chili, Bridges (n. . 407). 


- Tweedie's last botanical excursion on the 

eastern vidis of South America, was to ** Bahia 
tween lat. 399—406, a little to the north of the mouth 
of the Rio Colorado. He speaks of it as a part of 
Patagonia; but it is not included in that country ac- 
cording to our best English maps. - ied is now a consi- 
derebl e mihtary station, —_ uerte Argentino. 


se grasses. A ridge of land, bounding this, called 
MEER RI nope of « tree is visible so far as the 


"4 


32 


(2.) S. pectinatus, D C.— Patagonia, 
d coast, Dr. Eight; probably intro- 
duced. 


SUB-TRIB. V.—HiERACIEE, Less. l. c. p. 
140 


e Don, in Ph. Mag. (Apr. 
1832. 388.—Rea. Bert. in Guill, 
Arch. qd 1833). 


This Genus, having a rigid fragile pap- 
pus, belongs to the Z;eraciee of Less. ; but 
orms a distinct section from any in his sy- 
nopsis, and which may be thus character- 
ized :— 


$ Achenus basi et apice vede tri- 
gonis v. compressi. 

(1.) D. macrophylla, Dik. l. c— 

Rea macrantha. Bert—Decaisne, in 

Guill. Arch. v. 1. p. 514.—At Juan Fer- 

WO Bertero. Massafuera, Cuming 
(n.1 

743. (2) D. Berteriana, Hook. et Arn. 

—Rea Berteriana. ecaisne, l. c. p. 


745. (4) D. neriifolia, m et Arn.— 
Rea neriifolia, Decaisne e, l. c. p. 917.— 
R. leucantha, Bert. - Hook. Herb.— 
Juan Fernandez, Bertero. 

746. (5.) D. cus Hook. et Arn 
Mp micrantha. Ber natus T e e. 

8.—Juan GARE , Bertero. 

"d ( (6.) D. bu) ces Hook. et Arn.— 
Rea marginata, ecaisne, l. c. p. 


519.—Juan Fern: 
748. (7.) D hots, Hook et Arn.—Rea 
` mollis, Bert ecaisne, l. c. 


ernand T 
749. (1.) Hieracium Chilense, Less. in 
Lin wea, v. 6. p. 100.—8. inflorescen tia 


Du o n 


sight can reach: though many of the shrubs are of 
the same species as are at Buenos Ayres.” 
About thirty miles from the coast, and in a direction 
north-west from the fort, a considerable hill, called 
ad Ventosa, pat o E E the Cordille- 


Sock Atlantic Ocean, would bipes have af- 
forded many valuab! Tweedie have 
had access to it: but though he 
from the commandant of 
secured him against the attacks of the bier who 
are both numerous and hostile throu the whole 
ee 


neighbourhood of the Bay, by means of a very strong 
garrison. 


b. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


—f£. plains near “ los uo province 

of Valdivia, Bridges 
7 2.) H. cymosum, "Vin. 1— H. sordi- 
dum, Gill. MSS.—Mendoza, Dr. Gil- 


E Maldonado (introduced ?), Twee- 
(1) Picrosia longifolia, Don, 
rs Soc. Trans. v. 16. p. 184 p^ ss. 


p. 184. 

Syn. p.1 143.—P. runcinata. Gill. MSS. 
—Tragopogon fritillarioides. Less. in 
Linnea, v. 6. p. 101.—Frequent in all 
wet places near Buenos epe weedie. 
. Dr. Gillie 


h groupe is “ pappus 
fragillimus ; “te srhile Don says of this Ge- 
nus “ pappus mollis.” To us the pappus 
appears to be certainly neither rigid nor 
Ee although it is more so than in the 
Lactucee, from which, moreover, it dif- 
De in the brown, not white, colour. In 
Dr. Gillies’ specimens, the radical and 
lower stem-leaves are runcinate. 


Tris. II. NassAUVIACEJE.I— Less. l. c. 
p. 396 

SuB-TRIB. I. CTmuixiDEA.— Less, l. c. p. 
400. 


752. (1.) Moscharia pinnatifida, R. and _ 
B Syn Vi Veg. Fl. Per.v.1.p. 186,-Less. 


1 This tribe is easily distinguished from the other 
Labiatiflore, by the branches of the style being trun- 
— and penicellate at the apex, like those of Sene- 


: “Tana we have admitted Lessing’s two sub- 
Nassauviacee, we cannot but think them 


anargyrum, we € here adopt that name for it. 
picea. s Hook. e 
essei uniseri can; 


— hine solummodo 
scarioso 


j desti 
5-florum, rie uniserialibus. 
Rachis glabra, e cpu rag Corolle bilabiate ; labio 
porius prof 3-fido, interiore profunde bifido. 
nthere basi raat hay Achenium ero 


ticosa, ramosa. Cau , Sub- 

glauci. Folia longe peti , exstij ; cor- 
dato- » 5—T-angulato-lobata, hinc inde apicu- 
" » reticulato subtus 

leviter pubescentia. Rami floriferi axillares, folio mul- 
kel ore uy ‘ ad imine- 


minuta, imperfecta, linearia gerentes. Dexia ra 
fulvus. Corolle albe. Styli rami apice truncati, ibique 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 33 


in Li innea, v. 9. p. 39. Syn. p. 417.— 
Mosigia pina Spr. deas Veg. 
v. 3. p. 6001.  Gastrocarpha runcinata, 
Don. in Linn. Tr rans, v. 16. p. 232. 

haa may so, Mathews (n. 261. ; Cum- 


tum, which eventually disappears. Cum- 
ifig's n. 775, is a very luxuriant form, 
several feet high: its leaves at the base 
of the branches of the inflorescence are 
very large, broadly triangular, some about 
= inches long and two broad at the 


ase 
753. (1. Jungia ius, Less. in 
Linnea, v. 5. p. . pyramidalis, 
on, in Linn: Th rans. v. 299 — 
Portalegre, and Rio Grande, 7! weedie. 
754. (1.) Trixis mad — nei 
des, Less. in Linnea, v. 5. Cle- 
anthes othonnoides, Don, in d d 
— — Vahl, Symb. v.3. p. ga 
echioides, Gill. Don, 
Phil Mag. px 1832. p. 389, (teste 
Don, in lut.).—Pampas of Buenos Ay- 
Dr. Gilhes.— With this we are 
rae deme ted. 
É Trixis (Cleanthes) ochroleuca, 
oio t Arn.— Holocheilus. ochroleu- 


di 1 the abrous forms of his 


ferent. Trizis (Cleanthes) Brasiliensis, 
Don (not De Cand.) seems to have the 
r aadi — larger, and of a yel- 
low colour, and in this respect is more 
allied t to T. Ecce Less.; but with 
— xception, we feel much. disposed 
to view all the others as forms of one 
ahd the same plant, which is readily re 
cognized by its milk-white florets and 
pedicellati.—P. jungioides. H. and A.—Has. Pur 
ruchura, Peru; Mathews (n. 1016.).—Very mies 
allied to Jungia spectabilis, Don : and indeed the Ge- 


nus may be considered as Jungia, with the florets re- 
duced to a single series, and in which case the brac- 
teas of the florets become the leaves of the involucre. 


‘As in J. spectabilis, the pappus is not plumose 
VOL. I. 


pappus, and by the inner lip of the co- 
rolla being oblong and usually undivided, 
except at the apex. If we are correct, 
the specific name of ochroleuca ought to 
be retained, the older one of scabra, not 
being applicable to all the variations. 
Be that as it may, the plant before us is 
ae glabrous, and has constantly the 
leaflets of the involucre broadest and 
AE at the T" where also vedi are 
villous and c 


ilia 
56. (3.) Trixis s (Oligophyllon) Brasili- 


ensis, De Can syn.)—Less. in 
Linn. v. x p. E Cie p. er re: 
near Portalegre, Tweedie—As 
now ascertained to be different fece iis 
inis m " ne to be regretted in 
the name een changed. 
would sug: e cun of Candollu. 
dri - (Poly hyllon) Megapo- 
tamica (Hook et Arn.); caule herbaceo 
inforescentium folioso hirsuto- 


scita: mucrónalis integerrimis vel 
minute denticulatis basi attenuatis de- 


12-floris, sre lioli olis 9—13 13 biseri- 


raceme, the pedicels are eaire than the 
involucre, and furnished about the mid- 
dle with a solitary bractea, similar to, 
= es larger than, the vinnm of the 


753 XU Trixis s (Eutrixis) discolor, Gill. 


Don, in Phil. Mag. Apr. 1832, 
Le Porte. de las Achiras, Pror. 


p: ps 
and, of San Dr. Gillies. 
759. (6. Trixie Eutrixis) papillosa 


Gill. on, l. c —Provinces of San Ces 
and Mendoza. Dr. Gilhes—The leaves 
( 


almost to form a kind of winged petiole. 
The flowers are disposed in a few-headed 
terminal corymb: leaflets of the involu- 
cre in a single series, narrow-lanceolate 
and acuminated; there are also a few 
bracteas between the middle of the pe- 
dicel and base "a the involucre. The 
flowers appear to 


white 
= doe; Perezia (Gomeantius) spa- 
ook. 


H et — P. viscosa, 


114. 


cordato-lance a mucronatis dentato- 
r 


illies.—** Caulis sesquipedalis, fores, 
albicans, ramosus. Znvolucri foliola du- 
plice ordine, subsequalia, ovato-lanceola- 


ta, spinuloso-mucronata, margine sca- 
riosa. Corolle cerulee. us SOT- 
dide " Don, in litt— his we 
have not s 


= ian Pewee (Drozia) wrens, Hook. 
P. Peppigü, Less. Syn.p. 411. 
90 srs ee virens, Don, in Linn. 
208, 1830—fide Don. 
Bridge A 238.) 
; ned our plant, 
which is doubtless sonia with Les- 
sing’s, to be his C. wrens, we — 
the Peruvian locality given by him 
Ruiz and Pavon's MSS. to be ecrit 
The rachis is n and the achenia 
oe villou 
wae Toning onsen a Becki 
et Arn.); foliis coriaceis lineari- 
bus pritni integerrimis spinoso- 
ciliatis supra lævibus (ha e transversim 
rugulosis) utrinque pilis minutissimis 
also compres- 


cartilagineis adspersis, a 
so (immaturo) — ac — glan- 
duloso-pubescenti.—East coast of Pa- 


spas Dr. Eights. —This ‘differs from 
Doniana, Less., P. recurvata, 
Less., both yet to the same sec- 
tion, and very closely allied, by the 
ulose 


a) 


leaves not bei 


near the margin, not on the margin, as 
at first sight they pue: suce its being 
much recurv Tie ac 


ium is pro- 
pee: gabos, when — in P. 


764. (5) Perezia (Euperezia) Magella- 
nica, Less. in Linnea, v. 5. p. 23. S 
E cium Magellanicum, Linn. 
ahl in Skrivt, Nat. Selsk. 1. p. 10. t. 


come pese — Cand.— 
765. = 3 Porcia (Enereia cartha- 
Am.); caule oligo- 


768. 
Lag.— 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


tissime albide scarioso-marginatis spino- 
oo ovariis papulosis, rachide 
labro. —Clarionia carthamoides, Gall. 


ni Cordilleras of “n mito ha 

1 , Cordilleras, 

Bridges n. 4 

(7.) Pe erezia , (Euperezia) — 
m 


* fohis lanceolatis acuminatis ra- 
naceis margine copiose setaceo-spinulo- 
sis, ca s amplexicaulibus, c 


spinuloso - ciliatis. — Clar: 
Don, MSS.—Caulis ami. filiformis, 
simplic issimus, sesquipedalis. — ra- 
eiu egent petiolata, 3—4-pollic: 
o-viridia. Involucrt Joliola 1 li 
noari-lanceolata on S brana 
cea.” Don tt, — With ilie we are 
minae ME, ; we Mono it to be one 
Ue eres s plants, and therefore — 
is a mere state of P. carthamor 
767. (8.) Perezia (Euperezia) pili fira, 
Hook: et Arn.—Clarionia ph ifera, Gill. 
Don in Phil. Mag rem 1832.) p. 388. 
Guillem. Arch. 2, p. 463.—Cerro de la 
Polcura, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. 
—tThe petioles of the radical leaves are 
broad, and at least as long as the limb: 
the segments are closely approximated, 
and tipped with a white rigid hair or 
bristle. It is a small species, scarcely 
more than an inch and a half or two 
inches high. 
e» Dolichlasium glanduliferum, 
D. Lagasce, tee n Phil. 
Mag. (Apr. 1832.) p. 
Arch. 2. p. 465. Wess of Us 
of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies —« 
rennis, virens, copiosissime glandulosa. 
Caules erecti, teretes subflexuosi, mo- 
nocep cares. Folia petio- 
lata, pinnatisecta ovato-ob- 
pr mucronatis bun integerrimis, ri- 


nemen. solitarium, 1 — Corol- 
le albe. .Achenia 


"9 multiflorum, involucri foliola omnia 


tegerrima, acuminata, exteriora lanceo- 
lata, interiora lineari-lanceolata, elongata. 


osculi omnes s tubu loso- 'bilabiati! labiis 


vel superanti. „Styli rami exserti, apice 
truncati, Achenium — 
hirsutum, rostro tenuioiri achenio 


oe Miete LU a T BRA. o OA ee. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 35 


ori glabro — pedicellatis patenti- 
bus obsito ; disco epigyno ma 1p- 

pus breviter sso: plumosus, denticulis 
tamen longioribus quam in Perezva.— 


omit ering pes them by the style, 


cionides, Hook. Exot, Fl. t. 101. (ad 
atam — i 


in both varieties the pappus of the outer 
row of florets is always shorter than in 
the inner ones, but the exact proportion 
they bear to — other is far from con- 
stant. Th 


ith a long acumination. 
e tomentum on the stem and pedun 

did is so copious as almost to conceal 

the short ular hairs found in all the 


d © 


o ^ foot and half, or nearly two feet 


ee Nc Leucheria (Euleucheria) acan- 
Linn. Soc. Trans. 16. 


plant, differing apparently from L. hie 
judging from Lessing’s s 

déscsiptun] by the ts of the 
cauline leaves being lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, with revolute mar- 
gins; they are also frequently again si- 


74. (3) - Leucheeria esee di- 
 varicata (Don); caule elato valido su- 


perne in paniculam maximam patentem 


- diviso, pube conspicuo difformi, foliis 


bus versus apices pedunculorum su 
nis, involucri foliolis arcte imbricatis 
Me UST v ue, E fot ci rt 


. . i Li LI Ly LI 
ovatis apice acutis vel eroso-denticulatis. 
n Li 14. 


kac of the rachis are there described 
s being furnished with a long acumina- 
tion, — we have not met with in any 


UE wre —— Se) con- 


os Gill— Don in Phil. Mag. (Apr. 

832.) p. 389; in Guill Arch. 2. p. 464. 
mT del Inga, Andes of Chili, Dr. 
Gillies —Readily recognized by the de- 
currentleaves and compact inflorescence ; 
= pe aps this last character is not 


. ^5) Leucheria (Cassiopea, Don,) 
runcina .); caule ‘hee obsolete 
iferis 


SS aer radicalium pe precem late 


cineifo ntatiscar 
entatis cau 


roe ngs r involucri campa- 
nulati foliolis interioribus s scariosis line- 
ari-lanceo —-— —— S, ovali 
tubo —— latiori. Don in 


e a 
p: ry a eee Less. OL 


ro ?—Andes of Men r, Gil- 


y the lower cauline ones slightly 

of the upper or bracteal ones 
analis covered with glandular hairs. 
These g 


t 
— it among 
the true species of Leuc. there 
eri no — within d outer row 


rS j Leucheria AE a) Gillie- 
ai tei an Arn.); caule lanato tomen- 
nes satis nigro-glan- 
ps Pc foliis superioribus 
plexicau uriculatis ol 
inciso: us 


bus acuminatis mucronato-pungentib 
involucri ce meena foliolis interiori- 
bus li 


Hua 


36 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


ibus copiose glandulosis, ligula ovali- one-flowered stems, their habit thus dif- 
oblonga.—L. rede. Gill—Donin fering widely from that of Mr. Don's 
Phil. Mag. (April 389: in section Cassio or Lasiorrhiza of 
Guill. A 4 not of Cass )— Lessing, all the species of which have a 
Cerro de la Polcura, Andes of Mendoza, very branched inflorescence; but on the 


Dr. Gillies.—T his differs from L. Brid- other hand, there is no difference in the 
gesiit by the more copious glandular structure of the flowers. Martrasia of 
h 


airs, denser tomentum on the under Sprengel (Gen. p. 626.) yt the 
side of the leaves, and by heung the true species of Pe A but the ge- 
leaves ree auricled at the nus of L a and Cassini, of Te same 

775. (7.) Leucheria (Cie d Brid name, Su sie erruginea, Linn. 

gest (Hook et Arn.) ; caule keuthbi- 779. (11.) Leucheria (Lasiorrhiza) lact- 
deo-tomentoso. versus apicem obscure- niata (Hook. et Arn.); acaulis, foliis 
glanduloso- pi radicalibus dense canescenti-pubescenti- ^ 
rigidis Bes rd subtus parce lanatis bus _ pinnatifidis, segmentis oblongo- 
supra demum glabratis eglandulosis xem linearibus paucidentatis terminali lon- 


si late auriculatis, segmentis lanceolatis giore, scapo monocephalo dense villoso 
subintegerrimis acutis vel acuminatis — involucro villoso campanulato foliolis in- 


ungenti-mucronatis margin o- terioribus linearibus acuminatis, p 
luto, involucri campanulatifoliolis scari- piloso (haud flexuoso).—Chili, Bridges: 
osis acuminatis subpungenti-mucronatis, | —in Dr. Hooker's herbarium only as far 
ligula elliptica oblonga (alba).—Cordil- ^ as we know. 


lera. Bridges (n. 486).— This seems to 
differ in several particulars from Lasior- 


SuBTRIB. IIL.—NassAUVIEJ.— Less. 
rhiza rosea, Less. In our plant, the stem veio 


is only about nine inches high, the gland- 


ular hairs very few, and only towards the 780. (1.) Polyachrus.Poeppigii, Kunze.— 
the 5. p. 9. Syn. p. 400. 


summit, and the upper surface of PY. in Linnea, 
leaves is entirely i from them. al, Syn.—P.auritus, Don, in Phil. Mag. 
716. (8.) Leuchæria (Cassiopea) Cu- ves 1832.) p. 390 ; in Guill. Arch. 2. 
mingi (Hook et Arn.); caule lanato 105. Valparaiso, on cliffs along the 
superne pilis glanduliferis parce ornato, coast. Bridges ; Cuming (n 
folis pinnatifidis subtus lanatis supra 48.)); Macrae; Matthews (n. 316.) 
is, segmen ngis P. spherocephalus of Don is distinct 
acutis sinuatim Ed min bracteali- if isa Peruvian plant, and the same with 
bus lanceolatis denta nvolucri ca Bridgesia echinopsoides, Hook.; it is in 


neari-obl - 

neari-lanceolata! basi tubo vix Sipo 781. PD) Polyachrus multifidus, Don, in 
latiori.—Coquimbo, Cuming Phil. Mag. (Apr. 1832). p. 390; in 
This can scarcely be either pulchella Guill. pes 2. p. 466. — Coquimbo, 


[idee k g (n. 876. 
are likewise found at Coquimbo, for he 782, so ) Galptitun Lagasce, Hook. e 


could not have omitted to observe the — Arn halus Lagasce, G 7 
remarkable narrow ligule of the floret, uss. on in Phil. Mag. (Apr. poe 
by which the present is at o is p. 389. in Guill. Arch. 2. p. 465.—A sc 


nce distin- | 
guishable from all the other species of of Los Peuquenes, rts of Chili. Dr. 


777. 


the section um which we are acquainted. — Gillies.—Mr. Don (l. c.) describes «i 
(9.) Leucheria (Lasiorrhiza, Don,) ^ leaves as costate ; followin Lessi 


candidissima, Gill. —Don in Phil. Mag. phraseology, they would be eee 


(Apr 2 Guill. Arch. 2. ized thus,—folia nervis plurimis impres- 

i. 464.—El valle e los Ciegos, ers sis parallelis. he us is ina Emp 
- of Mendoza. Dr. Gillies.—Very ne series, paleaceous, plumose ; 

en: to P cc. (or Chabrea) cd cous. "We do not know the original s = 


T5. (i eet i Leucheria(Lasiorrhiza) sero- ^ description given is Lagasca, it appears 


—DoninPhil.Mag.(Apr. to be very similar to, if not the same 
532 p.800; in Guill. Arch. 2. A61. with, that from Dr. Gillies. Gill. 
Cuesta € es of Chili, 783. (1.) Panar lomeratum, Gi 
Dre Gillies. = Sines two last Polon un- A Phil. Ma sanis 1832.) $i 
- questionably, to Lasiorrhiza of Lagasca, 390: in Guill. paag 2. p. 466.— 

or Chabrea of Decandolle,. and have Cerro de la Polcura, Andes Tot Mendoza, | 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


and Valle de los "eds Andes of — 
Dr. Gillies We believe that it is 


nargyrum ; but neither of beri can be 
or | agasca 
states the leaves to be entire. The pap- 
us is paleaceo-setaceous, its rays sprink- 
led with short hairs or Por sh teeth, so 
that they may either be termed slightly 
plumose with Lagasca, or dentato-cili- 
ated with Don. We prefer the latter from 
their affinity with P. a where the 


Cu 
Dr. Gillies.—In both this feat the last, 
(as well as in the following species), the 
leaves are spinously incise-toothed, not 
pinnatifid, as WE n glo me- 
ratum has a glaucous hue; and the teeth 


of the leaves about half the breadth of obpyramidatum 


long as the whole breadth of the lim 
The capitula are not really solitary; bat 
usually, two, three, or four are approxi- 


m at the extremity of the branches 
784. (3.) Panargyrum Dos, in Ph 
Don,) spinosum, Gi on, in Phil 
Mag. (Apr. 1832.) p. 390: in Guill. 
Arch. 2. p. 466 ioperü Th Chili, Dr. 
Gillies. Los ojos de a, Bridges, 
(n. 497.)—Pentanthus of vbi (Syn. 
p. 9 is the n's section 


Piptostemma of this genus, and his P. 
aculeatus is closely allied to, if not per- 
fectly the same with, the present species. 

that the leaves are quite 
glabrous : in our plant, the old ones are 
so, but the younger ones are covered 
with a silky pubescence; there 
other difference. The upper part of the 
stem is tomentose, especially when 


TIoung. 

785. (1.) Nassauvia Cumingii, (Hook. et 
Arn.); Slauco-virens glabra, folus rec- 
tis planiusculis lanceo in- 


longo 
ME 1 nervis haud Veronam 
m E ou —N. suaveo. 
n Phil. Mag. x. 1832.) "309; ux in 
Guill Arch. 2, p. 465. (non am. 
721.)— Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (n. 
237.) Los ojos de Agua, Bridges (n 
498.) San je Nolasco, and asce 


so 
hili me Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. 
—We have not seen Dr. Gillies’ plant: 


37 


his specimens pei named by Mr D 
N. suaveolens, and are therefore boe 
bly the same with our own. 

. Nassauvia pinnigera, (Gill.); 
villoso- -pubescens, foliis ova 
latis recurvis 


pu 


p 390; in Gu 2. p. 465. 
cent to El Planchon; Andes of Mendoza; 

r. Gillies. 
787. (3.) Nassauvia revoluta, (Gill i 
pubescens, foliis ovatis revolutis spi- 
nuloso-serratis S 


o € Andes of 
Mendoza, Dr. Gillies 


ACANTHOPHYLLUM. Hook. et Arn. 


Capitulum 5-florum. Achenium erostre, 
, dense villosum 
perinihesiay pilata; æqualis, 
palei is, angustis, subconduplicatis 
ars attenuatis, apice ciliatis. Rachis 

ebracteolata, villoso-fimbrillifera. Jnvolu- 


— ribus Ac enc Met congesta, integer- 


788. (1) A. azillare, (Hook. et Arn.); 
foliis primariis subulatis trigonis basi 
cucullato o-vaginatis, secundariis fascicu- 
latis li ,Ca-. 
paas subternis.—Nassauvia | atili 1718, 


Phil. Mag. 1832. 


Apr. 
390; in Guill. Pra 4 X 465.— Td 
tilion azillare. Lj. Spr. Syst. 3. 

— San Isidro Mendoza, Dy. 
Gillies. SK ido peke veins Don's se 
cond Section of Nassauvia, L c., OF iud 
Section of Tr riptilion, (Linn. Soc. Trans. 

16. into a separate genus, to 


combining all the three into one. They 
have each a habit distinct from that of 
the others, and indeed peculiar to them- 
selves, with the rapa: of Nassauvi na. 
(N. Cumingit bearing so 
to Panargyrum glomeratum), while all 
the others eec with Caloptilion. Tri rip- 
tihon may be easily recognized by its 
glabrous achenium and pilose rachis; 
Acanthophyllum by its villous achenia 
and rachis; Nassauvia by having both 


enia rous. 
789. (1.) Triptilion spinosum, Ruiz et 
en © tine . Soc. Trans. 16. p. 
“990. a. lenan. Willd.—Nassauvia 


38 


os oes in Phil. Mag. (Apr. 1832. 
n Guill. Arch. 2. gr Sia : 


Bot. H t. 873. in Da nn. S 


much narri 


inside at the aie so that Lessing’s cha- 
racter of the 


ria- 


sg pai pi ‘but more resembli ing 
assauvia. e are ag OE; with 


. Macrae and Mr. 
u All se species, as we have 
limited” the genus, are annuals, 


(To be continued.) 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
: BOTANY. 


“By Dr. Wight & G. A. Wi Arnott, Esq. 
( Continued from p. 21.) 
ARGYREIA BRACTEATA. 
Tas. III. 
PENTANDRIA Monocynia.—Nat. Ord. 
ONYOLVULACEJE. 
Gey. Can. Sepala 5. Corolla campa- 
nulata. Stylus l. Stigma capitatum, 
bilobum. Ovarium 2-loculare, 4-sper- 


mum. Capsula baccata.—Plantm ve- 
is aspectu plereque spectabiles, 
€ gen C@, ser ic ec, tor nentose, 

Omnes Indice aut Chinenses 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. 


Argyreia bracteata ; caule scandente seri- 
ceo-strigoso, foliis cordato-rotundis basi 
truncatis supra glabris inferne sericeo- 
hirsutis strigosis, pedunculis petiolos 
superantibus cymoso-multifloris, bracteis 
lanceolatis cymam ambientibus, sepalis 
ovatis acutiusculis—Chois. Conv. In 

Wall. Cat. n. 1419. A. Con- 
volvulus pomaceus ? eis — Ipomea 
bracteata, Herb. He 
DESCR large iie branched, 

milky shrub, the young shoots strigose. 

Leaves alternate, on long petioles, which 

are round, and furnished at the base with 

two thick oblong glands: mb broadly 
cordato-ovate, rather acute, entire, glabrous, 
dark shining green above, beneath stri- 
gosely hirsute, and somewhat silky. Pe- 
duncles axillary, rather longer than the 
petioles, dividing at the extremity into two 
or three branches, with a sessile ebracteated 
wer in the fork; each branch divides 
again in the same manner: the solitary 
flower in the second and all succeeding 
divisions, furnished with a long, lanceolate, 
waved, pale-green, hairy bractea. In this 


i 
ag. manner, what was at first an umbel, pro- 
|. gressively becomes a panicle, bearing 


flowers and fruit in all stages, each of the 
pedicelled flowers having three bracteas 
closely appressed to the base of the calyx. 
Calyz of five ovate and mucronate hairy 
sepals. Corolla campanulate, externally 
hairy, of a purplish-white colour; within, 
near the bottom, deep-purple, becoming 
paler near the throat: lm spreading, 
cream-coloured. Stamens five: filaments 
unequal, enlarged at the base : the enlarged 
portion thickly covered with viscid, glan- 
dular hairs. Anthers linear-oblong, deeply 
cordate at the base. Ovary superior, 
seated in a yellow glandular cup-shaped 
nectary. Style as long as the stamens. 
Stigma two-lobed. Pericarp a three to 
four. berry, deep orange-coloured 
when ripe. Seeds imbedded in pulp. 
This fine species is frequent in the 
neighbourhood of Madras, and is usually 
seen growing in sandy soil, twining most 


A e ruens ote 


and concealing them with its large umbra- 


iaaa el i Be le a 


| 


MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 39 


geous leaves and rich blossoms, which con- 
tinue open until past mid-day. 

Decoctions of the leaves are used by the 
natives as fomentations in cases of scrophu- 
lous enlargements of the joints; the boiled 
leaves being applied as a poultice at the 
same time. Its admission into the Hindoo 
Pharmacopeia is, perhaps, partly owing to 
the milky juice with which it abounds, 
most milky plants being esteemed medici- 
nal by them. Wight. 

Fig. 1. Calyx laid open, and Pistil. 2. Stamens. 
3. Section of Fruit :—magnified. 

(To be continued.) 


NOTICE CONCERNING THE LATE 
MR. DRUMMOND’S JOURNEYS 
AND HIS COLLECTIONS, MADE 
CHIEFLY IN THE SOUTHERN 
AND WESTERN PARTS OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 


Little did I foresee that, in this early 
stage of the publication of the Catalogue 
of the valuable Collections made by 
Drummond in the less frequented parts of 
North America, the painful duty would 
devolve upon me of recording his death, 
which took place at Havanna, in Cuba, in 
the month of March of the present year.— 
Thus have perished, while engaged in the 
cause of science with a degree of zeal of 
which history presents few examples, and 

y at the same time, two men in 
prime of life, of about the same age, and 
while on the eve of concluding their re- 
searches in countries equally interesting 
for their natural productions :—I allude to 
Mr. Douglas and the subject of the present 
notice. 

It will be but common justice to the 
memory of Mr. Drummond, to offer in this 
place a brief and general statement, as 
given by himself, of his researches i 
Texas, where he has been eminently suc- 
cessful: the account of the plants them- 
selves, as observed on a former occasion, 
will form the subject of a future paper. 

At p. 16 of this volume, I mentioned the 
circumstance of Mr. Drummond's arrival in 


BE 


Texas; and the following extracts from his 


the ture of the disease and 


= dated ** Town of Velasco, mouth of 

e Rio Brazos, Texas,” as well as those 
inet follow, cannot fail to be found inte- 
resting by our readers :— 

* We had a favourable passage from 
New Orleans to this place, and on our ar- 
rival found the river so high that it occa- 
sioned a delay of a week before we could 
reach the town of Brazosia, which is only 
about twenty miles up the river. The 
country, in general, is low and swampy, 
and ever since we came here, it has been 
flooded by the river: it consists almost en- 
tirely of prairies, except that the water- 
courses are bordered by woods, consisting 
chiefly of Live Oak and Poplar, with an un- 
der-growth of Carolina Cherry. I remained _ 
a few days at Brazosia, and having an op- 
portunity of sending by a vessel to New 
Orleans, I despatched the specimens 
which I collected without delay. Never 
having seen any of the sea-coast in 
this neighbourhood, I determined on re- 
turning to the mouth of the Rio Brazos, 


r. and commencing my operations there. I 


accordingly came back to this place, which 
nearly proved fatal to me, for when I had 
been here about ten days, and completed 
a collection of the few plants then in flow- 
er, and made arrangements for going to 
Galveston Bay in the same vessel that 
brought me hither, I was suddenly seized 
with cholera. Though ignorant of the na- 
the proper reme- 
dies, I fortunately took what was proper for 
me, and in a few hours the violent cramps 
in my legs gave way to the opium with 
which I dosed myself In the course of 
the same day the Captain and his sister 
were taken ill and died, and seven other 
persons died in two or three days—a large 
number for this small place, where there 
are only four houses, one of which was 
unvisited by the disease. All the cases 
terminated fatally, except mine, and always 
in ten or twelve hours, save one person, 
who lingered a few days. The weather 
was particularly cold and disagreeable for 
more than a week before the cholera ap- 
peared ; indeed the air here is constantly 
saturated with moisture, so as to render the 


40 MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 


proper preservation of specimens a work 
of absolute impossibility. I am almost 
afraid that the accompanying collection, 
which I have taken the utmost: pains to dry 
sufficiently, may not reach you in good 
order. My recovery from cholera was very 
slow. When my appetite returned, I was 
nearly starved for want of food, the few 
individuals who remained alive being too 
much exhausted with anxiety and fatigue 
to offer to procure me any thing. I am 
now, thank God, nearly well again, though 
my face and legs continue much swollen, a 
symptom which was very violent when I 
first began to recover, and is gradually 
wearing off. As far as possible, I am en- 
deavouring to replace the specimens which 
were spoiled during my illness, and have 
just packed up the whole, consisting of 
about an hundred species of plants, and as 
many specimens of birds, consisting of 
about sixty species, some snakes, and se- 
veral land-shells. Two of the latter inha- 
bit the salt-marshes, but are not aquatic ; 
for when the ground becomes flooded, they 
take refuge on the tops of grasses and 
shrubs. Among the plants are several 
which I would particularly recommend as 
deserving of notice for their beauty: two 
are species of Coreopsis,! one with flowers 
twice as large as those of C. tinctoria, and 
extremely handsome. There is also a 
syngenious plant, allied to Rudbeckia (pro- 
bably the beautiful var. of Galardia bi- 
color, fig. at t. 3368, Bot. Mag.)—the 
blossoms are copper-coloured, and the 
whole rises to about a foot high, and covers 
a diameter of three or four feet: I may 
safely say, that I have seen more than a 
hundred flowers open on it at the same 
time. Also a fine procumbent Œnothera, 
much like C2. macrocarpa, (QE. Drum- 
mondi, Hooker in Bot. Mag. t. 3361,) and a 
charming Jzia, of which I send roots. The 
seeds of the other plants will, I hope, ar- 
rive in good order. I trust that my col- 

* Two fine species of the Genus, and probably the 
same as here alluded to, have flowered in the Botanic 
Garden of Glasgow, from seeds sent by Mr. Drum- 
— iis will soon be given in the Botanical Maga- 


lection of bird-skins from Louisiana has 
reached you safely. Some, which were in- 
jured by the too large size of the shot 
which I procured there, I only send, to 
prove what species inhabit the country. 
The want of my tent and the chief part of 
my ammunition, which I was obliged to 
leave at St. Louis, proves a serious incon- 
venience to me. To-morrow I intend mak- 
ing an attempt to reach Brazosia again, but 
the greater part of the journey is waist- 
deep in mud and water; thence I shall go 
to San Felipe, whither my baggage is al- 
ready sent, sixty miles beyond Brazosia. 


Above the latter place, the river is not na-- 


vigable for boats, so that my luggage must 
goin waggons. I feel anxious about my 
collections, which I leave here, to await a 
vessel going to New Orleans; but there is 
no help for it, and from the interior of the 
country it is still more difficult to obtain 
conveyances, the charge for freight being 
so enormous as to exceed the value of the 
collections. The cost from Brazosia to 
New Orleans is forty cents. per foot, and the 
amount of my passage and luggage hither 
was fifty dollars. Boarding averages six dol- 
lars a-week, and thatoftheroughestkind. It 
is, however, so long since my hope of be- 
ing able to realize any thing more than will 
cover my expenses has been dispelled, 
that I am not disappointed, and my only 
desire is to remunerate those who have 
contributed to my outfit, and by the collec- 
tions of Natural History specimens which I 
shall send home, to give a good general 
idea of the productions of this part of the 
world. Of the genera Pentstemon and 
Sabbatia (?), which are beautiful and nu- 
merous, I send many specimens and seeds; 
also of a lovely Rudbeckia, which is a 
great ornament to the prairies here. I 
could ask a thousand questions about my 
plants, for I am shut out from all informa- 
tion; though Pursh's American Flora is 
among my luggage, I can hardly get a sight 
of it. You may form an idea of the diffi- 
culties I have to encounter in this misera- 
ble country (more miserable, however, as 
to its inhabitants than in any other respect) 
when I tell you, that all the bird-skins I sent - 


MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 


you were removed with a common old pen- 
knife, not worth two cents., and that even 
this shabby article I could not have kept 
had the natives seen any thing to covet in 

t; and that I am obliged to leave behind 
my blanket and the few clothes that I have 
brought, because of the difficulty of carry- 
ing them, though I feel pretty sure I shall 
never see them again. These trifles I only 
mention to give you some idea of my pre- 
sent situation ; they do not affect me much, 
except as preventing me from pursuing the 
objects of my journey with the success that 
I could wish. I have not yet positively 
fixed my future plans, but I wish to go 
westward from San Felipe, and crossing 
the Rio Colorado, to trace it to its sources, 
if it be practicable.” 

San Felipe de Austin, Aug. 3, 1833 

“ Early in May last, I put up a box of 
specimens for you, while I was staying at 
Velasco, at the mouth of the Rio Brazos; 
and I then stated my intention of going to 
Brazosia, and proceeding higher up the 
country. This plan I accomplished, though 
in an unexpected manner, for the river had 
risen to a height so unprecedented, that a 
boat brought me across the prairies, which 
were flooded to a depth of from nine to 
fifteen feet! On arriving at Brazosia, I 
found the whole town avertiowad, And the 


a fon deep. I an therefore, that 
my stay should be as short as possible, 
and took the first opportunity of a boat to 
Bello, where I was so happy as to see 
some dry land; a commencement of the 
prairie country, which extends uninter- 
ruptedly to the West. I had been very 
‘uneasy about my luggage, which preceded 
me, and I feared it had been deposited in 
the stowage, where the water stood six or 


££ eight feet deep, and much property had 


been consequently destroyed: but all was 
safe, and after remaining a few days at 
Bello, to recruit my strength for the ; jour- 
ney, I commenced my walk to this place, 
collecting what plants I could find by the 
way. As it would be impossible to gie 
you a detailed account of my adventures 

in this letter, I will endeavour rather to 


AL 


convey to you some idea of the produce of 
the country. The collection which I left 
at the mouth of the river, amounted to 
one hundred species, and my list now 
contains three hundred and twenty, which 
are packed in excellent order: also, seeds, 
roots, and bulbs, with some bottles of 
reptiles. I hope these may reach Eu- 
rope safely; but I am not without fears 
on that score, as the cholera is raging in 
this neighbourhood, and has nearly depo- 
pulated Brazosia. My health continues 
good, since I recovered from that disease, 
although I am necessarily much exposed 
from the nature of my pursuits; the wea- 
ther, too, is extremely hot, probably nearly 
100° of Farenheit. From this place, I in- 
tend to proceed immediately to a distance 
of about forty miles, near the source of the 
Brazos, when I shall be nearly half way to 
the Colorado river; but I have no prospect 
except of carrying the requisite stock of 
paper myself, together with a change or 
two of linen, which this warm climate ren- 
ders absolutely necessary. Now that you 
are somewhat apprized of the nature of 
this country, I trust you will give me your 
advice as to my movements. If you think 
that the risk will be adequately repaid, I 
am most willing to proceed, nay, I am 
anxious to do so, that I may be able to 
communicate a good general idea of the 
Botany of Mexico. 

“About one-third of the plants collected 
on my route, were destroyed by the over- 
flowing of the river. Vegetation is now 
recommencing, but I never witnessed such 
“ahr le ; it has extended even two 
d miles higher up the river than 
this place. You will perceive that it is 
impossible for me to collect any thing like 
a given number of species in a certain 
time, though vegetation scarcely receives 
any Ha even during this winter, in 
climat 


E 


San Felipe de Austin, Oct. 28, 1833. 
“I have this day forwarded a box of 
specimens, together with some growing 
plants, and several bottles, containing the 
fruit of a shrub, and some curious lizards 
and snakes. Amongst the roots is one, ap- 


42 


parently of Amaryllis, from which I anti- 
cipate a curious inflorescence ; and in the 
packets of seeds, are several very choice 
. plants, not excelled in beauty byany species 
now in cultivation. The intention of pursu- 
ing my way westwardly, which I mentioned 
in my last, was carried into effect, and I 
returned here about ten days ago. The jour- 
ney has produced about one hundred and 
fifty species of plants, bringing up my Texas 
list to nearly five hundred; and I have sent 
numerous samples of almost every kind. 
This collection may give you some idea of 
what might be expected, if I could reach the 
mountains; my prospect of effecting this 
would be, however, very precarious, even 
if ample means were within my reach, as 
the Indians have been very troublesome 
on the frontiers, and have killed several 
Americans on the Colorado river this au- 
tumn. During the approaching winter, I 
think of visiting the sea-coast: probably 
Harrisburg, near Galveston Bay, whence 
I may forward such things as I can collect, 

to New Orleans. I do not expect to make 
a very great addition to my number of 
plants, but rather anticipate that they will 
be of a different class; for instance, the 
Cacti, of which I have got but three, are 
said to be numerous. After spending next 
summer in Texas, I should wish, before 
returning to Scotland, to visit the extreme 
western parts of Florida. There are no 
shells in the Brazos—it is always muddy, 
like the Rio Colorado. Since commencing 
this letter, two or three nights of frost have 
destroyed every vestige of vegetation. 

There are a great many Graminee in this 
collection, and you may, perhaps, find it 
difficult to assign g charac 

for them ; still, I can assure you, once for 
all, that I have not marked any as distinct 
except I am perfectly convinced that they 
are so." 


San Felipe de Austin, Apr. 24, 1834. 
“Tn my last letter, written in October, 
I mentioned my plan of wintering on the 
Sea-coast, which I accordingly did, in Gal- 
veston Bay; but, I am sorry to state that 
: my principal object has, to a great degree, 


MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS, 


been defeated. I was in hopes of being 
able to collect a goodly number of birds 
there; but, from some unknown cause, 
there were scarcely any birds in the bay 
during the past winter. I spent the month 
of January in Galveston Island, said to be 
the greatest resort of sea-fowl on the whole 
coast, and with difficulty could procure 
enough to eat—the island being uninha- 
bited, and the weather so bad that it rained 
incessantly for three months, accompanied 
by adense fog. After remaining in the bay 
till the 10th instant, expecting the arrival of 
the migratory birds, I returned hither with 
one hundred and eighty! specimens; fifty 
kinds of them had not been sent before— 
theyare in better order than any I had previ- 
ously procured. It is my desire this summer, . 
to advance as far into the interior as pos- 
sible; but several difficulties lie in the way. 
The Indians are becoming very dangerous, 
and news has just arrived ofthe murder of a 
surveying party, consisting of Capt. John- 
ston and nine men, at one hundred and fifty 
miles above this place. This is another in- 
stance ofthe mercy of Providence in sparing 
my life, as I had designed to join this very 
party, if I could have arrived from the coast 
in time. The necessity of having all the lug- 
gage carried, is another great hindrance to 
my movements; I may state that I had to 
navigate an old canoe from Galveston Bay 
to Harrisburg, a distance of from eighty to 
one hnndred miles, all by myself, and with 
hardly any provision; for, owing to the fail- 
ure of last year's crops, famine is threaten- 
> + e ee PTS t fbi diit uh A hen 


ing 
arrived there, I was obliged to hire a cart 
and oxen to come to this place, for which I 


ters paid sixteen dollars. But amidst all these 


difficulties, there is one blessing, for which 
I cannot be too thankful—I enjoy excel- 
lent health; and, I can assure you, that it 
has been tried with such fatigue as would 
have broken down thousands. 

“I have added a few plants, lately, to 
my stores, some of them very handsome; 
especially four or five species of Phacelia, 
and two of Coreopsis, with a bulbous- 

1 This 


Earl of Derby. 


is now in the possession of the 


d 


——M€ 


Teal eV ENDE dic 


TER 


<<, (laa at Eee 


-— 


MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 


rooted plant, like an Zria, but hexandrous. 
I am glad to find that you have figured the 
species of Nuttallia,1 which I sent before; 
itis a very fine flower. I have also seen 
another, apparently quite new, and equally 
beautiful; it is perfectly smooth, inclining 
toglaucous. This is the worst country for 
insects I ever saw; the custom of burning 
the prairies probably accounts for it. I 
have procured many specimens of a curi- 
ous Lizard, found about Galveston, but I 
detain them to go with the others from 
New Orleans." 


San Felipe de Austin, Sept. 26, 1834. 

* You are, doubtless, anxious to hear 
from me, no opportunity of forwarding any 
letters to you having offered since A pril last, 
when I stated my intention of proceeding 
to the Upper Colony, as soon as possible. 
This I did, and had reached the Garrison, 
one hundred miles above this place; and 
made arrangements for joining a band of 
friendly Indians, who were going to hunt 
near the sources of Little River, one of the 
tributaries of the Rio Brazos, when the 
news that a packet of letters was here, 
which might contain instructions for my 
movements, reached me, and I returned 
hither to take them up, and, cip fe 
lost the chance of accompanying th e In- 
dians. I am sorry to say that it is OE 
impracticable to accomplish your plan for 
my reaching either the mountains or Santa 
Fé. This settlement does not extend to 
within one hundred miles of the former, and 
the intervening country is full of hostile In- 
dians, who often enter the colony, killing the 
inhabitants, and stealing their horses and 
cattle; so that a band of a dozen men are 
requisite to protect any traveller who should 
venture among them. As to Santa Fé, it 
is at an immense distance from this place, 


and there is no intercourse. From the 


towns of the Interior, there is communica- 

tion sometimes with it; but the best way 

of going thither is from St. Louis, or from 

Tampico, or Matamozos, which are fre- 

quently visited from New Or! The 

name of Linum Plotzi, (Hook. MSS.) had 
! Nattallia Papaver : see Bot. Mag. t. 2387. 


48 


better, perhaps, be changed to Berlan- 
diert, who was the person who discovered 
it. Psoralea arenosa is, in this collection, 
in fruit; with the two Coreopsides. I am 
sorry to say that I have found no insects, 
as they are very scarce in these and all the 


prairie countries, owing to the frequent 


burning of those lands, The whole country, 
from the Rio Colorado to the Guadaloup, 
a distance of eighty or ninety miles, is as 
destitute of verdure as the streets of Glas- 
gow, except some small patches along the 
creeks. After returning to San Felipe, for 
my letters, as I before stated, I joined a 
waggon which was bound for Gonzales, in 
Gaudaloup, one hundred miles distant; but 
having exposed myself to the burning sun, 
in i middle of several days, I was seized 
with bilious fever, which was nigh pro 
fatal, and has been followed by violent boils 
and a disease, here called Felon, in my 
thumb. The latter rendered my hand use- 
less for two months, and I caused the place 
to be opened, and several bits of bone to be 
removed; and some other pieces have since 
worked out, so that I have been threatened 
with the loss of my thumb; but I hope to 
escape this disaster. Were it practicable 
for me to reach the mountains, I could 
easily double the seven hundred species, 
which is the number of what I have col- 
lected in Texas." 


This is the last letter that was zeonival 
from Texes, dt 


EL 4 felt | Taai 


, were 
all dispatched from New ( Orleans. and 
proved exceedingly rich and valuable, both 
in what concerns the number and the rarity 
of the species, no less than the excellency 
of their preservation. 


New Orleans, Dec. 20, 1834. 
“ I arrived here yesterday, from Texas, 
bringing all the specimens I had collected 
last season, and a box which had been 


it prosit; whether the latter are in good 
preservation, as they are but this moment 


44 
received from the Custom House, and the 
vessel that takes my letter sails to-day. 
My last opportunity of writing to you was 
from San Felipe, in October, and it is 
needless to recapitulate what I then said ; 
my Texas collection of plants now amounts 
to-seven hundred species. If practicable, I 
shall proceed immediately to Florida, going 
northward, as the season advances. Perhaps 


I may reach Baltimore, whence I can take - 


shipping for Europe; but I hope to receive 
letters from you in a few days, which will 
decide my movements. I am sorry to say 
that I have had a violent attack of diar- 
rhea, accompanied with such a breaking 
out of ulcers, that I am almost like Job, 
smitten with boils from head to foot, and 
have been unable to lie down for seven 
nights: but, as I am a little better, I hope 
to be well in a short time." 


New Orleans, Christmas Day, 1824. 


* I wrote to you a few days since, men- 
tioning my arrival, and the difficulty I was 
in for want of instructions how to act; but 
the very next day I received your kind let- 
ter, which enables me to arrange my plans 
for next summer. These, following your 
desire, would be that I should spend next 
season in Mec: e tiae ib tench 
Santa Fè, are, to 
townsinthei interior which trade occasionally 
with Santa Fé, either by the way of Red 
River or otherwise. The journey would 
be very long, and among hostile Indians 
all the way; however, it might perhaps be 
accomplished by joining the fur traders at 
St. Louis, who go annually within eighty 
or a hundred miles of it, namely, to Tores. 
This plan would occupy at least two years, 
as the traders never start till May, before 
which time their horses would find no grass. 
I am becoming very anxious to see my fa- 
mily, and must, in consequence, endeavour 
to be in Scotland by this time next year, 


set a where, if I cannot find many new 
plants, I Beate De able to procure better 
Specimens of ‘Such as are already sent. 
The question naturally arises as to what I 
shall do at home, and as I do not think it 


Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas’ tak 


MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 


would be advisable for me to remain there, 
Ihave determined, if sufficient funds can be 
obtained, to return with my family to Texas, 
where I can buy a lé&gue of land for one 
hundred and fifty dollars, and if I can add 
the purchase of a dozen cows and calves, 
which cost ten dollars each (that is, the 
cow and calf), a few years would soon 
make me more independent than I can ever 
hope to be in Britain. I should then have an 
opportunity of exploring the country from 
Texas to the city of Mexico, and west to 
the Pacific, which would occupy me seven 
years at least. I am perfectly satisfied of 
the novelty which such a plan would afford 
I have been given to understand that the 
Mexican Government wishes particularly 
to have the Natural History of its territo- 
ries examined, and would liberally reward 
the person who did it. Now I am not vain 
enough to expect much remuneration for 
what I could do, still, with your assistance, 
I think I might, in the course of two or 
three years, publish a tolerably complete 
catalogue of the plants of that country, 
and, were proper application made, 
a grant of land would certainly be given 
me. These plans I mention, that you may 
kindly consider them at your leisure. In 
the collection now sent is a box, containing 
several species of Cacti, some very inte- 
resting. Three are allied to Mammillaria, 
one to Melo-cactus, and several to Opun- 
tia. They are all from Gonzales. 
not recollect the tetradynamous plant you 
describe (a new Streptanthus.) The Mac- 
lura, though I have never seen it, grows 
so abundantly about Myadoches, as to ren- 
der several of the ponds and stagnant wa- 
ters unfit for use, on account of its bitter 
fruit and foliage falling into them. By the 
lst of January I expect to leave this place, 
but am not decided on the exact route; if 


a vessel be going to Key West, or St. Au- ` E 


gustine, on the St. John's, I shall probably 
e a passage by it. I find it would be 
absolutely necessary for me to return to 
Britain, in order to purchase a stock of 
necessaries, clothing, instruments for col- 
lecting insects, &c. Upon such articles as 
knives and forceps, a person who could af- 


Ido 


A er enn ieee ES pi 
TE 


t —————— 


MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 45 


ford to lay out two or three hundred dollars, 
would make cent. per cent. here, and a 
thousand per cent. on many things, so that 
the journey would cost nothing. Pray 
write to me at Charleston ; you shall hear 
from me thence, if not sooner. 

“ Dec. 28th.—Since writing the foregoing 
I have engaged a passage in a vessel about 
to sail for Apalachicola, in Florida, in two 
days from this time. My health is better, 
though one of my thumbs is still unhealed, 
so that I have only the use of one hand.” 


The next and last letter I ever received 
from this praiseworthy naturalist, was from 
the place just mentioned. 


Apalachicola ( Florida), Feb. 9, 1835. 

* From this place, where I have been 
rather more than a month, I send to you, 
vid Liverpool two boxes of specimens, 
some of which, I hope, will prove interest- 
ing. This is the most barren spot I ever 
saw—nothing but sand for a hundred miles 
back into the country ; still I have procured 
Mylocarium ligustrinum, Ceratiola ericoi- 
des, and a new species of Pinguicula, which 
I should have supposed to be P. nana of 
Pursh, but that it is quite villous. Also 


. P. elatior, and a species of Gentian not in 


Pursh, with white flowers and leaves like 
those of Pneumonanthe, but smaller. Of 
Norrani olen: = si © more than a 


the description of Pursh, as smaller dus Ss. 
flava, for it is rather larger. There are like- 
wise plants of an Epidendrum (E. conop- 
seum,) which grows parasitically on the 
Live Oak and Magnoha grandiflora. 
This Genus had not hitherto been found in 
the United States, and I trust the speci- 
mens will grow and flower well with you. 
I also send plants of a Cactus (C. fragilis, 
Torrey ?), of the Cabbage Palm, and ano- 
ther species, with several other plants of 
great interest to the cultivator, and seeds 
of many kinds: also a box of berries 
packed in sand, four kinds of evergreen 
Ilex, of Mespilus, Prinos, and a shrub 
which I do not know. There is no means 


of getting from this place by land to the 


extreme south of Florida, which I chiefly 
wish to visit, therefore I shall probably go 
to Havanna, whence there are always ves- 
sels for Key West; for I am unwilling to 
go up the river to Columbia, in Georgia, 
as it would cut off the most interesting 
portion of Florida. My health is tolerable, 
though I am much pained by a severe ul- 
cer on one leg, for which the Saw Pal- 
metto is but an indifferent doctor. There 
are neither birds nor insects in this desert, 
but perhaps Key West may afford some; 
and, if possible, I shall visit St. Augustine 
and Savannah, in Georgia. There are three 
kinds of Yucca, unlike any species with 
which I am acquainted, in the box. 
weather has been extremely cold for some 
days, ice having formed in one night strong 
enough to bear my weight. I sail this 
evening for Havanna," 


Of the nature of the illness which. so 
soon terminated Mr. Drummond's useful 
labours, and his life, we are not yet in- 
formed. Some fears for his safety, I con- 
fess, came across my mind when, in the 
end of June of this year (1835) I received 
from Cuba, viá Hamburgh, three boxes, 
which, instead of being filled with plants, as 
I had anticipated on their arrival, only con- 
tained his little personal property, clothes, 
bedding, &c.; together with a very few ill- 
dried plants and insects, unaccompanied by 

any letter or even invoice. Still, I flattered 
myself with the hope that Mr. Drummond 
might have left Havanna for South Flo- 
rida in great haste, and dispatched to Scot- 
land whatever luggage was not absolutely 
necessary to him in a country where the 
means of conveying were by no means easy 
or cheap, and that his intention was to write 
to me from some town in Florida. But all 
these hopes were destroyed, and my worst 
fears realized, by the arrival of a letter which 
H. B. M.’sConsul at Havanna, C. D. Tolmie, 
Esq., had the kindness to write to me, dated 
11th March, 1835, enclosing a certificate of 
mmond's death and a statement of 
his effects being forwarded to me viá Ham- 
ticulars to another letter, which had been 


3 


46 MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 


dispatched by an earlier packet, but which 
has, unfortunately, not yet reached its place 
of destination. 

But it is time to leave this painful subject 
and to proceed to the more agreeable task 
of continuing the list of Mr. Drummond’s 
discoveries in the United States previous 
to his visit to Texas, from p. 26 of this 
work. 


808. Proserpinaca pectinata, Lam.—N. 
Orl. (n. 112.)—Apparently only a var. 
of the prece 
M iophyllum ied iei Mich. 
—N. Or. l. (n. 113.) —The upper leaves in 
ur specimens are lanceolate, as describ- 
a by Elliott, not ovate, as described by 
dd d of whic A state, dbi I 
ossess specimens m Mr. Greene. 
310. Myriophyllum scabratum, Mi ch.— 
hio.—This entirel j 
cem under the same 
have received from Mr. Greene, e 
in S. Carolina 
311. Callitriche heterophylla, Ph. 
Orl. (n. 1 d .— Probably not dieron 
from our 
312. Callitriche ter terrestris, Raf. —N. Orl. 


: Nuttall remarks, that the 
gi vulgaris of the United States is 
erent from the European plant of that 
name, in having only six leaves in a whorl 
instead of about eight. A specimen I pos- 
sess from sues Bdge, Karaga B 
Mr. Greene, confirms t pinion; the 
leaves are from four to X x rema Ee 
ably acumina e H. vulgaris, how- 
ever, of the British Settlements of North 
America, is the same as that of Europe. 


LYTHRARIEÆ. Juss. 
lati Pe y eg Loui 


West Indian ES ed which I lave 
specimens from Martini 
314. Ammannia humilis "Mich. —Jack- 
sonville. 
alatum, Ph.—N. Orl. 1833. 


815. L 

316. noni Indica, L.—N. Orl. 
a Indica, L.— 

1833 (cull.). 


MELASTOMACE.E. Juss. 


317. Rhexia 
N. Orl. (n. 116.) 
318. Rhexia e L.—Covington. 


339. 
jibeune, L.—Covington. 


319. Rhexia bel Mich.—Covington. 


320. Rhexia glabella, Mich—Covington. 
N. Orl. aie) 

321: Rhexia lutea, Mich.—N. Orl. (n. 

329. Rhexia angustifolia, Nutt—Cov- 
ington. 


CUCURBITACEJX. Juss. 


23. Cucumis Citrullus, DC.—St. Louis. 
324. Melothria pendula, L.—N. Orl. (n. 
120.) 


PASSIFLOREZ. Juss. 

325. Passiflora lutea, L.—Covington 

326. Passiflora incarnata, L.—N. Orl. 
(n. 121.) 

PORTULACEJE. Juss. 

327. Portulaca oleracea, L.—N. Orl. (n. 

328. Claytonia Virginica, L.—Pennsyl- 
vania. 

PARONYCHIEX. St. Hil. 

329. Anychia dichotoma, Mich.—Queria 
dichotoma, L.—Alleghanies E capil- 
lacea —Torrey —St. Lou 

CRASSULACER. DC. 

330. Sedum ternatum, Mich.—Pennsyl- 
vania. 

331. Penthorium sedoides, L.—St. Louis. 
N. Orl. 1833. 

FICOIDER. Juss. 


mid Sesuvium Portulacastrum, L.—N. 
1, 


GROSSULARIEZ. DC. 
333. Ribes Cynosbati, L.—Alleghanies. 
SAXIFRAGEJE. Juss. 
Itea Virginica, L.—St. Louis. N. 
Foe nius 123) 
ydrangea quercifolia, Bartr.— 
- incus 
Saxifraga Virgimensis, Mich. — 
nsy. 
pod Mtella. diph lla, L.—Pennsylvania. 
338. Tiarell iad ronis 


UMBELLIFERJA. Juss. 


umbellata 
nor do I know what species to to refer it to. 


ee. ee 


347. 
128. 
348. 


354. T 
rin 


MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. AT 


It is densely creeping, almost cæspitose. 355. 


Leaves half to three-quarters of an inc 
long, ere orm, with a deep 
sinus, near to which the petiole is in- 


numerous speci- 
mens from the Mississippi, gathered by 
urier. 


. Taintu 
340. Hydrocotyle repanda, Pers.—Cov- 


ington.—Scarcely different from H. Ast- 


atica, L. 
The rare Erigenia bulbosa, 


enia Nutt, 
(Hydrocotyle composita, Ph.), is found : 


in rich alluvial ee of the larger streams 


s the ** Sison pusil- 


a 
(n. 125.)—Each capitulum consists of 
three globose, muricated fruits, of which 
the two lateral are horizontal. 

ds a very remarkable variety, if 
it be not a distinct species, with the fruit 
much larger, ovate, 


has PO the remarkable difference. i in 
the frui 


Nodo Balduini, Spr.—E. gra- 
cile, Nutt. non La Roch —N.Orl. = i26) 


um aqu 
ton. N.Orl (n. 127. 
. Cicuta Fact ae L.; var. foliolis 
latioribus.—Covin 
Zizia aurea, 
acuminata. D C.— 


ak —St. Louis.—£. 
—Pennsylvania. 


358. 
Orl. 


Ferula Drummondiu, Hook. et irs a 
glabriuscula, caule tereti erecto ram 
parce folioso, foliis radicalibus longe ed 
tiolatis bi- triternatim pinnati S, seg- 
mentis lato-linearibus incisis, caulinis 
sessilibus, involucris nullis, involucellis 
os. eis.—An anadensis, L. 1 —N. 

l. (n. 1 134. )—My solitary specimen of 
this i is far from being in a perfect state. 
The foliage is withered, and the flowers 
are entirely gone. The stem, nearly two 
feet high, is sparingly leafy, dues 
The fruit has a broad, elevated, s 
margin, the disk marked with three pori 
" mu lines. 

mannia Zeretifolia, D C.—5Si- 

um lar tifli, E nanthe Caro- 


J ackso nville.—Perhaps not distinct from 
da. 

he ele s Æthusa, Nutt.—N. 

fe} 33.)— —This is in all proba bility 

the T. GEthusa of m ae dolle, which 


also comes from 


oui 

359. Daucus pusillus, Mich. —N. Orl. (n. 
135. 

360. Osmorhiza /ongistylis, D C.—Penn- 


: sylvania. 
361. Cherophyllum Taznturiert ; subhir- 
an 


sutum, caule ebili 


lis paucis, involucel 
o, foliolis ovatis o 


Veiis 


habit and foliage, it is unquestionably a 
distinct species, judging at least from all 
that I have received from the more 
northern states, from diras Die ad fom 
Schweinitz, Mr. Town 


eir plant has the fruit i Greiner Seance 


Zizia — Koch.—N. Orl. (n. our MAE plant has it decidedly 
Allegh acumina ; so that 
Ágiintegerrima, D —Alleghanies t rid ;I should 
adium Road darf D C.— referit to predator The is some- 

N. On. (n. 130.)—var. majus,—N. Orl. | rather densely ant at other 
one pue es glabrous mecs even re ing Po 
pleura capillacea, D C.—N. se, though short, are Ringer than in 

On te ur ) rocumbens, and much more distinct 


faeta Canadensis, D C.— 


Louis. 


353. Sium/atifolium, L.—N. Orl. (n.132.) 
353. Sium h.—N. Orl. 1 


lineare, Mich. 


upon the 


ARALIACEJX. Juss. 


um Barbinode, Nutt.—Alle- €: ode quinquefolium, L.—W heel- 
lvania. 


48 
363. 
Pennsylvania 
. Aralia racemosa, L.— Covington. 


HAMAMELIDES. Br. 


365. Hamamelis Virginica, L.—N. Orl. 
1833. (n. 137.) Pennsylvania. 


= 


CORNEÆ. DC. 


366. Cornus alba, L.—N. Orl. (n. 138.) 
367. Cornus Piso L.—Pennsylvania. 
N. Orl. (n. 139.) 


LORANTHACEJE. Rich. et Juss. 


368. Viscum flavescens, Ph.—N. Orl. (n. 
140.) 


CAPRIFOLIACEJE. Juss. 
369. Sambucus Canadensis, L.—Coving- 


n. 

370. Sambucus pubens, Mich.—N. Orl. 
A 141.)—8. foliolis latioribus.—N. Orl. 
n. 144 bis. 

Mom Lentago, L.—Allegha- 
nies.—This has the leaves much and 
€ aieo 

urnum prunifolium, L.—Penn- 
sylvania. 
. Viburnum nudum, L—N. Orl. (n. 
142.) 1833. —Covington. Jacksonville. 

374. oe dentatum, L.—N. Orl. 
(n. 143.) 

375. be urnum pubescens, Ph.—N. Orl. 

Covi 

976. Trio Tri se ha perfoliatum, L.—Allegha- 

- EET gd e 
foliis is 


1753.—N. Ort. (n. 145.) 


RUBIACEJE. Juss. 
377. does glomerata, EIL—N. Orl. 


an. He He yotis Boscii, D C.—N. Orl. 
151. e same plant I cis received 
from M. Tainturier. It turns bl 
drying. 

379. Houstonia cerulea, L.—Pennsylva- 
mia.—N. Orl. (n. 

380. Houstonia patens, EIL—N. Orl. (n. 


381. Houstonia tenuifolia, Nutt.—St. 
- Louis. 


382. Houstonia Gee rese dee 
dex noma Mich 
- Houstonia a purpurea, L hio.— 
the two preceding are probably 
varieties of one and the ee species. — 
; » DON. Orl. (n. 147.) 


MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 


Panax haaa L.—New Yorkand 385. Mitchella repens, L.—N. Orl. (n. 
146. 


386. Ce mangement occidentalis, L.—N. 
Orl. (n. 1833.) Ohio. St. Louis. 


Spermacoce tenuior, L.— ri. 
(n. 152 bis.) 1833.—St. Louis. 
388. Diodia teres, Walt——N. Orl. (n.159.) 


—St. Louis. 
389. Diodia a Walt.—2D. Vir- 
os Mich.— Covington. 
3 Galium atin. Ph.—Coving- 


> 
9 


T lium uniflorum, Mich.—Coving- 
on. 

392. Galium trifidum, Ph.—N. OrL— 
n. 153. 


393. Galium/atifolium, Mich.—St. Lou 
394. Galium £inctorium,L. MP 


>t 


VALERIAXWEJE. Juss. 


395. — ier pauciflora, Mich.—Alle- 
ghan 

396. "Fedia radiata, Vahl. —Alleghanies. 

39 Fedia o£ toria, Meench.—N. Orl. 
(n. 154.) 


COMPOSITA. Juss. 


398. Cnicus arvensis, Willd.— —Coving- 
ton .—There are two pe of this spe- 
cies, one wit th sm all, 


nished with an acicular patent spinule. ~ 
— muticus, Willd.—Jackson- 
vi 
400. Thios discolor, Willd. St. Louis. 
—N. Orl. (n. 160. Flowers yong: —£? 
eni lato-anceoatis subinte 
. the inroluee and 
per bor sac m ose of 
discolor, but the majority of A ccauline 
leaves are oblongo-lanceolate, ciliato- 
spinescent at the margi i 
opinion it is only a state of that plant, 
which tips describes as variable in 
its foliag 
401. nios horridulus, Pursh.—N. Orl. 
16 ^ 


ington. 
403. Centaurea Americana, Nutt. in : 


72s fas 


— 


We AC » 


T 


voie vert iet 


ON THE VEGETATION OF ETNA. 


Journ. Arad. Phil, v. 
Nu 


y peie but its ens are 
totally different, and Mr. Don has eve 


51.); other three species enumerated by 
Mr. Don are natives of Chili: so that 
the groupe is agaa one of the New 
World, and the present appears to be 
the only species of Centaurea which is 
an aboriginal native of North America. 

404. usn onia Noveboracensis, Willd.— 
St. Lou 

405. Vers prealta, Willd.—Coving- 
ton. St. Louis.— B. folis ovato- 
. lanceolatis supra scabris subtus invo- 
lucrisque pubescenti-tomentosis. — St 
Louis. 


(To be continued.) 


ON THE VEGETATION OF 
1 ETNA 
(Being Extracts from a Memoir on this subject, en- 
titled ** Uber die Vegetation a von Dr. 

R. A. Philippi, published in the 7th wolisša of the 

Linnæa, p. 727, &c. 

This celebrated volcanic mountain, situ- 
ated in lat. 37° 44', and reaching to a height 
of 10,212 Paris feet, according to the mea- 
surement of Dr. Philippi and his compa- 
nions, Professor Fr. Hoffman and Mr. Von 
der Linth, is separated from the chain of 
mountains through the North of Sicily by 
the low valley of Fiume Cantara, on the 
West from the hills of Cesarò and Contorbi 
by the Simeto, the largest river of Sicily: 
it is bounded on the East by the sea, and 
on the South by the plain of Catania. Its 
form is that of an obtuse cone, which, mga- 
sured from North to South, is twenty-six 
Italian, or six geographical miles, and from 
East to West twenty Italian, or five geogra- 
phical miles; and its elevation, in propor- 
tion to the longest diameter of its base, is 
as one to fourteen and a half, and to the 
shortest, as one to eleven. The plane sur- 

face is about twenty-three and a half square 
miles (German), and the whole surface is 

VOL. I. 


49 


. covered with pumice and ashes, with here 


and there volcanic tufa. Only in a few 

laces are some sand-stone hills, as at 

Bronte and Maletto, and some of clay near 

Catania, which form islands on the black 

sea of lava. 

Etna, in the opinion of Dr. Philippi, does 
not admit of more than three regions of 
vegetation. 

l. The cultivated region, extending from 

—3, eet. 

2. The woody region, from 3,300—6,200 
feet ; and " 

9. The alpine region, commencing at 6,200 
feet. And these nearly accord with the 
limits long marked by the inhabitants 
—Regione piedemontana, de Boschi, 
et discoperta. 

l. The cultivated region. This com- 
mences immediately with the sea-line, and 
reaches to an elevation of 3,300 feet, where 
the cultivation of the Vine ceases. It is 
this zone which has, from the oldest times, 
excited the astonishment of travellers by 
its uncommon fertility and beauty, particu- 
larly on the East and South sides of the 

mountain, where numerous towns and vil- 
lages and country houses lie embosomed in 
the midst of a most luxuriant vegetation. 
There Mascali, celebrated for its wine and 
almonds, is situated, and many other towns, 
among which Catania ranks as the most 
beautiful city in the South of Europe. 
Many tropical plants here flourish in the 
gardens as in their native country: the 
Pisang, Musa Paradisaica, ripens its fruit, 
and the Erythrina corallodendron, Hibis- 
cus mutabilis, Cassia biflora, Datura ar- 
borea, and Cesalpinia Sappan, are adorned 
with their large and lovely blossoms. The 
Date Palms, Phenix dactylifera, give to 
the scenery an African appearance; while 
the diced forms of the Cactusses, C. 
Opuntia and maxima, which latter attains 
a height of twelve feet, and the Agave 
Americana, which even in its third or 
fourth year throws up its colossal flower- 
stem, remind the traveller of tropical Ame- 
rica. At Palermo the mean temperature 
is 65° of Fahrenheit, or 14° of Reaumur. 
The greatest m of heat during twenty 


Mo. Dot. Garden, 


50 


years was 105° Fahrenheit (31° Reaumur), 
and the extreme cold, during the same pe- 
riod, 34° Fahrenheit, or + 0 9° Reaumur. 
The average number of rainy days are 
sixty-five in the year; the mean quantity 
of rain, 21,149 English inches. 

At Catania, as might be expected from its 
site on the southern declivity of the moun- 
tain, the mean temperature is considerably 
higher than at Palermo, viz. 68° Fahrenheit, 
or 16° Reaumur; July is the hottest, and 
January the coldest month; while the num- 
ber of wet days amount to sixty-three annu- 
ally; though last year there was no rain 

m the beginning of May to the 1st Sep- 
tember. The West wind is the driest, and 
the East wind is always moist, invariably 
bringing rain in winter. 

Very little corn is cultivated in the lower 
region of Etna; the ground being rocky 
there are but few spots suited to its cul- 
ture. The common fodder for cattle in 
Sicily is barley, both in the green state 
and the threshed grain. Oats are nearly 
unknown, so that even horses are fed on 
barley, as at the time of the Trojan war. 
Wheat is also cultivated, but only as far 
up the mountain as 1,600; à limit much 
beneath that which is assigned to it by 
nature. Maize is little grown in Sicily, 
and scarcely at all on. Etna. Every kind 
of vegetable succeeds in this region, espe- 
cially cabbage, lettuce, artichokes, gourd, 

cumber, peas, beans, both the broad and 
French kinds, Phaseolus vulgaris and 
Cajan, and lupines, the seeds of Lupinus 
thermis. The latter are particularly the 
food of the poor, who frequently eat the 


green pods of Vicia Faba raw, and the ma 


ripe beans without any kind of preparation, 
except roasting them a little in the ashes. 
The /upines are put into salt, or in sea- 
water, to soak for twenty-four hours, by 
which means they lose their disagreeable 
3 bitterness, and are then eaten without 
cooking. Among fruit-trees, the fig, pome- 
granate, almond, and pistachio, are most 


cultivated. Walnut-trees are rare, but 
ae ee "guide in es quantities as 
* to fo ( x S 


ON THE VEGETATION OF ETNA. 


ever there is water, those lovely fruits of 
the favoured southern clime, the orange, 
lemon, and hme, are produced in great 
abundance and numberless varieties. Their 
limit may be taken at 1,900 feet, since at 
Nicolosi, 2,184 feet, they are sometimes 
killed by the frost. The date is not found 
higher than Aderno and Trecastagne, 1,680 
feet above the level of the sea; and though 
its fruit is always set in Sicily, it seldom 
attains perfection, though in good years 
the seeds are so ripe as to vegetate. There 
is a beautiful date palm in the Botanic 
Garden at Palermo, raised from seed ri- 
pened in Sicily, and sowed fourteen years 
since ; its stem is now 10 feet high. The 
Jig bears excellent fruit so high as Nicolo- 
si, 2,200 feet, and perhaps at a still greater 
elevation; in that place are beautiful trees 
of Celtis australis, called in Sicily Ment- 
coccu and of the Stone Pine (Pinus Pinea), 
which latter only grows singly and in a 
cultivated state, in the kingdom of Naples. 

e sugar-cane is not seen in the gardens 
of Etna, though frequent at Avola, &c.; 
nor is the Rhus Coriaria, of which the 
culture yearly increases, grown at all at 
Etna. On the other hand, the cotton plant, 
Gossypium herbaceum, is sown plentifully 
on the shores of the Simeto, and its pro- 
duce is of such excellent quality as to 
rank with that of Louisiana for snowy 
whiteness: it even succeeds at an altitude 
of 1,000—1,200 feet above the sea. The 
great Italian Reed (Arundo. Donaz), 
whose arborescent stem and broad leaves 
recall to mind the tropical bamboo, is in 
frequent cultivation for the purpose of 

king stakes for vineyards, and in various 
other ways; and together with the mul- 
berry (Morus nigra), of which the foliage 
nourishes the silk-worm, to the exclusion 
of the rarer M. alba, is seen at an eleva- 
tion of 2,500 feet. There, too, the olive 
grows, though the greater part of this re- 
gion is dedicated to the vine( Vitis vinifera) 
which throughout Sicily is trained to stakes 
of Arundo Donaz, and not to trees, as in 
Lombardy and Naples. The limit of the 
vine is 3,300 feet. On the roughest lava | 
thrives the Indian or Prickly Pear (ne ; 


ON THE VEGETATION OF ETNA. 


51 


tus Opuntia), of which the large cooling fasciculata, Senecio chrysanthemifolius, 


fruits are sold at the rate of one Sicilian 
gran, or less than 2d., for thirty. This plant 
is one of the most useful presents of the 
New to the Old World, as it grows on the 
poorest and most rocky soil, where nothing 
else will vegetate, requiring no attention, 
and even its succulent-jointed stems are 
greedily devoured by goats, while the fruits 
are highly acceptable to the poor; and 
strangers, who seldom like the flavour at 
first, soon learn to value their cooling pro- 
perties. There are numerous varieties; 
light and dark red, and green; the latter 
called Moscarelli, possess the finest flavour, 
as does the aromatic and scarce variety, 
which has no seeds. Three species of 
Opuntia are raised in Sicily, the Tuna, the 
esculent-fruited one, mentioned above, and 
Cactus maximus, which is only employed 
for making impenetrable hedges, to which 
its spines, an inch long, are particularly 
suitable. The Cactus Opuntia is of much 
service to Etna, by rendering the fields of 
lava capable of being worked, as the roots 
penetrate every crevice of the stone, and 
soon burst the largest blocks asunder by 
their gradual increase. Under their shade 
many species of plants, as Lupines, 
Calendula, Asphodelus, Asparagus albus 
and acutifolius, several kinds of Silene, 
Brassica, Sinapis and Reseda, besides 
Acanthus mollis, Arum, Arisarum, &c. 
all of which would soon be burnt up by 
the scorching rays of the sun without such 
a shelter. It is reckoned that, within thirty 
years of the Cactus being planted, culti- 
vation may commence on the lava fields. 
Besides the plants just enumerated, those 
which are most abundant in the lava 
streams are, Andropogon hirtus and dista- 
chyos, Lagurus ovatus, Rumez scutatus, 
Valeriana rubra, Plumbago Europea, 
Thymus Nepeta, Satureja Greca, Ra- 
bullatus, Capparis rupestris 
(peduncularis, Te) prt marii- 


"Mum. 


many species of 7: bad. flax (Linaria), He- 
hotropium Bocconi with white, large, 
Sweet-scented flowers, Mandragora au- 

Prenanthes viminea, Aparqia 


Daphne Gnidium, Spartium infestum, 
Spartina juncea, Physalis somnifera,' 
Solanum Sodomeum, Ricinus Africanus, 
Smiloz aspera, Euphorbia Characias, and 
£. dendrovdes, the tree-like Spurge Laurel, 
one of the finest shrubs in Sicily, which rises 
to a height of about six feet, the stem fork- 
ing soon above the ground, and each branch 
dividing again, so that the form of the 
whole is perfectly semiglobular. In sum- 
mer it is quite bare of foliage, when th 
numerous, smooth, verticillate branches 
give the plant a most singular appearance, 
but with the rains of autumn the numerous 
linear leaves begin to sprout forth at the 
end of the boughs, and a corymb of yellow 
flowers tips the extremity of each branch 
in the month of February; so that one could 
scarcely recognize the dry leafless shrub 
of summer in the verdant and yellow-blos- 
somed bush which strikes every beholder 
in the early spring. One is reminded of 
the vicinity to Africa and its islands by this 
Euphorbia and its congeners, E. Canari- 
ensis and E. balsamifera. We saw these 
last at a height of 1,500 feet above the 
sea, accompanied by Smilox aspera, which 
on the North coast attains to the greater 
elevation of 2,500. Etna, however, is de- 
ficient in all those tribes which present an 
analogy to the region of Laurels in the 
Canary Isles, and the true Victor's Laurel 
(Laurus nobilis) is not really wild any 
where in Sicily, though it grows here and 
there in hedges near the towns; for in- 
stance, at Randazzo, 2,000 feet high. Man- 
dragora autumnalis, of which the blue 
flowers cover whole tracts, in autumn, as 
with a cerulean carpet, we found at 2,500 
feet; where we also met with solitary spe- 
cimensof the Strawberry, (Fragraria Ves- 
ca,) seen no where else in Sicily, though 
plentiful in the shady woods of Valdemone. 
Among Ferns we specially observed Acros- 
tichum velleum, Grammitis leptophylla, 
heilanthes suaveolens and Ophioglossum 
Lusitanicum, these at 1,700; Ceterach 
officinarum, Asplenium Trichomanes and 
Polypodium vulgare, combined with Coty- 
ledon Umbilicus, and several spatio of 


52 


Sedum, cover the stone crevices so high 
as 3,300 feet, and may, perhaps, be found 
at a still greater elevation. Itis singular, 
that not a single Sempervivum grows in 
Sicily, while fourteen species are found in 
the Canary Islands; and though Sicily has 
ten species of Sedum, the Canary Isles 


have none. 
(To be continued.) 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGH- 
BOURHOOD OF QUITO, AND 
TOWARDS THE SUMMIT OF 
CHIMBORAZO, IN 1881. 

By the late Colonel Hall, of Quito. 
( Continued from p. 29. ) 


EXCURSION TO COTOPAXI, THE VALLEY 
OF BAÑOS, AND CHIMBORAZO. 

On the 22d of November, M. Boussin- 
gault and myself set out on our last and 
longest excursion, Dr. Dasti accompanied 
us as far as Cotopaxi. The first day’s jour- 
ney brought us to Callo, distant from 
Quito about twelve leagues. The road 
passes, first, the level plain of Turupamba, 
in the Quichua language, “ Plain of Mud;” 
then the wooded ravines of Tambillo, wa- 
tered by the streams which descend from 
Atacago down the head of the valley of 
Chillo; and leaving the village of Macha- 
chi, surrounded by verdant pastures, on 
the left, and those of Aloa and Aloasi at 
the foot of El Corazon on the right, it 
crosses the Paramo of Tiopullo, already 
alluded to as dividing the level lands of 
Quito into two basins. Its bleak situation, 
rather than its height, which does not reach 
12,000 feet, gives it the character of a 
Paramo. The northern slope is profusely 


sprinkled with a species of Gentiana, and 
the southern is covered with thickets, 
among which are found several Buddleas, 
mixed with Ribes frigidum, Berberis glau- 
ca, and the shrubs which designate the 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


modation of troops and travellers. The 
estate belonged to the Augustine Friars, 
from whom it lately passed into the hands 
of Don Jose Felix Valdivieso, who is 
erecting a new farm-house with the mate- 
rials of the ancient edifice, which, in con- 
sequence, will soon altogether disappear. 
He told us that he had taken particular 
care to preserve it; but we found the pre- 
servation to apply only to the stones, 
which were preserved by being transferred 
from the old building to the new. It has 
been described both by the Academicians 
and Humboldt ; some account of it, how- 


. ever, may not be considered superfluous, 


if it be only to save the trouble of refer- 


ence. 

The whole length of the Quadrangle 
is about 150 feet: the side chambers 
are about 40 feet by 12, with narrow pas- 
sages betwixt them. Of these, four, in 
the year 1826, were entire, except the 
roofs, the remainder, more or less in ruin; 
especially those at the two ends, which 
leaves their figure a matter of conjecture, 
though it most probably resembled that of 
the others. The present farm-house occu- 


pies the site where the entrance seems to 4 


have been, and where there were the remains 
of a conduit. Along the wall of each room, 
opposite to the entrance, is a row of niches, 
alternating with knobs carved in stone, 
probably for the purpose of suspending 
arms or utensils. The entrances are 73 
feet high, and 8 feet wide: the height of 
the walls 92 feet; their thickness 2 feet 
4 inches. They are of pumice stone, not 
placed, as in many edifices of the Incas, in 
irregular blocks, ingeniously adapted to 
each other, but perfectly squared, though 


the pieces are of unequal size, and every 


where symmetrically arranged, with a slight 
convexity towards the outside: the ce- 
ment, if any were used, being scarcely per- 
ceptible; and it was probably of a liquid 
nature, as mentioned by Garcilaso de la 
Vega. The preservation of this monu-' 
at shook down th 


earthquakes th e proudest 


. edifices erected by the Spaniards in its 
neighbourhood, was so much the more in- 1 


ment of cua which has resisted the — 


Si a lee -— 


à 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


teresting, as such remains are extremely 
scarce in all the district of Quito. The 
only edifice of importance besides this, 
is the Fortress or Palace of Cañar, in the 
Department of Asuay. In the City of 
Quito, no vestiges remain of the Temple 
of the Sun, which stood on the Panecillo, 
nor of the House of the Moon, which rose 
on the opposite eminence of San Juan. 
The avarice of the conquerors, who left 
not a stone unturned in their search after 
hidden treasures, together with the inter- 
est of employing the old materials in the 
structure of their new city, have eradicated 
every trace of the capital of Atahualpa. 
The only relics I ever discovered, are two 
images of the sun and moon, sculptured 
in alto-relievo on two stones, one of which 
forms one of the portals of the Convent of 
St. Catharine, and the other part of the sill 
of an inner door of the same building. 
The shape of the stones, the style of 
sculpture, and the nature of the devices, 
leave no doubt of their being genuine re- 
mains of antiquity. It would be desirable 
to rescue them from their present neglect, 
and preserve them in a manner better 
worthy of their origin. 

About a quarter of a mile from Callo, 
betwixt the ruins and the ridge of Tio- 
pullo, rises a conical mound, 450 feet high, 
which, partly from tradition and partly 
from its symmetrical figure, was supposed 
to be a work of art. M. Boussingault and 
myself, however, after an accurate exami- 
nation, dissented from this opinion, chiefly 
from the appearance of part of the rock in 
situ, and from the circumstance of springs 
of water issuing from its base. Probably, 
however, the labour of the Incas may have 

helped to round it into its present symme- 
trical The elevation of Callo is 
10,092 feet. To the north-east, distant 
about four miles, rises the Volcano of Co- 
topaxi. The intermediate plain, for seve- 
ral leagues, is covered with immense 
masses of rock, projected by its eruptions, 

e the fragments of a bomb. Some of 
them are black and calcined; others su- 
perficially vitrified. The soil is bare and 
sandy, though not incapable of cultivation, 


53 


when irrigated. The landscape is dreary 
to desolation. Elenisa and Cotopaxi, like 
giant irae alternately enveloped in 
storms and darkness, thunder on opposite 
sides a the horizon. It rarely happens 
that the traveller crosses the ridge of Tio- 
pullo, without encountering a tempest, 
brewed by one or other of these formid- 
able neighbours. The rains, however, fall 
principally on the northern side, towards 
Machachi and Quito. 

On the 23d, we set out for the purpose 
of attempting the ascent of Cotopaxi. 
Crossing the plain, already described, we 
ascended towards the foot of the snow. 
A few shrubs grow in the hollow near the 
plain, but the place of the Pajonales, or 
“ Region of Grapes,” is supplied by a 
dreary extent of bare volcanic sands, of an 
iron colour, on which exists no trace of 
vegetation. We found the limit of conge- 
lation at 15,646 feet. The truncated cone 
of Cotopaxi is singularly regular and beau- 
tiful; a dark wall of rocks surround the 
crater, contrasting with the dazzling white- 
ness of the snows beneath it. Made wise 
by experience, we had provided ourselves 
with masks, which protected both the face 
and eyes. We found the ascent toilsome 
in the extreme: it cost us above four 
hour’s labour, to gain a point near the foot 
of the wall, where M. Boussingault’s ba- 
rometer indicated an elevation of 18,966 
feet. We were consequently only 500 feet 
from the summit, supposing this to be 
18,860 feet, as calculated by the Academi- 
cians. But here our progress was arrested, 
The snow, that had hitherto been hard and 
glassy, accumulated round the base of the 
crater, became so loose that we ran the 
risk of being buried in it; so that to pro- 
ceed was impossible. The sulphureous 
vapours of the crater were strongly per- 
ceptible, and we regretted our inability to 
look into the mighty laboratory of nature 
now so near us. The fatigue, however, 
we had undergone in the ascent, perhaps, 
reconciled us a little to the necessity of 
returning. Some idea may be formed of 
its steepness, from a trifling incident, Dr. 
Dosti and myself, on sitting down to rest 


54 EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


upon the snow, had laid our walking-sticks 
beside us; but they were scarcely out of 
our hands, when they descended like ar- 
rows over the frozen surface, far beyond 
any chance of recovering them. The ther- 
mometer, at the highest point of our ascent, 
stood at 34°, about two p.m. Under the 
snow at 32°. At four P. M., at the foot of 
the snow, on our return, at 42°, 

The volcano of Cotopaxi has not only 
stamped on the surrounding country the 
traces of wide-spreading and repeated de- 
solation, but may be said to have decided 
its political destiny. When Quisquio, the 
truest and ablest of the generals of Atahu- 
alpa, was preparing, in 1533, to dispute 
the dominion of Quito, with an equality of 
hopes and advantages against the Span- 
iards under Benalcara, a tremendous ex- 
plosion of the mountain was interpreted by 
his army as a sign of the fallen grandeur 
and dominion of the Incas. So the earth- 
quake of Caraccas, interpreted by super- 
stition, ruined the cause of independence 
in Venezuela. 
conquest, the following eruptions have 
been recorded. In 1593, when many In- 
dian villages were buried; in 1743, it 
rained ashes, and poured rivers of mud 
round Latacunga and the valley of Viciosa. 
Another explosion took place in 1744. 
These were witnessed by the Academi- 
cians, who measured the column of fire 
which rose from the crater to the height of 
of 2,950 feet. In 1768, it threw out such 
quantities of ashes, that Quito was dark- 
ened (April 7th) from eight A.M. to six 
P.M. In 1808, it threw out ashes and 
hot water, and the snow was melted from 
its summit. It does not appear, from a 
comparison of these dates, that any infer- 
ence can bé drawn as to the increase or 
diminution of its activity. Previous to the 
conquest, we have no series of observa- 
tions; and, in the subsequent period, it is 
propable only the more formidable explo- 
sions have been historically recorded. A 
small column of smoke is still frequently 


seen, rising from the eastern extremity of b 


Since the period of the. 


ruins exhibit not so much a se 


themselves out, there is no particular rea- 
son for supposing Cotopaxi has yet reached 
the epoch of age and decay. 

On the 24th, M. Boussingault and my- 
self, (Dr. Dasti having returned to Quito,) 
made an excursion to the Pass between 
Ruminavi and Cotopaxi, called Lempio 
pongo; and thence up the ravines of the 
volcano, to discover if obsidian formed 
any part of its products with which the 
soil is coated. We found, however, not a 
single specimen. 

On the 26th, we continued our excur- 
sion to Latacunga. This town is built on 
a porous volcanic soil, abounding in nitre, 
which has caused the erection of a powder 
manufactory. As its extent indicates, it 
once contained a population of 10,000 in- 
habitants; but destroyed by repeated earth- 
quakes and eruptions of Cotopaxi, it is 
now a city of ruins. The traveller looks 
with wonder on the massive remains of the 
Jesuits’ Church, the walls of which, in 
spite of their strength and thickness, have 
been rent into huge fragments, and heaped 
on the ground, with all their columns, 
domes, and arches, as if blown up by gun- 
powder. This sight strongly impressed 
upon us the prodigious power which must 
have heaved up and shaken the soil, to 
which this building, constructed with pe- 
culiar solidity, could offer no resistance. 
All the edifices of Latacunga, even private 
houses, are built of pumice stone, which 
when cemented with mortar, hardens into 
an homogeneous substance, incapable of 
separation. Instead of tiled roofs, vaulted 
terraces, and on the churches, domes are 
formed in the same manner; so that the 
whole building, great or small, may be 
considered, when well constructed, as cut 
out of a single stone, for which reason, the 
tion of 
parts, as a general destruction, like that of 
rocks blasted in a stone-quarry. On the 
side of the town towards the river, a mill 
is pointed out, built in this manner, which 
has resisted two earthquakes, and been 
uried under two volcanic eruptions ; but, 
it is probable, its peculiar site has contri- 
buted to its r standing on a ledge 


E 
E 
n 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


of rock, formed of indurated volcanic mat- 
ter, the course of which appears to have 
terminated at this point, and now forms a 
bank about forty feet above the bed of the 
river. It affords a curious instance of that 
propensity in man to turn his thoughts 
alike from past and future evils, when we 
see the inhabitants of Latacunga, on a soil 
composed of the eruptions of Cotopaxi, 
which is still smoking before them—amid 
the spoils of recent earthquakes, and with 
warning shocks, repeated almost monthly, 
quietly rebuilding on the same foundations, 
and raising up their fallen churches, as if 
they ** had taken a bond from fate.” 

Latacunga has been four times ruined b 
earthquakes, and twice buried beneath the 
eruptions of Cotopaxi : viz., in 1698, 1757, 
1797, and 1808; and in 1742 and 1768. 
In 1808 the earthquake seems to have been 
caused or accompanied by an explosion of 
the volcano. 

There is a spring near the town called 
in the Quichua language, Tembopoglio, 
“the spring that boils,” because it con- 
stantly buddles out of the ground: the in- 
habitants say it ceases previous to an 
earthquake. » Latacunga ıs rather lower 
than Quito, being 9,170 feet above the 
level of the sea, by M. Boussingault's baro- 
metrical measurement. 

The vicinity of Cotopaxi exposes it to 
chilling winds, and the general aspect, both 
of earth and sky, is cold and dreary. 
abounds with water, which percolates every 
where through the whole porous soil, and 
serves to irrigate numerous plantations of 
vetches, called Alfa/fares in the neigh- 

ourhood. e streams which descend 
from the ridge of Tiopulo, form the river 
which runs near the town, on which are 
the ruins of a handsome bridge, destroyed 
by the — of 1797. Its place is 
supplied by one of timber. The declivity 
of these waters is towards the South, until, 
joined by the river of Ambecto, they turn 
each through the valley of Baños, and find 
a passage through the mountains to the 
Maranon. 


[ava] 
e 


-The day after our arrival a friar of La 
Metied. called on us, to persuade us to ex- 


55 


amine a mine on his estate, of the value of 
which he endeavoured to convince us, by 
an assurance that, some years ago, a great 
philosopher (un gran sabio) had examined 
the hill in which it is situated with his te- 
lescope, and pronounced it extremely rich. 

e did not consider this telescopic view 
a sufficient motive to take us a day’s jour- 
ney; yet it was our fortune to be equally 
misled in another direction by the story of 
a burning lake, called Quintoa, distant from 
Latacunga ten leagues on the declivities of 
the Western Cordillera. We had a tire- 
some day’s ride across the Paramo, and 
descending to the bed of the Toache, pass- 
ed the night in the miserable farm-house 
of Pilaputzin, where we nestled like pigs 
among the straw, and the next morning vi- 
sited the lake, which is embedded in a co- 
nical hill, rising above the course of the 
river. But all the tales of its mephitic 
vapours and fiery exhalations had vanished 
as we drew near it, and we returned to 
Latacunga lamenting the propensity of the 
inhabitants to telling lies, and our own 
credulity in believing them. 

On the 30th of November we proceeded 
to Ambato, following the left bank of the 
river of Latacunga, through the village of 
San Miguel, and thence crossing to the 
right. Another road passes the river close 
to Latacunga, and crosses the small streams 
of Silanche and Nassichi, where they both 
unite. The country, though cultivated, 
has always a dry, barren aspect. Maize is 
chiefly sown, but often fails for want of rain, 
Nothing but the low price of the labour 
extorted from the Indians could render the 
greater part of these lands worth the ex- 
pense of tillage. The hedges are every 
where formed of the Agave, which flou- 
rishes luxuriantly on the dry and sandy 


WE vie the distance to Ambato is only 
eight leagues, every body complains of its 
length, wearied by its never-failing dust, 

heat, and monotony. In a rock, formed 
by the winding of a rapid river which de- 
scends from the snowy mountain of Car- 
guirago, at the feet of the sand-banks, now 
retired about a mile from its present chan- 


56 EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


nel, stands the town of Ambato. At the 
point where the road crosses it by a wooden 
bridge, the inhabitants have been for seve- 
ral years desultorily employed in forming a 
Socabon ; but war and bad government are 
sad deadeners of enterprize, even when 
the spirit is stronger than in South Ame- 
rica. 

The elevation of Ambato is 8,540 feet, 
the mean temperature about 61°, but its 
sheltered situation protects it from the cold 
winds of the mountains; while, for the 
same reason, there is an increase of re- 
flected heat ; so that it resembles a natural 
hot-house, producing not only peaches, 
Tunas, apples, pears, and other fruit in 
great abundance, but also in the necks or 
vegas of the river below the town, sugar- 
cane, of which there are several plantations. 
The town was nearly destroyed by the 
earthquake of 1797, and vestiges of the 
catastrophe are still evident; but it is in a 
remarkable degree more cheerful to the 
eye and feelings than Latacunga, or indeed 
any town betwixt Quito and Guayaquil. 
The sky is almost constantly bright, the 
temperature soft and agreeable; the space 
betwixt the town and the river is laid out 
in plantations and gardens, artificially irri- 
gated and shaded with groves of Capulis, 
willows, peach, and fig, mixed with roses; 
the fences are covered with the common 
Tropeolum ; and I have found growing 
among the stone-walls Mesembryanthe- 
mum crystallinum ; of its emigration to 
this country there is no record. A small 
degree of horticultural science would ren- 
der the gardens of Ambato highly produc- 
tive in objects of taste and utility. The 
fruits, flowers, and vegetables of a variety 
of temperatures might be combined and 
nat ed. Tunas are cultivated, both 
for the sake of the fruit, and for the pro- 
duction of the Cochineal, which, though 

rudely prepared, is of a good colour, and 
extensively employed in the manufacture 
of the coarse woollens called Bayetas. 
The dryness of the soil and mildness of 
the climate might be turned to account in 
Ec this branch of -— ‘with 8o 


CM E. 


den 


so employed can scarcely be put to any . 


other purpose. 

Ambato is famous for two articles of 
trade, betwixt which there seems no neces- 
sary connexion—óread and boots. Cer- 
tainly the bread is unequalled throughout 
the South; and I have seen boots, of which 
Mr. Hoby would not feel ashamed. — . 

On the 1st of December we continued 
our journey, leaving the main road to Guay- 
aquil, which passes the village of Mocha, 
to Chimborazo and Guaranda, we turned 
in a south-easterly direction, towards the 
village of Peliso, on the right bank of the 
river of Ambato, below its junction with 
that of Latacunga. The distance is about 
three leagues. The road lies over a level, 
cultivated country, crossing the little stream 
of Pachanlica. Near the village is a quaggy 
meadow, called Moya, forming the relic of 
the torrent of heated mud and water, which 


during the earthquake of 1797 was poured — 


out of Carguirazo, and overwhelmed the 
village with all the surrounding country ; 
in many places the whole surface of the 
soil was set in motion; farms and houses 
were transported from their sites, and over- 
whelmed in the miry deluge,@eaving not a 
wreck to indicate where they had existed. 
Opposite to Pelilco, on the left bank of the 
river is the village of Patati, famous for its 
fertility. The river is crossed by what is 
called a Taravita, a contrivance described 
by several travellers in South America, and 
rendered necessary in situations where the 
breadth and rapidity of the stream render 
the construction of a bridge too difficult or 
costly. On the evening of our arrival we 
visited the curate of the village, to make 
some inquiry relative to the road to Baños, 
and also to obtain some precise information 
as to the locality of a spot, the exhalations 
from which were said to be fatal to birds 
and animals that approached it. The ve- 
nerable pastor wondered we should trouble 
ourselves about such rubbish (porquerias) 
rather than look for mines of gold and sil- 

ver. Age was fast conducting him to the 


grave, yet he could imagine nothing valua- - j 


ble in the world but money. We obtained, 
however, some vague information as to the 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


object of our inquiries, and next morning 
set out for Banos. 

There is a striking change, both in land- 
scape and climate, when, after travelling 
about two leagues from Pelilco, over a 
cultivated, monotonous country, one arrives 
at the ridge which overlooks the valley of 
Baños, formed by the course of the river 
Achacubo, which descends from Alausi 
and the roots of Chimborazo, emerging 
from a thick copse resplendent with Fuch- 
sias, Lobelias, and Andromedas, and a 
variety of flowering shrubs, we have Tun- 
garagua, with its truncated cone and cra- 
ter rising majestically in our front, on the 
opposite side of the valley, the depth of 
which is about 1,000 feet below the ridge. 
The climate is not only more tropical, but 
there is a constant opposition in its seasons 
with those of the table land above. When 
the rains set in, in the valley, it is summer 
in the highlands, and wice versá, The 
muddy state of the road through the copse, 
first indicated this change. Descending by 
the tortuous path, about midway of the 
ridge, we came to the plantation of Tun- 
guravilla. Here we were to look for the 
poisonous exhzlations. We met with the 
owner of the farm near his house, but he 
could tell us nothing about it; and we 
were on the point of giving up the search, 
when an Indian, working on the estate, of- 
fered to conduct us to it: in fact, it was 
not an hundred yards from his dwelling. 
He pointed out to us, a small aperture or 
cleft in the midst of a thicket, round which 
lay several dead birds. It was a small 
fountain of carbonic acid gas, of the same 
nature as the Grotto del Cane, in Italy. 
The vapour was strong enough to kill 
small animals, which happened to stray 
within its influence. We continued our 


descent, through brakes and briars, to the 1 


edge of the river. Its wild and terrible 
beauty is fresh on my memory, but the 
painter and poet are alone privileged to 
pourtray Nature's grander features: less 
perhaps, by mere accuracy of imitation, 
than by creating a sense of the sublime or 
us to that of the specta- 
tor. The river Achambo, descending from 


57 


the Canton of Alausi, and collecting the 
waters of Chimborazo, pours a broad and 
rapid stream, subdivided near Guanando 
into several branches, till, arriving at the 
foot of Tungaragua, the whole mass of its 
waters is compassed into a narrow chasm, 
the perpendicular sides of which seem 
hewn by art from the solid rock of tra- 
chytes. Indignant at its confinement, it 
boils, roars, and precipitates itself in foam- 
ing eddies, or leaps, ina glittering cascade, 
contrasting its white spray with the dark 
walls of its prison-house; till, after a course 
of above three leagues, it hurls itself de- 
spairing down the cliff of Agazan, and ob- 
tains its final release in the woods of Ca- 
nelos. We halted, for some minutes, at 
the edge of one of the cataracts, watching 
the rainbows playing on its crest, and its 
wild plunge into the abyss below. We 
then crossed the bridge of Cosua, so fra- 
gile, trembling, and fearfully suspended 
over the gulph, that it might remind one 
of the Mahometan sabre-edged passage 
over hell into paradise. Nobody crosses 
mounted, for the slight fabric totters under 
the tread of a single passenger. The 
breadth of the river is not, here, more 
than 45 feet. From the bridge to the 
torrent, we reckoned might be 100 feet. 
The barometer gave for its elevation above 
the sea, 6,906 feet: the thermometer stood 
at 70°. Continuing about a league along 
^ right bank, we came to the foot of 
Tungaragua; at this point, the united 
streams of Latacunga and Ambato join the 
chambo. For about a mile, the ground 
is covered with immense masses of rock, 
said to have formed the peak of the cone 
of Tungaragua, which was blown off and 
the ruins scattered in their present state, 
during an explosion in 1773, when the vil- 
of Baños was destro with the ex- 
ception of the church, in which the inha- 
bitants found refuge. Beyond this pass, 
the valley expands, and patches of sugar- 
cane indicate the vicinity of Banos, where 
we arrived early in the evening. The situ- 
r ationof the village, embosommed in groves 
of Plantains, Bananas, Orange-trees, and 
Guavas, and surrounded by fields of su- 


58 


gar-cane, presents an image of tropical 
fertility and abundance; but the reality is 
sadly wanting. There is such a scarcity 
of provisions, that invalids, who resort to 
the baths, are obliged to furnish them- 
selves with supplies, as if for a sea-voyage. 

The common spirits of the country alone 
are plentiful ; and this plenty, by the dissi- 
pated habits it engenders, accounts, per- 
haps, for the scarcity of every thing else. 

The inhabitants are few: their houses 
built with wattles, and thatched with grass. 
Their chief food is maze, and the differ- 
ent species of Pumpkins and Gourds, 
which are produced without the toil of 
cultivation. 

The curate, whom we visited on our ar- 
rival complained bitterly of his banish- 
ment ; and we found it necessary to make 
no longer a stay than might be sufficient 
to consume a couple of hens, the only 
provisions which, with great difficulty, we 
could purchase. Yet, with the advantages 
of industry, joined to those of nature, Ba- 
fios would be a retreat alike agreeable to 
the naturalist, the invalid, and the philo- 
sopher. The hot spring issues from a 
bank of yellow clay, at the foot of a per- 
pendicular cliff, close to the village : its 
temperature is 130°. It is neither chaly- 
beate nor sulphureous, but appears to con- 
tain carbonic acid gas. A cascade falls 
from the summit of the cliff, contrasting its 
silver spray with the thick verdure which 
partly shadows its descent, and the bright 
green of the Bananas which grow at its 
foot. This streamlet seems to temper the 
waters of the spring, so that baths may be 
formed to suit the bather's taste. Nature 
has done everything—art, 
only bathing-house is a miserable f 
leaves, into which it is necessary to creep 

ess. Close to the. village runs a ri- 
vulet, called Baltun, the. omis of which 
tive salt, pro- 


o 


= " 
sh ap 


are impregnated 
bably Sulphate of Soda 
The day after our "im (Dec. 3rd,) we 
set out to visit the Kalis ot. ren. about 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. | 


nothing; forthe | 
shed 


down, as wild and furious, in a small way, : 
as the river with which it unites. About - 
two miles further, a sudden descent down . 
a ledge of rocks places the traveller at the 
foot of the bridge of Aqajan so suddenly, © 
that he starts, involuntarily, to find himself 
on the brink of an abyss, with its “hell of 
waters" boiling far below him. The solid 
crag seems trembling with the uproar, and 
the bridge, narrow and fragile as that of 
Casua, leads to a chasm in the precipice 
on the opposite side, said to have been . 
cut by the Incas, through which there is a 
flight of steps to the table-land above, and - 
farm of Aqajan. A gate secures the head | 
of the pass, which seems rather befitting the 
donjon-keep of some feudal fortress, than - 
the approach to a peaceable farm-house. - 
It is not more than a mile and a half © 
from the farm to the falls, but the path is © 
so intricate, that we contrived to lose 
both it, and each other. M. Boussingault, - 
however, reached them; as I had visited - 
them before, I was less anxious. Their - 
height, I consider about one hundred and . 
fifty feet; their breadth, perhaps, not more , 
than twenty-five. The dark colour of the — 
rocks, the contracted glen, and absence of - 
vegetation, give them a character of gloomy ~ 
sublimity, like the outlet of a dungeon, 
from which the liberated waters burst into 
the light and sunshine of the forests below. | 
This remarkable gap in the Cordillera, | 
lies betwixt the summits of Llanganato to — 
the North, and Zungaragua to the South. — 
One should be inclined to attribute to the 
action of a volcano the formation of this | 


nating at this outlet, as will be evident 
from the following heights: 


From the North, or Paramo of Tiopulo,— : 
feet. 


ba a 10,092 
Latacunga 9,170 
San Miguel... 8,900 
Ambato...... ,540 

uio Pallas. versos 8,412. 
- Bridge of Casua, 6,906 


1 
| 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


Towards the South, — 


Vela ER ge 8,021 
Peniperivi. s. ,264 
Riobamba .... 9,189 


The northern basin of Quito is disposed 
in a similar manner, to give exit to the 
Guaillapamba towards the woods of Esme- 


raldas. The lowest point is the village of 
Penicho :— 
a REPRE 9,524 feet 
Pomasqui ..... 8,697 
Pencho. ors 6,350 
El Quinichi.... 8,772 
Cayambe...... 9,724 


A tradition is attached to the mountain 
of Llanganati, as having been the spot 
where the subjects of Atahualpa threw 
away the treasures they were transporting 
for his ransom, when they heard of his 
murder. 

Although this mountain is now a path- 
less desert, it is certain that in the time of 
the Incas, a high road extended along the 
ridge of the Cordillera of Quito; traces of 
which still exist, and the curate of Pillaro 

as been recently employed in opening a 
communication towards the head of Llan- 
ganati, with the hope of discovering the 
golden spoil. At any rate, the road may 
be useful, as affording a readier communi- 
cation with the rich forests of Canelos, 
than that which at present follows the out- 
let of Achacubo. 

On the 4th of December, we left Banos 
to proceed to Riobamba; so instead of 
passing the bridge of Casua, we continued 
along the right bank of the river, to the 
hamlet of Peula. On the road, we gathered 
a Lobelia with whitish flowers I had not 
seen before; and, among the fragments of 
T a, a species of Orchideous plant, 
remarkable for preferring a dry, exposed 
situation. We took up our quarters in a 
cottage at Puela, for the purpose of making 
an excursion to Tungaragua, and having 
procured a guide, we set out next morn- 
ing. We rode about a mile to the com- 
mencement of the woods, which cover its 
base: here it was necessary to alight, and 
continue the journey on foot. i 


59 


retired situation, and the scanty population 
of the valley, the forests of Tungaragua 
have not yielded to cultivation. They 
form a barrier to the ascent, so much the 
more impenetrable, as that the Payonales 
above have not been converted into graz- 
ing lands; there is, consequently, no road, 
nor even a path by which to reach the 
summit. We were obliged to creep and 
crawl through the dense vegetation, for 
about five hours, when we came to a ter- 
mination of our journey by no means anti- 
cipated. e had directed our guide to 
conduct us £o the snow ; now, all our for- 
mer experience taught us to consider the 
snow, and the summit of the mountain, as 
synonymous: we were, therefore, not a 
little surprized when we had extricated 
ourselves from the central region of forests, 
our guide announced to us the snow. In 
effect, we found ouselves in a long narrow 
valley or ravine, called La quebrada de 
Granelisagua, completely filled with it, 
while the barometer indicated only 11,122 
feet of elevation: thermometer, 46°. We 
continued to asoend, and found the head 
of the valley to be 13,317 feet high. The 
snow extending about two miles from the 
first point to the second, and bridging over 
a small stream, which ran under it, the 
temperature of which was 42°, we were 
forced to consider it an avalanche hurled 
down at the period of some volcanic com- 
motion; yet its existence for some time in 
a mean temperature, so much above that 
of congelation, and surrounded by vegeta- 
tion, generally unused to such company, 
must be considered as curious. When we 
had arrived at the head of the glen, we 
found it impossible to get out, but by re- 
turning by the same path. Perpendicular 
bales of rock baffled all our attempts to 
scale them, and M. Boussingault was, on 
one occasion, in serious difficulties. We 
were now convinced of the impossibility of 
reaching the summit, without making pre- 
parations for much more than a day’s jour- 
ney, and we accordingly returned to Puela. 
The forest, through which we passed, was 

of considerable botanical interest. Towards 
the upper part we found Baccharis genis- 


60 
telloides, several elegant Andromede and 
Alstramerie ; and towards the base, a 
variety of beautiful Orchidee, indicative 
of a moist and genial climate. Our time 
was too limited to make so abundant a 
collection as the situation afforded ; but it 
is frequently the traveller’s fate, in these 
countries, to be hurried over the most 
interesting spots, and to be tediously 
delayed, where nothing compensates the 
delay. 

It is a common observation among the 
inhabitants, that Tungaragua would be 
higher than Chimborazo, were it placed on 
an equal elevation; and, this is true, if we 
look not to the mass of the Cordillera, but 
to the cone which rising above the sur- 
rounding country constitutes each particu- 
lar mountain. Tungaragua is the only one 
whose base is in a warm climate, while its 
peak rises above the level of perpetual 


congelation, 
à : Feet. 
Its total elevation is, according to 


the Academicians............ 16,74 
Height above the bridge of Casua, 9,842 
Height of Cotopaxi above the plain 

Wiss et oo a dus 8,768 
Height of Chimborazo above the 

plains of Sariancaxas ......... 414 


The base of the cone of Tungaragua 


figure is consequently sharper, 
sides, at least towards the summit, steeper. 
The aperture of the crater is distinctly 
visible from the valley of Baños, and the 
surrounding country. It is sometimes filled 
with snow, which at others is melted away, 

probably by the internal heat. It is said 
to be approachable by ascending the val- 
ley of Puela, and the Paramo of Minza, 
on mw south-eastern slope; but the road 


as so difficult and tedious, 
Pun we could not resolve on the expe- 
dition; the less so, as the volcano was at 
this time. postive, though its resemblance 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


The analogy betwixt volcano and chim- 
ney, is very apt to strike the most careless 
observer of a volcanic country; yet we 
naturally ask the question, why the impri- 
soned gases, or whatever be the agents of 
volcanic eruption, should prefer seeking i 
an exit, where the resistance is greatest— : 
rather through the loftiest mountain sum- 
mits, than through the vallies or places 
below? Taking this view of the case, the 
chimnies seem rather the product than the 
spiracula of volcanos. How much of the 
Andes may thus have been upheaved, 
must be one of the most curious specula- - 
tions in Geology, upon which it is pro- - 
bable, the interesting speculations of M. 
Boussingault, directed especially to the — 
nature and history of South American vol- - 
canos, may throw some light, at least as 
much as science can shed on researches - 
almost beyond human means of knowledge. | 

December 6th. We left Puela, crossing - 
a river of the same name, close to the . 
hamlet, by a bridge of bejucos, or rush — 
ups suspended from side to side by 

eans of beams driven into the banks. © 
These swing-bridges, invented by the In- - 
cas, are in use on such rapid mountain- - 
streams, as by the variations to which they 
are liable, render bridges of a more solid - 
construction often impassable. They have, | 
however, the defect of serving only for. 
foot-passengers, the consequence of which - 
is, that the saddles and baggage of mounted - 
travellers must be unloaded, and the cattle — 
made to swim the river, which is always 
a tedious task, and when the floods are 


drowned by the current. | 
occasion, we merely sat by the river side, — 
while the business was managed by our - 
suite, and talked of a formation of mica- — 
ceous schistus, which Humboldt describes _ 
at this spot, and which we could not dis- . 
cover; though blocks of it appear at the — 
Falls of Aqajan, and also on the road be- - 
twixt Puela and Penipe. x 

About two miles from Puela, on the | 
opposite side of the river, is the village of 
Guanando, which produces the greater . 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


part of the Cochineal used in the manu- 
factories of Quito. We arrived early at 
Penipe, a pleasant village on the right 
bank, where there is a bridge of Bejucos 
over the Achambo; but it was now re- 
pairing, and we proceeded a league fur- 
ther, to the farm and stream of Aguas 
blancas, where we crossed a bridge of the 
same kind; and, passing through the ham- 
let of Elen, arrived late in the evening at 
Riobamba. 

e present city of Riobamba was 
founded after the destruction of the old 
town, by the earthquake of 1797. It stands 
in the midst of a sandy plain, almost des- 
titute of vegetation, and has no water but 
what is conducted, by a canal, from a dis- 
tance of several leagues, loaded with im- 
purities, and of a villainous flavour. One 
is astonished how such a site could be 
chosen for the capital of a considerable 
district; but the wonder is explained by 
the Spanish system of government. The 
then Corregidor, partly from caprice, and 
partly from interested motives, compelled 
the inhabitants to settle in this desert. In 
despotic governments, there is no tool so 
despicable, but has power to rule the fate 
and fortune of thousands. 

It is a lucky circumstance, that the Ca- 
puli flourishes on the poorest soils. Groves 
of this tree have been planted in different 
directions, and serve both to protect the 
town from the winds, and to form a barrier 
against the moving sands, which would 
otherwise inundate the streets. Cultiva- 
tion, also, which follows man under the 
most disadvantageous circumstances, has 
so far conquered nature, that fields of 
maize and vetches have grown up in the 
vicinity. But the traveller, who in all 
parts of Colombia traverses so many tracts 
of rich uninhabited country, wonders how 
a city should have grown up on plains 
resembling those of the interior of Africa. 
The climate participates of the disadvan- 
tages of the soil: piercing winds, from the 
surrounding Nevados, alternate with sun- 
shine, rendered more intense from the re- 
flection of the base of dry sand-hills, which 
compensate, by clouds of dust, their want 


61 


of vegetation. It must, however, be ac- 
knowledged, that no town in the world 
enjoys amore magnificent mountain pros- 
pect than the great square in Riobamba. 
To the North, rises the dome of Chimbo- 
razo, which here presents its most striking 
features of grandeur; a little further to the 
North, are the craggy peaks of Carqui- 
rago ; and fronting Chimborazo, on the op- 
posite Cordillera, rises Capac Urcu, called 
by the Spaniards “the Altar,” from its 
two extensive pinnacles, which may be 
termed * the horns ;” these, if Indian tra- 
ditions can be relied on, were once con- 
nected by a dome, loftier than that of 
Chimborazo. Nearly to the North, the 
picturesque summit of Tungaragua rises 
from the profundity of the valley of Banos, 
generally half concealed in a veil of clouds, 
the varying forms of which add to its 
effect, as its crater now glistens in the 
sun—now glimmers through their misty 
shadows. 

On the 9th we visited the site of old 
Riobamba, about two leagues to the South 
of the present city. The village of Caja- 
pamba and Sicalpi form the extremities of 
the plain on which it stood. Carved stones, 

roken pilasters, cornices, and capitals ex- 
tracted from the ruins, are encrusted in the 
mud-walls of the Indian cottages, and 
broken images, the relics of splendid tem- 


I visited the ruins, in 1825, considerable 
masses were still visible, but we now found 
only a few shapeless heaps of brick-work, 
and scattered fragments, without a vestige 
of architectural figures. Less, however, 
always existed than would have survived a 
city ruined by ordinary means of decay. 
A great part of the town was buried be- 
neath a neighbouring hill, the summit of 
which, sliding from its base, came down in 
a body on the city. A man was till lately 
living, who was ploughing on the spot at . 
the time of the catastrophe, and was con- 
veyed, unhurt, with his team, upon the 
avalanche of earth which entombed hun- 
dreds of the inhabitants. Many houses 
and public edifices were swallowed up, as 
the land rocked and opened its gulphs, de- 


62 


structive as those of the ocean, but more 
dreadful, because more unnatural. Above 
twenty thousand individuals are reckoned 
to have perished in the districts of Lata- 
cunga and Riobamba. The focus of the 
earthquake seems to have been near this 
vicinity, the Paramos of Tiopulo and 
Apuay forming the northern and southern 
limits of its action. The connexion betwixt 
earthquakes and volcanos does not appear 
subject to any fixed rule. Earthquakes 
happen where there are no volcanos, and 
the volcanic eruptions are not always ac- 
companied by earthquakes; yet, it is said, 

that during that of 1827, the focus of which 
seems to have been near Popayan, the vol- 
canos of Pasto, Sotaro, Puraca and Toli- 
ma showed simultaneous signs of explosion, 
and that a column of fire rose from the 
latter at the moment of the shock, An 
exact narrative of all the circumstances 
attending on these throes of nature, in a 
country so frequently exposed to them, 
would be highly interesting, but moments 
of such alarm are not the most favourable 
for observation, and when the terror has 
subsided, there frequently enters so much 
exaggeration of facts, and such a variety 
in the mode of relating them, that it is not 
easy to combine the whole into an authen- 
tic history; besides, where the sphere of 
action is so extended, we must depend on 
a number of reporters, all of whom are not 
equally capable of faithful description: the 
personal inspection, bya scientific observer, 
of all the vestiges of the catastrophe, could 
alone ensure exactness as to its effects, 

while its attendant phenomena would be 
open to much doubt and discussion. Still 
less have we any means of calculating the 
probable periods of their repetition. There 
seems nothing periodical in their ravages, 

if we may judge from the following list of 
those of Lima, which have been either the 
most numerous, or at least the most care- 


fully recorded :— 


5. 

6. 
ys 

8 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


9. 1687. Oct. 15. 1725. Jan. 
10. 1688. Oct. :16. 1730. Dec. 
11. 1694. Nov. 17. 1734. May 
12. 1697. Sept. 18. 1746. Oct. 
13. 1699. July. 19. 1806. Dec. 
14 1716. Feb. 


Many shocks have been felt since. 1806 ; 
but I have not the dates, nor any statement | 
of the damage caused. In Quito there are - 
commonly two or three felt every year, but — 
with very trifling effect. 

We walked from the ruins to the lake of. 
Colta, distant about a mile and a half. It 
is a quiet sheet of water, about a league in 
circumference, surrounded by farms and 
pastures. The water-fowl on its sedgy 
islets—the cattle grazing on the short ver- : 
dant turf round its brink—and, a small | 
chapel rising, with its white belfry, on the 
road side—formed the pleasing fore-ground | 
of a picture, of which the magnificent out- 
line of Chimborazo, stretched on the hori- - 
zon, constituted the principal feature. We - 
now looked, towards. its glorious cupola, - 
much as an engineer surveys a fortress he $ 
is about to attack, for we were soon to 
attempt an escalade. 

On the 14th of December, we set out on. | 
our final expedition. The road from Rio- _ 
bamba to Chimborazo, and thence to 
Guayaquil, passes, with a gradual ascent, | 
through the villages of Lican and Calpi: 
it then enters a narrow valley, formed ki 
the ramifications of the mountains, in which | 


are situated several grazing farms, the last 


of which is called the farm of Chimborazo, — 
a miserable straw-built shed, consisting of 
a kind of dog-hole, in which the major- 
domo lives, and a hole of a still inferior - 
description for the Indian servants of the | 
household: here we passed the night. Its 

elevation is 12,540 feet. The next morn- : 
ing, we set off towards the mountain; the - 
distance is not less than twelve miles of 
gradual ascent over the Paramas; though | 
judging from the eye, it seems scarcely 
three—a general effect of the brilliancy of - 
the snow in approximating distances. At 


about half-past twelve, we miel. ata @ 


ravine called Chiliabulla, orte iit of 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


perpetual snow, and commenced the as- 
cent; but, after about two hours toil, we 
were obliged to abandon the enterprize, 
for the snow was so loose that, at every 
step, we were buried up to the middle. 
We retreated back to the farm, like a 
storming party repulsed, but not dismayed, 
and the next morning we renewed the 
attack on what seemed a more assailable 
point. 

This was towards the western side, in 
the direction of what is called El Arenal, 
or the “sand desert,” over which passes 
the high road to Guayaquil. Ascending 
through a long ravine, the course of which 
seemed to indicate the easiest mode of 
access to the upper regions, we arrived at 
a quarter before eleven A. M. at the foot of 
the snow. The barometer indicating 17, 
or 16,000 feet: thermometer, 49°, We 
found the surface here so hard and glazed, 
that the hammer was necessary to secure 
a footing; but, in other respects, the 
ascent was much easier than that of Co- 
topaxi. 

This was owing to two causes; instead 
of a steep, uniform cone, we encountered 
a long gradual ridge, and, in many places, 
rocks, entirely free from snow. Owing to 
this circumstance, vegetation had crept up 
to a height, far above our expectations. 
At nearly 18,000 feet we found, in the 
crevices of the rocks, Draba aretoides ; a 
species of syngenesious plant, seemingly 
a Culcitium, about three inches high; 
flower terminal, resembling a miniature 
frayljon, leaves opposite and rather hairy 
than downy; another syngenesious plant, 
probably of the same family, and a smaller 
head of flowers, perhaps a Draba ; and, 
finally, still higher, a moss, which may be 
considered as having attained the highest 


limit on the globe, at which vegetable life. 


exists. Specimens of all these have been 
sent to Humboldt and to Dr. Hooker. 

At a quarter before one, we had reached 
the elevation of 18,593 feet: here a per- 
pendicular cliff seemed to threaten a ter- 
mination to our journey: thermometer 40°. 
Light drifts of clouds passed rapidly along 
the mountain; Saussure’s Hygrometer in- 


63 


dicating 61° 50’. On carefully examining 
our condition, it was found possible to turn 
the cliff, and continue our route upwards, 
though M. Boussingault, in the attempt, 
lost his footing, and narrowly escaped 
rolling down the glassy steeps into the ra- 
vines below. At two P. M. we encountered 
a second obstacle of the same nature. The 
barometer now gave14,998 f.: thermometer 
44°—-19,660 feet. The sun had come out, 
and we suffered more from heat than cold; 
a feverish sensation and thirst are univer- 
sally felt at these elevations: both our 
pulses beat 106 per minute, and we found 
eating snow a very grateful refreshment. 
Adopting the measurement of Humboldt, 
we were now 1,754 feet below the summit, 
or taking that of the Academicians, only 
923. I have no doubt, could we have 
climbed the precipice before us, we should 
have had no difficulty in treading the 
summit of the cupola. Even had we con- 
veniences to pass the night, so as to renew 
the attempt in the morning, we might have 
found means to turn the second cliff, as we 
had done the first: but the difficulty of 
these expeditions consists, in the impossi- 
bility of transporting such articles as are 
indispensable to pass the night, without 
the risk of being frozen to death, or buried 
in a sudden snow-storm. 

No Indian can be induced to ascend be- 
a yond the limit of congelation; that is, be- 
yond the point from which they are accus- 
tomed to fetch snow. They have a super- 
stitious dread of the mountains, and are 
timid in the extreme in every case of no- 
velty. It was a consolation that the point 
which marked the limit of our ascent, was 
characterized by features of no common 
interest. From the perpendicular cliff al- 
ready mentioned, the elevation of which 
we reckoned at about 60 feet, descended 
two cascades, which had been stiffened into 
ice; one might have supposed they rather 
owed their origin to a species of stalactitic 
formation, as the water trickled from above, 
but this figure representing the straight 
lines of a falling body of water, with the 
foam and bubbles at its foot congealed on 
the frozen snow beneath, compelled us to 


64 
. assent to what we could not explain, namely, 
the sudden metamorphosis of a cascade 
into an ice-column. On the opposite side 
of the ravine, the snow had fancifully ar- 
ranged itself into tent-like draperies, the 
festoons of which had a tint of blue; the 
colour of the rocks is also singularly varied, 
passing from a light umber through various 
tints of brown and red, to grey, purple, 
and yellow combinations, which, during 
sunshine, give a brilliancy to the scene, 
little to have been anticipated at an eleva- 
tion where the forms and combinations of 
nature are generally few and monotonous. 
In the variety of the colours we cannot but 
acknowledge the action of fire on the tra- 
chytes which constitutes the mass of the 


mountain. 

Although the common belief of the 
country is, that it has never burnt, we 
found abundant specimens of calcination, 
to show that anciently its flanks have been 
rent by volcanos. 

On our descent in the afternoon, we 
were saluted by a violent hail-storm, and 
observed another danger to which the vi- 
sitors of Chimborazo are exposed, arising 
from the action of the wind, which repeat- 
edly separated from the cliffs lamellar 
fragments of rock, and whirled them through 
the air almost with the force and rapidity 
of cannon balls, The frequency of hail- 
storms, accompanied by thunder, at these 
elevations, may be considered a strong ar- 
gument in favour of the agency of electri- 
city in the formation of hail-stones. It is 
impossible here that rain should have 

from a warmer into a colder stratum 
of air, since the atmosphere, be 
by currents which fluctuate in the lower 
regions, grows constantly and uniformly 
colder in proportion to the elevation. The 
clouds, moreover, are formed so very close 
to the mountain summits, that we can con- 
ceive oes space nor time sufficient for 
congelation to take place by a mere change 
of temperature. 

The next day, on our return to Riobam- 
ba, we examined the extinguished volcano 
called. ee. near the 
village of C it is a conical hill, or ra- 


EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 


5 


ther mound, covered with black scorim, - 
but without any trace of a crater. Close 7 
to the spot is an aperture in a ledge of 
rocks, from which issues the sound of wa- 
ter or air, rushing below, probably caused. 
by a stream which has worked a subterra- | 
nean passage through the light porous soil | 
from the mountains above, and finds a vent — 
in the ravines below. Springs of a similar | 
nature are numerous in the vicinity of Rio- | 
bamba, especially in the hamlet of Elen, - 
and they seem common to all the volcanic | 
soils of the country. ; 
We returned to Riobamba, not dissatis- | 
fied with the result of our expedition, . 
though we had failed to accomplish the : 
great object of our ambition—to tread the - 
virgin snows on the summit of Chimborazo. - 
It is a curious propensity in man to feela ` 
pride in doing what has never been done - 
before, even though the result should — 
n" compensate the labour: however, — 
en Nature is in any way the object of - 
our researches, they are very rarely pro- — 
ductive of regret or disappointment to our- - 
selves, however unimportant they may ap- 
pear, and perhaps nally are, to others. $ 
The plants d at a height supposed 
far above the limits of vegetation, the spe- 
cimens of minerals collected by none but | 
ourselves, the frozen falls we alone have . 
admired, the rarefied atmosphere we have - 
breathed, at the elevation of 19,660 feet, 
wil ever be pleasurable remembrances, 
more than sufficient to compensate the time 
and trouble expended, though they add no 
important fact to science; nor can be said 
to influence the general interests of hu- : 
manity. : 
On the 23d of December, M. Boussin- - 
gault left Riobamba for Guayaquil, where _ 
he intended to embark, and crossing the _ 
isthmus of Panama, to return to Europe. | 


1eonvoror 


AT 


the ndr regret with which I —— him 


not i, and those who olor them, a 


NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY TO 


fellow-creatures, that M. Boussingault, 
during a residence of some years in Colom- 
bia, had investigated, and finally traced, the 
origin of that acte disease so univer- 
sal in many parts of Grenada, called the 
“ Goitre,” or Bronchocele, and by the in- 
habitants Cofo. In a memoir published at 
Bogata, he has produced demonstrative 
evidence that none of the causes hitherto 
assigned are satisfactory, or applicable to 
all the circumstances of climate under 
which this disease is developed, while that 
which he assigns, answers to the full, in 
every case of its occurrence. 


whether arising from the elevation of their 
Sources, or from the mixture of noxious 
ingredients. I shall not enter into the 
proofs and details of this discovery, because 
it may, ere this, have been published, and 
h 44 SRS Ae 44 il FRI. AW ME 


= 

ance merits in Europe. To chemical science 
we are indebted both to a knowledge of the 
cause, and therefore, in a certain degree, 
"for the means of preventing the malady, 
and for a remedy which bids fair to prove 
a specific. The use of Iodine has been 
found universally successful, and M. Bous- 
singault has discovered that various salts, 
which experience has shown to act in 

checking or eradicating the disease, owe 
this property to the minute portion of Io- 


ro 
ar Medellin; those of Peiiol, 
Aa eng and others near the Vega 
de Lupia; those of Galindo, Paila, Mur- 
culago, and Arninga, in the Upper Cauca. 


o —— 


NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 

ON THE COAST OF PERU. 

By the late Col. Hall, of Quito. 
Travellers who favour the public with 

the history of their rambles, generally 

commence by giving some account of the 
cause, whether business, pleasure, Or Sci- 
ence, which puts them in motion. To 
comply with this rule, I must enter into a 


_ narrative which, in many respects, may be 


C Non. X 


PAYTA, ON THE COAST OF PERU. 65 
considered uninteresting ; but perhaps may 
be excused, as throwing some light on the 
civil and political state of a country which, 
in this respect at least, is very imperfectly 
known in Europe; nor do I think what I 
am about to relate will tempt many of my 
countrymen to a nearer acquaintance with 
it. A slight historical sketch will be ne- 
cessary to make the sequel intelligible. 
When the Republic of Colombia separated 
into three independent States, known by 
the names of Venezuela, New Grenada, 
and the Equator, there was a general wish 
among the inhabitants of the latter, to place 
at their head the late General.Sucre, the 
hero of Ayacucho, It is known to the 
world how he was barbarously murdered 
in the wood of Bemecos, on his return from 
Bogata, to his home and family, in Quito. 
Who were his assassins still belongs to 
conjecture; or rather, we may say, is not 
yet a matter of legal certainty. Moral and 
circumstantial evidence are not wanting, 
nor will the crime always remain in dark- 
ness. Of one thing, at least, there is no 
doubt, for whom his death paved the way 
to the Presidency of the Equator. General 
Flores had been long in possession of the 
military command, and, now the obstacle 
of his rival’s superior influence and cha- 
racter was cleared away, found no difficulty 
in securing the supreme authority, which 
was confirmed in his hands by the death 
of General Bolivar, in whose favour he at 
least pretended to have effected the sepa- 
ration of the Equator; but like General 
Urdamta, in Bogata, he found it more con- 
T when he perceived Bolivar had 
“ fallen into the sere and yellow leaf,” to 
retain for himself what he had affected to 
hold in pledge for his former chief and 
benefactor. As far as deceit constitutes a 
politician, Flores, at this period, proved 
himself an adept. He deceived Bolivar, 
who looked upon him as his trustiest adhe- 
rent; he deceived the people, who were 
sincere in their wishes for an roepen 
political system; he deceived the 
of  Hhery y pe pn x a free consti- 


pc 
vulva 


by pretending to act with his connivance. 


66 
He cajoled all parties, and all individuals, 
and finally established himself as a military 
potentate, with all the trappings and exter- 
nals of republicanism. His vanity, how- 
ever, led him still further ; he made Bolivar 
the model of his career, and fancied him- 
self the heir of all his great qualities, be- 
cause he too undeniably imitated all his 
defects. To enlarge his dominion towards 
the North, he filched from the state of New 
Grenada the frontier provinces of Pasto 

bacoas. This affront, dissembled 
for a while in consequence of the disturb- 
ances excited by the faction of Urdamta, 
called for reparation as soon as a regular 
government was established. The Bishop 
of Santa Martha and M. Restrepo were 
sent, in the summer of 1832, to negotiate 
with a view to the restoration of the dis- 
puted territory; Flores relied on several 
battalions of veteran troops to preserve by 
force what had been gained by intrigue 
and treachery; but unfortunately for his 
views, his avarice was even stronger than 
his ambition : while he plundered and gave 
up to plunder the exhausted fthe 
country, he suffered his troops to be driven 
by want and hunger into mutiny. In Octo- 
ber 1831, the Battalion Vargas, commanded 
by General Whittle, an Englishman, rose 
in Quito, confined their officers, and march- 
ed towards the coast, with a view of escap- 
ing into the territory of New Grenada. 
This revolt was attended by several pecu- 
liar circumstances ; the soldiers, to say no- 
thing of previous and repeated sufferings 
of the same kind, had been six days with- 
out food, save what they could procure by 
begging, in the midst of a populous and 
abundant city, and under the eye of Flores 
himself, who was lavishing thousands of 
dollars in the decoration of a kind of baby- 
house he had recently purchased, without 
the slightest regard for the sufferings of the 
men on whom he relied for the execution 
of his ambitious projects. Such was the 
admirable seme of this corps, that al- 
though ec 


spare after they had 
wired him io Mec hid himself in a 


NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 


convent till they had departed. On account 
of their arrears of pay, they demanded and 
received two thousand dollars, a sum which 
the day before would have prevented the 
evil. Early in the same day of the insur- 
rection, they evacuated the city, and com- 
menced their march towards Pasto. A 
tragical event followed—General Whittle, 
their brave and worthy commander, stung 
by their defection, rashly followed them 
with a few officers, hoping his presence | 
might be sufficiently influential to bring | 
them back to their allegiance. It is not 
improbable he might have succeeded if he 
had reached the main body, but the next 
morning after their retreat, he fell into the 
hands of their rear-guard, and as the ring- 
leaders were determined to break off all 
chance of a reconciliation in which them- 
selves would have been the victims, they 
shot him on the bridge of Guaillapamba, 
and threw his body into the river—a strik- 
ing instance among a thousand similar, that 
he who honourably serves a government 
without honour, sooner or later becomes ` 
its victim. After this cruelty, which was 
unknown to the main body, they continued 
their march through the province of Los 
Pastos, observing the most exact order and 
discipline ; a body of cavalry, sent to pur- 
sue them, was constantly repulsed; but 
served to contrast, by their robberies and 
disorders, the pacific demeanour of the re- 
bels, as if, to belong or not to the govern- 
ment of Flores, was sufficient, under any 
circumstances, to stamp the moral conduct 
of the parties concerned either with infamy 
or comparative innocence. From Los Pas- 
tos the insurgents took the road to Barba- 
coas; here the town had been abandoned, 
and the canoes removed from the river, by 
which means they were deprived both of 
the means of subsistence and of continuing 
their march through a country where the 
rivers were the only roads. They were 
consequently obliged to capitulate to the 
government, on condition their lives should 
be s; This condition was violated by 
Flores' officers, who arrived : 
found the danger over. 
arms, they were shot by scores on different — 


m 


ON THE COAST OF PERU. 


parts of the road; the last butchery of Modesto Larea, 


above thirty took place in Quito, for the 
immediate gratification of the President. 
A few escaped, or were spared, probably 
. & hundred and fifty out of four hundred 
and fifty, their original number. It may 
be supposed the troops who remained were 
not much conciliated by this plan of treat- 
ment. While the plenipotentiaries of New 
Grenada were still negotiating in Quito, in 
August 1832, the battalion of Flores, sta- 
tioned in the town of Latacunga, rose, 
murdered nearly all their officers, among 
whom was another Englishman, Lieutenant 
Colonel Masterson, plundered the town, 
and marched towards the province of 
Guayaquil. It might have been supposed 
that with such terrible examples before its 
eyes, the government would at least have 
suspended its system of plunder, and have 
maintained its few remaining troops, on 
which it relied to carry on a war so rashly 
commenced. The negotiations were broken 
off, the Bishop and Mr. Restrepo had 
scarcely left the country, when part of the 
troops stationed on the frontier line of the 
Juanamba, passed over to General Ovando, 
who immediately occupied the whole of the 
disputed territory without firing a shot, 
and dictated a peace which the Equatorian 
government was too happy to receive as 
the price of its existence. It was in the 
interval between the insurrection of the 
battalion Flores and the entrance of Ovando 
into Pasto, that I became implicated in the 
affairs of the government. On the even- 
ing of the 15th of September, an officer, 
with a detachment of soldiers, presented 
himself at my residence, in the suburbs of 
the city, with an order from the govern- 
ment that I should set off the next morn- 
ing for Guayaquil. The troops took pos- 
session of my house, sentinels were placed 
in every room and passage, and to make 
security doubly secure, a serjeant with a 
knife and pistol followed every step I took, 
whether from room to room, or from one 

part of the room to another. As no reason 
"was assigned for this extraordinary pro- 
ceeding, I requested an interview next 
morning with the Vice President, Don 


67 


who was acting on behalf 
of General Flores, then in Guayaquil. He 
received me with great courtesy, professed 
the utmost regret at the execution of his 
own orders, and told me the General knew 
of nothing against me, but that my person 
had been claimed by the Prefect of Guay- 
aquil, as he had heard (for he knew nothing 
about it), on suspicion of my being con- 
nected with a conspiracy which had been 
discovered there. It was easy to show 
that, nothing could be more illegal, or even 
ridiculous, than for a provincial magistrate 
to demand an individual should be sent to 
him a prisoner, without showing the least 
ground for such a proceeding, or proof of 
criminality. He readily agreed with me, 
and proposed as a sort of compromise, I 
should retire for a few days to any town I 
should prefer, giving me his word of honour 
I should there remain unmolested. We 
shall afterwards see how much worth is the 
word of honour of Don Modesto Larea, 
Vice President of the Equator. I offered 
to go to Ambato, till he should write to 
me. Inthe mean while my imprisonment 
was relaxed, or continued for form sake, 
and on the 18th I set out, accompanied by 
an officer, for my place of banishment. 
Flores, in the mean while, arrived from 
Guayaquil, and from Latacunga I directed 
my first expostulation on the arbitrary and 
illegal treatment I had experienced; and 
from Ambato I directed a second, through 
the Minister of the Interior, Don Jose 
Valdivieso : instead, however, of an answer 
to my complaints, an order arrived that I 
should continue my march to Guayaquil. 
I happened to have been taken ill on my 
arrival at Ambato, and the officer who had 
been appointed to conduct me, represented 
officially to the Government my inability 
to proceed in my then state of health. 
Flores had then again left Quito for the 
frontiers of Pasto, and my friend Don Mo- 
desto Larea replied through my friend Don 
Jose Valdivieso, that I should proceed at 
‘any rate. It must be observed, as a sup- 
plement to this act of treachery, that ten 
days after this order was issued, Valdivieso 
gave a counter-order, in consequence of 


68 


the numerous solicitations of my friends in 
Quito, permitting me to remain, being well 
aware I was already in or beyond Guaya- 
quil. Fortunately my health mended by 
travelling. On our arrival at Las Bodigas, 
where travellers embark on the river to 
proceed to Guayaquil, an order was wait- 
ing that my arrival should be announced 
to General Cordero, the agent of Flores, in 
Guayaquil, of whom it is no scandal to say, 
he is one of the greatest scoundrels in Co- 
lombia. The canoe was ordered to wait at 
some distance from the town, and a guard 
was sent to conduct me on board a vessel 
lying in the harbour. The same afternoon 
(Oct. 6th), a police magistrate came to 
take my declaration as to the authenticity 
of a pus letter I had written to an inti- 
rb English officer, 

iving him an account of an insurrection 
of the Battalion Flores, and other news o 
the day. This letter had been seized in 
the post-office of Quito, in the teeth of the 
law, and served, for want of better mate- 
rials, to make out a crime: but as there 
would have been many inconveniences in 
playing this trick in Quito, it was sent to 
Guayaquil, and furnished the pretext for 
calling me thither, Flores well knowing that 
his friend Cordero would have no scruples 
as to legality or justice. Of course I had 
no difficulty in owning my own letter, and 
in less than half an hour a boat came along- 
side with a guard, and the next morning I 
was at the Island of La Puna, on my way 
to the Peruvian frontier. From La Puna 
I addressed a representation to the Prefect 


oas, an 


Consul, Mr. Cope, 
whom I had not been able to see during 
my short stay before at Guayaquil, by 
whom they were forwarded with the neces- 
. Sary n for redress of the injury 
_ thus i a British subject,! whose 
person and ani were guaranteed by 

| treaties. To nione of these ropes 


$ sentations POS Vai S N 


v 97? 


al beh tome bl the rak of Colona in 


NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 


or through Mr. Cope, was any answer ever 
returned. It must be confessed, the little 
interest shown by the British Government 
in protecting its subjects resident in these 
countries, has emboldened men whose ac- 
tions acknowledge no bridle but fear, to 
oppress them with, or without pretext, in 
the confidence it may be done with impu- 


nity. It may be suspected I profit by the 


advantage of telling my own story, to con- 
ceal such parts of it as might render the 
conduct of Flores, if not more excusable, 
at least more intelligible. I will therefore 


-go a little further into detail, to give “ the 


tyrant’s plea, NECESSITY,” as set up by 
himself, its full weight. It may be sup- 
posed his government was far from being 
popular; it was, in fact, the object of uni- 
versal detestation, save by the few who 
profitted by the robberies it countenanced. 

e. was, in consequence, continually 
haunted by the idea of conspiracies, and 
as the freedom of the press had been to- 
tally extinguished, public opinion found no 
vent, save in the privacy of domestic cir- 
cles, where it assumed an air of mystery, 
and became an object of suspicion. Spies 
and informers are the natural appendages 
of tyranny. One of these, too worthless 


to be named, revealed the pretended plot, — 


implicating in Guayaquil, a most respect- 


able merchant, Mr. Pflucker, who conducted 


the establishment of Gibbs, Crawley, and 
Co., General Illingret, in attacking whom 


aggreditur, and in Quito, General 
the bosom-friend of the informer, who, I 
believe, did me the honour to include my 


name in the list. There was no attempt at 


proof or judicial proceeding, but Mr. 
Pflucker and General Illingret were sud- 
denly sent to Peru in the same 


manner 
that I was transported from Peru, the latter - 


EAT ERN RN en 


ON THE COAST OF PERU. 


was communicated to me by the Vice Pre- 
sident, the morning after I was seized ; but 
it is fair to state, Flores and his govern- 
.ment had assumed my enmity to them as 
an axiom, from which they deduced, or in- 
terpreted every circumstance of my con- 
duct. In fact, this was owing to my being 
an Englishman, all of whom Flores consi- 
dered, and with some reason, his enemies, 
for we may trust there are stamped in the 
English character such indelible notions of 
right and justice in matters of government, 
that actively or passively they must be 
considered as the standing foes of op- 
pression. I had, besides, many friends 
among the young men of the country, 
whose society I cultivated in preference to 
that of their papas, for the sufficient reason, 
that they were much superior to them in 
manners, morals, or, to say all in a word, 
in education. It was the opinion of the 
illustrious Bentham, that great social or 
political improvements could, even in Eu- 
rope, be expected only from those, in whose 
breasts selfish and worldly calculations had 
not extinguished the generous enthusiasm 
with which most of us start in the race of 
life. This is true in an infinitely greater 
degree in South America, where the Spanish 
system of politics and instruction had im- 
planted little but imbecility and corruption. 
It is a very hopeless task to make an en- 
lightened patriot of an old selfish bigot. 
The young Venezuelans saved their coun- 
try from despotism; the Collegians de- 
stroyed absolute power in Bogata, and died 
for liberty in the battle of El Santerano. 
The Equator is that part of Colombia in 
which the elements of freedom are fewest 
and most difficult to be combined; yet the 
rising generation has not entirely remained 
uninfluenced by the spirit of the age which 
dawned on its birth. One of my young 
ote, D. Jose Murgeytio, when the Con- 
met in Quito, presented an energetic 
remonstrance to that body, demanding a 
trial of Flores, for his arbitrary conduct ; 
but the Congress was composed of old 
corrupted relics of former times; their 


pu fears would not allow them to Aear it, and - 


without hearing it they were on the point 


69 


of punishing the author for the audacity 
of its supposed contents. The tendency 
of youth is, however, still upwards ; and in 
any country, where the career of improve- 
ment has once begun, we have no reason 
to doubt, in spite of occasional checks and 
delays, its final progress. In fine, the 
reasoning of Flores with respect to my 
conduct and opinions may be thus summed 
up. As an Englishman I was his enemy, 
for all the English were so. I had many 
friends among the young Quitenians, and 
they were all his enemies, consequently I 
must be so too. I had already been im- 
prisoned for defending the rights of the 
people, as guaranteed by the Constitution ; 
I must be, therefore, a seditious |" 
and the enemy of all order.! The i 
cepted letter, too, though it d no 
treason, sufficiently evinced my contempt 
for his character and administration. All 
this, it must be owned, was more than rea- 
son enough for a despot.—I now continue 
my journey. In La Puna I met the lady 
of General Illingret, with her family; she 
is a native of Guayaquil, one of those fe- 
males whose character and energies are 
developed in times of trouble and revolu- 
tion, though in * the piping time of peace" 
might pass unnoticed, but for their loveli- 
ness; but tried by affliction, rise with a 
power like that of angels, of mingled 
strength and beauty. Ever since her mar- 
riage, she has seen her husband the victim 
of intrigue, calumny, and persecution. 
Three times banished, his honour aspersed, 
his life repeatedly plotted against, with no 
crime but that which tyrants deem the 
greatest—a life without Makers these 
repeated sufferings had ru health, 
and had set on her fine -— the seal of 
settled melancholy; but her spirit had fash- 
ioned itself to the times, and remained 
unbowed. It was a temple where the 
lighter architectural graces had been cor- 
ed, while its nobler form and proportions 
rose more conspicuous from the decay. 


! There is something ludicrous, and illustrative of * 
ir 


my excursion to Chimborazo, the government m ^us : 


70 
About four A. M. (Oct. 7th) we embark- 
ed, that is, I and my police guard, to drop 
down with the tide towards Zarumilla, 
the Peruvian frontier towards the left bank 
of the River Guayaquil at this point, which 
is about two leagues to the North of Tum- 
bez. The channel is above a league wide, 
betwixt the Island of Puna and the oppo- 
site or Eastern bank; and the swell, with 
a contrary wind, rendered the passage as 
disagreeable as might be expected from a 
short sea, and a flat boat of the kind used 
in this river, called bongos, which are ca- 
noes raised upon, and carrying a single 
square sail, commonly very ragged and 
very badly managed. On the morning of 
the 8th, we reached the point called Tem- 
blique, where we waited for the next tide, 
lighted a fire on the beach, and made a 
breakfast of a kind of mussel, found in 
great quantities embedded in the sand. 
We here quitted the main river to enter 
the labyrinth of creeks, which form a kind 
of net-work along the left bank of the river, 
for the distance of about thirty miles ; they 
are fringed with thick forests of mangroves, 
and so intricate, that it is necessary to be 
well practised to hit the direction to any 
given point; however, we made but one 
blunder, and about midnight reached what 
is called “ the Port of Zarumilla," meaning 


jected setting up a mint, literally for the purpose of 
coining bad money, and. instead of purchasing the ne- 
cessary implements, they considered it simpler to steal 


The man, aware of what was to happen, entreated me 


. to take charge of his shop, and when the escort ar- 


rived, I presented myself to defend the property, in 
virtue of the article of the Constitution, which de- 


clares, “ No man bea on any pretext, be Aree sean 


Er made." In consequence of my resist- 
Z ance I was cited before the Prefect, and as the minis- 
ters of a Sultan are all Sultans in their spheres, he 


NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 


a single shed, at the water’s edge, without 
inhabitants, and so infested with mosquitos, 
that we determined rather to walk at that 
hour to Zarumilla, than sustain their at- 
tacks. The road was over an open level 
plain, and in about an hour we reached the 
farm-house, which, in fact, with about a 
dozen houses scattered in the neighbour- 
hood, inhabited almost entirely by the ser- 
vants of the estate, constitutes the hamlet 
of Zarumilla. 

The next morning, my conductor having 
carried into effect his commission of seei 
me out of the line of the Equator, took his 
leave to return to Guayaquil. 
turned out to be an old acquaintance of 
mine in Rio Hacha, and so far from giving 
me any annoyance, had made my journey 
thus far as agreeable as circumstances 
would permit. General Cordero had given 
him a paper for me to sign, by which I was 
made to acknowledge the right of govern- 
ment to try me as a traitor, should I re- 
turn. Of course I did nothing so ridicu- 
lous, but handed the officer a receipt of my 
having been illegally and arbitrarily ex- 
pelled by the military authority of Cordero. 

I had now * the world before me, where 
to choose," though rather ill-provided for 
the journey, for trusting foolishly to the 
word of Modesto Larea; all my baggage lay 
in a valise, which was all I required in 
Ambato, but was far too scanty for so in- 
definite a pilgrimage as I had now in pros- 
pect. The country round Zarumilla is a 
level plain, interspersed with copses, and 
covered with long grass, at this season per- 
^ fectly dry, so that I was rather surprized 

to see the cattle preserve their codd 
and the cows of the farmers yield a tolera- 
ble quantity of milk. The cheese of this 
estate has considerable reputation in Guay- 
aquil. ese cattle-farms, which border 
on the coast, are even more extensive than 
those of the Paramas, yet they only pre- 
sent a miniature of those of the plains of 
Orinoco and Apure. Zarumilla is the ex- 


ON THE COAST OF PERU. 


' The houses are raised on posts, about 
10 feet from the ground, and are entered 
by a ladder. 
cane, thatched with palm-leaves, and bound 
together by bejucos, or stems of a particu- 
lar climbing plant. Not a nail is employed 
in the building, and a hatchet is all that is 
necessary for its construction. They are 
not much unlike large osier bird-cages, but 
have the advantages, in a hot climate, of 
securing a free circulation of air, and are, 
in general, neater and cleaner than the 
houses built on the ground, because all 
kinds of dirt and rubbish fall readily 
through the floors, which are made of 
canes split open; they are consequently 
very elastic and not very convenient for the 
operation of writing, which, however, is one 
the least practised in them. The vegetation 
here consists chiefly of Mimosas, Cactus 
hexangularis, which rises to the height of 
twenty feet, with thorns six inches in 
length, a species of erect Convolvulus, and 
patches of Passiflora fetida ; but my atten- 
tion was chiefly attracted by a large shrub, 
seemingly Octandria Monogynia, remark- 
able for the size and beauty of its bractee, 
which, from their colour and abundance, 
gave it a very magnificent appearance. I 
have not met with it in any other part of 
the country. At this point commences that 
- striking difference observable betwixt the 
Colombian and Peruvian coasts. From 
lat. 9° N. to 3° S. we find either a regular 
rainy season, as in Panama and Guayaquil, 

lasting about six months, or such a predo- 
minancy of wet weather, as along the coasts 
of Choco and Barbacoas, that a summer of 
two months is looked upon as a phenome- 


Commencing from the neighbourhood of 
Tumbez, rain becomes scarcer and more 
uncertain, till it almost entirely disappears 
in the deserts which extend from Payta to 
Lima. The mouth of the river of Guaya- 
quil divides two countries, as opposite in 
features as Arabia Petrea and blooming 
Italy : the cause of this striking difference, 
observable equally on a lesser scale on se- 
veral parts of the Atlantic coast, must be 


E x sought in the direction of the chains of the 


Andes; wherever the mountains recede to 


hg 


They are formed of split 1 


71 


a distance exceeding one degree from the 
coast, the part of the country beyond this 
= ne TRS * e 1 4 dx 13 TE d 


i o 
This is the case with the provinces of Coco, 
and the city of Maracaybo on the Atlantic 
coast. The western side of the province 
of Manabi, near Guayaquil, is for the same 
reason peculiarly dry; and the whole Pe- 
ruvian coast-line falls within the same rule. 
At Zarumilla and Tumbez, there is a fluc- 
tuation in the seasons: the distance from the 
mountains being about forty miles, and it 
increases by the projection of the coast; 


-towards the West the weather becomes 


more constantly dry through the whole 
r. 


* 
& 


On the 11th of October, I hired horses, 
and proceeded to Tumbez, distant scarcely 
two leagues, over a level plain, interspersed 
with copse-wood. On my arrival at the 
village, I proceeded to the house of the 
Alcadi, D. Antonio Abad Puel, to whom 
I related the why and wherefore of my 
coming. It was no novelty to him; for some 
days before, General lllingret and Mr. 
Pflucker, and a young American, named 
Taylor, who had been suddenly seized, and 
banished on suspicion of being suspicious, 
had passed through the place on their way 
to Payta. The name of Flores was exe- 
crated by the Peruvians as the author of 
the last useless and disastrous war betwixt 
them and Colombia, I was accordingly very 
kindly received by Mr. Puel, who provided 
me a lodging, and invited me to his table, 
The village is built without method or or- 
der, on the banks of the river. 

The houses are in the Spanish style, that 
is, built on the ground, instead of being 
raised on poles; they make, however, a 
poor appearance, the walls bei nstruct- 
ed of wattles, sometimes plastered with 
mud, and sometimes bare. The roofs are 
thatched with rushes. The surrounding 
country is dry and bare; but the banks 
of the river, which is navigable for boats 
and even small schooners, are covered with 
pipe hey of Maize, Plantains, 

avas, Batatas. The 
tuberous roots of the latter form the chief, - 
or indeed the only article of exportation. 
They are called Cametes by the inhabit- 


72 i NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 


ants, and constitute an article of trade to Young. children, especially, are cut os; E 


Guayaquil, as well as supplying the whale and I was assured, the average of huma 
ships which frequent the mouth of the ri- life did not exceed fourteen years. 
ver, for fresh water and provisions. From . The clouds of mosquitos which appear 


about five miles, and about eight by the cutaneous irritations, which produce some | 1 


windings of the river, the mouth of which of the deformities I have mentioned. To — 


is rendered difficult and dangerous to enter the effects of climate we must add the abuse 1 


by a sand-bar which stretches across it. of dram-drinking, and, among the lower E 


Such, however, isthe dexterityofthewhale- classes, poor diet, composed chiefly of Ca- | 
' boats, that few accidents occur, andincon- metes, Guavas, Water Mélons, and the - 


venient asitis, it constitutes the only water- fruits of various Cucurbitacee, yielding a — 


ing-place for ships betwixt Callo and Ata- watery unsubstantial aliment. Those who 
cames, on the coast of Esmeraldos. Several have little faith in physic and physicians, | 
whalers arrived during my stay, the cap- may think the want of both no additional — 
tains of which came up to make their pur- calamity, but we must consider their place 
chases and barters: I was amused to see isalwayssupplied byold women and ce 
the court paid them by the inhabitants, in who administer remedies applied at hazard — 


whose eyes the captain of a whale-ship is and recommended by prejudice. A few 1 
a most important personage. He is in fact well-known Galenicals and an honest prac- | 
to them as important as he seems, for he titioner would certainly give a better chance 


represents nearly the whole export trade to the patient. 
of Cametes, on which depends their com- I have entered into these details, because 
mercial prosperity ; several of them have the same causes operate very extensive- 


picked up a smattering of English, the bet- ly on the population of South America, 3 
ter to establish their commercial connex- and account for its feeble progress and - 
ions, an advantage productive of so much frequently stationary, or retrograde, condi- 


jealousy, that while I was there, there was tion. 
a project on foot to beg the Alcaldi's inter- The vegetation round Tumbez might be 


ference against it; but Mr. Puel very ra- called luxuriant, even in the dry season, 4 
tionally told the malcontents, that every near the banks of the river; but as it re- 


body might have the same advantage, who cedes from them, it becomes scanty, and on 
would take the trouble to learn English. the stony ridges is reduced to a few Mimose, 
The inhabitants of the Canton of Tumbez some plants of Melocactus, Cactus heptan 
amount to about two thousand; they are gularis, (hexangularis ; ), both of which rise 
almost all Sambos, a mixture of African to the height of fourteen or fifteen feet, and 
and Indian blood, and are, I know not ex- a species of Capparis, called Sapote de 
actly why, like almost all the inhabitants of perro (Dog's Sapote), because dogs are - 


_ the Peruvian coast, the ugliest race I have said to eat the fruit. 


_ any where seen. The unhealthiness of the On the alluvial soil we find stately groves 
climate is probably a principal cause of the of the Mimosa, called Algaroba (Mimosa 
deformity of their features, as well as of Catechu? ?) the seeds of which are eaten by 
their strange mixture of colours. The ri- the cattle, and an elegant tree resembling, 
r of Tumbez, which descends from the in — and — of its pendant 


AE 


Moe esi ee 


ON THE COAST OF PERU. E. 78 


season by no means conspicuous for its 
beauty or variety. Its most striking fea- 
ture was a Cucurbitaceous climber, which 
enveloped in its foliage almost all the vege- 
tation near the river. It is probable the 
families of plants are not numerous which 
are fitted by their constitution to sustain 
the extremes of drought and moisture. 
The pleasantest day I spent in Tumbez 
was that of an excursion in company with 
Don Jose Antonio Carvallo, an exile like 
myself, to visit the remains of the Inca's 
temple. 

The river empties itself into the sea by 
two branches, separated by a level alluvion 
of about two miles; the ruins are situated 
near the southern branch, upon a tongue 
of land rising nearly perpendicular above 
the plain, forming part of the low ridge 
which appears to separate the alluvial soil 
from the more ancient formation of clay- 
slate. : 

The edifice, of which the foundations 
only are now to be traced, was so well 
adapted to the scite, that the hill seems the 
artificial basis of the building which occu- 
pied and covered it in every direction. 
The situation is commanding ; though, as 
the elevation does not exceed sixty feet, 
the surrounding country is a perfectly level 
plain, as far as the ocean, from which the 
temple must have been distinctly visible in 
all its golden —, The rampart, 
which nearly surrounded it, is ins desig- 
nated by a bank x earth, and raised roads 
extend in every direction reat the sur- 
rounding plain. No doubt a more accurate 
examination would throw light upon the 
style and purposes of the structure; but 
any labour hitherto bestowed has been di- 
rected to the sole object of discovering 
buried treasures. An antiquarian survey 
of the whole neighbourhood would be inte- 
resting. At the foot bs >- heights, near 


illa e 
are distinctly visible, which conducted a 
stream from the distance of thirteen leagues 
to irrigate what is now a barren desert. I 


observed similar traces near the heights 


the ruins, and the remains of the 


= conduit prove the interior of the building 


to have been supplied with water. Similar 
works of the Incas are traced in all the Pe- 
ruvian deserts, which then nourished a nu- 
merous population. Tradition assigns to 
the district of Tumbez eighty thousand in- 
habitants; and the Island of Puna, which 
scarcely now maintains two hundred souls, 
had then a population sufficient to war with 
Huayna Capac. Garcilaso de la Vega re- 
lates that the fortress and temple of Tum- 
bez, which he writes Tumpiz, was built by 
Huayna Capac, to contain and overawe the 
inhabitants of Puna, for which purpose he 
placed there a governor, with a considerable 
garrison, and for the service of the temple 
appointed two hundred virgins, whose em- 
ployment was to spin and weave the finest 
woollens used by the nobility. Among the 
curiosities kept there were a lion and a 
tiger, which were said to have been turned 
loose on Pedro de Candia, the first of Pi- 
zarro’s companions who landed to survey 
the coast. Garcilaso's account of this in- 
cident is as picturesque as old Froissart's 
Chronicles. It seems Peter of Candia, a 
Greek, volunteered his services on the oc- 
casion, in these words—“ I am determined 
to go alone, to see what is in this valley ; 
if they kill me, you lose but a single com- 
panion—and if I succeed, our victory will 
be the greater." So saying, he put over 
his vest a coat of mail which reached to his 
knees, an iron helmet of the bravest in their 
possession, a steel buckler, with his sword 
at his girdle, and in his right hand a wooden 
cross a yard high, in which he trusted more 
than his arms, as being the sign of our Re- 
deemer. 'The Indians, astonished at the 
lofty bearing and strange demeanour of 
this iron-clad apparition, * who mov 
says Garcilaso, “as if he were lord of the 
Peruvians,” to try of what nature he 
was, turned loose the above-mentioned 
wild beasts, which, instead of attacking 
him, came and fawned on him like dogs, 
and threw themselves at his feet. If we 
consider that the lion, or puma, of South 
America is, even in its wild state, a timid 
animal and that both of them had been 


long tamed by confinement,thereisnothing _ D 


very miraculous in the incident, admitting - 


74 


it to have taken place as related. The ef- 
fect, however, on the Indians, we are told, 
was marvellous. They looked on Peter of 
Candia as one of the children of the sun 
descended from heaven.  * With this 
belief,” says Garcilaso, “they came and 
adored him as the son of their god, and 
conducted him to his temple, which was 
lined with plates of gold, that he might see 
how they worshipped his father in their 
land. After shewing him the temple, the 
service of plate, and all the wealth and or- 
naments belonging to it, they conducted 
to the palace of his brothers the Incas, 
whom they idered like him the children 
of the sun. They led him through all the 
chambers, halls, and opariments ^ their 
goldentapestries. Theysh eser- 
vice of the Inca, which, down to : —— 
ers, pots, and jars for the use of the kitchen, 
was of gold and silver. They entered the 
gardens, where Peter of Candia saw shrubs, 
trees, plants, animals, and reptiles, as we 
have related was the custom in the royal 
gardens, imitated to the life; at all which 
the Christian was more astonished than 
had been the Indians at the sight of him." 
Chap. xii. vol. vi. Spanish Edition, Madrid 
1804. "There is a hut built near the spot 
where once, probably, stood the altar. 
What the Spaniards destroyed, and what 
they thus substituted, are thus placed in 
direct comparison. 

On the 6th of Nov. I set off for Payta. 
This journey is performed by mules of the 
country, which can travel with little rest, 
little food, and little water. Having pro- 
vided the necessary stock of provisions, 
and a large calabash to hold water, I took 
leave of my friends in Tumbez, and set off 
about midday with my Sambo guide.. The 
road crosses the two branches of the river, 
and passes immediately at the feet of the 
_ Inca's Temple, whence it diverges, follow- 
mg Ae. low chain of cliffs towards the 


NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY.TO PAYTA, 


of the ground, consisting of dry ravines and _ 
cerrites, or little hills. Towards the even- — 
ing we reached the beach at the point called | 
Malpaso, “bad pass," because the foot of 
the cliffs is here washed by the tide, and it. 
is necessary to wait for the ebb. We tra- 4 
velled along the bare sands till about ten | 
P.M. when we halted where a patch of dry - 
grass served to pasture the mules, lighted — 
a fire, supped and slept till near day-break, | 
when we continued our journey in the same - 
manner along the beach. We halted to - 
breakfast under a projecting cliff, and were 
continuing our march when we encountered 
a traveller from Payta who had stopped for — 
the same purpose. He inquired my name, - 
and gave me letters from Mr. Pflucker, and — 
a packet from the British Consul, in which | 
I found letters from my oldest and dearest - 
friends in England, who could scarcely | 
have imagined they would have reached | 
me under circumstances so little resem- 
bling the ordinary events of our own coun- — 
try. The object in this day's journey was — 
to arrive at a place called Mancora, where 
the first water is to be found after leaving 1 
the river of Tumbez. Toward the evening, 
after wandering a little bewildered on the - 
deserts bordering the sea-beach, we gained — 
the tract leading to the stream. My dog, © 
who had been tormented all day by the ` 
heat and tantalized by the salt tide, seemed - 


had refreshed himself in the river some time 
before we arrived. The scanty streamle 


by swarms of seni: podend by the” 
vicinity of the water, and thought it better - 


ON THE COAST OF PERU. 


we reached an immense ravine, called Que- 
brada Honda, “Deep Glen" We de- 
scended probably one thousand feet to the 


bottom of what is a water-course, when It 


rain falls, but was now a dry valley, sha- 
dowed with thickets of Algarobas. Here 
we found an inhabited house, procured a 
tolerable breakfast, and remained till the 
afternoon, when we continued our journey 
and came to the stream of Parimes, where 
there is a house inhabited by one of the 
dependants of the cattle-farm of this name. 
We then traversed a plain, similar to that 
we had already crossed, during greater part 
of the night, and after sleeping about three 
hours under some tufts of the “Sapote de 
Perro,” arrived in the morning at the vil- 

lage of Arnotape. It is only four leagues 
from hence to Payta. The whole distance 
I should calculate as follows :— 


Tumbez to Los Corales. ..... 3 league 
Malpas ;....:.. 
Mancora ........ 
Quebrada Honda. 12 
TIED ele 1 
Amos, sce ss 10 
oí erty eee 43 
48 
leagues, or 144 miles. 


