ERYTHEA

A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN
AND GENERAL.

EDITED BY

WILLIS LINN JEPSON
AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

MULUME i221,

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

1895.

Mo._Bot. Garden,
1896.

CuBERY & COMPANY, PRINTEBS
587 Mission Street, San Francisco, California
1895.

CON TRIEBUTORS

F. T. Brouerti
Watrer ©. BuasDALE
Henry N. BovanpER

N. L. Brirton, Ph. D.

A. Davrpson, M. D.
J. Burtr Davy

P. Dreren, Ph. D.
Aticr Eastwoop

TO THIS VOLUME.

Marspats A. Howr
Tomas HowEtLu

Wiutis L. Jepson

J. G. Lemmon

Franots E. Luoyp

S. B. PartsH

Cuarues Lovis PonnarD
E. ST1zENBERGER, Ph. D.

Epw. L. Greene, LL. D. W. T. Tatsevton-Dyer, F. R. 8.

H. KE. Hassz, M. D.

F. W. Wricut
W. G. Wricat

VOL. III. JANUARY, 1895. NO. I.

ERYTHEA

A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN
AND GENERAL.

EDITED BY
WILLIS LINN JEPSON

AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. —

CONTENTS:

Chapters in the Early History of Hepaticology—I1L.,
Marshall A. Howe 1

Observations on the Composite—VIII, - Hdw. L. Greene
Miscellaneous Notes and News, - - -.- - - 4B

PAGE

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ERYTHEA

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1

CHAPTERS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
HEPATICOLOGY.—III.
By MarsHatt A. Howe.

The Ex¢pacis! of Fabius Columna is a work of some impor-
tance in the History of Hepaticology, inasmuch as we here
find the beginning of the written history of three species,
representing as many genera, namely, Conocephalus conicus,
Targionia hypophylla, and a Pellia which Lindberg refers
to endivicefolia rather than to epiphylla. One page is given
to good figures of the plant described, rendering the deter-
minations doubly sure. Columna describes Conocephalus in
this manner:

’ “Tt arises on wet, shady rocks, especially those facing the
north, and adheres by very fine silky roots, which are abun-
dant under the leaves. The latter are a finger’s breadth in
width and twice that or more in length, green above ora
little yellowish, sealy like the skin of a serpent or of a snail
[Limax], a small elevated point being visible in the middle
of each scale. It does not produce a flower so far as we have
been able to observe unless it is identical with the fruit. It
bears from the slightly cleft, sinuous, lunulate extremity of
the leaf, a white, smooth, firm, juicy, diaphanous stem, of the
thickness of a rush and four inches long, above which rests a
small pileus like that of a fungus, divided below into five
parts, under which the fruit is contained. The pileus
is at first green, a little inclining to yellow, afterwards
becomes yellow, and ends with being reddish; these
lower divided parts bursting asunder show the black
fruit and when opened the frnit falls as a black-purple dust,
though it has hitherto been juicy and green. This sooty
dust we have learned to consider as seed. It sends up its

1Minus cognitarum rariorumque nostro celo orientium stirpium

Ex¢pacrs; Rome, 1616. I am indebted to the courtesy of Mr. C. H.
Wright of the Royal Gardens at Kew for a transcript of Columna’s treat-
ment of “Lichen” and to the Director, Dr. W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, by
whose kind permission the extract was sent.

Exytura, Vol. IIL, No. 1, [2 January, 1895.]

2 ERYTHEA.

stalk in the month of March and is mature in April.” This,
it hardly needs to be remarked, much excels any description
of Hepaticse that we have seen up to thistime. The allusions
to the areolz and pores of the thallus and to the spore-dust
are especially noteworthy. The paragraph has the heading
“Lichen Plinii primus,” to which title Colamna adds the
word “ pileatus.”

The Pellia, supposed by Lindberg to be endiviefolia, is
described under the heading “ Lichen alter minor caule cal-
ceato brodedeuevw.” It is said that “ this delights in the same
places and arises in a similar manner, but is smaller in every
part, on account of which difference we have called it ‘the
less.’ The stem is irodcdenevo, that is tosay, calceate. It has
a more delicate and smaller leaf, very thin, translucent, so
that it is indistinctly seen in the shade; when it is older, it
passes from purple to blackish. It is smooth and not’
squamous, but from the back something almost like a scab-
bard or calceus, with a fimbriate mouth, arises a little, from
which at the Ides of March there springs forth a smooth,
blackish-green little ball of the size of the chick-pea [ Orobus].
This afterwards leaps upward, supported by a stem four
fingers high; it is now a little lutescent and dehisces into a
yellow flower of four leaflets, containing within a great quan-
tity of very fine impalpable threads. The stem which was
round, smooth, naked, juicy, diaphanous, white, and easily
injured by the touch, falls to the ground on drying. The
roots are silky-villous—none more delicate can be found.
This plant is smaller by a fourth part than the one described
above.”

Targionia hypophylla is saluted as the “Lichen alter
acaulis tropvAAoxapros” and is described in words which we
translate as follows: ‘This delights in a habitat like those
of the former species and is met with at the same time in
mossy places and others such as have been mentioned above.
This kind is the smallest, for its leaves rarely equal in mag-
nitude the nail of the little finger. It is green and is

2Op. cit., p. 332.

CHAPTERS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF HEPATICOLOGY. 3

sprinkled over with whitish elevated points, so that it seems
rough. In place of a flower preceding the fruit, it has on the
lower part of the leaf, while it is yet small, cartilages on
either side, purple, then black, set opposite to each other
after the manner of ribs or valves. These you can raise
with the edge of a knife; they differ from the leaf in that
the latter is green. When, however, it is larger, the entire
leaf grows from purple to black, swells at the extremity, and
sends forth fruit of the same color, like that of Orobus in
size, soft and filled with a watery whitish juice; afterwards
it sends out something saffron-colored, the result of greater
maturity. The black cortex being ruptured, a pericarp, as it
were, contains the fruit, covered within by a yellow pellicle.
This contains a yellow dust; yet the fruit is juicy if rubbed,
and, this moisture being immediately dissipated by the heat
of the finger, the infected finger is recognized by the
yellow dust. The leaves adhere by very delicate and
extremely short white fibrils.”

In the “‘Prodromus Theatri Botanici’ of Caspar Bauhin
is a paragraph on Muscus fontanus or Hepatica aquatica,
in which the author states that these terms are applied in a
triple sense. To the “greater and less” of Lobelius, Taber-
neemontanus, and others, he adds a third called the “‘ Muscus
fontanus with racemose capitula.” He describes it as hav-
ing “far smaller leaves, pale green and somewhat hirsute,
joined in the manner of scales, among which are brought
forth very many naked capillary two-inch pedicels, each of
which bears a small capitulum, compact like a raceme and
rufescent,” so far as he can conclude from a dry specimen
sent by a correspondent whom he names. This plant is
identified with Preissia by Lindberg. In the “ Pinax” of
C. Bauhin, published three years later, under the chapter-
heading, ‘‘Muscus Saxatilis vel Lichen” are listed nine
supposed species of which the first seven are hepatic forms.

= 1620. The copy consulted was of the second edition (1671),
p.

4Pinax Theatri Botanici; Basel, 1623. Page 362 in edition seen (1671).

4 ERYTHEA.

The first three, Lichen petreus latifolius sive Hepatica fon-
tana, Lichen petreus stellatus, and Lichen petreus wmbel-
latus, all belong to Marchantia polymorpha. The others
are the Preissia first described in the Prodromus and the
three of Columna—Conocephalus, Pellia, and Targionia.
C. Bauhin’s list of five species is the most complete that we
have met with up to this point.

John Parkinson in his “Theatrum Botanicum”™ gives
nearly two large quarto pages to descriptions and figures of
“ Liverwort.” He recognized seven species, but, as the first
two may be reduced to M. polymorpha and as the seventh is
a lichen used for making purple dye, we have left but the
five of C. Bauhin. Parkinson repeats Gerard’s error of
accompanying his first description of Marchantia with the
figure of a Sticta. In his description of the smaller form of
Marchantia—Hepatica minor stellaris-—he says that “ there
is also another sort that beareth not divided leaves and the
small stalks have round heads, not differing in any other
thing from the last,’ which recalls Johnson’s treatment of
the male and female forms in the revision of Gerard’s
Herball. But, on figuring these forms, Parkinson trans-
poses the names, calling the one with rays Hepatica minor
umbellatus (apparently disregardful of grammatical endings)
and that with “round heads” Hepatica minor stellaris—
evidently a blunder of inadvertence, especially as others of a
like nature occur in the work. He states that three of his
hepatics are taken from Columna and a fourth from Bauhin,
leaving Marchantia alone of which he had personal knowl-
edge. Figures of Conocephalus and Pellia are subjoined,
in addition to those of Marchantia alluded to above.

In Tomus III of the “ Historia Plantarum Universalis” of
Johann Bauhin and Johann Heinrich Cherler, a page is
given up to “ Lichen sive Hepatica fontana.’ The authors
indulge in a discussion of the Lichen of various predecessors,

5London, 1640; pp. 1314-1316.
6Embrun, 1651; p. 750, Tomus III.

CHAPTERS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF HEPATICOLOGY. 65

especially as the word was understood and applied by
Platearius, Brunfels, Tragus, Lobel, and C. Bauhin, with no
reference to the plants of Columna. They observe that
Lobel and Tabernemontanus give three figures but fail to
show in what respect these forms differ. They make an
advance in being inclined to reduce these three forms to a
single species, without, however, giving any definite reason
for so duing. A single figure of a fruiting Marchantia,
resembling that of Fuchsius is appended. Why the Lichens
of Columna are passed over in silence in a “ Historia Uni-
versalis” is not clear. The authors could not have been
ignorant of the work of Columna, for his hepatics or
“lichens,” as we have seen, find a place in the Pinax of
©. Bauhin, which they quote.

In the years intervening between the brothers Bauhin and
John Ray, there appeared three scientific works of varying
degrees of importance, to each of which Lindberg traces the
first description of a single hepatic. I have not had access
to these three works and am thus indebted to Lindberg for
my knowledge of their treatment of the Hepatice. The
first of these was the “ Pinax Rerum Naturalium Brittani-
carum ” of Chr. Merritt (London, 1667) in which is described
a Lichen capillaceus identified by Lindberg as Anthoceros
punctatus. In the historically well-known “ Anatome Plan-
tarum ”? of Malpighi are figures and description of Lunularia
vulgaris, and, according to Lindberg, there may be found
also in the second volume of Sibbald’s “Scotia Illustrata”
(Edinburgh, 1684) a figure and short diagnosis of Plagio-
chila asplenoides.

During this century the compound microscope had come
into use, and we have now entered upon an era of more
exact knowledge of the structure and affinities of the lower
plants. This advance becomes very evident in the works of
that botanist and philosopher, John Ray. Book third of
the first volume of his “ Historia Plantarum ”® is “about
herbs with very minute seeds, flower either none or imper-

7TLondon; vol. IT, 1679.

8London; vol. I, 1686.

6 ERYTHEA.

fect.’ “We divide this book,” he says, “ into two parts.
The first will be concerned with stem-bearing herbs of this
kind, the second with those wanting a stem and having
hypophyllous seeds. These, moreover, are deservedly
placed next to the preceding [fungi, alge, sterile mosses,
etc.], which are imperfect and destitute of seed, because
these plants themselves were considered sterile and seedless
not so long ago—before their seeds came into view by the
assistance of the microscope.” In the introduction to Part I.,
“concerning stem-bearing plants,” he remarks: “Some species
of Lichens do not produce caulicles, but their seeds arise in
the leaves themselves, now in a lower, now in an upper part,
which, nevertheless, we have thought ought not to be separ-
ated from the rest on this account, inasmuch as they agree in
all the other known characters.”

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSIT#.— VILL.
By Epwarp L. GREENE.

The discussion of “Aplopappus,” now for some months
interrupted, may be conveniently resumed after the record-
ing of some observations upon certain types that were never
referred to that genus.

In maritime subtropical North America, and to be more
definite, on opposite shores of the Gulf of Mexico, grow two
species of shrubby or suffrutescent plants, both of which
have been referred by many botanists to Solidago. The one
inhabiting the northerly and continental shore is Solidago
pauciflosculosa, Michx. That of the opposite and insular
stations is S. Domingensis, Spreng. The two are so much
alike in general appearance that almost.!any botanist, even @
specialist in the field of the Composite, if he were to trust
his eyesight unaided by a lens, would quite possibly pro-

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSITZ. 7

nounce the hebarium specimens of them to be all of a single
species. But a lens reveals a marked difference in the
superficial anatomy of the leaves, and a slight difference in
the achenes, but this is all. That they are two excellent
species of one genus, is likely to be the opinion of as many
botanists as may be able to consider the question with
unbiased mind; unless, perchance, a time shall come when
histological characters, such as the inner structure of leaves,
shall be deemed sufficient for the distinguishing of genera in
default of any difference in flower or fruit. I enter this
proviso here, because the venulation of the leaf-surfaces in
these two plants is remarkably different, though neither in
habit or peculiarities of floral structure, or character of fruit
can anything more than specific differences be found.

These two subtropic maritime shrubs were, I think, never
received as very welcome accessions to Solidago; and each of
them has in turn been made the type of a distinct genus; and
both the men who have thus dealt with one or both the
plants were botanists of note and something of specialists in
the Composite. Nuttall, who founded CHurysoma on the
first species, did not know the second. Asa Gray, who knew
both, suppressed CHRysoMA by remanding its type to
Solidago, and then elevated the second to the rank of a new
genus under the name of Gundlachia! And this is not the
worst of it. There is rather a classic sheet of herbarium
specimens of “ Gundlachia” which, both at the time of his
publishing that synonym, and afterwards in the Synoptical
Flora, he mistook for the other species, that is, for Solidago
pauciflosculosa. It will be seen, by reference to the Synop-
tical Flora, that S. pauciflosculosa is credited to the
Bahama Islands; but the sheet of specimens which furnished
the author with his only basis for this statement is surely a
sheet of “Gundlachia.” I shall speak of these specimens
again.

As I have intimated in an earlier article, Solidago must
stand upon its habit and inflorescence. If these be not

1ERYTHEA, i. 56.

8 ERYTHEA.

deemed sufficient to sustain it in generic rank, then it must
go—as Dr. Kuntze says it must anyhow go—into Aster. No
shrubs with cymose-corymbose inflorescence—probably no
plants of any mode of growth with flat-topped inflorescence
—are to be received into Solidago. Indeed, there are genera
in plenty, belonging to other orders, which are distinguished
by all botanists, on the ground of inflorescence alone. And
these two shrubs of the Asteroidex, so far out of harmony
with the great body of Solidago species, must be admitted as
the type of a genus, the name of which, by undisputed right
of priority is Curysoma; and the most genuine species are
those now to be indicated.

1. C. pauciflosculosa. Solidago pauciflosculosa, Michx.
Fl. ii. 116 (1803); Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 225; Gray, Syn. Fl.
161, in part, excluding the plant of the Bahamas. Chrysoma
solidaginoides, Nutt. Journ. Philad. Acad. vii. 67 (1834) and
Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 325. Aster pauciflosculosus, O.
Ktze. Rey. Gen. 318 (1891). The most pronounced char-
acter of this species, as compared with the next, is the
remarkable almost favose reticulation of the surface of the
leaves. The only suggestions of an approach to this reticula-
tion I find in some species of another set of maritime or
subsaline shrubs, the Isocomas; but Isocoma is remarkably
distinct from Chrysoma in the form of its corollas, and the
characters of its achene and pappus. But the two genera
must surely be looked upon as nearly related.

2. €. Domingensis. Solidago Domingensis, Spreng.
Syst. iii. 369 (1826). Gundlachia Domingensis, Gray. Proc.
Am. Acad. xvi. 100 (1880). More decidedly shrubby than
the preceding; leaves acute, devoid of reticulation: rays
white: achenes with little pubescence.

Var. obtusifolia. Apparently only suffrutescent: leaves
narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse. Plant of the Bahama Islands.
From the genus Solidago as he limited it, these West
Indian plants that make Asa Gray’s Gundlachia are in no
wise to be distinguished. They have, indeed, white rays; but

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSITZ. 9

so has S. bicolor, which he did not remove from Solidago.
And yet, the white rays were what he seemed to emphasize
as the generic character. But he also mentions the shrubby
habit and subcorymbose inflorescence as distinguishing
marks; and. in these respects, as I have said, Gundlachia is
quite like one of the species that he left in Solidago; so very
like it that, without a lens, he could not, in the herbarium,
distinguish it from that species of ‘‘ Solidago.” But it is
here worth recording that very early in his botanical career
he did perceive and admit that the West Indian plant is con-
generic with CarysomMa. Ona sheet of specimens which, in
1840, he saw in the herbarium of Sir William Hooker—the
sheet that is typical for my var. obtusifolia—he wrote:
“This belongs to the section Chrysoma and is very nearly
allied to S. pauciflosculosa, Michx. Is it not the S. Doming-
ensis, Spreng.?—A.G.” Doubtless in that early day when
he had a reputation to make, he had examined his plant, and
had perceived that it was not actually S. pauezflosculosa.
But more than forty years afterwards, and one year subse-
quently to the proposing of Gundlachia, he wrote upon the
same herbarium sheet, under his former note: “It is S.
(Chrysoma, Nutt.) pauciflosculosa, Michx.—A. Gray, 1881,”
thus reversing his earlier and right judgment upon these
specimens. I can only suppose that in 1881 he looked at
them but casually, and without a lens, and that so he was
deceived by the mere general aspect and the outline of the
leaves, which outline in these Bahama specimens is precisely
that of C. pauciflosculosa, though they bear not the faintest
suggestion of that remarkable reticulation which marks so
distinctly every part of the leaf in this species of the
United States mainland.

The shrubs thus brought into juxtaposition under the
name Chrysoma have their nearest relatives on the Pacific
side of the continent, and these are partly maritime and
partly montane in their distribution. Only one of them has
been named asa Solidago by any author. Two others are

id ERYTHEA.

near of kin to Euthamia, but are shrubby plants, with no
ligulate corollas. They have entire punctate leaves, also the
inflorescence of Chrysoma, and substantially the same invol-
uere, achenes and pappus. I doubt not that they are
naturally of this genus, and I here so place them.

3. C€. diffusa. Ericameria diffusa, Benth. Bot. Sulph.
23 (1844). Solidago diffusa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 159
(1861). Aster Sonoriensis, O. Ktze. 1. ¢. 317 (1891). This
plant is Mexican, inhabiting the territory adjacent to, and on
both sides of, the Gulf of California. Its inflorescence is
rather too flat-topped for a typical Chrysoma, and its ray-
flowers more numerous, though few. Were it not shrubby,
its place would be with Euthamia. But the two shrubs next
following are at almost perfect agreement with the Chrysoma
type in habit and inflorescence, though in them the proper
ray-flowers are imperfectly or not at all developed.

4. (. arborescens. Linosyris arborescens, Gray, Bot.
Mex. Bound. 79 (1859). Bigelovia arborescens, Gray, Proce. .
Am. Acad. viii. 640 (1873). Aster arborescens, O. Ktze. 1. ¢.
315 (1891). Hricameria arborescens, Greene, Man. 175
(1894). Middle California, at low altitudes in both the
Coast Range and Sierra Nevada. Achenes shorter and more
pubescent than in C. pauciflosculosa, but not turbinate.

5. C. Parishii. Bigelovia Parishii, Greene, Bull. Torr.
Club, ix. 62 (1882); Gray, Syn. Fl. 141 (1886). Aster
Parishii, O. Ktze. 1. ce. 318. Decidedly glutinous as well as
punctate, and with ampler foliage than the last, but other-
wise most near it.—Confined to low mountains of southeastern
California.

Into line with the last two fall several rather diminutive
montane shrubs, some with radiate, others with discoid
heads, namely:

6. C. nana. Hricameria nana, Nutt., Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. vii. 319 (1840). Aplopappus nanus, D. 0. Eaton, Bot.
King Exp. 159. Gray, Syn. Fl. 134, excl. var. cervinus. Like

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSIT2. ll

Professors Eaton and Gray, I fail to distinguish from this
the EH. resinosa of Nuttall. The species is of the western
part of the Great Basin, and is seldom collected. According
to Nuttall the rays are not always well developed as ligules,
and are ochroleucous rather than yellow, this last a point of
affinity, as far as it has value, with the West Indian species.

7. (C. laricifolia. Aplopappus laricifolius, Gray, Pl.
Wright. ii. 80 (1852). Aster laricifolius, O. Ktze. 1. ¢. 318.
Plant of the southwestern interior, inhabiting rocky hills and
low mountains; ligules both well developed and rather
numerous.

8. C. euneata. Aplopappus cuneatus, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 635 (1873). Aster cuneatus, O. Ktze. 1. ¢. 317.
Middle and southern Sierra Nevada of Callfornia. Heads
radiate.

Var. spathulata. Bigelovia spathulata, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xi. 74 (1876); B. rupestris, Greene, Bot.
Gaz. vi. 183 (1881). More dwarf and compact than the type,
and destitute of rays. Lower California, Arizona, etc.

The concluding series of species have a linear heath-like
foliage, which gives them a rather peculiar appearance.
Number 9 is the type of Nuttall’s Hricamera, a genus main-
tained by Bentham and Hooker and some others; but I can
can not separate this from those next preceding it in these
pages, nor those from the typical Chrysoma. Numbers 9, 10
and 11 were ranged by A. Gray under his Aplopappus for
the reason that they have ligules. The others were placed in
his Bigelovia because rays were wanting. That they are
most strictly congeneric does not seem likely to be called in
question.

9. C. ericoides. Diplopappus ericoides, Less, Linnea,
vi. 117 (1831). Aplopappus ericoides, Hook. & Arn. Bot.
Beech. 146 (1833). Ericameria microphylla, Nutt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 329 (1840). Aster ericinus, O, Ktze. 1. ¢,
313. Shrub of seacoast sandhills in middle California; the
leaves slightly pubescent.

12 ERYTHEA.

10. C. pinifolia. Aplopappus pinifolius, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 636 (1873). Aster pityphyllus, O. Ktze. 1. ¢.
316. Taller than the last, and of the interior of southern
California.

11. C. Palmeri. Aplopappus palmeri, Gray, 1. c. xi. 74
(1876). Aster Nevinii, O. Ktze. 1.c. Habitat of the pre-
ceding.

12. (. teretifolia. Linosyris teretifolia, Dur. & Hilg.
Pac. R. Rep. v. 9. t. 7 (1855). Bigelovia teretifolia, Gray,
l. c. viii. 644 (1873). Aster Durandit, O. Ktze. 1. c. 316.
Region of the Mohave Desert, in the mountains.

13. ©. paniculata. Bigelovia paniculata, Gray, 1. c.
(1873). Aster Ase, O. Ktze. 1. c. 315. Of southern Cali-
fornia and eastward.

14. ©. Cooperi. Bigelovia Cooperi, Gray, 1. ¢. 640.
Aster Cooperi, O. Ktze. 1. c. 317. Providence Mountains, in
the Mohave Desert, California.

15. C. brachylepis. Bigelovia brachylepis, Gray, Bot.
Calif. State Survey, i. 614 (1876). Aster brachylepis, O.
Ktze. 1. ¢. Mountains west of the Colorado Desert, Cali-
fornia.

A somewhat recently discovered solidagineous herb of
Mexico, a plant not far removed in nature from Solidago
rigida, but with coroniform rather than capillary pappus, on
account of a mere analogy of its pappus, has been published
under the wrong genus. This, even though a monotype,
should form a genus, and may be called

Stephanodoria tomentella. Xanthocephalum tomentel-
lum, Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxvii. 172 (1892). Typical
Xanthocephalum has no pappus at all, but a turgid annulus
instead; and the genus should be limited to those species,
apparently. But neither the habit, the inflorescence, the
involuere nor even the compressed achenes of this plant are
at agreement with Xanthocephalum or any of its near allies.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSITA. 18

An interesting far western plant which can ill be associated
with the species of any recognized genus I name

Petradoria pumila. Chrysoma pumila, Nutt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 325 (1840). Solidago pumila, Torr. &
Gray. Fl. ii. 210 (1842). Aster pumilus, O. Ktze. 1. c. 319.
Genus distinguished from Huthamia by its woody caudex
and cylindric glabrous distinctly 10-striate achenes; and from
Chrysoma by the same characters and by its flat-topped
corymbose inflorescence. The species is strictly montane in
its habitat, and occupies apparently a narrow belt running
almost diagonally across the western part of the North
American continent, from Texas to Oregon. It is found only
in very stony ground or on bleak ledges. The Greek word
for a rock combines with Doria, an early name for the
Goldenrod, to designate suitably the genus.

There is a very natural group of species belonging to the
mountains of Mexico and Central America, of which
DeCandolle’s Aplopappus? stoloniferus is the type, which
wear so exactly the appearance of Hrigeron, especially of the
Japanese H. Thunbergi and the Californian L. glaucus, that I
not long since published one of them under the name of
EH. Heleniastrum. But having now been privileged to
examine at Kew, a good series of specimens, I find it neces-
sary to abandon that opinion; not because the typical species
looks less like true Hrigeron, but because all exhibit certain
characters of receptacle and achenes which are at variance
with those of that genus as hitherto accepted. The achenes
are apparently terete, quite pronouncedly silky, and are sur-
mounted by a pappus rather too firm and too copious for
Erigeron; and the receptacle is deeply alveolate. On these
three or four technical characters, along with the external
marks of Hrigeron with yellow rays, these plants must needs
be separated from that genus and from Aplopappus; and I
assign the group the generic name

14 ERYTHEA.

OSBERTIA.’

1. 0. stolonifera. Aplopappus? stoloniferus, DC.
Prodr. y. 349 (1836). Aster stolonifer, O. Ktze. Rev. Gen.
318 (1891). Slender herb, with long monocephalous scape,
and equally long and slender leafy prostrate stolons: the
whole plant hirsute, the leaves and involucres more particu-
larly so, and almost hispid: radical leaves narrowed to a
short and broad winged petiole.

_ ©. Heleniastrum. Zrigeron Heleniastrum, Greene,
Eryth. i. 150 (1893). Plant stouter, not as tall, less stolon-
iferous, without hirsute pubescence, the involucre excepted:
leaves ampler, thinner, tapering to a long and wingless petiole.

Var. glabrata. Aplopappus stoloniferous. var. glabre-
tus, Coult. Bot. Gaz. xvi. 98. Stout, low, scarcely st>louifer-
ous, almost glabrous; leaves of firmer texture.

Var.? scabrella. Of firm texture, scabrous and hirsutu-
lous, dwarf and without stolons: bracts of the involucre
broader, almost subulate, only hirsutulous: stout scapes
barely 2 inches high. This is n. 3697 of J. Donnell Smiths’
distribution of Guatemalan plants; probably a distinct
species.

In a former article I concluded my observations on Hrio-
carpum by stating that certain species, presumably of that

enus, were at that time too little known by me. I, may
therefore introduce them here.

E. blephariphyllum. Aplopappus blepheriphyllus,
Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 97 (1852). Having now seen specimens
enough of Charles Wright’s plant on which this species was
founded, I am unable to comprehend what reason could be
seen for combining it with Aster gymnocephalus. In aspect
the two are most unlike each other; and the present plant
has more the foliage, the habit and the inflorescence of
Grindelia inuloides. I can not doubt that it is a most dis-
tinct species.

1 In commemoration of the high services rendered to Mexican botany
by Mr. Osperr Satvrn.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND NEWS. 15

E. rubiginosum. <Aplopappus rubiginosus, Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 240 (1843). An annual upright corymbose
species, wearing much of the aspect of a Grindelia, but with
the characters of Hriocarpum.

E. phyllocephalum. Aplopappus phyllocephalus, DC.,
Prodr. v. 347 (1836). A Mexican species not yet seen by me.
Dr, Kuntze has united this and the preceding under the
name Aster phyllocephalus.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND NEWS.

THE NEWLY formed Department of Botany at Chicago
University has for its head Dr. J. M. Coulter, “ Professorial
Lecturer in Botany,” Henry L. Clarke, assisting.

OnE of the recent appointments in the U. 8. Department
of Agriculture is that of Victor K. Chesnut as Assistant in
the Division of Botany. Mr. Chesnut is a graduate of the
College of Chemistry, University of California, and in his
student days employed vacation leisure to good purpose in
botanical expeditions in the Coast Range and the Sierra
Nevada. Asa graduate student at Chicago University, his
Specialty was organic chemistry, an intimate knowledge of
which is, we understand, invaluable in the special line of
investigation assigned for his pursuit.

Tae Fitson Cxvs of Louisville, Kentucky, has announced
as one of its forth-coming publications “The Life and Writ-
ings of Constantine Samuel Rafinesque,” by Richard Ells-
worth Call. This memoir, as stated in the Prospectus, had
its genesis in an attempt by the author to clear up certain
matters connected with the synonymy of a group of fresh-
water mollusks. In this manner much was incidentally
learned concerning the personality of Rafinesque, and the
conclusion was reached as the work proceeded, that Ameri-

ie ERYTHEA.

ca’s most eccentric, albeit versatile, naturalist had not always
been fairly treated by his contemporaries. There resulted
further the conviction that many naturalists now living have
formed opinions concerning the nature and value of his work
which appear to Dr. Call to be quite erroneous. The volume
will include a complete bibliography of Rafinesque’s writings
containing over four hundred titles, together with a certified
copy of his will, “one of the most remarkable testamentary
documents ever probated.”

THE RECENT attempt to cut down the area of the national for-
est reservati hould serve as a warning to every unmercantile
Californian. It is plain that the Yosemite and other reser-
vations are not secure so long as there are men in Congress
with such lack of calibre as Representative Bowers. The
plea made that portions of the reservations are capable of
being applied to agricultural uses convicts the utterer of it
of inanity. Rocks and cliffs are well enough in their way,
but something more is needed for a forest reservation. The
Government has in California only enough for the nucleus
of a national forestry system, and it is insistent that the
King’s County and other reservations be not diminished. If
the sheep and lumber men were given license there would
not be a shrub or pine or single specimen of Sequoia
gigantea left in the whole length of the Sierras. The propo-
sition to empower the Secretary of the Interior with the
approval of the President to reopen to settlement such por-
tions of the reservations as he may see fit is designed to
benefit only the corporations and stock-men of insatiate

eed. Proponents of forestry, as well as lovers of the High
Sierras, should interest themselves herein personally. They
can write to the representatives from their districts setting
forth such facts as may be within their reach.

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL WRITINGS OF *-
PROFESSOR GREENE.

New Species oF PLANTS FROM New Mexico. Four
papers in Botanical Gazette, Vol. vi., 1881.

NEw Puants of CALIFORNIA, ARIZONA AND MExIco.
Nine papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols.
ix. and x., 1882-83.

ee IN THE BOTANY OF CALIFORNIA AND PARTS
ADJACENT. Six papers in Bulletin of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences, Vols. i. and ii., 1885-87.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NoTES ON WELL KNOWN PLANTS.
Ten papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols.
Xiv.—xvii., 1887—90.

_ PITTONIA. A series of Highty-Seven Papers, in Two Volumes, r
pp. 617, 1887-92. Published by the author. Price $2.50 per

volume.

8 Bexar cions oF West AMERICAN OAKS. One Vol- |

ume, 4to, pp. 79, with Thirty-Seven Plates, 1889-90. Pub- —

lished under the patronage of James M. Mois of the a :
- Pacific Bank, San Francisco.

Poe FRANCISCANA. An attempt to classify and describe :
_ the Vascular Plants of Middle California. Parts i., ii. and iii. —
_ ee 352, 1891-92) finished. Price $2.00. : ; oo.

= Manuan OF THE BOTANY OF THE REGION OF Sag a
| FRANCISCO Bay. A Systematic Arrangement of the —

Higher Plants: growing Spontaneously in the Counties of
= Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa — :
: Clara, San Mateo and San. Francisco, i in the State of Califor-
nia. One Volume, 8vo., pp. xiii., 328, 1894. Price of — '
i : il $2.00; of school issue, single copy, sy 75.

‘A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN
AND GENERAL.
EDITED BY
WILLIS LINN JEPSON

AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

CONTENTS:
es Occidentales—X., ees

in the cepa’ ievory of Hopailogy 1,
anher * Howe

a A MONTHLY journal of Botany,
edited by members of the Depart-
ment of Botany at the University
of California. Devoted to every
department of botanical investiga-
tion and criticism. . . Historical
papers, general articles on system-
atic and geographic botany, and
reviews of new literature, will con-
tinue to be features of the journal.

The subscription price is $1.50
a year in advance; to Great Brit-
ain and the continent of Europe, 7 _
shillings. Single copies 25 cents.
No discount to dealers.

Address
WILLIS L. JEPSON;
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA. .

University of California.

at

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES.—X.

By Epwarp L. GREENE.

Vicia semicinecta. Stoutish, very leafy, probably several
feet high, the stem very prominently striate-angled and
puberulent: leaflets 20 to 94, approximate, about 1 inch long,
oblong-linear, mucronate, glabrous above, beneath silky-
puberulent: peduncles far surpassing the leaves, the flowers
probably in a short and dense raceme: pods obliquely
oblong-linear, less than 7 inch long, glaucescent, not blacken-
ing in maturity, few-seeded: seeds globose, 14 lines thick,
dull black, nearly half encircled by the hilum.

A most interesting species, manifestly allied to V. gigan-
tea, but pods and seeds widely different; the flowers
unknown. Collected in southeastern Oregon, on Crane
Creek, by Mrs. R. M. Austin, 1893.

Lupinus Tidestromii. Stems slender, decumbent, a foot
long, from fleshy-fibrous perennial yellow roots; herbage
silvery-silky throughout with a dense appressed pubescence:
leaflets mostly 5 only, oblanceolate, acute: racemes rather
short, on long and slender peduncles, the distinct whorls of
flowers about 4 or 5: calyx villous rather than silky: corolla
4 inch long, blue except a white spot on the banner, this
changing to red; petals subequal; keel quite narrow, naked
except a few villous hairs on the margin towards the apex.

This is the L. littoralis of my Flora Franciscana and
Bay Region Manual; though I never felt atall confident of its
being the true L. littoralis. An examination of the originals |
of that species has placed it beyond all doubt that this plant
of the middle Californian shores is entirely distinct. The
description is drawn from specimens collected recently by
Mr. Ivar Tidestrom, at Pacific Grove, near Monterey.

Trifolium Hanseni. Perennial by many slender inter-
lacing roots and rootstocks, the almost filiform sparingly
leafy stems only 2 to 4 inches high: lowest leaflets from

Eryruea, Vol. IIL, No. 2, [1 February, 1895. ]

18 ERYTHEA.

cuneate-obcordate to obtusely-obovate: the upper oblanceo-
late, acute and mucronate, the margins of all denticulate or
serrulate, the shortest2 lines, the longest 5 lines long, the
lowest glabrous, the uppermost often with a long silky pubes-
cence beneath: filiform peduncle mostly solitary and appear-
ing terminal; head round-ovoid, 4 inch high: calyx-tube sub-
cylindrical, 10-nerved, glabrous, not quite half as long as the
subulate-aristiform slender teeth, these glabrous in age, but
in bud clothed with long villous or silky hairs.

High Sierra in Alpine Co., California, Geo. Hansen, 1892.
A fine new ally of T. longipes; rather diminutive.

Trifolium Arizonicum. Annual, branching, the branches
a foot long, ascending, stoutish and slightly fistulous, some-
what flexuous, the internodes short; whole plant glabrous:
leaves short-petioled; leaflets an inch long, linear and
linear-lanceolate, spinulose-serrulate: peduncles 2 or 3 inches
long: heads globose, about 8 lines in diameter, involucrate:
calyx-tube campanulate, 10-nerved; teeth subulate, aristate-
pointed, little exceeding the tube in length, strongly 1-nerved.

Known only from specimens collected near Flagstaff,
northern Arizona, by Dr. H. H. Rusby in 1883. Species
related to the Californian 7. tridentatum, but a plant of
peculiar aspect, and very marked characters of calyx.

Thermopsis argentata. Rather slender, a foot or two in
height; all the growing parts, and when young the whole
plant silvery-canescent throughout with a very dense and
minute silky pubescence, the mature parts also not indis-
tinctly silky and pale: stipules $ to 14 inches long, from
broadly to narrowly lanceolate and often slightly falcate:
leaflets of the lowest leaves obtusish and of narrowly
euneate-obovate outline, of the upper from oblanceolate to
rhombic-obovate and very acute: raceme short and rather
few-flowered: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate and about as
long as the campanulate tube: petals of the wings and keel
notably longer than the banner: pods long, spreading,
silky-tomentulose.

Modoe County, California, Milo S. Baker, 1893.