The * Denotero General,” or “ Iti- 
nerary of Peru,” gives nearly fifty-five 
leagues, but the distance in a direct line, 
if the two points be accurately laid down in 
Banés’ Map of Colombia, is two degrees, or 
one hundred and twenty miles, and I should 
not think the windings of the road exceed 
six, as the country is entirely level and 
open. We spent two days and a half 
betwixt Tumbez and Arnotape travelling 
the greater part of two of the three nights. 
The night is in fact the time preferred for 
passing the parched deserts of Peru, to 
avoid the glare of the sun, and be less in- 
commoded by the scarcity of water; but 
if one suffers from heat by day, the chilli- 
ness of the night-breeze which blows con- 
. Stantly from the South on the whole line of 
coast, is scarcely less annoying. My guide 
mae frequently of being “ empara- 


75 


mado,” as we traversed the table-land, 
after leaving the beach ; and I was myself 
frequently inclined to sympathise with him. 
is true one's feelings are not accurate 
estimates of the absolute decrease of heat. 
After the frame has been relaxed during 
the day, a fall in the thermometer of 5? or 
6° makes an impression much more than 
proportionate to the real change of the 
temperature. The village of Arnotape is 
situated on the banks of the river Chici, 
a considerable stream which descends 
from the mountains of Loxa, and enters 
the sea about two leagues below the vil- 
lage. A general type will represent the 
whole Peruvian coast, as to cultivation and 
population. With intervals of from fifteen 
to twenty leagues, we find a river descend- 
ing from the Andes, cutting the country 
more or less at right angles. There is a 
certain extent of alluvial soil cultivated on 
either side of it. Here is concentrated in 
towns, villages, or scattered farms, the 
population of the district. The interme- 
diate space is a barren desert. It is over 
these intermediate barrens the government 
of the Incas had, by means of aqueducts 
from the mountains, spread agricultural 
abundance. The inhabitants are at present 
contented to extend this advantage merely 
to the alluvions adjacent to, and nearly 
on the level of the rivers. The soil is 
every where abundantly productive. In 
fact wherever heat and m can 
united, there is no doubt of vegetable in- 
crease. Arnotape produces tropical fruits, 
maize, gourds, pumpkins, melons, yuccas, 
Cametes and onions. All these find a 
ready sale in Payta, especially the two 
last, which form articles of trade with the 
whalers. Water is also another branch of 
commerce. Payta is supplied from the 
river Chici, partly by the inhabitants of 
Arnotape, and partly by those of Colon, an 
Indian village, situated on the coast be- 
twixt the mouth of the river and Payta. 
The naked barrenness of the country in- 


of earth, sea and sky. It would seem as if 
the beauty of the two latter would com- 


€ _ to water at Tumbez. 
aan for a very considerable extent 


frontier of Pen. | Returns are mede: i in 
. bark, hides, and cash 


76 


pensate for the sombre monotony of the 
former. The transparent atmosphere re- 
flects a vivid light on the calm surface of 
the bay, where ships lie as on the bosom 
of an inland lake. The white line of surf, 
breaking heavily on the beach, reminds us 
however of the ocean's power, even when 
in repose, as the movement of a paw might 
indicate the strength of a slumbering lion. 
The appearance of the town is s anything 


thatched roofs, and brown walls form no 
relief to the colour of the soil, with which 
it harmonizes so well that it seems almost 
to have grown out of the cliff by a process 
of nature. There are two principal streets, 
not very wide, and the rest are mere lanes 
and passages. The greater part of the 


houses are mere Indian huts, but those of i 


the principal merchants are commodious 
residences and the new buildings which 
are springing up like a crop of mushrooms, 
are all in a style of superior architecture 
and accommodation. I have seen in no 
part of South America, such marks of 
rapid improvement, as on this barren 
_ Strand, which a few years ago was occupied 
merely by fishermen, and may be said to 
possess neither land nor water: for the 
latter, as I have observed, is brought 
from Colon and Arnotape, and the land 
produces absolutely nothing either for 
pleasure or profit; yet provisions are cheap 
and abundant. The certainty of a sale 
collects them from all the surrounding 
country. One naturally enquires the causes 
of this prosperity. One of them is doubt- 
less its commodious harbour, which is 
resorted to by all the whale ships of the 
Pacific. Here they purchase Onions, Ca- 
metes and fresh meat, before they proceed 
It is also a port of 


mountain country of Loxa and northern 


NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 


ever would but imperfectly account for 

prosperity of Payta, the chief cause is, the 
freedom enjoyed by commerce, we may s 
more from the indifference, than dire 
permission of the government. As long 
the trade was considered of little import- t] 
ance, it was left to be managed as the. 
inhabitants thought fit; this was sufficient 
to give it its present increase, and an easy 


attempts of the government to interfe 


n 
so well systematized, that the import duties | 
diminish much in the same ratio as the $ 
trade increases. 2 

Another circumstance has contributed. 


: it is the abolition, since t 
downfall of the Spanish system, of t 
monopoly enjoyed by the Capital. 
plan of concentration was agreeable to a- 
form of government, the object of whic 
was rather to overlook and restrain, than 
extend the commerce of its colonies ; 


pendence of the country, but have nearly 
annihilated it altogether. I was hospitabl 
received in Payta by Mr. James Tabora, — 
the principal native merchant of the town, 
and had the pleasure of meeting Gener 
Illingret, as well as several Englishme 
and North Americans, settled there 
commercial objects, whose society was th 
more agreeable after the dull monotony of 

my existence in Tumbez. 
ever finds but few resources in a tow 
devoted to commercial pursuits. 


ON THE COAST OF PERU. 


believe, be often gladly exchanged for ine 
variegated aspect of terrestrial nature. The 
formation of the coast is rather curious 
Its mean elevation above the sea is about 
one hundred and fifty feet. The surface 
consists of an indurated paste of fossil 
shells, mixed with decomposed clay-slate, 
the strata of which, rising at an angle of 
about 45°, form the body of the coast. 
They are intersected by veins of quartz, 
often of a considerable thickness, and, as 
the slate decays, masses of this substance, 
frequently of several tons weight, are sepa- 
rated and left bare on the beach. A dif- 
ferent formation appears to the east of the 
town, where we find the shore composed 
of horizontal layers of clay, mixed with 
considerable quantities of sulphate of lime 
in crystallized fragments. It will be ob- 
served from the composition of the soil, 
that it is far from being naturally barren, 
The almost entire want of water is the sole 
cause of its sterility. When a few showers 
occasionally fall, it is immediately covered 
with vegetation, the remains of which lin- 
ger in the ravines till renovated by the 
next year’s showers. found here the 
“ Sapote de perro” dwindled into a shrub; 
a few specimens of the tree described at 
Tumbez, in the same state; a few Mimo- 
sas ; a species of Solanum ; two or three 
syngenesious plants, and a shrub, scattered 
In tufts among the rocks, which, by its 
crimson blossoms, formed the pride of the 
Paytenian Flora. 

I remained in Payta from the beginning 
of November till the middle of January. In 
the mean while, a change had taken place 
in the Equatorial Cabinet, by the accession 
“a a new minae: «ho was desirous to give 


ted, a cha- 


racter of ak A decree was according- 
ly passed, granting permission for the exiles 
to return, and declaring oblivion of all the 
past; a convenient doctrine for the op- 
pressor, who expected that after having 
been banished, without form of trial or 
shadow of guilt, and subjected to all the 
penalties and vexations attendant on such 
. a state, we should feel grateful for the 
= Permission to return, without satisfaction 


77 


for our losses, or reparation for our cha- 
racters. It is true a government so dis- 


- graced could not throw much discredit on 


others, against whom no crime could be 
urged beyond the suspicion of participating 
in the general disgust occasioned by its 
measures. Flores had certainly the great- 
est reason to enjoin forgetfulness ; but 
there are deeds which must needs be re- 
membered as long as the injuries they 
occasion are unatoned or unavenged. Be- 
ing aware of the publication of the am- 
nesty, I was desirous to obtain a passage 
in the United States' sloop of war, the 
Falmouth, then on the point of sailing 
from Payta for Guayaquil. The Captain, 
with whom I had a slight acquaintance, 
would willingly have given me a berth; 
but on consulting his instructions he found 
them very positive against affording any 
assistance, from motives of humanity, to 
persons implicated in the political disturb- 
ances of these countries, I confess both the 
manner and matter of these instructions 
seemed to me little in harmony with the 
policy of a free goverment. We may con- 
sider a more exact estimate of the nature 
of political crimes as one of the legislative 
discoveries of the present age. In coun- 
tries torn by revolutions, it is often difficult 
for the most impartial observer to pro- 
nounce which party has most reason on its 
side : and it would be frequently hazardous, 
if not criminal, to condemn the conduct of 
either, merely because it may have been 
momentarily overthrown and exposed to 
persecution. Amid the storms and whirl- 
winds of political passions, conscience is 
frequently enlisted in behalf of the most 
extravagant projects; and certainly there 
is no class of errors in excuse of which 
may so frequently be pleaded the palliative 
of good intentions. Few men expose them- 
selves E death and danger i = the arena of 
noli 

qeu from a design to injure their fellow 
creatures. One could scarcely, therefore, 
have expected they should be selected as 
the class in whose favor motives of hu- 
manity should never be allowed to militate. 
There can be little difference in discrimi- 


78 


nating betwixt the principle of non-inter- 
ference, which belongs strictly to foreign 
nations, and that casual protection a neu- 
tral flag may afford a persecuted fugitive, 
whose very enemies may the next day 
require the same friendly succour. These 
reflections are rather general than applica- 
ble to myself, for though I certainly had 
been banished from the Equator, I ap- 
peared in Payta in no political character 
whatever, nor had the Captain of the Fal- 
mouth any reason to know me as an ex- 
ile, except through report, with which he 
had officially nothing to do. Luckily, the 
Lima, a whale ship of the United States, 
was sailing at the same time. Capt. On- 
slow had no instructions from his govern- 
ment; and I am convinced if he had, he 
would have thrown them into the sea, had 
they interfered with his doing what he 
considered a generous action. He not 
only took me on board to Tumbez, but 
would have sent one of his boats with me 
to Puna, had I not found another convey- 
ance. I shall ever gratefully remember 
the sterling kindness of this honest Ame- 
rican, who not only made his ship as com- 
. fortable to me as possible during the few 
days I was on board, but pressed me to 
accept assistance of money, and every 
thing which the vessel contained, when I 
took leave of him. On the 19th of Decem- 
ber I got on board a bongo, laden with 
Cametes, bound from Tumbez to Guaya- 
quil, and arrived, on the 21st, at Puna, 
after a villainous passage; the minutis of 
which might figure well enough in a jour- 
nal, or make a tolerable chapter in the 
* miseries of human life ;” but bad travel- 
ling, both by land and by water, is too much 
a matter of course in Colombia to deserve 
particular notice. I stopped a night at 
Mr. Cope’s country residence in Puna, 
and next day proceeded in his canoe to 
Guayaquil. Here I remained a few days 
to enjoy the society of my English friends : 
and on the 29th of January, 1833, set out 


NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 


| 
1 


The series of observations on the Quiti- : 
nian Andes, now concluded, were commu- - 
nicated to me by their talented author early — 
in 1834; and in the autumn of the same year — 
some of the papers were read, and excited — 
considerable interest, at the Natural His- - 
tory Section of the British Association for . 
the advancement of Science at Edinburgh. — 
It was then that Mr. Pentland, so well 1 
known for his scientific researches in South 
America, communicated to me the melan- 
choly tidings of Colonel Hall's death, 
which occurred during an insurrection in 
uito. This intelligence was confirmed by 
a letter which I received from the widow 
of this lamented individual, residing at Ad- — 
dlestone, near Chertsey, Surrey; but who - 
had been herself unable to obtain any par- — 
ticulars relative to his death. About the — 
same time, my valued friend and relative, - 
W. Turner, Esq., British Minister at Bo- | 
gata, in Colombia, in a letter to me, dated 
August 26th, 1834, briefly alludes to this . 
melancholy event:—“I am sorry to say - 
poor Hall was killed, six or eight months 
ago, in a Revolution at Quito; an event - 
equally surprising and distressing; for I 
am told he was a sensible man; and I am - 
always astonished how any Englishman 
can interest himself in the miserable per- - 
sonal politics of this turbulent people, | 
especially as, in case of reverses, foreigners 
are quite sure to be the first victims. E. 
Nor have I been able to receive any — 
further intelligence till the present time. — 
n a letter now before me, from Dr. 
Jameson, dated Quito, 18th of February, | 
1835, that gentleman says “It is now ` 
more than eighteen months since I had . 


e 


d 
——Á9ÀÍÀÀÀÀ 


pi 


ae 


in October, 


consequently been placed at the head 


; 
i 
3 
b. 


ON THE ast OF PERU. 79 


the government, and being endowed with 
liberal principles, is, in my opinion, well 
calculated to promote the interests of the 
country. My poor friend Hall fell a victim 
at the first breaking out of the Revolution; 
and you cannot imagine how sensibly I felt 
his loss, he being the only person in this 
part of the world for whom I had formed 
a sincere attachment. As a man of high 
scientific acquirements, he would have 
been highly useful to you. In August, 
1838, I sent you a considerable collection 
of plants, furnished exclusively by himself, 
with an account of several expeditions he 
made, accompanied by M. Boussingault, 
to the volcanoes of Pichincha, Antisana, 
Cotopaxi, and Chimborazo, on which latter 
mountain they reached an elevation of 
above 19,000 feet, or upwards of 300 and 
odd feet above the point ascended by 
Humboldt. Let me know if it reached 
you safely." 
The MSS. has been safely received, and 
I cannot give a better proof of the value 
I set upon it, than by laying it before the 
Scientific public, at the very earliest oppor- 
tunity; and I shall close this subject with 
a few particulars, chiefly extracted from a 
letter from his accomplished widow. 
“Colonel Hall quitted England for South 
America in 1820, and fourteen years of 
Separation, gilded by hope, have termi- 
nated in bereavement forever! I presume 
you know that he published ‘Travels in 
da and the United States,’ in 1816 


' and 1817, and ‘Travels in France,’ in 


the following year. From the former 
country he brought many plants of the 
hardy kinds, (but mostly, if not all, were 
already known in this country), many of 
Which are now flourishing in this neigh- 
bourhood. I do not think he studied the 
Science of Botany, though he appeared to 
be well acquainted with it, till he visited 
those regions teeming with the grand, 
beautiful, and magnificent. On referring 
to the last two letters I received from him, 
(dated in March and August, 1833,) I 


. am but lately returned. The actual 


government of this Republic of the Equator 
is one of the most villainous and most 
detested that can be picked out of all the 
bad South American governments. It 
happened to get into a war, or rather 
squabble, with that of Bogata, and when 
on the point of being attacked, in Septem- 
ber last, got dreadfully frightened with th 
apprehension of an internal revolt. It did 
me the honour to suppose I had much 
influence here, as I cordially despised 
both it and its proceedings. I was ac- 
cordingly one evening seized in my house, 
by a party of soldiers, and sent out of the 
Equatorian territory into the Peruvian, 
which nearly touches on Guayaquil. I 
went as far as Payta, and after five months’ 
absence returned, because the Govern- 
ment, being able to prove nothing against 
me, thought fit to make a display of libe- 
rality. Several of the most respectable 
Englishmen were banished at the same 
time, and with the same regard to justice. 
I am preparing to send to Dr. Hooker an 
account of my excursions by Boussin- 
gault to Chimborazo, &c., and shall include 
my trip to Payta. I shall endeavour to 
send a collection of plants to Humboldt, 
to whom I remitted a parcel by Boussin- 
gault, who long ere this must be in 
France.’ 

“The last dated one prepared me for 
the fatal event which ensued.—' And so 
having nothing to hope for from England, 
I have taken the cause into my own hands. 
You will ask what I shall gain by this 
trouble? Nothing, perhaps, save revenge 
for my own wrongs, and liberty for a people 
who scarcely deserve it: besides, (and 
this concluding sentence does no less credit 
to his heart than the line of conduct he 
pursued was destructive to his own peace 
and happiness, and even to his life;) 
he concludes, *my respect for Chimborazo 
made me feel an interest in the condition 
of the inhabitants; and, as something good 
in man, amid a great deal of what is bad, 
is found every where, our social feelings 
are always liable to be called into action 
without any direct reference to present 
advantage.’ ” 


80 ~ 

Colonel Hall’s ardent love of liberty, and 
an almost prophetic anticipation of his own 
impending fate, are not inelegantly pour- 
trayed in the following “ Address to Neme- 
sis,” written when, banished by the govern- 
ment of Quito, he sought peace, but 
found it not, in the sequestered valley 
of Tumbez. (See p. 71.) “ Here,” he 


only 
interesting spot in the neighbourhood, col- 
lected specimens of its scanty Flora, and 
wandered over every part of a circle of 
which the village was the centre, and the 
ii about four miles in length, being as 
much as could be conveniently traversed 
on foot in a tropical climate over burning 
pleins, I began to feel as weary as a life 
So stagnant, aimless, and isolated, could 
make one so situated. The news from 
Quito was by no means cheering. The 
army of Bogata had taken possession of 
the disputed frontier, and was stationed at 
not more than seventy miles from Quito. 
It might have been expected the inha- 
bitants would have profitted by the occasion 
to shake off a detested yoke. They did 
nothi Flores and Ovando, after having 
mutually bandied the accusation of the 
murder of Sucre, and a thousand other 
villainies, met, embraced, made presents of 
embroidered coats and swords, and swore 
In short, I grew, in 
s phrase, as ‘melancholy as a 
lugged bear, or an old lion, or a lover's 
lute; and being melancholy, grew poetical, 
as the following lines will witness, which, 
if very bad, will prove that ved B ees 
Castalian in the river of Tumbe 


** O Nemesis, fate, fortune atsoe'e 
We name thy power EEUU erases this ball, 
: Thou hear'st no human sigh, no h 
Yet unto thee, stern 


urance waste its fiery links of pain. 
2. 
Thou hast dealt hardly with me, from thy urn 
I have drank only poison, till the draught 
Has grown familiar, that no more I turn 
My lips to shun thy chalice. I have quaff'd 


NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, ON THE COAST OF PERU. 


The bitterness of life, and if we learn 
ie 


As sleeps in icy rest the ocean of the pole. 


3. 
w have I earned this penance? Have I spilt 
Innocent blood, or banquetted on tears 
Of widows and of orphans? Have I built i 
Pow’r upon human wretchedness and fears ; D 
Or with sein and fraud o'ergilt 


Baseness art and violence of hand ; 
Or eee revengetlly th e dagger’s hilt? à 
That on this burning desert I should stand 


An € of the earth, an exile from the land? 


4. 
The land, for whose sake, country, home, all ties — | 
earer than life to m 


Rolls o'er the wreck, that rotting piecemeal lies ; 
Soon let his wings o'ershade my lonely grave ; 3 
Better in dust to sleep, than live and be a slave. - 


5. 
ic pone art thou the Enthusiast's dream, 
eropa — Politician’s spe 
Tod d with a wordy then 
them deeper into Miren s hell? 
es bok I followed thy phosphoric gleam, 


ame pierce through the ispali s cold 
loom ? 


g 
Too oft Oblivion shrouds their trampled bones, — . 
And Fate pursues them e'en beyond the taib i 
All this I should have known, nor tempted thus. 
my doom 
ts 
Then had I built my nest in the lone vale, 


Of calm Obscurity,—unnoticed there, 
My bark of life had spre 


1 
3 


— ii 


"— —' GUT n 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTAN Y. 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY. 


By Dr. Wight & G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 


( Conti IF 


from p. 39. ) 


TRICHOLEPIS CANDOLLEANA. 


ic Tas. IV. 

Caule ramoso diffuso, ramis angulatis, 
folis oblongo-lanceolatis Spinoso-ser- 
ratis epunctatis supra glabris subtus 
farinoso-puberulis, involucri ovati squa- 
mis subaraneosis, appendice subulata 
spinescenti innocua glabra, pappl serie 
interno paleaceo exterioribus capillari- 
bus, paleis setisque ciliolatis. 

Tricholepis Candolleaná. Wight, Cat. n. 
1495 


Carduus ramosus. Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 8. P 
406 


Carduus Indicus. Rozb. in Cet. Merc. 

Angl. Ind. Or. Mus. tab. 420. 

Descr. Root annual, simple, perpen- 
dicular. Stems short, branched, diffuse, 
angled and striated, somewhat glabrous. 
Branches forked ; the whole plant from one 


not decurrent, oblong-lanceolate, tapering 
towards the base, where they are occasion- 
ally again dilated, and embracing the 
branches, entire, or sometimes slightly ly- 
rate, serrated, the serratures thorny, upper 
ide in all our specimens glabrous and free 
from dots, under also nearly glabrous or 
slightly puberulous (downy according to 
Roxburgh). Heads of flowers shortly pe- 
duncled, not bracteated. Znvolucre many- 
flowered, ovate, the scales imbricated, oval, 
covered with an almost imperceptible web- 
bed down, ending ina longish setaceous, gla- 
brous, spreading orrecurved,subulate, rigid, 
but inoffensive appendage. Corollas thick- 
ish, all tubular, and containing b stamens 
and pistil, five-cleft, regular, or nearly so: 
segments oblong linear. mens scarcely 
seeding the tube of the corolla (in the 
accompanying figure they are represented 
longer than either Mr. Arnott or I have 
observed them); filaments papillose : an- 
thers caudate at the base, the caude small 


4L 


. hd jagged ; the appendages at the apex or 
cm 


(production of the connectivum be- 
OL. I, 


8l 


yond the cells) are linear, oblong and acute. 
Style filiform, bifid, enclosed within the 
anther-tube, thickened or knotted below 
the cloven portion, and there bearing a 
crown of numerous longish hairs ; segments 
linear, obtuse, puberulous on the outside; 
with two obscure lines on the inner, reach- 
ing to and coalescing at their apex. Fim- 
brille of the rachis cleft into several slen- 
der bristles. Bracteoles wanting. Ache- 
nium oblong, angled, ribbed and tubercled 
on two of the contiguous sides, smoothish 
on the other, not beaked, crowned with a 
narrow, marginal ring. Pappus situated 
within the ring of the fruit, composed of 
several rows of bristles and palew; the 
outer ones are shortest and most slender; 
the inner considerably longer and broader ; 
all are slightly ciliated on the margin. The 
hilum or rather callosity attaching the ache- 
nium to the rachis is slightly on one side. 

The specimens figured were from the 
hill of Narthamela, in the Salem district. 
Mr. Arnott, (who has assisted me in the 
above description,) as well as myself, has 
little doubt about this being Carduus ra- 
mosus of Roxburgh; whether the C. radi- 
cans, Roxb. (Tricholepis radicans, De 
Cand. Prod. v. 5. ined.) be really distinct, 
we cannot at present determine, as my spe- 
cimens are now with M. De Candolle; but 
in the manuscript character of that species 
sent us by De Candolle, and in the descrip- 
tion given by Roxburgh, the leaves are ap- 
parently narrow, and dotted on the upper 
surface, 1th pp 1 g fthei lucral 
scales said to be more slender. T. radicans 
is a Mysore plant, and was only known to 
Roxburgh as cultivated in the Botanic Gar- 
den of Calcutta. 

Fig. 1. Floret. 2. Floret laid open. 3. Ache- 
nium. 4, Section of ditto :—magnified. 


WEDELIA CALENDULACEA, 
Tas. V. 


ns, ramulis 


gosis, pedunculis ex axillis superiori- 
bus vel terminalibus solitariis elonga- 
F 


82 


tis monocephalis, involucri. squamis 5 
uniseriatis oblongis obtusis dorso pubes- 
centi-strigosis, paleis mucronato-apicu- 
latis, acheniis exaristatis. 

Wedelia calendulacea. Lessing, Syn. 
Comp. p. 222. (now Rich.) Wall. Cat. 
n. 3205. Wight, Cat. n. 1447. De 
Cand. Prod. 5. (ined. 

Verbesina calendulacea. Linn. Sp. 
1972. Willd. Sp. Pl. 3. p. 2226, Roxb. 
Fi. Ind. 3. p. 440; in Cet. Merc. Angl. 
Ind. Or. Mus. tab. 978. Wall. Last, n. 


Jaegeria calendulacea. Spr. Syst. Veg. 


Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 22. 


Pee-cajoni. Rheed. Hort. Mal. 10. t. 
42. 
Descr. Annual Stems creeping at 


the base ; the branches nearly erect, terete, 
from one to four feet long, slightly scabrous, 
or almost smooth. Leaves opposite, ob- 
long-lanceolate, sometimes nearly quite 
entire, sometimes with a few coarse, rather 
distant serratures near the apex, with in- 
termediate gradations on the same branch, 
strigose on both sides, the hairs on the up- 
per often proceeding from little shining, 
shallow, saucer-like pits. Pedunceles soli- 
tary, either from the axils of the upper 
leaves, or terminal, longer than the leaves, 
terete, slender, erect, or bending from the 
weight of the head of flowers, slightly 
hairy. Heads solitary: involucre composed 
of a single series of five narrow, oblong, 
_bluntish scales, which, like the leaves, are 


strigose on the back, and with saucer-like i 


hollows on the upper side. Flowers yel- 
low; those of the ray in a single series, 
numerous, bearing a pistillum without sta- 
mens; corolla strap-shaped, three-cleft ; 
those of the disk several, tubular, five-cleft, 
with both stamens and pistillum. Brac- in 
teoles of the rachis (or scales of the recep- 
` tacle, Linn.) oblong-lanceolate, sg 
concave, longer than the ovary. Anther. 
not caudate, purplish, longer than the ‘abe. 
Ovary oblong, crowned with a short-lobed 
membranaceous cup, without any awns or 
bristles. Style filiform, bifid; the branches 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


. tumid on the margins, without any beak, 


longish, linear, recurved, terminated at the 
apex by a short cone, pubescent on the 
outside, principally so at the base of the 

cone, less so both upwards and downwards, 
furnished on the inside with two strongly- 
marked lines (rows of the stigma) reaching 
to the base of the cone. Achenta covered 
with a thick nut-like coat, compressed, 


crowned as in the ovary, and furnished _ 
with a minute epigynous disk: those ofthe — 
ray and disk are alike. - 

Has. In moist pastures, and by the 
sides of ditches. Frequent in the Tanjore . 
country, flowering the greater part of the — 
rainy and cool season. : | 


(To be continued.) 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 
( Continued from p. 20. ) 

Mr. Hewett Watson is now printing a — 
new Botanists’ Guide, on the model of 
Turner and Dillwyn’s, omitting the Cryp- - 
togamic plants; the first volume of which, © 
including England and Wales, will be 
ready for publication in a few weeks. A 
second volume, devoted to Scotland, will | 
shortly follow ; for which Mr. Hewett Wat- | 
son is anxious to receive such information | 
regarding the stations of the rarer Scottish ; 
plants, as the Botanists of that country may 
be willing to communicate to him. The 
work wil be compressed into as small a | 
bulk as possible, consistently with the greatly 2 


him to add in many of the counties. 
Watson has also in preparation a work 
the distribution of British plants, chie 

connection with latitude, Mte. 
climate in Great Britain and e 


tribution of plants in connection therewith | 
is almost ready for the press. A seco? 

part, embracing a detailed notice of 
distribution of each species, is in progre 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 


VOYAGE TO JAPAN. 
By Ph. Fr. de Siebold. (Botanical Part. ) 

Dr. Zuccarini, of Munich, has circulated 
the following prospectus respecting a Flora 
.of Japan. ** FLoRA Japonica, sive Plante 
quas in imperio Japonico collegit, de- 
scripsit et parte in ipsis locis pingendas 
curavit Dr. Ph. Fr. de Siebold: Sect. 
prima, continens Plantas ornatui vel usui 
inservientes.” “ Of all the countries of 
Asia,” says M. Zuccarini, * Japan and 
China were, till lately, the least accessible 
to the scientific researches of Europeans, 
especially as regards their natural history. 

China we know little beyond the in- 
formation collected during various com- 
mercial or political expeditions, which is 
necessarily vague, owing to the extremely 
suspicious disposition of the natives. It 
is true that Thunberg and Kempfer suc- 
ceeded in obtaining correct details on those 
more limited islands which compose the 
kingdom of Japan; still their publications 
exhibit many proofs of the severe restric- 
tions and difficulties under which the au- 
thors laboured. We hope, therefore, to 
forward the cause of science, by announc- 
ing a work which shall afford universal 
information on the botanical productions 
of this country, the result of an expedition 
that was undertaken and completed under 
the most advantageous circumstances. M. 
Siebold's voyage to Japan is generally 
known. During his long residence (from 
1823 to 1830) in this empire, he was ena- 
bled to explore the country more fully than 
any of his predecessors. The Botanic 
Garden, established at Dazima in 1824, 
by order of the government of the Bel- 
gian East Indies; the journey which this 
Naturalist made to the Imperial Court at 
Jedo, two years after, when he accompanied 
the Dutch Embassy, and the connexion 
Which he formed with the natives, have all 
been favorable to his botanical researches. 
“specially, during his expedition to Jedo, 
he took the opportunity of cultivating an 
intimate acquaintance with the most emi- 
nent physicians and naturalists in the 
Country. To their diligent aid he owes 


B 


83 


the collection in his herbarium, and, in the 
Botanic Garden, of the plants found in the 
different provinces of this empire, and the 
successive accumulation of about two thou- 
sand species, which he not only examined 
on the spot, but caused, in great part, to 
be drawn by different European and Ja- 
panese artists, whose designs amount to 
upwards of seven hundred in number. 
Fruits, seeds, and other remarkable por- 
tions of plants, mostly preserved in spirits 
of wine, with specimens of woods, of me- 
dical preparations, and of such materials 
as the vegetable kingdom affords, for com- 
merce and domestic use, render this collec- 
tion still more valuable. Finally, the dis- 
coveries made, subsequently to M. Sie- 
bold's departure, by M. Bürger, and at- 
tested by the many and highly interesting 
collections which he has transmitted, afford 
the most certain assurance of the satisfac- 
tion of our wishes. 

In Japan, where agriculture and horti- 
culture, in their various branches, had at- 
tained to such a degree of perfection as to 
supply the wants of the inhabitants, at a 
period when little attention was paid to 
them in Europe, all researches, tending to 
elucidate these subjects, must infallibly 
prove of unusual interest. With this view 
the Botanic Garden of Dezima was chief 
stocked with such plants, whether indi- 
genous or introduced from Chi rea, 
and other adjacent countries, as were pe- 
culiarly interesting for utility or ornament ; 
and there, too, was collected the informa- 
tion which could be obtained from the 
natives and from the extensive literature 
of Japan. The extent and importance of 
these materials have induced us to form a 
separate publication of them, wich wilt 


It will be the more interesting to amateurs, 
as, of many centuries of these plants, con- 
veyed in a living state, by the author, to the 
Low Countries, the larger portion succeed 
perfectly well in the open air or in cool 
stoves; from which circumstance we may 
hope to see them soon disseminated in our 
gardens. 


84 


The work will consist of forty Fasciculi, 
to appear monthly, each containing five 
plates and two or three sheets of Latin and 
French description; the former giving the 
botanical details, and the latter an abridged 
account of every plant, its history, use, and 
culture in Japan, and the mode by which 
it may be acclimatized in Europe. 

The second part of the work will be of 
similar size and style of printing with the 

t, and contain a complete enumeration 
of all the plants collected in Japan by M. 
Siebold, with detailed descriptions of the 
new and doubtful species, and such plates 
as may be needful for their elucidation. 
Many rich herbaria, formed by skilful Ja- 
panese Botanists, in countries hitherto in- 
accessible to European Naturalists, and 
illustrated by many interesting observa- 
tions, together with M. Bürger's collections, 
will enrich this portion of the work." 


A new work upon Indian Botany, to be 
published in Amsterdam, is announced 
under the title of 

RUMPHIA, 
SIVE COMMENTATIONES BoTANIC#, IM- 
PRIMIS DE PLANTIS IN pig ORIENTALIS, 
TUM PENITUS INCOGNITIS, TUM QU, IN 


WALLICHII, ALIORUM RECENSENTUR, 
Auctore C. L. Blume, cognomine RuMPu10. 
PROSPECTUS. 

* At a period when late political events 
have disturbed the peace of nations in 
general, and specially endangered that of 


had commenced, at Brussels, the publica- 
tion of his great and important work, enti- 
tled Flora Jave. The unexpected dis- 
memberment of Holland and Belgium 
necessarily suspended this publication, in 
Which government took a considerable 
interest: but every thing has a limit; peace 
and confidence will assuredly return to our 
country : the doubts of diplomacy will 
shortly be ted, and we cannot hesi- 
tate to believe that the author, as well as 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


the editors, of the FroRA Java, will 
then speedily resume their labours at the 
point where they were obliged to suspend 
them, and fulfil to the numerous subscrib- 
ers those engagements which they must 
have ever considered as of inviolable obli- 
gation. We may state while on this subject, 
that not only all the manuscript is in the 
Publishers’ hands, but that measures have 
been arranged among them to ensure a 
free circulation for those fasciculi which 
will terminate the work. 

«Tt had entered into M. Blume's projects 
to extend his publications beyond the 
Flora of the Island of Java, and to give, 
successively, the results of his laborious 
investigations in the immense Indian Ar- 
chipelago; adding to his special attention 
to that island, which he had longest in- 
habited, all the discoveries which he has 
been enabled to make, all the facts which 

e has collected relative to the botany, 
statistics, and vegetable physiology of 

many regions, the study of which is the 
more important as they are situated very 
remotely from our possessions, and have, 
hitherto, been only visited by very few 
Naturalists, under peculiar and highly fa- 
vored circumstances. Professor Blume has 

een in an advantageous position for scru- 
tinizing nature, during all seasons of the 
year, and for verifying, by numerous and 
exact experiments, the correctness of the 
observations made by others; so that we 
may expect to receive a satisfactory ac- 
count of all those subjects which he intends 
to discuss. Nothing of importance that is a 
contained in the valuable works of Rheede, | 
Rumphius, Roxburgh, and Wallich has | 
lume's notice; and his pro- 


POPSET E Ett 


the illustrious Botanists who have pre- 
ceded him in this career, and to fill up the 
deficiencies which the hitherto imperfect 
state of science had obliged those writers 
to make. : 
* [n order to give to the Phytology of 
India an air of similarity, which must ii in- 
crease its interest, Professor Hine int 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


that his new work shall appear in the same 
form as the Flora Jave, adorned with 
plates of similar style, and printed in the 
same type. He has entrusted the execu- 
tion of the book to us, and it will be our 
ambition to render it equally worthy of 
public patronage as the Javanese Flora. 

“ This is the plan which the Author in- 
tends generally to follow in his new collec- 
tion, which he entitles RuwPH1A, from the 
name of the learned Rumph, the Dutch 
Resident at Amboyna. This title is a happy 
innovation, an homage offered to the me- 
mory of one of the most learned men in the 
seventeenth century, that true disciple of 
nature, who, without any other teacher, 
could describe and delineate so beautifully 
the plants of the Moluccas, and who, after 
having suddenly been deprived of sight at 
the early age of forty-three years, could 
still derive, by the aid of touch alone, and 
by the most energetic application of me- 
mory and intelligence, that information 
which gladdened the most important half 
of his career. The Rumphia will compre- 
hend all the rarer and most interesting 
plants of the Indian Archipelago, each 
being carefully delineated, from drawings 
made on the spot by a faithful and well- 
Skilled pencil, and followed by such de- 
scriptions as may be expected from the 
pen of M. Blume, accompanied by minute 
analysis, and by a physical and natural 
account, as detailed as the circumstances 
of our state of knowledge will enable us to 
Obtain, of its medicinal and useful pro- 
perties. 

“ The work is so arranged as to convey 
a full and extensive idea of a vegetation, 
Whose peculiarity must be eminently strik- 
ing to an eye long skilled in the observa- 
tion of our calm and regular climate. To 
attain this object, M. Blume has mingled 
his brilliant representations of plants with 
Beneral views of the vegetable productions 
of a country where this department of 

ure attains its greatest luxury and de- 
Yelopment. These drawings have been 
made on the spot, and will lose nothing 
3^ being rendered by M. Lauters well- 
. Practised lithographic crayon. 


85 


“ The“ extraordinary difficulties under 
which Professor Blume has laboured, while 
compiling the materials of this work, form 
a strong claim on the patronage of the 
scientific public, who will know how to 
prize the results of such learned and peril- 
ous researches.” 

C. G. Sulpke, Bookseller, Amsterdam. 


UNIO ITINERARIA, 


Our latest intelligence respecting the 
Unio Itineraria bears date the 10th of 
June, of the present year, 1835, and as- 
sures us that the collections that have been 
made by the Egyptian and Arabian tra- 
vellers at the island of Cephalonia, on the 
coast of which they suffered shipwreck, 
have been received, and will be distributed 
amongst those who subscribed to the Al- 
giers expedition, as a remuneration for the 
scanty produce it yielded: but as there 
are nearly one hundred specimens of each 
individual species, the remainder is to 
form an addition to the Egyptian and Ara- 
bian collections, if the subscribers to the 
latter agree to add ten shillings to the 
original amount of that subscription. 

According to the latest accounts, Mr. 
Schimper had left Cairo on the 2nd of 
March, 1834, with three men and sixteen 
camels, for Mount Sinai; reached Suez on 
the Sth, and arrived afterwards at El Tor, 
where the Arabian mountains commence. 
Dr. Wiest, the other traveller, remained 
at Cairo, entertaining, unfortunately, the 
idea of the plague not being contagious, 
and boldly attended the hospital, without 
being affected by the disease: but when 
on the point of starting for Gedda in Ara- 
bia Felix, he was seized with it, and it 
proved fatal to him. 

Two cases with Egyptian plants, besides 
Zoological objects, have been dispatched 
from thence in the latter part of last Fe- 
bruary, but are still undergoing the long 
quarantine of seventy days at Venice, 
where the Austrian Government has is- 
sued orders to pay the most careful atten- 
tion to the contents of these packages, so 
as to insure them against any damage. - 


86 


In order to support this undertaking the 
more effectually, an increased number of 
subscribers is most desirable. 

Collections of plants from Chili and 
Juan Fernandez, made by Dr. Bertero, in 
the years 1828—30, are likewise offered 
by the Unio Itineraria: viz., collections of 
two hundred species at £3, or one hundred 
species at 30s., being named either by the 
late Dr. Bertero or Dr. Steudel. They 
will also be supplied with numbers on 
their tickets, and the more exact determi- 
nation of them will afterwards appear in 
the Regensberg Botanical Journal, with 
Which these numbers will correspond. 

Caucasian and American specimens of 
plants at 22s. per hundred ; and collections 
of Caucasian specimens only, to the num- 
ber of one hundred and seventy species, 
at 40s., are still to be obtained. 


COMPARISON BETWEEN THE UP- 
PER, OR TERMINAL LINES OF 
TREES AND SHRUBS IN BRI- 
TAIN, AND THEIR GEOGRAPHIC 
EXTENSION TOWARDS THE 
ARCTIC REGIONS. 

By H. C. Watson, Esq. F. L.S. 


In the extreme South-west of Cornwall, 
the mean annual temperature of the British 
coast appears to rise so high as 52° Fahr.; 
on the South coast of Hants, it may be 
estimated as 51°; and at the mouths of the 
Thames and Severn, as 50°. Hence it 
decreases northwards, until we have it 
scarcely 48° at the mouth of the Forth ; 
and probably it is not more than 45° or 46° 
on the North coast of Scotland. The inte- 

rior of the country, however little elevated, 


has a lower mean temperature than the 


WATSON ON THE DISTRIBUTION 


tude nor altitude can there give a satisfac- 
tory clue to the real temperature.. More- 
over, very little is ascertained regarding 
the decrease of temperature, in proportion 
to height above the sea level. It has been 
stated as 1° for seventy yards, for eighty 
yards, and for ninety yards. (Mag. Nat. 
Hist. VIL 493.) Adopting the medium 
scale of eighty yards, and taking 48° as the 
average temperature of the coast in lat. 
53—56°, and 47° in lat. 57—58°, we find a 
temperature of about 29° for the highest 
point of Scotland, 83° for that of Wales, 
and 35° for that of England. The full 
range of mean atmospheric temperature in 
Britain may therefore be stated at 52—29°, 
In general, it may also be said, that the 
mean temperature of the three coldest 
months (Dec., Jan., Feb.) is 10° below that 
ofthe degrees above. But on the coasts, 
and especially on the western coasts, the 
differences are less; while in the inland 
counties, perhaps (more particularly those 
bordering the Thames, and thence to the 
Trent,) the three winter and three summer 
months are 11? to 13? below or above the 
annualmean. Tothegreatestheightat which 
accurate observations have been made for a 
sufficient period, (Lead Hills,in Lanarkshire, 
at 1,280 feet, ) these g ] lusionshold _ 
good, as to the comparative temperature 
of the seasons ; but the application of them 
to greater altitudes is mere assumption. 
In low situations, the air and earth have 
nearly the same temperature; but in as- 
cending the mountains, the latter is found 
to cool more slowly, probably losing 19 of 
temperature for about one hundred and 
twenty-five yards of ascent. 

As to the humidity of the air and quan- 
tity of rain, both are less on the East than 
on the West side of the island, and, in 
general, both increase about the mountain 
tracts. It is possible that a less quantity 
of rain may fall at great elevations, than in 
the valleys, or on the western declivities of 
the mountains; yet, from the frequency of 
mists, and constant deposition of moisture, 
owing to ascending currents of warm aif, 
the climate is more humid than below. 
The general conclusion to be drawn from 


OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 


this is, that we have the greatest summer 
: heat, driest atmosphere, and smallest quan- 
tity of rain in the inland counties of the 
South-east of England; and that the sum- 
mer temperature decreases, and humidity 
increases, in whichever direction we pro- 
ceed hence; the winter temperature re- 
maining comparatively little changed, until 
we attain several degrees of northern lati- 
tude, or ascend the mountains. The great- 
est vigour of vegetation is consequently 
seen in the South-east of England; but 
plants impatient of severe cold, and not 
requiring much heat, are best preserved on 
the South-west coast; those injured by 
heat and drought, as alpines, grow best in 
the North-west of England and Scotland. 
With regard to the influence of local po- 
sition in extending or contracting the 
ranges of plants, much more might be said 
than it is convenient here to occupy space 
with. Suffice it to observe on the upper 
limits, that the summits of mountains being 
less favorable to vegetation than their de- 
clivities, Species are found in the latter 
situations at altitudes which they do not 
attain in the former, that they fail earlier 
on northern than on southern declivities, 
and that all (unless very small) species 
grow at higher elevations when sheltered 
from winds by rocks or other skreens. On 
the contrary, bleak summits, northern ex- 
posures, patches of snow, cold springs, 
dripping. rocks, streams and waterfalls, mo- 
rasses and woods, keeping cool the air and 
often filling it with moisture, bring down 
the lower lines of species. But the similar 
conditions do not always depress the upper 
lines in the same degree as they affect the 
lower, and hence in one place species may 
meet, which are wide apart in other situa- 
tions. The influence of mountain springs 
remarkably exemplifies this: tempering the 
Summer heat, they bring down the lower 
lines of some species ; while, by preserving 
à Superior temperature in winter and spring, 
they appear to raise the lines of others. 
The highest mountain in Scotland, Ben 
Nevis, rises to 1,455 yards; Snowdon, the 
_ highest hill in Wales, to 1,190 yards; 
. Scawfell Dikes, the highest summit in Eng- 


87 


land, to 1,055 yards. The upper lines of 
such species, as attain nine hundred ora 
thousand yards in Britain, will, conse- 
quently, be better seen in Scotland than in 
England ; but those attaining only to a mo- 
derate elevation, as five hundred yards or 
less, will usually be found higher in Eng- 
land and Wales. Plants rise higher in the 
South and East highlands than near the 
West coasts, and higher on the West hills 
than in the North of Scotland. The infe- 
rior lines for the most part agree with this, 
descending lower in the West and North. 
Duly keeping in mind the liability to 
such local changes, we may arrange the 
native trees and shrubs of Britain in the 
following stages, according to their termi- 
nal lines. 

1. Species found only in the South of 
England, rarely, or never seen indigenous 
beyond lat. 53°. 

2. Species supposed to be indigenous 
in the North of England, but not so in 
Scotland. ; 

3. Species supposed to be indigenous 
in the Lowlands of Scotland, but not in the 
Highlands. 

4. Species reaching the Highland val- 
leys or plains, but scarcely ascending the 
hills. 

5. Species ascending the Highland 
hills to some slight elevation, but not ex- 
ceeding the Oak (Quercus sessiliflora 7) 
which probably attains three hundred and 
fifty yards in favorable situations, failing 
much earlier on the North-west coasts. 

Species ascending the Highland hills 
above the line of the Oak, but not exceed- 
ing that of Corylus Avellana, which rises 
to about five hundred yards in favourable 
situations. 

Species ascending above the line of 
the Hasel, but not exceeding that of Ge- 
nista Anglica, which rarely passes six 
hundred and fifty yards, though sometimes 
exceeding seven hundred yards. (N.B.: 
Pteris aquilina exceeds the Hasel, but 
fails earlier than the Genista. 

8. Species surpassing the Genzsta, but 
not exceeding Erica Tetraliz, or cinerea, 
the terminal lines of which are usually con- 


88 WATSON ON THE DISTRIBUTION 


siderably below eight hundred yards, and 
nearly on the same level. 

9. Species found above the Erice, but 
not exceeding Calluna vulgaris, which fails 
at about nine hundfed and fifty yards, as 
an average for latitude 57°, or from seven 
hundred and fifty yards to one thousand 
and fifty yards in different situations. 

10. Species exceeding the Heather, but 
not passing Vaccinium Vitis-Idea, which 
probably attains twelve hundred yards, or 
upwards, in favourable situations. 

pecies exceeding the Vitis Idea, 
but not seen above Vaccinium Myrtillus, 
which fails at twelve hundred and fifty to 
fourteen hundred yards. 

12. Species exceeding Vaccinium Myr- 
üllus (Salir herbacea is the only one). 
The probable climate of each of these 
stages may be estimated from the preced- 
ing remarks. In the following list the 
Stages are indicated by the numerical 
figuresinthe column succeeding the names; 
and the country in which the North limit 
of each species is supposed to be found, is 
named in the second column, in the order 
or series of Spitzbergen, Port Bowen, 
Greenland, 72»— 76? (East coast, Sabine's 
Collection, in Linn. Trans.), Greenland, 
71° (West coast, Scoresby's Plants, in 
Wern. Mem.) N. W. America, 67°—71° 
(Botany of Capt. Beecheys Vo oyage), 
Whale Fish Islands, Fox Channel, Green- 
land (Giesecké), Iceland, Finmark, Nord- 
land, Swedish Lapland, Faroe, Norway, 
Sweden, Baltic, (Retz, Prodromus Flore 
Scandinavie), Berlin, Holland, Belgium 
(Lejeune et Courtois, Flora Belgica, in- 
— Germany, (Roth, vol. 1.) and 


Genista Anglica ..... 7 . Baltic 
Cytisus scoparius .... 7.Sweden 
Ononis arvensis...... 4.Sweden 
spinosa ...... 3. Sweden 
Prunus spinosa...... 5.Sweden 
Coram... 2. Sweden 
TUBE. 1... 6. Finmark 
Rubus Ideus...... .. 7.Finmark 
- fruticosus, &c. . 6. Norway 
Potentilla fruticosa ... 2.Sweden 
Rosa arvensis ....... 3. Baltic 
spinosissuma.... 7.Sweden 
canina, §c...... 7.Nordland 
Crategus Oxyacantha. 5.Norway 
Cotoneaster vulgaris.. 9.Norway 
Pyrus Malus ........ 3. Norway 
communis ..... 3.Sweden 
terminalis..... 2. Baltic 
Aria, &c. ..... 4. Norway 
Aucuparia .... 9.N. Cape 
Ribes rubrum ....... 2. Finmark 
petreum....... 5.8. Lapland 
—-—- nigrum. ....... 2.8. Lapland 
- alpinum ....... 3. Nordland 
Hedera Heliz ....... 4.Sweden 
Cornus sanguinea .... 3.Sweden 
Sambucus nigra ..... 5. Norway 


Lonicera Periclymemum? . Norway 


Viburnum Lantana .. 3. Belgium 
- Opulus.... 4.Norway 
Viscum album ....... 2. Norway 


Vaccinium Myrtillus .11.Lapland 
uligtnosum.11.Greenl*-, 72-76 
Vitis Idea.10.NW.Am.67-71 


Ozycoccos . 8. NW.Am.67—71 
Arbutus alpina ...... 10.NW.Am.67-71 
- Uva Ursi.... 8.Fox Channel 
Andromeda polifolia.. 3.NW.Am.67-71 
Tica vagans........ l.France 
Ghara 1. France i 
* lunar 8. Norway L 
== CIRETER ....... 8. Faroe 3 
Menziesia cerulea ... ?.Greenland E 
Calluna vulgaris .. ... 9. Greenland : 
Azalea procumbens . . .10. Whale-fishIsles : 
Ligustrum vulgare ... 9.Sweden 


Fraxinus excelsior... 6. Norway 


ee eee 


OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 89 


Solanum Dulcamara . 4.Norway 
Daphne Laureola .... 3.Belgium 
pee binds 2. Nordland 
EPA EL. 6. Norway 
Cem Fees IST, 5. Norway 
Corylus Avellana .... 6.Norway 


Betula alba ......... 9. Greenland 


tang ........ 0.NW.AmO7—71 
Alnus Glutinosa ..... 6.Sweden 
Populus tremula ..... 7.Finmark 
. ENDE Loo. 3. Sweden ? 
ee- eunescens..... 2. Berlin 
mee HOTR 2. sus 3. Sweden? 
Salix roe incdus .12. Spitzbergen801 
reticulata ...... 10.Port Bowen 
Myrica Gale ........ 7. Nordland 
Pinus sylvestris... ... 8. Finmark 
Juniperus communis .. 9. Greenland, 66 
Taxus baccata ....... 4.Norway 
Empetrum nigrum .. .10. Greenland, 71 
Ruscus aculeatus .... 3.France 


INTRODUCED, OR DOUBTFUL AS NATIVES; 
BUT PLANTED IN ENGLAND AND SCOT- 
LAND. 


Tilia BETORÉÉ. ee Berlin 
i pireeha ......... Norway ? 
e grandiohla......... Berlin 
Acer Pseudo-platanus .. . Belgium 
S aigba pinnata ...... Belgium 
nus domestica ....... Sweden ? 
m a n Baltic 
Spirea salicifolia ....... Norway 
Mespilus Germanica. . . . Berlin 
Pyrus domestica ........ Germany 
Tamarix Gallica ........ France 
Pibes Grossularia.......Sweden? 


deeem opa. ... Germany 
Daphne Mezereum ...... Nordland 
Buzus sempervirens ..... Holland ? 
Ulmus suberosa, $c. ..... Norway ? 
Fagus sylvatica. ........ Norway 
nea vulgaris....... Holland 
sue Betuha.. ...... Sweden 


CEU E MUR Wig epe uri uice de iq e Rs 


The general agreement between the or- 
der of cessation on the hills of Britain and 
towards the Arctic Regions, in a North- 
west direction, is sufficiently obvious; but 
perfect similarity could not be expected, 
and does not exist. Yet it appears to be 
not improbable that increased knowledge 

of actual distribution will bring the coinci- 
dences still closer, and explain, if not re- 
move, some of the apparent exceptions. 
Saliz herbacea exceeds every other shrub 
in Britain; it also exceeds every other 
British shrub in northern latitude. Vac- 
cintum Myrtillus and V.uliginosum occupy 
the next stage below ; both pass the Arctic 
Circle, but the progress of the former to- 
wards the North-west is arrested sooner 
than could be expected from its altitude in 
Britain. Vaccinium Vitis-Idea, Arbutus 
alpina, Azalea procumbens, Salix reticu- 
lata, Empetrum nigrum attain the tenth 
stage in Scotland; and all these pass the 
Arctic Circle on the coast of America, or 
adjacent islands. In the ninth stage we 
meet with larger species, and belonging to 
other Natural Orders, Pyrus Aucuparia, 
Calluna vulgaris, Betula alba, B. nana, 
and Juniperus communis (nana.) All 
these occur in Lapland, beyond the Arctic 
Circle; but in a North-west course from 
Britain, towards inferior climates, that is, 


Circle, with the exception of Betula nana ; 
but this shrub is arrested in Scotland much 
earlier than could have been anticipated 
from its position on the mountains of Lap- 
land. The same sort of resemblance in 
terminal lines runs through the stages ; and > 
at length in the lowest, or South of Eng- 
land, we find four shrubs terminate, three 
of which do not reach the Baltic; Genista 
pilosa, however, attains to Sweden, and 
thus forms an exception on the opposite 
side to the other shrubby Leguminosae, 
eh rise to highen pure in abot than 
limits 
in Europe; "bat ud us Genista pilosa is 
very local, and hence, like Betula nana, 


unadapted or com son, 
uli is highly probable an a of the npu : p 


90 


ON THE VEGETATION OF 
ETNA. 
( Continued from p. 52. ) 

2. The woody region commences very 
decidedly on Mount Etna at 8,300 feet, 
extending over Milo, Zaffarana, and the 
road that leads from Nicolosi to the sum- 
mit, and stretching to the South and East 
sides of the mountain to an elevation of 
6,000 to 6,200 feet. Ferrara, in his Des- 
crizione dell’ Etna, states, quite erroneous- 
ly, that it reaches to 8,000 feet. The girdle 
that it forms round the mountain is 3,000 
feet broad, interrupted only by naked lava 
Streams, and here and there a single field 
of rye. An interesting statistical account 
of the woods of Etna has been published 
by Professor Scuderi of Catania. This re- 
gion was formerly more extensive, stretch- 
ing farther down, and the trees were thicker 
and more beautiful than at present; but 
while the volcano, whose eruptions might 
be considered so destructive, has injured 
them but little, the devastating hand of 
man has spread the widest ravages. The 
immense forest, which, in earlier times, ex- 
tended from the northern declivity of Etna 
to the walls of Castiglione, was cut down 
early in the sixteenth century by the Mar- 
chese Inveno, to permit of the increase of 
arable land. About the same period, the 
beautiful wood of Plane trees (Platanus 
orientalis, or cuneata) disappeared, and 
whereas it had fringed the shores of the 
Onobola, now only a few scattered shrubby 
trees remain to attest its original existence; 
On the road from Francavilla to Fonda- 


beginning of the sixteenth century, says, in 
his Dialogus de Etna, “ Nam illis ( Plati- 
nis) posteaquam in Italiam transvectze sunt, 
et quidem ab ipse Sicilia primum, multe 
‘abundavere.” Pliny states that the 

S brought from the East to Sicily, 

and Dionysius the Elder planted it in his 
garden at Syracuse. The originally large 


ON THE VEGETATION OF ETNA. 


wood of Mascali has given place to a vine- 


yard, and where once grew the forest of Cata- 


nia, there now stand the villages of Nicolosi, | 


Trecastagne, Pedara, Mascaleia, Torre del 
Griso, and Plachi, which are frequently 
spoken of collectively under the denomina- 
tion of Villaggi del Bosco. The entire sur- 
face of the woody region is estimated by 
M. Scuderi at 17,734: salme, of which lava 
occupies one-fourth, arable and meadow 


land one-seventh, and wood nearly three- —— 


fifths, the latter chiefly consisting of Oaks, 
Beech, and Pines, the number of stems of 
the former being calculated at 715,863, of 
Fir or Pine, 841,356, and of Beech, 78,414. 
The Chestnut (Castanea Vesca) does not 
appear to be wild any where on Etna, but 
always cultivated. We noticed it on the 
sides of Mount Zoccolaro at a height of 
3,900, aud Gemmellaro is said to have 
traced it so high as 5,100; but this is pro- 
bably a mistake, arising from an erroneous 
calculation of the altitude. On the South 


side of the Alps the Chestnut trees reach” 


to 2,500, and on the Pyrenees to 2,800 
feet. Etna is celebrated for the great age 
and colossal dimensions of its Chestnut 
trees. The noted Castagno di Cento Ca- 
valh has a circumference near the root of 


180 feet, the Castagno di Santa Agata 70, - 


and the Castagno della: Nave 64 feet. 
These stems, however, attain no great 
height, but soon branch off above the 
ground; and, in regard to the first-men- 
tioned one, it seems probable to me that 
not one stem, but many shoot from the 
same root—for there are now five indivi- 


dual trunks separate from each other, and P 


it is a general custom in Sicily, when these 


trees attain a diameter of about a foot, to- à 
cut them down just above the root, whena 
number of new shoots are thrown out, _ 
M. 
Brunner is of the same opinion, as is stated 
in his Excursion through the East of Li- 3 
guria, Elba, Sicily, and Malta. The forests P 
of Etna consist chiefly of Quercus pubescens — 
(Willdenow), for such this tree is ascer- 
tained to be by my respected instructor, 


which shortly become trees in. 


Professor Link, and myself. I am 


to ascertain the name given to this species - 


ies Sede as EAE 


ax Aet as ee AAY 


— Áo 


ec —— !eÓÁà 


-a 


ON THE VEGETATION OF ETNA. 91 


by the Italian botanists; but M. Gemmel- 
laro calls it Quercus Robur, a tree that 
also particularly forms the woods of the 
Apennines, at least in the North of Italy; 
it differs from our Oaks, at first sight, by its 
inferior dimensions and less knotted stem. 
Travellers who climb the mountain by the 
common road from Nicolosi see scarcely 
any other tree; it ascends from 3,200 to 
5,000, and on the eastern side, in the Val 
del Leone, to 5,100. Quercus Cerris is 
found in the latter place in tolerable plenty, 
but not higher than 4,600. Quercus Ilex, 
the Evergreen Oak, reaches from the hills 
of the coast, where it is the most prevailing 
kind of tree, to the Rocca della Capre, 
3,800 feet. The Beech (^ Fagus sylvatica) 
is not found below 3,000 above the sea in 
Sicily ; its lower boundary in the kingdom 
of Naples seems to be 2,952: it covers the 
steep declivities of the Val del Bove, as 
low trees or shrubs, whence it ascends 
from the Serra del Salfizio to 6,000, and is 
particularly plentiful on the East side of 
the mountain. But there is a tree that is 
Seen at a still greater elevation, and which, 


being a native of the North of Europe, 


might not be expected to occur upon Etna 
at all, namely, the Birch (Betula alba É), 


It is not found on the whole line 
of Apennines, in the kingdom of Naples, 
except at the most southern end, where it 
grows in the moist woods of the Aspro- 
monte, where, according to Tenore's rec- 
koning, it does not exceed the elevation of 
5,600. The lowest point where we saw 
the Birch was in the Val del Bove at 4,761, 
m the Val del Leone and at Monte Arvol- 
tojo at 6,100, where it forms little woods. 
A species of Pine (Pinus sylvestris), ac- 
cording to Presl and Gemmellaro, but 
according to Professor Link, P. Laricio, 
18 à Very stately tree, although I have seen 
no stems higher than 120 or 130 feet, as 
M. Tenore did in the Sila Woods of Cala- 

ta. We observed the first of these in 
the Val del Bove at 4,000 feet, and at 
1,600 to 5,600 in the Val del Leone. On 


T Monte Arvoltojo this tree reaches to 6,200, 


but only in little groupes or scattered indi- 
viduals. The Aspen (Populus tremula) 
grows on the Giammicola at 5,500; the 
Holly (lex Aquifolium) in great numbers, 
and with trunks twelve feet high, accompa- 
nies it; while both are scarcely seen higher 
up than 4,600 feet on the Alps. Acer villo- 
sum, Presl, and Monspessulanum, with the 
beautiful G'enista Etnensis, are peculiar to 
this region. The latter assumes the ap- 
pearance of a tree about Nicolosi, where it 
is planted, and where its long, slender, 
pendent, leafless branches recall to mind 
the Casuarinas of New Holland, when 
they are not covered with the numerous 
yellow flowers. In its wild station in the 
Val del Bove, from 3,900 to 6,000 feet up 
the mountain, it retains its shrubby mode 
of growth and does not assume the foreign 
appearance which I have just described. 
Among the other shrubs, I would particu- 
larly specify the Spurge-Laurel (Daphne 
Laureola), of which the range is from 
2,790 to 4,000 feet, and the Tree Heath 
(Erica arborea), which grows singly on 
Etna at 3,800 feet of elevation, whilst on 
the Canary Islands it ascends to 4,200 feet. 
Towards the end of the woody region, Ju- 
niperus hemispherica, Presl, begins to ap- 
pear; Astragalus Siculus is plentiful at 
4,800, and Berberis vulgaris, B. macro- 
cantha (B. Etnensis, Presl); but this latter 
plant rather belongs to the upper than the 
woody region. At the commencement of 
the woody region our kinds of fruits thrive 
best; for at a lower elevation the warmth 
is too great, so that their produce is of very 
inferior quality. Cherries grow well at 
Portella 2,970 feet, and Pears and Apples 
in the district called Tardaria, which may 
be situated at about 3,400 feet above the 
level of the sea. Nothing else is cultivated 
in the woody region but Rye (Secale ce- 
reale). This species of grain is said to 
have been originally introduced by King 
Victor Amadeus from Germany in the be- 
ginning of the last century, an idea which 
is confirmed by the circumstance of its be- 
ing called, in addition to the name of Se- 
gala, Grano Tedesco. It is sown in Sep- 


92 


tember and reaped in July. We found 
the lowest fields of Rye at Zaffarano, 3,200 
feet, the highest at Zoccolaro 5,480. Even 
in this region there is a remarkable paucity 
of species of plants. The ground below 
the trees is thickly clothed with our com- 
mon Brake (Pteris aquilina), which, in 
many places, almost banishes every other 
plant. It is met with from the sea shore, 
on the North coast, to the height of 5,600 
feet, and the Sicilians derive no further 
benefit from it than burning it down or 
ploughing it in, thus rendering the ground 
fit for the Rye without any other manure. 
Constant accompaniments of the Pteris, on 
Etna, are the pretty Crocus odorus, (Bi- 
vona), Crocus longiflorus, Raf. and Cycla- 
men Neapolitanum, whose beautiful blue 
and red flowers, late in autumn, charm the 
eye for a long time after the yellow foliage 
of the Brake has proclaimed the approach 
of winter. Still higher up in this region, 
is Sternbergia lutea, which M.Gemmellaro 
found at 4,300 feet; Asphodelus luteus at 
5,650, Potentilla Calabra, Gypsophila ri- 
gida, Centaurea cinerea, Achillea ligus- 
tica, Tolpis quadriaristata, Apargia his- 
pida and autumnalis, Thymus Acinos, Sa- 
tureja Greca, with its numerous varieties, 
which, by many Botanists, are considered 
às so many proper species: Paronychia 
Hispanica, and Herniaria microcarpa. 


M. Gemmellaro gathered Croton tincto- 


rium, even at the elevation of 5,090, at the 
Grotto della Capre. Besides the plants 
now enumerated, all those found in the 
following region are also seen here. 

3. The alpine region. This extends 
. from 6,200 to 8,950 feet.. The Juniperus 
hemispherica ascends from the woody re- 
gion of 4,700 feet as far as 7,100; and it is 
the same with Berberis vulgaris (B. Et- 
nensis, Presl), which we first noted at 
. 9,000 above the sea. But the vegetation 
of this region acquires its most peculiar 
feature from the presence of Astragalus 


. 


wdron which grow on 


the Alps, and the Spartium nubigenum of 


ON THE VEGETATION OF ETNA. 


the Canary Islands. It forms thick semi- - 
hemispherical tufts, from two to two feet 
and a half high, and a diameter of four or 

five feet, with all the appearance of a soft 
cushion; but woe to the traveller who shall 
be tempted to recline on it, as he will cer- 
tainly be grievously wounded by the prickly 
peduncles of its leaves! This shrub I have 
already noticed as first seen growing singly — 
at 3,200 and 4,800; but above the woody 
region it becomes the prevailing plant, 
and, according to Gemmellaro, is lost at an 
elevation of 7,940 feet: we saw none of it 
higher than 7,500. To the same height 
rises Tanacetum vulgare, which is also ra- 
ther plentiful in the woody region at 3,000 
feet. Higher up no more shrubby plants _ 
are found; the only species that grow, 

though sparingly, on the broad and barren 

top of Etna, are Saponaria depressa, Ce- 

rastium tomentosum, Cardamine thalie- — 
troides, Viola gracilis, var. Etnensis of 

Gussone, Galium Etnicum (Bivona), Ses- 
leria nitida, Scleranthus marginatus 
(Guss. ), from 5,000 to 8,000; Seriola uni- 
Jlora (Robertia tarazacoides) as far as 
8,600, Anthemis punctata and Rumez scu- 
tatus, 200 feet higher still, at the Cima 
della Val del Bove. The first of these 
scarcely occurs lower down than 5,100, 
and is most plentiful at about 6,000. The 
Rumez scutatus is common on all the lava 
streams, descending even to the coast and. 

showing no change, in consequence of its — 
lofty place of growth, except that its foliage 

assumes a greyish hue of green, and a - 
downy surface, which are not sufficient - 
characters to constitute it a species, as is 
done by Presl, who calls it Rumex Efnen- . 
sts. On tlie Alps this plant first becomes” 
plentiful at 5,000 feet. At length, the ele- 
vation being 8,850, we lose the Senecio 
chrysanthemifolius, which lingers up to 
the highest point where any vegetation can 
be traced upon Etna; it varies with entire 
and divided leaves, which Presl has con- 
stituted two Species: both of them, how- 
ever, may be easily traced back to the 
original type. Here every vestige of vege- 
tation disappears, though, during the sum- 


Roe EET 


ue 


C—ÁÀ 


i 


ipi ai et eta 


ON THE VEGETATION OF ETNA. 93 


mer months, no snow remains lying on the 
summit of Etna, and a frightful desert of 
black fields of lava and ashes commences, 
where there is no trace of life, and nothing 
can be seen but the tracks of mules and the 
bones of these animals, which often excite 
the curiosity and the enquiries of persons 
who visit these gloomy and barren heights. 

Of the region of Lichens, to which Presl 
assigns an extent of 200 feet above the ele- 
vation of 9,000, I could see nothing, and in 
general the higher parts of Etna are very poor 
in Cryptogamia. Bryum sanguineum (?) 
grows at 7,900 feet, Grimmia leucophaa 
at 7,110, and Geastrum hygrometricum 
(Pers.), with Nidularia Crucibulum (Pt), 
at 3,000 feet. 

After having thus defined the propor- 
tions of vegetation upon Etna, I shall pro- 
ceed to make some observations, by way 
of comparing this mountain with others, 
especially with the Alps, which are situated 
about eight degrees and a half to the north- 
ward, and with the Canary Islands, lying 
nine degrees and a half southward, thus 
placed at about equal distances from it. 
What strikes most forcibly at first is the 
great poverty of species and of individual 
plants that prevails in the woody and upper 
regions of Etna, as compared with the im- 
mense contrast presented by the varied 
forms and luxuriant vegetation that clothe 
the Alps. Still Etna is rich, when viewed 
in comparison with the scanty produce of 
the Canary Islands. To the upper region 
of the Peak of Teneriffe, an elevation of 
above 5,900 feet, Von Buch assigns only 
twenty-three species of plants, while, at a 

t of 6,200 feet, Etna produces about 


fifty-two species. The reasons for this dis- 


mer is not the case with Etna; but its 
drought May serve to explain the poverty 
of its vegetation, The top of the mountain 
18 rarely covered with clouds, (though this 
may be the case with the Peak); no springs 
burst from its volcanic sides, the little water 
png down from Etna only comes be- 
low where the lava covers the original 


clayey soil, as at Aci, Paterno, Aderno, 
&c., and there is no perpetual snow lying 
on the summit, whose gradual melting in 
summer would constantly keep the ground 
in a state of moisture. Rain rarely falls, 
which is attributable both to Etna being in 
a southern latitude and to its insolated situ- 
ation, which forbids its retaining the clouds 
in their passage, as is the case with entire 
ranges of mountains. The number of rainy 
days in Catania is stated, by M. Gemmel- 
laro, as only sixty-three; and in Palermo, 
where the average is sixty-four, the quan- 
tity of rain that annually falls is said to be 
twenty-two English inches; while, on the 
southern side of the Alps, the mean quan- 
tity is stated at fifty-four, and on the plains 
of Lombardy thirty-six. Another important 
reason is the peculiar nature of the soil; 
for the long series of a thousand years, the 
original surface of the Alps has been con- 
tinually exposed to every influence of the 
weather, and no event of nature has dis- 
turbed the gradual formation of fruitful soil 
and the increase of vegetation upon it: 
but it is far different with Etna, especially 
on the higher regions. A fresh flow of 
lava, a new field of ashes, thickly and 
speedily cover the scanty vegetation, while 
another eruption destroys in a moment the 
slow and gradual production of centuries. 
Suffice it to say, that fifty-four eruptions 
have been known to take place, the average 
being one in every thirty-three years, thus 
allowing only a similar period as the age 
of the soil on the highest regions of this 
mountain. 

The following is a tolerably correct list 
of the plants which grow above the boun- 
dary line of trees upon Etna :— 

Juniperus hemispherica, Presl, Berberis 
Etnensis, Presl, (a variety only of B. vul- 
garis), Astragalus Siculus, Bivona, and 
Cardamine thalictroides, the latter is 
stated by Pres] to be peculiar to Etna, as 
well as Arenaria aristata, which is, how- 
ever, a doubtful species; A. serpylhfolia, 
Saponaria Etnensis, Potentilla argentea, 
Helianthemum glaucum, and H. levipes, 
which latter grows also on the sea shore, - 
Viola gracilis, Sibth., Cerastium tomento- 


94 ON THE VEGETATION OF ETNA. 


sum, Rumez scutatus, Agrostemma Cali 
Rosa, Sagina procumbens, Draba verna, 
ippocrepis unisiliqua, Onosma echioides, 
Thymus Acinos, Satureja Greca, Scali- 
osa montana, Seriola uniflora, Tanacetum 
vulgare, Anthemis montana, Senecio chry- 
santhemifolius, Inula montana, Asperula 
Cynanchica, Galium ZEtnicum, Saxifraga 
trilactylites, very plentiful, and S. hede- 
racea, Scleranthus annuus, Jasione mon- 
m: Oriki sambucina and pallens, 
Serapias 
apias 
ensifolia, Phalaris alpina, Saro nitida, 
Stipa tortilis, Arundo tenaz, Festuca pu- 
mila, elatior and poeformis, (the latter is 
P. Etnensis of Presl), Botrychium Luna- 
ria, Pteris aquilina, very abundant, and 
Asplenium Adiantum nigrum, common. 
From this list we learn, firstly, that the 
vegetation of Etna has nothing in common 
with that of the Alps or of the loftiest 
Apennines, between which again there ex- 
ists a great affinity : and, secondly, that it 
is equally different from that of the Canary 
Islands, to the upper region of, which be- 
long nineteen species of plants which are 
found no where else: while, thirdly, the 
plants of Etna are all common with the 
neighbouring continent and the other parts 
of Sicily, except Cardamine thalictroides, 
which grows in Calabria also; and two, 
Betula alba, and Juniperus hemispherica ; 
all the rest are likewise found in the lower 
regions of Sicily, only one plant, Genista 
Einensis, being peculiar to this mountain. 
A very striking difference will also be 
perceived, when you compare the bounda- 
ries of the various species of trees upon 
Etna with those of the Alps, as stated in 
the following table :— 
— side of Etna, Pier- 


Alps. t. ence, 
CO oL ce ; - LJ00..L 
ec KE 2,200. .1,400 
EN eus 2,500.. 3,300. . 
Chestnut usi, 2,500.. 3,900..1,400 
CURE 4,600.. 6,000..1,400 


BE E 042. 6,200. . 

Boundary of Snow 8,600. .10,448. .1,848 
At first sight it seems to be a striking 

anomaly, that whilst the limits of Corn, 


termined and equal proportion, viz. 1,300 
to 1,400 feet higher up on Etna than on - 
the Alps, the woody boundary on this | 
mountain should not rise to a greater ele- 

vation also. But this anomaly is more ap- — 
parent than real, and is not produced by | 


climate; itis solely owing to the circum- 
stance that the upper surface of Etna isso 


frequently disturbed by volcanic eruptions, - 
showers of ashes, and streams of lava, that | 


x 


no vegetable earth can be formed capable - 


of supporting the growth of trees. A clear - 


proof of this exists in the circumstance that | 


many trees succeed well far higher up in © 
other districts of Sicily, as the White Pop- — 
lar on Timpa dell'Albanello, at an eleva- - 
tion of 7,800 feet. It is easy to see why — 
the Vine, and cultivation of all kinds, does - 


not reach in proportion so far upon Etnaas — 


on the Alps. The highest situated place — 
on the south side of the volcano is Nico- : 
losi, 2,184 feet above the sea; it may, 
therefore, be concluded that cultivated — 
spots will not be seen very far above that 
point, since labour would be difficult, and 
the produce, of course, inferior to that 
which may be procured at a less cost in - 


the immediate neighbourhood of the habi- | 


tations. The plants of the woody region 
the Alps, as are those of the upper region. | 
You see no species of Ribes, Vaccinium, — 
Pyrola, Aconitum, Sazifraga, or Gentian, 
even Fragaria Vesca becomes rare, and 

there is but very little similarity with the 

vegetation of the neighbouring continent | 
of Italy. Almost every where in Calabria, | 


the mountains, at an elevation of 9,500 ta = 


4,800 feet, are clothed with a beautiful - 
green turf, consisting of various Grasses, - 
Globularia cordifolia, Astragalus mon- | 


900 tanus, Alchemilla alpina, Ranunculus — 
oo brevifolius, &c. These meadows, as may - 
easily be supposed, are wanting upon Etna, 


and not one of the above-named plants are - 
to be seen upon it; even the vegetation of — 
the other high Sicilian mountains does not - 


Pu 


1 


Olive, Chestnut, and Beech stand in a de- : i 


NS 


a 
of Etna are equally different from those of | 


—— = PR 


P 


e 


— 


eT) 


occur upon Etna. 
There is some similarity with the vege- - 
tation of the Canary Islands, where the 


MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 


boundary of the woody region is formed by 
a species of Pine, Pinus Canariensis, 
while on Etna it is P, Laricio. Pteris 
aguilina is plentiful in both; but grows 
very sparingly on the Alps. Erica arborea 
grows at a height of 4,200 in the Canary 
Islands, and of 3,800 on Etna. Instead, 
however, of the Oaks and Beeches of Etna, 
the Peak of Teneriffe exhibits woods of 
Laurus nobilis, L. fatens, and Indica. 
As to the plants of the lower region of 
Etna, they are much the same as those of 
the neighbouring continent. Few grow on 
that part of Etna, for which the climate in 
the northern provinces of Italy is too cold, 
though they may be found on the coast of 
Calabria. Spartium infestum (Presl,) 
takes the place of S. /anigerum, which is 
so common about Naples. This shrub, 
Which is covered in spring with thousands 
of golden yellow flowers, is still more strik- 
ing in summer, when it stands destitute of 
a single leaf, of a grey and mournfu 
green, its numerous twigs tipped with 
Sharp prickles, and contrasting most forci- 
bly with the beautiful frutescent Solanum 
Sodomeum, which is ornamented with large 
violet-coloured blossoms and golden berries. 
Nerium Oleander and Ricinus Africanus 
are also abundant; the latter, which only 
lives one year with us, pe attains the sta- 
ture ofa shru sis 
tree, the trunk of which cannot be spanned 
with both hands, and up which the boys 
climb to gather its fruit. Chamerops hu- 
milis, the Palmetto, so abundant on the 
South and West coast of Sicily, disappears 
altogether in the district of Etna. Between 
. the plants of the foot of this mountain and 
that of the Alps there is no resemblance ; 
à greater similarity exists between it and 
the Canary Islands, as out of the one hun- 
dred and eighty-six plants which Von Buch 
found on the lower region of Teneriffe, fifty- 
four are natives of Sicily also. This pro- 
Portionably large resemblance is owing to 
circumstance that many of the plants 
now found growing wild on the Canary 
Islands have been introduced from Europe 
by cultivation. 


95 


NOTICE CONCERNING THE LATE 
MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLEC- 
TIONS, MADE CHIEFLY IN THE 
SOUTHERN AND WESTERN 
PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


( Continued from p. 49.) 


406. Liatris sprcata, Willd es 
407. Liatris pycnostachya, Mich. 
ouis. 
Liatris pilosa, Willd.—A solitary 
s without flower came 
1833. 


w Orle 
9. Liatris gracilis, Ph.—This seems to 
differ fro pu only in the glabrous 
leaves, d ae inclines to be of 
the same opinio 
jarn laine. squarrosa, Willd.—Coving- 
n:—8. bus longius pedicellatis, 
peli then appressis vix squar- 
rosis. L. intermedia, Lindl.—St. Louis. 
—This is a very remarkable variety. but 
I do not think : can be separated from 


evo elegans, Willd.—Jackson- 

ville. St. Loui dii a smaller than 
in the following "aged 

412. Liatris d Willd. —St. Louis. 
—I scarcely see how L. spheroidea is 
distinguishable from this. 


A 
— 
ge 


plicissimo pubescente, foliis lineari-sub- 


linis numerosis brevibus arcte appres- 


, 
bracteis subulatis appressis, =e 


squamis ovato-lanceolatis imbricatis pu- 
bescenti-tomentosis.—. lectioni 'or- 
rey in Herb, nostr., Co ack- 


vington. 
sonville. N. Orleans, 1833.—8. floribus 
racemosis.  Jacksonville.—The whole 
plant has, in its dried state, a peculiarly 
pv - Stem one foot and a half 
o feet high, rts very depot 
wermost and ra: 


tuberous, but is - 
cc» from the fibrous re- 
mains of fold leaves, Dr. Torrey’s spe- 


96 
mens, and others I have received from 
' Mr. Greene, were gathered in Alabama. 

414. Liatris odoratissima, Willd. - 
vington. 

415. especies Carolinianus, Willd. 


t. 
416. Elepbastopus nudicaulis, ElL.—£ 
Carolinianus, vor. simplex 


MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 


427. MN purpureum, L.—Co- r 


vin 


428 
Jacksonville. Covington 

499. Mikania scandens, Willd. —Jackson- 
ville.—The Mikania pubescens appears 


to be only a very slight var. of M. scan- 

dens. 

Kuh UA npeenndr, L.— Jacks 
St. Louis.— 


CBgocons ues Mx.—Coving- 


It is precisely ton. Jackso 
the same as the East Indian È scaber, 432. Spilanthas dorri N Orleans, 
Wall. Cat. 9, C. 89 b, and C. 89 g 
417. Eupatorium hyssopifolium, Walt— 433. Cacalia tuberosa, Nutt.—Covington. 
Jacksonville. ington.—Some of the 434. Marshallia latifolia, Ph.—St. Louis. 
specimens, from their more obscurely 435. Marshallia angustifolia, Ph—Jack- 
toothed leaves, seem to combine the £. sonville. 
pU with the E. hyssopifolium. 436. Baccharis io oaa, L.—N. Or. 
418. Eupatorium altissimum, L.—Kuh- (n.169). Jacksonville 
nia glutinosa, Ell. (fide specim in p Conyza sich eat Ph.— Covi 
herb. nostr.)—S:. BAM I take N. OrL—Conyza RUE es 
for this plant is identic al with Mr. El- Nuit. fi (in TE of Herb. Acad. Phil.)J— 


liott’s Kuhnia glutinosa, in ih h I find 
d pappus sc scabrous, not *'beautifully 
h 
419. Eupatorium ambiguum, n. sp.? 
s 


bescens 


p 


high; leaves one and a half to two inches 
long, petiolate; the numerous flowerin 
branches at the top form a large spread- 
ing panicle of small apparently white 
flowers. 

420. Eupatorium album, L.— Covington. 
421. Eupatorium rotundifolium, L.—Co- 


vington 

422. Eupatorium ceanothifolium? Mich. 

—St. Louis. 

423. Eupatorium verbenefolium, Mx.— 
Covin babl E. 


on.—Probably the same as 
teucrifolium, Willd. 
424. Eupatorium ageratoides, L.—St. 


495. Eupatorium aromaticum, L.—Jack- 
'sonville.—The leaves are of a more ri igid 
texture and on shorter petioles than in 


species. 
i Se ad perfoliatum, L 


sonville. 


Jack- 


tioribus basi minus cordatis non 


438. Gaora bifrons, L.—£. foliis mogus 
ampl 


Gnaphalium polycephalum, Mx.— 
Jacksonville. -St Lou 4 


€ = ie purpureum, L.—New 


442. Gnaphalium plantagineum, L.—N. 
Orl. 1833. Pennsylvania. 
Liste eee Canadensis, L.—Coving- 
St. Louis. 
m "En eron ccr ck Mx.—N. Orl. 
(n. 174 eg us, Nutt. is very 
near to some s z this. 


p Srm eron ns Willd.—N. Orl. ` 


- s eron quercifolius, L.—N. Orl. 
n. 
447. Taper Philadelphicus, 
urpureus, Ait.—N 


Orl 


(To be continued.) 


ngto 3 
Celestine cerulea, Cass.—St. Louis. 


ds "n. 
44 9. M nudicaulis, Mich.—New E 


A UCM 


A 


E c a O RTE EET, 


ite 


MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 97 


450. Diplopappus Marianus, oe Chry- 
oi Jeu) N. Orl. (x. Sod 
451. Diplopappus trichophy shar (Chry- 
sopsis, Vuét.)—Covington 
ville.—This is a much taller, more erect 
lant, with narrower leaves than D 
arianus. 
459. Diplopappus sericeus, (Chrysop 
Pers. )—N. Orl. (n. 184). NER MC 
453. Diplopappus villosus, 
Nutt.) —St. 
454. Diplopappus t WU hd ag ore Eg divari- 
“sea Nutt. This 
as Mr. Nutt ms observes, widely dif- 
ferent in habit from the other species o 
the genus, a" will probably constitute 
a distinct The flowers are small ; 
the olre ainiost cylindrical ; panicle 
argo, spreading. 
ssk oltonia asteroides, L'Hérit.—St. 


456. Boltonia diffusa, 
Jacksonville 
7. Euthamia soe tee 
chyris? Less.)—Jackso 
458. Solidao scabra, Willd, —Jackson- 
Y 


(Chrysopsis, 


Ell.—Covington. 
t utt. (Bra- 


459. Solidago nemoralis, Ait.—St. Louis. 
460. Solidago serotina, Ait.—St. Louis. 
461. ees A torti ifolia, Ell.—Jackson- 
2 Solidago preet ? Ell. (non Willd. 
or Nutt J—St. L 


463. Solidago ulmifolia, N xd eem Nutt. 
in Boott Herb. no 


464. Solidago ie Dom sr Gur edi 
465. Solidago Boottii, n. Sp. ; caule erecto 
: angulato glabriusculo superne ramoso fo- 


oso, foliis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis 
integerrimis basi in petiolum alatum at- 


gr 
by : eda valued friend Dr. Boott. 


- to growing plant, of slender 
T it. Leaves on two 
inches long, renee the tapering base, 
Pow winged petiole. 


wers of a "rire size, not much 


466. a san sami ihe: ire floribus 


Siere vip —St. — St. Louis. 
Pra rcnt L.—St. Louis. 


tenui, ehm. Euthamia), 
ENS fi ER ) 


Ait.—St. Louis. ET 


Jackson- 4 


gracilis, ramis longissimis, foliis par 
Jacksonville.—Mr. Nuttall considers dis 
dinané oott. 

73. Aster DEEA: Mich.—A. sericeus, 
Vent. New.—St. Louis. 


. 474. possa Drummondii (Lindl. )n. sp. ; 


* totus 1 incanus, foliis cordato- ovatis cre- 


Radii verosimiliter cy- 
anei.” —St. Louis 

475. Aster æstivus, Ait.— 

476. Aster subasper, (Lindl) n. sp.; 
“ foliis angusto-lanceolatis subsessilibus 


capitu- 
fbn etiam 

; uis. 

477. Aster rubricaulis i ? Lam.—N. Orl. 


78. Aster attenuatus, (Lindl.) n. sp. ; 
foliis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis leevis- 
simis margine 


uiti foliolis Musicae acumina wu 
squarrosis. Lindl. MSSSS.—* S a 
omnibus huc usque notis procul dubio 
distincta, fastigiis caulis et ramulorum, 


lacem pre cksonville. 
479. Aster d acm Nees.—St. Louis. 
* An A. ericoides.’ 00 
Aster ‘Conk vfolius, Nees.—Jackson- 


cauli erecto 

racili superne d Sasi aim ramoso, 

lis Durs oblongis acutis erectis disco 

tam fere longitudinem cauli ad- 

an goes solummodo libero! floribus 

solitariis in apice ramulorum, involucri 

uamis linearibus imbricatis nenia 
acutissimis satiate subreflexis.-N. 

G 


ille. 
ssl, Aster durus Nutt. — PL of Herb. 
Acad. 


98 


—This most remarkable species of Aster 
is every where very scabrous. The stems 
1—2 feet high, neat m closel 


In general 

habit, perhaps, it comes nearest to A. 

coridifolius. I have received the same 

plant, without a name, from Dr. Torrey, 
thered in Alabama. 

L.—St. L 


483. Aster concolor, Dx Or. Jack- 
sonville 
434. Aster multiflorus, B. ciliatus. Nees. 
o 


s. 

485. Aster azureus, (Lindl.) n. sp.; foliis 
lanceolatis utrinque acuminatis scaber- 
rimis subserratis superioribus integris, 

orum subulatis, caule racemoso-com- 
posito virgato, ramulis elongatis mono- 
cephalis, involucri hemispherici foliolis 
imbricatis apice tantum patulis. dl, 
—' Est quasi hybridus inter A. rubri- 
caulem et A. multiflorum. Pikes Louis. 

486. Aster turbinellus, (Li sp.; fo- 
his oblongo-lanceolatis sibimplexicau- 
libus integerrimis, ramo gis 

obtusis sensim in sabeis. decrescenti- 


nato, ramisque filiformibus, nec rigidis 
strictis 
487. Aster mutabilis. Ait.—St. Lou 
488. Baga abe cornifolia, Nees fe ack- 
ville 


x Diplostephium linariifolium, Nees.— 
ackso: 


E Seriocarpus solidaginoides, Nees. — 
ovin 
E "Stenacts heterophylla, Nees.— St. 
492 "Boben chrysanthemoides, Willd. 
—B. glandulosa, Nutt.—St. Louis. 
493. ioco hieraciifolius, Pursh. —N. 
Orl (n. 1 18: 
i ie lobaius. Pers —N. Orl. (n. 
jM. Busnrer also finds the same 


in 
br ER da, Mich.—N. 
"Ealipadr achypo ic Orl. 


n. 
E AS i Virginica, L.—Jackson- 
497. Achillea Millefolium, L.—Covington. 


MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 


= Heliopsis levis, Pers.—St. Louis.— 
ar. minor ; floribus parvis, radiis paucis. 


N. Or. » 179). 

500. Helenium Zenuifolium, (Nutt.) ra- 

mosissimum, folis numerosissimis an- 
gusto-linearibus, pap foliolis valde acu- 
minatis. — ; Acad. 
Sc. Phil. v. 7. p. 66.—N N. Orl. (n. 177). 
Covington.—This is a most distinct spe- 
cies, but variable i à size, "- a sp 
a foot and a half in h eight 

501. Leptopoda Helenium, Nutt. — N. 
Or. (n. 178). 
mS Balduina uniflora, Nutt.—Coving- 

503. " Galardia bicolor, L 

504. Helianthus angustifolius, L 
sonville. Covington. 

ont Helianthus atro-rubens, L. — Jack- 


am.—Covington 
—J adi 


nearly allied.—Ther a spe- 


scarcely scabrous, alternate (in the flower- 
ing branches), ovato-acuminate, shortly 
petiolated, rather = leaves, three- 
nerved at the 


centi-scabrous, patent 
Flowers rather sm 
506. Helianthus heterophyllus ; (Nutt. 


t, almost squa 


“caule unifloro gracili, foliis piloso-hir- — 
sutis plerisque oppositis, radicalibus ob- 
longo-ellipticis, —— lineari-lan- — 


ceolatis, omnibus i ntegr is, "umero eai 
cinis lanceolatis acuminatis —Nutt. 
ourn. of Ac 


angu stioribusque. 


This only differs from ihe “Ala i 
ma" n the | 


St. Louis: 
latter is destitute of an 


507. Helianthus pubescens, Ell., vix alior. 1 


—Jacksonville. 


St. L ; 
508. Helianthus rachel, Willd. 
Covington. 


and var. fol. lanceo 
509. Helianthus 
510. 


latis.— 
Helianthus mollis, Ell. (an alior?}— 


511. Helianthus divaricatus, L.—- St 


very pale beneath. 
Scale of the involucre lanceolate, pubes- — 
uarrose. 


"eee 


owe muc 
the ‘Copies plant than in that from . 
L all are three-nerved. The : 


cies of Helianthus “at seo which — 


Ds. P 


Es 


LI 
TDoM——— 


 (-—— 


giganteus, L.—St. Louis. | 


MR. DRUMMOND’S 


512. anayen Virginianum, L. — 
anies. 

513. cupo ymnia Uvedalia, L.—St. Louis. 

dem Risse Canadensis, L.—St. Lou- 


515. Silphium scaberrimum, Ell. — St. 
uis. 

E ninm terebinthaceum, L.—St. 

B. piim laciniatum, L.— 


n 
eum, the leaves and whole plant 
change to a reddish brown colour. 
518. Silphiu errimum, n.sp.; caule 
elato pido, folis alternis oblongo- 
ovatis sessilibus acutis utrinque hispido- 


s scabris, oman obovatis 
planis bidentatis. —Covingt isa 


in particular, p dein clothed with 
& short down) is furnished 

with ei us, spreading, rigid hairs or 
bristles. The leaves are all alternate and 

sessile, inches long, nearly erect, 
marked with a o but very evident 
network, quite e 


tire. 
m Silphium Aides 


vos pubescentibus grosse duplicato-cre- 
natis, acheniis muticis.—N. O. 


tered short 
. lated 


hairs, more copious and stel- 
on the under-aide, the mar 


Orl 534. Ru dbeckia 
183).— 


, 585. 


0. 
zs 541. 


COLLECTIONS. 99 


wee. with beautifully jointed, purplish 
5a 


narrower than in the 
the florets of the ray, i in our specimen 
are wanting. 

523. Coreopsis /anceolata.—Covington. 


; 594. Soe crassifolia, Ait.—N. Orl. 
18 


n. 

520. Coreopsis auriculata, L.— N. Orl. 
1833, (very few specimens), oring 
— Large er leaves more div 

526. Coreopsis fripteris, Le St Lou 

527. Coreopsis senifolia, Mx.—St. ec 

Bos Coreopsis verticillata, Mec COT 


509. "Coreopsis trichosperma, Mx. —St. 
uis. Jacksonville. Covington. 


Loui 
530. Coreopsis tinctoria, Nutt.—N. Orl. 


1. Rudbeckia triloba, L— —(with cau- 
line leaves o ab) Helianthus sparsifo- 
hus, ElL—St. 

532. Rudbeckia pala, reu in Nutt. 
Journ. of Aca Sc. Philad. v. 7. p. 
71. — Covington. J acksonville—lIs it not 
the R. Radula, Ph.? 

533. Rudbeckia, purpurea, set Louis. 

hirta, L.— N. Orl. (n. 


m. 


in 

am not well able to area T that spe- 
cies from Airta. 

Rudbeckia po Vent. — St. 


se ag. in 
—R. pair: n Cav.— 
— A most distinct and well marked Sidi 
everywhere glabrous, except at the mar- 


n of the leaves 

: i L.—St. Louis. 
538. Bidens frondosa, L.—a. major ; in- 
volucri foliolis brevioribus. —St. Louis. 

. minor; — ris ——— E 
didam ville. —8t. 
539. Bidens minima, da Or. 1833. 
5 Bidens comata, L.—St. Louis. 
npe chrysanthemoides, Mx —St. 


Loui 
542. "Perihesium Hysterophorus, L.—N. 
a ed trifida, L.—St. L 
)4: rosia a, ouis. 
ad osia elatior, L.—N. Orl. 1883. 
545. Ambrosia en., Torr. MSS.; 
hirsuto-scabra, foliis ovnto-ecumii ih 
subinciso - serratis, racemis paniculatis, 


100 


-— longe bracteatis.— æ. bracteis 
vato-acuminatis valde ciliatis.—8. brac- 

his lanceolatis vix ciliatis.—£. N. Orl. 

833.—A most distinct fetum differing 

; + (from 

E River) of Dr. Taig in my Her. 


god much narrower, but equally long 
and conspicuous bracteas, "hinh ar 
moreover less distinctly ciliated. The 


lar wees bracteas readily 


548. Borkhausia Caroliniana, Nutt.—N. 
Orl. (n. 156). ramosa ; folis ple- 
rm profunde pinnatifidis. — N. Or. 


549. Sonchus leucopheus, Wil 
Orl. ad 55). Jacksonville. Covington. 
St. 


550. Ta toes elongata, Michl.—Ohi 
551. Lactuca We iri. Ell.—var. foliis 
dentatis.—St. Lou 
gene grains Mx. — Cov- 
ouis. 
553. CONS Caroliniana, Nutt.—N. Ork 
(n. 158). 
ae Knigia Virginica, Willd.—Pennsyl- 
a. 


555. Hieracium — L.—Covington. 
B. major.—Covin 

556. Chaptalia inlogrifolia, Mich. — N. 
Orl. (x. 167). 

LOBELIACEX. Br. 


557. Lobelia paludosa, Nutt. Pursh.—L. 
crassiuscula, Ell. (non Mich.)—N. Orl. 
kable 


have in- 
cluded this and the following species 
under L. crasstuscula. 

558. Lobelia crassiuscula, Mich. — L. 
glandulosa, Walt. — Jacksonville. — A 
ing species, — distin- 

guish the copious toothing of the 
e deeply-toothed, peg 
the calycine seg- 
I e the same species from 
cimens, however, are 
mue Trin in the stem and leaves. 
pave aa closest — with 


MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 


two pim 
erassiusoula) 


560. “Lobelia Claytoniana, Mich. — St. 
ouis. 
561. Lobelia inflata, L. var. valde hirsu- 
ta.—St. Louis.—I have the same hairy 
variety from poe, oon by.Dr. Tor- @ 
rey, who observes that, in that State, itis —— 


inf rs 
Lobelia eiphihitiea, L— St. Louis.— 
e. minor ; fo iis se See obtu- 
sis subintegerri z 
. Lobelia esiti T orici x: 
St. Louis v 


CAMPANULACEJE. Juss. 


T. cenpanals Americana, L.—C.acu- - 
nata. —St. om 
563. Sae an perfoliata, C.—N. Orl. 
188).— iis oes vixam- . 
Orl. 


SESER TDA —N 


ERICINEE. Juss. 3 | 


566. Clethra alnifolia, L.—N.Orl. 1823. 
a Cyrilla a racemiflora, Walt.—N. Orl.. — 
A. 


Andromeda nitida, Walt.—N. Orl. — 


569. Andromeda racemosa, Mich.—Jack- — 
sonville (in bud only). Covington Qn 
ripe fr.). Pennsylvania (fl. and old fr.). 
N. Orl. (n. 191). 

570. Andromeda Mariana, L.—Pennsyl- — 
vania (cult. ?). ; 

371. Andromeda arborea, L.—Covington. : 

ate iy Andromeda ace aen Willd —N. 4 

573. gue nex piril Bart. — 
seunayivare (6 (cu 


ee d 


L 


574. nziesia eee L. — Alle- 
ghanies. 
RHODORACEZ. 
575. Kalmia latifolia, L.—Alleghanies. 


ennsylvania. 
576. Azalea nudiflora L.— Alle 
577. Azalea viscosa, L.—N. Or 


Ont (198) 
ispida, — 


Covington, var. his ida. à 
Ph fe ed vington = 
YVACCINIEJE. 


578. Vaccinium stamineum, L. 
sylvania. N. Orl. (n. 195). 


MR. DRUMMOND’s 
579. een diffusum, gom V. ar- 
boreum, =N. Orl. (n. 
580. cond frondosum, LON. Orl. 
n. 199). 


581. Vaccinium resinosum, Ait.—Penn- 
sylva 
582. Naccinium corymbosum, TM US 
sylvania. N. Orl. (n. 197) i in fr. 
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam. 
a hho 


um, Ait.—N. Orl. 


a 
the flowers are larger, more cylindrical, 
and narrower upwards. 

- Vaccinium virgatum, L.—N. Orl. 
. 200). 
586. Vaccinium ute PL—N. Orl. 
(n.198). Covin 
587. Vaccinium igstiites, Mx. —N. 
Orl. (n. 206). 


PYROLACEJE. Nutt. 
988. Monotropa uniflora, L.—St. Louis. 
— N. 


989. Monotropa lanuginosa, Mx. 
Orl. 1833. 
STYRACEJE. 
Styrax glabrum, Cav.—N. Orl. (n. 


590. 
^ 9). 
cem ^ tempe tinctoria, L. — N. Orl.. 

592. 


wem diptera, Cav. — N. Orl. (n. 


SAPOTEJE. Juss. . 


w 

probably ya a var. of the following. 

ied ve ia iderozylon 
chrysop Modes. Mie — N. Orl. 

207 bis.) 3 


Vent. 


595. Diospyros Virginica, L.—a. 
minoribus acuminatis, N, Orl. (n. 
e foliis Dic e me acutis. N. Oil. (7. 
CH a s 4—5 uncialibus ob- 
tusis, € Loue tis leaf only.) 


EBENACE.E. 


; JASMINEJE. Juss. 

E Olea Americana, L.—N. Orl. 1833. 
3 owers maiale expanded. 

(3. us Virginica, Walt.—N. 

us epiptera, Mx. — N. Orl. 


ycarpa, Mx.—N.Onl. 


ft 210). 
zQ. 206) B) folis anaa N 


COLLECTIONS. 101 
600. Fraxinus = gin Walt.—N. Orl. 
(n. 209) leaf 
601. is id ecrit Willd. — N. 
Or. 1833. St. Louis 


ASCLEPIADEX. Br. - 


Asclepias Syriaca, L.—Umbel 
Lou 


s ter- 
minal only. St. t 
I 


eed, : Seems a ve 
603. Prisc SMEs Lyor on. St. 
Lou eaves narrower and more acu- 


~ 
S H 
vo 
oa 
"e 


i 
605. Asclepias variegata, L. — N. Orl. 
216). 


e ge paupercula, Mich.—N. 
Orl. (n. 
607. Asclepias quadrifolia, Jacq. — St. 
Lou 
: Aacle cies viridiflora, Pursh.—Po- 
lyotus, Nutt. 1834. — var. pubescenti- 
tomentosa ; tase oblongo-obovatis ob- 
tusissimi is cum mucrone, wi A 
i Co- 


o 


vin 

609. ae verticillata, L.—St. Louis. 

610. Asclepias tuberosa, L. — St. Louis. 
Covington. 

IL opea Anas Spr. — 
St. Lou N. Ol. (n. 219). 


. Orl. 
: 612. oce iati pubmed Br.—Ohi 


po oe cannabinum, L. — - St 


e A poeti hypericifolium, Ait. — 
io. 


615. v cupo be ad ee Ell. — 
N. Orl. (n.2 ie 833.— B. foliis latiori- 
bus. N. Orl. 


616. Parsonsia di Mf orsi, Br. — N. Orl. 


n. 
. 617. Enslenia albida, Nutt.—St. Louis. 


onolobus iow Br.— 
Si 


Cynan- 
Bot. oL. Ma D 


species 1s 1 in the Bot 
agazine, under the specific name here 

adopted. It is well dis shed by the 
ng 


corolla, which are longer 


.(To be continued.) 


102 CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A 
FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA 
AND THE ISLANDS OF THE 
PACIFIC. 

By W. J. Hooker, LL.D. and G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 

A.M. F.R.S.E. 


( Continued from page 38. ) 
Tris. III.—MvrisiACEA.—Cass. Less. 
l. c. p. 92. 


SUB-TRIB. L—FAcELIDEE, Less. l. c. p. 
123. 


(1.) Facelis apiculata, Cass.—Less. 
in e, 5. p. 364.—Leptalea apicu- 
lata, Don in litt. cum descr. — Gnapha- 
lium retusum, Lam.—Elichrysum re- 


usu —Valparaiso, Cuming ( 
497); Bridges (n. 227).—Buenos Ayr 
Ti e achenia are clothed with 


“ setaceo-pilose" external pappus: the 
crue is however in a simple series and 


79b. "). ‘Lucilia E es Cass.— Less. 


in Linnea, 6. p. 382 —Serratula acuti- 


nd on the tops of the moun- 
tains of Rio Jacquety and Montevideo ; 
"weed. 


Tweedie. 

793. Q) wog Chilensis (Hook et Arn 
caule o, foliis spathulato-oblongis 
iueronatis iiri nque T -tomentosis, 
tomento niveo opaco, capitulo pauci- 
(15?) floro, s Marr foliolis intimis acu- 


minatis.— Valparaiso, Cum?ng (n. 342). 
— Cordillera ? of Chili, Cuming (n. 343). 
— Unfortunately, our specimens only 


present SR old capitula, from which the 
florets have falle 


the number and structure of the radical 
florets, there can be no doubt as to the 


genus, 

794. (3.) Lucilia argentea, (Hook. e 
Arn.); caulibus MORSU rar algore 
lis, foliis lanceolato-oblongis recurvato- 

brevissimo splendenti Sets instruc- 

tis, involucri foliolis intimis acuminatis 
bias gg sub 30-floro, pappo rariter lu- 


tevides | Maldonado, Tweedie This 
Lessing 


D 
BE. 
DESE 
5 


differs from L. acutifolia, y, of 


by the pappus and inner leaflets of the 
nvolucre ; from L. nitens by the pappus 
ing equal 


more numerous floret: 


SUB-TRIB. II. —Lerizex, Less. lc. p. 120. 
795. (1.) Chevreulia filiformis, (Hook. et 
b 


Arn.); caulibus gracillimis, foliis supra 
edibus acuminatis oppositis per caules 
subequidistantibus, ramis floriferis bre- 


vibus usque ad capitulum foliosis.—St. — 


Catherine's, South Brazil.— Tweedie. 
Ep desee stolonifera, Cass.— 
nea, 5. p. 360.—Tussil 


797. e et gnaphalioides, e: ; 


abe i cosa 

tosa, foliis linearibus icit cnl 
gine revolutis integerrimis, capitulis ter- 
ninalibus orymbosis, involucri fo- 


their belonging to the genus, or even to 
Don, indeed, arranges them 


(Don); suffruticosa procumbens niveo- 


tomentosa, foliis lineari- lanceolatis acu- . 
ti 


l integerrimis, ca is solita- 
rus, involucri foliolis acutis scariosis, 
chenus sericeo - villosis r ies 


antum agnum cam 
panulatum ; Mele Kioii ovato-lan- 
ceolatis, acutis, scariosis, nitidis, pall 
scis. 


ciner reus; ra is infer- 


Ra crassioribus.— Don nd 


1.) Loxodon brevipes, Cass.— Less. — 
in Linnea, 5. —Leria exscap% - 


P 
e Cand. —Tussilago exscapa, Pers.— 
Buenos Ayres, Tweedie. — 


alparaiso, 
Cuming (n. 596); Bridges (n. 499)—_ 
ur 13 


In all o specimens, the achenium 18 


4 


k 


OTN = 


ENNERT TASA 


n 


E 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 103 


compressed, and with a very short but 
decided beak, not aar as described 
by Lessing. The numbers of rows of 


ac 
. 800. Kan Lieberkubnia bracteata, Cass 
—Less. in Lin . p. 356. erdicium 
— 2 Vahl. —Tussilago pilosel- 
oides, Pers. —St. Catherine’s, South 
Brazil, Twee 

l 


801. (1) we nutans, D C.—var. inte- 
 grifolia, Less. in Linn. 5. p. 854.— 


1 8. —L. 
albicans, DeCand.—L. itte nfolia; Cass. 
—Tussilago albicans, Ser.— Leontodon 
tomentosum, Zinn. — Monte Video, 
in een e— Lessing’ s description is very 


SUB-TRIB. IIIl.—Motistzz. Less. 
l. c. p. 93. 


80. (1 2 T M incana, 

Less. 5. p. 987 —Doronicum 
incanum, fren Jil. t. 679. f. 3.—Arnica 
i » Pers—Bichenia sinuata, Gill. 


Don in Ph. rsd Apr. 1832 M 

in Guille. Are yar 467 a Ban ks of 
the Rio St. Eaua ed other vies of the 
Banda Oriental; Province of Entre Rios; 


herein ; Province of San Lucia, Dr. 
Gillies 


i sis dem 
glabratis, involucri foliolis exterioribus 
acuminatis laxis, intimis acuminatis ra- 
dii corolle ligulis extus tomentosis lings 
aribus sub 1l-nerviis.— Less. in Linn. 
0.7.9 


involucre lanceolate, and much broader 
than that from — — in which 
they are very narro 


804. (3.) Trichocline oso Less. 


in Linn. 5. p. 289.—Plains of Monte 
Video; Tweedi be ny cimens have 
the ciet almost 

a In 


t glabro 
805. (4.) Trichocline eno (Hook 


lis omnibus a hong re radii ligulis 6- 
nerviis.—Bichenia Cineraria, Gill. 


; pilose, the rac 
hairy; so = this is a e species of 
Trichoc 

806. (5 > Trichocline plicata; “ argen- 
teo-tomentosa, foliis aggregatis sessili- 
bus lanceolatis mucronulatis sinuato-pli- 
catis, scapo longitudine foliorum, invo- 
lucri foliolis ovato-lanceolatis planis s den- 


on 
rry p and Las Achiras, Province o 


* We may here remark, with regard to Onoseris, involucri foliolis interioribus apice subulatis subula 
placed near this eene by Lessing, that Chetachlena, limbo multo breviori, exterioribus omnino setaceis. 
T Don, is the sam with Lessing’s sub-genus Cladoseris, North Peru, Lima, &c 3. O. odo- 
of which the ficte following species, allied in the rata (Hook. et Arn.) foliis sessilibus oblongo-lance- 
shape oj the lea iu being annual, may be t olatis basi attenuatis, involucri foliolis interioribus 
lng a 1. O. annua, ( Less.) foliis sessilibus seta flexuosa limbum equanti terminatis, exterioribus 
Ce MES tis, involucri foliis extimis innocue ommino setacei Pur 
us breviuscule et subito acumi- rachuca, ped fre ES ico Led 
umingii (H have a rachis whie 
basi valde E M Ud. car paleaceo-fimbrillifera, ond Mesi getto 


104 


San Lucie ; ai Gillies, Don in litt.— 
This we have not seen 

(1.) Chastanthers (Bichenia) deal- 
bata, foliis aggregatis petiolatis — 
repando-dentatis dealbatis, scapo fo 
longiore, involucri foliolis iatonchstin 
acuminatis carinatis.—Bichenia dealba- 
ta, Don MS s Peu- 
quenes; San Nas 
Laguna; Monte de San Antonio; all in 
pe Andes of Mane? De "Gillies, Don 


n litt 

808. (2.) Cheetanthera (Bichenia) Berte- 
roana, Less. Syn. p. 111.—Bichenia au- 

rea, Don in Linn. ‘se. Tr. 18. p. 237 — 
Province of Maule, Cuming (n. 835).— 
Perhaps there may be a mistake as to 
Cuming's locality, as Don states it to be 
a native of Coquimbo. This differs from 
all the other * aba of Chetanthera, by 
having a leafless scape, by the leaves 
th ents ei- 

nna 

many-nerve 


essentially by the d ligule 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


perio, and precisely d in his Euthrizia 
is. The leaves are from a line to 
an inch long. Cheri = Ra 
Lessing’s p AEN eR are the same 
uw or sub-genus. 
, (4) e cte (Chexina) linea- 
abra! multicaulis, 


— interioribus se ensim 


Mag. ; 
Jide Don in Guill. Arch. 2. p. 467.— 
Llay-Llay on sandy plains, ren (n. 
128). Valparaiso, Cuming (n. 655, in 
Herb. Hook.)—Easily distinguished from 
the last by the shape of the outer leaflets 
of the involucre. We do not know Ch. 
linifolia, Bert. Accordin 
ipe idm the leaflets of the involucre 


ofthe ray: the habit is entirely that of 811. 6) ian thera (Euchætia anthera) 


Trichocline, from which it differs by the 
smooth, not papillose, filaments, gla- 
brous rachis, and Chilian locality. As 
however, all the species of Trichocline 
have likewise more than four conspicu- 
ous nerves, perhaps they and the Biche- 
nia of Don ought, on that acċount, to be 
united. Mr. Don (in sige remarks that 
Aphyllocaulon, Lag. is same with 
Bichenia, but Cassini cose Lessing re- 
fer it to Gerbera, all the species of which 
are from the Ca: 
809. (3.) Cheetanthera ctm) micro- 
phylla, (Hook. et Arn.) annua glabra 


multicaulis, caulibus umbellatim peii 


the 
aa of ds m not sufficient to 
Mark a permanent variety. n says 
that t the inner lip of the radical florets is 
acutely bidentate : it is, in reality, bi- 


villosa (Gill.); villosa perennis(?) caule 


na.)— in 
i im 1832,) p. 591. in Ce Ar es 2. 
466.—Ascent to El Planchon, Andes 
of Mendoza , Dr. Gilles. 
812. (6.) Chetanthera (Euchet.) serrata 
R. et P.), repens stolonifera, caulibus 
subsolitariis monoceph 
libus cuneatim oblongo-linearibus, cau- 


linis alternis, involucri campanulati i y 


Proselia serrata, Don i 
16. 22 235 I Posdiciun Chicas, Willd. 

acienda de a i,” Province 
of Valdivia, Bridges 


PEUR 


813. (7.) Chætanthera (Euchet. ) argentea 


(Don); cæspitosa pluricaulis peren 
caule monocephalo, folis radicalibus 
cuneato-line rratis, invo- 


_ espe m 
omnibus (intimis exceptis) apice folis 


n11nea 


linearibus — apicem spinoso- peni A 
tis—D h. Mag. ( n ne Ls 
391. i n Guill. ees he 9. p.48 


ule monocephalo, foliis radica- 
issime cuneato - linearib 


versus apicem serratis, involucri campa- 


xia, and - 


on E E 


em Ria ai quio e 


aribus pium se d 
nulati foliolis albidis fere — 


Andes, Cuming (n. 182). Tapai E 


i 
i 


HEN -——M—ÀÁ— 


Berta 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 105 


nulati foliolis purpurascentibus, extimis 
foliaceo-appendiculatis, a ndiculis an- 
tissime liearibus.—a. involucri -— 

lis oa capitulo minore | On rus 
thera tenuifolia, Don in g. (A pe. 

832,) p. 391; in Guill. ek 4 p. 407. 

— Valparaiso, nais n. 660). —Ma- 
thews e » — Playa Ancha, near Val- 
dges (n. 127).—8. involucri 
. Che- 


tanthera enano Gill. — Don in Ph. 
ag. (Apr. 1832,) p. 391. in Guill. 
Arch. 446.—Las Cuevillas, Andes 


of Mendoza, Dr. Gill 
tinct, but with difficulty characterized 
from Chetanthera serrata; in this 
however, the stems are very cespitose, 

m th 


ot creeping 
root. In Chetanthera serrata, the ro 


o may 
" this species be Ghutantheraa spinu- 
a, C 


815, Ko Chætanthera (Euchet.) ciliata, 
Don 


vw c^ — n Linn. Soc. Tr. 
vm . Mag. (Apr. 1832,) p. 
391. in Guil Arch 2. p. 486.— Less. 


. 9. p. 283. Syn. p. 113.—Near 
Collina, Bridges (n. 132). —Cordilleras 
of Chili qum (n. 202).—This is an 
annual pla 


816. (10. M Comer VR (Euchet.) ramo- 
on) ; 


sissi annua, caule plus mi- 
nusve aap polycephalo, folus cauli- 
hs Seplus oppositis, capitulo subcylin- 


Brie, Wei a foliolis extimis pat atulis 
stissim mo - lineari ibu: 


ni fag. 
832) p». 391. in Guill Arch. . 
— Clieianthera Kunthiana, Les 


tenella, Less. l c, p. 114 mpla de- 
pauperiora.)— Valparaiso, Cuming (n 
856 —Near Vina la M 

Enige: (n. 124 and 125). —Cordilleras 
of m O Cuming (n. 23 240).— 
Very ailer: as to acie i the 
add in metimes almost simple. 


The leaves € usually opposite, but 
Occasi are, also, alternate on the 
Same specimens: those of the involucre 

from acute to acumi he 


Tachis is furnished with a papilla, or soft 
prickle, under the centre of each ache- 
e, - in Don's Centroclinium, and - 
os y other genera of th } 
both of this a 


omposite, 
the de tribes The 


ray is only slightly, not thrice, shorter 
than the involucre. 


817. (11.) Chistasthers nevis arius sy 


incana (Po epp.); annua multicaulis 

incana, caulibus dicm in folis 
—— oblongis alternis vel opposi- 
tis, involucri ca 
re ee c spinuloso- 
serratis interioribu: us scariosis apice ro- 
tundatis. — Less. in Linn. 5. p. 984. 
Syn. p. 116.—Chetanthera spathulata, 
Poepp.— Less. in Linn. 5. p. 285; Syn. 
pP. 116.—Cheetanthera scariosa, Don D 


. Voy. p. 29. (excl. syn. )— Valpa- 
raiso, Cruoktha nks ; Macrae ; Dr. Gil- 


Lessing’s two species, = found that 
both the colour and s the outer 
lip of the "an are Pii to consi- 
derable v 


ation. 
818. (2) "Ohsstüintherk (Prion.) flabel- 


lata (Don) ; annua glabra! multicaulis 


us cuneatis duplicatis argute spinu- 
loso-serratis foliis foliolisque exte- 
rioribus cuneati-obovatis.—Chetanthera 


in Ph. , 
p. 391. in Guill. Arch. 2. 
Pa Nolasco, Andes of Chili, Dr. Gil- 


819. KOX — MEE Ed 


ba ta, Le Syn. ap I —Tyll oma hm 


bes well as the er ‘of the 
leaves, is frequently sprin with pe- 
dicellate de m as noticed by Mr. Don; 


e margin, therefore, appearing as if 
i ular t 


pei 2s of, at least, two rows; 


106 


the outer is Me and very caducous; 
the — - persistent, and has its rays 
e base, so that it is almost 


ner, though very short, bifid lip to the 


820.. (a) Chetanthera (Tylloma) pustl- 
: t Ar : llo pusillum, 


e have pointed 
out a mistake of the transcriber of the 
French edition of Don's paper, the outer 
ip of the ray is really not bidenticulate, 
but distinctly with three teeth; we have 
not been able to observe an inner lip. 


PACHYLJENA. Don, MSS. 


821. “ Involucrum subrotundum, multi- 
plici ordine, polyphyllum, foliolis oblon- 
s, coriaceis, adpressis, glabris, 
intimis pum gioribus, radiantibus. Ra- 
chis nuda. pegar radii elongati, ligu- 
lati fæmineis staminibus sterilibus, la- 


bilabiaá, labiis subeequalibus revolutis ; 
exteriore ligulato, 3-dentato; interiore 
bipartito, laciniis MecTrARUC eR spi- 
raliter revolutis. Filam 
linearia, canali 


res extremitate lacerato- 
t rami crassi, obtusi, 


erecti, bipollicares, simplice 
— ces foliis i lipulats 
ornati. Folia ait 


mbra: 
petiolata, date been obtusa, eros e den- 


m, magnum 
sessile. Corolle albe. Tavolini gla- 


brum. Pappus niveus —Gen s Aa 
admodum affine, sed satis differt." — 
1n litt. 

822. (1.) P. folia, Don.—On loose 
débris, rear del ‘Ceno Pelado, on 
the ascent to ] de los Manantides. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A 


827. a sole cuneifolia, Don in 
Soc. T| 15. p. 202.—4. 


FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


Dr. Gillies.—This differs from Chetan- 


thera by the non-plumose pappus, and 
apparently by the style of the bisexual 
florets not being pulverulous. 


BRACHYCLADOS. Jon, (char. reform.) 


823. * Involucrum 5-phyllum, basi brac- 


teolatum ; foliolis ovato- lanceolatis acu- 


cult radi uniseriales bello i fieminei, 


labiis subeequalibus, revolutis ; exteriore 


tridentato; interiore bipartito. Fila- 
menta glabra, levia. Anthere basi bi- 
setosee: setis plumosis. Séylus radio 


indivisus, obtusus, sulcatus, glaber, re- 
curvatus, disco lobis abbreviatis, cunea- 
tis, — — Achenia cune- 
ata, 9-gona, erostrea, dense papillosa. 
Pappus capillaris, scaber, persistens, 

serialis, cinereùs.— x rigidi. 


ia, mucronata, margine revoluta, in- 
i epa cep solita- 
ulata.” Don in 


Imperial and Yao de las Salinas, An- 
des of Mendoza, Br. Gillie es. ern 


Cheta erii from eei the habit is 
so very different, that the two genera 
ought not to be co 


njoi 
825. (1.) Proustia pyrifolia, De Cand.— 
n. 5. 0. 


Less. in Lin Don in Linn. 


Soc. Trans. 16. p 


. baccharoides Don 


spinulosis subtus niveo-tomentosis, ca- 
pitulis 3-floris paniculatis, involucri fo- 
liolis obtusis. Mendoza, Dr. Gillie 


en Pappi ; radit 
albi apice penicillati. f 


we have not seen, but we possess a 


cimen from Coquimbo, in which the cà — 
pitula are quite unexpanded, but which — 


agrees otherwise with Don's character. 

inn. 
P- —a. spin nulosa ; 

foliis pines €—— oh spinu- 


Tu 
cosa, foliis oblongis. mucronatis dentato- — 


pilo : 
Doni in litt —This 


TR tere 3 
2 sii ~ 


SHR Gat 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


loso-mucronatis is Posed basi attenu- 
atis.—P. 


. p- n in litt. — 
æ. San Pedro near Quillota, Bridges (n 
). Province of Maule, Cuming (n. 


y, South Se secre 
n. 806, has the others twice 
; and his z. 838, twice as small 
as the usual size. So far as we can judge 
from Mr. Don’s description, his M. trun- 


form described by him, 
but, when closely examined, they are 
“nage veined. 

(2.) Mutisia (Guarizuma) auricu- 
crt Poepp.—M. spinosa, Less. Syn. p. 
105. (non R. et Pav.)—Near El Castil- 
lo KY Ni iebla, Bay of Valdivia, Bridges 

(3.) rur Guarizuma) Jat P 
cos ue Trans. s 270. 
Less, Syn Y 104. Names: Cum- 

g (n. 438); nm (n. 300) ; Baths 
of Collina, Mac 


831. G2 Musis S (Guatizama) Mesrine 
Cav. A . 105. 


Less. 
n in Pee Soe: Trans. 16 1 th 
Villa Vicenzia and Punta de los Ninus, 


— Andes 


Or- 


ra 
a, etie ci (n. 306). — The 


ways more or less decur- 
equently furnished 


— species. 
833. (6.) irae OE He o 
K 


107 


with a mucronate point, instead of a 
tendril. We do not know M. tarifo- 
lia, Less.; but it appears to approach 
too closely some of the forms of this 


nosa, C. Bot. 
Micki pies on MA ais ss 
Arroyo del Truyan, and Valle del Yeso, 


834. C2 ae (Holophyllum) subu- 
lata, t Pav $. 3 
273. E i ap los. mer inflexa, Cav. 
Don in Soc. Trans. 16. 
a, iie ser glabra, caule gracili foliis 
magnopero reflexis haud decurrentibus, 
radii ligulis atro-purpureis.— M. infleza, 
Cav. Ic. 5. t.496. Hook. Bot. Mis we. 1.4.6. 
—8. rosea ; caule gracili p cado 
foliis patenti-reflexis superi 
guste decurrentibus, capitalo ibam 
fl nti - ‘et s . rosea, 
Less. Syn. major, caule 
validiore, folis bores suberecto-pa- 
ntibus d de iati capitulo 
paullo aa quam in z., radio flaves- 
centi-roseo.—a. Alto ae Puente, Chili, 
AMr.Cruckshanks. Valparaiso, Dr. Beck. 


Cuming (n. 88).—Caxon de Zapata, in 
Chili, Dr. Gillies.—8. Cordillera of Chi- 
li, Bridges 


305).— 
The outer ed of the ray is three- toothed, 
not entire, as Lessing seems to say in his 
Synopsis, although in the n (I. c.) 
he describes it correctly. adly 
adopt the older name, given ss Ruiz 
and Pavon, as the leaves are neither in- 
a nor have they an inflexed mar- 
nt 


5. (8) Mutisia — — ace- 


M oe n. 
ulicina, Don. in IM T M (ir. 1532) 

P: uill. Arch. 2. p. 467.—Cor 
dillera of “Chili, ME (n. 305. - Ou 
dillera an i untains of Aconcagua, 

i Bridg 303.) 

836. (9j Nus jio. lineari- 

folia, Cav. K . -Hook. Bot. Misc 
1 Very omit gere hs gal species, and somewnat 
intermediate b hastata, Cav., is M. 


Mathewsi, (Hook. and Arn. Y foliis integerrimis cir- 


Asie - the M woolly. Te leaflets of the i in- 


with i in the upper ones is often woolly. This is es- 
dily distinguished from M. subulata, by the sagittate 


only base of the leaves. 


108 


a a 

yon vl near El Casco de las Damas, 
Dr. 

837. do) Mutisia Moro Im 

Jolia.— ek: ess. 

Syn. p. pem Perte near Ei Ag cent 

Lorro. Andes of Mendoza, Dr. ‘Gillies. 


HYALIS. Don. 


.. Involucrum polyphyllum, adpresse 
oon Rachis epaleata, fimbrillis 

osis brevibus singulo s 
Hook. et Arn. 0$- 


bipartito ; segmentis solutis, linearibus 
acuminatis revolutis. Filament 


- nia ovato-oblonga, ventricosa, erostria, 
10-costata ; costis elevatis, basi = 


ix repens. Caules erecti, simplices, an- 
gulati, pedales vel ultra. Folia (Bu- 
pleuri) sessilia; lanceolato - linearia, 

nte 


by the rachis not being hairy, pra 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


sub achenio 841 
Arn. Fi. 


pappus, and by the perfectly m A 

style. 

. 840. (1.) Gochnatia Hodreio n a 
inn. 5. p. 263. Syn. 


cordata, Less. in 
p. 103.—On the highest rire and 
hard dry barren plains of Portalegre, 


Rio Grande, and Rio Jacquety, Tioesdit : 


Subgenus PENTAPHOnUS. Don. 


Frutices Chilenses v. Mendocinenses, 


oliis sessilibus, basi attenuatis, demum i | 
b 


52) p ; 
d Evora and La Se ultura, Andes X 


of Ted Dr. Gillies.— This is distin- 


guished from all the fdowing species of — 
y the numerous florets. _ 


this sub- toco 
ies the capitul 


(3.) Teese cori pyri- — 
li : 


olia Don in 


" Mag. G- 
») p- 392. in Guill. Arch. 2. p. 468 


— Caxon del Rio Tinguirica, Andes of 


Chili, Dr. Gillies. 


843. (4.) ON Heats. rigi- 


is mucronulatis, oe 


da, Don, * foliis 


mosissimus. Folia ficilicar ia, sesquipol- 


licaria, resinosa. Capitula 5-flora. ee 


pus cinereus." Don in litt.— 
on nam 
o differ in no respect 


G. pyrifolia, ts by the leaves being 
narrower. We have not seen G 


e 
utex rigidus, ra- «| 


i Dou d in litt. d filiale 
i . Trans. 16. P. 


ae aes = 


e 2 
— M 


"e 


eds 


* 


pus rotundatis — Ghara cau- 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


nosa, Don in litt. —Pentaphorus gluti- 
. es Gill. Don in Phil. Mag. (Apr. 


capitu tula 
are five-flowered and per nier leaflets 
of the involucre lanceolato - subulate ; 
pappus tawny-coloure 


Subgenus ? NARDOPHYLLUM. 


Frutex ramis albo- secede foliis ses- 
silibus linearibus subtus tom : 


pitulis 5-floris, eimi iore amis æqua- 
lifloris; styli ramis longiusculis ! pappo 
plumoso ! 


845. (6.) Sb a Diced RE. re- 
voluta (Don); foli earibus mucro- 
natis margine be subtus ramu- 
lisque lanuginosis, hie foliolis sca- 

riosis mucronatis, pappo subplumoso.— 

Pentaphorus rosmarinifolius, Gill. MSS. 

—La Travesia and La Pu 


itula daoii apice rT, 5- 
* : 


Specimens from the eastern side of the 
Andes; but the above description, taken 
from them, agrees so well with those 
Which we possess from Chili, foi Cum 
ing, that w 


e 
Structure of the caude at the base of the 
anthers. 


Subgenus? CycrorEPis. Don. 


Frutex canescens, foliis lineari-lanceo- 850. 


latis planis, 


laceris; — ——--« 
846. (7) ere e a setoso. 
Ochnatia rat ber enisto- 
ides, ) Gochnatia C aee 


, longi- 


LOC —Cyclolepis genisto- 
ides, Gill. Don i Apr. 
1832,) p. 392, in Guill. Arch. 2. p. 468. 

: —Nom. vem., Usil Mendoza, Dr. 

Gillies, enis Argentina, North Pa- 

. fagonia, Tw * At Guardia Ar- 
. Bentna, the ginti parts of this shrub, 


: o better than the of an old 


ush, afford the only fire-wood.” 


_ 847. 


109 


Go Men except the longer branches 
of the : 

diee i Lnvolucrum multiplici 
ordine polyphyllum, globosum, imbrica- 
tum ; foliolis subrotundis adpressis, sca- 
riosis, dilatatis. Rachis nuda. Flosculi 
infundibuliformes, hermaphroditi — 


tose setis laceris. Styli rami semicylin- 
dracei, 


appus setaceo-paleaceus, longus 
pluriserialis, fulvellus; radiis 
apice profundis serratis.—Frutex ramo- 
sissumus, canescens. Rami denudati, 
senate striati. Folia sparsa, lanceolata, 
a; a, plana, integerrima, sericea, ca- 
ie jas per ramos sparsa, suleettilia 
(3 AME D 
Syn. p. 101.—Rio 


pallide cinereo tectis, capitulis 3—6-nis 
brevissime pedicellatis subracemoso fas- 
ciculatis, involucri maris subcylindraceo 
floro floribus breviori, foliolis vil- 
exterioribus ovatis 


m 


pina, 
Less. Sn. p: 2 96— Kalle de las Lenas 
Amarillas, Andes of nine. Dr. Gil- 
lies.—Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (n. 
234).—Los Ojos de Aqua, Bridges (n. 


2.) uiraga dad P Gill.— 
Dons Phil. pis (Apr 1892p BS 
in Guill. Arch. 2. p. 4 

Kanin, Andes of ines — E 


851. (939) Chuqui hystrix, , Gill. — 
CC À Phil. Tet c. in Guill. de 
L c. — Ascent from Portezuelo, 


del Imperial, 
pingi — East coast of South pem 


853. mB} 
Donin Phil. 
Lc. Los Gegenes, Mendoza, 


110 


lies.—Guardia Argentina, half-way be- 
tween pep e Nap 
of Los 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A 


FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA, 


to.— Near the Laguna de Ran 


Mat: gu ; 1 
Province of Valdivia, Bridges (n. 789) 


—Lessing says that t 
labrous ; 


he style is quite 


huit ut all ours were truly bi- 


A ulicina, Hook x 858. Q) Piptocarpha ezcelsa, (Hook 


mL. incan 


low El Hoyo Colo- 
rado, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. 


PIPTOCARPHA. Hook. et Arn. 


7. 


poyphylum sa ramen foliolis e. 
o-ciliatis. 


minea 2), equaliflora, discoidea. Rachi. 
villoso-fimb brillifera, bracteolata ! bracte- 
olis perne plu- 


— eo Stylus 1 


The osculis 
prot racer agisce Achen 
eros 


m 
tre, breve, longe denseque ice: 


si, Juniores shi rerom 

a alterna, ri a, penni 
lato-venosa, nitida, adulta vob 

isang subcorneo incrassato, integer- 


rima pu to-mucronata. Petioh his- 
pido - pubescentes, supra canaliculati, 
rticulati. Flores solitarii 


, omnibusque aliis hujus "tribus 
itarum distinctum rachide pa- 


857. (1) Pi tocarpha diacanthoides, 
(Hook et i pe capitulis soli- 
hri involucri foli 


itis: — X sem omean 
Less. S 95.— Nom. vernac. Palo 


860. 


861. 


Arn.); a 


owing to the height of Ea 
thirty to sixty feet, with a girth o 
feet. Cuming (n. 328). —Jn all the t 
cimen ns we me seen, the anthers were 


Tu mperfect 
859. 


(8.) Schlechtendalia luzulefola, 

ss. ?n Lin E n. p. 93.— 
Dry dasbinte - the mouth of Rio St. 
Lucie, and Monte Video Hill, Tweedie. 


Tris. IV.—Cvsanz E. Less. Syn. p. 4. 


(1.) Centaurea Chilensis, Bert.— 
Hook. et ae in Bot. of Beech. pue 
ception, Messrs. La 


one capitulum 
(2). Centaurea Jficeen, (Hook, et 
Am.); caule suffruticoso ram moso - 


precipue albo-tomentoso, 


nocephalis siete foliis pinnae 


utrinque breviter albide floccoso- tomen- 
tosis, segmentis linearibus vel oblongis 


bris, 


ins of Entre Rios; moist 
ground on the: coast of Rio St. ' Lucie, 


Beas ee eon 


Sev 


uL E 


airo 


— e 


—aÀ ià 


j 


PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS. 


Banda Oriental ; Wood on the South side 
of LagodeLospillos and Nee nae, 
Tweedie.—V ery closely allied to C. s 

pervirens, but the specimens before us 
of that species (from the Avignon Gar- 
den), have the capitula ovate or nearly 
globose, and the leaflets of the involucre 


(Hook et 

rn. o OS werk 
caule humili subsimplici scabro us 

ad capitulum dense foliato, foliis inden 


tis pu- 
enti-scabris, capitulo tu bined, cx 

ohio foliolis late scarioso -ma rginatis 
spinula rigidiuscula brevi terminatis, 
flosculis radii neutris.—C. aspera, Dom- 
bey, MSS. (non Linn.) — La Plasilla, 
cR E Bridges (n. 119); Cum- 
ing (n 

864. (5) dm elongata, o) 
— C. diluta, AZ? Salzm. Pl. Ti 
(certe). Buenos tsi geb d 
ien, Tweedie. 

865. Ce ues (ake ae esf.) — 
Buche: Ayres (cult.) Tı 

866. (7.) ORE ea Tae —Less. 

n vara . 86.—C. Americana, Spr 
st. Veg. 3. p. 407. 

Ez n 


.—Juan ‘ 
Valparaiso, Bridges (n. 116).—Plen- 
Y on all dry ban 


ve seen, do not differ fróm this spe- 
cies, 


867. (8.) Centaurea Calcitrapa, Linn.— 
Monte Video, rough places by the side 
9f La Plata or introduced). — 
e 

868. 


ng good profit nn d 
tle cost ; : zs ss A peter 

R general tee for iiebeniue milk, Thick 
“the cong by simply dipping them into 


(To be continued.) 


M 


111 
PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL 


OBSERVATIONS MADE IN CO- 
LUMBIA. 


By Professor William Jamieson, of Quito. 
(Communicated by the Author.) 


Climate is one of the first agents which 
operates on the propagation of the human 
race over the face of the globe, presenting 
itself sometimes as a benignant conductor ; 
at others raising a hostile barrier which 
science and industry slowly overcome. 
The Spaniards, who peopled that part of 
South America, now under consideration, 
as soon as they had formed, on the coast, 
the establishments necessary to preserve 
their connexion with the mother country, 
seem to have traversed, hastily, the fertile 


. but insalubrious low-lands, to meet on the 


Cordillera, a temperature adapted to their 
habits and constitution. The dominion of 
the Incas had, upon similar principles, ex- 
tended itself along the immense ridge; 
and the descendants of the conquerors and 
conquered are, to this day, found united 
on the same elevations, from whence the 
population has descended gradually into 


. the plains; and would have done so much 


more slowly, but for the importation of the 
African race, who find, on the sandy coast 
ultry s savannah, a climate congenial 


of the bronzed race, which constituted the 
empire of the Incas and of the Zipas, has 
, constantly exhibited a constitutional type so 
different from the tribes of the same race, 

now thinly scattered through the plains 
The dominion of the Incas 


itself in the lowlands. 
tion of the dry narrow tract of the Peru- 
vian coast, their empire was exclusively 
of the mountains; and the Indians who 
speak the Quichua or general language of 
the pe still — ya same prefer- 
ence for cold an , sleep- 
ing in the open air, rather than andik a 
roof, and exhibiting an unsurmountable 
repugnance to descend into the hot coun- 
try, where they fall victims more rapidly 


112 


than even the Europeans. The latter, 
although commercial interests have led 
them to form establishments on the coasts, 
and more partially on the great rivers, 
may be said to live in a state of perpetual 
hostility with the climate. Their com- 
plexions become sallow ; their frames fee- 
ble; and, although where heat is uncom- 
bined with great moisture, as in Cumana, 
Cero, and Maracaybo, they are subject to 
few diseases of a violent character; the 
strength is gradually undermined, and the 
species may be rather said to vegetate than 
to increase. The individuals of African 
race, who complain of cold when the 
yearly mean is 75°, alone develop all the 
physical strength and energy of their cha- 
racter in the hot lowlands of the coast and 
interior. The mixed race, or people of 
colour, unite to bodily hardihood, intre- 
pidity, ambition, and a deadly feeling of 
those prejudices which, in spite of laws, 
continue to separate them from the white 
descendants of the Spaniards, who thus 
encounter, both in the high and lowlands, 
two races, in whom the seeds of hostility 
have been sown by injustice; and, fostered 
by mistaken feelings of interest and vanity, 
know not how soon they may ripen to a 
vengeance destructive of all the prospects 
of civilization. It is on the mountain 
slopes of from 3,000 to 7,000 feet, we meet 
with a climate analogous to our ideas 
both of health and pleasure. Raised above 
the noxious miasmata of the coast, we 
dwell in perpetual summer, amid the 
rich vegetable productions of nature — 
amid a continued succession of fruits and 
flowers. This picture, however, must not 
be considered as universally exact. In 
the unbroken forests, where population 
has made little progress, the sky is often 
clouded, and the soil deluged with conti- 
nual The western declivities of the 
Andes, which front the Pacific, are parti- 
cularly exposed to this inconvenience. 
It might be expected that, with re 


however, as in as regards the bano 


PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS 


of European race, does not seem exactly — 
to take place. It is true they escape the — 
bilious and intermittent fevers, so preva- E. 


lent in the lowlands ; but they are gene- 


rally subject to typhus, dropsy, goitre, and 
such complaints as indicate constitutional 
debility, Nor do we find among them 
either the muscular strength or longevity - 
of the Indians or Africans, and still less of 
the nations of northern Europe. Are the 
diurnal changes of temperature, to which 
they are exposed, less favourable to health 
than the alternation of European seasons, 
which expose the frame to changes equally 
great, but less rapid? Or, must we rather 
look for the cause in their domestic habits, 
which exhibit a strange mixture of effemi- 
nacy and discomfort ? 

When we examine the social and politi- 
cal effects of climate and localities, we are 
struck with their powerful effect on the 
past struggles and present fate of the coun- 
try. The cities of the coast must be con- 
sidered as the inlets, both of European 
products and European ideas. Liberal 


the difference betwixt Venezuela and the 3 
South and centre of Colombia, indicating — 


a distinct and more rapid career of civi- - 
lization and prosperity. The branch of . 
the Andes, which transverses Venezuela, is 
much inferior in elevation to the ridges 
of Quito and New Grenada. The whole of 
the inhabited part of it belongs to the hot 
country, or temperate mountain zone. The 
following are the heights of the principal - 
towns through its whole extent :— 


Feet. Mean temp. 

Caracas ..... 2908... ZI PN 
Valencia..... L406 .... 70e 
Barquisimeto. 485 .... 78° 
Toniyo.;.... 2,058 75^ 

o aos . fie 
Merida...... 5,280 .... 66° 
Cucuta, about 400 .... 83° 


The differences of climate and produc- 
tions, betwixt the different parts of bc 


MADE IN 


country are consequently trifling, and form 
— mo bar to general communication betwixt 
- the coast and interior. There is, therefore, 
an amalgamation of ideas, an homogenity, 
if we may use the term, in the mass of 
feeling and opinions on political subjects. 
The population is not only more enlight- 
ened, but, what is of more importance, 
more equally so. A different state of things 
. presents itself when we examine the centre 
and South. The main ridge of the Andes 
ascends rapidly from the frontier of Vene- 
zuela, and by its direction from North to 
South, places the population at a continu- 
ally increasing distance from the sea-ports 
ofthe Atlantic; while its superior eleva- 
tion producing a different climate and tem- 
perature, gives birth to new habits and a 
distinct nationality. To descend to the 
coast from these altitudes, is a matter both 
of risk and difficulty. The line betwixt the 
“ Llaneros” and “ Serranos” is strongly 
wn, and a separation of character evi- 
dent. The country from Cuenta to Bo- 
gotà, through Pamplona and Tunga, has 
a mean elevation of from eight to ten 
thousand feet, and temperature of about 
59 Fah. It is true that Bogota commu- 
i nicates with Europe, by the valley of the 
tss Magdalena ; but the length and inconve- 
ix nience of this channel of intercourse ren- 
s der it accessible but to few. Hence the 
2 e of opinions in New Grenada, 
Where the civilization of the superior class 
is out of proportion with that of the bulk 
of the peo ple. 
- The Quitenian Andes afford us another 
peur Allustration of this view of the 
Bien The following is the line of ele- 
Vations betwixt Quito and Chimborazo : 


E Feet. Mean temp. 

* Qnto...... 9,597 .... 59° Fah. 
Latacunga .. 10,285 .... 57° 

.. Ambato... E. 
Riobamba .. 9,377 .... 57° 
Guaranda .. 9,075 .... 58° 


The Toads, which descend to the coast 
: , are few, almost impassable, are 
to no sea-port of importance, ex- 


COLOMBIA. 113 


cept Guayaquil. Journeys thither, are 
undertaken with fear and hesitation; and 
the character of the Serranos is marked 
with all the traits of isolation resulting 
from the geography of the country. 

Next to the direct influence exercised 
by climate, on the frame of man, we may 
consider it, relatively to the facility it 
affords of nourishing him, and advancing 
his progress in civilization. The most 
important presents made, by the Old to 
the New World, are Cattle and Cerealia. 
The only domesticated quadruped known 
to the Indians was the Llama, which fur- 
nished, like the sheep, with thick wool, 


unwillingly descends, or is propagated in | 


the sultry lowlands. The horned cattle of 
Europe, on the contrary, have multiplied 
almost equally on the plains and on the 
paramos. On the farm of Antisana, for 
instance, at an decid of from twelve 
to sixteen thousand feet, there are no 
less than four thousand head. The herds, 
raised on the plains of Venezuela, as on 
the Pampas of Buenos Ayres, are, or were 
previous to the revolution, almost count- 
less. Two immense magazines of animal 
food are thus placed, at the two extremes 
of temperature, in situations uninterfered 
with by agricultural labour. The horse 
has been destined to figure in the political 
changes of the New World. The fear and 
respect with which he inspired the natives, 
at the period of the conquest, is well 
known: they have since multiplied prodi- 

giously in all parts of the country, but 
more especially in the plains of Venezuela. 
There, during the war of independence, 
Paez, and other guerilla chiefs, at the head 
of an irregular ca intained by 


cavalry, and main 
the cattle, defied the efforts of the Spanish 


. infantry, and kept alive the embers of the 


revolution. 

The best kind of horses are those that 
are bred in the lowlands, and brought to 
the mountains, at about four years old, 
where they acquire hardihood by the in- 
fluence of a colder climate; 
hoofs, accustomed only to soft pasiunii 

are hardened on a stony soil. 


The breed of p like that of Llamas, 2 


4 


and their — 


T 


- the level of the sea, we find certain 


114 


is limited to the loftier regions of the Cor- 
dillera; while goats multiply more readily 
on such parts of the low country as are 
both hot and barren; as in the province 
of Coro, where they form the chief wealth 
of the inhabitants. 

But while nature facilitates the disper- 
sion, over the globe, of certain species of 

imals, she seems to limit others by an 
impassable barrier. The dog undergoes 
the fate of his European master. His sa- 
gacity and strength decay in a hot climate, 
and the breed dwindles rapidly into an 
animal totally inferior in habits and organ- 
ization. The foresters, accordingly, and 
Indians of the lowlands, who are accus- 
tomed to the chase of the wild hog, bring 
dogs, for the purpose, from the mountains ; 
where, though the Spaniards are by no 
means curious in this particular, a strong 
species of greyhound, niore or less degen- 
erated, is to be met with, and is used in 
the highlands for stag-hunting. 

The influence of temperature, and con- 
sequently of local elevation, on vegetable 
life, was first examined in Colombia, by a 
native of Bogota, the unfortunate and il- 
lustrious D. José Caldas, who fell a victim 
to the barbarity of Murillo, in 1811, in 
consequence of which his numerous re- 
searches in Natural History were almost 
entirely lost, with the exception of some 
papers, published in the “ Seminario de 
Bogota,” in 1808, and fragments still ex- 
isting in MSS., or casually preserved and 
printed in Europe. Humboldt travelled 
through South America, about the same 
time that Caldas was directing the atten- 
tion of his countrymen to physical science; 
and his investigations have, fortunately, 
been subjected to a less rigorous destiny. 
His admirable treatise, ‘ De distributione 
Plantarum geographica,” has left for fu- 


Bos ture observers little but to corroborate the 


of his views, and multiply facts 


in illustration of his theories. 


we begin our observations from 
ami- 
lies of plants which scarcely ever rise to 
above three or four hundred feet. The 
“ Sandalo,” producing the Balsam of Tolu 


PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS 


—the Lecythis—the Coccoloba—the Bom- 
bax—the Rhizophora Mangle—the Man- — 
chineel. A second, and more numerous r 
class push on to about two thousand feet 
of elevation; such are the Plinia —the 
pal—the Anime—the Dragon’s Blood— _ 
the Mahogany Tree—the Guayacàn—the — 
Cesalpinia— Ipomea Quamoclit —most 
of the Bignonias—Portlandias—the Va- 4 
nilla — Cassia alata, and riparia—the © 
Pontederiá, which forms the ornament of 
tropical rivers. The Palms ascend to the — 
height of five thousand feet. The arbor- - 
escent Ferns, from the level of the sea, | 
amid the damp forests of Esmeraldas, to — 
seven thousand feet. Of cultivated plants, — 
the Cacao and Indigo are most limited as | 
to elevation, neither of which is cultivated. 
with success at above two thousand feet. — 
An attempt to raise Indigo at Mindo, (three — 


thousand nine hundred and sixty feet) com- _ 
pletely failed. It would seem that a dry — 
climate is most favourable to Indigo, such 
as is found in the valley of Aragua, near - 
Valencia; while heat and moisture, as | 
Humboldt observes, are particularly re- 
quired for Cacao. Yet, Cacao, cultivated — 

on lands which are flooded part of the d 
year, as is the case with the greater part | 
raised in Guayaquil, is of inferior quality, - 
scarcely producing in the market two dol- - 
lars and a half per hundred weight. That - 
of Esmeraldas, on the contrary, where, — 
notwithstanding the moisture of the cli- 
mate, the waters never settle on the soil, - 
is of equal or superior pesi to that of | 
the valley of Tuy, near Carac 4 


AIO 


of sowing the seed ; while vendit three 
years is the period at which they are reck- 


about seven thousand feet. 
Cotton requires, according to Humbok 
a mean temperature of not less than 


eee 


ee ts: 


.. pression of the natives. 


MADE IN COLOMBIA. 


60°, which would bring it to the elevation 
Loxa. 


The Sugar-cane is cultivated in Colom- 
bia, from the level of the sea to an eleva- 
tion (which may appear extraordinary, ) of 
seven thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
five feet, in the valley of Bafios, at the 
foot of Tunguragua — of eight thousand 
five hundred in the valley of Chillo, below 
Quito—and, of nearly nine thousand feet, 
near the town of Ambato. It must be 
Observed, however, with respect to the 
latter, that the “vegas” or nooks, formed 
by the windings of the river, where alone 
it is raised, are so sheltered as to produce 
an almost artificial temperature. A Palm 
tree, brought young from Guayaquil, flou- 
rishes there; and “ Aguacates," (the fruit 
of the Laurus Persea), ripen perfectly, 
with Oranges, Limes, and other fruits, which 
in general, are not cultivated at above six 
thousand feet. In proportion, however, to 
the elevation, is the time required, for ri- 
pening the Sugar-cane, varying from nine 
months, at the elevation of one thousand 
feet, to three years, at the elevation above 
cited 


Plantains and Maize are the principal 
arücles of food in the lowlands or hot 
country, “tierra caliente," to use the ex- 
The large variety 
of Plantain “ Platano harton” cannot be 
cultivated at elevations above three thou- 
sand feet; while the smaller variety ** Cam- 
buri,” will ascend to six thousand feet. 
Maize is, perhaps, the plant which, of all 


— embraces the greatest variety of 


Inperature and elevation. It is cultivated 


i With equal advantage, from the level of 
2D the ocean to the flanks of the Andes, up to 
. eleven thousand feet, temperature 80°— 


59°. It is true that, in the lowlands, it 
mpens in three months; whereas on the 


.. table-lands of the Andes, it requires ten; 


.. Putthe grain is larger, and the ear fuller, 


en 


T im the cold than in the hot country. 


; , ~e central, or temperate zone of the 


mpany Palms nearly, and in the 
t forests of the Pacific, entirely to the 


115 


level of the sea. At the back of Pichin- 
cha, they first appear at about eight thou- 
sand five hundred feet. The Alstrame- 
rias and Calceolarias, peculiar to the New 
World, are found in this zone, though the 
former ascend to eleven thousand feet, and 
the latter to fifteen thousand feet. 

The Cerealia, with almost all the vari- 
eties of European vegetables, belong to 
this region. Humboldt observes, as a pe- 
culiarity, that Wheat is grown near Vitto- 
ria, at the elevation of seventeen hundred 
feet, and, in Cuba, nearly at the level of 
the sea, (Geogr. Pl. p. 161); but it is pro- 
bable, that the reason why the Cerealia 
are cultivated only at elevations where the 
Muse disappear, may be the natural in- 
clination of the inhabitants of a warm 
country to prefer the cultivation of a plant 
which yields an equal abundance of food, 
with infinitely less labour, not only in its 
mere cultivation, but in the subsequent 
preparation, The three great Wheat dis- 
tricts in Colombia, are the mountain chain 
of Merida, the elevation of which rarely 
reaches five thousand feet, with a general 
temperature of 72°; the plain of Pam- 
plona, Tunga, and Bogota — elevation, 
eight to ten thousand feet — temperature, 
58°; and the Quitenian Andes of the same 
height and temperature. Humboldt has 
accurately observed, (Geogr. Pl. p. 152), 
that a comparison betwixt annual mean 
temperatures of Europe, and the elevated 
tropical regions, would by no means give 
a correct state of the climate. Thus, 
though the mean temperature of the South 
of France and of Quito be the same, 
(about 59°), such fruits as Peaches, Apri- 
cots, Figs, Pears, and Grapes, which ripen 
in perfection in the former, although abun- 
dantly produced in the latter, never attain 
their proper size or flavour. The reason 
is, that the temperature is equal through- 
out the year. There is, consequently, no 
period, as in Europe, of summer heat suf- 
ficient to ripen fruit requiring, at this sea- 
son, a mean temperature of 65° or 70°. 

1 Humboldt, who had not visited these forests, 
confines them to betwixt 800 and 200 hexap.—De. 
Geogr. Pl. p. 185. i 


116 


As far, however, as the height of seven 
thousand feet, all kinds of fruit are culti- 
vated with success; and the markets of 
the colder country are thus constantly 
supplied from the neighbouring valleys or 
* Calientes.” Humboldt is mistaken in 
supposing the Olive to be always barren, 
(semper sterilis manet. p. 154). On the 
Quitenian Andes, near Ambato, it produces 
abundantly, though little attention is paid 
to its culture. 
hen we ascend above the extreme 
limit of cultivation, which may be placed 
at eleven thousand five hundred feet, and 
pass the region of the Barnadesie, Hy- 
rica, Thibaudie, Gaultherie, Bud- 
diee, and other coriaceous-leaved shrubs, 
which, at this elevation, form thickets of 
perpetual bloom and verdure, we enter 
the region of paramos, (thirteen to fifteen 
thousand feet), properly so called, which 


Ww 
limit of forest-trees (Geogr. 
and, in fact, very few are generally met 
with, near this elevation, on the flanks of 
the Cordillera, which join the inhabited 
table-lands. But I have observed on cross- 
ing the side of Pichincha, towards the un- 
inhabited forests of Esmeraldas, that the 
forests cover nearly the whole space which, 
on the eastern slope, is a naked, paramo. 
Is this owing to a difference of climate, or 
has the practice, universal in the Andes, 
of burning the paramos, together with the 
demand for fire-wood in the vicinity of 
— large towns, contributed to give this re- 
. gion the bare aspect it has at present? 

"Further observations on the mountain 
slopes, towards Maynas and Macas, are 
: E to throw light on this point. 
— . Is certain, from the present aspect of the 

a inhabited plain of Quito, where we meet 

.& few scattered trees of Arroyan, 
(Myrtus ), and artificial plantations of Ca- 
puli, (Prunus salicifolia ), we should con- 
clude that the region of forests had scarcely 
ascended to the height of eight thousand- 
feet; yet, some of the houses of Quito are 


Sr 
we 


Lara 
et 


PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS. 


still standing, built of timber cut on the 
Spot. 


"OS 


caped the notice of those who have as- 


cended towards the limit of perpetual - 
snow, is the variety and luxuriance of the — 
Flora, at the very point where the powers | 
of vegetation are on the brink of total sus- 


pension. At above fifteen thousand feet, 


the ground is covered with Gentianas, . 


purple, azure, and scarlet; the Drabas ; 
the Alchemillas; the Culcitium rufescens, 
with its woolly hood; the rich Ranuncu- 


lus Gusmanni ; the Lupinus nanus, with — 
its cones of blue flowers enveloped in - 
white down; the Sida Pichinchensis spot- 
ting the ground with purple; the Chuqui- — 
raga insignis;! all limited within a zone - 


of about five hundred feet, from whence 


they seem scarcely to be separable by any — 
Several at- | 


effort at artificial cultivation. 
tempts which I have made to raise the Gen- 


tians, Sida, and other plants, of the sum- | 


mits of the Andes, at the height of Quito, 
e been invariably unsuccessful. The 
Vire: indeed, to domesticate plants in 


a situation less elevated, is attended with — 


greater difficulties than the transport of 
plants from one climate to another. gi 


accustomed ; whereas, transferred from one 
latitude to another, the difference is rather 
in its duration than in its intensity. It is 
easier to accustom a plant of the lowlands 
to this elevation, than to bring down those 
of the paramos. 'Thus, the Orange and 
Lemon trees, Aguacates (Laurus Persea) 
Ricinus communis, Datura arborea—all 
natives of hot lowlands, grow and flourish 
more or less, at an elevation of eight thou- 
sand feet above the level of the sea. 
Quito, April 15, 1835. 
1 The other plants that occur on the sandy crater of 
gemini 


Riobamba, are Cerastium densum, Astragalus 
Culcitium 


nivale and reflexum, Aster rupestre 


s à $ 
A circumstance, which cannot have es- — 


perd a 


A 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY 


By Dr. Wight & G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 
(Conti 
POLYCARP#A SPADICEA. 
Tas. VI. 
Pentanpria MoNoGYNIA.—Nat. 
PARONYCHIEJE 


I from p. 82. ) 


Ord. 


GEN. Cuar. Calyx, 5-partitus aut pro- 
funde 5-fidus ; sepalis planiusculis, mar- 
ine eae nec carinatis nec 
mucronatis. Petata 5, et Stamina 5, 
fere hypogyna. Stylus conicus, filifor- 
mis. Stigmata 3. Capsula unilocularis, 
trigona, trivalvis, polysperma. Semina 
placente centrali affixa. — Herbe aut 
suffrutices, sepius valde ramosi. Folia 
opposita sed ex ramis axillaribus bre- 
vissimis foliosis pseudo-verticillata. Sti- 
 pule scariosg. Flores cymoso-corym- 
bosi, ext. albo-virescentes. 
Polycarpea spadicea ; suffruticosa, cauli- 
us diffusis valde ramosis ramisque to- 
< mentosis, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis vel 
linearibus, vel rarius setaceis obtusius- 
culis, vel acutis mucronatisve junioribus 
subtomentosis, cymis terminalibus co- 
bosis, sepalis omnino scariosis lan- 
ceolatis acuminatis capsula duplove tri- 
plove longioribus. W. & A. Lam. Ili. 
t sud. 27 e Cand. Prodr. v. 3. p. 374. 
dg |S Achyrantis corymbosa, Willd.? Sp. 
EPL.1 p- 1200.—Moilia (OV 
pRa? Hort. Berol. Spr. Sys 


e i. 95. — Lahaya cor A 
Schult. ? Syst. Veg. v. 5. p. 405.— 
Polia arenaria, Lour Coches. (ed. 
Willd.) v. 1 . 204, DAF. A ; foliis 
-obl n rym- 


__ bis densifloris, ee Cat. n. 1163 
Polycarpea spadicea, Wall. List, m. 
. 1912. b. (a. nobis non visa).—var 

foliis approximatis oblongo- hes 
stipulas superantibus inferioribus suba- 


Wight, Cat. n. 1170. .—Polycarpea den- 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. 


117 
siflora. Wall. a n. vy Psa 
<10, TAB 


— Rheede, Mal. 

nostr.—var. à. ramis vadit RE 

setaceis mucronatis, corymbis laxis tene- 

ribus Wight, Cat. n. 1171—P. sub- 
ulata, De Cand.? in Lam. Encycl. 

Meth. v. 5. 5. 

DEscr. Root perennial, wood 
numerous, diffuse and often 
branched, tomentose. te, 
from shortly oblong and slightly obtuse to 
long, linear and piles acute; when 
young, tomentose, when old, becoming 
glabrous; usually there is a tuft of young 
leaves, or an abortive branch in the axils 
of the proper leaves, so that they appear 
verticillate. Stipules membranous and 
scariose, very thin and shining, small, lan- 
ceolate, acuminated, glabrous. Flowers ter- 
minal, cymose or corymbose. Calyx whitish, 
scariose and shining, five-partite; seg- 
ments lanceolate, much acuminated. Petals 
five, reddish, narrow, obovate, slightly emar- 
gimate at the apex, alternate with the 
segments of the calyx and not half so long, 
uy hypogynous. Stamens five, alternate 
with the petals, and inserted with them, 
opposite to the sepals, scarcely so long as 
the petals. Anthers roundish, two-celled. 
Ovary ovate, free from the calyx, contain- 
ing about three or four perfect seeds, with 
the remains of several others, all attached 
to a central free placenta. Seeds oblong, 
rugulose; Albumen mealy. Embryo cylin- 
drical, curved. Radicle pointing to the 
hilum. Cotyledons two, small 

Common on the most arid soils, and in 
flower at all seasons of the year. As a 
species, this can scarcely be said to differ 
from P. corymbosa; the extremes are no 
doubt very dissimilar, but the accompany- 
ing figure tends to unite the two. We 
have some varieties of the present, with 
the leaves almost oval and short, while in 
the usual state of P. corymbosa, they are 
often subulate.  Rheede's figure, above 
quoted, is exceedingly ill executed. 
very few specimens of the variety 3. pre- 


sent two forms, one a first year's growth, Re 
with the root the same as that of amo os 


annual and the stem erect, but dichoto- 


118 ILLUSTRATIONS OF 
mously branched ; in the other, the root is 
at least two years old, and the stems dif- 
fi 


use, as in our specific character: of both, 
the leaves and whole habit are as slender 


This variety is therefore intermediate be- 
tween P. spadicea and P. corymbosa, and 
seems almost to unite the two species: we 
have, however, referred it to the former, 
as the first-year's growth of a perennial 
or suffrutescent plant, cannot adequately 
display its true appearance. Dr. Wa 
lich's P. densiflora is composed, not only 
of our var. y. here figured, but also of 
P. corymbosa ; both occur promiscuously 
under the same letters. It is almost im- 
possible to extricate satisfactorily the con- 
fused synonyms of Willdenow, Schultes, 
and Sprengel, from their characters being 
partly compounded of their own observa- 
tions, and partly of the description given 
by others of probably a different species : 
upon the whole, however, we consider 
these Botanists to have applied the name 
spadicea, to the Linnean corymbosa,—and 
vice versa. De Candolle's definition is 
quite distinct, though not sufficiently com- 
prehensive, from the defective suite of spe- 
cimens he must have examine 

Fig. 1. Cluster of Flowers. 2. 3. Single Flowers. 
4. Capsule cut open :—maguified. 


POLYGALA JAVANA. 
Tas. VII. 
Suffruticosa diffusa molliter pubescens vel 
subtomentosa, ramis i 


reviter merg 
tis, racemis suboppositifoliis multifloris 
am fere duplo superantibus, brac- 
teolis minutis persistentibus, alis late 
. Ovatis mucronulatis membranaceis mol- 
. liter pubescentibus capsula dimidio lon- 
gioribus atque latioribus, carina cristata, 
capsula orbiculari subequali emarginata 
leviter marginata ad marginem precipue 
molliter pubescenti. 
Polygala Javana, De Cand. Prod. v.1 


INDIAN BOTANY. 


p. 927. Spr. Syst. Veg. v. 3. p. 164. 
Wight, Cat. n. 139. 3 
Polygala Ceylana, Heyne in Wall. List, 


Suffrutescent. Branches long, slightly — 
branched, diffuse, terete below, angled to- 
wards the extremity, covered, as well as 
the leaves and the other parts of the plant, 
with much soft pubescence, or as it may 
be called short tomentum. Leaves scat- 
tered, cuneate-oblong or obovate, obtuse 
or slightly retuse, mucronulate.  Pettoles 
very short. Racemes lateral, on the op- 
posite side from a leaf and a little above 
it, at first short, afterwards elongating to 
almost twice the length the nearest 
leaves. Bracteas and bracteoles persist- 
ent, small, ovate, pointed. Flowers pedi- 
celled, the lower ones in each raceme 
often caducous. Calyx irregular: sepals 
five; the two lowest the smallest, oblong, 
herbaceous; the uppermost a little larger, 
but similar to the lower ones: the lateral 
ones, or ale, are roundish-ovate, acute, 
membranaceous, pale  yellowish-brown, 
veined, softly pubescent. Corolla scarcely 
coloured, irregular: petals three; the two 
upper inserted between the ale and the up- 
per sepal, oblong-lanceolate, with a short 
bent back spur on the margin, about the 
middle; the lowest one cucullate, spurred 
on each side below the middle, bearing be- — 
low the apex on its back a large lobed and 
multifid crest, of a fine red colour. Stamens : 
eight, united into a sheath that adheres with 
the claws of the petals; filaments distinct 
at the apex. Anthers one-celled, opening 
by a terminal pore. Ovary free from the 
calyx, compressed, pubescent, two-celled, © 
the one cell opposite to the upper sepal 
the other between the two lowest sepals 
Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous; . 
Style simple, curved. Capsule two-celled, - 
two-seeded, opening at each margin, and 
hence loculicidal, nearly orbicular, emar- 


D 


principally pubescent; sometimes it i$ 8 | 
little oblique, sometimes equal-sid 1d 

This is most allied to some of the be 
species of the genus in its large flowers 
and ale, I have not seen De Candolle’ 


specimens, but can perceive no differ- 
ence of any consequence between the 
character given by him and that by Mr. 
Arnott and myself: Dr. Wallich, however, 
seems to think differently. I hope that 
the accompanying figure will enable some 
one who possesses the Java plant, to as- 
certain positively whether it be ours, and 
if distinct, to point out the difference. 


Fig. 1. Flower. 2. Capsule. 3. Capsule laid open. 
1. 3.—magnified. 


— ——À 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 
( Continued from p. 86. ) 

Is the Botanical Journal, p. 179, we com- 
municated the information, that Mr. Schom- 
burgk, an excellent Botanist, who had been 
long resident in the West Indies, was about 
to explore the banks of the Orinoco, under 
the patronage of the Royal Geographical 
Society of London. Intelligence has just 
been received from him, bearing date 
Georgetown, Demerara, Aug. 7, 1835, at 
which place he had arrived only two days 
previously, and where he was engaged in 
making preparations for this important ex- 
pedition. The rainy season, however, upon 
the coast, had been of unusual length this 
year, sothat he did not deem it advisable 
to penetrate into the interior before the 


. commencement of September. His Excel- 


. — lency the Governor, Sir J. C. Smyth, had 


VM 


taken a lively interest in the expedition, 


. and there was a prospect of Mr. Schom- 


burgk's having a scientific companion, who 
had volunteered to join the party. 


We hear, with much pleasure, that Dr. 


* Graham, of Edinburgh, while on a botan- 
. Ming excursion in Galloway, accompanied 


y some of his students, discovered the 


Ononis reclinata in considerable abund- 


.  &nce. This is a most valuable addition to 


the British Flora 


The rare and remarkable form of Pedi- 


cularis sylvatica, having a regular corolla, 


With five divisions and Jive spreading sta- 


mens, has lately been found by Miss Bage, 
of Bangor, near the village of Hanwood, 
miles from Shrewsbury. 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


119 


POEPPIG AND ENDLICHER’S PLANTS OF 
SOUTH AMERICA. 


The first Decade of Poeppig and Endli- 
cher’s Nova Genera ac Species Plantarum 
quas in Regno Chilensi Peruviano et in 
terra Amazonica annis 1827 ad 1832 le- 
git Eduardus Poeppig, has just reached 
us; and as far as can be judged from the 
first Fasciculus, it promises to be a most 
valuable addition to our botanical libraries. 
The size is folio; the plates are executed 
in outline with the greatest care, and the 
descriptions are full and satisfactory. The 
subjects of the present number are highly 
interesting, particularly those of the three 
first plates, which are admirably illustrative 
of the curious genus JMisodendron of 
Banks's MSS., belonging to the Nat. Ord. 
Loranthee, and exclusively inhabiting the 
colder extra-tropical parts of South Ame- 
rica. The species figured and described 
are, M. lineare, DC., M. oblongifolium, 
D C., and M. imbricatum, Poep. and Endl. 
The fourth to the seventh plates are devoted 
to as many species of Ourista of Commer- 
son; O. Magellanica, Juss., O. coccinea, 
Pers., ( Dichroma, Cav.), O. pallens, Poep. 
and Endl., O. alpina, Poep. and Endl., O. 
microphylla, Poep. and Endl., and a sixth 
species is described, O. polyantha, The 
eighth plate is Sphyrospermum buxifolium, 
Poep. and Endl., of the Peruvian Andes, 
a new genus of Vacciniee ; the ninth, Zhi- 
baudia secundiflora, and the tenth, Cera- 
tostemma biflorum, Poep. and Endl. 

Dr. Poeppig, in another place (Froriep’s 
Notizen), gives the following brief but 
animated picture of the Natural History of 
Chili, a country where he has collected so 
many of the interesting plants which will 
occupy the pages of the “ Nova Genera,” 


e 

« Chili is in reality neither that terres- 
trial Paradise which Molina, in his exces- 
sive patriotism, has described it to be, nor 
on the other hand, is it such an arid and 
desolate mountain-region, as is pictured by 
Mino. Whoever is only acquainted with - 
the northern part of Chili, must refrain from 
passing any judgment, because the environs —— 


120 
of Valparaiso are dreary, and the vegeta- 
tion at Santiago is forced. The climate 
deserves all the praise that Molina has la- 
vished upon it: the splendour of the sum- 
mer, the mildness of the winter, and the 
indescribably lovely prospects which pre- 
vail throughout Chili, render travelling : 


The sky is here as brilliant as in the tropi- 
cal districts, and there are none whatever 
of those pests that embitter life there, nei- 
ther insalubrious air, nor pestilential disor- 


on the contrary, reckon upon enjoying the 
glories of nature in the freest and most 
cheerful manner. Civilization has greatly 
increased in Chili since the cessation of 
Spanish mis-rule, and now exists to a 
greater extent than in any other part of this 
vast continent; while trade and prosperity 
are daily augmenting. The intestine broils, 
which succeeded the Revolution, have 
ceased, and the inhabitants become daily 
more sensible of the value of peace, and 
. more desirous of preserving it. The abun- 
dant opportunities for commercial prospe- 
rity which this country possesses, together 
with the industrious disposition of its in- 
habitants, will soon raise it to a greater 
degree of influence than Peru or Colombia 
can hope to attain. For the Naturalist, 
there here exists an abundant harvest to 
be discovered and described, and from the 
partial information that we have been able 
to collect respecting its Geology, the votary 
of this science may find employment for 
many years. The most interesting part of 
the Andes is situated in the Indian country 
(southward from lat. 37°); but no security 
can be expected while travelling in that dis- 
trict, so long as Pincheira and some other 
di iards continue to reside there. 
e volcano of Antuco alone is visited by 
strangers ; but the other far more interest- 
ing portions of these mountains yet remain 
eological survey of the 
mountains of Pehuenchin, easterly from 
Antuco, might be expected to afford very 
valusbid results, as the plains are surround- 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


ed by large mountains of rock-salt, 
some very large lakes of Asphaltum. Hi 
there are springs that periodically ej 
boiling waler, and bare plains, where, ac- 


travelling through these unexplored dis- 
The environs of Valparaiso and 
Concepcion may be probably exhausted, 
partly because they are poorer, and partly ` 
because almost every expedition that goes - 
round Cape Horn, touches in its way at — 
one or other of these places; but the more _ 
distant Andes afford in the greatest abun- - 
dance new and very rare plants, which no 
Naturalist has yet seen. 


dreadfully dry during summer, yet in the 
rainy season and beginning of spring (from 
June to October) they are covered with a 
profusion of beautiful though fugacious 
plants. The Flora of the Andes has hi- 
therto only been explored at one single. 
and rather barren point, along the way from 
Santa Rosa to Mendoza, where some Eng 
lishmen have made collections, without | 
being themselves Botanists, for the sake of / 


long tract to the Biobis, no Botanist has | 
ever ventured far from the coast. TM 2 
Flora of the Southern Andes, only taki 
a little circle of from three to six geog 
phical miles about Antuco, is a proof what 
discoveries might be expected from an ex- 
amination of that mighty chain, the Andes, 
in its full extent. Those alpine meadows 
exceed in verdure and abundance of plants 
the most celebrated stations in Carinthia, : 


and the district exactly lying between Con- 
cepcion and Chiloé, that is at the sea, and 
on the loftiest Andes, is the very spot which 
a Botanist should select as his station, 


P 


where he might, perhaps, in a couple of 
summers, double all the plants hitherto 
-. known as natives of Chili. The unexplored 
_ Archipelago of Chili merits the greatest 
. attention, and would, perhaps, by itself, 
repay the sending out a traveller, but the 
central provinces have been so well exa- 
mined, and during half of every year are 
. . 80 dry, that they would never reward one 
1 who visited them with the sole view of 
ying their botanical productions. 

* [n comparison with other countries, 
possessed of an equally favourable climate, 
the Northern part of Chili is very poor in 
animal life. Insects are scarcely seen; of 
Mammalia there are only some of the 
smaller Rodentia, or gnawing kinds; and 
Birds, though more numerous, are still 
comparatively few. But south of the Monte, 
the general aspect of the country alters 
strikingly in this respect ; and on the lower 
districts of the coast, the birds are just as 
abundant as on the mountains they are 
scarce; while the immense swarms which 
resort to the Archipelago of Chiloé would 

. afford almost interminable employment to 
the Ornithologist. coast of Concep- 
cion and vicinity of Talcahuana are exceed- 
ingly rich in marine animals of the lower 
tribes, and the winter might be profitably 
Spent by an experienced person in ex- 
amining them." 

The Author adds, that “ every traveller 
quits Chili with reluctance, especially on 
account of the higher character of the na- 
. tives for moral excellence than is found 

. among the inhabitants of any of the other 
_ Spanish colonies; and that this oft-named 

A Naples of America equally excels the other 
parts, in its beauty and agreeableness as a 
 Tesidence.' 


EN OF MALAYAN 
ANTS. 


Ei Jack. 
| With a ane ne the Anna and Extracts from 
se his Correspon 


To the European Botonist the name of 
3 Sous Jack is at present scarcely 
; but no one can have direc 
cedem and studies to the Flora 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


121 
Southern India, especially if he had the 


opportunity of consulting the ** Malayan 


Miscellanies,” a very rare work, published 
at the Sumatran Mission press, at Bencoo- 
len, without finding how much the Flora of 
India is indebted to the learning and in- 
defatigable researches of that gentleman. 
Nor was he remarkable for these qualities 
alone, calculated as they are to entitle him 
to the consideration and esteem of every 
man of science. Dr. Wallich says, in a 
note at vol. i. p. 202, of the Flora Indica, 
published at Serampore in 1824, when 
alluding to some new plants discovered in 
the Malay Islands, by Mr. William Jack : 
—“ I was in hopes of meeting again with 
this most zealous naturalist at Singapore, 
last year, when I was obliged to visit that 
island, on account of a severe fever which 
I had contracted on my way down to the 
plains from Nipal But it was otherwise 
ordained ; and I have now to claim the 
sympathy of the reader, while I indulge 
a moment in rendering a feeble tribute of 
respect and friendship to his memory, 
leaving it to the pen of Sir Stamford 
Raffles, the revered friend and patron of 
us both, to do it far ampler justice. Dur- 
ing Mr. Jack's short and unostentatious, 
but highly useful and meritorious career, 
his comprehensive mind extended to every 
branch, almost of moral and physical 
science, with a degree of success, which 
the world has ample opportunities of ap- 
preciating, from his numerous valuable 
contributions to the common stock of in- 
formation, both printed and manuscript. 
To his family and friends, the loss of such 
a man is indeed irreparable; nor can it be 
replaced to the public, but by an equally 
fortunate combination of first-rate talents, 
with the utmost suavity of temper and 
urbanity of manners.” In the same volume, 
Dr. Wallich dedicated a “ very e 
branchy and umbrageous forest tree,” t a 
native of these small islands, in the vicinity 
of Sincapore, of the natural order Ru- 


1 Of this beautiful tree, with its ample fol 
and "rE panicle of flowers, Dr. Wallich has given a 
figure in his splendid “ Plante Rariores bee 
t. 293. 


122 


biacee, to the subject of our memoir, 
under the name of Jackia ornata, and 
there further remarked, “ I have dedicated 
this new genus to the memory of my de- 
parted friend, the late William Jack, whose 
premature loss I have already adverted 
to above, and whose well-known indefa- 
tigable labours in Natural History, have 
long ago entitled him to the highest re- 
spect. It was the amiable modesty of 
his character, and not any neglect on my 


my d 
excellent botanist during his life-time.” 

It was Dr. Wallich, again, who sug- 
gested to me the propriety of republish- 
ing in my “ Botanical Miscellany,” Mr. 
Jack’s botanical papers, from the “ Ma- 
layan Miscellanies,” so that they might 
be rendered available to the student of 
Indian plants in Europe ; and the kindness 
of that friend having supplied me with the 
necessary volumes, I commenced the re- 
print of them in a series of papers in that 
work, and in the “ Botanical Journal,” 
and propose here to conclude them. But 
it was s impossible for me to do this without 
w to know something more of the 
enm of the lamented author, and with- 
out desiring also that the scientific public 
should benefit by such knowledge. The 
Rev. Dr. Fleming, late of Flisk, and 
now the professor of Natural Philosophy, 
in King's College, Aberdeen, whose ser- 
vices rendered to the cause of Natural 
History need no eulogium from my pen, 
at the request of a mutual friend, made 
known my wishes to his parents, the Rev. 
Dr. Jack, principal of King's College, 
Aberdeen, and Mrs. Jack, who not only 
most obligingly communicated a large 
portion of his letters, permitting me to 
use such of them as I might think ne- 

; but, what is far more valuable, 


which his letters bear no reference. It 
will presently be seen, that all his MSS. 
and papers, which were to have been 
— sone cue Sir Stamford Raffles, 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


S Ire 
s Sn 


that disastrous fire, which is so feelingly ? 
described by Lady Raffles, in her faithful — 
and affectionate memoirs of her husband. | 
Thus circumstanced, and not having We l 
the happiness of any personal acquaintance 
with Mr. Jack, I must necessarily confine 
myself to the little memoir communicated 
by the accomplished lady, his mother, ex- 
tracts from his letters after quitting home, , 
and some of the many testimonials to 
his character, written by those who had 
frequent intercourse with him, and who 
had the best means of forming a due esti- 
mate of his virtues and his attainments 
in literature and science. It is deeply to 
be regretted, that his papers were not pre- 
served, and that Sir Stamford Raffles did 
not live to fulfil his intentions of giving to 
the world a life of Mr. Jack, which would, 
indeed, have rendered ample justice to his 
memory, and have superseded the present - 
brief sketch, the chief object of which, is - 
to serve as a memorial of his botanical 
acquirements, and his many and estimable 
qualities. 

William Jack, son of Dr. William Jack, 
principal of Aberdeen, was born at King's 
College, in that city, on the 29th of — 
January, 1795. He showed uncommon . 
intelligence from his early infancy, and . 
learned almost insensibly to read, so that at 
three years old, he could read fluently, with — 


FU du tem 


astonished and pleased at the uncommon | | 
proficiency of his youthful pupil, that he — | 
insisted on his exhibiting at one of the 3 
public recitations, where the child deli- 
vered with much propriety of utterance 
and action, Pitt's celebrated reply to Horace 
Walpole. His memory was so quick and 
retentive, that he seldom, in the course of 
his early studies, needed to go twice over — 
the same lesson; yet, that he might be 
well-grounded, he proceeded twice through — 
the Latin rudiments at home, and at six 
years of age, entered a class at the gram- 


longer. Here, he immediately 


NE TE E. 
pet 


lead, and almost constantly kept at the top 
of the class, his accuracy and attention 
being such as to give him a decided supe- 
riority over his compeers, one pf whom in 
particular, possessed great natural powers, 
added to a strong spirit of emulation, a 
sentiment which the simplicity and mild- 
ness of young Jack's nature prevented 


- his entering into, or even comprehending. 


When, at alater period, his rival, urged 
to extraordinary exertion, sometimes suc- 
ceeded attaining the highest place, and it 
was endeavoured to stimulate the subject d 
of our memoir y similar motives, he 
mildly answered, ** I shall do my best, 

if he can do better, why should he 
not?" His progress in Latin may be 
judged by the fact, that he not only read 


Virgil fluently, but translated several pas- of 


sages of the Eclogues into English verse, 
at nine years of age. Without any remis- 
sion of ardour in his classical studies, he 
soon after commenced the study of Botany, 
and of the French language, in both of 
which he made great and rapid progress: 
the former was his amusement and plea- 
sure, in which he was kindly assisted by the 
amiable and respectable professor of Na- 
tural Philosophy, Mr. Duncan, a man whose 

Tefined and congenial mind, enabled him 
to detect in the promise of the bud, the 
future beauty and excellence of the blos- 
Som. This worthy person loved and es- 


. teemed his young pupil, and encouraged 


his taste for the study of plants, in which 
he was his only instructor, for if was not 
until he became himself a master in the 
Science, at least with respect to British 
Botany, that young Jack had ever attended 
any lectures on the subject. His kind in- 


. Structor farther recommended to his atten- 


tion, Lee's Elements of Botany, and send- 
ing him into the fields to seek for plants, 


* m dia him to compare the specimens with 


the descriptions in the Genera Planta- 


ue Tum of Linneus, and in Lightfoot's Flora 
—. Scotica ; a last appeal, in cases of diffi- 
. culty, being permitted to his accomplished 


Master. He also preserved the specimens, 
With the names and characters -o 
attached. This collection, consisting o! 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


123 


several hundred well dried plants, having 
been accidentally destroyed, he determined 
to represent in colours some of the most 
striking of our native productions, and ac- 
cordingly, without any instruction in the 
art, boldly commenced filling a volume, 
which, though not perhaps executed in the 
best style of design, has yet been com- 
mended by scientific Botanists for the ex- 
treme accuracy of its representations, It 
was not his fondness for the art of drawing 
that - him thus to employ - time, p his 


Fi T th 


in iwich he delighted : he was so keenly . 
alive to beauty of form and colour, that 
they left an indelible impression on his 
mind, so that he never forgot a plant 
which he had once seen, and a single leaf 
it even would recall the whole of its 
characters to his remembrance. 

The classical education of William Jack 
was conducted by Mr. M‘Lachlan, an ex- 
cellent scholar, then head master of the 
Grammar School in Old Aberdeen; while 
there, he maintained his pre-eminence in 
the class over many talented lads of supe- 
rior age; and when twelve years old, had 
made so much progress, that his master 
declared him to be fit to enter the Greek 
class at King's College. Having attended 
the lectures on opel E ve puer: 
dur ing thet 
the study of Medicine at fourteen, and was 
admitted a member of the Juvenile Medi- 
cal Society, after a strict examination. 
Though zealous in the pursuit of Medical 
knowledge as his future profession, yet his 
mind was more bent on acquiring general 
information, and thence he applied with 
great alacrity to Natural Philosophy, which 
formed the subject of the third College 
Session, ing drawings of all those mo- 
dels of edt which illustrate the me- 
chanical principles 

Having complied his college career, 
and taken the degree of M. A. at the age 
of sixteen, this youth was prevented by 
an attack of sa fever from proceeding 
to prosecute his medical 
scenes, int spent the winter at home, 
f during which time his excellent nen 


g 


124. 
Professor Duncan, having been struck with 
paralysis, his young pupil supplied his 
place, and taught the classes with entire 
credit, until a suitable assistant could be 
found to relieve him of a charge which 
interfered too much with his private studies 
and pursuits. After being released from 
that duty, the subject of this little memoir 
attended a class for Chemistry, and took 
notes of the lectures on the French tongue, 
making himself a perfect master of that 
language, as well as of Italian and Spanish. 
He also attended the Divinity Class, taught 
by Dr. G. Gerrard, but without any further 
ulterior views than the general information 
which it conveyed. 

Botany had long been his favourite pur- 
suit in summer, and he was the frequent 
companion of Dr. Beattie and Dr. Knight 
in their herborizing rambles, as well as 
making wider excursions with more youthful 
companions. Well qualified judges declared 
him to be among the best botanists, che- 
mists, and classical scholars in Scotland, 
when he left this country for London, in 
October 1811, before completing his se- 
venteenth year ! 

ile in London, he continued to pur- 
sue his medical and botanical studies with 
unwearied perseverance, cultivating, at the 
same time, the friendship of men of learn- 
ing, who kindly condescended to encourage 
the rising genius of a youth, whose talents 
and  modesty were alike conspicuous, 
Among these were Sir Joseph Banks, his 
librarian and friend, the celebrated Robert 
Brown, Mr. G. Anderson, a well-known 
Botanist, son of Dr. Anderson, the Editor 
of the Bee, &c. and at that time one of the 
Council of the Linnean Society ; also, and 
in particular, Sir Vicary Gibbs, who on 
intimate acquaintance, declared that he 
never had met with any youth, possessing 


es such solid and varied acquirements. 


— The object of young Mr. Jack in going 
to London was, to attend the hospitals and 


the lectures in the different departments of 


Medicine and Surgery, then to present 
himself as-a candidate for examination at 
Surgeons’ Hall, and afterwards to obtain 
the situation of : surgeon in one of the East 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


With a noble independence of mind, he 
was willing to content himself with a hum- 
ble station, where his own exertions might — 
recommend him, rather than seek to rise . 
by the too common means of sycophancy X 
and solicitation. Several of his friends, - 
aware of his merits, and perceiving the - 
great promise of his talents, were kindly 
anxious to promote his views, and his exa- _ 
mination was hurried on, that he might | 
embark in one of the first ships of the ; 
season. The following account of his hav- - 
ing passed as Fellow of the Royal College - 
of Surgeons, with their highest diploma, is 
not without interest, as showing the opinion - 
of unprejudiced judges respecting his ta- - 
lents and acquirements. a A 

London, Feb. 1, 1819. “Yesterday I — 
passed as Fellow of the College of Sur- : 
geons, and with flying colours. Fi | 


cs LU ie WT 


certificate of age, they agreed, after a little : 
consultation, to examine me. Sir William E 


evident I understood my subject. Sir James 
Earle agreed, and obligingly declared thet 


as to my period of study, &c. 
produce my certificate of apprenticeship, 
but he said, that as I had answered so per- 
fectly, the Court did not require it, and in- 
formed me that I had passed. They then 
congratulated me on my success; one 
served that I should be an honour to 


re CUM CRM 


Company's Service, and paid me such 
compliments as modesty forbids me to re- 
peat." 

pon this substantial proof of young 
Jack's abilities, his excellent friends, Sir 
Vicary and Lady Gibbs lent all their influ- 
ence to obtain an immediate appointment 
in the Bengal Establishment, and succeed- 
ed in procuring for him the first of the 
season: but he could not be persuaded to 
quit his native land without seeing again 
his parents, brothers, and sisters, to all of 
whom he was most fondly attached. He 
accordingly (with the consent of his friends) 
embarked for the North, and spent eight 
months at home, endeared to his family by 
every tie that amiability, added to affection 
and the claims of nature, can twine around 
the heart. 

In the next winter he returned to Lon- 
don, and attended another course of lec- 
tures, at the conclusion of which his friends, 
by exerting double interest in his favour, 
succeeded in procuring for him an appoint- 
ment similar to that of the former year. 
He embarked accordingly for India, on 
board the Company’s Ship “ Baring,” o 
his birth-day, 29th January, 1813, ee 
eighteen years. 

f Mr. Jack's future active, but brief 
career, his correspondence and pub - 


. Works form the only memoranda. 


Papers, the result and record of much re- 
search, both in Natural History and in 
Oriental Literature and Civil History, 
were lost by the burning of the Ship Fame, 
ın which his friend Sir Stamford Raffles 
and family had embarked for Europe. Sir 
rd Raffles, anxious to do justice to 


. the memory of Mr. Jack, had determined 
; » publish a short memoir, drawn only from 


own acquaintance with the character 


id and talents of his lamented friend, whom 


: he had the best means of knowing, as they 
had lived together for four years on the 


on pea and confidential terms : but 


design was defeated by the sudden 


and premature close of Sir Stamford's own 


,in July, 1826." 
The following extracts from letters which 
M. Jack wrote to his family.in Scotland, 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


125 


after sailing for Bengal, will give some idea 
of his attachment to Natural History, and 
to Botany in particular, as well as of his 
ardent thirst after knowledge. 

Feb. 28th, 1813. ** This morning early 
we were off Funchal, the principal town of 
Madeira, and in the forenoon a boat came 
alongside, in which most of the passengers 
and myself went on shore. After strolling 
about the station, I quitted my companions 
and followed the course of a stream up the 
country, where, though pleased at seeing 
numbers of new plants, I was more grati- 
fied by observing many of those of our 
native country, as the Broom, Galium 
montanum, &c. Lupines were growing as 
a weed, and great quantities of Bamboos 
fringed the sides of the stream with several 
species of Palm, which I have seen culti- 
vated in hot-houses in England, and a sin- 
gular plant, sometimes grown in pots, with 
broad thick fleshy leaves that spring out of 
one another in succession, so that there is 
no stalk; this last was plentiful upon the 
rocks. The island is very rough and un- 
even, but the soil, where there is any, is a 
fine loam. Grapes were not in season, but 
I saw their stalks every where, trained to a 
kind of espalier, made of poles, and crossed 
at top with bamboos. The vineyards oc- 
cupied every ledge of the rocks where 

there was any earth for them, rising, ter- 
race above terrace, to the top of the hill. 


of Scotch Fir, but whether native or intro- 
duced, I am not aware." 

Symon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope, May 
3rd, 1813. “ Yesterday morning we came 
to anchor in Symon's Bay. The prospect 
around is exceedingly bleak, bare, and 
rocky; hills rising above hills from the 
water's edge, whose sides present nothing 
to the eye but stones and brown heather, 
while in other parts, wastes of white sand, 

still more barren, facile the sight. Sy- 
mon’s Town consists of a few white houses, 

built along the shore, at the foot of a steep 
hill, The ground around it scarcely pre- — 
sents any appearance of cultivation, except — 


126 


a few shrubs and small trees, planted about 
some of the dwellings—indeed it is hardly 
possible to improve so impracticable a soil. 
The surgeon and I went on shore, when 
after amusing ourselves with looking at the 
houses and their inhabitants, who are mostly 
Dutch or Portuguese, we took a trip into 
the country. The first plants which at- 
tracted our notice, were several species 
of Fig-marigold (Mesembryanthemum). 
We ascended a hill by the side of a deep 
ravine, and proceeded as far as we thought 
safe among the broken precipices, for it 
became terribly d and bare. The 
ground was covered with small shrubs, all 
of which were new to me, and some very 
beautiful; the glaucous-leaved Leuca- 
dendron was abundant. I reaped a rich 
harvest of new plants, but have not yet had 
time to ascertain them all. There is a 
great variety of the species of Ozalis here, 
and I have already determined four; but 
Ihave not found nearly so many Heaths 
as I expected. Land-Tortoises are com- 
mon; Penguins, Albatrosses, and Pintados 
are among the most remarkable birds which 
I have observed. You have heard of the 
large tails of the Cape Sheep, but I think 
the accounts of these must have been very 
much exaggerated, as the common weight 
is only from seven to twelve pounds," 
Symon’s Bay, May 22, 1813. —«I 
wrote to you soon after our arrival here, 
where we have now spent a fortnight, a 
period much longer than we either ex- 
pected or wished. We are to sail to- 
morrow, and as no other opportunity of 
wriüng may occur for some time, I avail 
myself of the present, to say that I con- 
tinue well, and to give you some account 
ofthis place. Ihave been on shore almost 
every day since our arrival and have 
taken some long walks into the country, 
. but have not gone to Cape Town, as I 
— found sufficient employment here, and 
Such an excursion would have been very 
‘pensive. The barrenness of the country, 
which I i before, does not di- 
minish on farther inspection. In a bota- 
nical point of view, however, it is very 
rich, and every hour which I could com- 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


mand, has had full occupation in examin- - 
ing plants, which are very varied and all - 
new to me; my only old acquaintance | 
being the Arum and Spergula arvensis. | 
The hills almost resemble English shrub- 
beries or pleasure grounds, where bushes 
and plants of every kind unite to gratify 
the eye and smell. They are still farther 
enlivened by numbers of small birds of 
various and brilliant plumage, among which 
are some resembling humming-birds. The 
weather has been delightful ever since. we 
arrived. 

“ A few days ago, we made an expedition 
to the top of Table Mountain, about six- 
teen miles distant. Our party, which con- 
sisted of five officers and passengers of the 
ship, besides myself, were well provided 
with ammunition and provisions, and we 
took our course over the hills, regardless 
of roads, with a view of seeing the country 
better, and as we thought, of shortening. 
the way. We traversed a great diversity’ 
of ground, sometimes over wastes of fine 
white sand, which rose and sunk in ridges, 
like wreaths of snow, sometimes through 
thick and tangled brushwood, which co- 
vered the valleys, and again over rocky 
and precipitous hills. In the afternoon, 
upon gaining an eminence, from which we 
had a full view of the country, we found 
ourselves still so distant from the moun- 
tain, as to preclude the possibility of climb- 
ing it that day. Upon this, we held a 
council of war, when my companions, un- 
used to such travelling, weary and dis- 
couraged, proposed making the best of our - 
way back to the ships: a plan, which you _ 
may be sure was opposed by me, as well — 
as by the second mate, who was of the | 
party; but our rhetoric was in vain, The 
others being tired, we all sat down to 
refresh ourselves with a bottle of brandy, 
which we had brought, and we purposely 
allowed them to waste the time, till it 
began to grow dusk. As surrounding ob- 


"yo 


SOS on TUE USOS 


he EONS CNRC EEAO ope 
pei ^ sta: 


sented that we should return too late to 


"d 


M 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


go on board the ships that night, so that 
at last I carried my point. The next ques- 
tion was where we should sleep, and we 
started to look for some building where we 
might put up, and find a shelter, though 
it should be only a barn. During our 
search, it became quite dark, and after 
walking some hours, what place should we 
stumble upon but the well-known Con- 
stantia! Thence we were directed to a 
sort of inn, some miles distant, where we 


got a good supper, and all tumbled toge-. 


ther into a bed, spread on the floor. In 
the morning, we climbed the mountain, 
Which is very steep and scarcely ever as- 
cended on this side. We however accom- 
plished it, but the summit was so enve- 
loped in mist, that we obtained but little 
view from it; we walked for nearly a mile 
on a level upon the top, which is however, 
intersected by parallel ridges, so as not to 
be quite so flat as it appears from the sea. 
We then descended, and walked as quickly 
as possible to Symon's Town, which we 
did not reach till eight o'clock at night, all 
much fatigued, though I suffered far less 
than the rest. On board our ship, there 
had been considerable anxiety on our ac- 
count, as wolves and runaway slaves are 
said to infest Table Mountain. The plants 
which I brought home, are enough to find 
me with work for a week to come; the 
commonest genera are Erica, Protea, and 
Ozalis. In one cottage which I entered, 
I was surprized to see them burning wax 
candles, and on enquiry, I found the people 
made them themselves, by boiling the ber- 
ries of a pae of which they showed me 


. 8 branch.” 


At Sea, M 14, 1813.—** We stopped 
9né day at Johanna, an island in the 
Mosambique Channel. The inhabitants are 


' à mostly Arabs, who have come down from 


the Red Sea and settled there: the town 
is rather large and surrounded by a good 


; a wall, on which are placed several pieces 
: Qf cannon, but they are mostly dismounted 


honey-combed. 


people were 


; The 
obliged to fortify themselves in this manner, 


127 


as a protection against the Malagassymen, 
who used to come and carry them away 
for slaves; the neighbouring island being 
wholly deserted on this account. Since, 

however, Bourbon and the Mauritius have 
fallen into our possession, there is no 

market for slaves, and the people live un- 
molested. We paid a visit to the king, 

with whom we kept up a conversation by 
the help of an interpreter: he enquired 
very cordially for his friend George, and 

whether we had yet sent Bonaparte to hell. 

Some idea he certainly seemed to have of 
the state of affairs in Europe, as he asked 

about the war in Spain, and had heard 
that the Americans had rebelled, (as he 

called it) against us. He regaled us with 
a glass of cocoa-nut milk, which is a very 
pleasant beverage. The Cocoa trees abound 
all over the island, and are employed for a 
number of uses, besides constituting such 

an important article of food; the stringy 

parts serve for cordage, and houses are 

made of the platted leaves. We were 

abundantly supplied with fruit of every 

description, Oranges, Cocoa-nuts, Pine- 

apples, Plantains, Guavas, 

* On nearing Ceylon, its spicy gales 
saluted us in the most pleasing manner 
before we had even got sight of the land. 
The country all along is flat and covered 
with Cocoa-trees, which form a very promi- 
nent feature in tropical scenery. On going 
round Ceylon, the Commodore kept so 
near shore, that he struck on a sunken 
rock He was sailing with a fine breeze, 
and all sails set, at the rate of seven knots 
an hour, when he stuck fast; the other 
ships following, were apprized of their 
danger by a signal and hove to. The 
Alta, however, touched three times before 
she could get clear, and they were all in 
great danger. The Dedalus floated off, 
but had received so much injury, that she 
sunk in a few hours, the crew and their 

having been previously removed 
on board the Indiaman. She went to the 
bottom, in ninety-six fathoms water, with 
every sail set, and in the midst of a large - 
fleet; such a sight was perhaps never _ 
wi d before." P v 


eet N 


128 
Dum Dum, Dec. 1813.—* My time has 


been much occupied since I came here, as 
the whole of the medical duties of the 
battalions lies on me, and though not 
severe labour, this occupies a good deal 
of time. I am applying vigorously to 
Hindostanee, and have employed a Moon- 
shee since I came here: my previous 
knowledge of Persian is very useful, many 
of the Hindostanee words being similar, 
and as I shall recommence Persian when 
I have mastered Hindostanee, my former 
acquaintance with it will render the labour 
much lighter. A competent knowledge of 
these languages is essentially necessary, 
and to many situations it is the only pass- 
port. Of all the Oriental languages, Hin- 
dostanee is the most generally spoken, 
particularly in the provinces dependant on 
Bengal; while in Madras and the southern 
provinces, it is not so much used. I am 
told that four different Besa? are spoken 

oM , the 


who are acquainted with any of these 
tongues. My ambition, after making some 
farther progress, will be to gain admittance 
into the College, where some opportunity 
of distinguishing myself may arise, by 
which I may obtain an advantageous si- 
tuation.” 

Camp on the Ghaut, January 9, 1815.— 
“ On the 7th, we were in the neighbour- 
hood of Pursah, where I viewed the field 
of battle, a melancholy but not uninterest- 
ing sight. The time and appearance of 
the spot were perfectly consonant to the 
feelings it was calculated to excite. 


J evening was gloom , and the descendin 
ening g y E 


sun could scarcely pierce the thick haze 
that obscured the horizon. Nothing met 
the eye all around, but a dreary waste of 


x jungle, bounded by the black line of forest 
"et. the foot of the hills, which were com- 


pletely enveloped in mist. The chief 
scene of action had been a small grove of 
trees, whose shattered trunks bore evidence 
of the fire, and whose branches were now 


crowded with vultures, Perhaps you may 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK: 


‘view whose variety might have distracted — 


think that a more sublime scene mi 
have better suited the occasion, but 
desolate uniformity that prevailed, un- 
broken by any trace of cultivation, | 
something in it far more impressive than 


the mind from the objects before it; added | 1 
to which, we were alone at a distance from — 
camp, and in so lonely a place, that in the | 
dim twilight, fancy could almost conjure | 
up the ghosts of the slain. oa 

* Although so near, we have as yet 
hardly seen the hills, as they have been — 
constantly hid by fog. One day, however, — 
at Betliah, it was tolerably clear, and we - 
had a noble view of them, tracing dis- | 
tinctly the whole line of the. Himalayan — 
or Snowy Range, towering above the hills - 
immediately in front, which, though of - 
great elevation, dwindled into pigmies be- — 
fore the immense barrier which shot up - 
behind, covered with snow to the lowest x 
visible point. 
presented a magnificent appearance, re- 
flecting the first rays of the morning sun. - 
By the most moderate calculations we have — 
been able to make, both from our own ob- - 
servations and the data given by Kirk- 
patrick, in his Account of Nepaul; they | 
are several thousand feet higher than the | 
Andes, hitherto considered the loftiest in 
the world." 

Camp, Bechiaco, Feb. 11, 1816.—* We 
are now encamped in the stony bed of a 
river, nearly dry at this season, with hills 
covered with wood rising on every side of 
us. I like this scenery; as it reminds 
me somewhat of my own country. Fancy 
to yourself an immense ravine, winding 
among the hills, which looking upwards, 
appear as they rise behind one another, 
in the perspective, to close it in somewhat. 
in the form of a huge amphitheatre; the 
bottom about half a mile in breadth, co- 
vered with white sand and stones, wi 
three or four little streams, scarcely andi 
deep, creeping along among them 
camp; in motley variety, Heus along 


AMI MEL 


occupied by one of our battalions, perche 
upon the top of the bank, and seeming t 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK, 


command the whole; the picquets scat- 
tered here and there along the sides of the 
hills, and. on looking back, the level line 
of forest, the only part of the whole view 
which departs from the line of beauty. 
Sometimes you see vast columns of smoke 
arise where the grass has been set on fire, 
and the wind carries the conflagration along, 
till it involves the whole side of a hill. 
When the flame is thus swept among the 
green bamboos and reeds, the air con- 
tained in their cavities becomes so rare- 
fied as to burst them with a report like a 
gun; and at some distance, these succes- 
sive explosions have the effect of a run- 
ning fire of musquetry. This burning of 
the grass is one of our expeditious modes 
of clearing a way for ourselves." 

Dinapore, May 16, 1816.—* I have 
lately had occasion to change my Moon- 
shee, and have got one who pleases me 
very much, as he really possesses a good 
deal of knowledge, and has more taste 
than most of them. Like all Orientals, 
however, he has no idea of simplicity 

ing an excellence, and attaches great 
merit to excess of ornament, metaphors, 
conceited enigmas, &c. This taste seems 
to have prevailed at a certain stage of the 
literature of every nation with which I am 
acquainted, and to have gradually yielded 
to the influence of more correct judgment. 
The Asiatics, however, have never got 
beyond this point, and there they are likely 
to remain for à good while yet to come. I 
continue to read Persian several hours a 

day, and think I have made some progress : 
. the kind assurance of my friend, Major 
E, however, who declares, that in three 
months, I shall have as good a knowledge 
of the language as most persons in India, 
must, I fear, be considered as 4 little ex- 
aggerated.” 

_Dinapore, Nov. 14, 1817— I have 
lately opened a correspondence with Dr. 
Wallich, the Superintendent of the Cal- 
_Cutta Botanic Garden, from which I expect 
to derive both pleasure and advantage. 
Till now, I have always felt at a loss in 
my ical researches, from not being 
acquainted with the progress of the science 
VOL. I. 


199 
in India, and particularly with Roxburgh's 
extensive labours and discoveries, so that 
I never could be sure that my own were 
not anticipated. It was to remedy this, 
and to obtain, if possible, a copy of Rox- 
burgh's manuscript descriptions, that I 
wished to commence an intercourse with 
the present Superintendent, who is a good 
Botanist, and a highly respectable man. 
In the first letter which I wrote to Dr. 
Wallich, I sent him some seeds, and a de- 
scription of a Lobelia, which I had found 
in Nepaul, and which did not agree with 
any published species. I received in reply 
a most friendly letter, accompanied by 
some papers of his own on Indian Botany, 
informing me that my Lobelia was a per- 


fectly new species, and soliciting further 


communications. I have since transmitted 
to him another despatch, with more plants 
which I conceive to be new; and I am 
convinced, that I possess a great many 
which are entirely so, a point which I 
shall now have the opportunity of ascer- 
taining. Our old remark, that Botany 
formed a kind of bond of friendship among 
its votaries, promises to hold good in the 
present instance.” 

Calcutta, July 19, 1818.—* I have paid 
a visit to Dr. Wallich, at the Botanic 
Garden, a short distance from Calcutta ; 
he received me with great kindness and 
warmth, and insists on my coming to stay 
with him while I remain here. He is not 
only a good Botanist, but an excellent 
physician, and much inclined to assist me 
in obtaining some situation, which may 
open a field for Botanical research, and 
connect me with himself in that depart- 
ment. He has already introduced my 
name with due acknowledgments, ina paper 
presented to the Asiatic Society, contain- 
ing an account of some new plants from 
Nepaul, one of which was communicated 
by me. Roxburgh's Flora is now in 
course of publication, and receives all Dr. 
Wallich’s additions since his time ; a new 
species of Veronica is introduced on my 
authority and described there, and I have 
no doubt that others will yet be added as - 
the printing proceeds,” 

I 


130 


Calcutta, Aug.19, 1818.—“ Dr. Wallich 
has kindly insisted on my staying with 
him to pursue my Botanical researches : 
he has an excellent house in a delightful 
situation, about six miles below Calcutta, 
where I hope to pass my time most agree- 
ably, free from those temptations to fatigue 
and exertion which beset me at Calcutta, 
and where I trust to be so much benefited 
by ease of body and mind, that my health 
will improve as fast as it could do from a 
sea voyage, to which so many inconve- 
niences are attached. Though my plans 
are h arranged, I expect that my 
Botanical e will turn to some ac- 
count. I am now engaged in drawing up 
a paper on some of my discoveries, which 
I have promised to furnish for a periodical 
work, about to be printed at the Serampore 
press, to which Dr. Wallich has agreed to 
contribute, and he wishes for my aid in 
the performance. We also propose, some 
time hence, to undertake jointly a Botanical 
work, for which we possess ample materials 
in the immense number of new plants 
eue he has already received, and is daily 

ceiving from that most glorious and 
netten field, Nepaul. It will be illus- 
trated by figures, and you must know we 
have got natives instructed to engrave in a 
manner that will surprise you. Iam pro- 
digiously busy preparing my paper, and 
making some drawings of the new vege- 
table productions, which I discovered dur- 
ing my Nepaul campaign. Dr. Wallich is 
really a most noble excellent man, and has 
shown the warmest and strongest interest 
in my favour.” 

Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, Nov. 10, 
1818.—" I hasten to inform you of the 
occurrences of the last few days, which 
have made a considerable alteration in my 
plans, since I wrote to you. Some days 
ago, Sir Stamford Raffles, the governor of 
Sumatra, came here to see the pation and 
spent the day, during which Dr. -Wallich 
and I had a long conversation with him, 
the result of which has been, my agreeing 
to accompany him to Sumatra, and his 
promising to forward my views, and in 
particular, to afford me every facility for 


‘MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


exploring the Natural History of that is- 
land, where I doubt not to meet with 
many new and interesting things, by send- 
ing which home, I may form some useful 
connections. I expect to sail, shortly, 
with Sir Stamford Raffles, in the Com- 
pany’s cruizer, “ Nearchus.” The party 
will consist of Sir S. and Lady Raffles, 
two Civilians on the Bencoolen Establish- 
ment, an Artillery Officer, and two French 
Naturalists, who have been recommended 
to Sir S. Raffles, and whom he employs 
as such; their subject is the Animal 
Kingdom—one of them is nephew to the 
celebrated Cuvier. Sumatra being, in 
part, a volcanic country, I intend to study 
its Mineralogy as well as its Botany, and 
have purchased the last edition of Jame- 
son’s Mineralogy, by the aid of which, 
with two other works on the same subject, 
and all the observation I can bestow, I 
hope to make some progress. Sir S. Raf- 
fles possesses a large and very scientific 
library, which he kindly offers to place 
entirely at my command.” 

Pulo Pinang, Tth March, 1819.—“1 
am botanizing with great ardour; there is 
a great field here, and it is really astonish- 
ing how much I find that is new in a place 
that has been so long in British possession. 
The fact is, that the whole of the Eastern 
Islands have been scarcely the subject of 
scientific research, or in so superficial and 
imperfect a degree, as rather to excite than 
satisfy curiosity. Sumatra is almost a vir- 
gin country; for though we have had a 
settlement on it at Bencoolen, no individual 
there before Sir Stamford ever penetrated 
into the country twenty miles beyond its 
limits. Java, which is much better known 
to us, differs, though situated so near, from 
Sumatra, in its whole constitution, being 
entirely volcanic, while the latter is in @ 
great measure, of primitive formation; the 


soil, productions, every thing is unlike. je 
The vast Eastern Archipelago seems to — 


present four ign divisions, diene 


Malays, and forms, as it were, the extre- 


Va ye 


i i aye cde 


1 


o =” 


« 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


4 


j stretch- 


mity ofthat i idg 
ing from the North of Hindostan through 
the Burman and Assan empires, to the 
Streights of Sincapore. Java forms part of 
a volcanic range, which runs parallel to the 
Equator, from the termination of the former. 
rneo is a vast continent, not volcanic, 
producing diamonds, &c. and essentially 
different from the Javanese portion. The 
Moluccas may be considered the fourth di- 
vision, the native country of all the valu- 
able spices, and other products of the East, 
which are peculiar to these favoured spots, 
and not found in the other grand divisions. 
This island has yielded me no inconsi- 
derable botanical harvest. During the last 
three months, I have described above one 
hundred and thirty plants, of which eighty 
are probably quite new, besides examining 
and ascertaining at least as many more. I 
have drawn some myself, and I have a 
Chinaman employed, who has finished a 
considerable number of drawings.” 
Singapore, June 7th, 1819.—* At length 
we are clear of that land of delays, Pinang, 
and have arrived at this royal city, which 
will, sooner or later, become, I think, the 
capital of the Eastern islands. We left 
Pinang on the 22nd ult., having concluded 


every thing in style. Before we started, 


answers were received from the Supreme 
Government on the subject of Singapore, 


highly approving of Sir Stamford's mea- 


sures. We had a very pleasant voyage 
down the Streights, and arrived here in 
nine days, having commenced the study of 
the Malay language, called the Italian of 
the East, by the way, in which Sir S. Raf- 

» who is an excellent Malay scholar, 
assisted his lady and myself. Besides this, 
I had full employment in bringing up the 
arrears of my Pinang Botanical collections, 
and in reading a number of papers that I 


. Teceived from Sir S. Raffles regarding the 


à; islands, with which I am deter- 
mined, now that I have the opportunity, to 
make myself acquainted. The Flora of 

re is very splendid. "We expect 


| to reach Bencoolen in about a month, and 
we Southerly Monsoon has set in, our 


131 


course will be along the shores of Borneo 
and Java." 

Singapore, June 20th, 1819.—« My last 
letter from this place was sent by way of 
Pinang ; this goes home by Bengal. It is 
impossible to conceive any thing more 
beautiful than the approach to this place 
through the Archipelago of islands that lie 
at the eastern extremity of the Streights of 
Malacca. Seas of glass wind amid innu- 
merable islands, clothed in all the luxuri- 
ance of tropical vegetation, and basking in 
the full brilliancy of a tropical sky. The 
Island of St. John’s, which forms the west- 
ern point of the Bay of Singapore, would, 
if fortified, command with its cannon, the 
Streights through which every vessel passes 
to China and all the Eastern Settlements. 
A more convenient and more formidable 
situation could not possibly be selected, 
and it is really astonishing that it should 
have remained so long unnoticed. It was 
the capital of the Malays in the twelfth 
century ; but they were obliged to abandon 
it during their unfortunate wars with the 
Javan Empire of Majapuleit, and retire to 
Malacca; and when the latter was taken 
by the Portuguese, they settled at Lahore; 
and Singapore has, till now, been almost 
forgotten. I have no doubt it will soon 
rise to more than its ancient consequence. 
It is surprizing how much this place has 
increased since we made it a settlement— 
many thousands of persons have already 
come, and every day adds to their number ; 
the present villages are quite insufficient to 
contain them, and the work of clearing and 
building goes on with greatrapidity. Num- 
rs of Chinese and Bugguese have come, 
both active and industrious people. I have 
just arrived in time to explore the woods 
before they yield to the axe, and have made 
many interesting discoveries, particularly 
two new and splendid species of Pitcher 
Plant (Nepenthes, Linn.), far surpassing 
any yet-known in Europe. I have com- 
pleted two perfect drawings of them with 
ample descriptions. Sir S. Raffles is anxi- 
ous that we should give publicity to our 
researches in some way or other, and | 


S 


XE 


132 
planned bringing out something at Ben- 
coolen. He proposes sending home these 
Pitcher Plants, that such splendid things 
may appear under all the advantages of 
elegant execution, by way of attracting at- 
tention to the subject of Sumatran Botany. 
There is a plant which Sir S. has met with 
in Sumatra, which appears to be the won- 
der of the vegetable world,! for its flowers 
are of the colossal dimensions of a yard in 
diameter! I would hardly venture to men- 
tion this, did I not know that a specimen 
has actually gone home in spirits. We 
made a sailing expedition lately among the 
islands, and spent the day very pleasantly 
in exploring them ; we carried our provi- 
sions with us, and spread our table in the 
woods, protected from the sun by the dense 
shade. ere I saw, for the first time, the 
coral banks of tropical seas in perfection, 
and nothing certainly can be more beauti- 
ful. The water was as clear as crystal, and 
through it appeared the corals in every va- 
riety of form and colour, their hues soft- 
ened and heightened by the transparent 
medium. These banks frequently rise al- 
most perpendicularly from unknown depths 
to the surface, the stupendous works of 
animals that almost elude observation. It 
is also a curious question whence is de- 
rived the enormous quantity of lime thus 
deposited." 

Bencoolen, Sept. 28th, 1819.—* I have 
been employed in an important subject, 
which Sir S. has entrusted to me, namely, 

! Raflesia Arnoldi of Brown, in the 13th Vol. of 
the Transactions of the Linnzan Society, where we 
scarcely know “which to admire most, the admirable 
execution of the plates, the learning displayed by the 
author in his history and description, or the extraor- 
dinary plant which is the subject of the memoir. An- 
other species, R. fu yoga a nearly allied Genus, 
Brugmansia, h d in Java, by Dr. Blume, 
g who bui caaititudad for them a new order, Rhizant. 

.. so called because tbe plant consists solely of a flower 
springing directly from the root of another plant, on 


crophylla, the Pilostyles Berteroi of Guillemin in = 
Annales des oo ees, 2nd Ser. v. 2. p.2 

t. 1. ; and this is so minute o bear the sam Eius 
portion to te type ofthe Order (I Arnoldit) that a 
line does to a foot. 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


an inquiry into the state of society among 
the people subject to Bencoolen, particu- 
larly into their laws and customs, and the 
effects of the Company’s monopoly on their 
character and situation, with a view to 
furnishing data whereon to found eventual 
measures for their improvement. This you 
may conceive will be a task of some diffi- 
culty, especially as I come to it unprepared 
by local experience, but Sir Stamford is so 
determined upon it, and affords me such 
advice and encouragement, that his kind- 
ness, together with the knowledge that he 
may turn the result of my inquiries to im- 
portant use, has decided me to do my best, 
especially as I see that there is no other 
person who either can or will attempt it. 

** To give me every possible aid, and to 
add importance to the undertaking, Sir S. 
has appointed two gentlemen to form a 
committee with me for this object—one of 
them is Captain Methwin, Malay translator, 
whose thorough knowledge of the language 
is of the greatest use to me; still the great- 
est share of the labour devolves upon my- 
self. The subject is really a curious one, 
and exhibits a different form of society 
from almost every other that I know." 

On board the Favourite, in the Hoogly, 
Bengal, Nov. 17th, 1819.—* When I left 
Bencoolen, the Report on the state of So- 
ciety was not begun, though I had been 
collecting the materials for it :* before sail- 
ing, our Committee met, and my two col- 
leagues gave me carte blanche to draw up 
what report I thought proper during the 
voyage. I have accordingly prepared one, 
ium I call our First Report, and as there 

some points of detail, particularly on 
à subject of cag which would 
only have embarrassed the general view, 
and would come better us an Appendi 
or Supplementary Report, I have taken up 
the subject in its widest field, and have 
. brought in a view of the Colonian Admi- 
nistration of the place. Sir Stamford is 
well pleased with the result of my labours, 
* and has forwarded it to asinus with à 
Mam recommendation, and 

the Marquis's attention to it. He 


soliciting Le 
will 


de OREL 


| 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


likewise send a copy to the Court of Di- 
rectors. We have also been employed in 
drawing up a paper for Lord Hastings, on 
the future government of the Eastern Is- 
lands, proposing great reforms and altera- 
tions, and have suggested the propriety of 
establishing a native college at Singapore. 
I consider it a most fortunate day which 
brought me acquainted with such aman as 
Sir S. Raffles. He possesses a singular 
energy of character which communicates 
some portion of its influence to all around 
him, and I hope to improve myself not a 
little in such society. The opportunities 
which I now enjoy will not, I trust, be 
thrown away. I told you of his promise 
of making me his Secretary; he has em- 
ployed me as such; but difficulties have 
been thrown in the way of rendering it a 
regular appointment. If I do obtain this 
situation on the new footing, I shall then 
extend my views; and am sadly deceived 
if I do not bring them to some consistency 
and bearing, as I shall then enjoy the full- 
est opportunities of making myself tho- 
roughly and deeply acquainted with every 
thing relating to the Eastern Islands, their 
policy, state, &c. It is a new field, and 
one on which there is a general deficiency 
of local information." 

On board the Indiana, off Nattal, Feb. 
29th, 1820.—- I sit down to fulfil my pro- 
mise of sending you some account of Tap- 
panoolly and the Battas, who inhabit the 
interior of that part of Sumatra. They had 
been stated to be cannibals, and we were 
curious to ascertain that fact, and learn 
something of so peculiar a state of society. 
We therefore assembled some of the most 
intelligent chiefs, whom we examined at 
ength respecting all their usages and cus- 
toms, and obtained the amplest and most 
indisputable information on every point. 
The history of these people is so extraor- 
and peculiar, that I should not have 
credited it on any evidence less convincing 
than that which we received, and should 
almost fear to communicate it, were I less 
Certain of its absolute correctness. That 
they are cannibals is placed beyond a 
~ doubt, but the circumstances and manner 


133 


in which this revolting custom is practised 
stand, I believe, unparalleled in the history 
of the human race. The eating of men is 
not merely practised by them in war, as in 
some other savage countries, but is the 
punishment solemnly and deliberately de- 
creed by their laws fi tain capital crim 

Five cases are enumerated, in which eating 
the offenders is ordained, of which the first, 
and in their ideas, the greatest, is adultery. 
The sentence is passed in full council by 
the assembled chiefs, and publicly carried 
into effect three days after, when the whole 
neighbourhood is collected. The victim 
is tied up, with his hands extended, and 
the injured party is asked what part he 
prefers. He perhaps chooses the ears— 
these are instantly cut off, and he delibe- 
rately eats them, either raw with limes and 
pepper, or drest as he pleases. All pre- 
sent then help themselves to and devour 
what portion they like ; and after all are 
satisfied, the chief enemy cuts off the head 
and carries it home, to suspend in triumph 
on the top of his house. Thus the culprit 
is literally eaten alive, and with a coolness 
and deliberation that I believe to be abso- 
lutely unparalleled. You will have diffi- 
culty, I know, in crediting this, but I tell 
it you plainly, as I received it from the 
people themselves, who seemed to think 
very little of it. 


check to its frequency is, that the injured 
party may, if he please, commute the sen- 
tence into a pecuniary compensation, which 
avarice often tempts them to do. In short, 
it seems to be like Shylock's pound of flesh, 
an atonement the aggrieved individual has 
a right to claim, and which he may dis- 
pense with if he pleases. The Battas are 
evidently of Hindoo origin, and these cus- 
toms afford another example of the mild 
spirit of that religion which denounces 
damnation on the slayer of a cow or an ant, 
yet makes sport of human life, and of every 
affection of our nature. Formerly it was 
the custom of the Battas to eat their pa- 
rents when they became too old to be use- _ 
ful, but they say that latterly it has been 


134- 


abandoned. Now you will, of course, 
suppose that these people are sunk in the 
lowest state of barbarism; but, strange in- 
consistency! it is quite the reverse; and 
they possess many noble and estimable 
qualities.. In point of veracity and sense 
of honour, they are as much superior to 
the Benghalees, as we are to both. Their 
deportment and behaviour are manly and 
independent; and in some things their no- 
tions are carried to a most extravagant 
length. man must not marry a woman 
of his own tribe, but must seek a wife in 
some other tribe, that acknowledges differ- 
ent ancestors. The breach of this rule is 
punishable with eating, which is carrying 
the idea of consanguinity much further 
than we do. If two men quarrel, and their 
difference cannot be settled by mediation, 
they go to war, but must, before commencing 
hostilities, publicly proclaim their design 
in the fairs, that the other may have due 
warning. If one man should kill another 
without this public proclamation, he would 
be sentenced to be eaten; but after it, all is 
- fair. Even then, however, being only a 
private quarrel, he is not permitted to eat 
his enemy, though he may kill him, as it is 
only on grand occasions, when the whole 
nation goes to war, that cannibalism is 
permitted. At the fairs, it is a point of 
honour that no violence or treachery be 
committed ; a man who carries his musket 
to the fair sticks a green branch in the 
muzzle, as proof of his peaceable inten- 
tions. The Battas have a written charac- 
ter, peculiar to themselves, and books on 
various subjects; we have got an account 
of five or six. 

“ The country in the interior is populous 
and well cultivated—and further, it abounds 
with gold. Camphor (Dryobalanops Cam- 
code and Benjamin (Styraz Benzoin) 

wild products of the forests, and 
ene: in no other part of the world ; 
thus few countries surpass Sumatra in na- 
tural riches. The people of the interior 
have an aversion to the sight of the sea, 
— «obige abode of evil spirits, 
inhabitants of the coast are conse- 
Eme an Rss race. They acknow- 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


ledge one Supreme God, and three inférior 
divinities, whose names, as well as the title 
of their greatest chief, Sa Singa Maha Ra- 
jah, which is pure Sanscrit, proclaim their 
Hindoo origin. So extraordinary a people 
would require to be better known, and we 
shall, probably, sooner or later, make an 
expedition into their country, which will 
be very practicable, as the Chief of Baroos, 
one of our friends, has lately married the 
daughter of a Batta chief. I should have 
mentioned that women are excluded from 
these human feasts. Who knows but we 
may yet civilize and reclaim these people? 
I think they have sterling qualities that 
would make it worth the while. At 
events, I should like to get among them, 
and have ocular proof of their customs. 
Perhaps I may yet be present at one of 
their human feasts! We told the chiefs we 
were anxious to partake, and asked which 
were the epicurean morsels. They laugh- 
ed, but said that the palms of the hands 
and soles of the feet were the pieces most 
prized. 

“The harbour of Tappanooly is most 
noble and extensive : the hills come down 
to its edge, and are clothed with luxuriant 
forests of camphor, &c. Our settlement is 
on a very small island in the midst of it, 
most romantically situated, where there is 
a small Fort, two or three houses for the 
Resident and his assistants, and a 
Bazaar of three or four hundred people. 
The population around is very scanty, and 
their villages are situated in the hollows of 
the hills, where they lie hid until you come 
close upon them. The camphor-trees are 
the monarchs of the forest, rising often to 
a height of one hundred feet perpendicular, 
before giving off a single branch, straight 
as masts, and of proportionate diameter. 
We had one cut down, and got a little 
camphor in it; this substance is found in 
concrete masses, lying in hollows and cracks a4 
in the heart of the tree. Very little of it — 
finds its way to Europe—it chiefly goes to — | 
China, where it bears a price about thirty 
times higher than the Chinese camphor, 
which is the article we use. The latter is 
the produce of the Laurus Camphora, and 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


obtained by boiling: the former, of an im- 
perfectly known genus, called by Gertner, 


who only saw the fruit, Dryobalanops, and 


is the native produce of the tree. It is 
not exactly known what océasions its enor- 
mous value in China—three thousand dol- 
lars for a pekul of 133 fbs. It has been 
supposed that it was employed to mix with 
their own camphor, and sold again in that 
adulterated state, but the difference of price 
renders this improbable. I think rather 
that the Chinese, whose epicurism is very 
extraordinary, and different from ours, use 
it in some way for culinary purposes. Be- 
sides camphor, the tree yields an oil which 
is very powerful. It flowers only once in 
four or five years, and was not in blossom 
when I saw it: I got specimens, however, 
last year. I scrambled over several hills 
during the two days we remained at Tap- 
panooly, and found some new plants. This 
country is, in fact, new and untrodden by 
the foot of science—a harvest reserved, I 
. hope, for me to reap, and it shall not be 
neglected, for every advantage and oppor- 
tunity are mine." 

Bencoolen, March 12th, 1890.—*« I have 
obtained a flower-bud of the gigantic plant 
I formerly mentioned to you. It is really 
one of the wonders of the vegetable king- 
dom—the head is of the size of a large 
cabbage, only more flattened. I have 
Opened it, and ascertained its structure, 
which is as unique and peculiar as its di- 
mensions, and seems to set analogy at de- 

nce. I have not procured the fruit, or 
been able to learn its situation, but of the 
inflorescence I am making drawings, which 
I hope to publish in my first fasciculus. 
two Frenchmen whom I mentioned as 
having been brought hither by Sir S. Raf- 
fles, have been very industrious, and made 
very large Zoological collections. Among 
them is a new animal, which comes next in 
Size to the Rhinoceros, and resembles the 
Tapiir of America, but is a much larger 
creature than the latter, with a white band 
Over the back and sides, just in the situa- 
tion and to the extent of a sa 
the rest of the body is black.” 


, April 10th, 1820.—“ A ship 


135 


having unexpectedly arrived, bound for 
England, I avail myself of such a fortunate 
opportunity to transmit to you the first part 
of our account of our Zoological collections. 
I have been employed on it ever since I 
wrote last, and have just finished the first 
and most important portion, containing the 
Mammalia. This paper, which will, I trust, 
prove interesting, is to appear in the Trans- 
actions of the Royal Society, under Sir S. 
Raffles’ name, and you will be able to see 
it there. We have taken much pains to 
obtain full information on the subject, and 
for this purpose have had assemblies of all 
the native chiefs, whom we have questioned 
much in the way that Rheede is said to have 
done those in India. My Botanical labours 
must be, in a great measure, suspended till 
this business is over. I am paying some 
attention to Malay, and find it an easy lan- 
guage, which I hope soon to master; but 
the day is always too short for my work. 
I have now made it a rule never to sit up 
at night, unless in very urgent cases, as I 
find it is more than the constitution can 
stand in this country. I paid a visit some 
days ago to a spice plantation, about eight 
miles out of town, and spent the day there 
—it is delightfully situated. Some people 
whom I sent out to get plants, brought me 
some very interesting ones. We plan a 
trip for some weeks to a country house at 
some distance inland, both for variety and 
for Botany. It will also be an escape from 
business and the troublesome people here. 
The society of this place is exceedingly 
indifferent—in fact, there is scarcely any 
energy or spirit among the inhabitants, 
whether natives or old-settled Europeans; 
an excessive indolence prevails over them 
all. I lately sent to England, by the Mary, 
a short account of some of my most inte- 
resting plants, to be noticed there in some 

way or other, including the Sumatran gi- 

gantic flower, my two new Pitcher- Plants, 

the Camphor, the Sago, and a new genus 
of mine, which Sir S. Raffles has forwarded 
for me, with the drawings of them, to Mr. 

Marsden, to make such use of them as he 
may think best. I have now been appoint- 

ed on a Committee to inquire into the state 


136 


of the Manna districts, and report on a new 
Constitution and Laws for them. This 
will be a business of some time, however 
I shall throw a good deal of the detail on 
my colleagues, I can only add, that I am 
well, and as busy as a bee.” 

Bencoolen, May 26, 1820.—** The wea- 
ther is becoming very favourable for ex- 
cursions into the interior. In general, we 
_ have here a great deal of rain, every se- 
cond or third day proving wet; and now, 
for a wonder, it has been dry for ten days. 
So near the Line, these rains are probably 
beneficial, as they cool the air; but I con- 
fess, I prefer the steady seasons of the 
continent of India, where you can almost 
calculate, with certainty, upon the state of 
the weather. We have, at present, no less 
than three Sultans here —the Sultan of 
Judrapore, and the new and ex Sultans of 
Moco-Moco. There is something farcical 
in these high-sounding titles, when applied 
to men, whose whole revenues do not 
amount to as much as we would pay a 
common writer in an office. But you will, 


perhaps, be still more amused by an idea. 


which we actually put into execution this 
morning, of appointing a committee to in- 
vestigate and report on the customs and 
histories of all the Birds of Sumatra; in 
short, to collect all the native information 
about them, for the purpose of completing 
our paper for the Royal Society. This 
Special Committee on the Birds is com- 
posed of the Sultan of Judrapore, Rajah 
Dyan Mabela, Raden Aria Surca (i e. 
Child of the Sun), Dyan Indra, and ano- 
ther Raden. I suppose it is the first 
time that Sultans and Rajahs have ever 
been so employed; however, I have no 
doubt we shall receive a very amusing 
report. 
Bencoolen, Aug. 19, 1820. — “I have 
now finished my first report on the Agri- 
cultural Society, which we think of print- 
ing, along with my account of the state of 
and some other Statistical papers, 
Dare our absence at Calcutta, Sir Stam- 
ford gave a few miscellaneous articles to 
the press, merely to Er it employed ; 
and, as these amount to a small volume, 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


he thinks of bringing it out under the title. 
of Malayan Miscellanies, vol.i. Ihave ` 
added the descriptions of a few plants, and 
we shall probably continue the same plan, 
and the second volume will be much bet- 
ter than the first. It is now my intention 
to preface the descriptions and engravings 
of plants, which I formerly mentioned, 
with a general view of the Natural His- 
tory of our Eastern Islands; a plan by 
which I think the subject may be made . 
generally interesting, and attract public 
attention to this quarter. Much time and 
labour will be required to collect and ar- — 
range the materials, but the means and l 
advantages, which I at present possess, 
are such as ought not to be lost.” 

Tello Delam, Pulo Nias, Dec. 12, 1820. 
—“‘ Pulo Nias is now a British Possession, 
in full sovereignty, and our principal sta- 
tion is established at Tello Delam, the 
finest harbour on the island. It is really 
a beautiful spot : the shores are skirted by 
hills of no great elevation, covered with 
Cocoa-nut trees, except where their sides 
and bottoms are cleared for Rice fields 
and plantations of sweet Potatoes and 
other vegetables. The villages are placed 
on the tops of the hills, in very picturesque 
but inaccessible situations, having been 
builf with a view to defence, so that it 
would try the wind of any but a Nias-man 
to reach them. With the people I am, 
on the whole, highly delighted; they ex- 
hibit a mixture of barbarism and civiliza- 
tion, that makes them very interesting. In 
agricultural industry, in the building and 
internal comfort of their houses, they show 
a great advance in the arts of life; while, 
in their war-dresses and many of their cus- 
toms, they bring to mind the accounts of 

early voyagers in the Pacific Ocean. On 
our visit to the Rajah of Ilitubara,, we 
were received, at the bottom of the hill, 
by a party of twenty warriors, armed with — 
spears, shields, and sharp swords, de- 
fended by leathern coats of mail, and their - 
physiognomies rendered terrible by a hel- — 


IRR o H MH l U ĀE a o pa. ee 


fi 
H 


a 


| 


j 
| 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


menced a war-dance, with the most vio- 


lent gesticulations, sounding their shields 
to a kind of measured time. e then as- 
cended: on entering the Rajah's house, 
we were welcomed by a universal groan 
from the company, and invited to take the 
seat of honour, at the head of the spacious 
apartment. After a little while, the ladies 


" came to pay their respects; and the first 


time we saw them, we certainly opened 
our eyes, for their entire dress consisted 
of a cloth from their loins to their knees, 
leaving the whole upper part of the body 
quite naked; yet, such is the force of ha- 
bit, they were unconscious of the least 
indelicacy ; in recompence, their head and 
neck ornaments were elegant, and all of 
pure gold. We made them very happy 
by some little presents of coloured hand- 
kerchiefs. There is a native politeness 
about many of the people, that is highly 


. pleasing: the Rajah of Ilitubara is one of 


these. He isa young man, and attached 
Tübielf, from some cause or other, parti- 
cularly to me, always constituting himself 
my especial attendant, and by a number of 
little attentions, endeavouring to render 
himself agreeable. They are a handsome 
and warlike race, uncommonly active and 
athletic. Among the barbarous customs 
that we are surprized to find among such 
a people, is that of suspending human 
heads to their houses, on great occasions ; 
this is considered a privilege of royalty. 
The Slave Trade has been the cause of 
great evil to this country, and there will 
be some satisfaction in rescuing so fine a 
people from its horrors, which I hope we 
are in a fair way of effecting. We arrived 
9n this coast on the 14th of last month, 
and have been employed, ever since, in 
negotiations with the different chiefs. The 
island is divided into an infinite number of 
districts, all independent of each other, 
and with the chiefs of which it was neces- 
Sary to treat separately. The maps give 
No idea of this island, so I need not men- 
me much of places ;—it is actually far 
known than Otaheite. You may sup- 
pose that our objects were not always 


easily attained, especially as the restric- 


137 


tion on the Slave Trade struck at one 
great source of their profits; and there 
were other troublesome questions some- 
times involved, particularly when we came 
in contact with the Chinese, settled at 
some of the northern ports. I think that 
Sir Stamford will be satisfied, when he 
finds that all essential points are carried, 
though some lesser details are not exactly 
as I would have them. I doubt whether 
we shall reach Bencoolen this month; but 
I am in the best of health and spirits, 
busy in framing a report on Pulo Nias, 
and well satisfied with the successful re- 
sult of our labours." 

I extract the following pr npa ac- 
count of the island of P ias, from a 
notice given by Mr. Jack himself in the 
Malayan Miscellanies, Vol. 2, No. viii. 

“The island of Pulo Nias has hitherto 
been very imperfectly known to Europe- 
ans: it is the largest of that chain of 
islands which skirts the western coast of 
Sumatra, and is at the same time the most 
populous and best cultivated. It is about 
seventy miles in length, stretching from 
S.E: to N.W. Its surface is, for the most 
part, hilly, but not mountainous; it pos- 
sesses several rivers of considerable size, 
whose mouths or qualloes afford entrance 
to native vessels and boats. There are 

several good harbours, both at the north- 
ern and southern end of the island, and 
there is anchorage for ships almost all 
along the eastern coast. The general as- 
pect of the country is highly pleasing to- 
wards the sea, the slopes of the hills are 
either covered with cocoa-nut trees, or 
with long grass; but, it is not till looking 
down, from their summits, upon the coun- 
try beyond, that its full richness bursts 
upon the view. From thence, the valleys 

and sides of the hills appear a sheet of 
cultivation; their summits are crown wned 
with clumps of trees, which mark the sites 
of the different villages, and the dark som- 
bre hue of undisturbed forest is no where 
to be discovered. The soil is one of pecu- 
liar fertility, of great depth in the lowest 
ys, and even on the 


grounds and valle 
steep declivities of the hills, CHAM 


138 


luxuriant crops of rice and sweet pota- 
toes. 

“The population is very considerable, 
with reference to the extent of the island, 
being estimated considerably to exceed 
two hundred thousand souls. They are an 
active, athletic race, about the middle sta- 
ture, fair as Asiatics, and with much finer 
features than the Malays. The nose is 
more prominent, and has somewhat of the 
Grecian straightness; the expression of 
the countenance is generally pleasing, and 
the eye is particularly fine and full. T 
women are considered the beauties of the 
Eastern Archipelago, ranking, in this re- 
spect, with the women of Sulo. The ob- 
servation which has been made, that the 
people of Nias are particularly subject to a 
leprous scurf, can only be true with refer- 
ence to Nias slaves abroad; for it is in no 
degree the case with them in their own 
island, where no instance of such an affec- 
tion of the skin was observed; and where, 
on the contrary, they appeared to be re- 
markably clean and neat in regard to their 
persons. That they practice habits of per- 
sonal cleanliness is evident from the pains 
they take to have large and convenient 
baths, in or near their villages. There are 
always two—one appropriated to the men, 
the other to the women, enclosed with 
high stone walls, and having a stream of 
water conducted into them, so as to fall 
over a trough from a considerable height, 
making an excellent shower-bath. 

“The villages are, for the most part, 
situated on the pinnacles of their hills, 
and always in defensible situations. This 
practice has, no doubt, originated in the 
state of warfare, in which they are almost 
constantly involved. They are divided 
into numerous independent tribes or clans, 
between many of which perpetual feuds 
exist, which have been handed down from 
. to generation, for an unknown 


ak ng of slaves obliges them to be 
y on their guard; and they never 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


e the common people consists merely of a 


. seclusion of females from the vulgar ey 


> not, however, tend to confirm the ob 


a short sword, and an oblong wooden | 

shield; besides which they generally wear 
a stiff leathern jacket, which serves as ar- 
mour; and, on particular occasions, a hel- 
met of thick leather, ornamented with a 
crest of Ijan hair over the top, and a huge 
artificial beard and mustachios, made of | 
the same material In this dress, they 
have a strange and formidable appearance; — 
they seem to be expert at the use of their 
weapons, and display great agility in their 
warlike evolutions. - The ordinary dress of 


baju or jacket, and a cloth rolled round — 
the waist, and carried between the thighs. — 
That of the chiefs, and men of rank, is . i 
more costly, and often elegant; red is theit — 
favourite colour, and-they display a profu- 
sion of gold ornaments. Thick necklaces 
or rather collars, of a peculiar pattern, and 
large ear-rings, are worn; but, the | 
striking and peculiar of their ornaments is _ 
a crown of pure gold, of a very original 
and, at the same time, elegant construc- 
tion, somewhat resembling a high Persian 
cap, with a long peak in front. The women 
also wear a great number of these orna- 
ments, viz.—the same heavy collars; very 
large ear-rings, by which the lobe of the 
ear is much distended and pulled down; | 
fillets of various patterns, generally of em- H 
bossed gold plate, round the head; while — 
the hair is gathered into a knot on the top, 
which is also fastened by a gold plate. A - 
few flowers of the red Syrian rose, taste- — 
fully stuck into the hair, set these off to 
still greater iot Their dress, hows 


ease. 
ee 


pe of à piece of cloth, rolled tightly 
round the loins, secured by a broad belt - 
of gold or brass chain-work, and extend- | 
ing downwards to the knees. The whole 
body, above this, is left completely naked, 
displaying their form in all its reality 
perfection or imperfection. There is 


and, on all occasions, they come forth 


i ee o TH !'‘]___ = 


0 TAE TAE MESSER TN 


about twelve thousand bags 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


ation, that ** when unadorned, adorned the 
most,” and it is, perhaps, better policy to 
leave a good deal to the imagination. 
“The houses are built of wood, in a 
very substantial and commodious manner, 
and are in general of large size. They are 
raised upon large mirban or iron-wood 
timbers, and the walls are made to lean 
E at the upper part. In the north- 
rn part of the island, they are gene- 
rally built detached from each other, the 
whole wall leans outwards, and the ends 
are rounded; in the southern districts, 
the houses are built close together, in re- 
gular streets, narrow in the front, but of 
great depth, and having only the two end 
walls leaning outwards. The entrance is 
by a trap-door, and a ladder in the centre. 
The hall, or public apartment, is spacious, 
and looks out upon the street. The walls 
are frequently pannelled, and the floor is 
often constructed of broad planks of Bakou 
(a species of Rhizophora), which are dark- 
coloured in the centre, and white at the 
sides, the line of separation between the 
two colours being abrupt. They are nicely 
fitted to each other, so as to have some- 
what the appearance of alternate slabs of 
ifferent coloured marbles. On the rafters 
above, are suspended, in one line, all the 
porcelain of the family, each plate in its 
own wicker case, and sometimes amount- 
ing to a few hundreds; on another, the 
Jaw-bones of the hogs that have been 
killed on great festivals; the numbers of 
both these are indicative of the wealth of 
the owners. are an important part 
of the domestic establishment, and are the 
Most general food of the inhabitants. They 
are not suffered to be in their houses or 
Villages, but large substantial buildings 
are constructed for them at a little dis- 
ns and certain of the slaves are speci- 


(ally appointed to the care of them. They 


fed on cocoa-nuts, boiled rice, and 
potatoe s. Rice is the staple 
of the country, to the extent of 


wn both in ladangs and in sawahs, but 


| itis remarkable, that it is very little used 


by e people themselves, who chiefly 


139 


subsist on sweet potatoes, and other fari- 
naceous roots, along with pork and poul- 
try. Neither buffaloes, cattle, nor horses, 
are indigenous to the island, though a 
very few have, here and there, been im- 
ported by Malays, who have settled at 
some of the northern qualloes. "There is 
a good deal of difference between the 
people of the northern half of the island 
and those of the southern. The former 
bave intermixed more with the Malays 
and Achinese, while the latter jealously 
exclude all such strangers from settling 
among them, and are therefore, perhaps, 
the more genuine and original of the two. 
* Marriage by jujur is universal, and the 
amount is very high, varying according to 
the rank of the parties, from sixty or se- 
venty to five hundred dollars, and is, for 
the most part, paid in gold. It is remark- 
able, that, in all countries where the cus- 
tom of jujur strictly prevails, that female 
honour is carefully guarded, and that great 
purity of morals is observed. It is easily 
accounted for, from its being so much the 
interest of parents to preserve the virtue 
of their children; and, however contrary 
to oür notions this purchase of wives may 
be, and, whatever other inconveniences 
may attend the custom, it cannot be greatly 
condemned where it has been productive 
of the effect of raising the female charac- 
ter. These people have never ado 
the Mussulman idea of preserving the 
chastity of their women by immuring them 
in harems, and degrading them to the con- 
dition of slaves; they have trusted to the 
strictness of education, and to moral re- 
straints early inculcated, and in the effect 
of these, they have not been deceived. 
The laws of Nias, in regard to adultery, 
are very severe, the punishment being ca- 
pital. Adultery, murder, and robbery, en- 
tail sentence of death upon the offender, 
and, in certain cases, slavery upon his fa- 
mily. Sometimes, remission of the sen- 
tence can be obtained by the payment of 
a bangun of twenty-four pahas of gold, or 
one hundred and twenty dollars. The 
number of wives, which a man may have, 
is only limited by his — but few, 


140 


except the chiefs, have more than one. 
When a rajah has several wives, the suc- 
cession to his rank and property is not 
by order of priority, but descends to the 
children of that wife for whom the highest 
jujur was paid. This, no doubt, proceeds 
upon the presumption, that the amount of 
the jujur is proportioned to the rank of 
the lady, and that thus the succession is 
secured to the highest family in point of 
birth and rank. The mode of burial in 
the southern division of the island, is pe- 
culiar; the body is not committed to the 
earth, but is enclosed in a wooden shell or 
coffin, which is elevated on four posts, and 
then given to enjoy the four winds of hea- 
ven, Flowering shrubs and creepers are 
generally planted beneath, which. soon 
climb up and cover the coffin with foliage. 
These cemeteries are at some little distance 
from the villages, and, when not quite re- 
cent, have nothing unpleasant or disgust- 
ing in their appearance; on the contrary, 
there is something almost poetic in the 
idea of placing the remains of their friends, 
as it were, beyond the reach of the worm, 
suspended in air amidst verdure and flow- 
ers; and, if they might be supposed to 
have had, further, a moral object in view, 
.what could be more forcible than to see 
the very sepulchres hastening to decay, 
amid the wild luxuriance and unfading 
freshness of the shrubs they had sup- 
ported ?" 

Bencoolen, April 8, 1821. — *I have 
never yet seen this place so completely 
without communication with the rest of 
the world, as it has been lately: we have 
not had a single arrival that could bring 
any intelligence of home, since I wrote 
last, nor an opportunity even of sending a 
letter. Yesterday a vessel came in, which 
I confidently hoped was from Bengal or 
England, and lo! it was from Ceylon, and 
I could, of course, expect nothing. I send 
this letter, by way of Batavia, by a vessel 
which is to touch there, on her way to 

ingapore. I have lately had a return of 
the old complaint in my lungs, which laid 
some time; but, by dint of 
istering, and starving, I got 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


over it pretty well, and have now only to 
recover strength, which I shall do very 
fast, I feel no doubt. I cannot assign any 
cause for the recurrence of my illness, for 
I had not been at all exposed, and it com- 
menced and proceeded very impercepti- 


bly, until it became so severe on the very — 


day when I was to have accompanied Sir 
S. and Lady Raffles on a trip to the 


country, that I was obliged to stay behind | 


and take advice. Under the idea that 
the writing posture does not agree with 
me, I have had a very high desk made, 
and mean never to write except standing, 
which is easier for my chest, and will, 


perhaps, compel me to use the pen rather - | 
less than I have lately been doing, since | 


no one can stand as long a time as he 
This illness occurred rather in- 
opportunely, as I was just beginning à 
View of the Natural History of the East- 
ern Islands, and it has, of course, sus- 
pended it for a while. "Under the idea of 
bringing out this work under all possible 
advantages, I have almost determined, so 
far as one can determine on what is so 
distant, to accompany Sir Stamford Raf- 
fles when he returns to England. In that 


event, I should have leisure on the voy- - 


age to arrange my materials ; and, with a 
little brushing up at home, might make 
my Sketch a thing of some character, 
much better than I could hope to do here, 
amid the constant pressure of new matter, 
and the daily interruptions of duty and 
business." 

Bencoolen, May 27, 1821. — * I have 
lately written to Mr. Brown, at Sir Joseph 
Banks', upon botanical subjects, and sent 


him a paper on the Malayan Melasto- — 


macee, which may, perhaps, appear in 
Linnean. Transactions! 1 possess abun- 


dant materials for many more essays of the — 
the same nature; but it is difficult to find d 
good opportunities of bringing them out. 
They will accumulate till I can retum 
myself, when I shall crown the whole with — 
a broad general view." ic 


It was during the month following the 


date of the letter, from which the previous | : 


! It is there published, vol. 1. 


EUM 
A-—————— B— 


un 


tig 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


extract is made, that Mr. Jack appears to 
have accomplished the task of reaching to 
the summit of Gunong Benko, or the 
Sugar-loaf Mountain, in the interior of 
Bencoolen, where it rises to a height of 
seven thousand seven hundred and ninety 
seven feet above the level of the sea, and 
of which he has given the following inter- 
esting account, in the second volume of 
the Malayan Miscellanies. 

“This mountain, which stands detached 
from the regular range of hills, forms, by 
its peculiar and remarkable shape, an ex- 
cellent landmark on this part of the coast. 
It lies about eighteen miles N. E. of Ben- 
coolen, but its exact position and distance 
have never been correctly ascertained. 
Two attempts had been made by Euro- 
peans, to ascend the mountain, but with- 
out success; and, a general impression 
prevailed, that it was utterly impracticable 
to gain the summit. Remarkable moun- 
tains, of this description, are generally be- 
lieved, by the natives, to be the residence 
Of spirits, and their summits are consi- 
dered as Kramats, or places of peculiar 
sanctity A Kramat of this nature was 
said to exist on the top of the Sugar-loaf, 
and it was reported that the natives some- 
times adventured to visit it, from motives 
of superstition. It was therefore resolved 
to make another trial, in the expectation 
that it might afford the means of correct- 
ing and extending the observations al- 
ready commenced on the coast, with a 
View to a more accurate survey of this 
part of the country. 

“A party of gentlemen accordingly pro- 

d from Bencoolen, on the 10th of 
June, 1821, for the purpose of effecting 
this object. They crossed the Bencoolen 
sin a little above Tanjung Agung, and 

oceeding through the Lumba Selapan 
district, halted the first night at Lubu 
Pooar, a small Rejang village on the 
> of a stream which falls into the 
y Lamow. Thus far the journey 

Was deecenpliah’ on horse-back, but it 
_ Was found impracticable to carry the horses 
_ ny farther, and the party p on 
.. foot to Punjong, a respectable village situ- 


141 


ated on the banks of the Simpang-ayer, 
and the residence of the Pasirah of the 
tribe of Marigi, the chief of the four, into 
which the Rejangs are divided; the others 
are called Bermani, Saloopu, and Joru 
Kallang. On the third day, they reached 
Rejak Bessi, the last village in the direc- 
tion of the mountain, where they rested 
for the night. It is situated on the Ayer 
Kiti, a stream which falls into the Sim- 
pang-ayer below Punjong. The journey 
from Lubu Pooar to this, might with ease, 
have been accomplished in one day in- 
stead of two, had the weather permitted. 
“The mountain was now to be at- 
tempted, and, in order to ensure success, 
it was arranged to pitch a small tent in the 
forest, in case the ascent could not be 
accomplished in one day. From Rejak 
Bessi, they proceeded over hilly ground 
gradually rising for about five miles, when 
they found their progress impeded by the 
increasing steepness of the ascent, and 
then halted under an over-hanging rock, 
where the tent was pitched, as it was im- 
possible to carry it any further, even if 
space could have been found to erect it 
on. e course from Rejak Bessi was 
through deep forests, which precluded 
them from seeing the mountain. 
view they had of it was at Rejak Bessi, 
which it appeared to over-hang, and whence 
they were able to form some idea of the 
difficulties they were likely to encounter 
from the steepness of the ascent, and the 
precipitousness of the declivities. Soon 
after quitting Rejak Bessi, they crossed a 
small river on a temporary bamboo bridge, 
thrown across a deep chasm between two 
rocks, which confined the stream within a 
narrow channel, after being precipitated 
over a fall of considerable height. A fine 
view of this fall was commanded from the 
bridge, which was itself suspended about 
one hundred feet above the stream, and 
the whole formed, with the surrounding 
forests, a beautiful and romantic scene. 
t About ten o'clock, they commenced the 
ascent of the cone, along the rocky bed of 
a mountain-torrent, until they arrived in 
front of a perpendicular face of bare rock, 


3 


142 


stretching completely across the ravine, 
which had hitherto afforded a passage, and 
seeming to bar all further progress. This 
difficulty was surmounted by placing two 
of the longest bamboos against the rock 
underneath, where the bare root of a tree 
projected from.above; by the aid of these, 
held fast at the bottom, and afterwards 
secured by a rattan at the top, they suc- 
ceeded in clambering up to the tree which 
over-hung the precipice. The next accli- 
vity terminated at the head of another 
ravine, where their progress was again 
checked by a jutting rock, rendered moist 
by the trickling of a small spring of water 
from among its crevices. 
declared that further ascent was imprac- 
ticable, and that from thence the party 
might return as soon as they pleased. (The 
fact is, they were extremely averse to their 
proceeding, fearing the vengeance of the 
evil spirits if they conducted strangers to 
the summit ; they were, therefore, advising 
to return at every difficulty, and the ascent 
was ultimately accomplished without their 
aid, or rather in spite of them.) The ap- 
pearances around were calculated to con- 
firm this assertion, but before determining 
to retreat, they examined the extent of the 
precipice; and, crossing the ravine, per- 
ceived that the opposite side, though al- 
most perpendicular, had a thin coating of 
soil and moss, with numerous roots of trees 
half laid bare, by laying hold of which 
with the hands and placing the toes in the 
niches, they at length reached the ridg 
which formed the right-hand shoulder of 
hill. Along this, a path was found 
sometimes along the base, sometimes over 
the face of a succession of bare masses of 
rock, which it was necessary to clamber 
oyer by the aid of such twigs and roots as 
occasionally fastened themselves in their 
fissures. The last of these precipices was, 
perhaps, the most dizzy and dangerous, as 
it was necessary to make a step or two on 
a narrow ledge, on the face of a cliff of 
such height that the eye could not discern 
the bottom ; and thence catch at a dry 
within reach, by swinging 
was possible, with a consi- 


Ie] 


stump b 
from which. diae: 


Here the guides: 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


derable effort, to pum the rock. 


denseness of the moss and the stunted ap- a 
pearance of the trees, now indicated their — 
approach towards the top; and, at length, | 
about two o'clock, they found themselves - 
This was a bare spot, of 


on the summit. 
not more than four or five yards in breadth, 


with a precipice on each side, partly con- : 
cealed by brushwood. Of those who set 4 
out together from the foot of the hill, a 


few only reached this point, by far the 
majority giving up, in despair, at different 
parts of the ascent ; but the labour of those 
who persevered, was amply recompensed. 
by the view which opened from the sum- 
mit. 


tinctly marked. The vessels in the bason 
of Rat Island, were distinguishable with 


the aid of a glass; and the white ramparts 


of Fort Marlborough were easily discerned. 
To the South, they looked down on the 
hills of Bukit Kandees or the Lion’s Rump, 
and Bukit Kabut, (the hill of mist), which 


formed a straight line with the Sugar-loaf. 


Inland, the view was obscured by a cloud 
which was evidently directing its course 


towards the hill, and it was necessary, E 
therefore, to take the desired observations . 
and bearings, with all possible dispatch. | 
This was done with a small compass, none - 
of the larger instruments having got up. - 


The character of the vegetation was de- 


cidedly Alpine; the rocks and the trunks : 
of the trees being covered with dense i 
moss, and many of the shrubs belonging 


to genera of higher latitudes, such as Vac- 


cintum, Rhododendron, &c. There is also 
found here a shrub which the natives con- - 
sider a substitute for Tea, remarkable by : 
its thick glossy leaves; it will form a new a 


genus in the family of Myrtacee. Having 


finished their observations, they made haste à 


was eet eae facilitated by fastening à 
a tree above, and then slid- 
ing along it, p as the steepest places. Tt 


The line of the coast, from Layeon 
the North, to a considerable distance be- _ 
yond Buffaloe-point on the South, wasdis- — 


a Ermessen — 


$ 
1 

H 
d 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK.. 


was necessary, however, to be cautious 
not to slide with too much velocity, in or- 
der to be able to keep a footing, when the 
rattan slipped from the hand. When they 
had got about half way down, the clouds, 
which had now enveloped the hill, burst 
in a flood of rain, and rendered the foot- 
ing still more insecure, The steepest parts, 
however, were then passed, and the trees, 
for a short while, afforded some protection. 
But, by the time they reached the lower 
ravines, the waters began to swell, and 
the latter part of the descent was in the 
very bed of the torrent. They arrived at 
the tent about an hour before sun-set, and 
found the spot completely flooded; the 
rain had, in no degree, abated, and it was 
impossible to find shelter for the whole 
party of natives, &c., which was very nu- 
merous; it was, therefore, determined to 
make a push forward to Rejak Bessi, ra- 
ther than pass the night in so uncomfort- 
able a situation, A sharp walk brought 
them to the village soon after dark, anda 
good night’s rest repaired the fatigues of 
the day. The next day was spent at the 


same place, both for the purpose of rest- 


ing the people, and of bringing up the 
tent which had been left in the forest. On 
16th, they travelled to Punjong, and 
the following day, they commenced their 
return by another route, striking across 
the country in the direction of Bukit Kan- 
dees to the Bencoolen river. Sampans 
had been previously ordered to be in rea- 
diness at Tanjong Sanei, and they arrived 
there about eleven o ‘clock, having, in the 
latter part of the j journey, forded the main 
Stream of the Bencoolen river no less than 
. About FM they em- 
barked on the Sampan d placed the 
» and some a (08 followers, on 
Bamboo rafts; the first part of the course 
was a constant succession of rapids, in 
ting down which, some management 


was necessary to avoid being upset upon 


the trunks of trees and other obstacles that 


layin the way. Twice, being driven 
Against these, the 


as filled with 
Water, and with difficulty a from being 
iped. Below the junction of the 


143 


Rindowati, the depth of the river in- 
creased, and the current became more re- 
gular; and, at length, they landed near 
Bencoolen, about nine at night, having 
thus accomplished, aided by the rapidity 
of the stream, in one day, what would 
have occupied several in ascending. 
Gunong Benko is not estimated to exceed 
three th etin height; but its shape, 
and its standing boldly out from the gene- 
ral range of hills, render it the most re- 
markable of those visible from Bencoolen. 
It is almost entirely composed of masses 
of basalt or trap, which is the most preva- 
lent rock along this part of Sumatra. The 
whole of the country traversed on this 
occasion, is exceedingly broken and irre- ` 
gular, and but thinly inhabited. In the 
neighbourhood of the hill, it is a complete 
forest and very wild, presenting an infinite 
number of romantic and beautiful views. 
The soil, near the rivers, is remarkably 
rich, and that of the forest tracts, little in- 
ferior, particularly in the bamboo groves, 
which, indeed, are generally found to pre- 
vail on the finest lands. The greater part 
of the rice is cultivated in ladangs, but 
there are a few sawahs. At Tello Anou, 
is a small Nutmeg plantation, where the 
trees have never been manured, yet seem 
as thriving as any about town. The forests 
abound with noble timber-trees; few ani- 
mals were seen; of monkeys, the Kra 
(Simia fascicularis), and Chingkau (S. 
cristata), were the most common ; and the 
loud cry of the Siamang (S. syndactyla) 
was frequently heard, though they did not 
come in sight. It is very singular to ob- 
serve the young of the Chingkau and Sim- 
pai (S. melalophos) embracing their mo- 
thers, that of the former being fawn-co- 
loured, while the adult is fetis black, 
and the latter having the young black, 
while the mother is fawn-coloured, appear- 
ing exactly as if they had exchanged 


roung ones. 
« At about half the height of the moun- 


spring was tri 
kae nen and found to be 68° Fgh,— 


The temperature might, however, have. : 


144 


been lowered by evaporation, therefore it 
can scarcely be assumed as a true mean 
temperature, or employed in calculating 
the height. It may, however, be remarked 
that the mean temperature given by Mr. 
Leslie, for the level of the sea, in the dif- 
ferent latitudes, will certainly not apply to 
the low latitudes in the eastern lands. 
83°, which is given as the mean tempera- 
ture in latitude 3°, is far too high for Ben- 
coolen, where the range of the thermome- 
ter, throughout the year, is usually from 
74° to 85°, rarely falling below 70°, or 
rising above 87° or 88°.” 

Oct. 24, 1821.—“ I have just received 
a letter from the Secretary of the Geologi- 
‘eal Society, announcing my election, and 
forwarded by Mr. Colebrooke, who hopes 
I will not disavow what he has done in my 
name. My paper on the Geology of Su- 
matra is complete, and will probably be 
given in the Society’s Transactions : it is 
sufficiently general, but its geological defi- 
ciencies are compensated by geographical 
information, much of which is new and 

teresti 


A ng. 

March, 1822. — “I am now going to 

oco-Moco, to superintend the elevation 
and coronation of a new Sultan, besides 
which Sir Stamford has given me a com- 
mission to report on the state of the dis- 
trict; and, if I complete it, as I intend, 
by a similar visit to the Southern districts, 
it will, with my former reports, contain 
pretty nearly all that is important respect- 
ing this coast. My Botanical essay is fi- 
nished; it contains d new plene 
fifteen of which are new gen 

Katuun, April 21st, 18224 m last 
letter, which I left at Bencoolen to be for- 
warded to you, will have informed you of 
my intended trip to Moco-Moco. I started 
by sea, on the Ist of April, and the time 
was so nicely chosen, that I arrived off 
Moco-Moco the next evening. On the 3rd 
. I landed, and the very next day the wind 
shifted to the North, so that the vessel re- 
turned to Bencoolen in nearly the same 
space of time, being, perhaps, one of the 
quickest passages ev ever made. We remain- 
ed at Moco-Moco till the 15th, when we 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE 


MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


commenced our return by land. There] € 
had a double commission, one to superin- - 
tend the election and installation of a new — 


Sultan, and the other to inquire into and 
report on the state of the district. The 


Sultan is elected by the chiefs, from among — 


the royal family, and must be confirmed by 
the Company. 
had already been made by Sir Stamford, 


and my business was to make this choice - 


good, if possible; this was fully accom- 


plished, though some opposition was at first 


expected, and the election was carried una- 
nimously. This being the case, I was au- 


thorized to cause the installation to take — 
place immediately, without further interfer- _ 


ence. The ceremony was performed under 


a large temporary shed, erected for the | 


purpose on the plain; the p 
the new Sultan, who assumed the pompous 
title of Sultan Khalifat Allah "hidayat 
Shah (God’s Vicegerent upon Earth) was 
first read, presents were then made to the 


Sultan and all the chiefs on the part of the 
Company, a salute was fired from the fort, — 
and the parties all took the usual oaths of | 
allegiance, &c. This done, we all sat down | 
to a dinner, given to nearly two hundred - 
people, the lesser folk seated on mats on - 
the ground, and served with native messes, _ 
and with rum-punch, of which a hogshead | 


was prepared; and the royal part of the 
company at our table. 


and most of the grandees little better. A 


few days after, a second part of the cere- - 
mony took place, which consisted in the _ 
Sultan's receiving the obeisance of his new | 


subjects in state at his own house. À 
of throne was constructed at one of the 


windows, whereon the Sultan placed him- ; 


self; the ground beneath was spread 


mats, and a drapery hung from the window 
down to these, and a line of guards was — 
The whole of the 


drawn up on one side, 


the face of majesty, a crowd of common 


The election of a successor - 


After dinner, à 
succession of toasts followed, which quickly 
confused the heads of the greater portion | 
of the guests, and we were not long of | 
sending home the Sultan royally drunk, - 


ere 


MEE. vv 


same. 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


people bringing up the rear and doing the 
long enumeration of the honours 
of the Sultan, of the various countries and 
tribes subject to his authority, with other 
oriental rigmarole, was read with a loud 
voice ; after which the nobat, or royal band, 
Struck up, and at certain changes of the 
tune, the prostrations were renewed ; while 
a parcel of fellows with drawn swords ran 
about, as if to cut off every presumptuous 
head that bowed not sufficiently low. This 
over, the Sultan descended from his throne, 
and seated himself on a humbler cushion 
in the hall, where the chiefs came up to 
make their separate prostrations to the idol, 
who was all the while preparing and eating 
Siri, or Betel, out of a gold and silver box. 


"There was something of barbaric pomp 


and magnificence in all this not unamusing, 
and I could not help wishing there was a 
little more real authority behind this out- 
ward demonstration of it, for verily this 
people are a stiff-necked generation. The 
day after this, the Sultan gave us a dinner 
in return. On almost all other days he 
dined with us; our regular party at meals 
consisting of Radin Karim and Radin Aria 
Surga, two chiefs sent with us from Ben- 
coolen, the Sultan, and one or other of the 
juniors of the royal family. The two for- 
mer are very superior men, quite European 
in their notions, and whose manners wo 
fit them for any society. There was there- 
fore no dearth of conversation, and though 
carried on in Malay, you might be in many 
an English company where there was less 
of ease, of sense, and even of wit and 
playfulness than prevailed among us. In 
short, a more agreeable party could hardly 


- be desired, and our time passed remarkably 


pleasantly. On the 16th, having sent off 
our baggage the day before, we commenced 
our return; the stages are long, and some 
of them very fatiguing. We rested one 
day at Ipu, which is rather a pretty place. 


The next day's journey was very tiresome, 


; along a beach of fine sand and loose 


a the whole way, with several little 
 Tivers to ford, and two to ferry, swimming 
9ur horses. Yesterday was, however, the 
_ Worst, being wholly in the forest, over a 


145 


succession of small hills, with steep decli- 
vities, where it was generally impossible to 
ride; in those cases we commonly threw 
the bridle on the ponies’ necks, and let 
them roam up and down as they please, 
following them as we best could, and it 
was really astonishing to see what places 
these active little creatures made their way 
over. We intended to have divided the 
stage into two, but, by some mistake, pro- 
visions had not been sent on as ordered, 
to the place where we meant to have staid 
for the night, so we determined to push 
on: we were from six o'clock in the morn- 
ing to six in the evening on the way, so 
you may suppose we were not a little tired, 
considering, too, the nature of the road. 
Fortunately we had carried something to 
eat with us, which we always do on the 
long stages; we sat down by the bank of a 
mountain-stream, and made our breakfast 
on boiled rice, put up in plantain-leaves, 
with cold grilled fowl, in the true native 
method, with no instrument buf our fingers, 
I wish that the party could have been 
sketched, it would have altogether been an 
excellent scene. We stay here a day or 
two, and may perhaps make a trip up the 
rver to look at the interior, as we are in 
no hurry, and can amuse ourselves as we 
like in seeing the country. I am as well 


d as can be; indeed I think my journeys are 
always beneficial to me, and a little extra 


fatigue does me good, and puts me in spi- 
rits. Iam continually making discoveries 
of new plants, and in fact have hardly time 
in the day for putting together all the ma- 
terials and information that I collect.” 
This appears to be the last letter which 
his family had the happiness to receive 
from him, notwithstanding the excellent 
state of health and spirits in which he de- 
scribes himself to be. His happy tempe- 
rament and constant occupation did not 
probably allow of his being conscious of 
the inroads of disease, for it was a remark 
in one of his letters to his still surviving 
parents, er really think if I could always 
have plenty to do I should never feel ill- 
ness: it is only when I have leisure that I 
have time to be m The first account 


146 


we have of his illness and death is from 
the pen of Sir Stamford Raffles, as com- 
municated in a letter to Peter Auber, Esq. 
of the East India House, dated 

Bencoolen, Sept. 15th, 1899.—* We 
were to have embarked this morning for 
Singapore, but the wind has proved foul, 
and it was ordained that we should remain 
another day, to bury our dear and invalua- 
ble friend, William Jack. Poor fellow! a 
finer head or heart there never was, and 
whether as a bosom-friend or a scientific 
assistant, he was invaluable to me. He 
had been long ill, and returned from Java 
about a fortnight ago, after an unsuccessful 
visit for change of air. We embarked him 
yesterday morning in the Layton for the 
Cape, and he died this morning before the 
ship weighed her anchor. I am so de- 
pressed in spirits, and altogether so incom- 
petent to the task of writing to his father, 
at this hurried moment, when all is confu- 
sion for my embarkation, that I must post- 
pone doing it, till I arrive at Singapore, 
where I hope to meet Robert Jack, his 
brother, but as bad news flies apace, I beg 
you will satisfy him of the fact, should a 
reference be made to you, and at the same 
time assure him that the loss is as deeply 
deplored by his friends here, as it is possi- 
ble it can be by his family at home; and 
that for myself, I am so overwhelmed by 
the misfortune, that I cannot command 
myself to enter into particulars. His cha- 
racter and talents stood deservedly high 
with all who knew him, and if any thing 
can afford relief to a parent’s distress, on 
the loss of such.a son, it ought to be the 
reflection, that he has performed the course 
he was destined to run with honour and 
integrity, and that his sphere of usefulness 
was as extended as his talents and ability, 
themselves of no common order, would 
command.” 


Dr. Wallich thus addresses Principal 


Jack, i in a letter, dated 
y re, Oct. 10th, 1822.—“ When 
Fille Mood lisi, I had hopes of being 
eec able’ K ne to you more wel- 

e. ! it was otherwise 


ordained, and it hs become my lt to con- 


MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 


dole with you on the untimely departure 
of your most excellent son, my dear and 
beloved friend, William! This sudden 
and most melancholy intelligence was com- 
municated to me by Sir S. Raffles, who 
landed here this morning, and who deeply 
participates in our deplorable loss, Your 
son’s spotless integrity, his excellence of 
character and of heart, and the universal 
esteem which he enjoyed here, have now 
their reward. It is therefore only my own 
bitter loss, and that of his revered and af- 
flicted parents that distresses me, and 
which, recent as the shock is, almost over- 
comes me while I pen these words. For- 
give me, therefore, for dwelling in this 
manner on this sad event : I should endea- 
vour to console you—and I cannot console 
myself !”—And again, Sir S. Raffles bears 
the following high testimony to his charac- 
ter and abilities, in a letter addressed p 
Principal Jack, dated 

Singapore, Jan. 1st, 1823.—' I cannot, | 
without much pain, bring myself to the — 
performance of the duty I am now about 
to undertake; but under the expectation 
that you will, by this time, have overcome f 
the first effects, and in some degree become | 
reconciled to the dispensation of Provi- - 
dence, which has, in this instance, fallen so | 
severely upon you, I must no longer delay — 
the communication of such particulars rë- 
garding your late son, as you have a right - 
to expect from me. Before, however, I 
enter upon these, you must allow me,a$ | 
the sincere and devoted friend of your son, - 
to bear testimony to the spotless purity of 
his character, and to the high value and 
importance of his intellectual exertions; 
while he was permitted to remain among - 
us. The warmth of his heart and enthu- 
siasm in whatever his head and heart ap- — 
proved, united us in the bonds of the closest — 


etait FS tr 


ES 


— is 


uA«————— MÀ — 


dm of admiration for his character a 2 | 


uable career. His health was delicate w 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


he first joined me, owing to an affection of 
the lungs contracted during the campaign in 
India; but it was a fever which carried him 
off. Poor fellow! he battled with it for 
months, and we had hopes to the last. The 
object nearest to his heart as he lay on his 
death-bed, and which indeed had filled his 
thoughts for months before, was the settle- 
ment of his brother Robert. His trip to 
Moco-Moco, where he caught the fever, 
was in a great measure undertaken with 
this view, and before we parted, he had my 
solemn pledge that I would serve his bro- 
ther to the utmost of my power; and this 
pledge I shall always be ready to redeem. 
Dr. Wallich has had the pleasure of giving 
your son's name to a noble tree, with pen- 
dent flowers and drooping fruit, alas! too 
emblematical of his early fate, which he 
has called Jackia ornata ; and we are de- 
sirous of placing an inscription over your 
Son's grave, and have written to Calcutta 
for a suitable stone." 

At Calcutta his zealous friend, Dr. Wal- 
lich, addressed the following letter to C. 
Lushington, Esq. Secretary to Government 
in the General Department :— 

“ Sir, —The friends of the late Mr. As- 
sistant-Surgeon, William Jack, being soli- 
citous to erect a monument to his memory 
in this (the Botanic) Garden, for which the 
Lord Bishop of Calcutta (Dr. Heber) has 
kindly offered to supply an inscription, I 
beg leave to request that the Right Ho- 
nourable the Governor-General in Council 
will be pleased to grant the sanction of 
Government for that undertaking. 


| “It is needless to dwell long on the 
merits of the late Mr. Jack as an eminent 
?olanist and a most zealous contributor to 
Science in general, they have been equaled 
—... by few, exceeded by none: they have re- 
.  Peatedly been brought to the notice of 
i the Supreme Jovernment by the late 


4 ieutenant-Governor of Sumatra; they 


147 


are gratefully inscribed on the records of 
this Institution, which has derived so much 
benefit from them; they are conspicuous 
on the pages of his numerous publications, 
and have been acknowledged by all; and 
I humbly submit that they are in every 
respect worthy of that high approbation 
which the concurrence of his Lordship in 
Council in the contemplated measure will 
imply. Signed, &c. 

N. WALLICH." 

To this it is almost needless to say a fa- 
vourable answer was given, and permission 
granted for erecting a monument to Mr. 
Jack within the precincts of the noblest 
Botanic Garden in the world. 

The published writings of Mr. Jack, as 
far as have come to my knowledge, are, 
* Descriptions of Malayan Plants," given 
in the first and succeeding volumes of the 
Malayan Miscellanies, and here re-pub- 
lished. Also in the same work, “ Memoran- 
dum of a Journey to the summit of Gunong 
Benko, or the Sugar-loaf Mountain, in 
the interior of Bencoolen"—* Short No- 
tice concerning the Island of Pulo Nias, 
with comparative Vocabularies in the 


of the Undang-Undang of Moco-Moco.” 
In the fourteenth volume of the Trans- 
actions of the Li Society, are a 
Paper “ on the Malayan Species of Melas- 
toma ;” “ on Cyrtandracee, a new Natu- 
ral Order of Plants ;” and lastly “ An 
Account of the Lansium and some other 
Genera of Malayan Plants.” 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 
(Continued from page 380 of the Botanical Journal. ) 
LAURUS INCRASSATUS. W.J. 
Foliis ovato-lanceolatis venosis, pedunculis 

fructus incrassatis rubris. 
Machilus medius, Rumph. Amb. 3. p. 70. 
i c 
Jaring javing tupai. Malay. 
Found at Natal, in the Island of Su- 
mici: 


p o | X 


148 


A Tree. Leaves alternate, petiolate, 
ovato-lanceolato or lanceolate, acuminate, 
entire, very smooth, with lateral nerves 
proceeding from a middle rib; about five 
inches long. Petioles short. Peduncles 
axillary or lateral near the extremity of the 
branches, shorter than the leaves, support- 
ing a small panicle of flowers. In the 
flower these peduncles and pedicels are 
slender and delicate; but as the fruit ad- 
vances they become very much thickened, 
fleshy, and red. erianth six-parted. 
Stamens nine, the three inner ones glan- 
dular at the base, and somewhat villous ; 
anthers opening by longitudinal valves. 
Style short. Stigma capitate, angled. 
Berry seated on the incrassated peduncle, 
and embraced at the base by the divisions 
of the perianth a little enlarged, about the 
size and shape of an olive, purple, one- 
seeded. Seed oval, exalbuminous. Ra- 
dicle superior, far within the edge of the 
cotyledons. 

Oss. I have met with another species 
at Bencoolen, with large leaves from nine 
to twelve inches in length, in which the 
pedicels alone are thickened, the peduncles 
remaining unaltered. In this particular it 
agrees, perhaps, still better with Rumphi- 
us’s figure than the plant above described. 


W. J. 

Racemis axillaribus, floribus umbellatis 
enneandris, filamentis pilosis, perianthii 
imbo sexpartito, foliis cordatis subro- 
tundo-ovatis uninervibus costatis sub- 
tus ramulis. pedunculis involucrisque 


DESCRIPTION OF 


TETRANTHERA CORDATA. 


A moderate-sized Tree. Leaves alter- 
nate, petiolate, cordate, sometimes sinuato- 
cordate, varying from subrotundo-ovate to 
oblong-oval, rather acute, smooth above, 
tomentose, tomentose beneath, nerves pro- 

from a middle-rib, veins transverse 
Mlieticulato. Peduncles axillary, shorter 
than the leaves, bearing a raceme of invo- 
lucred - umbels, Involucres five-leaved, 
undis tomentose without, deci- 


MALAYAN PLANTS. 


Mate: Perianth six-parted. Stamens 
nine, hairy, the three inner filaments fur- 
nished with large glands. FEMALE: Pe- 
rianth six-parted, segments narrow. Ste- 
rile stamens nine, the inner three with 
large double glands ; filaments pilose, with 
long hairs. Style one, longer than the 
stamens. Stigma dilated, sublobate. A 
oblong, one-seeded. 


— 


LJ 
KNEMA GLAUCESCENS. W. J. 


— er Su floris, florida 
nedic 


SDRC foliis Silla: sursum at- 
tenuatis subtus glaucis, antheris 12—15. 
In the neighbourhood of Bencoolen. 

A diœcious Tree. The young parts co- 
vered with rusty down. Leaves alternate, 
short-petioled, oblong, generally rounded 
at the base, attenuated upwards, very en- ` 
tire, deep-green and shining above, glau- 

cous beneath, the adult leaves nearly 
smooth, the young ones furnished with short 
stellate pubescence on the under surface; 
lateral nerves simple; about seven inches 
long by two broad. Petioles somewhat 
rusty, a third of an inch in length. Sti- 
pules none. Flowers two to six, glomerate _ 
on a short axillary knob, pedicellate; pe- E 
dicels as long as the petioles, ferruginously — 
tomentose. A minute branch about the . 
middle of each pedicel. MALE: Perianth — 


ferruginously tomentose without, deeply 


equal number of two-celled anthers. FE- — 
MALE: fruit axillary, generally solitary, - 
hanging, oblong-oval, considerably smaller 
than an olive, somewhat pulverulent and . 


Oss. The seed has a pungent taste and 
slightly aromatic smell. Mr. Brown has 
recognized the . pepe sEm i 
Knema from Myristica T 


Misses | 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


CONNARUS. Linn. 


(“Those species having never more than . 


one style, and no albumen, belong to Con- 
narus, as limited by Dr. Brown. Rox- 
burgh's Connarus, however, is a species of 
Rouzea, Aubl. A. WAY) 

This genus, with Cnestis, has been re- 
moved by Mr. R. Brown, from the Tere- 
binthacee of Jussieu, and formed into a se- 
parate and very natural family, under the 
name of Connaracee. They are rather a 
numerous tribe in the Malay Islands, and 
besides the following species of Connarus 
and Cnestis, I have to add the new genus 
Eurycoma, which appears to be sufficiently 
distinct from both the former. I am doubt- 
ful whether the species which I have re- 
lerred to Cnestis really belong to that ge- 
nus, as they have all smooth capsules with 
arlled or carunculate seeds, or whether 
they ought not to be separated from those 
whose capsules are clothed with prurient 
hair. Some confusion appears also to have 
existed between the species of Cnestis and 
Connarus, the ripe capsules of the former 
being often solitary from the abortion of 
the remaining ovaries, and I am much in- 
clined to think that Connarus santaloides 
and mimosoides of Vahl, in particular, are 
in reality species of Cnestis, a supposition 
which is supported by the analogy of the 
inflorescence, which is almost without ex- 
ception terminal in Connarus, and axillary 
in Cnestis. This distinction is of some 
importance between genera so nearly re- 
lated, 


CONNARUS FERRUGINEA. W.J. 


Ferrugineo-tomentosa, foliis pinnatis, folio- 


lis oblongis coriaceis subtus ferrugineo- 
villosis, paniculis terminalibus 

Bunga Burutta, Malay. 

Native of Pulo Pinang. 
A 


small-sized Tree. Branches round, 


eid with ferruginous wool. Leaves 


nete, pande; Hafets jd E 


wath. Petioles round, villous, thicken- 


149 


ed at the base. Stipules none. Panicles 
large, terminal, sometimes with a few ax- 
illary racemes. Flowers numerous, white. 
Bracts roundish, often curved, ferrugin- 
ously villous as well as the calyces and the 
whole panicle. Calyx five-parted, lacinie 
erect, oblong, acute. Corolla white, sprin- 
kled with red dots, five-petaled, longer 
than the calyx, petals erect, lanceolate. 
Stamens ten, erect, united at the base, the 
alternate ones much shorter. Anthers 
ovate. Style shorter than the long stamens. 
fagma capitate, three-furrowed. Capsule 
follicular, ferruginous, rather inflated, ob- 
lique, gibbous behind, opening on one side, 
one-celled, one-seeded. Seed bean-shaped, 
appendiculate at the umbilicus. Umbilical 
appendage or caruncle large and glandular. 
Embryo dicotyledonous, caäfohä to the 
seed, without albumen ; radicle at a dis- 
tance from the umbilicus. 
Oss. This fine species is well distin- 
most by its thick leathery leaves and 
e ferruginous pubescence of their lower 
ence and of the branches and panicles. 


W. J. 


Villosissima, foliolis 5—7 lanceolatis longe 
acuminatis supra glabris, paniculis ter- 
minalibus dense stellato-villosis ferrugi- 
neis. 

Native of Sumatra. 

The whole plant densely and ferrugin- 
ously woolly. Branches round. Leaves 
alternate, pinnate, leaflets five or seven, 
subopposite, oblong-lanceolate, narrowing 
towards the base, terminating in a long 
acumen, entire, smooth above, villous be- 
neath, with stellate pubescence, about six 
inches long. In young leaves the upper 
surface is covered with deciduous pubes- 
cence. Panicles large, terminal, and from 
the upper axils, densely villous, ferrugin- 

ous. Bracts long, linear, thick, curved, 
villous. Calyx five-parted, villous. Co- 
rolla five-petaled, limb spreading. Sta- 
mens ien, united into a ring at the base, 
the alternate ones shorter. Ovary densely 


CONNARUS VILLOSA. 


| pilose, with plumose hairs. Style longer 
villous than the stamens. Stigma : 


capitate. 
Oss. This plant is covered with denser 


150 


and rougher wool than the preceding, par- 

ticularly on the panicles, and the leaves are 

much longer, acuminate, and not coriace- 

ous. 

W. J. 

Foliis pinnatis, foliolis 3—5 lato-lanceolatis 
subtus villosiusculis, paniculis termina- 
libus axillaribusque villosis, filamentis 
alternis sterilibus. 

Mangul, also Akar Sedinka. Malay. 

Abundant in thickets at various places 
on the West coast of Sumatra. 

It is a small Tree, with wrinkled bark; 
the young shoots and leaves are softly and 
ferruginously villous. Leaves alternate, 
pinnate ; leaflets from three to five, ovate- 


CONNARUS SEMIDECANDRA. 


lanceolate, acuminate, entire, smooth above, 


slightly villous beneath, nerves lucid ; three 
to four inches long. Panicles terminal, or 
from the upper uie villous and brownish. 
Flowers numerous. Bracts small. Ca- 
lyx five-leaved, erect, reddish, tomentose. 
Corolla of a light bluish colour, five-petal- 
ed; petals longer than the calyx, spread- 
ing at the limb. Stamens, filaments five, 
eni exsert; five alternate ones short, 
sterile ; all united into a ring at the base, 
Style Mist shorter than the stamens. 
Capsule tomentose, ferruginous, follicular, 
two-valved, one-seeded. Seed with an 
umbilical caruncle. 

BS. This is one of the most common 
species in Sumatra, and like all the rest of 
the genus, frequents thickets and copses, 
or what is called by the Malays, Belukar, 
rather than the great forests, 

CONNARUS GRANDIs. W. J. 
Foliis pinnatis, foliolis quinis oyato-lanceo- 
latis glabris, paniculis terminalibus, cap- 
sulis magnis glabris. 
At Tappanuly, in Sumatra. 
A moderate-sized Tree. Leaves alter- 


nite, pinnate ; leaflets generally five, ovato- 


acuminate, entire, smooth ; ; eight 
or nine inches long. Panicles terminal, 

ooth. Capsules large, oblique, 
ar, bursting on one 


- Seed with a large um- 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


Oss. I have not seen the flowers. It 
has larger leaves and fruit than any other 
species that Ihave met with, and is further 
d by the smoothness of all its 


CONNARUS LUCIDA. W. J. 


Foliis pinnatis, foliolis glaberrimis nitidis 
emarginato-acuminatis, paniculis termi- 
nalibus ferrugineis, calyce persistente. 
Sumatra. 

A small Tree, with long divaricate sub- 
scandent branches. Bark brown and 
wrinkled. Leaves alternate; leaflets five 
to nine, ovato-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, 
terminating in a long linear acumen, which 
is emarginate at the point, entire, very 
smooth, shining and lucid ; two, to two and 
a half inches long. Panicles terminal, 
small, and delicate, ferruginously tomen- 
tose. Flowers pale red. Calyz five-leaved, 
tomentose. Corolla five-petaled, petals 
narrow. Stamens ten, monadelphous at 
the base, the alternate ones short. Style 
one, longer than the stamens. Capsule 
obovate, less oblique than usual in the ge- 
nus, embraced at the base by the enlarged, 
persistent calyx, smooth, bursting on one 
side, one-seeded. Seed attached nearly at 
the base, the umbilicus half embraced by 
the cup-shaped caruncle, which is rather 
smaller than usual. 

This is a small delicate species, 
having smooth, shining leaves with emargi- 
nate points; the panicles are small, and - 
seldom bring more than one or two fruits 
to perfection. 


CNESTIS EMARGINATA. W.J. 


(^ The following species having five — 
styles, some of which are abortive, and nO 
albumen, form part of the genus Rourea 
of Aublet, or Robergia of Schreber. Ro- 
bergia -of AE however, is a true 
Cnestis. G. A. W.A”) 2 
Foliolis 5—7 acuminatis apice "mm a 

ero mes Spor laine d chee 


coolen. | 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


Asmall Tree, with weak, diffuse branches. 
Leaves alternate, pinnate, leaflets five to 
seven, from ovate to oblong-ovate, termin- 
ating in a long acumen, which is emarginate 
at the point, entiré, very smooth, the mid- 
dle nerve pubescent underneath ; the upper 
leaflet is the largest, and frequently five 
inches in length. Petiole thickened at top 
and bottom, almost articulate under the 
terminal leaflet. /acemes axillary, subso- 
litary, short, few-flowered ; pedicels alter- 
nate, one-flowered; a bractis at the base 
of each pedicel, small, tomentose as well 
asthe peduncle. Calyz five-parted, smooth, 
persistent. Corolla five-petaled, petals 
oblong, acute. Stamens ten, distinct, the 
alternate ones shorter. Ovaries five, smooth, 
with a line of hairs along the suture. Styles 
five, shorter than the stamens. /S4gmas 
emarginate. Capsule solitary, four ovaries 
aborting, embraced at the base by the thick- 
ened calyx, orange-coloured, smooth, burst- 
ing on one side, containing a single black 
seed. Seed furnished at the base with a 
— ne oure d,fleshy carun- 


Dii inverse, “without albumen. 

OB e umbilical caruncle in this 
species is sities in shape and situation to 
that observed in the Connarus lucidus, 

smaller than usual in this tribe. 


CNESTIS FLORIDA. W.J. 
Foliolis 3—5, rarius solitariis, oblongo- 
ovatis acuminatis glaberrimis, racemis 
fasciculatis axillaribus, seminibus arillo 
subinclusis. 
Confer cum mer santaloide, Vahl, 
anne eadem 
Found in dines and the Island of 
Pulo Nias. 
À small Tree, with somewhat rigid, diva- 
septo branches. Leaves alternate, pinnate, 
ts three to five, sometimes solitary, 
sang oi attenuated into a longish, 
acumen, very entire, very smooth, 
Ther rigid, shining above, veins reticulate; 
inches long. facet nes s axillary, iube 
E x! ` 


Me) | three to d 
Ses y osteo erect, king with 


151 


red towards the base. Corolla five-petal- 
ed. Stamens ten, distinct, nearly equal ; 
filaments flat, and broader at the base 
Ovaries five, oblong, erect. Styles one 5 


pointed towards both ends, somewhat ob- 
lique, smooth, bursting on one side, one- 
seeded. Seed almost enclosed in a bright 
red fleshy aril, originating from the umbili- 
cus, and in its expansion enveloping the 
whole seed. Albumen none. Cotyledons 
plano-convex, solid. .Kadicle remote from 
the umbilicus, as in Gertner’s Omphalo- 
bium. 


W. J. 


Foliis pinnatis subdecemjugis, foliolis ova- 
li-oblongis emarginatis, seminibus 
subinclusis. 

Connarus mimosoides. Vahl and Willd. 

Found at Tappanuly. 

I can scarcely entertain a , doubt of this 
being the very plant referred by Vahl to 
Connarus, and aptly named mimosoides. 
Its analogy with the preceding is very close, 
having the seeds similarly enclosed in a 
large red aril, and the racemes axilla 
have not seen the flowers, but the fodit 
abortive ovaries are quite distinct at the 
base of the perfect one. In all these three 
species only ne ceu ripoti in ea 

particular, 

ind arilled seeds, iplis inpr na 


Cnestis. 


CNESTIS MIMOSOIDES. 


W.J. 


PENTANDRIA MoxocyNIA.—Nat. Ord. 


EURYCOMA. 


CoxNARACEE. Brown. 

Calyx 5-partitus. Corolla | 5-petala. 
Stamina quinque. Glandule decem sta- 
minibus alterne. Ovarium 5-lobum, lobis 
puinedpdas MN I. Stigmata quinque. 

culares glabre, mono- 
en nudum. Polygama, fo- 


(n Lie very great doubts of this be- 
longing to the natural order of Connaracee. 


1 rest particularly on the combined sms 


152 


which contain each only one ovule. In 
addition, the ovarium is five-lobed, and 
points out an affinity with the great family 
of Rubiacee—indeed I feel much disposed 
to combine Eurycoma with that sub-order 
of Xanthorylee, which I have called At- 
lanthee, comprehending Brucea and Ai- 
lanthus ; both of which have solitary 
ovules, and the albumen (if it may be so 
called) reduced to a mere plate or inner 
coat to the seed. G. A. W. A.”) 


EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA. W.J. 

Kayu Kabal, Malay. 

Found at Tappanuly and Bencoolen, in 
Sumatra, and at Singapore. 

This isa small Tree, whose branches are 
thick, rough with the vestiges of fallen 
leaves, and foliose at their summits. Leaves 
crowded at the extremity of the branches, 
two feet long, pinnated with numerous 
leaflets, which are oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
very entire, very smooth ; two to three 
inches in length. 


on different plants. Calyx small, five- 
parted. Corolla longer than the calyx, 
purple, without tomentose with glandular 
hairs, petals erect, with inflexed margins. 
Stamens five, erect, shorter than the pe- 
tals, alternating with five pair of villous 
corpuscules, which are large and distinct 
in the male flower, very small in the her- 
maphrodite. Ovary five-lobed, lobes mo- 
nosporous; in the male very small and 
abortive. Style one, short, curved. Stig- 
mas five, thick, recurved. Capsules from 
three to five, nearly ovate, smooth, burst- 
ing on one side, one-seeded. Seed naked 
(without aril or caruncle) exalbuminous. 


eco 
differs from Cnestis in the number of the 
stamens, the single style, and the smooth- 
ness of the capsules; and from Connarus 
in the number of the ovaries and stigmas 
and the want of the umbilical caruncula. 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


Wei. 


Dipynamia ANGIOSPERMIA.—Nat. Ord. 
VERBENACEX. B; 


- PERONEMA. 


Calyx 5-partitus. Corolla tubo brevi, 
limbo irregulari 5-lobo, laciniis secundis. 
Stamina duo, exserta; rudimenta duorum 
sterlium. Stigma refractum. Fructus 
siccus, 4-partibilis, 4-spermus.— Arbor, 
foliis pinnatis petiolo alato, paniculà żer- 

minali opposite corymbosá. l 


PERONEMA CANESCENS. 

Sunkei. Malay. 

A large tree, native of Sumatra. 

Trunk straight, but little branched; 
leaves opposite, pinnate, nearly two feet 
long, with seven to nine pairs of leaflets, 
which are alternate or sub-opposite, lan- 
ceolate, attenuated to both ends, acute, 
somewhat recurved, entire, smooth above, 
canescent beneath, veins reticulate on the 
under surface, eight to nine inches long. 
Petioles winged, finely and delicately to- 
mentose, wings decurrent from the insertion 
of the leaflets. Stipules none. The branches 
are crowned by a vast terminal, oppositely 
corymbose panicle, of which the ultimate 
divisions are dichotomous, with a flower in 
the bifurcations; the whole is finely tomen- 
tose and hoary. Bracts small, acute. 
Flowers inconspicuous, whitish. Calyz 
five-parted, segments acute, erect. Corolla 
not much longer than the calyx, limb ex- 
panding, irregular, five-lobed, segments. 
secund, the two upper ones diverging, the 
lowermost considerably longer than the 
rest. Stamens two, reflexed backwards, 
between the upper segments of the corolla; 


W. J. 


Jilaments subulate, thickened towards the 


base; anthers long. Rudiments of two 
abortive stamens. Ovary four-celled, ovule 
erect. Style rather longer than the sta- 
mens. Stigma simple, refracted. Fruit 
, Seated on the calyx, villous, dry, separating 


into four portions, each of which contains d 


a single seed. 
This i is a valuable timber-tree, 


en 4 UADIT a a 


tose, persistent. 
- the calyx. Stamens inserted on the ca- 
adn —— as long as the corolla. 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


When long buried in the earth, it is said 
to become petrified. The genus is related 
to Viter, but is abundantly distinct there- 
from. : 


RHODAMNIA. W. J. 
IcosanDRIA Monocynta.—Nat. Ord. 
MyYRTACE. 

Calyx superus, quadrilobus. Corolla 
tetrapetala. Stamina numerosa. Ovari- 


um uniloculare, pluri-ovulatum, placentis 
duobus parietalibus. Bacca unilocularis 
oligosperma.—Arbuscula, folis £rinerviis, 
inflorescentia axillari. 


RHODAMNIA CINEREA. W.J. 


Frequent on the Western coast of Su- 
matra, and the islands which skirt it. Its 
Malay name is Marpuyan. 

There are two varieties of this species, 
the one of which is larger than the other, 
and has broader leaves which are more 
decidedly tomentose below. These dif- 
ferences are scarcely sufficient for a speci- 
fic distinction. 

A small Tree, with greyish, wrinkled bark 
and pilose branchlets. Leaves, opposite 
and alternate, petiolate, roundish-ovate in 
the large variety, and broadly lanceolate in 
the small one, acuminate, very entire, 
three nerved, often with a less distinct 
pair near the margin, smooth above, some- 
what hoary beneath, pubescent, particu- 
larly on the nerves; but in the small vari- 


ety, nearly smooth, with little more than a 


glaucous tinge on the under surface. Pe- 
holes short, tomentose. Stipules Bini 


linear. Peduncles short, axillary, o 


flowered. Flowers white. Calyx ins 
Corolla twice as long as 


simi 


ag o Tira placente. Style one, erect. 
Berry 


, subglobose, crowned with 


bns eid one-celled, esi a few 


153 


tion, from which, rather than from the 

fruit, the most important characters in this 

family are to be derived. It is peculiar in 

having three-nerved leaves, in which par- 

ticular it has a resemblance to Myrtus to- 

mentosa, but differs widely from that spe- 
cies in its fruit and ovary. 


W.J. 
PoLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 


ADINANDRA. 


Calyx 5-partitus, persistens, basi bi- 
bracteatus. Corolla pentapetala, petalis 

asi latis, Stamina 30, pluriseriata, sub- 
polyadelphia, interioribus brevioribus ; an- 
theris bilocularibus apice mucronatis. Sty- 
lus unicus, subulatus. Bacca supera, sty- 
lo persistente acuminata, 5- locularis, poly- 


l 
ternis exstipularibus, floribus azillaribus. 
* Dr. Wallich refers this, (List of East 
India Plants, No. 2245,) doubtfully to 
Ternstremia. I have great hesitation in 
considering any of the East Indian species 
so called, to belong to that genus; but as 
to Adinandra, Jack would unquestionably 
have taken notice of the petals being op- 
posite to the sepals, which ought to be 
the case in Zernsiremia. Taking the 
whole of Jack's character into view, I can 
scarcely say how his genus differs from 
Cleyera. The anthers not being hirsute 
is no character, Dr. Wight and I having 
lately described one, from the Peninsula, 
with these organs glabrous. G.A.W. A." 


ADINANDRA DUMOSA. W.J. 


Daun Saribu, Malay. 

Abundant in thickets throughout Suma- 
tra, and various parts of the Malay x 
lands. It grows to be a small Tree; t 
bark is dark brown, and the a are 
smooth. Leaves ET shortly petioled, 
elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, some- 
times rounded with : an potes acumen at 


M e dc iens recurved, © 


154 DESCRIPTION OF 

Calyx bibracteate at the base, five-parted, 
segments thick, subrotund, over-lapping 
each other. Corolla white, twice as long 
as the calyx, erect or conniving, five-peta- 
led, petals ovato-oblong, broad at the base, 
acute. Stamens about thirty, closely ar- 
ranged in several circles, the inner ones 
shorter ; filaments divisible to their bases, 
but closely pressed against each other, se- 
riceously pilose, particularly on their outer 
side ; anthers of two parallel lobes, adnate 
to the sides of the filament, which is pro- 
longed into a mucro at the summit. Ovary 
superior, smooth, five-celled, polysporous ; 
the cells are almost biparted by placenta, 

which project from the inner angle, and to 
whose edges the ovules are attached. Style 
single, subulate. Stigma simple. Berry 
globose, embraced at the base by the ca- 
lyx, and acuminated by the persistent style, 
five-celled, many-seeded. 

Oss. In general habit and in the tex- 
ture of the leaves, this plant has some re- 
semblance to Diospyros, but differs widely 
in fructification. 

IXONANTHES. W.J. 

Calyx 5-passim 6-partitus, foliolis sub- 
rotundis. Corolla 5 v. 6-petala, gluti- 
nosa. Stamina 10 vel 20. Nectarium ger- 
men ringens. Stylus 1. Capsula supera, 
calyce corollaque persistentibus cincta, 
ovato-acuminata, 5-locularis, 5-valvis, val- 
vularum marginibus introflexis. Semina 


singulo loculo duo, margini interiori dis- _ 


Mia e affixa, compressa, in alam 


embranaceam producta. Albumen semi- 


n 
- "conforme M. inverso foliaceo, 


icy 


IXONANTHES RETICULATA. W. J. 


. well as the nite petals spreading, su 


MALAYAN PLANTS. 


with thick, revolute edges, shining above, 
rather glaucous beneath, veins reticulate; 
about three inches long. Petioles short, 
flattened above. Stipules minute, deci- 
duous. Peduncles axillary on the younger 
shoots, much longer than the leaves, 
smooth, dichotomous at the summit, with a 
pedicel in the bifurcation, bearing gene- 
rally about seven flowers, which are small 
and green. Calyx five-parted, segments - 
rounded. Corolla glutinous as well as the 
calyx, five-petaled, petals roundish. Sta- 
mens ten; filaments inserted below the 
petals : anthers yellow, two-celled. Ovary 
surrounded at the base bya yellow, fleshy, 
nectarial ring, five - celled, ten - seed. 
Style erect. 
surrounded at the base by the persistent - 
calyx, and corolla somewhat enlarged, ob- 
long, pointed, smooth, five-valved, five- 
celled, septa formed by the introflexed - 
margins of the valves, cells two-seeded; 
but, frequently, only one comes to perfec- 
tion, they are separated from each other 
by a ridge which projects from the middle 
of the valves. Seeds compressed, oblong, 
angular, winged at the lower end. Albu- 
men conform to the seed. Emb 

verse, central. Cotyledons flat, oval. Ra- 
dicle superior, cylindrical, not so long a 
the cotyledons. : 


IXONANTHES ICOSANDRA. W. J. 


Floribus icosandris, foliis crenatis. 

Found in the interior of Bencoolen. 

A Tree. Leaves alternate or sca 
short petioled, lanceolato-oblong, emargi- 


small, deciduous. Pedunclesaxillary, nearly — 
as long as the leaves, bearing a trichoto- — 
mous umbel or corymb of greenish flow- — 
ers. Bracts small. Calyz five to six-parted. : 
Corolla five to six-petaled, glutinous 85 — 


mens twenty, mech longer than 
rolla. Nectari crenate 


DESCRIPTION 
ovules. „Style a little longer than the sta- 
mens. Stigma capitate. Capsule ovate, 


pointed, smooth, five to six-celled, five to 
six-valved, margins of the valves intro- 
flexed. Seeds two in each cell, attached 
by their middle to the inner ridge of the 
valvular partitions, oblong, membranace- 
ous at both ends, bifid at the lower. 


CHIONOTRIA. W. J. 
DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 


Calyx 5-partitus inferus. Corolla 5-pe- 
tala. Stamina 10, erecta. Ovarium 2-lo- 
culare 2-sporum, ovulis pendulis. Stylus 
1. Siigma capitatum. Bacca monosper- 
ma, Semen exalbuminosum apice umbili- 
catum; cotyledonibus maximis convexo- 
planis, radiculà superá minimâ.—Frutex, 
foliis simplicibus oppositis pellucido-punc- 
tatis, racemis azillaribus.—Genus Auran- 
tiis affine 


CHIONOTRIA RIGIDA. W.J. 


Native of Pulo Pinang. 

A Shrub, with corrugated grey bark. 
Leaves opposite, very short petioled, ovato- 
lanceolate, acuminate, narrow at the base, 
very entire, very smooth, pellucidly punc- 
tate. Stipules subulate, acute. Racemes 
axillary, erect, rigid, branched, strict, 
shorter than the leaves; pedicels short, 
ngid, many-flowered ers greenish, 
Mconspicuous. Bracts very small. Calyx 
very small, five-parted. Corolla little longer s 
than the calyx, five-petaled. Stamens ten, 
exsert, erect; anthers incumbent. Ova- 
rium superior, two - celled, two - seeded, 
seeds pendulous. Style thick, as long as 
the stamens. Stigma capitate, obtuse. Ber- 
ry of the size of a cherry, snow-white, 
globular and somewhat flattened, umbili- 
cate, consisting of a spongy, farinaceous 
pulp, and containing a single large, round 
seed. Seed globose, attached superiorly 
and there umbilicate. Integument coria- 
: with veins which diverge f 


r TS conform to the seed. Cofy- | 


s Tree ufa deep green co- 
H y, and punc- 


oO 


OF MALAYAN 


155 


tate on the inner surface. Radicle supe- 
rior, obverse to the umbilicus, short, 
straight, cylindrical, obtuse, covered with 
ferruginous down. It is elongated into a 
short, conical plumule. 


PLANTS. 


SPHALANTHUS. W. J. 


DecanpriA Monocynia.—Nat. Ord. 
CoMBRETACE. Br. 


Calyx tubulosus, hinc gibbus, deciduus, 
limbo 5-partito. Corolla 5-petala, sum- 
mo tubo calycis inserta et ejusdem laciniis 
alterna. Stamina 10, corolla breviora. 
Stylus tubo calycis hinc accretus. Ova- 
rium uniloculare, ovulis paucis ab apice 
loculi pendulis. Capsu a 5-alata, mono- 
sperma, semine bsp Semen exal- 
buminosum, videres convexo-planis, 
radicula minima conicá 


SPHALANTHUS CONFERTUS. W. J. 


Kayu Sumang, Malay. 

A Shrub, with round nearly smooth 
branches. Leaves generally alternate, large 
and reflexedly bifarious, short petioled, 
ovato-oblong, acuminate, subcordate at the 
base, entire, very smooth. — Petioles short, 
somewhat recurved. Stipules none. Spikes 
one to three, terminal, bending in an op- 
posite direction from the leaves. Flowers 
crowded, sessile. Bracts lanceolate, pend 
much shorter than the flowers. Cal 
perior, very long, tubular, gibbous 

side below, reddish and somewhat : E 
tose without, limb five-parted, somewhat 
reflex, lacinie acute, broader at the base. 
Corolla five-petaled, white at first, becom- 
ing red after expansion, a little rungen — 

the calyx, petals ovato- oblong, acute. 
Stamens ten, inserted in a double series 
on the calyx, erect, shorter than the co- 
rs oblong, yellow. Ovary 


156 


DESCRIPTION OF 


naceous wings, smooth, one-celled, one- 
seeded. Seed oblong, with five obtuse an- 
gles. Jntegument membranaceous, easily 
separated. Albumen none. Embryo con- 
form to the seed. Cotyledons plano-con- 
vex, angled exteriorly. Radicle conical, 
very small. 

Ons. The structure of the seed is here 
different from what generally obtains in 
the Combretacee, the cotyledons being 
solid, not convolute. 


W. J. 


Decanpria Monoaynia.—Nat. Ord. 
. COMBRETACEX. Br 


PYRRHANTHUS. 


Calyx 5-fidus, superus, persistens. Co- 
rolla 5-petala, calyce longior. Stamina 
5—10, erecta, coroll duplo longiora. Ova- 
rium uniloculare, ovulis 3—5, pendulis. 
Mee garyophylliformis, cg — 


inter Rhizophoras parus ; foliis crassis 
ad apices ramorum confertis, floribus sub- 
corymbosis. 


PYRRHANTHUS LITTOREUSs. JW. J. 


Mira buta. Malay, and in Sumatra, Kayu 


|-api. 
Native of Sumatra, and in the Malay 
. Peninsula, growing among Mangroves in 
salt swamps, and near the mouths of rivers. 
It is one of the most ornamental trees that 
occur in these situations, 

It grows to be a large Tree, generally 
with an irregular, crooked trunk. Leaves 
irregularly crowded at the extremities of 
the branches, which are rough with their 
persistent vestiges, subsessile, cuneiform, 
retuse, attenuated at the base into a very 
- Short petiole, obtusely crenate, often nearly 
= entire, smooth, thick and fleshy, almost 

“= veinl tipules none. Racemes short, 


, twice as long as 


ivit varying in num- 
ber from five to e erect, twice as long as 


MALAYAN PLANTS. 


the corolla ; filaments red, subulate ; an- 
thers oblong, purple, attached by the mid- 
dle. vary inferior, about the size and 
shape of a clove, onecelled, containing 
from three to five ovules, which are pendu- 
lous from the top of the cell. „Style one. 
Berry or drupe somewhat compressed, 
obtusely angled, crowned by the thick, 
persistent calyx; nut oblong, with two 
prominent angles, one-seeded. Seed ex- 
albuminous. Embryo inverse. Cotyledons 
convolute. 

BS. The number of the stamens is 
very variable, seven is perhaps the most 
frequent; five and six are common, but 
ten, the complete number, is rare. The 
number of ovules varies also.. The genus 
is most nearly related to Laguncularia, of 
Gertner, but seems to differ in its corolla 
and stamens. It has some resemblance to 
Kada Kandel, Rheed. H. Mal. VI. p. 67. 
t. 37, a figure which has not, I believe, 
been quoted, and may possibly be another 
species of this genus. Kayu Api-api is 
the name generally given to this tree in 
Sumatra, but is applied by Rumphius to 
his Mangium album, Herb. Amb. HI. pt. 
115, t. 66, which is a species of Avicennia, 
probably the A. resinifera of Forster, 
known in Sumatra by the name of Pelan- 
dok Kayu. It appears to be distinct from 
A. tomentosa, having lanceolate, acute 
leaves, white beneath, but not tomentose, 
and the fruit being much smaller. 


PHALERIA. W. J. 
(OcrANDRIA MoNOGYNIA.) 


* 


Perianthium coloratum, tubulosum, in- 
ferum, lim ito. Stamina 8, ex- 
serta. Ovarium biloculare, 2 - sporum, 
ovulis pendulis. Stigma capitatum. Bacca 
bilocularis, disperma. Semina exalbumi- 
nosa, embryone inverso, — Frutex, foliis 

suboppositis, floribus azillaribus. This 


nc genus is related to the Thymelee, but a 
ick, differs in having a bilocular ovary and fruit- : 


PHALERIA CAPITATA. W. J. 
Native of Sumatra 


A shrub, with anoo brsnhos. Leaves 


H 


ht 


Very smooth; coriaceous, paler 
With three strong nerves, and two less cies 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


opposite, or subopposite, short- petioled, 
ovato - lanceolate, terminated by a long 
sharp acumen, entire, very smooth; eight 
inches long. Petioles thickened. Stipules 
none. Peduncles axillary, sometimes from 
the axils of fallen leaves, very short, bear- 
ing a head or umbel of sessile flowers, 
which is embraced by an involucre com- 
posed of several oblong-ovate leaflets or 
bracts. Flowers large and white, resem- 
bling those of the Jasmine. Perianth infe- 
tior, tube long, faux pervious, smooth, 
limb four-parted, segments ovate. Stami- 
na eight, inserted on the faux, exsert, ra- 
ther long ; anthers two-lobed. Ovary em- 
braced by a thin, white, nectarial cup, 
oblong, attenuated into a style, two-celled, 
cells monosporous, ovules attached to the 
summit of the cell by a thread, which pass- 
ing along the back of the ovule, is in- 
serted into its base, so that the ovule 
seems as if doubled upon its filament. 
Style a little shorter than the stamens. 
Stigma capitate, papillous. Berries crowd- 
ed, somewhat pear-shaped, rounded above, 
acute at the base, cortical, two-celled, two- 
seeded. Seed exalbuminous; embryo in- 
verse; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle 
small, superior. 
PTERNANDRA. W. J. 
OcrANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 

Calyx ovatus, limbo quadridentato. Co- 
rolla 4-petala. Stamina 8, antheris in- 
troflexis, compressis, basi postice calcara- 
tis, bilocularibus, loculis longitudinaliter 
dehiscentibus. Ovarium calyci infra ad- 
natum, 4-loculare, polysporum, placentis 


mede Stylus declinatus. Bacca po- 


lysperma.— Habitus Metastomarum, foliis 
oppositis trinerviis, floribus paniculatis. 


ETERNANDEA COERULESCENS. W. J. 
Native of Pulo Pinang. 
_ A large, smooth Shrub, with round 
branches. Leaves aa shorily petioled 
or subsessile, ovate, acuminate, tapering at 
the base into the short petioles, very entire, 
beneath, 


ones along the margins; the 


157 


transverse veins are few and not promi- 
nent. Stipules none, but the petioles are 
connected by an interptiolar line. Pant- 
cles oppositely corymbose, short, terminal, 
sometimes also from the upper axils. Pe- 
duncles four-sided, smooth. Bracts small. 
Calyx united to the ovarium beneath, 
ovate, reticulately squamous, almost en- 
tire or obsoletely four-toothed. Corolla 
blue, lighter at the margin, four-petaled, 
petals ovate, acuminate, inserted into the 
calyx. Stamens eight, blue; filaments 
nearly erect, incurved at the apex. An- 
thers large, pointing inwards, compressed, 
elongated behind into an acumen or spur, 
cells anteriorly gibbous, and bursting lon- 
gitudinally. The anthers, before expan- 
sion, are turned downwards, as in the 
Melastomee, but their points do not reach 
much below the top of the ovary. Style 
declinate, about as long as the stamens. 
Stigma conical and rather obtuse. Ovary 
adnate to the calyx, four-celled, polyspo- 
rous, ovules attached to convex parietal 
placente. Berry four-celled, many-seeded. 

BS. In general habit and appearance, 
this plant has a close resemblance to my 
Melastoma glauca, and at first sight ap- 
pears only to differ in its smaller flow- 
ers, and leaves with less distinct nerves 
and veins. In the structure of the anthers, 
however, it differs essentially from Melas- 
toma, and has some affinity to lon; 
in fruit and mode of placentation, it differs 
from both. The ovary might either be 
considered inferior, or superior and adnate 
to the calyx; the anatogy of Melastoma 
has led me to assume the latter. 

(To be continued.) 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 
( Continued from p. 121.) 

The Rev. M. J. Berkeley, who has now 
completed the descriptions of the Fungi 
of this country, for the last part of the 
English Flora, has nearly ready for pub- 
lication a work entitled “ British Fungi, 
consisting of dried specimens of the spe- 
in Vol. V. Part II. of the 
English Fora? /" together with such as - 


158 


may be hereafter discovered indigenous to 
Great Britain.” The first Fasciculus will 
appear in March, and each Number will 
contain, at least, fifty species, with their 
names and references to the Flora now 
mentioned. The number of copies, owing 
to the difficulty of procuring specimens of 
many of the rarer kinds, will necessarily 
be limited. The publishers are Messrs. 
Longmans and Rees, and the work will 
appear half-yearly. 


ANOTHER HEATH FOUND IN IRELAND. 


It is not many years since we had the 
pleasure of announcing the discovery, by 
our valued friend, J. T. Mackay, Esq., of 
the Erica Mediterranea, or, at least, a 
variety of that species, in Cunnamara. 
Anxious that the Flora Hibernica, which 
Mr. Mackay has now in the press, should 
contain as complete a list of Irish Plants 
as possible, the author has not only zea- 
lously investigated different parts of the 
country himself, but successfully encou- 
raged others to do the same, and among 
them the son of the innkeeper (Macalla) 
at Roundstone, Cunnamara, who was a 
school-boy when Mr. Mackay detected the 
E. Mediterranea, in his neighbourhood, 
in 1829. Since that period, he has become 
much attached to Botany and Natural His- 
tory in ral, and has rewarded the en- 
couragement bestowed on him, by com- 
municating to Mr. Mackay an Erica, found 
within a few miles of the station of the 
E. Mediterranea. “The plant I send 
you,” says Mr. Mackay, in his letter to me, 
“resembles most, in size, mode of growth, 
and form of its leaves, which have glandu- 
lar hairs, Erica ciliaris: in the disposi- 
tion of its foliage and flowers, however, it 
is quite different; the former being ar- 
ranged pretty generally i in fours, or occa- 
sionally in fives, in a whorl, and in the 
flowers which are in terminal small um- 
bels. The corolla, which is shorter than 
that of E. ciliaris, is not" (I should rather 


soy, is less) “ ‘contracted at the limb.” All | 
these are are certainly 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 


fore proves a most interesting addition to . 
the Flora of that country. "E. 
This same plant, however, or one vary- - 


ing only so slightly from it as to be almost 


identical with it, has been found by H.C: | 
Watson, Esq. on Downs near Truro, while — 
gathering the Erica ciliaris; and I confess — 
I am disposed to concur in the opinion of — 
that intelligent Botanist, that it is a hybrid — 


between Æ. ciliaris and our cross-leaved 
Heath, Æ. Tetraliz : it does seem so com- 
= intermediate in character between 

ould this idea be correct, we 
may expect that the true state of E. cilia- 
ris will also be found in Cunnamara, and 
we have already requested that it may be 
searched for. Should Æ. ciliaris not prove 
to be an inhabitant of that country, then 
the plant in question may, with the more 
propriety, be deemed a distinct species. 


In this case, we think every Botanist will — 
agree with us in saying, it ought to bear — 


the name of E. Mackaii, in compliment to 


a most meritorious Botanist of long-stand- — 
ing, who has pre-eminently advanced the — 


Botany and Horticulture of Ireland. 


VIOLA LUTEA. Huds. Sm. 


We wish some Botanist, resident in Lon- — 
don, would compare specimens of the well- — 
known Viola lutea of our mountain-pas- | 
tures of the North, with the V. pec s 
long-disputed point as to their identity. . 
Smith says, in the last opinion he gave 0n 
the subject, (Eng. Flora, v. 1. p. 306) - 
under V. lutea, “ Great confusion has eX — 
isted between this very distinct species — 
and the Linnean V. grandiflora, whose | 
flowers are twice as large, and the spur 


of the Linnean Herbarium, and settle 


twice as long as the posterior lobes of the 
calyx; whereas in V. /utea those parts are 
of the same length.” On sending speci- 


mens of our V. lutea to M. Gay, of — : 
at that gentleman's particular request, € — 
- - E ntical —— 


has pronounced them to be “ ide 


by M. Gay, in the twenty-sixth viu 


MR NE SEAS hee 


with y. Sudetica, — is the true K 1 
a otl J 


Endo oo 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 


the Annales des Sctences Naturelles, may 
not be unacceptable to those Botanists of 
our country, who desire to know the opi- 
nions of a very accurate observer, on the 
subject of the limits of these two species. 
“Viola tricolor, L.—Most authors con- 
sider this plant as either annual or bien- 
nial; but it is monocarpous only in sandy 
or cultivated soil. Schlechtendahl has al- 
y made this observation on the V. 
tricolor of the neighbourhood of Berlin, 
(FI. Berol. 1. p. 135.), and I myself pos- 
Sess specimens of the variety alpestris, 
native of the Pyrenées and the Mountains 
of the Lozére, where the root bears the 
remains of old stems, which evidently 
prove a former flowering-season. I am, 
however, far from supposing that the plant 
is perennial, even in heavy soil, but it is 


p. 123), 
terms perennant in 'ppoditiof E peren- 
nial, and which flower, at least, two suc- 
cessive years, without being of unlimited 
duration. Such are Cerastium triviale, 
Diplotazis viminea, Herniaria hirsuta 
and glabra, Sagina procumbens, &c. The 
Viola tricolor is also peculiar in its stems, 
in its stipules, and its flowers. The for- 
mer are angular, generally few in number, 
Simple, erect, elongated, many-flowered, 
with intermediate joints often much longer 
than the leaves. "The blossoms vary to an 
extraordinary degree, both in size and co- 
lour: but, amidst all these variations, the 
Spur is always short, scarcely exceeding 
the calycine — in length. Th 
leaves, which are co nstantly crenulated, 
are either notched into a heart-shape at 
the base, or lengthened more or less gra- 
dually into a petiole; they are either re- 
niform, oval or oblong, or even lanceolate, 
and these several modifications may be 
observed on the same stalk, the shorter 
forms growing on the lower part of the 
plant, and the more elongated ones on the 


[c 


< ppor pe The inferior stipules are very 


or even exactly similar 
) 


od the deaf, (V. Kitaibeliana, R. & S. 


ones, on the contrary, are al- 


‘ways oblong and deeply laciniated on both Ki 


159 


sides, towards the leaf, with one or two 
linear lobes, upright or but little ex- 
panded, the superior oné always much 
exceeded by the top of the stipule, the 
inferior one always more or less distant 
from the base of this same stipule ; on the 
exterior side of five or six lobes, some- 
times reduced to three or four, the supe- 
rior one linear, upright or but little ex- 
panded, always exceeded by the top of the 
stipule, the others gradually a little shorter 
and narrower, but much expanded, the 
inferior one always well marked, always 
subulate and reflected, always setting off 
from the very base of the stipule. As for 
the summit of the stipule, (the terminal 
lobe,) it is always spathulate ; and more 
or less similar to the leaf, though never 
notched into a heart-shape at the base; it 
is frequently marked by two or four 
notches; and is never found perfec 
entire, but in the upper stipules of the 
dwarf varieties. All these lobes are united 
by a large membrane, and it may be said, 
in few words, that the stipule is spathulate, 
with a base which is enlarged and pinnati- 
fid on the exterior side, and with diverging 
lobes. Such is the Viola tricolor, which 
is common in the Pyrenées, and which in 
the plains, begins to flower so early as € 
month of March." 

“Viola grandiflora, L. his lt d has 
been described by Linneus (Mant. Prim. 
p. 120) in a very characteristic manner, 
and stated to be a native of the Alps and 
Pyrenées; and those authors, who, on the 
faith of the Linnean Herbarium, have re- 
garded the V. grandiflora as a synonym 
of V. Altaica, can surely never have read 
the article to which I allude. It is de- 
scribed under the name of V. grandiflora 
in Vill. Dauph., in De Cand. Fl. Fr. and 
Gaud. Fl. Helv.—1t is also the V. lutea, 
De Cand. Fl. Fr. Suppl., of Mert. and 
Koch, Deutsch. Fl, and probably of the 
English authors. ikewise it is the V. 
Calaminaria, Lig., the V. Sudetica, Willd. 
and of Enum. Ging. in De Cand. Prodr. 
—4he V. Villarsiana, Rem. and Schult. 
rene Veg. the V. lutea, 3. grandiflora, 

. and the V. tricolor, Balb. Fl. 


160 


Lyonn. (at least so far as regards the plant 
of Mount Pilatus). Finally, I unite with 
it, as not possessing sufficiently discrimi- 
nating characters, the V. Orcades, Marsch., 
and of Ging. in De Cand. Prodr., as well 
as the V. declinata, Gaud. Fl. Helv. and 
V. tricolor, 3. declinata, Ging. l c. — 
These various synonyms belong to the 
several forms which are dispersed through- 
out Europe, from Scotland to Calabria, 
from the Pyrenées to the Riesengebirge 
and the Mountains of the Crimea. Som 
grow on the plains, others at a consider- 
able elevation on the mountains. They 
have not all the same aspect, but it is im- 
possible to make of them more than one 
species, when there are sufficiently good 
specimens for exàmination. All have a 
perfectly perennial root, stiff and filiform 
stems which are naked below, and stipules 
whose larger and constantly quite entire 
lobe never assumes an elliptical or an oval 
form. It is in this respect, alone, that V. 
grandiflora differs from V. tricolor and 
hispida, with which it possesses in other 
points a great affinity, because of its gene- 
rally elongated stems, distinct knots and 
stipules, which are deeply pinnatifid at 
their base. The V. grandiflora varies to 
an unlimited degree in other respects; the 
stems may be more or less elongated, up- 
right or ascending, or prostrate, few or 
much tufted, simple or (as in the V. decli- 
nata, Gaud.) branched, glabrous or his- 
pid:—in having the upper leaves some- 
times oval, sometimes oblong, sometimes 
lanceolate; in its flowers, of which the dia- 
meter yaries from six to eighteen lines ; 
by its petals being sometimes very broad, 
sometimes very narrow, either all yellow, 
all purple or lilac, or mixed of both hues ; 
the lower petal being occasionally slightly 
rounded, or sometimes truncate or retuse, 
and distinctly notched ; in its spur being 
Straight or accidentally hooked, stiff and 
pointed, or dilated and obtuse, scarcely 
exceeding the calycine appendages, or al- 
most equalling, in length, the petal which 


@ 


produces it, being from two to six lines belo: 
randiflora dot edm oc NE 
nticu- ginning of the month of June 


A s eee d 
ciliated, entire or occasionally de 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


late. 
wherever V. grandiflora grows; but itis 


especially in Auvergne, and on the moun- 


tains of the Lozère and on the Pyrenees, 
that I have seen the spur passing from ex- 
treme smallness (the general habit of V. 
grandiflora) to an extraordinary length. 
The Pyrenean plant always forms a thick 
herbage; its stems are numerous, simple, 
prostrate or ascending, and hairy above, 
as well as the foliage; the flowers are 
never yellow, and the spur, which is con- 
stantly stiff, is neither dilated nor hooked 
at the extremity. I may be allowed to 
insist on these peculiarities, trifling as 
they are in themselves, because more than 
a hundred Pyrenean specimens are before 
my eyes at the very time when I write 
this description. Some come from the 
Mountain Batera, in the Canton of Arles, 
where La Peyrouse found the V. hispida ; 

others from the port of Peyresourde, be- 
tween the Valley of Aure and that of Lu- 
chon, the locality cited by La Peyrouse 
for his V. Cenisia, y. The greater part 
were gathered by M. Xatart, in the terri- 
tory of Prats de Mollo, in the place called 
the Solana de la Martra, where the V. 
cornuta is said to have been found. These 
habitats are interesting, as they show that 
La Peyrouse has made three species out 
of the specimens of one, a fact confirmed 
by M. Xatart, from whom alone M. La 
Peyrouse had received the plant from Ba- 
tera, and’ that from Solana de la Martra. 


To the synonym of V. grandiflora, which 


I have cited above, must therefore be 
added the V. Cenisia, y. La Peyr., (quoad 
montem Peyresourde); the V. cornuta, 
La Peyr. ib.; (quoad la Solana de la 
Martra); V. hispida, La Peyr, and V. 
calcarata, £. decipiens, Ging. in De Can 
som I cannot explain how M. de Gin- 
an have referred this latter plant, 
(the Y. hispida, Lap.) to V. calcarata, 


differing essentially as it does by its much - 


cut stipules. As for the rest, all the local- 
ities of which I have just been speaking; 
long to the subalpine region:—the F- 


Most of these varieties may be seen 


TS 


Se a 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY. 


By Dr. Wight & G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 
( Continued from p. 119. ) 
Tas. VIII. 


VITIS CARNOSA. Rozb. 


Glabra, ramis foliisque junioribus pube 
sa brevi obsitis, caule compresso 
striato, stipulis oblongis, foliis trifoliatis 
sublonge petiolatis, foliolis petiolulatis 
rotundis ovatis obovatisve acutis v. ob- 
tusis, cymis pedunculatis compositis, 
petalis distinctis, stylo conspicuo, baccis 
nigris spermis. 

Cissus carnosa. Rozb, Fl. Ind. v. 1. p. 

: 409; (ed. Wall.) v. 1. p.497. Wight 
and Arn. Fl. Pen, Ind. Or. v. 1. p. 127. 

a. foliolis ovatis acutis acuminatisve.—C. 
carnosa, Wail. List, n. 6018.—V. cre- 
nata, Wall. List, n. 6021. e. .J.—C. acida, 
Roxb. in E. I. C. Mus. t. 501.—C. cine- 

rea Lam. De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p- 
631. Spreng. Syst. v.1. p.448. Rheed. 
Mal. v.7. t. 9 Rumph. Amb. v. 5. t. 
166. f. 2. 

B. foliolis ovatis obtusis. Wight, Cat. n. 
424, 496.— V. crenata, Wall. List, n. 
6021. a. b. g.—V. auriculata, Wall. List, 
n. 6031. 5.—Cissus carnosa, Lam. in 
Vahl, Symb. 3. p.19. De Cand. Prodr. 
v. 1. p. 629. Spr. Syst. v. 1. p. 499. 

y. foliolis rotundatis (Tab. Nostr.8.) Wight, 
Cat. n. 426. b —V. crenata, Wall. List, 
n. 6021. c.—Cissus crenata, Vahl, S ymb. 
3. p. 19. De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 631. 
Spreng. Syst. v. 1. p. 449. 

2. leaflets obovate, obtuse. Wight, Cat. n. 
425.—V. crenata, Wall. List, n. 6021. d. 

|^. —Cissus obtusifolia, Lam. 

Descr. A climbing, ramous shrub. 
Stems slightly compressed, dark brown, 

Cracked: young branches and shoots sub- 


E 
; 


EEE Tete eg 


Stipules small, scariose, deci- 

- Peduncles elongated, bearing, near 
' middle, two opposite, foliaceous brac- 
VOL. 1, 


SOME ACCOUNT OF THE USES AND PROPERTIES OF COCA. 


161 


teas, resembling the leaves, except in be- 
ing opposite and somewhat smaller. Cymes 
trichotomous, between two and three in- 
ches across the primary divisions, with a 
solitary pedicelled flower in the forks. 
Calyx four-sided, truncated, entire. After 
the fall of the corolla, the edge is hid by a 
cup-shaped, four-furrowed, glandular disk, ` 
which at first enlarges, and afterwards be- 
comes incorporated with the fruit. Corolla: 
Petals four, calyciform, concave, deciduous, 
broad at the base, bent in at the point. 
Stamens four: filaments very short; an-: 
thers large, two-celled. Corolla and sta- 
mens attached to the base of the glandular 
disk. Pistil: Germen superior, hid un- 
der the disk. Style conical, erect, red. 
Stigma simple. Pericarp a two- celled, 
four-seeded berry, which, when ripe, is of 
a clear shining black colour. 

This plant is usually found near water, | 
on banks of tanks and ditches, covering 
whatever trees or bushes it may chance to 
grow near. When it cannot find support 
of that kind, it spreads extensively on the : 
ground. It is to be met with in flower and 
fruit, the greater part of'the year, but is in 
the highest perfection during the rainy 
and cool seasons. From the nature of the 
country, it is common in Tanjore ; and 
less so in other parts of India I have 
visited. The juice is supposed to be an 
antidote to the bites of snakes. 

Tas. VIII. Fig. 1. Flower. 2. The same, 


which the petals and stamens are removed. 3. T 
P Po E dns: :—magnified. 


from 
rans- 


(To be continued.) 


SOME ACCOUNT OF THE USES 
AND PROPERTIES OF COCA. 
Erythroxylon Coca. 

Extracted from the Second Volume of the ** Reise in 

Chile, Peru, und auf dem Amazonenstrome,"' of Dr, 
oeppig. 
[Mention is made, when speaking of the 
Travels of Mr. Mathews in Peru, at page 
176 of our Botanical Journal, of the exten- 
sive use of the Erythroxylon Coca among 
the Miners. The following more extended 
History of a plant and of a people who em- _ 
i 


162 
- ploy it as the Eastern nations do vdd 
and those ef more civilized countries, Al- 
cohol, cannot fail to be acceptable to our 
readers. Ep.] 


The Coca (Erythroxylon Coca, of La- 
marck) is a shrub of six or eight feet high, 
and to the eyes of an individual, unprac- 
tised in Botany, presents the general ap- 
pearance of a straight-growing Black Thorn 
bush; its numerous small white flowers 
and the pleasing green of its leaves occa- 
sioning this similarity. A large plantation 
of Coca, while in this state, is an agreeable 
object, though less beautiful than a well- 
kept Coffee-ground. The frequent strip- 
ping of the foliage of Coca soon reduces it to 
naked brushwood, and it is but slowly that 
it regains its verdant garb. These leaves, 
which are gathered and dried with great 

_care, form the object of a brisk trade, and 
the use of them is as ancient as our first 
knowledge of Peruvian history; for the 
rude primitive people received the Coca 
from the Cadmus of the lofty mountains of 
Titicaca, and wherever the Incas afterwards 
penetrated, they distributed it as a boon 
among the conquered nations. To the pre- 
sent day, we see the Indian, stretched out 
unsociably in the shade, Misrnntely putting 
some Coca-leaves and some finely-powdered 
chalk into his mouth, Silently, as unwil- 
ling to be disturbed by conversation, he 
_ whiles away a good half hour in the enjoy- 
ment of this occupation, slowly swallowing 
the saliva and renewing the masticated 
leaves by fresh ones; and, while thus en- 
gaged, not all the haste and impatience of i 
the traveller, nor even the approach of a 
heavy storm, can rouse the Indian from 
this state of intolerable apathy. The ser- 


SOME ACCCUNT OF THE USES 


from the enjoyment of this vice, for every — 
one declares he would sooner forego the - 
most necessary things; and the appetite | 
for it increases with age, bringing with it | 
many evil consequences. Strangers are - 
amazed at beholding such an € ] 
passion for a leaf, which, whether fresh or 
dry, is only distinguished by a slight scent, 
possesses no balsamic properties, and when ' 
taken in small quantities, has merely a — 
grassy, or at most, a bitterish taste. The - 
difficulty, however, vanishes when the ob- ; 
servation of its effect upon others, or one’s 
own personal experience, convinces us that — 
the Coca, by its property of stimulating - 
the nervous system, possesses a power, 
much akin to that of opium. Rude nations | 
have ever sought for artificial excitementaam 
and the lower do a people stand in the scale | 
of intellectual ability, so much the more 
attractive to them is that means of exhilaz : 
ration which removes, for a time, the con- 
sciousness of a dreary waste within. The | 
American Indians, and especially those of- 
the Peruvian Andes, though surrounded 
by civilization, are enthralled by a melan 


and inability to improve themselves, whence | 
arises their passion for artificial stimuli, 
whether supplied by the Coca or by the 


in his. usual condition. - 
its first effects than Opium, the Coca i 
perhaps, more dangerous from their lo 
continuance, 
alone convince the novice of this fact, 
without it, the long train of ills whic 
attach. the Peruvian walls never be ie 


Useless for every active pursuit 


self to the greatest dangers, for the sake of 
. gratifying this degrading propensity. As 
the stimulus of the Coca is most fully de- 
veloped when the body is exhausted with 

= toil, or the mind with conversation, the 
. poor victim then hastens to some retreat in 
the gloomy native wood, and flinging him- 
self under a tree, remains stretched out 

_ there, heedless of night or of storms, un- 
d: protected by covering or by fire, uncon- 
. 8cious of the floods of rain and of the tre- 
. mendous winds which sweep the forest; 
= and after yielding himself, for two or three 
entire days, to the occupation of chewing 
Coca, returns home to his abode, with 
trembling limbs and a pallid countenance, 
_ the miserable spectacle of unnatural enjoy- 
ment. Whoever accidentally meets the 
|. €0quero under such circumstances, and by 
"d Speaking interrupts the effect of this intox- 
* ication, is sure to draw upon himself the 
hatred of the half-maddened creature. The 
Man who is once seized with the passion 
for this practice, if placed in circumstances 
Which favour its indulgence, is a ruined 
 Semg. Many instances were related to us 
an Peru, where young people of the best 
les, by occasional visiting of the fo- 
Tests, have begun to use Coca for the sake 
9f passing the time away; and, acquiring 
à relish for it, have, from that period, been 
lost to civilization, and as if seized by 
Some malevolent instinct, refuse to return 
à their homes, and resisting the entreaties 
of their friends, who occasionally discover 
He haunts of these unhappy fugitives, ei- 


ERR I PON y 


455 are embittered by the presence of 
uized society, where the white coquero 
shunned as the most dissolute drunkard, 
Soon sinking into a semi-barbarous 

and degrading their white hue, which 


eath from 
re use of this intoxicating leaf. 


AND PROPERTIES OF THE COCA, 


‘to steam by the warmth of his 


An example of this kind fell under my own 
notice, in an individual who lived with me 
in the solitary Pampayaco, and unworthily 
bore the honoured appellation of Calde- 
rone. He was of the fairest colour and of 
very good descent, but, for twenty years, 
had resided in the montana, where from 
compassion, he was permitted to inhabit a 
hut, more fit for a savage than for a white 
man. Although scarce forty years of age, 
he was more decrepid than many a person 
of sixty, and utterly useless for any com- 
mon purpose of life, as no one could de- 
pend on his word. Priding himself exces- 
sively, like all Creoles, on his white colour, 
yet utterly averse to any exertion, the mere ` 
idea of a city life, with its accompanying 
restraints, was hateful to hi s he was 
a decided coguero, he could only be of 
service when it was practicable to keep 
this intoxicating herb from him; but when 
once the passion had irresistibly seized 
him, which was, at least, every month, he 
would break through all restraints ; and, 
disappearing in the forest, was lost for * 
many days, after which he would emerge, 
sick, powerless, and altered. He was of 
some use to me, as a good and eager sports- 
man, and, by liberally supplying him with 
such fine gunpowder as he could not ob- 


* 


confidence and good will. 
was generally kind, but any remonstrance — 
against his vices, would throw him into an 
ungovernable rage. He has frequently as- — 
sured me, in confidential moments, that he 
would rather, as he has done for months 
together, live alone in the midst of some 
Coca shrubs, in the most solitary spot in 

the wilderness, depending for support on — — 
his fishing-line and gun, than return home — 
to his family at Huanuco. His description 
of the lovely visions that appeared to him 
in the forest at night, and of his delicious 
sensations at such moments, had some- 
thing in it truly awful. "When it rained, 
he used to cover his half-naked body with 
the soddened leaves that had fallen from the — 
trees; and, he assured me, that when this 


23 


retch abe 
person 


5 DIO 


164 
md oad lie, thus enveloped, for hours, 
] 
CUIU, 
The exciting principle of the Coca ap- 
ars to be of a very volatile nature, and 
whether the elaborated chemistry of our 
country will ever be able to ascertain its 
mode of operation, seems very dubious, as 
even in its native place, the leaves, where 
this quality principally resides, after being 
kept twelve months, become perfectly inert 
and good for nothing. Apart from the ef- 
fect undeniably produced on the nervous 
system by masticating the foliage, its ex- 
citing properties must be derived from 
rdinate causes.- Large heaps of the 
freshly dried a. ee while the 
warm rays of the sun are upon them, dif- 
fuse a very ‘strong smell, resembling that 
of Hay, in which there is a quantity of 
Melilot. The natives never permit stran- 
gers to sleep near them, as they would 
suffer violent head-aches in consequence. 
When kept in small portions, and after a 
few months, the Coca loses its scent, and 
becomes weak in proportion. The novice 
thinks that the grassy smell and fresh hue 
are as perceptible in the old state as when 
new, and this is to be expected with the 
Peruvian, who never uses it without the 
addition of burnt lime. Without this, which 
always excoriates the mouth of a stranger, 
the natives declare that Coca has not its 
true taste, a flavour, by the bye, which can 
only be detected after a long use of it. It 
then tinges green the carefully swallowed 
spittle, and yields an infusion of the same 
colour. Of the latter alone, I made trial, 
and found that it had a flat grass-like taste, 
but I experienced the full power of its sti- 
mulating principle. When taken in the 
 - evening, it was followed by great restless- 
ness, loss of sleep, and generally uncom- 
fortable sensations; while, from its exhibi- 


zo 


ay poai m the moring, a similar effect, though 


, arose, 


loss of appetite. The English Physician, 
. Dr. Archibald Smith, ‘elas has 
plantation near Huanuco, once, aaa un- 
_ provided with Chinese Tea, made trial of 
the on ae substitute for it; but, expe- 
rienced such. ng sensations of ner- 


SOME ACCOUNT OF THE USES 


W 


—— 8 


vous excitement, that he never ventured 
to use it again. The Peruvian increases 
its effects by large doses, utter retire- 
ment, and the addition of other stimulat- 
ing substances, 
the Coca speedily occasions bodily dis- 

ease, and detriment to the moral powers, 
but still the custom may be persevered in 
for many years, especially if frequently in- 
termitted ; and a coguero sometimes attains 
the age of fifty, with comparatively few — 
complaints. But the oftener these orgies 
are celebrated, especial in a warm and 
moist climate, the sooner are their destruc- 
tive effects made evident. For this reason, 
the natives of the cold and dry districts of 
the Andes are more addicted to the con- 
sumption of Coca, than those of the close. 
forests, where, undoubtedly, other stimu- 
lants do but take its place. eakness in 
the digestive organs, which, like most in- 
curable complaints, increases continually 
in a greater or less degree, first attacks 
the unfortunate coguero, This complaint, 
which is called Opilacion, may be trifling 
at the beginning, but soon attains an 
alarming height. Then come bilious ob- 
structions, attended with all those thousand 
painful symptoms, which are so much ag- 
gravated by a tropical climate. 


etimes assuming q 
a wolfish voracity, especially for animal 
F 


succeeded, at length, by a painful death. j 
In a moral point of view, the custom 

chewing Coca is no less gc 

propensity for solitude and inacti 

it : engenders, i is | productive: of “many 


do not seem to sink so quickly as under 
the use of ardent spirits, still the effects 
tend finally to equal degradation. It is 
fortunate that a thinly peopled region is 
the only theatre for the coqueros; the 
bustle of a town would ill suit this propen- 
sity; besides, public opinion is even more 
strong against it than gambling or drink- 
ing. The stigma of vulgarity attaches so 
much to a coquero, that every white p 
son shuns any intercourse with him, though 
he always pleads the weakness of his sto- 
mach as an excuse for chewing the herb. 
The Indian alone is considered as privi- 
leged to continue this custom, for even the 
Negro, though fond of strong excitement, 
does not love Coca: still females of every 
class are said to be partial to it, and to en- 
joy it, both in the mofitana and the towns, 
though in the greatest secrecy. It is a 


[7] 
4 


rare thing for strangers to addict them- . 


selves to it, though it is said that the Chi- 
. . nns do so, when coming to reside in the 
Coca districts, and become even more in- 


themselves. You may frequently hear the 
ignorant people, in Peru, speak of this 
herb as a blessing sent from heaven, and a 
miraculous plant, to which the greatest 
virtues are ascribed. Undoubtedly many 
individuals may use it, without suffering 
materially, but as its effects of increasing 
the powers arise solely from exciting the 
nerves, the result must finally be injurious; 
and, even those instances of endurance 
Which arise from its use, have been greatl 
exaggerated. The miner will perform, for 
twelve long hours, the formidably heavy 
work of the mine, and, sometimes, even 
doubles that period, without taking any 
her sustenance than a handful of parched 
Maize, but every three hours he makes a 
pause for the purpose of chewing Coca 
-(coquear). He would work ill and reluc- 
tantly, if the proprietor let him want his 
favourite herb, and he exerts himself four- 
fold, if he is allowed to take brandy along 
with it, thus heightening, as he says, its 
pleasing taste. But after quitting such la- 
bour as no European could have performed, 
he requires (provided the Coca has not 


AND PROPERTIES OF THE COCA. 165 | 


engendered any disease) as much food as 
others, and such a quantity of it as might 
surprize any one, when its miserable na- 
ture is considered. The same holds good 
with the Indian, who, as a porter, messen- 
ger, or vender of his own productions, tra- 
verses the Andes on foot. Merely chew- . 
ing Coca from time to time, he travels with 
a load, weighing 1 cwt., on his back, over 
indescribably rough roads, and accom- 
plishes frequently ten leagues in eight 
hours. During the revolutionary war, the 
undisciplined Patriot troops, chiefly con- 
sisting of Indians from the Sierra, by dint 
of ample supplies of Coca and brandy, tra- 
versed long distances in a very short time, 
and thus became very dangerous to the 
Spaniards. Where Europeans would have 
halted and bivouacked, the ill-clad, bare- 
footed Indians merely paused, for a short 
interval, to chew their Coca. But with all 
this, the Coca only possesses a stimulating 
property which is highly dangerous and so 
fascinating, that, for one who becomes pas- 
sionately attached to it, there is no escape. 
Short, too, is the alleviation of misery 
which it yields to the thousands, whose 
destruction it procures, so that we may 
well adopt the opinion of the old Spanish 
Chronicler, who affirms that “the use of 
Coca is solely a depraved taste, and wor- 
thy only of such. beings, as the unhappy 
Indians now are." ; 


ON THE CULTURE AND CONSUMPTION 
OF THE COCA 


The native country of the Coca appears 
to be as little known as that of many other 
plants which attend on the footsteps of 
man; I think, indeed, that I have met with 
it in the environs of Cuchero, on the stony 
top of Cerro de San Christobal ; but though 
LER 1 $m Vid x x ly fr 
the cultivated plant, it is by no means im- 
probable that the seeds may have been . 
dropped by birds. The climate, in gene- 
ral, suits the genus Erythrozylon, of which 
six species occur in its Flora, one of them, 
namely, the Wild Mamucuca of the Ine 
dians (i. e. Coca-mother—Erythrozyit, n. — 
sp.) is perfectly similar to the true C 


Vili 


166 


The cultivated shrub succeeds best in the 

| mild but very moist climates of the sub- 

v Andes, on elevations between 2,000 and 

5,000 feet above the sea, where the mercury 

does not frequently fall below 15? C. (Centi- 
mite Y ] 1 +1 1i Peeper of Pd 


E a p 
great and sudden changes. In the province 
of Huanuco, 9,000 feet above the sea, night 

. frosts sometimes occur, killing the Coca, 
and where the mean temperature exceeds 
" 20° C., the plants lose their strength, and 
the dryness of the leaf, which always be- 
speaks a too warm situation, is accompanied 
by a want of flavour, which causes it to be 
rejected by an experienced coquero. For 
this reason the Coca is not cultivated even 
ET on the plain parts of Maynas, and the few 
natives, accustomed to its use, procure it 
from the more elevated districts. North 
of Lima, it is extensively grown in the 
provinces of Huanuco and Guamalies; the 
former of which maintains a high celebrity 
for its Coca. Experience proves that it 
-succeeds best on declivities, and little rug- 
-ged slopes, free, however, from stones, 
where the earth, of a brick-red colour, 
probably contains much iron, and may be 
considered identical with that kind of soil, 
: on which, in the North of Cuba, the natives 
a cultivate the best coffee, and on which, 
near Havanna, the finest kinds of tobacco 
are raised. Limestone, again, is very de- 
trimental to the growth of Coca, unless co- 
vered with a layer of vegetable soil, and 
even then, the shrub becomes stunted; and, 
producing only knotty branches and no 
leaves, speedily perishes. Swampy land 
acts eyen more disadvantageously, and oc- 
. casions the roots to rot. But as on such 
: e varied ground and interrupted surface, the 


* 


warm districts, the usual process of felling 
and b the natural wood is practised, 
which ligue atthe close of the dry sea- 
son, after which they proceed to sowing 
the i» Cost ——— been gathered 


SOME ACCOUNT OF THE 


-water, rejecting those whose lightnessmakes 


USES 


whenever their ripeness is indicated by 
bright scarlet colour. In order to preve 
the dry berries being attacked by rotte 
ness, they pick out the decayed ones, 
then throw the remainder into vessels of 


them swim, as .having been injured by i 
sects. 