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 19

Thermopsis velutina. 7. Californica, var. velutina,
Greene, Eryth. i.81. Stouter than 7. Californica and much
smaller, in maturity densely villous-tomentose throughout,
the pubescence of only the younger or growing parts more
appressed and somewhat silvery-silky: stipules often larger
than the leaflets, 14 inches long, obliquely ovate and obtusish
or ovate-lanceolate: leaflets from narrowly to broadly and
somewhat rhomboidly ovate, mostly acutish: racemes short
and short-peduncled: ovaries densely white-tomentose.

The plant was first made known to me, and imperfectly,
from Mt. Hamilton, which must be its northern limit; and it
now proves to be frequent five hundred miles to the south-
ward, in the mountainous parts of San Diego Co., Calif.
It is certainly quite distinct from T. Californica.

Ranunculus Populago. Stem solitary from a fascicle of
fibrous roots, erect, leafy, the whole plant flaccid and glab-
rous, about 6 to 10 inches high: leaves thin-membranaceous,
from round-reniform to cordate-ovate, obtuse, entire or
obscurely crenate, on long petioles; the cauline smaller,
ovate and ovate-lanceolate, sessile: peduncles many, slender,
surpassing the cauline leaves to which they are axillary:
flowers yellow, 4 inch broad; petals 5 or 6, obovate-oblong:
heads of rather numerous thick short-pointed achenes small,
globose or depressed -globose.

A somewhat rare plant of the mountains of eastern Oregon
and adjacent Idaho, distributed by Mr. Cusick and others
under various names, but a very well defined new species,
resembling a diminutive Caltha palustris; but the plant is
not aquatic.

Ranunculus eximius. Near R. adoneus, but radical
leaves very few, often 1 only, on a short stout petiole 1—2
inches long, the blade of cuneate-obovate or almost flabelli-
form outline, deeply about 7-lobed at the broad summit,
otherwise entire; upper cauline leaves sessile, broadly
cuneiform, 1 inch long, cleft to the middle into about 5 lan-
ceolate or broadly linear lobes: periphery of the expanded

20 ERYTHEA.

large corolla quite circular by the overlapping of the num-
erous broadly obovate or almost obcordate yellow petals.

A most beautiful alpine or subalpine species of the Rocky
Mountains in Colorado, Wyoming, and Idaho, apparently
somewhat rare, but gathered sparingly, and in poor speci-
mens even by Hall and Harbour, in whose collection it is
mixed with R. adoneus as far as distributed. Better speci-
mens have been obtained by Mr. Buffum of Laramie.

x Ranunculus Missouriensis. Stems slender, decumbent,
rooting at the lower joints, very leafy: leaves ample, 2 inches
broad, scarcely as long, short-petioled, triternate, 7. e. divided
into 3 cuneate-flabelliform parts, these ternately parted and
their segments deeply cleft: inflorescence terminal, naked or
small-bracted, of a few slender peduncles: petals round-
obovate, 14 lines long: head of achenes oblong-ovoid;
achenes small and long-beaked, the body more than half
encircled by a very prominent callous margin.

A Missouri species, distributed by Mr. Bush. Manifestly
allied to the common yellow-flowered water crowfoot, but
very distinct by its broad geranium-like leaves and much
elongated head of achenes.

Erigeron oxyphyllus. Erect, 2 feet high or somewhat
less, from a suffrutescent base; stems stoutish, simple up to
the somewhat fastigiate rather small corymb, striate-angled,
the whole plant glabrous: leaves 2 or 3 inches long, linear,
acute at both ends, rather few and scattered, those of the
branches of the corymb reduced to subulate and somewhat
appressed bracts: heads hemispherical, 4 lines broad and
nearly as high; bracts of involucre much imbricated, very
slenderly subulate, obscurely glandular-puberulent.

An uncommonly well marked species of Arizona, collected
near Yucca, 1884, by Mr. Marcus Jones and distributed as
E. peucephyllus, to which species it does not bear resem-
blance in any way.

Erigeron Covillei. Erect, 1 to 14 feet high from a deep
seated perennial root or rootstock; stem very rigid and

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 21

brittle, abundantly leafy below, the leaves diminishing
upwards, all linear, plane, obtuse, and with the whole plant
canescently hispidulous: heads in a very lax terminal
corymb; bracts of involucre in 2 or 3 series moderately
unequal; rays rather few and broad, violet.

Species in some sort intermediate between E. Breweri and
E. foliosus, but specifically different from both. It is Mr.
Coville’s n. 931, from the Coso Mountains in eastern Cali-
fornia, distributed to several herbaria though not enumerated
in the published list of Death Valley Expedition plants.

Erigeron Hartwegi. Stems erect, a foot high, tufted and
from a perennial perpendicular root, neither brittle nor
notably rigid, equally leafy up to the corymbose cluster of
3 to 7 rather large heads; pubescence of the whole plant
quite scanty and strigose, with nothing of the hispid or
scabrous: leaves ascending: leaves linear, with strong mid-
vein and a very narrow revolute margin: heads 3 inch broad
including the numerous and rather broad pale bluish-purple
rays; involucre minutely scabrous and strigose, the bracts in
2 slightly unequal series.

Common among the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Cali-
fornia, to the northward of Sacramento, east of Marysville,
ete. First collected by Hartweg; afterwards by Fremont,
Bigelow, and by the present writer.

Erigeron petrocallis. Stems tufted from a suffrutescent
base, only a span high, slender, rather rigid and brittle,
somewhat corymbosely branching from below the middle, or
the smaller simple and monocephalous, only sparsely leafy;
herbage green but clothed throughout with a short and very
rigidly hispidulous pubescence which is distinctly retrorse
on stem and branches, as often upon the foliage also: leaves
oblong-linear, or the lowest spatulate-oblong, less than an
inch long, obtuse, sessile by an obtuse base, the uppermost
reduced to small bracts of similar outline: heads hemi-
spherical, ? inch broad including the rays; bracts of involucre
nearly glabrous, in 2 not very unequal series; rays broadish,
30 or more to the head, violet.

22 ERYTHEA.

Crevices of perpendicular rocks, in shaded cafions of the
West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, collected by the author,
in July, 1894.

Pyrrocoma subsquarrosa. Stems several from a thick
somewhat fusiform root, more or less decumbent, 5 to 9
inches high, bearing at summit 3 or 4 racemosely disposed
heads or a single terminal one; herbage, especially the stem
and lower face of leaves, canescently tomentulose: leaves
lanceolate, petiolate, from nearly equalling to quite surpass-
ing the stem and inflorescence, very conspicuously spinulose-
serrate: heads 1 inch high, rather narrowly campanulate;
outer bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, saliently
spinose-serrate; inner ones spatulate-dilated above the
middle and this part with subcartilaginous or subscarious
margin, the apex an herbaceous recurved cusp: achenes
lanceolate, distinctly tapering at each end, and of a glossy
light-green hue.

Plant like P. Cusickii in some respects, but approaching
the Homopappus section in others. The subsquarrose in-
volucre is a new character in true Pyrrocoma. The speci-
mens are from Wyoming, collected by Mr. J. N. Rose, 1893.

Senecio lynceus. Related to S. Fendleri, but plants
solitary (S. Fendleri being clustered or matted), 1 to 14 feet
high, very leafy at base, the stem branching from near the
base, all the branches flowering: herbage loosely and flocu-
lently white-tomentose, often glabrate in age: all except the
lowest radical leaves (these often quite lyrate) bipinnately
parted into many small acute lobes, the texture thickish but
rather fleshy (not coriaceous as in S. Fendlert): stem and
branches bracted, not leafy, ending in an unequal-rayed
cymose corymb of small broadish radiate heads.

Common on dry bushy hills of northern Arizona and adja-
cent Utah and Nevada. Usually referred to S. Fendleri but
very distinct. Rusby’s specimens, from Lynx Creek, Arizona,
well represent the species, though it is a variable one.

fT * , capordalanatestte Nik,

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 23

“Senecio streptanthifolius. Only a foot high, or even
less, from clustered leafy perennial stocks, glabrous through-
out, somewhat fleshy-coriaceous and glaucous: leaves 1 to 14
inches long, orbicular to obovate and oblong-obovate, rather
long-peduncled, the margin from merely repand-denticulate
to more conspicuously though sparingly toothed: heads less
than 4 inch high, in a loose unequally-branched corymb ter-
minating the remotely bracted stem: both disk and ray
flowers very light yellow.

On dry wooded banks in Beaver Cafion, Idaho; collected
sparingly, and almost out of flower, by the writer, in August,
1889, and distributed under the wrong name of S. rapifolius,
Nutt., to which species it is not at all related.

Senecio admirabilis. Tall, stoutish, glabrous, simple
and equaby leafy up to the corymbose inflorescence of large
radiate heads: leaves broadly linear-lanceolate, 5 to 8 inches
long, subsessile, very evenly and saliently serrate, heads
nearly an inch high, only 10 to 15 in the corymb.

Species of some rarity, and found only in the higher
mountains of Colorado. It has been referred to S. andinus,
Nutt., a plant of wholly different aspect, with ample panicle—
not corymb—of 100 or more heads, and these scarcely a third
as large as in the present plant. Onseveral accounts S. admir-
abilis were as easily referable to S. triangularis. It is really
less unlike that, but is perfectly distinct from it and also
from everything else that has been called either S. andinus
or S. serra.

Agoseris dens leonis. Scapes mostly solitary, 8 to 12
inches high, from a slender and simple perennial root: leaves
few, erect, 3 or 4 inches long, oblanceolate, obtuse, the mar-
gin conspicuously runcinate-toothed except toward the apex:
scape, and also the midvein of the leaves beneath, sparsely
clothed with fine wooly-villous hairs: head an inch high,
ligules ample, light yellow, drying pinkish: pappus copious
and remarkably firm, sessile at the summit of the merely
narrow-necked (not filiform-beaked) achene. :

24 ERYTHEA.

Plentiful on grassy slopes near the summits of the West
Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, collected by the writer in
July, 1894. Allied to A. glauca, though no part of the
plant is glaucous, the whole herbage being of a vivid green;
the runcinate leaves quite like those of some Hypocheris,
or even suggesting those of Taraxacum.

Phacelia inconspiena. Annual, erect, rather widely and
freely branching, only 2 to 6 inches high, very leafy and
the leaves far surpassing the dense small-flowered spikes:
herbage rather softly pubescent, but the sepals setose-his-
pidulous: leaves all entire, spatulate-lanceolate and more or
less distinctly petiolate; sepals elongated-linear, some no-
tably dilated at the apex: corolla wholly inconspicuous,
hardly more than a line long, broad-funnelform, white or
with a very dull bluish tinge: stamens not exserted: seeds 4,
minutely favose.

A curious and very distinct but homely ally of P. humilis,
altogether insignificant and weedy-looking by contrast with
it where both grow in abundance on the slopes of the West
Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, the new one at a higher
altitude than the other.

Linanthus neglectus. Stem only 2 to 5 inches high,
with 1 or 2 long upper internodes and as many very short
lower ones, simple to near the summit where the proper
terminal glomerule of flowers is overtopped by a pair of long
peduncled lateral ones; pubescence sparse and gland-tipped
on the stem, the leaves hispid-ciliate, their segments about 5:
corolla with very slender tube well surpassing the long linear-
acerose calyx-teeth; its rotate limb about 3 lines broad, the
segments quadrate-obovate, truncate or retuse, yellow at
base, the yellow bounded by 5 transverse bars or semilunate
spots of vermilion, the rest rose-red: capsule obovoid,
3-seeded.

Common at subalpine elevations of the Californian Sierra,
and associated with L. Harknessii, but a species of the
Leptosiphon section, most related to L. ciliatus.

25

CHAPTERS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
HEPATICOLOGY.—IYV.

By Marswatt A, Hows.

On page 124 of the first volume of Ray’s Historia begins
the chapter on “Lichen.” He describes eight supposed
species here. He considers the Hepatica terrestris vulgaris
or the “ Lichen” of the shops to be the same as the Lichen
pileatus of Columna, and he therefore makes use of Col-
umna’s description, inasmuch as it accords exactly with his
own observations. But Columna’s L. pileatus was Cono-
cephalus, and while the “ Lichen of the shops” in Ray’s
time may have been mostly of this genus, the Hepatica fon-
tana of J. Bauhin, which he quotes among the synonyms,
was surely Marchantia. But under numbers two and three
he brings in the male and female forms of Marchantia as
distinct species—the Lichen petreus umbellatus and Lichen
petreus stellatus of C. Bauhin—and notes that J. Bauhin
does not distinguish between the latter and the common
Lichen. Toward the close of the description of the stellatus,
he says: “ However it may be concerning the Lichen
terrestris vulgaris, whether it should be considered that of
the stellate fruit or that of the pileate,—I am in no doubt at
all that these two [7. e., the stellateand pileate] are indeed
different in species.” Thus we see that Ray, recognizing
the necessity of distinguishing between Conocephalus and
Marchantia, which had probably been somewhat confused by
the shop-keepers of the time, erred in not listening to those
of his predecessors who had made approaches to the truth in
regard to the sexes of Marchantia. Yet, it is, perhaps, what
would be expected of a careful observer until the true sig-
nificance of the male plant should have been clearly demon-
strated.

The seventh species described here is the “Lichen sive
Hepatica lunulata, exipvdAoxapros.” Of this it is remarked: “The
leaves are smaller and shorter than those of the Hepatica
vulgaris of the druggists, and they are not so manifestly

26 ERYTHEA.

punctate; they are sinuate along the margins and as if
crisped. In the middle of the leaves and now and then
toward their margins, “certain foliaceous luwnulce projecting
above the surface of the leaf come forth, which hold the
seeds, crowded together in the cavities and lying on the
back of the leaf. In the spring, after the seed has matured,
the lunule vanish. It occurs in shady and moist places, but
somewhat rarely. Mr. Dale, pharmacist and physician of
Braintree, our neighbor and a zealous botanist, first detected
it and showed it to us growing a far from our house; and
elsewhere still more abundantly.” In one of Ray’s later
works, Mr. Dale’s name is written after the phrase-name
quoted above as if he were the author of it, though he
appears here simply as the discoverer of the plant. This,
without doubt, was Lunularia, first described by Malpighi;
yet, in the third edition of Ray’s “Synopsis Methodica
Stirpium Britannicarum”! (augmented and revised by Dil-
lenius), where the stellate, umbellate, and gemmiferous con-
ditions of M. polymorpha are definitely pronounced to be
one and the same plant, it, also, is mentioned as a form of
the same thing. The eighth hepatic in this series is the
“Lichen minimus foliolis laciniatis,” which Ray afterward
declared to be simply a sterile form of Columna’s Lichen
caule calceato. The fertile state of this, Ray had already
recognized, so that the eight supposed species reduced them-
selves to six, the two not already mentioned being—to place
them in present-day genera—Targionia and Preissia. In the
* Catalogus Plantarum Angliw,” published sixteen years
before this first volume of the Historia, Ray includes the
hepatics now called Marchantia, Conocephalus, and Pellia,
but makes no remarks about them that we need to notice
here.

The first edition of Ray’s Synopsis? we have not seen,
but Lindberg finds here the descriptive phrases, Muscus

10p. cit., p. 115.

20p. cit., p. :

3Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum; London, 1690.

CHAPTERS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF HEPATICOLOGY. 27

trichomanoides purpureus, alpinis rivulis innascens, and
Muscus muralis platyphyllos, which he associates with
Pleurozia purpurea and Porella platyphylla, respectively.
The second edition (1696) of the work just mentioned is the
most important yet met with as a starting point for hepatic
species. In the body of the work, under “Lichen,” are
described eight distinct species, four of them new ones,
and in the Appendix, under the name ‘ Muscus,’ Mr.
Samuel Doody, a London pharmacist, lists three others for
the first time. Among the Musci, too, in Ray’s portion of
the book, are at least three sterile plants that may be recog-
nized as Hepatice (Porella platyphylla, Plagiochila asple-
noides, and Pleurozia purpurea), thus bringing the total
number of species of this class up to fourteen. Of the new
ones, the first! is a Lichen minimus albescens, further
described, if we may presume to transform Ray’s elegant
Latin into English, as “creeping by little stems, leaves
pinnate, capitula black, shining. The capitula are seated
upon half inch pedicels and are perfectly; spherical; finally,
they are opened into four petals, as it were, and imitate
flowers.” It is found on moist banks. “Although this,” he
continues, “has a certain creeping caulicle clothed with
leaves pinnately attached, we have subjoined it to the pre-
ceeding [Pellia] on account of its conformity in capitula.”
Here then we have the relationship between the foliose and
thalloid Hepaticew established! Lindberg believes this to be
Diplophyllum albicans, though Micheli identified’ it with
the plant which, by general consent, has been considered to
be Kantia Trichomanis. But Ray’s description of the cap-
sule should exclude Kantia from the list of possibilities.

It is not difficult to believe that the Lichen minimus,
“ with venose leaves, advancing by dividing twice or thrice,”
may be Riccia glauca. This Ray found in his garden—had
not at the time of writing observed in what way it bore its
seed. The Lichen terrestris, “supine, very small, dicho-

4Op. cit., p. 41.

5Nova Plantarum Genera, p. 8.

28 ERYTHEA.

tomous, with oblong segments, creeping among mosses,
observed in Ireland by Mr. Sherard,” is referred by Lind-
berg to Metzgeria furcata—a determination that can scarcely
be questioned, at least so far as the genus is concerned.
Lichen parvus, “creeping on the moist bark of trees, with
subrotund leaflets incumbent in the manner of scales,” may
easily be Radula complanata, as determined by the same
author. “From the extreme leaflets or scales,” in this,
“arise very short and slender pedicels sustaining subrotund
capitula, which, dehiscing into four segments, resemble little
tetrapetalous flowers, of a reddish color.” In addition to
these already specifically mentioned, our older friends,
Marchantia, Conocephalus, Pellia, and Lunularia, have a
place here; also a Lichen verrucosus, which was probably a
male Conocephalus, and a Lichen seminifera pyxide folio
adnascente Julo pediculo longo insidente, gathered on the
walls of the old church in the Savoy, which Mr. Doody, a
friend of Ray’s and “a botanist of the first rank, not only
very diligent in seeking out plants, but also most acute in
discerning their differences and distinguishing species,’’® con-
sidered to be a form of M. polymorphu.? Then there are
the three species of Mr. Doody in the Appendix of the
second edition of the Synopsis (p. 339). The first of these
is “the narrower Muscus lichenoides, with leaves incumbent
upon the stem in the fashion of scales.” He says this is
nearest the tenth species described by Ray (supposed to be
Radula complanata) but the branches are two or three times
narrower. The second is “the greater Muscus lichenoides
with pinnate bifid leaves,’ and the third, “the less Muscus
lichenoides with pinnate bifid leaves.” In all these a capit-
ulum arises from a little tube seated on the leaves and
finally dehisces into four parts. These brief diagnoses have
been traditionally interpreted as applying respectively to
Frullania dilatata, Lophocolea bidentata, and Cephalozia
bicuspidata.
6Ray, Syn. Meth. Stirp. Brit., p. 327, ed. II.
TRay, Syn. Meth. Stirp. Brit., p. 115, ed. ITI.

CHAPTERS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF HEPATICOLOGY. 29

Before the year 1700, there were issued four other
botanical works having some little reference to the Hepatice.
In Plukenet’s “Almagestum Botanicum” (London, 1696)
there appears, in the usual list under the head of “ Lichen,”
a short description which Lindberg applies to Pellia
epiphylla, and another, accompanied by a figure, which is
quoted by Linnzus* in the synonymy for the hepatic we now
call Aneura pinguis. The identification of this latter plant
of Plukenet’s is somewhat doubtful and it is ignored by
Lindberg. In the “Histoire des Plantes——de Paris”® of
Tournefort, Lindberg finds mentioned a Muscus palustris,
Absinthii folio, insipidus which he thinks to be Trichocolea
tomentella, and in James Petiver’s “ Musei Petiveriana” the
Swedish bryologist discovers a description and figure of
Ricciella fluitans and description alone of Ricciocarpus
natans. Petiver credits the authorship to Buddle, whose
herbarium containing 28 species of Hepatice is now pre-
served in the British Museum. Jacob Bobart (the son) in
the third part of Morison’s “ Plantarum Historia Universalis”
gives a list of twelve supposed species of ‘ Lichen,”
remarkable chiefly for confusion in synonymy. Later in the
same work (p. 627), several hepatics are described as Musci.
Two of these, pronounced by Lindberg to be Mylia Taylori
and Jungermannia riparia, make their first appearance
here. Lindberg’s determinations may sometimes seem to
hang upon slender threads, but when we consider his wide
acquaintance with hepatic forms, the acuteness of his
critical powers, and the fact that he carefully studied the
herbaria of Buddle, Dillenius, and others, we must at least
receive his opinions with much confidence. Between the
year 1699 and the time of Linneus, the classical works of
Tournefort, Dillenius, Ruppius, Vaillant, and Micheli were

8Species Plantarum, p. 1136, ed. I.

9Paris, 1698.

10See article entitled, “The Mosses in Buddle’s Hortus Siccus,”
Journal of Botany, vol. III (new series), 1874, p. 36.

bert Morison, Plantarum Historia Universalis Oxoniensis, Pars
tertia, p. 622; Oxford, 1699.

30 ERYTHEA.

given to the world. In these many species of Hepaticx
were published. Ruppius first used the name Jungermannia
and Micheli established several of the hepatic genera recog-
nized at the present day. But the works of these authors
are better known.”

NOTES ON WESTERN LICHENS.
By Dr. E. StizENBERGER.

Mr. Robert Reuleaux having kindly favoured me with a
small collection of Lichens gathered during his travels
through the United States, and comprising specimens from
Yellowstone Park and Monterey, California, as well as from
Sitka in Alaska—some of them never found in America
before—I made the above mentioned cryptogams the subject
of my special study, the results of which are laid down
in the following list, intended to serve as a supplement to
the late Prof. Tuckerman’s Synopsis of North American
Lichens.

1. Spherophoron sobalicuien: Pers.; Tuck. New Engl.
82. Sitka.

2. Bcaeomyces — (Ehrh.) Nyl.; Tuck. Syn. ii.
7,8. On dead wood, Sitk

3. Cladonia ealrintes. var. tubeeformis (Hffm.) Nyl.;
Tuck. Syn. i. 241. Sitka.

4. Cladoma bellidiflora (Ach.) Scher.; Tuck. Syn. i.
252. Sitka.

5. Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl.; Tuck. Syn. i. 248.
Sitka.

6. Ramalina ceruchis (Ach.) DN., var. cephalota, Tack.
Syn. i. 21. On dead twigs of shrubs, Monterey, Calif.

7. Ramalina reticulata (Noehd.) Krmplh.; Tuck. Syn. i.
22. Sitka; Monterey, Calif.

12] wish here to cHhoragapihg my indebtedness, in the preparation of

these historical notes, to Professor Greene, both for the use of his
valuable library and for helpful saggeeuona:

NOTES ON WESTERN LICHENS. 31

8. Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach; Tuck. Syn. i. 25.
Sitka.

9. Ramalina pollinariella, Nyl. Sterile, Sitka.

10. Alectoria sarmentosa, Ach.; Tuck. Syn. i. 45. Sterile,
Sitka. ;

11. Alectoria prolixa (Ach.) Nyl. <A. jubata, var. im-
plexa, Tuck. Syn. i. 44. Fertile, Sitka.

2. Chlorea vulpina (L.) Nyl.; Tuck. Syn.i. 38. Sterile,
on dead wood, Yellowstone Park.

13. Platysma lacunosum (Ach.) Nyl.; Tuck. Syn. i. 35.
Sterile, Sitka.

14. Parmelia sulcata, Tayl.; Tuck. Syn. i. 59. On trees,
Sitka.

15. Parmelia vittata (Ach.) Nyl.; Tuck. Syn. i. 60.
Fertile, on twigs of trees, Sitka.

16. Parmelia enteromorpha, Ach.; Tuck. Syn. i. 60.
Fertile, evernioid, Sitka.

17. Stictina scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl.; Tuck. Syn. i. 102.
Fertile, Sitka.

18. Sticta pulmonaria (L.) Ach.; Tuck. Syn. i. 94.
Fertile, Sitka.

19. Nephroma arcticum (l.) Fr.; Tuck. Syn. i. 103.
Sitka.

20. Physcia lychnea (Ach.) Nyl.; Tuck. Syn.i.50. On
bark, Sitka.

21. Physcia lychnea, var. pygmea (Bor.) Nyl.; Tuck.
Syn. i. 51. Upon granite rocks, Sitka.

22. Physcia lychnea, var. laciniosa (Scher.) Stzb. Helv.
No. 305. Thallus red on application of potassium hydrate.
Sitka.

23. Lecanora elegans (Link) Ach.; Tuck. Syn. i. 170.
On rocks, Sitka and Yellowstone Park.

24. Lecanora cerinella, Ny\. Luxb. 370. On slender twigs
of coniferous trees, Monterey, California.

25. Lecanora laciniosa (Duf.) Nyl. Theloschistes con-
color, Tuck. Syn. i. 51 p. p. Thallus without reaction on
application of potassium hydrate. On bark, Sitka.

39 ERYTHEA.

96. Lecanora polytropa (Ehrh.) var. illusoria, Ach. L,
varia, var. polytropa, Tuck. Syn. i.192p.p. On rocks, Yellow-
stone Park.

27. Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Nyl.; Tuck. Syn. i. 192,
p.p. Thallus red on application of calcium hypochlorite.
On dead wood, Sitka.

98. Lecanora hypoptoides, Nyl. in Flora, 1887, 371. On
dead wood, Yellowstone Park.

29. Lecanora pallescens (L.) Ach.; Tuck, Syn. i. 196.
On bark, Sitka.

30. Lecanora coarctata (Sm.) Ach.; Tuck. Syn. i. 15.
On rocks, Yellowstone Park.

31. Ccenogonium interpositum, Nyl.; Tuck. Syn. i. 258.
On twigs of coniferous trees, Monterey, Calif.

32. Lecidea meiocarpa, Nyl. in Flora, 1876, 577. On
cones of Cypress, Monterey, Calif.

33. Lecidea sanguineo-atra (Ach.) Nyl.; Tuck. Syn. ii. 21,
f. corticola. On twigs of coniferous trees, Monterey, Calif.

34. Lecidea myriocarpa (DC.) Nyl.; Tuck. Syn. ii. 97.
On cones of Cypress, Monterey, Calif.

35. Opegrapha atrorimalis, Nyl. in Flora, 1867, 488. On
cones and twigs of Cypress, Monterey, Calif.

NEW SPECIES OF PACIFIC COAST PLANTS.
By Tomas How8.Lu.

Lepidium occidentale. Annual, erect, branching, 4 to 12
inches high, hirsutulose below and puberulent throughout;
leaves 1 to 3 inches long, the lower bipinnatifid with obovate
to oblanceolate segments, reduced above to linear bracts;
petals white, conspicuous, obovate, obtuse, narrowed below
to a very short claw, longer than the obovate sepals; stamens
4 about equalling the petals; pods orbicular, 1} lines wide,
on slender widely spreading pedicels; style very short;
stigma capitate.

NEW SPECIES OF PACIFIC COAST PLANTS. 33

Collected in the Umpqua Valley near Roseburg, Oregon,
May 2, 1887. Much like L. Virginicum but easily distin-
guished by the four stamens and the larger flowers.

Arabis secunda. Stems several, erect, simple above the
apparently perennial, woody, branching base, 10 to 18 inches
high, stellate pubescent; lower leaves lanceolate about an
inch long, narrowed below to a winged petiole, entire, acute;
cauline leaves linear, revolute, sessile, distinctly auricled, one-
half to an inch long: raceme many-flowered, strictly secund,
pedicels filiform, 2 to 3 lines long (all deflexed one way):
style very short; pods 1 to 2 inches long, less than a line
wide; seeds small, slightly winged.

Collected on Mount Adams, Washington, August, 1882.
Somewhat like A. Holbcellii but distinguished by its very
narrow pods in a secund raceme.

Cardamine quercetorum. Glabrous, stem 6 to 12 inches
high (from a branching tuberous root: radical leaf 3 to 5-
foliolate, leaflets ovate to elliptical, coarsely dentate, 1 to 2
inches long, petiolate; cauline leaves 1 to 4, mostly 3 to 5-
lobed or-parted, with oblong-lanceolate, acute, mostly entire,
divisions: racemes densely many-flowered; corolla rose-
purple, a half inch long: fruit not seen.

Collected in the Williamette Valley near Silverton, Oregon,
growing under small oaks, etc.

Luprnus LAxrrLorus, Dougl., var. montanus. Leaflets
silky on both sides, rather shorter than the type; calyx
densely silky, narrowed downwards, prominently spurred.

Collected on Mount Hood. Perhaps this will be made a
distinct species when some one who knows our Lupines
works out a revision of the genus.

Mitella Hallii. Pubescent with long whitish hairs,
scapes naked, 6 to 18 inches high: leaves all radical, oblong,
cordate, obscurely 5 to 7-lobed, repandly toothed, 6 to 18
lines long on rather stout petioles: flowers numerous, on
short erect pedicels, often 2 or 3 together, therefore some-
what paniculate; petals yellow, pinnate with 2 to 4 short

34 ERYTHEA.

and rather distant pinnae; calyx saucer-shaped, its short
rounded lobes greenish-yellow; stamens 5, alternate with the
petals, filaments subulate, spreading; stigma slightly 2-
lobed.

Along small streams and wet places, Cascade Mountains of
Oregon and Washington. Collected by Elihu Hall in 1871,
n. 164, and referred to M. trifida, Graham, from which it is
very distinct: that is a more slender plant with taller
scapes, and white flowers in a secund cernuous spike.

Saxifraga Oregana. Scapose stem stout, 2 to 4 feet high,
from a short perennial caudex, sparingly pubescent with
brownish hairs; leaves oblanceolate, 4 to 10 inches long,
entire, acute, attenuate below to a margined petiole: inflor-
escence viscid-glandular, flowers in panicled cymes; calyx
attached to the ovary only at the very base; petals white,
obovate, obtuse, 2 lines long, longer ‘than the triangular,
acute or acuminate soon reflexed calyx-lobes; ovary pyra-
midal, styles short, stigmas capitate; carpels distinct, seeds
flattish, slightly winged.

Not rare in the mountain marshes of Oregon and Wash-
ington. This is one of the five or six species that have been
referred to S. integrifolia but differs from that species in
being very much larger and having more acuminate and
deeply divided follicles.

Ribes acerifolium. Stems ascending, 3 to 8 feet long,
unarmed; leaves 2 to 3 inches in diameter, truncate or
slightly cordate at base, deeply 3 to 5-lobed, the ovate lobes
doubly incised, glabrous above, often resinuous dotted
beneath, petioles as long or longer than the blade, rather
abruptly dilated and ciliate at base: racemes pubescent;
bracts linear lanceolate as long as the slender pedicels:
petals red, narrowly spatulate, a line long; calyx limb rotate
with broad-spatulate lobes, the tube small and saucer-
shaped; anthers broader than long, filaments flat, a line or
more long; style deeply cleft: fruit purple or black, spar-
ingly glandular-bristly.

NEW SPECIES OF PACIFIC COAST PLANTS. 35

On Mounts Hood and Adams near the snow line; also at
the mouth of the Columbia River. No doubt this has been
collected several times and referred to R. laxiflorum, but
that isa more northern species with the “bracts shorter
than the glandular pedicels,” and “orbicular calyx-lobes ”
and “red fruit.”

Erigeron confinis. Stems simple, one to several from a
woody perennial root, 4 to 8 inches high, very leafy: leaves
narrowly spatulate-linear, an inch long or more: heads
usually solitary at the end of the stem, but often several
together; involucre hemispherical, its linear acuminate
bracts in few ranks, nearly equal, 3 to 4 lines long; rays
numerous, rather broad, 6 to 10 lines long, purplish; pappus
a single series of barbellate-scabrous bristles; achenes
sparingly pubescent.

On high rocky ridges of the Siskiyou Mountains, July,
1886.

Senecio subvestitus. Stem simple, 1 to 2 feet high from
short spreading rootstocks, more or less arachnoid-tomen-
tose: leaves deltoid-lanceolate or obscurely hastate, the
lowest subcordate, all petiolate, 1 to nearly 4 inches long,
not much reduced above, dentate: heads several in a cyme,
a half inch high, radiate, many-flowered; involucre cam-
panulate with or without setaceous bracts at base.

In wet meadows, top of the Siskiyou Mountains near
Waldo, Oregon. Somewhat resembling S. triangularis, but
stouter and more succulent, and with larger heads.

Phacelia verna. Annual, soft-pubescent and cinereous,
4 to 10 inches high, branching from the base and decumbent:
leaves obovate to spatulate, entire or rarely some of the lower
ones incisely toothed, abruptly contracted below to a winged
petiole, or the upper ones sessile: corolla pale blue, but
little exceeding the calyx, open-campanulate, cleft to the
middle, its appendages broad and free from the filaments;
calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, 2 or 3 lines long, hirsute;
stamens exserted, anthers oval; style deeply 2-cleft, hispid-

36 ERYTHEA.

ulous: capsule ovoid, acuminate, more than half the length
of the calyx; seeds 8 to 12, oblong to obovate, favose-pitted.

On rocky ridges in the Umpqua Valley, Oregon. Related
to P. Menziesii, but with much smaller flowers of a lighter
shade of blue, and a very different habit.

CORRECTIONS IN NOMENCLATURE.—VI.
By Epwarp L. GREENE.

Le pidium medium. JL. intermediwm, A. Gray, PI.
Wright. ii. 15 (1853), not of A. Richard, Tent. Fl. AnpeTe i
21 (1847).

- Potentilla nubigena. P. decipiens, Greene, Pitt. i. 106
(1887), not of Jordan, in Verlot, Cat. Jard. Grenoble, 28
(1856)

Potentilla stenoloba. P. tenuiloba, Greene, Pitt. i. 105

(1887), not of Jordan, Pugill. Pl. Nov. 67 (1852).

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND NEWS.

Tur “List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta of North-
eastern North America” was received at Berkeley, January
25, 1895. The “Signatures,” or successively printed parts,
bear various dates from December 4, 1893 to December 16,
1894, and were said to have been distributed to a certain
number of people; but neither the “ List” nor any part of it
was, so far as we can discover, offered to the botanical public
until the middle of September, 1894. But that aside, it is
desirable to know if the public might have obtained the
“ Signatures ” as printed. If not, it is questionable whether
limited actual distribution by “ Signatures” will constitute
publication.—w. L. J.

Mr. T. H. Kearney, JR., recently Curator of the Columbia
College Herbarium, has been appointed an Assistant in the
Division of Botany, U. 8. Department of Agriculture.

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL WRITINGS OF
PROFESSOR GREENE.

New Species of PLANTS FROM New Mexico. Four —
papers in Botanical Gazette, Vol. vi., 1881.

+. New Puiants of CaLirornia, ARIZONA AND MEXICO.

ine ae Nine papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols.
ee ix. and x., 1882-83. .

STUDIES IN THE BOTANY OF CALIFORNIA AND PARTS ©
ADJACENT. Six papers in Bulletin of the California Acad- —
emy of Sciences, Vols. i. and ii., 1885-87. =

BrstioGraPpuicaL Notes oN WeLt KNown PLANTS.
Ten papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols. —
Xiv.—xvii., 1887—90. .

: Pirronra. A series of Kighty-Seven Papers, in Two Volumes, :
pp. 617, 1887-92. Published by the author. Price $2.50 per
volume. an

_ ILLusrratrions or West AMERICAN OAKS. One Vol-
ume, 4to, pp. 79, with Thirty-Seven Plates, 1889-90. -Pub-

_ lished under the patronage of James M. McDonald, of
Pacific Bank, San Francisco. — cs Paes

F LORA FRANCISCANA. An attempt to sianaity anid describe.
the Vascular Plants of Middle California. Parts i., ii. and i iii
(pp. 352, 1891-92) finished. Price $2: 00.

anc” OF THE bie OF THE Weacion OF Si
FRANCISCO Bay. A Systematic Arrangement of th
Higher Plants growing Spontaneously in the Counties «
Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, al :
Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco, i in the State of Califor-
nia. One Volume, 8vo., pp. ‘xiii, 328, 1894. Price of librar
. xe $2. 00; of school issue, single copy, $1.75. ee

VOL. Ill. MARCH, 1895. NO. 3.

ERY THEA

A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN
AND GENERAL.