If sown at the proper time, No- 
vember, te one hundred plants speg 
up and 


sixteen months after sowing, the yo | 

branchless shrubs are transplanted singly 
to other holes, and ranged, if possible, in 
straight lines, thus forming the proper 
plantation, called a Cocal. Here the shrub 
is destined to pass its life, and it receives 
the customary treatment, which, though 
not laborious, involves a good deal of at- 


so rapid and vigorous as almost to defy the 
art of man. Certain plants spring up with 
incredible celerity, among them some 
grasses are peculiarly troublesome, nameti 
Panicum platycaule, Poir., P. scan 
8. Trin decumbens, R. and S, " 


Portia  Peruvianum, 


hausts the soil as to destroy the Coca, w 
it maintains its own vegetative 
though burnt down to the —— 


- do climbing plants attempt to extend 
‘their sway over the plantations of Coca, 
into which they insinuate themselves from 

- the neighbouring woods. The labour of 
removing these various weeds is extreme, 

and care must be taken afterwards to loosen 

the soil and render it perfectly level, so 

that no water may collect in the hollows, 

and injure the delicate roots. Many peo- 

ple plant Maize in the first year, between 

the young shrubs, but as this soon exhausts 

the soil, it is replaced by the useful Bottle 
Gourd. The time of gathering the leaves 

depends on the greater or less richness of 

the soil; on the best land it may take place 

in three years, but in poorer situations only 

at five years’ end. The full-grown shrub 
affords a harvest every thirteen or fourteen 
months, but as the ripeness of the leaves 
depends very much on situation and the 

age of the plants, so in large plantations 

the collecting of them goes on throughout 

. the whole year. The only means of ascer- 
taining the maturity of the leaves is by 
examining their stiffness; if they bend 

. when taken hold of, they are considered 
too young, colour and size determining no- 
thing. If, on the contrary, the leaves break, 

the gathering must not be delayed, or the 

rub will throw them off of itself. The 

mode of gathering them is, to grasp the 
twigs in both hands, and strip off the foli- 

age with some force, a labour that even 

| wounds the hard skin of the natives. There 
; is a prejudice in favour of drying the Coca 
_ inthe sun, perhaps arising from the indo- 
. lence of the people, who resist every thing 
new. Before each dwelling-house to which 
a Cocal is attached, a place (Area) made 
Smooth, is seen, it is either imperfectly co- 
vered with a wooden floor, or firmly stamp- 
ed down, but being exposed to the weather, 
and a rendezvous for the domestic animals, 
Xt is generally in a very bad state. Here 


But in a country where rain is so 

- frequent, that weeks often pass without the 

_ Sun’s appearing, where the sky is often long 

nope in thick fogs and clouds, and the 
a ct aL 17 ^ i 7 NEN 


AND PROPERTIES OF THE COCA. 


_ the leaves are spread on sunny days to be. 
. dried 


167 


very inefficient. The Peruvians, however, 
are not yet arrived at the idea of building 
those Secaderos in which the Coffee is 
dryed at Cuba, nor, what would be still 
better, of employing a moderate and well- 
regulated degree of artificial heat within 
small houses erected for the purpose. The | 
greatest vigilance, the utmost despatch in 
snatching up and carrying away the out- 
spread leaves of Coca, cannot always pre- 
vent their being damaged by wet, and 
sometimes they spoil by being kept within 
doors, waiting for such weather as would 
enable them to be laid out. In this way, 
large sums are annually lost, for when once 


'the leaves turn black, and shrink in conse- 


quence of moisture, they become unsale- 
able, having lost their flavour. 1f, under 


day, the article is esteeme 
is eagerly sought for, and fetches a high 
price. In this state, the leaf is of a beau- 
tiful bright-green, and quite smooth ; the 
browner and less quickly dried kinds are 
cheaper. Finally, the well-prepared Coca. 
is wrapped up in large woollen cloths, and 
deposited for a time in the house, but the 
more this period is shortened, the better, 
as a few weeks of wet weather will spoil 


the colour even of what is thus secured - 


from the immediate action of the atmo- 
sphere; for which reason the natives send 
their goods as quickly as possible from the 
vicinity of the damp woods. Immediately 
before despatching the Coca, it is pressed, 
by dint of treading, into sacks made of a 
coarse striped woollen stuff, manufactured 

for the purpose by the Indians of Conchu- 
cos; each of these, which is called a ter- 
cio, weighs, while in the forest, 80lbs, but 
loses 10 per cent. in the course of a few — 
weeks after its arrival at Huanuco, in con- 
sequence of the greater dryness of the air - 
there. To prevent, in part, this heavy loss, _ 
the seller hastens to carry his Coca tothe _ 
somewhat moister climate of the Andes. 
If well packed, the leaf is not apt to turn 
black, but inattention on the day of send- - 
ing it away, or neglecting the Laien cns : 
of securing the tercios from the ni 


EE 


168 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE USEs : 


while on their journey, by covering them away. A little calabash contains vel 
with woollen wrappers, causes the Coca to finely pounded lime, but never in North 
heat, like bad hay, and to lose its flavour Peru, the ashes of the lant, as is men- 
and colour. tioned by Mr. V. Martius (Vol. IIT. p. 1169, - 
The consumption of Coca is confined to 1180). A small metal needle runs through — 
Peru, where, however, it is nearly univer- the stopper, this is moistened when used, - 
Sal All the people of the lower class are turned about in the pounded lime, and | 
addicted to this usage, but the Negroes drawn into the mouth by the ball of chewed . e 
and inhabitants of the coast form an occa- leaves, taking care not to touch the ‘lips 4 
sional exception. The Indians of the Sierra with the caustic lime, which would excori- 
cannot live without it, and the usage exists ate the palate even of the practised co- ae 
even among the districts of the warm mon- guero. But the teeth are infallibly dee 
tafia. Such a superstitious feeling attaches stroyed by it, and the Peruvians, who are 
to this practice, that the lowest classes at addicted to this custom, have all a horrible - 
Huanuco thrust Coca into the mouth of set of black and carious teeth. A work- — 
the dying, and infer his future blessedness man of the common class, particularly if — . 
from the pleasure which the taste of this he be a real Indian, daily consumes from | 
herb seems to impart to him. Below the an ounce to an ounce and half of Coca; - 
Pongo of the Huallaga, and on the Marañon the more extravagant chewers double this — | 
it is hardly known, so that it excites sur- allowance, and even sometimes raise itto 
prize to meet with the custom again at S. four ounces. At Olivenza, where, as well — 
Paulo (Olivenza), where the shrub is call- asat Ega, a small Cocal was lately estab- 
ed Ypadá. Owing, however, to the low lished, they dry the leaves rapidly by means 
situation and heat of the climate, its habit of fire, and pound them, whilst hot, in a — 
— - is very different from the Peruvian plant, mortar, thus dissipating, it is said, their — 
and no less inferior in the quality of its peculiar properties. The Peruvians, whose ; 
- foliage, which is further prepared and treat- intimate acquaintance with this subject, no ` 
: ed in such a manner as to deprive it even one, unhappily, can deny, are of opinion - 
of its trifling properties. Wherever the that too much heat deprives even the best | 
sway and manners of the Incas have pre- Coca of the active principle, that a warm 
vailed in Peru, there you find the Coca; climate will spoil the Coca del Dia in ten : 
but it disappears in those districts where months, while it continues good for a year - 
the Aborigines were first subjugated by the and a half in the cold and dry districts of 
Whites. For this cause, it is seen in La- the Andes.. i 
mas, but not near Maynas, for its introduc- All old authors agree that the use of 
tion into Brazil is of modern date, and it 
finds but a very limited number of votaries 
there. To the North, the Coca is known 
almost throughout Quito, Pasto, Popayan, 
and Cauca; but scarcely in Venezuela. 
= Upper Peru, and Cuzco produce a good 
. deal, which is consumed in the immediate 
neighbourhood, as neither Chili nor the Conquistadores, that they, unable to detect | 
States of Plata have adopted the custom. any thing agreeable or efficacious in th 
With the exception of the Brazils, the leaf, ascribed its virtues to mere imagina- 
mode of using it is every where the same tion (cosa de pura imaginacion), a i 
as in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. The’ that was combated, however, by Acosta, 
 coquero carries a small bag with him, in who justly says, that the increased ability 
order to preserve the leaves entire, for he to labour, which the Indians display after 
considers the broken ones to be worth but taking a handful of Coca, cannot; be solely 
te, and the fragments and dust he throws the result of mental delusion. The cust 


= 


ck 


E 


= 


= of chewing Coca has certainly some affinity 
with the practice that is universal among 
the Indians, of continually masticating 
something, such as roots, small twigs, and 
herbs, and also of rubbing their teeth with 
pieces of bitter or astringent kinds of wood, 
which latter is also done by the white Pe- 
_ Tuvians and Chilians. The first proprietors 
of mines among the Conquistadores soon 
found, that without a supply of Coca no 
exertions could be expected from the In- 
dians; and the Spaniards, who instantly 
set about cultivating it, were obliged to 
call in the aid of the Indians. These poor 
creatures, again compelled to quit the dry 
atmosphere of the Andes in order to tend 


moist low lands, died in such numbers, that 
a royal ordinance was issued in 1567, pro- 
hibiting the culture of a plant “ which is 
connected with the work of idolatry and 
Sorcery, strengthening the wicked in their 
delusions, and asserted by every competent 
judge to possess no true virtues, but, on 
the contrary, to cause the deaths of innu- 
merable Indians, while - ruins the health 
of the few who survive." Like too many 
well-meant public prohibitions, this was, 
however, soon evaded ; though repeated in 
the strictest manner by the second Council 
of Lima, in 1569. The profits were too 
temptingly great, for in Potosi the mono- 
poly produced to the Provincial Govern- 
ment a sum of not less than 500,000 p. d., 
from the consumption of 90—100,000 bas- 
kets, in the year 1583: and private indivi- 
duals also drew immense revenues from 
the produce of their Cocals, in the pro- 
vinces of Cuzco, La Paz, and La Plata. 
. Thus the poor Indians were compelled, as 
before, to labour at an employment which 
Ww was destructive to them, though orders to 
. the contrary were often sent from Madrid, 


the culture of the Coca greatly decreased, 
the aang number of its principal 
consumers, and the many Cocals that had 
been ES established, lowered the price 
rom this time up to the present 


AND PROPERTIES OF THE COCA. 


the plantations of Coca in the warm and. 


day, the shrub has been only grown in pri- 
vate plantations, and all forced labour is 
entirely prohibited by the Republican 
Constitution. 

The first expense of establishing a Cocal 
is trifling, compared with its returns, and 
as by good management and economy, = 
labour might be greatly diminished, 
the produce as much increased, so has 
are few branches of agriculture which 
might be rendered equally profitable. It 
is not easy to gain a correct estimate of the - 
expense and revenue of these plantations 
in a country where the land is so much 
diversified as in Peru, but the most expe- 
rienced planters in the Quebrada de Chin- 
chao have informed me that a Cocal, of 
which the original cost and current ex- 
penses enroute to 2,500 p. d. in the first 
twenty months, ought, at the end of ten 
months more, to bring a clear income of 
1,700 p. d. Good management and eco- 
nomy will always enable the proprietor to 
clear off every incumbrance in six years at 
most, when the profits would regularly yield 
45 per cent. on the capital, There is no- 
thing to be feared from a sudden drop in 
the price or the failure of a crop, and the 
losses from rainy weather are but partial. 
The reason why so few planters of Coca 
become rich under such favourable cireum- 
stances, must be sought for in the adequate 
cause, of their negligence, and particularly 
immoral lives. 

The value of Coca is estimated by car- 
goes or mule-loads of two tercios, contain- 
ing, together, about 7 arrobas, or 175 
Spanish pounds, and the price varies con- 
siderably, according to the distance to 
which it has to be conveyed. The planters ` 
generally contract with the merchants in 
town for their whole produce; but there is 


also a retail trade carried on with the coun- 


try people, who give their dried po 
and coarse woollen cloths for Coca, which 
they again sell at considerable profit. These 
poor but industrious Indians return home 
with gigantic loads on their backs, often 
wei m 100 to 150 lbs., often over 
very bad one and sometimes, as the na- 
tives of Huaylilla, perform a journey of — 


_ above two and a half millions a-year. Th 


170 


seven days, thus encumbered, through the 
most frightful and perfectly uninhabited 
forests. Generally speaking, the decline 
of the mining business has diminished the 
demand for Coca, and many Cocals lie 
waste, because their owners, ruined by the 
war, no longer possess the means for car- 
rying them on. The plantations in the 
Quebrada of Chinchao formerly yielded an 
annual harvest of 70,000 Spanish pounds, 
which, though fetching but a low price, 
enabled the inhabitants to support them- 
selves, while the tax on Coca alone covered 
all the expenses of the Municipal Govern- 
ment of the place. Thus the Coca, per- 
nicious as it is, seems to be a necessary 
evil, and its cultivation is so extensive as 
to become of statistical importance. Many 
of the woody districts would be uninhabit- 
able without it. In the Quebrada of Chin- 
chao there are one hundred and fifty planta- 
tions, which employ eighteen hundred men, 
thus affording work and support to such a 
number of persons as seldom can obtain a 
regular subsistence in so destitute a coun- 
try as Peru. About two thousand persons, 
the families of the proprietors and their 
dependents, live upon the produce, and a 
thousand more may be added, who are lit- 
tle dealers and manufacturers of the wool- 
len stuff, or muleteers. The fact, that by 
the cultivation of an insignificant shrub full 
employment may be afforded to almost five 
thousand persons in so small a space as 
this valley, proves what a large population 
might find room in Peru, and how numer- 
ous are the means of subsistence that are 
. "presented to the natives, if they would but 
labour In Upper Peru (Bolivia) this 
branch of agriculture is of much greater 
importance, yielding annually about 400,000 
kets. The whole value of the Coca 

. produced in Peru and Bolivia amounts to 


o 


.. mode of culture differs but little in these 


. countries, though the appearance of the 


l ib varies considerably, the under-side 
. of the leaf in the Bolivian plant being of a 


= yellowish colour. The assertion seems to 


me most surprising, that every ounce of 
eds 


MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 


with the raiz de Yuca, the Sweet Manioc | 
ot. 


I have been unable to detect this mE 
to such an amount, even in a very much 
larger quantity of leaves. Equally un- 3 
founded are the encomiums that have been — 


completely to disprove. 3 
a very small portion of vegetable EC 3 
in it, the saliva of the Coca-chewer is thin * 
and watery, like that which flows from the 1 
chewing of Tobacco, and it betrays not the 
least trace of sugar to the palate. 
older writers give but little information re- | 
specting the Coca—one only, who singu- " 
larly enough has been hitherto overlooked, | 
states, that * Coca has the effect of dis: 
pelling fatigue, and is masticated by the — | 
Indians in order to produce sleep, intoxi- S 
cation, and forgetfulness of all labour and X 
care.” What the Coca-root, briefly men- P 
tioned by Herrera as used for food isl | 
am not aware—perhaps the name, raiz de — 
Coca, proves that he has confounded it S 


OF THE UNITED STATES. 
( Continued from p. 101.) 


OLEINEJE. 


619. ° vi Forst, acuminata, Poir. 
—N. Orl. (n. 211.) 


GENTIANEJE. Juss. 

620. (1.) Gentiana saponaria, L.— St. 
Louis.—N. Orl. 1 
o 3) Gentiana ochroleuca, Froel. 
N. Orl —Notwi 


pedig species, I am not satisfied 
the two are ly distinct : and weer 
my ed from St. e artak 
as much of the character of one as 


. other. The calycine segments 
tremely in S m and breadth, as ii» th th e 
tern the corolla in a 
ing. The c 
dva: is 


z frequently deeply tinged and streaked 
M c with Rune, and G. incarnata of Sims, 
: Bot. Mag. t. 1856, is surely only a pale 

pus -green flowered var. of the pre- 


c 


, again, as ki EEE by all 
authors, comes very near the two pre- 
ceding species. Its leaves are narrower, 
e "rco of the corolla are less 


incurved. "This, or some var. of G. sa- 
ned is probably what Michaux took 

: for the Linnean G. Pneumonanthe, and 
E he Matic erroneously introduced that 
plant into the American Flora, ich 
he has been followed by all subsequent 

; authors. ** Between Canad 3 


‘ try, ve never 
á n anything that could be referred to 


ean 
extends the limits of it **from Canada to 
- Pennsylvania.” My accurate and valued 
- friend Pou Torrey, observes that the N. 
“we n G. Pneumonanthe, which has 


Jupe EU ate $198. : 3 TS ER, ge coe NS 


1 
; 
i 
| 
barium. It was obligingly communicated 
to r. Bigelow.’ r. Bigelow 
stationis, “ BL. near Portland, Maine, 
Massachuse I possess a specimen 
| from the ns spot, given me by Dr. Boott 
(the frie Ug = Dr. Bigelow, and the com- 
: -panion many of his excursions), 


which d fiin first of all labelled, “ Œ 
saponaria,” S iue which I am rather in- 
clined to r 


n 
The true G. 

must therefore, I think, be erased from 
the American Flora. 
623. (4) Gentiana quin queflora, F 

- St. Louis. —This i is pe et its oem 

— tin e United States. 
,*e 


; ntibus | altis, Peeks ree ON, Virgi- 


MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 


plan 
— 625. 


| 634. 4 (1) 13 Opbidiin Mitreola, LN 
vington. 


171 


nia," and it appears to be frequent in 
the Nort 


624. (1.) § abbatia yum pe T 
Chironiam), no ss or .—Co 
gton.— e plant ‘dinate slen- 


der: lower and linear, upper ones al- 
most ae us.—I have the same plant 
under the e name from Dr. Short, 
gathered in preser by Dr. Bo uv I 
possess it also, from Augusta, by favour 
of Dr. Wray. The Sabbatia (Chironia, 
Mx.) paniculata, is probably only a more 
uias and shorter growing state of this 


2.) atic Bs sot“: L Mes 


( 
Chironia wiped 
626. 


elongatis subfastigiatis, calycibus ciliatis, 


laciniis linearibus corollam 5-partitam 
ar utt. in Fl. of Arkansa 
Territ. N. Orl. (n. 223.) — 


arked species, 
first discovered by Mr. Nuttall, in open 
prairies of the Arkansa and Red Rivers, 
when ud cs wi received specimens from 

. that au 

628. (6) ‘Sabbatia brachiata, EM. — N. 
Orl. (n. 224.)—Flowers rose- a. be- 
oo medy white in drying. Our 


se 
no specimens, mer from New Jersey, 
N. Carolina, and 


—— three to four feet high); at the 
e time having the smallest flowers and 
de most minute cuve cg Leaves. 
two inches long, and full an inch broad. 
Panicle exceedingly la es 
Sk = bbatia genteanordes, Ell. — 


Covi 

631. "8 " Sabbatia ee Mich. (sub 
Chironiam. m ovingto 

: E ) Ce ep taurella cont Mich. — N. 


Orl. (n. 


633. PoR Centaurea paniculata, Mich. 


172 
635. (2.) Ophiorrhiza lanceolata, Ell.— 


ovington. 
636. (1.) Spigelia Marylandica, L.— 
N. An c. 90. a 
637. (1.) Villarsia ¢rachysperma, Ell.— 
N. Orl 
638. (2. ila. lacunosa, Viet — V. 
cordata, Ell.—- Covington. 
smaller, and far bo. deeply pitted than 
in the preceding specie 


BIGNONIACER. Br. 


639. (1) Bignonia capreolata, Mich.— 
N. Orl. (n. 
640. (1.) Tecoma Stans, Juss.—St. Louis. 


PEDALINES. Br. 
641. (1.) Martynia proboscidea, L. — St. 
Louis. 


HYDROLEACEX. Br. 
E. (1.) Hydrolea spinosa, L.—Coving- 
643. MO Hydrolea Caroliniana, Mich. 
quadrivalvis, Walt. and other au- 


thors, but the capsule is e four-valved. 
Orl 1833. : : 


POLEMONIACER. Juss. 
644. q) omaes reptans, L.—Al- 
leghan 
645. a) Phlox acuminata, Ph. — Bot 
- Mag. t.1880.—St. Louis.—Is this really 
Ion from the ae . panicu- 


646. i2 Phlox pilosa, L.—St. Lou 
647. (3.) Phlox aristata, Mich. R Orl. 
~ (n.227.)—Probably, as Mr. Nuttall sug- 
T> only a glabrous state of P. pilosa. 
e) Phlox divaricata, L. — Alle- 
uie (5) Phlox reptans, Mich. — Alle- 
T TW 


. (6.) Phlox subulata, L.—Philadel- 


Respon 

the leaves shorter and more 
[S n and the whole plant has a 
more rigid aspect. 


HYDROPHYLLES. Jr. 


: 651. (1) rir a appendiculatum, 


MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 


652. (2. Hydrophyllum Virginicum, Ü 4 
—Wheeling. Alleghanies E 
653. (3) eprorephynnn Canadense, 
ha n? 


—Alle 
654. 


8 
4.) H operas macrophyllum; | 
foliis cde He grosse-inciso de enatis, 
laciniis rho mboideo - ovalibus. supremis 


is and very distinct — 
Species was first discovered by Dr. Short, — 
from whom I ess specimens exactly 
corresponding er those of Mr. Drum- 
mond. 


655. (1.) Ellisia microcalyx; glabrius- As 
cula, decumbens, foliis lyrato- pinna 
longe petiolatis, aoe 
lateralibus obliqui 


BORAGINEJE. Juss. 
1.) Tiaridium agree mr 


p iin Indicum, L. N.O rl. (n. 
229, bis.)—St. Lou 

658. (1. eo stricta, L.—M. verna 
Nutt. — M. arvensis, Tor.—N. Orl. (n 


232.) ennsylv 
659. (1.) Eehinospormam Virginicum, 
Lehm.—Alleghan 
660. e. ener icd hispidum, Mich. 
—N. Orl. (n. 231. 
661. (23 Onosmodium molle, Mich.—St- 
“ae 
exu scabrum, Roem, 
: AS —N. Orl. 
663. (1. oe act Virginica, La 
NT hanies. St. Lou 
ü 1j qesen Virginicum, p 
OON: Or. (n. 230.) Alleghani 


CONVOLVULACEJX. Juss. 
665. (1.) Convolvulus tenellus, L. — 


trichosanthes, Mich. ardi, 
according to Nuttall) —var. foliis lati 
ribus.—N. Orl. (n. 

The C. aquaticus, of W. 9 
does not differ from this, except in 

ve : s 


666. (2) Convolvulus Sepium, L.—Co- 
ovin 

(3 X uda Stans, Mx.—C. 

Eres L.—Alleghanies. 

BO E due sagittifolius, Mx. 

t a (5) Convolvulus puma ? L— 

o (pomen, Ph.) 


1.) ponies coccinea, L. — N. Orl. 
(2.) Ipomea trichocarpa, Ell. — N. 
Lm Us 228 bis.) — Jacksonville, (bad 
specimens). 
ot (1) Capraria multifida, Mx. — St. 
pus 
LN Ön. (n Dichondra Caroliniana, Mich. 
29. 


ive and turned into scales, which are 
excessively crowded, and form a dense 
wreath, of a pale straw colour, around 


the branch of some shrub. 

(2.) Cuscuta coronata, Beyrich, in 
Herb. Americ. — N. Orl. 1833, on the 
stems of Laurus Carolinians. 


ae Juss. 
B (Ey Solanun Carolinensé, 1.<<Qhio. 
Es £) “aac nigrum, L. — N. Or. 


833.—St. Louis 


1.) Physalis pubescens, L. — Ohio 
eroi St. L N. Orl. 1833. 
681. (2.) Physalis obscura Mx. — a. an- 
gulata, Ph.— N. Orl. 


833.— 
E x viscido- -pubescens, Ph. — Jackson- 


(3. Physalis sessi e pot ipn 
E. —The characters of th 

posed species of Physi are ary ob- 
— and a 

a Eu ycium Cürblnianum, Walt. 


OROBANCHES. Juss. 
684. (1) ih ap uniflora, L 
T ra, Nutt .—Pen sylv 
“Epi Gobec. Virginiana, L.— 
Epi p Americana, Nutt. — Jackson- 


—0. bt- 


SCROPHULARINJE. Juss. 

.B. Inthe arrangement of the Genera 
per I have followed that of Mr. 

a the Botanical Register, under 


MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 


173 


VERBASCE®. Nees. 
iis E ) Verbascum Thapsus, L. — Co- 


637. 5.) Scrophularia lanceolata, Ph.— 
t. Louis. Alleghanies. 
1.) Linaria Canadensis, Spr. — N. 
Pennsylvania. 


(2.) Pentstemon paris em Ait.— 
n. 235. I e e iis and pubescens 
really distinct specie 
691. (1.) Ch nee labra L.—var. B. 
lanceolata.— 
92. Mimu e RE: L. Ait.—N. 
Orl. 1893. Jacksonville. 


693. (1.) Herpestis cuneifolia, Ph. — N. 
Orl. (n. 240.) Covington. 

694. . (2. ) orients amplexicaulis, Ph.— 
Covington 


695. (3) Herpestis rotundifolia, Ph. — 
St. Lou 
E ) "Mat tourea juice Benth. 
ce acum nata, Elli non Punk) 


697. d 3 prine pilosa, Mx.—Coving- 


" (2) Gratiola phen Ell.— 
ON Orl. (n. 238.) and 1833.—This has 
been food by Dr. Shor - swamps of 
the Lexington river, cky. 
699. (3) Gratiola Fogi, L.—Alle- 
ghan 
(1. ) eria dilatata, Mühl. pei 


Orl. ay 98 Dow mon. St. 

Ohi specim this are cim 
pir Ele 5 with Gratiola Tegai but 
the narrow-o germ capsule 


will readily distingu it 
701. P Lindernia attenuata, Mühl. Ell. 


Oss. e Lindernia eee E Ell. and 
of Beyrich's s plant from Georgia, is L. mon- 
ticola. Ell. and L. filiformis of "Baldwin, 


sup- MSS. 


702. E Scores orbiculatum, 
Mich.—Co 

703. (1) Dads mon L.—N. 
Orl. e 241.)—St. 


ume P 


K 
708. (1.) Pol mb 
— Covington. — Although my valued 
friend, omi 


Genus in his revision of the 


174 


ne, quoted, I am yet of opinion 
that iti is correctly referred to this Order 
by Chamisso and Schlechtendal (v. Lin- 
nea, v. 5. p. .), and that its proper 
place is in Mr. Bentham’s tenth Tribe, 


d 
union of the base of the germen vidi 


that of the corolla and calyx, but it is of ` 


a very small portion: the whole of the 
seed-bearing part is free : 
ral structure of this capsule is xn to 
that of the greater number of 
oval, compressed, and furrowed dow the 
middle, where is situated the dissepiment 
of the two cells, 


ways continuing united with the persist- 
ent style. The corolla is infundibuli- 
form, bearded at the mouth, as in Sc 
paria, a genus closely allied to the pre- 
sent. Jussieu and De Candolle have 
referred the genus to Rubiacee ; Rich- 
ard to Caryophyllee. 


G= 


MACRANTHERA. Le Conte. Benth. 
CONRADIA. Nutt. non Mart. 
Cor. monopeta- 


apice 5- DENA 
decli- 


Cal. 5-fidus, foliaceus. 
la, SA aan Same 
tibus refl 


Flores axillar 
Ee Nutt. in Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 
709; Pa) M Mida Nutt. L c. (sub 


Im mE ciniis calycinis in- 
tegerri ovington.— a very 
fine Mg dud certainly closely allied to 
the larger Gerardie. 'The ect 
stand out horizontally, and cu 
s wards = the extremity, so Hatt the ] hiso 
-= handsome flowers are erec 
710. a) Gemak eas 
-~ Jacksonville.—Some of the 
= ooy with Elliott’s Pesca 
nearer to G. 


MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 


ysperm 
a perennis, Jolas oppositis 


mens 7 


Lou 

716. (7. Gerardia flava, L.—St. Louis 

717. (8.) Gerardia quercifolia, Ph.- 
Covington. St. Louis. 

18. .) Seymeria gore Ph— 
Jacksonville.—N. Orl. 183: 

719. (2) Rana eed Ph.— 

2 


intermediate between the Mexican 
peduncularis, Benth., and the G. tenui- 
folia, y., distingui 


m 
ways fascicled, from 
bes E the large flowers, long pe edun: 


ee 
"3 Gerardia tenuifolia, Vahl. 
cn levius cula, foliis maximis vix 


. Louis, - 
Jacksonville.—j. leptophylla, sabri 
cula, elata, foliis filiformibus m 


Jacksonville. Lou 
718. (4) ideis s Mi Walt., Pursh. 
—St. .—f. parvifolia, foliis distan- 


tibus oO lin. »-longis esa no 


m 
es roi dry so blag 
as any others of the gen ; 
(5.) Gerardia aph le Nutt.—£. f 


licaulis, ramis 


lines, in 


they are kiii sed: and 
n5. (8) Gerardia auriculata, Mz- 


ghanies. vivi E 
Ee i3 Pelican lanceolata, Mx 
Louis. 


ot 723. (2.) Pedicularis Canadensis, L: 
N. uu (n.242.) Alleghanies. Pe 


LABIATE. Juss. 


— 723. (1.) Hyptis pee Willd.—Cov- 
|. ington.—I hav 5 e same plant also from 
Dr. Wray, gathered at Augusta. 

: He. fl) Ea ceruleus, Mich.—St. 


i 


795. (1. ) Mentha piperita, L.—Covington. 

726. (2.) Mentha viridis, L—M. tenuis, 
Mich. — Covington. — This, the JZ te- 
nuis, Mx., which is also found by Dr. 
Short, at Kentucky, i is correctly referred 
by ] Mr. Bentham to the European M. 


Louis. —The more glabrous var. r of 
Mr. Bentham is the M. glabrata, Mich. 
728. (1.) Lycopus Virginicus, L.—St. 


peus of Mich. and Pursh i is the L. sinu- 
atus of Elliott and Bentham, and this 
latter author pase to it also the L. ez 

Linn.), L. vulgans, 


.—Jackson- 
mm ud also found 

it with white lowers). Covington. 
731. (2.) Salvia bra desi Orl. (n. 


732. (3) Salvia obovata, Ell—N. Orl. 
n. 


: age The rare Salvia urticefolia of 


E. Linn. and Benth. Lab. 58, I possess 
from North Carolina and Virginia, where 
thered by Mr. ne. 


y ree 
L3 apie anpra L. (includ- 
entham, l 


M. allo- 


(0 Phyl h., M Ginopodi,- Ly AM. 
|... purpurea, Ph. &c.)J—N. Orl 33.—£. 
.. mollis. M. mollis, L—St. 
734. 2.) onarda Draen et, ‘Beck. 


no specimens exactly corresponding with 
.. it in the Herbarium. 

785. (3.) Monarda punctata, L.— Jack- 
lle. Covington 

1.) Bl eomm ciliata, Raf.—Mo- 
a dn b . (not Mich.)—Alle- 


3 e» Blephilia Azrsuta, Hanh. Mo- 
rsuta, Ph.—St. Loui 


JA. $onvi 


pee 


(1.) Pycnanthemum i n Mich. 
. capitulis paucifloris, bracteis denti- 
s magis ob 
on. 


MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS, 


^ Louis. Jacksonville. 
UC M. ( ycopus sinuatus, EIL—. 
~ Europeus, Mich.—Ohio. Pha L. Euro- , 


tusis, foliis- 


175 


739. (2) S E hyssopifolium, 
Benth. Lab. p. 329.—N. Orl. 1383, 
(3.) 2 wein muticum, Pers. 
var. V siga P. pilosum, Nutt. —St. 


741. (4) Pycnanthemum lanceolatum, 
Ph.—48.angustifolium,Benth.—St.Louis. 
742. IU Fyens linifolium, Ph. 


743. Pa Coilinsonia Canadensis, L.— 
Jacksonville. 

744. Q) Collinsonia scabriuscula. Ait. 

745. (1.) Cunila he Ph. Benth.— 
Hedeoma hirta, Nutt.—St. Louis. 

746. (1.) Me lissa Gioia Benth.— 
Thymus Carolinianus, 


... (1) Prunella vulgaris, L.— 

sylvanica, Willd.— o uis.— These 

specimens have very acute leaves: 
on and 

which differ in no respect 

from our European plant. 

(1.) Scutellaria ponia Nutt.— 
Cat 


S. Vi io Mühl. —N. Orl. (x. 


749. @) Scutellaria canescens, Nutt.— 
St. Louis. 
750. (3) Scutellaria pilosa, Mich.—N. 


Orl. 

751. (4. Scutellaria integrifolia, L.— 
N. (Sn 248.) m» 

752. (5.) Scutellaria angustifolia, Ph. 
Benth.— erfe d 

Mr. stam dra at 

mentioned by Mr. Benth 

753. (6 


cutellaria KERRE 


o. 
755. (8.) Scutellaria lateriflora, L.—St. 


^ ouis. 
7506. di Lophanthus nepetoides, Benth. 


t. Louis. 
757. p a) ) Cedronella cordata, Benth.— 
Nutt.—Alleghanie 
758. uu Physostegia Virginica, Benth. 
—St. Louis.—N. Orl. (n. 257.) 
59. (L) lamium aak, L.—N. 
Orl. 
760. d): ) Stachys «UE Mich.—S. Ais- 
pida, Ph.—N. Orl. (n. 
761. (2) Stachys fiyasopafotia, Mich.— 
uis. 
762. (1.) Trichostemma lineare, Mühl.— 
Jacksonville. 
763. (2.) Trichostemma dichotomum, L. 
acksonville. dei 


ni. (d) Teucrium Canadense, tai 


176 MR. DRUMMOND’S COLLECTIONS. 


VERBENACEXE. Juss. 


. (1.) Verbena Aubletia, Juss.—Jack- 
sonville. St. Louis. N. Orl. 1833. 


1833. —The V. spuria, Willd., which : 
pe from Pennsylvania and New 
e 


KS t Verbena hasta, L —St. Loui: 
—N 1833. Ohio.—From this the 
V. eh is obani not distinct, 
and the V. urticefolia seems too nearly 


' allie 
769. (5) Verbena integrifolia, Mich.— 


V. rugosa, Willd.—St. Louis. 
770. (6.) Verbena Caroliniana, L.—N. 


. 253. 
771 (T) Verbena stricta, Vent. Bot. 
ing, ji 1976.— V. alopacuroiden, Hort. 


99 bis) and 
833.—Of this I have received copious 
specimens, both fro r. Drummond 


and from Pionero so that it must be 


is a strong- 

plant, two to “fa feet ne 
quite ge with appressed hairs 
bristles 

1.) Callicarpa NR L.—N. 
ud a.) 254 bis) and 1833. 

4. (1. Zapania nodifora, Lam.—N. 

n. 254. . Loui 


CE 775, @) Zapania mius, Ph.—St. 
m em d Phryma leptostachya, L.—St. 


ACANTHACEJE. Juss. 


"T. GQ) Josici pedunculata, Mx.— 


778. (2.) Justicia humilis, Mx.—N, Orl. 
n. 
HW d j Ruellia Jushiciaflora, m 


781. (3) Fucllis Vend ates 
- and 259)— 


: 782. (1.) Utricularia vulgaris, L 
n. 263. 
783. È. ) Viricularia inflata, Walt.—N. 


i (6), Utricularia setacea, Mich. —N. 
2060. 


n. 

736, con oe personata, Le Conte. 

787. m Rd lutea, Walt— 
264.) 


788. (1.) Hottonia inflata, EIL—N. 
n. die d 


m T o egent lanceolatus, 


caule erecto subsim 


co 


iliosa f 
orgian plants, seems to me to be a 
small ciliated variety of R. strepens. 
T ave reccived without & 


name, from Te Shor; gathered on the 
Kentucky riv 


=N 
(n. 258 Covington.—Tube 
of the corolla twice or thrice as long as 
in trepen 
LENTIBULARIEÆ. Rich. | 
L—K 
Orl. 


a (n. 2 
452 Cereals gibba, L.—N. Orl. 


Orl. 


PRIMULACEJE. Vent. 


(1. $2 Anagallis arvensis, L.—N. 


. (2.) Lysimachia radicans, n. sp.; 
- humifusa elongata laxa, ramis api 
- dicantibus, folis oppositis lanceolato- 
. acuminatis summi is omnibus 


ue —Covington. 
794. (1) Samolus Valerandi, L.—N. 
(n. 268.) 


tox. 
ET. (To be continued.) 


HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE 
| PRO 


By M. H. c. BoNGARD, Associate of the Academy. 
(Translated from the Recueil des Actes de Petersbourg, 
; de 1834. ) 


__ THE degree of perfection which the Na- 
tural Sciences have attained in our times, 

nts a most agreeable subject of con- 
templation to those who delight in tracing 
the wonders of nature, and in observing 
the progressive course of human know- 
The march of civilization, the im- 

b 


seen vying with one another in their 
vours to promote the cause of science 
L z m peu ^ m 


ven 


HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE PROGRESS OF BOTANY IN RUSSIA. _ 


* 


177 
in all parts of the globe, and braving un- 
numbered dangers in the prosecution of 
this object. Hence, immense treasures of 
various kinds have poured into our collec- 
tions, and these, when studied, and com- 
pared by men of observation, have con- 
duced to the most important discoveries. 
It is well known how much Zoology, Geo- 
logy, and Mineralogy have thus been the 
gainers, 

Botany has had its share in these valua- 
ble acquisitions, and perhaps the fairest 


y and most important of them have fallen to 


its lot. 
If we consider that when Linneus, 
eighty years ago, published, for the first 
time, his Species Plantarum, scarcely se- 
ven thousand vegetables were known, and 
that this great botanist estimated the total 
number of plants on the surface of the 
earth, as not amounting to more than ten 
thousand species—we are struck with asto- 
nishment at seeing that their number now 
exceeds sixty thousand. Thus the herba- 
rium of Linneus, the richest then known, 
contained but seven thousand plants, a 
number which would now form a very poor 
collection, many of the larger ones consist- 
ing of from thirty to forty thousand species, 
and even more. This prodigious augmen- - 
tation of new vegetables has exercised an 
essential influence on the progress of sci- 
ence. A multitude of novel and extraor- 
dinary forms, with an infinite variety in the 
structure of their parts, have been observ- 
ed, which have necessarily led to a deeper 
insight into their structure, as well as to a. 
more exact acquaintance with those natural 
affinities, by which plants are united to one 
another. The Linnean System has thus. 
been replaced by a philosophical classifi- 
cation, called the Natural Arrangement. 
A more intimate acquaintance with ve- 
getable organization has thrown great light 
on the mysteries of the vegetable economy, 
while the ingenious improvements that 
have been effected in the construction of ~ 
microscopes, promise gtadually to dissipate. 
the obscurity which still envelops this diffi- 
cult but important branch of the science, 
and to afford much information on the s 
M ES 


178 


ject of Vegetable Physiology. The study 
of the Cryptogamic plarts, which had been 
almost wholly neglected by the older Bo- 
tanists, now opens, as it were, a new world, 
by displaying the greatest beauty of struc- 
ture in the most minute and apparently in- 
significant objects. M. de Humboldt was 
the first to treat on the Geography of Bo- 
tany, which he has done with the eminent 
talent which distinguishes all his works; 
he has taken a comprehensive view of ve- 
getation, and by his novel and highly phi- 
losophic theory, has made a most interest- 

ing and important addition to science. 
But it is not my intention to attempt an 
account of the progress which Botany has 
. made since the days of Linneus, as this 
- . subject would infinitely exceed the bounds 
to which I am limited ; my object is rather 
to take a summary view of the labours of 
our own Russian Botanists, and of the aid 
which they have lent towards the advance- 
ment of this science; and though I can 
only give a hasty sketch, I trust that it will 

not be found destitute of interest. 

The first beginnings of botanical know- 
ledge in Russia seem to bear date in the 
reign of Peter the Great; it was this great 
monarch who introduced the Arts and Sci- 
ences into his empire, and was the patron 
of Natural History. Justly considering 
Botany an essential part of the medical 
science, he founded, in 1706, the Apothe- 
caries' Garden, at Moscow, and, eight years 
later, that which now exists in St. Peters- 

urg. He seems to have been himself 
fond of Botany, and to have frequently 
employed his hours of relaxation in col- 
lecting plants, which he preserved with the 
_ utmost care; a small, but highly valuable 
` collection of specimens, gathered and pre- 
pared by the hands of this great monarch, 
- still exists in the Museum of the Natural- 
ists’ Society, at Moscow. The visit which 

Peter the Great paid to the Academy of 
Science at Paris, and the rich collections 

Natural History and different curiosities 

ich he had scen there, as well as the 
-— ets in Holland, had made a 
: impression on his mind, and inspired 
him with the desire of fpe the natu- 


* 


HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE 


ral riches of his own vast empire, and 
ating a similar Academy in its capital, 
Schober was the first whom he despatched, - 
in 1717, upon a scientific expedition ; "e 
errand was to visit the shores of the 
for the purpose of examining its no 
sources, and it is to this journey that we 
owe our earliest acquaintance with the ve- 
getation of this river and of the Wolga. 


prs ss 


greater part of Siberia, where he amassed, 
unaided, very rich collections of plants and 
other natural curiosities. The value of 


them, but the publication of these was 
prevented by unfortunate circumstances. 
Still the discoveries of Messerschmidt have 
not been entirely lost to science, as Ammann 
and Gmelin have published all the most. 
interesting among them 

e first Russian publication on Botan; 
appeared in the year 1726; that of Bux- 
baum, accompanied by three hundred plates 
in outline, representing a large proportion 
of new plants. This author, having at- 
companied Count Alexander Roumanzoff 
to Constantinople, paid much attention to 


s 


longs to Russia, and it is to Buxbaum, ? 
ter Tournefort, that we owe our first 8 
quaintance with the vegetable treasures 
these countries. The lower classes 
plants, hitherto so universally negiec 
and principally? the Mosses and F' 


attracted the attention of Buxbaum, whose 
name is immortalized by having been con- 
ferred, by the pen of Linnzus, on a moss, 
. of most striking and peculiar structure, 
- which he was the first to detect and exa- 
mine. The same year witnessed the ap- 
pearance of the first volume of the Aca- 
demy's Memoirs; this Institution was 
newly established, and Buxbaum was one 
of its earliest members. In this and the 
three following volumes are several disser- 
tations composed by him, on many new 
plants, and among others, the first obser- 
vations relative to the Flora of St. Peters- 
burg. The activity of the new Scientific 
. Academy contributed greatly to the pro- 
. gress of Botany in Russia, a new epoch for 
. all Natural History pursuits commencing 
— with its foundation, while the patronage 
which the Empress Anne delighted in be- 
.. Stowing on science, added a freih impulse 
.. to its progress 

E23. G. Grelin, who entered the Academy 
in 1727, employed ten years in exploring 
the inexhaustible treasures of Siberia, and 
his Flora Sibirica, in four vols. 4to., with 
.. four hundred plates, was the result of this 

expedition, and by its classical as well as 


aplac 


While G Gmelin was thus engaged in investi- 
gating Siberia, Dr. Ammann, an academi- 
E cian, published a remarkable work, under 
this title, * Stirpium rariorum in Rutheno 
imperio sponte provenientium icones et 
cor sine ” It contained figures and 
Eus of many new plinti; disco- 
vered by Messerschmidt, Gmelin, Hein- 
inin, and Gerber. The latter had bo- 
ccm on the shores of the Wolga, while 
Dr. Heinzelmann explored the environs of 
Orenbourg and the steppes of the Kir- 
5 Ten scientific e contri- 
buted b y Dr. Ammann to the Memoirs of 
the Academy, ioe attest the "edita 
its of this bota 
turn for a iei frt the expedition 
: Gmelin to speak of his contemporaries, 


then a simple student, afterwards 
e, and finall ly a Member of the 


PROGRESS OF BOTANY IN RUSSIA. 


Scientific — has penus iuc € tiar 


170° 


Academy, is the first Russian by birth who 
distinguished himself as a Botanist. Gme- 
lin speaks highly of him, and his journey 
to Kamtschatka produced many botanical 
novelties; still his fame chiefly rests on 
the Flora of Ingria, which Gorter subse- 
quently edited from the writings which he 
had left. 

The scientific labours of Steller are im- 
portant : his journey from Okotsk to Kamts- 
chatka; the part t ut he took in the cele- 
brated expedition of Behring, by which he 
was enabled to visit many hitherto unknown 
islands, and even to land on the Western 
coast of North America, his disasters and 
his residence on Behring's Island, have not 
been unproductive in botanical interest ; 
many were the new and rare plants which 
he collected; the sn le island of Behring 
affording him two hundred and eleven 
species; while hs journal contains also 
many important remarks on the vegetation 
of the countries which he had visited. 
Still it was not permitted for him to enjoy 
the success of his exertions, as a prema- 
ture death carried him off, and prevented 
him from publishing, or even revising his 
hard-earned discoveries. 

About this period, the ingenious ideas 
of Linneus, and the new system of that 
illustrious author, had brought about a to- 
tal reform in Botany, and conferred a sig- —— 
nal benefit upon science. The influence 
of these happy innov. tions was felt in the 
progress of Russian Botany, for the efforts 
of the Academician Siegesbec:, who com- 
bated this new met od vere, of course, 
powerless against the force of truth. In _ 
other respects, Siegesbeck was an useful 
Naturalist, and gave a good deal of inform- - 
ation on the Flora of St. Petersburg, and 
on several new plants. Among the Rus- 
sian Botanists of this period, Dr. Lerché 
was peculiarly eminent. In his situation 
as a military surgeon he visited many pro- 

vinces of the empire, and paid particular - 
attention to their vegetable signe 
corresponding zealously with Count Munich 
from Caucasus, and imparting to us. 
and Gmelin the result of his 
in Persia. 


The Academicians Hebenstreit, Jos. 
Geertner, and Laxmann have also laboured 
to make known the vegetable productions 
of Russia; and the more celebrated Jos. 
Gertner, who subsequently distinguished 
himself so highly by his classical work on 
Fruits, was, for five years, a member of 
our Academy. 

The most memorable period in the his- 
tory of Russian science commences during 
the reign of the Empress Catherine II.; 
and Europe long rang with the fame of the 
extraordinary enterprize which this great 
sovereign set on foot for the benefit of sci- 
ence. The vast field which she thus open- 
ed, was diligently explored by the Acade- 
micians, with a success which will ever 
redound to the glory of this monarch. The 
names of Gmelin, Güldenstádt, Falk, Le- 
pechin, Georgi, and Pallas, all are con- 
nected with the labours of this period ; 
it is only in so far as they illustrate itai 
branch of Natural History which it is my 
present province to discuss, that I shall 
touch upon them 

. G. Gmelin, nephew of the celebrated 
Siberian traveller, and the editor of the 
two last volumes of Flora Sibirica, pub- 
 lished in 1768, an important work upon 
the Sea-weeds. This was the first attempt 
ata history of marine productions, and is 
still of value, because it contains detailed 
accounts of some new and extremely rare 
species, collected by Steller and Krasche- 

off, in the Eastern Ocean. The 
younger Gmelin explored the sources of 
the Don and Wolga, the banks of the Cas- 
pian Sea, visited Bakou, Derbent, and En- 
zeli, and during the six years which were 
occupied in this journey, succeeded in 


the Academy's 
Many of the plants have been 
selected and describ d by later tisvoltora. 


HISTORICAL SXETCH OF THE 


To Hablitzé, who subsequently became 
Vice- Governor of Tauria, we owe a phy 


ideas respecting its vegeta . 
The valuable se Gulden 
who visited the shores of the T 


were also made by the Academicians, Falk 
and Georgi, as well as by Lepechin, though 


Linnæus, explored successfully the mouth 
of the Volga, the steppes of the Kalmuks 
and Kirghises, and the shores of the Irtysch, - 
Tomsk, and Barnaoul Georgi, who ac- 
companied Falk, also examined the Baikal - 
and a part of Dahuria. This distinguished | 
Naturalist attempted a general view of the 
vegetable productions of Russia, and ¢ 
sidering the time when it was executed. 
was not without merit, especially as Boeber, 
a zealous Botanist, contributed very wit 
able materials. 

But the labours of Pallas far excel those 
of his colleagues. Himself a man of talent | 
and of extensive information, he appea 


ussian steppes; that on the 
Aigalis which belong so ce 


ings widiw to this science, ee 
among the i ] 


* 


_ Flora Rossica, which he commenced under 
the auspices of the Empress Catherine IL, 
is a remarkable work, whose imperfect state 
is much to be regretted. It was intended 
` to contain all the rarest aud most interest- 
ing plants of this empire, and to be adorn- 
ed with five hundred engravings, but the 
first century alone was published, Twenty- 
five plates of the second century,.or second 
volume, were executed, but without text, 
which the Academy is, at the very present 
time, endeavouring to supply, with the in- 
tention of carrying on this great national 
work, in a style conformable to the present 
state of science. The Flora of Crimea re- 
ceived some illustrations by Pallas’s work 
. upon the geography and natural produc- 
 - ons of Tauria. The vegetation of Mon- 
. golia was utterly unknown when the Apo- 
= thecary Sievers had occasion to visit part 
ae of that country ; he accompanied an expe- 
dition that was sent in 1790 to the frontiers 
of China, with the express purpose of ob- 
taining information on the plant which 
yields Rhubarb, and there he gathered 
many new and rare plants, of which Pallas, 
decease, described the greater por- 
tion. The year 1799 witnessed the appear- 
ance of the Flora of St. Petersburg, by 
Professor Sobolewsky, father of the learned 
Metallurgist, who is our contemporary. 

_ About this time Botany, which had 
. flourished exclusively in Petersburg, and 
z eminently i in the Academy there, seemed 


m 
E 


_ famed for its vegetable riches, when a new 
botanical establishment was founded, which 


‘Count Razoumovsky, at Gorenki, near 
"Moscow. As it often happens that great 


dug Besse in the admiration t that 


PROGRESS OF BOTANY IN RUSSIA. 


181 


its owner felt for a flowering specimen of 
the Night-blowing Cereus (Cactus gran- 
diflorus). 

Professor Stephan had directed the first 
operations of this garden, but its future 
development, its extensive connexions and 
wide-spread celebrity are due to M. Fischer, 
who was the director of it until the demise 
of Count Razoumovsky, with whom this 
noble establishment was to begin and ter- 
minate. The Gorenki Garden had become 
a depositary for the whole Flora of Russia, 
the most beautiful and rare plants from all 
parts of the empire were sent thither, and 


there were cultivated. The library attached : 


to this institution was rich in valuable and 
rare works, and now constitutes, together 
with that of the late Professor Stephan, 
the foundation of the magnificent library 
of the Imperial Garden at St. aun. 
which is perhaps the finest and most co 

plete of its kind which can be seen in Eu. 
rope. The Phytographical Society at Go- 
renki was also commenced, where the pub- 
lication of an important botanical work, 
and many others which promised to confer 
great benefits on science, were in progress 
of execution, when the national disasters 
of the year 1812 destroyed these, and in 
part the very garden itself Hardly had 
the severe casualties of this period been 


* 


repaired, when the death of the Count, at 


a very advanced age, put a termination to 
the whole. Here let me be permitted to 


say a few words respecting Count Razou- 


movsky—I owe this mark of gratitude to 
the patron of Botany and the man of worth, 
under whose auspices I have passed some 
of the happiest years of my life. 


Count Alexis Razoumovsky, without 
having studied Botany deeply, yet being 


possessed of considerable talent, and ani- 
mated by a great love for science, had 
arrived at the acquisition of much know- 
ledge, and being a man of an enlightened 
mind, enjoying also a stupendous fortune, 
he made great sacrifices for the promotion 
of science. The expeditions which were 


made at his expense to the interior of the — 


empire, by Rédowsky, Londes, Tauscher, 
and Hermann; the correspondence i into 


m^" 


tiu: at 


ane 
she 
E: " 


which he entered with Botanists and Col- 
lectors, who were dispersed to the extreme 
parts of Siberia; finally, the cost of keep- 
ing up the Gorenki Garden, amounted to 
considerable sums, the annual expenditure 
averaging 60,000 roubles, while it some- 
times cost the Count more than twice that 
sum, and even reached to 150,000 roubles. 
Thus it may be justly conceded, that the 
Count deserved well of his own country, 
and that history will long preserve his 
name in honourablé memory. 
A taste for Botany having been thus 
diffused in the Russian empire, its zealous 
‘friends, some of whom were found in very 
distant provinces, contributed to the dis- 
covery of new plants, or to a more correct 
knowledge of those, which had not been 
sufficiently known, and to their propaga- 
tion among Botanists. M. Haupt had herb- 
orized in the environs of Tobolsk, where 
he lived several years, and the frequent 
journeys, which the duties of the service 
compelled him to make, were productive 
of noble harvests of plants. M. Rytschkoff, 
Director of the Mines et Nertschink, col- 
lected the plants of Baikal, while M. Vlal- 
soff, a retired Major in the Army, living at 
Doroninsk upon the Ingoda, transmitted 
several valuable collections from Dahuria. 


. A surgeon, called Zalesoff, explored the 


Altaic Mountains, and made many disco- 
veries, among which the most precious are 
the plants which he gathered with the 


. younger Schanguin, on the banks of the 


Tschouia . 
Dr. Gebler, at Barnaoul, who has annu- 


ally sent large collections of plants and 


sof Ronny and Entomology, and has ren- 
dered eminent service to the Altaic Flora. 


Do M ATP Due c cape an peau RBS er^ me E 
Eus Melt To M MR iy fi 


HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE 


, tions of the countries which they tra 


Goldbach, and others, have described m 
new plants, detected in various province 
of Russia, .especially the most remarkab 
ones of Siberia and Caucasus. 
The celebrated Professor Hoffmann, w 


ideas respecting the Umbelhfere, whi 
was brought to light during the author's 


residence at Gorenki, after the conflagra- 
tion of Moscow. The publication of an im- 


Baron Bieberstein, author of a Flora, in. 
two octavo volumes, which appeared in 


lation of new species, has occasioned the 
addition of a thick supplementary volume, 
which besides numerous observations, con- 
tains three hundred and twenty more pur 
The magnificent folio work, with colo 
plates, on the rare Caucasian Plants, com- 


has never been completed. 
superintends its continuation, and the six 


he has given to their productions, paving 
enabled him to make numerous and im- 
portant discoveries. 
searches of Messrs. Wilhelms at Tiflis, 
Wunderlich at Sarepta, and of Dr. i. 
sen, have also added to the value of 


ora. 

The Embassy of Count Golownin 
China has also proved useful to science. 
The Academy, eager to avail themselves 
of such an opportunity, nominated two ot 
its associate members, MM. Adams 
Rédowsky, to accompany it, the fo! 
as a Zoologist, the latter as a 
Though this mission failed in effecting 
immediate object, still the Naturalists 
were attached to it, explored the proc 


and were afterwards directed by the Aca- 
demy to other districts of the empire which 
it was important to investigate. M. Adams, 
known by his travels in Caucasus, with 


C] 


Ss nic 


from Ourga, the place of meeting for the 
members of the Embassy, was sent to Ir- 
kutsk, whence he was to descend the Lena 
as far as its confluence with the Icy Sea, 
and to examine the shores both of that 
ocean and of the river, collecting in all the 
three departments of the kingdom of nature. 
There he made the memorable discovery 
of the Mammoth, and also brought home 
a great number of plants, the most inter- 
esting of which are described in the An- 
nals of the Naturalists' Society of Moscow. 
Rédowsky, when he returned from Irkutsk, 
went to Jakoutsk, and passing over the 
chain of the lofty Aldan Mountains, arrived 
at Oudsky-Ostrog. Thence, coasting along, 
he reached Okhotsk, where he remained 
till the period for travelling by sledges ar- 
rived, in order to follow the instructions of 
the Academy by proceeding to 
schatka, whence he was directed to attempt 
making successive excursions to the Alen- 
tian and Kurile Isles, as well as to those of 
Schantar and Sachalin. A most toilsome 
and harassing journey brought him to Is- 
chiginsk, where he miserably closed his 
career. 
chiefly lost; a small portion however remains 
with the Academy, and another having fallen 
into the hands of M. Chamisso, when he re- 
sided in Kamtschatka, this great Botanist 
has published several of its rarest and most 
. interesting species. Many other novelties, 
collected by Rédowsky, have been de- 
scribed by the Academician Rudolphi. 
- M. Helm, the Apothecary to the Em- 
bassy, brought home fine collections from 
this expedition, as well as from another 
— Which he made to the Ural Mountains, at 
the expense of the Society of Naturalists ; 
but all these treasures perished in the con- 
flagration of the capital. 


The vegetation of Volhynia and Podo- 


a) 
E 


1 
il 
b 


PROGRESS OF BOTANY IN RUSSIA. 


Count Mussin Puschkin, having returned. 


His collections have been: 


183 


searches. This Naturalist, then Professor 
at Kremenitz, now placed in the New 
University of St. Vladimir, at Kieff, is well 
known, as a learned and distinguished Bo- 
tanist; and science has been enriched, by 
him, with many new plants, and also with 
exact and judicious observations. His at- 
tention is now engaged by a Memoir on 
the Wormwoods (Artemisia), destined to 
form part of the fifth volume of Professor 
De Candolle's Prodromus. Professor Eich- 
wald, at Wilna, has published a Set of rare 
Plants, detected in his journey to Caucasus 
and the Caspian, and a Second Set is in 
the press, and ready to appear. To M. 
Karelm, we owe the discovery of many very 
scarce and novel vegetables, which he ga- 
thered on the eastern shores of that sea. 
Thus has the study of Botany gradually 
diffused itself among us, and excited the 
zeal of Naturalists by the abundance of its 
productions. One institution, which emi- 


nently contributed towards its advance- © 


ment, we owe to the Empress Maria Fede- 
rowna, whose memory, dear to Russia, will 
be ever cherished among us. Botany was 
one of her favourite pursuits, she felt all 
its charms. By her, the lovely Garden of 
Paulowsky was created, where she de- 
lighted to spend her leisure hours among 
its flowers; the contemplation of those 
charming productions of all countries and 


all climes, with the variety of their colours. 


and perfumes, elevating her pure mind in 


adoration to their Creator, and cherishing _ 


those religious sentiments and that humane 
beneficence, which marked the whole course 
of her blameless life. The organization of 
this beautiful garden is the work of M. 
Weinmann, who had distinguished him- 


self, previously, by the success with which ~~ 


he had originated and conducted the Bo- 
tanic Garden of Dorpat. Many, also, are 
his claims on the gratitude of Naturalists : 
he has published many new and rare plants; 
and no one has investigated the Flora of 


St. Petersburg with equal care. The study : | 
of the Cryptogamia engrosses much of his — 
attention, and to him we owe the first com- - 


plete Essay on the numerous species of 
Fungus which grow in this vicinity. This 


* 


a 


* 


work is now printing, and is the more im- 
portant to the Russian Flora, as it treats 
of a family of plants, the study of which 
had been — almost wholly neg- 
lected amon 

nother deine which claims our 
attention, is the Imperial Apothecary’s 
Garden, on Apothecary’s Island, which 
owes its origin to the distinguished pro- 
tection bestowed by the Emperor Alexan- 
der on this science. Formed on.a noble 
and extensive scale, it has, in some sort, 
replaced the Gorenki Garden. Prince 
Kotschoubey, who has already conferred 
many other benefits on his country, took 
a lively interest in this garden, and : 
Fischer, who furnished the plans, was no- 
minated Director of the Institution. While 
the erection of hothouses and greenhouses 
was proceeding, the latter visited Germany, 
„Belgium, France, and Great Britain, for the 
purpose of collecting the treasures they 
were destined to contain, and returned, 
laden with such an accumulation of veget- 
able wealth, that already, at the close of 

e first year, this establishment exhibited 

such an assemblage of the plants of all 
parts of the world, as to surpass, in this 
respect, the Gorenki Gardens at the a 
nod of their greatest splendour. Now, 

y ranks as one of the finest ‘sie a 
of the kind, and the particular interest that 


. is felt in its prosperity by His Majesty 


Nicholas I, has caused it to be taken un- 
der the patronage of the court, and en- 
dowed with truly imperial munificence. 
Dr. Fischer possesses an active and able 
assistant in the person of M. Mayer, whose 


botanical industry and his title as fellow- 
la : 


Mi doc of making botanical expeditions, 
will doubtless avail itself of this advantage, 


han to prove the zeal with which its labours 


HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE 


Karabagh, and Russian Armenia. Su 
she he departed from Tiflis to explo 


journey, promises a most interesting work 
on which Dr. Fischer and M. Mayer are 
this time engaged. Similar researches a 


Mongolian steppes, where his interesting 
discoveries give us the promise of a Flora 
of Baikal. 


ployed. He is exploring, by order of the 
Imperial Botanic Garden, the province of 
Goyas in Brazils, whence he has trans- 
mitted the finest collection of living plants 
that, perhaps, was ever sent to Fur 
from that country. 

We have now seen how the Academy of 
Science has given birth, as it were, 
Russian Botany, and how prosperously its 


century. 


Botanist rdg: vacant for eight subse- 


still continues the head of the Academy, 


this de nt are now prosecuted. To 
him we owe the proposal for sending M. 
— .. Mertens on the expedition round the world, 
which was executed by the corvette, the 
Séniavine, under the command of Capt. 
Liitke. Though the Academy has had to 
regret the death of this Naturalist, shortly 
after his return, yet the botanical collec- 
tions, which were sent home by him, are 
not, therefore, lost to the world. All the 
s have been published; and the 
plants of Sitka, a Russian Colony on the 
North-West Coast of America, have been 
described in the Academy’s Memoirs, and 
furnish a general idea of the vegetation in 
that interesting part of our possessions. We 
are in momentary expectation of a little 
— Flora of the Isles of Bonim-Sima, whose 
vegetation is hitherto utterly unknown. The 
scientific expedition, despatched by the 
Academy, in 1829, to Elborous, has fur- 
— nished M. Mayer with an opportunity to 
-institute botanical researches in this inter- 
esting part of Caucasus, and to prolong 
them as far as the Caspian Sea. He also 
saw Bakou, and visited the Mountains of 
Talüsch; communicating, on his return, 
_ Such a detailed account of this journey, as 
. fully proved the success with which his 
.. mission had been executed. Another bo- 
: tanical enterprize, organized by the 
. demy, has proved equally interesting «d 
useful; it is that of Dr. Bunge, now Pro- 
fessor of Botany, at Kasan, who accompa- 
nied the Ecclesiastical Mission to Pekin, 
and brought home a beautiful collection of 
new and rare plants. His important dis- 
: Sertation on the vegetables of those coun- 


dition to China, it was deemed advisable 
.to combine another, the object of which 


y new ones that will form a valuable 


PROGRESS OF BOTANY IN RUSSIA. 


. which have powerfully contributed to pro- — 


I have already stated that the hadat 
charges itself with the continuation of Ba- 
ron Bieberstein’s beautiful work on rare 
Caucasian Plants, and also proposes to 
carry on Pallas’s Flora Rossica; but, I 
must further state, that there is a project 
in contemplation for publishing a Prodro- 
mus of the Russian Flora, for which the 
aid of our most eminent Naturalists is en- 
gaged by the Academy, under whose aus- 
pices it will appear. 

The rich botanical stores of Brazil, re- 
ceived from M. Langsdorff, when a Mem- 
ber of the Academy, have already furnished 
materials for many of its printed Memoirs, 
Trinius has described all the Graminee of 
this collection, and the author of the pre- 
sent Essay commenced his botanical career 
by writing a Monograph of the genus Eri- 
ocaulon, by describing several new species 
of Bauhinia and Paulletia, and revising 
the genus Lacis. Among the most recent 
and eminent publications on Botany, the 
Flora Altaica of Professor Ledebour, at 
Dorpat claims a distinguished place. This 
Flora displays to view the striking produc- 
tions of the Altaic chain of mountains, and 
contains no fewer than one thousand six 
hundred and twenty-six species of plants,- 
natives of that remarkable part of the Rus- 
sian dominions. The work, forming four 
octavo volumes, possesses scientific me- 
rit of the highest order, both as 
the numerous novelties which it presents, 
and the admirable execution of its various 
parts. The diagnoses of the genera and 
species are executed with great talent and 
extraordinary precision, and give a high 
idea of the present state of science in our 


country. The folio work, with coloured — . 


engravings, is beautifully executed, and 
will be shortly completed. 

I have already had occasion to speak of 
Professor Ledebour's able assistants, M. M. 
Bunge and Mayer, the worthy pupils of 
this eminent Professor. 

It would occupy me too long a time to 
notice all the elementary works on Botany 
which have been published in Russia, and 


mote the study of this charming science. 


4 


186 


The names of Severguin, Ambodick, Sme- 
lowsky, Dwigoubsky, Petrow, Martinow, 
Goraninow, Maximovitsch, and several 
others, suffice to attest their merit. 

In now terminating this sketch of the 
rise and progress of Botany, in Russia, 
think I have proved that this branch of 
Natural History is by no means neglected 
among us; that its study has followed, with 
progressive steps, the course of science ; 
and that the latter owes many and import- 
ant discoveries, to the labours of its Rus- 
sian votaries. They it is who have made 
known the numerous vegetables that clothe 
the surface of this vast empire; and who 
have furnished the most valuable materials 
towards the Geography of Botany. 

It must, perhaps, be admitted that Phy- 
totomy and Vegetable Physiology have not 
derived equal advantages from the labours 

- of our Botanists ; a circumstance probably 
owing to the enormous mass of hitherto 
unnoticed productions which claimed their 
attention, and left them little leisure to at- 
tend to the advance of these more abstruse 
and theoretical branches of the science. 

The investigations of the Academician 

Kélreuter, however, on the subject of the 
x *fecundation of plants, are too important to 
be overlooked; he it is who proved, to 
very demonstration, the sexuality of ve- 
getables, and cleared up many difficult 
points respecting their fecundation, while 
his admirable experiments upon hybrid 
plants have proved most interesting and 
important to science. Nor can I neglect 
to mention a savant, whom Russia pos- 
sessed, and with whom originated the idea 
of the metamorphoses of plants. 
who brought them into notice, acknow- 

ed that he was indebted for them to 
; the Academician Wolff, a man of com- 

. manding talent, whose writings first hinted 
at this fact. Russia, consequently, may 
gn the honour of the discovery. It may 

be said, many as are the foreign 
names that L appear among the Botanists of 


jamaj 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


like me, had received there an honoura 
welcome and an adopted country? 
by their noble and useful works, 

ave paid their debt of gratitude to the 
generous and enlightened sovereigns, w 
encouraged them to settle in their do 
nions, and under whose auspices so 
scientific enterprizes and voyages of 
covery have been undertaken, the enti 
honour of which appertains to Russia. 


crowned with equal success, in the diffu- 
sion of useful knowledge! 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 
( Continued from p. 85. ) 
The indefstignble Professor of Botany 
in the London Uniig, Dr. Lindley, 
has just published, almost at one and the 
same time, a new edition, with corrections 
and numerous additions, of his valuable 
** Introduction to Botany ;" anew e edition 
of the “ Synopsis of the British Flora,” 
* with numerous additions, correc- 
Secs: and improvements;" and a new w 
entitled, a ** Key to Structural, Physiolo- 
gical, and Systematic Botany, for the 
of Classes :” all of which we cordi 
recommend to the attention of students 
and every one interested in the advance- 


E 
„$ 


plained, in the author’s own words, in the 
preface. 
“The idea of this book was suggested 

to me by the difficulty experienced by 8 
teachers, in explaining to their stude 
what are the most prominent and imp 
ant points in Botany, on which to fix the: 
attention.. I found that when axioms » 
thrown into an extended and descri xs 
form, and mixed up with discussions wh 
are only incidental to them, the student. 
apt to lose sight of the exact nature 
argument, and to confound different p 
nomena, from want of the power of dis 

tangling the more essential from the 
essential subjects. It is clear that, ; 


out a distinct perception of the exact na- 


no one can hope to apply it to practical 
purposes with any probability of success. 

These considerations originally led to 
y ‘ Outlines of the 


principles of Organic and Physiological 
Botany depend, were stated as briefly as 
the nature of the subject would permit. 
The success with which this little book 
was received, and its recognized utility to 
udents, whatever its defects. may have 
been, induced me to attempt the far more 
difficult task of reducing the definitions 
employed in the higher part of Systematic 
Botany to their simplest form, and to show 
that the impediments which accompany 
_ this branch of the science are susceptible 
-~ Of being very materially diminished by a 
~ careful and extensive kind of analysis. The 
- * Nizus Plantarum” was written with the 
. view of putting to the test the possibility of 
executing such a plan; and it has been ex- 
tremely satisfactory to me to find that this 
work also, although, in many respects, to- 
tally unsuited to the use of students, has 
nevertheless been, in many cases, em- 
ployed by them with singular advantage. 
“As both the * Outlines of First Prin- 
 iples' and the * Nirus' are out of print, 
I have determined to combine them into 
one work,—a sort of Botanical Note-Book, 
—wherein all the principal topies which 
_ the teachers of Botany either do, or ought 
to, introduce into their lectures, are ar- 
ranged methodically. The student will na- 
turally look to his instructor for explana- 
: tions and illustrations of the work, and for 
fhe exposition, in detail, of those points 
Which in his Note-Book are merely ad- 
verted to. 
. "In the systematic part, I have endea- 
 VOured to secure as much distinctness in 


2c 72 


ees DAS Iur x a duda f de oer Sor T cu E PES 
RD Te FOES So EISE rq Mn 


bx A 


ould supply, knowing, from experience, 
how difficult it is to convey to the mind a 


ion. I have also ventured to reform 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


187 
the language of Botanists in some respects, 
by carrying out their own principles to 
their full extent; thus securing a more 
uniform kind of nomenclature, and ex- 
pressing the value of the names of the 
Classes, Orders, &c., in all cases by the 
manner of their termination.” 


It is stated in the Botanical Magazine, 
folio, 3234, regarding the very pretty An- 
thyllis Webbiana, that it was introduced 
by Mr. Webb, “from Teneriffe: this is 
a mistake, and we have the authority of 
Mr. Webb himself for stating, that he ga- 
thered the seeds, in 1827, on rocks near 
the summit of Sierra Tejada, a chain of 
mountains running almost parallel with the 
Sierra Nevada, near Alhama, in the king- 
dom of Grenada. It was growing in com- 
pany with Cerasus prostrata, and many 
other interesting plants. The same accom- 
plished Naturalist observes that the An- 
thyllis found by Bory de St. Vincent, in 
Teneriffe, is certainly only A. vulneraria, 
as no other species of the genus exists 
there. 


We are much gratified to find that M. 
Du Rieux, a French Botanist, to whom 
Mérat dedicated a Spanish Genus, (which 
however, had already been described by 

agasca, under the name of Lafuentea,) 
has been herborizing in Spain, and ex- 
ploring the vegetable productions on both 
sides of the Austrian and Galician range. 
He has accomplished his journey success- 
fully, though not without danger. An aged 
Botanist, named Perey, who was the un- 
su uccessful competitor with Ortega for the 


do, to which the civil governor was about 
to consign him. His Collection amounts 
to about three hundred and sixty species. 
The country visited is, perhaps, not rich 
in number of species; but there cannot be 
a doubt of there being many highly inter- 
esting plants. We hail with delight any 


attempt to make us better acquainted with - 


Spanish Botany: for it is that country, 
which, of all Europe, is the least known to 


188 


us; and which, from its southern latitude, 
and the great elevation of its moun- 
tains, cannot fail to be of a very peculiar 
character. M. Du Rieux found Oranges 
cultivated in the open air, and the Wood- 
wardia radicans wild on the rocks in the 
neighbourhood of a small port between 
Bayonne and Xixona. 


Don Ramon de la Sagra, late Superin- 
tendent of the Royal Botanic Garden at 
Havana, (the country that proved so fatal 
to poor Drummond,) and author of a work 
entitled, ** Historia economico-politica y 
estaditica de la Isla da Cuba," &c., is ar- 

. rived at Paris, with large collections of 
E Plants and Insects, which he proposes to 
publish. M. P. Alex. Auber, who, when 
with M. Berthelot and Mr. Webb in the 
Canaries, discovered a new species of 
Echium, (.E. Auberianum, Berth. &Webb,) 
is appointed to succeed him in the Gar- 

den at Havana. 


OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH PLANTS. 
‘Veronica polita, Fries, and Brit. Fl. ed. 3. 
ud p. 8.—“ Bertoloni, in his Flora Italica, 
v. l. p. 101, gives our V. polita under 
the name of V. didyma, Tenore, and 
refers to it V. agrestis, Curtis, which I 
have (erroneously he says) quoted un- 
er V. agrestis, Linn. Perhaps he is 
right as to the figure. The description, 
in part at least, must have been made 
from V. agrestis.” Borrer in litt.—I 
- fear that in this and many others of our 


consequence is that if we know what we 
mean ourselves, other Botanists will not 
— $0 easily comprehend them. 

Fedia olitoria.—'* Well distinguished from 

. our other species, by the thickened bark 
ofthe fertile cell. The fruit of F. Au- 
ricula, is added to the figure of F. olito- 
in Fil. Lond. ed. 2.—To Fedia auri- 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


Lane, Dr. Broomfield. — 8. Landu 
Cornwall. Rev. R.T. Bone.” Borr. in 
—but Mr. Borrer observes, that the t 


ed. 8 


and they are identically the same. 4 
to Reichenbach's plant, it is from Kras- - 
sova, in the South-east of Hungary, 
and has the three outer segments of the - 
perianth very large, broad, and obovate, 
spreading, the three inner much smaller 
erect, and lanceolate, as in Zris/—8$0 
that the author remarks upon it, “ Plan 
ta omnino speciosa, genera quo 
affinium perianthii heteromorphium ex- 
ordiens, partitiones externe lilacine, 
interne albe !—Transitus ad Irides.’—_ 
Qur plant is found in the Pyrenees, and. 


Unio Itineraria. 
Scripus Savti, Spreng. — Hook. Br Fl. 
ed. 3. p. 28.—Since I have inet the 


_ easterly station being at Knowle, Isle 

of Wight: Mr. Borrer also finds it in 

Devonshire, Miss Warren in Corn- 

wall, Mr. W. Wilson, Mr. Babington, 

and Mr. Borrer in Wales; in the Isle of 
Man, Mr. J. E. Bowman ; Coast of Gal- 

- loway, Scotland, Dr. Graham and a 

party of his pupils. In Ireland, like the 

Bponcuis just mentioned, this Scripus 

is, perhap lly distributed; since, 

in dition to looalities 3 in the West and 

South of that island, it has been gathered 

at Howth and Oughterara, West of Gal- 

way, by Mr. Babington. 

Elymus geniculatus.—May this not be a 
diseased state of E. arenarius? An 
Elymus, which I cannot distinguish from 

= it, was sent to me some time ago, b 

= Dr. Murray, of Aberdeen, from Fife- 

; _ Shire, and again lately from the same 

=, locality, by Mr. Gilbert Macnab. 
Eriophorum gracile, Auct. Brit.—* I am 

. Convinced that our Scotch and Welsh 

i 1 plant, which I find also in Sussex and 

: in Surrey (whether distinct or not from 
E. angust Yolium), is not the E. gracile 

- Of foreign botanists. I have a Lapland 
Specimen of the latter from Swartz. It 
has a taller culm, and rough spike-stalks, 

: and the spikes have shorter leaves, as in 
E. pubescens" — Borrer in litt. —I shall 
be thankful if any competent Botanist 
will furnish characters, and clear up the 
Synonyms which belong to our many- 
Spiked Eriophora. 

Eleocharis multicaulis. — Sheaths of the 

. Stem oblique, with a small point, which 

is wanting in E. palustris. Spike often 

Proliferous. Borrer in litt. 

Mr. Wilson observes, that the pale 

Spikelets distinguish it, at first sight, 

from E setaceus, with which it often 

_ Brows in company, and that the stamens 

. are always three. 

Viola suavis, M. Bieb.—This is introduced 

into Professor Lindley's Flora, on the 

uthority of Mr. Leighton, as found on 

Shakespeare’ s Hills, in Shropshire, “but 

With the remark, that “it is a white var. 

des » without hairiness on the 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


Lobelia urens. The Ottery St. Mary sta- 
tion, we are assured on the authority of 
Mrs. 
her garden. In the station near Axmin- 
ster, it is confined within very narrow 
bounds. 

Daucus maritimus, With. (not Lam.)— 
Mr. Borrer considers the D. Hispani- 
cus, De Cand. and D. gummifer, Lam., 
to be synonymous to this. 

Herniaria g/abra.—The ciliated almost spa- 
thulate leaves distinguish the Cornish 
plant from the Suffolk one, which is the 
true H. glabra. I have never seen the 
supposed British M. hirsuta. The fo- 
reign one is satisfactorily distinct. Mr. 
Babington is directing his attention to 
this subject, and it is expected will give 
a paper upon it to the Linnean Society. 
Borrer. 

Polygonum maritimum, Linn.—Mr. Bor- 
rer has found this plant, new to the Bri- 
tish Flora, on the sandy shore, near 
Christchurch, Hants, “ with the leaves 
indeed, less acute, and the nerves of the 


stipules less numerous than in my fo- 


reign specimens."—The same accurate 
Botanist agrees with me in the opinion 
I expressed (Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 185.) that 
my maritime var. B. of P. aviculare is 
truly a distinct species. ** [t comes near 
to P. aviculare in 
agrees with the true P. ma 

the fruit. I have found it this year in 
Lhwd’s Anglesea station, and the Rev. 
T. Salway had sent it me from Bar- 
mouth. Mr. Babington has found it on 
the sands at Killiney, Ireland. Dille- 
nius’s Sussex habitat, is long since gone 
into the sea.” 

Rosa Wilsoni, Borr. in Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 
231, and Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2723.— 
Professor Lindley’s remark on this, is 
worthy of attention. ‘‘ This seems one of 
the endless varieties of R. mollis, ap- 
proaching R. Doniana, in the presence 
of sete on its branches; and proving 
among other things, that R. involuta, 


Doniana, ‘Sabiniana, &c. are aloe 3 


species.” 


and the same natural 


Orobanche D aiim, Br. £k E 


189 


Griffiths, is a mere escape from 


the er ; but 
timum in 


5 


3. p. 293.—The Devonshire station, of 
Mr. Borrer, is to be expunged. It was 
at first, only seen from a distance; but, 
on afterwards reaching the plant, it was 
ascertained to be O. minor, with a white 
flower 

Matthiola incana (flowers pale dull red). 

—Cliffs between Steep Hill Cove and 
F Ventnor Cove, Isle of Wight. Borrer. 

Benedi: Lawsoni.—Mr. Borrer queries 
if this be distinct from A. villosum. 

Crepis tectorum, Sm. and Brit. FL—* All 
that I have seen of British growth is 

virens.— The true C. tectorum, Linn. 

is Blikisivay distinguished by the rough 

and beaked fruit. I have gathered it in 
Normandy."  Borrer. 

Carduus crispus, Linn. — This plant was 
introduced into the Britsh Flora on 
the authority of specimens gathered 
at Reigate Hill, Surrey, by Mr. W. C. 

_ Trevelyan; and very lately my obliging 
friend, Mr. J. E. Bowman, of Gresford, 
near Wrexham, has sent me what seems 
to him to agree with the character of 
the same plant, (from that neighbour- 
hood,) rather than with the C. acantho- 

* th these plants are, I doubt 
not, correctly referred by these gentle- 
men to C. crispus: but then I think, 
upon investigation, it will appear that if 
the two species be distinct, that which 
generally goes by the name of acanthoi- 
des with us is, in reality, the crispus of 
Linneus, who is the original authority 
for both. On referring to the Species 
Plantarum, we find the essential cha- 
racter of the two species thus given; 
* C, acanthoides; folis decurrentibus 

 Sinuatis margine spinosis, calycibus pe- 
dunculatis solitariis erectis villosis."— 

HEX crispus ; foliis decurrentibus sinu- 

atis margine spinosis, floribus aggrega- 

: tis terminalibus inermibus :"—Aand in 

e remarks on C. acanthoides, Lin- 

sa; ma * differt a C. crispo calycibus 

s villosis" Now it is quite clear 

l character of ** pedunculated 
| flowers” does not accord with 
ons we have of C. acanthoides. 

excellent : 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 


of our plant under the name of C. 
acanthus. Sir James Smith € 
Linnean character, and says ** caly 
globosis villosa cin ". QN Bri 
and, again, in the description, “ flore 


—— is “calyx globose, not q 
sessile :” in the description, ‘ flowe 
branches terminating in irregular cl 
ters of purple, erect flowers, gene 
on short partial stalks ;” whereas the 

e which accompanies the description 
eons the flowers as aggregated and. 
completely sessile. In Engl. Flora the 
expressions are, ‘‘ flowers aggregated, 
somewhat stalked,” and **flowers crowd 
ed at the top of the branches,” to which 
is added the observation, that “‘ this s Nt 


for his crispus” (as b 
foot, &c.); “but the i of the latter 
are white and mostly cottony under- 
neath; its calyx-scales more leafy and 
erect, the inner ones coloured.” Will- 

now ts, fromthe Flora Britannica, 


bipinnatifid leaves than in C. crispus j 
differences not so much as hinted at 7 


Dubis, Botanicon Gallicon, observe | 
C. acanthoides, “vix a precedenti (C. 
erispo) distinctus." Wahlenberg (Flora 
Suecica) makes the character, as a 


oides. 


j which odes with the Linnean character 
C. acanthoides, is a Swiss plant from 
. Schleicher, marked “ acantAoides." The 
E are truly solitary and pedunculated ; 
the peduncle, above the uppermost leaf, 
two to four inches long, and not at all 
winged. Schleicher’s C. crispus is like 
our C. acanthoides, save that the leaves 
are broader, softer, and less deeply pinna- 
tifid, and the scales of the involucre are 
less spiny: the leaves white and downy 
beneath : probably the C. crispus B. inte- 
grifolius of Reichenb. Fl. Excursoria. 

; -. From all that I have said, I think it will 
= be clear that our C. acanthoides is the 
C. crispus of Linneus and of most conti- 
i nental Boianists; and if the species are 


2 ; but I am myself in- 
AR clined to the opinion that they are merely 
. Varieties of each other, of which the C. 
|... aeanthordes of Linneus is the less frequent 
22 form, so unfrequent, indeed, that succeed- 
. ing Botanists have modified the character 
till it insensibly passes into C. crispus. 
Habenaria bifolia. Br. and Br. Fl. ed. 8. 
P. 376.—This is the Orchis bifolia of 
Linn, O. bifolia, var. 8. Sm.—O. bifolia, 
B. brachyglossa, Wall. — Platanthera 
_ brachyglossa, Reichenb.—Borr. in litt. 
_—Professor Lindley makes the brachy- 
glossa his var. B. of Platanthera bi ifo- 
ha; “ anther emarginate, lip somewhat 
shorter, leaves obtuse, very much taper- 
ing to the base. 
Habenaria chlorantha, Brit. F1—Platan- 
_ therachlorantha, Curt. Lind. Syn. Suppl. 
P. 930, who observes, “ that its large 


2 


grows in forest woods and heaths. Both 
are common in Sussex in their appro- 
priate stations, They differ in the fo- 
e. I have never seen P. bi ola, +. 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


191 


Liparis. “ Reichenbach's objection to this 
name, that it was previously given to a 
universally received genus of Insects, 
seems decisive against its being retained 
for the Ophrys Loeselit, Linn.” Borr 
Such coincidences must frequently occur, 
and, although they ought to be avoided as 
much as possible, yet they do not appear 
to me to be productive of any serious 
inconvenience. In the present instance 
I believe it will be found that the termi- 
nation of the two words is different, Li- 
parus! in Entomology. A greater objec- 
tion to the name might perhaps be found 
in the circumstance of there being already 
a Liparia in Botany among the Legumi- 


names invented by Richard, sanctioned 
by such high authority as Brown and. 
Lindley, and which have now obtained 
general currency, should not be changed, 
except on the most substantial grounds, 
such as I think do not exist in the pre- 
sent case. 

Zannichellia palustris and dentata—In 
the fourth volume of Sir James Smith’s 
English Flora, p. 70, we find the fol- 
lowing observation under Zannichellia 
palustris —“ Z. dentata of Willdenow, 
separated by him at my suggestion, from 
our British plant, was long ago well dis- 
tinguished by Micheli, ¢. 34. f. 2, and if 
he be correct as to the two cells of its 
anther and the toothed stigmas, nothing 
can be more distinct. It may probably 
be found in England.” Such a Zanni- 
chellia has been found in England, and 
will probably prove to be far from un- 
common, as it was detected almost at 
the same time by Mr. J. E. Bowman, at 
Gresford, near Wrexham, Denbighshire, 
1 At least the genus of Insects, among the Cole- 

optera, Eid by Olivier, is . Och- 

senheimer has a genus Liparis among Lepidoptere, 
to wur probably Reichenbach alludes: it is the 
some others, Hypogymna, Hubner, Stephens, 

Kirby, ae And even Liparus is now called M. 

by Schoenherr quum so Ass neither Liparus 


Insects. Li- 


nor pe 


paris is, houeses, a pame given by Pliny se a kind of à 


reitüred toa genus in Ichthyology. 


and by Mr. Johns, in Cornwall, and has 
been mentioned to me by Miss Warren 
and others. But it remains to be con- 
sidered how far the species are really 
distinct; though it must be confessed 
at, to speak decidedly on the point, 
recent specimens should be examined, 
which are unfortunately not wathin my 
reach. Both Mr. Bowman and Mr. Johns 
have, however, sent me drawings as well 
as specimens of the supposed Z. dentata, 
and both agree in these particulars, that 
the stigma is large, membranous, and 
toothed, the peduncle and pedicels of 
the capsules so short that they may be 
said to be wanting; the fruit is nearly 
sessile, the anthers are two-celled, and, 
according to Mr. Bowman, the embryo 
consists of six to seven folds. In Z. 
palustris, drawn b . Bowman, the 
capsules are decidedly pedicellate and 
seated upon a distinct common stalk ; 
the stigmas, though large, are entire ; 
the anther is distinctly four-celled, and 
the embryo has usually only four folds. 
* Is it not possible, however,” as M. 
Bowman observes, * that notwithstand- 
ing the decided way in which Sir James 
Smith pronounces it distinct, it may be 
but a variety of Z. palustris? Water- 
plants seem less constant than others, 
as may be witnessed in the leaves of Po- 
tamogeton, of e I think we make 

too many speci 
The value of de shasta derived from 
the number of cells of the anther will be 
considerably lessened by the statement 
which has been made lately by Mr. Babing- 
ton, that Z. palustris is sometimes seen 
_ with two, three, and four cells on the same 
. plant. The toothing of the stigma is un- 
doubtedly variable, and not confined to the 
sessile-fruited Zannichellia ; the number 
of folds in the embryo cannot be considered 


A 


have only the sessile or stalked fruit by 
which the two kinds can really be distin- 


the respective individuals: but this forms 
no part of Micheli’s character, and there- 
fore cannot be made a distinguishing fea- 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


ture of his plant, the original denta 
where the capsules are just as much pedi- | 
cellate as in his Z. palustris. I think, 


gures, is chiefly characterized by the 
presence of a campanulate spatha; which | 
indeed may readily be seen in the flow- - 
ering state in our palustris, and is 
correctly represented in Mr. Bowman's 


multicrenulatis.—3. Z. polycarpa, Nolte.— 
Reich. Zc. Bot. t. 757; nuculis sessilibus 
levigatis dorso cristatis repando-multiden- 
tatis, stylo demum levissimo.—4. Z. gib- - 
berosa, Reich. Jc. Bot. 759 ; foliis tenuis- 
simis, nuculis stipitatis utrinque cristatis 
repando-dentatis. — 


nulosis levibusve.—6. Z. nnin- 
ger.—Reich. Jc. Bot. t. 758; foliis ternis 
longissimis, nuculis breve stipitatis dorso — 
crista continua. To the latter, this author 
refers the Z. palustris of English Botany. 
Aspidium cristatum, L.—This extremely 
rare and most distinct Fern, of which so 
few stations are known in Britain, has. 
recently been found in Coxton bogs, 


Lunularia vulgaris, Micheli Marcha 
cruciata, Linneus.—This was found = 
Dr. Tori, at Dunkerran, in 1832, and- 


by that gentleman; - Mr. 
having in July, 1835, gathered perfect 
fructification of his Marchantia ? levis. 
(Brit. Fl. v. 2. p. 103.) “ in mod 


imbricated scales, enc are much laci- 
niate mm Gemmiferous 
Malo receptacle ses- 


prominent, membranous margin, not 
d of the epidermis of the frond.” 
ER 


' surface, and also the iwò horizon- 

1 " fasciculi or plumy processes issuing 
from the broader end of the frond; and, 
lieu of these, that portion of the lower 


; It also loses its long 
projecting conical end, the sides of the 
frond fall outwards into the same plane 


subject, however, stage 


ation erib ae a German, till 

. Wilson lately found itin Cheshire, : 
aid has kindly communicated to me the | 
drawing which is here engraved, and the - 
following specific buracie and descrip- 


cies is usually found floating, but when 
fertile, is firmly attached to the soil in 
situations that are inundated during 
winter, where it forms extensive matted 


the frond, whose divisions are sli 

thickened in the middle, with obiak 
margins, semipellucid, and sheathed at ` 
the apex with a few membranous scales. 
Capsule globose, usually solitary, some- 
times two together, at first concealed 
within the frond, its ascending style 
lodged in a foramen opening at the upper - 


neath, when ripe, dark purple, contain- 
ing about thirty quaternary clusters o 
roughish seeds of the same colour; coate | 


c- 
tification is indeterminate in position, 
but never found ema at the forks. 


magnifed. 14 
es to be iud studied LT those ning th kinds of omens 


194 


Gymnostomum obliguum.— Hymen 
mum obliquum. Nees, Hornse gis e 
Brid. Apparently a very excellent spe- 
cies, allied to G. microstomum ; was 
d in Cheshire, by Mr. Wilson, in 


Gymnostomum rutilans. Hedw.—Hyme- 
nostomum rutilans, Brid. Was found by 
the same indefatigable Botanist, in May, 
1835. 


INTELLIGENCE RESPECTING THE UNIO 
ITINERARIA. 

The Unio Itineraria, supported by the 
liberal patronage of His Majesty the King 
of Wurtemberg, having arranged the plan 
of a journey to Egypt and Arabia, for the 
purpose of collecting objects of Botany 
and Natural History, we, the under-signed 
fixed upon Dr. Wiest and Mr. Schimper, 
as persons well qualified for the task. They 
accordingly set out for their destination in 


.. the month of September, 1834, and spent 


the winter months at Cairo, collecting what- 
ever was interesting in a scientific point of 
view, throughout the surrounding country ; 
when Dr. Wiest being unhappily seized 

with the plague, his life fell a sacrifice to 
this malady. More fortunate than his com- 
panion, M. Schimper, who had formerly 
collected for the Unio Jtineraria at Algiers, 
proceeded, early in March, to Suez, and 
being fully equipped with all the necessary 
materials for his employment, he directed 
his course into Arabia Petrea, stopping for 
a short time at El Tor, on the shores of the 
Red Sea, and afterwards fixing his head- 
quarters at the Convent of St. Catharine, 
.on Mount Sinai, whence he made excur- 
sions to the surrounding mountains and 
valleys, from the end of March to the close 
of summer. The produce of his labour 
. consists of about thirty thousand specimens 
of. dried plants, together with a variety of 


- 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


from the States of Ohio and Pennsylvani 


ion Esslingen, Nov. 1835. 


is likely to contribute greatly towards the 
extension of Natural Science, particularly 
Botany, many of the plants being either 
new or little known. But as the expenses - 
of this undertaking are not yet covered, . 
and as M. Schimper is desirous of augment- 
ing his stores by penetrating further into 
Upper Egypt or Syria, we hereby invite, 
not only our present subscribers, to double, 
if possible, their subscriptions, if they wish 
to obtain a full share of this valuable and 
rare collection, consisting, the greater part 
of Arabian, aud a smaller portion only of | 
Egyptian plants; but we also beg to ac- 
quaint those who have hitherto not been 
among the regular subscribers, that there 
are single shares at 60s,, or double shares at 
120s., still remaining open ; and we promise 
that a single share will produce at least two — 
hundred species. Those who may wish to 
receive also specimens, to the number of 
about forty-five, of those plants which were 
gathered on the island of Cephalonia, where 
the collectors were detained by shipwreck, 
will have to add 10s. more to the amount 
of their subscriptions. 
We further request leave to state, that 
specimens, from the Georgian Caucasus, 
put up in fasciculi, and ticketed, lie ready - 
for distribution, at the original price of 48s, _ 
for two hundred, or 40s. for one hundred 
and seventy species; while to those who 
have formerly subscribed for similar plants, 
we beg to observe, that a fresh supply from — 
the same quarter has partly arrived, and is — 
partly on the road, for which the. price is 
fixed at 30s. for one hundred species ; this 


at 22s. per hundred 
Prof. Cu. F. HocHsTETTER- 
Dr. E. STEUDEL. 


NEW BOTANIST’S GUIDE AND GEOGRA- 
PHY OF BRITISH PLANTS. 

Two highly interesting works, which 
promise to be eminently useful to the Bri- 
tish Botanist, have just appeared from the 
. pen of H. C. Watson, Esq., the one enti- 

tled * Remarks on the Geographical Dis- 

tribution of British Plants, chiefly in con- 
| nexion with latitude, elevation, and cli- 
..  mate"—the other, “ The New Botanist's 

Guide to the localities of the rarer Plants 
- of Britain, on the plan of Turner and Dill- 

wyn's Botanist's Guide, Vol. L, England 
_and Wales.”—In regard to the first of these 
publications, it contains, as may be ex- 
.. pected from the author of “ Outlines of 
- the Geographical Distribution of British 
Plants," a mine of valuable information, 
partly the result of Mr. Watson's many 
personal observations in various, and espe- 
cially the mountainous, districts of Great 
Britain, and partly derived from the com- 
munications of others, and from consulting 
. animmense number of works bearing upon 

his subject. The following list of contents 
will convey some idea of the variety of to- 
pics treated of in this book.—I. Remarks 
on the Physical Geography of Britain; 1. 
Extent and Position; 2. Elevation of Sur- 
: face ; 3. Climate, Temperature, Rain, Pro- 
 Bress of the Seasons, indicated by that of 
_ Vegetation. —II. General Remarks on the 

Flora arid Vegetation of Britain; 1. Nu- 

merical Estimate; 2. Botanical Character. 
| MH. Remarks on the Data for determin- 
: E the distribution of Plants in Britain.— 
Iv. Remarks on the Distribution of Plants 

in Britain; 1. Distribution in Ascending 
: Regions— Region of the Plains, Upland 
Region, Median "Region, Subalpine Re- 


connexion with Altitude, in the High- 
lands of Scotland, in Cumberland ; 3. Dis- 


: : A work, indeed, only printed for private circula- 

which, from the liberality of Mr. Watson, 
desire to promote the study of this important 
i ee y; is in the possession of almost every 
One who feels an interest in the subject. 


LÀ 


P 


NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH PLANTS. 


195 


tribution, in connexion with lines of Lati- 
tude and Longitude; 4. Distribution, in 
connexion with Geographical or Local 
Position.—V. Remarks on the Distribu- 
tion of Plants over other countries.—Then 
follows an Appendix on the following 
subjects :—No. I. Table, indicating the dis- 
tribution of Plants within Britain.—No. II. 
Table, indicating the Geographical Exten- - 
sion of British Plants.—No. III. List of the 
most generally distributed Plants, as shown 
by the local Floras.—No. IV. List of Sy- 
nonyms in “ Lindley’s Synopsis of the 
British Flora."—No. V. List of the Natu- 
ral Orders and included Genera, for the 
convenience of persons chiefly conversant 
with the Linnean Classification.—No. VI. 
Index to the Genera in Nos. I. and II. 

Mr. Watson's ** New Botanist's Guide" 
is a work of immense labour, and ought to 
be in the hands of every one who studies 
British Plants. By means of numerous 
abbreviations, in regard to authorities for 
the stations, the whole of the rarer plants 
(omitting the Cryptogamie) of England 
and Wales, are comprised in one small 
closely-printed volume, which the traveller 
can easily carry in his pocket on his excur- 
sions. The arrangement is two-fold—Ist, — 
according to counties, as in Turner and 
Dillwyn’s admirable Botanist’s Guide, 
(which is indeed the model of the present 
book,) beginning with Cornwall, and pro- 
ceeding northerly; while, under each 
county, the species are arranged according 
to the Natural Orders; and 2ndly, there is 
a list of all the species, arranged according 
to their natural affinities, each of which is 
followed by an enumeration of the counties 
in which they are found. The author has 
derived great assistance in compiling this 
work from the many local Floras that have 
been recently published, and still more, 
perhaps, from the numerous communica- 
tions he has received, both of specimens — 
and unpublished Catalogues. : 

(To be continued.) 


RIBUTION OF BRITISH PLANTS. 


UM MERICAL PROPORTIONS OF 5 The Mountains embrace all the s 
š THE ORDERS OF face rising sufficiently high to produce , 

BRITISH PLANTS AT DIFFER- /iz herbacea, Azalea procumbens, 

_ ENT ELEVATIONS. 


By H. C. Watson, Esq. F.L.S. 


In the 3d No. of this Work (p. 86), 
twelve ascending stages of vegetation, in ^ The mean annual temperature of the 
Britain, were exemplified by the upper stages may be stated at 52°—46° 
„lines or limits of trees and shrubs, The plains; for the ascending region we ma 
; estimate it to be 469—399; and for the 
mountains 39°—30°. Ten degrees must. 


paring the numbers in the table: it is to 
in a general way, the change of floral pro- kept in mind, that the species found ont 
ductions seen in passing rSn the low tracts 
of England to the Highland Mountains. 
The 


tained to do so. In addition, the spe- 
cies of some genera, as Salix, Rosa, . 

bus, Myosotis, &c. being so uncertain, 
their distribution so little known, absol 
numbers must be very doubtfully stated. 
About one thousand five hundred . 


Plains in my Remarks on the Distribution 
of British Plants, now in the press ) 


taken, cm up the rest. 
illy thousand four hundred and eighty there : 
racts elsewhere, excepting such higher found on the plains one thousand 


m of the mountains as are referred hundred and thirty-two, in the ascen 
nce of ue stage seven hundred and thirty, and on tl 


1 Imay take Vivas o of this opportunity 
d rea mark, that a line of my MSS. appears to have | 
omitted in setting the types of the Saas 
and so some ambiguity thus introduced. The se 
the genera Quercus, Corylus, (2nd column than : 86) should stand in: the: 
a, and Ulex equally Sepa- in italics being those omitted ; ** the m 
next. E emei to the — the three coldest ‘months aoe San 


of the work 


emt Cows $e 
grees above." 


ntains (including an estimated number 
f fifteen Salices) two hundred and thirty 
ies. 


STAGES. 


23 
333 365 ... 
166 182 77 Verbenacee 


333 182 230 Orobanchee 
1480 1332 730 230 


Asarinese 
Euphorbiacee 


in 
p io apd OF THE GERARDIEJE, 
A OF SCROPHULARI- 


By George Bentham, Esq., F.L.S. 

THE name of Gerardia was originally 
given by Plumier to a West Indian plant, 
apparently acanthaceous, which has been 
referred to Ruellia rupestris, Swartz, but 
Linneus, in taking up the name, applied it 
more particularly to three North American 
plants G. purpurea, flava, and pedicularia, 
and one East Indian one G. delphinifolia, 
which have ever since been especially con- 


prevailed relating to the character and ex- 

tent which should be given to it. Indeed 
. Linneus himself, by combining with these 
four species Plumier’s above-mentioned 
plant under the name of G. tuberosa, the 
Chinese G. glutinosa (which is Pterostig- 
ma grandiflorum, Benth. Scroph. Ind. p. 
21,) and three Cape species, to which I 
. Shall presently revert, had not succeeded 
in establishing a very well defined genus, 
: nor yet a natural one, notwithstanding La- 
 marck's observation, that it forms **un de 
ces genres peu saillans par leurs caractéres 
et qui ne sont composés le plus souvent que 
de l'assemblage d'espéces qu'on aurait pu 
rapporter à d'autres genres déjà connus, 
mais qu'on a rapprochées d'aprés un aspect 
particulier.” The Linnean character co- 
pied by one author after another, as late 
even as Pursh, is not applicable to any of 
the above species, except, perhaps, to Plu- 
mier’s, which nobody has examined since 
that Botanist, and is as yet a doubtful 

plant. 

_ The three American species had been 


ora Boreali-Americana, in which to 

e four he added a new one, G. auricu- 

and associated with them under the 

of G. Afzelia, the Afzelia cassioides 

of Gmelin. 

- Pursh, in his Flora Americe Septentri- 
onalis, follows. Michaux thus far, changing 


SYNOPSIS OF THE GERARDIE.E, 


ter's G. setacea, and describes three new 
species, G. quercifolia, cuneifolia, and 
ruticosa. To the first, which is allied to, 
but distinct from, that which he and all 
subsequent writers consider to be G. flava, — 
he adduced as a synonym the Rhinanthus | 
virginicus of Gronovius and Linneus, 
Upon inspection of the Linnean Herbari- 
um, it turns out that the G. quercifolia is 
Linneus’s G. flava, and it seems probable 
that the Rhinanthus virginicus belongs 
rather to the G. flava of Pursh and modern 
writers ; yet it is perhaps now better, in or- 
der to avoid confusion, to apply the names 
of G. flava and quercifolia, as they have. 
been done by Pursh, Nuttall, and others, - 
and give Linneus’s G, flava as a synonym - 
to G. quercifolia, 
Of the two other species of Pursh, the - 
one, G. fruticosa, is a Pentstemon, the 
other, G. cuneifolia, is the Gratiola acu- - 
minata, Ell. (not of Pursh), or my Matou- 
rea nigrescens. 
In his supplement, Pursh restores Gme- 
lin’s genus, under the name of Seymeria — 
(Afzelia having been previously applied to 
a Leguminous genus), and adds to the 
cassioides, of which he changes again the 
specific name for that of tenuifolia, ano- 
ther, under the name of S. pectinata. The — 
former certainly differs from Gerardia in 
habit, in the form of the calyx and corolla, 
and in the long beak of the capsule, the 
second species has an obtuse capsule, but 
the calyx is the same, and the corolla is: 
also said to be so, and relying on these two 
characters I should propose adopting the 
genus as very nearly allied to, but distinct 
from, Gerardia. 
Nuttall in his Genera of North American 
plants, divides the true Gerardie of that 
country into two natural groups, the yellow 
flowered with large cut leaves being my 
section Pedicularoides, and containing the 
G. flava, quercifolia, and pedicularia, 
the purple-flowered with entire 
„leaves (my Eugerardia) comprising the 
G. purpurea, tenuifolia and setacea, toge- 
ther with the G. maritima, already distin 
guished from G. purpurea by Rafinesqt 
and three new ones, G. linifolia, aph 


HER 


A TRIBE OF 


and filifolia, to which he has since added 


Pursh’s two above-mentioned species, and 
suggests that G. auriculata may be a Sey- 
— meria. To me, however, the latter plant 
does not present any resemblance to Sey- 
meria, but a very close one to G. flava. 
— However, the purple short corolla, and the 
. . two abortive anthers seem to authorise the 
considering it by itself as a separate section 
of Gerardia, to which I have given the 
name of Otophylla. 

Nuttall further adopts Pursh's Seymeria, 
but adds to it, under the name of S. ma- 
. erophylla, a plant which appears to me to 
have neither the characters nor habit of 
—. that genus, but to be closely allied in both 
respects to G. pedicularia and quercifolia. 
—. Some differences, however, in the anthers, 
which are not aristate as in the section 
- Pedicularoides, and the short curved and 

oblique corolla, have induced me to include 
it in a separate section of Gerardia, which 
I have named Cyrtocodon. 

Elliott, in his Botany of South Carolina 
and Georgia, added two new species to the 
Section Eugerardia, viz. G. fasciculata 

and Plukenetii. 

Kunth described, from amongst Hum- 
boldt and Bonpland's plants, three Mexican 
Species, G. virgata, which, with a habit in 
: Some measure approaching Seymerva, has 
sed its characters, but forms another spe- 
cies of the section Cyrtocodon, and G. 
prostrata and serpyllifolia, neither of which 
I have seen, but of which the former, if not 
both, belong also probably to the same 
group. 

_ Chamisso and Schlechtendal have pub- 
ished in the Linnea a new purple-flow- 
ered species from Mexico, G. dasyantha, 
Which, with the G. pectinata, separated by 


i 


now fr t described, viz. G. grandiflora of 
the section Pedicularoides, G. densiflora, 


peduncularis of Eugerardia, complete the 
ber of twenty-four North American 
now known, all of them confined to 
continent, 


SCROPHULARIACE./E. 


doubtful affinity, and G. strictifolia, and . 


Sprenzel has published as G. domingen- 


ig. sis, another species from Bertero’s West 


Indian plants. It has fortunately been seen 
and re-described by Martius, from whose 
character it appears to be a Eugerardia, 
not far from G. purpurea. 

Of the South American species the first — 
were described by Chamisso and Schlech- 
tendal in the 3rd volume of the Linnea 
from amongst Sello's South Brazilian plants, 
where these authors establish two sections, 
Dargeria, with exserted stamina, and Ge- 
rardia, with stamens shorter than the co- 
rolla. Martius, in his Nova Genera e! 
Species, vol. 3, pointed out the identity of 
Dargeria with Esterhazya, previously 
published by Mikan, but ina work inacces- 
sible to Botanists in general, and at the same 
time considering the G. brachyphylla and — 
genistifolia Cham. et Schlecht. to be con- 
geners to Virgularia of Ruiz and Pavon, 
and attaching little importance to the ex- 
sertion of the stamina in Esterhazya, re- 
established a genus, Virgularia, to consist 
of these two Gerardie, of the Esterhazye 
splendida, Mik., and the other Dargerie 
of Cham. and Schlecht., and of Ruiz and 
Pavon’s V. lanceolata and revoluta, and 
characterized chiefly by a coriaceous cap- 
sule with bifid valves and a double disse- 
piment. The same author published at the 
same time two new species, G. angustifo- 

. commu - 
nis and linarioides, Cham. et Schlecht., he 


—— 
= 


branaceous capsule, entire valves, and sim- 
ple dissepiment. Chamisso and Schlech- 
tendal, reverting to the group in the 8th 
vol. of the Linnea, admit the identity of 
Dargeria with Esterhazy4, but still con- 
sider the exsertion of the stamina as 8 
more essential character than the dehis- 
cence of the capsule. And, notwithstand- 
ing the great reliance I should generally 
place on Martius’s views, a careful exami- 
nation of as many species as I have been 
able to obtain in fruit, induces me to adopt 
in this instance the arrangement of the — 
editors of the Linnea. It appears to me 
impossible to separate G. linarioides from. 
G. genistifolia, moreover many true Ge- 


PSIS OF THE GERARDIE®, 


tion it appears that the valves of Esterha- 
nea. = she Scene cause i cde 


ie Dargerie in the genus | Este rhazya, 
and reduced the other Virgularie of Mar- 
tius, together with Ruiz and Pavon's spe- 
cies (for it is evident that V. revoluta is 


soil to > Gerardie of ihg section Eu- 


z% allied to Esterhazya is the plant 
ented by Nuttall under the name of 
onradia meae Anne but as the name 


tions of Cerda are, as du as hitherto 

wn, exclusively American. The East 

an and African ones belong to two dis- 
tinct sections. 

Among the East Indian ones, the G. del- 
| phinifolia long remained the only one 
known. Don, in his Prodromus Flore 
JNepalensis established a genus Sopubia, 

whi e distinguished from Gerardia by 
the campanulate corolla, the simple stig- 
‘mate, and the structure of the anthers, 
which have one cell large and erect, by 
hich they cohere, and the other small, 
mpty, and divergent. The first character, 
ever, is common to a great many Ame- 
rican Gerardie, and the simple stigma is 
s stant in the whole genus, the structure 


in G. dE. ifolia, Linn., G. scabra, 
fro e Cape, e stricta, Wall, 


ters, I have thought it best to co 


them as a mere section of that dans. 


observed any peculiarity in the corolla i 
the ill-dried specimens I had before 
Having now, however, had the opportuni 
of examining some be 

Dr. Hooker’s Herbarium, dried at Si 
by Lady Dalhousie, I have ascertained. 
that each lobe of the corolla is bifid, which, - 
tegether with some difference in habit, wil 
justify the placing it at least in a ipie 
section, to which I have given the name, 
now unoccupied, of Dargeria. 

There remain two Linnean species the 
one G. tubiflora, is a Buchnera, or perhaps. 
a new genus closely allied to it, the oth 
G. ——— or Melasma scabrum of Ber- 3 

s congener and closely allied to Phy 


to me as marked as those which se 

any Gerardieous genera. I have dev 
adopted for them Berger’s name of Mela: 
a, which I have taken in preference 
Nigrina, given to it by Linneus in 
Mantissa, in order to avoid confusion with 
Thunberg’s Nigrina, a very different pla 


itasa third species of Melasma. Ga 
meria, Do has i in some pa 


s far as they are known, as well as in ha- 
t,appears to come nearer ota iis 
p however, i in Mr. ore bert 


- 


ui 


to be, the one a Convolvulus! the 
her a Franciscea. 

_ Phtheirospermum of Bunge, from China, 
s evidently nearly allied to Gerardia, and 
dd Fischer and Meyer s To agrees 


IEÆ. Benth. 5 Bot, Reg. v.21. Sub. n. 
1770 —Scroph. Ind. pp. 12 et 48. 


Calyz gamosepalus, @stivatione valvata. 


. Anthere approximate 
culares, loculis discretis parallelis, 


iormi 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE.£. 


The plants of this tribe are readily dis- —— — 
tinguished from Rhinanthee by the upper — — 
lobes of the corolla not galeate, from all — 
others by the anthers and stigmate. They 
nearly all, like the Rhinanthee and many 
Veronicee, blacken in drying. x 

In their geographical distribution the 
several species are more confined than in - 
most genera, having, as a whole, so wide a 
geographical range, owing perhaps to the 
same cause which makes so very beautiful 
a group so rare in our gardens, the difficulty 
of preserving the seeds. Of the eight 
well-known genera of true Gerardiee, the 
greater proportion are American, but three 
genera have representatives in tropical and - 
South Africa, and two in East India. No 
species are common to the Old and New 
World, nor even to Africa and Asia, orto 
North and South America; but every ge- — — 
nus (unless Sopubia be considered as one 
has some American species. There are 
none known in Europe, North Africa, North 
Asia, Australia, or Polynesia. The genus 
Centranthera, which is somewhat anoma- 
lous, extends from East India to North 


CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA. 
* Calyx 5-dentatus vel 5-fidus, yee 
dricus vel inflatus. 25 
1. Escopepia.  Calyr Ari 
Corolle tubus elongatus, limbo amplo 5- 
fio. * 


2. PHYSOCALYX. a inflatus. Co- 
rolla infundibuliformis. 

3 ELASMA. Calyx inflatus. 
rolla campanulata 

* Calyz 5- dentatus vel 5-fidus, campo- 
nulatus. 

4. EsTERHAZYA.. Calyx 5-dentatus. 

Sta- 


Co- 2 


I 


Corolla tubuloso- infundibulifommis: 
mina longe exserta. Frutice 

5. MACRANTHERA. Calyx ` profunde 
Corolla tubulosa, limbo parvo 


Corolla tubo brevi, limbo subrotato pa- p 

tente. Stamina corolla sublongiora. 
GERARDIA. Calyz 5-dentatus vel 

semi-5-fidus. Corolla imc vel 


» gcn Stamina corolla 


breviora. 
GrossosTYLIS. Corolla oblique 


Semina intra membranam 


9! PHTHEIROSPERMUM. Corolla cam- 
panulata. Stigma bilobum. 

*** Calyx compressus hinc fissus. 

10. CENTRANTHERA. 


I. Escopepra. Ruiz et Pav. 

Calyx longe tubulosus apice 5-fidus, 
laciniis subpatentibus. Corolla infundibu- 
liformis, tubo longo tenui, limbo ample 
9-lobo obliquo patente. Stamina didy- 
nama, tuboinclusa. Anthereomnesfertiles, 
loculis basi aristatis—Herbe Americane, 
Jolas sepius oppositis. Pedunculi axilla- 
res uniflori. Corolle albe. 

l. E. scabrifolia (Ruiz et Pav.! Syst. 
Veg. Fl. Per. et Chil. 158.) foliis ovatis 
oblongisve basi cordatis dentatis. 

Buchnera grandiflora. Linn.! Suppl.287. 

ab. Peru, New Granada. Humboldt 
and Bonpland. Eastern declivity of the 
Cordillera of Peru. Mathews (n. 204 48). 
Minus geraes, Brazil. Langsdorff in 
xs Hook. (v. s. sp. 
E. linearis (Schlecht. Linnea 8. 
ng foliis longe linearibus. 
AB. Mexico. (v. s. sp.) 

Calyx two inches and a half long. Co- 
rolla, tube four inches long, limb two inches 

iameter. 


IL Puysocatyx. Pohl. 
Calyz inflatus 5-dentatus coloratus. Co- 


tamina di- 

dynama inclusa. Anthere omnes fertiles, 

loculis basi breviter aristatis. — Frutices 

 Brasilienses superne dense tecti folus ar- 

 Teclis crassiusculis integerrimis Pe 
TRISVE 


P. major (Mart. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 
tá Bras, 3. 2. t. 201.) foliis ovatis vel ova- 
longis obtusis mucronulatis, bracteolis 
is s flores. subulato-linearibus, filamentis 
: — antheris dorso barbatis 


SYNOPSIS OF THE GERARDIE X, 


_tis, pedunculis calyce brevioribus mt 


Has, Diamond district. Martius, Sie 

a Muela. llow 

. P. minor (Mart. l. c. 3. 4. t. 202) - 
foliis obovatis acutiusculis, bracteolis infra 
flores subulato-linearibus, filamentis gla 
bris, antheris dorso barbatis. 

AB. Diamond district. Martius 

. P. aurantiacus (Pohl. Pl. Brad 
Icon. 1. 65. t. 53.) foliis obovato-ellipticis, 
bracteolis infra flores o oblongo-lanceolatis, | 
filamentis superne antherisque dorso vil- | 
losis. : 
Has. Serro Frio in the Province of 
Minas. Pohl d 

he shove: characters are taken from 
Martius's above-quoted work. The three 


each other 
III. MELAsMa. Berg. 
Nigrina Linn. Mant.—Gerardie sp. 
Linn. f. Suppl.—Physocalycis sp. et = 
cea. Cham. et Schlecht. 
Calyx laxus, foliaceus, dein inflatus, a- 
pice 5-fidus. Corolla infundibuliformi 
campanulata, limbi lobis brevibus lati i 


latis—Herbe Americane vel Capenses, 
foliis sepius oppositis; pédunculis azilla- 
ribus unifloris bracteatis subracemosis. 
. MM? hispidum, piloso-hispidum, 

liis lanceolatis subdentatis, basi ang gustatis, 
pedunculis apice bracteatis. 
Lyncea hispida. Cham. et. Schlecht. in 
Linnea 5.108. et 8. 94. , 
Schiede et Deppe. —— 
The above character is taken from the 
descriptions of Lyncea in the Linnea. 
2. M.rhinanthoides, scaberrimum, 


bracteatis. 

Physocalyx rhinanthoides. 
| Schlecht. in Linnea, 8. 23. 

Has. Rio Grande, South Brazil. 
Tweedie. (v. s. sp. 

Flowering calyx about half an ucl did 
rolla nearly an inch long. Calyx in 
resembling that of a Physalis. Cap: 
obtuse, valves apparently entire. | 

M. scabrum (Berg. Fl. Cap. 1€ 


Cham. ét. 


HE 4) foliis lanceolatis basi latioribus 


Flowers closely resembling those of the 
preceding species, and of the same size. 
.. Teeth of the calyx rather shorter, and co- 
.. rolla rather fuller. 
IV. Esternazya. Mikan. 
Calyx campanulatus 5-dentatus. Co- 
 rolla tubuloso-infundibuliformis, limbi lo- 
bis ovato- rotundatis subequalibus. Sta- 


versus apices ramorum fone pe- 
- dunculis bracteatis.' 
: l. E. campestris (Spix et Mart. Reise 
. in Bras. 1. 397.) foliis lanceolatis vel ob- 
 lengo-lanceolatis mucronulatis basi con- 

_ tractis uninerviis, floralibus pedunculos su- 
Seti, racemis apis ied (Mart. 
i i ov. Gen. 


liis Dneieibus utrinque acutis uninerviis 
fasciculatis, floribus ie superantibus, 
Tacemis compositis. 
Virgularia montana. pur lc. 3.9.8. 
204. 
Gerardia Esta. Cham. et Schlecht. 
Linnea, 3 
Has. us of Minas, Martius. 
Tropical Brasil, Sedlo. 
E. splendida (Mikan Del. Pl. et 
‘aun. Bras. t. 5.) foliis anguste lanceolatis 
acutis in petiolum angustatis, racemo — 
üplici paucifloro folioso. (Cham. et 
lecht. 


Virgularia splendida, Mart. l c. 3. 11. 
rerardia gnidioides, Cham. et Schlecht. 
Linnea, 3. 16 


Han. Tropical Brasil, Sello. Bahia, 


According to Chamisso and Schlechten- 
above three species run so much 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEA. 


into one another, that they may perhaps be 
but varieties of each other 
E. macrodonta (Cham. et Schlecht. 
Lata 8. 26.) foliis lanceolatis basi an- 
gustatis apice acutis mucronatis, panicula 
terminali pyremiesm ere: ramulis bi- 
floris, pedunculis fol superan 
tibus, dentibus calycinis subulato-acumi- 
natis. (Cham. et Schlecht.) 
Has. Brasil, Sellow. 


V. MACRANTHERA. 
Conradia, Nutt. non Mart. 
Calyz campanulatus, laciniis 5 linearibus 

tubo longioribus. Corolla tubulosa, limbi 


Torrey. 


laciniis 5 brevibus subequalibus patenti- 
) An- 


bus. Stamina subequalia, exserta. 
theræ erectæ, omnes biloculares fertiles. 
| Stigma tenue. Capsula subglobosa, acuta. 
erba Americana erecta. Folia dis- 
secta, Flores racemost. 
. M. fuchsiordes 
Conradiafachsioidos, ee ! Journ. Acad. 
Nat. Sc. 12. 
Has. Bouton Bil of North Ame- 
rica. Louisiana. Drummond. (v. s. sp.) 
Plant two or three feet high, slightly 
pubescent. Segments of the leaves lanceo- 
late, those of the lower ones divided. Ra- 
ceme long unilateral. Peduncles opposite, 
patent, or slightly reflexed. Flowers erect. 
Corolla an inch long, slightly incurved at 
the top, mouth oblique. Stamens pubes- 
cent. 


— 


VI. SEYMERIA. Pursh. 


Afzelia, Gmel. non Sm 
Calyx campanulatus, ind 5 lineari- 
bus tubo longioribus. Corolla tubo brevi, 
laciniis 5 oblongis demum subrotato-pa- 
tentibus. Stamina subequalia, corolla sub- 
bi 


lobosa, apice compressa. 
Americane, foliis pinnatisectis, segmentis 
linearibus fii iformibusve. Flores parvi 
subpaniculato-racemosi. Corolla lutea. 
1. $: tenuifolia (Pursh ! FI. Amer. Sept. 
2. 737.), tenuissime viscido - pubescens, 
pes setaceo-pinnatifidis, laciniis hue 
capsulis glabris rostratis. | 


EU rag, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 927. 
. Gerardia Afzelia, Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. 
20. 


Gerardia cassioides, Pers. Syn. 2. 154. 

ae arolina, Georgia, Louisiania, &c. 
(v. s. 

fetes slender. Leaves small, distant. 
Flowers about half an inch diameter. Cap- 
sule the size of a grain of pepper, with a 
pointed beak as long as es capsule itself. 

2. S. pectinata (Pursh. Fl. Amer. Sept. 
2. 737.) pubescens, foliis pinnatifidis laci- 
niis linearibus obtusis subincisis, capsulis 
pubescentibus obtusis 
— Han. South Sion, Pursh. Louisi- 

ania, Drummond. (v. s. 

Leaves large, and their lobes much 
broader than in the last. Capsules larger, 
compressed but obtuse, and almost emar- 
ginate at the top. I have not seen the 
corolla 


VIL Gerarpia. Linn. 
Virgularia, Ruiz et Pav.—Sopubia, Don. 
Calyx campanulatus 5-dentatus vel 5- 
fidus. olla campanulata vel ventricoso- 
tubuloso-campanulata, limbo 5-fido laci- 
niis rotundatis semipatentibus, Stamina 


» 
fertilibus, nunc loculo altero fertili, altero 
casso, nunc anthere 2 fertilis, 2 minores 
Capsula acuta vel obtusa eros- 
erbe suffruticesve Americane, 
Capenses vel Indice. Flores solitarii axil- 
lares, sessiles vel pedunculati, pedunculis 
sepius ebracteatis. Corolla flava vel ro- 
seo-purpurea. 


Conspectus specierum. 
Sect. I. esie EUN flavi. 
Anthere mutice omnes 
Ede. G. serpyllifolia » posue virgata, 
rophylla. 
Sect. II. OTOPHYLLA. Flores purpu- 
Anthere mutice 2 fertiles, 2 minores 


| -PEDICULAROIDES. Flores 
basi aristate, omnes fertiles. 
‘a, quercifolia, ora; 


SYNOPSIS OF THE GERARDIE, 


Species incerte sedis. 
i 8 


loso-campanulata villosa. 

ticesve. Austro- Americane. i 
7. G. digitalis, rigida, brac 

phylla, lanceolata, linarioides, geniisti 
Corolla subtubulosa fere glabra. E 

be Austro-Americane. . 

"edd G. angustifolia, hispidula, con 


ed * Corolla subcampanulata glabra v 


leviter pubescens. Herbe Boreali- Am 
cane. 
* Pedunculi calyce breviores, de 
calycini elongati. 
21—22. G. dasyantha, heterophylla 
b. Pedunculi calyce breviores, dentes ca- 
lycis truncati breves. 
23—27. G. fasciculata, domingon s i 
PE Plukenetii, purpurea. 
edunculi calyce longiores. 
2935 G. longifolia, linifolia, peduncu 
laris, filifolia, strictifolia, tenuifolia, seta: 
cea, aphylla 
Sect. V. TEA Corollæ lobi siti. 
ees omnes fertiles. 
36. G. parviflora, 


Sect. VI. Sopusta. Corolle lobi 
gri. Antherarum loculus alter fertilis 
ter cassus divergens. 

37—42. G. Sopubia, stricta, delphini 
folia scabra, obtusifolia, filiformis. 


CYRTOCODON. 


Corolla 
nthere 


SECTIO I. 


Calyz profunde 5-fidus. 


tubo sepius brevi incurvo. 


Nov. Gen. et Sp. Amer. 2. 343.) proc 
pases foliis ovum is integerrimis, i 


td 


calycinis integerrimis (Kunth). 
Has. New xoi Hu mboldt ax 


An under shrub. oe abou a 


Corolla glabrous, pale yellow, almost 
l-shaped, tube three times as long as 
lyx. Stamina and ovarium entirely 
brous (Kunth). 
G. prostrata (Humb. et Kunth 1. c.) 
ata, foliis pinnatifidis laciniis lineari- 
-acuto-mucronatis, inferioribus incisis, 
ibus axillaribus solitariis sessilibus, la- 
iniis calycinis pinnatifidis incisis (Kunth). 
Has. New Spain. Humboldt and Bonp- 


Stems cespitose, two to three inches 
eaves three to four lines long. 


: Perhaps 
ey should form a separate section. _ 

. G. virgata (Humb. et Kunth, 1. c. 2. 
erecta, pubescens, foliis pinnatifidis, 
s linearibus obtusis integris incisisve, 


sp-) 

Tube of the corolla 
er longer than in G. macrophylla, and 
e incurved. Filaments very woolly. 
T ere were specimens of this plant 
aongst Forbes’s Madagascar plants, in 
orticultural Society's herbarium, but 

cannot but suspect they must have got 
there by accident, from some other collec- 


4. G. macrophylla, pubescens, foliis in- 
entatis pinnatifidis vel infimis bi- 
pan laciniis ovato- vel (Cae S 
5, emis subintegerrimis, floribus 

: ibus hirsutis laciniis 


. United States; Sn Nuttall. 
y, Dr. Peters. (v. 1 
Sue and colour of the aes the 


as glabrous, i in my specimens 


A TRIBE oF SCROPHULARIACEJE. 


they appear to be slightly hairy, but they : 
are so very much pressed in drying, that it 
is difficult to separate them from the hairs 
of the corolla. The habit of the plant is 
nearer that of G. grandiflora. A slight in- 
equality in the size of the anthers of the 
upper and lower pair, shows an approach 
to the sterile lower anthers of G. auricu- 
lata. I have not seen the capsule, este it 
is described by Nuttall, as small, ven 
cose, with a compressed point, and some- 
what four-valved. 


dd r i 
BELT ata St 


Sectio IT. OTopHy ta. 

Calyx profunde 5-fidus. Corolla pur- 
purea, campanulata. Stamina didynama 
antheris longiorum fertilibus, breviorum E 
minoribus cassius : 

5. G. autscittte (Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. - 
2.48.) Herba erecta, foliis oblongo-lan- —— 
ceolatis basi sepius auriculato-lobatis, fo- = 
ribus subsessilibus. 

Seymeria auriculata. Spreng. Syst. 2. 
810. . 

Has. United States of North America, 
chiefly the Western ones. (v. s. sp.) 


SEcTIO III. PEDICULAROIDES. 
Calyx semi-5-fidus. Corolla flava tu- 
buloso-campanulata. Stamina didynama. 
Anthere subequales, loculis binis fert 
libus basi calcaratis. — ali- 
Americane, foliis latiusculis sepius inci- 
sis.—Corolle lobi sepissime ciliate. : 
6. G. flava (Parsh! et Auct. an Linn.) _ 
pubescens, foliis ovato-lanceolatis oblon- 
gisve obtusis integerrimis vel sinuato-loba- — . 
tis, calycis pubescentis laciniis oblongisob- — 
tusis tubo subbrevioribus. ; 
Has. United States, common. (v. s$. sp.) 
Corolla about an inch and a half long, 
glabrous.—Linnæus’s character of G. flava 
as well as the specimen in his herbarium 
belong to G. quercifolia. The figure quo- 
ted of Plukenet, t. 389. f. 1. is apparently 
G. flava, as to the other figure, t. 368, — 
there is some error, as there is nothing of _ 
the kind in that plate. It is probable that 
Linneus included both species under G. 


Sas E 


flava. 
7. G. quercifolia (Pursh! Fl. Anise 


2, 423.) glaberrima, foliis inferioribus am- 
plis bipinnatifidis superioribus oblongo- 
lanceolatis pinnatifidis integerrimisve, ca- 
lycis subinflati laciniis lanceolatis acutis 
tubo brevioribus. 

G. flava. Linn. Spec. 848. ez parte, non 
Pursh. 

Has. United States, common. (v. s. sp.) 

Corolla rather larger than that of the 
preceding species. Calyx larger. The cha- 
racters derived from the form of the calyx, 
and the want of pubescense are constant. 


. G. grandiflora, pubescens, foliis ova- 
io thussolatis acutis apice serratis basi pin- 
natifidis, calycibus pedicello longioribus, 
laciniis obtusis integerrimis dentatisve, co- 
rollis calyce quadruplo longioribus, 

AB. Province of Texas, Drummond. 


* 


oP. 

Dalle full twenty lines long. Capsule 
coriaceous, large, pointed. Intermediate, as 
it were, between G. pedicularia and quer- 

ifolia. 


9. G. pedicularia (Linn.! Spec. 849.) 
glabriuscula vel pubescens, foliis ovato- 
lanceolatis obtusis pinnatifidis, laciniis den- 
tatis, calycibus pedicello brevioribus laci- 
niis dentatis, corollis calyce triplo longi- 
oribus. 

Has. United States, common. (v. s. sp.) 

Corolla fifteen lines long. 

. aceous pointed. 
0. G. pectinata (Torrey! MSS. ?) hirsu- 
a, foliis pectinato-pinnatifidis, lobis sub- 
run calycibus brevissime pedicellatis 
hirsutissimis profunde 5-fidis, laciniis den- 
tatis, corollis calyce Ba e. 
.. G. pedicularia, 8. pectinata. Nutt. Gen 
— PLN. Amer. 2 
Has. Catoling ad yee aren. 
. Rocky Mountains, Torrey. (v. s. 

os as in G. pedicularia, from which 
in being more hairy, the leaves 
ly smaller and more divided, and the 
cles much shorter. 
= = e scabro-hispida, foliis 


Capsule cori- 


: pes rigidis ciliato-scabris, floribus se- 
» cundis spicatis, laciniis calycinis lanceola- 


SYNOPSIS OF THE GERARDIE.J. 


Linnea, 3. 15.) fruticosa, glabra, levis, 


tis acutissimis, corolle tubo basi atten 
apice dilatato, capsulis obtusis. 
AB. Texas, Drummond. (v. s. sp.) 

A remarkable species, in some respe 
connected with Pedicularoides, in ot 
with Eugerardia. Colour of the flo 


tro et Boreali- Americane ; foliis linearibus 
rarius lanceolatis integerrimis vel ec 
rarissime incisis 
12. G. digitali; glabra, foliis linearib 
læviusculis, floribus subsessilibus, de 


margine villosissimis, corollis ample cam- — 
panulatis villosis calyce 4—5-plo longio- 
ribus. : ; 


Has. > South America, Twee 
die. (v. s. 
Flowers in terminal interrupted spik 
the floral leaves very small. Calyx of Œ. 
Sopubia. Corolla etii an mit long, very 
open. Probably a low 
. rigida (Gill. Maso glabra, sc 

bra, foliis linearibus acutissimis, floribus 
racemoso - spicatis, calycibus peduncul 
longioribus truncatis, dentibus brevibus 
acutis, corollis ample tubuloso-campanul z 
tis villosis calyce 4—5-plo longioribus. _ 
AB. Province of San Louis, 


14. G.brachyphylla (Cham. et Schlecht: 


iced acutis capsula ovoidea breviori- 
bus. (Cham et Schlecht. ) 

hazya mein Spiz. w 
Reise in Bras. 1 


“Has. Tropical Brazil, Sello. 
Leaves somewhat fleshy, four lines long. 


-. valves at length split. (Cham. et Schlecht.) 
15. G. lanceolata, glabra, levis, foliis 
: + Be linearibus mucronatis basi angus- 
- tatis, floribus breviter pedunculatis, denti- 
bus calycinis brevibus acutis, corollis am- 
. ple tubuloso-campanulatis villosis calyce 
-. 4-plo longioribus. 

Virgularia lanceolata, Ruiz et Pav.! 


pe 


. revoluta, Ruiz et Pav. ! l.c. 
E 0 Has. Peru, between qug and Hu- 
- anuco, Mathews. (n. 903.) (v. s. sp.) 
. Closely allied to the preceding, T which 
Mt may be a variety. It differs chiefly in 
E the leaves being rather broader, especially 
near the apex and longer. The anthers 
d filaments are perfectly glabrous. 
16. G. linarioides (Cham. et Schlecht. 
in Linnea 3. 13.) glabra, scabriuscula, fo- 
liis linearibus acütis uninerviis, floribus ra- 
cemosis, calycibus pedunculo brevioribus 
dentibus ovato-truncatis lanceolatisve acu- 
tis tubo multo brevioribus, corollis ample 
ibuloso-campanulatis paper cà- 
yee 4—5-plo longioribus 
Has. Banda Oriental, South huge 
fweedre, (v. s. sp. 
Differs from the following, chiefly by its 


_ 17. G. genistifolia (Cham. et Schlecht. 
Linga 3. 15.) glabra, scabriuscula, foliis 


dentibus ovato-truncatis lanceolatisve acu- 
ud tubo multo brevioribus, corollis ample 


14B. Banda Oriental, South America, 

LÀ die, (v. 5. sp 

 Herbaceous, perennial, erect. 
ly ` inch and a half long. 

G. angustifolia (Mart. Nov. Gen. 

- Bras. 3. 12. t. 206.) perennis, glaber- 


Corolla 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE. 


SO - campanulatis pubescentibus ca- . 


rima, caule erecto virgato-ramoso, foliis 

ltrapollicaribus angusto-linearibus acutis 
erecto-patulis, pedunculis ebracteatis folia 
subequantibus, calycis equalis dentibus 
mucronulatis, corollis calyces 5-plo supe- 
rantibus (Martius). 

Has. Province of Minas, Brazil, Martius- 

It appears to have the habit of G. pe- 
duncularis, but with a tubular corolla a 
little dilated at the top, and about an inch 


—- 
o 
=] 


g. 
19. G. hispidula (Mart. 1. c. 3.13. t. 207.) 
annua patenti-hispida, caule fastigiato-ra- 
moso, folis ultrapollicaribus linearibus 
acutis patulis preesertim margine papillosis, 
pedunculis bibracteatis folia superantibus, 
calycis æqualis dentibus acutis, corollis 
calyce de — ( Martius). 

nces of Piauhia and Para, 
Brazil, Martius 

Differs from thé whole genus by the 
bracteate peduncles. Corolla of the same 
form as in the preceding species, but about 
half the size. 

20. G. communis (Cham. et Schlecht. 
Linnea, 3. 12.) glabra, levis, floribus sub- 
sessilibus, dentibus calycinis tubo longio- 
ribus, corolla tubuloso-campanulata dentes 
calycinos breviter excedente. 

Has. Common in South Brazil, from Rio 
Janeiro to the Banda Oriental. (v. s. sp.) 

Corolla half an inch long, slightly pu- 
bescent. Filaments and anthers slightly 
hairy. Capsule truncate or emarginate, 
furrowed at the insertion of the dissepi- 
ments, but the valves are entire. 

21. G. dasyantha (Schiede et Deppe, 
Linnea 5. 104.) caule bifariam pubescen- 
te, foliis linearibus glabris, dentibus caly- 
cinis tubo longioribus, corollis extus pu- 
bescentibus calyce subduplo longioribus. 
(Char. ex descr. Cham. et Schlecht.) 

Has. the Tierra fria of Mexico, 
Schiede and Deppe. 

Said to resemble G. purpurea in ap- 
TRG G. heterophylla (Nutt.! Trans. ‘Ane 
Phil. Soc. 5. 180.) glabra, foliis radicalibus 
latis incisis, caulinis linearibus vel lineari- 
lanceolatis acutis rigidis margine scabris, 
floribus subsessilibus, calycibus angulatis, - 


& SYNOPBIS. OF THE GERARDIE E, 


ensbus Econ idissribu. acutissimis calycibus breviter pedunculatis 
tubo parum brevioribus, corollis ample dentibus brevissimis obtusis muticis, 
campanulatis extus tomentoso-pubescenti- lis glabris campanulatis calyce 


bus calyce 3—4-plo longioribus. longioribus. 
B. grandiflora. G. crinita, Eddy. E 
Has. Wege e Nuttall, Texas, Drum- G. ae «s pers Pursh, F 
mond. (2d Coll. n. 204 and 206 bis. 3rd Amer. Sept. 2 
Coll. n. 295.) * s sp.)- £. grandi pale 


Corolla very open, from eight lines to ^ Han. Salt marshes in New Jersey 
an inch long. The lower leaves are de- New York. £8. Texas, Drummond. 
scribed as trifid or laciniate, both by Coll.) (v. s. sp.) 3 
Drummond and Nuttall, > none of the In the ordinary state of this plant, 
specimens Í have seen have them. New Jersey, it is but three or four inc 

23. G. fasciculata a Bot. of S. high, and the corolla scarcely eight 
eme and Georg. 2. 115.) scaberrima, long. In the var. @. it is near twice a 
caule rigido superne ramoso, foliis anguste high, with few leaves in the upper pa 
linearibus acutis, pedunculis brevissimis, and the corolla is about eight de long. 
calycibus truncatis dentibus brevibus acu- 26. G. Plukenetii (Ell. Bot. of S. 
tis, corollis amplis campanulatis leviter pu- and Georg. 2, 114.) levissima, foliis p 
bescentibus calyce 5-plo longioribus. remotis filiformibus subfasciculatis, pedur 

Has. Jacksonville, Drummond. S.Ca- culis calyce foliisque brevioribus, calyci 
rolina and Georgia, Elliott. (v. s. sp.) bus truncatis dentibus brevibus acutis, 

Corolla ten to eleven lines long. Branches rollis tenuissime pubescentibus calyce 
‘stiffly brachiate. Calyx of G. purpurea, triplo longioribus. 
but teeth rather shorter in Drummond's AB. Carolina and Georgia, Elliott 
Specimens, and in the Carolina ones ra- Cherokee Country, Herb. Banks. (v. s. sp. 
ther longer as described by Elliott. The - Comes near the var. y. of G. tonii 

oung leaves are frequently, but not con- but the leaves are still more slender, and 
eats fascicled in the axilla of the stem the peduncles constantly very short. 

eaves. I have therefore little doubt of — 97. G. purpurea (Linn. Spec. 848. 
this being Elliott’s plant, although I have liis linearibus acutiusculis planis margi 
not seen authentic specimens. It may be scabris, floribus breviter pedunculatis, c 
however a mere variety of G. purpurea, lycibus subenerviis dentibus acutis 
differing chiefly in its narrow leaves often dimidio brevioribus, corollis glabris am 
fasciculate, rigid habit, and remarkably campanulatis, basi breviter tubulosis. 
scabrous stem and leaves. e. parviflora, corolla vix 7—8-lineari 

4. G. Domingensis (Spreng. Syst. 9. g. grandiflora, corolla pollicari. 
817.) perennis, tenuissime hispidula, caule Has. United States, common. a. | 
stricto erecto subfastigiato-ramoso, foliis ton. 6. New Jersey. (v. s. sp.) 
 Subpollicaribus angusto-linearibus acutis The two varieties, at sat sight, ap 
- erectiusculis, quam pedunculi breves ebrac- different, but I can find no character 
teati triplo longioribus, dentibus calycis the size of the corolla, which varies in 
 wqualis acutis, corollis calyces triplo su- veral other species of G'era 

rantibus. ( Mart.) 28. ongifoli 
Has. St. Domingo, Bertero Phil. Box: 8 5. 180.), foliis anguste 
ears to be ated to G. purpurea bus margine scabris, floralibus flores 
o G. fasciculata, but the flowers are perantibus, pedunculis calyce multo 


. 


humilis, glabra, carnosa, fo- corollis glabris ample campanulatis 
is, racemo terminali, breviter —— 


Has. Arkansa, Nuttall. Red River in 
the North West, Douglas. (v. s. sp.) 
= Corolla of G. purpurea, B. which it re- 
sembles in many respects. Although com- 
_ ing from a very different latitude, Douglas's 
Ee answer perfectly to Nuttall's 
- descripti 
2 29. G. -inifolia (Nutt. Gen. Pl. N. Amer. 
-= 9.47.), caule virgato levi ramosissimo, ra- 
mis apice floriferis, foliis linearibus acutis 
levibus vel scabriusculis pedunculo longi- 
= oribus, calycibus truncatis campanulatis 
. minute dentatis, corollis amplis campanu- 
I fauce pubescente laciniis omnibus ci- 
atis. 
Has. N. Carolina to Florida, Nuttall. 
» Alabama, Dr. Gates. (v. s. sp. 
. Stems two to three feet high. Calyx 
gc emarkably truncate, yet presenting five 
minute and acute dentures nearly on a line 
A with the margin. Leaves smooth according 
= to Nuttall: in Dr. Gates’s specimens, in 
ps Dr. Hooker's Herbarium, they are, on the 
contrary, rough at the margin; yet Iam 
persuaded they belong to Nuttall's species, 
which differs from G. filifolia chiefly by the 
Ep of the peduncle. 
30. G. peduncularis, folis linearibus 
E margine revolutis cauleque scaberrimis, 
mis paniculatis, calycibus longe pe- 
-dunculatis angulatis truncatis dhus bre- 
: vi us acutis, corollis ample campanula- 
lis pubescentibus margine longe ciliatis 
. calyce 4-plo longioribus. 
Has. Mexico, Tate. (v. s. sp.) 
| Differs from G. purpurea cal: by its 
narrow leaves, long peduncles, short teeth 
of the calyx, and somewhat larger corolla. 
: Peduncles rigid, two inches long. Capsule 
globose, longer than the calyx 
- 9l. G. filifolia (Nutt. l.c. 2. 48.) foliis 
: pose plerisque alternis subfascicula- 


55 


9 longioribus, calyce truncato dentibus, 
brevi ibus acutis, corolla ampla ventricoso- 
nulata. 


B. West Florida, Nuttall. Jackson- 

e, Louisiana, and Texas (3rd Coll n 

7.) Drummond. (v. s. sp.) 

plants before me differ again from 
E 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACES. 


209 
Nuttall’s description in the roughness of 
the leaves, but that author had evidently 
only a single imperfect specimen. . The 
species is intermediate between G. pedun 
cularis and G. tenuifolia, y., distinguished 
from the former by the slender stems and 
filiform leaves, often but not always fas- 
cicled, from the latter by the large flowers, 
long peduncles, &c 

32. G. strictifolia, foliis linearibus rigi- 
dis acutissimis cauleque ramosissimo sca- 
briusculis, racemis subpaniculatis, pedun- 
culis folio longioribus, calycibus truncatis 
dentibus ee corollis Pores plex ca- 
lyce sub 4-plo lo 

Has. Texas, Saeed (3rd Coll. n. 

294.). (v. s. sp.) 

This plant has sometimes almost the fo- 
liage and aspect of G. heterophylla, with 
the corolla of G. tenuifolia but larger, the 
peduncles are nearly as long as in G. fili- 
folia. The anthers are very woolly as in 
G. tenuifolia. 

33. G. tenuifolia (Vahl, Symb. 3. 79.) 
caule angulato læviuscùlo, foliis linearibus 
supra plus-minusve scabro-pilosulis, race- 

mis paniculatis, pedunculis folio demum 
sublongioribus, calycibustruncatis dentibus 
brevissimis acutis, corollis campanulatis: 
glabriusculis calyce sub 3-plo longioribus, 
capsula subglobosa calycem non excedente. 

G.erecta, Walt, Fl. Car.170. sec. Pursh. 

a. humilis, leviuscula, foliis maximis vix 

ultrapollicaribus latiusculis, corolla 5—6 


ineari. 

B. macrophylla, scabrior, foliis maximis 
2—3-pollicaribus latiusculis, corolla 7—8 
lineari. 

y. leptophylla, scabriuscula, elata, foliis 
filiformibus maximis vix pollicaribus, co- 
rolla 6—7-lineari 

Hap. United States, common, æ. Boston. 
£. Jacksonville and St. Louis, Drummond. 
y- pee and Louisiana, Drummond. 
(v. s. 

The ave yarieties may, perhaps, be 

species, especially the last, but the charac- 

ters are very slight. They all differ from 

uncularis by the glabrous, scarcely 

cilisis corolla; from G. sefacea, by the 

short capsule and habit; from G. longifolia 
$ : 


QQ 


210 


by the truncate calyx with minute teeth. 
They have all the same slender, very 
branchy habit, the stems always marked with 
decurrent lines from the base of the leaves, 
the anthers with long white woolly hairs. 
34. G. setacea (Walt. Fl. Car. 170 sec. 
Pursh et Nutt.) ramis gracilibus, foliisque 
setaceis scabriusculis, floribus paucis lon- 
ge pedunculatis, calycis dentibus brevi- 
bus setaceis, capsula ovata calyce longiore. 
B. parvifolia, foliis distantibus 3—6 lin. 
longis, floribus racemosis. 
Has. Pennsylvania to Carolina, St. Lou- 
is, Drummond. 8. Jacksonville. (v. s. sp.) 
A species allied to G. tenuifolia, but 
certainly distinct. The variety 8. has some 
resemblance to G. aphylla, but the leaves 
are never reduced to mere squame. T 
capsule, in both varieties, is longer in 
proportion to the calyx, than in either G. 
tenuifolia or G. aphylla, between which 


Ez 
[o] 


species this one forms the connecting link. Jforescentie Eugerardearum j corollis pur- 
It does not dry so black as any others of pureis flavisve. 


the genus. 

35. G. aphylla (Nutt. Gen. Pl. N. Amer. 
2. 47.) ramis elongatis filiformibus subnu- 
dis scabris, foliis brevibus remotis lineari- 
bus vel omnibus minutis squameformibus, 

ycibus unculatis truncatis dentibus 
brevissimis acutis, capsula globosa caly- 
cem excedente 

B. filicaulis, ramis gracillimis paucifloris 
floribus parvis. 

y. grandiflora, ramis rigidis, floribus ra- 
cemosis majusculis. 

Has. North Carolina to Florida, Nut- 
tall. Jacks: Drummond. (v. s. sp.) 

In the variety @. the flowers are rather 
smaller, in y. rather larger than in the com- 
mon varieties of G. tenuifolia. The G 


aphylla appears to be a variable plant, but. 


readily known by the greater number of 
the leaves being reduced to obtuse or mu- 
|. eronate squamz scarcely a line long. Very 
~ rarely, the lower leaves attain the length of 
four or five lines, in which case they are 


Calyx lla a 
lacinus iia hi dis. Stamina didy- 
nama, antheris dr equaliter bilocu- 


SYNOPSIS OF THE GERARDIE.E. 


laribus fertilibus. Herba Indica, folüs 


pinnatisectis laciniis linearibus. 


acute tetragonus. Racemi numerosi, virga- 
ti, in paniculam amplam dispositi. Flores | 
breviter pedicellati. Corolla vix 2 lin. 
longa. apsula ovoideo -globosa retusa = 
parum compressa, valvulis maturitate re- - 
curvis integris. : 

Has. Himalaya Mountains. (v. s. p) 


SECTIO VI. Sopusta. 


Calyx campanulatus 5-dentatus.' Co- 
rolle lacinie integre. Stamina didynama, 
antherarum omnium loculo altero fertili 
erecto altero minore divergente casso. Cap- 


sule valvule sepius bifide, dissepvmento 
ce, foliis angustis plerumque incisis, 


37. G. Sopubia, rigida, ramosa, foliis 
pinnatisectis, laciniis linearibus scabris, 
dentibus calycinis ovatis margine ciliato- 
membranaceis tubo multo brevioribus. ' . 

G. scabra, Wall. Cat. n 
Scroph. Ind. 49, non Zi à 

Sopubia trifida, Zamilt. in Don Prod. 
Fl. Nep. 88 

Has, Himalaya range, common, also in 
Ceylon, Macrae, and Madagascar, Lyall. 
(v. s. sp. 
Flowers yellow? The Madagascar spe- 
cimens have rather larger, or, perhaps, 
only better dried flowers than the East 
Indian ones, but are not otherwise distinct. 
Amongst them is an imperfect one, with. 


inde dentatis incisisve, dentibus, calyc. 
lanceolatis acutis nudis tubo multo bre’ 


(v. s. sp.) 


- Flowers of G. delphinifolia. Capsule 
globose at the base, compressed at the top. 

39. G. delphinifolia (Linn. ! Spec. 848.) 
ramosissima, levis, foliis pinnatifidis, laci- 
niis angusto-linearibus, dentibus calycinis. 
]ineari-subulatistubolongioribus. Tas. XI. 
G. delphinifolia, Roxb. Pl. Corom. 1. t. 


Euphrasia Coromandeliana, Rottl. in 
Spr. Syst. Veg. 2. 775. 

B. parviflora.—G. Heyneana, Benth. in 

` Wall. Cat. n. 3891. 

Has. India, chiefly in the Peninsula, 
and as far North as Lohargan, Royle. ** Al- 
ways in wet soil, sometimes even in water. 
I have met with it at a considerable eleva- 

=~ tion above the sea, I think nearly one 
t thousand feet. The specimen here figured 
= was gathered within three or four feet 
above that level" Flowers and ripens its 
fruit during the cool season." Wight 
MSS. (v. s. 
* Stems herbaceous, erect, ramous, four- 
sided, smooth. Branches opposite, decus- 
sate. Leaves sessile, simple or tripinnati- 
fid, segments narrow, linear, smooth. Pe- 
 duncles solitary, short, bearing near their 
apex, two or three subulate bracts. Calyx 
tubular, striated five-cleft, divisions slen- 
. der, acute. Corolla wide funnel-shaped, 
rs throat inflated, limb somewhat two-lipped, 
m ‘Spreading, five-cleft, lobes obtuse, reddish, 
with a deep-coloured spot on the under 
ae lip. Stamens didynamous; filaments in- 
.  €urved somewhat hairy, red. Anthers four, 
the lower pair united, the upper ones se- 
. parate, che (one fertile cell erect, 
s the sterile cell descending spur-shaped 
id Sharp); ; aA though rarely, a fifth 
t 5 perfect stamen is present. Style filiform, 
uw Stigma enlarged, truncate. Capsule two- 
T ved, valves bearing the impos semi- 
2 nal receptacle large, red in id 
s ing innumerable small, edi 


seeds Wight M, 


/SS.—The variety 8. only 
in the smaller flower. 


- I. Calyx d open, erii the 
. Stam 4. Sec- 


G. scabra (Linn.! Suppl. 279.) gla- 
= oblongo-lanceolatis integris vel 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACES. 


211 


cuneato-3—5-fidis, margine scabriusculis, 
dentibus calycinis lanceolatis tubo vix bre- 
vioribus, corollis tubuloso - campanulatis 
calyce plus triplo longioribus. 
Has. Cape of Good Hope. (v. s. sp.) 
Root perennial. Stems six inches to a 
foot high, usually simple. Flowers sub- 


long, apparently purple. Filaments hairy. 

Al. G. obtusifolia, caule apice hirsuto, 
foliis oblongo-lanceolatis integris subden- 
tatisve obtusis scabris glabris, dentibus 
calycinis lato-lanceolatis obtusis tubo de- 
mum subinflato vix brevioribus, corollis 
tubuloso-campanulatis calyce duplo longio- 
ribus. 


Has. Madagascar, Herb. Hooker. (v. 


5 


sp.) 

Stems apparently simple, a foot high. 
Flowers of G. scabra, but the calyx larger. 
Filaments almost glabrous. Empty cell of 
th 


42. G. filiformis (Schum. Beskr. Guin. 
Pl. 272.), foliis filiformibus scabris, pedun- 
culis oppositis brevibus unifloris subsolita- 
riis. (Schumacher.) 

Has. Near Pramprom and Ningo, in 
Guinea, Thonning. 

Corolla pale purple; throat large cam- 
panulate. Anthers bipartite, the lobes ob- 
long unequal diverging. (Schumacher.) 
VIII. GrossosTYLis. Cham. et. Schlecht. 

Starbia, Pet. Th. Nov. Gen. Mad. i ? 

Calyx campanulatus, 4—5 - den 
Corolla oblique campanulata, ae E 
loba limbo inferne majore. Stamina didy- 
nama.  Anthere omnes fertiles, loculis 
equalibus basi acutis. Semina intra mem- 
branam lineari-cuneatum tenuissimam mi- 
nima. Herbe Americane, Austro-Afri- 
cane vel Austro- Asialice, aspere, erecta, 
habitu fere Melampyri. Folia opposita, 
sinuato-dentato, floralia (seu vic basi 
latiora profundius dentata, api 
nata. . Flores subsessiles, = EM altemit 
spicat 

T G. Avensis (Benth. Scroph. Ind. 49.), 
foliis ovato-lanceolatis lanceolatisve basi 
cuneatis brevissime petiolatis cauleque tu- 
berculoso - asperis, wid dentibus latis 
acutis brevissime ciliatis 


212 


Hym guetespenimn dentatum, Benth. 
Wall. Cat. n. 3893. 


Taong Dong, a mountain near i 


Has. 
Ava, Wallich. fons 
. G. aspera {Okar et Schlecht. Lin- 
nea, 3. 22.), foliis subsessilibus oblongo- 
lanceolatis basi truncato-cordatis cauleque 
hispidis asperrimis, calycis dentibus latis 
acutis bracteisque hispidis. 
Has. Brazil, from Bahia to the South- 
ern Provinces. (v. s. 
. G. capensis (Benth. Seroph. Ind. 50.), 
foliis subsessilibus ovato-cordatis, inferi- 


vibusque, dentibus calycinis lanceolatis 
acutissimis bracteisque subnudis glabris. 

Rhinanthus scaber, Thunb. Prod. FL 
Cap. 98. ? 

Bartsia scabra, Spreng. Syst. 9. 775. ? 

Gerardia sessiliflora, Vahl, Symb. 2. 79. 

Has. Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar, 
Herb. Hooker. (v. s. sp.) 

There. is in Dr. Mots herbarium, a 

appears to be a fourth species 

of Gsm with the leaves of G. capen- 
sis, but h 


perfect to be certain as to the genus. 


IX.? PHTHEIROSPERMUM. Bunge. 


Calyx campanulatus 5- fidus. Corolla 
campanulato-ringens, labio superiore pla- 
no bifido, lobis replicatis, inferiore paullo 
longiore trifido, fauce hiante. Stamina di- 

lynama rectiuscul a. Anthere libere locu- 


P FARE (unes in Fisch. et 

: bn er, l. c.). Herba annua vel biennis, ha- 

~ bitu, foliis, calyce et capsula. Pedicularis 
| palustri haud absimilis, sed corolla fere 

E — Mimuli, sordide rosea, fauce lineis 2 flavi- 
.. dis notata. (Fisch. et Meyer. 

TUN In China "p Bunge. 


M. DURIEU'S BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS 


perilous excursion. 


master of our frail bark, having replied 


X. CENTRANTHERA. Br. 
The whole of the four species com 


n 
general Synopsis of East Indian Scrophu-. 
lariaceæ, it would be superfluous to tran- 
scribe them on this occasion. 


ACCOUNT OF M. DURIEU’S BO- 
TANICAL EXCURSIONS IN THE 
MOUNTAINS OF ASTURIAS. 

(Communicated by P. B. Webb, Esq.) 

M. Durieu, a distinguished French offi- 
cer, on half-pay, who had visited many of | 

the Southern Provinces of Spain, du 


and several botanical friends, suggested to 
him the idea of forming a sufficient num- - 
ber of collections, to cover a part of his - 
expenses, The following letters, addressed 3 


Gijon, May 22. 1825. 

Sir,—I arrived here only on the 18th, 
after encountering such difficulties and ob- 
stacles, as, I really believe, would have 


- tander, where I was in hopes of receiving 
letters. I will not lose time in recounting 
the numberless difficulties that I met 
owing to the civil war now raging in Spain; 
suffice it to say, that I was almost an actor 
a most unwilling one, so far as the flight 


insolently to a Spanish cruizer, we nar- 
rowly escaped being run down by h 
! By mistake, in our last number, this ge 

** Durieux.” 


name was written 3i 


"The Duke de Frias, Spanish Ambassador 
- at Paris, has nobly redeemed the promise 
he gave you, and I found a Royal Order 
at Gijon, by which my papers and instru- 
ments were permitted to enter, duty free. 
My fears, that I should arrive here too 
late, are, happily, not realized. I confess 
that it surprized me greatly to find such a 
tardy vegetation, of which you may judge, 
when I tell you, that Scilla verna, Stella- 
Y ria Holostea, and Cheiranthus Cheiri, are 
still in flower. I saw many interesting 
plants at the different ports where we 
touched, but was unable to secure them, 
from the impossibility of getting access to 
my paper, and that of the country is ex- 


standing this, at Castro, only three leagues 
- from our frontier, to the West of Bilboa, 
and twenty-five from Bayonne, I was de- 
lighted to find, growing in the shady ra- 
. vines, that splendid Fern, Woodwardia 
: radicans, of which I laid in a large stock, 
- drying the specimens in the best way I 
could, under my mattrass and among my 
linen. The vegetation of Castro appeared 
E (wy extraordinary, but I was reluctantly 
. obliged to leave it untouched. The Ferns, 


Fos least five or six feet high, and fronds of 
| oodwardia measured full seven or eight 
: feet in length. Laurels reach even to the 
: . Sides of the mountains, and the Menziesia 
oe Dabeoci abounds every where. At San- 
tona, the Orange trees are cultivated very 
 Sxtensively in the fields, and I was struck 
°y Seeing that alpine plants grew on the 

. Walls which enclosed these plantations. 
Here there was nothing to be done, as the 
mountains are at a considerable distance 
from the coast, and cultivation spreads 
Over the whole intermediate space; not- 
Withstanding which I found, yesterday, a 
Sey growing on a small turfy eminence, 
and remembering the excellent Mono- 
you are preparing of this genus, I 
ed some of the‘ bulbs, the flowers 


IN THE MOUNTAINS OF ASTURIAS. 


213 


being past, and have laid them by for the 
purpose of presenting them to you. Since 
I left Castro, I have not found any Oro- 
banches; there I saw five or six of them, 
growing on as many different plants, with- 
in a hundred yards of one another, but 
they were still in the Asparagus state; the 
first on Galium Mollugo ; the second on 
Picris hieracioides ? (Iam uncertain of the 
species, as the radical leaves only were 
developed); the third on Vicia Bithynica ; 
the fourth on Ivy; the fifth was a beautiful 
species, of a violet colour, growing on 
Smilax aspera or Silene nutans, I do not 
quite know which. I must now conclude 
this letter, as I am about to proceed to 
viedo. Accept the assurances of my re- 
spectful attachment. 
DuRIEU. 
Bordeaux, Nov. 8, 1835. — 
I have at last returned from my explo- 
ratory journey in the Western Pyrenees, 
and am here awaiting the arrival of my 
packages from Bayonne, soon after which 


I trust to have again the happiness of 5 


meeting my family. You are, doubtless, 
desirous to learn the results of a journey, 


possible ; 
without respite,—without allowing myself 
the slightest recreation ; enjoying however, 
uninterrupted health, and in no wise dis- 
turbed by that political storm which was 
growling around me. 

In the country that I explored with so 
much care, the vegetation, however, is but 
little different from that of Brittany and 
our Aquitanian provinces: few are the 
plants which indicate a new and unvisited 
region, though many of them are curious, 
and the whole may well be deemed inter- 
esting from the fact of their locality. 


PN 


214 

Between the Western Asturian chain, 
which I explored, and the central chain, 
traversed by the road from Oviedo to Leon, 
and which is the only point explored by 
La Gasca, there exist sixteen leagues of 
mountains, untrodden by the foot of any 
Botanist, and which must be infinitely 
richer than that range towards which I was 
directed. This chain consists of the moun- 
tains de los Concejos, de Taberga, and 
Somiedo, whose huge masses are chiefly 
composed of granite, mixed with primitive 
limestone, whilst the western extremity of 
the Asturian Pyrenees, precisely from the 
point where I began to explore them, is 
composed of schist, of which the perpetual 
disintegration allows but few vegetables to 
fix themselves in the soil: The heights 
are undulated and bare, frequently inter- 
rupted by vertical openings, intermixed 
with sharp pyramidal peaks, whose sides, 
covered with broken and unfixed fragments, 
are generally considered inaccessible. This 
formation constitutes a striking contrast 
wi e granitic range of Somiedo, to- 

wards whose long and indented line of 


rocks of Taberga and Somiedo, if circum- 
stances should permit, and if my botanical 
friends continue to patronize me. 
Disembarking at Gijon about the middle 
of May, I was obliged to remain there ten 
days, which I employed in visiting the 
coast; but here, as throughout the whole 
line of Cantabrian shore, there is little or 
no beach, and I was able to collect but few 
marine plants, to which I added some au- 
tumnal species on my return, generally the 
same as abound on the coasts of France. 
From Gijon I proceeded to Oviedo, where 
the difficulties and troubles that arose on 
l sides to obstruct my progress, permit- 
T ted me to do little or nothing during the 


M. DURIEU'S BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS 


shall have occasion to allude again, before 
terminating this letter. f 
In the beginning of June, I established | 
myself at Grado, a small town a few leagues 
west of Oviedo, where I remained twenty- 
five days, exploring the neighbouring moun- 
tains, but these are covered, during the 
whole year, by such myriads of sheep and . 
cows, that it is absolutely impossible to 
find a single spot which is not cropped, 
grazed, and shaven, as bare as one's hand. 
Not a single plant can develop its flowers 
under the hoofs of these destroyers; no 
spot is so retired, as to be secure from | 
their all-devouring teeth. The vallies are 
cultivated, and produce excellent crops; 
still, though little pains is taken to clear 
them from such weeds as are injurious, 
they produced me but few plants which 
were worth my collecting, and the general 
vegetation bore a close resemblance to that — 
of the valley of Nantes. Near Grado, how- 
ever, I visited one of the most remarkable _ 
localities in the Asturias, the rocks near - 
he bridge of Pefiaflor, a perpendic cular 
fracture, through which the river Nelon- 
has burst its way to find a new basin. : 
spot, which had been recommended to my 
attention by Bory de St. Vincent, offered 
me several interesting species, as the rocks E 
are perfectly inaccessible, even to the | 
goats. I hazarded myself upon some of | 
their points, and have brought away a cer- — 
tain number of rare plants. Above these 
rocks, the mountains were again quite na- 
ked and eaten close, and nothing could be 
found. : f 
The particular character of these rocks | 
consists in their union of southern and 
subalpine vegetation. 
I saw two grasses which I afterwards found 
to be inseparable companions, and A ite 
peculiar to the Asturias; they m 
every where on the high western pe 
and always growing together, even on the 
loftiest peaks. 3 
From Grado, I turned towards the South 


[mal 


west, and shifted my head- quarters to 
Canjas de Tineo, a small town at the foot 
of the high range which separates the As- 
; turias from the kingdom of Leon, and I 
= was not a little surprized to find vegetation 
: more advanced in the vallies of this cold 
region, than it had been in the country I 
: had just quitted. These vallies are so nar- 


by its side. The shelving slopes of the ad- 
| . jacent mountains are cultivated to a consi- 
| derable height, by the poor and industrious 
- Asturians, while the more elevated portions 
and the very summits themselves, being 
incessantly covered by flocks and herds, 
here as elsewhere, offer nothing but a close 
shaven turf, mixed with heath and dwarf 

- Fushes. Thus my harvest was again slen- 
der. Common, however, as the plants 
.  . "were, I was careful to select such as seem- 
ed most characteristic ; and now and then, 
longo intervallo, I found some rare species 
and even had the happiness, occasionally, 
to detect some strange vegetables, of which 

the forms were quite new to me. I con- 
soled myself for what I considered but 

. . very moderate success, by thinking of the 
abundant harvest of rare Alpine species, 
destined for me to gather on the lofty 
mountains, which I saw were still covered 
with snow: and in the commencement of 
July, having hired a guide and a mule, 

. eagerly hastened towards the most elevated 

. point in that chain. Judge of my disap- 
pointment at finding these summits little 
richer than the lower districts! I hardly 

. Saw one of those numerous small species, 
. Which adorn the peaks of our loftier Pyre- 
nees. Myriads of sheep from Leon and 
the two Castilles, devour even the roots of 
 fhose few vegetables which these masses 
of schist produce. Those which I have 
collected, have been obtained with extreme 
difficulty, most of them being procured 
- from perpendicular steeps, inaccessible to 
~ the goats, whose ravenous teeth have even 
 mutilated several of my specimens. The 
Ranunculi, the Potentillas, the Hiera- 
Gums, the Saxifrages, so numerous on 
other mountain ranges, have here few or 


-— 


IN THE MOUNTAINS OF ASTURIAS. 


215 


no representatives. That portion of the 
chain, which I examined, becomes gradu- 
ally lower, and at its highest point is still 
of inferior elevation to the mountains of ` 
Somiedo, on several of whose peaks the 
snow lies all the year round; whereas, on 
the two loftiest summits of the western 
chain, namely that of Arvas and that of 
Canellas, the snow is completely melted 
during the month of July; which gives 
them a height, about equal to that of the 
mountain at the pass of Penasque.! These 
two peaks, distant about nine leagues from 
each other, constitute, the first-named the 
eastern, and the second, the western, limit 
of that portion of this lofty chain which 
I have explored. It was not long ere I 
perceived that these two summits, and the 
mountain-masses from which they rise, are 
richer in plants than the intermediate and 
less elevated region, and to them I there- 
fore particularly directed my attention, 
The peak of Arvas struck me as the most 
interesting of the two, and therefore, though 
lying the farthest from my head-quarters 
at Canjas de Tineo, I gave it the prefer- 
ence. It must not be confounded with the 
mountain of Arvas, frequently mentioned 
y La Gasca, which is situated twenty-five 
leagues further east, and is crossed by the 
road from Oviedo to,Leon. To the peak 
of Arvas I made seven journeys, and re- 
mained there nineteen days; so that I think . 
I may safely consider myself to be well ac- 
quainted with its botanical precast and 


by the specimens which I brought away. 
My last visit was made solely for the 
purpose of gathering the seeds of a beau- 
tiful Genista, with white flowers, which 
would prove a highly ornamental garden 
shrub, and those of a magnificent Eryn- 
which was entirely new to me. My 
journey, however, proved quite a failure, 
the seeds of the Genista were scarcely suf- 
ficiently mature to give me hope of their 
germination ; and those of the Eryngium 
were still less perfect, though both had 
been out of flower full two months. i 
The summit of the cone of the peak of 

! About 7,200 feet. \ 


216 


Arvas, presents a very small plateau, only 

a few feet square. I took a note of the 

heenogamous plants, growing on this con- 

* fined space, which I transcribe, in order to 

give you some idea of the vegetation of 
these Asturian Pyreneés ; 

Linaria supina—lberis conferta (La 
Gasca). — Jasione montana.—Phyteuma 
hemispherica.—Stiatice Armeria.—Junt- 
perus depressa (nob.)—Agrostis rubra.— 

: A. Asturica (nob.)—Aira Asturica (nob.) 
—Sedum brevifolium. — gli 
Bunium Bulbocastanum.—Festuca Eskia, 
F. glauca, and F. spadicea.—Leontodon ? 
— Lotus corniculatus. —Silene geniculata 
(La Gasea). S. nutans.—Galium Mollu- 
go, (a small alpine form).—Chrysanthe- 
mum anomalum (La Gasca).—Dianthus 
hirtus?—Plantago graminea, 

A remarkable fact, and which proves the 
uniformity of vegetation in these schistose 
mountains, is, that the summit of the peak 

: of Canellas, which has likewise its plateau, 

: presented me with the identical same spe- 

| cies as above, with the single exception of 
Agrostis rubra. 

Towards the most westerly parts of this 
chain, extend those lofty forests, celebrated 
for the noble timber which they once yield- 
ed, and which they still produce. Now, 
being filled with bears, wolves, and lynxes, 
they are the object of dread to the timid 


Asturians, who dare not venture within 


their limits, even to collect a part of the 
immense quantity of dead wood which has 
lain rotting there for nearly half a century. 
So difficult was it to find a guide who would 
consent to accompany me into the forest, 


. and the recollection of my wife, child, and 
aged mother, would permit me. You would 
tax me with romance, did I attempt to de- 
scribe the sensations which fill the mind in 


ie last time that any of these trees were 

which was for naval purposes, was 
: more than thirty years ago, and the timber 
. has never been removed. Thousands of 
beeches and oaks, of colossal dimensions, 
lie here and there, acd eee. and 


M. DURIEU'S BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS 


half buried in the soil which has accumu- | 
lated around them. The two days which I 
spent in this excursion were quite profitless, | 
so far as my Herbarium was concerned; I - 
did not bring away a single species of flow- 
ering plants, which seem indeed, unable to 
exist in these deep umbrageous woods, and. 
of Lichens I found only those large fol | 
ceous kinds, common to all the European — 
forests, and discovered no trace of Sticta 
aurata and crocata of the forestsof Brittany, 
which I thought myself sure of gathering. 

Upon the whole, as the result of my 
journey, I shall have from three hundred | 
and sixty to three hundred and eighty spe- | 
cies to distribute, as characteristic plants — 
of the country I have explored. Among | 
them will be some Cryptogamia, and about 
twenty Ferns. I much regret the not hav- 
ing found Hymenophyllum elegans, which — : 
Col. Bory de St. Vincent discovered at : 
Luarca, and which I sought for in vain 
over a long line of coast. 

here is a small number of excellent 

species, which it was impossible for me to 
collect in such quantities as to fill up all 
the collections. In this case, I have taken 
care to bring away ripe seeds, which I shall 
plant, and distribute specimens of them 
hereafter. Nor did I omit to gather seeds 
of all such species as appeared interesting, - 
and I shall sow them myself, and attend to 
their cultivation with the greatest care. 
Immediately on reaching home, I mean to 
sow, under glass, in hopes that it may — 
blossom in the spring, a species of Barba- 
rea, which I consider one of the most cu- 
rious in my whole collection. I also col- 
lected a quantity of seeds of a lovely 
Hesperis, equally remarkable for its beauty —— 
and for the exclusive habitat which it affects. — 
At the distance of a short league from . 
Canjas de Tineo, precisely at the highest . 
point of the road, where it crosses the. 
mountain, before descending into the val- 
ley of Corias, is situated a small village,- 
called Puelo. I first saw the plant on my 
way to Canjas de Tineo, as walking slowly —. 
with my eyes fixed on the ground, I follow- 
ed the procession pace of the half-starved 
mules which carried my baggage. few 


ma NES 


PSO deb wot T TUS ee TIME 


s from the first houses of Puelo, I per- 
ved this beautiful plant, growing in great 
"abundance, with no transition from a few 
-scattered bushes to this plentiful supply. 
accompanied me to Canjas, first on the 
ht hand and then on the left, according 


I was enabled to trace it to the other end 
of Canjas de Tineo, where it takes a turn 
and follows the valleys of Naviego and 
Narcea, as they rise upwards, for about a 
- league and a half in the first, and three 
.. quarters of a league in the second, without 
| ever quitting the sloping sides of the adja- 
cent mountains which inclose the road, 
and at length disappeared altogether at an 
elevation which seemed to me, by approxi- 
i mation, to be about that of the village of 
= Puelo. The singularity of this station has 
- hot escaped the observation of the inhabit- 
ants, who assure me, that beyond the limits 
- I have named, this plant is not to be found 
I cannot, from my own 
knowledge, vouch for this latter fact, but it 


it any where else. When cultivated, this 
little, bushy, evergreen shrub, with its thick- 
set, linear, grass-like leaves, and large, 
violet, sweet-scented flowers, will become 
quite an acquisition to our gardens. If 
kept cut, it will produce its blossoms 
throughout the summer, as I perceived by 
the branches, which had been browsed upon 
- by the cattle, and might make a beautiful 
low E particularly if, as is probable, 
the petals become double. I have never 
met with this species in any collection, and 
= therefore inclined to consider it as new. 


Protector, M. Perez of Oviedo. From 


IN THE MOUNTAINS OF ASTURIAS. 


is most certain that I met with no trace of- 


217 
his earliest youth, he appears to have been 
passionately fond of botanical pursuits, and 
had made so much progress in the science - 
as to aspire, at the same time as Ortega, to 
the Botanical Professorship at Madrid. 
Disappointed in this object of his earnest 
wishes, he retired for life to his native As- 
turian valleys. There, long ere the Geo- 
graphy of Plants had received much atten- 
tion from Naturalists, he observed that his 
own province was very interesting in this 
respect, and commenced a series of expe- 
ditions to elucidate the subject, but had 
made little progress when, herborizing one 
day, a few leagues from home, near a town 
where he was not known, he was observed 
climbing among the rocks, This sight ex- 
cited so much astonishment, that the Cor- 
regidor was speedily informed, who deter- 
mined on starting himself, accompanied by - 
his alguazils, to ascertain the fact. Find- 
ing a well-dressed person clambering 
among the steep places, and labouring hard 
in some pursuit which he could not com- 
prehend, the Corregidor concluded that. 
some secret demoniacal work was in hand, 
and accordingly, seizing and stripping the 
hapless Botanist, and taking from him all 
his money, he ordered him forthwith to be 
carried to prison, and shut up in the cala- 
bozo (dungeon). There he might probably 
have died of want and misery, had he not 
hit upon a well-imagined mode of escape, 
too long, however, to be narrated here, by 
which he delivered himself from this un- 
merited cáptivity. His botanizing excur- 
sions were thus quite suspended; but the 


ed above forty years ago, though now bur- 
dened with the weight of fourscore years, 
is not yet extinct, and my appearance in 
the vicinity of Oviedo suffered to re- 
kindle it into a flame. You would scarcely 
believe that he is about to resume the sci- 
entific researches which were so harshly 
arrested; and that he has commenced 
teaching some of the young students from 


.the University of Oviedo, and on my return 


from the mountains he assured me that he 


had already some pupils who were about dx 


What he 


to aid him in his employments. 


218 


most desires are books, and I shall have 
the pleasure of consulting you, Sir, as to 
those which are likely to be most service- 
able to him. The good old man was of 
such effectual service to me, that without 
his aid, I never could have prosecuted my 
journey, and I am therefore anxious to de- 


- dicate to him one of my new species. Our 


learned Academicians may be, and probably 
are, satiated with these marks of scientific 
honour, but I am sure that the excellent 
Perez would be delighted in the highest 
degree, if there existed in his native pro- 
vince a plant, named after himself. 

I confess, Sir, I feel some repugnance to 
open a subscription for these collections. I 
should much prefer giving or exchanging 
them, but the very moderate nature of my 
income, and the duty I owe to my family, 


: render it imperative upon me to take this 


course, not for the purpose of gain, but to 
cover, if possible, a portion of the expenses 
ofmy journey, which have considerably ex- 
ceeded my income, even without the loss of 
my half-pay, which, according to the regu- 
lations of the army, has been suspended 
during the seven months I have been away 
from France. If I am aided by the bota- 
nical world, the fatigues, privations, and 
crosses I have encountered, will not deter 
me from undertaking à second, or even a 
third journey, if it were necessary. My 
first should have for its object the explor- 
ing that chain which extends from the peak 


- of Arvas to the pass of Pajares, over which 


the road from Oviedo to Leon is conducted, 
The second should be devoted to the lofty 


scayan 
doubtless differs Ede from that of the 
Western chain on the French side. We 


shall have opportunities of talking of these ` 


plans hereafter ; meanwhile, I beg you, Sir, 


. to accept the assurance of attachment of 


i : Eod very faithful servant, 


DuRIEU 
P. S. I have received my packages, and 
am grieved to find that one is seriously in- 
jured. I have been obliged to throw away 
a large parcel, composed chiefly of plants 
of the genus Atriplex and a mass of Fuci, 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY, 


which I much regret. This loss will I 
fear, lessen the number of species in pc 
peccat E 

N.B. Persons desirous of obtaining 3 
RN may send their orders, in Eng- — 
lish, to ** M. Durieu, aux soins de M. Gay, — 
rue de Vaugirard, No. 36, à Paris" They 
are requested to make use of thin paper, 
and to wafer, instead of sealing, their let- 
ters. The price of the collections has not 
yet been fixed, but will be very moderate.) 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY 


By Dr. Wight & G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 
( Continued from p. 119. ) 


GREWIA VILLOSA. 
TaB. X. 


Foliis basi 5-nerviis rotundato-cordatis 
rugosis dentatis, dentibus barbatis, su- 
pra scabris subtus brevi-tomentosis venis 
nervisque villosis, inflorescentia petiolis — 
foliisque junioribus valde villosis, pedun- 
culis brevissimis, pedicellis umbella 
5—6 in singula axilla petiolo breviori- — 
bus, sepalis lineari-lanceolatis petala ob- 
longa integerrima obtusa triplo exceden- 
tibus, toro glandulis non longiore, stylo 

apice incrassato staminibus longiore, 
stigmatis lobis dentatis, drupa globosa 


Heyne, Willd. dt in Rees, Cyel. 
Roth, Nov. Sp. p. De Can 
Prodr. v. 1. chee Spreng. Syst. 


Veget. v. 2. p. 581. (excl. Syn. Roxb.) 
Wall. L. n. 6306. Wight, Cat. n. 265. | 
Wight et Arn. Prodr. Fl. Penins. Or. 
v. l. p. 79.—G. orbiculata. in 
Miil. Dict. (not Rottl.) z 
A native of subalpine jungles in the — 
central provinces of the Carnatic. 
specimens figured are from the Saline 
Mountains. : 
A large ramous shrub. Older branches 
round, smooth, the young ones, as well as- 
the young leaves, densely clothed with: 
long, soft, ferruginous pubescence. Leaves 


oda alternate, orbicular, cordate, unequal at 
= the base, ciliato-serrate, softly pubescent 
on both sides, the nerves connected with 
mumerous transverse veinlets, prominent 
on the under side, on the upper occasion- 
_ ing a wrinkled appearance in the drie 

: state. Peduncles lateral and axillary, 
~ shorter than the petioles, bearing a droop- 
ing umbel of four or five flowers. Calyx 
í of five lanceolate leaflets, pubescent on the 


coloured, half the length of the calyx, ob- 
longo-spathulate, obtuse and erose at the 
extremity, hairy in the middle, and bearing 
a nectariferous cavity at the base. Sta- 
_ mens numerous. Anthers yellow. Germen 
- globose, very hairy, inserted upon a red- 
dish, shortly stipitate gland. Style shorter 

an the germen. Stigma four-lobed, lobes 
fimbriated. Berry the size of a small 
cherry, rough and hairy, bearing om two 
to four seeds. 


Tas. X.. Fi 
with the Torus. 


g. 1. Flower. 2. Pet 3. Pistil, 
4. Tice of the Fruit: Sec 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN 
PLANTS 


( Continued from p. 157. ) 


MEMECYLON PANICULATUM. W. J. 


Foliis petiolatis ovatis obtuso-acumina- 
tis, paniculis axillaribus brachiatis. 
Found at Tappanuly, and on Pulo Bin- 

.tangor, on the West coast of Sumatra. 

A large Shrub, with grey bark and 

1 smooth branches. Leaves opposite, anes 

1 petioled, ovate or oblong-ovate, termin 

; ing in a rather obtuse acumen, cem 

. Very smooth, shining above, paler beneath, 
with pretty distinct nerves which unite 

3 into a line near the margin, seven or eight 


ed; peduncles four-sided, purplish; 
there i is, generally, a single one-flowered 
‘pedicel placed immedistely below each of 


nmneinal 1 
m A 


, Spri n g- 
i 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


219 


ing, as it were, from the same point. 
Flowers numerous, bluish. Bracts mi- 
nute. Calyx nearly entire. Corolla light 
blue, four-petaled, petals broad, acute. 
Stamina eight; filaments subulate; an- 
thers blue, prolonged behind into a thick 


anterior surface perpendicular to the spur, 
which is nearly horizontal, bursting longi- 
tudinally. Ovary one-celled, containing 
about eight erect ovula attached to a small 
protuberance in the base of the cell; its 
disk marked with radii corresponding to 
the faces of the anthers which are incurved 
before expansion. Style subulate. Stigma 
acute. Berry globular, ome-seeded. Seed 
erect, exalbuminous. Cofyledons peltate, 
hemispherical, their flat surfaces a little ir- 
regular or waved. KRadicle erect, rising 
perpendicularly between the cotyledons to 
their centre, where it is inserte : 

Oss. This peculiar structure ot the em- 
bryo is different from what obtains in all 
the other species of Memecylon that I 
have examined, where the cotyledons, in 
place of being solid and hemispherical, are 
foliaceous and contortuplicate. 


octas. W. J. 
OcTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 

Calyz 8-partitus. Corolla 8-loba. Sta- 
mina octo, laciniis corolle alterna. Stig- 
ma sessile, 8-radiatum. Bacca 8-sperma, 
su upera.— Frutex, foliis simplicibus. aler- . 
nis, spicis axillaribus. 


OCTAS SPICATA., WW. J. 

Found at Tappanuly, on the West coast 
of Sumatra. 

A Shrub, with long branches; the young 
parts tomentose. Leaves alternate, petio- 
late, lanceolate oblong, acuminate, entire, 
smooth, five inches long. Stipules small, 
acute. Spikes or racemes two from each 


s axi] rather shorter than the leaves, many- 


flowered; pedicels in threes. Flowers 
small, white. Bracts minute. Calyx 
small, eight-parted. Corolla monopetalous, 
spreading, divided at the margin into eight 
round lobes. Stamina eight, as long as 


* 


220 DESCRIPTION OF 


the lobes of the corolla; anthers white, 
subsagittate. Ovary superior, globular, 
_eight-celled, eight-seeded. Stigma istis 
sessile, composed of eight fleshy coadunate 
lobes. Berries about the size of pepper- 
corns, purple, containing eight seeds, 
which are angled interiorly. 


COELOPYRUM. W. J. 
OcTANDRIA MoNOGYNIA. 


alyx 4- partitus. Corolla 4 - petala. 
Stamina 8, alterna breviora. Stigma 
obtusum, subsessile. Drupa supera, nuce 


biloculari, loculo exteriore lanato alterum 
fovente. Semen unicum, loculo altero 
vacuo.—Arbor, ramis apice foliosis sim- 


plicibus, floribus racemosis. 


COELOPYRUM CORIACEUM. W.J. 
Turantang, Malay. 
In forests in the neighbourhood of Ben- 


n. 

A Tree with thick branches, which are 
foliose at their summits. Leaves alternate, 
petiolate, elliptic, obtuse or emarginate, en- 

wi flexed margins, firm and lea- 
th above, pale and tomentose 


erect, shorter than the leaves, branched; 

owers numerous, yellowish, small and 
inconspicuous, in small racemules or spike- 
Jets. Bracts small, acute. Calyz inferior, 
spreading. Corolla four-petaled, petals 
longer than the calyx, ovate. Stamina 
eight, the alternate ones shorter. Ovary 
surrounded and nearly immersed in a large 
fleshy nectarial ring, whose sides are an- 
- gled by the compression of the filaments. 
Style scarceany. Stigma obtuse. Drupe 


_ Ovate, acute, smaller than an olive, con- 


: taining a single nut. ut two-celled, cells 
unequal and dissimilar, the outer and lower 
erescent-shaped, and embracing the other 
— is smaller, oblong, and always emp- 
ie pics cell contains a single con- 


peos The structure of the fruit is very 
peculiar ; the empty cell is placed ob- 


MALAYAN PLANTS. 


liquely in the upper part of the nut, the 

rtile one is, as it were, wrapped round 
the other. The extreme minuteness of the 
ovary prevented me from satisfactorily as- 
certaining its structure. 


PETROCARYA EXCELSA, W.J. 
Heptranpria Monocynia.—Nat. Ord. 
Rosacex. Juss. 
CHRYSOBALANEX. DC. 


Foliis oblongis acuminatis glabris, calyci- 
bus ore obliquis staminibus undecim fer- 
tilibus. 

Kayu Balam Pangkat, Malay. 

A large Tree. Leaves alternate, short- 
petioled, oblong, acuminate, entire, smooth, 
four to five inches long. Stipules longer 
than the petioles, deciduous. Racemes  — 

axillary and terminal, forming a panicle 
towards the top, strict, erect, little branch- 
ed; flowers very short, pedicelled and ap- 
pressed to the principal peduncle; the 
whole ferruginous and tomentose. ract 
broad, deciduous. Calyx infundibular, fer- 
ruginous and tomentose, oblique at the 
mouth, furnished with a ring of stiff hairs, 
which point downwards, lowest on the side 
to which the fertile stamina and ovary are 
attached ; limb five-parted, subreflex. Co- 
rolla five-petaled, inserted on the mouth of 
the calyx, and scarcely longer than its Limb, 
petals subround. tamina eleven, fertile, 
twice as long as the petals, inserted in one 
phalanx along the lower edge of the mouth 
of the calyx; on the upper edge is a ring 
with eight processes or abortive stamina. 

Ovary adnate to the side of the calyx, be- 

low the fertile stamina, densely pilose, dis- 

porous. Style lateral, inserted near the 
base of the ovary, as long as the stamina. 

Stigma simple. Drupe inclosed in the 

enlarged calyx which becomes adnate to it, 

and crowned by its persistent limb; ob- 

liquely ovate, about the size of a fil 22 

Nut smooth, one-seeded, with an abortive — 

cell, generally above the fertile one. 

curved, corresponding to the cell, albu- 

minous ; embryo cylindrical, inverse ; 7@- 

dicle superior, clavato-cylindrical, longer - 

than the ligulate cotyledons. 


a 
Pid a Ma Ur IEEE ee 


- 


“PETROCARYA SUMATRANA. W.J. 


Foliis elliptico-oblongis subtus canescen- 
bus, calycis ore regulari, staminibus sep- 


Branchlets pilose. Leaves 
alternate, short petioled, elliptic-oblong, 
six to eight inches long, terminating in a 
- bluntish acumen, acute at the base, entire, 

the adult leaves smooth above, somewhat 
- hoary with close short wool beneath, the 
younger ones covered with deciduous pu- 
= bescence above, nerves prominent beneath, 
. veins reticulate. Petioles about a quarter 
of aninch in length. Stipules longer than 
: the petioles, oblong, acute. KRacemes ax- 
and terminal, shorter than the leaves, 


at the base of the peduncles, pedicels, and 
Calyx tubular or campanulate, 
tomentose without, pilose at the faux, which 
is equal and regular, limb spreading, five- 

parted, segments acute. Corolla five-pe- 
. taled, white; petals inserted on the mout 

. of the calyx, and as long as its segments. 
; Stamina fourteen, of which the seven upper 
are fertile, arranged in o ne phalanx, and 


is Rx pilose, two-celled, containing two 
erect ovula. Style lateral, inserted at the 
base of the ovary, as long as the stamina. 
Stigma capitate. 
. OBs. These two species, though nearly 
related, present abundant points of distinc- 
In the P. excelsa the leaves are 
smaller, smoother, and less strongly nerved, 
While the flowers are larger, the racemes 
longer, more erect, and compact, and the 
Stamina longer and more numerous than in 


the P. Sumatrana. 


W. J. 


Nat. Ord. DitxteNiACEX. Dec. 


_ WORMIA EXCELSA. 


oliis ellipticis acutis denticulatis, pedun- 
culis multifloris oppositifoliis, pedicellis 
vatis. 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


221 
Kayu Sipur, Malay. 


In forests near Bencoolen.—A large Tree. 


Leaves alternate, petiolate, from elliptic- , 


ovate to elliptic-oblong, acute, denticulate 
obsoletely serrate, smooth; eight to 
twelve inches long. Petioles deeply c chan- 
mieis above Pede cles oppositifolious, 
at the summit of the branches, many-flow- 
ered ; pedicels alternate, clavate. Flowers 
large, yellow, three inches in diameter. 
Calyx five-leaved, leaflets subrotund, con- 
cave, unequal. Corolla five - petaled, 
spreading, petals ovate oblong. Stamina 
very numerous, the outer ones yellow, 
spreading, shorter than the inner, which 
are purple, erect and recurved above; an- 


thers, lobes adnate to the filament. Ovaries | 


six to eight, connate, polysporous: Stig- 
mas as many, flat, recurved, diverging. 
Capsules six to eight, whitish, semitrans- 
parent, bursting at the inner angle, and 
then spreading, containing no pulp. Seeds - 
attached to the edges of the capsules, en- 
veloped in a red aril. 
Oss. This isa large forest-tree, which 
ields excellent timber, the wood having 
some resemblance to Oak. 


W.J. 


Foliis obovatis integerrimis, pedun unculis 
solitariis axillaribus unifloris, floribus 
pentagynis. 
Found at Natal. 
= small Tree. Branches round, rather 
ooth. Leaves alternate, petiolate, ob- . 
iud ees rounded at top, with a short 
blunt point, sometimes retuse, very entire, 
very smooth, thick, and rather coriaceous ; 
about five inches long. Petioles sm 
channelled, and marginate above, less than 
an inch in length. Peduneles and 
subterminal, solitary, one-flowered, angled, 
about two inches long. Bracts none. Ca- 
lyx five-leaved ; leaflets subrotund, smooth. 
Corolla five-petaled. Stamina numerous. 


WORMIA PULCHELLA. 


Ovaries five, collected into a globe, termi- - 


nating in as many flat, reflexed, diverging 

styles. Stigmas thickened. Capsules five, 
of a light semitransparent rose-eolani 
bursting at their angles, and then s 


w 


* 


* 


992 . 


like a corolla. Seeds attached to the inner 
s of the capsules, a few only coming s 
to perfection, partly embraced by a red 
pulpy aril, which originates from the um- 
bilicus. : 
Ons. This species is very beautiful 
when in fruit, from the delicacy of the co- 
lours which the capsules exhibit. 


W. J. 


Foliis cuneato-obovatis apice rotundatis, 
nervo medio dichotomo, fructibus axilla- 
ribus solitariis v. binis pedunculatis. 
Found at Singapore and on several parts 

of the West coast of Sumatra and its is- 

lands. 
A small Tree, with smooth brownish 
bark. Leaves alternate, petiolate, cunea- 


FICUS OVOIDEA. 


_to-obovate, rounded above, attenuated to 


e base, very entire, very smooth, the 
middle nerve dichotomous, from one and a 
half to two inches long. Petioles nearly 
half an inch long, round, with a slight fur- 
row above, and covered with grey bark like 
ne Desnebiets in pis pruimen, Pe- 

y; shorter 
than the petioles, one-flowered. IJnvolu- 
eres embraced at the base by three short 
subrotund bracts, nearly globose, smooth, 
shut at the mouth by scales, and containing 
numerous pedicellate florets. Seeds naked, 
hard 


Oss. The leaves are peculiar in having 
the middle nerve dichotomous, a character 
by which this species may be readily dis- 
tinguished from its congeners. 


W. J. 

Foliis obcuneato-deltoideis apice latis v. 
retusis, nervo medio dichotomo, fructibus 
axillaribus binis pedunculatis. 

A small Tree, native of Sumatra, and 
very similar to the preceding, but having 


FICUS DELTOIDEA. 


_ the eaves proportionally broader, more de- 


cidedly deltoid, and retuse or truncate, not 


. rounded at top; the peduncles also are in 


axils of the leaves, and longer 


im petioles. The breadth of the leaves 


is generally greater than their length in 
this species, which is not the case with the 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


Ee they are, however, precisely 
milar in their leathery texture, and in 
oii the nerve dichotomous, and not 

prominent. 


Ficus RIGIDA. W.J. 


Foliis ovatis lineari-acuminatis rigidis, 
fructibus pedunculatis axillaribus globo- 
sis glabris. 

Seribulan, Malay, Sumatra, &c. 

A Tree, with grey cinereous bark, and 
smooth branchlets. Leaves alternate, pe- 
tiolate, ovate, or obovate, with long linear 
acumina, which are obtuse or emarginate - 

at the point, attenuated to the base, three — 
to four inches long, entire, firm, and rigid, _ 
smooth, shining above, rugose with reti- - 
culated veins beneath ; nerves prominent 
beneath, the lowermost pair springing from 
the base, and running along the margins 
until they anastomose with the upper ones. 

Petioles brown, with cracked skin. Berries 

one to three, axillary, pedicelled, pedicels 

shorter than the petioles, smooth. Involu- 
cre globose, orange-coloured when ripe, 
smooth, with some whitish spots, as large 
asa currant. Florets numerous, pedicel- 

Female ones with a four to five- 

Rcs perianth. „Style inserted laterally ; 

seed nake 

Oss. The bark of this species is fibrous, 

and I am informed that it is employed in 

Menengkabau in the fabrication of a coarse 

kind of paper. 


JONESIA. Roxb.—Nat. Ord. LEGUMI- 
NOS. 


Calyx tubulosus, basi bibracteatus, lim- — 
bo 4-lobo. Petala "Stamina 3—7, i 
summo tubo calycis inserta. Ovarium E 
pedicellatum, pedicello calyci hinc accreto. —— 
Legumen oligospermum.— Frutices, fou —— 
abrupte pinnatis, floribus fasciculatis. 

he alteration I have here made in thé —  . 
terms of the generic description from that — 
given by Roxburgh, will remove all obscu- 
rity as to the true affinities of m genus, 
and establish its near relation to Macro- - 
lobium. The bracteal leaflets em diphyl- . 


lous calyx of Roxburgh) are found in 
both genera, though less conspicuous, and 
- mot coloured in Macrolobium, the stamina 
are similarly inserted on the mouth of the 
tubular calyx, and are equally variable in 
number, the pedicel of the ovary is accrete 
- to the calyx in both, and the only differ- 
ence consists in the presence or absence of 
the single petal which is found in Macro- 
lobium, and is wanting in Jonesia. 


WS. 
Foliis 6—8-jugis, foliolis oblongis, floribus 
- fasciculato- paniculatis tetrandris. 

Kayu Siturun, Malay. 

-. A small straggling Tree, found generally 
in thickets, native of Sumatra. 

— Branches depending, whence the native 
name. Leaves alternate, composed of from 
. Six to eight pair of leaflets, of which the 
— lowest are situated on the base of the pe- 
— tiole; they are opposite from ten to twelve 

inches in length, oblong, rounded at the 
1 extremity, but terminating in a short thick 


JONESIA DECLINATA. 


s the stem, broad at the base, ovate and 
. pointed. Flowers in lateral fasciculate 


parted, flat, segments subrotund, about the 
Same size as the bracts. Corolla none. 
Stamina four, more than twice the length 
x of the calyx, and inserted on its tube, the 
. Upper part deep red. Anthers deep pur- 
d ple, subrotund, two-celled, each cell streak- 


te, flat, Poncii avec several 


: ‘Tha large branches of delicate flesh- 
Coloured flowers render this a very beauti- 
-shrub during the period of inflores- 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


the base. Stipule intrapetiolar, embracing ` 


223 


BAUHINIA EMARGINATA. W.J. 
Foliis cordatis subrotundo-ovalibus glaber- 
rimis acumine brevi obtuso emarginato, 
floribus octandris,-staminibus tribus su- 
perioribus fertilibus. 
Dadaub, Malay. Native of Sumatra. 
Leaves alter- 


terminating in a short, blunt, emarginate 
acumen, very entire, four inches long, se- 
ven to nine-nerved, with reticulate veins, 
very smooth. Petioles rather short. Cirrhi 
Racemes terminal 


flowered; pedicels long, tomentose. Calyx 


guiculate. 
fertile, longer, with large two-lobed anthers ; 
four inferior short, with small abortive an- ` 
thers; the fifth and lowest being a little 
longer, and entirely sterile. Ovary tomen- 
tose. Style about the length of the fertile 
stamina. Stigma peltate, yp Ae 

Oss. The form of the leaf is very pecu- 
liar and readily distinguishes this species 
from the others. 


W. J. 


Foliis cordatis acuminatis apice bidenta- 
tis glaberrimis, corymbis terminalibus, 
floribus octan = staminibus tribus 
superioribus fertilibus. 

Native of the Malaya forests, where it 
climbs over trees and shews its flame-co- 
loured blossoms on their very summits. 

Shrubby, climbing far over the trees in 
its neighbourhood ; bark brown; branches 
round, flexuose; branchlets covered 
ferruginous tomentum. Leaves iile, 
petiolate, cios acute, bifid at the point, 
(not two-lobed), ons approximate with 
a short Mes interposed, very entire, seven- 
nerved, very smooth, the younger ones ra- 
ther silky beneath with ferruginous deci- 
duous hairs. .Petioles thickened at the top 
and bare. Zendrils simple, revolute. Co- 

terminal. Pedicels clavate, striated, 
tomentose. Calyx five-parted, tomentose, 


BAUHINIA BIDENTATA. 


224 


for the most part bursting irregularly into 
three divisions. Corolla orange-coloured, 
becoming red after expansion, five-petaled; 
petals nearly equal, subrotund, unguiculate, 
spreading. Stamina eight, ascending, of 
which the three upper are longer and fer- 
tile, and the three lowest short and sterile. 
Anthers subrotund. Ovary pedicellate, 
compressed, oblong, containing from six to 
eight ovula. Style declinate, incurved at 
the point. icem large, capitate and glu- 
tinous. 


Oss. This species is at once distin- 
guished by the peculiar form of the leaves, 
which are not two-lobed, as usual in the 
genus, but have the apex divided so as to 
make the leaf terminate in two acute points. 
iss flowers are large and showy. 


INGA BUBALINA. W.J—Nat. Ord. 
MiMosEx. Br. 

Inermis, foliis conjugato-pinnatis, foliolis 
bi-jugis glaberrimis, capitulis paucifloris 
p paniculis axillaribus et ter- 

us, legumine recto cylindrico. 

pe Karbau, Malay. Sumatra, &c. 

A tree, unarmed, with grey bark. Leaves 
alternate, conjugato-pinnate, leaflets two- 
paired, ovate, with rather an obtuse acu- 
men, very entire, very smooth, nerves lucid; 
the upper pair of leaflets the largest. Pri- 
mary petiole short, thickened at the base, 
bearing a gland at the point; secondary 
petioles without glands. Capitula few- 
flowered, fitiiicled. Panicles axillary and 
terminal, peduncled, divaricate, shorter 
than the leaves. Bracts small. Calyz 
short, tubular, five-dentate. Corolla white, 
much longer than the calyx, campanulate, 
five- ed, segments spreading. Stamina 

many, monadelphous at the base, long and 
white. Style filiform, as long as the sta- 
mina. Ovary pedicellate. Legume dark 

. green, straight, cylindrical, about fourinches 

7 long, thick, obtuse, many-seeded, fetid. 

.. Seeds crowded, orbicular, piled one above 

the other and thus flattened above and be- 

| low 5 their mutual compression. 

This species is nearly allied in 

E "e and inflorescence tothe Inga Jiringa, 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS, 


Mal. Misc. vol. 1. , but differs in the shape | 
of the legume, viüdh has a very offensive - 
smell, but is eaten by the natives in the 
same manner as that of the Petek ( Acacia 
graveoleus, W.J.). Karbau in Malay sig- 
nifies the Buffalo, whence the specific name, 


MU 

Inermis, ramulis acutangulis, foliis bipn- 
natis, foliolis 10-jugis rhomboideis sub- "7 
tus tomentosis, paniculis terminalibus, 
leguminibus contortis rubris. 

Clypearia rubra. Rumph. Amb. III. p. 
176. t. 112. : 
Jiring muniet, Malay. 

A large tree. Branchlets smooth, acutely 
five-angled, almost winged. Leaves alter- 
nate, bipinnate; pinne about four pair; 
leaflets about ten pair, rhomboidal, inequi- 
lateral, rather acute, entire, smooth above, 
tomentose or silky and glaucous beneath, © 
they are of unequal size, the uppermost 
often two inches long. Petiole or rachis 
acutely four or five-angled, thickened at 
the base, eglandular. Panicles large, ter- 
minal; peduncles fascicled. Flowers white 
pedicellate, in small capitula or heads. Ca- 
[yz small, five-parted. Corolla much longer 
than the calyx, quinquefid. Stamina nu- — 
merous, monadelphous at the base. „Style 
one. Legume red, flat, two-valved, spi- 
rally contorted, containing many subrotund, 
somewhat compressed, black seeds. e 

Oss. This species, which agrees with | 
that described by Rumphius, is found in 
forests in the neighbourhood of Bencoolen, — 
but I am not aware that it is there put to — 
any particular use. These two species, to- 
gether with the Z. Jiringa, might perhaps — 
with equal propriety be referred to Acacia, 
as the seeds are not arillate, though the le- - 
gume (as in I. bubalina) is fleshy and escu- 
lent, the stamina are those of an Jnga, and the d 
paniculate inflorescence is more frequent m 
that genus than in Acacia. The distinction 
between these two sections of the Linnean | 
genus Mimosa is an artificial one, and the — 
characters of the present species are in. 
some degree intermediate between the two. 

(To be continued.) ; 


INGA CLYPEARIA. 


BOTANICAL 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 
( Continued from p. 86. ) 

Erica Mackait. 
Mag. p. This supposed species is of 
each interest to Botanists, as uniting two, 

apparently very distinct plants, Æ. Tetraliz 


Hook. Comp. to Bot. 


= in some they are so minute as to be 
E.- difficulty. The objection to three 


ermedium does to G. rivale and G. ur- 
. H.C. Watson. 

Eriophorum angustifolium and pubes- 
cens. Can we count more species than 
these two? Winch says, in the Flora of 
Northumberland and Durham, “ I suspect 
slender specimens of both Eriophorum 
ustifolium and Eriophorum pubescens 
3 under the name of E. gracile.” lam 
> that large specimens of each pass un- 
T the name of Æ, polystachion. Wah- 
in his Flora Lapponica, has de- 
ibed E. pomo * pedunculis scabris." 


s ne Some of the Not- 
shire specimens must be referred 
C. speciosus, as described in the British 

I received them from Mr. Cooper. 
Watson. 


tuca loliacea. How is this to be 
L | 


INFORMATION. 


distinguished from Lolium? Withering 
observes, that there is sometimes a minute 
inner valve to the calyx in the genus Lo- 
lium. Smith says that the inner valve of 
the calyx is sometimes wanting in Festuca 
loliacea ; examples of which occur in my 
Herbarium. H. C. Watson. 

Trifolium filiforme. I have a specimen 
of this (or, possibly, 7. procumbens,) in 
which the corolla is not persistent. There 
are no seeds in the pods. Sent from Not- 
tingham by Mr. Cooper. 

Salix Meyeriana must be struck out 
from the British list, unless new evidence 
prove it British. . I have convinced myself 


8 
Anderson’s garden, a dwarf shrub, differing 
from both S. Meyeriana and S. pentandra. 
W. Borrer. 

We are happy to be able to announce 
that the 5th and last volume of Sir James 
Smith’s English Flora, (or the 2nd and 
last of Hooker’s British Flora,) is at length 
sens with the 2nd part of that volume, 
which is entirely occupied with the Fungi. 
Of the merits of this part, the writer of 
the present article is entitled to express his 
opinion, because, feeling his own incompe- 
tency to do justice to that obscure and diffi- 
cult family of plants, he has procured the 
assistance of his valued friend, the Rev. J. 
Berkeley, who has long studied the Fungi 
with great attention, and who is now actually 
preparing (as already announced in this 
work) for publication a series of specimens 
illustrative of the British species. To this 
gentleman we are indebted for the whole of 
this portion of the Flora, and we are sure 
that in no Flora of any part of the world 
has the subject to which it relates been 
treated with more care and skill than have 
sa here displayed in Mr. Berkeley: 

ssess now, what has long been a 
fei ausa in this country, a comple 
Flora, including all the discoveries that 
have been made down to the period of its 
publication, and these arranged according 
to the latest improvements in the Ordeni 


and Genera. 
P 


The beautiful * pocket volume” of spe- 
-cimens of British Mosses, by Mr. Gardener, 
announced at p. 20 of this Journal, will be 
published in a few days. By the kind as- 
sistance of his Muscological friends, and 
especially of J. E. Bowman, Esq. of Gres- 
ford, he is enabled to make the sets more 
complete than he had originally anticipated. 
Almost immediately after the publication 
of this work, it is the intention of this zea- 
lous Naturalist to embark for South Ame- 
. rica, and to spend some years in collecting 
plants in various parts of Brazil. The 
_ dried specimens will be offered at the price 
.. of £2 the hundred species: and seeds and 
. living plants on proportionably moderate 

terms. Pernambuco will, probably, be his 
first place of destination. It is gratifying 


like that of the northern half of that im- 
mense continent, will be accurately i inves- 


he ridges, Mathews; Mendoza 
; by babes; Peru by Mathews and Cruck- 
1 ; Colombia (in part) by Professor 
- aa and the late lamented Col. Hall; 
the Argentine Provinces, the Uraguay, 
Tucuman, and South Brazil by Tweedie ; 
Guiana by Mr Parker and Dr. Schom- 


} E PN 

The following extract of a letter from 
the last-mentioned enterprizing traveller to 
George Bentham, Esq. may not be unac- 
ceptable to our readers :— 


Anna-y, 3° 52’ N. lat. 59» W. long. 
Nov. 1, 1835. 


** Though I can announce the safe arrival 
of our expedition at the left bank of the 
Rupununy, I am sorry to say that all of us 

feel, more or less, the consequence of fa- 
_ tigue and exposures; fever and dysentery 
are the prevaling diseases, however, in no 
case to a dangerous degree, though my 
own servant insists upon returning with 
| people whom I hired at the port, hay- 
become alarmed at his own indisposi- 
and the accounts of tigers, rattle- 
&c. the latter of which have paid 
visits since we took possession 


c our Indian ht. 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. 


to think that the Botany of South America, 


I have collected about two thousand 
plants while en route, and our camp on t] 
Savannahs, at the foot of an extensive 
mountain-chain, offers me a rich field f 
my collection. Lieut. Haining, who 


people returning to the port as sufficiently 


weak, in consequence of fever and ague, - 
as to be incompetent to finishing the papers 
connected with them. - 
Next spring you may expect with cer- 
tainty the first collection of plants, with 
every prospect of their being numerous. 
R. H. SCHOMBURGH 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY 


By Dr. Wight & G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 

( Continued from p. 161 ). 
CARISSA CARANDAS. 

Tas. XII. 
Sub-arborescens spinosa, glaberrima, | 
nis simplicibus vel in ramulos ve 
tiores bifurcatis, foliis ellipticis obt 
integerrimis nitidis reticulato-venosis, 
. pedunculis corymbosis paucifloris : 
minalibus, ovario biloculari 8-ovulato. — 
Carissa Carandas. Linn. Mant.p.52. Wi 

Sp. PL 1. p. 1219. Spr. Syst. Veg. 
p.071. Roxb. Cor. PI 1. t. 77.5; Fl: 
1. p. 687. ; (ed. Car. et Wall.) 2. p. 
Wall. List, n. 1677. 


Lycium Malabaricum, las Pluk. Phyt. 
235. t. 305. f. 4. : 

Carandas. Rumph. Amb. 7. p. 57.4 

A large Shrub, becoming, she 
, irregularly-shaped tree. 


merous, dichotomous, divaricating much, 
te, stiff, glabrous; branchlets com- 

Thorns lets at the forkings 
of the oye and smaller branches; those 
on the ier are once, or sometimes twice 
forked, on the latter usually simple, and 
lly wanting: all are very sharp, 


ibrous, shining, marked with the nerves 


P las, about an inch long, glabrous, each 
bearing three, four, or more flowers, on 
simple pedicels or forked partial peduncles; 


of the corolla, and contained 
anthers linear, acuminated, two- 


I vules 
lr in each cell, peltate. Style single, 
» thickened at the a tigma 


hi x. 
dilated « at the base, bifid; divisions linear, 
ciliated at the apex. Fruit a glabrous oval 
berry, about the size, when ripe, of a small 
m, two-celled; the dissepiment fleshy, 
E. thick i in the middle, and bearing the pla- 
ent. Seeds from one to four in each 
ll oval, compressed, peltate, concave on 
inside, at the middle of which they are 
hed to the partition or dissepiment, 
at the edges, destitute of coma. ince 
in. men copious, somewhat 
- Radicle superior, eg al. Co- 
"dons roundish, foliace 
4 oe and thickets, nsaelly i in good 
It makes excellent fences. It is fre- 
an the northern Circars, where the 


O 


a & good substitute. It also. oc- 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. 


curs in Tanjore, but is less frequent than 
in the alpine districts. 

Tas. XII. Fig. I. Pistil, the Calyx laid open. 
2. Corolla laid open. 3. Section of the Fruit. 4, 
Ditto of Seed.—More or less ified 


LORANTHUS CUNEATUS. 
Tar. XIII. 


Parasiticus glaber, ramis teretibus, foliis 
alternis obovato-cuneatis obtusis in pe- 
tiolum angustatis, pedunculis axillaribus 
brevissimis vel sepius nullis 4-floris, 
bractea cordato-ovata subovario, calycis 
ubo glabriusculo dentibus 5-ciliatis, 
corolla cylindracea breviter 5-loba, basin 
versus subincrassata, hinc longitudina- 
liter fissa, lobis linearibus unilateralibus 
reflexis, filamentis 5 ad apicem fere tubi | 
corolla adnatis, antheris lineari-oblongis 
erectis, stylo filiformi, bacca oblonga. i 

Loranthus cuneatus. Heyne, in Roth, 
Nov. Sp. p. 193. (non Wall, nec De 
Cand.) 3 

Loranthus montanus. 


Wight, in Wall.! 


De Cand. Prod. 


nn. 6. 
Loranthus lobelizflorus. 


Teini goodeniæflorus. De Cand.? 
Prod. 4. p. 306. 
Parasitic. Stem and branches terete; 
glabrous, of a greyish colour, rougl 
from minute elevated points. ves al- 
ternate, obovate, obtuse or - benssionally 
very slightly retuse, cuneate at the base, 
aad there tapering into a short petiole, 
glabrous, even the very youngest ones (and 
hence my doubts about the second syno- 
nyme quoted from De Candolle), quite 
entire, coriaceous ; when growing, veiny ; 
when dried the veins are sunk in the 
leaf, and nearly imperceptible. Ponia 
generally wanting, and then from one to 
three pedicels issue from the axils, each 
one-flowered; sometimes the peduncles, 
although very short, may be observed bear- 
ing two, three, or even four, and very rarely 
five flowers. Bractea solitary, roundish- 
cordate, ovate, Concave, obtuse or acute, 
n closely embracing the base of the 
Ca in dde campanulate, generally 
niu glabrous, but occasionally more or - 


REMARKS ON 


less pubescent; limb five-cleft, segments 
rounded, ciliated. Corolla gamopetalous, 
tubular, slightly gibbous at the base, cylin- 
= drical upwards, shortly five-cleft, yellowish 
= on the outside, the lobes about a sixth of 
the whole length of the corolla, oblong- 


inside; the tube is split up, from a little 

above the base to the apex, between the 

superior lobe and one of the lateral ones. 

Æstivation valvular. Stamens five. Fi- 

laments cohering with the tube of the co- 
. polla, and opposite the lobes; above the 
tube they are free, erect, glabrous. An- 
thers two-celled, narrow, oblong, erect 
from the apices of the points of the fila- 
ments. Ovary cohering with the calyx- 
tube. Style slender, filiform, protruded, 
a little curved near the apex, glabrous. 
Stigma capitate. Berry oblong, crowned 
with the remains of the limb of the calyx, 
one-celled, one-seeded. Albumen fleshy. 
cese superior 

o brenchis of trees in alpine dis- 

een ` first found this plant at an eleva- 
tion of between three and four thousand 
feet on mountains near Dindygul. I have 
since met with it much lower on the same 
range, but confined to them. Leschenault, 
however, found it on the Nulgherries. The 
specimens figured are from the village of 
Pathoocottah. Like most Peninsular plants, 
this has several native names, so that it is 
quite unnecessary, generally speaking, to 
quote them in botanical works. De Can- 
dolle, on Leschenault’s authority, gives to 
this plant the vernacular name of Vira- 
marum-pila-rivi ; I could mention Cauto- 
velloomechamarum, and several others 
equally barbarous. I may here remark, 
that henault’s names are frequently 
. not to be depended on; from his total want 
of knowledge of the Tamul language, h 
was led to mark down the answers d 
signs or queries as the names; whereas 
e natives mostly told him * I don't know,” 
"1 cannot tell,” “I do not understand,” 
re is none,” or made some such re- 


: ae which he fancied were the names of 
| the 


_ (Tobe continued.) 


THE BOTANY OF BRITAIN, 


REMARKS ON THE BOTANY O 


GEOGRAPHY. 
By H. C. Watson, Esq., F. L.S. 
Tnr publication of the Encyclopedia 


high celebrity, in their respective depart- 
ments, of the individuals whose united 
contributions compose the work, stamp a- 
value upon it, certain to insure a wide cir- 
culation, and cause it to be referred to as 
authoritative. Hence it becomes important 
that such a work should be accurate, even 
in its smallest details, and that no merely 
local peculiarities should tend to mislead 
readers, by bearing the semblance of gene- 
ral laws or facts, applicable to a whole 
country. This consideration may form a- 
sufficient apology for the following com- 
ments on some points relating to the dis- 
tribution of plants within Britain, in regard 
to which my own researches and observa- 
tions lead to different conclusions, or which | 
now require to be modified in consequence ~ 
of recent discoveries, arising out of the 3 
increased attention lately given to local 
otany by others 
Let it not be supposed that I find cause — 
to censure the botanical department of the - 
work in question, or wish to set up my own - 
limited knowledge in opposition to that z 


the botanical sections, and dare 
that they who do so will not feel inclined 
to pronounce their time spent either un- 
profitably o or unpleasantly. But all science 


of others to be altered or to be added ti 
Moreover, it is a much easier matter 
follow, and to correct in trifles, than . 


and to originate ; and were the bota- 
sections of the Encyclopedia of Geo- 


‘appeared i in our or jaojraegeé: 

The title-page of the Encyclopedia bears 
> date of 1834; but from the time re- 
d to write and print so extensive a 
ork, and other circumstances, it will be 


m 
rior to such date. This is particularly no- 
ticed, because at intervals, s since the autumn 


h Botany ; but founded on more extended 
observations than had been published pre- 
usly ; and it becomes of some interest 
xamine any differences between these 
the earlier and more local observations 


according to physical geography, present 
ve different floras, and a still greater dis- 
ilarity in the general physiognomy of 
their vegetation. Thus, of the species 
Which are found above 4,000 feet up the 
Scottish mountains, only one-fourth exist 
| the plains of England; of those above 
2000 feet, about one-half descend to the 
- Again, not one-third of the spe- 
extend from the South to the North 
of Britain, even on the mainland; 
| the extreme islands, as those of the 
English Channel and Shetland, would have 
& much smaller proportion in common. 
- As the science of vegetable geo- 
phy is yet only commencing, it will be 
These numbers refer to the paragraphs of the En- 
edia particularly alluded to in the comments 
E It Cres ege to follow the order of 
“igs , although unavoidably 
heir and bud cif appearance to remarks 
to selected points only. 


REMARKS ON THE BOTANY OF BRITAIN. 


amusing, and not altogether useless, to 
compare the words by which the few writers. 
on the distribution of British plants preface 
their statements, as indicating what a little 
is yet accomplished, and how wide a field 
is left open to others. Mr. Winch hopes 
that his * notes may ultimately prove use- 
ful to some Naturalist, who shall dedicate 
his time and abilities to this neglected de- 
partment of British Botany.” Mr. Mac- 
gillivray writes, *an attempt to describe 
the vegetation of a particular natural dis- 
trict, may excite persons better qualified 
than I profess to be, to present detached 
pictures of the vegetation of Scotland, from 
which a complete panorama may ultimately 
be constructed.” The writer of the pre- 
sent remarks, in his Outlines, proceeds. 
* under the impression that little will be 
effected until there is some general sketch,” - 
&c. The author, in the Encyclopedia, 
professes to * endeavour to throw together 
such remarks as may, at some future time, 
lay the foundation for a geographical dis- 
tribution of our vegetables upon a more 
extended scale." However different the 
words, there is a close resemblance in the 
tacit admission by each, that his knowledge 
on the subject is neither so complete nor 
so precise as could be wished, and each 
looks to much future improvement through 
the instrumentality of others. I fear th these 
are still substantially correct admissions ; 
but would so far qualify the words of the 
Encyclopædia as to say, that the contribu- 
tions of the different writers, taken toge- 
ther, have laid the foundation alluded to. 
Many are now diligently raising ore 
that will gradually become shapely, ho 
ever rough and rude at present, and iiis 
unite into a symmetrical superstructure. 
But (if a few lines of digression are al- 
lowed me) for w end, some one may ask, 
is this labour to be given? Why should 
we seek to perfect a kind of knowledge 
having no immediate practical utility ?—To 
many there is pleasure in the present pur- 
suit—a pleasure injurious to none ; and the 
facts to be thus brought together will ulti- 
mately lead to general conclusions, likely 
tgjend material Mash. to Poke 


* i 


investigating the laws of vegetable deve- 
lopment. These laws, when fully ascer- 
tained, will enable Man to add greatly to 
the advantages which he now draws from 
d vegetable world. e may appear 

wise in his generation," but Ae is not 
wise or beneficial to his race, who professes 
to scorn the cultivation of any department 
E "psu Science, even in its minor de- 


tea. In reference to this paragraph, I 

. cannot help expressing regret, that in a 
section expressly devoted to the natural 
geography of Britain, and in which pretty 
extensive sub-sections are given to Geolo- 
g tany, and Zoology, the subject of 
climate should be utterly passed by; as, 


m 
teorology, with reference to the earth ge- 
nerally. It seems strange that meteorolo- 
gical notices should have been omitted, 
while matters of secondery interest entered 
so largely into the plan of the work. What- 
ever the reason, the geographic Botanist 
will regret this defect in a work otherwise 


so valuable. 
hs ` 1432—1434. So far, indeed, as the cli- 
è mate may be guessed from the vegetation, 


we do find it illustrated in the botanical 
sub-sections; and with reference to some 
of the remarks on cultivated vegetation, as 
showing the climate of the Channel Isles 
and “extreme southern coast of England,” 
it may be added, that they will be found 
applicable, partially, to places rather more 
northward than is expressly stated. Thus, 
the orange ripens fruit against walls in 
North Devon, occasionally protected by 
: iung i 1n severe winters, though it is not 


ard, in gardens near the north coast of the 

‘same county. It also grows under the 
shelter of houses (not trained to their 
3) as " north as Anglesea,! and bears 
open air, walls, on the inland 
[nos of = Thames, where the winters 
are — e, Still, these 


iterra- 


F per s the le of Bate —Ep. 
Li 


ZR ES PEE NUUS SEU TS 
SOLEO EUR SEE tear ae 


REMARKS ON THE BOTANY 


OF BRITAIN. 


nean shrubs rather exist than flourish in 


ter, in the gardens of Surrey, though their 
roots survive ; as they do more northward. 
In sheltered situations, in Surrey, the stems 
of the Fuchsia and Oleander survive the 
winter. 

1436. On the Continent of Europe, in- 
land, vineyards are said to exist in a lati- 
tude corresponding to the south of Eng- 
an here seems little doubt that the 
south-eastern counties of England would 
produce grapes capable of being made into 
wine, but they could not be cultivated with : 


tables of British plants, it must be kept in 
mind, that not only in Gray’s Arrange- 
ment, but also in the English Flora, many 
Species are included, which have no admis- 
sible claim to be ranked with British plants. 
Most of such being plants of more southern 
or warmer climates, the arithmetical pro- 
portions are thereby made to represent a 
climate superior to that which actually cha- 
racterizes Britain. Instead of 1636 (Gray) 
or 1503 (Smith) species, it may be ques- | 
tioned whether twelve hundred perfectly 

distinguishable species are found native in | 
the British Isles, What is the consequence 
of this undue swelling of numbers? Set- 
ting aside its tendency to perplex botanical 
students, and to make philosophic Natu- | 
ralists turn in disgust from botanical (—— 
conceits?) let the reply be given in the 
words of Professor Henslow,—“ it is not - 
kt: much to say, that there are some gend 
aie beyond pm number which they 
really contain. In consequence of this, . 


than it ought to do, and this must lead to 
very erroneous conclusions respecting the 
laws which regulate the numerical distri- 
bution of species in different latitudes.” 

1449. Erica ciliaris is now known | 


tin Dorsetshire, and a station for it in 
| more northern county has been commu- 
icated to me, but this is not so satisfacto- 


h the “ « quite southern plants,” we have 
yet no sufficient authority to question, not- 
withstanding several localities have been 


intended. 

1450. The list of plants, “ which do 
| reach the middle of the kingdom, and 
] below the south of Scotland," now re- 
ires modification. Acorus Calamus, 


E ixifraga Hirculus has also been disco- 
vered i in Scotland ; and, together with Cy- 


England (Durham, or its borders), and the 
Stratos Butomus, Clematis, &c. are 


reason to believe them not indigenous 
The very abundant Teucrium Sco- 
ern appears to have slipped in acci- 
i y for some other plant. Scilla bifo- 
t ud Vella annua can scarcely be called 
British plants, in any sense. These exam- 
will suffice to show how very uncertain 
st yet be our attempts to point out the 
to the extension of — even in 
l-botanized Britain 21 
~ 1458, 1459. Very dn n 
the LO local ones) can be exclusively 


bir, Warwickshire, and Hampshire, 
ll divide England into eastern and west- 
halves. this division, above a 


eepal faund as far north as York- | 
Bowman.—Ep. 


REMARKS ON THE BOTANY OF BRITAIN, 


hundred species are limited to the eastern 
counties, and between sixty and seventy 
to the western coun- 


half of these being peculiar to single coun- - 
ties, and the greater part of the rest occur- 
ing in only two or three counties, they 
cannot, with any sense of fitness, be taken 
as illustrations of distribution connected — 
with longitude. Omitting such as these, 
and introduced species, we have few left. 
According to the evidence afforded by the 
ew Botanist's Guide, out of species ex- 
tending into four or more counties, not ten 
are exclusively western, nor twenty exclu- 
sively eastern species; and some of these - 
extend quite into the midland counties, as 
Oxford. and Warwick. A considera 
number of species, however, are more 
abundant near the eastern or western coasts 
respectively; and some few of them, which. 
do cross the middle line, fail to reach the — 
opposite coast, as is the case with Pingui- — 
cula lusitanica from the west, and probably 
. Actinocarpus Damasonium from the east 
coast. With respect to a few of the spe- 
cies mentioned in the Encyclopedia—Lu- 
zula Forsteri appears to be as frequent in 
the western as in the eastern counties. 
Lithospermum maritimum is not included 
in Flora Devoniensis ; but the authors of _ 
that work appear not to have seen Turner - 
and Dillwyn's Guide. A remark, no doubt. 
intended for Lobelia Dortmanna, as to it — 
not being limited to the west of Scotland, | = 
has been misplaced to Lobelia urens in 
printing. Is not Primula farinosa rather 
an eastern and inland, than a western spe- — 
cies! It is mentioned as “ most saana ed 
in Cumberland." Doubtless it does occur — — 
in the county ; though I have rambled a 
good deal in the — parts without. ever 


New Botanist's Guide. 
occurs in Wales and (according to t 


ves 
n saute iensfolia appears to w an: 


232 


a ang number of eastern than western 
cou 

vag 1402. 'The first volume of the 
New Botanist's Guide has enabled me to 
make the preceding comments on the lon- 
gitudinal distribution of plants in England, 
by affording a more extensive compilation 
of localities than existed at the time the 

ncyclopedia was published. The i 
creased knowledge of local Botany in Scot- 
land will probably induce to some altera- 
tions in the lists for that country, but I 
may freely confess an inability to improve 
these lists until the second volume of that 
Guide is completed. 

1463. Are we entitled to call the Beech, 
the Sycamore, three species of Lime, and 
five species of Elm,” aboriginal natives” of 
Britain ? 

1464. Pinus sylvestris is considered as 
“ ascending, probably to the height of 
2,500 feet upon the hills, among the north- 
ern Grampians.” This is an important, 

and, in all probability, a correct statement, 
to which I shall have occasion presently to 


[= 


ude. i 

1465. The Chestnut is said (by Loudon) 
to ripen fruit! by the Firth of Forth; and 
I have been told that the Fig does so in 
Dumfriesshire. The Walnut is firm in ker- 
nel, but does not thoroughly ripen at Con- 
gleton, in Cheshire. 

1470. We come now to the observa- 
tions of Winch (Essay). This author 
considers the Beech (and, apparently, the 
Sycamore also) to be truly native in the 
north of England. See above, 1463. 

1472. Mr. Winch informed me that Rides 
spicatum 18 extinct, except in gardens. 

1474. The Juniper ascends much higher 
than 1,500 feet in Cumberland. I observed 
it in different places above 2,000 feet, and 
. . on one hill (Grisedale Pike) it rose above 
=, 2500 feet. It is very incorrect to call 

| Salix lata the “ usual attendant” of 


Salix herbacea. Few hills of 800 or 900 


E Lord John Campbell lately showed me a number 


Chestnut plants which he had raised from 
which had r at Ardencaple, Dumbarton- 
ieu 


Mom a es TUM Sm 


REMARKS ON THE BOTANY OF BRITAIN. 


diz herbacea, while the other is probably U^ 


e 


limited to the Scottish Highlands, and n 
very plentiful there 

1 It is slated that, Calluna ovis 
ris, Erica cinerea, and Erica Tetraliz | 
ascend to 3,000 feet of elevation, in the 
north of England. Unless this be a mis- 
print (in the original Essay of Winch), it M 
is certainly not a common occurrence. I 
believe no hills attain to this height in 
Durham or Northumberland. Most of - | 
those approaching to it, in Cumberland, | 
were carefully examined in 1833, when, 
contrary to my wishes, I could not finda — 
plant of the Calluna so high as 2,500 feet ; : : 
and the two Erice have a still lower limit. — 
Had we hills of 4,000 feet in this part of — — 
England, it is likely that plenty of Heath, . : 
the Calluna at least, would be found to 
3,000 feet; for it grows at this elevation in 
Scotland. But small and exposed summits, 
sheep and fire seem to forbid its growth 
now. The discrepancy between Mr. Winch 
and myself on this point, is particularly 
noticed, because I had given the Calluna 
as atest to distinguish certain ascending 
regions of vegetation, the uniformity of 
which would have been more complete, 
had this shrub prevailed on the mountains 


is a misprint for “100,” and “ fragrant” is 
probably a typographical improvement for 
“ frequent."'? 

1476. Oats are here said to be culti- 
vated up to nearly 2,000 feet. This is not. 
at all common in Britain; indeed, we sel- 
dom see any cultivation of corn above 
1,500 feet, a circumstance depending less — 
upon the absolute elevation, than on the 
physical configuration of the surface, and - 
the competition of more favourable situa- 
tions, ong yield greater returns for ex- — 
penditu 

1477. 4 would cordially join in the 

2 We: might be almost tempted to suppose a conspi- : 
rae r. Winch's Essay, on the part of the | 
Compositors, I ‘had occasion to quote his words about. 


ally, into “ sequestrated denes.” So, in 
** Juncus botanicus” and ** the Nie (Cage 
pecs look very like inte provements 


. 1478. It is important, however, to at- 
tend to Mr. Farquharson’s description of 
the tract to which they refer (Alford, in 


400 to 600 feet above the sea, studded with 
manyirregular ridges and groupes of moun- 
tains, of different elevations, up to 1,800 


cultivated vegetation, not rising naturally 
much above 500 or 600 feet; as also, the 


Ed at all here. Mr. Farquharson's 
remarks being numbered 1, 2, 3, &c. the 
same course is followed below. 

1. It is stated by this gentleman, that 
Wheat has been cultivated at 600 or 650 
feet, but frequently failed to ripen, though 


bs. has intimated to me his belief 
the height is over-estimated by 200 
, Or more; and it does not appear, from 
0 Lostonét, whether it was a suc- 
experiment to sow Wheat at this 
ion. I have elsewhere (Outlines, 


REMARKS ON THE BOTANY OF BRITAIN. 


1832) expressed my conviction that the 
line of Wheat is usually much below 1,000 
feet in the Highlands, and am glad to see 
it thus confirmed by Mr. Farquharson, 
; Posskis Wheat might ripen in favourable 
situations and. seasons, even at 1,000 feet ; 
but it could hardly be a safe or economical 
speculation to a farmer. 

3. There are cultivated fields, probably 
of Bigg, above Castleton, in Braemar 
which is considered to be about 1,100 feet 
(Invercauld Castle, 1070 feet) above the 
sea; but I cannot state how much higher 
they extend—it may be 300 or 400 feet. 

The suggestion that Avena strigosa 
might succeed above 950 feet, is borne out 
by a locality given for it in the British 
Flora, namely, “ Dee-side, above Mar- 
Lodge, Aberdeenshire.” 

8. Potatoes are here stated often to fail 

in the Highland glens above 950 feet. I 
think to have seen them cultivated at 700 
feet in the north of Argyleshire, and at 1,300 
feet in Perthshire. The lines of cultivated - 
plants appear to be much more depresse 
in the former county than in Aberdeen- 
shire. 
19. Trifolium pratense and T. repens 
are said to answer well when sown at 950 
feet, and the last to be native even higher. 
Both rise much above this, as indigenous 
plants. The latter I have seen above the 
lake on Ben Lawers, which is somewhere 
stated (by Macculloch, I think, ) to be 1,000 
feet below the summit of that hill; hence, 
3,000 feet above the sea. 

20. Though not prepared to point out 
the exact line of the Oak, I am much in- 
clined to say it will run above 700 feet 
in the latitude of Aberdeenshire. Indeed, 
I find the Oak mentioned in a list of spe- 
cies observed near Castleton, in Braemar, 
' though with a suspicion of its being planted 
there. Macgillivray indicates the Oak and 
Ash to commence below Castleton. 

22. Certainly 500 feet “ cannot be con- 
sidered as the furthest limit" of Corylus 
Avellana. Probably 1,500 feet is nearer 
the tru : D 
99. The Alnus glutinosa has about the © 


E 


E 


- same limit, or may ascend a little higher. s 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A 


..94. Pinus sylvestris I have seen to near 
2,300 feet, though quite small; and, as 
before noticed (1464), its upper line rises 
to an elevation far exceeding any of the 
hills within Mr. Farquharson’s district. 

25. Betula alba is similarly circum- 
stanced. Though uncommon above 2,000 
feet, its natural line appears to run sate 
than that of the Scotch Fir. 

. Ulmus montana will grow at twice, 
perhaps thrice, the height of 500 feet; as, 
indeed, might be conjectured from the 
statement that it * becomes here a fine 

lus tremula succeeds far above 
. the ‘valley of Alford. Mr. Trevelyan ob- 
served it at 1,500 feet in the Isle of Mull; 
‘and I estimate it to be still higher in 
Braemar. 

36. The natural line of Rubus Ideus 
exceeds that of Corylus Avellana. Perhaps 
it may attain 2,000 feet, though I cannot 
affirm that it does so. 

37. Cytisus scoparius flowers at 1,500 
or 1,600 feet, in Braemar, and grows yet 
higher, even to 1,800 or 1,900 feet. 

38. Ulex Europeus occurs in a few places 
about Castleton, at 1,200 or 1,300 feet, but 
does not appear to be indigenous there. 
In England it exceeds the line of cultiva- 
tion. 

39. The upper line of Lonicera Peri- 
D corresponds to that of the Cory- 
lus or 

With vn to Mr. Farquharson's con- 
cluding remarks, containing some valuable 
ilustrations of the influence of physical 
agents on vegetation, I must take the li- 
berty of questioning the supposition “ that 
exposure does not modify the attainable 
elevation of the herbaceous and annual 
ibes" The statement is somewhat start- 
, and assuredly conflicts with my own 


n trees and shrubs than on herbaceous 
sies. This is partly explained by the 
; circumstance, that slight inequalities of 
Surface may counterbalance, in some mea- 
Sure, the ill effect of an exposed summit 
or declrvity, so far as small me are con- 


FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


cerned, though yielding no protection to a1 
Oak or a Pine. 


near to it, for many days during viste 
and their life or death during the heats of 
sum 

ind concluding, I beg to add, that 
Mr. Farquharson's observations bear in 
themselves the.impress of accuracy, and 
are doubtless strictly applicable to the par- 
ticular district illustrated by them. 
additions and comments only go to prove 
that in other situations, more favourable to 
the ascent of plants, several of the species 


A 
PACIFIC. 
By W. J. Hooker, LL.D 
A.M.F 


. and G. A. W. pee 
R.S.E 


( Continued from p. 111. ) 


owe to the omnes of M. fee” l 


small but very interesting one, 

which we are € to our friend, 

B. D. Greene, Esq., consisting of speci- 
mens from the southern PEE: of Chili, 
chiefly in Araucania, made by J. N. Rey- 
nolds, Esq., author of the ** Voyage of the 
United States’ Frigate, Potomac ;” and 
- from whom we further expect the account 
- of his “ Travels through the Republic of 
Chili and the Araucanian and Indian 
- Territories to the South.” The third col- 
lection just alluded to, was derived from 
Mr. Tweedie, and was made in Tucuman, 


ili, scazcely, if ever, before, visited by 
. any Naiuralisi. So little, indeed, is known 
of that province, that Mr. T weedie's letter 


? 
(coPv.) 
Buenos Ayres, Sept. 29, 1835. 
cc “On my arrival from iem interior, on the 


$ books, awaiting me, and again your’s of 
te Mad June, accompanying Mr. Field- 


^w l7th instant; all of which I Shall « en- 
dea 


be expected after a journey of twelve 


- In these upper Provinces no rain 
1n the winter season, so that, as in some 
my former travels, we suffered every 
ation that a severe drought could pro- 
my collections of seeds, plants, and 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


235 


specimens are consequently trifling. I find 
much benefit from having numbered those 
which I sent you three years ago, and I 
wish it had been done at first, and more 
correctly. I have therefore numbered these 
now transmitted, with the exception of the 
rasses, which though interesting to some, 
possess few charms for me. ose now 
sent are principally collected in the vast 
plains which lay on our route, where no- 
thing but Grass was to be met with. I have 
taken the liberty of troubling you with a 
box of seeds; being from a strange coun- 
try, they may be in request for your Bota- 
nic Garden. They are mostly new articles 
from the Upper Provinces. In the box, 
with some other odd things, are two 
of seeds of the Urtica family ; one I have 
marked U. majestica; it is a tree, with 
immensely large foliage, which I found in 
a thick moist wood, going up the first ridge 
of the Cordillera; the other is a very sin- 
gular and showy plant, which I found also 
in the warm moist forests of Brazil: I con- 
sider them both as curious and interesting 
plants, and which I hope may succeed. 
The tree species gives a large branched 
cluster, of a lemon-colour, but it contained 
very little seed ; and I only met with one 
plant of it. In the fine mountain forests 
of Tucuman, I saw some beautiful and 
strange trees; but nothing like 
varieties to be met with on the coast of 
South Brazil. I met with a countryman 
from Perth, who was an officer in : 
ford's army, and was sent up there with 
other prisoners. He remained, got married 
to a native, and has a large and beautiful 
wooded estate. He gave me a horse, and 
we set out together for two days to visit a 
branch of the snowy Cordilleras. We 
most of the first day to climb the first ele- 
vation, though not exceeding 3,000 feet 
above the plain. We then came to a seem- 
ing flat, bet: on aening it, about nine miles 
broad, 
little hills and valleys, the high ground 
covered with coarse grass of the 
species as on the plains, : completely 
withered with dry hard frost; the hollows 
furnished with the same eb oftreesas . 


| are ina 


So 


236 


on the first ridge, but what were trees are 
now shrubs; on coming to the bottom of 
the second, or main snowy ridge, we found 
nothing strange—stunted grass and some 
mosses destitute of fructification, nearly 
covered with splinters of soft blue, some- 
what slaty rock, and melting snow ; ; nothing 
to be seen; this soon sickened us of our 
climbing, so we retired to a Pongho for 
the night; next day we explored the woods 
a little better before returning to my friend's 
house, but met with very little. He has 
promised to collect me all the seeds of the 
principal trees, as they come in season. 
In go going to those strange places, particu- 
larly in warm climates, where vegetation 
changes so fast, nothing can be got in short 
visits. A whole year is necessary to ob- 
serve and collect the productions, as they 
come in season. I am truly sorry that as 
yet I am unable to send you either those 
insects or birds you want. The Prussian 
woman who collects them, as I told you, 
went up the Parana, collecting, more than 
a year ago, and has not yet returned to 
Buenos Ayres. I called on the House of 
Ludovic and Co., who are her friends, and 
they tell me they hear she died at Corri- 
entes; but do not believe the report, as 
their correspondent there, to whom she was 
recommended, does not mention it; they 
think she has gone into the Province of 
Paraguay, and an acquaintance of mine 
from Corrientes says he saw her there last 
Summer, wading to the armpits in the lakes 
: among the weeds, collecting insects, and 
in a dangerous place, where alligators are 
so numerous that none of the natives dare 
venture there. Sometimes a few of these 
things are brought here from Brazil by the 


French, but being common articles, and 


sold very high, I do not like to purchase, 
and suspect you must be in possession of 
them, as Brazilian articles of that nature 
are so frequently brought to the market. 
.. My orders from Lusdos-e-to send from 
this icy, but not from Brazils, as they 
nce. I have not yet deter- 
mined what Toute to take next; I wish to 
go rather further into the Missions, but this 
is difficult, as there i is little communication. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA, 


Perhaps I shall pay another visit to the 
Brazil coast, into the hilly province of St. | 
Paul's, where I have not yet been. 
Signed) J. TWEEDIE.” 
The collection which was the result of - 
this journey, though by no means what it 
would have been under more favourable 
circumstances, yet contains many excellent 
plants; and among them a charming s 
cimen of a plant very nearly allied to the - 
curious Aphy yteia of Southern Africa, 
which we before possessed only some frag- 
ments gathered by Dr. Gillies. Our advice — 
to Mr. Tweedie has been, that he should - 
follow up his intention of exploring the 
coast of Brazil, and especially the hilly 
district of St. Paul’s x 


Tris. V.—VERNONIEJE.—Less. Syn. 
126 


ga 


SuB-TRIB. I—VeERNoNIEZ.—Less. Le. — 
870. 1.) Vernonia ericefolia (Hook. et. 
Arn.); fruticosa, r 


subtus t t glabris nervo pro- 
minente marginibus reflexis, invol 
hemispherici foliolis acuminatissimis 


the m, are b 
1. } 


the upper side = the leaf are certainly — — 

possess a Vernonia 

puthered by Mr. Douglas, .—— 

precisely according with this, except pet 
the nerves are slightly elevated on 

jr surface, as in V. splendens, Less. 

c. 

in 2 V. ram flora, Less. in we 

: Tues t. Catharine, S. Brazil 


s “hy y notata, Less. in Ferer = 
4. p . Brazi — 
es LG) 'Y. nudi iflora, L 


+ 


te. Rio Chorillo, Province 
[ese Dr. Gillies. t has exten 


uo 


i 
$ 


2 ^ 
CONTRIBUTIONS TOWA RBS A 


- with authentic specimens hub we pos- 
sess from Chamisso. 
E (6) F. duis, Less. in Linnea, 
v. 4. p. 260.—This, too, we have been 
able to compare with original specimens 
_in our Herbari 
37 S: V. oligactoides, Less. in Lin- 
: , na, v v. 4. p. ede . Br p Tweedie. 
(8.) V. incana, Less. Linnea, 
ud. p. 278. —Phins 5 Entro Rios, near 
: the coast of the Pu 


i ‘Conyza scorp. Lam. Lepidaploa seorp 
. Cass.—Saltz. Herb. Bahie. Compos 
18.—V. tournefortioides, Less. in Lin- 
(non Kunth).—St. 
Jatharine, =. Brazil, Tweedie. Uraguay, 


Ot this species from Rio, gather 

the late Mr. Boog, by Mr. Burchell and 
Mr. Swainson. 

E». puo Pour, Less. in Linnea, 

658.—Rio Grande, Zweedie.—1f 

our reference to this 

e 


d side, and 


890. 
oe BM 
p Epai 


pappus more 


, Q1) V. uic Hum 
p. 66. t. 99. Les 


.in rica 


siisiblin 
weedie. Men 


mary, poy and sessile, as in 
t other times corymbose or 


02) V. Sellowii, Less. in Linne 

v. 4. p. 304.—Rocky hills of Rio vend 
Tweedie. 

E. etd V. noc. Rich.—Ker, Bot. 


heg Les. n Linnea, v. 4. p. 


ME 
a 


suspected, is only a slight 


IT 


Vasco dE roris as that 


FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA, 


237 
var. of V. sericea, a very c 
cies in Brazil, festi Kis t Rio 
Janeiro. 
ee eet V. Chamissonis, Less. in Linn. 
304.—St. Catharine, S. Brazil, 
Twceli. —Salzman’s “ Sdn 39," of 
his Herb. Bahia, seems very nearly al- 
lied to this, but the leaves are broader 
the nerves less crowded, the involucre 


much e downy, and the pappus 

pure w 
884. "22 Y. megapotamica, Spre 
n Linnea, v. 368. 


resets ion Porto AE Brazil, 
Tweedie.—F8. foliis latioribus obtusiori- 
weedie. Pro- 
o Sul, S. Brazil. 
M. Isabelle, in Herb. dn —Our var. 
æ. precisely accords with specimens sent 
us by Chamisso: our @. only differs in 
its broader and more obtuse leaves. 


following specimens in our Herbari 
we dare scarcely venture to give names, 


A. Capitali pe uu bk subglo- 
pine —Saint Lucie, S. Braz 


w 


Capitis cupla triplovemajoribus. 
—Wood 
entale, Rio indi: and Rio Jac- 
query, Tweedie. 

Capitulis duplo majoribus in ra- 
moselongatosremotis.—Maldonado, 
Tweedie. 

Capitulis parvis remotis in ramos 
ced scie Monte, S. Brazil, 


D. 


i 886. ay A Platensis, my in Lin- 


v. 4. p. 312. lat., 


837. (18.) V. Roe Less 
hee Maldonado d Monte 


mo pies sima, Don, MSS.; 
lanata, foliis lanceolatis acutis integerri- 
corym osis, involucri 


Don.—P: : 
lies.—Whole plant exceedingly : 
especially the stem and under ii the 


238 


leaves, which — are distinctly penni- 
ens are not in full 


of os Ayres Santa Fé, 
Tweedie eh 110 This is probably 
the perfect state of the the youn 
specimens of Dr. Gillies not having lost 


with dense V. pyh 
889. (20. oid Don, MSS.; fo- 
liis nit "llipico-o blongis argute 
serrulatis subtus ramisque tomentosis, 
capitulis paniculatis, involucri squamis 
obtusis, pappo simplici. js n.—JDr 
Gillies.—Thi ave not seen, 
does its author mention its locality. 


nor 


SUB-TRIB. I].—ELEPHANTOPODE. 
Le p. 


Elephantopsis quadriflorus, 
Less. in Linne , v. 4. p. 322.—Elephan- 
topus angustifolius, Sw.—Rio Grande, 


Carolinianus, 


ie. 
EE page ees 
f South Brazil, 


—Coas 
ea Teads. 


Tris. VI.—EUPATORIACE®Æ®. Less. Syn 
p. 154. 


SUB-TRIB. SS Less. 


oides on 


eet 

igh. Leaves P^ to p SPAN long, 
lanceolate, coarsely serrated, petioled. 
e B. 


s e mnn completely peta- 
the stigma being lost, 


Ovary obotralo-ab- 
ash € ; epigynous disk very "m 
, With a depression at the to 


. Sum-TRI5. IL.—AGERATEJ. Less. 


2 Stevia lanceolata (Hook, et 
j ubique pubescens, foliis lanceo- 


 giatis, Pappi aristis tribus rier 
corolle paleisque tribus brevibus.—S. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA 


Andes of Me ndoz za, Dr. Gillies 
94. (2) 8 multiaristata, S g.; ubi 
que ud foliis linearibus obtusis 


Qo 
S 


ME ee 


OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


puberula, Don, MSS. (non Ho 


cedentibus.—S. te 


eS. multiaristata, from th 


nado, marked, ** Kleinia afr uticosa." 


95. l k. et Arn. 
pubescenti - hirsuta, foliis lineursllae 
e si obscure tri- 


Don S.) 
pube Cdi; foliis lato- lancer 
serratis inferne attenuatis trinerviis, co- 


8 
Gillies.—In = the leaves are distindile 
serrated all round; and some of the 
lower ones are P ibree dard of an inch 


long, including the don Pappus very © 
short, of t perigee awns. 


site e^ gai en 


equante. 
més euet vw of the Rio Jacquery, 


—This species is — 
its ye foliage, and crowded 
sessile corymbs of flowers. The Talis ts 
of the involucre are also singularly 
E so 


8.) S. hirsuta (Hook. et Arn.) ; 
ilis longis crispatis hirsuta, foliis densis 
. lanceolatis crassiusculis subtrinerviis 
srenato-serratis, corymbis dens is mul- 
multiaristato corollam 
8 res and Banda 
edie.—In this the leaves 


aflets are acute. 

(9.) "s. tenuis (Hook. et Arn); 
~ caule tenui pubescenti - hirsuto, foliis 
thombeo- -ovatis trinerviis membranaceis 


is quite an 
the fae preceding 


A 10. eratum conyzoides, L.— 
St. Cathari S. Brazil, and rods of 
Rio o Saladillo. Tweedie (n. 1248). 


-* Involucri multiflori foliolis plurimis. 


(1.) Eupat DEUM ao rulosum 
hi 


"ta Hook, et. Arn. 


Sul Tweedie. M. 
901 (2) E. hirsutum (Hook. et Arn.) ; 


s laxis articulatis crispatis hirsutum, 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA, 


patent, crisped, copiously jointed ; cially 


of the upper side of the leaf, especi 
near the margin, set on a little wi x 
tubercle, which occasions a roughness 
that is wanting on the underside. In the 
var. É. the leaves are less hair 


speci 
are alarme but they are probably 
au flowering branches 

3.) E. bracteatum did et Arn.); 


M ams nti - scabrum, foliis 


—Banda O 


and concretes on the branches of this 


plant. 
(4.) E. ee (Hook, et t. Arn. J: 


pubescenti - scabru foliis oppositis 


crenato-serratis Tugosis idris subtus 
tomentosis venis reticulatis minen- 
tibus, corymbis parvis densis, involucris 
foliolis “ovatis obtusis striatis apicibus 
erectis pubescen neoa ae alas 
glomeratis multifloris. — Banda 

entale, Twee ipe: on size and foliage 


this is nearly allied ¢ to the preceding. 
subhastatum en 
Am.); "pubescenti- -scabrum, foliis alter- 


nis oppositisque e plerumque erectis sub- 
hastato - lanceolatis ovatisq e revi - 


is 
TA ames foliolis ovatis chine striatis 
apicibus erecti scentibus, -— 
tulis glomeratis multifloris.—E. teu 
MSS. (non Wi 


"pilis f foliorum rarioribus, 
tis.—Banda Oricatale Ayres to Rio e , t 
Re Gran e do Sul, Tweedie Cordova, Tweedie. ~ Isabelle 
Habit of E. ageratoides; but the in- 908. (6.) E. num (Hook. et Arn.); 
ai ent, formed of pubescenti - tum, foliis oppositis 
unt, rather compactly imbri- lanceolatis acutis subpetiolatis trinerviis 
a inciso- b 


peduncles are long, 


tis, corymbis laxis, involuc: 


foliolis arcte imbricatis CM exterio- xs 


tus pprcno Dona p. 


240 CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


ribus minoribus ovatis acutis apice tifloris.—Rio Grande do Sul, Tweed 


incrassatis pubescentibus, interioribus —Leaves smaller eer the FE more 
longioribus  obtusissimis  glaberrimis rigid, and more an 
membranaceis a one Orien- ^ florescence Dolo different. 


tale and Rio Grande, 7 
909. (7.) E. affine (Hook. P Arn; ** Jnvolucri subpauciflori foliolis paucis, 
ubescenti - hirsutum, foliis oppositis 
anceolatis acuminatis inciso - serratis. 914. (12.) E. lete-virens (Hook. et Arn. 
re 


vi- petiolatis trinerviis su ramosum, glabrum, foliis opposa lan- 
o- tatis, corymbis Moxruseulis, ceolatis utrinque acuminatis grosse ac 
involucri cylindraceifoliolis arcte imbri- ^ serratis brevissime petiolatis subtus pal- | 
catisstriatis omnibus obtusis xm incras-  lidioribus reticulatis, capitulis glome- 
satis pubescentibus.—Rio Grande, in- ^ ratim cor ped culi 
terior of Entro Rios, and woods o centibus, involucri foliolis linearibus 


Tweedie.—Differing considerably in the Porto Alegre, € Grande do Sul, &c., 
involucre from the vp vem but much S. Brazil, Tweed: 


resembling it in the 915. (13.) E. par nadia (Hook. et Arn.); 
910. (8. wa = ota (Hook. et Arn.); fruticosum, glabriusculum, ramis elon- - 
glabriusculum, foliis oppositis elliptico- ^ gatis erectis, foliis numerosis fasciculatis 
lanceolatis serratis trinerviis subtus im- neari - lan is inciso - pinnatifidis, 
presso-punctatis, corymbis densis glo- ^ panicula —— see e foliosa, ca- s 
is, involucri brevi- cylindracei ^ pitulis parvis, inv 3 
nitidi foliolis subarcte imbricatis striatis — serialibus istis ec styli ramis | 
apicibus acutiusculis incrassatis sub- ^ clavatis glabris.— Valparaiso, Dr. 
nece Rio Grande do Sul, kies; Bridges (n. 52.) ; Cuming (x 
wee 337.)—This is a very peculiar plant, and | 
911. (9) E ec Hera ? desee, emis cannot be sasaaa with any other 
oppositis rhombeo - acumin: species of the genu e achenium is 


petiolatis haries jas - im black; the pappus r 
trinerviis reticulatis marginibus tenui- 916, (14.) E. edes ai (Hook 


reflexis subtus obscure impresso-punc- Arn.); fruticosum, glaberrimum, (lis 
tatis, corymbis laxis, involucri cylin- decomposito- pinnatifidis, laciniis linea- — 
dracei foliolis arcte imbricatis ovatis ribus, panicula elongata densa foliosa, 
se ee striatis glabris, Sen pedi- capitulis cylindraceis, TE foliolis 
cella cedi: oris. — E. onyzoides, acutis, styli ramis longissimis.— oods 
Va. anda Orientale, T weedie.— of Tucuman, rare, Tweedie (n. 1128). 
We oaa the same species from Rio, — Inflorescence somewhat resembling : 


withrather narrower leaves ; but whether the preceding ; but the leaves more 
it be the Æ. conyzoides of Vahl, we are the followi 


unable to satisfy ourselves. 917. (15.) "4 rhc abe ee (Hook. e 

912. (10) E. ciliatum (Hook. et Arn.) ; Arn); fruticosum, escens, foliis 
foliis oppositis ovatis petio mem- decompbeity-penanttidis, laciniis linea- 
branacei acuminatis trinerviis ribus, cymis densis globosis capitulis 
reticulatis remote serratis supra gla- ovatis, involucri foliolis obtusissimis 
briusculis subtus pubescentibus im- albis tomentosis. — Saladillo of Diego 
punctatis, cory laxis, involucri Ruiz, and Poen = seine of (s. 1939, 
cylindracei foliolis arcte bricatis in mie abun 


i ir sundance, Tweedie (m. 1 
ovatis obtusis striatis glabris margi- 1292, 1294). —Flowers pink i: weedie), 
ciat mare bw pedicellatis mul- appearing white w 
tiflo Ayres, Tweedie. — 918. (16. E. de re (Hook. Arn.) ; 
Allied to the pui but quite different in fruticosum, tenui-pubescens, jolis dense 
its foliage, and in the ees. ciliated ^ fasciculatis ovato-rhombeis subcarnosis 


— leaflets to the involucre. crenatis, panicula elongata densissime — 
913. E. pedunculosum (Hook. e foliosa, involucri uniserialis foliolis bre- — 
Arn); pubescenti-hirsutum, foliis a vibus linearibus obtusis pubescent 
positis ovato-lanceolatis trinerviis ob- styli ramis clavatis. — Coquimbo Ma- 


- tusis ven tomentosis impresso-punc- crae; Cuming (n.907, not in y, jm 
no 


. cyündracei foliolis arcte imbricatis ovatis preceding ; in its inflorescence approach- 
- obtusis vci bris marginibus cili- ^ ing nearest to Æ. paradozum. Achenia 
- atis, capitulis ogé pedicellatis mul- brown, pes pappus tawny. 


LUN 


a7) E. ska (Don MSS.) ; 


Mapon labrum ramis erectis, foliis 


CEET 


—Me valleys n pker Vicon 
Aquadita, Province ‘of Dr. 
Gillies ; called ape a the: Talie. 


„Uraguay, 
: (18.) £. arcmin (Hook. et Arn.) ; 
$ fruticosum glabrum, foliis oppositis lan- 


ticis.—Coas Lagoa, eedie. 
921. (19) E Aue (Hook. et An: 
herbaceum um, ramis uosis 


ul atis, foliis oppositis brevi- PERTY 
is in ula sub- 


rialibus lineari-oblongis striatis penes 
= __Pappo fulvo.— Rio Grande, Twe 

92 20. . elongatum peg et 
. Arn); herbaceum glabrum, foliis oppo- 
sitis v. alternis lanceolatis oblongis obo- 


tio reve tt obtusis 
3-nerviis subtus minute impresso-punc- 
bis densis, ramis valde 


ran 
CoU S. Brazil, a a 
_ Pears to be a tall-growing species, with 
be long, o gus naked eder which 


e rather small but dense corymb 
wers, 


species, 
) eel (Hook. et Arn.) ; 


TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


241 


suffruticosum viscidi - pubes cens, ior 
mbran 


reticulatis, cor ensis, involucri 
glaberrimi Hh eg foliolis sub- 
multiserialibus striatis ovatis inte ernis 
oblongis obtusis. -El ue prope 
9. iex an Luis, Dr. scs 
hes ip inc Prts is e pet A The 
caes is sep. to the AURA but 
Er distin 

M dva E reticulatum, Hook. et Arn. 

. of Beech. Voy. v.1.' p. 99.— .—— 


underside very promin ent, 
of the pappus is a little dilated at the 


base.  Leaflets of the involucre 
acute, A eer 

926. E. acuminatum (Hook. et 
inr ‘suffruti ticosum, ramis angulatis, 


petiolis pedunculis pedicellisque pubes- 
centibus, foliis oppositis brevi-petiolatis 
lanceolatis longe acuminatis glabris pen- 


_ involucri glabri sub- 


of E. Siena = different in the 
leaves and involu = 
997. (295) 2 Puan (Hook. et | 

rn.); suffruticosum, ramis pedunculis 
podelio doste puhescenpiun ue is a 
ovato - lanceolatis 


pr 
liolis ee oe striatis obtusis. 


exterioribus ovatis minoribus, inter iori- > 
bus. oblo highs Eases of the Parana, 
and about Buenos die 
928, (26.) E. pallidum (Hook. et Ar Js 
fruticosum, is neulis pedicel 
sque incano- tibus, foliis op- 


t ovatis, int. ongis. — 
Uraguay, pu Arroy del Medio of Cor- 
dova, (n. 1300), Tweedie. — e foliis . 


deltoideis. — Buenos Ayres d San : 
Q Aet 


242 CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


Isedro, Tweedie. —y.? folis lanceolatis. herbaceum? pubescenti-hirtum, foliis 
—Rio Grande, Zweedie.— Very fra- alter ernis T hombeo - ovatis _lanceolatisve 


EM E EAE EE 
929. (27.) E.? patens (Don MSS.); suf- alatum longe attenuatis trinerviis subtus 
fruticosum valde ramosum, pedunculis magis hirsutis, corymbo denso, capitulis 


oppositis ovato - oblongis subtrinerviis sphærici foliolis pauciserialibus lineari- 

inciso-pinnatifidis, capitulis glomeratis oblongis apicibus obtusis dense lanatis. 

in ramis brevibus patentibus oppositis . —Rio Grande and Cordova, Tweedie (n. — 

foliosis, involucri oblongi pubescentis 1298). ig minor; folis angustioribus. 
: eedie. 


Eum Dr. J io Jersero and ` N. American Æ. teucriifolium, but the 
Rio Pitambalo, Tu —An Mikanie settee involucre are considerably 
s S ee 
930. (2: 28.) E. Tweedieanum (Hook. et 935. 33) E trisectum a t Arn.) ;. a 
.); fruticosum € undique pu- uem elatum pubescens, foliis op- 
bescens vel glabrum, ramis ulatis, positis ternatim sectis segmentis ovato- 
foliis sublonge pelolais oblongo-lanceo- acuminatis inciso-serratis supremis mi- —— 
latis obtusis | integerrimis vel subsinuatis, Meum subintegris, corymbo denso, P: 
- . eymis densis glomeratis, involucri sub capitulis glomerati cri ovalis j 
hemispherici pubescentis foliolis sub- glabriuscul foliolis pauciserialibus ob- P 
pauciseridlbus striatis obtusis, styli f 
ramis clavatis.—Uraguay, Porto Alegre | — Valparaiso, Bridges.—Of this = 
and Rio Grande, Tweedie distinct species we have only once re- 

mare (20.).. £. Liulefolian (Hook = ceived a = cimen, to that sinc 
Arn.); fruticosum, ramis peduncu ulis panied by any num 
dicellisque pubescentibus, foliis Ea 936. (34.) E. lanacetflium (Gill. MSS); 
lineari - ligulatis uninerviis patentibus herbaceum elatum  hirsuto-scabriuscu- 
subcarnosis punctatis farinosis irte = lum, foliis Bipinnatifdis incisis inferne 
cidua, corymbo denso ramosiss in petiolum alatum longe attenuatis, 
volucri dense pubescentissubovais folio- laciniis lato-oblongis, corymbis se 

lis obtusis.—Rio Grande and Jacquery, ^ glomeratis, involucri pubescentis hemi- 

T wee die. A most eee and peculiar spherici foliolis pauciserialibus. cunea- 
species. tis (!) ai dilatatis diaphanis.—E. 

932. (30. E. Rossin (Hook. et ^ subplun Don, MSS.—El Rio 
Arn.); s sum, folis numerosis uarto, province of Cordova, Dr. Gillies. 
alternis EOT a PEARES. spa- Ti ide (n. 1297 \ teats Orientale, 
thulatis integerrimis utri albo-to- 

mentosis, corymbis terminalibus foliosis, 937. (95) E. scandens (Link. not Linn); 

capitulis glomeratis, involucri sibovtc: scandens herbaceum, caule pedunculis 

mentosi foliolis oblongis obtusis, pappo pedicellisque pubescentibus, foliis oppo- - 

pou usco.—Rio Grande.—M. /sa- sitis sublonge petiolatis cordatis serratis 
elle.—Remarkable for = nona, glabris basi triplinerviis, corymbo denso, 
spathulate, white, woolly lea involucri pauciflori subuniserialis foliolis 

LP H8. BIJE? saver Anis (Hook et oblongis acutis viridibus dorso pubes- 
s Arn.); fruticosum superne pu- Maas ppo fulvo.— Lago de los 
- . bescenti-hirsutum, foliis validi s, S. Brazil, Tweedie, who describes 
linearibus acutis subcarnosis glabris tà as a coarse climbing herbaceous plant. 

uni i unctatis glabris, The leaves can scarcely be called “ reni- 
corymbo laxiusculo, capitulis subglome- ^ form," otherwise it would ag rett 

ratis, involuc e oliolis laxis well with the very imperfect character 


E os lanceolatis present of E. scandens, Link, given in Sprengel, 


; iamiam of the involucregivea very they be varieties), but especially the B. 
ble appearance to thisplant, which | may =o equal propriety be referred to 
constitute a distinct genus. Mikan 


oat QR. sis giles (Hook. et Arn.); 933. (36.) E. populifolium x e 


Arn.); herbaceum pubescenti-glandulo- 
|J sum, foliis o positis longe petiolatis cor- 
1 datis c 


purplish rose-colour, oy white, will 
.. readily distinguish this 

pU. (37) E. Ca aae dawn (Hook. et 
Arn.); herbaceum elatum pubescens, 


à alibus multifloris 
omnibus abis oods on the 
Uraguay, Rio Jacquery, Rio Grande, 
&c. in S. cies frequent, and very va- 
viable, Twee 
940. (33) E. glechonophyltum, Less. in 
Linnea, v. 6. p. 105.—E. ageratoides ? 
- Hook. et Arn. in Bot. of Beech. Voy. 


(not Linn.). Spee Mr. Menzies. 
Chamisso Sa Herb. n r. Cruck- 
= nks, Mr. Gre ed Prd es (m. 


* 
93). Cuming (n. 652 and 330). Lay 
and Collie. Arauc 
nolds (n. 18).—8. 1 ra 
Don, fiss. (not Kunth.). Pampas of 
Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies —This spe- 
cies has m 


and their petioles. — slender. 
The flowers are ver 


m corymbi dein; involucri subcylindra. 
or cei subuniserialis foliolis lineari- swiss: 
ced Deinen pappo fulvo.— S. Brazil. 


[ ) E. Donianum E et Arn); 
liap herbaceum e 


ls sub- serialibus ovato- 
e acutis sttibéqosliber. pappo 
ramis longissimis petaloideis. 
S. (not 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA, 


Rio Grande ues Cordova (n. 1106). 


T'weedie. —8. corymbis paucifloris, S. 
Brazil, Tweedie. Alesin s E. macro- 
cephalum is a Mexican Slants but he 


observes in a note, that the same species _ 


has been discovered in Brazil, by Sellow 
and Beyrich; so tha 


leaves broader and Bie serrated, ac- 
cording to Mr. Twe 

943. (41.) E. rR (Hook. et Arn.) ; 
herbaceum elatum superne caule ramis- 
que ubique -pilis ferra crispatis 
tectum, foliis oppositis late ovatis sub- 
sessilibus Brosse crenato-serratis, sub- 


capitulis magnis glomeratis subumbella- 

tis, involucri hemispherici g fee foliolis 
subpaucise Ne m ovato- -elliptic s lævi- 
bus, pappo albo.—Rio Grande do Sul, 
n weedie. —À llied to the last, but consi- 


uci abl 


s aem 
s supra sca- 
brisdensissime strigoso-sericeis, gone 
Loi e a—St. Cathari ine, S. Braz 


Twe 
945. “Oy M. Pi sath be dey (Hook. et 
Arn.); scandens pubescens, foliis pro- 
funde subsagittato- cordatis acuminatis 
angulatis, cymis glomeratis, pedu 
longitudine foliorum.— Marshes about 
uenos Ayres and Rio Grae T. weedie. 
I! (3.) J M. scandens, Willd.—Buenos 
Ayres, Tweedie.— f. cymis diphyllis, 
foliis angulato-serratis. Rio Jersero and 


Rio Pitambalo (n. 1285).—y. foliis in- - 


tegerrimis, pappo breviori.— Woods 
Tucuman, Tweedie (1188). An species 
distincta? Tweedre. 
947. (4.) M. pubescens, Nutt.—Hedges 
1287). 


of Tucuman (n. 1 


leaves, vies thei 

948. (5.) M. prec dpt. Syst. Veg. 
v. 3. 421.—St. Ca THER, Brazil, 
Twee 


9. (6) 2 AL inzol ucrata (Hook. et Arn.); 
scandens, . glabra, foliis cordatis acutis 
edunculatis, capi- 

D gnis T "i E 


Ss pappo 

rine, S. B Teede. —The flowers 

are here serene concealed by the large 

lage bractee. Pappus sina dou- 

e ro 
950. (7; 

scandens, glaberrima, foliis subcoria 


Tweedie.—This | 


) M. subcrenata (Hook. et Arn.) ; 
ceis 


* 


ON THE CASCARILLAS OF 


Atben acutis vel I acuminatis sub- 
rofun 


o 
the genus are so imperfectly described, 
that we pianot ee refer it to 


ny. We possess the same, or a closely 
allied akong pe Trinidad. It is 
common about Tucuman; where, with 


oper specion, it is called Barba ps 
gsi. Ls ) M. urticefolia (Hook. et Arn.); 

ens piloso-hispida, foliis ovatis acu- 
"en incisi-serratis nervis subtus his- 


Flowers large, ed. Pappus e 
M.? Peale (Hook. et Arn.) ; 


scandens, glaberrima, foliis. Bos mede 


rimis, paniculis laxis terminalibus, pappo 
e pilis clavatis serrulatis, —St. Catharine, 
S. Brazil, Tweedie 


SuB-TRIB. IV.—TussiLAGINEX. Less. 

953. (1.) Adenocaulon Chilense. Poep. 
— Less. in Linnea, v. 6. p. 107.—Shady 
woods in the Andes, province of Valdi- 
via. Bridges (n. 573). 


ON THE CASCARILLAS OF CU- 
CHERO AND HUANUCO. 
mirai from Dr. Poe 

Per 


g’s “ Reise in Chili, 
und auf t} 


dem pedian, 

NEXT in order and importance to the 
. Coca,! the Fever Bark (Cascarilla) claims 
& place, as being the cause of the coloni- 
gation of Chinchao’s and Cuchero's wild 
and forest-covered mountains. The intro- 


the high price that the bark fetched at 
Loxa, no one, for years, thought of pursu- 
= Bee similar profitable trade in the well- 


> | ginal proprietors, who were active Spani- 
! See p. 161 of this Journal. 


CUCHERO AND HUANUCO. 


ards from the old country, became so 


wealthy, that they found numerous imi- 
tators, who not being possessed of land, 
were obliged to make distant excursions, 
partly in the wild woods on the other side 
the river, within reach of the independent 
Indian people, and partly in the humid and 
hot forests of the Lower Missions (at Chi- 
coplayo and Pampa hermosa) where they 
found an inferior but more easily attainable 
kind of bark. These poor and unprinci- 
pled speculators, less interested in the real 
welfare of the trade than those individuals 
who possessed large Cinchona woods of 
their own (at Cuchero, Pillao, and Cassapi), 


were guilty of great deception, and fre- . 


quently sold an adulterated and inferior 
article. Various kinds of Fever barks 
came into the market from the provinces 


north of Huanuco, under the name of the 


true Huanuco bark; and thus the pur- 
chasers in Europe became distrustful of 
them, and declared them to be of indiffer- 
ent quality, a character which they by no 
means deserve; my experiments on nume- 
rous kinds which I have collected and 
compared, proving them to possess, in the 
highest degree, all the medicinal virtues of 
this tribe. At the breaking out of the 
Revolution, when the union with the mo- 
ther-country was long interrupted, the 
emigration of many of these proprietors, 
and the want of capital in others, proved 
highly detrimental to the trade in bark: 
no new individuals came forward to sup- 
port the commerce with Spain and the few 
foreign merchants who resided at Lima were 
too ignorant of the nature of the business 
to venture upon making any extensive 


enced bark-collectors having dispersed for 
want of employment, the trade has fallen 
into abeyance ever since the year 1815. 
Many have been the endeavours made by 
the present proprietors of Cassapi, Cuchero, 
and Pampayaco, to revive a business which 


promises to be so profitable to themselves 7 


for the rest of fifteen years which the trees 
have enjoyed, has caused them to grow 50 


ON THE CASCARILLAS OF 


luxuriantly, that it is expected the first 
years produce might, with great ease, 
amount to 12,000 arrobas (in value about 
60,000 pes. dur.) During the war, the 
bark obtained from the yungas or mode- 
rately elevated mountain-forests of Bolivia, 
came an article of commerce, finding its 
way into Europe by Arica. It is called 
Calisaya, an erroneous name, destitute of 
any meaning, and which ought to be spelt 
Collisalla, as its etymology is “ Colla," 
which signifies remedy, and “ Salla,” rocky 
ground. Like the Cinchona of the lower 
Peruvian provinces, the Bolivian tree affects 
the stony hills, and there exclusively pro- 
duces a good and powerful bark. Perhaps 
it is the accession of foreign capital, and 
not the superior quality of the article itself, 
which induces the merchants of Lima, 
many of whom are mainly dependent on 
Arica, to recommend and patronize exclu- 
sively the Ca/isaya, while they refuse to 
vend the bark of Huanuco. It is impossi- 
ble at present to obtain an accurate account 
of the number of arrobas of the latter, 
which in more prosperous times used to 
be transmitted to Lima, as much of it was 
purchased by small and inferior specu- 
lators, who declined any connexion with 
Some 
old citizens of that place, who were in- 
debted to the bark trade for their wealth, 
have stated to me that about 24,000 arrobas 
(of 25 Spanish lbs.) may have been ex- 
ported from the province in the best years ; 
and that estimable person, Don José Es- 
pinosa, who formerly occupied the first 
in this class, adds, that the speculators, 

who, possessing no landed property, ram- 
bled in the woods to collect the article, 
Seldom obtained more than 300 or 400 
arrobas each; whilst the proprietors of large 

- haciendas, who, naturally enough, permit- 
ted no Stranger to fell and strip the Cin- 
chonas in their woods, frequently accumu- 
za lated, according to the size of their dis- 
tricts, from 2,000 to 3,000 arrobas a- 
piece. Cuchero can boast of the greatest 
bundance of these trees, and one of its 
former proprietors, Don José Bidurrezaga, 
Was enabled to procure from his woods, 


* 


245 
6,000 arrobas, which, at the common price, 
produced more than 90,000 pes. dur. At 
present this trade may be considered ex- 
tinct in the province of -Huanuco, for 
scarcely 50 arrobas find their way to Lima, 
in small quantities, and are there used for 
mixing with the inferior Bolivian sorts, or 
added to improve the flavour of the best 
Truxillo kinds, which occur in very small 
quantities in commerce, and may be con- 
sidered as the very worst article of all. 
When the great haciendas were searched 
for the Fever Bark, the business was con- 
ducted systematically, as it might have 
been in the forests of Europe. The first 
point was to obtain an accurate knowledge 
of the place, by separating the whole into 
different departments. Remote excursions 
were not undertaken, as the workmen — 
always saw the buildings of the hacienda 
so near as to enable them to return within 
a few hours; and the whole employment 
was only pursued occasionally. The man- 
ner of proceeding was altogether different 
when the speculator, who had no land of 
his own, was obliged to search for bark 
on the high mountains on the other side of 
the Huallaga, and at the sources of Tulu- 
mayo. The people employed were indi- 
viduals residing near the Cinchona districts, 
who, being much too proud for dai í 


CUCHERO AND HUANUCO. 


aily 
agricultural toil, assume to themselves the 
title of Cascarilleros, or bark -collectors ; 
and considering themselves to belong to a 
much higher station than the peon, or day 
labourer, claim privileges above the latter, 
and make their own terms with the mana- 
ger of a party. A contract is generally 
entered into, and the Cascarillero receives, 
in conformity with a system equally di 
vantageous to both parties, and only to be 
explained from the scantiness of the po- 
pulation, a credit of sixty to one hundred 
pes., which he gambles away generally in 
brandy, seldom taking useful articles in 
return. The very best provisions and im- 
plements are also provided at the expense 
of the person who engages the party; and 
the company, consisting of ten or more 
individuals, then start, well armed, for the - 
forest, pressing forwards on foot, and en- . 


- 


246. ON THE CASCARILLAS OF 


countering very great obstructions in those 
districts where no one can claim the land 
as their own, and where the bark-trees are 
abundant. There they erect some very 
simple huts, and engage also a number of 
common day-labourers, besides the proper 
Cascarilleros, partly to enable them to level 
the rough ground over the excessively 
stony mountains on which the bark is con- 
veyed from the forest, and partly to supply 
them, from time to time, with needful 
provisions. Not satisfied with those trees 
which stand singly, the produce of which, 
indeed, would hardly repay the heavy ex- 
pense incurred, the Cascarilleros eagerly 
look out for the groups (manchas), where 
the Cinchonas are found growing together. 
For this purpose they either ascend the 
top ofa high rock or lofty tree, experience, 
and a sharp sight, enabling them to detect 
the clusters of Cinchonas at a great dis- 
tance by their dark hue; and, on sunny 
days, by the reflection of light from their 
leaves, which shine very conspicuously 
even far in the heart of these interminable 
forests. The Indian, with unerring in- 
stinct, now constitutes himself the leader 
of the whites, and leads them for many 
leagues through the forests, to the desired 
groupe of Cinchonas ; though, perhaps, at 
every step it has been necessary to clear 
the way with the forest axe. When a por- 
tion of the trees have been stripped of 
their bark, which, in a successful year, 
would amount to fifty arrobas from a 
single cluster of Cinchonas, the whole 
quantity is divided into bundles, weighing, 
in the moist state, about three arrobas 


eee Every 
_ thing depends on the result of this opera- 
. tion; for the article that has once become 
mouldy, loses its colour, and no art can 
 Festore «t so perfectly as to hide this 


CUCHERO AND HUANUCO. 


damage from the eyes of the experienced — 
purchaser. For each arroba thus delivered” 
of the green bark, called mato, the under- 
taker places two realsto the account of the 
Cascarillero ; but as in good and productive 
spots the industrious workman may easily 
strip off from eight to ten arrobas in a day, 
the profit to him amounts to more than 
two pesos. Undoubtedly, the individual 
who is at the head of such a co 

must possess a considerable capital; but 
then the advantage is more than propor- — — 
tionably large and certain: for, even then, — — 
the arroba of good bark, including its. 
conveyance to Huanuco, fetched the very — 
highest price of seven pesos, though being — 
gathered at great distances, and on the 
wildest mountains, the difficulty of convey- | 
ance, on the backs of the Indians, adde 
greatly to the expenses. o the pro- 
prietors of Cassapi and Cuchero, whose 
bark was gathered immediately close to 
their dwellings, and could be carried by 
mules, the arroba cost from three to four 
pesos; whilst its price, at Lima, was 
always from sixteen to twenty pesos. And 
though recent trials have proved that little 
more than twelve pesos would be got at 
Huanuco, yet the expenses are so much 
lessened by the fall in the price of all im- 
plements, aud the increase of labourers, 
yet there still must remain a considerable: 
profit for the speculator. The value o 
goods in Lima has hitherto been somewhat. 
variable, and continues subject, at the 
present time, to unlooked for fluctuations; 
still the contractor in the interior was little 
affected by such causes, a stipulation 
having been previously made for the price 
on delivery of his goods. Nor did the 
merchant, in Lima, suffer materially from 
the diminution of a few dollars in selling 
the bark; as even, when at the lowest, a 
clear profit always remained for him of 


people, who were deceived by a bad arti- - 
cle, imported from the warm vallies, or the - 
Montafia Real, that the bark trade was @ : 
perilous speculation, and one which some- - 


= 


Mox Kee 


ON THE CASCARILLAS OF 


times involved those who pursued it in 
Doubtless, a revival 


prove greatly advantageous to that pro- 
vince, and a constant supply in the market 
might thus be ensured, particularly if go- 
vernment, by instituting and enforcing 
such precautionary laws as have existed for 
upwards of a century in Loxa, would pre- 
vent the unprincipled adulteration of this 

uable article by the petty collectors. A 
little circumspection on the part of the Cas- 
carillero would prevent injury to the Cin- 
chona trees, the final extirpation of which 
has been prognosticated by those indi- 
viduals who are ignorant of the nature of 
the tree.! It is only needful to take the 
precaution of cutting down the stem close 
to the root to insure its springing up again. 


| In the mild districts, as about Cuchero, 


! Ulloa (see Notic. Secret. p. 572) thought that 


ne, in hi 

entertains the same fear, 
grounds, if the neighbourhood of Lo alene 

d ; for there they pursue a different method 
of obtaining the bark than in the province of Hua- 
nuco, baring the trunk as it stands instead of felling 
it. In all such cases, decay spreads in the tropical 

oods with incredible rapidity, and myriads of i 

sects, which lodge in the dead trunk, accomplish 
speed 1 th i 1 root 


xa were 


So great is the vital power in most tropical trees, that, 
unless every unfavorable cause seems leagued against 


w 

the vegetation in these countries were not more 
: n in the North, it must soon yield to the 
disproportionately greater causes of decay. The 
burned wood, in which the soil has been so heated 
that it is impossible for several days to walk there, 
speedily rea 


Re mnd with such delicate plants as might 
supposed incapable resuscitation after 
undergoing this literally fiery ordeal. Thus have I 
seen the most el idee, the Till anda 


he Tillandsias, 
ia ( M. bicolor, Fl. Peruv.), grow- 


Ing on the ground, near Pampayuco, in large clumps, 
ena E Y "S as c xw H t. and clothi 


the very soil over which the forest-fires had re- 
tiy passed. 


247 


CUCHERO AND HUANUCO. 


this vegetative process takes place so ra- 
pidly that, in six years, the young stems 
may be felled again; while in the colder 
rezion of Puna and the Ceja forests, 
where the most powerful Cinchona grows, 
twenty years are required. 

The Peruvians, though much visited by 
Endemic Tertian, are strongly prejudiced 
against the use of bark; and while its vir- 
tues were known in Europe, and appre- 
ciated even by the Indians, who dilated on 
them to Condamine, the white people at 
Quito, as well as those who were natives of 
the country, aver, that it is only in the 
colder northern regions that the exhibition 
of Cinchona bark can be useful. ey 
class it among the heating kind of remedies 
(Muy calientes), and obstinately persist 
in an opinion derived, perhaps, from the 
old Arabic physicians, who, in Spain and 
Portugal, divided all medicines, food, and 
drinks, into the cold and hot kinds. Here, 
where “ inflammation of the blood” is emi- 
nently dreaded, and the patient applies 
himself to thin his coagulated juices by all 
possible methods, it cannot be supposed 
that bark finds much favour, when, even in 
Europe, the admixture of Epsom salts is 
sometimes needful to correct the obstruc- 
tions to which its injudicious use has given 
is 


m" 


e. 
I may state, that having been severely 
attacked with Tertian fever, when at a dis- 


privations incidental on a residence for 
eight months in the forest, I cured myself, 
at three different intervals, 
plication of this unadulterated remedy, 


salts; and never could 
without a feeling of gratitude and pleasure, 
the beneficent Cinchonas, whose nobl 

reddish flowers appear in January, in such 


quantities as to render the tops of the trees — 
conspicuous from a great distance. ae 


by the ap- — 


* ux 


(ON THE re OF 


Tus Fever Bark or Combe, OR 
Huanuco BARK or COMMERCE. 


The principal districts of the bark col- 
lectors are situated on what is called the 
Montaña de Huanuco, that is in the woods, 
which, commencing near Ceja in the 
province of Guamalies, stretch eastward 
through the northern part of Huanuco, 
and especially abound in the Quebrado of 
Chinchao ; also filling the valleys of the 
mountains of Muña, Acomayo, and Pana- 
taguas, and losing themselves probably 

- near the Rio Pachitea. The Cascarilleros 
. of Huanuco range through the eastern 
side of the Andes in that province, and 
skirting ` the Rio Monzon, reap a rich har- 
vest in the valley of Huallaga, and in the 
extraordinarily deep valleys and defiles, 
such as the Quebradas of Chinchao and 
Cassapi, which every where intersect and 
divide the country in this direction. Be- 
yond the bounds that I have stated, the 
Cinchona trees grow in such a shrubby 
state that their bark, though powerful in 
quality, is unsuited for the purposes of 
commerce ; and to the north of the Hual- 
a again, where the valleys are close and 
its virtues are so deteriorated, as 
either to be entirely rejected by the mer- 
chants in Lima, or to fetch only a very 
inferior price, as it is easily distinguish- 
able from the true Huanuco bark. e 
same species of Cinchona is so much af- 
fected by a subalpine situation and warm 
temperature as to produce an entirely dif- 
ferent bark, a fact which I have verified 
_ by numerous experiments. 


al 


I; “contradicts himself hs stating, a few 
es r on, that the Cinchona from 
de Bracomoros was so bad that its 


CUCHERO AND HUANUCO. 


and temperature as the lower Huallaga, anc 


inferior Serien as what comes from Mayo- — 


Jalcas, at considerable elevations, are sent. 
to Truxillo, the natural port for the pro- — 
duce of this district, and bear a fair cha- — 
ee though the trade is only occasional . 
e bark from Mayobamba is very small, — 


which, even about Cuchero, possesses but JE 
little efficacy, and in the warmer atmos- - 
phere of Maynas is entirely inert. It was 
with these descriptions of bark that the 7 
cunning Peruvians deceived the rash and — 
eager people from Brazil, who, who after — 
having expelled the Spaniards, hoped to . 
realize and possess some of the fabled e 
treasures of Peru, by making extensive — . 
commercial enterprizes to Yurimagnasand ^ 
ayobamba. No wonder that the specu- : AP 
lators of Para cursed the Peruvian bark 
trade (see Martius’ Travels, vol. III. er 
p. 1178.), for the article that I found lying ij 
unsold at Para was the very worst that 
could be sent from Peru. Even now, the 
ignorance and grasping disposition of the 
first Brazilian speculators are the subject of 
ridicule at Mayobamba; and in Yurimag- — 
nas many hundred-weight of bad bark still 
lies rotting, to the ruin of the Sub-Prefect . 
of that province, who, having the first time 
shipped off a large cargo of this worth- 
less article, hoped to have accomplished 
the deception again, with equal success. — 
Barks from the territory of the Upper 
Huallaga have never found their way to — - 
the Brazils on the Marañon, for any com- 
munication between Cuchero and Taba- 
tinga is impossible and never existed; 
besides which, the commerce in Huanuco i 
had even ceased before the Brazilians had 
permission to come to Maynas. In the q 
province of Para, even under the flourish- : 
ing state cf trade, there are strong preju 
i of Peruvi 


Mont 


aña of Huanuco has always. been 


. 


ON THE CASCARILLAS OF 


transmitted to Lima, and thence to Eu- 


"imaginary way of the river Marañon. 
; In the Cinchona forests of Huanuco, the 
collectors were very attentive even to va- 


grew on steep declivities or mountain-tops, 
rejecting the finest trunks that stood col- 
lected in promising groups, (manchas, ) 
s where the soil appeared moist and the air 
. warm and deficient in proper ventillation. 
.. Forthis reason the price of the produce va- 
is ried considerably even in small districts, that 
_ rind being most costly which was obtained 
. from the coldest and most elevated spots. 
e The provinces of Conchuros and Guama- 
lies abound in forests of Cinchonas; near 
the villages of Cayambe and Pillao, and in 
Cuchero and Cassapi, and on the moun- 
. tains of Panataguas and Pampayaco, the 
very best kinds are procured. That from 
. Pozuzo is small and inferior; while the 
: of the Cascarilla hoja de Oliva, 
Which grows only in small quantities near 
San Rafael, is considered the finest of all. 
With the exception of some few hacien- 
das, all the above-mentioned countries, 
Which teem with Cinchona trees, belong 
to no individual in particular; and it is 
the same with the unappropriated wilds of 
the Huallaga, which are uninhabited, and 


em as if a single regulation 
of any kind existed with reference to the 
. Cascarillas. X 


awise, and a certain degree of prac- 


249 


CUCHERO AND HUANUCO. 


tice is necessary to perform this operation 
properly, so as to remove the rind without 
injuring the wood or severing any of the 
fibres. With the same instrument they 
take off the stripes (/onjos) of the bark, as 
broad as possible, but this, however, is not 
done for three or four days after the tree 
is felled, as, before that time, the moisture 
that exists between the cuticle and the 
wood would prevent the bark from sever- : 
ing into such large pieces as fetch the 
highest price. A worse consequence en- 
sues from stripping the stems off too 
quickly, as then the thin grey or blackish 
epidermis shivers off, and from the pre- . 
sence of this outward rind, covered with 
many Cryptogamia, the value of the bark, 
in the European market, is mainly esti- 
mated. The English purchasers in parti- 
cular, held the notion that the bark was 
most powerful according as its epidermis 
was covered with spots. 

On the celerity with which the article is 
dried depends the price which it com- 
mands; but there are few instances where 
prejudice is so powerful as in the trade of 
the Cinchonas. In the dense forests it is 
impossible to perform this operation pro- 


nearest inhabited place, where the person 
appointed to take the charge of them is 
stationed. Without any preparation, they 
are laid in a spot exposed to the full action _ 
of the sun, the greatest care being requi- 
site to protect them from wet, as even a few 
hours' dew falling on the half-dried bark 
will give to the cinnamon-brown interior of 


ay the finest sort a blackish appearance, and 


lessen its value about one 

quickness of the drying, and the general 
excellence of the article are indicated by 
the pieces being rolled up into several 
spiral windings, which form so solid a cy- 
linder as to exhibit no cavity (canuto) 
within: but such portions are rarely seen 
unfractured in Europe. The Cinchona 
Barks are no less sensible of atmospheric 
moisture than the Coca which I formerly 
described, so that the collectors always — 
hasten to send them to the dry climate of — — 


250 ON THE CASCARILLAS OF 


the Andes, or the principal towns. An 
unavoidable loss, however, hence accrues; 
for however perfectly the bark may have 
been dried in the woody region, it still loses 
in three or four days after its arrival in 
Huanuco, twelve to fifteen per cent. on its 

_weight. The packages are made up into 
bales of four or five arrobas each, and with 
the greatest possible care, in order that the 
beautiful canes of two feet long, into which 
the bark was coiled on the Montaña, may 
not be broken in the carriage. Trailing 
plants (bejucos) are used to tie up the 
bundles, and when they arrive in Lima 
they are undone, and sorted into lengths of 
different pieces, previously to dispatching 
them in chests to Europe. The trade in 
Huanuco bark was very brisk twenty years 
ago at Lima, and the article went to the 
Spanish market under the name of Casca- 
rilla roxa, without being confounded with 
the Cortex Chine ruber as it is called by 
us. The barks from the districts of the 
Lower Huallaga, of Huambo and Chacha- 
poyas, &c. are on the other hand, very 
little prized in Cadiz, and called Casca- 
rilla arollada. 

As to the various species of trees that 
produce the barks, and the different quali- 
ties of the article itself, much prejudice 
prevails, not only in Europe, but also in 
Peru, as even Condamine, in his Journal 
d'un Voyage à l Equateur, published at 
Paris in 1751, vol. i. p. 38, has noticed. 

any species are entirely rejected, and 
others, without cause, considered pecu- 
liarly fine, and the Botanist sees, with sur- 
prise; how the natives, without any visible 
character, still separate the same well- 
marked species into numerous different 
ones, and give corresponding and different 

.names to the produce. A single species, 
Cinchona glandulifera, of Ruiz and Pa- 
yon, has three appellations, though scarce- 
så the least trace of a variety can be de- 
. tected, on the strictest botanical examina- 
vs tion. There is also an opinion prevalent 
in Peru, that it is only the bark of stems 

and lower branches which possesses me- 
dical virtues, and that the slender quills 

~ (canutillos) which were long sought for in 


therefore here state is the result of my ex- - 


CUCHERO AND HUANUCO. 


preference by the English trade, are 


the utmost care, a great quantity of these 
apparent or reputed species that grow 
about Pampayaco, having myself stripped —— 
off the barks, and after subjecting them to 
the proper process, sent large quam 
of the several sorts to Europe. W 


periments in Peru, and of the comparisons 
which I have instituted respecting them - 
since my return to Europe. 

The Officinal barks, growing in the: 
vicinity of Cuchero, are as follows:— 

1. Cascarilla Negrilla, which is m 
ed from the Cinchona glandulifera, R. and. 
P., is esteemed the finest kind. The tree 
inhabits only the higher mountains, and is 
scarcer than the other species: its 
twelve to fifteen feet, and on the cold 
summits of the mountains attains only the 
stature of a bush; when it yields so little 
bark that only five or six pounds, on an 
average can be expected from a single 
tree. The Peruvians distinguish this bark - 
by its generally blackish upper skin, which — 
is only here and there interrupted by small: 
grey-green spots when in a fresh state. 
The common people consider these ap- . 
pearances as an integral part of the bark, - 
and look upon it as the more valuable, if. 
beneath the larger spots there appears a — 
black shining velvety substance, dispersed 
in ovals, of some lines broad (this proba 


is also attested, according to the sta 
ments of the Cascarilleros, by its exhibiting 
a glossy, shining, almost roziny fracture: 
its colour withinside should also be that of. E: 
a orange, with a light transition ta E 


woody than in the following. In the month 
of February the forests are perfumed vu 
the strong scent of its blossoms. 

2. Cascarilla provinciana Negrilla. 


- 


ON THE CASCARILLAS OF 


(C. glandulifere, R. & P. varietas). This 
likewise a fine sort, and the produce of 
the same tree, of which the bark differs 
according to its different habitat. On the 
high mountains this species yields the Cas- 
— earilla Negrilia and the present sort in the 
warmer vallies. In external appearance 
these barks are much alike, the inside be- 
ing of a less fiery and fainter colour, and 
. more verging on cinnamon brown in the 
second kind. Neither for the European 
. trade, nor in medical use, are these dis- 
tinctions, however, of any importance. 

3. Cascarilla provinciana. (Cinchona 
micrantha. R.& P. Varietas. a. flor. ex- 
. tus roseis. £. flor. extus albidis). The tree 
_ is of considerable circumference, it flowers 
in February, and frequently yields eight to 
.. fen arrobas of dry bark, which differs from 
— thatof Huanuco by the strikingly whitish 
colour and greater roughness of the sur- 
face. It is likewise thicker and more 
. woody, the fracture is more fibrous, and 
. the colour of a bright cinnamon brown. 
Three kinds are known in trade. 

4. Pata de Gallinazo. This name is 
applied to the barks which are peeled from 
the young and upper branches of the fore- 
i Formerly the foreign mer- 
chants were prejudiced in its favor, and 
considered this as a fine sort, contrary to 
the opinion generally received in Peru. 
Probably the thinness and less woody tex- 

. ture of the rind, with the difficulty of pro- 

. curing it in large quantities, occasioned the 
ee former idea, Its name, which signifies 
Claw of the Black Vulture ( Vultur Aura, 
Linn.) arises from the blackish and radiated 
appearance caused by some species of 
Graphis, which generally grows upon it: 
m the Puta de Gallareta mentioned by Ruiz 
. and Pavon, i is the produce of the Ones 
2 cem of the Flora Peruviana, vol. 


This kind of bark is 
nly known in small quantities, and is not 
regularly collected. It resembles the 

kinds of Loxa bark, and excels them 


CUCHERO AND HUANUCO. 251 


in the resino is and astringent flavour. The 
tree itself, which is unknown to me, grows 
only upon the coldest mountains, and is 
said to have a stem scarcely eight feet high, 
straight, and producing very little bark, 
but which is so highly esteemed that the 
viceroy and correjedores purchase it all, to . 
send as presents to the king and the 
grandees of Spain, so that it is never seen 
in commerce. The flower is of a bright 
red, covered with a white tomentum with- 
inside, and it expands in May. This lat- 
ter circumstance coincides with a Cinchona 
which I found in April, 1830, on the Cues- 
ta de Carpis, growing as a very small tree, 
the Cinchona heterophylla, (Ruiz,) a spe- 
cies distinguished by its pendent flowers, 
but which may perhaps prove only a va- 
riety of C. pubescens, Vahl, (D. C. Prodr. 
vol. iv. p. 353.) 

6. Cascarilla boba colorada. (Cinchona 
purpurea, R. and P.)—A tree of con- 
siderable elevation and circumference, by 
which alone it might be discriminated 
from the allied species of Cinchona, as 
well as by its very large and membra- 
naceous leaves, which are covered on the 
underside with broad, prominent, violet- 
coloured veins, that are so numerous in 
the young state as to give their own hue to 
the entire leaf. The bark, in a fresh state, 
is extremely bitter, and may probably be 
found useful for making cheap decoctions, 
as it can be sold at a very low price. It is 
not now universally collected, but for- 
merly served for occasionally adulterating 
the better kinds; an imposition, however, 
that was easily detected. According to 
Göbel, it is not quite certain whether the 
Cascarilla boba is not also sometimes ob- 
tained from the Cinchona cordifolia, Mute, 
and the C. macrocarpa, i l 

7. Corteza del Azahar. (Cinchona 
; magnifolia, R. and P.)—A very stately 
tree, with unusually large white flowers, 
diffusing a most delightful scent, like that 
of orange blossoms. To this bark is never 
applied the name of Cascarilla, that is, 
Fever Bark, in its strict sense, as the ig- 
norant observer does not consider the 


252 


Azahar to be a Cinchona. It is like, ex- 
cept the stem, a young oak, with bark four 
or five lines thick, and woody; which, for 
the latter reason, does not roll itself into 
tubes, possesses little astringency, and is 
never gathered for sale: still it is said to 
be applied to officinal uses occasionally in 
Europe, and is mixed in small quantities 
for the purpose of adulteration with the 
finer kinds. 

For the following observations on the 
above-mentioned barks, which, in Peru, 
are regarded as articles of commerce, I 
am indebted to M. Reichel, apothecary at 
Hohenstein, in Saxony, who himself pos- 
sesses one of the richest collections of 
Cinchona in Germany, and has also com- 
pared my samples with those in the great 
collection (considered to be complete) of 
M. Von Bergen, in Hamburg.—* All the 
barks transmitted to me by M. Poeppig, 
appear to be peculiarly well preserved, 
and not at all chafed ; they are also in large 
quantities, and unusually fresh-looking, so 
as to present a series of very instructive 
forms, which it was not easy at first sight 
to identify with the very shattered and 
rubbed articles which are generally seen in 
commerce. 

“I. Cascarilla negrilla.—Of this kind 
there are most rich specimens, a foot long, 
and from one-half to three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter, nearly straight through- 
out, all doubly rolled ; the outer surface 
very rough, covered with many oblique 
furrows ; and the colour varying from slate 
to ash, and even reddish grey, clothed with 
many white Lichens and Cryptogamia ; on 
the smooth inside are many tender fibres, 
and the colour is cinnamon, The bark is 
hard, its fracture nearly straight and resi- 
nous; the smell resembling tan, and 


ON THE CASCARILLAS OF 


. as other characters, and particularly a 

| | comparison with the original specimens of 
M. Bergan, leave no doubt that this bark 
is equal to the finest sort from Loxa. It 
formerly came, ine rarely, and in small 
pieces, among the Lima barks. The de- 


CUCHERO AND HUANUCO. 


coction is of a peculiarly beautiful reddish 
yellow ; and when tried with the tests | 
oxyde of iron, oxalic and emetic tartar, 
proves its quality to be the very best. — 
“TI. Cascarilla provinciana: the Hu- — | 
anuco bark of commerce exactly corre- 
sponds with the bark so named in the 
Bergen collection: most of the piecesare — — 
a foot and a half to two feet long, and from ` 
three-fourths to an inch in diameter; | 
every tube spiral, a character universally 


nuco ; > 
firmly attached together ; 
abundantly covered with white spots and 
little Cryptogamia. The taste, which is at 
first acid, afterwards becomes a powerful 
and enduring bitter. The peculiar trans- 
verse chinks of the Huanuco bark exist 
here in great numbers. The decoction was 
a beautiful red brown; and when exhibited 
with the before-mentioned tests, proved 
the quality to be that of the inferior Loxa 
kind. 


“III. Pata de Gallinazo. Evidently the 
bark of younger branches of the ae 
with which it eminently agrees. None of 
the specimens exceed a foot ii length, and 

n inch in thickness, and their decoction 
resembles the last. This kind formed @ 
small portion of the so-called ‘Lime bate 2 
of commete, a 

“TV. Cascarilla boba; the pee 
Bark of Trade; existing in large quantities, — 
but chiefly very young barks; on part of — 
which the wart-like elevations were want- 
ing. The peculiar longitudinal wrinkles 
which distinguish the Huamala bark above 
all others, abound here. In the younger 
specimens, the colour verges upon fawn- 
grey-white on the older samples, which are 
covered with numerous wart-like elevations, 
there are so many brown spots as to give 
the whole a peculiarly russet hue, All the | 
portions are covered with white spots, but 
no perfect Lichen could be discerned, eX- 
cept small specimens of Usnea Cinchona- t 
rum. The canes are from one and a hatt 
to two and a quarter feet long, and from à. 
quarter to one inch thick, with a slightly 


d taste, that after long chewing turns to 
predominating bitter. After the decoc- 
tion had cooled, its colour became like 
yellow loam, and tried with the former 
displayed the same properties as 
l uch-used, but very inferior China 


B About Cuchero, the Cinchona rosea of 
Ruiz and Pavon occurs not unfrequently ; 
it is a highly beautiful tree, which in its 
size and mode of ramification may be justly 
compared with the white Beech of Europe, 
adorned in July with innumerable pale 
violet flowers, and in its growth, circum- 


Cinchonas, the trunk seldom exceeding 
from six to twelve inches in diameter. Its 
name of Palo de San Juan refers to the 
flowering season. Of the bark no use is 
made, for no one supposes it to belong to 
the Cinchonas; but there can be little 
doubt that their peculiar properties would 
be found, on examination, to exist in the 
thin and smooth bark of its riper branches. 
In the adulteration of the superior sorts 
of bark (a very common practice), the bark 
of the Azahar, described above, was chiefly 
employed. It however bore too much re- 
 Semblance to Oak-bark, and was so heavy 
and easily distinguishable by its very sharp 
and disagreeably bitter flavour from the 
fine aromatic taste of the genuine kind, 
that the imposition could not prevail to a 
very great extent. The bark of the Lu- 
. Cumo, perhaps a species of Achras or Cer- 
E vantesia, was similarly employed, but it 
. hadtoo foreign an appearance to be mixed 
in any great quantity, and the same may 
: » said of the Lluto, a new species of 
i ia, which is Miss tree, with large 
. White flowers. By many, however, it has 
~ been denied that d latter bark is mixed 
? = the Cinchonas 
ce cts of the tak were for a long 
‘tine made on the spot, and generally sent 
to Spain; and in Loxa this business was 
carried on for more than a century, as stated 
Condamine. After the decline of the 
trade in Huanuco, an English mer- 
tin Cuchero attempted to make money 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS, 


253 


by preparing a large quantity of the ex- 
tract; but his article met with a bad sale 
in England, where the Quinine was already 
extensively imported. Samples of it, how- 
ever, that had been preserved in the damp 
primitive forests, by enclosure in leaden 
boxes, were examined by competent judges 
in Germany, and pronounced to be of ex- 
cellent quality, and possessing an aroma 
very superior to the extract made in Eu- 
rope from the dried bark. 

The Cryptogamia on the barks of Cu- 
chero, besides many undescribed species, 
are, 1. On Cascarilla provinciana—Aste- 
risca cinchonarum, Graphis subcurva, G. 
Cascarille, and G. byssiseda ; Lecanora 
pallido-flava, Verrucaria parasema, and 
of the larger lichens only the Usnea cin- 
chonarum.—2. On Cascarilla Negrilla— 
Lecanora punicea, Lecidea grisea, Ver- 
rucaria exasperata, Graphis sub-bifida, 
Variolaria microcephala, and Parmelia 
melanoleuca. 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN 
PLANTS 
( Continued from p. 101.) 


TABERNAEMONTANA MACROCARPA. 
W. J. 


Foliis e Ope kaum nitet 
mis , folliculis 


Ponens subglobosis. 

In the interior of Bencoolen. 

A Tree; branches smooth, somewhat 
compressed i in contrary directions between 
Leaves opposite, pe- 


into dichotomous corymb 
large, yellowish. Calyz five-cleft, erect, 
thick. Corolla much longer than the ca- 
lyx; tube gibbous, almost globose at the 
base, n upwards ; limb rotate, five- 


254 


ed; segments oblong, oblique. Sta- 
mina five, within the tube. Ovary double. 
Styles two, shorter than the stamina. 
Stigma small. Follicles two, baccate, as 
large as citrons, red, diverging, subglobose, 
exuding a milky juice when cut, with a 
ridge along the middle, and one at each 
Tou which unite in a short blunt point, 


one-celled, many-seeded; the cell is re- 


curved into the form of a crescent. Seeds 
contained in red fleshy arils or lobules, 
which are angled by mutual compression, 
oblong, chrysaloid, hollowed on the one 
side with incurved rounded edges, convex 
on the other, and longitudinally corrugated. 
Embryo contained in a conform albumen ; 
cotyledons flat, round, cordate; radicle 
cor. cylindrical, longer than the co- 
tyledon 
W. J. 
Foliis subrotundo-ovatis mucronatis carno- 
sis, floribus terminalibus solitariis. 

In the neighbourhood of Bencoolen. 

A parasitic Shrub growing on trees, with 
smooth greyish bark, and somewhat dicho- 
. tomous branches. Leaves opposite, petio- 

— subrotund with a short reflexed point, 
: with reflexed margins, very smooth, 
thick, and fleshy. Petioles compressed, 
embracing the branch, and furnished with 
an intrapetiolar ligule or stipule. Flowers 
terminal, solitary, nearly sessile, embraced 
at the base by a few sheathing bracts. Ca- 
lyz five-parted. Corolla of a dull yellow- 
ish-white colour; tube about four inches 
long, expanding into a five-parted limb. 
Stamina five, rising a little above the tube; 
anthers large. Style little more than half 
the length of the tube. Stigma four-lobed. 
Berry as large as a small egg, seated on 
the persistent calyx, ovate, rather pointed, 
two-celled, many-seeded ; seeds nidulant. 

Oss. This is the fifth species of Fagea 


FAGRÆA CARNOSA. 


x - that I have met with in the Malay islands; 


. the others have been already described in 
Roxburgh's Flora Indica. The F. race- 
mosa grows to be a small tree, and the F. 
volubilis, doubtfully proposed by Dr. Wal- 
lich as a distinct species, is the same plant. 


The F. auriculata is a large shrub, and li 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS, 


from the size of its flowers is the most : | 
splendid of the genus. I originally met 
with it at Singapore, but have since found — 
it also at Tappanuly; the following parti- —— 
culars may be added to the des: x 
given by Dr. Wallich: E 

F. auriculata. Flowers terminal, ge- x 
nerally three, rarely five, on short pedicels, — 


Corolla very large, yellowish- 
Stamina inserted near the bottom 
of the tube. Stigma large and flattened. — 
Ovary two-celled, polysporous ; the edges — 
of the placente revolute. it as large 
as a duck's egg, acuminated by part of the 
persistent style ; seeds numerous, nidulant. 


Ede 


W. J. 


Foliis linearibus acuminatis glabris, corym- 
bis terminalibus. 

Bunga Saluang, Malay. Native of the 
west coast of Sumatra. 

A Shrub, with round smooth iran 
Leaves opposite, short-petioled, linear, ta- 
pering to the point, acute, about nine inches 
long, by little more than half an inch broad, 
entire, with revolute edges, very smooth. 
Stipules interpetiolar, subulate, longer than 
the petioles. Corymbs terminal, erect, tri- 
chotomous. Flowers red. Bracts small, 
acute. Calyx small, four-toothed. Corot- — 
la; tube long, slender; limb spreading, | 
four-parted, segments lanceolate, acute. — 

tamina four, east with the lacinie of — | 
the corolla. Style a little longer than the E 
ube. Stigma clavate. Fruita berry. — —— 

Oss. e long narrow leaves readily xe 
distinguish this species; it is a handsome, a4 
delicate shrub. eS a 


IXORA NERIIFOLIA. 


its 


LECANANTHUS. W. J. 
PENTANDRIA MonoGynia.—Nat. OE. 
RUBIACER. Juss. 

Calyx campanulatus, ampliatus, B 
Corolla tubo 
brevi, limbo 5-parti ; 
lare, polysporum, placentis cen 
connexis. Stylus bifidus. Stigmata 
inearia crassa.— Frutez, 


tatis involucratis terminalibus, estivatione 


LI 


LECANANTHUS ERUBESCENS. 
_ Found in the interior of Bencoolen. 
A small erect Shrub; stem four-sided, 
— two of the angles acute. Leaves opposite, 
. $hort-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute at 
both ends, rather attenuated to the point, 
entire, smooth; about eight inches long. 
Stipules interpetiolar, large, ligulate, cari- 
nate towards the base. Flowers pale red, 
densely aggregated within the hypocrateri- 
form cup of the involucre, forming a hea 
— whichis terminal, nearly sessile, and turned 
backwards. Involucre monophyllous, en- 
tire, Pedicels none. Calyx superior, co- 
loured, tomentose, thick and fleshy, much 
wider than the corolla, expanding into from 
two to four irregular, unequal, obtuse lobes; 
the calyces of the outer flowers are often 
so much produced on one side as to seem 
bilabiate. Corolla, tube short, segments 
five, acute, thick. _£stivation valvate. 
amina five, inserted on the tube; anthers 
arge. vary crowned with a prominent 
nectarial ring, two-celled, oe ; 


two, thick and linear 


PSILOBIUM. W.J. 
Pevraxonis Monoeynia.—Nat. Ord. 
RUBIACE®Æ. Juss. 

Calyx patens, 5-partitus. Corolla tubo 
brevi, limbo 5-partito. Stamina basi co- 

inserta. Stigma clavatum, 10-ala- 
tum, exsertum. Fructus cylindricus, sili- 
... Queformis, foliolis calycinis persistentibus 
.. S0ronatus, bilocularis, polyspermus. Se- 
mina duplici serie axi affixa .—Fruticosa, 


cu pedunculis oe paucifloris, estiva- 
.. tione valva 


i 

b 
he 
; 


PSILOBIUM NUTANs. W.J. 

— Found in the interior of Bencoolen. 

ro Stem erect, four-sided, with rounded 
angles. Leaves Opposite, petiolate, lan- 

Ceolate, attenuated to both ends, acute, 

» Smooth. Stipules interpetiolar, 
acuminate, carinate. 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


Peduncles 


255 


axillary, drooping, bearing from three to 
six flowers. Bracts forming a kind of in- 
volucre at the base of the very short pedi- 
cels. Calyx superior, very large, composed 
of five leaflets or very deep segments, 
which are veined with red. Stamina five; 
filaments short ; anthers long, erect. Style 
short. tagma long, exsert, oblong-ovate, 
longitudinally ten-vinged, the five alternate 
wings smaller "uit long, cylindrical, 
siliquose, crowned with the large persistent 
calyx, two-celled, many-seeded; seeds ar- 
ranged in a double series in each cell. 


W. J. 
Foliis oppositis subrotundo-ovatis, altero 

nano. 

Found in the interior of Bencoolen. 

This species is readily distinguished by 
the peculiarity of one of the opposite leaves 
being always dwarf or abortive; the other 
is subrotund-ovate, with a bluntish acumen, 
smooth, pale, and whitish beneath. e 
stem is erect and tomentose. Flowers in 
a small terminal cyme. Capsule compress- 
ed, obcordate. 


OPHIORRHIZA HETEROPHYLLA. 


W. J. 


Foliis lato-lanceolatis integerrimis glaber- 
rimis, spicis masculis paniculatis, fructi- 
_ bus spicatis nuce umbilicato-depressá, 
' calyci fructüs tuberculato. 
Punning- Punning bunkus, Malay. Na- 
tive of Sumatra 
A large Tree, with brownish bark. 
Branches smooth. Leaves alternate, short 
petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, atte- 
nuated to the petiole, very entire, very 
smooth, nerves well marked, and reddish 
beneath, six to eight inches long. Stipules 
small, linear. Male spikes numerous, pa- 
nicled, terminal, and from the axils of the 
upper leaves, which are crowded round the 
thickened extremity of the branch, slender, 
hoary; flowers sessile, aggregated. Female 
spikes at first terminal, becoming afterwards 
lateral by the shooting up of the branch; 
flowers numerous, dense, sessile. MALE: 
Calyz six-parted, segments acute. Sta- 
mina fifteen to twenty. The centre of the 
flower is occupied by a densely villous disk. 


QUERCUS RACEMOSA. 


FEMALE: Calyx rugose; turbinate, umbi- 
licate. Ovary three to five-celled, each 
cell containing two ovula attached by a 
thread to its summit. Acorns large, de- 
pressed, umbilicate, with a short mucro. 
Cup flat, embracing the nut for about half 
its height, nearl nch in diameter, 
rough with angular imbricated tubercles, 
which are large towards the base, and be- 
come small towards the edge. 

BS. is is a very splendid species 
from the great size of its racemes and 
acorns. Punning-punning is the generic 
appellation of the Oaks in Malay; in the 

jang dialect they are called Pasang. 


W. J. 
Foliis elliptico-oblongis acumine gracili 
integerrimis glaberrimis, fructibus spi- 
catis, calyce fructus subhemispherico 
limbo patente. 
Native of Sumatra. 
A Tree with rough bark. Leaves alter- 
nate, petiolate, elliptic-oblong, terminated 
y a long, slender acumen, very entire, 
smooth, coriaceous, pale beneath; eight to 
nine inches long. Fruit on lateral racemes. 
Acorns rounded and flattened at top, um- 
bilicate in the centre, and mucronate with 
the three short, persistent styles, rather 
perpendicular at the sides, half embraced 
by the calyx, which is cup-shaped, marked 
on the outer surface with small, acute, scaly 
points, concentrically arranged, and whose 


QUERCUS URCEOLARIS. 


is lodged in the bottom of the large funnel- 
shaped calyx. The acorn contains a sin- 
gle exalbuminous seed, placed a little 
‘obliquely. 

Oss. The spreading limb of the cups 
forms a good distinctive character, and 
renders this a very remarkable and curious 


~ ARECA TIGILLARIA. W.J. 
Frondibus pinnatis, Eur acutis, spadici- 
bus ramosis, flore unico femineo inter 
duos masculos, atibus globosis. 
Nibong, Malay. 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


covering. 
likewi 


Abundant in Sumatra and the J 
Islands, where it is much used in the c 
struction of houses, &c. 

Trunk erect, generally thicker than tha 
of the common Pisang (Areca Catechu) 
armed, particularly on the lower part, wi 
straight, slender, flattened spines. Fronds 
ae leaflets linear, acuminate, reflexed - 

t the edges so as to make the upper sur- - 
E convex, smooth, with a few brownish — 
scales on the middle nerve of the younger | 
ones; they diminish in size to the top Bé 
the frond, and the last two are partly united - 
at their base. Stipes of the frond scaly 
while young, compressed, grooved above. 
The sheaths armed like the trunk. Spadir | 
within the sheath of the frond, embracing 
the stem, flattened at the base, much 
branched; flower bearing branchlets about 
two feet long, drooping, the lower ones 
three to four together, the uppermost soli- 
tary or in pairs. Spathe single, completely 
inclosing the spadix before expansion, 
compressed, two-edged, deciduous, partial 
spathes none. Flowers sessile, one female 
between two males ; the latter considerably 
the largest, and deciduous. Male herma- 
phrodite. Perianth. six-parted, the outer 
leaflets small, the inner much longer, and - 


ed by three linear styles. : 
anth six-parted; leaflets nearly equal, 
rounder and shorter than those of the male. 
Stamina none. Stigmas three. Fruit 
globose, about the size of a carabine bullet, 
of a deep purple colour when ripe, with a 
glaucous tint, containing under a redd 
pulp a single smooth, globular nut. 
one-seeded, having a thickened whitish 
scar on the side, and a small areola at the | 
base, opposite to the embryo. Seed solid ; 
albumen oe: embryo Pailin short, 
cylindrical, obtus 
Oss. This differs from the common - 
zoe in the disposition of the flowers on — 
he spadices, and in having the nut con- 
eee, under a pulpy and not a fibrous 
In A. Catechu the ovary i$ 
wise monosporous. 


. ENCHIDIUM. W.J. 
Moxc&cia MoxapELPHIA.— Nat. Ord. 
à EuPHORBIACEG. Juss. 

Calyx 5-partitus, Corolla Seri. 
Nectarium glandule decem. Mas. 
mentum columnare, 10-antheriferum; an- 
-theris radiatim patentibus. FEM. Ovarium 
trilobum. Styli 3. Stigmata 6.—Flores 
à masculi et feminei in eadem spica. 


ie | ENCHIDIUM VERTICILLATUM. W.J. 
Arbor spicularum. Rumph. Amb. IIL p. 
1 £07. £. 100. 


Not isitenuent on hills in Sumatra and 
the Malay Tslands. 
Ud Shrub; I have not, however, met 
with any that had attained so great a size as 
. mentioned by Rumphius. The leaves are 
arranged in a kind of irregular verticils at 
different distances along the branches, as 
exhibited in the figure quoted; on the 


aisi s. Jy Ə J 
disposed along the whole length; they are 
_ petiolate, lanceolate, acuminate, very en- 
tire, very smooth, firm and somewhat lea- 
_ thery, of various length, generally about 
“six inches long by two and a half broad. 

5 Tutioles from one to two inches and a half 
flattened above, striated. Spikes 

ein among the upper verticils of leaves, 


Calyx 
carci Corolla purple towards the 
centre, five-parted, furnished with ten cal- 
lous nectaries or glands at the base. In 

_ the male the filament is columnar, bearing 
ten anthers, which diverge in a radiated 
Circle round the summit. The female has 
-a three-lobed ovary, surmounted by three 
ayes, with bifid stigmata. 

5 Oss. There can be little doubt of the 
2 spad of this plant with Rumphius’s Ar- 
: spicularum, of which he says he was 

: "never able to procure the flower. I have 

‘Seen great numbers of these plants in the 


3 


tunately contained both male and female 
flowers „its t id ^" x Dou 


+}. 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


determined to assign its proper place. It 
comes nearest to Cluytia, but differs in the 
corolla, and in having ten anthers with fila- 
ments united into a central column. Both 
its fructification and habit appear to distin- 
~ guish it from all the present genera of the 
Euphorbiaceous family. 


W.J. 

Frutescens, foliis oblongo-ovalibus basi 
rotundatis supra glabris, racemis termi- 
nalibus et axillaribus subpaniculatis ge- 
minis solitariisque, nectarii glandulis 
quinis cum staminibus alternantibus, 

Bencoolen 

A small discite Shrub, not exceeding 
a few feet in height. Branchlets tomentose. 
Leaves alternate, petiolate, ee 
rounded, and sometimes subcordate at the 
base, acute, sometimes sides by a 
short mucro or awn, entire, smooth above, 
subtomentose beneath, chiefly on the 
nerves; three inches long. Stipules long, 

subulate, acute. Racemes axillary and 
terminal, geminate and solitary, somewhat 
panicled, tomentose ; when geminate, the 
outer raceme is simple, and the inner 
branched; male racemes generally longer 
than the leaves, female ones shorter. . Pe- 
dicels solitary. Bracts shorter than the 
pedicels. Marz: Calyz five-parted, to- 
mentose. Nectary of five, yellow, pilose 
glands, alternating with the stamina. Sta- 
mina five ; filaments much longer than the 
calyx; anthers bifid ; cells bursting trans- 
versely on the summits of the lobes. Pis- 
til abortive, pilose. FEMALE: Perianth 
five-parted. Ovary superior, villous, ob- 
long-ovate, compressed, one-celled, vesi- 
cular, containing two ovula, which are 
attached close together to one side near the 
top, and hang forw ard into the cell, which 
is in great part empty and inflated. Styles 
two, one often bifid. Drupe subglobose, 
purplish, about the size of a pepper-corn ; 
nut one to two-seeded. 

Oss. It has considerable resemblance 
to Roxburgh's A. pubescens ; that, how- 
ever, is a tree, while this is a small shrub. 
The most important difference appears to 
be in the nectary of the male flower. _ 

R 


ANTIDESMA FRUTESCENS, 


258 
SALACIA. Linn. 

This genus seems to require a little elu- 
cidation. It was originally referred to 
Gynandria, the fleshy nectary on which 
the stamina are inserted having been mis- 
taken for the germen, and the real ovary, 
on account of its smallness, having escaped 
the observation of Linneus and Loureiro. 
This circumstance is now, I believe, gene- 
rally admitted; there can therefore be no 
doubt of the identity of Roxburgh’s Johnia 
with Salacia, and his J. salacioides agrees 
so well with S. Chinensis, particularly in 
having entire leaves, that it is questionable 
whether they are not the same, for it is to 
be observed, that in most of the species the 
leaves are only subopposite, and may occa- 
sionally on the same tree be found both 
opposite and alternate. Tonsella prinoides, 
Willd. Act. Acad. Nat. Berol. IV. is also 
without doubt a true species of Salacia ; if 
it be not in fact the same plant as the 
Johnia Coromandeliana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 
L p.178. Calypso salacioides of Aubert 
du Petit Thouars agrees exactly with these 
in the structure of the flower, but differs 
in having many-seeded berries. Some of 
the species of Tonsella appear likewise to 
have polyspermous fruit; but those which 
have definite seeds are probably true spe- 
cies of Salacia. It may be questioned 
whether the distinction, founded on the 
number of seeds, be really of generic va- 
lue where the agreement is so exact in all 
other respects; especially if it should be 
found that a gradation exists from the one 
to the other in the fruit of the different 
species. This, however, can only be de- 
termined by an accurate examination of 
the ovaries and fruit of the various plants 
at present ranged under Tonsella. In the 
natural arrangement, Salacia undoubtedly 
bears the greatest affinity to Hippocratea, 
it being scarcely possible to distinguish the 
two genera when only in flower. It also 
agrees in many particulars with the Celas- 
trine, but differs in having exalbuminous 
seeds. The union of the Hippocratacee 
and Celastrine has, however, been sug- 
gested by Mr. Brown, in his remarks on 


is. Under the 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


above view the genus will be characterized 
as follows.—Calyz inferus, 5-fidus. Corolla 
5-petala. Stamina 3, disco carnosa inserta. 
Ovarium 3-loculare, loculis 1—2-sporis, 
ovulis axi affixis. Bacca 1—3-sperma. 

Frutices vel arbuscule, foliis subopposi- 
tis simplicibus. 

I have met with two species in Sumatra, 
one with anthers sessile on the nectary, 
which agrees very nearly both with S. Chi- 
nensis and Roxburgh's J. salacioides ; the 
other with anthers supported on filaments, 
and nearly related to J. Coromandeliana, 
Roxb. 


W. J. 


Tetrandra, foliis quinatis, foliolis spines- 
centi-serratis subtus incanis, cirrhis op- 
positifoliis racemiferis, racemis composi- 
tis longissimis, baccis dispermis. 

Akar Charicun, or Bayur Akar, Malay. 


Native of Sumatra. 


VITIS RACEMIFERA. 


A large, strong,woody climber. Branches - 


round, villous, Leaves alternate, quinate ; 
leaflets pedicellate, oblong-obovate, acute, 
subspinoso-serrate, the serratures bei 

formed by the spinescent termination of the 
nerves, smooth above, hoary beneath, fre- 
quently with a ferruginous shade. Petioles 
villous. Cirrhi opposed to the leaves, very 
long, simple or bifid; when bifid, one branch 
becomes the peduncle. Racemes very 
long, compound, consisting of numerous 
densely-flowered racemuli, inserted on & 
peduncle formed of the thickened tendril. 


The whole raceme is often a foot and & 


half in length. .Peduncles ferruginously 
villous. Flowers sessile on the partial 
peduncles, small, green. Calyx minute, 
embracing the base of the corolla, quadri- 
dentate. Corolla deeply four-parted. 
mina four; anthers yellow. Ovary sut- 


of the shape of an olive, and nearly as 
large, purple, juicy, two-seeded. ke 
Oss. This would be a species of Cissus, 
according to the Linnean division; but thet 
genus has now been united to Vitis by Mr: 


Brown, as they differ in nothing but the 


number of parts. 


Sta- 


DESCRIPTION OF 


RHOPALA OVATA. W.J. 


Foliis subsessilibus ovatis utrinque acutis C 


integerrimis, pedicellis brevissimis cum 

calycibus ovarlisque levissime tomen- 

tosis. 

Found at Tappanuly. 

A small Tree. Leaves alternate and 
opposite, almost sessile, broad, ovate, acute, 
sometimes acuminate, entire with revolute 
edges, very smooth, nerves distinct; ten 
inches long by six broad.  Petiole none, 
save the thickened base of the middle 
nerve. Racemes below the leaves from 
former axils.  Pedicels two-flowered; a 
bract at the base of each, and at the sub- 
divisions. Perianth, together with the 
pedicels, slightly tomentose or nearly 
smooth. Nectarial scales four. 


W. J. 


Dianpria MowoGYN1A,—Nat. Ord. 
OLEINE. 


LINOCIERA ODORATA. 


Foliis lanceolatis utrinque acutis glaberri- 
mis, paniculis axillaribus foliis brevio- 
ribus. 


At Natal, and on Pulo Mosella. 

A large Shrub, with subdichotomous 
branches. Leaves subopposite, short pe- 
tioled, oblong-lanceolate, acute at both 


oblong. Calyz four-parted. Corolla white, 
almost four-petaled; petals long, linear, 
united in pairs by means of the filaments, 
slightly cohering at the other divisions. 
Stamina two; anthers large, e inate 
at the apex. Ovary two-celled, each cell 
containing two linear pendulous parallel 
9tula. Style scarce any. Stigma bifid. 


In point of interest, the “Third?” Memoir, 


. asit is called, of Mr. Jack, far exceeds the t 
previous ones, as it -contains thst gentle- 


Man’ a 


MALAYAN PLANTS. 259 


Rafflesia Titan (R. Arnoldi, Br.); Dry- 
obalanops Camphora, which yields the 
amphor of Sumatra, the most precious 
and costly of all the Camphors ; the Sagus 
lævis of Rumphius, which affords the Sago 
of Sumatra and Malacca; the Sfagmaria 
verniciflua, from which the lacquer or var- 
nish, so highly prized and so ism 
employed by the Japanese, is pre 

and lastly, four species of that highly cu- 
rious genus, Nepenthes ( Pitcher-plant), of 
which two are entirely new. I have rea- 
son to think that the present Memoir is 
very little known in this country, as I have 
never seen it quoted, nor met with any 
copy but that which has been kindly lent 
me by the mother of its lamented author. 
This number of the Malayan Miscellany is 
— date, and only bears the title 
NDIX. Descriptions of ELO 
Pii by William Jack. No. 


RAFELESIA. W. J. 
Diascia GYNANDRIA. 

Perianthium monophyllum ventricoso- 
campanulatum, fauce coarctata nectario 
annulari incumbente coronata, limbo 5- 
partito subreflexo, laciniis rotundatis; Co- 
lumna  fructificationis maxima, crassa, 
stigmate truncato coronata, disco processi- 
bus pluribus corniculatis echinato. 

Mas. Anthere numerosa, globose, ses- 
7 siles, sub stigmate in orbem disposite, apice 


* poro umbilicate, substantia cellulosa. 
EM. 


Semina minuta, nidulantia in 
substantia rimosa baseos columns, cui an- 
there deficiunt. 

IT...L wi 


LCI VU rJ ^ siia i 3J Jv 


RAFFLESIA TITAN. 

Sumatran name, Peliman Sikuddi, or 
Devil's Siri- 

Native of the forests in the interior of 
Sumatra, particularly those of Passummah 
Ulu Manna, where it was first discovered 
v Sir T. S. RAFFLES, on his journey into 

hat PES in 1818. 
This gigantic flower is parasitic on the 
Pin stems and roots of the Cissus an- 


EIS most wonderful of all plants, the gustifolia, Roxb. It appears at first in the 


260 


form of a small round knob, which gradu- 
ally increases in size. The flower-bud is 
invested by numerous membranaceous 
sheaths, which surround it in successive 
layers, and expand as the bud enlarges, 
until at length they merely form a cup 
round its base. These sheaths or bracts 
are large, round, concave, of a firm mem- 
branaceous consistence, and of a brown 
colour. e bud, before expansion, is 
depressed, round, with five obscure angles, 
nearly a foot in diameter, and of a deep 
dusky red. The flower, when fully ex- 
panded, is in point of size, the wonder of 
the vegetable kingdom, its breadth across 
from the tip of the one petal to the tip of 
the other, being little short of three feet. 
The cup may be estimated capable of con- 
taining twelve pints, and the weight of the 
whole is from twelve to fifteen pounds. 
The inside of the cup is of an intense pur- 
ple, and more or less densely villous, with 
soft flexible spines of the same colour ; 
towards the mouth it is marked with nu- 
merous depressed spots of the purest white, 
contrasting strongly with the purple of the 
surrounding substance, which is consider- 
ably elevated on their lower side. The 
petals are of a brick red, with numerous 
pustular spots of a lighter colour. The 
whole substance of the flower is not less 
than half an inch thick, and of a firm fleshy 
consistence. It soon after expansion be- 

gins to give out a smell of decaying animal 

matter. The perianth is cyathiform, nar- 

rowed at the mouth, which is further con- 

tracted by a nectarial ring which surrounds 

it, leaning inwards. The /imb is five-part- 

ed, somewhat reflexed, but turning upwards 

again at the point; the lobes subrotund 

and thick. In the centre of the cup rises 

a thick column, truncate and nearly flat on 

the top. At its basé is a prominent ring 

or cord, and another a little above, both 
E. hon Ei AR E cibo. Shah umn. 


loge 
| summit of the column or stigma is a 


rly erect, 


e;t 
Rd 2 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS, 


the lower edge is incumbent and somewhat 
revolute. The sides of the column are. 
angular. 
In the male, the stamina are arranged 
in a circle under the lower edge of the 
stigma, by which they are concealed. Each 
stamen is lodged in a proper hollow, sepa- 


revolute edge. ; 
sessile, globular, about the size of a pea, - E: 
dark-coloured, attached to the lower surface 
of the stigma. They have a white depressed 
spot on the summit, in the centre of which 
is a pore or foramen for the emission of the 
pollen. 'The whole substance is spongy 
and cellular. s 

In the female, the column is precisely — 
similar, but wants the anthers and their 
hollows. In the centre its substance is 
full of irregular fissures, on the surface of 
which numerous minute seeds are observed. 
The fruifnever bursts ; but the whole plant 
gradually Tots away, and the seeds mix with 
the putrid mass. 