EDITED BY
WILLIS LINN JEPSON

AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

CONTENTS: ee
Some Species of Dodecatheon, - = - Edw. L. Greene 37
Lichens of the Vicinity of Los Angeles, - Dr. H. E. Hasse 1
Mnvikates Oscilchinlos XT, . - <-- Baw. b Greme
me ae Calochortus, pitch re 9
| oS

i ccllawsoas Notes and Nowe; 3 3 =

- BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

-

Cus ERY - Lourie, PRINTERS
587 Mission Street, San Francisco, California
1895. ° :

A MONTHLY journal of Botany,
edited by members of the Depart-

ment of Botany at the University
of California. Devoted to every

department of botanical investiga-
tion and criticism. . . Historical
papers, general articles on system-
atic and geographic botany, and
reviews of new literature, will con-

tinue to be features of the journal.

The subscription price is $1.50
a year in advance; to Great Brit-
ain and the continent of Europe, 7

shillings. Single copies 25 cents.
No discount to dealers. ae

Address

WILLIS L. JEPSON,

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA. _

University of California.

37

SOME SPECIES OF DODECATHEON.
By Epwarp L. Greene.

In 1888 I indicated that in this genus the roots, and some
other subterranean parts, were found to furnish, in several
instances, the most satisfactory characters upon which to
establish species. During the six years that have since
elapsed, continued observation has brought to light a diver-
sity of root characters quite beyond what one could have
anticipated. While a very considerable portion of the species
have a short subterranean erect crown bearing more or less
diversified roots and sometimes bulblets, some are now
known to me that exhibit quite other modifications of sub-
terranean organs; and I shall here speak of several, under
headings of such group characteristics as the underground
parts afford.

* Plants with a distinct perpendicular tap-root.

D. radicatum. Main root at least 1 or 2 inches long,
thickish, bearing coarse and simple fibrous roots on all sides;
the short crown also with a special whorl of similar fleshy-
fibrous roots: leaves very few (about 3 only), thin, light
green, with elliptic-oblong entire blade tapering to a winged
petiole almost as long: scape slender, few-flowered: corolla
apparently pink or reddish: stamineal tube very short,
anthers acute: style long exserted.

All that I have seen of Fendler’s n. 549 of the New Mexi-
can collection is of this species, and it is otherwise unknown
tome. In all the specimens that I have been able to examine
in American herbaria the remarkable tap-root—a thing so
unexpected in the genus—has failed of being preserved.
Some part of this organ remains in one of the specimens
preserved at Kew; but it is best shown in the British
Museum specimens. The whole plantis glabrous, the flowers

1 Pittonia, i. 210.
Erytuxa, Vol. IIL, No. 3, [1 March, 1895.]

38 ERYTHEA.

probably pale. Its home will be found among the mountains
back of Santa Fé, a region examined by Fendler a half-cen-
tury ago, and totally neglected since his day.

* * Plants, at least when mature, with a distinct horizontal
or ascending, usually bulbilliferous rhizome.

D. viviparum. D. crenatum, Greene, Pitt. ii. 74 (1890),
not Raf. Atl. Journ. 180 (1833). The earlier D. crenatum,
of which I was quite unaware at the time of making the
homonym, is a large species of the prairies of Illinois and
Indiana, which needs to be investigated anew, if perchance it
is not yet extinct.

The type specimens of the present species were in a very
mature state, and, about the flowers of this crenate-leaved
plant I still know nothing. Its habitat on Mt. Tacoma is not
in the wet meadows that lie concealed amid the deep forests
of the lower parts of the mountain; though I dare not say
that the wet meadow Dodecatheon may not be specifically
identical with this which I found at the limit of trees. But
my plant grew neither in very wet nor at all grassy ground.
It was in the immediate shade of coniferous trees, and ina
light soil of leaf mould. I now refer to it, with some hesi-
tancy, specimens from several collectors which show neither
the distinctly crenate leaves, nor the large bulblets of my
specimens; even adding some in which the rhizome is not
well developed; for as the plants are long-lived, and the
rhizome is of slow growth, it is but reasonable to assume
that plants of only two or three years, though robust, and
flowering freely, will not show anything more than a short
and rudimentary stage of the eventual quite distinct and
elongated rootstock. And, as even the bulblets in the bul-
billiferous species are not developed until the plant is past
flowering, it were unreasonable to throw out of D. viviparum
specimens wanting bulblets which have not passed beyond
the flowering season. I now find one character which I did
not at first detect in the original specimens, by means of
which I think the species may be identified even when the

SOME SPECIES OF DODECATHEON. 39

crenation of the leaf-margin fails; and that is, a certain very
pronounced callous point which exists in every sinus of the
crenate-leaved state, which callosity I find besetting, like a
regular denticulation, the whole margin of the leaf in certain
forms, which, at first glance appears to differ from those of
D. viviparum in being entire. Rhizomatous plants with just
this callous-denticulate (but not crenate) leaf margin I have
from western Montana, collected by Professor Kelsey.

D. alpinum. D. Meadia var. alpinum, A. Gray, Bot.
Calif. i. 467. Plant wholly glabrous, slender, from a few
inches to a foot high: leaves not excessively numerous,
usually spreading or depressed, small (mostly about 2 inches
long), from oblanceolate to nearly linear, entire, acutish:
flowers few, large, 4-merous, deep red-purple: stamens
slightly if at all united at base; connective of anthers
slender-subulate from a broad base, visibly co-extensive with
the anther and plicate-rugulose: capsule valvate from the
apex.

Common along boggy margins of subalpine lakes in the
Sierra Nevada of California, more especially from Donner
Lake southward. It is the D. Jeffreyi of Coville, Bot.
Death Val. Exp. 147, but wholly distinct from that large
species. Many specimens, doubtless young in years, show
neither distinct rhizome nor bulblets.

* x * Roots, leaves and scape form a short vertical crown.

D. Jerrreyi, Moore, in Fl. des Serres, xvi. 99 (1867).
D. Meadia var. lancifolium, A. Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 467
(1876). Plant with inconspicuous crown, and abundant
fleshy-fibrous persistent roots: leaves oblanceolate, erect,
5 to 10 inches long, entire, acutish, mucronate: scape 1 to 14
feet high; umbel many-flowered, the pedicels and calyx
hirsute and glandular, even the outside of the corolla sparsely
pubescent: segments of the corolla ample, deep red-purple:
stamens distinct, dark purple, the connective slenderly subu-
late from an ovate base, reaching to near the tips of the

40 ERYTHEA.

emarginate anthers, delicately rugulose: style very distinctly
hispidulous almost throughout: capsule not exceeding the
calyx, valvate from the very apex.

Common in the higher Sierra Nevada of California. The
flowers appear to be constantly tetramerous; but there are
no gradations whatsoever between this and D. alpinum of the
same general range.

D. tetrandrum, Suksdorf in herb. Root characters and
general aspect of the last, but leaves ampler, relatively
broader; the whole plant glabrous, or else the calyx with a
trace of the puberulent under a lens: corolla purplish, with
a yellow ring near the base, the segments, and also the
stamens usually 4 only (occasionally 5): connective slender-
subulate from a short deltoid base, obscurely rugulose below:
style glabrous: capsule surpassing the calyx, circumscissile
very near the apex.

Mountains apparently throughout eastern Washington and
Oregon; collected by Suksdorf, Cusick, and, on Drew’s
Creek in southeastern Oregon, by Mrs. R. M. Austin. Quite
distinct from D. Jeffreyi, though it is the nearest ally of that
species; but it belongs to another tract of country.

D. conjugens. Short crown with a dense fascicle of
fleshy-fibrous roots that are deciduous from it after the flower-
ing: whole plant glabrous: leaves obovoid and elliptic, 2 to
5 inches long including the distinct petiole, obtuse, entire:
scape stoutish, 3 to 8 inches high: umbel few-flowered;
flowers large, 5-merous, rarely 6-merous: corolla deep pur-
ple, varying to rose-red and to white: anthers distinct,
obtuse, the connective lanceolate, acuminate to a linear point,
delicately rugulose throughout all but the linear tip: fruit
unknown.

Species remarkable as forming a link between D. Hender-
sonii, of which has the root and leaf characters, and that
boreal and alpine group which have their anthers distinct.
My first specimens were from Prof. Kelsey, who obtained
them on dry hills near Helena, Montana. Better material is
now in hand collected in southeastern Oregon, in 1893,
by Mrs. R. M. Austin.

41

LICHENS OF THE VICINITY OF LOS
ANGELES.—I.
By Dr. H. E. Hasse.

For the identification of these lichens, the writer is
indebted to Mr. Marshall A. Howe of Berkeley and to the
eminent lichenologist, Dr. Stizenberger, as also to Prof. A.
J. McClatchie of Pasadena for advice. To these gentlemen
I desire to express my thankful appreciation.

It is intended to supplement this list with additions from
time to time and to include the lichen flora of Catalina
Island. In connection I will report the finding of Huphorbia
misera, Benth., upon the island during a recent visit. It
grows among rocks, scarcely above high tide mark, between
Avalon and Seal Park. It is not mentioned in the lists of
Mr. Brandegee and of Mr. Lyon, and is an addition to the
insular flora.

Ramalina ceruchis (Ach.), De Not. On shrubs along the
beach at Santa Monica.

R. reticulata (Noehd.), Kremp.

R. Menziesii, Tuckerm. Common on trees and shrubs.

Cetraria Californica, Tuckerm. San Bernardino Range.
Common.

Evernia vulpina (L.), Ach.

E. prunastri (L.), Ach. On bushes, San Bernardino
Range.

Usnea barbata (L.), Fr., var. hirta, Fr. Sterile.

Theloschistes chrysophthalmus (i.), Norm. Common.

T. chrysopthalmus (L.), Norm., var. flavicans, Wallr.

T. lychneus, (Ny].), forma laciniosa, Scheer.

Parmelia tiliacea (Hoffm.), Floerk. San Bernardino
Range.

P. physodes (L.), Ach., var. enteromorpha, Tuckerm. San
Bernardino Range.

P. olivacea (1L.), Ach.

P. olivacea (1.), Ach., var. aspidota, Ach.

P. conspersa (Ehrh.), Ach.

42 ERYTHEA.

Physcia erinacea a ), Tuckerm.

P. ciliaris (.), D

P. pulwerulenta came Nyl.

Physcia pulverulenta (Schreb.), Nyl., forma muscigena

Auct.

P. stellaris (L.).

P. stellaris (L.), var. aipolia, Ny}.

P. crispa (Pers.), Nyl.

P. hispida (Schreb.), Tuckerm.

P. obscura (Ebrh.) Nyl.

P. adglutinata (Floerk.), Ny1.

Umbilicaria pheea, Tuckerm. Santa Monica Range.

U. Semitensis, Tuckerm. San Bernardino Range. —

Peltigera canina (l.), Hoffm. ;

Endocarpiscum Guepini (Delis. ), N

Pannaria microphylla (Sw.), Delis, “s — Californica,
Tuckerm.

Collema flaccidum, Ach.

C. nigrescens (Huds.), Ach. San Bernardino Range.

Leptogium myochroum (Ehrh.; Scher.), Tuckerm.

Placodium murorum (Hoffm.), DC., var. miniatum,
Tuckerm.

P. bolacinum, Tuckerm.

P. cerinum (Hedw.), Naeg. & Hepp.

P. vitellinum (Ehrh.), Naeg. & Hepp.

P. luteo-minium, Tuckerm. On rocks, Santa Monica
Range.

Lecanora muralis (Schreb.), Scheer. Common.

L. muralis (Schreb.), Scher., var. diffracta, Fr. San Ber-
nardino Range.

L. pallida (Schreb.), Scheer.

L. pallida (Schreb.), Scher., var. cancriformis, Tuckerm.

L. subfusca (L.), Ach.

L. Hageni, Ach.

L. pheobola, Tuckerm. San Bernardino Range.

L. Pacifica, Tuckerm. Near the coast.

L. varia (Ehrh.), Nyl

LICHENS OF THE VICINITY OF LOS ANGELES. 43

L. Brunonis, Tuckerm.

Lecanora pallescens (L.), Scheer.

DL. cinerea (l.), Sommerf.

LI. cinerea (L.), Sommerf., var. gibbosa, Ny].

L. chlorophana (Wahl.), Ach. San Bernardino Range.
L. xanthophana, Nyl. Santa Monica Range.

I. fuscata (Schrad.), Th. Fr. Santa Monica Range.
L. privigna (Ach.), Nyl.

L. privigna (Ach.), Nyl., var. pruinosa, Auctt.
Rinodina radiata, Tuckerm. Common.

R. thysanota, Tuckerm.

ft. oreina (Ach.), Mass. Not frequent.

R. angelica, Stiz. Thallus similar to the last but differing
in size of spores; these 16-20 by 8-10 mic., short ellipsoid,
obtuse. Hymenial structures blue with iodine. Thallus
yellow with potassium hydrate. March, 1893. On rocks,
Santa Monica Range.

R. sophodes (Ach.), Nyl. Comm

Pertusaria lecanina, Tuckerm. Baie Monica; on various
bushes, often in large patches.

P. pustulata (Ach.), Nyl. On trees; common.

Urceolaria scruposa (L.), Nyl. Rocks and earth;
common.

Cladonia pyxidata (L.), Fr. Ground; common.

C. fimbriata (L.), Fr., var. tubeformis, Fr. San Ber-
nardino and Santa Monica Ranges.

C. furcata (Huds.), Fr., var. racemosa, Fl. Rubio Cafion.

Lecidea Brandegei, Tuckerm. San Bernardino Range.

L. latypiza, Nyl.

L. enteroleuca, Fr., var. achrista, Sommerf.

LL. albo-atra (Hoffm.), var. ambigua, Ach.

L. lapicida, Fr.

LL. cumulata, Sommerf. Echo Mountain.

Buellia lepidastra, Tackerm. Santa Monica Range.

B. oidalea, Tuckerm, var. penichra, Tuckerm. On Sam-
bucus.

B. parasema (Ach.), Th. Fr.

ak ERYTHEA.
B. parasema (Ach.), Th. Fr., var. triphragmia, Nyl. On
Rhus.

B. myriocarpa (DC.), Mudd. Frequent.

B. bolacina, Tuckerm

B. geographica (.), Tuckerm, var. lecanorina, Floerk.
San Antonio Cafion.

B. Bolanderi, Tuckerm. San Antonio Cafion.

Opegrapha atrorimalis, Nyl.

Arthonia anastomosans (Ach.), Nyl. On bark.

A. radiata, Pers. On Juglans and Quercus,

A. dispersa (Schrad.). On Quercus.

Acolium Bolanderi, Tuckerm. Frequent

Verrucaria ‘intercedens, var. aethioboloides, Nyl. On
shales, Santa Monica Range.

V. viridula (Ach.), Schrad. On limestone, Santa Monica
Range.

VY. plumbaria, Stiz. Thallus smooth, whitish gray and
darkening, spores colorless, bilocular, ellipsoid, each cell
slightly constricted, 12-16 by 4-6 mic. Paraphyses distinct.
Reaction with iodine; yellow to bronze with potassium
hydrate. On various bushes, Santa Monica Range; frequent.

a cerast, Solihad: forma. On Malvastrum
Thurber

V. lia Nyl. On bark,

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES.—xXI.
By Epwarp L. GREENE.

Ranunculus Austinew. Perennial by a fascicle of coarse
and long fleshy-fibrous roots: stem and leaves glabrous, weak
and rather succulent, the former 6 to 10 inches high; radical
leaves few, of round-obovate outline, abruptly tapering to the
very long and slender petiole or nearly truncate at base, and
with mostly about five rather shallow terminal lobes, some
with only three large and rather deeper lobes; cauline leaves
cuneate-obovate, 3-lobed, sessile: flowers solitary, on very

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 45

long and slender peduncles, these few and terminal or sub-
terminal: petals white: stamens yellow, rather few: carpels
puberulent, rounded, neither compressed nor margined,
tipped with a long and slender straight or nearly straight
beak, and arranged in an ovoid or more elongated head.

Crevices of lava rock east of Willow Creek Valley in
northern California, Mrs. R. M. Austin, 1894. Species evi-
dently allied to R. glaberrimus, though very distinct by its
slender habit, snow-white petals, and elongated head of
achenes.

Ranunculus caltheflorus. Stem solitary, stoutish, erect,
6 to 15 inches high, dichotomous at about the middle, each
fork ending in several subequal peduncles, and the whole
inflorescence thus rather distinctly corymbose; herbage
altogether glabrous except a few short hairs on the peduncles:
radical leaves very few, ovate- and oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 3
inches long, on petioles as long or longer, entire or irregu-
larly somewhat toothed, the cauline narrower and mostly
sessile: petals about 10, narrowly obovate-oblong, or almost
spatulate-oblong: achenes in a depressed- globose small head.

Plant of the Colorado Rocky Mountains chiefly, at eleva-
tions a little below the limit of trees; the R. alismefolius,
var. montanus of 8. Watson partly; also type of the unpub-
lished R. alismeefolius, of Geyer.

Ranunculus Hartwegi. RR. alismefolius, var. caule
petiolisque basi hirsutis, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 295. R. alisme-
folius, Gray, excl. var; also of Greene, Fl. Fr., not of Geyer.

Geyer’s R. alismeefolius, never duly published, has been
so variously misapplied in recent times that, asa name, it
must be abandoned. Geyer’s specimens, on the labels of
which he wrote this as a new name, were of the Rocky
Mountain species which I now name R. caltheflorus.
Bentham, who was the first to print the name, gave no des-
cription at all of Geyer’s plant, but entirely perverted
Geyer’s intended use of the name by applying it to that type
which Torrey & Gray had called R. Flammula, namely, the

46 ERYTHEA.

plant known now as the R. obtusiusculus of Rafinesque,
for which S. Watson made the synonym of S. ambigens. To
the Californian species, first collected by Hartweg, and which
Bentham placed as an unnamed variety of the eastern R. obtu-
stusculus, Asa Gray was the first to transfer the Geyerian
name of alismefolius. I have hitherto followed Gray in this
misapplication of Geyer’s name. The only way out of this
entanglement is that of rejecting altogether the specific name
that has been so perverted. Indeed the only description
extant, of the plant to which Geyer gave the name, is that
now given above. His species was never published until
now. This circumstance, taken in connection with the fact
that the name which he gave in manuscript has long been
applied to a distinct species, renders necessary the dismissal
of the name.

kt. Hartwegi of the Californian Sierra differs essentially
from the Rocky Mountain R. caltheflorus in its more numer-
ous and narrow entire leaves, its scattered flowers, and its
broadly obovate petals only half as numerous, namely, five.

Asa Gray’s statement that “ R. Bolanderi, Greene, Bull.
Calif. Acad. ii. 58, answers to the type of this species! ” is
not only without foundation; it proves that the author did
not know that Geyer’s type was not Californian.

Roripa tenerrima. Annual, weak and decumbent, very
sparingly branching, 6 to 10 inches high, of delicate texture
and glabrous: leaves few, lyrate-pinnatifid, the terminal lobe
acutish: rachis of the few racemes almost capillary: pods
rather distant, subconical, slightly curved, the tapering apex
surmounted by a considerable beak-like style; valves and
septum both very thin: seeds many, in 2 rows under each
valve.

Collected sparingly, in Modoc Oo., California, 1894, by
Mrs. R. M. Austin.

Tissa sparsiflora. Diffuse, slender, glandular-hirsutulous
throughout; lower internodes longer, the upper rather

1Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 368.

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 47

shorter than the narrowly linear acute leaves; stipules thin,
very short, broadly ovate and acutish, varying to obtuse and
truncate: flowers mostly solitary, one to each pair of leaves,
on slender pedicels shorter than the leaves: petals small,
lilac: capsule ovate, obtusish, exceeding the sepals: seeds
minute, red-brown, broadly semi-obcordate, smooth, the very
thick margin as broad as the small body or nucleus.

Seven Mile Lake, Wyoming, 15 Oct., 1894, Prof. Aven
Nelson. This is very interesting as being the first Tissa
to appear from the interior of our continent, all the others
being of maritime districts. The species is very well marked,
but the specimens are defective in not showing the root; so
that one cannot say whether the plant is annual or perennial.
It is not small, the branches, though very slender, measur-
ing nearly a foot in length, and seeming equally floriferous
throughout, the pedicels not forming a distinct cyme even at
the ends of the branches.

Trifolium Morleyanum. Stems slender but rather
rigid, apparently quite erect, 6 inches high or more, from
perennial horizontal rootstocks: herbage glabrous or nearly
so: internodes short: petioles less than 4 inch long: leaflets
of lower leaves obcordate, only 2 or 3 lines long, of the upper,
mostly linear or narrowly lanceolate, 4 inch long or more,
all rather strongly lacerate-serrulate, the teeth spinulose-
tipped, the apex of all bearing a conspicuous subulate-aristi-
form cusp: peduncles mostly subterminal, more than twice
the length of the leaves: heads hemispherical, 4 inch broad;
involucre deeply cleft into subulate-aristiform segments:
calyx-tube campanulate, about 15-nerved, much shorter than
the triangular-subulate aristate-pointed teeth, these with
more or less reticulate venation near the base: pods well
exserted from the calyx-tube but not equalling the teeth, 2-
or 3-seeded.

A small but very distinct perennial species of the involu-
crate group, collected in fruit only, at Morley’s Station,
Modoc Co., Calif., 1894, by Baker & Nutting.

48 ERYTHEA.

Raillardella paniculata. Stoutish, erect, perhaps 2 feet
high, leafy throughout, paniculately branching; herbage
viscid and rather densely short-hirsute with gland-tipped
hairs: leaves an inch long, ovate and ovate-lanceolate,
acutish, entire, closely sessile: heads 15 or 20, short pedun-
cled, $$ inch high: bracts of the inyolucre few but some-
what biserial, linear-lanceolate, acuminate: rays none:
achenes slender and nearly linear, acutely 5-costate, hispid-
ulous; pappus of 50 or more stoutish barbellulate dull-white
bristles.

Near the limit of trees on Mt. Shasta, 4 Aug., 1894, Willis
L. Jepson. Evidently related to the little known R. Muirii;
and perhaps along with that representing a genus distinct
from Raillardella. Mr. J epson’s specimens are sadly frag-
mentary, so that nothing is known of the root, or even of the
lower part of the stem.

Crepis Modocensis. Stout, erect, 8 to 16 inches high,
canescently tomentulose throughout, and most so upon the
involucres: leaves ample, mainly radical, laciniate-pin-
natifid: heads nearly an inch high, 6 to 12, somewhat
corymbosely arranged at the summit of the bracted and
somewhat scape-like stem; peduncles and bracts of invol-
ucre beset with a few dark brown or blackish almost prickle-
like bristles: achenes fusiform, slightly attenuate at apex,
delicately and acutely costate: pappus firm, not very
copious.

Lava beds of Modoc Co., Calif., Mrs. Austin, J une, 1894.

Allocarya Nelsonii. Annual, diffuse, the stoutish and
somewhat succulent branches strigose-pubescent, 6 inches
long, rather densely racemose throughout and with a short
bract subtending each pedicel: nutlets # line long, ovate-
lanceolate, carinate ventrally almost down to the nearly
basal rounded or obscurely trigonous sear, the back with
rather few and sharp transverse ridges beset with tufts of
uncinate-tipped bristles, the intervals with low muriculate-
roughened tuberculations.

Silver Creek, Wyoming, Prof. Aven Nelson, 26 Aug., 1894.

he. mM BS,

A NEW CALOCHORTUS. 49

Collinsia concolor. Near C. bicolor, but with few pairs
of leaves and long internodes, the plant a foot high or more,
delicately puberulent throughout: leaves 1 to 14 inches long,
linear or oblong-linear, the margins crenate-serrate, or entire
and revolute: racemes of few and rather remote verticils:
ealyx-tube hoary with a long villous-arachnoid pubescence;
segments oblong, obtuse: corolla red-purple throughout, in
form like that of C. bicolor, but less than half as large.

A very distinct new species, presumably from the southern
part of San Diego Co., California, but sent without label or
indication of special locality, by R. D. Anlerson.

Habenaria saccata. Two feet high or more, slender,
rather conspicuously leafy up to the lax and not long, bracted
raceme of green flowers: base of the stem with a single
quite ample subscarious sheath: leaves lanceolate, acute,
3 or 4 inches long, spreading; bracts of the raceme linear-
lanceolate, surpassing the flowers: lateral sepals oblong-
lanceolate, the upper ovate-oblong and shorter: lateral
petals falcate; lip linear, much longer than the short and
thick sac-like spur: capsule sessile.

Lassen Creek, Modoc Co., Calif., Mrs. Austin, 1894.

A NEW CALOCHORTUS.
By J. G. Lemmon.

Calochortus collinus. Glaucous, 3 to 10 inches high,
from a fibrous-coated bulb (no bulblets); simple or branch-
ing, lower leaf solitary, exceeding the flowers, 6 to 9 lines
wide: flowers erect, 2 to 6, racemose, on long (8 to 6 inch)
pedicels; sepals elliptical, three-fourths as long as the petals,
abruptly acute or acuminate, greenish-yellow: petals creamy
white, obovate, slightly concave, 6 to 9 lines long, naked
above, a few white hairs near the glands, this small, cuneate |
ciliate and purplish: stamens twice longer than the pistil;

Mo. Bot. Garden,
i896.

50 ERYTHEA.

anthers oblong, obtuse, ? to 1 line long, yellowish: capsule
nodding, oblong, 12 to 15 lines long, often with narrow,
undulate wings: seeds angular, testa tuberculate.

Oakland hills, in shade. Near Berkeley, Mountain View
Cemetery, Seminary Park, Laundry Farm, etc.

This has been referred to C. lilacinus of Kellogg, but it
differs from that widely in characters of the bulb, absence of
bulblets, color of petals, and scarcity of pubescence. Mr.
Carl Purdy has called my attention to the fact that the two
first sub-sections of § EucaLocuorrus including C. albus,
pulchellus, amoenus and Benthami, Maweanus, coeruleus,
elegans, Tolmiei and apiculatus, all grow in wood-lands in
high, well drained situations; also that none of them are
bulbiferous; while the species of the third sub-section—
C. nudus lilacinus and uniflorus—grow in wet meadows or
along streams, often where the bulbs are under water for
many months of the year; also that these last-named species
are notably prolific of bulblets.

The new species follows apiculatus in Watson’s Lili-
acec' and C. Maweanus of Greene’s revision of the genus.”

OPEN LETTERS.
Publication by signatures.

Referring to the question raised on page 36 of the Feb-
ruary issue of EryrTuea, relative to the publication of
Memoirs Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 5: containing the
“List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta of Northeastern
North America” by dated “signatures,” I would state that
these have been sent to everyone who has applied for them
as printed, and that any one who cared to ask for them could
have received them.

I believe that this is a perfectly well-understood method of
publication, adopted by a large number of societies, and I

1 Proc. Am. Acad. xiv., p. 263.

2 Bay Region Botany, p. 312.

OPEN LETTERS. 51

have not seen its validity questioned before. A considerable
number of privately printed works have been issued in this
manner, notably Mr. Bentham’s “ Plantae Hartwegianae”
and Professor Greene’s ‘“ Pittonia.” The method has very
obvious advantages, for with dated signatures the trouble-
some questions arising from doubt as to a few days or weeks
priority of names can in most instances be entirely avoided.
N. L. Britton,

Chairman Commitiee of Botanical Club,

A. A. A. 8. on publication of the List of

Planis of Northeastern North America
CotumsBrA Connece, 9 Feb., 1895.

In the absence of Mr. Jepson, whose question, propounded
in our last issue, called forth the above, I may venture a com-
ment or two on Dr. Britton’s reply. The second paragraph
of the reply has nought to do with the original question and
even appears rather gratuitous; for Mr. Jepson could not
need to be informed of the custom of publication by signa-
tures, nor to be shown its advantages. We may assume that
he was well aware that the Plante Hartwegiane, Pittonia,
and many other series of papers had been thus given to the
public. He raised no question of the validity of such a
method. The real question was, as to whether the particular
“List” referred to could justly claim such publication.

In the instances cited by Dr. Britton, there had been sub-
scription and exchange lists; and the signatures were sent
out according to such lists. Was this true in the case now
under consideration? Were the separate signatures of this
fifth volume of Memoirs of the Torrey Club distributed to
the subscribers, or were they sent only to members of the
committee of publication? If this last be really the case,
there will be room for a grave question as to the validity of
the signature-dates as dates of publication for this important
volume.

No author of a botanical document can successfully claim

52 ERYTHEA.

priority for anything within it so long as the document is
neither given nor offered to the public. The title page, or
the signatures, may be dated, but the date or dates are false
and must go for nought, so long as the pages remain with
himself, and the public is not notified of their existence,
And what is true in the case of an individual, is equally so
in the case of a partnership of authors; such a partnership
as this Committee of Publication represents. If the sig-
natures in question were distributed to members of the Com-
mittee only, at the dates named, they were not published;
and in this contingency the only date that can be claimed
successfully for any new name in this List, will be that upon
which the volume was first distributed to subscribers.
Epwarp L. Greene.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND NEWS.

By permission of the Board of Regents of our University,
Mr. Willis L. Jepson will spend the coming months of the
spring and early summer in botanical study atthe East. His
address will be, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

SPECIAL attention may well be called to a very timely and
well worded editorial in the February issue of the Botanical
Gazette. It takes the form of an emphatic protest against
the rising custom of urging forward to important critical
work in botany, of young persons who have little botanical
experience, and, as many a recent article in current journals
will show, without the least approach to the due literary
qualifications. This aspect of American botany is already
becoming a scandal in the eyes of good botanists both at
home and abroad.

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL WRITINGS OF |
PROFESSOR GREENE.

New Species or PLiants rrom New Mexico. Toe
papers in Botanical Gazette, Vol. vi., 1881.

New Puants of CaLirorNIA, ARIZONA AND Mexico.
Nine papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols.
ix. and x., 1882-83.

SruDIES IN THE BOTANY OF CALIFORNIA AND PARTS
ADJACENT. Six papers in Bulletin of the eisai Acad-
emy of Sciences, Vols. i. and ii., AREER -

BretiocrapuicaL Notes oN WELL Known Pia
Ten papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vv
xiv.—xvii., 1887—

PirTonta. A series of Highty-Seven Papers, in Two Yolen
pp. 617, 1887-92. Published by the author. Price $2.50 j es

volume.

es ILLUSTRATIONS or West AMERICAN OAKS.
ume, 4to, pp. 79, with Thirty-Seven Plates, 1889-90. Pub-
lished under the patronage of James M. McDona ld, o

- Pacific Bank, San Francisco. ene

| FLora ec, An attempt to Eers, a 1a 8

‘the Vascular Plants of Middle California. — Bais iy _and
PE — meas finished. Price ee. Boe

Noatad: OF THE Borany oF THE Retox OF Sa

ne nia. “One Volume, 8yo., pp. xiii., 328, 1
2 issue, $2.00; of school i issue, single’ copy, $1.75.

VOL. Wr ARR a" | 0: eae

PRY THEA

A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN
AND GENERAL.

EDITED BY
WILLIS LINN JEPSON
AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

CONTENTS:
PAGE

Phytographic Notes and Amendments—I., - Edw. L. Greene 53
+ Further Additions to the Flora of Southern

California, - - <= 9@-B. Parish 08
Novitates Occidentales—XIL., - + = - Edw. L. Greene 62
See tat se oe ee | 68

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

UBERY & COMPANY, PRINTERS
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A MONTHLY journal of Botany,
edited by members of the Depart-
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53

PHYTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND AMENDMENTS.—L

By Epwarp L. GRrEeEne.

KuMLIENtIA CooLeyz (Rose), Greene, Eryth. ii.193. Very
fine flowering specimens of this Alaskan rarity are now
before me, and suggest some amendment of Mr. Rose’s origi-
nal account of the species.1 There is nothing in his des-
cription of the sepals to indicate that these differ from those
of ordinary Ranunculus; nor does the figure at all represent
their real character. They are not, as supposed, green and
concave and of oval outline. They are more elongated, quite
as flat as those of a Caltha, and of a dull brownish-yellow;
are distinctly narrowed at base, at least one of them approxi-
mating the unguiculate character that marks the petals; in-
deed, there is a not indistinct transition from sepals to petals.
The petals instead of being smaller than the sepals are
rather larger, the expanded flower measuring about an inch
across. The claw of each petal is relatively larger and nar-
rower than the figure indicates, and is almost tubular by
involution of the two margins, somewhat after the manner of
the lower part of the ligule of a composite. In characters of
the flower, therefore, as well as in foliage and the whole
general appearance of the young and vigorous plant, there is a
close approach to the genus Trollius; and it in every way
conforms, better than the original figure led me to think, to
the type of Kumlienia.

My friend, Mr. M. W. Gorman, to whom I am indebted for
the specimens now in hand, obtained them on July 4th, 1894,
from the margin of an alpine lake, on the shore of Bailey
Bay, Alaska. He says this “was the only plant except
Caltha biflora that I found at this date. The winter ice on
the lake was still about 24 feet thick, and the snow from 5 to
20 feet deep. I remarked that it resembled a small Caltha
palustris.” _

1 Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, i. 289, t. 22.

Erytuza, Vol. IIL, No. 4, [1 April, 1895.]

54 ERYTHEA.

It will be seen by reference to Mr. Rose’s paper, that the
earlier collectors of the plant obtained it not by low lake-
margins, but on bleak rocky summits. Still I can not doubt
that Mr. Gorman’s specimens represent the species collected
by Mr. Funston and Miss Cooley.

Ranunculus TurNnerI, Greene, Pitt. ii. 296. R. recur-
vatus, Bong. Veg. Sitch. 123 in part: R. occidentalis var. robus-
tus, A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi, 373. While investigating,
at Kew, the types of early Northwest American Ranunculi,
I was much interested by the discovery that Bongard had
referred two clearly distinct species to R. recurvatus; one of
them a showy large-flowered plant, and quite the equivalent
of my own rather newly published R. Turneri. My defini-
tion of the species is to be corrected as to the sepals, which,
in the fully developed flower are truly reflexed; and it may
be completed by the statement that the achenes are broad
and flat, with a short recurved beak, and that they are rather
numerous, forming a somewhat depressed-globose head.

The other species which the author aforesaid confused
with R. recurvatus may well be called

Ranunculus Bongardi. R. recurvatus, Bong. Veg. Sitch
mainly, not of Poiret. R. occidentalis var. Lyallii, A. Gray,
l.c. Although somewhat like the preceding in foliage and
pubescence, there is the widest discrepancy between them in
the size of the flowers, and the characters of the fruit. The
present plant is quite like true R. recurvatus in the minute-
ness of the petals; Sir William Hooker thought them abor-
tive, with which opinion Bongard seems to have found it
convenient to coincide; a view which has no solid foundation,
The achenes are small, and are surmounted by a remarkably
long circinate beak. The species is one of the commonest in
Oregon, Washington, and southern Alaska, and runs into
many varieties, or subspecies, One of the most pronounced
of these is frequent southward even to the middle of the
Californian Sierra. This may be called, var. tenellus—R.
tenellus, Nutt. in T. & G. FI.

PHYTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND AMENDMENTS. 55

That any of these forms are to be referred to R. occiden-
talis, Nutt., is a view which no man acquainted with the
plants can entertain. He who asserts it should be ready to
maintain that the eastern R. recurvatus may be relegated to
R. hispidus as a variety; for that were quite as reasonable.
Both R. occidentalis and R. Bongardi have their own
extremes of variation, each within its own good specific
imits.

Ranunoutus Netsonu, A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 374
in part. R. recurvatus var. Nelsonii, DC. Syst. i. 290. To
this species Gray referred, twenty years ago, the plants which
he long afterwards designated as a var. robustus of R.
occidentalis, namely my R. Turneri. But it is evident that
he never at any time took the pains of looking up, while in
England, the type specimens of R. Nelsonii; probably con-
tenting himself with an inference that Bongard’s Alaskan
plant, which he did see, must be the same. Nelson’s speci-
mens, which DeCandolle saw in the herbarium of Sir J oseph
Banks, and which are the only type specimens of the species,
are now in the herbarium of the British Museum, and they
represent something so very different from my R. Turneri
that I am unable to reduce my species to R. Nelsonii. This
is a plant with stout somewhat fleshy stem, very hirsute; the
leaves are ample and numerous, the peduncles, as DeCandolle
described them, so short as not to surpass the leaves to which
they are axillary, until after the flowering, when they are of
course somewhat elongated. The flowers, though much
smaller than in R. Turneri, do not at all approach those of
R. Bongardi. The only other specimens which I can refer
to R. Nelsonii have been collected in Alaska, some by
Kellogg, others by Harrington. Some of these are in fruit,
and exhibit a rather large achene, with triangular-subulate
hooked beak.

Tellima racemosa. Heuchera racemosa, 8. Wats. Proc.
Am. Acad. xx. 365. This plant, as being a second species of

56 ERYTHEA,

genuine Tellima, that is, a strict and close congener of
T. grandiflora, becomes one of the more instructive and
important of recently detected saxifrageous herbs; and it is
certainly to be taken as a new argument for the restoration
of Lithophragma to generic rank; for all these plants, now
forming the vastly preponderant part of so-called Tellima,
are utterly at variance with the type of that genus in habit,
and in very constant characters of the corolla.