Such are the characters of this very ex- 
traordinary vegetable, which appears to 
have little affinity with any other, and to 
be as unique in its mode of fructification 
as 1n size. Ag 

It was, as already mentioned, first dis- — 
covered by Sir Stamford Raffles, inthe — 
forests of Passummah Ulu Manna, and the — 
specimens were forwarded by him to Eng- - 
land in 1818. In the following year, nu- —— 
merous additional specimens were procured 
from various parts of the country, and an 
opportunity afforded for more minute exa- 


Some time after their despatch, a letter v : 
received from Sir Joseph Banks, acknow- 


which had 


i 

[. 

du 
: 


- It will perhaps not be unacceptable to 
our readers, if I here subjoin some extracts 
from the admirable history of the male 
plant in the 13th volume of the Transac- 
tions of the Linnean Society, and a very 
reduced figure of it, done from the same 
work, together with some account of a se- 
cond species, discovered by Dr. Blume, 
and published in his rare and costly work, 
the Flora Jave. 
: The accounts that first reached England 
of the Rafflesia, were communicated in a 
letter to the late Sir Joseph Banks, extracts 
from which Mr. Brown has published, of 
Sumatra, with the following remarks :— 
“This gigantic flower, which forms the 
subject of the present communication, was 
discovered in 1818, on Sir Stamford’s first 
journey from Bencoolen into the interior. 
In that journey he was accompanied by a 
Naturalist of great zeal and acquirements, 
the late Dr. Joseph Arnold, a member of 
this Society, from whose researches, aided 
by the friendship and influence of the go- 
vernor, in an island so favourably situated 
and so imperfectly explored as Sumatra, 
the greatest expectations had been formed. 
But these expectations were never to be 
realized; for the same letter which gave 
the account of the gigantic flower, brought 
also the S of Dr. Arnold’s death. 
“ As in this letter many important parti- 
culars are stated, respecting the plant which 
I am about to describe, and a just tribute 
is paid to the merits of the Naturalist by 
whom it was discovered, I shall introduce 
= account by the sete extract :— 
; ncoolen, Aag. 1818. 
- “ You will lament to um that we have 
lost Dr, Arnold: he fella sacrifice to his 
exertions on my first tour into the interior, 
_ and died of fever about a fortnight ago. 


dat ‘Iti is impossible I can do justice to his 


me ory by any ica encomiums Í may 
Pass on his character; he was in every 
(ing what he should have been, devoted 


aat onobalaaats: 
“T had hoped, instead of the melancholy 


ent I ibe me to communicate, that we 
been able to send jouan ac- 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


261 


count of our many interesting discoveries 
from the hand of Dr. Arnold, e pe- 
riod of his death he had not done much; 
all was arrangement for extensive acquire- 
ments in every branch of Natural History. 
I shall go on with the collections as well 
as I can, and hereafter communicate with 
you respecting them, and in the mean time 
content myself with giving you the best 
account I am able of the largest and most - 
magnificent flower, which, so far as we 
know, has yet been described. Fortunately 
I have found part of.a letter from poor 
Arnold to some unknown friend, written 
while he was on board ship, and a short 
time before his death, from which the fol- 
lowing is an extract— 

** After giving an account of our journey 
to Passummah, he thus proceeds— 

* < But here (at Pulo Lebbar, on the 
Manna River, two days' journey inland of 
Manna) I rejoice to tell you I happened to 
meet with what I consider as the greatest 
prodigy of the vegetable world. I had 
ventured some way from the party, when 
one of the Malay servants came running 
to me with wonder in his eyes, and said, 
« Come with me, Sir, come! a flower, very 
large, beautiful, wonderful!" I immedi- 
ately went with the man about a hundred 
yards in the jungle, and he pointed to a 
flower growing close to the ground under 
the bushes, which was truly astonishing. 
My first impulse was to cut it up and ca 
it to the hut. I therefore seized the Ma- 
lay’s parang, (a sort of instrument like a 

woodman’s chopping hook,) and finding 
that it sprang from a small root which ran 
horizontally, (about as large as two fingers 
or a little more,) I soon detached it and 
removed it to our hut. To tell you the 
truth, had I been alone, and had there 
been no witnesses, I should, I think, have 
been fearful of mentioning the dimensions 
of this flower, so much does it exceed 
every flower I have ever seen or heard of; 
but I had Sir Stamford and Lady Raffles 
with me, and a Mr. Palsgrave, a respecta- 


equally astonished with myself, yet bad 
able to testify as to the truth. 


262 


** *'The whole flower was of a very thick 
substance, the petals and nectary being but 
in few places less than a quarter of an inch 
thick, and in some places three quarters of 
an inch ; the substance of it was very suc- 
culent. When I first saw it, a swarm of 
flies were hovering over the mouth of the 
nectary, and apparently laying their eggs 
in the substance of it. It had precisely 
the smell of tainted beef. T» calyx con- 
sisted of several roundish dark-brown con- 
cave leaves, which seemed to be indefinite 
in number, and were unequal in size. 
There were five petals attached to the nec- 
tary, which were thick and covered with 
protuberances of a yellowish-white, vary- 
ing in size, the interstices being of a brick- 
red colour. The nectarium was cyathiform, 
becoming narrower towards the top. The 
centre of the nectarium gave rise to a large 
pistil, which I can hardly describe, at the 
top of which were about twenty processes, 
somewhat curved and sharp at the end, 
resembling a cow's horns: tliere were as 
many smaller very short processes. A little 
more than half way down, a brown cord, 
about the size of common whip-cord, but 
quite smooth, surrounded what perhaps is 
the germen, and a little below it was ano- 
ther cord, somewhat moniliform. 

* * Now for the dimensions, which are 
the most astonishing part of the flower. Tt 
measured a full yard across; the petals, 
which were subrotund, being twelve inches 
from the base to the apex, and it being 
about a foot from the insertion of the one 
petal to the opposite one; Sir Stamford, 
Lady Raffles, and myself, a: immediate 
measures to be accurate in this respect, by 
pinning four large sheets of paper together, 
and cutting them to the precise size of the 
flower. The nectarium, in the opinion of 
all of us, would hold twelve pints, and the 
weight of this prodigy we calculated to be 
fifteen 


"et E have spid nothing ibani the sta- 
mina; in fact, I am not certain of the part 


I Bi ees call stamina. If the moniliform 
istil ( 


ious VE Quran cei vet the 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


large germen contained; perhaps there 
might be concealed anthers within it. 

* < It was not examined on the spot, as 
it was intended to preserve it in spirits and 
examine it at more leisure; but from the 
neglect of the persons to whom it was en- 
trusted, the petals were destroyed by in- 
sects, the only part that retained its form 
being the pistil, which was put in spirits 
along with two large buds of the same 
flower, which I found attached to the same 
root; each of these is about as large às 
two fists. 

“ < There were no leaves or branches to 
this plant; so that it is probable that the 
stems bearing leaves issue forth at a differ- 
ent period of the year. The soil where 
this plant grew was very rich, and covered 
with the excrement of elephants. 

“<A guide from the interior of the 
country said, that such flowers were rare, 
but that he had seen several, and that the 
natives call them Krúbút. 

I have now nearly finished a coloured 
drawing of it on as large drawing-paper as 
I could procure, but it is still considerably 
under the natural size; and I propose also 
to make another drawing of the pistil re- 
moved from the nectarium. 

* * I have now, I believe, given you as 
detailed an account of this prodigious plant 
as the subject admits of; indeed it is all I 
know of it, I would draw your attention, 
however, to the very great porosity of the 
root, to which the buds are attached." " 

The specimens sent proved to be male, 
and the drawing alluded to, engraved for 
Mr. Brown’s paper, is here copied (Tab. 
XIV.), together with sections, showing the 
situation of the anthers and their structure. 
The following is Mr. Brown's generic. dee 
racter, derived from the first specimens 
that were sent over :—*' Perianthium mo- 
nophyllum, coloratum; /ubo ventricoso; 

corona acd annulari, indivisa; limbo 
Columna 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


vations” to Mr. Brown's paper contain a 
letter from Mr. Jack to Sir Stamford Raf- 
fles, detailing the discovery of the female 
flower by that gentleman, as related 


A second species, R. Horsfield, Mr. 
mentions as having been found by 

Dr. Horsfield, in Java: the two species, 
however, at present, are only to be distin- 
guished by the great difference in the size 
of the flowers: those of the one, R. Ar- 
noldit, being nearly three feet, of the other 
‘dly three inches, in diameter.—Their 
place in the Nat. System Mr. Brown con- 
siders to be near Asarinee or Passifloree. 
TAB. XIV. Fig. 1. Flowers of Raflesia Arnold 


taken from Mr. Francis Bauer's splendid figures in 
the Linnean Transactions : 

A third species has been detected by 
Dr. Blume, in Nousa Kambangan, a small 
island dependent on Java, situated at the 
mouth of the river. He had at first some 
buds only brought to him, which, from 
their structure, he judged might belong to 
& species of Rafflesia ; but till he went 
and gathered specimens himself in the 
island where alone it is said to grow, he 
had no idea of the real nature of the plant. 
It was in November, 1824, that he visited 
the spot, where, he says, in the account 
published in the ** Batavian Courant, for 
v 1825, “ It was upon the declivities 

of some limestone hills, densely covered 
with entangled and creeping shrubs, that 
the * Patma,’ as it is called by the natives, 
was to be found. One of the guides stop- 
ped from time to time, and having looked 
attentively at the shrubs, he suddenly 
pointed to a branch on which grew one 


It was instantly cut down, and be 


proved to be a species of Cissus,! known 
1 This is a different species from that on which 
Raflesia Arnoldi is a a parasite ;—C. scariosa, Bl. n. sp.; 
“ foliis pedatis triphyllis coriaceis glabris, foliolis 

i basi inequali-ro rotundatis apice ob- 


263 


to the natives by the name of Walieran, 
the blossoms of which, however, I could 
not procure. All the guides now strove to 
earn the reward which I offered for a cer- 
tain number of these vegetables, and a few 


. minutes had scarcely elapsed when a little 


bud was found growing out of the exposed 
root of the Cissus, lying upon the ground, 
and which had rather the appearance of an 
excrescence of the root itself than any natu- 
ral production. Two buds more were soon 
after brought me in different stages of 
growth: and indeed it,was an astonishing 
sight, which I shall never forget, when 
I beheld a large flower-bud, resembling a 
Cabbage-head, and very near its expansion 
—for the outer red-brown scales surround- 
ing the perianth lay loosely over each other, 
so that the upper part of the perianth, ex- 


d eian of a flesh-colour, was ve to 


j 


‘On another root of the Vine, I perceiv- 
ed, to my joy, a fully expanded flower of 
this wonderful plant, having a diameter of 
two feet, while within, the great column, 
beset with raised points, attracted the eye 
by its vivid carmine-red colour. 

These specimens were afterwards figured 
and described in the Flora Jave, where 
the author assigns to Rafflesia and his 
nearly allied genus Brugmansia, a new 
Order, RHIZANTHE, with the following 
character.—Flowers perfect, or by abor- 
tion dizecious. Perianth superior, simple, 


duplicate estivation. 
affixed in a simple series to the central 
column, inverted eee? opening with 
one or two pores at the apex. hea 
pium ( Peridium, Sporangium, Link.), on 

celled ; peas (Quer numerous, 


aedi 
the roots of other plants, 
stem, and leaves, consisting of a solitary 
flower, surrounded by seules." 


: smog the higher i eee 


or Cryptogamic plants. His species he 
calls “ R. Patma ; perianthio intus nudo, 
column: processibus rectiusculis.” His 
figure we have here copied. 


TAB. XV. 1. Raflesia Patma, with a scale of 
feet indicating its. nat. size. 2. Section of th 


u 
the Mister: filled with spores. ion 
inner lining of the pseudocarp with its iS 
nified. 4. Solitary Spore :—much magnified. 


DRYOBALANOPS. Gertn. 
MoNaDELPHÍA PoLyANDRIA. 

Calyx monophyllus, quinquepartitus, 
laciniis lineari-lanceolatis, patentibus. Co- 
rolla pentapetala, petalis basi junctis ovato- 

lanceolatis, calyce longioribus. amina 
plurima, monadelpha, hypogyna, longitu- 
dine fere calycis, conniventia; filamenta in 
annulum brevem coalita; anthere supra 
tubum filamentorum subsessiles, longe, ! 
lineares, acute, mucrone membranaceo, 
biloculares. arium ovatum, stylo acu- 
minatum, superum, triloculare, loculis dis- 
poris. Stylus filiformis, staminibus longior. 
Stigma capitatum. Capsula calyci gran- 
defacto insidens et cincta laciniis ejusdem 
in alas spatulatas foliaceas erecto-patentes 
mutatis, unilocularis, trivalvis, monosper- 
1 « Plante singulares," he says, ‘ vel miranda po- 
tius regni vegetabilis monstra, quibus hecce familia 


vantur. Uti eni 
mycos genera 


liisque destiteuntur, tum modo prorsus simili eyol- 
int 


arum proguatz, vitam 


mutata vasorum diveétiolb; desi e imt decia 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


inches long, one to two broad. 


ma. Semen embryone exalbuminosa, in- - 
verso, cotyledonibus inequalibus, chivas 
loideo-contortuplicatis. 


DRYOBALANOPS. CAMPHORA. Coleb. 


Kapur Barus, Malay. 

Specimens in flower were sent by Mr. 
Prince, from Tapanooly, to Sir T. S. Rafiles, 
in 1819, from which the above generic de- 
scription is taken. I have since had an 
opportunity of. seeing these noble trees in 
their native forests, but not at the time of 
flowering, and I am informed that they do 
not bear above once in three or four years - 
Mr. Colebrooke's description in the Asiatic 
Researches, of the tree and fruit, 1s so com- 
plete, that I cannot do better than copy it. 

“Trunk arboreous, Bark brownish. 
Leaves superior alternate, inferior ones 
opposite ; elliptic, obtusely acuminate, pa- 
rallel-veined, entire, smooth; three to seven. 
Petiole 
short. Stipules in pairs, subulate, cadu- 
cous. Perianth one-leaved, five-pa 
persistent. Capsule superior, ovate, woody, 
fibrous, finely streaked with longitudinal 
furrows, embraced at the base by the caly- 
cine hemispherical cup, and surrounded by 
its enlarged leaflets, which are converted 
into large, foliaceous, spatulate, rigid, reflex 

wings, one-celled, three-valved. Seed so- 
litary, conform to the cavity of the capsule. 
Integument simple, thin, membranaceous, - 
thickened along one side, and thence pene- 
trating to the axis, and continued between 
Pen- 


smooth without, wrinkled within; 
terior one much smaller, wrinkled on both 
sides, uniform or round, cordate (as is the 
exterior one, if its folds be expanded). p 
Plumule simple, conical, two-leaved. Ra- 
dicle near the summit towards the > 
columnar, a little curved, and ending ina ES 
short conical lip; ascending. - As. Ras 
XII. p. 539." ; 
To this accurate and su descrip! 


+ 


ony, 


"EET Bits a a Tz» 


pair? 


ation of the Camphor. 


DESCRIPTION 


I can only add the particulars which the 
examination of flowering specimens has 
enabled me to supply. flowers are 
terminal and axillary, forming a kind o 
panicle at the extremity of the branches. 
The corolla is five-petaled, longer than the 
calyx, the petals ovate-lanceolate, and in 
some degree adnate or connected together 
at the base. The stamina are numerous, 
and have their filaments united into a ring, 
in which particular it differs from the ge- 
nera most nearly related to it. The an- 
thers are nearly sessile on the tube of the 
filaments, conniving into a conical head 
round the style, and terminating in acute, 
membranaceous points ovary is 
three-celled, ionis: two ovula in each 
cell. The style is longer than the stamina, 
and crowned by a capitate stigma. 

In Sumatra the Camphor-trees are con- 
fined to the country of the Battas, which 
extends about a degree and a half imme- 
diately to the North of the Equator. They 
are also found in Borneo in nearly the same 
parallel-of latitude, and I have reason to 
believe that there are some in the neigh- 
bourhood of Singapore and Johore. This 
valuable tree is not known to exist in any 
other part of the world, and on this account, 
as well as the difficulty of obtaining its 
produce, this kind of Camphor bears an 
exorbitant price. It is all carried to China, 
where it sells for about twelve times as 
much as that of Japan. 

This Camphor is found in a concrete 
State, occupying cavities and fissures in the 
heart of the tree, In order to obtain it, 
the tree is felled and split into lengths, to 

of the extraction of the crystallized 


Masses. The same trees yield both the 


Concrete substance and an oil, which is 
Supposed to be the first stage of the form- 
The Sumatran 


: Camphor i is little known in Europe, and it 
would perhaps deserve examination to as- 
s of how far its deer differ from 


OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


265 


For the natural affinities and a more de- 
tailed account of the method of procuring 
the Camphor,! I may refer to the able paper 


! The following particulars concerning the extrac- 
am ommunicated by Mr. 


are extracted from the 12th Tu of the Asiatic Re- 

searches above referred to :— 
** This tree grows spontaneously i 

is to be found in abundance from the back pce 


measuring six or seven feet 


ecess e found in the hea 
of the t yacuum which, in others is 
frequently filled with pitch ; but it t extend to 
the whole length; on the drca they are found in 
small portio a foot and a half long, at 


ce The method of cape - Oil 
is merely by making a d 
Malay axe, in the tree, shout fourteen or tice feet 
from the ground, till near the heart, where a deeper 
incision is made with a small — "gs the Oil, 


if any in the tree, immediately gushes t, and is re- 
—— in rbamboos, oF anyother brin Wee approved 
ner, a party proc roceeds through the woods 


redo the Camphor-trees till pts attain their ob- 


ject. The is procured in pretty nearly the 
same way. Mis bh are cut to t ane peri, about the 
peria Eiai is seen ; ; hundreds may be diis md 


-for tree is discovered ; when 
eee it is felled, and th 

hich are again split, and the C 
pace in circumference of 


P 
middling-sized - tree is about eight China c 
QM eleven — and of a large one, double t 
Se quantity. - thus found is called Se Tan- 
tong. It is o the case that the trees which have _ 


266 DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


already quoted. It belongs to the same 
natural family with Dipterocarpus, Sho- 
rea, &c. 

SAGUS LJEVIS. 
Hexanpria MoNoGYNIA. 
Frondibus inermibus pinnatis, spadicibus 
alterne ramosis, floribus singule squamæ 
binis, hermaphroditis, fructibus subglo- 


is. 
Sagus levis, No. 4. Rumph. Amb. I. 


Rambiya, Malay. 

This valuable Tree rises to the height 
of about twenty feet, and is generally sur- 
rounded by numerous smaller and younger 
plants which spring up around it after the 
manner of the Plantain (Musa sapientum). 
The stem, which is about as thick as that 
of the Cocoa-nut tree, is annulated by the 
vestiges of the fallen leaves, and the upper 
part is commonly invested with their with- 
ered sheaths. The leaves resemble those 
of the Cocoa, but grow more erect, and 
are much more persistent, so that the fo- 
liage has not the same tufted appearance, 
but has more of the graceful ascending 
curve of that of the Saguerus Rumphii : 
they are pinnate, unarmed; the leaflets 
linear, acute, carinate, and smooth. The 
tree is from fifteen to twenty years in com- 
ing to maturity, the fructification then ap- 
pears, and it soon after decays and dies. 
The inflorescence is terminal ; several spa- 
dices rise from the summit of the stem, 
inveloped in sheaths at their joints, and 
* alternately branched. It isonthese branches 
that the flowers and fruit are produced, 
and they are generally from five to eight 
inches in length. They are of a brown 
colour, and closely imbricated with broad 
scariose scales, within which is a quantity 
of dense ferruginous wool, in which the 
minute flowers are imbedded and com- 
pletely concealed. Each scale su 
two flowers, which are hermaphrodite, and 
been eut, and left standing in that state, will produce 
Camphor in seven or eight years after, which is dis- 
tinguished by the name of Oogar, but is inferior in 


scarcely larger than a grain of t 

The Perianth is six-leaved, of which three 
are interior, the leaflets nearly equal. Sta- 
mina six; filaments very short; anthers 
oblong, two-celled. Ovaria three, con- 
nected together in the middle, each mono- 
orous. Style none. Stigma small. Fruit 


single, yg : I 

at the summit, but with a short, acute, mu- 
cro or point in the centre; it is covered 
with scales which are imbricated from the 
top to the bottom, and are shining, of a 
greenish straw-colour, of a rhomboidal 
shape, and with a longitudinal furrow down 
their middle. 
is of a spongy consistence, and the fruit 
contains a single seed, of rather an irregu- 
lar shape, and having the umbilicus situated 
laterally a little above the base of the fruit. 


very slow, and is said, according to the best 
information I can obtain, to occupy about 
three years from the first appearing of the 
spadices to the final ripening of the fruit. 
During the period of inflorescence, the 
branches of the spadix are brown, and ap- 
parently quite bare. Afterwards a number 
f 


they at length acquire the size of a small 
apple. 
each branch. 

In habit and character this tree recedes 
considerably from the true Palme. Its 
propagation by radical shoots, exactly in 
the same manner as the common cultivated 
Plantain, is peculiar, and is not observ 
in the true Palms. The terminal inflores- 
cence and death of the tree after fructifi- 
cation, is another peculiarity. It is allied 
to Calamus by its retroversely imbricated 
frui 


t. 
This species of Sago is abundant im 
many parts of Sumatra and at Malacca, and 
is employed in the preparation of Sago for 
food. Considerable quantities are made at 
the Poggy Islands lying off the west coast 
of Sumatra, where it in fact forms the pri" | 


Below the scales, the rind 


e progress of the fruit to maturity is 


But few fruit come to maturity on 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


the Moluccas the spinous sort is consider- 
ed superior to this, but I am doubtful whe- 
ther it exists in Sumatra. For making the 
Sago, the tree must be cut before fructifi- 
cation commences, as it then becomes hard 
and dry. The process of making it has 
been so often described, that it is needless 
to repeat it here. 
STAGMARIA. 
PENTANDRIA ThiGYNIA. 

Calyx inferus, tubulosus, deciduus, ore 
irregulariter ruptus. Corolla pentapetala, 
petalis stipiti germinis insertis. Stamina 
quinque, petalis alterna, filamentis longitu- 
dine fere corolle ; antheris oblongis. Ova- 
rium trilobum, lobis monosporis, 1—2 
spe abortivis. Sty/i 1—3 ex apicibus 
loborum ovarii staminibus breviores. Stig- 
mata obtusa. Bacca reniformis, hinc sul- 
cata, cortice varicoso, monosperma. Semen 
exalbuminosum; embryone erecto, pseudo- 
monocotyledoneo, fissura laterali; radicula 
incurva. 

Arbor succo resinoso caustico scatens, 
folüs simplicibus exstipularibus, floribus 
paniculatis. 

This genus is nearly related to Rhus, 
but is distinguished by the following parti- 
culars. The petals and stamina are both 
inserted on the stipes of the ovary, which 
1$ not surrounded by a nectarial ring, as in 
Rhus, and is three-lobed when perfect. 
The styles are inserted on the lobes of the 
Ovary, and do not spring from one point. 
Their number depends on the number of 
perfect lobes of the germen, and it is most 
common to find only one. The calyx is 
tubular, deciduous, and bursts irregularly. 
The structure of the fruit is also different, 
the seed not being here contained in a nut, 
and having the embryo erect, not inverse, 
as in Rhus 
+ On all sees accounts, added to the dif- 
ference of habit, particularly in having 
simple leaves, I have little hesitation in 
Ripecering it as a distinct genus. 

| STAGMARIA oe W. J. 


vernicis. Rumph. Amb. I. p. 


267 


Native of the Eastern Islands; it does 
not appear to be abundant in Sumatra, but 
occurs occasionally in the neighbourhood 
of rivers, as at Nattal and Moco-Moco. 

This tree grows to a considerable size ; 
the branches and branchlets are smooth, 
round, and marked with small dots. Leaves 
alternate or scattered, petiolate, elliptico- 
lanceolate, about eight inches long, subat- 
tenuate to the base, rather acute, sometimes 
Obtuse, or even retuse at the point, very 
entire, very smooth, firm, and shining, with 
lucid nerves. Petioles about an inch long, 
flattened above; stipules none. Panicles 
axillary, on rather long peduncles, Flowers 
numerous, pedicellate, white, having rather 
a narcotic smell. Calyx tubular, decidu- 
ous, bursting into two or three irregular 
segments. Corolla much longer than the 
calyx, spreading, somewhat reflex, five- 
petaled; petals oblong, rather obtuse, 
adnate at the base to the column which 
supports the ovary. Stamina five, insert- 
ed on the same column above the petals, 
alternating with them, and nearly of the 

same length; filaments thread-shaped; an- 
thers short, oblong, two-celled; ovary on 

a pedicel or column, sometimes three- 
lobed, but more frequently there is only 
one distinct lobe, whose position on the 
pedicel is rendered oblique by the abortion 
of the other two; each lobe contains a 
single ovulum attached to the inner angle. 
Styles crowning the lobes of the ovary, 
from one to three, according to the number 

of perfect ovaries or lobes, shorter than 
the stamina. Stigmata obtuse. Berry as 
large as a fresh walnut, reniform or some- 
what spheroidal, but rather irregular in 
shape, eme furrowed on one side; the 
rind is rough and brownish, of a spongy 
texture, often exhibiting on the surface the 
appearance varicose veins, and when 
cut, exudes an acrid juice; it contains a 
single seed, similar in form to the fruit, 
and equally abounding with a corrosive 
gum or resin Embryo exalbuminous, 
erect. Cotyledons united, having a fissure 
on one side; Ew ue bane ol iu 
fruit, short, incurved upon the cotyledons 
at the lower part of the fissure. 


268 


Oss. The wood of this tree is of a fine 
ii colour towards the centre, and lighter 
coloured near the circumference. The 
bark exudes a resin which is extremely 
acrid, and, applied to the skin, causes ex- 
coriation and blisters; The people consi- 
der it dangerous to handle any part of the 
tree, and even to sit or sleep under its 
shade. This resin, on exposure to the air, 
soon assumes a black colour, and becomes 

ard; it is collected and employed as a 
varnish, and sells for this purpose at a high 
price. According to Rumphius, it is this 
tree which yields the so much celebrated 
Japan lacquer or varnish, and he considers 
it the same with that of Siam and Tonquin. 
Loureiro, however, who had better oppor- 
tunities of observing the latter, represents 
the varnish of those countries as the pro- 
duce of a different tree, which he has de- 
scribed under the name of Augia. The 
varnish of Siam and Cochinchina is pro- 
bably the best; but that of Celebes and 
Java, which is the produce of this tree, is 
also employed for the same purposes, and 
cannot be much inferior, since it bears as 
high a price, and according to Rumphius, 
higher. The process of obtaining and 
using it is thus given by Rumphius :— 
“The exhalations of this tree are consi- 
dered noxious, and the people of Macassar 
and other parts of Celebes in particular, 
entertain. such dread of it, that they dare 
not remain long under it, much less repose 
beneath its shade; they say that whoever 
receives the droppings from it, will have 
his body swell and be affected with malig- 
nant sores. As, however, it furnishes the 
so celebrated varnish, other people boldly 
repair to this tree, particularly the Chinese 
and Tonkinese, who employ great precau- 
tions in collecting the resin, which is ac- 
complished in the following manner. A 
number of Chinese proceed, about evening, 
tothe place where the trees grow, which 
 Àsalways at a distance from the resort of 
men or animals, each selects a few, and 
inserts nto the trunks two peon of bam- 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS, 


night, and are extracted before sun-rise the 
next morning, the trees yielding no juice 
during the The resin is found in 
greater or less quantity according to the 
richness or poorness of the soil, and is 
obtained only at certain seasons of the 
year, particularly about the time of flow- 
ering. The people who collect it unite the 
produce of their labour, and afterwards 
make an equal division of the whole, on 
which account this resin maintains a high 
price, a single pikul (containing a hundred 
catties) selling, in those provinces of China 
which do not possess this tree, for two or 
three hundred dollars; in Tonkin and 
Camboja, however, it may be had for thirty, 
fifty, or sixty dollars. Itis a custom among 
the Chinese, when they approach this tree, 
first to rub its trunk lightly, before insert- 
ing the bamboos, wishing by this to show 
that they are not afraid, for they say that 
timid persons will sooner feel its noxious 
effects than those who are bold and fear- 
less. 

“ The resin is prepared for varnish in 
the following way :—To one pound of resin 
add an equal weight of the oil of Tang-yhu, 
which is a Chinese tree related to the | 
Boonga Tanjong [Mimusops Elengi] from — 
whose fruit a red transparent vil is prepar- — 
ed, resembling our Linseed Oil: others 
put one pound of oil to three of the resin, 
which are gently heated together, and make 
a very black varnish. If, however, toone — 
pound of resin, two pounds of oil be add- 
ed, a varnish of a brownish yellow, and 
sometimes of a straw-colour, is produced, 
with which wood is lightly done over, to 
bring out the grain and veins. Moreover, 
if while the varnish is heated, red lead, 
powdered galls, or other dry pigments be 
added, it gives the same colour to the work 
upon which it is employed. This liquid a 
varnish ought to be covered with water to 3 
prevent its becoming hard. The articles — 
to which the varnish is applied must always 
be placed in a cool and moist place to dry, — | 
which. ny do slowly; but when pen a 
hardened, the varnish never becomes S$ 
again, Mbit the suffusion of hot walat 
which often dissolves it. | 


EU: 


A paris, patens, 


there res gud bilocdlares, in 


—*' The Chinese carry this prepared resin 

in large pots from Siam and Camboja to 

Japan, where it is disposed of to great 
ofit. 


“The Japanese are the most skilful in 
preparing and ornamenting all kinds of 
wooden articles with this varnish, of which 
they annually use large quantities, and 
their black lacquered works are dispersed, 
on account of their elegance, to all parts 
of the world." 

Loureiro says, that the black lacquer is 
produced by the varnish in its natural state, 
unmixed with any foreign ingredient, and 
that it is only for producing red and other 
colours that pigments are added. He gives 
his Augia as a native of China, Cochin- 
china, Camboja, and Siam; Rumphius’ 
tree is a native of Java, Celebes, Bali, and 
other parts of the Archipelago. 

er the article Sanga, in the Ency- 


Und 
. Clopédie Méthodique, a part of Rumphius’ 


account of this tree is given, but by a sin- 
gular mistake of the reference to the plate, 
it is conjectured to be a species of Her- 
nandia, an error which the slightest atten- 
tion to the terms of the description ought 
to have prevented. In the first volume of 
the same work, the Arbor vernicis is made 
a species of Terminalia, under the specific 
appellation of 7. Verniz, and the supposi- 
tion has not been rejected by later authors. 

It is needless to add, that it has not the 
least relation to Terminalia. 


NEPENTHES. 
Diccia MoNADELPHIA. 
Mas. Calyx 4-partitus. 
Corte title Filamentum | columnare. 
here in globum compacte. 

FEM. aig: et corolla maris. Stigma 
sessile, 4-lobum. Capsula supera, 4-val- 
vis, 4-locularis, polysperma. Semina line- 

NA] cea. 


«Char. Gen. Calyz coriaceus, profunde 


Filamentum columnare, erectum, 
ım, calyce paullo brevius. An- 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


269 


FEM. Ovarium superum oblongum te- 
tragonum. Stylus nullus. Stigma pelta- 
tum, 4-lobum. Capsula oblonga, utrinque 

attenuata, 4-angularis, lateribus sulcatis, 
4-locularis, 4-valvis, valvis medio septife- 
ris. Placente nulle, preter dissepimenta. 
Semina numerosa, inclusa, tunica membra- 
nacea rufescente utrinque elongata acuta. 
Albumen oblongum, embryone terete mo- 
nocotyledone longitudine fere albuminis. 

Folia apice in cirrhum urniferum pro- 
ducta. Racemi primo terminales, demum, 
crescente caule, laterales et oppositifolir. 

This remarkable genus offers little affi- 
nity with any other, and its place in the 
natural arrangement is undetermined. No- 
thing can exceed the sportive variety which 
nature has displayed in the adornment of 
these singular plants. Their chief pecu- 
liarity is the urn-shaped appendage to the 
leaf, the use and purpose of which it is not 
easy to discover. Some Naturalists, who 
think it necessary in all cases to give an 
answer to the question of “cui bono,” 
have expatiated, with more imagination 
than truth, on the benevolent provision of 
these vegetable fountains for the refresh- 
ment of the thirsty traveller in tropical re- 
gions, Into this field of speculation it is 
unnecessary to enter, or to detail the su- 
perstitious ideas entertained respecting 
them, by the ruder inhabitants of the coun- 
tries in which they grow. 

The tendril hangs from the extremity of 
the leaf, frequently twisting itself round 
some neighbouring twig, and dilates at its 
—— into an urn, which turns upwards 

such a manner as always to preserve its 
perpendieularity These urns vary in form 
in the different species, and are frequently 
tinted with the most beautiful colours. 
Some are long and tubular, and others are 
variously dilated or inflated. 
not, however, quite cylindrical, being all 
more or less flattened anteriorly, and some 
pies being there furnished with two 


ous wings or fringes. The 
et of the urns is beautifully d finely 
punctate on the inner surface, apparently 


bum be ducts or vessels, from which the water 


is secreted. The margin is finely and re- 


270 


gularly striated, and generally more highly 
coloured than the rest of the urn; it turns 
inwards, and forms a peculiar inverted rim, 
which is denticulate at the edge, in a man- 
ner corresponding to the striæ. By this 
peculiar inversion, it becomes impossible 
entirely to empty the cup of its water by 
holding it downwards, and it also forms a 
kind of trap for whatever enters from with- 
out, as ingress proves easier than regress, 
owing to the row of teeth just mentioned, 
which oppose themselves to it. The cups, 
in consequence, are almost always found 
full of insects that have been lured into the 
toil, and paid the forfeit of their curiosity. 
While young, the mouth of the cup is 
closed by an operculum or lid, attached by 
a kind of hinge to the posterior angle, 
which opens at a certain stage, and never 
closes again. The young cups are about 
half-full of a pure, limpid, and almost 
tasteless fluid, but after the opening of the 
operculum it soon becomes polluted with 
foreign matter. It has been stated that 
the lid shuts every night to supply the 
waste of fluid during the preceding day, 
but a very little observation shows this to 
be a mistake. The Malay name of the 
genus is Priokra, or Kachongbruh, which 
signifies the esa ae st 


DESCRIPTION OF 


NEPENTHES RAPELESIAMA. W. J. 


Foliis petiolatis, ascidiis inferiorum ventri- 
coso-campanulatis antice membranaceo- 
alatis, superiorum infundibuliformibus 
nudis, omnium ore pulcherrime striato 
obliquo postice assurgente. 


MALAYAN PLANTS. 


apex; they terminate in larger, ventricose, ; 


and highly scidia or urns, fringed 
along the anterior Hh with two mem- 
branaceous fimbriate wings, somewhat con- 
tracted at the mouth, which opens ser 
rising much higher, and slightly recu 
behind, where the operculum is inserted. 
The tendrils of the upper leaves are twist- 
ed into one or two spires at the middle, 
and terminate in long ascending funnel- 
shaped urns, flattened anteriorly but not 
winged, and gracefully turned at the mouth 
like an antique vase or urn. Both have 
the inverted margin beautifully and deli- 
cately striated, and variegated with parallel 
stripes of purple, crimson, and yellow. 
The opercula are incumbent, membranace- 
ous, ovate, marked with two principal lon- 
gitudinal nerves, and cuspidate behind the 
hinge. The racemes are at first terminal, 
but the stem begins, after a time, to shoot 
beyond them, and they become lateral, and 
are always opposed to a leaf which differs 
from the others in being sessile, and its 
cirrhus never having an urn at its extre- 
mity. The pedicels are one-flowered. 
Mate. Calyz deeply four-parted, to- 
mentose on the outer surface, smooth, red, 
and punctate on the inner, segments ob- 
Corolla none. The 


ous, yellow, contorted into a round terminal 
head. 

FEMALE. Calyz as in the male. Ova- 
rium superior, oblong, four-sided, erect 
Style none. Stigma sessile, peltate, four- 


tiges: of the forests of the island of lobed. Capsule oblong, somewhat curv 


The. R 

we is fibrous. Stem ascending 
at the base, becoming erect, —. 
itself on the neighbouring trees ; the young 


parts covered with a deden tomentum both 


or down. The leaves ess s olternate, petio- 
late, the 1 1 la nceolate, 
the upper ones more remote and oblong; 
the adult leaves are smooth ; all are entire, 


four-angled, deeply furrowed at the sides, 
four-celled, four-valved, the valves septi- 
ferous in the middle, many-seeded. Seeds 
long, linear, membranaceous, and acute at 
ends, arranged wien and 
affixed by the base to the partitio 

Oss. This is the largest and asi mag- 
nificent species of the genus, being adorned 
with two kinds of urns, both elegant in 
their forms, and brilliant in their colouring. 
It was first discovered with the following. 


Enim NE 


"T o 


apti 9M. 


DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 


Sumatra, when he established a British 
Colony on that island, in February, 1819. 
To him, therefore, it is justly dedicated. 


W. J. 


Caule basi repente surculos urniferos pro- 
mente demum erecto foliifero, cirrhis 
foliorum muticis, ascidiis petiolatis con- 
fertis inflatis antice membranaceo-alatis, 
ore coarctato subrotundo striato, oper- 
culo lanceolato reflexo postice tricuspide. 
Found along with the preceding in the 

forests of Singapore, also at Rhio, on the 

island of Bintang. 

Root fibrous. Stem repent at the base, 
becoming erect, and supporting itself on 
the neighbouring trees, round, covered 
with a deciduous ferruginous down, urn- 
bearing at the base, and leaf-bearing above. 
The urn-bearing shoots or suckers are short 
and spring from the repent part of the 
stem; they are entirely sheathed by the 
crowded petioles of the urns, which are 
dilated and amplexicaul at the base. The 
urns or ascidia are supported on short 
Straight petioles; they are erect, ovate, 
inflated, green and spotted with purple, 
furnished anteriorly with two longitudinal, 
membranaceous, fimbriated wings ; mouth 
somewhat contracted, striated, of a uniform 
yellowish green colour, and nearly round, 
the inverted margin being prolonged fur- 
ther into the interior of the cup than in 
the other species, The Operculum is lan- 
ceolate-oblong, generally refiexed, tricus- 
pid behind the hinge. It opens at an early 
Stage, and as the urn enlarges, it becomes 
much too small to reclose it. The leaves 
come on the erect part of the stem, and 
are alternate, subpetiolate, lanceolate, from 
eight to twelve inches in length, very en- 
tire, somewhat reflex at the margin, smooth 
above, covered with a ferruginous tomen- 
fum beneath, particularly on the nerves, 
terminating at the apex in a tendril, which 
15 generally thickened and revolute at the 
extremity; the lower ones have sometimes 
urns similar to those at the base of the 


NEPENTHES AMPULLARIA. 


: - The Racemes are at first terminal, 


Rn» iren nii 
, pyramidal, 


271 


many-flowered; the lower pedicels three 
to four-flowered, the upper one-flowered. 
The Bracts are linear, acute, and villous 
like the raceme. 

MALE. Calyx four-parted, flat, ferru- 
ginously tomentose without, green and 
smooth within, segments ovate, rather 
acute, two opposite ones larger. Corolla 
none. Stamineous column central, erect, 
nearly as long as the calyx. Anthers about 
eight, yellow, two-celled, compacted into 
a globular head. 

FEMALE. Calyx the same as in the 

male. Ovarium superior, oblong, erect, 
eign: Style none. 
four-lobed. Capsule o 
both ends, four-angled, four-callod, four- 
valved, many-seeded, valves septiferous. 
Seeds linear, paleaceous. 

Oss. This species differs strikingly in 
habit from the others, in having the urns 
crowded near the surface of the ground. 
They are also very different in shape, be- 
ing somewhat of the form and size of an 
egg, inflated like a bladder, and the mem- 
brane thinner and more delicate than in 
the other species. The inverted rim is 
broad, and projects far into the cavity of 
the cup, forming a trap in which numbers 
of flies and insects are taken. 


Re 
NEPENTHES PHYLLAMPHORA. 
Foliis petiolatis oblongis, Dai: nudis 


sculls superne 
E E 


sates marcescentibus, ore striato de- 


presso, racemis longissimus, pedicellis 


unifloris. 
Cantharifera, Rumph. Amb. V. t. 59. 
Phyllamphora mirabilis. Lour. Fil. Coch. 
606. 


ant in moist places and ravines in 
the mr of Bencoolen and other 
parts of the West coast of Sumatra. 

It isa a and stronger plant than the 
N. distillatoria, and has the striated mar- 
gins of the urns flattened, depressed, and 
more everted. 


NEPENTHES DISTILLATORIA. 


Foliis sessilibus amplexicaulibus, ascidiis 
infundibuliformibus nudis, ore striato. 


272 
At Singapore, Malacca, &c. 


Poiret seems to have fallen into an error 
in describing the urns of this species as 
having smooth margins (Ency. Méth. I. 
p. 459.), I have never met with any that 
were not striated, though they are less re- 
markably so than in the other species. 


Bencoolen, August, 1820. 


Se ee TOWARDS A 
FLORA VAN DIEMEN’S 
LAND 


From Collections sent by R. W. Lawrence, Ronald 
unn, and Thomas Scott, Esqrs. 
( Continued from p. 258 of the Journal of Botany.) 

In the Journal above mentioned, I spoke 
with peculiar satisfaction of two gentlemen, 
resident in Van Diemen's Land, R. W. 
Lawrence, and Ronald Gunn, Esqrs., who 
were devoting their leisure time most zea- 
ously towards obtaining a knowledge of the 
National History, and especially of the Bo- 
` tany of that distant and most interesting 
portion of Australia; and I also prefaced 
the first memoir which I published on their 
discoveries, with an account of an excur- 
sion made to the Western Mountains of Van 
Diemen's Land bythe latter of these gen- 
tlemen. Little did I think that at the very 
time I was preparing his MSS. for the 
press, not only himself, at the early age of 
twenty-six, but his wife, were both, in the 
short space ofa for tnight, suddenly removed 
from all sublunary enjoyments. The intel- 
ligence was communicated to me in the 
following extract of a letter from Mr. R. 
Gunn, bearing date **Launceston, Van 
Diemen's Land, November 15, 1833. 

“ Tt is with feelings of the deepest regret 
I have to communicate to you the death of 
our mutual friend, Mr. R. W. Lawrence. 
This melancholy event took place at For- 
mosa, on the night of the 18th October last, 
the day on which he had attained his twen- 
Aen year, and the first anniversary day 


Leslie eed a young and highly 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. 


belonging to the Orders already treated 0 


to enjoy in this world; and on 2nd Sept. 


last, I left them, after a short visit, bothin 


the enjoyment of excellent health; next 
day Mrs. Lawrence was safely delivered of 
a daughter, but from delicacy of constitu- 
tion, or too sudden an exposure after her 
confinement, she was in a few days seized. 
with a fever which terminated fatally with- 


in a month—fatally to Lawrence's happi- . i 


nessand peace. After her funeral I brought 
him into town with me, and amused him 
in various ways, and he spoke with great 
pleasure of the satisfaction you had ex- 
pressed in your last letter, relative to his 
collections, and your intention of publish- 


ing them. On 8th October, I accompanied 


him some miles out of town on his return, 
and many arrangements for the future were 
made; butin a few days after, he was found 
apparently sleeping in his bed, having been 
carried off in a fit of apoplexy. Within 


one fortnight he and his wife were buried! j 


You must excuse my enlarging upon this 
melancholy subject :—I was, I may almost 
say, his only friend on earth, and we were 
brothers to each other—our pursuits and 


feelings alike; and it will be long ere I- 


shall be able to fill the blank his death has 
made. I owe much to his memory, as he 


led me to commence the study of Botany, 
in which I have spent many happy hours, _ 


and yet look forward to years of pleasure 
in the same pursuit. His loss to you will 
also be most severe, as he was years a-head 


of me, in experience, both of Botany and > 


the localities of the plants of Van Diemen’s 

Land. I can only, however, promise to do 

all I can, and trust time will improve me.” 
As much as possible, Mr. Gunn has exe 


erted himself to fill up the loss occasioned a 


by the death of his lamented friend ; 
the close of the last year brought me an- 
other beautiful and extensive collection 


Pe WES XG f ix 


from him, an dime of which, om x 


Or ©. lOusiy 


e previ 


it will be no less my pleasure than my duty r 
to lay before the public. The present col- — 


lection contains some additional species, 


in the Journal above quoted, together with 


others, which have enabled me to « er 


l 


some corrections or alterations in those 
already descrihed. These I shall notice in 
the first instance. 


RANUNCULACEJE. Juss. 


l, Clematis blanda, Hook, 1. c. p. 241.— 
Leaflets varying much in size, from 
three-fourths of an inch to three inches. 
Fruit with long awns, copiously silky. 
In a richer soil, the leaflets are much 
elongated, and frequently deeply laci- 
‘niated, the segments pointing upwards, 
the flowers twice and thrice as large, so 
that I can hardly conceive a more de- 
sirable plant for cultivation in our gar- 
dens. A species apparently distinct, but 
allied to this, is sent by Mr. Gunn, with 


lanceolate, simple or ternately divided, 
aid toothed at the margin, purple 


beneath. SPURS the flowers are- 


as yet 

». C. a aida, De Cand.—Beautiful 
specimens of this are now sent by Mr. 
es with fruit—the awns are long and 


ery silky. 

6. | eun glabrifolius, Hook, l.c. p. 

Mog gracilior; petiolis sereni 
segmentis longioribus magisq 


acuminatis, 
This species is a very remarkable one. 
a ts roots are fibrous, but a main fibre often 
bears a tuber, and this sends out a runner 
which throws up a new plant. The carpels 
are nearly globose, wrinkled, longer than 
the beak or persistent style, which is sud- 
denly curved upwards or inwards. Some- 
times the leaves, under a microscope, are 
Seen to bear a few scattered € 
Bi Ri 
Add, Mr. Gusta (n. 444. S This often 
grows in a tufted manner, with many 
Spreading stems. It inhabits swampy 
ists; 


— 


il specimens of thia en distinct 
osea now sent from Deloraine, thir- 


pers beak and margin of the carpels are deep 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF VAN DIEMEN’S LAND. 


leaves two to four inches long, ovate and . 


us | 


: AD fve miles west from Launceston. The * 


273 
DILLENIACEX. DC. 

2. (bis) Pleurandra hirsuta, n. sp.— 
foliis linearibus acutis marginibus revo- 
lutis (sed non ad costam attingentibus) 
sericeo-hirsutis, floribus axillaribus ses- 
silibus pes EC HE totis dense 
sericeis. Mr. 445.)—Gathered 
on dry hills, near pee Town, by Mr. 
Backhouse.—A. dwarf plant resembling 
P. densiflora ; but the leaves and flow- 
ers are smaller and more silky; the 
flowers are solitary, and the calyx is 
very silky. 

F. X. De Cand, 1. c. p. 246.—Add 
Mr. Gunn, (n. 183.) and Port Arthur, 
Mr. Backhouse. 


CRUCIFERJE. Juss. 


2. CE teiuifotia, P l. c.p. 247. 
Mi Gun 


inn, 


(n. 447.) two feet in height, and showing 
that the leaflets of the radical leaves are 
ovate, or round and petiolate. 

3. (bis.) C. heterophylla, n. sp.—glabra, 
foliis radicalibus sublonge petiolatis, ex- 
timis cordatis integris, integerrimis reli- 
quis pingatisectis segmentis remotis 
avato 
terminali maximo, , caulinis 1—2 pinnati- 
fidis laciniis linearibus, corymbis pauci- 
floris, siliquis erectis linearibus gracilli- 
mis, stigmate sessi 
Wet places, Mr. Ba (n. 446.) Four 

to six inches high. Flowers rather large, 
white.* 

3. Mer) ee T n. ds Ren Enis 
rosis ghais clin: sinuato-dentatis 
basi € in rachidem decurrenti- 

d *C bis," “ ler," or with an (*), 


! Those 
are bape ae 

2 Nearly allied to this is a N. Holland species, 
A: I bave already mentioned ander C. tenuifolia in 
„and which may be thus distinguished : 
foliis omnibus pinnati-sec- 


die s 


tis 
singato-dentatis te terminali M hi å 

nearibus, ee is multifloris 
— 


Ew Read io Beber e Clarence's hilly range. 
Mr, A. of the Macquarrie, Mr. 


Fraser. —Flovers, ie ii. 


274 


bus, caulinis segmentis paucioribus an- 
gustioribus, supremis linearibus integris, 
corymbo multifloro, siliquis (immaturis) 
linearibus, rostro attenuato. Mr. Gunn. 
(n. 401.) A tall (one to two feet high) 
andrather stout plant, remarkable for the 
copious segments of the leaves, which 
are alternately larger and smaller, and 
occupy almost the whole rachis. The 
flowers are large, pure white. Pods im- 
mature, but decidedly rostrate. 
1.* Coronopus didyma, Sm.—Senebiera 
pinnatifida, D C.—B. incisa, D. C— 
aste ground, common, Mr. Gunn. 


(n. 545.) 


VIOLARIEZ. DC. 

3. (bis.) Viola Szeberi, caulibus stoloni- 
feris densis, foliis fasciculatis obovatis 
cuneatis seu rhombeis crenato-serratis 
longe petiolatis, stipulis lanceolatis sub- 
dentatis, pedunculis folio sub breviori- 
bus.—V. spathulata. Sreber, Fil. Nov. 
Holl. n 426. (not Willd.) Mr. Gunn 
(n. 95?) very properly looks upon this 
as distinct from V. hederacea : it is how- 

_ ever probably the V. hederacea, B., foliis 
| subcuneatis, of Labill. and De Can- 
dolle. Our plant is scarcely two inches 
high, densely tufted, bearing short stolo- 
nes and numerous flowers nestled among 
the leaves 
Hymenanthera angustifoha, Br. in 

De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 315, Mr. Gunn, 

1835. (n. lost.)—A very harsh-looking 

shrub, with virgate branches, and quite 

entire evergreen leaves, exceedingly dif- 
ferent from the H. dentata, Bot. Mag. 

t. 3168. 


i 


DROSERACEE. DC. 

To the Genus Drosera I have now the 
pleasure of adding two more species, na- 
tives of Van Diemen's Land. 

ES (bis) Drosera lunata, Buch. in De 


c . tinguished from D. peltata by the dn 


- e calyx. If our plant be shor 


^ YYALGU Llc 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF VAN DIEMEN’S LAND. 


hasel-nut. The radical leaves, both in 
this and in D. peltata, are not peltate, 
but inserted by the margin to the petiole 
and are reniformi-cordate. Some of the 
specimens are branched, and twelve or 
fourteen inches long. 

(ter.) D. Menziesit, Br. in De Cand, 
Prodr. v. 1. p. 319. 
Mr, Gunn, (n. 449.) :—discovered by 
Mr. Backhouse, at Swan Port, on the East 
coast of Van Diemen's Land. 


"m 


"POLYGALEJE. Juss. 


3.* Comasperma calymega—Labill. Nov. 

Holl. v.2. p. 159. 

Port Arthur. Mr. Backhouse.—4A small 
species, well figured by Labillardiére, ex- 
cept that the figure represents a midrib, 
which is not apparent. The leaves are of 
à thick texture, very glossy. Flowers in 
a small, elongated, dense raceme. Cor. 
deep blue 


TREMANDREX. Jr. 


Mr. Gunn observes with regard to his 
Nos. 21 and 193, included under Tetra- 
theca pilosa, Labill. 1. c. p. 248, (by mis- 
take marked x. sp.) that the two plants 
come from two different localities; n. 21 
being found at Launceston; n. 193 in the 
western parts, where the climate is much 
colder. But I can see no difference be- 
tween them, except in the greater or less 
degree of hairiness or hispidity. Indeed, 
from the numerous specimens with which 
this liberal friend has favoured me, I am. 
more than ever satisfied, that the three 
varieties I have indicated, deserve no 
higher rank: and it is even probable that 
the T. ericefolia of Sieber is not really 
distinct from it. Nothing can exceed the 
beauty of some of our specimens, | ‘| 
as the branches are with the deep and E 
bright rose-coloured blossoms, marked with E 
the. fork. eye formed by the HMM Ig 
haul. c4 


now sent by Mr. Gunn ndi the Rs y 
shire P. ie fr unte tarpia me 


a E 


— —XÀ en 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF VAN DIEMEN’S LAND. 


PITTOSPORE.E. Br. 

l. Billardiera scandens, Salisb.; l. c. p. 
249, should be altered to B. insita Ry 
the fruit being oblong, and quite gla- 
brous. 

To B. longiflora, may be added, as a 
synonym, B. ovalis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 
1719.—The flowers are, very variable in 
size ; some of Mr. Gunn's specimens being 
twice as large as others. The species is 
readily distinguished, both from B. scan- 

sand B. mutabilis, by its almost en- 
tirely glabrous leaves, globose fruit, and 
the straight obtuse petals. 

l. Bursaria spinosa, l. c. p. 249.— Mr. 
Gunn observes that the plant does bear 
spines, not unfrequently ; so that it only 
appears to differ in its much larger size 
from the N. Holland plant. No. “115” 
of Mr. Gunn, should, I believe, have 
been given as No. 

l. Pittosporum bicolor, 1. c. p. 249, is ga- 
thered by Mr. Gunn, on the «omoi 
Hills. 

2* P. procumbens, n. sp.—pumilum gla- 
brum, ramis procumbentibus, foliis spar- 
Sis erecto-patentibus oblongis mucro- 
natis levibus marginibus revolutis, flori- 
bus terminalibus subsessilibus, petalis 
acuminatis rectis. 


ed with copious foliage. 
Peduncle short, terminal. Sepals subu- 
late, almost as long as the straight petals. 
* P.nanum, n. sp.—pumilum erectum ? 
pubescenti-scabrum, foliis sparsis erecto- 
patentibus lineari-lanceolatis mucronatis 
marginibus revolutis, floribus terminali- 
aggregatis, pedunculis flore longiori- 
bus, petalis acuminatis rectis. 
Mr. Gunn (n.617.)—Discovered by Mr. 
Backhouse, but the locality is not men- 
tioned. 


D Linum angustifolium, 1. c. p. 249.— 
‘Under this should have been given, Mr. 
Vinum Dm ), who finds it on the Hamp- 


Stellaris A n. sp.—caule elon- 
debili ramoso nitido glabro, foliis 
is acutissimis ciliatis in- 


275 


petiolum brevem attenuatis, pedunculis 

axillaribus solitariis folio ter longioribus, 

petalis bipartitis sepalis glabris uniner- 
viis marginibus albidis longioribus. 

Mr. Gunn (n. 450.)—Nearly allied to 
S. mecia ; but it is a much larger plant, 
from one to two feet in length, less succu- 
lent. The stems are very glossy, and de- 
stitute of the alternate hairy line which so 
beautifully marks our European plant; the 
flowers are much larger, and the peduncle 
much longer. It bears flowers nearly the 
whole length of the stem. 

S. multiflora, n. sp.—glaberrima, cau- 
libus e basi ramosissima decumbentibus, 
foliis sessilibus lanceolatis acutissimis 
basi coadunatis, pedunculis terminalibus 
axillaribusque (ex omni nodo) solitariis 
erectis foliorum longitudine, sepalis lan- 
ceolatis acuminatissimis obsolete 3-ner- 
vibus, petalis eee 
Mr. Gunn (n. 451.)—A small plant, 

branching diuinis from the root, and 
ecumbent: very distinct from any species 
with which I am acquainted. Every pair 
of leaves produces a flower, for the whole 
length of the stem and branches. The 
petals seem to be wanting in all the flowers. 
Capsule ovate, as long as the calyx, split- 
ting at the apex into six revolute teeth. 
Seeds globose, beautifully dotted and 
tuberculated in lines. 
l. Cerastium vulgatum, L. — Sent with- 
out number or particular habitat. An 
introduced plant, probably. 


BOMBACE®Æ. Kunth. 
1. Plagianthus sidoides, Hook, in Bot. 
Mag. t 3396.—Sida discolor. Hook 4. c. 


TG Gunn (n. 452.), who remarks on it, 
that it “flowers in March and April, a most 
unusual season for the blossoming of plants 


in Van Diemen’s Land.” The great simi- 
larity in the piad and inflorescence of 
this with those of Sida pulchella, led 


me at first to refer it to that genus. It 
has now flowered in the Glasgow Botanic 
Garden, and I have no doubt of its belong- 
ing to the little-known genus Plagianthus, 
of which the -—9 two species we are 


276 


acquainted with, are figured in the Bot. 
Mag. (the P. divaricatus, at t. 3271.) 


BUTTNERIACEJE. Br. 

1.* Lasiopetalum discolor, n. sp.—foliis 
breviter petiolatis cordato-ovatis obtu- 
sissimis supra pubescentibus subtus 
albo-tomentosis, ramis petiolis calyci- 
busque ferrugineo -tomentosis, cymis 
parvis capitatis. 
Mr. Gunn (n. 551.)— Discovered by 

Mr. Backhouse, on Prince Seal Island, 

Basse's Straits. 


HYPERICEJX. Juss. 


Hypericum involutum, Chois.—Hook. 
* c. p. 251.—Add. Mr. Gunn (n. 73.) 


GERANIACEJE. Juss. 


2. Geranium parviflorum, Willd. —Hook. 
l. c.—Add Mr. Gunn (n. 453.) 


OXALIDEZ. DC. 
25. Oxalis lactea, n. sp.—acaulis parce 


petiolis sublongiore supra medium 
bibracteolato unifloro, flore erecto. 

r. Gunn (n. 370.)—Good specimens 

of this, together with the remarks of Mr. 

nn, have satisfied me that it is quite 

distinct from O. macrophylla (with which 

I had confounded it). It is more allied to 

O. acetosella. 


ZYGOPHYLLEX. Jr. 
1*. i die dat Billardieri, De Cand. 
. v. 1. p. 705 
Flinders' Island, Blame! s Straits, Mr. 
Backhouse. Mr. Gunw' collection. (n. 
552.)—-A most distinct species, of which 
the flowers were unknown to its only de- 
seriber, Prof. De 


deflexed, flattened, with two broad wings 
on each side. The plant is perhaps not 
encores i N, Holland. [ possess 


“ alluvial banks of tho. e En skine Rives, lat 


These are 1 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF VAN DIEMEN’S LAND. 


32. S.;" and from King George's Sound, 
gathered by Mr. Baxter. 


RUTACEJE. Juss. 
2. Correa virens, Sm. Ex. Bot. v.2. p. 72. 
ook. l. c. p. 253.—By mistake, this was 
see n. sp. in the former paper, on 

Mr. Gunn's plant. 

C. Backhousiana, Hook. 1. c. p. 253. 

Of this most distinct species, other spe- 

cimens are now sent by Mr. Gunn (n. 

456.) from Woolworth, N. W. corner of 

the island; and one of the V. D. L. 

Co.’s Establishments. These show that 

the leaves are times impresso-punc- 

tate on the upper side; and that Mr. 

Cunningham's plant, found at Hobart 

Town and Marquarrie Harbour, is the 

same. 

4. (bis.) C. ferruginea, n, sp.—tfoliis erec- 
tis! ovali-lanceolatis obtusissimis in 
petiolum attenuatis integerrimis supra 
viridibus glaberrimis levibus impresso- 
punctatis subtus stellato-tomentosis fer- 
rugineis, floribus 1 — 3 terminalibus 
cylindraceis pendulis, dentibus caly- 
cinis acutis, staminibus longe exsertis. 
—C. ferrugine, Gunn MSS. 

Mr. Gunn (n. 557.)— This handsome 
species is sent by Mr. Gunn, with the 
name (hitherto nicis as far as I 
know) of ferruginea attached to it, which 
is here retained. he leaves are. 
largest of any of the species, often two 
inches and more in length, always acute, 
or attenuated at the base, the undersi 
copiously clothed with stellated rusty 
tomentum, marked with deeper coloured 

ots. The flowers are longer, and much 
more slender than in C. Backhousiana 

(next to which species it should be placed), 

and the stamens are much exserted. The 

young shoots are very red. 

Phebalium refusum, Hook. l. c. p- 954. 
—Copious specimens of this plant from 
Mr. Gunn (n. 455.) exhibit all the cha- 
racters of the species, and prove that 
it is truly distinct from the. following. | 
It is very abundant on the. banks of the E 
South Esk, near Launceston, growing 
six or seven and more feet high. a 4 


ON THE MEDICINAL PLANT, CALLED CUICHUNCHULLI. 


` Backhouse also finds it at Prosser's 
River, on the East coast. 

2. (bis.) P. Billardieri, Adr. Juss. — P. 
eleagnifolium, Sieb. Fl. Nov. Holl.— 
Eriostemon squammeum.  Labill. Nov. 
Holl. v. 1. p. 141. 

Mr. Gunn (n. 454.)—This is the true 
plant of Labillardiére, whose original spe- 
cimen is from Van Diemen's Land. The 
New Holland state of it, which M. Sieber 
has published, under the name of P. eleag- 
nifolium, and which Mr. Cunningham finds 
in the Blue Mountains, has the corymbs 
with more flowers, and of a smaller size; 
the underside of the leaves, too, is whiter 
and more silvery. 

l. Boronia vitreum Pers.— B. hys- 
a ifolia, Sieb. and Hook. 1. c. p. 255. 

n (n. 458. nod is very near 

B. pilonema of Lab. but in that the 

flower is alway constantly 

lateral), and the filament are naked. 

3. B. variabilis, Hook. 1. c. p. 255. — 
The last collection received from Mr. 
Gunn, so rich in good specimens, ena- 
bles me to correct my ideas respecting 
B. variabilis, and to refer the varieties 
a. and y. to B. tetrandra, Labill., not- 
withstanding the flowers are octandrous. 
The name of variabilis will be confined 
to the var. £., which has the leaves very 
generally dipinnate, the leaflets oblan- 
Ceolate or cuneate, entire or trifid, 
marked with viidi glandular dots. 

_ The branches have two opposite lines of 
hairs. A species nearly allied to this is 
the B. anethifolia of Cunningham’s MSS., 
found by that enterprising Naturalist, on 
the West branches of Hunter’s River, 
and in Wellington Valley; but the stems 
are remarkably angular, the leaflets 
acute, the flowers more numerous on the 


peduncle. 

4 B. tetrandra, Labill. Nov. Holl. v. 1. 
P- 125. (sed in nostr. exampl. floribus 
semper octandris).— JD. variabilis, a. 
Hook. 1. c 


256.—Mr. Gu: 
3. (bis. ) P. obovata, n. ` sp- foli obovatis 


277 


retusis integerrimis marginibus revolutis 
supra nudis — -— — + 


natis, fl 


bus bracteatis iuietinálibus biodi peta- 

lis cucullatis patentibus. 

Mr. Gunn (n. 460.) — Discovered by 
Mr. Backhouse, at Meredith River, Swan 
Port, E. coast. This is still more nearly 
allied to P. betulina (Cunn. in Bot. Mag. 
t. 3212.) than is our P. racemosa ; but the 
leaves are decidedly obovate, and the flow- 
ers are not apetalous. 

( To be continued.) 


ON THE MEDICINAL PLANT, 
CALLED CUICHUNCHULLI; 


Extracted from a Memoir, entitled, " Observations on 


of the Royal College of Physicians, London 
( Read jh the College of Physicians and nt Sago of 

maica, on the 19th January, 1835. ) 

(I a already seen some notice of the 
powerful effects of the roots of this plant, 
in our Journals; and on the 19th of the 
present month, Feb. 1836, I had the plea- 
sure of receiving the following letter from 
Dr. Bancroft; accompanied by the pamphlet 
there alluded to; and by specimens of the 
root, with its leaves and flowers, dried with- 
out pressure, but in a sufficiently perfect 
state to enable me to determine the spe- 
cies in the most satisfactory manner. 

“ Kingston, Jamaica, Dec. 29, 1835. 

« My Dear Sir,—I am very sorry that 
indifferent health and a great want of lei- 
sure have so long suspended my commu- 
nication with you, for I have frequently 
wished to lay before you such information 
as seemed to me novel, and which I there- 
fore hoped might prove worthy of your 
attention. I have lately been induced to 
write and publish a memoir on a plant, 
called Daichi, whose botanical his- 
tory had been hitherto unknown :—it is 
found in Quito, near the foot of the great 
volcano of Chimborazo, and is only recently 
come into notice, from its supposed virtues 
as a remedy for that horrible disease, too 
frequent in tropical regions, the Mal de 


278 


San Lazaro, the Elephantiasis or Satyri- 
asis of the Greeks. After various endea- 
vours, and as many delays, I finally 
succeeded in obtaining samples of the 
plant, which enabled me to ascertain its 
characters, and at the request of several 
persons here, I have published these, to- 
gether with such observations on its medi- 
cinal powers, as I had either witnessed 
myself or collected from others. I forward 
to you a copy of my paper on the subject, 
printed in the last number of the Jamaica 
Physical Journal, and enclose with it some 
of the best specimens of the plant that I 
have received from Riobamba, together 
with its seeds ; believing that you will not 
be displeased at being made acquainted 
with a new plant, which may hereafter 
prove highly valuable to the human race. 
Should you do me the favour to examine 
the plant, and to compare your results 
with my description, I trust you will be so 
kind as to correct whatever you may find 
defective in the latter; and in case you 
should feel disposed to give a figure of it 
in the Botanical Magazine, I send you a 
magnified drawing of the flower, which I 
made, partly from my own examination, 
and partly from Signor Marcacci’s account 
of it, as seen by him, which, he said, repre- 
sented correctly the colours and bearing of 
the flowers." 
(Signed) * E. N. BANCROFT.” 

Dr. Bancroft has great merit in endea- 
vouring to ascertain the real properties of 
this plant, and for taking so much pains to 
separate the truth bir those false state- 
ments which have undoubtedly been given 
through ignorance or fraud. I shall omit 
the accounts of the particular effects pro- 
duced bythis medicine upon the patient, 
which are more suited to a Medical than a 
Botanical Journal ; and, with regard to the 
plant itself, I have only to observe, that 
after comparing it carefully with Hum- 
boldt’s full description, drawn up from 
original Colombian specimens of Jonidium 
parviflorum, Vent. (Viola parviflora, of 
Mutis and ^ s) received from Mutis 
himself, with llent figure and de- 


se ription given y St Hilaire, in his 


ON THE MEDICINAL PLANT, CALLED CUICHUNCHULLI. 


“ Plantes Usuelles des Braziliens, t. 20,” 
and with my own specimens from the North 
of Chili (Conception), mentioned in the 
Botany of Capt. Beechey’s Voyage ; I have 
no hesitation in pronouncing it to be the 
same. It is the Maytensillo of Feuillé, 
Fil. Chil. v. 3, p. 41, t. 28, a name, with 
the exception of the first letter, which is 
perhaps an error in the orthography, evi- 
dently identical with that which is applied 
to our plant; and that author observes of 
it, that the root is similar to that of Jpeca- 
cuanha in shape, and employed in lieu of 
Senna, it being considered one of the most 
sovereign purgatives ofthe country. Cava- 
nilles (Icones, v. 6. p. 21) has noticed it, as 
having been found at Montevideo, in Quito, 
and in Chili; thus it appears to have a 
most extensive range on the Southern Con- 
tinent of the new world. St. Hilaire is of 
opinion that the Jonidium glutinosum of 
Ventenat, a native of Buenos Ayres, should 
be united with it; and the Z. microphyllum 
of Humboldt scarcely appears to differ from 
it, except in all the leaves being opposite. 
Dr. Bancroft is disposed to consider the 
Cuichunchulli a species distinct from par- 
viflorum, chiefly on account of the sup- 
sed absence of the two nectariferous 
scales: but although they are very minute, 
they are unquestionably present, exactly as 
in Z. parviflorum, situated at the f 
stamens, between them and the lower lip. 
He proposes that it should have been called 
I. Marcucii, in honour of M. Jean Batiste 
Marcucci, a French gentleman, whose in- 
defatigable exertions, as mentioned below, 
undertaken, in order to procure the Cui- 
chunchilli, certainly entitle him to such a 


ction. ). 

“The in of the public," Dr. Ban- 
croft observes, “ throughout Colombia, has 
lately been excited by accounts published 
in various Journals, relative to a plant 


named Cuichunchulli,! which is stated t to 


uot 


mme 


(0 Ste of the Equator, i Mone 
Colonel Hall's Journal. See pp. 67, and 70, of 


ON THE MEDICINAL PLANT, CALLED CUICHUNCHULLI. 


have afforded great benefit in the disorder 
there usually called Mal de San Lazaro, 
and here Cocobay, and even to have effected 
its cure. As this is one of the most deplo- 
table diseases that can affect the human 
frame, I am persuaded that no apology will 
be requisite for bringing forward some au- 
thentic reports on the subject, together 
with such additional information, concern- 
ing both the plant itself, whose Botanical 
characters I have been able to ascertain, 
and its properties, as it has been in my 
power to collect from different quarters, or 


‘by personal observation. 


“Tt appears that a Jesuit of Quito, 
named Velasco, a native of Riobamba, in 


' that province, whence he was afterwards 


expelled with the rest of his brethren, and 
permitted to retire into Italy, had occupied 
himself with writing a history of Quito, 
which the unremitting persecution kept up 
against the whole Order, finally deterred 
him from making public. At his death, 
the work fell into the hands of his executor, 
another Jesuit, whence it passed into those 
of Don Modesto Larrea,! a Colombian, who 
chanced to be in Italy, and who carried it 
back with himito Quito." The following 
passage relates to the plant now under con- 
sideration :— 

* Cuichunchulli, a name signifying in 
the language of the Incas, bowels of a 
Guinea Pig, 7ripa de Cuy, resembles a 
small, whitish, slender nerve, “destitute of 
leaf, which rises from beneath stones, and 
fastens itself to their surface. Scarcely any 
plant is more potent. Its virtues, though 
long familiar to"the Indians, were unknown 
to the Spaniards, till 1754, when an Indian 
revealed them as a singular favor to a lay 
Jesuit, then suffering under confirmed 
Leprosy ( Elephantiasis tuberculata,) with 
all the sympt 1 f a Lazar, 


3 


and pronounced inea hopeless state by the 
Physicians. He gave him half a drachm 
of the nerve-like filament, ground 
mixed with wine, but warned him, first to 
* This gentleman, afterwards Vice President of the 


* present vol. of this Work. 


279 


receive the Sacraments. Its operation was 
attended with extreme agony during twen- 
ty-four hours, when the surface of his body 
became clean and dry. A few days after, 
he began to cast his skin piecemeal, and 
and recovered perfectly. Of all which, 
says Velasco, “ I was an eye-witness in 
the city of Cuenca.’ ” 

** The above statement having been ex- 
tracted, and published by a Newspaper 
printed at Bogota, in 1829, it came to the 
knowledge of a practitioner at Maracaybo, 
Senor Manuel de Arocha, whose desire to 
make trial of the Cuichunchulli induced 
him to beg the assistance of many friends to 
procure it for him; in which he succeeded, 
in consequence of accidentally applying 
to a Colonel Casanova, one of whose own 
relatives was afflicted with this disease, the 
Mal de San Lazaro. Immediately on re- 
ceiving the Cuichunchulli, Señor de Aroche 
commenced by trying it on a person of co- 
lour, named Puche, long and dreadfully 
afflicted with this disorder, and afterwards 
administered it to Don Angel Casanova, 
keeping an accurate and detailed journal of 
the principal occurrences which he ob- 
served in each case. An authentic copy 
of this document, drawn up and signed by 
this practitioner, is now before me, from 
which it appears that in both instances the 
exhibition of the remedy was discontinued 
from the whole stock having been expend- 
ed, a portion having been generously spared 
by Sefior de Casanova to a young lady, 
named Maria Antonio Macpherson, living 
in Caracas, and similarly affected with the 
Mal de San Lazaro. In all these in- 
stances, though the trial of the Cuichun- 
chulli was cut short from the insufficiency 
of the supply, the effects were more or less 
beneficial, and highly so, both as regarded 
Puche, and Miss Macpherson. That they, 
however, fell so far short of the extraordi- 
nary cure performed in the case of the 
Jesuit, may be partly accounted for by the 
circunistance that possibly the plant used 
by the latter might not be exactly identical 
with the Cuichunchull. Velasco could 
have | d no great knowledge of 


[ ; else he would at once have per- 


230 


ceived that the nerve-like filaments which 
the Indian succeeded in making him believe 
to be the entire plant, were roots only, and 
therefore ** without any leaves." This was 
doubtless a deception resorted to for the 
purpose of preventing the Jesuit from dis- 
covering the real plant ; for it has been the 
constant practice of the aborigines, and 
is so, as I am assured, till the present day, to 
enwrap in mystery and concealment every 
vegetable or other production of their 
country, which they believe to possess 
particular uses or virtues. It may also be 
matter of question, whether the cure of 
a disease of four years standing, accompa- 
nied by the foulest ulcers, could possibly 
be effected in a few days by a single dose 
of any medicine, however potent; and 
though the good father declares that he 
was an eye-witness of it, yet when we come 
to consider the dreadfully contagious na- 
ture of Leprosy, it seems hardly probable 
that Velasco would run the risk of person- 
ally visiting and watching the lay brother 
while in so advanced a stage of that loath- 
some complaint. The Indian would, of 
course, magnify the virtues of his specific, 
and the rapidity of the cure; and Velasco, 
who saw the amendment in the patient’s 
state, would, without any other intention 
than that of recording the virtues of the 
plant, promulgate, unintentionally, a highly 
exaggerated account. 

** To return, however, to my more im- 
mediate narrative. M. Marcucci, a French 
gentleman, resident at Maracaybo, having 
heard of Puche’s improved condition, and 
verified it by personal and frequent inspec- 
tion, was so much struck by the virtues of 
the Cuichunchulh, that not apparently 
aware of its weaker influence in the case 
of Senor Casanova, and hoping to benefit 
mankind in general, and to derive some per- 
sonal advantage for the support of his own 
large family, he at once made up his mind 
to go in search of the plant that produced 
it. As no vessel then offered for Jamaica, 
he had, in January, 1834, to go coastwise 
to Sasarida in Coro, to Rio Hache, and to 
Aruba, in order to reach thisisland, whence 
he soon proceeded to Chagre and Panama. 


ON THE MEDICINAL PLANT, 


CALLED CUICHUNCHULES. 


There, after a long detention, and in de- 
spair of a direct opportunity for Guayaquil, - 
he was forced to embark in small .coasting 
vessels, going occasionally in directions 
very different from his own, being almost 
always exposed to great privations, to per- 
sonal hardships, and frequently to the 
various perils that attend this sort of navi+ 
gation. At length, when M. Marcucci 
succeeded in reaching the coast of the 
Equatorial State, he found the country so 
involved in civil war, as completely frus- 
trated his attempts to penetrate into the 
interior, the hostile parties taking him for 
a spy, and compelling him to retrace his 
steps towards the sea. In the end, unable 
to overcome the obstacles that met him . 
every where in that distracted country, he 
resolved to make a wide circuit by way of 
Peru, and finding an American whaler at 
Tumbez, bound to Payta, he went on board, 
and on landing there, proceeded to Puira, 
travelling for many days over the heated 
sands; and thence, crossing the Province 
of Loxa, he was enabled to enter the State of 
the Equator, by roads almost impassable ; 
over mountains of astonishing elevation, 
and extremely cold temperatures; living . 
for a month on the. food of savages, and 
halting in Indian huts, which swarm with 
vermin, from which no precautions can 
preserve the traveller. Thus h , 
bruised withal by the fall of his horse, 
while descending an unusually steep and 
slippery path, he arrived at Cuenca, where 
his first care was to inform himself as to 
the Cuichunchulli. Indians were presently 
brought him, who assured him that they 
knew the plant perfectly, and brought him 
specimens of it, which many trials of its 
effects upon himself, proved to be perfectly 
inert. All his researches in the deserts of 
Pasul and Tzincocha, &c., which consumed ` 
much time, and occasioned great fatigues © 
were equally fruitless, and the poor man — 
iz : h 3i. d fiction at 


total failure of his enterprize, when he had 
the satisfaction of learning that Señor Bor- 
rero, the Postmaster-General of the Dis- 
trict, who resided at Cuenca, had E 


a 


administered a medicine bearing 


atin’ a 


ON THE MEDICINAL PLANT, CALLED CUICHUNCHULLI. 


name, to a son and daughter of his own, 
who had been suffering severely with le- 
prosy for five or six years. Upon this, M. 
Marcucci waited on that gentleman, who 
informed him that he had tried, without 
success, the Cuichunchulh, obtained both 
in that neighbourhood, and in the colder 
district of Canar; but that his children had 
derived the greatest benefit from some 
which was brought from Riobamba, in 
the province of Chimborazo. In both the 
individuals, sensation has been restored in 
the diseased parts; the ulcers have healed, 
and the joints are become flexible, great 
improvement having also taken place in 
their general health. M. Marcucci satisfied 
himself, by personal inspection, that these 
patients had derived very considerable ad- 
vantage from the exhibition of the Cut- 
chunchulli, though traces still remained in 
their countenances of the frightful malady 
with which they had been stricken. 
Possessed of the above highly valuable 
information, M. Marcucci made immediate 
preparation for visiting Riobamba; and 
though first delayed by the progress of the 
Revolutionary army, and subsequently 
compelled to make his we way over 
chains of mountains covered with eternal 
snow, through dark, miry, and dism 
forests, obliged to climb almost inaccessible 
ights, the descents of which often me- 
naced him with a broken neck, he suc- 
ceeded in reaching Riobamba, a small 
town at the foot of the great volcano of 
Chimborazo. In his way he met with one 
poor woman, whose sufferings had been 
much alleviated by the use of the Chim- 
borazo plant, which her excessive poverty 
alone prevented her from obtaining in such 
quantities as might effect a perfect cure. 
A comparison of the foliage, &c. of the 
plant which she showed him, proved it to 
be identical with that which had produced 
such benefit on Señor Borrero’s children. 


E. 


.. Who procured it for Senor Borrero, as well 
as from tho La + a llected 


ntity of it, which was precious to him, 


281: 


though trifling in amount when compared 

with the expense, trouble, hazard, and 

fatigue that he had incurred for its ac- 

quisition. A longer stay at Riobamba 
would, he believes, have enabled him to 

obtain much more; but, during the whole 
thirty-three days which he passed there, he 

suffered from severe attacks of intermittent 
fever, and was obliged to return to Guaya- 

quil, where he embarked for Payta, thence 
to Panama, and then came hither. Shortly 

after his arrival, he did me the favour to 

place a portion of Cuichunchulli in my 

hands, requesting me to administer it in 

cases of the Mal de San Lazaro, in order 

to ascertain its medicinal powers; and he 

likewise, at my request, sent me an account 

of his voyage, from which I have extracted 

the foregoing particulars. 

M. Marcucci being anxious that my 
trials of his plant should be made as soon 
as possible, his stay in Jamaica being 
limited, I commenced by administering it 
to five of the most diseased Lazars in the 
Cocobay Asylum, and afterwards to two 
other patients, a mulatto woman and a 
white man. I must premise, that the 
quantity of the dried plant which I re- 
ceived, when reduced to powder, did not 
exceed eleven or twelve ounces; that, to 
make it go further, I had the stems and 
leaves ground up with the roots (though I 
have since thought it possible that the me- 
dicinal properties may reside in the roots 
alone); and also that, in consequence 
of M. Marcucci’s being obliged to embark 
sooner than he expected for Maracaybo, 
when he took the remainder of the Cut- 
chunchulli away with him, my trials of 
it were necessarily put a stop to, long ere 
they could be fairly deemed to have 
had sufficient time to produce their full 
results. 

In every one of the patients whom I 
treated. with Cuichunchulli, an improve- 
ment in their condition was almost imme- 


, diately evident; the sensations of heat, 


and painful tension, which always accom- 
pany this direful disease, gave place, more 
or less, to general ease and comfort ; their 
limbs became lighter and more flexible, 


282 BOTANICAL 
and the sense of touch was partially re- 
stored, so that some could handle a knife 
and fork, or work with a needle, and walk 
much faster than they had been able to do 
before. In none, however, did the prompt 
curative effects take place which were ob- 

. served in Miss Macpherson and in Puche. 
The cure might be said to have only 
begun ; still it was an inexpressible satis- 
faction to perceive, that in one of the most 
obstinate and loathsome of maladies, any 
sensible amendment, such as that acknow- 
ledged by the six patients now under con- 
sideration, could be effected during the 
only five weeks that they took the Cut- 
chunchulli. I may also state, that, to put 
its remedial powers to the most decided 
test, I abstained from administering every 
other medicine at the same time ; and that 
the excessively poor diet which the Lazars 
receive, being only the same with the food 
allowed to persons confined in the House of 
Correction, was also unfavourable to their 
recovery. The case of my white patient 
remains to be mentioned; and here I am 
sorry to say, that the Cuichunchulli pro- 
duced no sensible benefit whatever, though 
my interest in the individual led me to con- 
tinue it for a longer period, and to administer 
it in larger quantities than to any of the 
others. Sometimes, indeed, he said that 
he thought himself rather better, but that 
farther reflection speedily dispelled the 
agreeable illusion. In this instance, there- 
fore, the plant in question has completely 
failed ; but this failure may only serve to 
co the general rule, that no medicine 
is dais effective in all cases. 

E. N. BANCROFT. 


' -BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 
( Continued from p. 226. ) 
BERKELEY'S FUNGI. 


M are happy to announce the appear- 
the i 


2 ‘he Second Pat of the 


47. Perichena populi 2 
tobotrys Lonicere, Kze.—49. Chatonium. 


INFORMATION. 


Fifth Volume of the English Flora. All 
information, therefore, as to the character 
and synonyms of the species, is to be 
sought in that work. Occasion, however, 
will be taken of communicating any far- 
ther information, which may be deemed 
requisite, or of correcting any errors into 
which the author may have fallen, as the 
different species are published: and new 
species, or such as may occur subsequently 
to the completion of the English Flora, 
will be accompanied by their specific cha- 
racters; and, where such exist, by their 
more prominent synonyms. 

Agaricus cristatus, Bolt.—2. A. 
Cossus, Sow.—3. A. blennius, Fr.—4. A. 
flaccidus, Sow.—5. A. nebularis, Batsch. 
—6. A. odorus, Bull.—7. A. porreus, Fr. 
—8. A. carneus, Bull.—9. A. undatus, 
Berk. —10. A. ramealis, Bull. — 11. A. 
epiphyllus, Pers. —12. A. olygrammus, 
Bull.—13. A. Fibula, Bull, and y. Swartz, 
Fr.—14. A. "e: Bull.—15. A. pur- 
purascens, A. and S. (callochrous, Fr.). 

16. A. adiposus, Pian A, squar- 
rosus, Müll.—18. A. mollis, Schoeff—19. 
Merulius Corium, Fr.—20. Thelephora 
byssoides, Pers.—21. T. lactescens, Berk. 
—99. T. comedens, Nees.—23. Typhula 
phacorhiza, Fr. (on Selerotium scutella- 
tum, and, in some copies, also on S. com- 
planatum).—24, T. erythropus, Fr—29. 
Pistillaria quisquiliaris, Fr.— 26. Cenan- 
gium quercinum, Fr. — 27. Sclerotium 
scutellatum, A. and S.—28. A. salicinum, 
D C.—29. Spheria Prunastri, Pers.— 
30. S. fibrosa, Pers.—31. S. leucostoma, 
Pers.—32. S. Dothidea, b. Rose, Moug. 
— 3893. S. filicina, Fr.—84. S. pantherina, 
Berk. n. sp.—35. S. Junci, Fr.—96. s. 
fimbriata, Pers.—37. S. Lirella, Moug. 
and Nest.—38. S. Gnomon, Tode.—89. S. 
brunneola, Fr.—40. Phoma Pustula, Fr. 

. Asteroma reticulatum, Berk. (Do- 
thidea reticulata, Fr.).—42. A. Crategi 


Berk. (Actinonema Crategi, Pers.).—49. 
cidium 


Rhytisma salicinum, Fr.—44. Fha 


J. carbonaceum, Fr.—45. P. Lauro-cerasi, — & 
Leptostroma Spiree, s 2 


Desm.— 46. 
Ana, Fr.—48.- 


4 


ici, 


| 
| 
E 
| 
| 
E 
s 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 


elatum, Kze.—50. Stelbum piliforme, Pers. 
—51. Pachnocybe subulata, Berk. (.Peri- 
conia subulata, Nees). —952. P. albida, 
Berk. (Sporocybe albida, Fr.).—953. Bo- 
trylis effusa, Grev.—54. Epochnium fun- 
gorum, Fr.—55. Fusisporium Buzi, Fr. 
—56. Psilonia rosea, Berk.—57. Puccinia 
Bullaria, Lk.—58. GzZcidium cancellatum, 
Pers.—59. Uredo iridis, Dub. —60, U. 
Bete, Lk. 


WEBB'S AND BERTHOLOT'S NATURAL 

HISTORY OF THE CANARY ISLES. 

A highly interesting work, as regards 
the Natural History and Botany, in par- 
ticular, of the Canary Isles, is announced, 
the result of the researches of P. Barker 
Webb, Esq. and M. Sabin Bertholot, in 
ee celebrated region. It is entitled 

“HistorrE NATURELLE DES CANA- 
RIES.” The two first numbers of this 
work are now before us; and we shall 
take an early opportunity of showing the 
value we set upon it, by offering some 
extracts to our readers; and, in the mean 
time, shall lay before them some account 
of the nature and extent of the publica- 
tion, as derived from the Prospectus issued 
in Paris by the editor, M. Bethun. 

Canary Islands have often attracted 


_ the attention of Naturalists, on account of 


the productions of their soil; but though 
these islands have been visited, at various 
periods, by learned travellers, they have 
never been studied. in a general point of 
view. Teneriffe has ever been the chief 
attraction to scientific individuals ; its cen- 
tral situation, its importance, the advan- 
tages which the roadstead of St. Croix 
offers to European vessels, all these cir- 
cumstances have rendered it a halting 
point, and are the. causes why the other 
spots of this Archipelago have been ne- 
glected. Messrs. Webb and Bertholot 


have proposed to fill up this gap by the 


Publication of a Natural History of the 
Islands: part of their work is the 
result of ten years’ assiduous observa tion ; 


and wo successive years of excursions 


the isles of this groupe, have 


: - enabled them to collect and wodyind detail 


co 


283 


the productions of the three kingdoms 
of nature. We proceed to give an ana- 
lysis of their labours. 

M. Sabin Bertholot arrived at Teneriffe 
towards the close of 1819; ever since this 
period, his numerous exploratory visits to 
the different districts of that island, and his 
first expedition to that of Canaria, per- 
mitted him to collect abundant materials, 
During his long stay, the local authorities 

were able to appreciate all the interest 
that would thus accrue to their country ; 


principal inhabitants, t 
good-will that was felt towards him, ha 
accustomed him to regard the Canaries as 
his adopted land. Having been requested 
to superintend the college, founded at 
Orotava, and employed by the Marquis 
Villanueva del Prado, (the originator of 
the acclimatization Garden, ) to inspect the 
ocess of cultivation adopted in this fine 
establishment, he endeavoured to show 
himself worthy of this double mark of con- 
fidence. But some regulations that were 
set on foot, by a party inimical to all know- 
ledge, caused the suppression of the col- 
lege to which M. Bertholot was appointed 
director; and an ill- disposed jealousy, 
which frustrated all his efforts, compelled 
him to abandon the gardens which he had 
striven to render useful towards the pro- 
motion of Horticultural Botany. From 
that period, the garden at Orotava has 
been wholly neglected; and our French 
Naturalist resumed his researches with 
still greater activity than before, and 
found, in his studies, that charm and con- 
solation which the acquisition of knowledge 
alone can bestow. The desire of commu- 
nicating information respecting a country 
which he had investigated in every di- 
rection, and of presenting, in one grea’ 
picture, its general history, had occupied 
him a long time, when, in 1828, a for- 
afforded him the 


E 


labourer P. Barker Webb, Esq., long known 
by his acquirements in Natural History, 
and by his extensive journeys and sci- 


284 


entific researches, arrived in the Canaries: 
their intimacy commenced from that period. 
Teneriffe was explored anew ; and then, 
during two following years, the principal 
islands of this Archipelago were suc- 
cessively visited. Rich in numerous col- 
lections, and in the drawings of every kind 
which they executed, these two travellers 
returned to Europe towards the close 
of 1830; and the three next years having 
been devoted to uniting and coalescing 
their materials, the publication is to be 
immediately commenced. 

After noticing the nature of the His- 
torical Introduction, the Geography, Geo- 
logy, and Zoology of the "ee Islands, 
the Editor proceeds to the department 
of their 


BOTANY. 


Placed on the confines of the temperate 
zone, the Canary Islands possess a peculiar 
Flora : in this latitude, the greater number 
of the plants assume already a different 
aspect and character; the species are more 
developed, woody, and often even arbo- 
nt ; | some are single types of 
certain genera, which have hitherto been 
only seen in these islands. The assem- 
blage of all these peculiarly Canary 
Island plants, on the limited spot which 
produces them, renders this country a real 
region of Botany. Among these varied 
vegetable forms, there are some which 
combine the Flora of this Archipelago 
with that of the Atlantic countries, and 
especially with Western Africa: others, 
again, which, by their aspect or generic 
affinity, approach the inter-tropical plants ; 
while a certain number, belonging to the 
species of Southern unite this 
vegetation with that of the Mediterra- 
h These various considera- 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


cies, and the insulated habitats that others 
affect; the difference of the soil, exposure 


and the height at which they grow, are all 


so many considerations which swell the 
importance of the study, when, after 
having investigated in detail the scattered. 
vegetation of this Archipelago, it becomes 


desirable to catch a general view of its 


distribution, 
M 


M. Webb and Bertholot have in- 


vestigated all the principal islands of the 
groupe, under the several relations that we 
have now indicated; and the number of 
species that have rewarded their long 


excursions, much exceeds the five hundred. 


and thirty-five which M. Von Buch had 
named as the sum total of the Flora of the 

anaries. Our two Botanists have brought 
away about one thousand flowering plants, 
besides a large collection of Cryplogamia ; 
and of this number, more than one hun- 


and fifty species are either entirely new, or - 


very little known. Such results are a 
manifest proof of the perseverance of their 
researches, especially when it is considered 
that several excellent Botanists were in 
the field before them: among whom was 
Masson, one of the most active of col- 
lectors; Broussonet, so well known for the 
services he rendered to science; M. 


de St. Vincent, whose name is ee 
hristian Smith, — 
whose valer death a Phytologists — 


cient eulogium 


have had reason to deplore 
MM. Webb and Bertholot have spared 


no labour to render this portion of tbeir — 
labours worthy of the science to which 2 
they are so peculiarly partial. The species 


which compose their collections have been 


determined and classed, by a reference t | 


the best sources; in order to ascertain 


exactly all that had been published by 
their predecessors, and to decide on the | 
validity of their discoveries. The text of i 
the phytographic portion, already in a state — 
of considerable forwardness, will be m 
Latin, on the model of Humboldt and : 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 


the same: more than two hundred plates 
will accompany this text, and present, not 
only line-engravings of all the new species, 
but also of those which have never before 
been figured. M. Heyland, whose style 
has been formed at Geneva, under the 
inspection of the learned Professor De 
Candolle, has been employed on the 
designs, and the details which belong 
to them : one of the most skilful engravers 
in Paris, M. Vielle, is now working upon 
them. This rich collection, on which the 
authors have lavished all their cares, will 
place the figures of the Canary Flora in 
the rank of the finest works that have ever 
been published in this style. 
The Phytostatic department, which is 
to form the introduction of the Flora, is 
nearly complete ; the Geography of Botany 
is there treated in detail; the general 
aspect of the vegetation, the distribution of 
plants over the soils, according to the situ- 
ations and heights which they severally 
affect; their affinity in form and number 
with the Floras of other lands, are so many 
important questions which the authors 
have especially laboured to unfold. This 
first part will offer all the interest of 
novelty, and will-be adorned with beautiful 
designs ; executed from nature by M. J. 
ams, and lithographed by M. de St. 
E whose skilful crayon is now in 
eminent request for all scientific works of 
These plates will consist of 
several Phytostatic views, displaying the 
aspect of the vegetation at different 
heights, Thus a glance at this fine Atlas, 
will afford a general idea of the geo- 
graphical distribution of vegetation ia 
these mountainous isles; and display the 
Several stations where they are united, by 
rising, in ND. from the sea-shores 
to the most commanding summits. To these 
Varied scenes will be added the “ facies" 
of the the plants; that external physiognomy 
which is embraced at a glance, and which 
is marked in broad characters. In this 
Tespect our two Botanists have the merit 
. of fpes a new path for future travellers. 
— ready showed all the advantages that may 


in his work on Brazil, had al- of curious 


285 


be derived from representations of the ge- 
neral habit in the Palm Tribes, where the 
great dimensions of the foliage, and the 
display of the floral parts, require extreme 
reduction in the figures, and MM. Webb 
and Bertholot have now done the same 
with the woody Dicotyledones. We may 
be allowed to hope that this happy innova- 
tion will find many imitators among bota- 
nical draughtsmen; for that loveliest of 
sciences will thus be rendered more attrac- 
tive; and perhaps, in favour of such a pictu- 
resque department, the minutie of details, 
the dryness of diagnoses and of nomencla- 
ture, with its fatiguing list of synonyms, 
may yet obtain mercy in the eyes of the 
merely superficial observer. 


BELANGER'S TRAVELS, 


M. Belanger is publishing, at Paris, 
in one volume, 8vo., with an Atlas of sixty 
plates, in 4to., the botanical part of his 
* Voyage aux Indes Orientales, par le 
Nord de l Europe, les Provinces du Cau- 
case, la Georgie, l' Arménie, et la Perse, 
pendant les années, 1825—1829 inclusives.” 
—The announcement tells us that “M 
Bêlanger, who for a period of ten years 
had studied Botany, paid, as might natu- 
rally be expected, particular attention to 
this important department of Natural Sci- 
ence during his travels. The value of his 
collections may be estimated by the variety 
of countries which he visited, while the 
report made by M. Mirbel on this subject, 
leaves no room for doubt. Persia, especi- 
ally, which no Naturalist had so extensively 
explored, confers a superiority on his Her- 
barium there collected over those of Tour- 
nefort, Olivier, and Michaux. The gum- 
bearing Astragali, the Umbellifere, which 
yield Assafeetida and Gum Ammoniac, 
and the different species of Cucurbitacee 
and of Vines, have afforded matter for nu- 
merous observations. Nearly four thousand 
species are the fruit of M. Belanger's re- 
searches in India and Pegu ; this rich col- 


lection, , moreover, contains, among a host 


curious species, many officinal plants, 
to the study of which our Naturalist has 


286 


ever peculiarly attached himself. Inm fine, 
the Herbarium, including the result of his 
researches inthe Isles of Java, of Bourbon, 
and the Mauritius, with the Cape of Good 
Hope and St. Helena, contains five thou- 
sand four hundred different kinds, of which 
from a thousand to twelve hundred at least 
may be reckoned as new. To each speci- 
men are appended the names which the 
plant receives in the different countries 
where it grows, with notes on its height, 
appearance, the colour of its flowers, and 
frequently the structure of its fruit, includ- 
ing those characters which are apt to dis- 


knowledge of the useful or noxious quali- 
ties of the particular vegetable, or the su- 
perstitious ideas attached to it, have been 
carefully collected by this Botanist. 

M. Bela anger reserves for himself the 
publication of this department, with the 
exception of some families, which he has 
confided for examination and analysis to 
M. Guillemin, Member of the Society of 
Natural History. 

The new species, alone, will be described 

-in detail, while complete enumerations, in 
the form of a catalogue of the different 
kinds gathered in each country, will convey 
an idea of their respective Floras, and 
afford materials for a general sketch of the 
Botanical Geography of Asia, which M. 
Belanger means to prefix to the second 
part of the scientific publication; he will 
also append an Essay on the officinal plants 
of India and Pegu. 

M. Belanger’s travels will be highly in- 
teresting, as communicating information 
upon the manners, customs, and institu- 
' tions of the people who inhabit the various 
regions of the vast Indian Empire. Few 
individuals have traversed such a vast ex- 
tent of country, and visited more varied 
end highly Mire districts; and fewer 
still, it must be ssed, have been placed 
- circumstances which admitted of their 
riving -50 much advantage from their 


igicdu beds depot the Ba eet 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


riches of Hindostan, M. Belanger started 
from Paris in 1825, accompanying the 
Viscount Desbassayns de Richemont, Ad- 
ministrator general of the French settle- 
ments in India, who was to proceed over 
land to his destination, and who was en- 
trusted with a mission to the court of Per- 
sia. This expedition, which had not, so 
far as we are aware, been undertaken by 
any French traveller during several centu- 
ries, may be considered as forming an 
epoch in the history of the present, and 
becomes the more interesting, as the offi- 
cial situation of M. Desbassayns has placed 
it in M. Belanger's power to record a 
number of curious facts, which no other 
circumstances could have enabled him to 
collect. 

Our travellers, after quitting France, 
crossed Germany, Poland, and the south 
of Russia, as far as the river Don; thence 
they traversed a part of Circassia and the 
highest chain of the Caucasus, and de- 
scended in the beginning of April, into 
Georgia. It is impossible even to glance 
here at all the fatigue and danger which 
they endured upon the snow ; their adven- 
tures on the frozen sea of Azof are parti- 
cularly striking ; in short, this, the best 
known part of their whole route, has still 
afforded M. Belanger an opportunity to 
make so many striking and novel remarks, | 
that this portion of the narrative will per- 
haps be read with the most interest of all. 
After a short stay at Tifliz, during which 
many valuable documents were compiled 
on the political and commercial state of 
Georgia, they resumed their route, on the 
15th of April, and reached the Persian 
frontier on the 20th. From North to South 
they traversed all the western part of this 
vast country, successively visiting Erivan, 
Tauris, Teheran, Ispahan, and Bushir, and 
in each of these cities, M. p noted 


— 


ences between the several orm 
aspect, manners, customs, and situation 
their respective tribes, and all the d 


edm 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


that could be obtained with regard to the 
present state of commerce, agriculture, and 
arts in this empire, find a place in M. Be- 
langers Journal. The facilities afforded 
by Viscount Desbassayns' mission for cul- 
tivating a knowledge of the higher popu- 
lation of Persia, opened to M. Belanger 
many channels for ascertaining their con- 
dition as to morals and education, as well 
as the most curious details respecting the 
court of Prince Abbas Mirza, and that of 
Teheran, with the ceremonies and customs 
observed in the reception of the Envoys of 
foreign powers; that of M. the Viscount 
Desbassayns being described by him with 
all the truth and vividness of a first. im- 
pression. 

M. Belanger arrived in Persia at the very 
time when the first discussions arose be- 
tween this empire and Russia, and he has 
collected all the facts which could elucidate 
the motives for the war which afterwards 
broke out between these two powers. His 
Journal contains a faithful transcript of the 
local difficulties that the travellers encoun- 
tered, the alarming situations in which they 
were frequently placed; but this darker 
part of the picture is relieved by numerous 
anecdotes relative to the Persian Ambas- 
sadors whom they met, and the private 
history of several individuals whom M. 


Belanger, in his capacity of a physician, 


was privileged to visit within the precincts 
of the harems. No less curious and valu; 
able are the details that M. Belanger pos- 
Sesses respecting the character of the 
*present Shah and his future successor, 
whom Europe now looks to as the only in- 
dividual apparently capable of raising to 
its due rank among the nations the great 
empire of Persia. 

During the whole of his stay in this 
country, M. Belanger bestowed much at- 
Mention on its Zoology and Botany, and the 

ons made by him in these depart- 


= ‘ments are the more valuable, as hardly any 
OH traveller has ever explored it so fully. He 
. especial devoted himself to collecting of G 
a Such facts as elucidate the botanical geo- claimed his 


287 


by its diversity of latitude and elevation: 
he also investigated the agricultural pro- 
cesses pursued in Persia, and their inge- 
nious system of irrigation; and lastly, 
profiting by the reputation which he ac- 
quired from his cures of several simple 
diseases, he ascertained the: mode of treat- 
ment commonly pursued in Persia. 
Towards the end of September, 1825, 
M. Belanger, still accompanying Viscount 
Desbassayns, quitted Persia, and embark 
in an Arab vessel, at Bushir, collecting 
much information in his passage down the 
Persian Gulf, on its navigation and com- 
merce. When arrived at Bombay, he avail- 
ed himself of the friendly feeling manifested 


valuable documents respecting thi 
dency, and especially upon the Honourable 
Company's policy. There also he made 

many additions to his zoological and bota- 

nical treasures, and procured several valu- 

able statements on the vegetation of this 

country, which might serve as a continua- 

tion to his Observations on the Geography 

of Plants. The Malabar coast then claimed 

his attention for three months, and rewarded 

his researches with much valuable inform- 

ation, especially as respects Mahé, one of 
our settlements in that district. 

In March, 1826, crossing the Western 
Ghauts in their highest part, be entered 
Mysore, that former scene of the glories of 
Tippoo Saib and his father, and which, as 
the centre of Mussulman power in the Pe- 
ninsula, still preserves some vestiges of 
ancient Indian independence, and is thus 
calculated to excite the curiosity of the 
intelligent traveller. It may be readily 
conceived that M. Belanger made diligent 

use of the time which he spent in Seringa- 
patam and Benghalore, in obtaining all the 
information possible on the present state 
of this portion of Hindostan. Thence, 
returning by the E Ghauts, our tra- 
veller reached Pondichéry, the ultimate 


his first attention during a sojourn 
nearly a year i in this colony ; but though 
ablishment of the king’s garden oc- 


288 


cupied the greatest part of his time, his 
leisure moments were profitably spent in 
compiling such documents respecting Pon- 
dichéry and our other Indian settlements, 
as we hope will enable us finally to esti- 
mate their real importance to France. 

Pondichéry being, so to speak, the me- 
tropolis of Christianity in the Peninsula, 
it presents the greatest advantages for as- 
certaining the real state, as to character 
and morals, of this class of the population 
of India; and it is likewise in this colony 
that we can most justly appreciate the la- 
bours of the French missionaries to effect 
the conversion and preserve the true faith 
in the hearts of the natives. Thrice, dur- 
ing the year 1827, M. Belanger visited the 

ic, the coast of Coromandel, and 
Madras ; verifying, during these excursions, 
his former ideas, with regard to the caste, 
manners, &c. of the different tribes who 
inhabit this presidency. Towards the close 
of that year he explored Lower Bengal, 
especially near Calcutta and Chandernagor, 
giving especial attention to the different 
public establishments in these cities, 

Here M. Belanger’s travels in India 
closed; and when we take a summary view 
of the result of his labours, we see him 
rich in large botanical and zoological col- 
lections ; in observations on the vegetation 
and products of this vast country; in do- 
cuments of the highest interest respecting 
the commerce and political organization of 
the three presidencies which compose the 
Company's possessions ; and upon the wise 
and political system of administration pur- 
sued by the British towards the Indians, 
and the estaliishigonig founded for their 
benefit ; 
and religious ceremonies of the numerous 
castes which make up the Indian popula- 
tions of those parts which he visited ; upon 
the situation of this Peninsula, as compared 
with what it was, under the sway of the 
Rajahs, &c. &c. and finally, our traveller 
possesses portfolios, filled with drawings, 
perc what description is inade- 
onvey, and vocabularies on the 
Huet. this country. 

Pegu was next. — by M. Belanger, 


7 manners, Tao 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 


a country in which no Naturalist, save Dr. 
Wallich, who devoted himself to its Botany, 


had preceded him. The state of this na- ` 


tion and of Birmah, as to religion and ge- 
neral customs, especially as contrasted with 

engal, attracted his particular attention, 
the late war that had raged there affording 
many facilities for investigations in the 
Birmese empire. 

In 1828, M. Belanger embarked for the 
Islands of Sunda, where he carefully ex- 
plored Pulo-Merak, the island which lies 
next to Java ; the environs of Batavia, and 
the district of Buitenzor. Many birds, in- 
sects, mollusca, and a fine Herbarium re- 
warded his researches; nor did the statis- 
tics and commerce of these settlements 
escape his notice, but he made such in- 
quiries into the actual state of the Dutch 
possessions, and the customs of the Dutch 
and Javanese, as are likely to prove of high 
interest to these colonies. After revisiting 
Pondichéry, M. Belanger, on his return to 
France, explored the Islands of Mauritius 
and Bourbon, with the Cape of Good Hope, 
and arrived in his native land, after nearly 
five years of absence. 

Four Fasciculi of the “ Partie Bota- 
nique” of the work are now before us, with 
neatly engraved plates; but we regret to 
say, that the figures of the Mosses are not 
executed with that degree of accuracy 
which such subjects require, and which 
they deserve. 


_ 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE: 
NORTH OF ENGLAND. 
By Joseph Woods, Esq., F.L.S. 
My dear Sir, —It is possible that the fol- 
s lowing memoranda of a botanical tour, made 
this year (1835) in the North of England, 
may interest some of your readers; espe- 
cially if any of them have the intention of 
following a part of the same route. If you. 


think this will be the case, you are perfectly x | 
welcome to publish them. I have only to — 
remark, that the plants enumerated xd | 


such as catch the attention of a Boi 
from the South of 


Had I visited 
these counties from the North, S ee ^ 


probably have passed over many which now 
figure in my lists, and should have added 


others which are less familiar to the Scottish 
Botanist, though frequent in the South- 
east of England. 

The first locality I had to examine, was 
Leckby or Lakeby Carr. This lies about 
seven miles from Borough Bridge, and not 
much less from Thirsk. "The intermediate 
village of Topcliffe offers the best station 
from which to visit it. I went in the stage 
from Borough Bridge to Topcliffe, and 
walked from the latter place, a distance of 
hardly two miles. A gravel-pit on the left 
invited me out of the road, and I passed 
through it to a very pleasant little bank of 
wood, rising from the Ure, where I observ- 


ed Ophrys Nidus Avis, and Paris quadri- 


folia. The south-country Botanist will 


also be gratified by finding Campanula 
latifolia, but at this period (19th June) it 
was not in flower. Returning to the road, 
we pass by a moist meadow, which appears 
to have no outlet for the water. This 
abounds with Carex curta, and, in a ditch 
at the lowest part of the meadow, there 
were a few plants of Lysimachia thysiflora. 
Leckby Carr, which is not far from this, 
occupies a similar, but much larger hollow, 
without any outlet, where the drainage of 
the surrounding land originally formed a 
small pool, the memory of which seems to 
be preserved in the name of the neighbour- 
ing hamlet, Leckby or Lakeby, now con- 
i In a little pond 
hear the entrance, there was a small quan- 
tity of the Lysimachia in flower, and it 
was much more plentiful in a ditch which 
Crosses the bog, near where, at the south- 
em extremity, it curves a little to the 

est. The plant is scattered pretty abund- 
antly along the margin of the bog; but it 
was only in these two places that I saw it 


3n blossom. Apparently there was not else- 
"Where a sufficient quantity of moisture, 
3 for, Ih consequence of the dryness of the 


Season, the morass was traversable in all 
“rections, almost without wetting one's 


DE m; and it was perhaps also owing to 


this circumstance, that I was unable to 
Scover a single plant of the Scheuchze- 
ja 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 239 


ria, though I spent an hour and a half in 
searching for it in a very limited space to- 
wards the southern end of the bog; the 
precise spot where my friend Mr. Dalton 
had found it on more than one occasion in 
the greatest abundance. Arundo Cala- 
magrostis and Drosera Anglica are both 
plentiful, but I was too early for the flower. 
Drosera rotundifolia also abounds, but I 
saw no plant of D. longifolia. Mr. W. 
Wilson (Hooker's British Flora, ed. 3. P- 
151) has established an excellent charac- 
ter between the latter and D. Anglica ; but 
the size, colour, and tall scapes of the last- 
mentioned species, render it very easily 
distinguishable at first sight. Vaccinium 
Ozycoccos grows in great quantity, and it 
showed abundance of flowers and of un- 
ripe fruit. The fruit is said to be very 
good, as well as plentiful, in the Carr, a 
proof that this plant does not require 
springy ground, or any change of water to 
make it flourish. I observed a good deal 
of Carex filiformis, and Carex curía oc- 
curs also in this station. 


the next morning proceeded to the hospi- 
table residence of the Rev. James Dalton, 
at Croft. Chrysosplenium aliernifolium is 
plentiful in this neighbourhood, but I was 
too late for it, and as much too early for 
the flowers of Cladium Mariscus, which 
grows at Hell Kettles. These kettles are 
two connected pools in a flat meadow, 
crossed by the foot-path from Croft to 
Darlington. They are said to have been 
formed suddenly by the spontaneous sink- 
ing of the ground, about the end of the 
fifteenth century, and to be unfathomable. 
A small stream issues from them; they are 
very cold, and emit, at times, a sulphureous 
smell To get Ribes petreum, you must 
cross the bridge from Croft, and descend 
for about a furlong on the left bank of the 
Tees. There are only four or five bushes 
of it, and of course it was out of flower; 
but there was unripe fruit, which, however, 
it is very difficult to preserve in drying. If 
quite ripe, it would be impossible to pre- 
serve it, so as to retain any vestige of its 
T 


290 BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN 


original form or structure, on which ac- 
count, as well as the tendency of ripe fruit 
of any sort to separate itself from the stalk, 
the Botanist will in general do well to con- 
tent himself with that which is not quite 
mature ; but he will not do well, if, because 
Linneus has founded his principal divisions 
on the flower, he should neglect the fruit 
altogether. Rosa Doniana grows at the 
top of a woody bank a little above Croft, 
on the Yorkshire side of the river; and 
near Halnaby, on the same side, there is a 
small strip of boggy ground, mostly co- 
vered with brush-wood, on the left hand of 
the road from Croft, which affords Ranun- 
culus Lingua, and a Carex, which is per- 
haps a small variety of C. paniculata, but 
not forming dense tufts, and therefore in 
some degree approaching to C. feretius- 
cula. The beak also is not abrupt, as de- 
scribed in C. paniculata, but tapers gra- 
dually from the fruit. Hooker (Brit. FI. 
ed. 3. p. 395) mentions a continental spe- 
cies, C. paradoza, which is intermediate 
between these two. That species, however, 
is described as forming very large and 
dense tufts, (see Gaudin. Fl. Helv. 6. 43) 
and therefore can have nothing to do with 
this plant. Some difficulty has arisen from 
the figure of C. teretiuscula in English 
Botany, where the scales are altogether 
brown, whereas, according to Gaudin, Z. c. 
the scales of C. teretiuscula in a young 
state have uniformly a whitish border. In 
my plant they have a pretty wide scariose 
margin. I gathered in the same place an 
Eriophorum, somewhat resembling Æ. pu- 
bescens, and having, like that, a short, close 
down on the spike-stalk. It is remarkable 
for its very slender, almost capillary leaves, 
and the naked upper part cf the culm. The 
seeds are linear, not, as in EZ. pubescens, 
obovate. They are slightly attenuate at 
the base, and of a very pale colour. This 
appears to me to be the Æ. gracile of Roth 
and of Gaudin; and, judging from the de- 
scription, I should say also of Smith; but 

ie only British specimen in the Herbarium 
of the latter, though too young for absolute 
decision, appears to be different. It is 
probably the same as that to which the 


THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 


name has been applied of late by British. - i 


Botanists, a plant with smooth spike-stalks 


and elliptic seeds, at least such has been 


the case, so far as I have had the opportu- 
nity of examining them, and in these par- 
ticulars and in the general appearance of 
the plant, it is more nearly allied to Æ. an- 
gustifolium than to E. pubescens. The 
Herbarium of Sir J. E. Smith contains two 
other specimens, with the name of E. gra- 
cile: one from Schrader, marked in the 
writing of that Botanist “ E. triquetrum, 
Hoppe, Germany.” In this, if carefully 
examined, the spike-stalks are found to be 
pubescent, the seeds are pale and linear- 
oblong rather than linear. The other is a 
Lapland specimen from Wahlenberg; & 
stouter plant, more leafy at the base, and 
with an obviously pubescent spike-stalk. 
Another I pl 1 I i intl I on 
of Mr. Borrer, gives the idea of a slender 
plant, with a nearly naked, lengthened 
culm. It has pubescent spike-stalks, and 
oblong seeds, much like those of Schrader's 
specimen. In my younger days I had al- 
ways considered as E. polystachyon the 
plant which I am now instructed to call 
E. pubescens, and I have still no concep- 
tion of what is meant by Æ. polystachyon 


in the English Flora, which I think is not — — 


that of any other work, and which seems 
distinguished by no marked character from. 
E. angustifolium. f indeed we are - 
understand by the expression ** leaves flat, af 
that they are not any where channelled, it 
is a circumstance I have never met with in 
any species of Eriophorum, and may pos- 
sibly be a good distinction. My plant 
grew within the water of a little pool, and. 


in the same neighbourhood was a consi- - 


derable quantity of Pyrola rotundifola, 
but hardly yet in flower. 

On the 23rd June I went to Durham, to” 
meet Mr. J. Jansen, and we proceeded on: 


the 24th to Sunderland, where, in spite of 
the continued rain, we rambled over -— 
ballast-hills, but without finding any thing. 


a 


A considerable portion of these is now ege? — 


vered by cottages. Ballast-hills plants which 
ek ce RT. M Mi POS eh ae Bes n! Icrac as Lepi- 


dium Draba atSwansea, and Trifolium stel- 


— 


| T £ QU. a aes £i C s MES 


circumstance ; for the causes which render 
some plants of easy naturalization, while 
others, apparently equally well suited to 
the climate, and with as abundant means 
of propagation, invariably die off, are still 
very obscure: but a chance plant or two, 
of which the seeds have been accidentally 
brought over, and which neither spread by 
their roots nor ripen their seeds, are of 
little consequence. On the next morning 
we went to Castle Eden, and the weather 
at last began to improve, though still cloudy 
and so cold that we found fires lighted for 
us as a matter of course in the bed-rooms. 
The Dean or Dene, for I know not which 
way it should be spelt, is a romantic narrow 
valley, frequently bordered with rocks and 
almost every where covered with woods. 
There is a road through the greater part of 
} it, quite down to the sea-shore; but the 

lower part exhibits, for the most part, steep 

gravelly banks instead of the perpendicular 

limestone rocks which diversify and adorn 
_ the upper. I had been directed to seek for 
the Cypripedium Calceolus on the top of 
a steep rocky bank, opposite to an insulated 
rock, on each side of which the road pass- 
ed, but we could find no such rock, and our 
-— for the Cypripedium was in vain. 

anl 4 £r. £ A e fs 


of gardeners. Yet it does not bear a high 
ps, and I suppose from this circumstance 
it 1$ propagated without much difficulty ; 
but, at least in the gardens about London, 
it rarely flowers. I believe that in some 


mefly in the northern branch. Carex 
fulva inhabits springy ground towards the 
sfa-shore. This species, with C. distans, C. 
| inervis, and C. /evigata, form a groupe, 
. 9f which it is not very easy to catch the 
Specific characters, and perhaps we may 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 


291 


add to these C. speirostachya and. pheo- 
stachya of the English Flora. The want 
of an awn to the scales of the fertile cat- 
kins is pointed out by Sir J. E. Smith as 
an important difference between C. fulva 
and C. distans ; C. binervis, C. levigata, 
and C. pheostachya have also pointed 
scales, but C. speirostachya is in that re- 
spect like C. fulva. 
leaves, smooth fruit, and the membranous 
edges of the orifice of the beak in the first 
mentioned species, seem to form the only 
differences. My plant has the leaves 
smooth at the base, but rough with fine 
prickle-like serratures in the upper part on 
the keel and on the margin, especially on 
their strictly triangular ends. The fruit is 
smooth, except on the beak, whose edges 
are between rough and pubescent. The 
membrane of the orifice of the beak is very 
striking, on these specimens from C. Eden 
Dean; but it seems to be always present, 
though not always equally conspicuous, in 
C.fulva. I gathered here also a variety 
of C. sylvatica with compound spikes. 
There are some other little woody hollows, 
apparently similar to this of Castle Eden, 
but on a smaller scale, between the road 
and the shore. We had no time to visit 
any of them. 

From Castle Eden we went to Helmesly. 
Crossing on foot the range of the Black 
Hambledon Hills into Bilsdale, at a part 
marked on Crutchley’s large map of Eng- 
land, Carleton Bank, an irregular wood 
above Stokesley, partly opening into a com- 
mon, and with a good deal of springy 
ground, invited our researches, but did not 
reward them ; nor-were we more success- 
ful on some crags of a coarse sandstone 
near the summit. Keeping to the west of 
the road, we had the pleasure of finding 
among the young plantations near the top 


. of the hill, the Zrientalis Europea scat- 


tered among the heath and fern in tolerable 
abundance, and just in flower. At Helmes- 
ly we heard again of Cypripedium Calce- 
olus, and a gardener, who confessed that 
he had taken up all the roots he could see, 
conducted us to the spot where it used to 
grow, which is a limestone bank near the 


292 BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN 


head of the western branch of the little 
valley which penetrates the hills just be- 
hind Helmesly. Helleborus viridis is 
found abundantly about this’spot, and we 
observed Ophrys muscifera and Epipactis 
latifolia, but no trace of the Cypripedium, 
except the hole from which the last speci- 
men was dug on the Ld5th of May, 1834, at 
which time the flowers were not expanded. 
The said gardener had first seen it on the 
19th of May, 1828, when it was in full 
bloom, and had taken up five roots. We 
threatened him with an act of parliament, 
made expressly to hang him, but he did 
not appear so much alarmed as we could 
have wished. This little glen unites with 
another, watered by a little stream called 
the Dark Gill, which is said to abound in 
Ferns, and this is certainly the fact, but they 
are only the common sorts, and no trace of 
Onoclea sensibilis, of which one tuft is 
said to have been found somewhere on the 
moors near Helmesly. We observed Po- 
lypodium Dryopteris, and a large variety 
of Aspidium Felix femina, and I think 
nothing else worth notice; lower down, 
after the union of the streams, we noticed 
Primula farinosa, Eriophorum pubescens, 
. and Epipactis palustris. There are nu- 
merous glens about Helmesly, some enter- 
ing the hills on the North of the broad 
. and beautiful valley in which the town is 
situated. Others on the South, in what 
our informant assured us was a soil of quite 
a different nature: all rough and woody, 
and in appearance tempting to the Botanist, 


but we were not able to examine them. fi 


Ophrys muscifera grows in several places; 
O. apifera on the magnificent terrace above 
Rivaulx Abbey, where the plants are care- 
fully preserved; Serapias ensifolia in the 
woods in the same neighbourhood, and also 
Ribes alpinum, and Blysmus compressus 
in a springy piece of ground near Rivaulx 
Abbey, and in other places. Passing from 
-Helmesly to Thirsk, we took Gormire Pool 


xm in the way, which, like Leckby Carr, occu- 


pies a hollow without an outlet. Here we 
-were much gratified in meeting with Lysti- 
machia thyrsiflora in considerable abund- 
ance, and with a Potamogeton, which I 


THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 


believe to be P. lanceolatum, but without 
any floating leaves. According to the o 
servations of Mr. Wilson, as recorded in 
the British Flora, this ought not to take | 
place in stagnant water, but I believe that 
in an early stage both this and P. hetero- — | 
phyllum are frequently without floating — 
leaves, in whatever situation they are found. E 
Potamogeton is one of those genera where — — 
the desire of Botanists to clear up the ob- 
scurities of plants, which had previously 
claimed little attention, has induced th 
to multiply the species beyond what nature 
sanctions, rid 
My companion left me at Thirsk, and I 
again (29th June) hunted in Leckby Car | 
for the Scheuchzeria, without any better — 
success than on the former occasion. i 
Arundo Calamagrostis had made some — 
progress, but was not yet in flower. Dro- 
sera Anglica remained nearly in the same —— 
state. Vaccinium Ozxycoccos no longer 
presented such a multitude of blossoms. 1 
extended my walk to Thornton Bridge, E 
where I found Rumex aquaticus of British | 
Flora. The plants here had a broad bushy j 
panicle, something like that of R. alpinus, d 
which attracted my attention; but after- 
wards, at Barnard Castle and other parts of 
Teesdale, I gathered what is seemingly the 
same plant, with the panicle much more 
like its common appearance in Rumer 
crispus, and differing from this in little 
but the want of any bead upon the valves. 
R. crispus itself seems to vary much m 
this respect. On the sea-shore I usually 
nd it with distinct and nearly equal beads 
on each valve on a large portion of the 
flowers (not on all), while in its more com- 
mon appearance, as observed in the Bri 
Flora, it is usual to find a fully-formed - 


ing the hospitality 
of my excellent friend Mr. Dalton, I pue 
ceeded to Barnard Castle, and on the 
of July walked down the valley of the T! i 
to considerably below Egglestone Abbey: 
The river runs nearly in a straight chan 
between limestone rocks, on which | 


does also Saliz tenuifolia, or perh 


ther S. Weigeliana, if the species be in- 
deed different. Meracium murorum, 
Myrrhis odorata, Elymus Europeus, and 
Carex sylvatica, with compound spikes, 
occur in this spot. Potentilla rupestris is 
also said to grow here, but I searched for 
itin vain. I proceeded to Greta Bridge, 
and walked thence up the very wild and 
romantic glen of the Greta. Epilobium 
angustifolium, Cnicus heterophyllus, and 
Asplenium viride, were the only plants 
which occurred to me as at all rare. On 
the 3rd Í walked up Deepdale, where the 
scenery is very pleasant, but less bold and 
romantic than that on the Greta; and I 
here found the same plants, with the addi- 
tion of Habenaria viridis. After getting 
into the moors, I descended towards Co- 
therstone, gathering Sedum villosum in 
plenty a little above West Briscoe ; and 
afterwards ascended for five or six miles 
the valley of the Baulder, to find the place 
where this brook is joined by another, 
called the Black Beek. I thought I had 
reached the spot, but afterwards had reason 
to believe myself mistaken: I certainly 
did not find the Saxifraga Hirculus, which 

. Was the object of this walk. 
I slept ata comfortable little public house 
8t Cotherstone, a very pleasant place, and 
with high bold woody banks on the oppo- 
Site side of the Tees, which, however, I did 
Dot visit, but had a very pleasant ramble 
; on the Yorkshire side to Egglestone bridge, 
and thence to Middleton, finding for the 
 Breater part of the way a footpath through 
the meadows, one of the delightful circum- 
Stances of an English walk. I have not 
mentioned in these latter walks, Scirpus 
n Pauciflorus, Blysmus compressus, Carex 
. dioica, or Primula farinosa, all of which 
are common in springy ground throughout 
2 this part of the country. Ribes petreum 
À d observed not far from Egglestone bridge, 
. and Saliz tenuifolia, or what I suppose to 
. be such, continues frequent on the banks 


Of the river. 


I found a young man at Middleton (G. 


Botany, and we walked together through 
meadows on the banks of the Tees, as 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 


ckney, jun.) who knows something of found b 


293 


far as Winch Bridge. The Sanguisorba 
officinalis is plentiful here, as it is indeed 
throughout the North of England. Poly- 
gonum viviparum is exceedingly abund- 
ant, while Bistorta (here much the rarer 
plant) only occurs near Winch Bridge. I 
gathered also on the banks of the river, 
near Middleton, TAalict uy 
pyrum sylvaticum, Hieracium cerinthordes 
(only one plant), and one or two plants of 
Bartsia alpina.- On the basaltic rocks, at 
Winch Bridge, we got also Potentilla al- 
pestris, Festuca vivipara, and Habenaria 
albida. Potentilla fruticosa is also very 
plentiful among these rocks, and the pro- 
fusion of its bright yellow flowers added 
greatly to the charms of the scene. How 
far the Potentilla alpestris is distinct from 
P. verna, I will not attempt to decide; 
but the appearance is different, and its 
mode of growth much more loose and 
straggling. Under Festuca vivipara I 
think we usually include varieties both of 
F. ovina and of F. duriuscula; but the 
plant at Winch Bridge is exclusively the 
F. ovina. Winch Bridge is a suspended 
foot-bridge of iron, which shakes under 
the tread. The old bridge was of wood, 
and very picturesque, but so ill supported 
that it tipt on one side as a person was 
going over it, not very long ago, and this 
accident seems to have determined the 
erection of the present structure. 
Pinckney's occupations would not per- 
mit him to act as guide to the Sazifraga 
Hirculus, so after getting from him the 
best account I could of its exact position, 
I set off alone to look after it. He de- 
scribed it as a black shaking bog, a little 
South of the Baulder, and not far from a 
hill called Shackleborough. I found, in 
such a situation, and about half or three 
quarters of a mile from the place where 
the Black Beek joins the Baulder, a boggy 
piece of ground, shaking in parts, but whe- 
ther this was the spot meant I do not know, 
as I could detect no trace of the S. Hircu- 
lus. If any decent public house could be 
etween Bowes and Brough, it would 
probably be a better station from which to 
hunt for this scarce plant than Middleton 


- 


Melam- 


294 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN 


or Cotherstone, as its habitat cannot be far 
from the dividing ridge of the forest of 
Stanmoor, which separates the waters of 
the Eden from those which fall into the 
Tees. On the 7th I walked up Hudcope- 
head in the rain, to search for the Listera 
cordata, which I did not find. Ribus Cha- 
memorus was in great quantity, but quite 
out of flower, and showing very little ap- 
pearance of fruit. Yet the fruit is said to 
be gathered by the children, and brought 
down to Middleton for sale in considerable 
quantity. In the evening I went to High 
Force, a waterfall of the River Tees, near 
which there is a little inn; the new high 
road to Glasgow is expected to pass this 
way. It rained heavily, and was very cold 
and windy, and continued so all night. In 
the morning the scanty stream which, only 
the evening before, left, at the fall, the 
greater part of its bed uncovered, was 


changed into a magnificent and foaming 


torrent, which I could contemplate as I 
lay in my bed. 

It held up a little in the morning, and I 
continued my walk. I had been told at 
Middleton that I should find it not difficult 
to ‘step t' Tees’ at almost any point, but 
after the rain of last night not only the 
Tees, but many of the brooks which run 
into it were impassable. "This added con- 
siderably to the length of my walk. Widdy 
bank is a broken earthy bank of the Tees, 
enriched with Kobresia caricina, Carex 
dioica, C. capillaris, Tofieldia palustris, 
Habenaria | albida, Habenaria viridis, 
Gentiana verna, Bartsia alpina, and 
Equisetum variegatum, a noble harvest for 


and Whinstone Crag, higher up the river, 

I observed Asplenium viride, Hieracium 
maculatum? and Saxifraga hypnoides. 
The Saxifraga cæspitosa has been stated 
. to grow here, but it is, I think, generally 
acknowledged to be.an error. Osmunda 

i "ee I gathered near Caldron Snout, 
other cascade on the Tees, and in such 

oe as this a very fine one. The water 

does not fall at once over a perpendicular 

precipice, as at the High Force, but rushes 


THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 


among broken rocks down a steep descent, 
I here crossed the river, and afterwards the 
Maize Beek, which joins it just below Cal- 
dron Snout, in order to ascend Cronkley 
Fell, where I found Cistus marifolius or 
canus (for I confess myself unable to dis- 
tinguish them), Hippocrepis comosa, Are- 
naria verna, and Dryas octopetala ; but 
the cold and wet were great discourage- 


ments to my botanical exertions. Eighteen 
sheep which we saw dead, or dying, on the 


mountain, attested the severity of the wea- 
ther during the last twenty-four hours. 

I slept at Birkdale. The ħamlet consists 
of only two or three cottages, and there is 
no public house: but I was hospitably re- 
ceived, and made very comfortable at a 
farm-house, where they have a room prin- 
cipally for the reception of the sportsmen 
who frequent these desolate moorlands. 
Micklefell, on the Yorkshire side of the 


Maize Beek, which here divides the coun- 


ties, seemed to me much more lofty than 
Cronkley Fell, and, if the guides at the 


Cumberland lakes do not make a mistake, | 


it forms a very distinguishable object from 
their mountains. On the 9th there seemed 
to be no hope of better weather, I there- 
fore walked to Appleby. About half way 


between Birkdale and Dufson I passed over 


some craggy ground, with bold rocks rising 
above me, and apparently a considerable 
precipice beneath, where I observed seve- 
ral of the plants of the preceding day, such 
as Saxifraga hypnoides and Arenaria 
verna, and which I could be well content 
to visit in better weather, but the so 


rain and thick mist rendered it almost ine 2 
possible to understand my position, or o 
orus 


examine its Botany. Rubus Chamem 


I observed in several places. These moors, 
comprising the forests of Stainmoor, Lune, 


and Milbourn, and a great extent of country 


North from Cross Fell to Aldstone Moof, 
form probably the most extensive and de- — 


solate tract of heath and bog to be found 
in South Britain. At Appleby I jes an 


excellent inn, which was a great comfort, 
wet and tired as I was, and the next d m 


ing walked to Penrith. No plant at 
rare occurred in the way, and not even any 


Ses 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN 


vegetable peculiar to the North, unless, 
perhaps, we may so account the Sycamore. 
The soil is every where a red sandstone. 
Here and there the scenery is beautiful, 
especially on the banks of the Emont, 
where the ruins of Brougham Castle afford 
a picturesque object; and from most points 
of the road, the distant mountains of the 
Lakes form a noble boundary. Of these 


. Saddleback stands conspicuous, both by its 


apparent size, its detached position, and the 
boldness and irregularity of its form. 
Some apparent improvement in the wea- 
ther induced me, on the llth, to make a 
second approach to Cross Fell (I had in- 
tended to walk there from Birkdale), but 
the evening was again wet and dismal, and 
2th was no better. Mr. Salkeld's 
pastures, mentioned in the Botanist's Guide 
as the station of several rare plants, are at 
a farm called Ranbeck, which is situated 
to the East, and not to the North of Kirk- 
land, as marked in Crutchley's large ma 
of England. A limestone hill, to the North 
of Kirkland, gave me Osmunda Lunaria, 
Ophioglossum vulgatum, Habenaria viri- 
dis, Cistus Helianthemum, and Anthyllis 
vulneraria. Rosa villosa, in the form of 
R. mollis of English Botany, occurs oc- 
casionally, but the variety where the calyx 
divisions are not quite entire, is much more 
common, and I confess myself unable to 
draw any line between this and R. scabri- 
uscula, or between scabriuscula and to- 
mentosa. The short straight stems of R. 
villosa gradually pass, through the inter- 
mediate state of R. scabriuscula, into the 
long and gracefully bending shoots of R. 
tomentosa, and a similar gradation takes 
place in the straightness of the prickles, 
and in the simpleness of the segments of 
the calyx. Veronica spicata and montana, 
Scirpus sylvaticus, Agrostis spica-venti, 
Sesleria cerulea, Arundo Calamagrostis, 


Gentiana campestris, Andromeda polifo- 89 


lia, Potentilla verna, Trollius Europeus, 
Thlaspi alpestre, Arabis stricta, Erodium 
moschatum, Geranium pheum, G. Pyre- 
nawum, Orobus sylvaticus, Orchis ustu- 


n _ lata, Listera cordata, are all mentioned as 
. rowing in this neighbourhood ; but I saw 


THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 295 


none of them; partly, no doubt, because 
I was too late in the season, partly because 
I did not visit the precise situations in 
which they are found, and because the 
thick mist and heavy rain damped my ex- 
ertions, and prevented me from observing 
the best places: but some are probably 
inserted by mistake. Arabis hirsuta grows 
here and there in several spots, and we 
have examples elsewhere that this has been 
mistaken for Arabis stricta. G. Pyrenai- 
cum is a plant which occurs in several 
places, in the neighbourhood of towns, 
especially in a light but fertile soil, and it 
seems to be increasing, but I doubt ifit be 
any where an original plant of the country. 
T, Es M sa tha n on 


160m 


ids i - t 
Grass of the springy ground in this part. 
Sedum villosum I observed about Blencarn, > 
and Pteris crispa (the first time I met with 
it in this excursion) on the grit rocks of 
some of the lower offsets of Cross Fell. 

On the 13th, the wet still continuing, 
I returned to Penrith, without having ac- 
complished my object in the ascent of 
Cross Fell, and on the 14th, on a dull and 
threatening, but not absolutely wet day, 
proceeded to Keswick. Mr. Wright con- 

ucted me to a station where we found 
Pyrola media and secunda at the upper 
part of the woods, but below the precipi- 
tous part of Wallow Crag. On the 15th 
the morning was wet, but I afterwards went 
with the same guide to look after some 
plants of the neighbourhood, viz. Atha- 
manta Meum, which we did not find; but 
of which I have a specimen gathered by 
Mr. Otley, in the meadows behind the vi- 
carage. A Campanula, not yet in flower, 
but which appears to be C. rapunculoides, 
a Rosa, imagined to be cinnamonea, but 
which is, I think, R. Pennsylvanica, of 
which there are two or three bushes in a 
hedge dividing two meadows in the flat 
und on the borders of the Derwent, a 
Lysimachia, supposed to be L. punctata, 
but which is certainly only ZL. vulgaris, 


Darlington, 
once found a single plant. 


296 BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN 
abont four miles and a half from Keswick, 
on the road to Lorton, where I first ob- 
served it, thirty-five years ago. 
only in one spot, and according to Mr. 
Wright, is not to be found any where else 
in the neighbourhood. 

On the 16th I ascended Helvellyn by 
Fisher Place Gill. This little stream de- 
scends in'the lower part of its course 
through a very confined rocky ravine, or- 
namented here and there with a few bushes, 
and forming several pretty cascades. Here 
is found Pyrola secunda, which is lost in 
Ashness Gill, the* place to which Hutton 
used to conduct the Botanists who applied 
to him. Above this confined part of the 
stream, we found Listera cordata and Jun- 
cus triglumis, and a Pinguicula, which 
is perhaps grandiflora. The flower is very 
much larger than in the common appear- 
ance of P. vulgaris, and the border is 
abundantly veiny, but the corolla is not 
“ nearly regular," as described by Sir J. E. 
Smith, nor are the lateral lobes truncated, 
or the lower one notched, as pointed out 
by Dr. Hooker, though the tower division 
does appear somewhat retuse. Many of my 
Yorkshire specimens, which have no pre- 
tensions to be called P. grandiflora, have 
the corolla veined, and the leaves are more 
or less veined in all of them. In the fresh 
plant the veins of the corolla are wide and 
indistinct ; in drying they shrink and be- 
come more definite. From the top of Hel- 
vellyn we descended to Striden Edge, 
where we found Cerastium alpinum, Rho- 
diola rosea, in perfection, Sazifraga hyp- 
noides, var. platypetala, Oxyria reni ifor- 
mis, and other mountain plants, but I added 
nothing to what I had gathered there on a 
Beiber. occasion, unless, perhaps, a species 
of Hieracium, not quite in flower, which 
I have not yet been able to determine. 

l7th was very wet, and I went to 

O ictehaten, thinking I might have better 
coge when a lite: away from the moun- 
tains. The following morning, however, 
was still rainy, and I scrambled on the sea 
towards es'head, among the 
high gra grass and batas loaded with water. 
found nothing but Vicia sylvatica, 


THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 


Asplenium marinum, and Holen 
viridis. 

On the 20th, after a wet night, the wea- 
ther cleared up, and I went in the Carlisle — 
stage to Flimsby, where I found Sisym- 
brium Monense (Brassica, Br. Fl) Mro 
Otley has since told me that he got Litho- — 
spermum maritimum in the same neigh- — 
bourhood, on the outside of a little patch of - 
cultivated land, between the road and the - 
sea, almost the only part of the coast which 

did not examine. My chief object in 
this excursion was to seek for Geranium. 
striatum, of which Mr. Wright had shown 
me specimens, gathered on the sandy. E 
ground near the sea, where he had found —— 
it mixed with G. sanguineum. Mr. | 
Wright had accompanied me part of the 
way to Whitehaven, and then left me to — 
visit a daughter who was unwell, in the 
neighbourhood of Ennerdale. Being nearer 
to the mountains, the weather had 
heavier with him than at Whitehaven, and. $ 
I did not see him again till the evening of 
the 18th, after which he returned to his 
daughter, leaving his box with me. He 
was to have met the stage on the 20th, and 
to accompany me to Flimsby, and I brought 
his box with me to Workington, and there 
left it, since he did not arrive in time. I 


** Opposite the first 
turned from the valley of the Derwent to ; 
follow the coast towards Maryport.” I 
mention all these circumstances, because 
as the plant has not hitherto been coi 
into the British Flora, and the station 1$ 
such as hardly to permit the possibility ot 
its being an accidental escape from a ee 
den, some persons might, from what fol- 
lows, imagine that Wright had brought it 
to the spot, and I wish to show how ex- 
tremely difficult, if not impossible, it would 
have been for him to do so, even if 


deception, which I am persuaded that 
is not. After some time spent in the E 
he called me, and I saw him standing with | 


ia i Fs xt a 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN 


a plant of the species in question in his 
It had been growing on the edge 
of a rabbit-hole, and had been undermined 
by those creatures, so that when he placed 
his foot upon the plant, which he did with- 
out seeing it, the ground had given way, 
and it had become detached from the earth, 
rew. The 


g 
neum in the dnas under similar 
circumstances, and very far from what it 
must have been, had it lain four days in an 
almost empty vasculum, or had been 
brought without a box for a distance of 
eight or ten miles that morning. We saw 
no more of it, either in this station or in 


. another at a little distance, which Wright 


had also noted. The shore south of Work- 


seven, in a 
miserable * conveyance," to Ravenglass, 
me we found nothing but Centunculus 

inimus, and a minute variety of Erythrea 
latifolia, hunting in vain for Sisymbrium 
Monense and Lithospermum maritimum, 
both of which, I think, I had found in that 
neighbourhood on a former occasion. The 
next day we walked over Muncaster Fell, 
which is of granite, crossed the Mite by a 
deserted farm-house, and visited Wastdale 
Screes. My active and energetic compa- 
nion descended one of the ravines quite 


about half way, and nes finding the de- 
Scent become more and more difficult, I 
re-ascended, but not in the same line, and 
m so doing got into a narrow cleft of the 
rock with a stream running down it, which 
I should have thought a most excellent 
position for alpine plants, but I found no- 
thing there but Sazifraga stellaris and S. 
aizoides, Oxy yria reniformis and other 
Species, peculiar indeed to our moun- 
tains, but on them very commonly met 
with; Sazifraga oppositifolia grows in 


_ Several places, but of course it was out of 
; Mower, and S. hypnoides and Asplenium 


e. The next day we went up Haller 
Ba, iir to find something on the de- 


THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 297 


composing granite into which it penetrates. 
We then again visited the Screes, and my 
enterprising companion again descended, 
while I contented myself with going down 
from the summit in several places for a 
short distance, for nearly their whole length. 
I had gathered, some years before, the 
Potentilla fruticosa in such a position, but 
I could this time see nothing of it. There 

is a piece of boggy ground between the 
two summits of the Screes; and where a 
little stream draws from this, we have an 
easy descent among the rocks for a short 
distance, and this spot, I think, unites all 


so continually giving way, that its present 
condition hardly gives us any power of 
tracing the past, or indicating future habi- 
tats. Mr. Wright found the remains of an 
iron-work on the descent, which he attri- 
butes to the Romans. It was marked by 
something of an artificial platform, which 
had lasted through all the changes of the 
mountain, by a quantity of Scorie, and by 
a vein of beautiful mammillated iron ore in 
the neighbourhood. [t is to be noted that 
these falls of the mountain, which are now 
so frequent, only began in the early part 
of the last century. A few years ago, the 
movement was so considerable, that for 
some days the mountain seemed to be on 
fire from the smoke or dust ascending from 
it, and the outlet from the lake being stop- 
ped up, the meadows above it were over- 
flowed, till a jong was dug for the dis- 
charge of the w 

On the se we d Seafell Pikes, 
the highest mountain in England, 3,166 
feet above the sea. It consists of green- 
stone, which seems to split readily into 
fragments, but not to decompose into a 
good soil, so that the upper part of the 

mountain is covered with loose stones, and 
neither these nor the crags a little lower 
down, nourish any rare plants. Indee 
there is little vegetation of any sort. From 
this excursion I returned to Keswick, and 


298 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN 


botanized in its neighbourhood without 
much success. Juncus filiformis is not 
now to be found at the landing-place, but 
is abundant a little more to the right, on 
some flat ‘marshy ground, and on the shores 
of a neighbouring peninsula. I ascended 
Saddle Back ; and a ridge, called the Sharp 
Edge, with almost perpendicular crags 
facing the North, moist and abounding in 
vegetation, seemed to promise a tolerable 
harvest, but though I ascended the edge, en- 
tering from time to time among the rocks on 
the northern face,and Mr. Wright scaled the 
crags, we found nothing. Hardly any, even 
of the common mountain plants, grow there; 
and if any one should write an account of 
the Botany of Saddle Back, it must be, not of 
the plants which it possesses, but of those 
in which it is remarkably deficient. On 
the 28th I went to Wythburn, where there 
is a very comfortable public house, gather- 
ing Imperatoria Ostruthium by the way, 
and on the 29th again ascended Helvellyn, 
but not to the highest point. I descended 
and again ascended the projecting part of 
the mountain, which is, I believe, called 
Sunday Crags, observing there most of the 
plants which I had met with before on 
these mountains, and lower down, in de- 
scending towards Grisedale, I added to my 
list Thalictrum alpinum and Silene acau- 
lis in some very rough ground. I slept at 
Patterdale, and walked the next day to 

enrith 

From this account, it would appear, that 
the mountains about the lakes of Cumber- 
land and Westmoreland, offer by no means 
a rich harvest to the Botanist, but it is well 
sometimes to know what places are unpro- 
ductive, in order not to lose time in re- 
examining what has been already examined 
in vain. The points to which I would 
chiefly direct the attention of the future 
tourist, are some micaceous rocks on the 
North side of Skiddaw, at about half the 
ascent. These, so far as I know, have ne- 
ver been well explored, and they are said 
to be the only micaceous rocks in the dis- 
trict, and as a micaceous soil is among the 
best for Botany, it is very probable that 


THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. " 


they may contain some rare plants. Next 
to these, in point of interest, is the district _ 
n" 1 tn the Qanth ond us 


about Hel 


east of that mountain, lying between the 
roads from Wythburn to Ambleside, and 
from Ambleside to Patterdale. The small 
part that I visited of this tract was certainly 
the richest of any which I encountered 
among the lakes this year, and my memory 
of what I found on a former visit, to the 
left of the last-mentioned road, confirms 
me in this opinion. Perhaps the moun- 
tains above Coniston might be visited with 
advantage, and also those to the right of 
the road, over Kirkstone from Ambleside 
to Patterdale. Epilobium alsinifolium is 
abundant about the head of Kentmer and 
of Long Heddale. Salix herbacea and 
some other plants are said to grow with 
uncommon luxuriance on Red Pike ; while 
Dale Head, above Crummock Water, is 
the station assigned by Hudson for the 
Hieracium Auricula, a plant which seems 
not to have been found in Britain by any 
body else. The station is not quite cor- 
rectly given in the books, as Dale Head is 
near a mountain called Grasmer or Gras- 
moor, and not near the lake called Gras- 
mere. One of my objects in examining 
so carefully Wastdale Screes, was to find 
the Epimedium alpinum, recently said to 
have been discovered there, among bram- 


bles. There are no brambles on the upper 


part of the mountain, and therefore if the 
Epimedium grow there at all, it must be 
in all probability, at the foot of the rocks, 
and at the head of the sloping shivery bank 


which descends from them into the lake; x 
a part very difficult of access, on account m 
of the loose and yielding materials ofwhich 


that bank is composed. 
Epimedium alpinum in deep bo 


at Brayton. At Mugdock (in Scotland) it 
has established itself on the wall of the old : 


garden of the castle. It seems hardly pro- 


bable that so scarce a plant should be 50 - 
little nice in the choice of its position. g s 


know not its exact situation in the coun- 
tries where it is more plentiful. It 
not occur in the Flora of Swi 


i: » 


aig S 
B 1. 4 


aded aue co sqm TER 


ACCOUNT OF ANTUCO IN 


Duby says, “in umbrosis et dumetis 
montanis Alpium et Vogesorum.” In 
Germany it is only mentioned as growing 
in Carniola. Pollini speaks of it as not 
rare in the Tyrol and the North of Italy, 
“in sylvis et dumetis collinis,” and the 
hills of this district are not generally bog- 
gy. If an English plant at all, I should 
rather have expected to see it on the warm 
hills of the South, than in the wet and cold 
of the North. 

From Penrith I again went to Blencarn, 
and this time succeeded in ascending Cross 
Fell. The highest brow of the mountain 
is a bank of loose grit stones. The sum- 
mit is cushioned with Zrichostomum lanu- 
ginosum ; Nardus stricta, Festuca ovina, 
and Agrostis vulgaris, are the Grasses 
which chiefly grow between the cushions. 
The highest and most plentiful springs are 
towards the East and South-east, where the 
view stretches over the upper part of Tees- 
dale, a dreary region; indeed, from this 
eminence, on three sides of us, we see no- 
thing but a dismal prospect of moor and 
bog. I found Epilobium alsinifolium, but 
m small quantity, and a few other plants, 
such as Rhodiola rosea, Draba incana, a 
Hieracium ?, Galium pusillum, Cys- 
tea fragilis, and Asplenium viride, all on 
some limestone rocks at the head of the 
little Gill which se parates Cross Fell from 
Dun Fell, and Cumberland from West- 
moreland. I would recommend any Bo- 


_ tanist wishing to ascend the mountain to 


take this gill as his guide. I returned by 
Culgaith. The moor, mentioned as the 
Station of two or three plants in the Bo- 
tanist’s Guide, is a nearly level tract of 
barren soil, which has been inclosed, but 
for the most part not cultivated. 

I must here end my journal, for the 
slight view I allowed myself of Scottish 
Botany will have no interest, because it 
decides nothing, and I believe the only 
new habitat I observed of plants already 
known, is the station of the Saxifraga 
cespitosa of English Botanists, among the 
rocks near the summit of Ben Nevis. 


299 


SOME ACCOUNT OF THE VOL- 
CANO AND VALLEY OF ANTU- 
CO, IN THE PERUVIAN ANDES. 

Translated from Dr. Poeppig’s Travels. 

THE valley of Antuco, containing the 
highest inhabited place of the Southern 
Andes, extends from East to West, and 
is about seven German miles long, of 
inconsiderable breadth throughout, and 
divided into two nearly equal parts by 
the River Laxa. At its lower extremity, 
a low chain of mountains separates it from 
the Plains of Yumbel and Los Angelos, at 
the East it suddenly rises and becomes 
narrow, and in this direction is almost 
perfectly closed by the broad foot of the 
Volcano, so that between it and the line 
of mountains opposite, there is only space 
for the rapid river and a narrow pass, 
through which access is obtained into the 
Indian Country. The ground, in many 
places, would not repay the trouble of 
cultivating it, as it resembles the dry 
of a river, and is covered with volcanic 
stones ; but the sides of the mountain and 
the plain that stretches at the foot of them, 
maintain their character for great fertility. 
Sometimes these terrace-like platforms rise 
one above another, as natural meadows in 
the midst of mountain woods, their luxu- 
riant vegetation attesting the depth of the 
soil Every where, brooks run down from 
the mountains, of which the lovely green 
peaks are over-topped by still loftier sum- 
mits, covered with eternal snow. The 
mountains are so high, even in the im- 
mediate vicinity of the village, that the 
bold brow of the Pico de Pilque is only 
attainable by several hours' ascent, while 
further up the valley they rise to even more 
gigantic elevations, till at last, the indented 
Gletschen, the Silla Velludo, and the black 
cone of the volcano of Antuco, close this 
extraordinary coup d'au. The situation 
of the village itself is most picturesque, 
being perched on a lofty ascent, whose top 
is ornamented with beautiful Beech woods. 

In a clear summer morning, the Natu- 
ralist, unaided by any kind of road, ex- 
plores these elevated situations with the 


THE PERUVIAN ANDES. 


300 


_ keenest delight, and when fatigued with col - 
lecting the immense variety of alpine plants 
that abound here, he may recline under 
the shade of enormous trees, and refresh 
himself with the contemplation of the 
splendid prospect of the snowy Andes. 
The invigorating pureness of the atmo- 
sphere gives a keen zest to his enjoyment, 
and takes away the feeling of weariness. 
But still the most noble and ever-varying 
object in the landscape is the Volcano, 
which, but a few hours distant from the 
village, rises almost every where open to 

view, clear of the neighbouring moun- 
tains. eye can never be tired of 
watching the various appearances that it 
presents, as these are diversified by the 
light that breaks upon it in different direc- 
tions, and as the external phenomena be- 
tray the violent action that takes place 
within, 

Sometimes a volume of the blackest 
smoke darts upwards from its crater, from 
which the ignited masses are propelled as 
by the force of a cannon, and with the 
greatest rapidity, into the calm blue sky: 
at other times this mass curls quietly up, 
the calm white clouds resting on the mouth 
of the volcano, and attesting its internal 
The aspect of this mountain is 
ever new, but at no time perhaps so 
interesting as when the sun rises behind 
it, gilding its regular outline, or when 
the evening beams yet linger on its sum- 
mit, long after they have quitted the valley 
of Antuco. Even when storms sweep 
round its foot,“and the atmosphere remains 
calm on the low ground, the view is still 
interesting and glorious. As though it had 
victoriously struggled against the envious 

ier, its top bursts through the clouds, 

and while they form a dense fearful va- 
poury circle around it, the ‘cone appears 
distinctly outlined on the deep blue back- 
_ ground, its every indentation defined with 
the most perfect clearness. At night, the 
fiery glow that constantly hovers above the 
— reveals it through a sky heavy with 
» Süow The middle of summer, 
indeed, dissolves the snowy mantle that 
winter had left, and black and solemn, it 


ACCOUNT OF ANTUCO IN 


THE PERUVIAN ANDES. 


closes the back-ground of the pleas 
green alpine landscape; but the pa : 
storm that does not so much as exti és 
the valley, robes the volcano, even during c: 
the warm month of January, with a white — 
garment, enabling the votary of nature to - 
observe the peculiar phenomena which 
internal heat produces on this elevated 
mountain. Late in the evening, when the 
last moment of day-light has faded, the — 
glowing lava stream becomes gradually 
visible; at first a single red point appears — — 
to kindle, followed speedily by another . 

and another, till a running fire is seen in 
long stripes, branched or undivided, and | 
stretching from the crater, conveying con- 

tinually fresh streams of lava to its foot, — 
and illuminating the country for full twenty — 

miles around, till the more powerful influ- 
ence of the sun's light seems gradually to 
quench this brilliant exhibition, and restores 
the mountain to blackness and to gloom. 
—At seasons when the air is free from 
vapour, as in November and December, a 
truly magnificent spectacle may be occa- 


and the full moon has risen, a fourf 
light may be seen playing on the crater, 
in the most singular manner. t the 
moon defines its outline accurately, and 
the last lingering sun-beams light up the 
surface, the tranquil lustre of the glow 
that rises abóve the mouth, unites with the E 
glowing lava to light up the dark western 
side. And if, at the same time, some light 


produced by the light of the moon, the re- 
flection of the snow, the volcanic blaze, 
and the evening sun, are here united in 
one sublime whole. ! 

Our excursion over hill and dale, in this : 
unknown country of Alps, commenced on 
the third day. Six horses were ? 
purchased of these wine-loving Indians, 
and the keep of them costs nothing 
Antuco, where meadows of perpe v 


“ACCOUNT OF ANTUCO IN 


dure cover the hills. Our expeditions led 

to such considerable distances, and were 
accomplished, for the sake of saving time, 
with so much celerity, that the poor ani- 
mals were frequently much fatigued, and 
we were thus often compelled to exchange 
our mountain- -climbing, for visits to more 
distant, though ] 


laces. But 
these exertions, which never produced any 
painfully fatiguing results in such an atmo- 
sphere, were rewarded, besides the tempo- 

and present enjoyment, with the attain- 
ment of very choice collections. Most of the 
plantswhich we found are nondescripts, and 
their singular forms will prove as interest- 
ing to the systematic Botanist, as to the 
Botanical geographer, who is justified in 
drawing from them many new inferences as 
to the range of individual families. The 
most beautiful spot is the Pico de Pilque, 
in the lower part of the valley. The first 
portion of its side is hardly attained when 
you come to meadows, where the prevail- 
ing herbaceous plants exhibit the general 
appearance of alpine vegetation, combined 
with the large foliage and brilliant colours 
that characterize a tropical growth. e 
magnificent forms of the Orchidee, few 
of which are seen in northern Chili, were 
to me most attractive. -One, which the 
people of Antuco call Wood-Lily, (Azu- 
zena del Campo, Gavilea odoratissima, 


a considerable distance. In drier spots 
grows another species, of which the flow- 
ers are above two inches across, and the 


with a reticulation of green veins, and p 


have a strong smell of Vanilla ; whilst a 
third kind, with green flowers veined with 
black, possesses the odour of the common 
Garden Lack. Other Orchideous plants, 
: with magnificent golden-coloured blossoms, 
more or less perfumed, frequently but a 
Span high, but with very large foliage, 
: inhabit only the highest summits of the 
Andes. Many occur solely at the margin 
of the barren lava that borders the river in 


. the peculiar fibrous appen 


THE PERUVIAN ANDES. 301 


the low valley, and flourish on the very 
driest spots alone, which is quite contrary 
to the habit of their congeners in other 
parts of the world, and if they are less 
splendid than the species just described, 
they yet excel all the native plants of 
this same family.1 On ascending the still 
higher parts of the mountain, the number 
of unknown plants increases. In the same 
situations with the very beautiful myrtle- 
leaved Beech, (Fagus Dombey: of Mirbel,) 
grows the undescribed Beech of the upper 
Andes, with several kinds of Podocarpus, 
a second new species of which bears some 
resemblance to the broad-leaved Cypresses 
of North America. On the margins of the 
forest grow Hieracia, Gerania, and many 
sorts of Trefoil, Vetch, and Lathyrus, as 
if to recall the far distant scenes of our 
North-eastern native land, while the greater 
proximity of the singular continent of New 
Holland is indicated by individuals of the 
Protea family, and Leguminose with 
curiously formed fruit. The great affinity 
between this Flora and that of the extreme 
point of South America, appears in the 
presence of a white, woolly Senecio and 
some Gnaphalia ; while in the large-flow- 
ered Loranthus there exists a similarity to 
the singular Misodendrons, (which have no 
right to be placed in the same family, and 
are called by the Chilians, on account of 
at sur- 
rounds their seeds, Angel's Beard;) and 
finally, in the lofty climbing plant with 
woody stems, (Cornidia integerrima of 
Hooker,) which resembles the Viburnum, 
we recoznize the vicinity of the Tropical 
Flora of South America. Species of Ber- 
beris, from the berries of which the Indians 
repare an intoxicating driuk; Echites, 

with blue flowers, whose roots afford the 


| The Orchidee which I found on the Andes of An- 


in a periodical 
Chilens. Lips. 1833, p. 13, et. seq. Jare the follo sing. 
Chlorea speciosa, C. viridiflora, C. grandiflora, C. cam- 
pestris, C. — C. chrysantha, C. nudilabi 
C. decipiens, C. , C. incisa, all these are new 
species ; Gavilea . odoratissima and G. acu- 
Á— this is a new penus. Asarea a 
ilora; Habenaria pumila, and Pogonia tetra- 
kem n. sp 


302 


natives a kind of snuff; several Anemones 
and Loasas, of the branching kind, far 
more dreadfully stinging than are the nu- 
merous and comparatively disregarded and 
innocuous Nettles of the hotter American 
districts, Daphnes and dwarf Escallonias 
surround the traveller as he emerges from 
the higher woods. Then comes a new zone 
of this abundant vegetation, while a glance 
down the giddy steep enables the Naturalist 
to descry, even by the different shades of 
green, the separate regions of plants which 
he has passed, and which no where rise 
with greater regularity and more accurate- 
defined, than they do in these Andes. 


Europe, if the mild air, the deep blue 
sky over head, and, between the thick wo- 
ven trees that cover the ground, levelled 
by the winter’s storms, the violet Amaryllis 
and variously tinted Alstreemerias, did not 
severally appear to dispel the delusion in 
which the wanderer may have indulged. 
It is a work of no small labour to force 
one’s way through the tangled growth, that 
insidiously envelopes many a sharp stone 
and many a deep cleft; but no danger is 
here to be apprehended from poisonous 
snakes, gigantic stinging ants, or any of 
those numberless tribes of noxious animals 
which inhabit tropical climes; as none of 
them exist in this highly favoured region. 
Now the last shrub is passed, and the 
ground becomes more stony, while the 
increasing purity and coldness of the air 
cause every respiration to be drawn with 
a sensation of positive delight. 
treasures here burst upon the view, and 
reward the adventurous mountaineer, who 
is often compelled to relieve his full heart 
by uttering loud shouts of joy, to which 
his faithful dog, the sole companion and 
. witness of his delight, responds by many a 
. yelp of exultation, and by rolling on the 
. snow and playing sundry fantastic gambols. 
It were useless labour to attempt enume- 

rating here, the individual plants that are 
successively seen when climbing the high- 
est ridges of these rocks; and, I may only 


ACCOUNT OF ANTUCO IN THE PERUVIAN ANDES. 


mention that no Naturalist can imagine the E 
alpine Flora of the South of Chili, to be so 
beautiful to the sight, and so attractive to 
the scientific observer, as it actually is. 
All that the Cape of Good Hope and New 
Holland can exhibit in their arborescent 
flowers, which without attaining the gigantic 
growth of tropical forests, are yet inexpressi- 
bly charming,—all that the alpine produc- 
tions of Europe can present, in their minia- _ 
ture forms, and myriads of small leaves, may 
be found happily blended in the plants of 
these Andes. As every where in Chili, the 
Composite prevail; and you can hardly re- 
cover from the surprise of seeing numerous 
Senecios, exhibiting their golden blossoms 


f the Amellus, which bear, 
united, the foliage of the Rosemary and ] 
the starry blossoms of the Aster, together 4 
with the reddish Laszorrhiza and the moss- 

like Nassauvia, species of a genus that is : 
confined to the extreme southern part d 
of South America, and of which three 4 
forms are here seen. It is singular to ob- 

serve how the individuals of such families 

as do not, in general, affect the cold air of 

the Andes, grow amongst the beautiful 

plants just mentioned. Cassia-like bushes 
not a foot high, adorned with large golden 
clusters of flowers, Escallonias, Cynan- 3 
chum, Colletias, and a little green hyacinth- — 
like plant; these advance to the line e. 
perpetual snow, where first appears that | 
singular Violet, which bears its leaves 1m 
the regular star-like manner of a Semper- — 
vivum. Still higher, but not, therefore, 
beyond the limits of phanerogamic vege- 
tation, the rocks are adorned with several - 
Cryptogamia, among which the skilfal 
Botanist will descry new genera, os 
Ferns that never exhibit their beautiful | 
leaves otherwise than coiled over each | 
other, and which flourish in the deepest — 
clefts, At last, the summit of the lofty 
Pues is won, and the pplleaio laden with © 


which, though ly 
yet iwmbdns: fresh inteieut in his mind, for 
where accidental fissures occur in the wea- 


adi. x Bb reu. S 


provinces, and though the insects do not 
buzz about here, as in the meadows and 
woods of the lower regions, many Beetles 
may be found, creeping among the stones, 


ther-worn stones, he may find Pistacite of 
the most beautiful colours, and black kinds 
of vitrified substance that have been pro- 
duced by a far more intense volcanic ac- 


tion, thousands of years ago, and which 


some unknown cause has collected at this 
oun — 
RAT 


ET E24 
D vYIUIlIILY LU LII clouds, 


this mountain is not so utterly destitute of 


or feeding on the Alpine plants. Golden 
green Cetonias, dark blue Curculios, and 


n the ai 
very difficult to be captured, live both in 
the neighbourhood of the snow, and in 


à the woody regions; and the largest of 


the Chilian Beetles may also be caught, 
especially a Lucanus, that grows to the 

h of four inches. No small Birds are 
seen here, but instead of them there are 
great numbers of Condors, which circle 
around the lonely wanderer, with such 
boldness, or such rage, probably excited 
by the vicinity of their nests, that the very 
strokes of their wings may be felt in the air 
9n his face. On my frequent ascents of 
the Pico de Pilque, I was obliged to take 
Pistols with me, to scare aw ay a couple of 
these birds, which wheeled continually 
around me when I drew near the top, and 
particularly aimed at attacking my dog, 
which courageously endeavoured to main- 
tain an unequal war. Difficult as it is to 
shoot a Condor, except by hitting it on the 
beak, I fired several times unsuccessfully 
at these gigantic birds, but at length drove 
them away, which permitted me, with my 
faithful companion, to renew the investi- 
gation of this wonderful spot. Vast and 


| uninterrupted is the view that is obtained 


from this mountain, and if the eye does not 
rest upon a country, where man mingles 


. the thousand marks of his industry with 
E oe of nature, yet is the sight far 


than what is often presented 


ACCOUNT OF ANTUCO IN THE PERUVIAN ANDES, 


303 


by South America. A hope, a persuasion 
rather, takes possession of the mind, that 
the beautiful tracts that are hence descried, 
of which the distant horizon alone bounds 
the view, will, in less than half a century, 
support an industrious population, and that 
the solemn silence of teeming nature, which 
none but the poet would desire should re- 
main unbroken, will ere long yield to the 
busy exertions of a happy population. 
Westward lie the plains that, commencing 
at the foot of the foremost Andes, stretch 
almost to the sea, and are only traversed by 
low mountains, and watered by the Biobio, 
the Laxa, and Duquero, streams which en- 
sure numerous advantages to the future 
inhabitants of these regions, and are well 


spectator rise the mountains, clothed with 
luxuriant forests, down whose every side 
trickle numerous rivulets which fertilize 
the vallies, and render artificial irrigation 
unnecessary. The eye rests on the only 
inhabited spot, the little village of Antuco, 
whose dwellings look like the work of 
children’s hands, and is nearly lost in the 
valley. Northward are the gigantic moun- 
tains of the Cordillera of Chillon. Widely 


and 
deceptively near, appears the broad ‘Slack 
volcano, which terminates the prospect 
Dense pillars of smoke burst from iti 
mouth, and its loud peals of thunder seem 
as if they would even threaten its very sta- 
bility. Thus is every thing united that can 
render the prospect attractive and pleasing, 
grand and awful. Every fresh visit ren- 
ders the Naturalist more reluctant to quit 
this fascinating scene, and to mingle again 
with every-day life and its bustling con- 
cerns, while the solitary hours that he has 
passed here abundantly reward those in- 
conveniences, and privations, and fatigues 
to which he is eminently exposed, and 
linger on his recollection, with an almost 
sacred tenacity, long after the ocean has 
reconveyed him to his native and far dis- 
tant country. 


304 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BO- 


d fi 


By Dr. Wight, and G. A-W. Arnott, Esq. 
C 8.) 


INDIGOFERA TRITA. 
(Tas. XVI.) 


Herbacea v. suffruticosa erecta rigida pu- 
be appressa canescens, foliis pinnatim 
trifoliolatis, foliolis ovalibus oblongisve 
mucronatis, racemis sessilibus foliorum 
longitudine multifloris, floribus parvis 
Seopa deciduis, segmentis caly- 

inis longis subulatis, leguminibus re- 
flexis patentibusve arcte approximatis ad 
basin rachidis 4- singalatis sap een 
cuspidatis, 10) 


do. et 


tetragonis utrinque truncatis. 
rn. Fl. Penins. Ind. 

Indigofera trita, Linn. Suppl. p. 335. De 
Cand. Prodr. v. 2. p. 232. Roxb. Fi. 
Ind. v. 3. p. 371. E. I. C. Mus. t. 379. 
Wallich, Cat. n. 5449. Wight, Cat. 
n. 856, 

I. gnus Willd. Sp. PL v. 2. p. 1235. 
De Spr. peu Veget. 

Roxb, Fl. Ind. v. 3. 


I. canescens, Lam. Enc. Meth. v. 3. p.251. 
De Cand. l c. p. 224. Wall. Cat. n. 
5448. 


I. hedysaroides, Lam. l c. p. 250. De 
Cand. 1. c. p. 232. Spr. k c. p. 275. 

I. arcuata, Willd. 1. c. .p. 1228. De Cand. 
le 


i8 a a Wall. Cat. n. 5453. 
I. rigida, Willd. Enum. p.230. De Cand. 
Lc p.24. 

Stems suffruticose, erect, flexuose, round- 
ed, glabrous, and br: anching below, but near- 
ly simple, irregularly angled, and hispid 
towards the extremities. Leaves ternate, 

. petioled; petioles almost an inch long, fur- 
rowed above, and, like the elliptic, mucro- 
nate, retuse leaflets, hispid and canescent. 
Leaflets whiter below than above. Sti- 
 pules short, filiform, subulate. Racemes 
axillary, generally longer than the peti- 
oles, or even than the leaves, but that the 
upper flowers prove abortive, and then the 
extremity of the rachis _withers and falls 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. 


away. Calyx 5-cleft; divisions filifon 
hairy, persistent. Corolla: Vexillum e 
keel spurred and elastic at the base. 


a sharp spinous process, pointing down- 

wards: the back of the legume curved, 

as to resemble, while ataakai to the plant, 

an inverted arch. Seeds numerous, sepa- 

rated by partitions, truncated at both ior 
ack. 


3 


Indigofera trita is usually found in large 
patches in pastures, flowering and ripening - 
its seeds during the cool season, where it 
proves a Gin sca weed in consequence - 
of the spinous points of its legumes, which 


cause considerable pain at the time. 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


We are requested to give publicity to 
the following notice respecting a new 
tanical Society, which has lately been 
formed in Edinburgh. The names of the 
chief office-bearers are sufficient, alone, to 
confer respectability on the Institution, 
and we heartily wish it may be productive 
of all the good to Science, which its found- - 
ers anticipate. endan in no part of 
the kingdom, is such a Society so likely 
to succeed and flourish as in Edinburg 
where the school of Botany, as conne 
with the University, is so extensive, where 
the country is eminently interesting, no less 
or the variety and rarity of its vegetable > 
productions, as for the almost classical ce 
brity of many of its localities, and above 
where the estimable character, and 
enthusiasm of the Professor of B 


study attractive. 
passed of late, that has not been m 
with the addition of some new or exceed- 
ingly rare plant to the Scottish Flora, by: 
band of Edinburgh Naturalists, who have 
made excursions under the guidance 


Dr. Grah 


. BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 


_ “Dr. Graham has been elected Presi- 
dent, and Drs. Greville and Balfour Vice- 
Presidents of the Society for the present 
ear. 
“ The advancement of Botanical Science 
is the object of this Society. Its opera- 
tions will, for some time, be confined prin- 
cipally to the holding of periodical meet- 
ings, to correspondence, to the formation 
of an Herbarium, and the interchange of 
specimens. The last is a new feature in 
the constitution of such a Society, an 
will be conducted by a Committee, in ac- 
cordance with certain rules, embodied in 
the laws. The desiderata of Botanists, all 
- Over the kingdom, will be supplied as far 
as possible, from the Society's duplicates, 
and individuals will thus secure the impor- 
tant advantages of exchanging the vegetable 
productions of their respective districts, for 
those of others, more remotely situated, 
he benefits resulting to Science, as well 
as individuals, by this arrangement, will, 
it is hoped, be considerable; especially in 
regard to the geographical distribution of 
plants in the British Islands, and in the 
formation of local Floras. The Society, 
_ besides, contemplates an extension of this 
lan, by promoting an exchange of speci- 
mens with Botanists in other parts of the 
world 


“ The Members will be divided into the 
following Classes :— Resident, Non-resi- 
dent, Foreign, and Associate. Any person 
desiring to become a non-resident member, 
must be recommended by two individuals, 
belonging to some Scientific or Literary 
Society, and pay a contribution of two 
guineas, which, without any additional ex- 
Pense, will entitle him, so long as he con- 
tinues annually to send specimens to the 
Society, to a participation in its duplicates. 
... To become a foreign member, it is neces- 

. Sary to transmit five hundred specimens, 
: including, at least, one hundred species, 
°F a botanical work, of which the candi- 


2 date is himself the author; the former al- 


de tive only entitling him to a share in 
 Society's duplicates. To continue to 
OL. i: 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


305 


participate in these duplicates, he must 
afterwards contribute, annually, three hun- 
dred specimens, containing at least fifty 
ecies. 