The species of Tellima here under special notice has not so
much as one character of Heuchera. The following five
points each and all declare it to be a Tellima: (1) racemose
inflorescence: (2) valvate calyx-segments: (3) lacerate
petals: (4) short and included stamens: (5) seeds not
muricate. As to vegetative characters: the flowers are not
borne on axillary naked peduncles, but on a terminal leafy
stem. That the stamens are 5 rather than as in other
Heucheree 10, is at best a feeble argument to be brought for-
ward against the five or six reasons, each one conclusive, for
Seeing it a Tellima; and to prove the worthlessness of this
technicality of the mere number of stamens, one need only
ook into that genus which is the very next of kin, 7. e.,
Mitella, to find some Species with 5, others with 10 stamens.

SUKSDORFIA VIOLACEA, A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 42
(1879). This elegant little herb of the far Northwest, sup-
posed to have been first detected by Suksdorf in 1878, was
really first obtained by David Douglas more than a half
century earlier. Two small specimens of it are in the her-
barium of the British Museum, mounted alongside a Litho-
phragma of Douglas’ collecting, the whole bearing the
legend, “Sandy soil, near Kettle Falls of the Columbia,

826.’ Py

Among the Borragineous genera proposed by me as new,
in the first volume of Pittonia, those concerning the validity
of which I felt that no reasonable doubt could be entertained

PHYTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND AMENDMENTS. 57

were Allocarya and Sonnea. It is true that not only these
but all the genera new and old which I then defended, are
sustained by Baillon in his Histoire and also by Engler &
Prantl; but until last year I felt more or less apprehension
that Allocarya at least might be found to have some North
European representatives; and that some such possible
species might have been elevated to generic rank, under a
name that might antedate the publication of the earliest
pages of Pittonia. I had been not without apprehension
that Hritrichium obovatum, A. DC., might prove to be an
Allocarya; but on seeing good material of this at Kew, I
discovered at once that it has no intimate connection with
the Northwest American plants. It is a Lappula, rather.
But the following are at complete agreement, both in habit
and character with ALLOCARYA.

A. Australasica. Lritrichium Australasicum, A. DC.
Prodr. x. 134. Native of Australia, and resembling A.
plebeia of the Aleutian Islands; but the nutlets are more
incurved than in any North American species. DeCandolle
describes the corolla as yellow. In all the other known
species they are white, but with a yellow band or circle sur-
rounding the orifice of the short corolla-tube, and this is
probably the real case here also.

A. albiflora. Zritrichium albiflorum, Griseb, in Gestt.
Abh. vi. 131. Species indigenous to the Straits of Magellan.

A. tenuifolia. Krynitzkia tenuifolia (Schlecht.), A
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 267=Eritrichium tenutfolium,
Schlecht. Mss. in Lechler’s Plants Chilenses. Native of
Chile

58

FURTHER ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
By S. B. Parisz.

Within the last few years several lists have been published
of additions to the Flora of the southern counties of the
State, but our knowledge of it is yet far from being complete.
Other plants, before undetected, continue to be discovered
in our region, and in the present paper I wish to make a
record of some of them.

When it is considered that, owing to the peculiar climatic
conditions here existing, the Flora, far from being homo-

enous, presents a constant variation, so that in whatever
geographical direction exploration is pursued, plants of one
area are successively disappearing and those of another tak-
ing their places, and that while much of the ground has been
quite thoroughly gone over, an inviting portion yet remains
which has received only a cursory examination; it is reason-
able to expect that very considerable further additions will
be made to the number of plants now known. Those already
reported number almost twenty-one hundred species and
varieties of flowering plants. With a more complete knowl-
edge of the entire district, it will probably be found that not
less than twenty-five hundred seed- bearing plants grow
within its limits.

Those named in the following list, not otherwise credited,
were collected by the writer. Those designated by an *
have not before been reported from this State. My thanks
are due to the botanical authorities who have passed upon
some difficult species, and to the correspondents who have
favored me with valuable specimens.

SAGITTARIA ARIFOLIA, Nutt. J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot.
Gard. vi. 6. Bluff Lake, alt. 7,400 ft., in the San Bernardino
Mts. On the 20th of J une, when these plants were observed,
only phyllodia and a few immature leaves had been formed,
so that the determination is mostly based on geographical

ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 659

considerations. The phyllodia are very narrow and lax, and
on emerging bend at right angles, the upper part floating on
the surface of the water.

*ARISTIDA PURPUREA, Nutt., var. F'ENDLERIANA, Vasey,
Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. iii. 46. Rose Mine, alt. 6,000 ft.,
eastern slope of the San Bernardino Mts. Identified by
Prof. W. T. Beal.

AGROSTIS VULGARIS, With. Naturalized about San Ber-
nardino, in meadows and by roadsides.

AGROSTIS ZQUIVALVIS, Trin. Bear Valley, alt. 6,500 ft.,
in the San Bernardino Mts.

POA UNILATERALIS, Scribner. Vasey, Grasses Pac. Slope,
ii, t. 85. Bear Valley.

HEMICARPHA OCCIDENTALIS, Gray. On a wet sand bar,
Bluff Lake.

Scirpus pavucirtorus, Lightf. Hleocharis pauciflora,
Link, Bear Valley. Identified by Dr. N. L. Britton.

Carex ALMA, Bailey, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, i. 50. Acton,
Los Angeles Co., Dr. H. E. Hasse.

CAREX ILLOTA, Bailey, l.c.,15. Bluff Lake.

CAREX OCCIDENTALIS, Bailey, 1. c.,14. Eastern end of the
Santa Monica Range, Los Angeles Co. Hasse.

CAREX QUADRIFIDA, Bailey, var. LENIS, Bailey, Proc. Cal,
Acad., 2d Ser. iii. 105. Bluff Lake.

CAREX STERILIS, Willd. Bluff Lake.

CaREX suBFusca, W. Boott. Bear Valley.

CAREX VULGARIS, Fr., var. BRACTEOSA, Bailey, Proc. Am.
Acad. xxii. 81. San Jacinto Mts. Hasse. The above
carices have been identified by Prof. L. H. Bailey.

JUNCOIDES comMosuM, Sheldon, var. MACRANTHERUM ( Wats.)
Luzula comosa, var. macranthera, Wats. Seeley’s Flat, alt.
5,000 ft. San Bernardino Mts.

60 ERYTHEA.

ALLIUM CAMPANULATUM, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 231.
A. uniflorum, Parish, Bot. Gaz. xv. 52. Slover Mt., near
Colton, San Bernardino Co. Identified by Mr. M. L.
Fernald.

ALLIUM PENINSULARE, Lemmon in Pitt. i. 65. Hills south
of the Santa Ana River, near San Bernardino, Reche Cafion,
etc. Identified by Prof. E. L. Greene.

*POPULUS ANGUSTIFOLIA, James. Rattlesnake Cafion, and
Grout Creek, at about 5,000 ft. alt., in the San Bernardino
Mts. Infrequent. A small tree, not exceeding 20 ft. in
height, growing by stream banks. The nearest previously
recorded station is in eastern Arizona.1

SALIX LASIANDRA, Benth., var. FENDLERIANA, Bebb. Bear
Valley. Identified by Mr. M. 8. Bebb.

Bera vouaaris, Linn. Well established in some of the
streets of San Bernardino.

Montia Fontana, Linn. Witch Creek, near Julian, San
Diego Co. RB. D. Alderson.

DELPHINIUM HESPERIUM, Gray, Bot. Gaz. xii. 51. In-
frequent; near Gorman’s Station, alt. 3,838 ft., at the upper
end of Antelope Valley, Los Angeles Co.; Bear Valley.

*Braya OREGONENSIs, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 199. On
a Stony hillside on the eastern side of Bear Valley.

Lupinus Srivert, Kellogg. Hillside near Grass Valley,
alt. 5,000 ft., San Bernardino Mts. Infrequent.

Lupinus Grayi, Wats. Frequent on hillsides at Bear

alley.

*TRIFOLIUM PROCUMBENS, Linn. Well established along
the banks of a stream in Potato Cafion, alt. 3,000 ft., in the
San Bernardino Mts.

*OxaLis WriGHTU, Gray. Santa Monica, Hasse. Identi-
fied by Dr. Wm. Trelease.

1 We gravely doubt that this is P. angustifolia, James.—n. L. G.

ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 61

Evurnorsia Pepivus, Linn. Occasional in gardens at San
Bernardino.

VIOLA CANINA, Linn., var. ADUNCA, Gray. Frequent about
the borders of meadows in the San Bernardino Mts. at 5,000
to 7,400 ft. alt. Talmadge’s Meadow; Bear Valley; Bluff
Lake.

*OpunTIa Missouriensis, DC., var. TRICHOPHORA, Engelm.
Pac. R. R. Surv. t. 15, ff. 1-4. Mojave Desert, A. H. Alver-
son. A remarkable and elegant form, the joints densely
covered with white and flexuous spines 6 to 11 inches long,
resembling horse-hair.

*GILIA BELLA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 301. South-
western part of the Colorado Desert, San Diego Co. C. R.
Orcutt.

*PHACELIA AFFINIS, Gray, Syn. Fl. IT. i. 417. Collected in
the same region as the above, and by the same collector.

‘*SOLANUM ELZAGNIFOLIUM, Cay. Well established by
roadsides at South Riverside. W. J. Lester.

*LIMOSELLA AQUATICA, Linn., var. TENUIFOLIA, Hoffm. On
a wet sand bar at Bluff Lake. This little plant is recorded
from a number of places along the northern Atlantic sea-
board, but I find no notice of its having been found else-
where in North America, so that its appearance here is quite
remarkable. The specimens have been identified by Mr.
Fernald.

*PENTSTEMON GLABER, Pursh., var. UraneEnsis, Wats.
Bot. King. 217. Abundant at Warren’s Well, alt. 3,500 ft.,
at the eastern base of the San Bernardino Mts.

*PLANTAGO PataGonica, Jacq., var. ARISTATA, Gray.
North of Santa Ana Cafion, near Mentone, San Bernardino
Co. In some of the plants almost all the bracts were aristate,
in others only a few of the lowest ones, forming a transition
to the common var. nuda, Gray, of this region.

62 ERYTHEA.

GaLium TRIFIDUM, Linn., var. PUSILLUM, Gray. Frequent
in meadows at Bluff Lake and Bear Valley.

*PTILORIA MYRIOCLADA, Greene, Pitt. ii. 130. Colorado
Desert, near Whitewater, Riverside Oo., alt. 1,500 ft. The
root appears to be at most only biennial.2

CicHortum Intyspus, Linn. Occasional in the streets of —

San Bernardino.

MATRICARIA OCCIDENTALIS, Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii. 150°
Roadside at Highland, San Bernardino Co. Apparently
recently introduced. In flower (May 2) at the same time
with the common M. discoidea.

Hymenorurix Wricutu, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 97. Pine
Valley, San Diego Co.; Alderson. The root is said by Mr.
Alderson to be perennial,*

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES.—XII.
By Epwarp L. Gruenz.

Flerkea versicolor. Firmly erect, not very slender,
glabrous, 4 to 8 inches high, with a basal tuft of erect leaves
only 2 inches long, and of about 3 pairs of leaflets, these
mostly simple, narrowly oblong, acutish, a few 3-parted:
stems with few leafy bracts, the flowers almost corymbose:
sepals rather broadly and somewhat ovately lanceolate,
slightly acuminate, 3 or 4 lines long; petals more than twice
as long, cream-color, changing to lilac-purple at the tips.

Cedar Run, Shasta Co., Calif., 23 May, 1894, Baker &
Nutting.

2 There must be an error on Mr. Parish’s part as to the identity of
this plant. P. myrioclada is even half-sbrubby, and could never be
mistaken for a biennial.—x. 1. a.

8 This was collected long ago, at Julian, San Diego Co. As I knew it

in New Mexico it was a ways biennial; and so it is in the botanic
garden at Berkeley.—z, 3. a.

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 68

Calyptridium monospermum. Diminutive annual, or
perhaps biennial, but with the rosulate-tufted radical leaves
and umbellately congested terminal spikes of C. umbellatum:
leaves small, obovate-spatulate, acutish: sepals round-reni-
form, the herbaceous middle portion sharply rugulose:
petals 2, spatulate-oblong, obtuse: capsule nearly or quite
orbicular, 1-seeded: seed round-reniform.

Big Cottonwood Meadows, Inyo Co., Calif., 5 Aug. ., 1891,
F. W. Koch. This is the Calyptridium that is most
extremely remote, in character, from what has been called
Spraguea; yet Mr. Coville (Death Val. Exp. p. 282) has
thought it to be “Spraguea umbellata,” and so catalogued it.
His presuming to reinstate Spraguea is therefore singularly
infelicitous.

Rumex lacustris. Aquatic perennial, the solitary stout-
ish very erect stem 2 or 3 feet high, more than half sub-
mersed, this portion with only rootlets at the nodes, the
internodes 4 to 6 inches long: jemersed parts very minutely
scabrous-puberulent, and the leaf-surface also papillose-
muriculate: leaves 2 inches long, on petioles of an inch or
more: blade oblong or lanceolate, abruptly acute, or the
uppermost tapering: inflorescence short and dense: penicil-
lately multifid stigmas large and conspicuous: valves of the
small fruit all grain-bearing, the grain not broader than the
venulose entire margins.

Silver Lake, Lassen Co., Calif., 830 July, 1894, Baker &
Nutting.

Spirea arbuscula. S. betulefolia, var. rosea, A. Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 381. S. lucida, var. rosea, Greene,
Pitt. ii. 221. Bushes erect, parting above into many short
divergent rigid branches, each with a small dense cymose
corymb at the end: stem and branches red, shedding
annually a thin bark: growing branches and leaves slightly
puberulent: leaves 4-3? inch long, ovate or elliptical, sub-
sessile, obtuse at both ends, usually sharply serrate except

64 ERYTHEA.

toward the base: flowers rose-red: stamens long-exserted:
calyx-lobes deltoid-ovate, erect in fruit: follicles glabrous
and shining.

At subalpine elevations of the Sierra Nevada, Calif., and
northward; often forming thickets or natural hedgerows two
or three feet high.

Eryngium alismefolium. Perennial, with a fascicle
of very few coarse roots: radical leaves a foot long or
more, jointed and rush-like, with no blade; the lowest cauline
similar though with a small entire or spinose-toothed blade,
and usually one or more spines at the joints of the long
petiole: stem solitary, parted almost at base into 3 or more
slender repeatedly dichotomous branches, but the whole not
equalling the radical and lower cauline leaves: heads barely
inch high, short-peduncled or sessile: bracts not numerous,
subulate-lanceolate, mostly spinose-toothed; bractlets oblong-
ovate, the scarious margin with a few teeth or entire, apex
spinose-cuspidate, little exceeding the flowers: calyx-lobes
oblong-ovate, spinose-tipped, not equalling the styles.

Collected at Egg Lake, Modoc Co., Calif., 25 Aug., 1894, by
Baker & Nutting.

Sanicula divaricata. Perennial root long and deep-
seated, simple, slender and cylindrical: stem solitary, stout-
ish, erect, flexuous, a foot high or less: radical leaves few,
biternately or triternately divided, the primary divisions
petiolulate or subsessile, parted into obovate cleft or coarsely
toothed segments; cauline leaves small and subsessile, each
with a long spreading peduncle in its axil, this with an invo-
lucrate 3-to 5-rayed umbel: flowers greenish: fruits with
long uncinate-tipped prickles from an abruptly pustulate-
swollen base.

Collected by the author, near Castle Peak, above Donner
Lake in the Californian Sierra, 20 July, 1893. Specimens of
this excellent species may be found in herbaria under the
wrong name of S. Nevadensis; the type of that being a very
different stout, low, diffuse, acaulescent, plant.

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 65

Erigeron elegantulus. Near ZH. ochroleucus, but smaller,
with broader and violet-colored rays: stems densely ces-
pitose, the thickish and whitish branches thickly beset with
narrowly linear strigose-pubescent leaves an inch long or
more: scapiform peduncles slender, about 3 inches high,
leafy-bracted toward the base: heads only 3 lines high;
bracts of the involucre in 2 series, the outer two-thirds as
long as the inner: rays 20 to 30: achenes with very promi-
nent margin; pappus dull-white, simple, merely scabrous.

Dixey Valley, Lassen Co., Calif., 5 July, 1894. Baker &
Nutting. A very pretty species, fully distinct from the more
northerly H. ochroleucus, to which latter Dr. Gray probably
too inconsiderately referred some plants that are far from
yellowish in the coloring of their rays.

Erigeron barbellulatus. Near #. Bloomeri, but thrice
as large and with conspicuous rays: caudex loosely branch-
ing and the branches several inches long, densely leafy at
summit: leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, 1 or 2 inches long,
2 lines wide at the broad summit, green and only obscurely
pubescent: scapiform peduncles 6 inches high, bractless
except near the base, monocephalous: involucre nearly 4
inch high; bracts equal: rays rather broad, only 12 to 18,
purplish: pappus dull-white, coarse, firm and barbellulate-
scabrous, the outer series represented by very few smooth
setule.

Silver Lake, Lassen Co., Calif., July 20, 1894, Baker &
Nutting.

Cladothamnus campanulatus. C. pyroleflorus, Howell,
Cat. Oreg. 15, and partly of A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 44, not of
Bongard. Shrub 8 to 5 feet high, with few and stoutish
ascending branches: leaves lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long,
tapering to a short petiole which, together with the veins
beneath, is more or less strigose-hirsute with red hairs:
flowers solitary or in pairs or threes, from lateral buds, on
pedicels 4 inch long, these setose-hispid with red hairs:
sepals ovate-oblong, densely ciliate with short gland-tipped

66 ERYTHEA.

hairs: corolla light salmon-color, campanulate, the petals
joined at base into a short tube: anthers opening only by a
pair of large round terminal pores.

High mountains of Washington and British Columbia;
hitherto confused with the typical species, but so distinct as
to be worthy of subgeneric rank; the corolla being sym-
petalous, and the dehiscence of the anthers very different
from that shown in C. pyroleflorus; for in this last these
open laterally for about half their length, the terminal open-
ing being narrow and elongated. The corollas also in this
are choripetalous and expand to the rotate; and the flowers
are borne terminally, on branches of the season. Good
specimens of the original species, sent me from Alaska by
Mr. M. W. Gorman, enable me to compare and define the
new one.

Phacelia thermalis. Near P. ciliata, but low, branched
from the base, the decumbent branches only a span long:
the slightly clammy herbage roughish with a rather dense
strigose pubescence and some short bristly hairs: leaves
somewhat lyrately pinnatifid, the lobes rather few, crenate:
spikes 2 or 3 inches long, rather dense: corolla small, open-
campanulate, scarcely exceeding the calyx, pale blue or white:
stamens not exserted: fruiting calyx much enlarged, the
sepals 4 or 5 lines long, oblong-lanceolate, subcoriaceous,
venulose, hispid-ciliate: seeds favose.

Little Hot Spring Valley, Modoe Co., Calif.. 4 June, 1894,
Baker & Nutting, Related to the middle Californian P.
ciliata as P. ceerulea to P. crenulata.

Cryptanthe crinita. Annual, rather slender, 8 to 12
inches high, somewhat fastigiately branched from the base:
branches and linear leaves rather stiffly hirsute: spikes both
elongated and very dense, the rachis slender: calyx about £
lines long, densely white-hirsute, the indument almost con-
eealing the narrowly linear sepals: nutlet solitary, ovoid,
abruptly acuminate, 14 lines long, the surface dull-brown,
quite smooth, but not polished.

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 67

Cow Creek, Shasta Co., Calif., 25 May, 1894, M. 8. Baker.
A species as peculiar in aspect as in character, and not
intimately related to any other at present known. That the
nutlets should be smooth but without vitreous polished sur-
face is quite unusual.

Mimulus subreniformis. Annual, erect, very slender,
2 to 6 inches high, with few leaves and flowers and long
internodes; stem distinctly quadrangular, glabrous: leaves
2. to 5 lines broad and mostly broader than long, from reni-
form to reniform-deltoid, with remote teeth and intervening
denticulations, glabrous and purplish beneath, above rough-
ish with short white setulose hairs, the lowest pair on rather
long setulose-hairy petioles, the uppermost subsessile: pedi-
cels exceeding the leaves: corolla very small, little exceeding
the calyx-teeth, apparently yellow without red dots: fruiting
calyx roundish, with very prominent upper lip, the pedicel
beneath abruptly incurved.

Burney Falls, Shasta Co., Calif., 30 May, 1894, Baker &
Nutting. Diminutive species, allied to M. glareosus.

Fritillaria agrestis. Stoutish, 12 to 20 inches high,
from a close ovoid cluster of thick and subcylindraceous bulb-
scales: leaves 6 to 12, the lowest in a whorl of 3, the others
scattered: perianths 3 to 6, nodding, exactly campanulate,
the segments somewhat rhombic-lanceolate, 1 inch long or
more, greenish-white, but with prominent green midvein, and
many green lines almost parallel with it: stamens much
shorter than the pistil; anthers oblong, nearly basifixed:
styles united toward the base only.

Common in grain fields among the valleys of the Mt.
Diablo Range, California; flowering in March. Plant very
attractive on account of its fine raceme of large nodding light-
green flowers; but the odor of these is indescribably bad.
The species is most related to F. pluriflora, and like that,
has sepals and petals quite destitute of tessellation. F.
liliacea, another ally, has oblanceolate petals and sepals

68 ERYTHEA.

formed into a perianth which is turbinate below the middle:
its flowers are horizontal or nearly so, not nodding, and
exhale a delicate agreeable odor, and its bulb bears a re-
markable orchid-like fascicle of few very thick fleshy roots.

OPEN LETTERS.

Professor Greene’s question concerning the publication
of Vol. 5: Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club by sig-
natures, may be answered as follows:

In addition to the signatures sent the Committee of the
Botanical Club, A. A. A. S., sixteen other sets were sent to
subscribers and a number to members of the Torrey Club.
The work was announced to be in press for a year before the
final issue of the completed volume, on the cover pages of
Bulletin of the Torrey Club. Part 2 of the preceding volume
of the Memoirs was also issued by signatures, and members
and subscribers, not in arrears, were notified in 1893 that
they could be had in that form.

N. L. Brirron, Editor.
Torrey Botanical Club.

It is gratifying to have, at last, an assurance that the
“ Check List” signatures were distributed as printed, to so
considerable number of the subscribers and others besides
the editors; and we are glad to feel that the dates may not
henceforth be called in question, as the real dates of publi-
cation. It is unfortunate, however, that at such important
centers of botanical research as Kew, and South Kensington,
nothing seemed to be known of the existence of these sig-
natures as late as last November.—k. L. G.

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL WRITINGS OF
PROFESSOR GREENE.

New Species oF PLANTS FROM New Mexico. Four
papers in Botanical Gazette, Vol. vi., 1881.

New Pants of CALIFORNIA, ARIZONA AND MEXICO.
Nine papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols.
ix. and x., 1882-83.

SrupIES IN THE BOTANY OF CALIFORNIA AND PARTS:
ADJACENT. Six papers in Bulletin of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences, Vols. i. and ii., 1885-87.

BretiocRrapHicaL Notes oN WELL KNOWN PLANTS.
Ten papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols.
xiv.—xvii., 1887—90.

PITTONIA. A series of Eighty-Seven Papers, in Two Volumes,
pp. 617, 1887-92. Published by the author. Price $2.50 per
volume.

ILLusTRATIONS OF WesST AMERICAN OAKS. One Vol-
ume, 4to, pp. 79, with Thirty-Seven Plates, 1889-90. Pub-
lished under the patronage of James M. McDonald, of the
Pacific Bank, San Francisco.

FLORA FRANCISCANA. An attempt to classify and describe
the Vascular Plants of Middle California. Parts i. ii. and iil.
(pp. 352, 1691-92) finished. Price $2.00. BS.

MANUAL OF THE BoTANY OF THE REGION OF SAN
Francisco Bay. A Systematic Arrangement of the
Higher Plants growing Spontaneously in the Counties of
Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa
Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco, in the State of Califor-
nia. One Volume, 8vo., pp. xiii., 328, 1894. Price of library —
issue, $2.00; of school issue, single copy, $1.75.

VOL. IL. MAY, 1895. NO. 5.

ERYTHEA

A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN

AND GENERAL.

EDITED EY
WILLIS LINN JEPSON

AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

PAGE

CONTENTS:
Novitates Occidentales—XIIL., Sk dee, da toreeme
A New Violet, - - . Francis E. Lloyd
Corrections in Wocackkte Vi. - + Edw. L. Greene
New North American Uredinew, - - - - P. Dietel

Reviews and Criticisms, ee a ee
Rules for Citation, Se a See

Comment on “Rules for Citation,” - == -. -= ===

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

UBERY & COMPANY, PRINTERS
587 Mission Street, San Francisco, California
1895.

S&S ARB

HRYTHEA

A MONTHLY journal of Botany,
edited by members of the Depart-
ment of Botany at the University
of California. Devoted to every
department of botanical investiga-
tion and criticism. . . Historical
papers, general articles on system-
atic and geographic botany, and
reviews of new literature, will con-
tinue to be features of the journal.

The subscription price is $1.50
a year in advance; to Great Brit-
ain and the continent of Europe, 7
shillings. Single copies 25 cents.
No discount to dealers.

Address
WILLIS L. JEPSON,
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

University of California.

69

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES.—XIII.
By Epwarp L. Greene.

Ranunculus alceus. Less than a foot high, rather
slender, freely branching, soft-hirsute and villous but not
canescent: leaves only about 1 inch long, on slender petioles,
of ovate general outline and in 3 divisions, the middle one
stalked, all cuneiform and doubly cleft: flowers very small,
the round-obovate petals 5 only, barely a line long: achenes
rather numerous, obliquely obovoid, smooth, or with a faint
venation, tipped with a stout recurved beak, and forming a
globose head.

Collected at an altitude of about 4,000 feet, on Elk Moun-
tain, Mendocino Oo., Calif., July, 1892, by Mr. Jepson.

Braya pectinata. Stems about 3 inches high, leafy
throughout and erect, from a ligneous and partly subter-
ranean branching caudex, the whole from a central per-
pendicular root: whole plant pale and glaucescent, hispidu-
lous with bristly hairs which are partly simple and erect,
partly double and divergent: leaves 4 inch long, pinnatifid
into about 7 narrowly linear segments: flowers in a short
raceme: petals conspicuous, white, changing to rose-color:
growing ovary linear-oblong, several-ovuled; style conspicu-
ous: pod unknown.

Ewing Creek, Modoe Co., Calif., May, 1894, Mrs. R. M.
Austin.

Erysimum Californicum. Biennial, stout and simple,
or with few branches, 1 to 2} ft. high: herbage scarcely
canescent, but thinly covered with closely appressed divided
hairs, the divisions of which are stout and subulate: leaves
runcinate-toothed, or the upper cauline mostly entire: raceme
rather dense: flowers large, yellow, fading to cream-color,
very fragrant, sepals more than 4 inch long, the inner with
saccate base, the outer longer, unguiculate: limb of corolla

Eryruga, Vol. ITI., No. 5 [1 May, 1895].

70 ERYTHEA.

14 inches long, only ? inch broad, not cruciform, the petals
diverging in pairs: anthers slenderly sagittate, the 4 longer
ones exserted: pods long, slender, almost spreading, the cross-
section sharply rhombic.

A large plant of the hills of the Mt. Diablo Range, Cali-
fornia, growing only on open grassy summits; the pale
flowers large and delightfully fragrant. It can hardly be the
E. grandiflorum, Nutt., which is to be sought at Monterey,
but which is unknown to Californian botanists of recent
times.

Ribes Wilsonianum. Rigid and low shrub, with smooth
branchlets and 1 to 3 spines at each node: growing parts and
leaves more or less villous with a short pubescence: leaves
small, rounded, 5-lobed, the lobes and teeth acute: peduncles
rather slender, mostly 3-flowered: bracts persistent, broadly
ovate, acuminate-cuspidate, villous: ovary short-prickly,
searcely villous: calyx dark red, the cylindric or slightly
funnelform tube 3 lines long; segments acute, about as long:
petals scarcely a line long, thinnish, white with red veins,
cuneate-quadrate, nearly truncate and scarcely erose at apex,
and with narrow and abruptly inflexed margins: filaments
scarcely equalling the petals; anthers connivent, with prom-
inent cusp bent outwards.

This has been grown for two seasons in the Botanic
Garden at Berkeley, the living shrub having been sent from
the mountains of Kern Co., Calif., in 1893, by Norman C.
Wilson. Herbarium specimens of the same, I had, in the
Flora Franeiscana, referred to R. amictum; but the living
plant is of very different aspect, and the floral characters of
the new species are excellent.

Mentzelia Nelsonii. Annual, 2 or 3 feet high, freel
and widely branching, the stoutish branches with a sparingly
hispidulous whitish bark: lower leaves unknown, those of
the branches from distinctly hastate-ovate to almost deltoid-
ovate, 1 or 2 inches long, coarsely toothed or not indistinctly
lobed, both faces green and rather sparsely appressed-

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 71

hispidulous, the hairs of the upper surface stouter and more
enlarged at base: flowers many, small, orange-colored, sessile
or nearly so, in the forks and axils: ovary subcylindric, less
than 4 inch long at flowering time and after: calyx-lobes
slenderly subulate at flowering, almost as long as the ovary:
petals 5 only, about 4 lines long: stamens few; filaments
nearly filiform: anthers suborbicular: capsule and seeds
unknown.

Eastern Wyoming, in cafions leading to the Platte River,
13 July, 1894, Prof. A. Nelson. A very well marked species,
apparently annual, and certainly allied to the Mexican
M. aspera, but much larger and more diffusely branching,
the leaves relatively broader.

Dodecatheon glastifolium. Crown depressed, small,
bearing rather few and short roots: leaves few, mostly
oblong-lanceolate, rarely broader, 3 inches long or more
including the distinct and rather slender petiole, entire,
obtusish, the whole herbage glabrous and glandless: scape
solitary, a foot high; umbel of only from 1 to 5 long-pedi-
celled flowers: corolla lilac-purple with a broad yellow band
below the segments: stamens 4, distinct; connective with
broadly subulate plicate-rugose base and long filiform
extension reaching to the summit of the anther: capsule
large, nearly 3 inch long, thin-walled, circumscissile; style
stout, slender-conical below the middle.

Lava Beds of Modoc Co., Calif., Mrs. Austin, 1894.

DopECATHEON HENpERSONII, var. Hanseni. Leaves of
firmer texture than in the type, narrower and quite entire;
the whole plant quite glabrous: united portion of the corolla
much broader: andreecium shorter and less tapering;
elevated and rugulose part of the connective oblong-lan-
ceolate, tapering at both ends; anthers with spreading or
recurved tips.

Foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Amador Oo., Calif., Geo.
Hansen. The andreecium in this plant is so very unlike

72 ERYTHEA.

that of the true D. Hendersonii that one can hardly doubt
its being of a distinct species; yet in general appearance it
is quite like the type.

DoDECATHEON PATULUM, var. Bernalinum. Rather
smaller than the type, deeper green, the stem and pedicels
purple-dotted: segments of the corolla mainly of a rose-
purple, the basal and united portion of a dark purple, this
encircled by a broad band of white or pale cream-color:
andreecium more elongated than in the type and manifestly
tapering, the anthers narrower and erect, never spreading
away from the style.

Known only from the highest summit of Bernal Heights,
San Francisco, where it is plentiful, flowering in March.

DODECATHEON PATULUM, var. gracile. More slender than
the type, the leaves narrower: segments of the corolla white,
linear, narrow, elegantly twisted.

Grown in the Botanic Garden at Berkeley; the roots hay-
ing been brought by Mr. Davy, from the slopes of Loma
Prieta in Santa Clara Co., Calif. An exceedingly beautiful
variety—if a mere variety—of the species so common on the
low plains of the interior of the country.

Solanum cupuliferum. Stems very numerous, slender,
decumbent or almost prostrate, woody at base; branches and
foliage green and papillose scabrous, the short simple in-
curved hairs strongly pustulate at base: leaves ovate and
ovate-lanceolate 1 or 2 inches long, transversely rugose, the
margin crisped: flowers in lateral and terminal umbel-like
clusters, the slender pedicels 1 inch long or more: calyx
campanulate, cleft to the middle; lobes quadrate or quadrate-
obovate, cuspidate-pointed: corolla # inch broad, exactly
rotate; lobes nearly truncate, but with a prominent tri-
angular acute cusp.

Hills of the Coast Range of California, from Marin and
Napa Counties northward. Related to S. umbelliferum, but
with different pubescence; the plant usually almost her-

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 73

baceous and depressed; the expanded corolla quite flat, that
of S. umbelliferum being wavy by the elevation of the middle
of each lobe and the depression of the corresponding parts
opposite the sinuses.

Mimulus marmoratus. Annual, slender, decumbent, 4
to 8 inches high, sparsely and very delicately glandular-
villous, not slimy; internodes numerous, 1 inch long or
more, acutely angled: leaves red beneath, subreniform-
ovate, 4 to 2 inch long, saliently toothed, short-petiolate, the
floral subsessile: peduncles exceeding the leaves and as long
as the internodes, slender: calyx only slightly bilabiate when
young, in maturity round-ovoid in outline and with only the
upper segment obvious, the tube 4 or 5 lines long, dark with
a very abundant mottling or marbling of dark red, the
sinuses strongly woolly ciliate: corolla nearly 1 inch long,
with very slender tube and ample bilabiate limb, this with
smallish lateral lobes, the middle one ample, hairy, with a
large dark red spot, and many dots behind this.

On moist rocks at Knight’s Ferry, Stanislaus Co., Calif.,
9 April, 1895, Mr. Frank W. Bancroft.

Crepis Bakeri. Stoutish and low, seldom a foot high,
neither woolly nor even cinereous, the pubescence rather
scanty and mostly hirsutulous: leaves half as long as the
stem, deeply pinnatifid into oblong and spatulate spreading
lobes, or merely coarsely toothed, or in small plants quite
entire: stem parted from the middle or below it, into 3 to 6
pedunculiform monocephalous branches: involucre ? inch
high, with both long and short slenderly acuminate bracts:
achenes acutely costate, tapering from the middle.

In pine woods, near Egg Lake, Modoe Co., Calif., 8 June,
1894, Milo 8S. Baker. A member of the group to which C.
occidentalis belongs, but exhibiting none of the tomentose
pubescence usual to this group; the involucre peculiar.

74
A NEW VIOLET.

By Franots E. Luoyp.

While exploring in the Cascade Mountains southeast of
Mount Hood during the last summer, a small violet came to
my notice, which, after comparison with closely allied forms,
proves, I think, to be a distinct species. The smallness of
the plant, with its delicate, semi-transparent white petals, at
once attracted my attention, and decided in my own mind its
relationships. I shall call it

Viola Macloskeyi. Rootstock slender, creeping, bear-
ing three or four leaves, and at length a few runners:
leaves reniform; sinus shallow; the lamina slightly decur-
rent down the slender petiole, the margin obscurely crenate-
serrate: the whole plant glabrous: stipules ovate, acute:
peduncles 1 to 3 inches long, bearing two minute, subulate
bracts: petals white, very thin, translucent, the spur very
short; the lateral petals bearded, the venation of the lower
petal indistinct.

Mossy, springy places in the Cascades, Oregon, differing
from V. blanda and V. palustris in the size and character of
the spur, and by the entire absence of color from the petals,
and their translucency.

The species is named in honor of Professor George
Macloskey, of the College of New Jersey, Princeton.

: 75
CORRECTIONS IN NOMENCLATURE.—VII.
By Epwarp L. GREENE.

The generic name Greggia, still retained for certain South-
west American Crucifers, is at least twice revertible, and
may be replaced by the following:

PARRASIA.

The two known species will be

P.camporum. Greggia camporum, A. Gray, Pl. Wright.
i. 9 (1852).

P. linearifolia. Greggia linearifolia, 8. Wats. Proc.
Am. Acad. xviii. 191 (1883).

There is also a southwestern genus of Cucurbitaces which
now goes under a name similarly twice revertible. I shall
call this

IBERVILLEA.
I know of no more than three species.

I. Lindheimeri. Mazimowiczia Lindheimeri, Cogn. in
DC. Monogr. Phaner. iii. 726 (1881). Sicydium Lind-
heimeri, A. Gray, Pl. Lindh. 194 (1850).