* The Flora of Edinburgh, which is par- 


o 
"a 


_ ticularly rich, will afford a constant supply 


of valuable duplicates, and others will be re- 
gularly obtained from other parts of Scot- 
land, especially the rarer alpine species. — 

“ Local Secretaries will be appointed in 
different parts of the king In the 
mean time, communications are to be ad- 
dressed (postage paid) to the Secretary, 
W. H. Campbell, Esq., 21, Society, Brown 
Square, Edinburgh." 


Intelligence has been lately received 
from Mr. Mathews, who was in Chaca- 
poyas, at the date of his last letter, which 
was addressed to John Mac Lean, Esq., of 
Lima, 27th September, 1835. He de- 
Scribes himself as having made very con- 
siderable collections of Birds and Plants, 
and as having prepared many drawings; 
all which were ready to be sent to this 
country: but the state of affairs in the 
districts between Lima and Chacapoyas 
was such, that he had not ventured to dis- 
patch them to the coast. It will be seen 
from our notice respecting Mr. Mathews, 
at page 19 of this volume, that this inde- 
fatigable collector has thus followed up the 
intentions there expressed of returning to 
Chacapoyas, where a previous visit of two 
months served to assure him that a great 
deal more was to be done in the way of 
Botany than could possibly be accomplish- 
ed in that space of time. 


e are indebted to a friend, who has 
lately visited Paris, for some interesting 
particulars respecting the progress of Bo- 
tany in France. The greatest change ob- 
servable since this gentleman's last visit 
to Paris, about three or four years ago, is 
in the activity of the present administra- 
tion of the Museum of the Jardin du 

oi. M. Adrian de Jussieu, M. Adolphe 

Browgniart, and their coadjutors, M. Guil- 

lemin and M. Decaisne, are all young and 

zealous as well as excellent Botanists, and 
U 


306 


have made considerable progress in the 
putting into accessible and useful order 
the rich materials the Museum already 
possesses, and the administration generally 
is making considerable exertions towards 
increasing the collections. Their plan is 
to have a general herbarium, as complete 
in species, and in habitats as possible, and 
besides that, to have separate geographical 
herbaria. What duplicates may remain, 
are reserved for the purpose of making ex- 
changes. M. de Jussieu, by an active 
correspondence with collectors, as well as 
by a tour he made last year, in the south- 
ern departments, has succeeded in forming 
a very rich and complete French herbarium 
—a matter certainly of the first importance 
in a national collection. The additions to 
the general herbarium are not so great as 
might have been, had the fund at the dis- 
posal of the Museum been more consider- 
able; yet very important ones have lately 
been made, amongst which you are already 
acquainted with Jacquemont’s Cashmire 
and Himalayan collection, and much is 
expected from Le Prieur’s Guiana expe- 
dition. The latter collector was formerly 
with Perrottet, in ZEquinoctial Africa, and 
has since been sent out by the Parisian 
Geographical Society, to French Guyana, 
to explore the affluents of the Oyapook, on 
a mission, and with means, very similar 
to those entrusted to Schomburgk by us. 
With regard to Botany, he is to send his 
specimens to the Museum and to M. De- 
lessert. Some have been already received, 
many of them valuable species, but mostly 
not so well dried as might have been wished. 
Unfortunately his health is impaired so 
much as to give serious fears that he will 
sed unable to fulfil all the objects of his 
sion 


cmm Benjamin Delessert continues, and 
indeed has lately much increased, the en- 
ment he gives to Botany, and to 
Ninos collectors. . Besides subscribing 
to all English and German expeditions, 
which appear deserving of encouragement, 
"s zealously promotes several French un- 
dertakings of the same nature. Perrottet, 
who was with Le Prieur, i in Senegambi 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 


ia, with him M. Auber, who, during à | 


has been appointed to the situation of Di- 


years ago, returned to this country; but 
as this Botanical Garden can scarcely be 
said to exist, Perrottet is earning his  — 
salary by plantations, and other improve- 
ments of the kind about the town, and by. 
botanical excursions in the surrounding 
country, from whence he has already trans- 
mitted to Baron Delessert, a considerable 
collection, richer in the number and quality. 
of its specimens, than in any novelty of 
species, which are, of course, the same as. 
those we usually receive from the Coro- 
mandel Coast. í A 
M. Picard, a young man who has already. E 
made some good collections in the South 
of Spain and other parts of the Mediter- — 
ranean, is about to sail for Gabon, on the - 
Coast of Senegambia, from whence he will 
transmit to Delessert the dried plants he 
may collect. Er 
M. Adolphe Delessert, a nephew of the- 
Baron, accompanied Perrottet to Pondi- © 
chery, and from thence has made a voyage | 
to Singapore, Penang, Batavia and Borneo, — | 
and on his return to Madras has trans- 
mitted, besides a large quantity of birds, 
(Zoology being his special pursuit,) se- 
veral plants which he collected for his 


M. B. Delessert himself is conhada 
his Icones Selectæ; several of the plates of 
the third volume, engraved by Plee, 
the immediate superintendence and editor- 
ship of Guillemin, are already finished and 
the work is now rapidly proceeding with. 

M. Adolphe Gay is actively co ollecting 
in South Chili, chiefly in Valdivia. 

M. Coquebert de Montbret, a pes 
the traveller of the same name, W 
in the Egyptian expedition, has es re- 
turned from a most interesting jOUrne. 
He went from Constantinople over 
Bithynian Olympus, and across the chain 
of the Taurus to Aleppo; thence up the Eu- 
phrates nearly to its source, and aci 
Trebizonde, from whence, nearly by 
same route, he returned to Aleppo- 


Rie Ace ge?» 


` lately been engage 


the time, made an excursion by himself to 
North Syria, and formed a very valuable 
botanical collection. 

. M. Adr. de Jussieu is about to print his 
Memoir on the Malpighiacee, on which he 
has been some time engaged. 

Great improvements have been made 
lately in the Jardin des Plantes, under the 
able direction of M. Mirbel. Of the range 
of houses, there are to be two pavilions, 
(of which one is nearly completed,) for 
Palms, almost cubical, and forty feet in 
height, their whole sides, front, and roof, 
are of glass: thus giving them a very 
light appearance. The boxes in which the 
Palms are planted, are placed in a pit 
eight or nine feet deep, in which they are 
so raised that the top of the box is ona 
level with the floor of the house, which 


makes them look remarkably well. The £ 


houses are heated with steam. M. Mirbel, 
who is so zealous in furthering the interests 
of the garden, is also still much occupied 
with physiological researches, and has 

d in examining the 
Gingko in a state of germination, from 
seeds which ripened at Montpellier, where 
they have both sexes of the plant. 


D. Moore, Esq., who has been some time 
engaged in examining the botanical pro- 
ductions of the county of Londonderry, 
for a work which is to form part of the 
“Statistical Account of the Ordnance Sur- 
vey of Ireland,” has been rewarded by the 
discovery of many rarities, of which some 
are quite novel to the Flora of the sister 
kingdom, and one is altogether new to 
the British Isles, the Carex Buxbaumii of 
Wahlenberg, which was detected on an 
Island of Lough Neagh. The nearest affi- 
nity of this plant is with the very scarce 
C. tomentosa ; but Mr. Moore and Mr. 

àckay at once correctly distinguished it 


. from that species, by the less downy and 


longer fruit; the strongly mucronate scales, 
and above all, the absence of a wholly 


Me spikelet; the base of the upper female 
Spikelet being alone furnished with male 
han It will rank next to C. VaAllii, 


E indeed, together with it and C. atrata, 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION: 


307. 


should. form a separate section, distin- 

guished by the circumstance above men- 

tioned, of the upper spike being andro- 

gynous ;—male below, and stigmas three. 

The character may be thus rendered. 

Carex Buzbaumii; spicis sub 4 sessilibus 
approximatis oblongis, terminali andro- 
gyna, squamis ovato-lanceolatis longe 
(masculinis brevi) cuspidatis, capsulis 
ellipticis substipitatis leviter pubescenti- 
busobtusis bicuspidatis 1 teis foli i 
vix caulem superantibus, vaginis nullis. 
—C. Buzbaumii, Wahl. Act. Holm. f. 
803. p. 163. Fl. Lapp. p. 244. FT. 
Dau. t. 1406. Mackay, Fl. Hib. ined. 
—C. polygama, Schkuhr. Caric. tab. G. 
g. f. 76 


» 


Hab. One of the small Islands of 
Lough Neagh, County Derry, D. Moore, 
Sq. 


The HMieracia of our country need a 
thorough revision; though I fear that the 
many-leaved and many-flowered ones are 
so extremely variable, that it will be no easy 
task, with the best materials, to determine 
them satisfactorily.” I had, myself, been 
led to doubt if the real H. Sabaudum 
was a native of this country, from the cir- 
cumstance of the figure in English Botany 
not exactly according with my continental - 
specimens: but, in this opinion, I be- 
lieve, I am mistaken; for I have lately 
received many specimens, which I am 
satisfied are the true Sabaudum; as, for 
example, from near Leamington, Warwick- 
shire, Dr. Lloyd. County Derry, Ireland, 
Mr. D. Moore. Richmond, Yorkshire, 
Mr. J. Ward. Near Warrington, Mr. W: 
Wilson. Near Nottingham, Dr. Howitt, 
with more entire leaves; and elsewhere. 
But these specimens have, in several in- 
stances, been accompanied by others, which 
I have been quite unable to name satis- 
factorily. On a wall, by Leamington, 
Dr. Lloyd finds an Hieracium, with nar- 
row leaves, and more numerous flowers 
than in the true ZZ. Sabaudum; thus being 
identical with my Loch Rannoch specimens 
of what I have called H. denticulatum, 
in the British Flora, the very station of 


308 


Smith's denticulatum of English Botany 
(H. prenanthoides of the same author in 
Fl. Britannica). My H. prenanthoides, 
(Brit. Fl. ed. 3. p. 352,) which I believe to 
be the same with that of Eng. Bot. t. 2225, 
again, scarcely differs from H. Sabaudum, 
except in the softer texture of its leaves, 
and more glandular calyx. May not these 
three be referable to one and the same? 
The authors of the ‘ Compendium Flora 
Germanie," Bluff and Fingerhuth, say 
of H. Sabaudum, “ Planta valde varians, 
caule nunc humili subsimplici, nunc al- 
tissimo apicem versus magis minusve co- 
rymboso, foliis longioribus brevioribus, 
angustioribus latioribus, profunde den- 
tatis aut integerrimis, dentibus nunc basi 
nunc in medio majoribus, aut omnibus sub- 
squalibus. Periclinii (Involucri) foliola 
nigricantia, pilis paucis hinc inde glandu- 
liferis adspersa." 

Mr. Moore has observed that Scirpus 
Savi is very abundant in the county of 
Derry, and probably throughout Ireland; 
and he confirms a remark I have already 
made in this Journal, respecting its occu- 
pying nearly the same Tange as Pinguicu- 
la Lusitanica. He finds both growing 
together in various places. 

A new station has been discovered for 
the Veronica Buzbaumii, by Miss Anna 
Gurney, who has observed it for some 
years under a sunny wall at Syderstrand, 
between Cromer and Trimingham, Norfolk. 
This year, (1836,) its large and brilliant 
blossoms were in perfection on the 18th of 

rch. 

Mr. Gay, of Paris, after a careful ex- 
amination of the plants of M. Durieu, and 
especially of those common to the summits 
of the peaks of Arvas, and of Canellas, 
mentioned at p. 216 of this Journal, has 
been kind enough, through Mr. P. B. Webb, 
to suggest the following corrections; 

The Leontodon, without name, is 
squamosum, Lam.(Apargia alpina, Willd.) 

Juniperus depressa, is J. nana, Willd. 
—V. communis, var. 

Agrostis rubra, is A. alpina, Scop. 


Agrostis Asturica, is A. capillaris, L. 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


L. thus producing very 


Aira Asturica, is A. flexuosa, L. i 

Bunium Bulbocastanum, is B. denu- 
datum, D C. ; 

Silene geniculata, Lag., is S. ciliata, 
urr. 
In the collection of M. Durieu, are about 
fifty species of great interest, '* mes quinze 
derniers jours," says M. Gay, “ avec les 
nuits, ont été employés à les determiner.” 


P 


o 


EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM 
M. SPANOGHE, THE DUTCH RE- 
SIDENT AT COUPANG, RELAT- 
ING TO THE NATURAL HISTO- 


RY OF THE ISLAND OF TIMOR; 


WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF 
THE UPAS TREE, DISCOVERED 
THERE BY THAT GENTLEMAN. 


M. Spanoghe, during a long stay in the 
Island of Java, is well known to have de- 
voted a great deal of time to the investi- 
gation of its Natural History, and, we be- 
lieve, has sent very considerable collections 
to his native country. Since then, he has 
been appointed to the Presidency or Go- 
vernorship of Coupang, the Dutch settle- 
ment of Timor, and has there equally fur- 


thered the cause of Natural History, and — 
dispatched to Holland a very valuable L 
Herbarium, which will doubtless afford - 
Dr. Blume many interesting subjects LIT 
his forthcoming ** Rumphia,” announced at - | 
In the mean — 
time, whateverconcerns the Natural History 5 
of the Island in question cannot fail to w | 
read with interest: and, in a letter lately. 1 
received from him, which bears date os s 
pang, 28th September, 1834," Mr. Se ; 


p. 84, of our present volume. 


noghe observes ; 


** The soil of Timor is not very favour- 
able for Ferns, or any other Cryptogamit ; 
being too dry, and the limestone formation, — 


few of those plants, 


which delight in a moist soil, such as thé 
Orchidee, and many others. 


lands are also quite destitute of plants be — 


longing to the following orders : viz, M 
leniacee, Magnoliacea, Berber 


emet 2 s 
ap - 


veracee, Bixinee, Acerine, pov 
Styracee, Plantaginee, Cuno 
lerianee, Saxifragee, Melas ei Q- 
puntie, and Conifere. The general aspect 
of vegetation here, is very different from 
that of Java, though, upon examination, I 
find many plants, which are common both 
to that island, and to all India. The 
soil and productions of Timor, however, 
bear more analogy to those of the Isle 
of France and of Bourbon, than any other 
places. 

Timor produces only one Eucalyptus, 
which is a lofty Tree with a white shining 
bark; and also Leucadendron viridiflora, 
but no other plants which grow in New 
- Holland, or Australia. The Sandal Wood 
is the spontaneous productions of our hills, 
but is not to be found.on any of the neigh- 
bouring islands, except Sandal Wood Is- 

d. The Tamarind Tree, several species 
of Inga and Acacia, Borassus flabellifor- 
mis, and Eucalyptus alba, being among 
the largest trees, and conspicuous from a 
distance, give a peculiar character to the 
dry rocky hills of Timor. This island can- 
not boast of its spices; a solitary species 
of wild pepper, one wild Myristica, and 
a Litsea, are all that are found here. Na- 
ture seems to have assigned a certain and 


Sandal Wood appears to be allotted to 
Timor; still this country possesses a very 
fine Flora, and its soil is not unsuited to 
many of the most useful vegetable pro- 
ductions, as we have Potatoes, all kinds of 
Yams, Wheat, ‘Rice, Indian Corn, every 
Sort of culinary herbs, and very good Coffee: 


the Bourbon kind. Of the eatable fruits 
grow in Java, we have very few; no 
Mangosteen, Doe, Ramboetan, nor Pine 
Apple, but a great variety of Oranges, and 
of the Cucurbitaceous fruits. i 
here, also, the poisonous milky plants, so 

. Common in the Islands of Sunda, and it is 
. A^ very singular, as well as a favourable 
. Circumstance, that Timor and the adja- 
cent Islands, are entirely exempt from all 
Noxious animals, as Snakes. There are 


NATURAL HISTORY OF TIMOR. 


limited range to all useful plants, and the - 


309 


we are not endangered by the presence 


€, 
of the Elephant, or Rhinoceros, in our 


woods, where the largest creature is 
species of S/ag, with some wild Hogs, e. 
a kind of Monkey, which is found in Java, 
and elsewhere. 

As to its Birds, Timor seems to occupy 
a middle rank between New Holland and 
the Islands of Sunda, more species of Psit- 
tacus being found with us, than in the latter 
regions, while the same may be said of 
those birds which feed on insects, as the 
many kinds of Wagtail and others, which 
are all different in colour and size, and a 
similar remark holds good of the genus 
Passer. Neither Peacock nor Pheasant 
is seen here, but a very rare kind of bird 
appears to be peculiar to one of the is- 
lands of this groupe, namely, Semdo, and 
will probably prove a new genus of the 
Gallinacee. Its native name is Poklaka; 
it lays its egg on the ground, covering it 
afterwards with earth; the egg is as large 
as that of a goose, and the bird itself, the 
size of a New Guinea Fowl. 

As for’ Minerals, Timor has been long 
known to afford gold and copper; and I 
expect that it will turn out to be a fine field 
for the Mineralogist. Its hills would be 
called by the Geologist, a transition for- 
mation, as evidenced by the conglomerate 
sandstone, and its primitive hills consist 
of schistus and porphyry, the gold being 
found in the first; while the porphyry pro- 
duces copper. Neither of these valuable 
metals exists, however, in such quantities 
as to repay the expences of mining. The 
rocks along the coast are of the limestone 


the beans of the latter being somewhat of formation, and of much more recent date 


than the central parts of the island; the 
same limestone exists on the coasts of 
the other islands between us and Java, 
and in those nearer Timor, as Semao, 
Rotte, &c., which exhibit evident marks 
of their still being under the agency ofa 
submarine Volcano. 
J. B. SPANOGHE. 


Since the above was written, I made a 
-trip to the interior, leaving my parcel at 


ae no Tigers or any other beast of prey, and Coupang, to be forwarded by the first ship, - 


310 


d, I found 
zy ee as I left it, md. now add, for your 
information, that I met with several trees 
growing on the hills, which, had I not 
seen fruit and flower of them, I would have 
taken for a species of Ficus. But to my 
astonishment, I found them, on a closer 
examination, to resemble the Antiaris, and 
tobe very similar inevery respect tothe well 
known species, A. toxicaria. I never saw 
the Upas Tree myself, and the drawing 
that had been shown me, was without its 
fruit. But what surprises me most is, that 
the milk of my plant, which coincides, 
in every point, with the description of 
Horsfield, seems not to be poisonous at 
all, at least when unmixed and fresh, for 
I have tried and made several experiments 
with it on animal life, and have admin- 
istered it internally, to monkies, fowls, 
&c., without any effect. 

I am very happy to have met with a good 
opportunity of forwarding you some of the 
fruit, and the male flowers of this dubious 
plant, in spirits, with some other seeds, 
which, I trust, will reach you in safety. 
You will oblige me by giving me your 


Upas, corresponds very well with my sam- 
les." 
“ Coupang, Nov. 6, 1834. 


I need scarcely say that so interesting a 
plant as that now mentioned, immediately 
attracted my attention; and the result of 
my examination, together with the most 
authentic particulars relative to the nature 
of this celebrated poison, are here sub- 
oin 


ON THE UPAS ANTIAR, OR “f POISON TREE 
OF JAVA," FROM THE ISLAND OF TIMOR. 


(TAB. XVIIL) 


ANTIARIS. Lesch. 
| Ono, Bar, URTICE#, inter Brosimum et 
l i yst. Linn. Monecia 


CHaR. GEN. Masc. Jnvolucrum multi- 


ACCOUNT OF THE UPAS TREE. 


florum peltatum disco floribus tectum. 
Calyz tetraphyllus. Stam. 4 
Fam. IJnvolucrum urceolatum, unifa 
squamosum. Cal. o. Ovarium cum in- | 
volucro cohærens, uniovulatum, ovulo 
pendulo. Stylus bipartitus. Drupa ex- 
involucro aucto formata. Semen exal- 
buminosum. Embryonis radicula su- 
pera. Br. (paucis verbis mut.) 
ER toxicaria; foliis pubescentibus 
involucris parce squamosis, squamis ob- 
soletis glabriusculis. . XVII. 
Antiaris toxicaria. Lesch. Ann. du Mus. 
v. 16. p. 459. t. 22. 
Antiaris dubia. Spanoghe, MSS. Es 
Hab. Java. Mountain woods of Timor, 
near Gips. M. Spanoghe.—Fl. Sept. 
Descr. A tree of consent height — 
Leaves deciduous, oblong-oval, ees 5d 
approaching to ovate, shortly ac 
entire, downy, reticulated, pedali be- 
neath, where they are slightly ferruginous, Zi 
with the nerves prominent: their length is 
from three to five inches, the base is slight- 
ly cordate, and oblique: petiole 3—4 lines 
ong. ower monccious. Masc. Re- 
ceptacle, a flattish, peltate, fleshy, some- 
what quadrangular disk, at first plane, & 
little convex above, slightly convex be- 
neath, and there marked with a few : 
tuberculiform scales, the margins cre- 
nate; at length the sides bend back, 
the disk becomes prominent. Peduncle 
solitaryor two to four together, arising from 
the axils of the leaves. The whole le surface 
of the disk is crowded with male flowers, 
each consisting of four erect, obovate, oF 
almost spathulate scales, remarkably 1 
curved, almost cucullate at the apex 
little irregular, but not ciliated at the mà 
gin, each — an inverted yellow 
stamen, of an oblong form, of two 
tudinal cells ; filament almost none. Fen. 
solitary in the axils of the leaves 
the male flowers. Peduncle thickish. 
volucre ovate, or almost urceolate, 
with a few raised points, or small 
the mouth acute, obscurely toothed, sc 
Ovary of the same ed 


with an inverted ovule. Style 


ACCOUNT OF THE UPAS TREE. 


branches subulate. Frut a drupe of an 
oval form, velvety, the outside formed by 
the adnate involucre, marked with a few 
indistinct scales of a purple colour: Nut 
large, oval; the festa crustaceous, dark 
brown, containing the large embryo, des- 
titute of albumen. Cotyledons large. Ra- 
dicle superior. 


TAB. XVII. Fig. 1. 1. Receptacles of male flowers, 
slightly magnified. 2. Single flower from the re- 
ceptacle. 3. Female involucre, including its flower 
with the two cells, nat. size. 4. Section of ditto 
magnified, Section of the fruit, showing the 
Net with the Embryo, nat, size. 


, 
, 


Such is the account I have been able to 
draw up, from the drawing and notes sent 
to me by M. Spanoghe, aided by flowers, 
male and female, and perfect fruit, pre- 
served in spirits. I confess, I at first en- 
tertained doubts, whether I ought not to 
refer this plant to the Antiaris macro- 
phylla of Mr. Brown, described by him, 
and found on the North coast of New Hol- 
land, rather than to the Javanese A. fozi- 
caria. In the form and size of its leaf, it 
agrees best with the former; while in the 
flowers and fruit, it has the most entire ac- 
cordance with the latter: and even in re- 
gard to the foliage, I have only to remark, 
: that the leaves are larger, and less obtuse, 
than in the figure given by Leschenault. 
Mr. Brown describes the leaves as “ gla- 
-berrima," in Leschenault's and our plant 
they are rough with pubescence, both above 
and beneath: while, in Mr. Brown's plant, 
the involucres, both male and female, and 
the apex of the fruit, are far more scaly, 
and strongly ciliated, and, as well as the 
calycine leaflets, even villous. There is, 
then, I am persuaded, every reason to be- 
lieve our species to be the same with the 
- famous “ Poison Upas of Java,” to which 
Mr. Brown's An£iaris is also very closely 
allied. 

Not only was the Poison Upas clearly 
defined by M. Leschenault, but to him we 
are indebted for the first authentic account 
of its history and properties; and as these 
are little known to the English reader, I 
‘shall offer no apology for making the fol- 


lowing extracts from that gentleman’s high- 


311 


ly interesting memoir, published in the 
l6th volume of the Annales du Muséum 
d'Histoire Naturelle, p. 459, &c. 

* [n equatorial regions, the juices of 
plants, being continually, as it were, dis- 
tilled by the effects of their never-checked 
vegetation, possess much stronger pro- 
perties than those of temperate countries, 
and in both beneficial and noxious plants 
they are more powerful. This fact is proved 
by the great number of valuable productions 
which we are obliged, at great cost, to 
procure from hot climates, for our use ` 
both in the arts and medicine. If some 
of these products can be replaced by ana- 
logous vegetables, growing in our own re- 
gions, the quality of the latter is sure to 
be very inferior, and their efficacy much 
less considerable. 

“Tt cannot admit of doubt that those ve- 


must be eminently virulent: 
poisons, which often minister to the cru- 
elty and cowardice of those who employ 
them, are concealed in different forms in 
their respective plants, various processes 
being used to extract them. Man, who ever 
avails himself of all the means that can 
add to his power, seems to have detected 
this fatal secret of nature almost every 
where, and to have increased its effects 
in many different ways, both by the sub- 
stances that he has added to augment the 
activity of these poisons, and by the man- 
ner in which he has employed them. 

« The use of poisoned arrows may be 
traced back to very remote antiquity; the 
Gauls employed them, but only in the 
chase; while the Scythians and Brach- 
mans attacked the Macedonians with them. 
Still, universal as is the use of these wea- 
pons in the hot regions of both hemi- 
spheres, our European travellers, either 
deceived by the natives who always make 
a great secret of these direful preparations, 
or careless about obtaining the necessary 
details, have hitherto given but very vague 
and uncertain information, either as to the 
effects of these poisons, or the plants which 


312 


produce them. The savages of Surinam 


imbue their darts with the poisonous juice . 


of a large tree, but the very genus of this 
tree is unknown; the Ahouatgnuecu,! the 
Piana or Curara,| and the Woorara, 
which grows on the banks of the Ama- 
zon’s river, respectively serve the native 
of America for the same purpose; but no 
description has ever been given of these 
plants. 

“<M. de la Condamine, in his account of 
his journey, speaks somewhat in detail of 
the poison prepared by the Zicunas, into 
the composition of which, he assures us, 
that more than thirty kinds of roots and 
vegetables, especially several climbing 
plants, are made to enter, and which is 
extensively used upon the shores of the 
Amazon river; but he affords no informa- 
tion as to what any of these plants are. 

“The famous poison employed by the 
Indians of the Molucca Archipelago, and of 
the Islands of Sunda, known by the names 
of Ipo or Upas, (both signifying vegetable 
poison, in the native language,) has speci- 
ally excited the curiosity of Europeans, 

cause of the marvellous and exaggerated 
accounts with which the natives of those 
countries have delighted in ornamenting 
their narrations. These popular stories 
have been collected and confidently re- 
peated by travellers, whose excellent ob- 

_Servations and lengthened labours have 
entitled them to credit. The indefatigable 

umphius names the tree which yields the 
Jpo, Arbor Toxicaria. Me has repeated 
all that was told him by the aborigines and 
given an imperfect description and figure 
of the tree, from a branch and one of the 
fruits, which had been sent him. I have 

. every reason to believe, that he has been 
deceived, at least, as to the authenticity of 
the fruit, which certainly was not produced 
by the tree which yields the poison in 
—. “The Naturalists of Europe, unwilling to 

. give credence to the numerous fables pro- 
. mulgated on the subject, desired to ascer- 


tain, tly, the nature of these poisons ; 
1 See the Supplement of the Dictionary of Science, 


^ rod 
E Tu 
gece 
Macr 


ACCOUNT OF THE UPAS TREE. 


but so strict is the secresy preserved on - 


the subject by the natives, that the re- 


searches made at Java, and elsewhere, - 
roved fruitless, as they only refuted the . 


idle tales that had been spread, without 
eliciting any real facts. When I started 


for my voyage of discovery in Australia, - 


the learned and estimable Professor, M. 
de Jussieu, urged me, in case I should 
land at Java, to obtain all possible infor- 
mation on this point, and my own wishes 


being equally strong, and seconded by — 


fortunate circumstances, the perseverance 
with -whic pursued the subject was 
finally crowned with a success which en- 
ables me now to speak positively about it. 


* [ have obtained, not only the two kinds 


of poison or Upas, which are collected an 
prepared in Java; but those also of the 
Islands of Borneo, and Macassar, and have 


brought a large quantity of them to Europe, — — 


with which my friend, M. Delille, the Phy- 
sician and Botanist to the Egyptian expe- 
dition, and M. Magendie, have made many 
interesting experiments, displaying the ac- 
tivity and peculiar mode of operation of 
these poisons on the animal economy. 
'These experiments, performed with great 
dexterity and care, have formed the sub- 
ject of two memoirs, read at the Institute, 
and of a dissertation by M. Delille, pre- 
sented to, and adopted by, the Faculty ot 
Medicine, at Paris. 


* [ now proceed to give the history of — 


these poisons, with the manner of their 
preparation, and a description of the plants 
which afford them. 


S VILE 


n 


* [t was at Sumanap, in the Island of 3 


Madura, that I obtained the poison that is 


called Jpo in the Island of Borneo. A 5 


boat arriving from this country, had on 


aem. adem 


board one of those men who live in the ~~ 


interior of the mountains, and who are 
called Orang-daias: these people are 
easily known, because they all tattoo their 


whole Island, possess the secret of those 


pera 
Ex 


plants which furnish the Jpo, and the man- cn E 


ner of preparing it, and they carefully pre- - 
serve it rolled up in the leaves of the Palm 


‘Tree. The Orang-dazas, whether to check 
_ the curiosity of strangers, or to magnify the 
interest which always attaches to those who 
_have performed a hazardous enterprise, talk 
a great deal ofthe dangers that are incurre 

in obtaining the Jpo; he, whom I saw, 
. carried an air-tube armed with a dart, and 
| -.asmall quiver full of poisoned arrows, the 
most usual weapons of these people, whe- 
ther for the chase or in war; these I pur- 
chased from him, as well as three rolls of 
Ipo, concerning the collecting and pre- 


The only positive statement 
that he made, and of which I afterwards 
ascertained the truth, was that this drug 
was compounded with the juice of very 
large climbing plants. The arrows made 
by the Orang-daias, are formed of strips of 
cleft Bamboo, about eight inches long, and 
very thin; the top is furnished with a bit 
of pith, very like that of the Elder, which 
serves to expel the dart from the air-tube 
bymeans ofthe breath. Those arrows which 
are used in hunting, have their tips shaped 
like the head of a ood and imbued with 
Ipo; those intended for war, are furnished 
with a little shark's tooth, or a small cop- 
per blade, which is lightly inserted into 
the dart, and fastened there by the gummy 
resin of the po; the warmth of the blood 
issolving this substance, the point re- 
mains sticking in the wound after the 
arrow has been extracted, and the poison 
Mingling with the blood causes speed 
ioe ei 


wound ; the dog lived for eight minutes, the 
arrow having been driven for half an inch 
zy the thigh, and allowed to remain there; 
all these animals died in violent convulsive 
tetanus, which threw them on their backs, 
came on at intervals. 

“ The Orang-daias showed me the man- 
Ger in which the Jpo is moistened and ap- 
-P to the arrows. He took the root of 


Species of f Menispermum, called by the 


ACCOUNT.OF THE UPAS TREE. 


313 


Malays, Touba; and expressed the juice, 
which he mixed with the Jpo, and then 
added to it the root of Dioscorea triphylla, 
putting them together into an iron pot with 
some water, over a fire; he made a small 
hole in the lid of the pot to permit the ex- 
cape of the steam, in the vapour of which 
he softened the Zpo, and spread it over the 
arrows: this was the mode always employ- 
ed, he said, in his country, as it revived 
and added new virus to the poison, 

** The Macassar poison, also named Jpo, 
was brought me by my friend M. Carrega, 
the captain of a vessel in the Dutch ser- 
vice, on his return from a voyage to that 
country. He learned that it was a gum- 
resin, flowing from a large tree, to which 
was added the juice of the root of 4momum 
Zerumbet, called by the Malays Lampo- 
urang; other particulars that he gave me 
proved, however, that this poison was not 
similar to the Javanese, of which I am 
going to speak. 

* There are two species, known by the 

name of Upas, with which the inhabitants, 
principally of the Eastern part, imbue their 
little bamboo arrows, which they fling with 
the sarbacane, or air-tube, and of which 
they make use in the chase: they also mix 
up the Upas with rice, or with fruit, and 
make a bait of it, which they administer to 

various animals, and which quickly de- 
stroys life: the flesh of the creatures thus 

illed, or which die of the poisoned ar- 
rows, is not at all affected, and it is 
only necessary to remove those portions 
with which the poison has come into im- 
mediate contact. The plants which pro- 
duce these two noxious drugs grow only 
in the province of Bagnia- Vangni ; one is 
called Upas Antiar, the other Upas Tieute ; 
the latter, the produce of a kind of Vine, 
(Strychnos Tieute,) which grows in the 
woods, is much the most virulent, and the 
least generally known, because the natives 
keep the mode of its preparation a strict 
secret among themselves, and this process 
is much more complicated than in the case 
of the Upas Antiar. M. Deschamps, Na- 
turalist of the expedition commanded by 


314 


General d'Entrecasteaux, observed and as- 
certained the tree which affords the Upas 
Antiar at Java, and has given some in- 
formation in the first volume of Travels 
respecting it, which is correct, so far as it 
goes, but is deficient in details. M. Des- 
champs states, with truth, that the Java- 
nese make a secret of its preparation, and 
confesses that he has been unable to find 
it out. For some time after I arrived in 
Java, my enquiries were equally unsuc- 
cessful; at Batavia and Samarang, I learn- 
ed absolutely nothing respecting it, for 
I only heard some ridiculous stories, which 
I abstain from repeating. At Soura-carta, 
the residence of the Emperor of Java, I 
was told that the Upas grew in the pro- 
vince of Bagnia-Vangni, a place which I 
visited in the close of July, 1805. A Ja- 
vanese, whom I took into my service, and 
who killed birds for me with the arrows 
steeped in Upas Antiar, pointed out to 
me the tree which afforded this poison, 
and taught me the mode of its preparation 
by doing it in my sight. 

“The Upas Antiar is prepared with the 
gum-resin which flows from a very large 
tree, from incisions made in its trunk. The 
preparation of this poison is done cold, in 
an earthen jar; to the gum-resin are added 
the seeds of Capsicum fruticosum, Pepper, 
Garlic, the roots of Kempferia Galangas, 
and those of Costus Arabicus; all these 
bruised substances being slowly mingled 
together, except the Capsicum seeds, which 
are hastily thrust, one by one, to the bot- 
tom with a small wooden skewer: each 
seed causes a slight fermentation, and then 
rises to the surface, when it is taken out 
and another put in, to the number of eight 
or ten, when the process is complete. The 
effects of the Upas Antiar on the animal 
system are less speedy than those of Upas 
Tieute, nor is its mode of preparation the 
. same. A small water-fowl, which was 

‘scratched on the thigh with a dart, dipped 
in this newly-prepared poison, died at the 
end of three minutes; it had a strong con- 
vulsion when in the act of expiring, and 
the contents of the stomach came out at 


ACCOUNT OF THE UPAS TREE. 


more dangerous it is, because, when ; 


the beak. An Azurin, a peculiar bird of 
this country died in the same space of - 
time and with similar symptoms. Withall - 
the animals poisoned by the Upas Antiar, | 
there were violent evacuations, both up- 
wards and downwards, generally green and 
frothy. M. Delille, to whom I gave a large 
quantity of this substance, has made, with 
his usual sagacity, a great number of ex- 
periments, which all produced the same 
results, and proved this poison to operate at 
first as a vomit and cathartic, and then to 
affect the brain, and disturb its functions, 
causing death with tetanic convulsions. 
The Jpo of Macassar acts in a similar man- 
ner, and, from the accounts given to M. 
Carrega, is also the product of a large tree, 
and obtained by incision, which identity 
of circumstances and name, together with — 
the similarity of the climates where they — 
grow, give ground for believing it to be — 
identical with the Upas Antiar. The same 
reasoning holds good of the Zpo from Bor- 
neo, which is the juice of large climbers, - 
and acts like the Upas Tieute, which it ' 
resembles also in its intensely bitter flavour. |. 
I therefore believe the substance to be the : 
same, though its mode of preparation i8 
different. In Java, the prepared poison | 
resembles thick and very brown molasses, E i 


Borneo, on the contrary, is concrete, ano - 
kept in palm-leaves ; its dry consistency is T 
obtained by being mixed and braided up . 
with a kind ofearth. Having dissolved some : 
of the Zpo from Borneo in water, à ee 
and friable substance was precipt 
which after having been washed in severa : 
waters and dried, possessed only a slightly 
bitter flavour. p 
“ The Javanese arrows are different from 
those which are used by the inhabitants 
of Borneo. The end, instead of be 
shaped like the head of a lance, is so very 
slender and elongated, that it breaks very 
readily, and remains imbedded 
wound, and as M. Delille has correct? 
observed, the smaller the opening, the 


ACCOUNT OF THE UPAS TREE. 


laceration is considerable, the hemorrhage 


‘that follows frequently carries away the 
virus, which it gradually dissolves, and 


E weakens or totally destroys its 
ʻe 

" "Tue Javanese state that sea-salt, taken 
in large quantities, is an antidote to this 


|» poison; but my own experiments, as well 
'as the subsequent ones made by i 


elille, 
seem to prove that this remedy is almost 

entirely, if not quite, inefficient, and only 

increases the sufferings of the victim. 

“ I noticed myself, and M. Delille has 
confirmed this observation, that the liquid 
poison, introduced into a wound, is much 
less virulent than when it has dried upon 
the instrument which inflicts the incision. 
Probably the fluid state causes it to mix 
readily, and to be carried away by the 
blood which flows out; whereas, in the 
other case, it is gradually absorbed while 
it dissolves. In the serous cavities and the 
digestive organs absorption is quickly ef- 
fected, though the Upas may be mingled 
with a large quantity of water, or mixed as 
a liquid in foo 

“T proceed to describe the Upas Antiar 
Tree. It is monecious, and belongs to a 
new genus, which I have called Antiaris 
toxicaria ; it is very lofty, and I invariably 
found it growing in fertile spots, surround- 
ed by a profusion of vegetables, which 


-Seemed to be entirely uninjured by its 


oy eo E 


| proximity. 


The trunk is straight, and fur- 
nished with excrescences at the base like 
that of Canarium commune. Its bark is 
whitish and smooth, and the wood white ; 
the leaves fall off before the blossoms ap- 
pear, and do not shoot again till the male 
flowers are over, and the fecundation of 
the germen is effected : they are oval, co- 
riaceous, generally crisped, pale green, and 
of a dry consistency, rough to the touch, 
and covered with little short and harsh 
The foliage of the very young 
itis of Antiaris is different from that of 


the full-grown trees; each leaf is about 


six inches in length, almost Sessile, slightly 


= Spathulate in shape, a little toothed at the 
i. sie and less harsh than in the old in- 


The juice of the tree is very 


ns and of a bitter flavour ; that which 


815 


exudes from the young branches is white, 
while what flows from the trunk is yellow- 
ish, and abundantly follows any incision 
made in the bark. 

‘“ The vapours of this juice, like those 
which are developed by several Shumachs 
and Eughorbias, and the American Man- 
chineel, are dangerous, and particularly so 
to some persons, whose skin or constitution 
is peculiarly apt to absorb these emana- 
tions, while others are not affected by them, 
as was proved by the following event :— 

“The tree which afforded the specimens 
of the Upas poison and of the inflorescence 
which I brought home, was more than 100 
feet high, with a trunk about 18 feet in 
circumference near the base. A Javanese 
I commissioned to bring me down 
some flowering branches of this tree, was 
obliged to make notches in it to enable him 
to climb ; but he had hardly got up so high 
as 25 feet from the ground, when he proved 
ill, and was compelled to descend. He be- 


an 


days, suffering with vertigo, nausea, and 
vomiting; while another Javanese, who 
climbed to the very top and brought what 
wanted, was in no way incommoded. 
Having afterwards caused one of these 
trees, which was four feet in circumference, 
to be felled, I walked among its broki 
‘branches, and my face and h were 
sprinkled with the gum-resin which drop- 
ped upon me, and I was not at all affected ; 
it is true that I took the precaution of 
washing myself immediately. The vicinity 
of the Antiar is not injurious to animals; 
I have seen lizards and insects upon its 
trunk, and birds perched upon the 
branches."! 


1 Not 25 &n 4h 141 


the Fi. 


** Fierce in paray silence on the ehta hais 
Fell Upas sits, the hydra-tree of death. 
Lo! from one root, the enyenomed soil rre 
A thousand vegetative serpents grow 


onster spre vada 
s far-diverging heads ; 
ohe trank entvinta s piei form 
Looks o'er th in the storih. 
Steeped in fell poison, as Ws sharp teeth part, 


Or peon the lion, as he stalks 
Or strew, as marshall’d hosts contend in vain, 
With ‘dix skeletons the whitened plain.” 


816 


A short extract from Dr. Horsfield's ac- 
count of the Upas, given in the Memoir of 
Sir Stamford Raffles, may be interesting. 
** This tree is one of the largest in the fo- 
rests of Java; the stem is cylindrical and 
perpendicular, rising, completely naked, to 
the height of 60, 70, or even 80 feet. 

Near the surface of the ground it spreads 
obliquely, dividing into numerous broad 
excrescences or appendages; it is covered 
with a whitish bark; close to the ground 
this bark is, in old trees, more than an inch 
thick, and upon being wounded, yields 
plentifully the milky j juice from which the 
celebrated poison is prepared, The sap is 
contained in the tree-bark or cortex. The 
inner bark or liber of young trees is em- 
ployed by the poorer class of people in 
making a coarse stuff which they wear 
when working in the fields; but persons 
clad in this dress, on being exposed to the 
rain, are affected with an intolerable itch- 
,ing, which renders their flimsy coverin 
almost insupportable. The deleterious 
quality of the poison resides in the gum ; 
the preparation of a poison from which is 
an exclusive art of the inhabitants at the 
eastern extremity of the island 
“Tn clearing new grounds near the tree, 
the inhabitants do not like to approach it, 
as they dread the cutaneous eruption which 
it is known to produce when newly cut 
down. But except when the trunk is ex- 
tensively wounded, or when it is felled, by 
which a large portion of the j Juice is disen- 
gaged, the effluvium of which, mixing with 
the atmosphere, affects the persons exposed 
to it with the symptoms just mentioned, 
the tree may be approached and ascended 
like the common trees of the forest. Like 
all others in its neighbourhood, it is sur- 
rounded with shrubs and plants, 
** One of the regents had caps or bon- 
nets prepared from the inner bark, which 
were stiffened in the usual manner with 
 rice-water, and handsomely painted, for the 
purpose of decorating his attendants; but 
they all refused to wear them, asserting 
that Sony would cause their hair to fall off. 

* The following is a description of the 
mode of preparing this poison. About 
eight ounces of the juice from the tree, 


ACCOUNT OF THE UPAS TREE. 


which had been collected during the pre- 
ceding evening, and preserved in a joint of 
bamboo, was carefully strained in a bowl. 
The sap of the following substances, which 
had been finely grated and bruised, was 
then expressed, and poured into it, viz.— 
Arum, Amomum, Common Onion, and Gar- 
lic, of each about half a drachm ; the same 
quantity of finely-powdered Black Pepper 
was then added, and the mixture stirred. 
A single seed of Capsicum fruticosum was 
then placed on the fluid, in the middle of 
the bowl: the seed began to reel round 
rapidly, now forming a regular circle, then 
darting towards the margin of the cup, 
with a perceptible commotion on the sur- 
face of the liquor, which continued for one 
minute. Being completely at rest, the 
same quantity of Pepper was again added, 
and another seed of the Capsicum laid on, 
as before ; a similar commotion took place 
in the fluid, but in a less degree, and the 
seed was carried round with diminished 
rapidity. The addition of the same quan- 
tity of Pepper was made a third time, when 
a seed of the Capsicum being carefully 
placed in the centre of the fluid, it remained 
quiet, forming a regular circle in the fluid, 
resembling the halo of the moon. This is 
the sign that the preparation of the poison 
is complete." 

Sir S. Raffles states that, “the common 


train of symptoms is a trembling of the 


extremities, restlessness, erection of the 
hair, affection of the bowels, drooping and 
faintness, slight spasms and convulsions, 
hasty breathing, an increased flow of saliva, 
spasmodic contractions of the pectoral and 
abdominal muscles tching, vomiting, 
great agony, na aa — violent 
and repeated convulsions, and death. _ 
* The action of the Upas is chiefly di- 
rected to the vascular system. The volume 
of the blood is accumulated in a preterna- 
tural degree in the large vessels of the 
th orax. 
“ The circulation appears to be abstract- 
ed from the extremities and thrown upon 


the viscera near its source, the lungs being, | ; um l 


in particular, stimulated to excessive bye 
tions. The vital viscera are opp: by 
an iniolersble load, which produces ie 


i eee 


IMPROVED METHOD OF TRANSPORTING LIVING PLANTS. 


symptoms above described, while in the 
extremities a proportionate degree of torpor 
takes place, accompanied by tremors, shiv- 
erings, and convulsions. 

“The natives of Macassar, Borneo, and 
the Eastern Islands, when they employ this 
poison, make use of an arrow of bamboo, 
(to the end of which they attach a shark’s 
tooth,) which they throw from a blow-tube 
or sompi 

“The Upas appears to affect different 
quadrupeds with nearly equal force, pro- 
portionate in some degree to their size and 
disposition; and a man who was acciden- 
tally wounded by an arrow poisoned with 
it, in the elbow, died in half an hour with 
similar symptoms to those observed in 
animals." 


LETTER FROM N. B. WARD, ESQ. 
TO DR. HOOKER, ON THE 
SUBJECT OF HIS IMPROVED 
METHOD OF TRANSPORTING 
LIVING PLANTS. 


Wellelose Square, Jan. 13th, 1836. 
My DEAR Sir, 

I wave lately heard that you wish for 
Some information respecting my new me- 
thod of growing plants without open expo- 
Sure to air. As I do not intend to publish 
at present a detailed account, and as much 
misrepresentation exists upon the subject, 
I feel great pleasure in furnishing you with 
the principal facts, of which you may make 
any use you please. 

The depressing influence of the air of 
large towns upon vegetation, had, for many 
years, engaged my attention. 

The science of Botany, in consequence 
of the perusal of the works of the immor- 
tal Linneus, had occupied me from my 
youth up, and the earliest object of my 
ambition was to possess an old wall, co- 
vered with ferns and mosses, Compelled 
by circumstances to live surrounded by, 
and enveloped in, the smoke of numerous 
manufactories, all my endeavours to keep 


— d favourites alive, proved sooner or later 


iling. I was led, however, to reflect 
> more deeply upon the subject, in 


317 


consequence of a simple incident, which 
occurred about seven or eight years ago, 
I had buried the chrysalis of a Sphynx in 
some moist mould, which was contained in 
a wide-mouthed glass bottle, covered with 
a lid. In watching the bottle from day to 
day, I observed that the moisture which 
during the heat of the day arose from the 
mould, condensed on the internal surface 
of the glass, and returned from whence it 
came, thus keeping the mould always 
equally moist. About a week prior to the 
final change of the insect, a seedling Fern 
and Grass made their appearance upon the 
surface of the mould. 

After I had secured my insect, I was 
anxious to watch the development of these 
plants in such a confined situation, and ac- 
cordingly placed the bottle outside my 
study window. e plants continued to 
grow, and turned out to be the Poa annua 
and Nephrodium Filiz mas. I now com- 
menced a series of experiments upon other 
plants, principally Ferns, selecting those 
that were most difficult of culture, such as 
Hymenophyllum, &c. My method of pro- 
ceeding was as follows:—Keeping nature 
always in view, I endeavoured to imitate 
the natural condition of the plants as much 
as possible, as regarded the exposure to 
light, solar heat, moisture, &c. Thus, if 
Ferns were the subject of experiment, they 
were planted in the mould most conge ial 
to them, well watered, but all the super- 
fluous water allowed to drain off, and then 
placed in a situation having a northern 
aspect. If, on the contrary, I wished to 
grow Cacti, they were planted in a mixture 
of loam and sand, suspended from the roof 
of the case, and fully exposed to solar 
heat. Upon this part of the subject I need 
not, however, dilate any further, and will 
therefore confine myself to the results ob- 
tained. 

lst, That the depressing influence of the 
air of large towns upon vegetation depends 
almost entirely upon the fuliginous matter 
with which such an atmosphere is impreg- 
nated, and which produces the same effect 

on the leaves of plants as upon the lungs 
of animals, 


318. 


2ndly, That, owing to the quiet state of 
the atmosphere surrounding the plants in 
my inclosed cases, the plants, like human 
beings, will bear extremes of heat and of 
cold, which under ordinary circumstances 


would be fatal to them. It is well known, 


from the experiments of Sir C. Blagden, 
and others, that man will bear great degrees 
of heat with impunity, provided the atmo- 
sphere be undisturbed, and it is equally a 
matter of fact, that the extremest cold of 
the Arctic Regions produces no bad effect, 
when the air is quite still. Mr. King, who 
has recently returned from Capt. Back's 
Expedition, informed me that the greatest 
degree of cold he experienced was nearly 
70? below zero; that no inconvenience was 
felt at that low temperature, owing to the 
perfectly calm state of the air; but that if 

e wind arose, although the thermometer 


would likewise rapidly rise with the wind, 
the cold then became insupportable. 
These facts I have proved in the one case, 
by the exposure to sun of Hymenophyl- 
lum and Trichomanes; and in the other by 
pre ne AME Aapekion: elis, 


— palckellum, Amiria is. 
nuis, &c. 


3rdly, That owing to the prevention of 


the escape of the moisture contained with- 
in the cases, plants will grow for many 
months, and even for years, without requir- 
ing fresh supplies of water. Thus, in the 
first experiment, the Poa and Nephrodium 
grew for four years, without one drop of 
water having been given to them during 
that period, and would, I believe, have 
grown as many more, had they not acci- 
dentally perished in consequence of the 
rusting of the tin lid covering the bottle, 
and the admission of rain-water. 
4thly, That the degree of development 
ls which the plants attain, depend mainly, 
paribus, upon the volume of air 
contained within the case, and upon the 
quantity of light and solar heat received 
by the plants. Thus to revert to the first 
experiment, The Poa and Nephrodium, 
being contained within a small bottle—the 
one flowered but once during its confine- 


IMPROVED METHOD OF TRANSPORTING LIVING PLANTS, 


fraga umbrosa) ceases to exist after twelve - 


ment, while the other did not produce any, 
capsules. :Both Ferns and Grasses, in my 
larger cases, flower and fruit well. 

nogamous plants, for instance, such as Ipo- 
mea Quamoclit and coccinea, will not 
flower in a case e 


the South, these very plants come up from 
seed, and flower very well. 

To sum up all, in every place where 
there is light, even in the centre of the 
most crowded and smoky cities, plants of ` 
almost every family may be grown, and 
particularly those which have heretofore 
been found the most difficult to cultivate. 
I have now, in a wide-mouthed bottle, 
simply and loosely covered with a tin lid, 
the following plants: — Hymenophyllim - 
Tunbridgense and Wilsoni, Trichomanes 
brevisetum, Hookeria lucens, and other 
Mosses, Jungermannia juniperina and 
reptans, &c. &c. These plants have been 
inclosed for twelve months, and are grow- 
ing most vigorously, although they have 
not once been watered during that period. 
In my other cases, the Ferns, Palms, Or- 
chidee, Grasses, many Monocotyledonous 
plants belonging to the families of Scita- 
minee, Bromeliacee, &c. &c. grow very 
well; while, on the contrary, the continued 
humid state of the atmosphere is unfavour- 
able to the development of the flowers of 
most of the Exogenous plants, excepting 
those which naturally grow in moist an 
shady situations, the Linnea borealis, for 
instance, which I have had for more than 
two years, and which flowered twice last 
year in a situation where, without my pro- 
tecting cases, the London Pride (Saai-. 


ik ern 


or eighteen months. : 
This method will, I believe, assist the 
physiological Botanist in solving some 
points of great importance, connected with E 
vegetation in general, such as the agency - RT 
of various soils, the quantum of air neces- — 
sary for the pet pases of various tribes — 
of plants, &c. &c.; and I shall be delighted — 
in seeing the subject taken up by d 
who, with far greater knowledge UM : 
possess, have likewise better oppor 


_ ef prosecuting these interesting inquiries. 
Occupied, as I have unceasingly been for 
the last twenty years, with the harassing 
details of general medical practice, and 
living constantly in town, I find it impossi- 
ble to do all that I wish, nor could I have 
gone on thus far, but for the unbounded 
liberality of Messrs. Loddiges, who from 
their ample stores, have most kindly fur- 
nished me with every plant I desired for 
the purposes of experiment. 

` I come now to the most important ap- 
plication of the above facts: that of the 
conveyance of plants upon long voyages. 
Reflecting upon the causes of the failure 
attending such conveyance, arising chiefly 
from deficiency or redundancy of water, 
from the spray of the sea, or from the want 
of light in protecting them from the spray, 
it was, of course, evident that my new me- 
thod offered a ready means of obviating all 
these difficulties, and in the beginning of 
June, 1833, I filled two cases with Ferns, 
Grasses, &c., and sent them to Sydney un- 
der the care of my zealous friend, Captain 
Mallard, copies of whose letters I have en- 
closed. 


The cases were refilled at Sydney, in 
the month of February, 1834, the ther- 
mometer then being between 90° and 100°. 
In their passage to England, they encoun- 
tered very varying temperatures. The 

thermometer fell to 20° in rounding Cape 
Horn, and the decks were covered a foot 
deep with snow. In crossing the line the 
thermometer rose to 120°, and fell to 40° 
on their arrival in the British channel, in 
the beginning of November, eight months 
after they were enclosed. These plants 
were not once watered during their voy- 
age, received no protection by day or by 
night, but were yet taken out at Loddiges’ 
in the most healthy and vigorous condition. 
The plants chiefly consisted of Ferns, among 
them Gleichenia microphylla never before 
introduced alive, and the Hymenophyllum 
Tunbridgense. Several plants of Callicoma 
Serrata had come up from seed during the 
. Voyage, and were in a very healthy state. 
-As this experiment was made chiefly with 
Ferns, I will briefly give you an account 


IMPROVED METHOD OF TRANSPORTING LIVING PLANTS. 


319 


of one other experiment, in which plants 
of a higher order of development were the 
subject of trial. Ibrahim Pacha being de- 
sirous to obtain useful and ornamental 
plants for his garden near Cairo, and at 
Damascus, commissioned his agents in this 
country to send them. I was requested by 
his agents to select them, and they were 
sent out in August, 1834, in the Nile 
Steamer, to Alexandria. They were about 
two months on their passage, and I have 
enclosed a copy of the letter from Mr. 
Traill, his gardener, giving an account of 
their condition when he received them; 
and have likewise sent you a list of the 
plants, which were contained in the Egyp- 
tian cases. I have, as yet, received no 
account of the Syrian plants. Various 
other trials have been made to other parts 
of the world, as Calcutta, Para, &c. &c 
and with the same success. 

I feel well assured that this method of 
importing plants would likewise be ex- 
tremely useful in the introduction of many 
of the lower but most interesting tribes of 
animals, which have never yet been seen 
alive in this country. 

In reply to an inquiry that was address- 
ed to Mr. Ward, as to the adviseability of 
a collector's taking glazed boxes to Brazil, 
Mr. Ward thus writes. “I should ima- 
gine that these may be easily procured at 
Rio, and various other places; but if glass 
cannot be obtained, or is very dear, then 
a number of small panes might be carried, 
for use, as occasion requires. 

* [t may be as well to state, once for all, 
that the success of my plan is in exact 
proportion to the admission of light to all 
parts of the growing plants, and to the due 
regulation of the humidity of the mould — 
wherein they grow. It is safer, in all in- 
stances, to give rather too little than too 
much water. If Ferns, for example, are 
the subject of experiment, they should be 
planted in the soil most congenial to them, 
well watered, but all the superfluous fluid 
allowed to drain off, before the case is fi- 
nally closed; while on the other hand, suc- 
culent plants should be set in dry sand. I 
need not, however, dilate upon this, any 


d 


320 


further than by observing that the natural 
condition of the species should be imitated, 
as far as possible, except in the free ex- 
posure to air. The Cacti travel best, 
when packed in fine and dry sand. All 
vegetable matters, used as package, are 
very injurious, 

* You ask how the tropical Orchidee 
may be best conveyed :—most certainly in 
the glazed cases: I believe, that, thus se- 
cured, ninety-five out of every hundred 
may be imported in a vigorous state from 
any part of the world, provided the voyage 
does not exceed eight or ten months in 
duration. 

“In all instances, the plants require 
no attention during the voyage; the sole 
care requisite being to keep them in the 
light 


“ You next enquire, what plan I would 
suggest, where glazed boxes are not pro- 
curable, and here Į must give you higher 
authority than my own, that of Messrs. 

ddiges, who find the means adopted by 
your American correspondent, the most 
eligible, viz., that of packing them in mo- 
derately moist Sphagna:—always except- 
ing the succulent plants. 

** Would it not be advisable to direct the 
attention of your collector, particularly, to 
the introduction of such plants as have 
never yet been seen alive in this country, 
owing to the impossibility of importing 
them in the old method! Every species 
of Trichomanes and Hymenophyllum might 
thus become inmates of our stoves, as well 
as a number of other interesting plants, 
which possess oily nuts or seeds, that 
quickly lose their germinating property, 

er they are ripe. These seeds might 
be sown in the mould among the other 
plants, and would come up during the 
M All the Palms, the Bertholle- 
tia, &c., would succeed admirably in this 


_ “JT may remark, that there is one point, 
upon which misconception exists very 
generally, even among well informed men. 
Because my cases are made quite tight, it 
is imagined, that the plants contained in 
them receive no change of air. Now, it 


IMPROVED METHOD OF TRANSPORTING LIVING PLANTS. 


there must, with every change of tempe- a 
rature, be a corresponding change in the 
volume of air contained within the cases. 
Without such a variation, the plants would, 
in all probability, soon perish.” 


N. B. WARD. 


NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BAL- 
SAMINEÆ. 


By G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. A.M. F.R.S.E. &e. &e, — | 


The following new species of Balsami- 
nec, are nearly all in the herbaria of Dr. — 
Graham and Dr. Hooker, sent from Cey- | 
lon, and collected there by Col and Mrs —— 
Walker. In addition to these, Linneus l 
described, from Hermanns’ herbarium, £. | 

he wild 


M 
in. 
- 
pS 
S 
"T 
A 
4 
E 
6 
> 
> 
e 
n 
E 
o 
4 
c 
oO 
[2] 
5 
3 
i 
S 


Hydrocera of Blume. 
scribes Z. Leschenaltii, and states that 
Leschenault found it in Ceylon, but the 
specimens given by that Botanist to Dr. 
Wallich, were from the Nielgherries in the 
peninsula of India. M. Macrae appears "s 
have found, also, Z. scapigera, on rocks 
near Kandy. Of these, there are common. 
both to Ceylon and the Peninsula, only five, 
Hydrocera triflora, Impatiens Balsamnt, 
I. grandis, I. scapigera, and I. oppositifo- 
ha; Hydrocera triflora, and I. Balsamna | 
are found, also, elsewhere in India. There : 
are thus, assuming the Peninsular species 
to have been all described by Dr. Wight. : 
and myself, (but I believe, that Dr. W. bas x. 
discovered some’ additional new ones since 


— iai 


Silhet. This is the more re is p 
since almost all those that occur m 
Peninsula have been met with = 


: -mountainous districts in the South, and it 
m thence have been inferred that the 
. Ceylonese species were the same: besides, 
several of those from Ceylon are so very 
similar to the species from the Peninsula, 
that at first sight they might have been 
supposed identical, but considerable differ- 
ences are soon found to exist in the shape 
of the petals and spur. Thus, Z. rosmari- 


mifolia of Ceylon has quite the aspect of ` 


the narrow-leaved forms of I. fasciculata, 
but its spur is short, while in the other it 
is very long: J. gibbosa has the habit of 
I. Leschenaultii, but no spur; T. appen- 
diculata that of I. umbellata, but also dif- 
fering widely by the spur. 

To the Ceylon species I have added a 
new one from the Peninsula, which appears 
.to have been collected and mixed with 
I. latifolia, and consequently omitted in 

the Prodr. Fl. Penins. I have likewise 
altered slightly the character.of J. sca- 
briuscula, in consequence of a specimen I 
have seen in Sir W. J. Hooker's herbarium ; 
and perhaps that of 7. Kleinii ought to be 
also modified, as I have lately received 

- Specimens from Cannanore, on the Mala- 
bar coast, collected by Ensign Campbell, 
Which differ slightly from those in Dr. 
Wallich's and Dr. Wight's collections, but 
not so much so perhaps as to enable them 
to rank as a distinct species. 

In drawing up the following —_ 
characters, I have still adopted the sam 
language as in the Prodr. Fl. Penins., L 
P. 135; that is, I have called the anterior 
petalum of Roeper (in the Linnea, rx. 
P. 121, tab. 1.) a posterior sepal, and his 
Jour lateral petals two two-lobed ones: 
but it is but justice to my friend the Pro- 
fessor at Bâle, to confess that he has now 
So well elucidated his theory of the struc- 
ture of the flowers of this family, which I 
certainly did not formerly understand in 
the way he intended, that it might be 
better at once to follow his views. 


Linn. 


4 Foliis alternis, pedicellis axillaribus 
D. unifloris solitariis vel pluribus 
l. I. gibbosa sa (Arn.); erecta ramosa glabra 


IMPATIENS. 


NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BALSAMINE.E. 


321 


vel ad apicem pilis sulphureis nitentibus 
= bh Pg A J Pd 24 41m 


tisalternisovato-oblongisac ominatis basi 
cuneatis crenulato-serratis onde a ad " 
tioli apicem | 
binis folium subequantibus, sepalis late- 
ralibus lanceolatis anteriore basi gibboso 
ecalcarato vel obscure apiculato duplo 
brevioribus, posteriore petala sube- 
quante, petalis ad medium bifidis lobo 
anteriore obovali posteriore oblongo et 
paullum breviore, capsula sulphureo-pu- 
bescenti.—In Zeylane montibus. 
Habitus fere I. brevicornu, cui maxime 
affinis, at foliis adultis longioribus, 23— 
3 poll. longis, calcare capsulaque differt. 
2. L brevicornu erecta ramosa 


basi integerrimis et cuneatim acuminatis 
sursum serratis, serraturis incurvis setu- 
ligeris, petiolis apice biglandulosis, pedi- 
cellis binis vel solitariis folio brevioribus, 
sepalis lateralibus oblongo-lanceolatis 
parvulis ceteris breviter cuspidatis, cal- 
care arcuato conico acuto floribus multo 
breviore, capsulis (parvis) ovato-oblon- 
gis basi apice acuminatis glabris.—In 
Zeylana. 

Species affinis Z. Leschenaultu, at 
calcare perbrevi facile distinguenda. Fo- 
lia subpollicaria. 

3. I. leptopoda(Arn.); herbacea subramosa 
demum glabra, parte novella capsulaque 
pilis brevibus fragilibus nitidis sulphu- 
reis tectis, foliis ovato-lanceolatis acu- 
minatis mucronato-serratis basi in peti- 
olum eglandulosum cuneatim attenuatis, 
serraturis inferioribus glanduloso-seti- 
feris, pedicellis subsolitariis gracilibus 


t 
petalis obcordato-bilobis brevioribus, 
calcare filiformi gracili pendulo flore 
explanato subduplo longiore, capsula 
oblonga utrinque attenuata.—In Zeylane 
montibus ad alt. 6000 ped. 

4. I. cuspidata (Wight et Arn.); erecta 
glabra herbacea parce ramosa, foliis 
alternis longe petiolatis membranac 
oblongo-lanceolatis basi apice attenuatis 

x 


322 


crenato-serratis, serraturis inferioribus 
petiolisque rariter setigeris, nervis sub- 
tus sparsim fulvo-pubescentibus, pedi- 
cellis solitariis binisve gracilibus folio 
subdimidio brevioribus fructiferis etiam 
erectis, sepalis lateralibus e basi brevi 
ovata longe subulatis anteriore rotundato 
subdimidio brevioribus, ceteris concavis 
apice longe subulato-cuspidatis, poste- 
riore late ovali petala :equante, calcare 
filiformi flore explanato longiore apicem 
versus crassiore, petalorum lobo poste- 
ore inconspicuo anteriore obovato, cap- 
sula oblongo-lanceolata wes apice atte- 
nuata glabra.— Wight. cat. no. 2242. 
Peninsule australioribus I. O. montibus. 
Species hæcce cum 4. latifolia habitu 
satis conveniens revere est distinctissima 
ac propius J. Leschenaulti collocanda. 
Folia tres pollices longa vel paullo lon- 
giora. Exempla duo tantum vidi mini- 
meque completa: petala videntur integra. 
9. I. bipartita (Arn.); glabra herbacea, 
foliis alternis rigidulis breviuscule petio- 
latis anguste lanceolatis basi apice longe 
attenuatis crenato-serratis, serraturis in- 
ferioribus petiolisque rariter setigeris, 
nervis subtus glabris, pedicellis solita- 
ris binisve foliorum fere longitudine, 
sepalis lateralibus longe lanceolato-su- 
bulatis anteriore brevioribus, posteriore 
suborbiculari petalis equali dorso medio 
aculeato-cuspidato, anteriore subulato- 
cuspidato infundibuliformi in calcar fili- 
forme flore explanato longius apicem 
versus crassius subiter contracto, petalis 
profunde bilobis, lobis oblongis obtusis 
anteriore paullo breviore augustioreque, 
fructu oblongo-lanceolato utrinque atte- 
nuato glabro.— In Zeylana, ad alt. 
d 


Nimis forsan affinis Z. cuspidate, at 
folia augustiora crassiora nervis subtus 
. .  glaberrimis, pedicelli longiores, flores 

d paullum majores, et petala profunde 
bifida. 


E I. flaccida( Arn.); glabra herbacea, foliis 

CM tenuiter membranaceis longe pe- 
tico-oblongis acuminatis basi 
attenuatis crenato-serratis, 


bee ie! 5 lu 


p parce I eet pedi- 


NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BALSAMINE.E. 


^ 


8. I. scabriuscula (Heyne) erecta subra- 


9. 


cellis solitariis binisve filiformibus folio — 
brevioribus, sepalis lateralibus oblongo- - 
lanceolatis anteriore plus duplo brevio- | 
ribus posteriore petalis subæquali, cal- 
care filiformi medio crassiore apice atte- 
nuato flore subduplo longiore, capsula 
elliptico-oblonga basi et apice attenuata 
glabra.—In Zeylana 
I. Henslowiana (Af; erecta, caule 
basi glabriusculo, foliis alternis subop- 
positisve membranaceis sparsim pilosis 
oblongo-lanceolatis basi apice attenuatis 
serratis, serraturis setigeris, pedicellis 
subbiniselongatis folium subeequantibus, 
sepalis lateralibus ovatis anterius equan- 
tibus hirsutis, posteriore trilobo petalis 
paullo breviore, calcare subulato petalis 
subzquibilobis duplo longiore, capsula 
oblonga utrinque acuta articulatim e^ 
sa.—In Zeylana ad alt. 6000 ped. E 
Affinis Z. latifolie ob folia superio 
subopposita, at revere J. scabriuscule, 
a qua calcare mox distinguenda, pro- 


pinquior 


mosa, caule superne hirto-pubescente, 
foliis alternis obovatis lanceolatisve basi 
in petiolum breviusculum pubescentem 
cuneatim attenuatis cuspidato serratis 
supra glabriusculis subtus parce pilosis, 
pedicellis binis pluribusve dense pubes- 
centibus folie multo brevioribus, pee 
anteriore p z 
pubescentibus illo “gibbo Mm 
Heyne in Roxb. fl. Ind. (ed. Wall. ges 
p. 464; Wight et Arn. Prod. p B 
I. O. 1. p. 136.—In Mysore? pae 3 
i: sisi ifera (Arn.); caule erecto : 
elato ramoso glabro, foliisalternis (adultis. 
magnis) longe petiolatis ovali-lanceol= ; 
acuminatis basi attenuatis argute et ; 
approximatim serratis subciliatis subtus 
ad nervos venasque parce breve-pilosis 
ceteroquin utrinque glabris, ^ 
recipue ad basin crebre glanduloso, 
pedicellis plurimis aggregatis peu 
adulto multo brevioribus, sepalis late- - 
ralibus auguste oblongis anteriore 8-4 
plo longioribus ceteris petala s 
bus apice cuspidato-acuminatis, 
late infundibuliformi in calcar 


NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BALSAMINEX. 


apice incrassatum sepalo duplo brevius 
subiter angustato, capsula oblonga de- 
mum glabriuscula—In Zeylane ad alt. 


Species ab omnibus mihi cognitis dis- 
tinctissima. Adsunt forme dus, nescio 
TR QT * ta. 3 3: 


una, alabastro ovarioque fere glabriuscu- 
lis; altera, alabastro ovarioque dense 

. puberulis, flore explanato fructuque gla- 
brescentibus.—** Caulis 10—12 pedalis. 
Folia adulta 16-pollicaria, petiolo 10- 
pollicari, juniora cum petiolo subtripolli- 
caria, oblongo-lanceolata. Petioli, folio- 
rum costa, pedunculique coccinei. Sepala 
coccinea, petala flava."—JD. Walker. 


$2. Foliis alternis, une: flores 

plures gerentibus. 

10. I. appendiculata (Arn.); herbacea 
pusilla simplex, foliis ad apicem caulis 
approximatis membranaceis longe peti- 
olatis ovalibus vel ovali-lanceolatis supra 
pilis brevibus sparsis subtus glaberrimis 
parce crenatis serratisve, pedunculis 
elongatis apice racemum contractum 

Subumbelliformem gerentibus, bracteis 
persistentibus, pedicellis filiformibus, se- 
palis lateralibus oblongis ceteris paullo 
pei posteriore basi gibboso pe- 

minore, anteriore calcarato, calcare 
E multo breviore curvato inflato- 
tubuloso dein subiter angustato et 


323 


majusculis, posteriore petalis minore, 
calcare filiformi flore subduplo longiore, 
capsula ovata acuminata glabra.— In 
montibus Zeylane: (vidi tantummodo 
exemplum unicum, in herb. Hookeri, 
floribus exsiccatione ? albis). 


12. I. hnearis (Arn); pebénias, radice 


repente, foliis 

caulis erecti humilis approximatis sub- 
sessilibus late linearibus apice acumina- 
tis versus basin angustatis subtus palli- 
dis distanter denticulato-serratis, pedun- 
culis elongatis folia subequantibus vel 
nno apice v" sub- 
5-floris, bract to-lan 
a apice subulatis, pedicellis filifor- 
mibus, sepalis lateralibus oblongo-lan- 
ceolatis anteriori eae subæqualibus, 
posteriore petalis breviore, calcare brevi- 
ter inflato-tubuloso dein subiter angus- 


magno obovato unguiculato, capsula ova- 
ta basi apice acuta glabra. In adscensu 
montis ** Adam's Peak” Zeylane. 
Species insignis, ad J. acuminatam 
Benth. in Wall. Cat. n. 4754, quodam- 
modo accedens: affinis est etiam Z. fasci- 
culate quibusdam varietatibus ob folia 
et petalorum structuram. Caulis 4—10- 
Calcar fere omnino ut in J. 


It is probable that I. repens, Moon's Cat. 


Ceyl. pl. p. 18, belongs to this; but as no 
characters are published, it is impossible to 
refer to any of his species with certainty. 

13. L cornigerc ( Arn.); erecta glaberrima, 


apice incrassato, petalorum lobis 
anterioribus porrectis, capsula oblonga 
basi apice attenuata glabra.—a; foliis ob- 
longo-lan ceolatis MiaéKatio basi sensim 


attenuatis serratis, pedunculis folia su- 
perantibus.—@; folis ovalibus obtusi- 
usculis basi acutis crenatis, pedunculis 
| a; brevioribus.—In Zeylane monti- 


a tg quam maxime affinis I. um- 
Heynei, at calcare brevi mox 
enda. 


ustingue 
a T. subcordata (Arn); erecta glabra, 
longe petiolatis subcordato-ovatis 
. . renato-serratis tenuiter membranaceis, 
dx petiolis eglandulosis, pedunculis axilla- 
com Tibus brevioribus apice subumbel- 
-latim Plurifloris, pedicellis —— 

sepalis lateralibus oblongis acuminati: 


foliis alternis versus apicem caulis ap- 
proximatis breviter petiolatis e ob- 
longo-lanceolatis basi apice attenuatis 

crenato-serratis subtus plumbeis, petiolo 
eglanduloso, pedunculo foliis breviore 
apice racemum brevem gerente, bracteis 
ovalibus acutis persistentibus, pedicellis 
gracilibus, sepalis lateralibus ovatis bre- 
vibus, anteriore infundibuliformi in cal- 
car apice sursum uncinatum sensim at- 


tenuato.—In adscensu montis ** Adam's 
Peak” Zeylane 
Caulis d Flores albi, penduli, 


in exemplis suppetentibus vix explanati; | 
at petala vix ultra sepalum anterius pro- 


8 


321 NEW SPECIES OF 
ducta videntur, dum ejus os sepalo pos- 
teriore fere clauditur; calcar, cum sepali 
parte infundibuliformi, flore duplo lon- 
gius est, et 8—9 lineas longum. 

The anterior sepal and spur bear, in mini- 
ature, an exact resemblance to a cow's horn. 
ookeriana (Arn.); erecta elata 

glabra, folis alternis longe petiolatis 
ovalibus basi apice acutis acuminatisve 
crenato-serratis, petiolis apice biglandu- 
losis, pedunculis folio paullo breviori- 


calcar subulatum flore duplo longius 
sursum circa florem incurvatum duplo 
brevioribus, posteriore petala subzequan- 
te, mamn lobis laja, obovatis margine 
d ongi iore, cap- 
la oblonga utrinque acuta  giabm.— 

Circa Rambodde et Maturattee Zey- 

lane, ad alt. 5000 

Valde affinis ndi at flore paul- 
lum minore, sepalis lateralibus augusti- 
oribus, et anteriore in calcar duos poll. 
longum multo magis subiter augustatum, 
haud longe infundibuliforme. Petala 

palum anterius subtriplo superant. 
candida et sanguineo-guttata. 

I have some hesitation whether Z. bi- 
glandulosa, Moon's Cat. Ceyl. pl. p.18, may 
not belong to this: the glands are very 
conspicuous, but it is more probable that 
he would have derived its name from the 
size of the flower. 

15. I. grandis (Heyne) ; erecta elata gla- 
bra, foliis longe petiolatis ovatis ovali- 
busque acuminatis crenato-serratis, peti- 
olis prope apicem biglandulosis, pedun- 
culis folio brevioribus apice 2—4 pedi- 
cellos elongatos erectos umbellatos ge- 
rentibus, bracteis ovalibus acutis, sepalis 
lateralibus ovatis anteriore infundibuli- 
formi sensim in calcar conico-subulatum 
. pendulum medio sursum arcuatum atte- 
.muato triplo brevioribus. 

The above character agrees with a spe- 
cimen from the mountains of Ceylon, col- 
lected by Colonel Walker, as well as with 
those from Heyne's herbarium; but it 

is possible that differences exist in the 


INDIAN BALSAMINE. 


structure of the petals, which can only be — 


properly determined from living materials, 
or better dried specimens than I have yet 
seen : thus the Ceylon one appears to have 
the petals and posterior sepal nearly of a 
size, and the former curled on the margin 
as in J. Hookeriana ; in Heyne's plant, 
the sepal appears considerably smaller than 
the petals, which in the dried state do not 
seem at all waved: in both, the petals are 
nearly equally two-lobed. In the Penin- 
sular plant the glands are situated a little 
from the apex of the petiole : in the Cey- 
lon one, at the apex, as in J. Hookervana. 


16. I. Walkeri (Hook. MSS.); erecta gla- 


bra eraiten foliis longe petiolatigate 


ratis, serraturis setigeris, petiolis eglan- 

ulosis, pedunculis versus caulis apicem 
axillaribus folia subsequantibus apice 
racemoso-plurifloris, racemo subcorym- 
biformi, bracteis persistentibus, pedi- 
cellis gracilibus elongatis erectis, sepalis 
lateralibus deltoideo- ovatis, anteriore 
adscendenti ventricoso - infundibulifor- 
mi in calear conico-subulatum incur- 
vum subiter attenuato ore contracto cum 
calcare petalis profunde bilobis subtri- 
plo longiore, per Lope utrinque at- 
tenuata—(Ta III.)—In sylvis in- 


ter Sie ein - enne Elia, Zey- p 


ana. 


Flores coccinei, in siccis fulvo-auran- - 


tiaci, ——À lateralibus m 

17. I. elongata (Am); glabra, 
foliis win. - nes pc 
ovato-lanceolatis basi apice acuminatis 
crassiusculis argute serratis subtus pal- 


lidis, petiolo eglanduloso, racemis longè j} 


pedunculatis elongatis multifloris laxis, z 


bracteis stibpersistentibus ob 


lanceolatis reflexis, pedicellis flifor- e 


mibus patentibus, sepalis lateralibus late H 


ovatis acuminatis anteriore brevioribus, | $ 


posteriore petalis subduplo minore, cal- 


care filiformi sursum curvato, 
subæque bilobis, capsula ovata acumi- 
ma glabr In adsc 
* Adam's Peak” Zeylanæ. ; 
Racemi cum pedunculo o 7-12 | p 
longi, flores pallide rosei. Affinis 
dammodo J, insigni DC., cui tamen 


ensu montis 


| 


- folia subsessilia glandulis binis substi- 
pitata, et caulis multo altior robusti- 


ue. 

Perhaps Z. serrata of Moon's Cat. Ceyl. 
pl. p. 18, is the same as this; it was like- 
wise found on Adam's Peak. When I 
compare this plant with Z. insignis, I mean 
that described by De Candolle, and figured 
by Dr. Wallich in his Pl. As. Rar. IT. t. 194, 
for there seems to be some confusion among 
the specimens distributed by the latter 
Botanist : that which both Sir W. J. Hooker 
and I received under n. 4766 (Z. insignis) 
of his catalogue is totally distinct, and ap- 
parently Z. discolor, D C.; while on the 
other hand Z. Jurpia, Ham. Wall. Cat. n. 
4761, is the true J. insignis. 

18, I. acaulis( Arn.); glabra, foliis radicali- 
bus petiolo elongato sublongioribus el- 
liptico-ovatis obtusiusculis basi retusis 
crenato-serratis subtus pallidis, scapo 
foliis longiore apice racemoso-multifloro, 
bracteis persistentibus, pedicellis gracili 
bus solitariis patentibus secundis, sepalis 
lateralibus ovatis acuminatis, calcare 
adscendente gracili attenuato floribus 
explanatis 4—5-plo longioribus, peta- 
lorum lobo anteriore porrecto, capsula 
oblonga glabra.—In Zeylane montibus. 

Ab T. scapigera Heynei, inter alia, fo- 
liorum forma facile distinguenda. 

The root appears bulbous, so that this 
may be J. bulbosa, Moon. Cat. Ceyl. pl. p. 
18, although Dr. Wight and I, in the 
Prod. Fl. Penins, were more disposed to 
refer that synonyme to Z., scapigera. 


$3. Foliis oppositis, pedicellis azillari- 
bus unifloris solitariis aut pluribus. 
19. I. rosmarinifolia (Retz): caule erecto 
simpliciusculo, foliis oppositis sessilibus 
crassiusculis (superioribus saltem) an- 
guste linearibus apice attenuatis basi sub- 
Cordat 1 P. Ly nid 


Eme E ? 
pedicellis solitariis binisve folio duplo 
brevioribus, sepalis lateralibus oblongo- 

- lanceolatis cæteris subsqualibus, pos- 
teriore petalis triplo breviore, calcare 


E t 3 
petalorum lobo posteriore parvo anteri- 


: ore oblongo longiuscule unguiculato, 


- capsula glabra oblonga utrinque attenu 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 


325 


ata. Reiz, Obs. 5. p. 20; DC. Prod. 1. 

p. 686.—In Zeylane montibus. 

Facies omnino J. fasciculata Lam. 

(I. heterophylla, Wall.) forme augusti- 

folie, at flores multo minores et calcar 

breve. 

On the specimens we have seen all the 
leaves are narrow-linear, while J. rosmari- 
nifolia has been described with the lower 
ones broad and short; on this account I 
felt disposed to consider it distinct, and 
proposed the name J. concinna, but I am 
now satisfied that the leaves may vary as 
much here as in its ally above mentioned. 
20. I. Kleinii (Wight et Arn.)—8? ; foliis 

supra fere glabris, ex oblongis vel ellip- 
ticis et acutiusculis in obovata, majori- 
bus quam in forma antehac descripta, 
pollicaribus, superioribus subsessilibus, 
prope basin utrinque glandulis 1—2 mag- 
nis instructis.—Ad Cannanore ; D. Camp- 
bell. 


BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 
ALGJE DANMONIENSES. 

Bv some untoward circumstances, our 
Srd vol. of the beautiful * Alge Danmo- 
nienses, or dried specimens of Marine 
Plants, principally collected in Devon- 
shire, by Mary Wyatt," has only at length 
reached us, and we hasten to lay before 
the public a brief notice of its contents, 
which are no less interesting than those of 
the preceding Numbers. No. 101. Cys- 
toseira granulata. 102. Fucus canalicu- 
latus. 103. Fucus tuberculatus. 104. 
Sporochnus pedunculatus. 105. Spo- 
rochnus villosus. 106. Furcellaria fas- 
tigiata. 107. Nitophyllum laceratum. 
108. Rhodomenia polycarpa. 109. Rho- 
domenia Palmetta. 110. Rhodomenia pal- 
mata. 111. Rhodomenia subfusca. 112. 
Rhodomela pinastroides. 113. Laurencia 
pinnatifida. 114. Chylocladia ovalis. 115. 
Gigartina erecta. 116. Gigartina plicata. 
117. Chondrus mammillosus. 118. Chon- 
drus crispus. 119. Chondrus crispus, 
narrow var. 120. Chondrus Norvegicus. 
121. Chondrus Brodiaei, var. B. 122. 
Spherococcus coronopifolius. 123. Grate- 
loupia filicina. 124, Chetophora Wiggr. 


326 


125. Halymenia ligulata. 126. Catenella 
Opuntia. 127. Codium adherens, Ag. 
(Hook. Journ. of Bot. p. 305; a recent 
addition to our Flora made by Mrs. Grif- 
fiths, but' it is of very rare occurrence). 
198. Bryopsis plumosa. 129. Ectocar- 
pus littoralis. 130. Ectocarpus Merten- 
sii (extremely rare), 131. Myrsotrichia 
claveformis, (Harv. in Hook. Journal of 
Bot. p. 300, tab. 138, a late discovery of Mrs. 
Griffiths, at Torquay). 132. Polysiphonia 
fruticulosa. 133. Polysiphonia urceolata. 
134. Polysiphonia Agardhiana. 135. 
Polysiphonia nigrescens. 136. Polysi- 
phonia fibrillosa. 137. Griffithsia setacea. 
138. Calithamnion Plumula. 139.. 

lithamnion lanosum. 140. Ciüihastiión 
polyspermum. 141. C 


alithamnion tetri- 


cum. 142. Conferva implexa. 143. Con- 
ferva glomerata. 144. Conferva diffusa. 
145. Conferva rectangularis. 146. Con- 


ferva uncialis (Harv. in Hook. Journal of 
Bot. p. 304); lately discovered by Mrs. 
Griffiths, at Torquay). 147. Lyngbya 
majuscula. 148. Mesogloia coccinea (very 
rare). 149. Corynephora marina. 150. 
Schizonema comoides. 151. Schizonema 
Smithi. 

Many persons who take an interest in 
this charming publication, having express- 
ed a desire to possess a “ Manual of the 
British Marine Alge,” it is our intention 
to prepare such a work shortly, and we 
should be thankful to receive specimens of 
new or rare species from any part of our 
‘coasts, as well as information respecting 
unpublished localities of the scarce kinds. 
The descriptions will be written entirely 
in English, and all unnecessary techaseal 
terms will be avoided—Ep. 


Our valued friend, Mr. Edward Forster, 
thus writes to us :—'* My dear Sir, Know- 
~ ing your readiness to correct errors, I 
ud trouble you with the following two observa- 

. tions, which are at your service if you like 
pr use of them for the ** Companion 


appear to be under an SAh that 
Silene patens, E. Bot. Suppl. 2748 (Si- 
" e AR identical with Silene nu- 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF COURTALLAM. 


tans, B. Sm. Engl. Flora; 
which originates probably in a remark 
among the Errata and observations at the 
end of the Supplement, “ There is in Mr. 
Sowerby's Herbarium a specimen of Si- 
lene patens gathered at Dover by Edward 
Forster Esq. in 1822." Well assured 
that I had only found there Svlene nu- 
tans, with the leaves broader than on the 
Nottingham.plant, I was much surprised 
at this statement, and immediately request- 
ed our friend Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby, to 
permit me to examine the specimen alluded 
to. On inspection, the coronary appen- 
dages to the petals, always absent in JS. 
- Italica, appear visible; nor are the get 
mens sitting onan elevated column. These 
characters sufficiently prove that it is only 
the variety of S. nutans, mistaken by 
Hudson for Cucubalus viscosus, (Lychnis 
major noctiflora Dubrensis perennis, New- 
ton in Raii Syn. ed. 2. 211), and by no 
means S. Italica, the British authority for 
which rests solely on Mr. Peete, who as- 
serts that the specimen in his garden, from 
which the drawing was made for the Sup- 
plement, was introduced by himself from 
Dover, where he gathered it, in 1825. The 
reference to Hudson ought to bave been 
omitted. 

Lunularia cruciata, which is become à 


most destructive weed in garden pots in d 
the neighbourhood of London, I found 


truly indigenous many years since, in great 


abundance on Sand Cliff, between Boxhill 


and Betchworth, Surry, as well as on rocks 


at East Grimstead, Sussex. I suspect it is T 


not rare. It will be well figured with Dr. 


Taylor's paper on Marchantie, in the next à i 


Part of the Linnean Transactions." 


—— 


SOME ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL - 


EXCURSION, MADE IN #4 
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF COURT- _ 


ALLAM, AND IN THE AD 


CENT MOUNTAINS. 

By Ropert WicnT, M. e s i 
Communicated in 
The cre ii as er nites 
labours of three of the most intellig 


a statement 


. Mution in 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF COURTALLAM. 


tanists of our day, Dr. Wallich, Dr. Wight, 
and Mr. Royle, in furthering the course of 
Indian Botany, have thrown a new light 
upon the Natural History of our widely- 
extended Asiatic possessions, and have 
been the means of making known a vast 
quantity of useful plants, which cannot fail 
to be of the greatest importance to the 
world in general, and to the East India 
Company in particular. 

Each of the above-mentioned gentlemen 
has been placed under circumstances in 
India, the best calculated for the purpose 
of exploring a wide extent of country. To 
Dr. Wight has been assigned, as it were, 
the vast southern Peninsula of India; to 
Dr. Wallich, Hindostan, Sylhet, &c., while 
his extended journies to the Himalaya 
Mountains, and his present one to Assam 
with the view of establishing the cultiva- 
tion of the Tea-plant, embrace such a field 
as no one before him ever had the privi- 
lege of exploring; and to Mr. Royle, the 
northern and most mountainous provinces 
of India, or indeed of the whole world, with 
the vegetation of which he is now making 
us familiar. Dr. Wight, after completing, 
in conjunction with his friend Mr. Amott, 
the first volume of the Flora of the Penin- 
sula of British Jndia, has returned to that 
country, and is now (1836) stationed at 
Palamcottah of Tinevelly, in the south of 
the Peninsula. The visit to Courtallam, 
here described by him, was a professional 
one, which necessarily prevented him from 
devoting his whole time to the Botanical 
investigation of the district —Ed. 


Courtallam, or Kootallum, as it is usually 
pronounced, is a very inconsiderable vil- 
lage, situated in N. Lat. 9°, and E. Long. 
77° 26', near the foot of the range of 
mountains which traverses the Peninsula 
from North to South. At this part, the 
‘Tange seems to retire towards the West, 
forming, as it were, a small recess sur- 
Tounded on three sides by hills, which near 
Courtallam undergo a considerable dimi- 
= their height, and are, besides, 
» divided by a deep but narrow pass, lead- 
ing directly across to the Malabar coast. 


327 


Owing to this break, and diminution in 
height, part of the western monsoon passes 
over in the form of thick clouds, frequent 
showers of rain, and very strong westerly 
winds. The united influence of these 
causes reduces the temperature of this spot 
from 10 to 15 degrees below that of the 
surrounding country. This of itself would 
be sufficient to attract visitors during the 
hot months of June, July, and August; 
but there are other inducements of a not 
less enticing description. There all is green 
and lively, when the plain below is burnt 
up, and scarcely a blade of grass to be 
seen; the scenery is rich and varied, and 
enlivened by a series of beautiful cascades, 
the fall of the lowest of which, though 
200 feet in height, is so broken in the 
descent as to be a favorite bathing place, 
where the visitors enjoy a shower-bath on 
the most magnificent scale. The surround- 
ing scenery is, I think, the richest I have 
anywhere seen in India. You are aware 
that I am no painter; you must not there- 
fore be disappointed if I fail in present- 
ing to your mind’s eye such a landscape 
as now offers itself to mine. I shall, how- 
ever, with the aid of Geology, make the 
attempt. The hills here are all trap, pre- 
senting the characteristic features of that 
class of rocks, such as sharp broken ridges, 
high peaks, and nearly perpendicular sides, 
traversed by deep ravines and chasms, 
down which the mountain streams tumble 
with noisy impetuosity. The shelving and 
less steep flanks of these hills are covered 
with a loose, red, and very fertile soil, 
formed partly of disintegrated rock, partly 
of decayed vegetable matter. These shelves 
and slopes are densely clothed with a ve- 
getation highly varied, and of truly tropical 
luxuriance, the whole presenting to the 
view a mixture of delicate verdure, dark 
forests, and black, almost perpendicular, 
naked cliffs, forming together, a rare com- 
bination of beauty and grandeur. The 
narrow glen along which the principal 
stream pursues its rapid course, looks 
almost as if excavated from the solid rocks, 
as its sides, at some places, are close to 
the water's edge and nearly perpendicular ; 


328. BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF COURTALLAM. 


at others, however, they open into small 
amphitheatres covered with deep and very 
fertile soil. On these favoured spots, are 
cultivated some of the most esteemed ve- 
getable products of the East, such as 
Cinnamon, Nutmegs, Coffee, &c.; the two 
last are of excellent quality and in consider- 
able quantity. The woods on either side 
which shelter these gardens are generally 
composed of fine large trees, mixed with 
numerous smaller ones, bound together by 
a profusion of twining shrubs. Under the 
shade grow a great variety of Scitaminec, 
among which, Cardamoms, Arrow-root, 
Ginger, and Turmeric may be mentioned, 
several species of Pepper, and three or 
four of Peperomia ; somecurious Urticeous 
plants, a species of Dorstenia, four or five 
Begonias, that very curious plant Bragan- 
tia (or T; rimereza), many Orchidee, Aspho- 
del, dee, and F i > fusi 


- ? 


o i 
Among the trees I found several Annona- 


biacee, one of the most interesting of which 
T PA | 311 F QEON, 1 3). 2 : 


cum 


ing, as it does, to the tops of the highest 
trees. Two species of Myristica I was en- 
abled to distinguish by the mace only, the 
trees being so large that I could not obtain 
specimens. Menispermacee abound. Here 
I saw for the first time, Cocculus macrocar- 
Dus, a powerful twiner. The stems andlarger 
E x ih? = perks 3 } 


[/ 


of fruit, hanging in large clusters, vying with 
grapes in size, and most enticing to look at, 
being covered with a fine white bloom. I 
also found what appears to me a new 
species of Clypea, the male plant only ; the 
owers are collected into flat dense heads, 
somewhat resembling a Dorstenia, hence 
the temporary name I have given it, until 
the discovery of the female flowers shall 
determine whether it is new or not. 
lhave no room to say more concerning 
the inexhaustible treasuresof this matchless 
glen, for if I do, I fear there will be little 
space left for an account of the excursion 


letter, and were I to fill three other sheets 
m expatiating on its Flora, I should still 


fall short in adequately pourtraying its - 
merits as a botanical garden, for such I - 


consider its most appropriate designation. 
The hill occupying the south-east point 
of the recess of Courtallam is the loftiest 
of this part of the range, the highest peak 
of which, my companions humorously de- 
signated, in honour of the collections of the 
day, Botany Peak. Itis distant about three 
miles from the houses of the Europeans, 
About six, A.M. we left home, and rode to 
the foot of it. At seven we commenced 
the ascent, carrying a barometer, provisions . 
for the day, two large botanical boxes, and 
sundry quires of paper. The Europeans, 
three in number, were armed with double- 
barrelled fowling pieces loaded with ball, 
in case of accidents, as it was rumoured 
that there was an elephant in the way. 
This we did not believe, but were afterwards 
convinced of the truth of the report, by 
seeing his foot-marks, though not the 
animal himself. About nine we arrived on 
the bank of a small stream, half way up; 
and this being the only one we had to cross 
in the ascent, we stopped and breakfasted. 
There I found several plants new to me, 
and saw growing for the first time the Rhus 
decipiens. It is a tall handsome tree: one 
I measured was nearly 40 feet long ; it had 
been blown down, but not so as to stop its 
growth, and was not at this time in flower. 
The Plantain was also growing wild, 
along with a species of Maranta. I like- 
wise found a Labiate plant, apparently 
of the genus Lamium. A few other plants 
were picked up at this place, and added to 
a considerable number gathered in the 
previous ascent. Having refreshed and 
rested ourselves, we pushed on with all 
possible speed, to leave ourselves more 
time to accomplish the steeper and more 
difficult part of the ascent which was still 
before us. For nearly a quarter of a mile 
from the stream, we passed over a piece 
of cleared land, where some of the com- 


> 


moner cerealia are cultivated, and which | 
at this time was covered with Paspalum - 
to “ Botany Peak," the main object of my frumentaceum; among which I found 1 
two species of Torenia, T. Asiatica, and | 3: s 
another very handsome, large-flowered e y 


LN A 


i 
E 
i 

m 


ies; also a magnificent Lobelia, appa- 
tently intermediate between L. nicotiane- 
folia, and L. excelsa, but not in a good 
| state for preservation. On leaving this 
= green spot, we entered a deep and dark 
= wood, forming a belt. of uncertain length, 
| — but nearly a mile in breadth, composed of 
. agreat variety of stately trees, mixed with 
many smaller ones, and under-shrubs of 
every description. Among the herbaceous 
plants, growing under the shade, is the 
Cardamom and several other species of 
Scitaminee, a great variety of Arums, some 


of them very handsome, two or three species 
of Ind i| P 


y y, , M gl ] y curious 
Orchidee, one of which grows like a moss 
on the moist rocks, a shrubby Chloranthus 
in great abundance, and several Ferns. The 
trees I am not so well prepared to specify, 
as they were difficult to get at, and required 
more time than could be spared; but I 
obtained specimens of one or two Anno- 
nacee, and of a variety of shrubby as well 
SL herbaceous Rubiacee. I picked up one 
.. 9r two of the fruit of a very large Nut- 
|  meg-re, much resembling (in fruit) 

the aromatic nutmeg, both in size and in 
the kind of mace which covers the nut. To 
. have got specimens of the tree, we must 
= have cut it down, which would have been 
. weeks work. I protracted my stay in 
_ this forest to the utmost, both in ascending 
=, ‘nd descending, and then left it with 
. Tegret, wishing that I could have devoted 
‘month to the examination of the plants 
‘wing on this spot, and satisfied that I 
should still have left much for future in- 
Vesügators. On quitting the forest, the hill 


ix: than those ofthe plain. About twelve, we 
: Mied the first halting place, familiarly 
_ Known by the name of Hatfield’s Peak, 

p. from a gentleman of that name who had 


E which indicated a height 
about 3,600 feet above the sea, and 
Some rough trigonometrical experi- 

ms to determine the heights of neigh- 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF COURTALLAM. 


329 
bouring peaks. In the mean time I occupied 
myself in examining the Flora, and was 
fortunate in adding a few good plants to my 
collections, among the most interesting of 
which was one agreeing in habit with 
Crassula, but differing in the flower; a 
Euphorbiaceous shrub, apparently a new 
genus; a most beautiful Phillyrea ? but 
not in fruit; and an Acacia? certainly 
new to me, but neither in flower nor fruit. 
At this height, we met with many young 
plants of Caryota urens, but none of con- 
siderable size, which surprised me. Here 
the Bentinckia abounds, setting at defiance 
the almost hurricane blasts that sweep the 
hills at this season, rising above all the 
plants by which it is surrounded, and pro- 
ducing and ripening its panicles of shining, 
black, desirable-looking, but most austere 
berries, in as great profusion as in the 
most sheltered valley. The Euphorbiaceous 
plant is characterized by a large 5-parted 
calyx, 5 minute petals, attached to the 
inner edge of a large cup-shaped torus. 
Male flowers ; stamens 5, the filaments 
embracing a sterile 3-cleft style: Female 
flowers ; stamens 0, styles 3, the stigmas 
2-cleft, ovary closely embraced at the base 
by the forus, 3-celled, with 2 pendulous 
ovules in each, without the interposition of 
a carunculus as in Savia? It is a small 
shrub with alternate leaves and flow- 
ers on a rather long thick peduncle, like 
those of Erythroxylon. Should an exami- 
nation of the fruit prove this to be a new 
genus, I propose calling it Macroclinia on 
account of its peculiar torus. On the most 
exposed part of a narrow ridge leading to 
Hatfield's Peak, we came upon the lair of 
a wild hog. It resembled a hay stack in. 
miniature, made up of tufts of grass heaped 
one above another, and apparently brought 
from some distance, as there was no m 
of the grass being dug round the place. . 
These tufts were so nicely adjusted as to 
bid defiance to the wind, which for months 
at this season blows almost a hurricane at 
this place. It was not however proof against 
the ruthless hands of man, for it was 
speedily broken into in search of pigs; but 
none were found. Leaving two of my 


330 


collectors, under the shelter of some bushes, 
to transfer the plants collected from the 
boxes to paper, we pushed on to our final 
destination, the highest point of the moun- 
tain, which we reached a little after one 
o’clock, and ascertained the elevation by 
barometrical measurement to be 4,350 feet 
above the level of the sea. This was by 
far the most difficult part of the ascent, on 
account of its steepness, the broken cha- 
racter of the ground, and the closeness of 

e bamboos. We found ourselves en- 
veloped in clouds and mist, although a 
bright sun was shining below. The ther- 
mometer fell from 75 degrees, the usual 
height on the plain, to 60: the barometer 
to 25.800. The few trees that are scattered 
about here, are stunted in their growth and 
enveloped in a thick coating of lichens. 
Had time permitted, and locomotion been 
easier, I should have tried to ascertain 
what they were ; but the bamboos were so 
close that we were obliged to cut our way, 
and to clear a spot in order to set up the 
barometer. e bamboos had undergone 
a similar change to the trees, for in place 
of fine, tall, tapering plants, not unlike 
clumsy fishing-rods, they had acquired the 
appearance and name of reeds. A species 
of Ozalis is very abundant among them, 
but whether an alpine variety of O. sen- 
sitiva, or a distinct species, remains to be 
determined. It differs greatly in habit, in 
having a long branched stem, each branch 
being terminated by a tuft of leaves and 
flowers, like those of O. sensitiva, but it 
is less sensitive, which may be owing to 
the lower temperature of its place of 
gro e Bamboo among which it 
grows is peculiar and so far as I have been 
able to discover, a nondescript species, 
which, however, I cannot adequately de- 
scribe, for want of the parts of fructifica- 
. tion. ltisa tall, straight, nearly branch- 

Jess, reed-like plant, attaining in sheltered 
T Miystions a height of between twenty and 


with a short but distine petiole : in size 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF COURTALLAM. 


these leaves greatly exceed those of all the 
other bamboos I have seen in this country, 
the larger ones being from eight to ten 
inches long and from two to three broad, 
tapering at both ends. Altogether they are 
so like those used by the Chinese in pack- 
ing tea, except in being less coriaceous, 
that I am inclined to consider our plant, if 
not identical, a very nearly allied species, 
perhaps a variety, the difference depending 
on situation. 

Having at length accomplished the main 
object of our journey, we commenced the 
descent ; the first part of which was per- 
formed as rapidly as the close growth of 
the Bamboos, or Reeds, as they are usually 
called, and the broken nature of the ground, 
would permit. Although much botanizing 
was out of the question, I got a few plants 
which I had overlooked in the ascent; but 
upon re-entering the forest, I took the 
liberty of dropping behind my companions, 
who were not botanists, and enjoyed such 
an hour’s herborising as rarely falls to the 


lot of even the most enthusiastic indivi- 


duals ; to the dismay however of my friends, 
who at length fancying that I had lost my 
way or been attacked by wild beasts, or a 
score of other things all equally near the 
truth, set up such a shouting as to leave 
me no alternative but to rejoin them, which 
I did with great regret: I had however 
again filled my boxes and formed a large 
parcel besides. I could not but lament my 
inability to spend several days in that noble 
forest, and not at one season, but every 
season in the year, if the climate would 
permit it. To go there for one day only, 


is extremely tantalizing, as one is lost and 2 


perplexed by the endless variety of forms 
at once presented to the eye. From the 
time of our leaving the wood the descent 


was so very rapid, that we had all rẹ- | 
mounted our horses before five o'clock, and - 
in little more than half an hour were — 


enjoying ourselves in the shower bath. — 
I must now endeavour to give you some 


idea of the richness of the Flora of bios 


hills, deduced from the observations 


this excursion only, as it would take up 
too much time to go over my herbarium to 


Ss ete 


UG one nee 


| arrive at a more satisfactory result. My 
visit to Courtallam was a professional one, 
and extended to eight days only; those of 
my arrival and departure included. In 
that time I made five excursions, none ex- 
ceeding one fourth of the distance of that 
which I have above described, and return- 
ed to Palamcottah with species belonging 
to about eighty Natural Orders, exclusive 
of about fifty species still undetermined, 
and of a great number of plants lost in 
the drying from having run short of paper. 
The number of species of which I have 
actually got specimens, considerably ex- 
ceeds three hundred; I cannot say how 
many were lost. Besides these, no speci- 
mens were gathered of a large proportion 
of the high trees, which we had time nei- 
ther to cut down nor climb; but several of 
them were ascertained from the fallen fruit 
to be new. The more common plants, of 
Which I already possessed specimens, or 
could easily obtain at any other time, were 
altogether rejected, making a total of pro- 
bably not fewer than five hundred species 
seen in flower or fruit, in the short space 
of five days, and at a rather unfavourable 
‘Season of the year. These numbers afford 
data, from which I think we may safely 
infer, that a very small portion of these 
» hills, say twenty miles square, possesses a 
Il Flora of probably little short of fifteen hun- 
s dred species of vascular plants, including 
Fers im the wider sense of the term; and 
if the field be extended to the higher hills 
to the North and South-west, I have no 
. doubt that five hundred more may be 
added. I say five hundred, for the hills 
alluded to rise more than fifteen hundred 
feet above the one we ascended ; a height 
E at whichanalmost new Flora presents itself. 

Tf there is any truth in this calculation, it 
follows that on this mere speck of ground, 


3 Flora of the whole of the British Islands, 
| me nearly equalling in amount the number 
| . ^ Species described in Roxburgh's Flora 

Indica, Surely, if ever a country deserved 
7e scrutinizing search of an able and dili- 
t Botanist, it is this. So satisfied am I 


BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF COURTALLAM. 


331 


on this point, that I have now three native 
collectors employed here. It is true, I do 
not expect much from their exertions, as 
natives are always timid explorers of the 
jungle, unless led by an European, when 
they will cheerfully follow; but, as the 
field in itself is one of the richest I know, 
I send them to it, as one from which I 
have the best chance of procuring valuable 
additions to my already extensive collec- 
tions, and one which my other occupations 
do not permit me to investigate by my own 
exertions. 

As this letter greatly exceeds its antici- 
pated limits, I must conclude with the 
hope that my unfavorable expectations re- 
specting the success of my collectors, may 
not be realized. 

I remain, &c. 


P.S. 4th September, 1835. 

There being no ships about to sail when 
I finished the preceding communication, I 
kept it open, in case anything additional 
should occur to be added. And it so hap- 
pened, that my services being required a 
second time at Courtallam, I availed my- 
self of the opportunity to make several 
excursions, by which I have nearly dou- 
bled my collections, and added a great 
many new plants. Among them may be 
mentioned several Annonacee, five or six 
handsome Balsams, one so very curious 
and distinct, that I propose to constitute it 
a new genus, under some such name as 
Koryanthus, in allusion to the helmet 
formed by the two upper sepals. Two or 
three very remarkable Melastomacee will 
form, I believe, a novel and very distinct 
genus. I have also a very fine new Cero- 
pegia; two undescribed species of Didy- 
mocarpe@, one of them I think, constitut- 
ing a distinct genus, allied to the Wulfenia 
of Wallich's Tent. F7. Nepal. ; a great va- 
riety of Orchidee ; a number of Aroidee, 
among which is an enormous Pothos, and 
two or three genera quite new to me. Of the 
Bamboo, 1 found flowering specimens, but 
not in a very good state, and several Ca- 
rices which I have not seen before; and 


332 


lastly, a very curious species of Phallus, 
decorated with a wide loosely pendulous 
net hanging from the inside of the hood, 
reaching to the ground and covering the 
stem like a veil, (P. Demonum, Hook. Bot. 
of Beech. Voy. v.1. p. 78.120.) The result 
of this second excursion more than con- 

rms my previous calculation of the riches 
of these hills, in distinct vegetable: forms. 
I am now disposed to think that two thou- 
sand species may be found within the li- 
mits assigned above to fifteen hundred. 
I have come to this conclusion, from having 
extended my excursion on one occasion to 
a more distant part of the hills, and found 
many more new plants than on any former 
day. Hitherto, I had explored only the 
northern slopes; but on this last occasion 
I examined the southern side, and certainly 
paid for my temerity by having to stay in 
the jungle all night, having gone too far 
and lost my way in returning home. I was, 
however, well repaid for my privations by 
an unusually large harvest of good things. 
The hills here are not like those of Clova, 
for you can rarely see a hundred yards 
before you, on account of jungle. I have 
re-examined the Macroclinia, and suspect 
it is too closely allied to Savia to be se- 
parated ; differing only in having the fila- 
ments united into a tube the whole length 
of the styles, and in the want of the fleshy 
mass to which, in Savia, the ovules are 
attached.—R. W 


VEGETATION OF THE CANARY 
ISLANDS. 


_ WE promised, in a late number of this 
journal, to offer to our readers some ex- 
tracts from the early Livraisons of Messrs. 
Webb and Berthelot’s Natural History of 
_ the Canary Isles. We now redeem that 
pledge, and we think we cannot present a 

fairer specimen of the work nor a more 
‘instructive portion than the very first 
Chapter. 


NEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 


ON THE GENERAL ASPECT OF VEGETA- 
^ TION IN THE CANARY ISLANDS. 

* I have seen Nature in many pur of the T" 
Zone wearing a more rich an 
here; but after having surveyed the dion of the 


attractive, more varied and more harmonious, owing 

to the distribution of its masses of verdure and its 

rocks." — Humboldt. 

THE Canary Islands, from their prox- 
imity to the Tropics, are situated in the 


vegetation : 
of the energy of the Torrid and the fresh- 
ness of the Temperate Zones. The heat 
of the sun is combined with the most active 
principles to fertilize a soil which would 
otherwise have been condemned, by vol- 
canic agency, to utter sterility; peculiar 


g , 
and the virgin soil having first produced a - 
peculiar Flora, is afterwards endowed, by 
the influences of climate, with the plants of 
both hemispheres, that become naturalized 
there. ose aboriginal species which 
grow spontaneously in these Atlantic 
Islands belong mostly to European genera, 
but they are of longer duration, and are 
more woody, frequently even arborescent. 
There are some others, also, which wear 
other forms and a different aspect; many 
es: single types of genera to which there 

is nothing analogous, as Visnea, Phyllis, 
Bosea, Drusa, Plocama, Canarina, &e. ; 


Semperviva, Bystropogons, Echiums, &c. 
Among these varied vegetables, some are 
marked with an African character, while 
others, though fewer in number, exhibit 
some resemblance to the productions of 
America; the larger Euphorbias, the 
Palms, the Zygophylla, Aizoons, 9n 
Kleinias belonging to the former class, and 
the Laurels, Ardisias, Behmerias, Drusa, 
and several kinds of Ferns, to the latter. 
Thus the Flora of the Canaries seems 10 - 


prove the migration of the plants from out | 


(ane TE t o 

. and whether we consider the number of 
local species, the novelty of their forms, or 
the singularity of their appearance, cha- 
racters that belong to the great mass of 
prevailing plants, it must be confessed that 
in all these respects the Botany of the 
Archipelago of the Canaries well merits 
the title of a Region. The different sta- 
tions occupied by these vegetables, the 
sort of sociability which seems to unite 


lregions; 


give interest to research, when after having 
examined the several groupes in detail, we 
would pass on to the order of their distri- 
bution. ** The Floras of Islands," as is 
well remarked by the illustrious Genevese 
_ Professor, De Candolle, ** possess an emi- 
. hent degree of interest, both by the pecu- 
liarities that they present and because the 
task being of a limited extent, it can be 
performed with the greater precision.” The 
truth of this observation has been impressed 
upon our minds when investigating the 
: Canaries, where we have been enabled to 
. Ascertain many points during our partial 
| excursions which would have certainly es- 
. aped us on a continent, the greater space 
rendering such results impossible to be 
obtained. 


ai 
i à The disparities existing in the vegetable 
distribution of each island, and arising 
.  ftom accidental circumstances of soil, ex- 
. posure and temperature, have multiplied 
E the contrasts and produced remarkable 
AS changes in the Geographical arrangement. 
From these differences have resulted almost 
_ 4 many distinct Floras as there are islands, 
each possessing some species peculiar to 
. Mself, while the mass of plants on each, 
.. though consisting of such individuals as 
may be common to all parts of the Archi- 
pelago, never exists in similar proportions. 
— Thus, for instance, Alegranza, Montaña- 
A Graciosa and the other desert islets 
qo situated to the North of Lancerotta, abound 
. IBspeciesof Chenopodiumand Polycarpea, 
= mingled with several other plants of the 
— region. ‘When landing on these 
y vhich may 


a ae Se 


VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 


333 


call to mind the vegetation of the other 
islands; the Euphorbia of the Canaries, and 
its congeners, the Plocama, Kleinias and 
Prenanthes, being replaced by large bushes 
of Atriplex, Salicornia, Suedaand Salsola, 
with other alkaline plants growing under 
their shadow. 

The plants that we gathered on the Islet 
of Graciosa, on the 5th of June 1829, are 
given in a list at the end of this chapter, 
arranged according to their degree of fre- 
quency. This miniature Flora, consisting 
of twenty-nine species, presents the follow- 
ing peculiarities. There are 7 Chenopodee, 
5 Leguminosae, 3 Plumbaginee, 2 Poly- 
carpee, 2 Plantaginee ; of Liliacee, Gra- 
minee, Euphorbiacee, Boraginee, Cary- 
ophyllee, Composite, Geraniacee, Cisti- 
nee, and Frankeniacee, one of each. 

The Atriplex Halimus, a large-leaved 
variety, not seen on the other islands ; Sa- 
licornia fruticosa, found also on the coast 
of Lancerotta, opposite Graciosa; Atriplex 
glauca, Salsola vermiculata and Sueda 
fruticosa, all much more numerous on this 
islet than in the rest of the Archipelago, 
compose the chief vegetation of this rock. 

Statice pruimosa, first found by M. De- 
lille in Egypt, grows also at Alegranza, 
Statice puberula (nob.), Reseda chrystal- 
lina (nob.), Ononis ochreata (nob.), and 

Ononis pendula, are four extremely rare 
species, which we saw nowhere else than 
in a single spot of the island Lancerotta, 
while Ononis hebecarpa (nob.) is quite 
confined to Graciosa. 

Finally, a single kind of Euphorbia 
(E. piscatoria) very frequent on the other 
islands, grows on this rock, almost con- 
cealed by the Chenopodia. Thus in twenty- 
six species, from ten to twelve are quite 
peculiar to this locality, while the others, 
though common to the rest of the groupe, 
display tl lves in a different proport 
The species are mostly herbaceous and 
creep among the more woody kinds. 

Now, if we bear in mind the number of 
peculiar species and the disparity that exists 
in their numerical proportion from that of 
the other islands, we may easily perceive 
that vegetation must bear a different aspect 


334 


in Graciosa, since the plants that most 
abound in them, are altogether wanting 
here. 

At Lancerotta and Fortaventura, vege- 
tation begins to extend on a larger scale ; 
sandy districts and vast plains call to mind 
the Saharas of Western Africa, and some 
of those plants which grow on the edge of 
the desert; the shifting of the soil is very 
frequent, and the species that are seen in 
the Test of the Archipelago, grow in the 


Euphorbias are numerous and with them 
the Composite and shrubby Convolvulacee, 
Conyza sericea, Prenanthes pinnata and 
P. arborea, Convolvulus floridus and C. 

rius. Some stunted Heath, Erica 
arborea and Myrica Faya, hidden in the 
sinuosities of the mountains, or buffeted 
by the winds on their barren summits, re- 
call that ever-green region that forms the 
chief decoration of the loftier islands of 
that groupe. Still, notwithstanding these 
generalities, Lancerotta and Fortaventura 
possess likewise their peculiar plants, and 
three kinds of trees, Palm, Pistachio, 
and Zamarisk, are much more numerous 
on these islands than the others. At Lan- 
cerotta the Date Palms (Phenix dactyli- 
fera) abound in the district of Haria; at 
Fortaventura, this species, mingled with 
Pistachio Trees (Pistacia Atlantica) 
fringes the narrow valley of Rio Palma, 
one of the most remarkable spots in the 
Canaries, and which still preserves all its 
originality. The Tamarisk (Tamariz Ca- 
nariensis) clothes the swampy plains of 
Grand-Tarajal, and is also seen on the 
coast of the Greater a in the vicin- 
ity of Maspaloma ; these shrubs there find- 
ing a similar soil, with an analogous expo- 
sure and temperature, and where sheltered 
by the denes they increase on the edges of 
the lagoons, 

Among the peculiar species, the follow- 
| ing are confined to Lancerotta and Forta- 
ventura: Ruta bracteosa, Arenaria pro- 

cumbens oe Linaria heterophylla, 
diva 


VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 


Borrera Atlantica, Ferula communis? a 
new species of Gnaphalium, Ononis he- 
becarpa (nob.), Hehotropium Europeum, 
Statice puberula (nob.), S. pruinosa 
(Delille), and Lotus trigonelloides (nob.). 
It is only upon Fortaventura that Helio- 
tropium Niloticum has yet been gathered. 
Argemone Mexicana and Scrophularia 
arguta appear at wide intervals; we can 
scarcely, indeed, point out three stations 
in the whole Archipelago for these two 
lants. 

The more we advance towards the cen- 
tre of the Archipelago, the richer does the 
Flora become in Canarian species. This 
vegetation has its laws and distribution. 
When ascending the iilos of ~ moun- 
tains, we [ different 
climates, ‘in each region. there being some 
plants that abound according to the vari- 
ous degrees of elevation and advantages 
of exposure. The nemoral species, the 
Pines, the Cytisus, and -Adenocarpon, 
with the vegetables of those high summits 
and elevated table-lands that Lancerotta 
and Fortaventura do not possess, swell the 
groupes of plants that inhabit the vari- 
ous heights. Along the shores, the tem- 
perature is similar to that of Mauritania, 
the coolness that the frequent mists main- 
tain is delightfully felt in the Laurel Fo- 
rests and adjacent ravines, while, above 
these spots, the air becomes more 
more rarified, and the earth, almost bare 
of soil, produces very different plants. 
The presence or absence of the sun occa- 
sions the most striking atmospheric varia- 
tions; by day the dryness of the air is 
most toi. and the heat almost suf- 


focating, while the night, on the contrary, — 


is damp and cold. Finally, on the loftiest 
peaks, the snows that accumulate during 


the stormy season, call to mind the chilly — 
North, and the wintry aspect of our OWR — — 
alpine regions. Thus, does the MA D 
* 
hours sufficing to traverse all climates, and | 
without requiring to visit distant latitudes; 
every step seems equivalent to a degree. 


the landscape perpetually change, a 


Still, even in this Western Groupe 
the Canaries, which the learned Bros 


distinguished from that of the East, because 
of the dissimilarity of their vegetation; 
| the geographical formation and nature of 
the soil appear as if combined to isolate 
certain plants. A new species of a Cape 
Genus (Manulea Canariensis nob.), has 
established itself in the extinct crater of 
Bandama, while Commelina Canariensis 
affects solely the brink of rivulets in the 
- environs of Ciudad and of Terror. At 
| Palma, the Umbilicus Heylandii, (nob.) 
inhabits exclusively the Pine Woods of 
Barlovento ; Sempervivum Goochie (nob.) 
shews itself only in the ravines of the East 
coast; while Bethencourtia Palmensis lies 
hid in the immense depths of the Caldera. 
These peculiarities are still more striking 
at Teneriffe: the Statice arborea, whose 
existence had been only known from a few 
plants of it cultivated in the garden of 
Oratava, grows nowhere but on the rocks 
of Burgado. Another Statice (S. imbri- 
cata, nob.) is confined to a desert islet, si- 
tuated opposite Garachico ; while Gymno- 
carpum decandrum, that highly curious 
. individual of the Paronychiee, first detect- 
ed by Forskiil in Egypt, makes its appear- 
ance on the scorie of the promontory of 
Aguja. The existence of this latter plant 
in the Canaries was first ascertained by 
| : us; we were also the first to gather on 
' these islands Statice pruinosa, f raganum 
. nudatum, &c. &c.; and the statement 
i advanced by M. Decaisne, in his 
: of Mount Sinai, that M. Von Buch had 
- included these species in his catalogue, 


j 
| | 


7 


— 


eo 


ma single spot. Among the latter, 
we may mention that Euphorbia aphylla, 
a though common in the Canaries, at Tene- 
E = grows only near Buenavista ; ; Echium 


the islet of the Great preti ; Pista- 
: s, though very frequent i in the 
island, has never been seen in Tene- 
and | | pulverulentum, again, 
bi Teneriffe, does not grow at 


VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 


335 
Palma. Examples of this kind might be 
easily multiplied, as will be seen in the 
general and comparative statement that 
we shall give of the Flora of each 
island. 

The existence of these plants in such 
single stations, is as inexplicable as the 
similar instances which we shall relate re- 
specting the forest-trees: these facts of 
vegetable distribution (epirréologie) are 
doubtless influenced by external circum- 
stances, and the different kinds of circum- 
ambient medium in which they are placed. 
The illustrious Ramond meditated fre- 
quently on the mystery involved in the 
original dissemination of vegetables. When 
scaling the lofty and steep peaks of the 
Pyrénées, he was surprised both at the 
existence of some plants which he had not 
expected to see, and at the absence of 
others that he had confidently looked to 
have found there. “ Nature," says he, 
seems alternately indifferent to similarity 
of stations, and to the wide distance that di- 
vides them ; sometimes uniting in parallel 
climates the productions of the most widely 
severed lands, and sometimes refusing this 
conformity of vegetation to those regions 
which seem to possess in common every 
characteristic of soil and of temperature." 
The laws of the distribution of germs over 
the surface of our globe can alone afford 
any explanation of these whimsical anoma- 


ra lies; but these laws are attributable to the 


first causes by which nature secretly works; 
the latter, again, are concealed from us, and 
it may be as long, perhaps, ere we shall be 
enabled to solve the mystery of these spon- 
taneous creations, as to ascertain the rules 
for their fixedness, or their migration. Vain- 
ly might we strive to explain these great 
problems: the creation of plants on the earth 
was anterior to that of man, and to pry into 
times of which there exist no annals, could 
only lead to vague hypothesis. We prefer 
stating facts to dwelling on theories which 
must remain after all absolutely destitute 
of proof, and will therefore proceed to give 
an idea of that vegetable distribution which 
peculiarly claims our attention in the Ca- - 
nary Isles. 

'The amount of plants found on each is- 


336 


land is not equally distributed; the combi- 
nation or insulation of the groupes in the 
different stations that intervene between 
the shore and the mountain-tops, depend- 
ing considerably on the configuration of 
the ground, and the altitude of the moun- 
tains. In order to explain these changes, 
we will first give a general idea of the ve- 
getation in the Western part of the Archi- 
pelago, and state how it is diffused over 
the soil, noting the transitions of form 
through which it passes, the different cha- 
racters that it affects, and the aspect which 
it gives to the landscape. Taking Tene- 
riffe, the most central and at the same time 
the most elevated island of the groupe, 
for a type of that geographical topogra- 
phy which is repeated, so to speak, to 
a greater or less extent on the adjacent 
islands, we will point out those analogies 
and those differences, which to ourselves 
have appeared most worthy of observa- 


n. 
The coast of Teneriffe, like that of Ca- 
naria, Palma, Gomera, and the Isle de Fer, 
rises like a bulwark of cliffs, in sheer 
steeps, nearly from the water’s edges, ex- 
hibiting in all directions, a wall of basalt 
edged by a very narrow strand. Th 
plants of this maritime region take root in 
the cliffs, clothing their sides and the small 
platforms which surmount them. They 
are mostly fleshy-leaved species, which de- 
rive their chief nourishment from the at- 
mospheric vapors, and the emanations of 
the sea-breeze. Such a soil, indeed, can 
only produce those succulent plants which 
inhabit the sea-coast. The species vary 
according to the sites which they occupy, 
some growing on the blocks of the cliff, 
and belonging to the Chenopodee, Ficoi- 
dee, Euphorbie, and Crassulacee, &c. ; 
while others, as Zygophyllum Fontanesii, 
(nob.), Picridium Tingitanum, Astydamia 
Canariensis, Crithmum maritimum, Con- 
 yza sericea, Statice imbricata, (nob.) and 
WS. pectinata, Frankenia pulverulenta, 
&c., &c., may be seen on the very strand, 
where they are frequently washed by the 
waves. 
The plants of the flat shores are some- 
times diffused over the slopes of the val- 


[n] 


VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 


lies and in the interior of the ravines. Ex- 
posure frequently accounts for these anom- 
alies; the air being charged with saline 
emanations, may, according to the forma- 
tion of the coast, which offers a free pas- 
sage to the sea-breeze, give birth, even at 
some distance from the shores, to those 
plants which require carbonate of soda. 
Still these plants cannot exist very far from 
the sea, their organization demanding a 
warm temperature where evaporation goes 
on quickly, for which reason they are only 
seen in low situations. Higher again, 
where frequent rain dispels the saline prin- 
ciples of the soil, a different tribe of vege- 
tables appears, and though their structure 
may be succulent, as the Semperviva, still 
chemical analysis will prove that it is car- 
bonate of potass, and not carbonate of 
soda, that they afford. Being endowed 
with strong powers of absorption, the 
Semperviva, a very numerous family in 
the Canary Isles, grow upon old walls, in 
the interstices of rocks, upon the most pre- 
cipitous cliffs, and wherever the surface is 
such as that humidity lodges, without re- 
maining there long. 

bove these cliffs, the ground spreads 
out into a kind of primary platform, rising 
again towards the centre of the island into 
eminences, which are rent by ravines, and 


separated by intervening vallies. The vene : 


tation that is disseminated over these 
slopes assumes an African character, and 
is remarkable for the prevalence of bare 
and tortuous trunks, and fleshy glaucous 
foliage. Here the Canary Island Euphor- 
bia prevails, its large bushes frequently 


sheltering the lesser vegetables that ae 5 


thinly scattered over the volcanic soil; the 
flowery branches of Kleinias, Plocame, 


and Echium arborescens waving over the 


while Periplocas and | 


massy Euphorlias, 
Rubias twine into an impenetrabl 
work. The glaucous verdure of th 
ferent plants produces no effect except 
ies whose 
green, 


e trellis- 


ever, the plants are little seen, com 
with the masses of tufa and o 


ese di | 


ive 


2 — 


FER ERII RANE 


ER 


Among the species that generally 
bit these situations, are Convolvulus 


_ ria, Euphorbia piscatoria, Physalis aris- 
tata, &c. 
— In the vallies of the coast on the con- 
= trary, indigenous vegetation seems to de- 
. Tive a new impulse from the vicinity of 
. Cultivation, and the wild plants to lose 
.. their nature in the midst of agricultural 
progress. There the hand of man is every 
. where seen, and the aspect of the country 
_is materially changed, recalling at one and 
. the same time the wild champaign-land of 
~ Europe, with its orchards and vineyards, 
_~ the lovely spots of tropical regions adorn- 
_ ed with brilliant verdure, the Oases of the 
desert with their Palm Trees and springs, 
. and finally that indigenous vegetation 
du. Which it is vainly attempted to overcome, 
. but which is continually producing its Eu- 
.. phorbias and other native plants. Thus, 
.. we continually behold the foreign species 
at have been naturalized, growing inter- 


i osea, and Ardisia. Two trees belonging 
to the primitive forests, the Arbutus and 
Laurel, contribute their foliage towards 
= varied groupes, while Agaves and No- 
Dm (the Cochineal, Cactus or Indian Fig) 


‘Cultivator, and resuming possession of its 
ancient domain. 
Among the vallies, and on some portions 
the shores, are districts where the nature 
' the soil effectually secures the primitive 
tion fromagricultural invasion. Such 
those barren spots which lie between 
= Sea strand and the cultivated parts, and 
fields of lava that surround the cones 
ere the eruptions have taken place. To 


VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 


337 


the former, the name of Toscala is given 
wherever ic tufaf i is, 

second kind of districts are called Malpais. 
Examples of both may be seen in Téné- 
riffe, near Teno, in the vicinity of Sainte 
Croix, and in the vallies of Guimar and 
Orotava, and still more decidedly towards 
the North of the island, at the Point del 
Hidalgo, where the maritime hillocks are 
covered with species of Artemisia, Laven- 
der, and Thyme, with other aromatic 
plants, most of them being woody and 
having ashy grey foliage. Among these 
are Artemisia argentea, Lavandula pin- 
nata, Sideritis Canariensis, Thymus Ca- 
lamintha, and T. Teneriffe, Plantago ar- 
borescens, Stachys Canariensis, &c. 

The uncultivated part of the valley of 
Guimar mentioned above, offers one of the 
best types of the vegetation peculiar to the 
Toscalas ; there we found Notoceras Cana- 
riensis, Gnaphalium cauliflorum, Buph- 
thalmum sericeum, Fagonia Cretica, Ai- 
zoon Canariense, Saccharum Teneriffe, 
Linaria scoparia and L. Elatine, Teu- 
crium pseudo-iva, Plantago Coronopus, 
Micropus pygmeus, &c. In the same lo- 
cality first appear Prenanthes spinosa and 
Cneorum pulverulentum, both of which oc- 
cur far more abundantly in the southern 
district of the island, where they grow 
together with Zygophyllum | .Fontanesit 
(nob.), Euphorbia balsamifera, Aloe vul- 
garis and Justicia hyssopifolia. 

On the Malpais the following plants are 
combined with some of those already men- 
tioned; Polycarpea gnaphalodes, Achy- 
ranthes argentea, Paronychia Canarien- 
sis, Salvia Aigyptiaca, Asparagus umbel- 
latus, Forskülea fruticosa, Echium acule- 
atum, Frankenia ericefolia, Rumez spi- 
nosus, Bupthalmum maritimum, Lycium 
Afrum, Datura Stramonium, and D. Me- 
tel, Hyoscyamus Canariensis, Mesembry- 
anthemum nodiflorum and M. chrystalh- 
num, (which latter plant has been natu-” 
ralized in these regions); and then come 
the Euphorbias with the greater proportion 
of those woody species that accompany 
t 


Er 


em. 
In the Great Canaria, the peninsula of 
Y i 


333 
La Isleta presents also some analogous 


and their allies invariably prevail. 
peninsula, originally thrown up by furious 
subterranean fires, bears all the marks of 
volcanic origin; it is united to the Great 
Canaria by the isthmus of Guanartema ; 
and many volcanic cones whose bases are 
encumbered by vitrified masses, rise above 
this devastated soil. 

When nature had resumed its calm, La 
Isleta became a revered spot, which the 
superstitious terror of the inhabitants con- 
verted into a kind of Morai. Heaps of 
scorie, piled in the form of tumuli, enclose 
the corpses of these islanders, and occupy 
the centre of the field of partially decom- 
posed lava: there vegetation has begun to 
establish itself, and plants may be seen to 
spring from among the tombs. So singu- 
lar and extraordinary is this spot, that no- 
thing can be compared to it. The dead, 
interred in extinct craters,—the dust of an 
exterminated population mingling with vol- 
canic ashes; and, above the vestiges of 
these two kinds of desolation, nature fulfill- 
ing her purpose and fertilizing the ruins with 
new productions: such is the picture which 
La Isleta presents to view! Large bushes 
of leafless .Euphorbias, E. Canariensis 
and E. aphylla, spread like candelabra 
above these sepulchres, their crimson blos- 
soms looking like burning lights, the Ploc- 
amas, with their drooping branches, resem- 
ble our Weeping Willow, while the Oriz- 
ama, (Cneorum pulverulentum) a tere- 
binthaceous plant, sull employed for the 
purpose o ing, mingles its silvery 
boughs with the warm tints of that soil 
where the aborigines of the island repose. 
Among a great variety of plants, such as 
Heliotropium erosum*, Reseda scoparia*, 
Chenopodium ambrosioides, | Forskülea 


n eo Buphthalmum | stenophyllum*, 
Ae Aizoon Canariense, Mesembryanthemum 1 


m, Beta maritima, Zygoph yllum 


a ta, Conyza sericea and C. dichotoma 
as oe abundant in this locality, as 
well as Convolvulus scoparius, the rose- 


VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 


- the ote and on the rola. are 


like scent of whose wood causes it to be 
particularly esteemed. 

With the exception of those species 
marked above with an asterisk (and which 
are replaced by Echium aculeatum, 
Frankenia corymbosa, Messerschmidia 
fruticosa, Physalis somnifera and Glau- 
cium flavum), the greatest part of the 
plants of La Isleta are found in similar 
situations of volcanic desolation at Palma. 
There, too, at Fuente Blanca and on the 
Malpais of Tazacorta and the craggy 
rocks of the eastern coast, vegetation has 
succeeded in establishing itself, on a soil 
originally devastated by volcanic agency. 

But without descending to minute detail, 
we will continue to take Ténériffe as the © 
type of that geographical distribution which 
is every where obvious. 

The towns and villages of the coast, and 
those situated on the first level above the 
cliffs which border the shore, possess like- 
wisetheir own Flora, interspersed, however, 
with several species that have been already i 
named. The following plants, Achyranthes 
nivea, Euphorbia Peplus, Senebiera di- 

dyma, Lappago racemosa, Aristida ceru- 
lescens, Datura Stramonium, Erigeron | 
Canadense and E. viscosum, Urtica urens, | 
Forskülea fruticosa, Hyoscyamus Canari- ij 
ensis, Parietaria Judaica and Ozals — 


pA C NE 


ence 


corniculata may be seen springing up inc d 
the interstices of the pavement and the 
less frequented streets; while in the town - 
of Orotava, Solanum pseudo-caps" sicum, 
Chelidonium majus and Viola odorata 
grow all along the causeways, and many 
the roofs of old buildings and the edges of 
walls are thus adorned. In Laguna, this EM 
town-florais peculiarly E Among 2 
the plants of its streets we may mention Ra- | 
nunculus parviflorus and R. muricatus, x 
Solanum nigrum, Lamarckia aurea NE i 


con gestu Um 


riense and S. dichotomum, 
Robertianum, Thelygonum Cy | 
Hedera Canariensis, Campan zula ‘ 


= Prenanthes pinnata, which occasionally 
. show themselves on the walls of such 
. gardens as have a southern exposure, 
together with a few other species, common 
to most maritime town 
Generally speaking, ghee towns which 
are situated on the sea-shore, possess some 
Sporadic species, either accidentally intro- 
duced by importation, or produced by local 
circumstances. Thus Argemone Mexicana 
grows no where but on the volcanic soil of 
the town of Garachico and in the vicinity 
of the port of Arecifa on the Island of 
Lancerotta; of Scrophularia arguta the 
_ same may nearly be said; but the amount 
of species diffused over the towns situated 
¥ a E from the coast is very much 
T La Laguna, that antient capital 
EC of Een. built by Alonzo de Lugo, the 
conqueror, on the outskirts of the Rara 
and at an elevation of 1722 feet above the 
level of the sea, enjoys a temperature 
_ Which is peculiarly favorable for the de- 
... Yelopment of urban or town plants. Several 
= gothic dwellings, erected towards the con- 
: clusion of the 15th century, present a most 
à r appearance. These old buildings 
x are clothed with Ferns and Semperviva, 
... the heraldry above their gates is overgrown 
.. With moss, while this vegetation, clinging 
even to more modern edifices, imparts an 
air of antiquity which is peculiarly pleasing 
_ to the admirers of the romantic. Still, as 
: M. Bory de St. Vincent observes, such a 
growth in a town gives but a poor idea of 
its Population and activity to those indi- 
viduals who may visit it for the first time, 
and who, being no Botanists, regard it as 
any thing but an ornament. All along the 
common roads, we meet with many of those 
plants which affect the edges of paths and 
the. Shelter of hedges. These are Urtica 
folia, Galium Aparine, Daphne Cni- 


T Hypericum Canariense and H. 
grandifolium, Cineraria — Tussilaginis, 
 clavulatus, Rubus fruticosus, 


fruticosa, Canarina Campanula, 
. Perr rum Dracunculus 


VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 


339 


and A. Arisarum, and Delphinium Staphy- 
agria. - : 

Nature, ever varied in her productions, 
has diffused them everywhere, on the wave- 
buffetted rocks, upon buildings, by the 
sides of roads, among ruins, and even upon 
the monuments of the human race; and the 
germs, thus distributed, always propagate 
themselves in similar situations. Thus the 
moist walls of the city of Lugo are clad 
with a peculiar and continually renewed 
vegetation; while the Coliseum has its 
manm plants, that for many centuries, have 
been reproduced from the dust of ruins. 

If we compare those city or urban plants, 
just enumerated, with the Flora of the 
Coliseum, (see Sebastiani's Enumer. Plant. 
spont. nascent. in Amphith. Flavii; Rom. 


Ténériffe and to the ruins of antient Rome; 
and most of the other species, noticed at 
Orotava and La Laguna, have their repre- 
sentatives in individuals of the same genera 
at the Coliseum. Still, notwithstanding 
these points of resemblance, the vegetation 
of Rome does not bear the same aspect as 
that of Laguna ; those plants which clothe 
the antient manorial residences of the old 
capital of Ténériffe and even extend to its 
modern buildings, not growing on the 
houses in Rome, where the climate is much 
drier than that of La Laguna. Those which 
have established themselves on the Coli- 
seum are almost entirely such herbaceous 
species aS may generally be seen among 
rubbish, and which spring up among these 
extensive ruins as they might do on a cal- 
careous hill. The Soncha and Semperviva 
of the city of Lugo are, on the contrary, of 
shrubby growth, they overtop the other 
urban species and excel all the similar pro- 
ductions of Europe in their lofty growth 
and the beauty of their flowers. 
In the ravines of Ténériffe, vegetation 
wan under a fresher and more varied 
these defiles commence in the 


towards the coast. They are distinguished 
in this country, as Valhes or as Barrancos 


340 


according as their opposite sides are more 
or less apart from each other. Sometimes 
dry, sometimes watered by rivulets, these 
ravines continually present the most pic- 
turesque appearance; here the flat platform- 
like portions of the mountain close up the 
bottom of Thalweg, and suddenly interrupt 
its slope, when the lofty torrent, dashing 
over this interruption, falls in a cascade and 
works for itself deep hollows, all round 
which grow those plants which love a damp 
situation. Here we may meet with Scirpus 
globiferus, Caladium | nympheifolium, 
Scrophularia betonicefolia, Equisetum 
elongatum, &c. ; while many of the plants of 
Southern Europe also affect these localities; 
as the very rare Typha angustifolia, 
Mentha sylvestris, Nasturtium officinale, 
Apiumgraveolens, Arum Dracunculus,&c.; 
and the Potamogeton Canariensis may be 
seen floating upon the stagnant waters. 
Further on, portions of rock, severed 
from the neighbouring heights, form new 
obstacles to the course of the stream, and 
divide the volume of it. In proportion as 
we advance in these ravines, we find them 
becoming continually narrower, and pre- 
senting, in some places, lofty steep sides of 
extraordinary elevation. A vigorous vege- 
tation adorns these basaltic walls, the clefts 
are filled with the penetrating roots of 
plants, and numerous different species, 
clinging to the rocks, adorn them with their 
blossoms: they fringe the narrow margins, 
are collected in masses on the level layers, 
and border the mountain-torrents; there 
we find those plants which eminently de- 
light in shelter, the Canary Island Willow 
(Saliz Canariensis) with beautiful pink 
catkins, Solanum Nava (nob.), the stems 
of which are climbing, Behmeria rubra, 
and Poterium caudatum, with feathery 
branches, together with many other rare 
E species. The principal plants of the ra- 
|... vines are Adiantum reniforme, Anthemis 
 revoli , Asparagus scoparius, Athamanta 
cerviariefolia, Bosea Yervamora, Bupleu- 
rum salicifolium, Campylanthus salsoloi- 
des, Carlowizia salicifolia, Cheiranthus 
| mutabilis, C strigosa, Dactylis 
= Smithi, Digitaria igitaria Canariensis rula 


VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 


glauca, Galium Neesianum, Gymnogram- | 
ma aurea, Justicia hyssopifolia, Lavan- | 
dula abrotanoides and L. pinnata, Orchis 
tridactylites (nob.), Peucedanum aureum, 
Phyllis Nobla, Ranunculus cortusefolius, 
amnus crenulatus, Ruta pinnata, Si- 
symbrium millefolium, Stachys Canarien- 
sis, Tanacetum Canariense, and Teucrium 
heterophyllum, together with many species 
of the genera Bystropogon, Cineraria, 
Convolvulus, Conyza, Echium, Hypert- 
cum, Lotus, Pyrethrum, Sideritis, Sem- 
pervivum, Sonchus, &c. 
Several causes concur to collect a great 
variety of plants in these situations, shel- 
tered from the African winds, and protected 
by the lofty cliffs that rise on either hand 
of these deep gorges from the heat of the 
sun, the trickling springs and mountain- 
torrents keep up the requisite degree of 
humidity, so that the plants of the ravines 
may immediately be distinguished from all 
others by their superior verdure and fresh- 
ness, especially from those of the coast. 
e most remarkable ravines in Téné- 
riffe are those of Badajos, in the valley of 
Guimar, and of Llarena, in that of Orota- 
va, those of Tamadaya and Infierno, in 
the southern district of the island, and 
Barranco hondo and Acentejo, on the op- 
posite coast. The ravine of Badajos is i 
bounded towards the West by the mountains 
of Ladera de Guimar, and in the opposite 
direction by the shifting soil of the valley. 
When this gorge is entered, we see 15. 
craggy sides, covered with plants, rising 
upwards of 800 feet above the torrent, 0t 
which it is necessary to climb the banks. 
A plate of this extraordinary ravine will be : 
given in our Atlas, engraved by M. St. Au- 2. 
laire, after an original design made by OUE — 
friend J. J. Williams. : 
In the Great Canaria, the ravines We — 
modified by the structure of the country, : 
and no longer appear like those of Téné- 
riffe in the form of long crevices radiating 
from the centre of the island towards its 
circumference ; their torrents roll in et 
bottom of wide valleys, the bottom is les$ 
inclosed, and their general slope not : 
much interrupted. Hence arise a moe 


uniform soil, greater facility of cultivation 
and a very evident diminution in the num- 
er of indigenous plants. 

In the island of Palma, again, the ravines 
— resume the character of those in Ténériffe, 
they have steep-peaked sides, frequently 
so close to one another that the shrubs 
which wave from the opposite edges, form 
a twined roof of foliage above the stream 
that flows below. The great ravine de las 
_ Augustias is eminently worthy of notice, 
as it opens into the Caldera and the Bar- 
rancos of the eastern coast, and it afforded 


ec 
vum Goochie (nob.), Cytisus splendens 
(nob.), C. filipes (nob.), and C. stenopetalus 
(nob. Lotus eriophthalmus (nob.), and 
Phagnalon umbelliforme (nob.). 
' Towards their entrance, the productions 
of the ravines resemble those of the sea- 
Shore, and at their upper extremity are 
identical with the growth of the forests. 
iy "Thus, ascending to the higher parts of the 
.. island through these long defiles, we reach 
the region of the Woods. There vegetation 
becomes more compact, the trees, closely 
pressed together, almost exclude the rays 
of the sun, and by their sheltering branches 
and foliage protect the growth of many 
nemoral plants, to whose existence a damp 


eee 


a 


the picturesque, the Canary Island forests 
must excite the admiration of all those who 
_ visit them; but it is not our present intention 


us 


VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 


E 


` Laurels and Fayas may 


portant station in the Flora of these cli- 
mates, so that we mean to reserve to a fu- 
ture chapter our observations on the group- 
ing of the forest species, and the different 


selves, at the present time, to pointing out 
the principal trees and most remarkable 
lants, 
The Laurels prevail over all the other 
species; they are four in number, Laurus 


Canariensis (nob.), L. Indica, L. Barbu- 


groupes, mingled with trees, arborescent 


341 


Heaths, Ilex, Visnea, and Arbutus, name- 
ly Erica arborea, Ilex Perado, and J. 

anariensis, Visnea Mocanera, Arbutus 
Canariensis, Rhamnus glandulosus, Ce- 
lastrus cassinoides, Myrsine Canariensis, 
and Olea excelsa. Next after the Laurels, 
Heaths and Ilex, the Ardisia excelsa, Ce- 
rasus Hixa, Viburnum rugosum, and Myri- 
ca Faya are the most abundant species; 
Behmeria rubra, and Pittosporum coria- 
ceum are very rare. Among the nemoral 
plants, the Convolvulus of the Canaries 
twines like a vine to the very top of the 
highest trees, while the beautiful Anemone- 
leaved Geranium inhabits the vicinity of 
the springs; Ruscus androgynus surrounds 
the old trunks, and a multitude of Ferns 

: i: 2 ^d OPES £4 £ S 


A; & i 

heap reus dem 5 i 

The following plants, whose specific names 
sufficiently denote their origin, grow like- 
wise in the forest region— Digitalis Cana- 
riensis, Hedera Canariensis, Smilax Ca- 
nariensis, Bystropogon Canariense, Ge- 
nista Canariensis, Dracocephalum Cana- 
riense, Asplenium Canariense, Davallia 
Canariensis, Trichomanes Canariense, 
Astrodontium Canariense, Bryum Cana- 
lense. 
After traversing these primitive woods, 
we come to wasted plains, where vegeta- 
tion, if allowed to proceed uninterruptedly, 
will finally restore the original aspect 
the.country. First, groupes of young 

be seen springing 

‘up again among the Heaths; then the lat- 
ter, becoming more numerous, forbid the 
growth of any other plant; but when we 
proceed towards the higher region, these 
bushes, growing thinner and thinner, are 
almost lost among the species of Cistus and 
of Pteris.. At the elevation of 3,600 feet, 
the stunted wood finally disappears, and 
the Cistus vaginatus reigns alone, spread- 
ing in large masses as far as the boun 

of the Pine Woods. 

In general aspect and form, the Pine of 
the Canary Islands considerably resem- 
ples the European species, the fir-woods 
calling to mind the alpine forests of our 
native land. Beneath these gigantic trees, — 


be: | 
es 


342 


the soil is dry, and possesses little sub- 
stance, while the number of nemoral plants 
becomes very limited : the principal among 
these few, are— Helianthemum guttatum, 
Asphodelus ramosus, Thymus Calamintha, 
Lotus angustifolius, Pteris aquilina, Eri- 
geron viscosum, and a stunted state of 
Hypericum grandifolium. The Pine- 
Trees grow upon the steepest slopes, and 
cover the more elevated descents of the 
mountains. They are rarely seen to crown 
the table-lands which intervene among the 
crests; the edge of the chain which sur- 
rounds the Peak of Ténériffe appears arid and 
naked, such at least is the appearance from 
afar of its towering heights whose lofti- 
est peaks attain a height of 9,000 feet; but 
when we actually reach these frowning 
rocks, the traveller is amazed to detect 
there several vegetables which he had seen 
absolutely no where else. It is necessary 
to scale the precipitous steeps of the 
Sombrerito to gather the Carlina zeran- 
themoides, Cheiranthus scoparius, Pimpi- 
nella Cumbre, or Plantago Teydea (nob.). 

"The Tolpis lagopoda, Bethencourtia Pal- 
mensis, and Thymus Benthamii (nob.) are 
confined to the Peak of Almendro; a sin- 
gle shrub, known to the shepherds by the 
name of Pimientero de la Cumbre, which 
is Rhamnus coriaceus, grows solely on the 
summit of Guaxara; some stunted Junipers 
(Juniperus Cedrus, nob.) crown the cone 


of Cedro; the Rose of Armida (Rosa Ar- 


mide, nob.), and a beautiful variety of the 
Pyrus Aria inhabit exclusively two spots, 
considerably apart from each other, the 
mountain of Rosal and that part of the 
chain of Canadas called Tiro del Guanche. 
Allthese plants, insulated on these volca- 
nic ridges, vegetate there for centuries 
without propagating themselves on the ad- 
jacent Peaks. M. Mirbel has similarly 
. had occasion to remark different instances 
coc En and has alluded to them in 
his finest works. ** Mountainous 
ountris,” he says, ‘‘ possess many species 
of limited or solitary habitats, which con- 

: pe themselves to the heights, and are 
never found on the plains. Thus we see 

the Pyrénées, bs &nd Apennines pos- 


VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 


sessing each its own Flora, while several 
of the individual mountains on these lofty 
chains nourish their peculiar species, which 
we might fruitlessly seek for in the sur- 
rounding districts." 

When traversing the great circus of the 
Cañadas to reach the Teyda, the eye ex- 
tends in all directions over sheets of tufa 
and torrents of vitrified lava. The Teyda, 
whose summit commands all the surround- 
ing heights, rises like an immense dome 
above this disturbed soil; and yet this re- 
gion, desolate as is its aspect, possesses 
also its peculiar plants. As soon as the 
steeps of the encircling mountains are 
passed, we behold, in all the wildness of 
nature, an aspect of vegetation which would 
lose all its originality if transplanted else- 
where. The shrubby Leguminose prevail 
in this district, which has been laid waste 
by successive volcanic eruptions. Cytisus 
proliferus is the first shrub which offers 
itself to view before we enter the gorges 
of the Cafiadas; but when the central pla- 
teau is once reached, at an elevation of 
7,000 feet, the Adenocarpus frankenwides, 
and then the Cytisus nubigenus, the former 
alone at first, and then both mingled toge- 
ther, obtain sole possession of the soil. 
The Cytisus, called by the natives Retama, 
prefers the volcanic tufa. The other stony 


substances are not, however, destitute of - 


vegetation, many solitary species being 
found on the ancient beds of lava, as Rha- 
pontium Canariense (of Dec. MSS.) which 
grows on the small table-land of Masca; 


Chrysanthemum Broussonetit in the defile” 
of Canada blanca, Echium Auberianum 


(nob.), Polycarpea aristata, Scrophula- 


ria glabrata, Nepeta Teydee (nob.), &. — 
on the piled-up scorie at the base of the 


Teyda. As soon as we begin to scale the 
heights of this Peak, so celebrated in the 


accounts given by former travellers, two . : 
species of different genera, much alikein — 


Qe EE ERU i ET PN TE REES 


the form of their foliage, and perfume d. 


their blossoms, a Violet and a Campion 
(Silene nocteolens, nob., and Viola chei- 


ranthifolia) suddenly make their app s 


ance among the masses of pumice. 


The Retamas become rarer, and finally 


- disappear at the height of 8,670 feet; but 
— the Violet continues to brave the barren- 
- ness of the soil and the drought of the air, 
—— those sudden atmospheric changes that are 
frequently exhibited in the sphere of re- 
action of which the Peak is the centre, 
not appearing to affect its growth; it is 
even found above Altavista, nor is it till 
you reach the small table-land of the Ram- 
bleta that it ceases to be seen. Beyond 
this latter station, the Flowering Plants 
totally fail, the volcano seems to forbid all 
vegetation, a few lichens alone tinging its 
summit; while, at the edge of the crater, 
some minute Mosses ( Weissea verticillata, 
= var. which is seen at 11,424 feet above 
the level of the sea), spring up in the cre- 
vices whence the warm vapours continually 
exhale. 
After this general sketch of the Distri- 
bution of Plants over the lofty region of 
Ténériffe, if we give a glance at the cor- 
responding stations on the adjacent islands, 

we shall perceive that vegetation there 
. Changes its aspect and becomes modified 
. according to the height of the mountains 
.. and the nature of the country. Thus, the 

loftiest summits of the Great Canaria only 
. Attaining 5,842 feet, that is, about half the 
. elevation of the central mountains of Té- 
nériffe, neither the Adenocarpus nor the 
Cytisus of the Peak is to be seen. Still, 
: the summits of Canaria, though destitute 

of arborescent vegetables, do possess their 
alpine plants, which are the representatives 


Valley « of | arde. the Ridge of Manza- 
milla has afforded us also three new spe- 
: cies, Prenanthes pendula (nob.), Sature- 
Ja "cg Ee (nob.), and another 
cimbing plant, which will probably be 
found to belong to the Apocynee. 

Palma has presented us with similar ob- 
servations. According to Mr. Von Buch’s 
ns, the loftiest part of this island 


VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 


343 


attains a height of 7,234 feet; at this ele- 
vation in Ténériffe, we have already passed 
the limits of the Adenocarpus, and entered 
upon the region of the Cytisus of the Peak, 
yet Palma only possesses the former; its 
soil, both with respect to configuration 
and nature, by diminishing the influence of 
height, preventing the development of the 
latter species. The interior slopes of the 
mountains of Palma form, towards the cen- 
tre of the island, the circumference of a 
primitive crater. When on reaching the 
brink of this fearful gulf, the eye glances 
with alarm down a depth of 4,500 feet, we 
may behold ancient forests starting from 
the enormous crevices which furrow the 
sides of the mountain, while not a shrub 
can be seen on the barren ridges that sur- 
round it. This higher region has an en- 
tirely peculiar character ; it is not, as in | 
Ténériffe, an immense circus, chiefly occu- 
pied by Cytisus, and where the decompo- 
sition of volcanic tufa is favourable to ve- 
getation ; but instead of a central platform 
surrounded by mountains in ruin, a differ- 
ent formation appears, the rocks of Palma 
being of basalt, while those of Ténériffe 
are trachytic. Huge masses of basalt lie 
severed in great blocks, and frowning peaks 
bristle the mountain-tops, and seem actu- 
ally suspended over the abyss. On reach- 
ing these summits, where the compactness 
of the soil limits the growth of the Adeno- 
carpus, and entirely excludes the Cytisus, 
we may find, all along the perilous mar- 
gins, several species that never appear in 


. lower stations; these are the Arabis albida 


of Caucasus, a shrubby variety of De Can- 
dolle’s Cerastium strictum, and Viola 
Palmensis, which here takes the place of 
the Viola cheiranthifolia of the Peak of 
Teyda. Thus the spots that appear most 
utterly barren, often present the Botanist 
with his most valued acquisitions. 

The observations that may be deduced 
from the distribution of plants over the 
Archipelago of the Canaries, rest upon a 

body of highly interesting facts. And when |. 
in investigating the islands in question, we 
scrutinize the different stations which these 
plants occupy, we might say, in observing E 


344 


the choice of localities, that a sort of in- 
stinct seems to have led these germs to the 
very spots the most entirely favourable to 
their development. 


—— — 


CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS 
FOUND ON TIMOR AND THE 
NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS. 


(Communicated by M. SPANOGHE.) 
RANUNCULACE.JE. 

Clematis biternata, D C. 

Leschenaultiana, D C. 
— — — smilacina, Bl. 

ANONACE. 

Anona squamosa, Linn. i (in cultis.) 
reticulata, Linn. 
Uvaria velutina, Dunal! 

labra, Span, 
Unona odorata, Dunal! 
hamata, Dunal! 
? leptopetala, D C. 
Guatteria rufa, Dunal ! 


MENISPERMACE. 


Cocculus — var. a DC. 
SD 


———— glaucus, D C. 
— — lepto stachyus, D C. 
———— brachystachyus, D C. 


CRUCIFER. 
Sinapis nigra, Linn., var. rupestris, Span. 
Timoriana, D C. 


CAPPARIDE. 
Gynandropsis pentaphylla, D C. 


Polanisia viscosa, D C. 


Cadaba  capparoides, DC. 


Volkamerie ? D C. 
trapezifiora, Span. 
- sepiaria, Linn, var. glabrata, 


enis ? DC. 
— ——— nigricans, Span. 


CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS FOUND ON TIMOR 


VIOLARIEJE. 
Ionidium frutescens. 


POLYGALEZ. 
Polygala rufa, Span. 
humilis, Span. 


CARYOPHYLLEZ. 


Bergia ammannioides, Roth. 


MALVACE. 
Malva Timoriensis, D C. 
ruderalis, Bl. 
horrida, Span. 
Urena Zappago, Smith. 
Lebretonia? cernua, Span. 
Hibiscus Lampas, Cav. 
tubulosus, Cav. 
Timoriensis, D C. 
— ———— ficulneus, Linn. 
Rosa sinensis, Linn. (in hortis.) 
pruriens, Roxb. 
Surattensis, s 
vitifolius, Lin 
Pseudo- pee: Bl. 
Pseudo-palmatus, Span. 
— velutinus, D C. 
pheniceus, Willd. an var. ? 
— digitatus, Cav. 
tiliaceus, Linn., var. integrifolia. 
Gossypium arboreum, Linn. (in cultis.) 
Sida acuta, Burm. 
rhomboidea, Roxb. 
retusa, Linn. 
—— humilis, Willd. var. veronicefolia, 


am. 
rotundifolia ? Cav. 

Javensis, Cav. 

elongata? Bl. et var. pe 


sibcordalis: Span. 
Timoriensis, D 
cistiflora, Bl. 
—— Abutilon, Linn. 
— — Asiatica, Linn. 
—— populifolia, Lam. 
—— paucifolia, D C. 


BoMBACEJE. 
Helicteres grewiafolia, D C. 
—microcarpa, Span. 


Bombax Malabaricum, D C. 


BYTTNERIACEX. 


. Maranthes corymbosa? Bl. 
— Sterculia populifolia, D C. 
x: cordata? Bl. 
fetida, Linn 


aa Abroma mollis, 
Y3 astuosa, Bows 
E Byttneria flaccida, Span. 


. Riedleia tiliefolia, D C. 
—— corchorifolia, D C. 
Melhania! sideffora ? Span. 


it. TiLIACEJE. 
Corchorus olitorius, Linn. 
Triumfetta procumbens ? Forst. 
E ——— suborbiculata, D C. 
1 graveolens, Bl. 
Grewia salutaris, Span. 


 —— tomentosa, Juss. 


2 ELZOCARPES. 
: E angustifolius? Bl. 


no OLACINEJE. 
ioc Olax imbricata, Roxb. 

| Ximenia loranthifolia, Span. 
AURANTIACE. 
riphasia monophylla, D C. 


Theobroma Cacao, D (in hortis.) 


cyaneus, Sims et De Cand. 


AND THE NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS. 


GUTTIFERA. 


Eriodendron anfractuosum, D C. (in cultis.) Garcinia elliptica, D C. 


Calophyllum ZnopAyllum. 


.HÓiPPOCRATEACEE. 


Hippocratea Indica ? Willd. 
— —————— rigida, Span. 
cassinoides, D C. 
——— paucrflora, D C. 
Salacia prinoides, D C. 


MALPIGHIACE. 
Hiptage £rialata, Span. 
Banisteria dichotoma, Linn. 
————— Timoriensis, D C. 


SAPINDACEJE. 


Cardiospermum Halicacabum, Linn. 

Sapindus salicifolius, DC. 
rubiginosus, Roxb. 

— — fraxinifolius, D C. 

Atalaya byuga, Span. 

Schmidelia Bantamensis ? Bl. 

————— Timoriensis, D C. 

Tina rupestris, Bl. 

Melicocca £rijuga, Juss. 

Dodonea Burmanniana, D C. 


MELIACEE. 


Melia composita, Willd. 
Turrea pinnata, Span. 
Cedrela febrifuga, Bl. 
Aphanamixis Blumei, Span. 
Didymocheton nutans, BI. 
Carapa Moluccensis, Lam. 


AMPELIDE. 


Cissus quadrangularis, Linn. 
——— Indica, Willd. 

adnata, Roxb. 
Blumeana, Span. 


— —— levigata, Bl. 
Ampelopsis Indica, Bl. 
Leea rubra, Bl. 

—— hirta, Horsf. 


346 CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS FOUND ON TIMOR 


BALSAMINE#. 
Balsamina minutiflora, Span. 


OXALIDEÆ. 


Averrhoa Carambola, Linn. : (in cultis.) 


Bilimbi, Linn. 


RuTACEX. 
Evodia accedens ? Bl. 


ZYGOPHYLLE. 


Indigofera glandulosa, Willd, 

Tephrosia sericea ? 

————- Timoriensis, D C. 

Lonchocarpus ? fruticosus, Span. 

Sesbania ér7flora, Span. 

Agati grandiflora. 

Zornia gibbosa, Span. 
graminea, Span. 

Stylosanthes aprica, Span. 

Æschynomene atropurpurea, Span. 

Timoriana. 


Tribulus ¢erestris, Linn. var. Moluccensis, Lourea obcordata, Desv. 
Bl. 


CELASTRINES. 
Celastrus paniculatus, Willd 


RHAMNEZ. 

Zizyphus celtidi folia, DC. 
— ———À Timoriensis, D C. 

rotundata, D C. 
Ceanothus pubiflorus, D C. 
Ventilago Madaraspatana? Gaertn. 
` Gouania £iliefolia, Lam. 
— — — Mauritiana? Lam. 
Actageton sarmentosum, Bl. 


TEREBINTHACEJE. 
Holigarna longifolia, Roxb. 
Mangifera Indica, Linn. 
—— glauca? Bl. 
Pistacia oleosa, Lour. 
Spondias mangifera, Pers. 
Icica? Timoriensis, D C. 
Caharium commune, Linn. (in cultis.) 

imela, Koen. 

innata, Roxb. 
Cnestis pentaphylla, Span. 
Brucea Sumatrana, Roxb. 


LEGUMINOSE. 
Crotalaria /aburnifolia, Linn. 
juncea? Linn. 
coluteoides, Lam. 
Indigofera tinctoria (in cultis.) 
; - wmoriensis, D C. 


Leschenaultii, D C. 


raria comosa, D 
crinita, Desv. 
lagopodioides, D C. 
Nicholsonia oxalidifolia, Span. 
Desmodium auriculatum, D C. 
——_—_—_—. Timoriense. 
latifolium, D C. 
umbellatum, D C. 
maculatum, D C. 
— lineatum, Span. 
Flemingia gen ifera, Ait. 
————— a, Roxb. 
rac ulis podio. D C. 
vaginalis, D C 
Abrus precatorius, Linn. 
Rhynchosia sericea, Span. 
————— eee tees qo D C. 


DC. 
Teramnus uncinatus, Swartz. 
Dolichos Cojan, Linn. nd (in cultis.) 
— — Sinensis, L 
— 4 lobatus, Willd. 

Lablab vulgaris, Savi. (in cultis.) 
Pachyrrhizus angulatus, Rich. 
Canavalia rosea, Swartz. 
macheroides, D C. 
Mucuna pruriens, D C. 
gigantea, D C. 
Cajanus flavus. 
Erythrina Jndica, Lam. 
Pongamia glabra, Vent. 
Dalbergia Timoriensis, D C. 
repens, Span. 
elliptica, Span. 
Pterocarpus Zndicus. 
Entada Pursetha, D C. 
monostachya, DC. 
Inga moniliformis, D C. 


ar. Timoriensis. 


- Inga biglobosa, Willd. 
(0 —— pterocarpa, D C. 
i —— Timoriana, D C. 
1 | —— umbellata, Willd. 


—— ———— trispermus, Span. 
Adenanthera glauca, Span. 
Acacia laxiflora, D C 


| Willd. 
Lebbeckoides, D C. 
Moringa polygama, D C. 


Cesalpinia Sappan, Linn. 


Poinciana pulcherrima, Linn. 
Mezoneurum glabrum, Desf. 


pan 

Tamarindus Indica, Linn. 
Cassia Fistula, Linn. 
Javanica, Linn. 
— —— Timoriensis, D C. 
— —— Tora, Linn. 

— —— angustissima. 


on 


a, Paid 
HEE Bey Td 


| (00———— atrovirida, Span. 
Cynometra cauli flora, Linn. 


purpurea, Linn. 


COMBRETACEX. 

Quisqualis Indica, Linn. 
erminalia Moluccana, Lam. 
intermedia, Span. 


:  SANTALACEJE. 
. Santalum myrtifolium, Linn. 
: THYMELACE2. 
: o: tenuiflora, Span. 

| ocíandra, Willd. 


p LonANTHEE. 

5 Loranthus triflorus, Span. 
(UU prelongus, Bl. 

~ fuscus, Bl. 


Viscum orientale, Willd. 


scandens, et var. 


Desmanthus acinaciformis, Span. 
Farnesiana, var. pedunculata, 


| . Guilandina Bonduc, minus, D C. 


— —— occidentalis; var. aristata, Coll. 


(in cultis.) 


inermis. 


AND THE NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS. 


RUBIACE. 
Bigelovia stricta, Spreng. 
Polyozus acuminata, Bl. 
Ixora coccinea, Bl. 
Pavetta odorata, Bl. 


Psychotria parviflora, Span. 
rostrata, Bl. 
Peederia fætida, Linn. 
Gonotheca Blumez, D C. 
Oldenlandia ramosa, Roxb. 
Ophiorrhiza rugosa, Wall. 


Randia maculata, Span. et var. nitida, 


pan. 
Dentella repens, Forst. 


` Guettarda speciosa, Linn. 


Timonia Rumphu, D C. 
Morinda citrifolia, Linn. 
Nauclea glabra, Roxb. 
lanceolata, (?) 
macrophylla, Bl. 
sericea, Span. 


glandulifera, Span. 


STRYCHNES. 


Strychnos colubrina, Linn. 
Fagrea tetragona, Span. 
Anasser Rumphii, Span. 


APOCYNE. 


Carissa Carandas, Linn. 
Tabernemontana heterophylla, Span. 
Cerbera Odollam, Gertn. 
Rauwolfia Sumatrana, Jack. 
Vinca rosea, Linn. (in hortis.) 
Plumeria acuminata, Dryand. 
Altonia scholaris, n Br. 
sericea 


Vallaris Mp m Burm. (in hortis.) 


Helygia Javanica ? Bl. 
Nerium? Jaspideum, Span. 
? macrocarpum, Span. 


ÅSCLEPIADEÆ. 
Calotropis gigantea, R. Br. 
ergularia odoratissima, Smith. 
Dischidia nummularia, R. Br. 
ochleata, Bl. 


C 


348 


EBENACE2. 
Diospyros maritima? Bl. et. var. minor, 
Span. 
dioica, Span. 
microcarpa, Span. 


SAPOTEJE. 
Mimusops obtusifolia, Linn. (in hortis.) 
calyptranthifolia, Span. 
Achras Sapota, Linn. (in cultis.) 


JASMINE. 
Jasminum Sambac, Lm (in hortis.) 
elongatum, Linn. 
scandens, Vahl. 


MYRSINEZ. 
Ardisia paniculata? Bl. 
ZEgiceras minus, Pers. 


SoLANACES. 
Lycopersicum Humboldtii, Dun. 
Solanum verbascifolium, Linn. 

rongum, Poir. 
———— pseudo-saponaceum, Bl. 
Datura Metel, Linn. 


Physalis pseudo-angulata, Bl. 
Nicotiana Chinensis ? (in cultis.) 


LoBELIACES. 
Lobelia Zeylanica, Pers. 
Scevola Konigiz, Vahl. 


CoNVOLVULACE. 
Convolvulus parviflorus, Vahl. 
Porana volubilis, Linn. var. Burmanniana, 


Evolvulus Azrsutus? Lam. et var. lan- 
ceefolius, Span. 

—— —— pumilus, Span. 

Ipomea Quamoclit, Linn. (in hort) 

paniculata, R. 

————— Pes Tigridis, Linn. 

—— vitifolia, Bl. 
- hederacea, Linn. 


CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS FOUND ON TIMOR 


Batatas, Poir. (in cultis.) 
ochroleuca, 


——— pulchra, Bl. 


—— ——— bifida, Vahl., var. 
nympheefola, Bl. 
— ——— maritima, R. Br. 
— ——— filicaulis, BI. 
pumila, Span. 


———— 


- 
, 


NYCTAGINEJE. 
Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn. 
angustifolia, Span. 
minutiflora, Span. 
Pisonia Limonella, Bl. 
excelsa? Bl. 
alba, Span. 


PLUMBAGINE E. 
Plumbago auriculata, (flor. albo.) 


PRIMULACEZ. 
Epithema sazatile, Bl. 


RHINANTHEZ. 
Buchnera nigrescens, Span. 


SCROPHULARINE.E. 
Buddlea acumintissima ? Bl. 
Gratiola veronice folia, Linn. 
Herpestes spathulata, Bl. 


BIGNONIACE E. 

Spathodea rostrata, Span. l 

Millingtonia dubtosa, Span | 

Bignonia Indica, Linn. (Calosanthes Indica, A 
B ee 


Spee une 


SESAME. 
Sesamum Jndicum, Linn. 
Josephinia Celebica, Bl. 
VERBENACEE. 
Clerodendron inerme, Gertn. 


(0 —— trifoliata, Linn. 

= —— Negundo, Linn. 
Premna integrifolia, Linn. 
parasitica, Bl. 


Avicennia alba, Bl. 

Lippia nodiflora, Rich. 
ACANTHACEÆ. 
Justicia Saati Vahl. 
——— picta, 

nasuta, Lina 
Gendarussa, Linn. 
Barleria Prionitis, Linn. 


Acanthus ilicifolius, Linn. 
Nomaphila corymbosa, Bl. 
Hegrophila difformis ? Bl. 
Strobilanthes involucrata, Bl. 
arborea, Span. 
Lepidagathes parviflora, Bl. 
Ruellia repens, Linn. 

(00 — ! suaveolens, Span. 


: LABIATAJE. 
Nepeta disticha, Linn. 
Bystropogon graveolens ? Bl. 
Leonurus Sibiricus, Linn. 
' Phlomis Chinensis, Retz. 

.. Ocymum polystachium, Linn. 
Plectranthus bicolor. 


GENTIANE. 
Mitrasaeme trinervis, Span. 
BoRAGINEEX. 
Ehretia lucida, Span. 
Cordi Rumphü, Bl. 
Timoriensis, Span. 

Tournefortia argentea, Linn 
Pe Tiaridium Indicum, Lehm. 
: 2 ER1icEx. 

x | Beobotrys virgata, Bl. 


ARALIACE E. 


Clerodendrum macrophyllum, Bl 
. Vitex leucorylon ? et var. albiflora, Span. 


a cana, Linn. 
Tectona grandis, Linn. fil. (ex Java allata) 


AND THE NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS. 349 


Panax scutellarioides, Reinwdt. (in hortis.) 
UMBELLIFER. 
Hydrocotyle Asiatica, Linn. 
COMPOSITÆ. 


Elephantopus scaber. 
Sphæranthus P whether new, or 


Thunbergia Javanica, Gærtn. fil. 


tetrandra, var. hirsuta, Bl. 


daphyllum verticillatum, Span. 


escribed species. 
Vernonia P Reinwdt. 
linifolia, Bl. 

Conyza balsamifera, Linn. 
lacera, Burm. 
pubigera, Linn. 
Lavenia macrophylla, var. repens, Bl. 
Cacalia sarmentosa, 
sonchifolia, Linn. 
sagittata, Willd. 
Verbesina biflora, Linn. 

urticefolia, Bl. 
Eclipta undulata, Willd. 
Chrysanthemum Jndicum, Linn. (1n hortis.) 
Cotula Maderaspatana. 


PASSIFLOREJE. 


Passiflora * Timoriana, Span. 
Modecca cordifolia ? Bl. 


PAPAYACEJE. 
Carica Papaya, Linn. 
CucURBITACES. 
Bryonia scabrella, Linn. fil. 
Momordica Charantia, Linn. 
bicolor, Bl. 


Luffa fætida, Cav. 
Cucumis ieu Linn. 


——— s, Lin 
Cucurbita PEPER ‘Willd. 
= hispida, Thunb. 
farinosa, Bl. 
Citrullus, Linn. 
acutangula, Bl. 
Trichosanthes tricuspidata, Lour. 
MYRTACEÆ. 
Myrtus macrophylla, Spr. 
— —— Javanica, Spr. 
vet te 
———— obtusissim ; 
Calyptranthes Sisolauo, Willd. 


Eugenia, Linn. 


350 CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS FOUND ON TIMOR, &c. 


^ Psidium pomiferum, Linn. 
Perigara a/ata, Span. 
globosa, Span. 


Barringtonia speciosa, Linn, fil. 


spicata, Bl. 
Punica Granatum, Linn. 
Melaleuca viridiflora ? Smith. 
Eucalyptus alba, Reinwdt. 


RHIZOPHORES. 


Rhizophora apiculata, Bl. 
Bruguiera Rheedi, Bl. 


SALICARIEZ. 
Lagerstroemia ig ray Jack. 
Lawsonia inermis, 
Cryptotheca dichotomn, BL. 
————— apetala, Bl. 
Pemphis acidula, Forst. 
Lythrum punctatum, Span. 


ONAGRARIES. 


Jussieua suffruticosa, Linn. 
—— — fluvialis, Bl. 


PoRTULACE X. 
Portulaca meridiana, Linn. 
Trianthema polyandrum, Bl. 


CRASSULACE.E. 
Calanchoe spatulata, D C. 


FICOIDE. 
Sphenoclea Zeylanica, Gertn. 


URTICER. 
Celtis orientalis, Linn. 
Amboinensis, Willd. 
——- Timorensis, Span. 
Morus Jndica, Linn. 
Epicarpurus orientalis, Bl. 
Trophis spinosa, Roxb. 
Urtica sanguinea, Bl. 
cinerascens, Bl. 


—— — glomerata, Klein. 
Procris formidata, Span. 
Ficus Benjamina, Linn. 
M subcordata, 


PoLYcoNExX. 


Polygonum oryzetum, Bl. 


CHENOPODE E. 
Basella alba, Pluk. 


AMARANTHACES. 


Amaranthus polystachyus | ? Willd. 
— spinosus, Linn. 

retroflexus, Linn. 
Doehringia Jndica ? Retz. 
Ptilotus amabilis, Span. 
Celosia argentea, Linn. 

cristata, Linn. 

Tryphera prostrata, Bl. 
Cyathula prostrata, Bl. 
Gomphrena globosa, Linn. (in hortis.) 
———- lanuginosa, Span. 


LAURINES. 


Litsea Timoriana, Span. 


MyRISTICE. 


Myristica glauca ? Bl. 


EUPHORBIACE. 


Fluggea Javanica, Bl. 
Glochidion arborescens, Bl. 
—— obscurum, Bl. 
Cicca nodiflora, Lam. 
Melanthesa rubra, Bl. 
————-— rhamnoides, Bl. 
Phyllanthus anceps, Vahl. 
— — — — MNiruni, Linn. 
Croton denticulatum, Bl. 

- pauciflorum, Span. 
baliospermum, Spa 
Erythrocarpus glomeratus, Bl. 


spicatus, Bl. 

Codizum variegatum, Bl. 

Rottlera £iliefolia, Bl. 

— —— multiglandulosa, Bl. 
aniculata, Juss. 

Adelia Timoriana, Span. 

? scandens, Span. 

ae Javanensis, Bl. 


me. here, not knowing whether they are Erythrochilus ndicus, Rei 
unknown 


inwt. * 
species, which Mr. Janipha Manihot, Kunth, (ex Java intro- 


ducta). 


- Jatropha multifida, Linn. (in hortis.) 
r urcas, Linn. 
- Aleurites Moluccana, Willd. 
- Ricinus communis, Linn. 
— Mappa Javanicus, Juss. fil. 
_ Acalypha Zndica, Linn. 


——— hispida, Willd. 
Euphorbia nereifolia, Linn. 


ae Reinwt. 
—— —— thymifolia, Linn. 
Plukenetia — Willd. 
Cleidion Javanicum, Bl. 


PIPERACES. 

.. Piper Betel, Linn. (in cultis.) 

=- —— Siriboa, Linn. (in cultis.) 

—— coccineum, Span. 
ARISTOLOCHIE. 

_ Aristolochia acuminata, Lam. 

Tacca palmata, Bl. 
pinnatifida, Forst. 


S ASPARAGEJE. 

| Curculigo orcAioides, Roxb. 
Ex SMILACEJE. 
Smilax Zeylanica, Linn. 

=> — perfoliata, Lour. 

|] Drosconz x. 

ee Dioscorea sativa, Linn. 


~ ——— bulbifera, Linn. 


AMARYLLIDES. 
2 Crinum Asiaticum., - 
é Damasonium Indicum, Willd. 


SCITAMINEE. 


Zerumbet, Raxb. 
Fie Americanum, Bl. 


AROIDE. 


ACCOUNT OF THE ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA OF CHILI, 351 


ORCHIDEX. 
Malaxis cernua, Willd. 
Grammatophyllum ? pulchrum, Span. 
Habenaria Susanne, Bl. 
cornuta, Span. 
mutica, Span. 


PALME. 
Cocos nucifera, Linn. 
Areca Catechu, Willd. 
Aringa saccharifera, Reinwt. 
Borassus flabelliformis, Linn. 
Corypha umbraculifera, Lam. 


FILICES, 
Acrostichum speciosum, Willd. 
oe inequalis, d 
Niphobolus varius ? Kau 
Polypodium marinum Bl. 
— — —— quercifolium, Linn. 
Aspidium unitum, Swartz. 
—————— Amboinense, Willd. 


Asplenium humile, Bl. 

Diplazium marginatum, Bl. 
Adiantum lunulatum, Burm. 

Davallia patens, Sw. var. tenuis? Bl. 
-Jenise biserrata, 

Pteris vittata, Linn. 

costata, Willd. 

normalis ? Don. 

Lycopodium circinale, Linn. 


ovatum, Sw. 
Ceratopteris ain; Brongn. 


——— ea 


ACCOUNT OF THE ARAUCARIA 
IMBRICATA OF CHILL 


From Dr. Poeppig’s Travels in South America. 


Tue Araucaria, a tree that affords to 
the Indians of the Patagonian Andes a 
great part of their food, will not grow on 
the low lands, and it also preserves an 
accurately defined boundary with respect 
to its northern limits. When transplanted 
into many parts of the Province of Con- 
cepcion, it exhibits a sickly and deteriorated 
appearance, and vegetates so reluctantly 


352 


that from many fresh seeds which were 
sown in Talcahuano, only two sprung up, 
which shortly afterwards decayed. An 
alpine atmosphere and a severer climate 
than can be expected in the lower tracts of 
the country and, above all, a stony soil, 

seem to be indispensable to its growth. 

In the immediate neighbourhood of Antuco 
not a single tree of Araucaria can be seen, 
and it requires a fatiguing excursion to 
gratify the Naturalist’s desire to behold a 
wood of these truly regal trees. Between 
Antuco and the Fort of Trun Leuvu, runs 
a narrow valley, which being short and full 
of a dense undergrowth, suddenly ascends 
and is connected with the defile through 
which the Rucué flows, a narrow arch 
arising in its middle. A brook that runs 
at the bottom, Quillay Leuvu (the river of 
the Quillayas) gives its name. Accompa- 
nied by a jolly countryman, who had known 
better times, (for the Antucanos used to 
possess large herds,) and who could give 


nearly forgotten and has been untrodden 

r many years. The thick vegetation pre- 
vented us from penetrating into the valley 
on horseback, and we therefore resolved, 
being each of us furnished with a woollen 
coverlet and some provisions, to proceed 
on foot. Such are the hindrances which 
everywhere impede the progress of those 
strangers, who, impelled either by scientific 
motives or by mere curiosity, quit the 
few roads which connect the rare inhabited 
spots inthe Andes. In America the col- 
lector does not obtain his treasures so 
readily as in Europe ; labours and dangers 
here unknown there attend the acquisition 
of perhaps only a few insignificant plants. 
All around the small villages or the solitary 
hut i in which the traveller may have taken 
up abode, stretches a wilderness, 
5 destitute of inhabitants, through which 

= t an accurate knowledge of the 
Tis can enable him to find his way, 
or lead him to a path which may extricate 
him from his difficulties. The native, 
whom his occupation seldom induces to 


4 - LUPUS TEMA p] 
and who feels no curiosity to visit the 


ACCOUNT OF THE ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA OF CHILI. 


forests and uninhabited -defiles of the 
mountains, is mostly unacquainted with 
them and cannot even aid the stranger by 
his descriptions. Thus the difficulty and 
delay, consequent on procuring a guide, 
often compel him to go alone. But if he 
be expert and accustomed to hardships, 
and is acquainted with the peculiarities of 
the country, so as to embolden him to 
venture on such an expedition, then the 
sense of independence and of increased 
self-confidence, arising from his success, 
will soon make him forget all the dis- 
agreeable feelings that first assailed him 
on his solitary journey. That he might 
suffer a lingering death and expire of 
starvation in places where no one could 
seek for him, or, seeking, would not find 
him,—that his return may be prevented by 
causes such as these, are thoughts that 
must not dwell upon his mind and which 
indeed seldom come across the traveller 
when he, with great danger, attains the 
summit of a lofty and hitherto unvisited 
rock, or finds his exertions repaid by the 
harvest of new and beautiful things that 
surround him in a deep and dark defile, 
shut out from the sight of all mankind. 

At the lower end of the valley which I : 
have described, a fire had been raging ^. 
and all the trees stood without bark, the — . 
greater part even with half-charred stems. 
The wood itself is much altered by sucha — - 
circumstance; for while its colour and 
compactness are improved for the pur- 
poses of manufacture, it becomes useless 
for fuel and receives the name of Pellin 
(Madera apellinada). Forest conflagra- 
tions often occur, from unknown causes, 
even in the uninhabited districts of the ; 
Andes, and consume every thing, UP to £i 
the elevation where the Chilian Knee- 4 
wood and the dwarf Beech Tree grow, ^ 
near the limits of perpetual snow. After 
such fires, the forest never again throws "E 
lofty stems, but produces only a th 
underwood that envelopes and destroys the 
higher trees that may have escaped. It x 
most curious to observe the new ai 
peculiar vegetation that in all parts 
America succeeds such an occurrence. k 
Pennsylvania the few forests that ^: 


Wi ACA 


_ hitherto escaped the ravages of the axe and 
_ of fire, resemble a park, being quite free 


fore unseen, shoots up, particularly on the 
lofty mountains, which presents indeed a 
lovely spectacle, being loaded with flowers, 
but forms an impenetrable thicket. In 
places where not a single tree has escaped 
the devouring element arises a bushy Oak, 
the Scrub Oak (Quercus ilicifolia), im- 
peding the progress of the hunter, and 
proving the greatest enemy to the farmer, 
as its roots run deep and throw up new 
shoots so readily, that it is almost impossi- 
ble to eradicate it. In the warmer tracts 
of this part of the world, the consequences 
are still more apparent. The formidable 
stinging Tree-Nettle (Urtica baccifera, 
Linn.), the ugly species of Psychotria and 
Piper, presently occupy the bounds of the 
woods in Cuba, and where cultivation is 
hot promptly and speedily employed, an 
Impenetrable mass of crooked-thorned 

es, Ipomeas, and other climbing 
Plants soon occupy the soil. How similar 
Causes are seen to operate on the vegetable 
E kingdom in the Andes of Peru, and in the 
= Primitive forests of Maynas, I shall here- 
_ alter take occasion to mention. 

In Chili such burned places soon pre- 
Sent the powerfully-stinging Loasas, with 
erect or climbing stems, followed by shrubs 
. Whose seeds are prickly, and attach them- 
selves. to every surrounding object, Acc- 
= "as, Uncinias, and many others: shortly 

after, the Colliguaja gets a footing, an 
; arborescent grass which characterizes the 
districts of Chili, as does the Bamboo the 
Warm climes of Asia, and as the endless 
TETE 1: SP ee N LA 


: eR fropical parts of America. The stems 
s the Colliguaja shoot up in great num- 

* from their creeping roots, and in a rich 

: ‘Soil attain an elevation of twelve to eighteen 
ud tufted, for their whole length, with 
E og green leaves, and covered with 
Pa ard a polished yellow bark as resists 

€ knife: they are, moreover, extremely 

x i and by incautiously bending them, 
^L. I. 


ACCOUNT OF THE ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA OF CHILI. 


353 


you may chance to receive a smart blow. 
Every where, from the sea to the Upper 
Andes, these trees seem to find a suitable 
habitat, byt near the snow-line they dwin- 
dle to mere shrubs, between which it is 
with great difficulty you can force a path, 
and not without many a fall, as the feet 
easily slip on their smooth stems, which 
stretch at length along the ground. This 
plant is no less useful to the Chileno than 
is the Bamboo to the native of Asia, man 
parts of his house consist of the Colligua- 
Ja. But the detriment this plant occasions 
is almost still greater when it has migrated 
into a field newly prepared for cultivation, 
for after the burning of the primitive fo- 
rests, living roots still remain, and in the 
first spring, the stems of this grass rapidly 
spring up between the young seed, and, as 
autumn draws on, prevent the harvest. It 
is hardly possible to succeed in extirpating 
the root, for where the smallest portion re- 
mains, there is a bud for a fresh brood, 
with which it requires continual labour to 
combat. The numerous fallen trunks 
obliged us to take circuitous ways over the 
pathless steep mountain-sides. Still, many 
beautiful plants rewarded this exertion, the 
beautiful Tropeolum (T. speciosissimum, 
Poepp.), with many other very remarkable 
plants, grew there; as Myrtus bullata, M. 
chrysocarpa, Perezia prenanthoides, Se- 
necio obscurus, Sida stelligera, Gerardia 
Chilensis, Dichroma pallens, and D. al- 
pinum, all new species: these present 
themselves abundantly over the shady 
bushes, and, with their red purple flowers, 
ler t] ] i f a great 


i 
distance. 

Towards the evening we had ascended 
the moderately high ridges that form the 
back-ground of the valley ; and the dense 
crown that was seen above these, from afar, 
had indicated our near approach to the de- 
sired aim, and added new vigour to our 
exertions. When we arrived at the first 
Araucarias, the sun had just set, still some 
time remained for their examination. 

What first struck our attention, were the 
thick roots of these trees, which lie spread 

Z 


351 


over the stony and nearly naked soil, like 
gigantic serpents, two or three feet in thick- 
ness: they are clothed with a rough bark, 
similar to that which invests the lofty pillar- 
like trunks, of from fifty to a hundred feet 
in height. The crown of foliage occupies 
only about the upper quarter of the stem, 
and resembles a large depressed cone. The 
lower branches, eight or twelve in number, 
form a circle round the trunk; they dimi- 
nish till there are but four or six in a ring, 
and are of most regular formation, all 
spreading out horizontally, and bending 
upwards only at their tips. They are 
thickly invested with leaves, that cover 

em like scales, and are sharp-pointed, 
above an inch broad, and of such a hard 
and woody texture, that it requires a sharp 
knife to sever them from the parent branch. 
‘The general aspect of the Araucaria is 
most striking and peculiar, though it un- 
deniably bears a distant family-likeness to 
the Pines of our country. Its fruits, placed 
at the ends of the boughs, are of a regu- 
larly globular form, as large as a man's 
head, and consist of beautifully imbricated 
scales that cover the seeds, which are the 
most important part of this truly noble 
tree. The Araucaria is the Palm of those 
Indians who inhabit the Chilian Andes, 
from lat. 37° to 48°, yielding to these no- 
made nations a vegetable sustenance that 
is found in the greater plenty, the more 
they recede from the whites, and the more 
difficult they find it to obtain corn by com- 
merce. Such is the extent of the Arauca- 
ria forests (Pinares), and the amazing 
quantity of nutritious seeds that each full- 
grown tree produces, that the Indians are 
ever secure from want, and even the dis- 
cord that prevails frequently among the 
different hordes does not prevent the quiet 
collection of this kind of harvest. A sin- 
gle fruit (cabeza, “a head,") contains be- 


P. c tween two and three hundred kernels, and 
there are frequently twenty or thirty fruits 


on one stem. d as even a hearty eater 
among the Indians, except he should be 
wholly deprived of every other kind of 


sustenance, cannot consume more than two 


ACCOUNT OF THE ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA OF CHILI. 


hundred nuts in a day, it is easily seen that ! 


eighteen Araucarias will maintain a single 
person for a whole year. The kernel, which 
is the shape of an Almond, but double the 
size, is surrounded with a coriaceous mem- 
brane that is easily removed ; though re- 
lishing when prepared, it is not easily 
digestible, and containing but a small 
quantity of oil, is apt to cause disorders in 


the stomach with those who are not accus- - 


tomed to this diet. When the scarcely- 
mature seeds are dried in the sun, a sugary 
substance exudes, which appears to reside 
chiefly in the embryo. The Indians eat 
them, either fresh, boiled, or roasted, and 
the latter mode of cooking gives them a 
flavour something like a Chestnut. For 
winter's use they are dried, after being 
boiled, and the women prepare a ki 

flour and pastry from them. The collect- 
ing these fruits would be attended with 
great labour, if it were always necessary to 
climb the gigantic trunks: but as soon as 
the kernels are ripe, towards the end of 
March, the cones drop off of themselves, 
and shedding their contents on the ground, 
scatter liberally a boon, which nothing but 
the Little Parrot (Psittacus choraeus, 
Mol.) and a species of Cherry-Finch divide 
with the Indians. In the vast forests, of a 


day's journey in extent, that are formed by n 
these trees in the districts of Pehuenches . 


and Huilliches, the fruits lie in such plenty 
on the ground, that but a very small 
of them can be consumed. In former 


times, a great quantity came to Concepcion — 


and Valdivia, by trading with the Indians, 
and thence they found their way to Valpa- 
raiso and Lima, but now they are 


seen any where near the coast, or they sa E 


too old to be palatable. 
all the seeds of Araucaria 


were sent to Europe did not vegetate, 19 

because the colfectors did not procure them : 
from the Indian country, but bought them SS 
in the market at Valparaiso, where they are = 
offered for sale boiled and dried. My €* — 


cursion to Quillay-Leuvu obtained for mé 
fresh seeds of the Araucaria, which eu 
ed Germany in October, 1829, being. ecto? 


PTT en en 


ACCOUNT OF THE ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA OF CHILI. 


months after they were ripe, and being 
sowed immediately, the period was just 
that of the Chilian spring. Of some hun- 
dreds, about thirty came up, but ignorance 
of the true climate, which led to the error 
- Of placing the young plants in a hot-house, 
killed the greater part during the first year. 
To my great satisfaction, however, about 
six individual plants have been preserved 
in different places, and they are, to the best 
of my belief, the only ones in Europe.! The 
specimen in the Botanic Garden at Leipzic 
flourishes beautifully, it is about twenty 
inches high, and already bears four long 
branches in whorls. The wood of the 
Araucaria is red where it has been affect- 
ed by the forest fires; but otherwise it is 
white, and, towards the centre of the stem, 
bright yellow. It yields to none in hard- 
ness and solidity, and might prove valua- 
ble for many uses, if the places of growth 
of the tree were less inaccessible. For 
ship-building it would be useful, but is 
much too heavy for masts. If a branch be 
Scratched, or the scales of an unripe fruit 
be broken, a thick milky juice immediately 
exudes, that soon changes to a yellowish 
resin, of which the smell is agreeable, and 
Which is considered by the Chilians as 
possessing such medicinal virtues, that it 
Cures the most violent rheumatic head- 
aches, when applied to the spot where the 
pain is felt. 
The Araucaria forest of Antuco is the 
Most northerly that is known in Chili, so 
the boundary of this king of all the 
extratropical American Trees, may be es- 
at 36° south latitude. The ex- 
treme southern limit is not so clearly 
certained, which is not surprizing, when 


. We consider how little, comparatively, is 


| f western Patagonia; it seems 
à probable, however, that it does not stretch 
far beyond lat. 46^. Between Antuco and 
is Valdivia this tree only grows among the 
» and as the Indians assert, solely on 
UNS * Many were raised previous to this period, by Mr. 
nm Marry, at the Glasgow Botanic Garden, from seeds 
__ Seat by Mr. Cruckshanks, from Chili. 


355 


their western declivities, and no where 
lower than from 1,500 to 2,000 feet below 
the snow-line, up to which they frequently 
reach. Further to the South, the Arauca- 
ria appears at a lower elevation, and in the 
country of the Cuncos and about Osorno 
is said to occur on mountains of a very 
moderate altitude near the sea. The Cor- 
covado, a mountain that rises opposite 
Childe, is said to be studded, from its foot 
to the snow-line, with large groupes of 
these beautiful trees. Of all other vege- 
tation, the Araucaria forests are as bare 
as the Pine-woods, offering but few plants 
which can interest the Botanist. Steep 
rocky ridges, where there is no water, are 
its favourite habitat. We were obliged to 
seek this needful article at a considerable 
distance from our bivouac ; but, our frugal 
supper not requiring much cooking, we 
soon stretched ourselves on the hard rock 
to sleep, under the lullaby of a storm, to 
which the lofty summits above us imparted 
the most singular tones. All of us who 
had been accustomed to such primitive 
beds might have rested well enough, if a 
fog had not descended upon us about mid- 
night, which was so dense, as nearly to 
extinguish our fire. Matters became still 
worse, when violent thunder and hail ap- 
prized us that not even a forest of Arauca- 
rias could shelter the traveller from the 
wrath of the Cordillera.? We all trembled ; 
my companions, however, chiefly from 
fear and superstition, though the tempera- 
ture was sufficiently low to occasion a 
shudder in thinly-clad travellers. The 
anxiously looked for morning brought a 
brighter sky, and the means of kindling a 
cheerful and genial fire. A yo man, 
who had joined us the preceding day, suc- 
ceeded (by means of his lasso, which he 
threw over one of the lowest branches) in 
ascending a tree, from which he brought 
down many branches, loaded with their 
truly colossal fruit, which have since arrived 
safely in Germany. 

* See Colonel Hall’s Travels in the Quitenian An- 
des. 


356 

E ge, 

./ SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE#, 
A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIA- 
CE. 

By George Bentham, Esq., F.L.S. 

THE materials from which the subjoined 
paper has been taken, are chiefly two ex- 
tensive collections of South African Scro- 
phulariacez, the one transmitted to me for 
examination, by Messrs. Ecklon and Zey- 
her, from their own Herbarium, the other 
being a complete set of Mr. Drége’s Scro- 
phulariacee presented to me by Mr. Ernest 
Meyer, of Koenigsberg. For the genus 
Buchnera I have also been furnished with 
several notes by Mr. Brown, who has kind- 
ly allowed me to examine that genus in his 
New Holland Herbarium, and has present- 
ed me with specimens of most of the spe- 
cies, and Mr. Allan Cunningham has en- 
trusted me with the whole of his collection 
of the same genus. I have also availed 
myself of the Herbaria of Linnzus, of the 
British Museum, of Sir W. J. Hooker, of 
Dr. Lindley, as well as of my own, and 
have thus verified most of the published 
species, with the exception of Humboldt's 
and some of Sello's South American ones. 

My chief difficulty has been in the de- 
termining Thunberg's species. It is indeed 
true, as remarked by Mr. E. Meyer, that 
his descriptions, when given in detail, are 
better than he is usually given credit for, 
but so large a number are so vaguely de- 
scribed, without attention to the important 
characters derived from the flower, that 
their identity with specimens before us 
must be matter of conjecture, until they 
can be compared with his Herbarium. In 
quoting this author, the work I have made 
use of is Schultes's edition of his Flora 
Capensis, published at Stuttgard, in 1823. 

Three Linnzan genera, Buchnera, Eri- 
nus, and Manulea, have been included in 
the tribe of Buchnerec, and appear to have 
been considered by many authors as so 

many common receptacles for all Scrophu- 
lariacee with slender tubes to the corolla 
and plane lobes to its limb; the scabrous 
species, which dry black, being referred to 
Buchnera, and the remainder to Erinus 

or Manulea, according to whether the lobes 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE.E, 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEJE. 


of the corolla were supposed to be bifid or 
entire. 

The character originally given by Lin- 
neus to Buchnera (Hort. Cliff. 501), ap- 
pears to have been framed from the species 
which he afterwards (Spec. Pl. ed. 1.630.) 
removed to Erinus, under the name of E. 
Africanus, and, in his Genera Plantarum, 
he modified the character of Buchnera so | 
as to make it applicable to his B. Asiatica, | 
and it is from the set of plants designated 
by him under this name that the chief 
points of his subsequent descriptions are 
taken. In his Systema Nature, however, 
apparently by some error, he has exchanged 
the characters of Buchnera and Erinus, 
which error Willdenow has copied without 
perceiving that he thus gives to Buchnera | 
a character applicable to only a small por- | 
tion of the species he includes in it, and 
which these possess in common with the 
greater number of his Erini; and to Erinus 
one which is at complete variance with 
every one of the species. 

Eleven years, however, previous to the. ; 
publication of the 3rd vol. of Willdenow's 
Species, Jussieu had already (Gen. PI. p. 
100,)so modified the character of Buchnera 
as to make it comprehend, though some- 
what vaguely, those two series of plants, 
of which the B. Americana and B. Asia- 
tica may be considered as the types, n 
which he was followed by Lamarck, Per- 
soon, and other French Botanists ; but none 
of them followed it up by any examination 
of the heterogeneous species usually enu- 
merated under the generic name. Brown: 
first (Prod. Fl. Nov. Hol. 293) distinguish- 
ed these two series as sections of Buchnera, 
giving to the whole genus and to each sec- 
tion definite and comprehensive characters 
which could thenceforth leave no doubt as 
to their limits. 

With regard to Erinus, Linneus, - 
also Jussieu and their immediate followers — . ; 
took their character and descriptions fom 
the E. alpinus (which it now appears must 
be removed from the tribe) enumerating, ; 
however, as species, more Or less of the 
South African Buchnerea. Willdenow, 
as has been said, continued to join them, 


EA TE 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE, 


following Linneus’s mistake in giving to 
the group part of the character of another 
genus, and Persoon, in a manner very un- 
usual to the author of the Enchiridion, 
contrived to add to the blunder a portion 
of Linnzus's previous descriptions, so as 
to make up a character contradictory to 
itself. Other writers have usually copied 
Linneus, Jussieu, Willdenow, or Persoon, 
until Don (Sw. Brit. Fl. Gard. 2nd Ser. 3. 
t. 239) confined the genus Erinus to the 
E. alpinus, and established a new one 
under the name of Nycterinia for the E. 
lychnidea, Linn., with a very detailed cha- 
racter which unfortunately disagrees in 
many material] points with two of the four 
species he refers to it. 

Manulea of Linnezus was originally es- 
tablished for the M. Cheiranthus, and has 
been so characterised by almost all subse- 
quent authors as to be applicable only to 
that species and one or two others with 
subulate lobes to the corolla, although they 
all of them refer to it many plants that have 
oblong, obovate, or even emarginate lobes. 
Bergius, however, under the name of Ne- 
mia had given a rather more general cha- 
racter, applicable at least to the two species 
he enumerates, an example in which to 
this day he does not appear to have been 
followed. 


Th at affinity between Buchnera, 
Manulea, and the Cape Erini, has been 
frequently observed, and Don proposed to 
consider them as a tribe, of which I pub- 
ished a character in the Botanical Register 
for July, 1835, at the same time that Don 
gave a nearly similar but more detailed and 
. Confined one in Jamieson's Journal for the 
. Same month. It appears, however, from a 
further examination of the few species we 
formerly possessed, and of the large num- 

t of new ones now before me, that we 
had neither of us given sufficient latitude 
_ to the variations in the form of the corolla, 
. Hor attached sufficient importance to the 
. - positive character derived from the unilo- 
 €ular anthers, and that we had both of us 
Included genera which ought to be remov- 
ed to other tribes. I am also still of opi- 
nion that the calyx, placentation, and seeds 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE E, 357 


as described by Don, ought not to form 
part of the essential character of the 
tribe. 

The Buchneree, as I should now pro- 
pose to circumscribe them, are essentially 
distinguished from Hemimeridee by the 
want of any glandular concavities or spur 
at the base of the corolla, from Antirr- 
hinee by the valvular dehiscence of 
the capsule (when not fleshy) and the 
unilocular anthers, from Salpiglossidee 
and Digitalee by the ascendent stamina 
and constantly unilocular anthers, from 
Gratiolee and Gerardiee by the unilocular 
anthers alone, from Rhinanthee by the 
latter character and by the upper lip of 
the corolla (when bilabiate) not being con- 
cave, from Veronicee by the stamina al- 
most constantly didynamous, or if dian- 
drous, with the anthers approximate, and 
from Buddleiee by the same character, as 
also by the corolla, which is always penta- 
merous or irregular. 

The only tribe between which and the 
Buchneree it is difficult to draw a definite 
line is that of the Verbascee. Generally 
speaking, the rotate or short-tubed corolla 
of the latter tribe, removes it widely from 
the Buchneree, which have usually a re- 


whilst on the other hand, there is a gradual 
change in the form of the corolla which ren- 


Manulee which I have placed in my genus 
Chenostoma ; in habit it is as near to the 
one as to the other. As its stamina are 
slightly ascending, and not declinate, as 
they had at first appeared to me, I have 
preferred retaining it amongst Buchneree 
to removing it to Verbascee, as I had pro- 
posed in Lindley’s Natural System, 2nd 
edit. p. 292. 

The essential character of Buchneree 
may therefore be thus stated :— 

Corolle limbus 5-fidus vel inequaliter 
4-fidus, interdum bilabiatus, laciniis om- 
nibus planis. Stamina adscendentia, di- 
dynama, vel rarius 2 approximata. An- — 
there uniloculares. Capsula bivalvis, val- 


355 SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE.E, 


vulis integris bifidisve, rarissime carnosa 
indehiscens. To this might be added, 
Stylus apice integer, stigmate simplici ; 
which appears to be universal in the 
tribe. 
With this character the genera Erinus, 
(as confined to E. alpinus,) Sutera, and 
Sophronanthe, which I have en 
Lindley's Natural System as belonging to 
Buchneree, would be removed to Gratio- 
lee on account of their bilocular parallel- 
celled anthers, and Escobedia, which Don 
includes in his list, would remain in Gerar- 
diee, where I placed it in my Synopsis of 
that tribe, p. 202 of this ** Companion." 
The Buchneree thus circumscribed are 
readily divisible into two very distinct 
groups: the Hubuchneree, in which the 
valves of the capsule are entire, with a 
loculicidal dehiscence, and the Manulee, 
in which they are more or less bifid and 
septicidal. The former contain a set of 
_ plants which are usually rigid, more or less 
scabrous, and almost always dry black; 
the Manulee, if hairy, are generally glu- 
tinous, seldom scabrous, and comparatively 
few of them dry black. 
The Eubuchneree consist chiefly of the 
genus Buchnera as limited by Brown, 
but whose sections I should propose to 
adopt as genera, the difference in the struc- 
ture of the corolla being connected with a 
considerable difference in habit. It is for 
the first of these sections, containing the 
species with straight-tubed hypocrateriform 
corollas, that I should propose to retain 
the Linnean name in preference to that of 
Piripea, given by Aublet to one of the 
species, as the plants of this section are 
perhaps the most universally known, and 
being the most numerous, there would thus 
be the fewest published names to change. 
Amongst the species contained in Mr. 
Brown’s second section, having anincurved 
tube with a bilabiate limb, is the plant 
published by Dupetit-Thouars, under the 
name of Campuleia, and Mr. Brown has 
ascertained that another species (probably 
B. hirsuta, Wall.) is the Striga of Lou- 
reiro, which that author erronecusly de- 
scribed as diandrous, with an unilocular 


nmeratecd in 


= | 
A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE. Ey 
| 


capsule. The latter name being the oldest, 
is the one I have adopted. 

Buchnera, thus limited, would contain, ; 
besides the several Australian species of 
Brown's first section, and the East Indian 
ones of the section Pirzpea enumerated in 


ndicæ allthe American 


aily t 
Buchneras and five species now first de- 
scribed. Striga would include Brown's 
two Australian species, the East Indian 
species of the section Campuleia of my 
Scrophularinez Indice, the two species of 
Thonning’s described by Schumacher, and 
three new ones. 

To these genera I have to add two new 
ones, Rhamphicarpa, distinguished chiefly 
by the oblique capsule, containing the Ge- 
rardia tubulosa, Linn., and two unpublish- . 
ed species ; and Cycnium, a MSS. name of | 
Mr. E. Meyer’s, under which I have joined —— — 
two South African plants intermediate in 
some respects between the Buchnere@ and 
the Gerardieg. In the one, C. adonense, 
the capsule appears to be fleshy and inde- 
hiscent, the flower is that of an Escobedia, 
but unfortunately in all the specimens I 

ossess, the stamina are eaten away by m- 
sects; the other, C. racemosum, has a much 
shorter-tubed corolla, and the capsule is 
not yet formed in the specimens before 
me, but the stamina are perfect and pre- 
cisely those of the Buchneree; and the 
remarkable calyx in both species has m- 
duced me to join them, taking the generic 
character from the one or the other accord- 
ing as I have been able to examine them. 
If I am wrong, it will be for future Bo- 
tanists to correct my error from more per- 
fect specimens. 

The group of Manulee, which are all 
South African, has been usually considered 
as containing two genera: the Cape Erim 
or Nycterinia, with bifid lobes to the 0 
rolla, and Manulea, with entire lobes, & — 
distinction which however is not practically a 
followed up, for the Erinus fragrans, Ait, 
and Æ. tristis, Thunb., have the lobes e€— 
tire, or nearly so, nor is it at all conform- 
able to habit; besides, there are so many 
species in which the lobes are so slightly 
emarginate as to render it impossible 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERES, 


determine to which group they should be 
. referred, that I have attached little or no 
_ importance to that character. At the same 
_ time the species now known consist of seve- 

ral groups really very different from each 
. Meri in Nappearanoe, and I have therefore 


; ugh principles. 
The ccm has afforded the first charac- 
ters. In some it is tubular, shortly divided 
into five teeth, disposed in two lips, which, 
as the capsule swells, are split nearly or 
—a to the Nin Ge "m others the five 
ually 
split to below the middle. This distinclion 
appears also to be universally accompanied 
by another circumstance, that in the former 
group the withered corolla remains even 
at the maturity of the capsule, whilst in 
the other it falls off long before. 
The first of these groups again contains 
= two series of plants, too different in habit 
be united into one genus, and the sta- 
mina have furnished a good character. In 
the one which contains most of the Cape 
Erini, and for which I have therefore re- 
tained Don's name of Nycterinia, the up- 
. per pair of stamina are inclosed in the tube 
with oblong-linear anthers, and the lower 
pair are placed at the mouth with shorter 
ovate anthers, sometimes sterile or entirely 
_ Wanting. In the other series, which I have 
. named Polycarena, from the number of 
small heads in which the flowers are usu- 
ally collected, the anthers are all similar 
to each other, and appear at the mouth of 
the tube, or are quite exserted. 
Nyeterinia will naturally follow imme- 
.. diately after the Eubuchneree. Like them, 
— of the species dry black, and the 


‘rating the sical into two sections, too 
ae closely allied i in all other characters as well 


n, (which is probably E. ethiopreus, 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE X. 359 


Thunb.), and five new species, to the second 
Manulea divaricata, Thunb., and probably 
also Erinus villosus, Thunb., with two new 
species. 

Polycarena, with the calyx and persist- 
ent corolla of Nycterinia has a very differ- 
ent habit. It consists of low-growing an- 
nuals, the flowers are often very small, 
collected into heads which afterwards 
lengthen out into spikes, and the flowers, 
in the dry state at least, are yellow or 
whitish, without ever turning black. The 
floral leaf adheres to the very short pedi- 
cel, or even to the calyx, as in Phyllopo- 
dium. In the Polycarene capensis and 
gilioides, the tube of the corolla is elon- 
gated, but the habit and stamina suffici- 
ens distinguish them from Nyclerinia. 

o Polycarena I refer the Manulea 
plantaginea, capillaris and ethiopica of 
Thunberg, which appears different from 
the Buchnera ethiopica of Linneus, and 
the Buchnera capensis, Linn., or Manulea 
capensis, Thunb., with four new species. 

The second group of Manulee, or those 
with a regular bifid calyx and a corolla al- 
most always deciduous, may also be sub- 
divided according to whether the stamina 
be exserted with uniform anthers, or in- 
cluded, two of them at least, within the 
tube of the corolla with dissimilar anthers. 
Amongst those which have the exserted 
stamina, the Buchnera viscosa, Linn., (to 
whichIrefer the Manul rulea, Thunb.) 
must stand alone, on account of its rotate 
corolla. It forms my genus SpAenandra. 
The remaining species form two groupes so 
very different in habit, that although the 
characters are not so positive as could be 
wished, I have adopted them as separate 
genera 

The one which I have called Phyllopo- 
dium, is closely allied to the small-flowered 
Polycarene, and indeed is scarcely to be 
distinguished, but by the equally five-cleft 
calyx and more deciduous corolla. Like 
in Polycarena, the floral leaf adheres to 
the pedicel (usually very short) so as to 


i ee to proceed from its apex, whence 


This character and the - 


he generic name. 
the habit, alone 


Br. corolla, besides 


350 SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE4, 


distinguish the genus from Chenostoma. 
In appearance some species come so near 
to the Selagineæ as only to be known from 
them by an inspection of the ovarium or 
fruit, on which account there is much doubt 
about the old species. I have, however, 
determined with tolerable certainty, as 
species of Phyllopodium, the Manulea 
cuneifolia, capitata and heterophylla of 
Linn. and Thunb., and added three new 
species. 

Next to Phyllopodium and Sphenandra, 
I should place Chenostoma, which like 
them has exserted anthers, but has a co- 
rolla contracted at the base into a tube 
which is often elongated, and always cam- 
panulate or infundibuliform at the orifice. 
In this respect Chenostoma differs also 
from the Manulee with included stamina, 
and it is most readily distinguished from 
Phyllopodium by the floral leaves, which 
do not adhere to the pedicel. It includes 
the Manulea linifolia, integrifolia, revo- 
luta, cephalotes, cordata, and hispida of 
Thunb., which last is the M. opposvtiflora 
Vent, with the Buchnera ethiopica, 
Linn., and feetida, Andr. (Manulea fætida 
and alternifolia, Pers.), and seventeen 
species which I have not been able to refer 
to any published descriptions. 

The remaining Manulee, with a five-cleft 
calyx, deciduous corolla, and included dis- 
similar anthers, again comprehend two 
groups different in habit but difficult to 
characterize, at least from dried specimens. 
To the first of them I have given the name 
of Lyperia, partly because it contains the 


Erinus tristis, and other species with that Thun 


peculiar-coloured flower, and partly because 
the corolla almost constantly, and often the 
whole plant dry black; on which account 
no doubt it is that they seem to have been 
as often referred to Erinus as to Manulea. 
It is characterized chiefly by the two upper 
lobes of the limb of the corolla forming a 
sort of upper lip, and the tube being more 
E es - gibbous or incurved near the apex, 

and usually. viscous. In the true Manu- 

, on the contrary, the lobes of the co- 

are equal and equidistant, or the four 
upper ones are rather longer and more 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEE, 


joined than the lower one (whence the 
name Manulea), the tube is straighter and - 


either downy or glabrous. In inflorescence 
they are very different; in Lyperia the 
pedicels are constantly uniflorous and ax- 
illary, or if racemose or spicate, they have 
leafy bractes at the base, whilst the flowers 
of Manulea usually form a compound ra- 
ceme with many-flowered peduncles, or if 
the raceme is simple the bractee are very 
minute. In Lyperia, moreover, the flow- 
ers are never of that bright orange-red 
which is the usual colour in Manulea, In 
both genera the tube of the corolla is long 
and slender, the orifice not dilated, and the 
lobes of the limb vary from entire to emar- 
ginate, and even bifid 


To Lyperia may be referred the Erinus 


simplez, incisus, and tristis, Thunb., the 
E. fragrans, Ait, the Manulea micro- 
phylla, argentea, pinnatifida, Thunb. 

Buchnera pedunculata, Andr., Man. viola- 
cea, Link, which appears to be the Erinus 
patens, Thunb., and sixteen species, which 
I believe to be hitherto unpublished. Ma- 
nulea, as above defined, would be limited, 
among published;species, to the M. incana, 
tomentosa, cheiranthus, thyrsiflora, corym- 
bosa, altissima and rubra of Linn. and 
Thunb., the M. angustifolia, Link, being 
referable to M. rubra, and M. rhynchan- 


tha to M. cheiranthus. I have, in addition. S 


to these, now described twenty new spe- 
cies. 
Of the remaining Buchneree of authors, 
Erinus tomentosus, Thunb., Manulea an- 
— pingui and Airía, Linn. or 
Manulea crystallina, Weinm., 
are RITEN either Lyperie or Chenos- 

tomata, but 
any of the specimens before me; B 


nera canadensis, and Erinus Peruvianus | 


and laciniatus, Linn., have already been 


referred to Verbena, and Buchnera grandi- — 
flora, Linn.to Escobedia, Buchosa c. 
gine- 


cuneifolia an 


me genus to which Mr. E. Meyer has p xd 
uchn. 


the MSS. name of Chascanum; B 


cordifolia, Linn., is Streptium asperum, 
Roxb., and Erinus Africanus, Schum. Pl. 


Guin. 278, (excl. Syn. omn.) is evidently 


cannot recognize them in 


iiano 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE.E, 


;  -Herpestis, and probably H. Mon- 
= 


In their geographical distribution, the 
—. Buchneree are all extra-europæan. e 
genus Striga extends over the southern 
- portion of Africa and Asia to North Aus- 
tralia on the one hand, and to South China 
on the other; Buchnera, within the same 
limits in the Old World, is found in the 
New World East of the Andes from the 
United States to the Rio Grande ; Rham- 
phicarpa is South and Tropical African 
with one species extending into East India, 
Cycnium and the whole of the Manulee 
are South African, and, as far as hitherto 
known, extra-tropical. 
CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA. 
* Capsule valvule integra. 
l. STRIGA. Corolle tubus abrupte in- 
curvus, limbus bilabiatus. 
2. BucHNERA. Calyx breviter tubulo- 
sus 5-dentatus. Corolla hypocrateriformis. 
. Capsula recta. 
. 9. RHauPHICARPA. Calyx campanu- 
. latus 5-fidus. Corolla hypocrateriformis. 
Capsula oblique rostrata. 
4. Cycnium. Calyx longe tubulosus 
foliaceus. Corolla hypocrateriformis. Cap- 
sula recta, carnosa. 
. ** Capsule valvule bifide. 
_ €. Nycrerinia.  Calyz bilabiatus. 
_ Stamina 2 inclusa, antheris oblongo-line- 
à aribus, 2 subexserta, antheris brevibus vel 
va 


E 


6. POLYCARENA. Calyz bilabiatus. 
Anthere omnes exsertæ consimiles. 
7. PuyLLoronium. Calyz 5-fidus. 
i omnes exsertæ consimiles. Brac- 
. te pedicello adnate. 
..8. SpHEenanpra. Calyz 5-fidus. An- 
there consimiles exserte. Corolla rotata. 
9. CuxxosroMa. Calyz 5-fidus. An- 
| "T€ exserte consimiles. Bractee a pedi- 
ic Cello libere. Corolla campanulata vel in- 
. . fundibuliformis. 
ps 10. Lyrzni. Calyx 5-fidus. An- 
. Mere 2 incluse oblongo-lineares, 2 ad 
- facem vel incluse breves. Corolle tubus 
. Spice gibbus vel incurvus, limbo subbila- 
biato. Pedunculi axillares vel in racemis 
Spicis foliaceo-bracteatis dispositi. 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEX. 361 


11. MaNuLEa. Calyx 5-fidus. An- 
there 2 incluse longiores, 2 ad faucem 
vel incluse breves. Corolle tubus rectus, 
limbus subequalis. Racemus nudus sæ- 
pius compositus. 

I. SrRIGA. Lour. 

Buchnere sp., Linn. et Avct.—Campu- 
leia, Dup. Thou. Gen. nov. Mad. 

Calyx breviter tubulosus, costis 5—15 


apice 5-dentatus vel semi-5-fidus, dentibus 
sepius subulato-acuminatis ; rarius abortu 
4-dentatus. Corolle tubus tenuis, ad medi- 
um vel sepius supra medium abrupte incur- 
vus, limbus bilabiatus, labio superiore szpi- 
us breviore integro emarginato vel bifido, 
inferiore trifido. Stamina didynama tubo 
inclusa. Capsula recta, valvulis subcoria- 
ceis integris, maturitate elastice dehiscen- 
tibus, medio septiferis. Herbe Africane 
vel Asiatice scabre, siccitate sepius nigri- 
cantes, interdum more Orobanchidum pa- 
rasitice. Folia infima opposita, superiora 
alterna, nunc squamaformia, sepius line- 
aria, integerrima vel rarissime pauciden- 
tata, floralia conformia gradatim minora. 
Flores axillares solitarii sessiles, in spicas 
terminales dispositi, sepius minute bibrac- 


* Folia squamaformia. 

l. S. orobanchioides, glabra, ramosa, 
foliis minutis squameformibus, floralibus 
lanceolatis calyce brevioribus. Tab. XTX. 

Buchnera orobanchioides, Br. Endl. in 
Bot. Zeit. 1832. 2. 388. t. 2.—Benth. 
Scroph. Ind. 40. 

Buchnera hydrabadensis, Roth. Nov. Pl. 
Spec. 292. 

Buchnera gesnerioides, Willd, Spec. Pl. 
3. 338. 

Orobanche Indica, Spreng. Syst. 2. 817. 
non Roxb, 

Has. Senegambia, Endlicher, Abys- 
sinia, Brown, South-East Africa from 
Steenboksvlakte in the district of Uiten- 
hage, Ecklon, to Delagoa Bay, Forbes, 
East Indian Peninsula, Wight, &c., and 
plains as far as Saharunpur, Royle. (v. s.) 

I here copy Dr. Wight's description 
made from living specimens, observing 
only that I find the calyx as often unequally 


paucifloris, 
. tubo glabro. 


362 


five-cleft, as figured in the plate (which is 
presumed by Dr. Wight to have been an 
error in his draughtsman) as four-cleft, as 
mentioned in the description :— 

* Parasitic, from three to eight inches 
high. Root tuberous, about the size of a 
walnut. Stem none, unless the unbranch- 
ed portion of the scape can be so called, 
Scape simple at the base, and furnished 
with scattered scales, branched upwards, 
and furnished with a few distant opposite 
scales or bracteas: the whole is covered 
with short stiff hairs. Scales and bracteas 
lanceolate. Flowers se unded 
with three bracteas. 
four-cleft; segments lanceolate, with a 
broad dark line or nerve running from the 
apex of each down to the base of the ca- 
lyx-tube. Corolla glabrous, of a pale se- 
pia-tint, hypocrateriform ; tube three times 
the length of the calyx, slender, arched 
near the top: limb five-partite ; the lowest 
segment the largest, and with the two late- 
ral ones obovate and slightly retuse ; the 
two upper recurved smaller than the others, 
oblong obtuse. Stamens four, inserted 
above the middle of the tube, two of them 
a little longer than the others, all glabrous. 
Ovary ovate, slightly compressed, ovules 
very numerous. Style slender, straightish, 
a little shorter than the tube of the corolla, 
persistent. Stigma simple, thickened. 
Capsule ovate, slightly compressed, two- 
valved, loculicidal. Seeds minute, oval, 
slightly pitted. 

“ This I first found on low hills at Pa- 
laveram, near Madras, parasitic on the roots 
of Lepidagathis cristata. Y afterwards ga- 
thered it in a similar soil and situation near 
Madura, but did not ascertain the plant on 
which it grew. The specimens figured are 
from hills in the Salem district." 

Tas. XIX. Fig. I. Calyx laid open to show the 
NS 2. vrapi laid open, showing the Stamens, 
magnified, 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEREZ, 


— ** Folia Tide 


Caiyosr 5-striati. 
Corolla versus apicem incurva 

2 S. humifusa, prostrata, sanba foliis 

vato- obtusis, spicis brevibus 


calycibus 5-striatis ^, corolle 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE E, 


Browallia humifusa, Forsk. Fl Æg. 
Arab, 12. 

Buchnera humifusa, Vahl. Symb. 3. 81. 

Has. Mountains of Hadje, in Arabia, 
Forskahl. (v. s. in Herb. Banks.) 

From the very imperfect specimen in the 
Banksian Herbarium, I have not been able 
to ascertain whether the calyx is in fact 
five-ribbed, but the form of the leaves and 
procumbent stem will readily distinguish it 
from all others. 

3. S. parviflora, pusilla, scaberrima, 
foliis linearibus integerrimis strictis, caly- 
cibus 5-striatis, corolle pubescentis labio 
superiore integro inferiore vix duplo bre- 
viore. 

Buchnera parviflora, Br. Prod. 294. 

Has. 
East Coast, Brown. (v. s.) 

A small plant; but little branched ; flow- 
ers smaller than in any other species. 

4, * ‘aspera, foliis anes inte gir 


pilis patentibus rigidis ciliolatis, gie 
5-striatis, corollis glabris tubo elo 
tenui, labio superiore emarginato inferiore 
duplo breviore. 


Euphrasia aspera, Willd. Spec. 3. 197. 3 


Buchnera aspera, Schum. Beskr. PL 
Guin. 280 


Has. Western Tropical Africa, Guinea, — | 


Australia, Keppel Bay on the | 


Willdenow, PN Thonning, Cape puc = 


Herb. Banks. (v. s 
The Banksian apoie is more we 


than described by Schumacher, and the 


flowers are not so large as in Glechoma, 
yet I have no doubt it is the same species. 

It closely resembles S, parviflora, but € 
fers in the corolla, which is twice a$ 


and in the more regular and greater nispi- 3j 


dity of the plant. 


5. S. curviflora, scaberrima, foliis a s 


gato-linearibus integ 


calycibus Gwent, corolle tubo E 24 


cente, labio superiore retuso inferiore tri 
partito ter breviore. 


Buchnera curviflora, Br.! Prod. 294 D 
Has. Australia, on the North ke 


Brown. 


coccinea, differs from the former x 


EN s 
Hied in habit to S. ger 


UM 


SEIL RE PM à 


| ealyx, from the latter by both calyx and 


a. 
6. S. multiflora, scabra, ramosissima, 
| foliis elongato-linearibus patentibus, spicis 
elongatis laxis, calycibus 5-costatis, corol- 
lis glabris, labio pier bifido inferiore 
tripartito parum brevior 

Has. Australia, on p islands West 
of Goulburn Island, North coast, 4. Cun- 
ningham. (v. s. 

Distinct both in the long almost decum- 
bent habit, and in the form of the flower, 
which is about the size of that of S. coc- 
| omea. 
| 7. S.densiflora, humilis, glabriuscula, 
E SL cual ptor io Ag ed 


man 


pme co cum TUNES 


berrima, 

| ~ squarrosis, floribus densis approximatis, 
i calycibus ovatis 5-striatis, corollis glabris, 
i labio asa emarginato inferiore bis 
| terve brevi 

ens binti, Vahl. Symb. 3. 81. ? 
Linn.! Spec. 879, ex parte. 

Buchnera densiflora, Benth. Scroph. 
Ind. 41. 


= Kos 


. Has. East Indian Peninsula, Heyne, 
.. &c., and plains of India as far as Saharun- 
pur, Royle. (v. s.) 

A small rigid plant, three to five inches 


Spects resembling S. ZAunbergit. Flowers 
smaller, the lobes of the limb shorter and 
. broader. It differs also from that species 

E the remarkably patent, often recurved 


: eet EEU aR 


8. 8. Thunbergii, hispido-scabra, stricta, 
Subsimplex, folis lanceolato - linearibus 
erectis, floralibus lanceolatis adpressis 

. Rérvo subtus margineque ciliato-hispidis, 
Spica densa, calycibus 5-striatis, corolle 
tubo pubescente apice recurvo inflato, limbi 
labiis parum ineequalibus lobis oblongis. 
era asiatica, Linn.! Spec. 879, 


i — ez parte. 
Buchnera bilabiata, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 465. 
.... Buchnera — Schum. Beskr. 
Et Pl. Guin. 27 
cus cii, 
m Has. Extratropical South Africa, in 
the district of Uitenhage, and in Cafferland 
Tambukiland, Ecklon, Drége, &c. in 
ay of Frideriksberg, in Guinea, 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE;E, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACES. 


- high, and but little branched; in some re- dryin 


363 


Thonning ? — B. in Cafferland, Drége, 
Ecklon. (v. s.) 

Taller and more erect than S. densiflora, 
it is easily distinguished by its imbricate 
floral leaves, and the remarkably dilated 
apex of the tube of the corolla. The flower 
varies much in size, being from six to eight 
or ten lines in length. I have very little 
doubt that Thonning's plant is the same 
species, for though the pubescence of the 
plant is not absolutely appressed, it may 
be said to be so in comparison to that of 
B. aspera. 

*** Folia elongata. Calyx 10—15- 
striatus, Corolla versus apicem incurva. 

9. S. elegans, hirsuto-scaberrima, stric- 
ta, subsimplex, foliis lanceolato-linearibus 
erectis subadpressis hispidis, floralibus 
consimilibus calyces equantibus, calycibus 

10-striatis, corolle tubo pubescente, limbi 
lobis oblongis labio superiore bifido infe- 
riore parum breviore. 

Has. Southern extratropical Africa, 
Herb. Hooker, Cafferland, Drége. (v. s.) 

Stature and habit nearly that of S. Thun- 
bergii B, but less rigid, the flowers rather 
larger, and like S. lutea, the whole plant 
is very hairy, and scarcely turns black in 


ying. 
10. 5. lutea, (Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 22%) 
hirsuto-scaberrima, foliis elongato-lineari- 
bus patentibus inferioribus lanceolatis, spi- 
cis elongatis, calycibus 10—15-striatis, 
corolla lute tubo glabro, limbi lobis obo- 
vatis, labio superiore emarginato inferiore 
duplo breviore. 
Buchnera hirsuta, 
Scroph. Ind. 41. 
B. asiatica, Linn. Spec. 879, ex parte. 
Has. East Indian Peninsula, Wight, 
Bengal, Wallich, Saharunpur, Royle, 
Herb. Banks.? and Canton, 


Wall. — Benth. 


(8) 

Habit lax and branching, or, when 
young, more rigid and simple, seldom 
turning black when dry, height from six 
inches to a foot. 

H. S phantcea, humilis, filos, © sca- 
berrima, fi t 
spicis densis, calycibus 10-striatis, corollis 
pheniceis glabris, limbi lobis obovatis, la- 


364 SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE.E, 


bio superiore emarginato inferiore duplo 
breviore. 
Buchnera phenicea, Wall. Benth. l.c.A1. 
Has. East Indian Peninsula. (v. s.) 
Very near S. lutea, from which it may 
not be really distinct, although it appears 
so from dried specimens, and is said to 
have a red flower. 

S. coccinea, glabriuscula, scabra, 
filis. elongato-linearibus, calycibus oblon- 
gis 10-striatis, spicis laxis, corollis cocci- 
neis glabris, limbi lobis obovatis, labio su- 
periore emarginato inferiore duplo breviore. 

— coccinea, Hook.! Exot. Fi. 
t. 203. 


Buchn. coccinea, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 40. 

B. asiatica, Linn. ! Spec. 879, ex parte. 

Has. Tropical Africa and Southern 
Asia: Sierra Leone, Herb. Banks., Caf- 
ferland, near Port Natal and Omcomas, 
Drége, Mozambique, Forbes, Mauritius, 
Telfair, East Indian Peninsula, Heyne, 
Macao, Herb. Banks.? (v. s.) 

This comes nearest the laxer specimens 
of S. lutea, but is much more glabrous, 
and usually dries black. I am doubtful 
whether the Macao specimens in the Bank- 
sian Herbarium (which appear to be the 
same as those described by Loureiro) be- 
long to this species, or to the S. lutea, as 
they are in some measure intermediate, 
and the colour of the flower described by 
Loureiro as eis appears red from the 
dried specimens 

This species n been supposed by 
Hooker to be the one described by Dupe- 
tit-Thouars: as parasitioak, From the dried 


the S. lutea, and paket ‘the S, Thun- 
ms which latter has also red flowers. 
SS. glabrata, glabriuscula, scabra 

vm elongato-linearibus, calycibus oim 
gis 10—15-striatis, spica tenui, corollis 
(cerulescentibus?) glabris, limbi lobis 
oblongis, labio superiore emarginato infe- 
riore duplo breviore. 

. Buchnera asiatica, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 
40. Linn. Spec. 879 ez parte. 

Has. East India, Nepal and moun- 
tains of Ava, Wallich, also in the Penin- 
sula? (o.s) . 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE.;E. 


Much more slender than any of the pre- 
ceding, it evidently comes near the S. eu- 
phrasioides, but differs in its glabrous 
corolla. The flowers are said to be bluish, 
they dry nearly of the colour of those of S. 
euphrasioides. I had originally considered 
this to be the one Linneus had specially in 
view in describing his B. asiatica, but I 


find from his herbarium that he applied that | 


name to all the Strige he was acquainted 
with, I have therefore mou it avi 
in removing the 
Striga, to alter its specific name. 

14. S. euphrasioides, glabriuscula, sca- 
bra, foliis elongato-linearibus integerrimis 
paucidentatisque, calycibus oblongis sub- 
15-striatis, corolle tubo pubescente. — 
Buchnera euphrasioides, Vahl, Symb. 

l. 


Buchnera angustifolia, Don. Prod. Fi. 


eo 
Qo 


= 
$ 


Buchnera asiatica, Linn. Spec. 879. 
ex parte. 

Has. East India from the Peninsula 
to the mountains of the North, Wight, 
Wallich, Royle, &c. (v. s.) = 

Distinguished from all the preceding 
onesof this section by the pubescent corolla, 
and long striated calyx. 


ee 


15. S. Masuria, elata, scaberrima, folis 


integerrimis linearibus appressis strictis, 
calycibus sub-15-striatis elongatis, — 
tubo elongato tenuiter pubescente lim 
amplo. 

Buchnera Masuria, Hamilton, Benth. 
Scroph. Ind. 41. 

Has. East India; mountains of Mo- 
rang, Hamilton, Prome, Wallich. (v. es 

comet twice as large as 


S 


calycibus profunde fissis 10- 


B. grandiflora. 
Has. 
Pe (v. s.) 
ar S. Masuria, but less rigid anie 
ian broader. Calyx seven to eight ats 
long. Corolla about the size of that 


16. "S. Forbesii, elata, scaberrima, pu- z 
bescens, foliis lineari-lanceolatis dentatis, | 
striatis laciniis jl: 
linearibus foliaceis, corolle tubo elongato : 
tenuiter pubescente versus me incurvo. i 


Madagascar and Mozambique 


PB itt itn ttre tn RED 


.. Masuria and in the var. 8, nearly as large'as 

in Rhamphicarpa tubiflora. 

|. **** Corolla ad medium abrupte in- 
a. 

17. S. hermonthica, pilosiuscula, sca- 
bra, foliis linearibus, floralibus lanceolatis 
[4 ciliatis, calycibus 5-striatis, corolle tubo 
glabriusculo ad medium incurvo, limbo 

lo 


amplo. 

Buchnera hermonthica, Del. Fl. ZEgypt. 

Han. Western Africa, Upper Egypt, 
near Silsileh, Jordan. Mozambique, For- 
bes, (v. s.) 

A handsome species above a foot high 
with a long spike of large red flowers. 
Linn. 

— iai — 


II. BucHNERA. 
. Piripea. 
Y E 1 


y pocrateriformis tubus iiis: ae 
Tectus vel parum incurvus, limbus pa- 
tens subequalis 5-fidus, laciniis semis 
vel obovatis. Stamina didynama, tubo 

usa. Capsula recta valvulis subcoria- 

ceis integris, maturitate elastice dehiscen- 
tibus, medio septiferis. Herbe Africane, 
Asiatice, vel Americane, sepius scabre, 
`~ siccitate nigricantes. Folia inferiora op- 
i Ee suprema alterna, infima latiora 
* ,$up angustiora remota 
plerumque integerrima ; ; floralia bractee- 
forma, sepissime calyce breviora. Flores 
solitarii, sessiles, bibracteati, in spicam 8 
terminalem dispositi. 

* Spica rara vel densa, non imbricata. 

Oss. The — of this division, with 
the excepti ea distinguished 
by its peculiar habit: B. hispida by its 
long hairs, and B. macrantha by its flowers, 
~ are all so much alike, and run into one an- 
Other by a series of characters so minute o 
Vague, that, had I been better cane 
with the American species and possessed 


tata e1mem. Ora 


^. 990) caule simplici junceo foliis 
is adpressis vestito, panicula bre- 
terminali. 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEREJ;E, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACES. 


365 


Has. Tropical Brazil. Sello. 

2. B. palustris (Spreng. Syst. 2. 805), 
scabra, subglabra, caule tenui subramoso, 
foliis anguste linearibus integerrimis vel 
infimis parvis obovatis, spica laxa pauci- 
flora, bracteis lanceolato-linearibus, corol- 
le tubo calyce subduplo longiore, calyce 
fructifero recto 

Piripea pelustris. Aubl. Pl. Guian. 2. 
628. t. 253. 

Has. Guiana. Aublet, Leprieur, (v. s.) 

B. elongata (Sw. Ind. Occ. 
2. 1061), strigoso-scabra, caule sabaia 
basi folioso, foliis oblongis integerrimis, 
superioribus.. lipeagino, Spica laxa pauci- 


flora 
? 


calyce fructifero rootó. : es 
B. pilosa. Schlecht. Linnea, 8. 245. 
Has. Central and South America: 


amaica, Masson; Carolina, Beyrich ; 


4, B. tenella (Br. Prod. 293), scabra, 
subglabra, caule tenui subramoso, foliis 
anguste linearibus integerrimis, spicis laxi- 
usculis, bracteis ovato-lanceolatis ciliatis, 
corolle parve tubo gracili calyce subduplo 
longiore, calyce fructifero vix incurvo. 

Has. Australia: North coast, Brown, 
A. Cunningham. (v. s.) 

In Mr. Brown's specimens the calyx is 
ai pubescent, in Mr.Cunningham’sit is 


5. B. linearis (Br. Prod. 293), ss, i 
foliis oblongis, superioribus linearibus 
obtusis integerrimis, spica rara, bracteis 
inferioribus linearibus superioribus ovato- 
lanceolatis, calycibus pubescentibus vix 
incurvis, corolle tubo breviter exserto. 

Australia: Carpentaria, Br. (v. s.) 

6. JB. pubescens, scabra, foliis inferior- 
ibus oblongis superiorivus linearibus om- 
nibus integerrimis obtusis, spicismultifloris 
bracteis ovato-lanceolatis subciliatis, "ir 
cibus pubescentibus subincurvis fructiferis 

ore obliquis, oe tubo breviter exserto. 

Has. Australia: Marshy lands on the 
Endeavour = “North coast, A. Cun- 
ningham. (v. $ 


y B. ma (Br. Prod. 295.) 


366 SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEREZ, 


scabra, ramosa, foliis rameis integerrimis 
lineari-lanceolatis, spicis elongatis multi- 
floris, bracteis ovato-lanceolatis subciliatis, 
corolla tubo calyce florifero incurvo plus 
dimidio longiore apice piloso-hispido, ca- 
lyce fructifero rectiusculo. 

AB. Australia: East coast (Thirsty 
Sound), .R. Brown ; York Sound North 
coast, A. Cunningham. (v. s.) 

B. dura, glabra vel basi hispidula, 
caule subramoso foliis infimis obovatis 
superioribus oblongis integerrimis supre- 
mis linearibus, spica apice condensata mul- 
tiflora, bracteis ovato-1 latis subciliatis, 
corolle tubo exserto, capsula calycem fruc- 
tiferum rectum subequante. 

H Extratropical South Africa: 
Eastern districts, Uitenhage, Cafferland, 
Ecklon, Drége. (v. s.) 

B. glabrata, glabra vel basi vix 
hispidula, caulibus erectis subsimplicibus, 
foliis inferioribus late obovatis superioribus 
inearibus oblongisve, spica condensata 
brevi, bracteis ovato-lanceolatis, corolle 
tubo exserto, capsula calyce recto dimidio 
longiore. 

Hag.  Extratropical South Africa: 
Herb. Hooker ; Cape district near Ron- 
debosch, Ecklon. Katberg, Drége?. (v. s.) 

10. B.gracilis (Br. Prod. 293), caule 
simplici glabro, foliis inferioribus obovatis 
superioribus oblongis omnibus obtusis 
integris, spica rara, bracteis ciliatis calyce 

imidio brevioribus, capsule apice ex- 
serto. 

Has. Australia, near Port Jackson, R. 
Brown. (v. s.) 

ll. B. asperata (Br. Prod. 294), sca- 
berrima, foliis inferioribus lanceolato-ob- 
longis paucidentatis, superioribus lineari- 
1 lati int 1 1 hropnteiél T. s 


> 
9 


ovatis calyce duplo brevioribus, calycibus 
fructiferis apice obliquis, capsulis inclusis. 
B angustifolia. 
E AB. Australia: North coast, R. Brown, 
... &. Goulburn Island, A. Cunningham. (v.s.) 
Nis n B. urticefolia (Br. Prod. 293), sca- 
a, gl scul lp ak , foliisinfimis 
approximatis oblongis obtusis mediisque 
dentatis lanceolatis dist 


mig Shig ig 
ntibus, spica laxa, 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE, 
bracteis lanceolatis ciliatis calyce breviori- . 
bus, corolle tubo caly bdupl ior 
capsule apice exserto. 

Has. Australia: Port Curtis, East coast, 
R. Brown. (v. s.) 

13. JB. hispida (Hamilt. in Don. Prod. 
Fl. Nep. 91.), pilis longis hispida, subsim- 
plex, basi foliosa, foliis oblongis subdentatis, 
superioribus linearibus, spica laxa multi- 
flora, corolle tubo vix exserto. 

Has. Gambia, Herb. Hooker. Moun- 
tains of East India, Wallich, Royle, 8c., 
(v. s.) 

14. B. Americana (Linn. Spec. 879), pi- 
loso-hispida, scaberrima vel demum glabra- 
ta, caule subsimplici basi folioso, foliis oblon- 
gis lanceolatisve subdentatis, superioribus 
linearibus, spica laxiuscula, corolle tubo 
calyce subduplo longiore, calyce fructifero 
recto, 

Has. North America: Southern States 
to Saint Louis, Drummond ; Mexico and 
Panama. (v. s.) 

The specimens from each locality in the 
United States differ from each other almost 
as much as the so called species of South 
America and other countries, but it would 
require much better materialsthan I possess 
to determine the value of these differences. 

15. B. macrantha, pubescenti-scabra, 
foliis lanceolatis subdentatis remotis, Splcà 
laxiuscula, corolle tubo hirsuto calyce 

uintuplo longiore. 
k Has. an lam. Herb. Banks, (v.3.) 

Habit nearly that of B. americana, but 
very different in its flowers. Calyx cover- 
ed with glutinous hairs. Corolla above an 
inch long, lobes of the limb large and broad. 

Obs. I have not seen the eleven following: 


1 
u5 , 


species but they are all said to be D ; 
distinguishable from B. elongata, B — 
h that and B. 


probably form one species wit 
americana. 


16. B. pusilla (Humb. et Kunth, Nov 
“hispido-seabr d 


Gen. et Sp. Am. 9. 340.) 
caule subsimplici teretiusculo, foliis sub- | 
oppositis inferioribus obovatis oblongis ne 
perioribus linearibus integerrimis uniner 
viis, spica solitaria, calyce tubo 
breviore et capsulam superante." 


MEET 2. s e P 


2i 


rM 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERES, 


Has. New Granada. Humboldt. 
— 17. B.disticha (Humb. et Kunth, l. c.), 
* hispido-scabra, caule ramoso subtetra- 
gono, foliis suboppositis linearibus integer- 
rimus uninerviis, spica solitaria disticha, 
calyce tubum corolle zequante." 
Has. Santa Fé de Bogota? Humboldt. 
18. B. longifolia (Humb. et Kunth, 
l. c.) “glabriuscula, caule ramoso tereti 
scabriusculo, foliis inferioribus oppositis 
anguste linearibus elongatis integerrimis 
trinerviis calloso-exasperatis, spica soli- 
taria, calyce tubo corolle breviore." 
Has. With the preceding one, Hum- 


dt. 

19. B. lithospermifolia (Humb. et 
Kunth, 1. c. 341), *hispido-scabra, caule 
simplici teretiusculo superne subtrigono, 
foliis inferioribus suboppositis linearibus 

. Subintegerrimis trinerviis, spicis solitariis, 
calyce corolla triplo breviore capsulam 
subequante.” 

Has. On the Magdalen and in the 
plains of Bogota, Humboldt. 

20. B. ternifolia (Humb. et Kunth, 
l c.) “hispido-scabra, caule simplici tri- 
gono, foliis inferioribus ternis lanceolato- 
linearibus apicem versus remote serratis 
trinerviis, spica solitaria, tubo corolle caly- 
cem paulo superante." 

Has. With the preceding species ? 
Humboldt. 

21. B. virgata (Humboldt et Kunth, 
l.c. 342), “hispido-scabra, caule basi ra- 
Moso, ramis virgatis subtetragonis, foliis 
oppositis lanceolato-linearibus integerrimis 
trinerviis, spicis paniculatis, calyce tubo 

. Corolle dimidio breviore capsulam duplo 
. Superante.” 
x = Has. New Andalusia, Humboldt. 
2: 22. B. rosea (Humb. et Kunth, 1. c.), 
. “hispido-scabra, caulibus subcespitosis 
. Simplicibus teretiusculis, foliis inferioribus 
Oppositis lanceolatis obtusiusculis apice 
Subdentatis trinerviis, spicis compluribus 
congestis,” 
E Has. Caraccas, Humboldt. 
= 23. B. macrocarpa (Humb. et Kunth, 
L e), “ hispido-scabra, caule simplici tere- 
tiusculo, foliis inferioribus oppositis lan- 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEJE. 367 
ceolatis acutis basi angustatis apicem versus 
remote dentatis, spica solitaria, calyce tubo 
corolle capsulaque breviore.” 

Has. New Andalusia? Humboldt. 

24. B. amethystina (Cham. et Schlecht. 
Linnea, 2. 588.), “caule simplici inferne 
folioso, spicalaxa pauciflora, bractea externa 
ovata acuta, calycis dentibus brevibus sub- 
zequalibus." 

Has. Tropical Brazil, Sello. 

25. B. lobelioides, (Cham. et Schlecht. 
l. c. 589,) “ caule simplici inferne folioso, 
spica laxa multiflora, bractea externa lan- 
ceolata acutissima, calycis dentibus inte- 
qualibus, anticis duobus majoribus." 

Has. Tropical Brazil, Sello. 

26. B.lavandulacea (Cham. et Schlecht. 
l. c.), “ caule simplici inferne folioso, foliis 

t imis subplicat is, spica den- 


o 
siflora." 

Has. Tropical Brazil, Sello. 

** Spica densa, imbricata, tetragona. 

27. B. stricta, glabriuscula, foliis line- 
aribus erectis strictis, spica tetragona im- 
bricata subglabra, bracteis ovato-lanceola- 
tis acutis nudis calycem equantibus. 

Has. China, Lord Mulgrave, in Herb. 
Banks. (v. s.) 

This species has not the large lower 
leaves ofthe three following; the stem is 
simple, about eight or nine inches high. 

98. B.cruciata (Hamilt. in Don. Prod. 
Fl. Nep. 91.), pubescens, foliis radicalibus 
obovatis, caulinis inferioribus oblongis su- 
perioribus linearibus, spica tetragona im- 
bricata pubescente, bracteis ovatis ciliatis 
calyce brevioribus. 

Has. Mountains of Nepal and Prome, 
Wallich. (v. 8.) 

Stem and leaves of B. hispida. Spike 
conical scarcely an inch long, at the matu- 
rity of the fruit about four or five lines in 
diameter. Calyx nearly cylindrical. 

29. JB. tetrasticha (Wall. — Benth. 
Scroph. Ind. 41.) pubescens vel glabrius- 
cula, elata, foliis oblongis lanceolatisve ob- 
tusis integerrimis, spica tetragona imbricata 
villosa, bracteis lato-ovatis calycem zquan- 


ez. 


ibus. 
Has. Burma, Wallich. (v. s.) 


368 SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE.E, 


Stems two feet high. Leaves numerous. 
Spikes two inches long very densely im- 
bricated, when in fruit seven or eight lines 
in diameter. Calyx very much depressed. 

30. B. tetragona (Br. Prod. 293.), gla- 
bra, elata, foliis oblongis lanceolatisve pau- 
cidentatis, spica tetragona imbricata glabra, 
bracteis lato-ovatis calycem superantibus. 

Has. Australia: North coast, R. Brown; 
Goulburn Island, A. Cunningham. (v. s.) 

Differs from B. tetrasticha (besides its 
smoothness) in the spike much less densely 
imbricate, and the leaves,more distant on 
the stem. 

III. RHAMPHICARPA. 

Calyx campanulatus, quinquefidus. Co- 

es ae, Se t3 n cc LN PEN 


1 g ; I 
5-partito, laciniis obovatis subequalibus. 
Stamina didynama, tubo inclusa. Capsula 
oblique mucronata vel rostrata, valvulis 
coriaceis integris. Herb: erecte ramose, 
siccitate nigricantes, glabre. Folia infe- 
riora opposita, superiora alterna, angusta, 
integra vel pinnatisecta. Flores breviter 
pedunculati, racemosi, sepius ebracteati. 
l. R. longiflora, foliis pinnatisectis an- 
guste linearibus, corolle tubo recto limbo 
I = 1 z 1 " - 


Buchnera longiflora, Wight, MSS. 

Has. Senegal (Isle of St. Louis), Le- 
prieur. East Indian Peninsula, Wight. 
Mountains of North India, Jaquemont. 
(v. 5. 

A small erect annual, very branchy, gla- 
brous. Segments of the leaves few and 
distant, smooth. Peduncles usually shorter 
than the calyx and naked, sometimes longer 
with a pair of bractes. Calyx deeply cleft, 
with long subulate segments, lanceolate 
atthe base. Corolla white (drying bluish), 
tube an inch and a half long, lobes of the 
limb short, broad, truncate or emarginate. 

2. R.tubulosa, foliis lanceolato-lineari- 
bus, integris, coroll: limbo tubo subincur- 

vo ud breviore, capsulis truncatis rostro 


. Gerardia tubulosa, Linn. Suppl. 279. 
Ha». Extratropical South Africa: East- 
ern portion ofthe Uitenhage district, Eck- 
lon, Drége, &c. (v. s.) f^ 


Bee 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACES. 


Whole plant glabrous. 


smooth. Leaves smooth or slightly rough, 
narrowed at both ends, nearly all opposite. 
Peduncles rather longer than the calyx. 
Corolla white, drying bluish; tube an inch 
long, slightly curved about the middle, lobes 
of the limb entire, obovate. Divisions of the 
calyx lanceolate about as long as the tube. 

3. . curviflora, foliis lanceolato-linea- 
ribus integris, corolle limbo tubo incurvo 
vix breviore, capsulis acinaciformibus. 

Has. Madagascar and Mozambique, 
Forbes. (v. s. 

Habit of R. tubulosa. Leaves narrower, 
divisions of the calyx longer, tube of the 
corolla more curved, with a larger limb. 
Capsule very oblique. 

IV. Cycnium. E. Meyer, MSS. 

Calyz basi bibracteatus, longe tubulosus, 
apice 5-fidus. Corolle tubo cylindrico 
recto, limbo patente profunde 5-fido laciniis 
ovatis integris. Stamina tubo inclusa di- 
dynama. Capsula carnosa, indehiscens(?) 
—Herbe  Austro- Africana rigide scabre 
siccitate nigricantes. Folia opposita vel 
superiora alterna, diem dentata. Flores 


rvOo. axillares vel racemos 


l C.adonense (E. Mee MSS.), caule 
procumbente, foliis ovatis oblongisve, flo- 
ribus sessilibus axillaribus, corolle tut 
calyce plus duplo longiore. 

Has. Addo country, in the Uitenhage 
district, Drége, also in Ecklon’s collection 
and the Linnean Herbarium. (v. $.) 

All covered with very rigid short hairs. 
Leaves sessile wedge-shaped at the base,Ca- 
lyx above an inch long, open at the base as 
the capsule swells, divisions leafy three to 
four lines long. Corolla white, tube two and 
a half inches long, limb flat an inch and à 
half in diameter. Capsule oval, halfan inch 
long, with very numerous seeds. 

= 


acemosum, caule erecto, folis ; 


Stems erect a — 
foot or more high, but little branched, ` 


C. 
lanceolatis, floribus pedunculatis racemosis, : : 


corolle tubo calycem vix sequante. 


Has. Near Siloh on the Klipplaat rivet, 2 


on the eastern side of the Witsenberg, in 


Tambukiland, Ecklon. (v. s.) 
In habit somewhat resembling the Me 


5 
i 


oes 


ROOKIES ao 


Pa 


Yn. 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE., 


lasma scabra, or Rhamphicarpa tubulosa. 
Stem a foot high, nearly simple, scabrous. 
Leaves 13—2 inches long, with few teeth, 
contracted at the base, nearly all alternate. 
Pedicels short, bractes linear. Tube of the 
calyx 9—10 inches long, striated; lobes of 
the limb lanceolato-subulate. Limb of the 
corolla 13 inch diameter. Anthers attached 
by their centre, pointed at the upper end. 
I have not seen the capsule, but from the 


anna £ 
dez NIE 


ly fleshy. 
V. NycrERINIA. Don. 

Erini sp., Linn. et Auct. 

Calyz ovato-tubulosus, breviter 5-den- 
fatus, bilabiatus vel bipartitus. Corolla 
persistens, tubo elongato basi demum fisso, 
fauce wquali sepe hispida, limbo patente 
subequaliter 5-partito, laciniis bifidis in- 
tegrisve. Stamina didynama, superiora 
tubo inclusa antheris oblongis erectis, infe- 


. Mora ad faucem inserta antheris minoribus 


transversis sepe sterilibus, nunc omnino 
abortiva. Capsula coriacea vel membra- 
nacea valvulis apice bifidis. Herbe suf- 
fruticesve Austro- Africana. plus minusve 
viscosa siccitate sepe nigricantia. Folia 
infima opposita, superiora alterna sepius 
paucidentata, Jloralia sepius minora in- 
tegra calyce adpressa vel interdum adnata. 

ores sessiles interrupte vel dense spicati. 

* Corolle lacinie bifide, tubus tenuiter 

ens. Folia oblonga linearia vel 
lanceolata. 

4 NV. coriacea, suffruticosa, foliis flora- 
libus late lanceolatis obtusis dentatis crassis 
coriaceis villosis calyces coriaceos villosos 
duplo superantibus, spica elongata. 

Has. Mountains near Cape Town, 


— Ecklon. (v. s.) 


Although the single specimen I have 
Seen is but imperfect, yet it is evidently a 
Very distinct species. In habit it comes 
near WV. divaricata but is much larger and 


‘More rigid, and has the flowers of N. spath- 
cea. Capsule larger than in any other 


Species, and almost woody. 
92. N. spathacea, suffruticosa, erecta, 


foliis obovato- vel oblongo-spathulatis infi- 


mis trinerviis, floralibus amplexicaulibus 
lanceolatis oblongisve obtusis subinte- 
AL lis, omnibus coriaceis mar- 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE.E. 369 
gine et ad nervos pubescentibus ceterum 
glabris, spica elongata, calycibus elongatis 
folio florali parum brevioribus. 

Has. Tambukiland near Silo East of the 
Vi t 1l g 1 +1 TP ee 1 g, Ech- 
lon. At the top ofthe Witberg, Drége.(v.s.) 

Branches simple about a foot high, rigid, 
Floral leaves spathiform, near an inch long, 
and apparently coloured, but drying black 
like the rest of the plant. Spike much 
lengthened after flowering. Tube of the 
corolla above an inch and a half long. 

3. N. maritima, suffruticosa erecta 
subglabra, foliis lanceolatis oblongisve ob- 
tusis subintegerrimis, floralibus late lance- 
olatis calyce parum superantibus omnibus 
subcoriaceis glabris, spica elongata densa 
multiflora, 

Erinus maritimus, Linn.—Thunb. FT. 
Cap. 474. 

Has. Uitenhage district. Sea coast near 
Zeekoe river Thunb., near Kachu, Drége. 


aA 
> 


PN 


v. $. 

a N. spathacea but taller. The leaves 
of the central stem are numerous and close 
and the spike long and thick. The lateral 
branches, when they exist, are more slender, 
with few leaves and flowers. This may 
possibly be a mere variety of N. lychnidea. 

4. WN. lychnidea (Don. in Sw. Brit. Fl. 
Gard. 2nd Ser. 3. t. 239 


late lanceolatis oblongisve obtusis pauci- 


oS 4 
1 “1 £532 a bow 
SAW AOS 


ciliatis, spica elongata, 
brevioribus. 

Erinus lychnidea, Linn. Suppl. 987? 
Willd. Spec. 3. 333, non  Thunb.— Bot. 
Mag. 51, t. 2504.— Bot. Reg. 9. t. 748. 

Has. Probably along the sea coast: in 
Ecklon's, Forbes's, and other collections. 
In the Amaponda country between the 
rivers Umtenda and Umzimcoolu, Drége. 
(v. 5.) 

Branches usually decumbent at the base. 
Leaves more or less fleshy, the larger ones 
almost always toothed. Drége’s specimens 
have the leaves rather less toothed, but in 
other respects resemble the N. lychnidea, 
though gathered so far to the eastward. - : 
2A : 


370 SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE.E, 
The Erinus lychnidea, Linn. has been re- 
ferred to the Lyperia fragrans, on account 
of the figure of Burmamn quoted by him, 
but his phrase applies rather to this plant. 
. 5. WN. capensis, herbacea, dura, caule 
erecto adpresse villoso, foliis inferioribus 
lanceolatis, superioribus vel omnibus linea- 
ribus paucidentatis integerrimisve uniner- 
viis, margine nervoque plerumque ciliatis, 
floralibus oblongo-lanceolatis integerrimis 
calyces vix superantibus, spica oblonga. 

Erinus capensis. Linn. Mant. 252. 

Erinus ethiopicus. Thunb. Fl. Cap. 473. 

a, hirsuta, ramis villosioribus, folis u- 
trinque hirsutis. 

B. glabriuscula. 

y. foliosa, foliis minoribus crebris, spica 
pauciflora. 

ò. tenuifolia, foliis anguste linearibus gla- 
brioribus. 

Has. Hills and plains from the Cape 
to Fort Beaufort in the Neutral territory, 
Ecklon, Drége, &c., also northward in Na- 
maqualand and New Hantam, Drége (v.s.) 
. Apparently a commonspecies, chiefly dis- 
tinguished from N. lychnidea by its herba- 
ceous probably annual root, upright stems, 
and smaller leaves. Spikes usually short 
and few flowered, occasionally however the 
central one acquires a considerable length. 
Corolla slender, scarcely an inch and a 
quarter long. 

NV. longiflora, herbacea, caule ad- 
presse piloso, foliis linearibus pinnatifido- 
dentatis, floralibus lanceolatis dentatis sub- 
viscoso-pubescentibus, spica brevi. 

Has. Kamiesbergen in the North of 
Clanwilliam district, Drége. (v. s.) 

Differs from N. capensis by its deeply 
toothed leaves, from JV. dentata by their 
narrowness, from both by the corolla eigh- 
teen to twenty lines long. : 

— 7. N.dentata, herbacea, erecta, caule ad- 
presse piloso, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis el- 
lipticisve basi angustatis grosse dentatis se- 


lanceola 
ianceoia 


i 


voile "a 
tis vis n 1 n NEUES 
Be eS a ga td E 2f 
T I We 


Mountains near Cape Town and 
lon, Drége, &c. B. onthe Zwar- 
ANI 23 PUE. 


ahas Rear 


a or 
| Drege. (9-&) rae 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEJE. 


Habit of N. capensis but distinct by its | 


broad deeply-toothed leaves, often narrowed 
into a petiole at the base. 

8. N. ovata, suffruticosa?, divaricata 
vel procumbens, viscoso-villosa, foliis ova- 
tis grosse dentatis floralibusque oblongis 
utrinque villosis, spica brevi. 

AB. Witbergen in Cafferland, Drége. 

Leaves very obtuse, narrowed at the base, 
spike apparently interrupted. Corolla an 
inch and a half long. A very distinct spe- 
cies, but of which the specimens are imper- 
fect. 

9. XN. pumila, humilis, ramosissima, 
PETER 1 E Cao Dn At oe 


i 
dentatis, floralibus conformibus calycibus 
duplo terve longioribus basi subdilatatis, 
floribus axillaribus vix spicatis, corolle 
tubo vix pubescente, capsulis ovatis coria- 


ceis. 

Has. In the Nieuweveld or Kowp, 
Drége. (v. s.) 

A remarkable species with somewhat the 
appearance of Castilleja fissifolia, scarcely 
threeinches high, drying black like the other 
species of the first section. 

** Corolle lacinie bifide, tubus gla- 
ber. Folia spathulata. 

10. N. selaginoides, humilis, basi ramo- 
sa, foliis spathulatis floralibus basi dilatatis, 
corolle fauce pilis rigidis coronata, stami- 
nibus inferioribus abortivis. 

Erinus selaginoides, Thunb. Fi. Cap. 475. 

Erinus africanus, Herb. Un. tin. 301. 
non Linn. 

a, villosa. 

B. glabra. 

y. parviflora. 

Eus oae plains on the West coast 


from the Cape Flats northward, Ecklon, — 


Drége, &c. B. on the Olifants and Zwart- 
doorn rivers, Drége. y. in Ecklon’s col- 
lection without the locality. (v. $-) 

w annual, generally three to five 
inches high, usually covered with spreading 
viscous hairs, and dries less black than the 
species of the first section. Lower leaves 
obovate, upper ones oblong or linear-Sp?" 


thulate, entire or with very few teeth. Flo- 


ral leaves adhering at the base to the caly, f 
, Spreading at the top. Flowers rather w i 
tant especially at the base of the spike- 


MATT ciim 


DDR 


3 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE/E, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE.E. 


Calyx and capsules membranous. Corolla 
nine to eleven lines long, or in the var. &. 
scarcely five lines long and concealed under 
the floralleaves. As there is but a single 
small specimen of this variety, I am unable 
to say whether the small size of the flower 
is accidental or the character of a species. 
. M. NN. Africana, (Don. in Sw. Br. Fl. 
Gard. 2nd Ser. 3. sub. t. 239.) humilis, basi 
ramosa, foliis obovatis, floralibus oblongo- 
spathulatis, coroll: fauce vix pilosa, stami- 
nibus 4 antheriferis. 

Erinus africanus, Zinn—Thunb. Fl. 
Cap. 474. 

Har. Carro and Carroid districts: Hex 
Winterbergen and Sneeu- 
webergen, Ecklon, Drége. Hermanns 
Kraal, in Albany, Ecklon. (v. s.) 

Habit of N. selaginoides. Leaves ra- 
ther more collected at the base of the stem, 
spike more dense with the floral leaves more 
prominent, and readily distinguished by the 
two lower anthers slightly projecting from 
the mouth of the tube. 

*** Corolle limbi lacinie integre, tu- 

glabro. 

12. N. divaricata, humilis, rigida, basi 
ramosa, pubescenti-hirta, foliis infimis lon- 
oni petentis sides: mpos florali- 

enicie elonoatie 

Manulea divaricata, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 468. 

Has. Sandy hills and plains near Cape 
Town, Thunb. Ecklon, Drége, Sc. (v. s.) 

À common plant in collections, drying 
black. Corolla slender, about ten lines long. 
Capsules rather coriaceous. 

.13. N. peduncularis, humilis, basi fo- 
liosa ramosa, foliis infimis petiolatis ovatis, 
caulinis paucis lanceolatis subdentatis, spi- 
cis longe pedunculatis capituleformibus 
paucifloris. 

a. Mitsal 

B. glabriuscula. 

B. Theopolis in Albany, Ecklon, 
B. "Sain Drége. (v. s.) 

Leaves nearly all collected at the base 

ofthe stem. Scapiform branches four to 


Six inches long. Flowers of N. divaricata. 


les somewhat coriaceous. 
da. NV. pusilla, erecta, subsimplex, fo- 
lis sema seas ya CÓNNE 


Orali ha 1*1 


iongo-] 


371 


floribus paucis distantibus vel subapprox- 
imatis. 

Has. Between Hol river and Micren- 
kasteel, in the North of Clanwilliam district, 
Drége. (v. s.) 

A more slender plant than N. peduncu- 
cularis, and branches not scapiform. Spe- 
cimens in the Linnean Herbarium, marked 
Buchnera divaricata, appear to belong to 
the species. 

15. N. villosa, caule erecto ramoso 
folioso, folis oblongo-linearibus obtusis 


densis. peo 
Erinus villosus, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 474? 
Has. Haazenkraalsrivier, Drége. (v.s.) 
A taller plant than the three last, and 
scarcely blackens in drying. Capsules al- 
most membranaceous. Stamens all anthe- 
riferous, and included in the tube, as in 
the three last species. 


VI. 

Calyx membranaceus, bilabiatus, fructi- 
fer bipartitus. Corolla "persistens, tubo 

emum fisso, fauce latiore, limbo patente 
subsqualiter 5-fido. Stamina didynama, 
versus apicem tubi inserta, antheris consi- 
milibus exsertis. Capsula membranacea. 
Herbe Austro- Africane, pusille, annue, 
plerumque ramosissime, plus minusve vis- 
cose, siccitate viz nigricantes. Spice ter- 
minales, florifere sepe capitate, fructife- — 
re interdum elongate. Flores subsessiles. 
Folia floralia pedicello brevissimo adnata. 
orolle tubus calyce 2—3-plove lon- 
gir. 

E * — > viscoso- pullesven fo- 
liis li 
tatisque, spicis laxiusculis numerosis co- 
rymboso-paniculatis, corolla tubo calyce 
triplo longiore. 

Buchnera capensis, Linn. Mant. 88. 

Manulea capensis, Thunb. FT. Cap. 467. 

Has. Cape district, Ecklon, Drége, 
&c. (v. s.) 

A pretty annual, about six inches high, 
with numerous yellow flowers. Tube of 
the corolla half an inch long, limb larger 
than in any of the preceding ones. Cap- 
sule membranaceous. Two at least, and — 
, generally all four anthers slightly exserted. - 


PoLYCARENA. 


* 


372 SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE.E, 
2. P. gilioides, viscoso-pubescens, fo- 
liis linearibus subdentatis, floralibus caly- 
ces equantibus, spicis pubescentibus pau- 
cifloris, corolle tubo calyce duplo longiore. 
AB. Sands near Paarl, Drége. (v. s.) 
Habit nearly that of Gilia laciniata, 
much more slender than that of P. capen- 
sis, with flowers scarcely half the size. A 
specimen, marked Buchnera capensis, R. in 
the Banksian Herbarium, appears to be 
this species. 
** Corolle tubus calyce subbrevior. 
P. aurea, viscoso-pubescens, foliis 
linearibus integerrimis subdentatisve, flo- 
ralibus lineari-lanceolatis calyces :equanti- 
bus, spicis brevibus densis pubescentibus, 
corollz limbo tubo suo longiore. 
Buchnera aurea, Herb. Banks. MSS. 
Manulea =m Thunb. Fl. Cap. 
467? excl. Syn. Linn. 
Has. Cape of Good Hope, Thom. in 
Herb. Hooker, Masson in Herb. Banks. 


(v. 5.) 


Differs from P. pubescens in its narrow, (V. 


short, erect leaves, and especially in the 

flowers, which are above twice as large. 

4. P. pubescens, erecta, pusilla, visco- 
E eod Seti is 


oblongis linearibusve integerrimis denta- 
tisque, floralibus ovatis lanceolatisve flores 
subzquantibus, bracteis capsulisque pu- 
bescentibus, corolle limbo tubo suo sub- 
zquilongo. 

Has. Roodesand, Haazenkraalsrivier, 
and Zilverfontein, in Namaqualand, Drege. 
(v. s.) 

Varies in the leaves entire or toothed. 
Spike short and dense. 

9. P. capillaris, glabriuscula, foliis in- 
fimis obovatis oblongisve rameis lineari- 
bus, floralibus linearibus obtusis calycem 
E capsulisque glabris, spicis fruc- 
tiferis laxi 

Cim capillaris, Linn.—Thunb. FI. 

468 


. Has. Cape Flats and Zwarteland, Eck- 
on "rige. &c. (v. s.) 

high. Branches numerous, 
very slightly pubescent. Calyx about a 
line long. — and ripe calyx longer. 
Flowers amall, yellow. Some of Ecklon’s 
d sa with Thun- 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEJE. 


berg’s description, others, as also Drége’s, 
are more luxuriant, with the flowers more 
distant. 

6. P. rariora, partis pubescens, fo- 
liis anguste linearibus subintegerrimis vel 
infimis oblongis, floralibus flores superan- 
tibus, spicis raris paucifloris subglabris, 
corolle limbo tubo suo breviore. 

Has. In Ecklon’s collection, without 
a precise locality. (v. s. 

Near P. capillaris, but leaves narrower, 
and flowers much smaller. Four to six 
inches high, erect, and much branched. 

. plantaginea, erecta, pusilla, vis- 
coso-pubescens, foliis inferioribus obovatis 
superioribus oblongis integerrimis pauci- 
dentatisque, floralibus lanceolatis obtusis 
calyces superantibus, corolle minime lim- 
bo tubo suo breviore. 

Manulea plantaginea, Linn.!—Thunb. 
FI. Cap. 469 

Has. In rocks at Modderfontein and 
Zilverfontein in Namaqualand, Drege. 


s.) 
Spikes forming small leafy heads with a 
few detached axillary flowers lower down 
the stem. The whole plant is often not 
two inches high, and the flowers the least 
of all the Buchnereæ 
8. P. intertezta, procumbens, viscoso- 
pubescens, foliis petiolatis parvis ovatis 
dentatis pubescentibus, floralibus ovato- 
oblongis obtusis calyces vix superantibus, 
spicis globoso-capitatis subfastigiatis. 
Manulea intertexta, Herb. Banks. MSS. 
Has. Cape of Good Hope, Masson. 
(*. s. 
Flowers very small Leaves deeper 
toothed than in the other species. 


VII. PHYLLOPODIUM. 
— subeequaliter 5-partitus, laciniis 
si margine membranaceo subconm onnatis. 
Corolla infundibuliformis, typo calyce bre- 


viore, limbo 5-partito, laciniis integris sub. 1 
alibus. Stamina didynama, exserta à 


equ 
antheris inter se consimilibus 

membranacea. Herbe Austro-Africand 
annue, dure, plerumque basi pr 


tes, rarius erecta, siccitate sepe nigrican- í 


tes. Folia floralia pedicello brevissimo ad- 
nata. Flores parve, sessiles, 


* 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE#, 


vel sepius cerulescentes vel purpurascen- 
tes? Spice terminales, sepe capitate, 
fructifere plus minusve elongate 

l. P. cunexfolium, caule pubescenti- 
hirto, foliis inferioribus petiolatis ovatis 
obovatisve inciso-dentatis, superioribus 
oblongo-cuneatis, floralibus vix calyces su- 
perantibus, spicis floriferis capitatis, fructi- 
feris oblongo-cylindricis densis multifloris. 

Manulea cuneifolia, Linn.!— Thunb. 
Fl. Cap. 468 

Has. Uitenhage district, about Algoa 
Bay, Herb. Hooker, Ecklon, &c. (v. s.) 

Stems, though annual, almost of a woody 
texture. Leaves thickish, glabrous. Di- 
visions of the calyx joined to the middle 
by a membrane. Habit of a Selago. 

2. P. capitatum, caule hirto, foliis ova- 
to-lanceolatis oblongisve hirtis, superiori- 
bus parvis linearibus, floralibus ovato-lan- 
.ceolatis hirtis extimis calyces superantibus, 
spicis capitatis subglobosis vel demum ob- 

ngis densis multifloris. 

=- Manulea capitata, Linn.—Thunb. Fl. 
Cap. 469. 

Has. Western districts: from Cape 
Town to Olifantsrivier in Clanwilliam, 
Thunberg, Ecklon, Drége, &c. (v. s.) 

More hairy and less branching at the 
summit than P. cuneifolium. Leaves nar- 
rower, less toothed. Spikes very dense, 
and scarcely bigger than a large pea. Ex- 
ternal floral leaves forming a sort of invo- 
lucre to the young heads. Divisions of the 
calyx obtuse, deeply cleft. Corolla minute. 

Co P heterophyllum, pusillum, hirtum, 
basi ramosum, ramis erectis, foliis infimis 
petiolatis ovatis subdentatis, superioribus 
paucis linearibus, floralibus lineari-lanceo- 
latis, extimis calyces ciliatos superantibus, 
Spicis capitatis fructiferis oblongis laxius- 
culis, staminibus limbo corolle brevioribus. 

Manulea heterophylla, Linn.—Thunb. 

469. 


: Fi. Cap. 


_ Has. Near the Cape, from Zwarteland 
to Caledon, Thunberg, Ecklon, Drége, 
s.) 


. &e. (v. 


Perhaps a variety of P. capitatum, but 


.. much more slender, scarcely ever six inches 


high, with looser heads of flowers. Corolla 
ently yellow. 
P. pumilum, erectum, glabriuscu- 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE%. 373 
lum, foliis petiolatis ovatis, superioribus 
oblongis, floralibus ovatis obtusissimis pu- 
bescentibus calycem equantibus, spicis 
capitatis gener staminibus limbum 
coroll: æquant 
Has. “Groen river in Clanwilliam, 


Z 
zi 


Drége. 

siaii still than the last, with smaller 
heads and rather larger flowers. 

r 5. P. diffusum, glabriusculum vel vix 
hirtum, ramosissimum, foliis ovatis oblon- 
gisve dentatis basi in petiolum longe an- 
gustatis, floralibus linearibus calyces vix 
superantibus, spicis elongatis laxis. 

AB. Near Uitenhage, Ecklon. (v. s.) 

Branches half a foot to near a foot long, 

procumbent. Flowering-spike lax, fruit- 
spike near two inches long, the capsules 
about a line distant from each other. 
Flowers not so minute as in the other 
species. 
6. P.bracteatum, ramosissimum, diffu- 
sum, ramis pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis 
ovatis dentatis glabris, floralibus conformi- 
bus, spicis longis floribus omnibus remo- 
tis, calycibus petiolo foliorum floralium vix 
longioribus. 

Has. Uitenhage district, near Addo 
and Enon, Drège, Olifantshoek, Ecklon. 
(v. s. 

Remarkable for its long lax branches, 
and AMiciany for the broadly-expanded 
limb of the floral leaves. 


VIII. SpHEeNANDRA. Benth. 

Calyx 5-partitus. Corolla decidua tubo 
brevissimo, limbo rotato, laciniis 5 rotun- 
datis subequalibus. Stamina 4, exserta, 
subadscendentia; antheris cuneatis consi- 
milibus 

KÉ S. viscosa (Benth. in Lindl Nat. 
Syst. of Bot. 445.). 

Buchnera viscosa, Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 
1. v. 2. p. 357.—Bot. Mag. 7.217. 

Manulea viscosa, Wild. Enum. Hort. 
Berol. 652. 

Manulea cerulea, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 467, 
viz. Linn. 

Has. Carro desert and carroid diets : 
Common in Cape collections. (v. s) = 

Suffrutex erectus, pedalis, viscoso-pu- —— 
bescens. Folia pleraque opposita — E 


974 SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEREÆ, 


lanceolata, paucidentata, floralia pedicello 
multo breviora, libera, ovata, integerrima 
acutissima. Calyces hispidi laciniis lan- 
ceolatis. Staminum paria subæqualia. 


IX. CH#NOSTOMA. 

Calyx 5-partitus. Corolla decidua in- 
fundibuliformis vel hypocrateriformis, ra- 
rius tubo brevissimo subcampanulata, fauce 
dilatata, limbo subequaliter 5-fido, laciniis 
obovatis rotundatisve. Stamina didyna- 
ma, antheris consimilibus, faucem squan- 
tibus vel exsertis. Herbe, suffruticesve 
Austro-Africana. Folia fere omnia op- 
posita dentata vel rarius integerrima, flo- 
ralia conformia vel bracleeformia a pedt- 
cello libera. Flores axillares vel racemos: 
longiuscule pedicellati siccitate non nigri- 
cantes. Capsule glabre 

* Corolle tubus vix videro vel calyce 
brevior. 

l. C. rotundifolium, suffruticosum, gla- 
briusculum, foliis parvis petiolatis obo- 
vato-rotundatis inciso-dentatis utrinque vi- 
ridibus crassiusculis, pedicellis axillaribus 
calyce glabro parum ongioribus, corollæ 
i ibuliformis tubo calyce breviore. 

1B, Drége’s collection without a 
special locality. (v. s.) 

Branches apparently procumbent. Limb 
of the leaves scarcely two to three lines 
long, petiole about two lines. Flowers 
few, small, axillary towards the summit of 

the branches. 
: C. pauciflorum, suffruticosum, pu- 
bescens, foliis petiolatis obovato-rotundatis 
dentatis utrinque pubescentibus pedicellis 
a coti calyce hispido sublongioribus, 
corolle in 
viore. 

Has. Nieuweveldsbergen in Beaufort, 
Drege Krakakamma in Uitenhage, Eck- 


; C. rotundifolium, but flowers at 
ice the size. SU s specimens 
hairy than Ecklon' 
"ampamulaten, AUT peii 
liis ovatis, dentatis, racemis 
: s, calycis hispidi laciniis li- 
neari- e corolla tubo brevissimo 
subcampanulata cal lyce auio longiore. 
Has Zuurebergen and Zwar tehoog- 


undibuliformis tubo calyce bre-/ 6. 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEÆ. 


den in Uitenhage and Albany, Ecklon, - 
Drége, on the Key river in Tambukiland, 
Ecklon. (v. s.) 
Leaves about half an inch long, gene- 
rally irregularly toothed and contracted at 
ase. Stamens very unequal in length, 
the longer pair rather shorter than the co- 
rolla, which appears to be blue. Ecklon’s 
specimens are pea but appear to 
belong to this speci 
i eiit, suffrat cosum, glabri- 
us — foliis oblongo-lanceolatis dentatis 
glabris vel subtus canescentibus, calycis 
glabriusculi laciniis subulatis corolla sub- 
campanulata vix dimidio brevioribus. 

E. laxiflora. 

Hae. In the Amakosa country between 
the rivers Gehau and Bashe, Drége, B. on 
bx river Basheand Windvogelberg, Drége. 
(v. 

Habit nearly that of Sphenandra vis- 
cosa, but more slender, and flowers more 
numerous. Corolla of C. campanulatum, 
but smaller. In the var. f. the calyx is 
much smaller, perhaps it may be a distinct 


species. 
5. C. procumbens, suffruticosum, hu- ' 
mile, ramosissimum, foliis ovali-oblongis 


subdentatis obtusis utrinque viridibus 
crassiusculis, racemis paucifloris, pedicel- 
lis calyce longioribus, corolle infundibuli- 
formis tubo calycem æquante vel vix su- 
perante. 
Has. On the Fish river, Drége. (v. 5. ) 
Branches apparently prostrate, slightly 
pubescent towards the extremity, the calyx 
has also a few hairs, but the rest of the 
plant is quite glabrous. 
rum, suffruticosum, pro- 
cumbens, subcanescens, ramis à scenden- 
tibus fastigiatis, foliis oblongo-ovatis sub- 
dentatis basi longe angustatis planis, race- — 
mis laxis, floribus longe pedicellatis, caly- 
cibus glabris vel canescentibus, corolle in- 
fundibuliformis tubo calycem sequante vel 
vix superante. 
Has. Nearthe Keiskamma, Drége. 22] 
It is possible this may be a mere variety 
of the last species, dependent on 
in which it grew, but the flowers are larger. 
and the appearance so different, that I have 
been unwilling to join them. - 


the soil 


Py, 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE, 


De v. C. halimifolium, suffruticosum, hu- 
mile, ramis numerosis erectis albidis, foliis 
ovali-oblongis lanceolatisve subdentatis 
utrinque incanis planis, racemis laxis, flo- 
ribus longe pedicellatis, corollæ infundibu- 
liformis tubo calycem æquante vel vix 
superante. 

AB. Karroo desert, near Graafreynet, 
Ecklon, Steelkloof, Hamerkuil and plains 
near Aasvogelberg, Drége. (v. s.) 

Habit of Manulea incana, but a true 
Chenostoma. Branches thickly leaved at 
the base. Racemes almost leafless, the 
floral leaves being very small and entire. 


v^ 8 C. polyanthum, herbaceum vel suf- 


fruticosum, basi ramosissimum, ramis apice 
pubescentibus paniculatis, foliis ovatis 
dentatis basi cuneatis, supremis oblongis, 
glabris vel subtus canescentibus, racemis 
laxis, calycibus hispidis, corolle infundi- 
buliformis tubo calycem vix superante. 

Han. On the Zwartkops river in Ui- 
tenhage, Ecklon, Algoa Bay? Herb. 
Hooker. (v. s 

Habit hd corolla of C. laxiflorum. 
Leaves and calyx of C. campanulatum. 
umilum, suffruticosum, multi- 
caule, ekrim, foliis oblongis superioribus 
linearibus integerrimis paucidentatisque, 
floribus racemosis, corollæ infundibulifor- 
mis tubo calyce vix longiore. 

Has. In Uitenhage district, Ecklon; 
also in Herb. Hooker and in Drége’s col- 
lection, probably from the neighbourhood 
of Algoa Ba ay. 

ranches numerous, erect, three to four 
inches high. Leaves slightly revolute on 
the margin. Pedicels longer than calyx, 
which is nearly glabrous. Corolla very 
open, as in all the species of this section. 

10. C. denudatum, suffruticosum, ra- 
mis glabris adscendentibus, foliis distanti- 
bus linearibus integerrimis margine revo- 

glabris, racemis paucifloris, calyce 
hispido corolle infundibuliformis tubo vix 
breviore. 

Han. Langekloof, in George district, 
Ecklon, Drége. (v. s.) 

Habit nearly that of Asperula cynan- 
chica. Calyx of C. campanulatum. Co- 
of C. pumilum. Capsule oblong, 
than the calyx. 


375 


** Corolle tubus calyce bis terve lon- 

gior. ; 
w ll. C.revolutum, suffruticosum, cine- 
rascens vel pubescens, foliis linearibus in- 
tegerrimis margine revolutis, floribus race- 
mosis, pedicellis calyce vix longioribus, 
calycis laciniis linearibus subulatisve, cap- 
sulam ovatam subequantibus, tubo corolle 
bis terve brevioribus. 

Manulea revoluta, Thunb. Fl. Cap, 467. 

a. glabriusculum. 

B. pubescens. 

Has. Under the Zwartebergen from 
the river Zondereinde to the Gauritz ri- 
ver, Ecklon, Drége, &c., and on the Fish 
river, Dr. Gill. B. on the Cedarbergen 
and near Boschkloof, Drége. (v. s.) 

A foot high, very much branched. 

12. 6. glabrata. seine oar, gla- 
brum, foliis li 
revolutis, floribus racemosis, pedicellis 
calyce plus duplo longioribus, calycis laci- 
niis lanceolato-subulatis subpubescentibus 
capsula oblonga brevioribus, corolle tubo 
calyce bis terve longiore. 

Has. Key river in Tambukiland, and 
Kannaland in Zwellendam, Ecklon ; Zwa- 
anepoolspoort and Kendo, Drége. (v. 8.) 

Differs from C. linifolium in its narrower 
leaves, longer capsules, and is almost al- 
ways perfectly glabrous. 

c-183. C. linifolium, suffruticosum, ramis 
apice hirtellis, foliis oblongis lanceolatis 
—— —— pcan 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE.E. 


floribus racemosis, pedicellis calyce plus 
duplo longioribus, calycis laciniis glabris 
vel vix hirtellis linearibus capsulam sub- 
superantibus corolle tubo triplo brevio- 
ribus. 
Manulea linifolia, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 466? 
Han. Mountains of Cape District, near 
Worcester, and near Brackfontein, in Clan- 
william, Ecklon, Drége, &c. (v. s.) 
Intermediate between C. glabratum and 
ethiopicum, perhaps a variety of the latter. 
14. C.ethiopicum, suffruticosum, ramis 
numerosis floriferis fastigiatis, folis oblon- 
gis ovatisve paucidentatis glabriusculis, 
racemis brevis laxis subcorymbosis, caly- 
cibus hispidis corolla tubo bis terve: bre- 
vioribus. 


- 


- 


376 SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE.£, 


Buchnera ethiopica, Linn.! Mant. 251. 
non Thunb. 

Has. In the Linnean and Banksian 
Herbaria, probably from the Cape district. 
(v. s.) 

Intermediate between C. linifolium and 
fastigiatum. Leaves almost those of C. 
integrifolium. 

15. C.fastigiatum, suffruticosum, ra- 
mis numerosis suberectis, foliis lineari-vel 
oblongo-cuneatis apice profunde pauciden- 
tatis, floribus ad apices ramorum capitato- 
racemosis, pedicellis plerisque calyce bre- 
vioribus, calycibus hispidis tubo corolle 
bis terve brevioribus 

a. ramis foliis que ents. 

& glabratum 

Manulea cephalotes, Thunb. FI. Cap. 
470? 

Has. . On the Babylonstorensbergen in 
Caledon, Ecklon, B. on the Klynriviers- 
berge, and near Caledon, in the same dis- 
trict, Ecklon, Drége. (v. s.) 

A low shrub, with leaves very much like 
those of Salvia dentata, remarkable for 
the compact racemes, consisting of from 

hree to seven flowers with very hispid 
calyces. 


v 16. C.subspicatum, suffruticosum, gla- 


berrimum, ramis numerosis suberectis, fo- 
liis semiamplexicaulibus oblongis profunde 
paucidentatis, floribus spicato-racemosis, 
calycibus glabris vel brevissime ciliatis 
corolle tubo bis terve brevioribus, 

Has. In Drége's collection without a 
precise locality. (v. s.) 

Spikes of flowers leafy, about an inch 
long. All the pedicels very much shorter 
than the cal 

AL C marifolium, suffruticosum, pro- 

ns, ramis cano-pubescentibus, foliis 
ovatis crenatis margine subrevolutis subtus 
vel utrinque cano-tomentosis, floribus bre- 
vissime pedicellatis oppositis subracemo- 
sis, corolla tubo calyce duplo longiore. 

 Manulea virgata, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 4701 

X CIUS “a apr in Ui- 

ich. . Virgafe. exse amos 
sessile, and very white, which does not 
erg's e 


E C. integrifolium, 


laxe 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE E. 


ramosissimum subglabrum, foliis ovatis — 
margine subrevolutis integerrimis pauci- 
dentatisque glabris, floribus axillaribus - 
pedicellatis superioribus laxe racemosis, 
corolle tubo tenui calyce triplo longiore. 

Manulea integrifolia, Linn. !—T'hunb. 
FI. Ca 

B. parvifolium. 

Has. Cape district? Herb. Linn., 8. 
on the Tygerberg, Drége. (v. s.) 

Habit very much that of C. hispidum, 

but leaves smaller, less toothed, and the 
whole plant nearly or quite glabrous. 
V 19. C. cuneatum, suffruticosum, pro- 
cumbens, ramis hirsutis, foliis subsessilibus 
obovato-rotundatis cuneatis inciso-dentatis 
utrinque viridibus hirtis, floribus ad apices 
ramorum axillaribus subracemosisve, co- 
rolle tubo calyce bis terve longiore. 

Has. In the Hottentotsholland and 
Men mountains in Stellenbosch, 
Ecklon. (v. 

Habit ci that of C. marifolium, but . 
very different in leaves and inflorescence, 
in the latter character, it represents C. Ats- 
pidum, but is yet more hairy. Leaves as 
broad as long, marked with three to five 
very deep teeth. 
w/ 20. C. hispidum, suffruticosum, ramis 
procumbentibus vel divaricatis hirsutis, 
foliis ovatis oblongisve grosse dentatis basi 
angustatis cuneatisve pubescentibus, flori- 
bus axillaribus pedicellatis superioribus 
laxe racemosis, calycibus hirtis corollae 
tubo ter brevioribus. 

Manulea hispida, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 473. 

Manulea oppositiflora, Vent. Jard. Malm. 
15. t. 15. E 

Has. Near the Cape from whence it 1$ 
sent in almost all collections. (v. s.) 

A very variable plant, especially in the 
degree of hairiness and the size of the 
leaves. 

2l. oribundum, ramis erectis? pu- 
lieseentibus, foliis ovatis grosse dentatis 
basi cuneatis tenuiter pbencent race- 
mulis subcorymbosis in paniculam term 
nalem multiflorem dispositis, dm 
breviter pedicellatis hirtis corolle tubo ter — 
brevioribus. ) 

Port Natal, Drége. (v. $- 

Leaves nearly those of C. hispidum, but 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE.E, 


! larger ; flowers also nearly the same, but a 


remarkable species for its size and inflores- 
cence, as well as from its station, far dis- 


tant from that of any other species. 
v 


C. cordatum, herbaceum, ramis 
prostratis subradicantibus hirsutis, foliis 
petiolatis ovato-rotundatis dentatis basi 
truncatis cordatisve pubescentibus, floribus 
axillaribus pedicellatis, calycibus hispidis 
corolle tubo vix duplo brevioribus. 

Manulea cordata, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 473. 

B. hirsutior. 

Has. Krakakamma and Olifantshoek 
in Uitenhage, Ecklon, Ruigtevalei, Drége, 
B. on the Witbergen, Drége. (v. s.) 

Remarkable for its long trailing stems as 
well as for the form of the leaves, which 
are about half an inch long and broad. 
Corolla shorter than in C. hispidum. The 
var. 8. may perhaps be a distinct species, 
but the specimens are past flower, and im- 
perfect, i 
v 23. C. racemosum, herbaceum? ramis 
erectis pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis lato- 
oyatis dentatis tenuiter pubescentibus, flo- 

ibus minimis, floribus longe peduncula- 
tis racemosis, corolle tubo calyce duplo 
longiore. 

Has. Zuurebergen, Drége. (v. s.) 

Leaves about half an inch or more in 

h, rounded or wedge-shaped at the 
» floral ones sessile, scarcely two lines 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE.E£. 377 


sessile flowers, upper ones often simple, 
forming an irregular leafy raceme. 

L- 25. C. pedunculosum, herbaceum, ra- 
mosissimum, procumbens, viscoso-pubes- 
cens, foliis petiolatis ovatis inciso-dentatis 
pinnatifidisve, superioribus parvis, pedun- 
culis axillaribus longissimis filiformibus, 
corolle tubo tenui calyce dimidio vel sub- 
duplo longiore, limbo ampl 

Has. Zilverfontein in 
Drége. (v. s.) 

Remarkable for its intricate leafy stems, 
its numerous peduncles, often two inches 
long, and for the form of the flower, which, 
as far as can be ascertained from dried 
specimens, appears to be an approach to 
that of Lyperia. The corolla dries yel- 
lowish, with a dark-coloured faux. 


o. 
Namaqualand, 


LYPERIA. 

Calyx 5-partitus, laciniis linearibus sub- 
foliaceis. Corolle deciduæ tubus elonga- 
tus, extus viscosus, apice latere superiore 
gibbus vel incurvus, limbus patens, 5-fidus, 
laciniis in labia 2 approximatis. Stamina 
didynama, inclusa. Herbæ, suffrutices vel 
fruticuli Austro- Africana. Folia inferi- 
ora opposita superiora alterna, integra 
dentata inciso-pinnatifida vel multifida, 
ad azillas sepe fasciculata. Flores sessi- 
les vel sepius pedicellati, axillares, race- 
most vel spicati. Corolle et interdum tota 


long. Pedicels spreading, three-fourths of planta siccitate nigricat. Capsule ple- 


an inch long. Calyx nearly glabrous, seg- 
ments unequally cleft, subulate at the end. 
4. C. fetidum, annuum? erectum, 
Tamosum, subglabrum, foliis longe petiola- 
tis ovatis inciso-dentatis, pedunculis axil- 
laribus 1—3-floris superioribus subrace- 
mosis, corolle tubo tenui calyce bis terve 
ore. 
Buchnera feetida, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 80. 
Manulea feetida, Pers. Syn. 2. 148. 
Manulea alternifolia, Hort. Par. !—Pers. 


Has. Eastern portion of Worcester 
and Clanwilliam districts, Ecklon, Drége, 
"B ! 
. Leaves from half an inch to an inch 
hu d Lower pedicels almost always bear- 
small corymb of about three nearly 


and in many of the older Cape collections. 
v. s.) 


rumque exserta, ovoidee vel oblonge, plus 
minusve viscose. 

* Flores subsessiles spicati. 

1. ZL. fruticosum, viscoso-pubescens, 
foliis ovatis oblongis subcordatisve integer- 
rimis paucidentatisque floralibus conformi- 
bus calyces superantibus, capsulis oblongis 
calyces subeequantibus. : 

Has. On the Zwartdoorn river in 
Clanwilliam, and Modderfontein and the 
Gariep plains in Namaqualand, Drege ; 
also in Captain Paterson’s collection. (v. 5.) 

More of a shrub than any other species. 
Leaves sessile, varying from three or four 
lines to an inch in length in the different 
specimens, always drying black as well as 
the flowering spikes. 

2, L.amplexicaulis, herbacea ? erecta, —— 
viscoso-pubescens vel villosa, foliis lato- : 


i 


378 SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE, 


ovatis dentatis basi cordato-amplexicauli- 
bus, floralibus subconformibus calyces su- 
perantibus, spicis elongatis multifloris, 
corolle tubo calycem vix superante limbo 
parvo. 

Has. Namaqualand, Ecklon ; Natvoet 
and Groen river in Clanwilliam, Drége. 
(v. s.) 

Flowering branches about a foot high, 
of which the greater part is occupied by 
the leafy spike. Capsule nearly glabrous, 
scarcely as long as the calyx. 

3. L. tristis, herbacea, erecta, visco- 
sissima, foliis infimis petiolatis ovatis ob- 
longisve dentatis incisisque, superioribus 
oblongo-lanceolatis, floralibus lanceolatis 
integerrimis, supremis capsula brevioribus, 
spica florifera densa, fructifera elongata, 
capsulis calyce duplo longioribus. 

Erinustristis, Linn.— Thunb. Fl.Cap.476. 

Has. Cape Flats, Zwarteland, and 
northward as far as Brackfontein in Clan- 
william, Ecklon, Drége, &c. (v. s.) 

Stems thick, rigid, often much branched, 
a foot or rather more in height, tube of the 
corolla about an inch long, divisions of the 
limb slightly emarginate. Capsule four to 
five lines long. 

4. L.fragrans, suffruticosa, suberecta, 
viscosa, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis apice 
dentatis basi angustatis integerrimis, supe- 
rioribus angustioribus subintegerrimis, flo- 
ralibus calyce subbrevioribus, spica flo- 
rifera densa fructifera elongata, capsulis 
calyce vix duplo longioribus. 

Erinus fragrans, Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1. 
v. 2. p. 357. 

com lychnideus, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 4741 
excl, syn. plur. 

Lychnidea villosa, &c., Burm. Pi. Afr. 
18. t. 49. f. 4. 

Has. Cape Flats and Hottentotshol- 


land, Ecklon ; Saldanha Bay, in the Cape 


. district, Drége. 


_ Leaves very numerous at the base of the 
stem, the whole plant is slightly pubescent, 


- rim very black. Burmann's figure is 


fair representation of it. Capsules four 
re five lines s long. 
5. ; E macrocarpa, suffruticosa? caule 


ilo, foliis oblongo-linearibus ob- 


Vac intepersimis basi ache tenuiter 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEE. 


pubescentibus, floralibus calycem equan- — 


tibus, spica elongata, capsulis calyce sub- 
triplo longioribus. 

Has. Probably in the Cape district, 
Masson in Herb. Banks. (v. s.) 

Habit of L. fragrans, but leaves entire 
and capsules about an inch long. 

6. L. simplez, herbacea, erecta, subsim- 
plex, foliis infimis petiolatis ovatis subden- 
tatis, superioribus floralibusque oblongis 
lanceolatisve integerrimis, spica elongata, 


p V y vix 
excedentibus. 

Erinus simplex, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 4741 - 

Has. Cape district? Paterson, &e.; 
False Bay, Thunberg? Karroo desert, 
Ecklon. (v. s.) 

I have seen several specimens, but none 
of them very satisfactory, and I have doubts 
as to their being the same as Thunberg's 
plant. They all differ, however, from the 
three preceding species by the short thick 
capsules, and the flowers, and especially 
the capsules, more distant from each other. 

** Herbe, foliis non fasciculatis, flori- 
bus pediceliatis racemosis. 

7. L. tenuiflora, pusilla, erecta, tenui- 
ter viscoso-pubescens, foliis oblongis lan- 
ceolatisve integerrimis peo E 
pedicellis calyce parum longiori 

Has. Drége’s collection, ems the 
precise station. (v. s.) 

Whole plant scarcely four inches high. 
Flowers eight to ten lines long. 

L. racemosa, erecta, viscosissima, 
folis petiolatis ovatis argute dentatis basi 
longe angustatis, floribus pedunculatis ra- 
cemosis, corollæ limbo amplo dimidio tubi 

ongiore. 

Has. Inthe north of Clanwilliam dis- 
trict, and at the mouth of the Gariep 1n 
Namaqualand, Ecklon, Drége. (v. 9) 

About a foot high. Tube of the corolla 
about nine lines long, lobes of the limb 
broad, shortly bifid. 

. L, glutinosa, herbacea, erecta, vis- ' 
cosissima, foliis petiolatis ovatis agt 
dentatis basi rotundato-truncatis, floribus 

unculatis racemosis, corolle limbo s a 
midio tubi breviore. Bes 

Han. Near the Gariep, Drége. (P. * 

Not so tall, and more glutinous hat 


_ last Leaves shorter. Corolla more slen- 
der, with a much smaller limb Calyx very 
viscous, rather longer than the capsule. 

10. ZL. violacea, decumbens vel erec- 
tiuscula, glabriuscula, foliis petiolatis ob- 
longis dentatis, floribus paucis subracemo- 
sis, corolle limbo dimidio tubi multo 
breviore, capsula ovata villosa calyce duplo 


Bon Ee S A Le m 


ore. 
Manulea violacea, Zink.! Enum. Hort. 
rol. 2. 142. 


Erinus patens, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 475? 
B. Cultivated in the Berlin Garden 
from Cape seeds.—Hexriver, Drége? (v.s.) 
Branches smooth, about six inches high. 
Leaves half an inch long, with a few deep 
teeth. Corolla seven to eight lines long, 
divisions of the limb entire. Drége’s spe- 
cimens are in fruit only, but appear to be- 
- to this plant. Manulea crystallina 
einm, Syll. Pl. Soc. Ratisb. 1. 221.) 
must also be very near this species, if not 


e same. 

*** Suffrutices vel fruticuli. Folia 
sepe ad azillas fasciculata. Pedicelli az- 
ulares vel subracemosi. 

ll. LL. incisa, suffruticosa, humilis, 

_ Tamosissima, foliis petiolatis obovatis ova- 
tisve inciso-dentatis utrinque ramisque vil- 
losis, floribus paucis subracemosis, corolle 

| = calyce subsextuplo longiore limbo 


— — c N 
m «ideal 


Erinus incisus, Thunb. Fi. Cap. 476. 
Has. Cape district ? Masson in Herb. 
e (o. 2.) 
Corolla above an inch long. 
L. canescens, suffruticosa, decum- 


> ciculatis oblongis inciso-dentatis subtus 
_ Yel utrinque incanis, floribus subracemosis, 
Tacemis paniculatis, pedicellis brevibus ri- 
gidis, corollæ limbo brevi, capsulis calyce 
= dimidio longi giore. 
. HAB. Inundated land on the Gariep, 
Drage, (e. s.) 

p. Near L. argentea, but branches less di- 
Y Varicate and more rigid, pedicels shorter, 
1 I more numerous and smaller. 
1 r. argentea, suffruticosa 


po. oblongisve inciso-dentatis 
| utrinque. scabro-pubescentibus 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEREJE, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACES. 


bens, ; Tamosissima, foliis petiolatis subfas- be 


379 


subincanis, pedicellis axillaribus filiformis 
vel supremis subracemosis, corolle limbo 
tubo dimidio breviore. 

Manulea argentea, Linn.!—Thunb. FI. 
Cap. 472. 

a. foliis subtus albidis. 

B. foliis utrinque subviridibus. 

y. Scabrior foliis obtusioribus. 

Has.  Uitenhage district, from the 
Vanstaadensberge to the Boshman's river, 

cklon, Drége, &c., and on the Umtata, 
in the Amakosa country, Drége. (v. s.) 

Branches long, with numerous slender 
branchlets. Lower leaves near half an 
inch long, those of the branches smaller. 
Pedicels six to ten lines, corolla five to six 
lines, capsule about one line long. A plant 
very variable in pubescence, and generally 
drying rather blackish, seldom deserving 
the name of argentea. 

14. L. pedunculata, suffruticosa, diva- 
ricato-ramosissima, tenuiter pubescens, fo- 
liis petiolatis subfasciculatis obovato-cu- 
neatis inciso-dentatis, pedicellis elongatis 
axillaribus filiformibus, calyce corollæ tubo 

-plo breviore, corollæ limbo tubo pa- 
rum breviore. 
Buchnera pedunculata, Andr. Bot. Rep. 
84 


m 


Manulea pedunculata, Pers. Syn. 2. 184. 
Has. Raised in gardens, from Cape 
seeds, precise station unknown. (v. $. c.) - 
Habit of L. argentea. Resembles also 
L. cuneata, but the leaves are several times 
larger, and stalked, and the pedicels above 
an inch long. 
15. L. phlogiflora, suffruticosa, decum- 
ns, ramosissima, foliis fasciculatis petio- 
latis oblongis inciso-dentatis pinnatifidisve 
tenuissime pubescentibus glabrisve, race- 
mis laxis viscoso-pubescentibus, — 


limho amplo | 
lino auipiv o 


longis. 
Has. Onthe Keiskamma , Drege, (v. $. ) 
Differs from L. argentea chiefly by the 
leaves, which are smaller and more deeply 
toothed, and by the large expanded limb 
of the coro : 
16. ZL. crassicaulis, suffruticosa, basi - 
dábwinbens ram osissima, ramis strictis ri- 


gidis scabris, foliis petiolatis ovatis e od 


tisectis segmentis oblongo-c 


380 SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE.E, 


integris 2—3-fidisve scabris, racemis stric- 
tis, pedicellis calyce subbrevioribus, co- 
rolle limbo brevi laciniis emarginatis. . 

Has. Wildshutsberg and Witbergen, 
Drége. (v. s.) 

From half a foot to a foot high. Dries 
black, and covered with glandular dots 
which become white when dry. 

17. L. mollis, suffruticosa, molliter vil- 
losa, ramis elongatis procumbentibus, fo- 
liis subfasciculatis petiolatis ovatis inciso- 
pinnatifidis pinnatisectisve, laciniis ovatis 
integris incisisve, pedicellis axillaribus fili- 
formibus, corolle tubo calyce vix duplo 
longiore. 

Has. Graham's Town in Albany and 
Zuureberg in Uitenhage, Ecklon, Coles- 
berg, Drége. (v. s.) 

Branches slender. Pedicels eight to ten 
lines E Corolla four to five lines. 

18. L. filicaulis, suffruticosa, pubes- 
. cens, ramis elongatis tenuibus procumben- 

: tibus, foliis subfasciculatis petiolatis obo- 
vato-subrotundisinciso-pinnatifidis, laciniis 
obovatis obtusissimis, pedicellis ponis 
filiformibus 

Has. On the Witbergen, ass (v. 5.) 

Although the specimens are past flower, 
they show that the species is distinct from 
the preceding. 

9. L. pinnatifida, suffruticosa, decum- 
bens, ramosissima, foliis pinnatisectis, seg- 
mentis oblongo-cuneatis integris dentatis 

innatifidisve, floribus subracemosis, co- 
rolle tubo calyce 3—4-plo longiore. 

Manulea pinnatifida, Linn —Thunb, Fl 

Cap. 473. 

a, canescens, capsulis calyce vix dimidio 
longioribus. 

B. subcanescens, capsulis calyce subdu- 
plo longioribus. 

y. viscoso-pubescens, capsulis calyce 
subduplo longioribus, corollis minoribus. 

à. subbipinnatisecta, corollis majoribus. 

-«. microphylla, viscoso-pubescens. 
So." Karroo desert and Karroid places, 
fro Beaufort to the Fish river, Ecklon, 
T and other collections. (v. s.) 


ie sco Leaves from 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEE. 


three to six lines, segments usually convo- | 


lute or conduplicate. Flowers few, pedi- 
cels rather stiff. Tube of the corolla four 
to five lines, limb two to three lines long, 
divisions obtuse or very slightly emargi- 
nate. 

20. L. multifida, suffruticosa, procum- 
bens, ramosissima, foliis subfasciculatis 
bipinnatisectis, segmentis plerisque petio- 
lulatis oblongo-cuneatis integris incisis 
pinnatifidisve, racemis paucifloris, calycis 
laciniis lineari- we corollæ tubo vix 
— brevior 

eminem. and Stormbergen, 

Sen (v. 5. 

Leaves much more divided, and flowers 
much smaller than in L. pinnatifida. 

21. L. foliolosa, fruticosa, divaricato- 
ramosissima, foliis parvis fasciculatis line- 
ari-cuneatis dentatis pinnatifidisve utrinque 
canescentibus, floribus subracemosis co- 
rolle tubo calyce subtriplo longiore. 

Has. Karroid places, Zwartehopf and 
Langekloof, Ecklon, between the little 
Fish river and Brak river, Drége, and in 
other Uitenhage collections. (v. s.) 


Leaves one to three lines longer, much —— 


narrower, less cut, and whiter than in L. 
pinnatifida s, which it resembles. 

L. cuneata, fruticosa, ramosissima, 
foliia: minutis fasciculatis apice bi-triden- 
tatis rarius integerrimis glabriusculis. vel 
tenuissime pubescentibus, floribus subra- 


cemosis, corolle tubo calyce 3—4-plo e 


gioribus. 
Has. 
Drege. (v.s 


Leaves intermediate between those of 7 


L. foliolosa and L. atropurpurea. 


from L. pedunculata by the minute sessile ei 
leaves and peduncles seldom half an inb | 
Can it be the wild state of this d 


long. 
plant ? 


On and near the Gauritz rivet, 


23. L.atropurpurea, fruticosa, ramo — 


sissima, foliis minutis fasciculatis lineari — 


bus integerrimis vel rarius unidentatis, f0- — 
ribus subracemosis, corolle tubo cal 


6—7-plo longiore. 
sd x teli quid Banks. Ü 
Has. Karro and Karro 
— Drége, &c. (v. s.) 
Leaves glabrous or vcr 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEREA, 


- two lines long. Corolla near an inch long. 
Capsule larger than in the neighbouring 
species. The cultivated specimens only 
differ in their leaves rather longer. 

24. L. aspalathoides, fruticosa, ramo- 
sissima, foliis minutis fasciculatis oblongis 
linearibusve integerrimis, floribus racemo- 
sis, corollte tubo calyce 2—3-plo longiore. 

Grasrugg and Krakakamma in 
Uitenhage, Ecklon. (v. s.) 

Leaves smaller than in L. atropurpurea, 
narrower than in L. microphylla, and not 
imbricated. Flowers about half an inch 
l Branches pubescent. Leaves gla- 

Tous. 

25. L. microphylla, fruticosa, ramosis- 
sima, foliis minutis ovatis integerrimis ad 
axillas fasciculatis, ramulorum juniorum 

ifariam — floribus versus 
apices ramorum pau 

Manulea ned asd Linn.!—Thunb. 
Fi. Cap. 466. 

Haz. Karroid districts, Zwartkops river, 
Ecklon, near Garip and between Ado and 
md river, Drége, and other collections. 

s.) 


M scarcely half a line long. Flow- 
ers about half an inch. Divisions of the 
limb broad, obovate. 


XI. MaNULEa. Linn. 


Nemia, Berg. Fl. Cap. 
Calyx 5-partitus, laciniis linearibus su- 
 bulatisve. Corolle decidue tubus elonga- 
tus, extus glaber vel tomentosus, apice sub- 
rectus, limbo 5-partito equali vel laciniis 
4 superioribus magis approximatis. Sta- 
mina didynama inclusa. Herbe rarius 
suffrutices comas simam Folia sæpe 
ETSE Da 
eere. hoses viidnion. cautes 
nunc simplicibus nudis vel minute bracte- 
atis, nunc compositis pedicellis mult ifloris. 
Coro: sepe aurantiace, siccitate non ni- 
Rees. Capsule glabre. 

* Pedicelli uniflori. Corolle lacinie 
bifida, obcordate, obovate vel rarius ob- 
longe obtuse. Folia subradicalia, pedun- 

he coser ciii simplicibus nudis vel 
| emosis. 


apice rac 
pu ? nervosa kE Meyer, MSS.), 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE®. 381 
foliis petiolatis obovato-oblongis ovatisve 
integerrimis glabris, laciniis calycinis lato- 
lanceolatis, corolle laciniis latis emargina- 
tis, binis supremis ultra medium connatis 
integerrimis. 

Has. Zilverfontein in Namaqualand, 
Drége. (v. s. 

A very distinct species, which ought, 
perhaps, to be considered as forming a 
separate genus. Three to four inches 
high. Calycine segments broader and 
thicker, tube of the corolla shorter, limb 
larger, and less deeply cleft than in any 
other species. 

2. M. silenoides (E. Meyer, MSS.), 
annua, folis petiolatis ovatis integerrimis 
vel obscure dentatis, laciniis calycinis line- 
aribus, junioribus basi submembranaceo- 

Jd PE ni EI 1 tib 


Coann 


corollæ laciniis emarginato-bifidis. 

B. minor. 3 

HAB. Kerakeis; Drége, P. between 
Micrenkasteel and Zwartdoorn river in 
Clanwilliam, and Modderfontein in Nama- 
qualand, Drége. (v. s.) 

Stature of M. nervosa, but much more 
slender. Tube of the corolla —— limb 
smaller, with narrow segmen 

M. androsacea (E. Mere ‘MSS. ) 
folis obovato-oblongis glabris integerrimis 
subcrenatisve, pedunculis glabris racemis 
subcapitatis, laciniis calycinis oblongo- 
linearibus glabris capsulam sequantibus, 
corolle tubo calyce 3—4-plo longiore, lim- 
bi laciniis obovatis retusis. 

Has. Sands near Noagas, Drége. (v. s.) 

Rather taller than M. silenoides. Leaves 
rather longer and narrower. Flowers nearly 
sessile, mostly forming a compact head, 
which is sometimes elongated in the man- 
ner often termed proliferous. 

4. M. corymbosa (Thunb. Fl Cap. 
472.), foliis ovato-oblongis obovatis inte- 
gris dentatisque glabris vel tenuiter pubes- 
centibus, pedunculis scapiformibus inter- 
dum 1—2-foliatis, racemis fructiferis elon- 
gatis, laciniis calycinis linearibus capsula 
longioribus basi margine membranaceo- 
ciliatis, corolle laciniis late obovatis. 

Has. 


Cape district, Ecklon, Drége, — Y 


&c. (v. s.) 
From six inches to a foot high. 


382 SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE, 
often reflexed. Tube at the corolla three 
lines long, orifice hairy. 

5. M. altissima (Linn. I—Thunb. Fl. 
Cap. 472.), foliis oblongo-ellipticis lanceo- 
latisve subdentatis tenuiter pubescentibus, 
pedunculis longissimis interdum 1—2-fo- 
liatis, racemis fructiferis oblongis densis, 
laciniis — capsula longioribus pu- 
bescenti-sca 

Has. EIA dieit, Ecklon, Drège, 
&c. (v. s.) 

Peduncles or flowering stems often a 
foot and a zo ues sometimes with one 
or two branch 

6. M. longifolia, foliis oblongo-lance- 
olatis integerrimis vel obscure dentatis 
glabriusculis, ramis floriferis elongatis ra- 
mosis subnudis vel basi paucifoliatis, race- 
mis fructiferis elongatis, calycibus brevis- 
sime pedicellatis, laciniis lanceolatis hispi- 
dis capsulas subsuperantibus 

AB. Ebenezer, Drége. ie 5.) 

Perhaps a variety of M. altissima, but 
besides the branched stems, narrow ra- 
cemes, &c., the corolla appears to be much 


smaller 

$5 M. bellidifolia, foliis obovatis oblon- 
gisve subcrenatis glabris vel tenuiter pu- 
bescentibus, racemis fructiferis elongatis 

capsulis remotis, laciniis calycinis lanceo- 
latis subglabris, corolle laciniis oblongo- 
ovatis. 

Has. Uitenhage district, Katriviersberg 
Addo and inan Ecklon, Klip- 
plaats river, Drége. (v 

Near M. orjia. ai readily distin- 
guished by the calyx. Leaves of Bellis 
sylvestris. 

* rsiflore. Racemi compositi, pedi- 
cellis fasciculato-plurifloris. Corolle laci- 
nig integerrime oblonge obtuse. Caules 
sepe folios. 

8. M. incana, (Thunb. Fl. Cap. 468.) 
suffruticosa, humilis, ramosissima, foliis ad 
. basin ramorum approximatis petiolatis ob- 

& longis obtusis apice dentatis basi angustatis 

s ue incanis, ramis floriferis erectis 
racemosis, pedunculis brevissi- 
mis 1—3-floris, calycibus incanis tubo co- 
rolle vix brevioribus, 

Has. Near the Cape? (v. s. in herb. 
Banks.) 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE.E. 


A very distinct species by its habit | 
which is that of Chenostoma halimifolia, 
Calyx three to four lines long, cleft to the 
middle only. Divisions of the corolla nar- 
row oblong. : 

JM. crassifolia, perennis, foliis sub- 
radicalibus oblongo-ellipticis spathulatisve 
obtusis et obtuse subdentatis utrinque gla- 
berrimis, caulibus subnudis, racemo elon- 
gatoi p oribus fasciculatis, calycis 
laciniis membranaceo- connatis apice lan- 
ceolato-linearibus capsulam subsquanti- 
bus, corolle tubo calyce 2—3-plo longiore. 

Has. Moogplats and Witbergen, Drége. 
(v. s.) 

Very smooth and almost glaucous. Va- 
ries in height from three to four inches to 
a foot and a half. 

JM. juncea, perennis, glaberrima, 
glauca, ramis strictis erectis junceis pauci- 
oliatis, foliis oblongo-linearibus remote 
dentatis pinnatifidisve superioribus lineari- 
bus integerrimis, racemo composito brevi 
paucifloro, calycis laciniis subulatis capsu- 
lam (mene serat corolle tubo calyce 
4—5-plo long 

Has. Gilibergen, Drége. (v. s.) i 
Branches above two feet high. Raceme — | 
two to seven inches long. Calyx slightly 
pubescent. Tube of the corolla about half 
an inch long. 

LE M. rigida, erecta, scabro- pubescens, 
ramis dud foliis lanceolatis inciso- 
dentatis pinnatifidisve, racemis elongatis, 
floribus subfasciculatis brevissime pedicel- 
latis, calycis laciniis apice: subulatis capsu- 
las duplo superantibus, corolle tubo calyce 
vix duplo longiore. 

Has. Clanwilliam district: 
river and Brackfontein Ecklon, hes 4 
thal, Drége. (v. s.) 4 

Stature of M. juncea but brencbinig: in x 
the upper part. Leaves sessile or — ; 
ing the stem, often erect with the midri * 
very prominent. Pedicels 1 fom | 
Corolla of M. juncea. 

19. M. densiflora, perennis, ramosa, pu- - : 
bescens, foliis caulinis oblongo-linearibus d 
subintegerrimis dentatisque, racemis det 
subspiceeformibus, calycis laciniis subulatis 
paes subsuperantibus, corolle t 
crassiusculo, 


Olifants n 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE#, 


— Has: Clanwilliam district: Olifants ri- 
. ver and Brackfontein, Ecklon. (v. s.) 

. Inflorescense of M. juncea, but different 
in habit and foliage. 

19. M. parviflora, perennis, caule erec- 
to subramoso paucifoliato pubescente, foliis 
radicalibus oblongo-spathulatis obovatisve, 
caulinis linearibus integerrimis pauciden- 
tatisque, racemis elongatis tenuibus multi- 
floris rhachi pubescenti, calycibus minutis 
_ laciniis linearibus capsula truncata brevi- 
oribus. 

Near the Omtata in the Ama- 
ponda country, Drége. (v. s.) 

Near M. rubra and leiostachys but much 
more slender, and tube of the corolla 
scarcely two lines long. 

14. M. leiostachys, perennis, caule 
erecto basi pubescente, foliis pubescenti- 
bus inferioribus longe petiolatis oblongis 
dentatis, superioribus oblongo-spathulatis 
linearibusve paucidentatis, racemis multi- 
floris elongatis cauleque superne glaberri- 
mis, calycis laciniis linearibus obtusis cap- 
sula vix brevioribus. 

Has. Cederbergen in Clanwilliam, and 
Gnadenthal (in Caledon ?), Drége. (v. s.) 

Taller and more erect than M. rubra 
with more numerous and slender flowers, 
and readily distinguished by the glabrous 
almost glaucous surface of the upper part 
of the plant. 

15. M. rubra, (Linn.—Thunb. Fl. Cap. 
2.) perennis caule erecto vel basi decum- 
; bento villoso, fi liis obl g ] latis d 
tatis basi angustatis utrinque pubescentibus 


. calycis laciniis lineari-oblongis obtusis cap- 
.. Sula subdimidio brevioribus, corollis calyce 
S—4-plo longioribus. 

= Nemia rubra, Berg. Fi. Cap. 

. . Man angustifolia, Zink. Ic. Pl. Sel. 

Web 9. optime. 

Has. Cape Flats and Downs and Hot- 

t tentotsholland, Ecklon, Drége, §c. Very 

.. ©ommon in Cape collections. (v. s.) 

Dex Very variable in the number of flowers 

| and degree of hairiness. Flowers half an 

E "d = rather shorter. 

: _ M. obovata, perennis, caule basi 

decumbente pubescente, foliis radicalibus 
caulinis obovatis oblongisve grosse 


Villosisve, racemo interrupto subramoso, lon 


A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACES. 383 


crenatis subincisisve utrinque pubescenti- 


subbrevioribus, corolle tubo calyce 2—3- 
plo longiore. 

Has. Algoa Bay, Forbes, Ecklon. (v. s.) 

Varies in the breadth of the leaves. 
Flowers much more numerous than in M. 
rubra, corollas and capsules not half the 
size. 

. AM. tomentosa, (Linn.—Thunb. FI. 

Cap.470.) caule decumbente humili ramoso 
tomentoso-villoso. foliisol tis obl i 


DIOL SY 


racemo brevi denso, calycis laciniis lanceo- 
lato-linearibus villoso-tomentosis capsulas 
subeequantibus. 

Selago tomentosa, Linn. Spec. 877. 

Manulea tomentosa, Bot. Mag. v. 9. t. 
322 male—Link et Otto. Ic. Pl, Sel. 45. t. 
19 bene. 

Has. Near the Cape and in Hotten- 
totsholland, Ecklon, Drége, &c. (v. s.) 

Branches short and rigid, racemes two 
to three inches long. 

18. M. thyrsiflora (Linn.—Thunb. Fl. 
Cap. 471.) caule erecto flexuoso ramoso 
tenuissime pubescente, foliisobovatisgrosse 
dentatis glabriusculis, racemo paniculefor- 
mi multifloro, pedunculis laxe cymosis, ca- 
lycis laciniis linearibus, corolle tubo calyce 
3—4-plo longiore tenui, limbi laciniis ob- 
longo-linearibus obtusis. 

Has. Cape district, Ecklon, Drege, 
&c. (v. s.) 

Raceme or panicle above half a foot 
Lower cymes opposite, upper ones 
alternate, all loosely dichotomous. Corolla 
slender, tube about three lines long. 

1 M. paniculata, erecta, elata, ramo- 
sa, cano-pubescens, foliis ovatis obovatisve 
grosse crenatis, panicula maxima, racemis 
numerosis basi foliosis elongatis multifloris, 
peduneulis cymosis, calycis laciniis oblon- 
go-linearibus obtusis, corolle tubo calyce 
triplo longiore limbi laciniis ovatis. 

Has. Stormbergen and near the Krai 
river, Drége. (v. s.) 

Stems thick and hard. Panicle a foot 
long, branches erect, cymes much denser 
than in M. thyrsiflora. 


20. M. turritis (Herb. Banks, MSS.) power 


884 
caule vel ramis erectis ramosis hirsutis, 
foliis petiolatis ovatis oblongisve inciso- 
dentatis angustatis utrinque hirsutis, 
racemo elongato tenui, floribus fasciculatis, 
calycis laciniis linearibus obtusis, corolle 
tubo gracili calyce 5—6-plo longiore, laci- 
niis oblongo-linearibus obtusis. 

Has. Rocks of Nieuwekloof, Drége, 
Occurs also in other Cape collections. 


oe. 

Remarkable for the white hairs of the 
stem, racemes and flowers nearly those of 
JM. leiostachys but foliage and habit very 
different. It-has the appearance of being 
occasionally shrubby at the base. 

*** Aculiflori, racemis compositis vel 
subsimplices. Corolle lacinie omnes vel 
superiores subulato-acuminate. 

21.. M. stellata, caule adscendente pu- 
bescente parce ramoso, foliis petiolatis lato- 
ovatis inciso-serratis pubescentibus, ra- 
cemo elongato composito laxo multifloro, 
calycis laciniis lineari-subulatis, corolle 
tubo calyce triplo longiore. 

Has. Mountains of Cape and Worces- 
ter districts. Ecklon. (v. s.) 

An cree species with slender orange- p 

flowers, three to seven on each 


E M. exaltata (Herb. Banks, MSS.), 
caule erecto divaricato ramoso pubescente, 
foliis petiolatis lato ovatis inciso-serratis 
pubescentibus, racemis gracillimis pauci- 
floris interruptis basi foliosis, calycis laci- 
niis lineari-subulatis corollæ tubo dimidio 
brevioribus 

Has. Cane and Clanwilliam districts, 
Olifants river, Brackfontein, and Bergvalei, 
Ecklon. Occurs also in the Banksian her- 
barium. (v. s.) 

Branches slender, peduncles very short, 
1—3-flowered, remote. Flowers half as 
large as in M. stellata. 

23. M. cheiranthus (Linn. Mant. 88.) 
foliis subradicalibus ovatis obovatis oblon- 


ELI 2x4 


plicibus, racemis compositis, corolle itibe 
vix exserto, limbi laciniis superioribus 
? subulatis. 


SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE/E, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE E. 


83. t. 42. 

Berol. 2. 142. 

districts from the Cape to the Gariep river 
in Namaqualand. (v. 5.) 

of the five divisions of the flower in this 


species, that was the origin of the generic 
ame 


n 


Nemia cheiranthus, Berg. FI. Cap. 160. | 
Lobelia cheiranthus, Linn. Spec. 1381. | 
Cheiranthus, &c., Comm. Hort. — HS 


Manulea rhynchantha Zink. Enum. Hort. B 


B. floribunda. 
Has. In various places in the western 


— 


It is the great disproportion in length — 


24. M. pusilla (E. Meyer MSS.), foliis 
1 HN I h is hI x hden. 


o 
tatis, pedunculis scapiformibus numerosis | 
suberectis, racemis subsimplicibus, corolle i 
tubo vix exserto, laciniis limbi vix ineequa- 
libus tubo subbrevioribus. HE 


Drége. (v. s.) 


ovatis mace wets eh pe 


Has. Zilverfontein in Namaqualand, 


Very near the last but much smaller 
with very much smaller flowers. 


M. gariepina, foliis sabrda 


emiscom- 


niti multifloris, corolle tubo ees plus 
duplo longiore, limbi laciniis insequalibus. 


Has. Plains of the Gariep in Nama- 


qualand, Drege. (v. s.) 


different in the flowers. 
the preceding species the lower 
are frequently and sometimes perhaps all 
f them obtuse, so as to connect this section 
with the two first. 


Oo 


ferred to any of the above. 


Fl. Cap. 469. 


turritis ? 


END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. 


This again is near M. cheiranthus, but 
In both t! 
vici 


mM 


Species described by Thunberg not 1e- V. 


Manulia artirrhinoides, Linn. pu 


x 


M. virgata, Thunb. l c. 470. Nest E. 


M. cephalotes, Thunb. l. c. 470. | 
M. hirta, Thunb. l c. 471. Et d 
Erinus tomentosus, Thunb. l. c. 478. d 


M E 


Properties, 
Collections i in United States, yc 


INDEX 


To Volume I. of the Companion to the Botanical Magazine. 


Abutilon grav ca Tab. II 
Adam’s Peak, in Ceylon, Ascent of, by Mrs. 
Col. ‘Walker, Ta b. I 
Algæ Danmonienses, 5 Mrs. M. Wyatt, no- 
on M ERU M E ERI E E. 
Antiaris toricaria, or Upas Tree, Tab. AX VIL 
NEN yi V eic no of, visited by the late 
o 
Antuco, a X Eee i the Chilian* Andes, Ac- 
— of, by Peppig......... een 
Araucaria imbricat » s seeds eaten by the 
m Chilians, account. of, by Peppig..... 
eia patent. a 
ns DE a Flora of, by 
ed 


, Esq. on new species of 

ndian Balsamineg........ enn 

teneis, new Tanah species of, by Arnott. 
croft, Dr. E. N., on the Cuichunchulli, a 

his ape tie Willows, noticed 16 

285 


351 
38 
14 

0 

320 


r medicinal pen 
Barratt, 
Belanger s lae Weerbkvsvaes a 

Sq., tini of er punte 

a 2 Tribe of Scrophulariacea, Tab. AL. «2's 198 
— ————— Memoir on Buch c A XIX.. 356 
Berkeley's, the Rev. M. J., eo no- 
X Y ese and 982 


Blume's, Dr., Rumphia announced .........- 
Bóhlers's British jeans announced 
Bongard, Mr. H. n Russian Botany 
Botanical (Betis in the North of Kalond, 

by Joseph Woods, Esq., F. 
Botanical Tolormeison, pp. 14 82, 119, 157, 186, 
282, 304, 325 


st... 


re ed 


Society of Edinburgh, néticed .. ..-- 304 | - 
by H. C. 


Botanical 
Botanists' Guide, New, Watson, Esq. 

MENOUNCER ello orro 22D iE 82 and 195 
Botany of Britain, Remarks on, by H. C. Wat- 

eS Sepang eae, e ER np ier tes ae 
Botany in T by M. Bonga 
British Fun b rs Rev. 
ewes aches water Eb Oe Fei 157 an 
Bohler’s, an si 

— —— Mosses, by Garden 
COREE Poo. Observations o on, Rh IX. 188 e 
Campher 1 , Synopsis of, by G. . 356 
Tree (Dry obala: Cii box o 
S (Dr mops phora) 


ve eee wee 


Peery Iles, Natural History of, by M. M 
Webb an — pe Mt dekscukuaie eid d 


» »* 4 d E 6 die See d 


*t*9**5 92299 *** 


‘ascend ed by Col. Hall 26 
eim Coca) on its Use 
by Pæeppigs. sr, ere 


pd 
e 


1, 46 95, ees 170 


e 
gu cn on its fnm and Productions, &e., 


TO meson of Quito 
Contributions towards Flora of Van Diemen’s 
Land, by Hooker .......... enn 
rw the Volcano of, visited by the late 
Col. Hall of i on E a hic ee 
—Ó - 


T UE 

Cuichancl woe 
plant, ores; of, by Dr. Bancroft ... . 
ium Calceolus, "A. see Mr. 
ical Excursion ...... 4.2 
Distribution M Trees an 
ssay on, He ira Em. 


Douglas, rA uu 
rito to face Vol. II. 
Drummond, the Vis Mr. T., Botanical Travels, 
mentioned ii.. erur ec edle eas Aves gids 
—_— Collections in United States, PP- 81, 
46, 95, an xy 
urneys, an ease of ...39 an 
Drgobainops ee y oca mpl 
yet) 0 sk oc bobo dca ond rm DN 
be x = Rieux, Excursion in Spain and 
Moun z - turias .....+.+--++ 187 and 212 
Edinbu cu cal S noticed at ..... 
zia Fon. gon prie by oe se 


er n 


Brice "Mackai, & supposed new Web, found 
Cro Ew SU EM MT 58 and 225 

Enytiven ylon Coca, on its Properties nd | Uses 
n Pe Pe 161 


49 an 
the Quitenian Andes and on 
gs A 


Fen, ae Sheek Br = late Sir J. E. Smith, 
concluded by Hoo 
of South ee rra Pacific Islands, 
gran: Dirt towards, by ookerand Arnott, 
. 99, 102, and 234 
of Van Diemen's Land, from the collec- 
n and Lawrance, by Hooker» 


225 


e 99 E "9 WB nw aA 


.912 
. 326 


Esq., on some Briti 
is British M 


Am 
a aa. Se of Paris, upon Viola 
: cogrephy of British Plants, io Wi C. W 


Per MOS ocom eM Ma Ww. art 


| Gerardiee,. a 6 of fce nqog a Sy- 


Tab. XI... 198 


"2*9. ttt n 


nopsis 0 tham, Esq., 
Gerardia dep, Tab. XI. 
raham, Pro : xcursio: 
Gray, Dr. Asa, pecimens 
: nieni 
Pinak villosa, Tab. 


gewond iate Gal Excuse in the Quitenian os 
Andes, E EDS, KR. ds qe 26, ane pe Du 


ose edu. E e qv + e h e m M 


cae ee 9b b «e 6 6 d 6 PR 


* kegs is 


* 


INDEX. 


Hall, the late Col., his decease ............. 8 

Hieracium, a Genus requiring i investigation... 307 

Hooker, Sir W. J., Contributions towards a 
Flora Ke Van Diemen's Tind.. 2n S73 

ott, Contributions towards 

Flora ae South America and Pacific ee 


m. 
pee of Indian Botany, by Wight and 
rnott, Tabs. II—VIII, X, XII, XIII, and 


Impatiens Walkeri, JA DV TTY uo n. 


Indien fonus. T llustrations of, by Wight and 
Arno! nr us II—VIII, X, XII, XIII, and 
0, 38, 81, 117, 161, 219, 227, and 304 
Titid. ene Tab. XVI E ree RUE 304 
Information, Botanical, pp. 14, eel 119, 157, 186 
5, 282, 304, 395 
Ipo or Medi Poison Tree of Java .......... 3 
xc the late Mr. W., Memoir viti: and his 
apain of Malayan pee >P 121, 219, 253 


— —Ó— 


E Professor W., oft Quito, Oben 
olum 


ge CH 6S 0 6 Oe Sb 0 6 6 6's se tob» se. 


soci cd br. N. B. Ward, Bat es 
p ab. XIII 


poe 
q 


ms Mr. EF Foata are E UL 326 
Malayan Plants, by the late Mr. Jack, pp. 121, 
219, 253 
Manual of the British Alge, by Hooker, an- 
EMRE Uu a glee IUD E ek 326 
Mathews, Excursions in Peru, noticed, 17 and 305 
Memoir ie the late Mr. W- Jack <5 2. Seis: 12 


Brem $a. a P 6-9 e eb y P nx 


e Page 
Pæppig, Dr. on the Cascarillas, or Fever-Barks 


of Cu sips ie fana CO ce ULTOR 2 
roperties and uses in Peru of 
the meis o i Ue. Coca 01)... S 
Quito, Excursions i in, by the late Col. Hall, pp. 96, 
, and 65 
Te ep described in a letter from Sir 
T. Stam inire es, Tab. XIV. | ieee 


oen fms Tab. dX 
work on Malayan Plants, by Dr. 
= ume, announce Q1 onm UM 
Russia, nd f Bota dor id by M. Bongard.. 
Sago of Sumatra (Sagus levis) ........... se. 
mbu 


iebold's Vo oyage e to Japan, no = . 
Spain, Excursion in, by M. Duri 2187; = 212 
Spanoghe on the Botany of Timor, ‘the Upa 

WIS5 8o... oe nev aE QC OM 308 
— Enumeration of the Plants of Timor, 

and adjoining Islands ............. suus. 
Sta ya aria verniciflua [3 Varnish-Tree of Su- 

de 


361 
Ies pes the Javanese Poison-Vine... 313 
Temple raras 's 5 Peak, Ceylon, Tab. I...... 11 
Te neriffe Végitat Of. llc SN SUN EE 
Timor, Ca ic mi e of fits sani re M. Spanoghe 344 
Travels of M. Belanger, noticed............. 285 
Ti se den tecti Tab IV eos 81 
, info oncerning . . . .85, 194 
Unitod States, 1 Plants oe ‘collected by the late 
Mr. T. Dru 46, 95, and 170 
Upas Tree, (. proces toxicaria) Bier dec byM. 
xmi TaD ANVIL eee 
————— Tieute (Strychnos Tieute) the Poison- 


"ct t m ot 


NING. os iio oco VII. Vue ee 313 
Van Dinas Land, Contributions towards a 

Flora of, from the Collections of Lawrance 

and Gunn, by Hooker..........-.. eee 272 
Varnish-Tree of Sumatra, (Stagmaria vernici- 4 

flua) mode of using it ......... eee eee ee 26 
Vegetslión of ied Islands... ...... ees. Ph 
OF MNS is o e Lo ELT 


Lone lut aeons on, by M. Gay, of Puis m 
ab. VIII. 


p^ 

Voy to Japan, by Dr. ns noticed. .... 

a7 Mrs E , Ascent of "Adam's Peak, 
5l 


on x Numerical Dutibutios " MR Mn 


Natta, 3 he s and Flora of the Arkansas, Cevlon, Tub. Isoa e a vee 
ee ey ee gy ie oe ee d, N. B., n an — method of 317 
me lE on British Plants, Tab. d 188 & 285 transporting living DOMO E 
— — — Physical, and G in Watson, H. C., Esq., o n Brit ish Botany....-.- 
Columbia, by W. Jameson of Quito Lil M ributinh of Troes and Shrubs in = 
Ononis réclinata, discovered in Britain-....... 117| Britain ..........<.ccccevceccseeevetes a 
Paris, State of Botany there 305| ——— —À ops of Brink hjord notiek " 
Payta, Journey to, ; hs the lato Col. Hall, — 65 ew Botanist’s Guid 89, 
Hall, of 


Peru, Excursion to the Coast of, by the late 
to. 


f 65 
Pitcher Plant, (Nepenthes) four species described 269 
Plants of Timor and theadjoining Islands, enu- 


TIU St os i ce E 
Webb and Bertholot, Nat. Hist. of the ec 332 
Islands, noticed and extracted from ... .283, 81 
7 ay Tabs Vasic conte 

cursion to Courtallam and ad- 327 


z 
d 
9 
Th 


8 I 
Wight and Arnott, Indian Botany, Tabs. I 


tt, T 81, 
Vill; X xil, XIII, and XVI. pp. 20, 188, , 
7, 161, 219, 2277, and 304 and 316 

FL S., his Botanical 


Woods, Jos. 
euin in the North o of England . .......:- 288 
gh caus hace 1| Wyatt, Mrs. M., Alge Danmonienses, notic . 325 


: E. Couchman, Printer, 10, Throgmorton Street, London. 3 


sa tae 


putt 


ad on the Spet ty Mi tsa - — 
tis d Allan di Ferguson ding. Olang 


TEMPLE OF SREE FAMA, SUMMIT OF ADAMS FEAR, 


(The Trees are Rhododendron arboreum.) 


à / £ FRI e 
ty Ha 


> AN UBI 
f j 3 
7 dedi gene 


ý 


P 


iuh 


Y 
| ! 
i y j 


Hi 


Y 


X À 
d j Y $ 
» TA » 
E fy 
r X 1 
(S Cl 


la^ 


LE (= í 


H NN 


au 


M s 


WT Mikon dad? 


if 


qnomm inc th AN ta 


C à | une 
Caen eer 


PT Fiano ad 


E N 
UP mne, j 
Yount YA UMA 


a ; ; 
i 
| : Scale cf Feet ^ 


vm 
Po E 
[8] ORT 


4 


f39 b OP sc [ 
Dodo 
ie 


90 26 
o 
DO 
b 5 
eg 


9r 


AUGE z e o ò Sx 
oTe Lo, po RA 
OA nT ye 
SURI CA as, 
CON AN 


2 
2 
CA E 


| 


Seat of Feet | 
7 - 


9e e 
= Sy o 


Swane 


TAB XVII 


TAB XIX.