I. tripartita. Masximowiczia tripartita, Cogn. 1. c. 728.

I. Sonore. Mazximowiczia Sonore, 8. Wats. Proc. Am
Acad. xxiv. 51 (1889).

It is very unfortunate for the botany of our era, that men
can not be repressed from intermeddling in the nomen-
clature of plants, who lack a grammar school education.

It has come out within the last year, that American botany
is falling very low indeed in point of literary quality. But I

76 ERYTHEA.

have wondered that, even at the cultured East, no protest
has been raised against certain supposed, but impossible,
specific names (?) with which Mr. E. P. Sheldon has
attempted to invest some Astragali.

This aspiring man has not only assumed that a mere
beginner in systematic botany may unblushingly announce
himself an authority upon so large and difficult a genus as
Astragalus; he has shown such innocence of the principles
of nomenclature as conceives that any pronounceable jumble
of letters and syllables may pass for a specific name.

The first four which I shall here cite are each compounded
of words taken from two languages. Syllables thus run
together do not form words; hence they can not be names;
and, although for convenience I must cite them as if they
were synonyms, they are not such; for what was never a
name can not become a synonym.

Astragalus thermalis. A. “cuspidocarpus,” Sheld.
Minn. Bot. Studies, i. 147.

Astragalus seleneus. A. “crescenticarpus,” Sheld. 1. c.
48.

Astragalus ammolotus. A. “elatiocarpus,” Sheld. 1. ¢.
20.

Astragalus leucocystis. 4. “lanocarpus,” Sheld. 1. e.
44,

Astragalus miserandus. A. “ bajaensis,” Sheld. 1. c.
169. This last piece of literary jugglery is highly curious.
The Spanish adjective baja, meaning the lower of two things,
or places, with the Latin ending ensis suffixed to it! It is no
word, any more than lowerensis would bea word. Indeed
the latter is a perfect equivalent for bajaensis; and if this
can be a plant-name, so can that.

77

NEW NORTH AMERICAN UREDINEA.
By P. Dreret.

Heidium Blasdaleanum, D. & H. Spots yellow, red-
dish or brown. Aicidia consociated in groups of very
different size, hypophyllous and on the young fruits, causing
swellings on the latter and on the principal veins of the
leaves. Pseudoperidia short, with torn white edges, decay-
ing. Peridial cells irregularly rounded, verrucose, easily
separating. Aucidiospores elliptical, polygonal or globose,
18-21 x 17-194, verrucose, membrane colorless.

On Crategus rivularis and Amelanchier alnifolia.
Shasta Springs, Siskyou Co., Cal. Aug., 1894, leg. W. C.
Blasdale.

This is a true Au’cidium and does not belong to the genus
Roestelia comprising the ecidial stages of Gymnosporan-
gium. In the present specimens on Crategus rivularis
the leaves are attacked, on Amelanchier alnifolia principally
the young fruits.

Keidium Tonelle, D. & H. Hypophyllous, pseudo-
peridia crowded, short, cup-shaped, edges recurved, white,
minutely toothed. Spores roundish or oblong, finely verru-
cose, 17-20 x 17-184, membrane colorless. Spermogonia
hypoyphyllous, scattered.

On Collinsia tenella, W. Klickitat Co., Wash., April 29,
1894, leg. W. N. Suksdorf.

From Aicidium pentstemoniatum, Schw.; this species differ
by the distribution of the spermogonia and by not causing
spots.

Uromyces Suksdorfii, D. & H. Sori amphigenous,
scattered, minute, dark brown, pulverulent. Uredospores
elliptical, densely verrucose, brown, 25-28 x 18-20u. Teleu-
tospores elliptical, obovate or spherical, golden-brown,
coarsely verrucose, apex hooded, 25-32 x 23-254. Pedicels
short, decaying.

On Silene Oregana. W. Klickitat Co., Wash., July 17,
1894, leg. W. N. Suksdorf.

78 ERYTHEA.

Uromyces aterrimus, D. & H. Uredo: sori oval or
circular, covered by the straw-colored epidermis; uredospores
elliptical or ovoid, 25-34 x 20-28, pale yellowish, echinulate,
with numerous germ-pores. Teleutospores: sori of indefi-
nite outline, confluent, pitch-black, surrounding the uredo-
sori, composed of numerous cases of brown paraphyses, that
include the spores. Teleutospores elliptical, 28-40 x 20-30,,
smooth, little thickened or not at the apex, brown. Pedicels
thin, somewhat shorter than the spores.

On Allium unifolium. Berkeley, Alameda Co., Cal., May
18, 1894, leg. W. C. Blasdale.

From Uromyces ambiguus, DC. and Ur. bicolor, E. Gallw.,
the two next allied species, this differs by the abundant
formation of paraphyses and by having larger teleutospores
than Ur. ambiguus. Although some isolated bicellular
spores have been observed, it seems unreasonable to refer
this species to the genus Puccinia on account of their rare
occurrence.

Puccinia Dichelostemme, D. & H. Sori black, oblong,
2-3 mm., pulverulent, surrounded by the torn epidermis.
Teleutospores broadly elliptical or nearly spherical, 53-68 x
48-55, central constriction wanting. Membrane unifermly
thick ca. 54, smooth, dark brown, apacous. Pedicels short,
mostly laterally attached.

On Dichelostemma congestum. Bingen, W. Klickitat Co.,
Wash., May 22, 1894, leg. W. N. Suksdorf.

Puccinia Parkere, D. & H. Sori hypophyllous on the
convexity of impressed spots, firmly pulvinate, black, 1-2 mm.
diam.. isolated or mostly arranged in close groups of 2-3 mm.,
on the pedicels elongated and causing distortions. Spores
elongated or club-shaped, distinctly constricted at the sep-
tum, rounded or conical above, attenuated or rounded below,
smooth, brown, considerably (ca. 5-84) thickened at the
apex, 35-50 x 13-194. Pedicels firm, colorless, as long or
somewhat longer than the spores.

On Ribes lacustre. Seattle, Wash., June, 1894, leg. Adella
M. Parker and E. W. D. Holway.

NEW NORTH AMERICAN UREDINEZR. 79

Puccinia Wulfenie, D. & H. Sori amphigenous, princi-
pally epiphyllous, isolated or erumping in concentrical cir-
cular groups on somewhat thickened and _ blackish
spots, pulverulent, cinnamon-colored. Teleutospores oblong,
rounded at both ends and deeply constricted at the septum,
light brown, smooth, with a hyaline papilla at the summit,
30-40 x 15-19, germinating immediately after they have
ripened, Pedicels short and deciduous.

On Wulfenia cordata. Ukiah, Mendocino Co., May 22,
1894, leg. W. C. Blasdale.

Puccinia amphispilusa, D. & H. Sori amphigenous,
of different size, from punctiform to 2 mm. diameter, scat-
tered or forming an incomplete circle around a central sorus,
pulverulent. Uredospores elliptical or subglobose, brownish,
echinulate, 25-31 x 20-234. Teleutospores elliptical, rounded
at both ends, moderately constricted at the septum, bearing
a blunt, flat hyaline papilla at the apex and the upper end of
the lower cell, smooth, brown, 30-40 x 17-25y. Pedicels
rather long, delicate and deciduous.

On Polygonum sp. Lassen Co., Cal., July 28, 1894, leg.
F. P. Nutting.

This species has much resemblance with Puce. Bistortae
(Str.), but in the latter the teleutospores are smaller and
never have a papilla. Apart from this, in P. Bistortae, the
sori are formed exclusively on the lower side of the leaves.
The same is the case in Puccinia mammillata, Schroet, and
the papilla is here narrower and more abrupt.

Puccinia mirifica, D. & H. Sori predominantly epiphy!-
lous, often covering the whole surface of the leaf, small,
chestnut-brown, long covered by the inflated epidermis, after-
ward naked, pulverulent and confluent, containing uredo and
teleutospores, both of exactly the same brown color and
extraordinarily variable in form and size. Uredospores
mostly ovoid, 24-40 x 18-34, echinulate with equatorial
germ-pores. Teleutospores two-celled intermixed with
single-celled ones, the two-celled measuring from 29 x 23 to

80. ERYTHEA.

58 x 38u, the single-celled from 23 x 25 to 45 x 33 and even
more. The two-celled spores are usually rounded at both
ends and slightly constricted at the septum. Membrane
verrucose, not thickened at the apex, pedicels short and
deciduous.

On Borrichia frutescens. Corpus Christi, Texas, April,
1894, leg. A. A. Heller.

Puccinia graminella (Speg.), D. & H. Spots yellow or
purplish. Aicidia and teleutospores epiphyllous. Aicidia
arranged to oblong groups or lineally extending along the
veins of the leaves. Pseudoperidia persistent, irregularly
bursting, composed of oblong cells. AXicidiospores elliptical
or ovoid, 21-29 x 18-21, epispore thick, colorless, verrucose
or striolate. Teleutospores: sori elongated, pulvinate, dark
brown; spores hardly constricted at the septum, thickened
above, smooth, brown, 35-48 x 22-28u. Pedicels stout,
longer than the spores.

On Stipa eminens, at Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif., May,
1894, leg. Holway and Blasdale

This curious fungus bears only ecidia and teleutospores
on the same host plant and both often from the same
mycelium. The ecidial stage has been described by Spe-
gazzini from Buenos Ayres under the name Acidium
g) llum; the teleutospore stage was hitherto unknown.

Puccinia Panici, D. Uredo: spots yellowish, indefinite;
sori epiphyllous, very minute, oblong, surrounded by the
burst epidermis, brown. Uredospores broadly elliptical
or globose, densely echinulate, brown, 25-31 x 25-294. Tel-
eutospores: sori epiphyllous, pulvinate, black, small, oblong
or linear. Teleutospores oblong or clavate, apex thickened,
rounded or conical, base rounded or attenuated, central con-
striction slight, 29-48 x 15-21, brown. Pedicels of different
length, on an average as long as the spores.

On Panicum virgatum.

This is the well known, widely spread Puccinia on
Panicum virgatum, which has been united hitherto with

NEW NORTH AMERICAN UREDINES. 81

Puce. emaculata, Schw.,on Panicum capillare. The resem-
blance of the teleutospores is indeed a nearly perfect one.
But there are some other differences of great constancy,
which render it necessary to separate them. The Puce. emacu-
lata is amphigenous in both its generations, whilst Puce.
Panici is always epiphyllous. Besides the uredospores of
the latter species are greater and the spinosity of their mem-
brane is more pronounced than in Puce. emaculata.

Puccinia subnitens, D. Uredospores subglobose, brown,
extremely finely verrucose, with numerous germ-pores, 23-
24 x 20-22u. Teleutospores: sori black, firm, pulvinate,
mostly disposed in long rows and confluent; spores oblong
or elliptical, rounded at both ends, slightly constricted, apex
considerably thickened, often conical, 32-48 x 17-25, smooth,
brown. Pedicels firm, colorless, longer than the spores.

On Distichlys spicata. Montana, leg. Anderson, comm.
J. B. Ellis.

This species is very different in every respect from Puce.
Distichlydis, Ell. et Ev.

Pucecinia adspersa, D. & H. Uredo: sori on the
sheaths and on the leaves amphigenous, very inconspicuous,
oblong, long covered by the epidermis. Spores globose or
ovoid, 22-26 x 20-22, with colorless finely echinulate mem-
branes and golden contents. Teleutospores: sori puncti-
form, scattered or associated on the sheaths in long rows,
blackish, covered by the epidermis. Teleutospores very
irregular, truncate at both ends or attenuated below, often
angular, slightly thickened at the summit, constricted or not
at the septum, 30-50 x 16-204, membrane clear-brown, con-
tents retaining long a bright golden color. Pedicels short.

On an unknown grass. Modoc Oo., Oal., July 30, 1894,
leg. Frank P. Nutting.

Puccinia effusa, D. & H. Mcidia hypophyllons, less
abundantly epiphyllous, covering widely spread patches on
the stems, petioles and at the base of the leaves or forming

82 ERYTHEA.

smaller irregular groups, which often extend along the veins.
Pseudoperidia short, on the petioles oblong, with white torn
edges. Aucidiospores subglobose or elliptical, with colorless
verrucose membranes, 19-30 x 15-20u. Uredo and teleuto-
spores: sori mostly hypophyllous and on the stems, of
different size, scattered or confluent, when occurring on the
stems and petioles, to large patches; dark brown, pulveru-
lent. Uredospores shortly elliptical or globose, 25-28 x 22-
274, brown, membrane thick, echinulate. Teleutospores
mostly elliptical or obovate, generally rounded above, some-
times attenuated below, usually without apical thickening,
verrucose, chestnut brown, 30-50 x 22 x 294. Pedicels color-
less, short, deciduous.

On Viola lobata. Dunsmuir, Cal., May, 1894, leg. Holway;
on Viola ocellata, Ukiah, Cal., May 22, 1894, leg. Holway
and Blasdale.

In its general appearance the fungus is somewhat different
on both the host plants, but in the microscopical characters
of the spots the agreement is complete.

REVIEWS AND CRITICISMS.

A Handbook of Systematic Botany. By Dr. E. Warmine,
Professor of Botany in the University of Copenhagen.
Translated and edited by M. C. Porrsrr, M. A., F. L.8.,
Professor of Botany in the University of Durham, Col-
lege of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 8 vo., pp. XII,
620. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.; New York:
Macmillan & Co. 1895.

The new Warming-Potter text-book is one that cannot
fail to be of much use and interest to the general student of
botanical science. Taken all in all, the work probably gives
one a better conception of our present knowledge of plant-
relationships than any other now before the public. The

REVIEWS AND CRITICISMS. 83

Thallophytes have been rearranged largely in accordance
with the ideas of Dr. Knoblauch, who translated Dr.
Warming’s Handbook into the German. The classification
of the Fungi is essentially that of Brefeld. The Bacteria
have been revised by Dr. Migula, the Floridez rearranged
according to the system of the late lamented Fr. Schmitz and
the Taphrinacee according to Sadebeck. Five primary
Divisions of the Vegetable Kingdom are recognized—
the Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperme,
and Angiosperme. Under the Thallophyta are three Sub-
Divisions—the Myxomycetes, the Algw, and the Fungi. It
may be remarked that the Bacteria look a little queer in the
Sub-Division “Alge;” yet, inasmuch as it has been quite
generally conceded that these organisms find their nearest
affinities among the Schizophyces, this disposition of them
may not meet with serious protest.

A student reared on the classical text-books of Sachs and
DeBary and their off-shoots is likely to indulge in some
reflections on the mutability of human opinion, when he
notes with how little apology or explanation sexuality is
denied to the Ascomycetes. The former “erroneous” doc-
trine is scarcely alluded to. One or two of the familiar
archicarp figures are given, like that of Stahl’s section of the
Collema thallus, but the supposed evidences of fertilization
are passed over without serious comment.

A valuable feature of the work is the chapter of sixteen
pages given to the discussion of the “ Transition from the
Cryptogams to the Phanerogams,”—a matter that receives
very inadequate treatment in most of the text-books now in
use. It would seem, however, that the authors could have
been more rigidly consistent in the subsequent pages by
avoiding such terms as “male” and “ female” in referring to
staminate and pistillate flowers and plants.

The work begins with the Myxomycetes and ends with the
Aggregate, 324 pages being devoted to the Phanerogamia.
The plan of arrangement is explained in the preface as

84 ERYTHEA.

follows: “Each form which, on comparative morphological
considerations, is clearly less simple, or can be shown to
have arisen by reduction or abortion of another type having
the same fundamental structure, or in which a further
differentiation and division of labor is found, will be
regarded as younger, and as far as possible, and so far as
other considerations will admit, will be reviewed later than
the ‘simpler,’ more complete, or richer forms. For instance,
to serve as an illustration: Epigyny and Perigyny are less
simple than Hypogyny. * * Forms with united
leaves indicate younger types than those with free leaves;
hence the Sympetale come after the Choripetale, the
Sileneee after the Alsinew, the Malvacew after the Stercu-
liacew and Tiliacew, etc. * * * Of course, these princi-
ples of systematic arrangement could only be applied very
generally; for teaching purposes they have often required
modification.”

The mechanical execution of work is excellent and
typographic errors are few. —M. A

85

RULES FOR CITATION

Adopted by the Madison Botanical Congress and Section G, A. A. A. S.

Writers and publishers of botanical matter are earnestly requested
to adopt the forms here recommended. Examples of various cita-
tions illustrating the application of the rules im specific cases are
given. Correspondence may be addressed to Secretary of the Com-
mittee on Bibliography, 1284 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Mass.

In each complete citation there should be given the following
items:

a. Author’s surname in full, followed by a comma.

6. Exact title, verbatim, following the capitalization required
by the usage of the language in which the title is written, but not
necessarily the capitalization employed.

c. Name of periodical or work, abbreviated in accordance with
list of journals and catalogue of authors under recommendation I.
a. b.*

d. Series, if any, in Roman capitals.

e. Volume number in bold face Arabic numerals, followed by
colon. In case there is no volume number, the number of the
part, heft, lieferung, or fascicle is to occupy this place but is to
be printed in Arabic numerals of ordinary face. When avolume
is composed of parts separately paged the number of the part
shall be written as an index figure to the volume number. Vol-
umes in parts with continuous paging require no designation of
parts.

f. Page, in Arabic numerals of ordinary face. Incase paging
of the paper is in Roman numerals these should be used, prefer-
ably small caps. Re-paging in reprints and separates is to be in-
dicated by enclosing the numerals in parentheses. In case the
original paging is unknown an em dash should occupy its place,
the reprint paging being given in accordance with the foregoing

*See Proc. Mad. Bot. Cong. 45. Je 1894.

86 ERYTHEA.

rule. No scien or unique paging is to be cited under any
circumstance

g. aes “plates and exsiccate are to be printed in Italic
Arabic numerals, the number designating the figure or plate to
be preceded by the abbreviations f and /., respectively, in Ital-
ics. d. following a page number may be used, when desired, to
indicate description of a species.

h. Exact date must be given if possible, written in the mode
and with the abbreviations for months used by Library Bureau.*
The year at least must be given.

z. Punctuation. Except the comma following the author’s
name, and the colon following the volume number all the items
are to be separated by periods. If another citation follows in the
same line it is to be separated from the first by an endash. Spe-
cific, generic and varietal names are to be written and punctuated
in the method used in the ‘‘List of Pteridophyta and Spermato-
phyta’’ issued under the direction of the Botanical Club, A. A.

j. If it is considered desirable to give other data than series
number (if any), volume number, page and date, these should
be added in brackets after the date. But useless or unnecessary
data should be avoided.

k. Citations of reviews, abstracts, and all such secondary refer-
ences should be enclosed in parentheses,

Examples.

¥, Lagerheim, G. von. Ueber das Vorkommen von Eu-
ropzischen Uredineen auf der Hochebene von Quito.
Bot. Centralb. 54: 324-331. 1893.

2. Trelease, W. A revision of the American species of
Epilobium occurring north of Mexico. Rept. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 2: 69-117. fi. 7-48. 22 Ap18g1.

3- Sargent, C. S., Editor. Populus monticola. Gard.
and For. 7:313. f. 56. 8Ag 1894.

*Those abbreviations are as follows: Ja, F, Mr, Ap, My, Je, Jl, Ag, S, O, N,
D; i. e., the initial of the month followed by the first distinctive letter.

RULES FOR OITATION. 87

Dietel, P. Die Gattung Ravenelia. Hedw. 33:22-48.
pl. I-5. 30Ja. 49-69. 15 Ap 1894.
The foregoing are correct forms for catalogue by author. The
following illustrate cases arising under the rules indicated by
the letter preceding.
Ell. and Everh. Pyren. 491. My 1892.
Proc. Phil. Acad. 1894:53-59. 1894.
The year number, 1894, is the vol
sarily the year cf publication. E. g.,
Bessey, Am. Pomol. Soc. 1885: 42. 1886.
Mez, C. Bromeliacez. III. Flora Brasiliensis 115:
425-634. pi. 8r-rrg. IF 1894.
Not Fasc. CXV, 42 5-934, t. 81-114.
Saccardo, P. A. Syll. Fung. 77:481. N18g0.

umber, and not neces-

. Bull. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn. 9:39-42. 2Mr

1894.
Not 9?; nor 9 part 2; nor 1894 [part 2].

. Linn. Sp. Plant. 6?:125. 1852. [ed. Willd.]
. Gray, A. Man. Bot. 225. 1890. [6th ed.]

Peck, C. F. Rep. N. Y. Mus. 47:— (18). N 1894.

Ell. and Everh. N. A. F. z6g2. F 1889.

Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2:98. d. pl. 28. 22Ap189t.

Beringer, Am. Jour. Pharm. 66:220. My 1894.—Ta-
lasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III. 7:85. @. pl. 2. f. 3.
1847.

Bailey, The Japanese plums in North America. Bull.
Cornell Exp. Sta. 62:3-36. Ja 1894. [Illust. ]

The figures are not numbered.
Ell. and Kell. Jour. Myc. t:12. d. Ja1885.—(Hedw.
24:45 d. Je1885.) Peck, (Grev. 22° 111. Je 1894.)

88

Comment of the Feregoing Rules.

We print the Rules for Citation by request, but are not
pledged to hand them over to the readers of ERYTHEA as
being in our opinion faultless. Jt is evident that clearness
and brevity are prime qualities in citation; and in the examples
given there is not a little that seems objectionable, and
which, we hope none will feel called upon to copy.

We notice that in case of joint authors the “and” is given
instead of the usual short & Why should any one conform
to this sort of innovation in citation? Again, “ Proc. Phil.
Acad.” is bad for the Proceedings of the Philadelphia
Academy, because the “ Phil.” ordinarily stands for Philos-
ophy or Philosophical in bibliographical citation. It is quite
a new thing to force this “Phil.” to stand for Philadelphia.
«“ Philad.” is by long custom established for Philadelphia; and
the custom grew out of a necessity, such as any accomplished
pbibliographer would readily percieve. Again: “ Man. Bot.” for
Gray’s Manual of Botany, ete.; what need of that second
term “Bot.”? Did Asa Gray write any other Manual but
the one of botany? And the simple “ Man.”, universally
employed heretofore is abandantly sufficient. It is to be
hoped that people may still be content to use it, and ignore
this new recommendation. The “ Hil. and Kell.” of these
examples should certainly become Ellis & Kellerm.; for
“ Kell.” by long usage is the abbreviation for the late Dr.
Albert Kellogg, and “EJIL” for Stephen Elliott. Finally,
are not we free people of America before all others, just now
in danger, as scientists—botanists—of coming to such slavery
of rules, regulations, and codes, as will render us uncomfort-
able at home, as it is already making us ridiculous
abroad ?—. L. G.

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL WRITINGS OF
PROFESSOR GREENE.

New Species oF PLANTS FROM New Mexico. Four
papers in Botanical Gazette, Vol. vi., 1881.

NEw Puants of CALIFORNIA, ARIZONA AND MEXIco.
Nine papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols.
ix. and x., 1882-83.

STUDIES IN THE BOTANY OF CALIFORNIA AND PARTS
ADJACENT. Six papers in Bulletin of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences, Vols. i. and ii., 1885-87.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NoTes ON WELL KNOWN PLANTS.
Ten papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols.
xiv.—xvii., 1887—90.

PITTONIA. A series of Eighty-Seven Papers, in Two Volumes,
pp. 617, 1887-92. Published by the author. Price $2.50 per
volume.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF West AMERICAN OAKS. One Vol-
ume, 4to, pp. 79, with Thirty-Seven Plates, 1889-90. Pub-
lished under the patronage of James M. McDonald, of the
Pacific Bank, San Francisco.

FLORA FRANCISCANA. An attempt to classify and describe
the Vascular Plants of Middle California. Parts i. ii. and iii.
(pp. 352, 1891-92) finished. Price $2.00. —

MANUAL or THE BOTANY OF THE REGION OF SAN
Francisco Bay. A Systematic Arrangement of the
Higher Plants growing Spontaneously in the Counties of
Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa
Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco, in the State of Califor-
nia. One Volume, 8vo., pp. xiii., 328, 1894. Price of Sibrary —
issue, $2.00; of school issue, single copy, $1.75. .

VOL. Il. JUNE, 189s. No. 6.

A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN
AND GENERAL.
EDITED BY j
WILLIS LINN JEPSON

AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

CONTENTS:
PAGE
Observations on the Composite, - - Edw. L. Greene 89
Oregonian Forms of Umbellularia, - - F. W. Wright %
Novitates Occidentales—XIV., - - Edw. L. Greene 98
Phytographic Notes and Amendments—IL., - Edw. L. Greene 102
inertia ae ee ee oe ee

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

CuBERY & COMPANY, PRINTERS
587 Mission Street, San Francisco, California
1895

A MONTHLY journal of Botany,
edited by members of the Depart-
ment of Botany at the University
of California. Devoted to every
department of botanical investiga-
tion and criticism. . . Historical
papers, general articles on system-
atic and geographic botany, and
reviews of new literature, will con-
tinue to be features of the journal.

The subscription price is $1.50
a year in advance; to Great Brit-
ain and the continent of Europe, 7
shillings. Single copies 25 cents.
No discount to dealers.

Address
WILLIS L. JEPSON,
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

University of California.

89
OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSITAl.—IX.

By Epwarp L. Greene.

In continuing the expression of my views of the generic
relations of our homochromous asteraceous plants, I would
first invite attention to another species which is very much
out of harmony with Solidago, in which genus Asa Gray
always insisted upon placing it, notwithstanding that it has
no ray-flowers at all, and that all its corollas are purple, or
at least white changing to purple in age. I refer to the
plant first described by Stephen Elliott as Aster? discoideus.
Elliott was the original discoverer of it and no other author
seems yet to have given it a full and satisfactory description,
some of the more important points of which description
were entirely ignored by Gray, in the Synoptical Flora;
the color of the corollas being left wholly unmentioned by
him, which is equivalent to saying that they are yellow, as
in Solidago generally; though he admits that even the
pappus is often tinged with purple. Elliott, while referring
the plant doubtfully to Aster, says that he at first thought it
to be of a new genus, but was afterwards “induced for the
present to arrange it here” (in Aster); but it did not occur
to him that it could possibly be placed under Solidago;
neither did DeCandolle see it in any other light than that of
something referable to no other established genus but Aster.

In mode of growth the species is doubtlessly solidaginoid,
though no Solidago has precisely such foliage, or such
inflorescence. It clearly is farther removed from Solidago
than is the genus Brachycheta; and, by its short and
clavellate pappus, and deeply cleft corollas, it is quite as dis-
tinct from Aster. I should therefore receive i readily in
the rank of a genus, to be called i

a,

BRINTONTIA. eats
B. discoidea. Aster? discoideus, Ell. Sk. ii. 358 (1824);
DC. Prodr. v. 247 (1836). Solidago discoidea, Torr. &
Gray, FI. ii. 195 (1842).
Eryruega, Vol. III., No. 6 [1 June, 1895].

90 ERYTHEA.

The genus is dedicated to the late lamented Dr. J. Bernard
Brinton of Philadelphia, a most intelligent student of Soli-
dago and its allies.

By referring to pages 10 to 13 of this volume, it will be
recalled that, in disposing of a certain natural group forming
a part of Gray’s “Aplopappus,” a number of species of that
author’s “ Bigelovia” were taken up, as of the same natural
group, the Hricameria of Nuttall, and the whole subordinated
to the still earlier genus Curysoma. It now remains for us
to consider other members of the inharmonious Bigelovia of
the Synoptical Flora.

The exact type on which the elder DeCandolle established
his genus of this name, is an herb of the Southeastern United
States. It was first brought to the knowledge of botanists
by Michaux, under the name of Chrysocoma nudata. More
than thirty years later DeCandolle separated it from Chry-
socoma and made it the type of his Bigelovia; and generic
rank has since then always freely been conceded to it, with
the exception that Dr. Otto Kuntze, in promulgating his
extraordinary view of the limits of Aster, referred there this
plant also. But the genus must needs be maintained;
though none who have regard for the stability of generic
names can reasonably continue Bigelovia as the name for it;
for this Bigelovia was historically the sixth (!) real or sup-
posed new genus to which the same name had been given.
Rafinesque published a Bigelovia in 1819; Smith another,
in the same year or earlier; Sprengel had a third in 1821, and
DeCandolle himself attempted a fourth in 1824, a fifth in
1830, and ended with the sixth in 1836.

It is both unwise, and quite behind the time, to attempt
the further employment of a name that has five chances of
reverting to some other genus by right of priority; and
Rafinesque’s name, CHONDROPHORA, the earliest safe one, has
already been brought forward in the recent volume (V) of
the Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club.

1 Asa Gray as early as 1842 was care as of the precarious tenure of

the name Bi pce for this e, and, in the rg & Gray Flora offered
a provision titute, setae ‘oe cit. 1, in f dats Either
he was uawans of, or chose to ignore, CidsnietanOm, then already six

years before the botanical ar ublic,

f

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSITZ. 91

From genuine CHONDROPHORA most of those far-wastern
shrubs that have been associated with it in the writings of
Gray differ rather widely. It is an herb, and they are
shrubs. It has a deeply lobed corolla, the lobes strongly
recurved or reflexed; few or none of the western shrubs
have that character. It has subulate included style-tips;
they have linear more or less conspicuously exserted style-
tips. Its achenes are glabrous or nearly so, and faintly
10-striate; theirs are much more elongated, more or less
hairy, with a few angles and no striz. These are the points
of contrast between CHONDROPHORA, and those western
shrubs not heretofore excluded by me from Gray’s “ Bige-
lovia.” The single plant which is nearer than any other to
true CHONDROPHORA, has been received by most authors as a
species of Solidago, that is, Petradoria pumila (see p. 13
preceding). This has substantially the same characters of
flower and fruit, the achenes being more distinctly 10-striate;
but itis not an herb. Nevertheless the joining of this type
to CHONDROPHORA would be doing less violence to real
affinities than is done by Gray and others who have com-
bined with it Nuttall’s Chrysothamnus.

An affinity between CHonDROoPHORA and EHuthamia was
more than once taken note of by Gray; but this relation is
not so intimate; for the achenes in Huthamia are turbinate
and silky.

The species of CHonpropHoRA, therefore, unless Petradoria
be joined to it, seem to me to be two only.

1. ©. nupara, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 317 (1894).
Chrysocoma nudata, Michx. Fl. ii. 101 (1803). Bigelovia
nudata, DC. Prodr. v. 329 (1836).

2. C. virgata. Chrysocoma virgata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 136
(1818). Bigelovia nudata, var. virgata, T. & G. FI. ii. 232
(1842). Chondrophora nudata, var. virgata, Britton, 1. c.
The greater leafiness of this plant, its very narrow foliage,
as well as its virgate inflorescence, convince me that its true
rank is that of a species.

92 ERYTHEA.

I have long thought that the establishment of the genus
CHRYSOTHAMNUS was one of Nuttall’s happiest propositions.
He saw that these tufted shrubs of western alkaline plains
were generically distinct from DeCandolle’s Bigelovia. And
Gray, his young colleague in the study of these plants, was
of the same opinion. It was unfortunate that Gray, instead
of following Nuttall as to the new genus, should have chosen
to follow one far less deserving to be taken as an authority.
Schelchtendal had, in 1839 or 1840, referred a Mexican species
of what was of Nuttall’s genus Isocoma to that Old World
subgenus of Aster called Linosyris; and Gray, in the
Torrey & Gray Flora proceeded, in the face of Nuttall’s
greatly superior knowledge of botany in general, and of
these plants in particular, to dispose all the Chrysothamni
under the Old World herbaceous genus Linosyris. This
course, entered upon in much ignorance as to the real
characteristics both of the foreign Linosyris, and of the
to him almost equally foreign shrubs of western plains and
mountains, he held to for more than thirty years. But in
1873, Bentham, when he came to take up the final examin-
ation of all known Asteroidew, soon demonstrated the
absence of near affinity between Linosyris proper and these
shrubs of the Far West, and perceived the necessity of rein-
stating Nuttall’s Curysorsamnus. This was done in the
Genera Plantarum; and I think we should have had little
further trouble with the nomenclature of these plants had
not Bentham merged in his Chrysothamnus the herbaceous
genus Bigelovia, i. e., Chondrophora. At this juncture Gray
asserted the priority of Bigelovia over Chrysothamnus, and
so all the species became renamed under Bigelovia; Ben-
tham himself accepting, in the Addenda et Corrigenda of
his volume, the name Bigelovia instead of Chrysothamnus.

I have already expressed the opinion that Chondrophora
and Chrysothamnus are not properly congeneric; that the
plant which comes nearest to forming a connecting link
between these two is Petradoria, a species which no one has
yet referred to either genus. As compared with Chondro-

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSIT2. 93

phora the typical Chrysothamni have corollas less deeply
cleft and segments less recurved; style-tips more slender and
exserted; achenes larger, narrower and more pubescent, with
few angles, and a much less firm as well as often more
copious and elongated pappus. They are all shrubs with a
very hard wood; and their branches are leafy throughout,
the leaves being all alike, 7. e., the lower not differing from
the upper. :

The following enumeration embraces the more typical
species, and also a few that arefanomalous.

1. C. pumitus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 323 (1840).
Bigelovia Douglasti, var. pumila, A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 140
(1884). Numerous erect branches 6 to 10 inches high,
glabrous, very leafy, the bark whitish: leaves an inch long
or more, glabrous, slightly glutinous, narrowly linear, very
acute, 3-nerved, often involute or occasionally somewhat
twisted; involucre 2 or 3 lines high, the bracts not very dis-
tinctly 4-ranked, the outer short, ovate-lanceolate, the inner
oblong-linear, not acute, faintly carinate.

Nuttall’s type specimen in the Herbarium of the British
Museum, is a mere branchlet with leaves, and a terminal
cluster of altogether undeveloped heads. The foliage there-
fore is all that is available for comparison; and the above
description is drawn from specimens obtained by myself, in
1889, in the same district in which Nuttall collected his type,
and which answer perfectly to that type in all points which
it offers for comparison.

2. C. puberulus. Linosyris viscidiflora, var. puberula,
D. ©. Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 158 (1871). Bigelovia
Douglasii, var. puberula, A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 646
(1873). Size and habit of the last, but all the parts from
puberulent to almost or quite hispidulous. Plant often grow-
ing with the preceding, but not intergrading with it; hence
doubtless a good species; and very common on desert plains
of Utah, Nevada and northern Idaho.

94 ERYTHEA.

3. C. stenophyllus. Bigelovia Douglasi, var. steno-
phylla, A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. and in part of Syn FI.
More slender than the two preceding, often taller, the stems
with perfectly white bark; the narrowly linear acute 1-nerved
leaves with more or less distinctly serrulate-scabrous mar-
gins, the whole plant otherwise glabrous: cymes rather
loose and fastigate: involucre hardly more than 2 lines high
the oblong obtuse but often mucronate or cuspid-pointed
bracts rather distinctly 4-ranked: pappus very scabrous,
almost barbellulate.

A very definite species peculiar to the eastern base of the
Sierra Nevada. Almost throughout Western Nevada. In
writing the Synoptical Flora, Dr. Gray wrongly referred
here some plants of Utah and New Mexico which are
very different.

4. C. Greenei. Bigelovia Greenei, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xi. 75 (1876); Syn. Fl. 188. Shrub with white bark,
and ciliolate leaf margins, but lower than the last, the leaves
larger and twisted: inflorescence more condensed and less
obviously cymose: heads 3 or 4 lines high and somewhat
clavate: bracts of the involucre oblong, abruptly subulate-
tipped

Species of high plains in Southern Colorado and adjacent
New Mexico.

5. C€. eceruminosus. Linosyris ceruminosa, Dur. &
Hilg. Pac. R. Rep. v. 9, t. 63(1855). Bigelovia ceruminosa,
A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 643. Often 2 feet high, with
scattered spreading or recurved leaves and resinous stem;
the inflorescence obviously cymose: involucre 5 lines high;
bracts in distinct vertical ranks, narrow lanceolate, abruptly
produced into a long slender spreading tip.

Apparently quite local, somewhere near Tejon Pass in
southern California.

6. C. elegans. Size and habit of C. pumilus, but the
very leafy branches of the season straw-colored and gla-
brous: leaves linear, not spreading, often almost erect,

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSITZ. 95

strongly twisted throughout, manifestly 3-nerved (some
seeming 5-nerved), nearly glabrous except the short-hispid-
ciliolate or somewhat serrulate-scabrous margins: heads
very numerous, in a compact terminal cymose corymb, the
branches of which are angular and scabro-pubescent: invo-
lucre about 4 inch high, the lanceolate acute carinate-con-
duplicate bracts rather distinctly 4-ranked: segments of the
rather narrow corolla not widely spreading: style-tips
rather short and linear-subulate: slender appressed-pubes-
cent achenes nearly as long as the pappus.

Shrub common in western Colorado; the type specimens
collected by myself in the Gunnison Valley, in 1890. It
appears to form a part of Gray’s Bigelovia Douglasii, var.
tortifolia in the Synoptical Flora, but is no part of the
original of that variety as published in the American
Academy paper; that type being of the Sierra Nevada of
California.

7. ©. viscipiFLorus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 324
(1840). Crinitaria viscidiflora, Hook. Fl. ii. 24 (1834).
Bigelovia? viscidiflora, DC. Prodr. vii. 279 (1838): B.
Douglas, A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 645 (1873) in part.
Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, the erect branches of the season a foot
long or more, with straw-colored or almost whitish bark, and
with an ample fastigiate terminal corymb of middle-sized
heads: leaves 2 inches long, narrowly linear, very acute, rather
firm, 3-nerved, their margins more or less distinctly ser-
rulate-scabrous: heads about 3 or 4 lines high: involucral
bracts linear oblong, abruptly acute, about 3 in each
vertical rank.

The type of this species is of the Columbia River Plains
in the far North West. The varieties or subspecies are
numerous, and each has its own territory.

Var. lanceolatus. Chrysothamnus lanceolatus, Nutt. 1. ec.
Linosyris lanceolata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 233. Bigelovia
Douglasti, var. lanceolata, A. Gray. Shrub not half as
large as the type; foliage thinner, this and the branches
altogether scabro-puberulent.

96 ERYTHEA.

Common on high plains of western Wyoming, and about
the sources of the Platte, thence into Montana, where it seems
to approach the type.

Var. tortifolius. Bigelovia Douglasii, var. tortifola,
A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 140. Leaves broader, narrowly lanceolate,
very acute, twisted: cymes smaller, less congested; herbage
glabrous or nearly so: bracts of the involucre apparently
not at all in vertical ranks.

Of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, in California.
A better knowledge of this plant may establish it in the
rank of a species.

Var. latifolius. Linosyris viscidiflora, var. latifolia, D.C.
Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 157. Bigelovia Douglasi, var.
latifolia, A. Gray. Also much smaller than the type, mostly
minutely scabrous: leaves much broader, quite oblanceolate,
acute, usually 5-nerved: involucral bracts almost cuspid-
ately acute, in not at all distinct vertical ranks.

Mountains of Nevada, Utah and southern Idaho.

Var. serrulatus. Linosyris viscidiflora, var. serrulata,
Torr. Stansb. Rep. 389. Bigelovia Douglasi, var. serru-
lata, A. Gray. A taller plant, with narrow serrulate-
ciliolate leaves. Utah and adjacent Nevada.

8. C. Vaseyi. Bigelovia Vaseyi, A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xii. 58. (1876). Low, only 6 to 10 inches high, the
branches not white, leaves glabrous, narrowly spatulate-
linear: inflorescence fastigiate-cymose: heads subclavate;
bracts of involucre very obtuse: achenes glabrous, 10-striate.

Remarkable species of southwestern Colorado, and adja-
cent Utah. In character of achene quite approaching Pet-
radoria pumila,

97
OREGONIAN FORMS OF UMBELLULARIA.
By F. W. Wariaat.

THE lumbermen of the Oregon woods recognize two vari-
eties of the tree known to botanists as Umbellaria Cali-
fornica; one which they designate as White Myrtle, and a
second which is sometimes called Yellow, sometimes Black
Myrtle.

That known as White Myrtle is more abundant than the
other. It attains a height of from forty to fifty feet; its
trunk, a diameter of from two to four feet. Its foliage is of
a dark green, but with much bloom on the lower face. The
wood of this variety is hard and brittle, but, when a tree of
it is felled and left lying on the ground it very quickly
decays. The cross-section of its trunk shows much more
distinctly the annual rings than does that of the other kind.

The variety variously known as Yellow or Black Myrtle is
smaller than the other. Its foliage is of a yellowish green,
and is less glaucous beneath. When a tree of this variety
has reached an advanced age, so that the heart-wood has
decayed and the trunk is become hollow, the remaining wood
though sound becomes streaked with black or very dark red-
brown; and in this mature condition it is highly prized for
the manufacture of fancy articles, such as cups, vases, napkin-
rings, ete. Such articles when polished are of a deep yellow
streaked and spotted with black. Young trees of this
variety do not soon decay when left lying where they fall.
Their wood seems to contain more oil than that of the
White, and it becomes eventually streaked with black;
though not until long after it has been cut. The name of
Black Myrtle seems to have been given this, on account of
the darkly variegated wood. It is called Yellow Myrtle in
allusion to the yellowish hue of its foliage.

I have not yet been able to compare the fruits of these
varieties, popularly so-called, to ascertain the possible cus-
pological grounds for distinguishing two varieties of
Umbellularia.

98

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES.—XIV.
By Epwarp L. GREENE.

Astragalus Elmeri. Annual, slender, the ascending or
slightly decumbent branches a foot long or less: herbage
very minutely and sparsely strigose-puberulent: leaves
scattered; leaflets in 4 to 6 pairs, narrowly cuneate-oblong,
only about 4 inch long, emarginate: peduncles, including
the slender spike-like raceme thrice exceeding the leaves:
calyx very small, campanulate, black with a strigose pubes-
cence, the teeth about equalling the tube: corolla nearly 4
inch long, light violet; banner obcordate by a V-shaped
notch; wings little shorter than the banner, their lower mar-
gins meeting underneath the keel, the upper ones widely
sundered; keel very short, blunt, abruptly incurved: pod
triangular-ovate, 2 lines long, deflexed, strigulose with white
hairs, not wrinkled.

Apparently a local species in Ross Valley, Marin Co.,
California. Related to A. nigrescens, Nutt., but very dis-
tinct in characters of the corolla; the main petals being
many times larger than in the better known species, and the
oblique position of the wings being very characteristic.
When in flower only, the plant might pass for A. Breweri.
I dedicate the species to Mr. Elmer Drew, who was one of
the first to collect it.

Psoralea monticola. Root perennial, enlarged, simple
and fusiform, or parted into several coarse branches: stems
numerous, a foot long more or less, rather slender, pros-
trate with 1 or 2 long internodes below, the upper ones
short, subcinereous with a short sparse closely appressed
pubescence, the petioles and peduncles with also a stiffly
hirsute spreading or retrorse pubescence: peduncles slender,
2 inches long or more, subtended by a pair of lanceolate
subulate tardily deciduous stipules; leaflets 5, about 4 to ?
‘ inch long, cuneate obovate, rather obtuse, sparsely appressed-
silky: peduncles longer than the oblong-ovoid raceme, the

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 99

latter nearly equalling the leaves: bracts lanceolate, 3 lines
long: corolla about 6 lines long, the calyx-segments shorter,
four of them resting against the banner, the fifth and sepa-
rated one rather broader, linear-lanceolate: banner dull-
white changing to the lurid-purple or deep-violet of the
Wings and keel.

Found only on the summit of Mt. Diablo, and unadvisedly
referred to P. Californica in the Bay Region Manual,

Psoralea Douglasii. Habit and size of P. macrostachya,
but more slender, nearly glabrous, the stem commonly

conspicuously punctate: cylindrical racemes on long slender
peduncles; bracts deltoid, caducous; rachis not hirsute:
segments of the calyx not equalling the violet corollas.

This altogether distinct species has latterly been treated
as a mere form of P. macrostachya, and it was figured by
Lindley (Bot. Reg. xxi. t. 1769) as the supposed type of that
species. Hooker, recognizing it as distinct, erred in another
direction by referring it to his own P. strobilina (Bot. Beech.
332). It must needs be admitted as a very good species.
True P. macrostachya is easily recognized by its abundant
pubescence, narrower and strongly mucronate leaflets, very
hirsute rachis, and by its calyx-segments quite exceeding
the corolla.

Streptanthus versicolor. Erect, slender, a foot high or
more, sparingly branching; lower part of stem, and also the
middle cauline leaves hispid, the leaves more especially so
beneath: lowest leaves unknown; cauline almost linear,
sessile and auriculate-clasping, remotely serrate-toothed:
slender raceme very lax, unilateral: sepals all ovate, sub-
equal, carinate: petals at first white, changing to lilac-
purple, very unequal, the upper pair with ample lamina and
long-exserted claw, the lower pair not half as large, and
their claws scarcely exserted: upper pair of filaments united

100 ERYTHEA.

almost throughout, their small rudimentary anthers not
divergent: pod narrowly linear, thin and flat, 2 inches long
or more, arcuately recurved, glabrous.

On banks of the Navarro River, Mendocino Co., Calif.,
1894, Miss Edith Byxbee. A delicate and beautiful species,
with corolla more pronouncedly bilabiate than in any other
member of what is now a rather large group with bilabiate
flowers; a group which perhaps ought to be separated from
Streptanthus altogether.

Erigeron Austine. Tufted and somewhat woody very
leafy stems short and branching, each branch with a tuft of
spatulate-linear erect hispid leaves, and a short scapiform
leafless and monocephalous peduncle, this only about 3 or 4
inches high, and a third or one-half longer than the leaves:
involucre hemispherical, 4 inch broad or more, the flowers
100 or more; bracts narrow, equal, hispidulous: rays none:
achenes rather short, silky-pubescent; pappus slender,
fragile, apparently simple, certainly without palez.

Collected on Davis Creek, Modoc Co., California, May,
1894, by Mrs. Austin. Species with the subligneous and
cespitose mode of growth seen in H. Bloomer, but in
aspect and character near E. poliospermus, from which it
differs in discoid heads, a merely pubescent (not white-
villous) achene, and simple pappus.

Mieroseris intermedia. Slender and low, seldom more
than 6 inches high: leaves all pinnately divided into linear
segments: fruiting involucre broadly ovoid, scarcely 5 lines
high: achenes short-cylindrical, barely a line long: palea of
the pappus triangular-lanceolate, less than a line long, with
thick brown mid-nerve, and white-scarious remotely serrate
margins; the very slender brown awn about 23 lines long.

This is a part of the M. Bigelovii of Gray’s writings, and
of my Manual; but I have long felt that it needed recog-
nition as a distinct species. Its characters are constant;
and the plant is not associated with M. Bigelovii in habitat.
It belongs to clayey or gravelly slopes of hills; M. Bigelovit
to low flats near salt marshes.

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 101

Hieracium amplum. Stoutish, 2 or 3 feet high, amply
leafy up to the rather broad corymbose panicle, but no
radical tuft of foliage: leaves oblong-spatulate, acutish,
entire, 4 to 6 inches long, hirsute along the margins, and
with scattered appressed hairs on both faces; upper cauline
leaves and branches of the inflorescence pale and glauces-
cent, seemingly glabrous, but somewhat tomentose-puber-
ulent under a lens: involucres about 5 lines high, loosely
calyculate, the subequal bracts dark with black setulose
stout hairs, otherwise glabrous: ligules yellow: achenes
columnar, or even slightly widening to the summit; pappus
whi

On Mt. Paddo, Washington, on hillsides at 6000 to 7000
ft. alt. W.N. Suksdorf, 27 Sept., 1893.

Bolelia cuspidata. Erect, slender, 6 inches high or
more, with few and small leaves and few remote flowers:
lower lip of corolla broadly trefoil-shaped, nearly 6 lines
broad, only 4 lines deep, the broadly ovate lobes retuse, or
evenly distinctly obcordate, abruptly and _ cuspidately
pointed, the terminal half violet, the lower portion white,
the white spot ending truncately or obcordately; the un-
divided part of the lip yellow, plane or nearly so, 1. e.,
without folds or protuberances or depressions; lobes of the
upper lip 14 lines long, spatulate-obovate, cuspidately acute,
slightly divergent, straight, deep violet, with lines and
reticulations of darker color.

In a low place in a grain field west of Yountville, Napa
Co., Calif., 11 May, 1895: also in more slender form, with
smaller and paler flowers, in Los Guilucos Valley, Sonoma
Co., June, 1893, F. T. Bioletti.

Species most related to B. bicornuta, perhaps, but the
configuration of the corolla far more simple. In coloring
the corolla is almost like that of B. pulchella, but in form it
is very different,

102
PHYTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND AMENDMENTS.—II.

By Epwarp L. GREENE.

THE genus LirnoparacMa (Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.
584) rests upon as good a combination of characters as any
of the saxifrageous genera that are not monotypical. The
herbarium botanist can not know how strong a character it
has in its corolla, the two upper petals of which are smaller
than the others, and usually entire, while the other three
are variously cleft; though none are pinnatifid. In habit, the
plants are all farther removed from Yellima than they are
from typical Saxifraga itself.

The species not yet named under LITHOPHRAGMA are the
following:

L. seabrella. Tellima scabrella, Greene, Pitt. ii. 162: Fl.
Fr. 193.

L. tripartita. Tellima tripartita, Greene, Eryth. i. 106
(1893).

L. Williamsii. Heuchera Williamsi, D. C. Eaton, Bot.
Gaz. xv. 62 (1890). Tellima nudicaulis, Greene, Pitt, ii-
162 (1891).

The following appears to be quite new:

L. rupicola. Stems often 2 or 3 from the small grumous
root, not very slender, a foot high or more, rather strongly
hispidulous-scabrous throughout: lowest leaves from round-
reniform to round-ovate in outline, deeply 3 to 5-lobed, the
lobes again 3-lobed; petioles long, each with a large bulblet
in its axil; cauline leaves of more angular outline, doubly
cleft into narrow segments: raceme elongated, 12 to 20-
flowered; fruiting pedicels nearly twice the length of the
calyx: hemispherical base of the calyx adherent to the
ovary, the body in maturity obviously 10-striate, the lobes
short and obtuse: petals white, all deeply palmatifid, the 2

PHYTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND AMENDMENTS. 103

upper much smaller than the others: capsule 3-valved at apex
and the valves well exserted: seeds striate lengthwise but
neither muricate nor obviously granular.

Lava beds of Modoc County, Calif., June, 1894; growing
in the shade of junipers. Collected by Mrs. R. M. Austin.

A recent study of the herbarium types in a certain group
of Californian species of Gilia, supplementing some years of
observation of them in the field, enables me to present the
following, in place of what was given on page 147 of Gray’s
Synoptical Flora.

G. MILLEFoLIATA, Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Petr. 35.
(1838). This is a slender often widely branching plant,
with scattered small flowers, very common in western Cali-
fornia, where it has of late years been known, according to
the teaching of Asa Gray, as G. multicaulis, from which
species it differs in its glandular-pilose pubescence, but
more strikingly in the size, form and marking of its corolla.
This organ is small, inconspicuous, and always 2-colored;
the small acutish spreading lobes being white or bluish, the
scarcely dilated throat being always marked with five large
dark spots, one below each lobe. The plant is much more
related to G. tricolor than to the next with which it has been
confused. Its corollas are, like those of G. tricolor, never
open except in the middle of the day, while in all the follow-
ing they are open from very early morning until nightfall.

G. MULTICAULIS, Benth. Bot. Reg. under t. 1622: G. achil-
leefolia, Benth. 1. c., a larger form, well figured in Bot. Reg.
t. 1682, not of A. Gray, Syn. FI. 147, nor of Greene, Man.
248. Plant often 2 feet high, glabrous except the glandular-
hirsute calyx: branches either many and with very few
flowers at the ends, or few and with large densely cymose
clusters: calyx mainly herbaceous, the scarious spaces below
the sinuses extremely narrow; segments also wholly herba-
ceous, erect: corolla with short tube, and broad funnelform

104 ERYTHEA.

throat, the latter about equalling the obovate acute segments,
the whole dark violet, without markings: anthers also deep
violet, on short filaments and wholly included within the
limb of the corolla.

he type specimens in the Benthamian herbarium at
Kew show that the original G. multicaulis and achillewfolia
of that author are not distinct. The latter name is more
appropriate, as applying to the larger and more showy form
figured so beautifully in the Botanical egister ; and
especially since this form is the common one in nature;
the smaller, many-stemmed state being less frequent. The
transference of the name G. achillewfolia to a very
different plant of the sea-board sand-hills, accomplished by
Asa Gray, but attributed to Bentham, was without any
warrant; for Bentham never knew that plant; at least, there
is none of it in his herbarium; and apparently it has never
been in cultivation in Europe.

G. abrotanifolia, Nutt. mss. in herb. Brit. Mus. Nearly
glabrous, 1 to 2 feet high, simple, or with few ascending
branches, these and the upper part of the main stem naked
and pedunculiform, bearing a terminal dense cymose cluster
of large blue flowers: leaves ample, even the cauline tripin-
nately dissected, the ultimate segments linear and spatulate-
linear, spreading or curving backwards, very acute: calyx
nearly or quite glabrous, mainly hyaline, only a broad mid-
vein truly herbaceous, the segments acute, not connivent:
corolla large, apparently blue without markings; throat
ample-funnelform, lobes spreading, obovate, obtuse: stamens
scarcely exserted.

In the Santa Inez Mountains, back of Santa Barbara,
Calif., 21 May, 1891, G. W. Dunn. Collected in the same
region many years earlier, by Nuttall, whose specimens,
labelled as above indicated, are in the British Museum.
Almost the same thing, but with rather smaller corollas, the
stamens not at all exserted, is distributed by Mr. Parish,
from the San Bernardino region, as “ G. achillecefolia.”

PHYTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND AMENDMENTS. 105

G. Chamissonis. Polemonium capitatum, Esch. Mem.
Acad. Petrop. x. 282 (1826). Gilia achillecefolia, A. Gray,
in part, not Benth. A foot high, glandular-puberulent:
leaves mostly bipinnately dissected into narrowly linear
segments: branches few, naked and pedunculiform, bearing
a dense capitate cluster of deep blue flowers: calyx glabrous
or glandular-pilose, broad and urceolate, mainly hyaline,
only the narrow midribs herbaceous, the hyaline teeth broad
and triangular, closing the tube both before and after
flowering, only the short setacvous tips recurved-spreading:
corolla deep blue throughout; tube cylindric; throat very
short and broad; segments oblong, obtuse, scarcely spread-
ing, usually even connivent, the well exserted stamens pro-
truding from the sinuses.

Abundant in the sand hills of San Francisco, and unmis-
takably the “ Polemonium capitatum” of Eschscholtz, being
the only Gilia of the shores as explored by him and Cham-
isso, and the only one anywhere which answers to the
description as to the “urceolate whitish calyx, with broad
acute teeth, and broad green nerve.” Although annual,
properly, the root is indeed almost fusiform, and occasion-
ally a plant lives through the winter, to flower for a second
season; hence the “perennial” as to the character of the
root is excusable. The anthers are almost white, so that in
the dry specimens they may have seem to have been
“ vellow.”

G. staminea. Near the preceding but tall and slender,
not rarely 3 feet high, not in the least puberulent or
glandular, but glabrous except a villous-arachnoid pubes-
cence which is sparse upon the stem, conspicuous on the
petioles, and abundant on the calyx: flowers capitate-con-
gested at the ends of the long naked branches: calyx teeth
ovate, setaceously acuminate, the midvein of these and the
whole body of the calyx (mainly hyaline) densely cobwebby-
villous: corolla light blue, large as in the last; the long-
exserted anthers nearly white.

Very common throughout the interior of California;
strangely referred by Gray to G. capitata.

106

EXCERPTS.

Your strictures upon Mr. Sheldon’s Astragalus names,
in the last number of EryrHeEa, were just to the point; and
more of that kind of criticism is greatly needed. Amongst
our reformers of nomenclature there is a sad lack of scholar-
ship, and ambitious youths are too eager to do great things in
print.—Recent Letter from an Eastern Botanist.

BoTanicaL ScrENcE is, by many, considered as of so easy
attainment, that it is not unusual to assign the name of
Botanist, to any man whose memory enables him to repeat
the nomenclature of perhaps a few hundred plants; how-
soever uninformed he may be, of those principles which
entitle him, to the real name and character. * * By this degrad-
ing idea, men of the first learning and talents in this branch
of knowledge, have frequently been levelled with the most
superficial enquirers, and the most ignorant pretenders.
Hence also this Science, which even in a speculative view,
holds no mean rank, and, considered practically, is closely
connected with medicine, and with the arts and elegancies of
life, has been held forth as a trifling and futile employment.
In truth, he properly is entitled, in any degree, to the char-
acter of the Botanist, whose acquirements enable him to
investigate, to describe, and systematically arrange, any
plant which comes under his cognizance. But to these
abilities, in order to complete the character, should be
united, an acquaintance with the Philosophy of Vegetables,
and with the History of the Science, in all its several
relations, both literary and practical, from remote antiquity
to his own time.—Historical and Biographical Sketches of
the Progress of Botany in England. By Ricuarp Putr-
ENEY, M. D., F. BR. 8S. London, 1790.

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL WRITINGS OF
PROFESSOR GREENE. |

New Species OF PLANTS FROM New Mexico. Four
papers in Botanical Gazette, Vol. vi., 1881.

New Puants of CALIFORNIA, ARIZONA AND MEXICO.
Nine papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols.
ix. and x., 1882-83.

STUDIES IN THE BOTANY OF CALIFORNIA AND PARTS
ADJACENT. Six papers in Bulletin of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences, Vols. i. and ii., 1885-87.

BrstioGRAPHIcaAL Notes oN WELL KNOWN PLANTS. |
Ten papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols.
xiv.—xvii., 1887—90. .

PITTONIA. A series of Eighty-Seven Papers, in Two Volumes, —
pp. 617, 1887-92. Published by the author. Price $2.50 per
volume. es

ILLUSTRATIONS oF West AMERICAN OAKS. One Vol-

“ume, 4to, pp. 79, with Thirty-Seven Plates, 1889-90. Pub- _ ;

lished under the patronage of James M. McDonald, of the :
Pacific Bank, San Francisco. eee = es

FLORA FRANCISCANA. An attempt to classify and describe
the Vascular Plants of Middle California. Parts i., ii. and iil.
(pp. 352, 1891-92) finished. Price $2.00.

MANUAL OF THE BOTANY OF THE REGION OF SAN

Francisco Bay. A Systematic Arrangement of the:
Higher Plants growing Spontaneously in the Counties of

Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa
Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco, in the State of Califor-
nia. One Volume, 8vo., pp. xiii., 328, 1894. Price of library
issue, $2.00; of school issue, single copy, $1.75. ee

VOL. III. * JULY, 1895. NO. vp

Pic yY (fie

A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN
AND GENERAL.

EDITED BY
WILLIS LINN JEPSON

AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

CONTENTS:

— f PAGE
Observations on the Composite—X. - Edw. L. Greene 107
Plants Hitherto Undescribed—I. - - + J, Burtt Davy 116 —
Novitates Occidentalee—XV. - - - - Kaw. L. Greene U8
Sundry Propositions <2. 2. ae

*

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

CUBERY & COMPANY, PRINTERS
587 Mission Street, San Franciseo, California
; 1895.

- BRYTHEA

A MONTHLY journal of Botany,
edited by members of the Depart-
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University of California.

107

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSITH.—X.
By Epwarp L. Greene.

Wir species No. 8, on page 96 preceding begins the suc-
cession of four shrubs, all differing, each in its own way,
from the best type of CHrysorHamNus. They are all, never-
theless, best retained here, at least until better known.

9. C. pulchellus. Linosyris pulchella, A. Gray, Pl,
Wright. i. 96 (1852). Bigelovia puichella, A. Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 643 (1873). Tall and freely branching, the
bark quite white: leaves narrowly linear, obtuse, glabrous:
heads # inch long: large 5-angled achenes glabrous; pap-
pus very firm, copious and accrescent.

Plant of most peculiar aspect, quite suggestive of the
Eupatoriaceous genus Carphochele which inhabits the
same region. No other Chrysothamnus has such a pappus.

10. C. pepressus, Nutt. P). Gamb. 171 (1848). Linosy-
ris depressa, Torr. in Sitgr. Rep. 161. Bigelovia depressa,
A. Gray, 1. c. Of the same general region with the pre-
ceding, though of more northerly range, and allied to it.

11. C. albidus. Bigelovia alvida, M. E. Jones, in
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 209 (1882). A most anomalous
species, not only by its white flowers. Its corolla is deeply
cleft as in no other Chrysothamnus. The leaves are almost
terete and not indistinctly punctate as well as very glutinous.
The shrub were almost as well referred to the genus Chry-
soma; but its involuere is more like that of certain Chry-
sothamni, namely those here placed toward the end of
the series.

All the shrubs that follow are still more notably, are more
concordantly, diverse from the typical CHRYSOTHAMNUS.
They are of coarser and more broom-like growth, with softer
more pithy wood, and the stems are usually clothed at least
when young, with a dense white tomentum. The twigs and

Eryraza, Vol. IIL, No. 7 [1 July, 1895].

108 ERYTHEA.

foliage, when bruised, exhale a disagreeable odor of which
there is no trace in the typical group. The corollas are
usually if not always nearly destitute of a proper limb,
the throat being elongated and almost or quite clavi-
form, with only short suberect teeth in place of the usual
larger and more or less spreading segments, and the style-
tips are as commonly, perhaps quite invariably, elongated
and filiform like those of the genus Macronema, the one dis-
coid species of which is often mistaken by the inexperienced
for “ Bigelovia Bolanderi” which differs from this group of
Chrysothamnus by its involucre only.

I have long been in a state of hesitancy as to whether this
group should not be received as generically distinct from true
Chrysothamnus. And again, if these shrubs do not belong to
this genus, there is room for dispute as to whether they should
form a genus by themselves, or be referred to Macronema, or
to the South American Dolichogyne, to which last they bear a
striking general resemblance. But the types of Dolichogyne
have peculiar style-tips, rather too unlike those of any of our
plants; and the bristles of the pappus are perceptibly
flattened. But for these two peculiarities of Dolichogyne
I should relegate to it all the following :

12. C€. graveolens. Chrysocoma graveolens, Nutt. Gen.
ii. 136 (1818). Linosyris graveolens, T. & G. Fl. ii. 234 (1842).
Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
vill. 645 (1873). Chondrophora nauseosa glabrata, Rydb.
Mem. Torr. Club, v. 317 (1894). Bigelovia dracunculoides,
DC. Prodr. v. 329 (1836). Chrysothamnus dracunculoides,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 325 (1840). Stout, very leafy
almost glabrous shrub usually 3 or 4 feet high, the numerous
long branches ending in an ample rounded cymose corymb,
the branches of which are more or less tomentulose ; leaves
ascending, narrowly linear, very acute, 2 or 3 inches long,
obscurely 3-nerved, glabrous: involucral bracts about 4 in
each vertical rank, acute, glabrous even to the margin: corolla
with slender tube glabrous or with a few short hairs; the

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSITR. 109

nearly cylindric throat cleft a fourth to a third the way down;
pubescence of the achenes abundant, long, appressed, not
very fine : style-appendages at least twice the length of the
stigmatic portion.

Abundant on alkaline plains east of the Rocky Mountains,
from the upper Arkansas and Platte, ranging northeastward
to Dakota, then westward along the line of the British
boundary possibly as far as British Columbia. Apparently
not in the Great Basin unless eastwardly about Salt Lake.

It was doubtless this species which Pursh mistook for the
Asiatic Chrysocoma dracunculoides (now Aster dracuncu-
loides) and which in consequence of this error became Bige-
lovia dracunculoides, DC., and Chrysothamnus dracun-
culoides, Nutt.

13. C. speciosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vii. 323
(1840). Chrysocoma nauseosa, Pall. in Pursh FI. ii. 517
(1814)?? Size of the preceding, but stems more slender,
inflorescence more open: leaves very narrowly linear, and
with the branchlets of the inflorescence minutely white-
tomentose: involucral bracts firm, acutish, not ciliate, tomen-
tose on the back, or the inner ones glabrous except near the
tip, all in vertical ranks of 3 or 4: corolla with slender almost
glabrous tube rather longer than the subcylindric throat, this
cleft a third of the way down: pappus copious, fine, only
delicately scabrous, fuscous at least in age.

A far-western species, the type being of the upper Missouri,
but common in Idaho, eastern Oregon, northwestern Cali-
fornia and adjacent Nevada. Easily distinguished from C.
graveolens by its slender habit, and almost filiform white
leaves.

Var. ALBICAULIS Nutt.1.c. Linosyris albicaulis, T. & G.
Fl. ii. 234 (1842). Bigelovia graveolens, var. albicaulis,
A. Gray, Proce. Am. Acad. l.c., not of Bot. Calif. Stem and
Branches densely lanate-tomentose ; foliage as in the type:
tube of corolla clothed with delicate long-villous or somewhat
arachnoid hairs.

110 ERYTHEA.

Evidently a rare plant of northern Idaho or some neigh-
boring region, which as late-as 1873, according to Gray, had
been collected only by Nuttall and by Burke; in the Botany
of the California State Survey, he wrongly referred here a
certain shrub of the Sierra Nevada which had been collected
by myself.

Var. gnaphalodes. Bigelovia graveolens var. hololeuca.
A. Gray, 1. ¢. (1873)? Very tall, often 5 feet high, the
whole shrub, even to the involucre, white with woolly
tomentum ; bracts often 4 in each vertical rank, margins not
ciliate : throat of corolla claviform, the teeth only a fourth its
length : corolla-tube not hairy.

Common in the deserts of middle and southern Nevada,
from Pyramid Lake, Mrs. Curran, to Esmerelda Co.,
Mr. Shockley. The type of Gray’s var. hololeuca was from
Owen’s valley, within the borders of California ; but to this
was assigned a cobwebby hairy corolla tube, just the
character of var. albicaulis, perhaps by mistake.

Var.(?) latisquameus. Bigelovia graveolens, var. latis-
quamea, A. Gray, 1.c. Tall, white-tomentose as to stem and
foliage, but involucre less so : leaves fewer and shorter than
in other forms, the inflorescence fastigiate, more open : inner
bracts broad, thin, very obtuse: throat of the corolla shorter
and broader, the teeth very short: pappus permanently
white.

Southern New Mexico, near the old copper mines, Bigelow,
Henry, and the present writer. Probably a distinct species.

Var. (?) Arizonieus. Talland very stout, rather sparingly
leafy, very white and tomentose : leaves 1 or 2 inches long,
narrowly linear : outer tracts of involucre tomentose, acute,
the inner obtuse : very slender corolla tube with a few clavel-
late spreading hairs ; throat campanulate-funnelform, hardly
more than a fourth as long as the tube and cleft rather
deeply.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSIT. ee

Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona, Brandegee. Per-
haps on the strong characters of the corolla alone this should
be admitted to specific rank.

Var. (?) Plattensis. Low and merely suffrutescent ;
seldom a foot high, very leafy, the long narrowly linear white-
tomentose leaves spreading or recurved: involucral bracts
about 3 in each vertical rank, acute, glabrous except that
the margins are rather densely woolly-ciliate: tube of corolla
somewhat pubescent; throat elongated, rather deeply cleft.

Plentiful on alkaline plains of the Platte and elsewhere
along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains; associated
with C. graveolens, but very distinct from that, flowering
earlier ; referable to C. speciosus unless a distinct species.
This will probably be the Chondrophora nauseosa of Britton
Mem. Torr. Club. y. 317.

14. C. Californicus. Bigelovia graveolens, var. albicaulis
A. Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 317 (1876) as to the Californian plant,
but not as to the description, nor of Proc. Am. Acad. (1873).
Stout and rather low, seldom 2 feet high; flowering branches
densely white-tomentose, the foliage also usually so; heads
mostly in a somewhat ample terminal pyramidal panicle :
leaves numerous, spatulate-linear or narrowly oblanceolate,
2 inches long or more, acutish ; carinate by a rather strong
and prominent midvein: heads large, often 7 or 8 lines high;
involucre and the pedicels distinctly glandular-puberulent,
often also tomentulose; bracts about 3 in each vertical rank,
all acute: corolla 5 lines long, the slender sparsely short-hairy
tube not as longas the subcylindric rather deeply cleft throat;
filiform style-appendages scarcely longer than the stigmatic
part: achenes with a dense but short appressed pubescence ;
pappus dull-white, hardly scabrous.

Common in the higher Sierra Nevada of Placer and Nevada
Counties, California, and very distinct from all forms of C.
speciosus by its low stout habit, broad leaves, glandular
involucres, etc. Itis solely on the strength of a glabrate-leaved
state of this that ‘“ Bigelovia graveolens var. glabrata” has
been credited to California.

112 ERYTHEA.

Var. occidentalis. More slender and taller; stems less
tomentose ; leaves narrower but distinctly and rather broadly
linear: heads not as long ; bracts of involucre abruptly and
somewhat cuspidately acute.

In the Coast Range, from Humboldt County southward.
Plant not well known.

The species succeeding, are distinguished by a more thy rsi-
form arrangement of the heads, and with the exception of the
last one, by a more sparse and less elongated foliage.

15. C. frigidus. Chrysocoma nauseosa, Pall. in Pursh??
Stoutish, seldom 2 feet, often less than one foot high, the
branches of the season erect, numerous, whitish-tomentose :
leaves narrowly linear, seldom 2 inches long, acute, erect or
ascending, distinctly white-tomentose, seldom glabrate : heads
mostly thyrsoid-panicled, 4 or 5 lines high, bracts in not very
distinct vertical ranks, the outer acute, the inner obtusish, all
more or less tomentulose and glandular, the margins deli-
cately ciliate at least near the summit : corolla-tube sparingly
short-hairy, not at all elongated, widening gradually to the
abruptly subélaviform rather deeply cleft throat: style-
appendages much longer than the wholly included stigmatic

t.

Plentiful on the elevated bleak plains about Laramie,
Wyoming, and eastward to the borders of Utah. Without
knowledge of the type specimens it is impossible to say
whether this plant or our number 13 is the basis of the
scarcely published Chrysocoma nauseosa of Pursh’s Flora.

16. C. Bigelovii. Linosyris Bigelovii, A. Gray, Pac.
R. Rep. tiv. 98, t. 12 (1857). Bigelovia Bigelovii, A.
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ]. ¢ 642 (1873). Aster binomi-
natus, O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. 315 (1891). Size of the pre-
ceding, but erect branches of the season quite slender, reedy
and very sparsely leafy : leaves short, involute; involucral
bracts in very distinct vertical ranks and numerous (4 or 5 in
each rank).

Dry plains of southeastern Colorado and adjacent New
Mexico,

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSITZ. 113

17. C. junceus. Bigelovia juncea, Greene, Bot. Gaz. vi.
184 (1881). Aster Edwardii O. Ktze, 1. ¢. 316. Taller and
more slender, the broom-like tufts of long erect rush-like
branches green and nearly or quite leafless: heads in small
fastigiate cymes at summit of the branches ; involucral bracts
in vertical ranks, all obtusish : corolla-lobes short, hairy.

Collected only by the present writer, many years since, on
bluffs of the Gila River in southeastern Arizona.

18. €. Mohavensis. Bigelovia Mohavensis, Greene, in
Gray, Syn. Fl. 138 (1884). Aster Mohavensis, O. Ktze, 1. ¢.
318. Rush-like branches few, stout, flexuous, glutinous,
sparingly leafy: leaves an inch long: involucral bracts
obtuse : corolla-lobes narrowly lanceolate, glabrous.

Mohave Desert in California ; also in adjacent Nevada.

19. (€. leiospermus. Bigelovia leiosperma. A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. 139 (1884). Aster leiospermus, O. Ktze, 1. ¢. very
like the last in habit and aspect; readily distinguished by
the very short ovate teeth of the corolla, and the completely
glabrous achenes.

Southern portions of Nevada and Utah.

20. C. Parryi. Linosyris Parryi, A. Gray, Proc. Philad.
Acad. 66 (1863). Bigelovia Parryi, A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. l. ec. Aster Harbourii, O. Ktze, 1. c. 316. Stout, a
foot high or more, quite leafy, and with ascending branches:
leaves linear, narrowed at base, 2 inches long or more, some-
what tomentose like the branches, or glabrate: heads quite
thyrsoidly disposed up and down the branches, large, 10 to
15-flowered; involucral bracts lanceolate, attenuate-acumi-
nate: corolla-tube hirsutulous.

Parks of the Colorado Rocky Mountains.

21. €. Howardii. Linosyris Howardii, Parry in Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541 (1865). Bigelovia Howardii, A.
Gray, 1. c. viii. 641 (1873). Aster Howardii, O. Ktze, 1. ec.
318 (1891). Chondrophora Howardii, Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club, v. 317 (1894). Similar to the last in habit, rather

114 ERYTHEA.

smaller: leaves linear, firm: heads 5-flowered, the 12 to 15
bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, somewhat arachnoid,
the outer gradually, the inner abruptly cuspidate-acuminate:
corolla-tube sparingly villous.

Parks of the Colorado Rocky Mountains; but included by
Dr. Britton in the list of plants of the Gray’s Manual region,
I know not upon what grounds.

22. €. Nevadensis. Linosyris Howardii, var. Nevad-
ensis, A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, vi. 541 (1865). Bigelovia
Nevadensis, A. Gray, Syn. F). 136 (1884). Taller than the
last, the head more elongated, and bracts more numerous,
hirsute-ciliate, all with long slender firm but recurved tips.

Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada in California, and
adjacent Nevada.

23. ©. Bolanderi. Linosyris Bolanderi, A. Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vii. 354 (1868). Bigelovia Bolanderi, A. Gray,
l. c. viii. 641 (1873). Aster Bolanderi, O. Ktze, 1. ¢. 317.
Low, somewhat viscid: leaves spatulate-linear, acute, not
rigid: heads somewhat corymbose or racemose toward and
at the ends of the erect branches, mostly subtended by one or
more reduced leaves; involucre 7 to 11-flowered, the bracts
few not in vertical ranks, lanceolate-acuminate, the inner
very thin, the margins cobwebby-ciliate.

Same range as the preceding, though not closely allied to
it, being much more analogous in several respects to Macro-
nema discoideum, with which, as I have said before, it is
much confused in the herbaria and by collectors. It were
perhaps better to refer them to the same genus, i. e., either
this to Macronema, or that to Chrysothamnus. The line
between these two genera must be drawn arbitrarily if at all;
unless the present one be restricted to that series in
which the corollas are shorter and more deeply-cleft, and the
style-tips broader and shorter; that is, the series ending
with our number 10.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPOSITZ. 115

94. ©. Bloomeri. Aplopappus Bloomeri, A. Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541 (1865). Ericameria erecta, Klatt,
teste, A. Gray. Aster Bloomeri, O. Ktze, 1. c. 817 (1891).

Nothing in the modern history of the asteroid composites
was more arbitrary than the making the presence or
absence of rays the dividing line between “Aplopappus .
and “Bigelovia;” and the present plant is so inti-
mately related to C. Nevadensis that I believe hybrids
between them exist. This species is not to be referred to
Ericameria, i. e., the amplified Chrysoma of this series of
papers, because it has neither the involucre nor the style-
tips of that genus. Neither is it, as Gray described it, a
glabrous shrub. It is very commonly found invested with
the woolliness of the present group in some degree, at least
when young; and the involucre, as well as the whole floral
structure—long style-tips, claviform and merely toothed
disk-corollas, ete.—is that of the present group, from which
its few proper rays—l, 2 or rarely 8 or 4—can not in reason
exclude it. In several particulars this and C. albidus are
much alike.

Two South American shrubs or small trees, which Dr.
Gray proposed to subordinate to his “ Bigelovia,” are clearly
distinct from this Chrysothamnus series by having broad
revolute-margined coriaceous leaves that are conspicuously
veiny, the veins almost pinnately divergent from the con-
spicuous midrib; by their thinnish obtuse closely appressed
and regularly imbricated involucral bracts; their deeply-
cleft corollas with linear and spreading segments; their
short and lanceolate style-appendages. To my view these
are surely a genus, which may be called

NEOSYRIS.

1. N.hypoleuca. Aplopappus hypoleucus, Turez. Bull.
Mose. (1851) 177. Bigelovia hypoleuca, A. Gray, Proc
Am. Acad. viii. 638 (1873).

9. N. fuliginea. Baccharis fuliginea, HBK. Nov. Gen.
et. Sp. iv. 68 (1820). Bigelovia fuliginea, A. Gray, l. c.

116

PLANTS HITHERTO UNDESCRIBED.—I.
By J. Burrr Davy.

Lupinus eximius. Frutescent, 2-3 ft. high, young
branches, bracts, and growing parts hirsute with long soft
white spreading hairs: stipules broad and semiamplexicaul,
adnate for about half their length, those of the lower leaves
for more, the free part subulate: leaflets 7-9, silky on both
surfaces with longish pubescence, oblanceolate, obtuse, end-
ing in a cusp, 8-10 lines long, 13—2} broad: inflorescence
about 14 in. broad, barely 1 inch in length when the lowest
flowers open, but elongating to about 5 in.; bracts caducous
4-5 lines long, incurved and considerably exceeding the
buds; pedicels stout, 3 lines long, pubescent; flowers light
purplish-blue and white, wings and banner broad.

Plentiful on the highest ridge above Lake Pilarcitos, San
Mateo Co., Calif., near the summit of the eastern slope, 20
April, 1895; my No. 1050. Type specimens preserved in the
herbaria of the University of California and of Prof. Greene.
A very handsome, free-flowering bush, noticeable for its
large and delightfully scented flowers, the odor much as in
L. propinquus and more delicate than in L. arboreus, in
fact at once recalling the fragrance of a field of Trifolium
repens in full bloom. The shortness of the inflorescence
when the first flowers open is a marked feature,

Senecio Breweri. Perennial?, herbaceous, erect, about
2 ft. high with glabrous, sulcate stems: leaves apparently
entirely glabrous; radical leaves tufted, rather long-petioled,
lyrately pinnate with cuneate-obovate or subreniform,
coarsely toothed leaflets, or deeply pinnatifid; upper cauline
smaller, sessile and semiamplexicaul, laciniately 1-2—pin-
natifid, the lobes toothed: inflorescence corymbose, pedun-
cles and pedicels long; heads erect, 5-6 lines high, about 4
lines broad; bracteoles few and very short; involucral bracts
4-7 or even 1 line broad, 10-15 in number, apparently thin
and lightly 2-ribbed, their broadly scarious margins over-
lapping in flower; rays few, broad, light yellow.

PLANTS HITHERTO UNDESCRIBED. 117

Gravelly slopes and hills of Alameda Co. and southwards
in California; common. Type Prof. Brewer’s No. 512 col-
lected on the Geological Survey of California, 1862, and
preserved in the herbarium of the University of California,
At once distinguished from S. eurycephalus with which it has
been confused, by the more numerous heads and corymbose
inflorescence, the cut and apparent glabrousness of the
foliage, and the broad involucral bracts. The leaves of
S. eurycephalus bear remnants of tomentum even when the
plant is fruiting: the involucral bracts are about 20 in
number, narrow, with a thick fleshy midrib leaving a narrow
sub-scarious margin; in flower they cohere somewhat,
separating irregularly in fruit. The range of the latter
plant is more northerly than that of S. Breweri and it appears
to prefer the neighborhood of streams.

Senecio caulanthifolius. Stems 2 or 3 from a perennial
rootstock, erect, simple, about 2 ft. high, clothed when
young with very short sparse wool: radical leaves with long
slender petioles, narrowly cuneate-ovate obtuse, to lanceolate-
elliptical acutish, coarsely and doubly crenate-serrate, roughish
above with minute scurf; veinlets reticulate, flexuous:
lower cauline leaves long-petioled, pinnatifid; upper smaller
and more distant, sessile, semiamplexicaul, laciniate: inflor-
escence loosely corymbose; heads several; pedicels long;
involucres 4 lines high, bracts about 15, broad, 2-ribbed,
scarious margined, with few bracteoles, these about 4 their
length; rays broad.

Murphy’s Camp, Calaveras Co., Calif., May 24th, 1895; my
No. 1437. Type specimens in the herbaria of the University
of California and of Professor Greene. Readily distinguish-
able from S. Breweri by the foliage and much longer pedicels.

Triglochin concinna. Rootstock perennial, stoloni-
ferous: leaves 4 or 5, 4-6 in. long, usually less than 1 line
wide, linear, half-terete, flattened and slightly grooved on the
inside, flattened on both sides at the apex: scape slender,
wiry 8-13 in. high sometimes attaining 17 in., not densely

118 ERYTHEA.

flowered: stamens 6, in 2 series: fruits bluntly trigonous,
not ribbed, 2-24 lines long, 14 line broad, ascending, on pedi-
cels nearly the same length; cocce 6, free, all fertile.

Abundant in the salt marshes around San Francisco Bay,
Calif., together with 7. maritima; my No. 1116. Type
specimens in the herbaria of the University of California
and of Professor Greene. In drying for the herbarium the
coces are apt to become canaliculate on the back, and the
shape of the fruit is entirely destroyed.

SPHHZRALCEA ANGUSTIFOLIA, G. Don, var. violacea. Size,
aspect and general habit of Gray’s var. cuspidata, but
pubescence coarser and, on the stem, less abundant; brac-
teoles darker colored and much longer, in fact exceeding the
buds, and in anthesis exceeding the calyx tube, corolla violet-
My No. 36, collected at Painted Cave railroad station on the
banks of the Rio Grande, Texas, March 12, 1893. Type
specimen in the herbarium of the University of California.

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES.—XYV.

By Epwarp L. GREENE.

Delphinium leucopheum. Slender, erect, simple, 2
feet high, from a cluster of short and thick tuberiform roots;
the whole plant puberulent, the stem retrorsely so: cauline
leaves divided into 5 linear-cuneiform 3-cleft segments, all
linear and callous-tipped: raceme rather long and loose, the
pedicels all about an inch long or somewhat less: sepals
rather small, oblong and obovate, yellowish white, the spur
long, straight, ascending, acutish: lower petals conspicuously
woolly-hairy, colored like the petals, the upper apparently
dark blue or purple: follicles rather short, erect, puberulent:
seeds small, elongated cubical, sharply angled.

Specimens in herb. Calif. Acad., said to have been collected
somewhere in Oregon, by T. S. Brandegee.

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 119

Boisduvalia bipartita. Erect and simple, or with a few
decumbent branches from the base, a foot high or somewhat
less, the herbage pale and softly villous: leaves lanceolate
and linear-lanceolate, or the floral ovate-lanceolate, all entire
or obscurely and remotely denticulate: corolla white, each
petal parted almost to the base into two unequal lobes, the
smaller one about two-thirds the length of the other:
capsule villous: seeds few and large.

Sandy dry bed of the Arroyo del Valle, Alameda Co., Cali-
fornia, 14 June, 1895. A most remarkable species, on
account of the regularly unequal lobes of the very deeply
parted petals; the open corolla invariably appearing as if
composed of eight petals, four long and four short.

Aster leuecanthemifolius. Annual or biennial, stout,
rigid, erect, a foot high or more, somewhat divaricately and
quite loosely branching; herbage pale and appearing
glaucous, but really cinereous-puberulent as seen under a
lens: lowest leaves 2 inches long, spatulate-obovate, coarsely
and deeply crenate-serrate, the teeth with a short rigid
spinous appendage; cauline leaves similar but scattered and
small, 4 to 1 inch long: heads small; involucre turbinate,
the bracts with short herbaceous spinescent recurved tips:
rays about 20, broad and short.

Southern Nevada, near Candelaria, at an elevation of
6000 ft., Shockley.

Aster inornatus. Apparently perennial, the several
equal stems ascending, from a central tap-root and attaining
the height of 2 or 3 feet; herbage pale, obscurely puberulent:
leaves few, narrowly oblanceolate, remotely and slightly
serrate-toothed, the cauline much reduced: heads short-
peduncled or subsessile on the upper part of the stem and
along the few short virgate branches: involucre turbinate,
5 lines high; bracts very numerous, not spinescent but
abruptly squarrose at tip, and with sessile glands along the
edges: rays none: teeth of disk-corollas pubescent: pappus
almost barbellulate.

120 ERYTHEA.

Plentiful on the plains of Shasta River, Siskiyou Co.,
Calif., apparently collected only by the present writer, in
1876. Both this and the preceding are of the Machewran-
thera subgenus.

Linanthus serrulatus. Freely and almost diffusely
branching, 6 or 8 inches high, green and seemingly glabrous
but the branches pubescent: leaf-segments and floral bracts
all linear-acerose, glabrous, but the margins spinulose-
serrate; calyx-segments more than twice the length of the
tube, remotely serrate-ciliolate: corolla with slender dark-
purple not far exserted tube, and narrowly funnelform throat,
the limb of oblong-spatulate white segments expanding to
the diameter of # inch.

Near Madera, California, 1889, Mr. Buckminster.

Linanthus montanus. JL. ciliatus, var. montanus,
Greene, Pitt. ii. 260. Habit of ZL. ciliatus but larger, leas
hispid: corolla many times larger, nearly 2 inches long, with
elongated tube gradually widening to a broadly funnelform
purple throat, the limb of cuneate-obovate truncate whitish
segments 4 inch broad, yet apparently expanding not to the
rotate, but only to the wide-funnelform.

Common at middle altitudes of the Sierra Nevada from
Nevada Co., southward to the San Bernardino Mountains,
from which southern station Mr. Parish has distributed it
for L. androsaceus, to which it is not intimately related.

Linanthus nudatus. Slender, 3 to 10 inches high, with
few and divergent branches; lower internodes not exceeding
the short (4 inch long) leaves, the upper 14 to 3 inches long
or more: branches puberulent: ordinary leaf-segments
hispidulous-ciliate, the floral villous-ciliate: calyx scarious
between the angles, the segments hirsute-ciliate: corolla with
very slender long-exserted tube, short yellow throat, and
white or purplish limb 4 inch broad.

Probably common in Lake County, California. Well
marked by its short foliage, long naked internodes and
dense clusters of small flowers.

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 121

Linanthus luteolus. Very diffusely branching, 3 to 6
inches high, rather roughly hirsute-pubescent throughout,
the leaves and leaf-like organs all destitute of any special
marginal ciliation: mature calyx 5-parted almost to the base,
perhaps when young less deeply cleft and with narrow
scarious spaces below the sinuses: corolla yellow, with very
slender tube, no throat, and a rotate limb about 4 inch
broad.

Cuyamaca Mountains in southern California, G. R. Vasey,
June, 1880, and in Lower California, Mr. Orcutt, 1889.

All the foregoing new Linanthus species are of the Lep-
tosiphon subgenus.

’ Sisyrinchium sarmentosum, Suksdorf in herb. Stem
and leaves very slender, apparently ascending, 6 to 10 inches
high: spathes very unequal, far exceeding the few pedicels:
ovary and perianth delicately puberulent, the latter light
blue, small, the segments all abruptly but slenderly acumi-
nate: seeds very small, broadly pyriform, delicately but
very regularly sinuate-rugose.

Borders of wet meadows in Skamania Co., Washington,
at altitudes of 2,000 or 3,000 feet, August, distributed by Mr.
Suksdorf under the above name, the fitness of which does
not appear from the specimens, though the stems are said
to be “sometimes rooting at the nodes.” The species is an
excellent one; the segments of the perianth not being in
any degree notched at the apex, or even truncated, but
simply acuminate.

122
SUNDRY PROPOSITIONS,

Commended to the consideration of the most north-
westerly editor of the Botanical Gazette.

WHEN an editor prefaces his contributor’s paragraphs
with words of sympathizing commendation, he is naturally
ready to defend the matter thus contributed.

THe words Latin and latinity are, in the last Gazette,
assumed to be synonymous. Before printing this, our
editorial friend should have instructed himself on the
important point, that dictionaries of Latin and of latinity are
books of widely different scope and character.

LatTinity is Latin plus many other things, including
whatever rubbish of barbarian and mongrel verbal jugglery
and clap-trap with Latin endings of us, a, um, ete., those
innocent of grammar have fabricated and left on written
record in ancient, or medieval, or modern times.

WHEN there is question of such names as elatiocarpus
or versicolorcarpus, of course a Lexicon of Latinity, and even
of All Latinity must needs come into requisition. No
Lexicon of Latin would serve but to condemn. Latin never
knew, nor can ever know such terms.

Query. Will not old friends of the Gazette hide in deep
humiliation confused faces, as they read on a page of this
valued journal such brazen statements as that brevifolia
and breviflora are mongrel terms, half Greek and half
Latin, and that cuspidocarpus and lanocarpus are Latin
legitimate and pure

Query. When our two friends of the northwest, the
Editor and the Astragalologer, combine their grammatic and
literary skill in efforts to make another man appear
given to hasty and unseemly speech in criticism, do not
their sentences recall with delightful freshness, the homely
half-forgotten fable of the pot that called the kettle black?

BE. L. G.

. PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL WRITINGS OF
PROFESSOR GREENE.

_ New Species or PLANtTs From New Mexico. Four
papers in Botanical Gazette, Vol. vi., 1881.

New Pants of CALIFORNIA, ARIZONA AND MExIco.
Nine papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols.
ix. and x., 1882-83.

STUDIES IN THE BOTANY OF CALIFORNIA AND PARTS
ADJACENT. Six papers in Bulletin of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences, Vols. i. and ii., 1885-87.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NoTEs ON WELL Known Puanrs,
Ten papers in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vols.
xiv.—xvii., 1887—90.

PITTONIA. A series of Eighty-Seven Papers, in Two Volumes,
pp. 617, 1887-92. Published by the author. Price $2.50 per

volume.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF West AMERICAN OAKS. One Vol-
ume, 4to, pp. 79, with Thirty-Seven Plates, 1889-90. Pub- |
lished under the patronage of James M. McDonald, of the tee
Pacific Bank, San Francisco. ee

FLORA FRANCISCANA. An attempt to classify and describe

the Vascular Plants of Middle California. Parts i., ii. and iii, — =

(pp. wei 1891-92) finished. Price $2.00.

MANUAL OF THE BOTANY OF THE os or SAN.

Francisco Bay. A Systematic Arrangement of the _

Higher Plants growing Spontaneously in the Counties Of: =
Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa =
Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco, i in the State of Califor.

nia. One Volume, 8vo., pp. xili., 328, 1894. Price of library
issue, $2.00; of school issue, single copy, $1.75.

VOL. Ill. x AUGUST, 1895.

ERY THEA

A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN
AND GENERAL.

EDITED BY
WILLIS LINN JEPSON
AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

CONTENTS:
- PAGE
Novitates Occidentales—XVI.,- - - - Edw. L. Greene 128
A New Erythronium, 2 ee - Henry N. Bolander 127
Miscellaneous Notes and News, ae : 127

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

CUBERY & COMPANY, PRINTERS
587 Mission Street, San Francisco, California
1895.

B

ERY PHEA
| A MONTHLY journal of Botany,
edited by members of the Depart-
ment of Botany at the University
of California. Devoted to every
department of botanical investiga-
tion and criticism. . . Historical
papers, general articles on system-
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miscellaneous notes and news, will
continue to be features of the
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No discount to dealers.
Address
WILLIS L. JEPSON,
‘BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA,
University of California.

123
NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES.—XVI.

By Epwarp L. GREENE.

Clarkia virgata. Allied to C. rhomboidea, but almost
cinereously puberulent throughout, and 2 or 3 feet high, with
long suberect virgate branches rather densely floriferous
throughout: leaves not thin, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 1
inch long or more: petals 4 lines long, rhombic-ovate,
usually obscurely 3-lobed, retuse or emarginate, purple,
dotted in the middle with dark red, the broad claw usually
toothed: capsule 1 inch long, taper-pointed, scarcely
incurved.

Species known to me only from Sonoma and Amador
Counties, California, the collectors Mr. Bioletti and Mr.
Hansen. The description of C. rhomboidea in the State
Survey Botany seems made to cover both that species and
this; but that has few ample thin leaves, few and scattered
flowers, entire petals, and a pod which is short and stout as
well as incurved almost to the semicircular.

Eriophyllum obovatum. Stem a foot high from a
perennial root; branches few, stout, erect or ascending from
a decumbent base, leafy up to the monocephalous terminal
peduncles; only the lowest leaves opposite, and all, together
with the branches, peduncles and involucres, densely white-
tomentose: leaves all entire, an inch long or more, from
obovate-spatulate to broadly oblanceolate: heads large,
hemispherical; involucral bracts broad and few, apparently
united toward the base: rays light yellow: corolla-tube
glandular-hispidulous: achenes glabrous: pappus conspicu-
ous, of about 8 very unequal palew, the longest being
lanceolate, remotely lacerate-toothed, the others very short
and obscure.

On the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California,
at an altitude of about 5,000 feet, W. G. Wright and others;

ErytHea, Vol. IIT., No. 8 [15 August, 1895].

124 ERYTHEA.

in the Synoptical Flora appended to the low and cespitose
E. integrifolium of the far North, from which it is perfectly
distinct.

Eriophyllum croceum. Slender, the several decumbent
stems 8 to 18 inches high: foliage silky-lanate beneath,
glabrate above: leaves of narrowly cuneate-obovate outline,
of thin texture and coarsely toothed or lobed above the
middle: monocephalous peduncles several, terminating the
branches: heads hemispherical: bracts of involucre thinnish,
10 or 12; saffron-colored showy rays about as numerous:
corolla-tube short, densely hispid: achenes sharply 4-angled,
the angles toward the base white-callous: pappus of the ray
none, of the disk of 4 very short and blunt somewhat incurved
callous points rather than palex.

A most distinct species of the Amador and Calaveras
County hills, collected by Mr. Hansen and also by Mr.
Blasdale.

Erigeron Blasdalei. Stems a foot high, slender, rigid,
tufted and decumbent from a ligneous base, equably leafy up
to the terminal head or corymb of heads: leaves numerous,
very narrowly linear, plane, 14 inches long or more, minutely
and sparsely strigose-pubescent: heads 1 to 5, a half inch
broad or more; bracts of the involucre linear-acuminate,
imbricated in about 3 series: rays of medium width, very
numerous, violet: achenes linear, strigose-pubescent but
very sparsely so, and with lateral marginal rib but nerveless
on the face: pappus-bristles slender, white.

In dry rocky soil, on the Stanislaus River, Calif., near
McCormick’s Bridge, 10 June, 1895, W. O. Blasdale.

SENECIO TRIANGULARIS, Hook., var. Hanseni. Stems only
1} or 2 feet high, slender, decumbent at base: leaves smaller
than in the type, and of less angular outline, the lowest
somewhat cordate-ovate, those of the middle part of the
stem deltoid-ovate, the margins of all often merely denticu-
late: cluster of heads small and dense.

NOVITATES OCCIDENTALES. 125

Type from Calico Lakes, Alpine Co., Mr. Hansen. It has
also been received from the Yosemite, and elsewhere in the
higher Sierra. The not deep-seated root, the decumbent
stems, etc., seem to indicate that it is a plant of dry ground,
whereas the typical S. triangularis is of marshy places.

Allocarya vestita. Annual, stout, suberect or ascending,
2 feet high or more, the ample linear-lanceolate leaves
strigosely, the branches and inflorence more densely and
stiffly hirsute: flowers and fruit in many somewhat short
and dense bractless spikes: nutlets narrowly ovate, ? line
long, not carinate on the back, but very conspicuously and
regularly favose-reticulate and the surface within the
meshes strongly tuberculate, the ventral face very strongly
carinate down to the suprabasal ovate-lanceolate scar, this
surrounded by a horse-shoe-shaped ridge.

Allied to A. mollis, a low soft-villous perennial whose
nutlets are marked on the back by low transverse ruge
which are as far as possible from running into any kind of
reticulation, and the scar of which is on a level with the
general surface, with no trace of an encircling mark or
ridge; the whole nutlet being dull and pale, whereas that of
this new species is dark and vitreous. I have my type
specimen from Mr. J. W. Congdon, said to have been col-
lected near Petaluma, California, in 1880.

Allocarya myriantha, Annual, diffuse, the slender pros-
trate or trailing branches commonly 1 to 14 feet long, leafy
below, floriferous throughout: flowers of the leafy and lower
parts of the branches on short and slender pedicels, all the
others subsessile and forming close unilateral spikes: cor-
ollas white, 14 lines wide: nutlets rather narrowly ovate,
about # line long, dark-brownish and somewhat vitreous-
glossy, marked dorsally by prominent obtuse transverse and
more or less sinuous ridges, and numerous low tubercu-
lations, the narrowly linear scar and distinct keel lying
within a narrow groove formed by the closely approximated
and thus quite displaced lateral angles.

126 ERYTHEA.

Plentiful in low places in meadows and fields about
Monterey, California. It may probably be found to be one
of the components of the Myosotis Chorisiana of Hooker
in the Botany of Beechey’s Voyage, but it is not the plant
on which Chamisso founded his species; for that was the
well known Allocarya Chorisiana of the San Francisco region.
The two plants are somewhat nearly alike in aspect; but the
nutlets of the new species are very unlike those of A.
Chorisiana, and far more nearly resemble those of A.
Hickmani.

Calliprora scabra. Seldom more than 6 or 8 inches
high, the margins of the 1 or 2 leaves, and also the scape
and pedicels in lines distinctly and somewhat retrorsely
scabrous-serrulate: perianth with broad obtuse or retuse
segments: forks of the filaments very slender and erect:
anthers white.

Var.? anilina. Only slightly scabrous-serrulate; the
very slender pedicels scarcely at all soand purplish: anthers

Both these plants are common in the middle Sierra
Nevada of California. They have long been recognized by
me as wholly distinct from the Coast Range type of this
genus. The question has been, whether in the Sierra we
have a single variable species, or whether we have two or
three; and this question still remains. The form with white
anthers I have placed as the type of the species for the
reason that the almost prickly roughness is most pronounced
in this; but the plant with intensely blue anthers is that
which at a glance looks still more unlike C. ixioides.

127
A NEW ERYTHRONIUM.

By Henry N. BonanDeER.

Erythronium Johnsonii. Corm 14 to 2 inches long, thinly
coated, new ones evidently produced by offshoots from the
base of the corm. Scape 10-12 inches high; flower buds 1}
inches long; segments 14 inches long, acuminate, three inner
segments appendaged or auricled. Jueaves two, 5-6 inches
long, lanceolate, 1} inches wide, strongly mottled. Style % to
4 of an inch long. Stigmas three, long and spreading.
Anthers % of an inch long, bright yellow; filaments shorter,
dilated. Capsule oblong-obovate, obtuse above. Color a bright
pinkish rose outside, inside golden orange, deepening to a
dark purple.

Coast Ranges of southern Oregon. May. Collected by
A. J. Johnson.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND NEWS.

Proressor E. L. Greene has resigned his position as head
of the Department of Botany in the University of California
and accepted the professorship of botany in the Catholic
University of America, in Washington, D. C. At his new
seat of activity Professor Greene expects for the present, at
least, to be able to devote practically all his time to research
work and, in addition, possess the advantages of access to the
various Government collections and libraries. The best
wishes of his former associates go with him to his new home.

Proressor Lester F. Warp, the distinguished paleobot-
anist of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., will
visit the Pacific Coast during the coming autumn months for
the purpose of making collections and examining certain
localities in the Sierra foothills.

C. C. BABINGTON, one of the foremost authorities on Brit-
ish plants, died recently at Cambridge, in his eighty-seventh

128 ERYTHEA,

ear. He was best known as the author of the Manual of
British Plants, which was very widely used and passed
through eight editions. The following comment is taken
from the Gardeners’ Chronicle: ‘‘ Babington was very keen
in discriminating slight differences, the value of which has
been greatly enhanced since the general acceptance of Dar-
winian views of evolution. His tendencies in this direction
led to his being classed among the ‘ splitters,’ rather than the
‘lumpers,’ by a former generation of botanists less apprecia-
tive of the significance of minute differences.” It may be
mentioned that he was one of those who worked on British
brambles, and that his results were successful attests his fine
analytical powers.

Miss ALIcE Eastwoop has been studying the heteromor-
phic foliage of Sequoia sempervirens and contributes a
paper on the subject to the Proceedings of the California
Academy of Sciences published May 13th. From her ob-
servations the author concludes that all large trees of Sequoia
sempervirens haye the upper foliage consisting of short
stout closely appressed leaves, with gradations to the ex-
panded distichous leaves of the lower branches; further, that
this generalization is not true of S. gigantea. Figures of
cross-sections of the scale-like leaves of S. sempervirens
and of the leaves of S. gigantea show an interesting similar-
ity in form and structure between the species.

D. C. Eaton, Professor of Botany in Yale University and
the greatest authority on North American ferns, died at his
home in New Haven June 27th. Professor Eaton is one of
the last of that generation of famous botanists of which
Gray was the central figure. His grandfather was Amos
Eaton, whose Manual of the Botany of North America
was so popular that as many as seven editions were
issued between 1817 and 1836. D.C. Eaton’s greatest work
is the illustrated volumes on the Ferns of North America,
but he produced very much besides this; hardly a manual,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND NEWS. 129

flora or report has been published in the last thirty years
for which Eaton has not elaborated the Ferns and their
allies. He wrote that part of the Botany of California treat-
ing of the “Vascular Acrogens.” In 1869 he was with
Clarence King’s expedition in the Great Basin and contrib-
uted the Composite for the “Botany of the Fortieth Par-
allel.”

James Dwicut Dana, the geologist and mineralogist and
author of the “System of Mineralogy’ and “ Manual of
Geology,” of many editions, died in April at New Haven. He
took a lively interest in botany in his student days and while
attached to the Wilkes expedition made the overland journey
from Oregon to California in 1841. While with this party
he aided in gathering botanical specimens. The “ California
Collection,” although a small one, was one of the first ever
made in the interior of California. Professor Dana has been
for fifty years one of the editors of the American Jonrnal of
Science.

Tue “ Russian Thistle” of fame has at last been reported
from several points in California. The production of litera-
ture concerning the pest will doubtless receive a new impulse.

Tue next meeting of the American Microscopical Society
will be held at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York,
August 21, 22 and 23, 1895. Many opticans have expressed
a desire to be present and make an exhibition of their micro-
scopes and microscopical apparatus, thereby affording the
members an opportunity to see all the new and standard
apparatus. The subject of the exact standards of length,
vital to every user of the microscope, will receive considera-
tion. The University possesses one of Roger’s dividing
engines and the Department of Physics will show the mem-
bers exactly how micrometers are made. The Department
also has a large comparator for testing micrometers. This is
the original one used in determining the exactness of the

130 ERYTHEA.

rulings of our standard centimeter. In the proceedings of
the Society are published papers upon the microscope, its
manipulation and accessories, and also the results of investi-
gation in which the microscope plays an important role. A
special feature of the coming meeting will be the setting
apart of one or more sessions for the reading of papers on
methods and the demonstration of special or new methods.
The Chairman of the local committee, Professor W. W.
Rowlee, or the President will be glad to receive requests from
those who desire to have some specially difficult method or
structure elucidated.

WituiamM M. Cansy of Wilmington, Delaware is now in
California. This journey is only secondarily for botanical
purposes.

W. C. BuaspaLez spent a portion of the months of May and
June in the High Sierras about Yosemite. His collection
while not extensive contains much valuable material.

Ir Is rumored that publication of the Synoptical Flora of
Northern America left unfinished at the death of Asa Gray is
soon to be resumed. The Polypetale as worked out by Dr.
Robinson is said to be nearly ready for the printer. The
completion of this large undertaking is earnestly to be
desired.

Mr. Marsuatt A. Howe visited Vermont during June
and July. He returned with a harvest of lichens.

VOL. Ill. + SEPTEMBER, 1895. NO. 9.

ERYTHEA

A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN
AND GENERAL.

EDITED BY
WILLIS LINN JEPSON

AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

CONTENTS:

PAGE
Observations on Puccinia mirabilissima, Walter C. Blasdale 131

Transcripts of some Descriptions of someon
Genera and Species.—V., - - J. Burtt Davy 186

Miscellaneous Notes and News, i ae 138
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

UBERY & COMPANY, PRINTER
587 Mission Street, San Francisco, California
1895

ERYTHEA
A MONTHLY journal of Botany,
edited by members of the Depart-
ment of Botany at the University
of California. Devoted to every
department of botanical investiga-
_ tion and criticism. . . Historical
papers, general articles on system-
atic and geographic botany, and
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continue to be teatures of the
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a year in advance; to Great Brit-
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BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.
University of California.

131

OBSERVATIONS ON PUCCINIA MIRABILISSIMA.

By Wauter C. BraspDate.

Under the name of Puccinia mirabilissima Peck deseribed
in the Botanical Gazette, Vol. 6, page 226, the uredo- and
teleutospore stages of a species of Puccinia found in Utah
on the leaves of Berberis repens, and in a subsequent volume
of that Journal (Vol. 13, page 126) Messrs. Tracy and
Galloway reported the supposed discovery of its scidial
stage. The fungus has since been reported from Montana
by Kelsey, from Colorado by Baker (Fungi Columbiani, No.
186), and from the Sierra Nevada Mountains by Harkness
(Fungi Europsxi, No. 3619), in all cases on the same host-

lant. I have also found it on this host quite widely
distributed throughout the central portion of the Sierra
Nevadas, and in a single locality near Berkeley on Berberis
pinnata. Its many peculiar characters have induced me to
undertake a study of some of the important points in its life-
history and I would here present such facts as I have been
able to determine.

In the vicinity of Berkeley the uredo- and teleutospores are
to be found throughout the year but are produced in greatest
abundance during two cycles of development, one during the
month of November or December and immediately following
the early winter rains, and the other during the months of
April and May. The spores of both stages occur in the same
sorus on bright reddish spots on the under surface of the
leaves; the percentage of teleutospores increasing somewhat
with the age of the sorus.

The uredospores vary from obovate to pyriform, are
delicately rugose and are borne on colorless pedicels, to which
they are attached by a distinct articulation and from which
they separate only at maturity. Each spore contains from
two to foar equatorially arranged germ-pores. The average
of the measurements for ten normally developed spores was
22x26.5u.

Eryraga, Vol. III., No. 9 [3 September, 1895].

132 ERYTHEA.

The teleutospores are elliptical or oblong, pronouncedly
constricted at the septum and covered with small wart-like
processes somewhat larger than those of the uredospores
and arranged in such a manner as to suggest a slightly rugose
appearance. They are borne on pedicels of prodigious
length, 90 or 110 being not uncommon measurements, and
occasionally these also bear a few warts. The lower portion
of the pedicel in recently matured specimens is much swollen
and when dried often shows lateral folds evidently pointing
to an apparatus for the dissemination of the spores similar
to that recently observed by Dietel.* The average of the
measurements for twenty normally developed spores was
23x33. A second fact that renders the teleutospores of
this Puccinia anomalous is the possession of two germ-pores
for each cell as first observed by Lagerheim. These can be
detected without the aid of reagents in mature spores but
become very prominent after treatment with a strong solution
of caustic potash or sulphuric acid. They are situated at
opposite points of the spore-wall about midway between the
septum and either end of the spore and are practically in the
same plane for both cells. A most interesting series of
abnormal spore formations can be observed by the examina-
tion of a considerable number of specimens. Nearly every
good-sized sorus will present three- and four-celled forms in
which the cells assume a great variety of positions.

What may be the scidia of this fungus develop during the
months of May and June but in such limited numbers that it
is difficult to secure even a reasonable herbarium specimen.
At this time characteristic thickened spots of a deep purple
or even black color appear on the recently developed but
mature leaves, sometimes attaining a diameter of 2mm. and
bearing all the way from three to thirty peridia. The latter
are small, seldom exceeding 16mm. in diameter, tall, pale
yellow, and with much lacerated edges. Spores are subglo-
bose, light lemon yellow and vary from 17u to 20u in
diameter.

* Ueber Quellungserscheinungen an den Teleutosporenstielen von
Uredineen. Pringsheim’s Jahrbicher f. w. Botanik, Bd. XXVI, heft I.

ORSERVATIONS ON PUCCINA MIRABILISSIMA. 133

The specific connection between this A’cidiwm and the
previously described Puccinia is by no means well estab-
lished. I find no reason for distinguishing it from the
Afcidium from Utah described by Tracy and Galloway and
the association of the two forms from the two localities is the
only evidence we have for assuming this relationship. I
also have specimens of Berberis repens, collected by Holway
in Colorado, bearing on the same leaves the uredo stage of
Puccinia mirabilissima and an Afcidium that seems to be
distinct from the one under consideration. It occurs in
large groups on yellow unthickened spots and is larger
and shorter than the one found at Berkeley. Its spores are
more nearly subglobose and vary from 21, to 23 in diameter.
In addition to these facts are those observed by Mr. T. D.
Cockerel who finds in Colorado an A¥cidium that he believes
to be identical with that of Tracy and Galloway but after
careful search is unable to find even a trace of Peck’s
Puccinia.

Calture experiments alone can show the existence or non-
existence of this relation and these have proved somewhat
difficult to carry out. I made two attempts to produce
ecidia by sowing the uredo and teleutospores on detached
leaves under a bell jar but in both cases without results. I
hope to be able to carry out more satisfactory cultures as
soon as suitable young plants can be grown.

_ A comparison of the fungus found at Berkeley with that of

the Sierras gave almost identical results. The average of
teleutospore measurements was 23.2x33.2 instead of 23x33 u
and uredospores show a similar agreement, No Acidium on
Berberis as far as I know has been reported from the Sierras.

The germination of the uredo- and teleutospores was readily
observed by the usual method of hanging-drop cultures for
which distilled water was found to be the most satisfactory
medium.

Under such conditions the uredospores begin to germinate
abundantly at the end of twelve hours; frequently two and
sometimes three of the germ-pores giving rise to germ-tubes

134 ERYTHEA.

almost simultaneously. These may continue to develop
almost uninterruptedly with the ultimate formation of a long,
flexuous, non-septate mycelium but more commonly they
proceed but a short distance before breaking up into two or
three branches. In a number of instances the germ-tubes
give rise almost immediately to an enlarged cystose body
into which is collected much of the protoplasmic contents of
the spore in the form of orange granules. The subsequent
development of these resting spores was not observed.

The successful germination of the teleutospores is much
more difficult to obtain. Thoroughly mature spores however
will generally begin to show evidences of germination at the
end of twelve hours and about six hours later will have
produced a germ-tube of considerable length. As far as
observed only one of the two germ-pores develops and when
both cells of a spore germinate it is almost invariably pores
on opposite sides of the spore from which the germ-tubes are
emitted. Immediately after the protrusion of one of these
germ-tubes orange colored bodies begin to collect at the
distal end and from this arises a contorted promycelium which
becomes septate at frequent intervals. As soon as this
promycelium has attained a length equal to four or five times
the length of the spore a number of its cellular divisions
give rise to short thick branches, one from each division, on
which are borne oval or pyriform promycelial-spores, the
whole process differing in no essential feature from that
which has been observed in such well known species as
Puceinia graminis. The germination of these promycelial-
spores was not observed.

T have endeavored to illustrate these observed facts by the
accompanying drawings all of which have been prepared
from camera-lucida sketches using the same magnifying
combination in all cases.

In conclusion I would call attention to the peculiar position
eceupied by this fungus as one of the possible connecting
forms between the genera Puccinia and Phragmidium. In
the Journal of Mycology, Vol. 6, pp. 112-118, Lagerheim

Puate 1.

Erytuaea, Vor. IIT.

, Peck.

PuccrInIA MIRABILISSIMA

OBSERVATIONS ON PUCCINIA MIRABILISSIMA. 135

enumerates the various facts leading to this view with great
clearness and also intimates that germination experiments
might add still more evidence. My experience seems to
show that this is not the case. The only additional argu-
ment I would here advance is derived from the abundance of
three- and four-celled spore forms for I think that it must be
admitted that the presence of such a large number of these
peculiar spore-formations shows an inherent tendency on the
part of this fungus to assume characteristics peculiar to the
genus Phragmidium.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Fig. 1. Uredospores in different stages of maturity, show
ing also their articulation with the pedicel.

Fig. 2. Teleutospores distended with caustic potash and
showing the position of the germ-pores.

Fig. 3. Some of the peculiar three- and four-celled
teleutospore formations.

Fig. 4. Germination of the uredospores.

Fig. 5. Germination of the teleutospores.

Fig. 6. Promycelia from the teleutospores developing
promycelial-spores.

136

TRANSCRIPTS OF SOME DESCRIPTIONS OF
CALIFORNIAN GENERA AND SPECIES.—YV.

By J. Burrr Davy.

SILENE (MELANDRyUM) Trttnat, E. Regel. 1

Perennis. Caules adscendentes, plus minus ramosi,
puberulo-hirtuli. Folia opposita, ovata v. ovato-oblonga,
acuta, inferiora in petiolum brevem attenuata, superiora sub-
sessilia, puberulo-hirta. Flores in cymam foliosam glandu-
loso-puberulam paucifloram dispositi, initio terminales
solitarii, deinde alares. Calyx cylindricus, vix inflatus,
pedunculum superans, decemstriatus, glanduloso-puberulus;
striae concolores, superne v. a medio venis anastomosantibus
conjunctae; dentes anguste lanceolati, attenuato-acuti, angus-
tissime hyalino-marginati, margine glanduloso-puberuli.
Petala coccinea; unguibus glabris inclusis; lamina quadri-
partita, lobis medianis oblongis bilobis, lateralibus anguste
linearibus acutis brevioribus; appendicibus brevibus denticu-
latis. Capsula (in statu immaturo) elliptico-oblonga, car-
pophorum circiter duplo superans, stylis 3 filiformibus
coronata.

Affinis S. laciniatae et Greggii. Prima foliis lanceolatis v.

albo-marginatis ciliatis,—altera racemi ramis plerumque uni-
floris, calycis dentibus late albo-marginatis obtusis dignos-
citu

+
Semina legit Cl. Tiling in California prope Nevada City.

1 Animadversiones de Plantis vivis nonnullis Horti Botanici Imper-
ialis Petropolitani, auctore E. Regel, p. 99. [Published in Acta Horti
Petropolitani, Tom. i, pp. 89-100, (1871-72): also issued as an excerpt
with pages numbered 1-12. ]

The thanks of myself and others who may benefit by these tran-
scripts are due to Miss Eastwood, Curator of the Herbarium of the
California Academy of Sciences, for permission to copy the originals of
this and the following of Regel’s descriptions.

DESCRIPTIONS OF CALIFORNIAN GENERA AND SPECIES. 137

Horxeia Tiinat, E. Regel, 2 foliolis apice 3-5 dentatis.—
Caule erecto, pedali et ultra, basi laxe patenti—hirsuto, api-
cem versus glabro; foliis praecipue ad marginem laxe
villosis, pinnatis; foliolis 5-9, foliorum radicalium ovato-
oblongis, pollicem et ultra longis, fol. caulinorum cuneato-

oblongis, omnibus apice 3-5 dentatis, caterum dee
stipulis palmatifido-laciniatis, laciniis linearibus; cym
pedunculatis, subcapitatis; pedicellis calycibusque taut
loso-pubescentibus; calycibus pedicellum superantibus, seg-
mentis accessoriis linearibus, quam vera triangulari-lanceo-
lata subduplo brevioribus; petalis albis, linearibus, calycis
segmenta circiter atahantihe: staminibus 10; filamentis
angustis subfiliformibus.

In California prope Nevada city, legit Cl. Tiling.

ASTER SCORZONERIFOLIUS, E. Regel?; perennis; caule
circiter 25 c. m. alto, simplici, folioso, basi glabro, apicem
versus puberulo; foliis radicalibus linearibus, longissimis,
caulem superantibus y. equantibus, canaliculatis, integerri-
mis, plerumque 5-nerviis, glabris; foliis caulinis 9-10, sessili-
bus, e basi latiore lineari—lanceolatis, integerrimis, decre-
scentibus, inferioribus glabris trinerviis, superioribus
uninerviis, margine v. undique puberulis; capitulis pro
genere maximis, in apice caulis solitariis v. rarius in ramulo
bevi axillaribus; involucri late campanulati squamis imbri-
catis, 5-serialibus, canescenti-puberulis (nec glandulosis),
lineari-lanceolatis, acutis, apice laxe patulis, quam flores
disci brevioribus; ligulis pallide-violaceis, ern egmpins
apice acutis integris v. minute bidentatis, patulis, 15 c.

2 Revisio Specierum Crataegorum, Dracaenarum, Horkeliarum, Laricum
et Azalearum; auctore E.'‘Regel, p. 153 [Published in Acta Horti Petro-
politant Tom. i, pp. 101-164, (1871-1872): also issued as an excerpt with
pages numbered 1-64. Though the title-page of this volume bears date
1871-1872, pages 283 to 586 comprise an article by F. von Herder
which is dated at the end “St. Petersb. d. 13. (25) Febr. 1873.”]
Horkelia Tilingi was figured in Gartenflora 1872, t. 711: it is the Poten-
tilla Tilingi of Professor Greene.

8 Acta Horti Petropolitani, ii. 308 (1873): Gartenflora, 1873, p. 1.

138 ERYTHEA.

longis, involucrum duplo superantibus; floribus disci flavidis,
stylo longe exserto; stigmatis lobis linearibus, erectis,
undique papillosis; acheniis hirtis, pappo flores disci super-
ante coronatis.—Habitus A. alpini. Proxime A. Kingii,
Wats. (in Report of the Geological exploration of the
fortieth parallel, volume V., Botany, by Sereno Watson pag.
141. tab xvi) affinis. Posterior caule 2-3 pollicari, foliis
radicalibus caule brevioribus lanceolato-spathulatis basi
ciliatis, foliis caulinis paucis (2-3), involucro glanduloso-
pulverulento, ligulis brevioribus albis, stylo incluso, stigma-
tibus tantum breviter exsertis facile dignoscitur. Semina cl.
Roezl in Californiae Sierra Nevada collegit.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND NEWS.

ANOTHER of the handsome volumes from the Missouri
Botanical Garden has come to us in the shape of the Sixth
Annual Report. The scientific papers contained therein
have for the most part been issued separately in advance.
With these are fifty-six plates. This volume in itself is
abundant evidence, if evidence be needed, that the endow-
ment of Henry Shaw is under wise control.

Henri Battion, the most distinguished French botanist
of the time, died in the latter part of July. The wide
celebrity which he enjoyed was largely attained by the
production of the “Histoire des Plantes” and “Dictionnaire
de Botanique.” He was an ardent admirer of Adanson and
was the editor of Adansonia during the life of that
periodical.

Proressor E. L. GREENE, who has been botanizing for
several weeks in the Sierras, in Nevada and in Wyoming, is
now located in his new quarters in the Catholic University,
Washington, D. 0

VOL. Ul. > OCTOBER, 1895. NO. 10.

HRYTHEA

A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN
AND GENERAL.

EDITED BY
WILLIS LINN JEPSON

AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

CONTENTS:
PAGE
Notes on the Genus Nemophila, wi aoe, D Bepete- 190
Pacific Slope Plants in English Gardens, - J. Burtt Davy 148
Open Letters, . - ee Pe ee 147
Miscellaneous Notes and Rewk - - = - 148

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

UBERY & COMPANY, PRINTERS
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ERYTHEA

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139

NOTES ON THE GENUS NEMOPHILA.
By F. T. Brouertt.

Among the most noticeable of Californian annuals are the
showy Nemophilas of the Menziesii group. About half a
dozen species have been described by various authors,
namely, Douglas, Bentham, Hooker and Arnott, Fischer and
Meyer. These in Gray’s Flora of North America were
reduced to two, Nemophila insignis, Dougl., and N. Menziesii,
H. & A. WN. pedunculata, Benth., a species which properly
belongs to this group, although the flowers are minute, has
been recognised by Prof. Greene in the “Manual of the Botany
of the Bay Region.” Most of the species originally described
were known to their authors in the fresh state, while the
uniting of species has been done principally by those who
have studied the plants as dried specimens.

The characters which have been chiefly used in the differ-
entiation of species in this group, such as the size and pubes-
cence of the plant, the form of the leaves, the color and
markings of the corolla are extremely variable. Plants un-
questionably of the same species from different localities,
and even plants growing side by side, show great diversity
in leaf outline and pubescence. The calyx and ovary pre-
sent some good characters but the calyx appendages vary
greatly in size and shape, being occasionally completely
absent. The small flowered Nemophila (N. pedunculata,
Benth. ?) growing on the San Francisco sand hills is often
without calyx appendages and I have found N. atomaria
with only one or two, the others not having developed. As
Bentham first pointed out, the inter-staminal scales, or
appendages, of the corolla are fairly constant in form in the
same species. In the present grouping of the species the
form of these scales has alone been considered of primary,
and the vegetative characters of only secondary specific value.
The corolla appendages are ten in number and occur in pairs
at the base of each filament. Fischer and Meyer, in their

Eryruaza, Vol. IIL, No. 10 [1 October, 1895].

140 ERYTHEA.

excellent paper on this genus, distinguish three kinds of
corolla appendages: (a) scales with free tips; (b) scales
adnate their whole length; and (c) hairy lines. Of the
three species described in this paper, two have appendages
of the first kind, with distinctly free tips. The other species
has very narrow and very hairy scales and was probably
included by Fischer and Meyer in the last class.

Hither of the original descriptions of Nemophila Menziesii
and of N. insignis would apply equally well to either of our
two common large, blue Nemophilas. Hooker and Arnott
who considered N. insignis a variety of N. Menziesii note no
difference but the relative size of corolla and calyx. Now
the form with reduced or abortive anthers has almost con-
stantly flowers of about half the sizo of those of the perfect
form. Is it not possible that Hooker and Arnott had these
two forms before them when they united the species? How-
ever this may be, the descriptions proper are practically
identical and can, therefore, be applied but to one plant. In
a note Hooker and Arnott state that the leaves of N. Men-
zesu are exactly those of N. parviflora, which if constantly
true, would exclude the name from use for either of the two
plants to which it has been applied in recent works. It
seems impossible to determine which plant received the
name of N. Menziesii on account of the meagreness of the
description. The type specimen is of little use, as Prof.
Greene, who has lately seen it, states that it is without
flowers and, therefore, impossible of determination. N. in-
signis, on the contrary, was figured in the Botanical Register
in 1834, undoubtedly from the same plants from which
Bentham drew up his description. From this there can be
little doubt to which species this name was applied,
though the form of the corolla scales is not very clearly
brought out. A somewhat incomplete specimen of a large,
blue-flowered Nemophila collected by Mr. Burtt Davy on Loma
Prieta has leaves very closely resembling those of what seems
to be the type of N. parviflora. The flowers are very hairy
at the base of the corolla and apparently without scales.

NOTES ON THE GENUS NEMOPHILA. 141

This may be the original N. Menzies, but more complete
material would be necessary before hazarding an opinion.
All that at present seems certain regarding the name N.
Menziesii is that it was applied to some member of this
group and that it was the first so applied. The original de-
scription covers very well the whole group and this taken in
conjunction with the close resemblance of the different mem-
bers seems to render it advisable to use the name N. Men-
ziesii, H. & A., to designate the whole group and to consider
the divisions of the group as sub-species. We can thus ap-
ply thenames N. insignis, Dougl., and N. atomaria, F. &. M.,
to the plants which originally received those names. The
common plant of the counties north of the Bay has never
been properly segregated and is thus left without a name, a
lack which I have supplied below.

N. intermedia. From 6 to 12 inches long, with ascending
branches from the base, more or less hairy, leaves pinnately
parted into 5 to 9 entire, or 2- to 5-lobed, divisions, petioles
somewhat widened at the base and ciliate, the upper all oppo-
site; corolla .75 to 1 inch wide, bright blue to white, distinctly
blue-veined, more or less punctate with dull purple dots;
inter-staminal scales extending nearly to the sinuses, long,
narrow, hairy and with expanded tips; ovary rounded, ovules
12 to 24

This plant is included with several others under the name
of N. Menziesii, H. & A., by Gray in the Flora of North
America, ii, 156; it is part of N. insignis as defined in the
“Botany of the Bay Region.” Living plants have been
examined from the counties of San Francisco, Marin,
Sonoma, Lake, Alameda and Contra Costa. The range of
this plant is more northerly and westerly than that of N. in-
signis which prefers hot localities and especially sandy soils.

N. instanis, Doug]. In habit very like the above but less
succulent and generally more hairy, leaves somewhat more
divided; calyx with broader ovate-lanceolate divisions and
shorter and broader appendages, shining and distinctly
veined; corolla one inch or more broad or the imperfect

142 ERYTHEA.

flowers half that size, from light to deep purplish blue, not
distinctly blue-veined, the circular white center more or less
punctate; inter-staminal scales short, wide and short hairy;
ovary longer than in N. intermedia and with 20 to 32 ovules,
Benth. Linn. Trans. XVII, 275, (1833) and Trans. Hort. Soc.
I, 479; Gray, Flora of N. A. I, 155; Greene, Bot. Bay Region
252 in part. N. Menziesii, var., H. & A. Bot. Beech. 372.

Living plants of this species have been examined from the
counties of San Francisco, Alameda (cultivated), Contra
Costa, Amador, Tulare and Los Angeles.

N. atomarta, F.& M. With the habit of N. intermedia
but less hairy and growing only in springy places among the
hills; corolla less than one inch wide, white with a slight
tinge of violet on the outside of the tube, closely dark-spotted
nearly to the edge, densely hairy within the tube; inter-stam-
inal scales narrow and long-hairy; ovary rounded and less
hairy than that of the two foregoing species, ovules about
16. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. (1835). Bot. Reg. t. 1940

The figure of the scale is drawn from a plant from Caza-
dero, Sonoma Co.

The color of the flowers is variable in the first two species,
but NV. insignis is generally more deeply colored, of a less
pure blue and with a white center of more distinct circular
outline. The spots are very variable in both species. At
Lake Merced, San Francisco and at Pomona the corolla of N.
insignis is almost destitute of spots, while specimens of the
same species from Tulare are more densely spotted than any
specimens of N. intermedia that I have seen; but in neither
species do the spots extend to near the edge of the corolla as
in N. atomaria.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

I. Nemophila insignis, Douglas, corolla scale.
IL, Nemophila intermedia, Bioletti, corolla scale.
III. Nemophila atomaria, F. & M., corolla scale.

Each of the figures is magnified twenty diameters.

Erytuea, Vou. III

Puate 2.

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ee

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i SRS R NIL SUH « Wy
See Grd ee ary ey =A M Ny
Sere ee Se, Baa Sse eR Sen Te: Pah VS) ON
Sa De EON ae ag SENS
be Seth a oo Sead Be oS coe
SSse rs pees hss a ae

CoROLLA SCALES OF NEMOPHILA.

143

PACIFIC SLOPE PLANTS IN ENGLISH GARDENS.
By J. Burrt Davy.

Tue Englishman’s delight in his garden is proverbial.
As with other things, this hobby of his is subject to the
vicissitudes of fashion, both as regards the nature of the
plants or the particular order or genus which receives his
special attention, and as regards the method of laying out of
the ground and the grouping of its occupants.

Within the last few years a re-action has been observed in
English gardens against the stiffness and formality incident
to “ carpet-bedding”’ and “ color-massing,” and a desire has
been manifest to produce as much diversity of form and
coloring in a small space, as good effect would permit. This
has resulted in the revival of the more natural and by no
means new arrangements known as the “herbaceous-border,”
and the “rock-garden.” The former is frequently met with
in the form of a long flower-bed under a wall, or dividing a
lawn or gravel walk from a live-hedge or shrubbery, having
tall and showy herbaceous plants, such as Dahlias, Asters,
Chrysanthemums, etc., for a background with shorter plants
in front, and a border composed of Lobelia Erinus or
some other dwarf species: the individual plants are relatively
placed so that a succession of flowers is produced all through
the season, no one part being entirely without blossoms or
ornamental foliage at any time. The rock-garden is the
result of an attempt to reproduce the conditions best adapted
to the growth of Alpine plants and ferns, a bog-garden being
often combined with the rockery.

In order to provide material for, and to maintain an
interest in, these two forms of garden—usually met with in
the same grounds—it is necessary for the nurseryman to go
to more trouble and expense than he would to simply procure
new forms, or variations in size and color, of one favorite
species such as the ordinary garden Rose, the Pansy or the
Chrysanthemum, for instance. He must provide “new
garden plants,” 7. e. species which have never hitherto been

144 ERYTHEA.

under cultivation or if once grown have since been lost to
horticulture, in order to meet the demand for variety and
novelty. For herbaceous-border work these plants should
come from regions within the temperate zone, or if from the
tropics then from comparatively high altitudes; his choice of
locality is therefore restricted. Among countries affording
the necessary qualifications California is one of the richest
fields for the collector, the remarkable variations in climate,
soil and altitude found within the borders of the State
producing a very great variety in its flora. Earlier in the
century, when Englishmen were willing to pay more for rare
plants than now, and nurserymen were therefore able to send
collectors to all parts of the habitable globe, California
yielded no small proportion of the plants newly introduced
to a flower-loving public. Latterly, little has been done in
this line, but within the last year or two the interest in bulb
culture and in the “mixed flower-border,” has resulted in the
introduction of several West-American novelties, mainly
through the efforts of resident collectors. The bulb
catalogue of a London (England) firm of nurserymen, lately
issued, offers among other things the following Pacific-coast
plants :—

Bloomeria aurea, Brodica coccinea, B. congesta, B.
grandiflora, B. Hendersoni, B. Howellii and BR. volubilis,
Calliprora flava, Calochortus ameenus, C. Kennedyi, C.
luteus, C. Lyoni, C. pulchellus, C. splendens, C. venustus,
C. v. citrinus, C. v. purpureus, C. v. roseus and C. v. Vesta,
Camassia esculenta, C. Fraseri and C. Leichtlini, Erythro-
nium giganteum, E. grandifiorum and E. Hendersoni,
Fritillaria lanceolata and F. pudica, Milla laxa, and
M. biflora.

The prices at which these are offered in London are an
interesting item: the following are some of the quotations :—

Brodica grandiflora 7/6 per 100 or 1/3 per doz.; B.
coccinea, Calochortus luteus, and others 4/6 per doz. or 6d.
each; Calochortus amoenus, C. venustus Vesta, Camassia
Fraseri, Erythronium Hartwegi, and others 7/6 per doz.

PACIFIC SLOPE PLANTS IN ENGLISH GARDENS. 145

or 9d. each; Brodiwa Hendersoni, B. Howelliit and B.
volubilis 1/ each; Calochortus Lyoni 1/6 each; C. Kennedy
1/9 each; and Camassia Leichtlini 3/6 each.

The love of flower-culture has directly benefited the
botanist in more than one way. To it, entirely, may be
attributed the sending out of James Bowie, Allan Cunning-
ham, David Douglas, and other collectors, on those expeditions
which did so much to advance systematic botany. It
has further resulted in the publication of plant-portraits such
as those of the Botanical Magazine, Botanical Register,
Gardeners’ Chronicle, and Gartenflora, which have been of
Such service in the accurate delimitation of types. It
will be of interest to West-American botanists to see that
Lilium Parry has recently been figured in the Gardeners’
Chronicle, (Aug. 24th; 3 ser., xviii, 209) the drawing
having been made from a specimen recently flowered, for the
first time (?), under cultivation in England, and exhibited as
a novelty at a meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society by
Messrs. Wallace, Nurserymen, of Colchester. The figure is
accompanied by the following extract from Dr. Parry’s
account of the plant as given by Elwes in his Monograph of
the genus Lilium (1880):—

“Tn one of my last botanical excursions in the vicinity of
San Bernardino in July, 1876, I accepted an oft-repeated
invitation to visit the intelligent brothers J. F. and F. M.
Ring in their mountain retreat near San Gorgonio Pass.
Leaving the broad and picturesque basin of the Santa Ana
Valley near the emergence of the stream from the rugged
mountain-wall of the San Bernardino range, our route, after
crossing Mill Creek, hugged the foothills bordering the Upper
Yucaipa Valley; thence by a more rapid ascent in a nearly
direct easterly course, we reached an elevated bench scattered
with Pine and Oak groves, overlooking the broad sweep of
the San Gorgonio Pass, now traversed by the eastern exten-
sion of the South Pacific Railroad. In one of these mountain
nooks the Messrs. Ring have located a potato ranch, the
elevation of over 4000 feet giving a sufficiently cool, moist

146 ; ERYTHEA.

climate, while the adjoining mountain-slopes afford an
extensive summer cattle-range long after the herbage of the
lowlands has dried up.

In scattered groves of Pinus Coulteri, the ground was
strewn with the massive cones of this peculiar species, its
dense scales armed with formidable hooked spines. Many o
the cones were fully 6 inches in diameter, with a length of
9 inches.

The few perennial watercourses here met with are mostly
confined within deep and inaccessible ravines; but more
frequently scanty springs ooze out from beneath deep layers
of porous strata, and spread out into boggy marshes, generally
choked up with rank Willow and Alder growths, and occa-
sionally expand into small meadows of coarse grass and
sedges.

On all the steep gravelly slopes adjoining, there was the
usual display of Californian evergreen shrubbery, including
the Heath-like Adenostoma (which under the name of
‘chamisal,’ is largely used for fuel), the Holly-leaved Cherry
(Prunus ilicifolia) exhaling a strong odor of bitter almonds,
the Heteromeles arbutifolia, with glossy varnished leaves,
and a prevalent form of ‘California Lilac’ (Ceanothus
crassifolius), with thick leathery foliage. The dull green
hue which everywhere characterises the moorish growth, is
at this time of the year partly relieved by brilliant scarlet
festoons of Pentstemon cordifolius trailing over adjoining
bushes, or the less showy blossoms of P. ternatus.

But what soon attracted more exclusive attention. was a
conspicuous yellow Lily growing abundantly on the boggy
ground adjoining Messrs. Rings’ house, and sharing with the
potato-patch the care and attention of the undisputed
possessors of the soil. Though not so showy as some other
members of the Lily family in this region, there is a grace
displayed in its large drooping flowers, surmounting a slender
stem beset with narrow scattered leaves, which are occasion-
ally crowded at the base into a distinct whor!.”

OPEN LETTERS. 147

There remain many remarkable and handsome novelties
indigenous to the Pacific Slope, which would greatly enrich
the herbaceous-border, rock-garden or temperate-house of
European lovers of plants, and which only await the fore-
sight and capital of enterprising nurserymen to be made
available. Travelling is still very expensive in this region
(3 cents a mile and upwards, by railroad) and the area
included in the coast States very great, much greater
evidently, than Europeans and even dwellers in the eastern
States realize; nevertheless the rapid increase of population
and consequent increase in facilities for travel renders the
work of exploration, collection and transport comparatively
easy, and far less costly than in many other countries,
especially if resident collectors, well acquainted with
western life, are employed. While annuals form a large
proportion of the showy spring flowers of the coast plains,
there is also a rich abundance of perennial species.

OPEN LETTERS.

The following letter is in answer to an inquiry respecting
the folk-name “gietta grass” and the identification of the
plant to which it is applied.

San BERNARDINO, CALIFoRNIA, Sept. 15, 1895.

Your favor inquiring about the desert grass called gietta
grass is received. The name as given in Bot. Calif. (ii. 293)
is Pleuraphis rigida, but later it has been named by
Haeckel Hilaria rigida. It is true desert grass, never
growing elsewhere. It is excellent fodder, not only “mules”
but horses and cattle preferring it to any other wild or culti-
vated plant, I believe. It is the grass often spoken of by
desert men as being “cut with a hoe,” as it is s0 woody
(apparently) and brittle that a hoe is the ordinary tool used
in gathering it. Teams coming in from the desert often have

148 ERYTHEA.

a bundle of it on their wagon, as a precautionary provision
for the animals. The orthography of the word, [gietta], is
various; I judge it to be an Indian word, a true “native
word” as well as being a native plant; it is sounded as if
spelled gy-i-ett’-a, almost in four syllables,—-(g — hard,
i= short e), though the i is very short and slurred over,
approaching gy-ett’a.

_ The only other desert grass of eminent value for forage
is the “grama grass”, Bouteloua spp. of Bot. Calif., which
grows in similar places,—both grasses growing abundantly in
their own chosen localities, but always thoroughly desert.

It has been some years since I have collected many desert
plants and I am not certain whether I have any specimens
or not, of either, as my plants are boxed and stored; but if
you need any, I can probably get them, perhaps from Mr.— ,
if not from my boxes.

Yours truly,

. G. WRIGHT.
Miss Auicz Eastwoop,

California Academy of Sciences.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND NEWS.

THE vacancy in the professorship of botany in the
University of California has been filled by the election
thereto of Dr. W. A. Setchell, Instructor in Botany in the
Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University. He graduated
from Yale in 1887 where he was a student of Eaton and
continued his work as a graduate student under Dr. Farlow
at Harvard where he received his doctor’s degree in 1891.
Professor Setchell is largely interested in the marine algae.
As a result of his work in this field he has contributed to the
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
two articles: “Concerning the Structure and Development
of Tuomeya fluviatilis, Harv.” (xxv., 53, May, 1890) and
“Concerning the Life-History of Saccorhiza dermatodea,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND NEWS. 149

(De la Pyl.) J. Ag.” (xxvi, 177, September, 1891). These
articles were accompanied by plates illustrating gross and
minute structure. A paper entitled “On the Classification
and Geographical Distribution of the Laminariaceae,” may
be found in the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, (ix.,
333, 1893). These papers will give an idea of the
character and purpose of the research work of the new head
of the Department of Botany at California. We believe they
represent thus far the totality of his published contributions
to the knowledge of the marine algae. In the Botanical
Gazette for May, 1894, appeared ‘ Notes on the Ustilagineae.”
Professor Setchell there describes a new species of Doassansia,
viz. D. intermedia and, also, describes and figures the
germination of several other species. One of his latest
papers is a biographical sketch of Professor Eaton. This
was published in the Bulletin of the Torrey Club for August,
1895. The summer botanical work at Woods Holl, it may
be noted, is under his direction. It is hardly necessary to
say that Professor Setchell is versed in modern laboratory
methods. He has the reputation of being a careful and
thorough worker and possesses the very large advantage of
being a young man.

Dr Maxwext T. Masters, has renamed the Guadeloupe
Island Cypress as Cupressus macrocarpa var. guade-
loupensis, in the Gardeners’ Chronicle for July 20 (3 ser.,
xviii. 62). In connection with this change he remarks:—
“The late Prof. Sereno Watson described, (Proc. Am. Acad.
xiv. 300, 1879), this fine Cypress as a distinct species, under
the name of C. guadeloupensis, and perhaps rightly. Itmay
also, and, as we think, more correctly, be considered as a
form of C. macrocarpa. The latter, known as the Monterey
Cypress, has a very limited range of distribution on the
Californian coast, and, to our thinking, the present is but an
insular variety of the species, differing from the type more
especially in its glaucous color. It is true there is a consid-
erable distance between Monterey in lat. 36° 4’, and

150 ERYTHEA.

Guadeloupe, an island in 29° N. L., 200 miles from the ma n-
land, with deep sea all around, but it is possible that inter-
mediate localities may be found. At any rate, the presence
of distinct characters is a common feature of plants growing
on isolated islands, * * *,”

In his Handbook of West-American Oone Bearers, (July,
1895) Mr. Lemmon gives as an additional locality for this
tree, “Coast of San Diego County, California.”

Dr. Masters’ article is accompanied by a figure of Cup-
ressus macrocarpa var. guadeloupensis with foliage and
male flowers magnified, cones rather reduced, and, for
sake of comparison, a figure of C. Arizonica, Greene, with a
transverse section of the leaves of that species, and also of
those of C. macrocarpa, Hartweg. J. B.D.

THE sum of $250,000 has been subscibed for the proposed
New York Botanic Garden. A number of wealthy citizens
have each subscribed $25,000 and others lesser amounts.
The sum so obtained, and as much more as can be secured, is
designed solely for an endowment. The city of New York is
expected to provide two hundred and fifty acres of land and
a half-million dollars for buildings. The plans of this bot-
anical establishment as outlined contemplates that pro-
vision will be made for nearly all lines of botanical work.
The success of the undertaking thus far is large] y due to Dr.
N. L. Britton.

VOL. Ill. * NOVEMBER, 1895. NO. II.

ERY PHEA

A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN
AND GENERAL.

EDITED BY
WILLIS LINN JEPSON

AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

¥
CONTENTS:

PAGE

Observations on the Habits of Nemophila, Alice Eastwood 151

Botanical Excursion to Antelope Valley, Dr. A. Davidson 158

Nomenclature at the Springfield Meeting,
Charles Louis Pollard 158 —

Miscellaneous Notes and News, - - - - 161

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

UBERY & COMPANY, PRINTERS
587 Mission Street, San Francisco, California
189 a

ERYTHEA
A MONTHLY journal of Botany,
edited by Witiis Linn Jepson
and others of the Department of
Botany at the University of Calli-
fornia.
The subscription price is $1.50
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shillings. Single copies 25 cents.
No discount to dealers.
Address
Publisher of ERYTHEA,
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

University of California.

151

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HABITS OF
NEMOPHILA.
By Atrtoz Eastwoop.

The Nemophilz comprised provisionally under the name
of Nemophila Menziesii in a previous article! are un-
doubtedly adapted for pollination through the agency of
insects. The lines and dots of the petals, the honey glands
and protective hairs, and, above all, the arrangement of the
essential organs indicate it plainly. In Nemophila insignis
and intermedia (?) there are two distinct kinds of plants,
those with pistillate flowers only and those whose flowers are
all hermaphrodite. This may also be the case in N. atom-
aria; but so far all plants seen have only hermaphrodite
flowers.

The hermaphrodite flowers of the group are proterandrous.
Soon after the flower expands the stamens begin to discharge
their pollen; the stigmas are immature and non-receptive and
the two branches of the style are almost side by side as
shown in figures A and C, the papillae on the surface of the
stigma being undeveloped though perceptible. The stamens
are extrorse and discharge the pollen among the hairs of the
corolla appendages and of the ovary. The honey glands are
quite large and are protected by the surrounding hairs.

As the anthers grow old, shrivel and lose their pollen, the
branches of the style begin to spread apart and grow longer,
even curving downwards as if to reach the insects seek-
ing the honey below at the base of the ovary; the stig-
mas become bulbous and the papillae which were smooth and
round develope almost into tubercles. Figures C and D show
the difference between the mature and immature stigmas.

In the pistillate flower (fig. B) the opening corolla shows
quite a different condition. The stamens are, of course, ster-
ile, mere ghosts of stamens with the outlines of filaments and
anthers but without that which gives the anthers life. The
pistil, however, is conspicuous, the branches of the style fully

Eryruma, Vol. IIL., No. 11 [1 November, 1895].

1 Supra p. 139.

152 ERYTHEA.

expanded and the stigmas receptive from the first. Figs. E
and F' show the relative size of the fertile and sterile anthers.
The honey glands of the pistillate flowers are somewhat
larger than those of the hermaphrodite flowers and the
corollas are usually smaller. Wherever a patch of Nemo-
phila insignis is seen the female plants can be easily distin-
guished by a more robust habit of growth and smaller deep
blue flowers. The plants with perfect flowers are more
abundant and with their more showy corollas almost banish
their specialized companions into obscurity.

An investigation of many plants of Nemophila insignis
collected when the first fruits were ripe and flowers still pres-
ent did not show, as expected, that the fruits of the pistillate
flowers contained more or larger seeds or indeed any struc-
tural superiority. If there is any, the evidence is in favor of
the hermaphrodite flowers. An unlooked-for, but easily ex-
plained difference, however, became evident. It was found
that the pistillate flowers ripened fruit earlier.

The reason of this will be understood when it is re-
membered that the pistillate flowers have receptive stigmas
from the first and so get the start of the hermaphrodite
flowers. This habit of the plant may have arisen from the
necessity for ripening the fruit before the dry season.
Nemophila is one of the earliest annuals and without quali-
ties for resisting drought. It comes up early in the spring,
flourishes awhile in great profusion and, except in some
favored spots, is entirely gone before the hills turn brown.

The following table shows the results of the examination
of the fruits. Besides the hermaphrodite flowers in the table,
a great many were examined that had fruit too young to be
sure of the number of seeds. Of these I kept no account.
Very few plants with pistillate flowers were found that had
not some pods with well formed seeds. Each group of
figures enclosed in parentheses represents the number of seeds
found in the almost ripe capsules of a single plant, each fig-
ure representing a single capsule.

ErytHeEa, Vou. III.

NEMOPHILA INSIGNIS, Dougl.

BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO ANTELOPE VALLEY. 153

PLANTS WITH HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS.

(14,8) (16) (12, 13, 8,9,10) (9,11,15) (20, 18, 18, 16,
19) (14, 6, 8, 6) (16, 12) (20, 23, 26) (18, 19) (14, 25, 19, 23,
14) (18, 17) (8) (7) (6)

PLANTS WITH PISTILLATE FLOWERS.

(13, 14) (10,9, 6, 10) (19, 16, 13, 22) (14, I8, 21, 16) (8,
7, 11) (3, 4) (8, 6, 5, 6, 3) (7, 9,9) (9) (7, 9, 8) (3) (10, 6)
(13, 5, 9, 11, 12) (18, 8, 10) (15, 16) (22, 20, 19, 17, 16, 17)
(14, 18, 20)

These tables are interesting as showing the variable num-
ber of seeds ripening, and also that the two kinds of plants
are equally variable in this respect.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

A. Perfect flower; a, honey gland; b, anther discharging
pollen.

B. Pistillate flower; a, honey gland; b, anther discharging
pollen.

C. Immature stigma.

D. Receptive stigma.

E. Sterile stamen.

F. Fertile anther.

BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO ANTELOPE VALLEY.
By Dr. A. Davipson.

On the first day of May my companion and I arrived at
Lancaster, Los Angeles Co., on a botanical excursion, and
early the following morning took our seats in the mail
stage for Gorman Station, fifty miles westwards. The dis-
trict traversed, commonly known as the Antelope Valley, is
practically an immense, level, triangular plain bounded by
the Tehachapai Mountains on the north and the Sierra

154 ERYTHEA.

Madre on the south, and at the point of junction is Gorman,
a few miles on this side of the summit of the pass that lies
within thirty miles of Bakersfield. The soil immediately
surrounding Lancaster, and for twenty miles west thereof, is
little cultivated, but beyond that point the valley, in almost
its whole extent, may be considered as land fertile and
fruitful.

About midway on this journey is the Colony of Manzana
where about three thousand acres of the land bordering the
southern foothills is occupied by neatly cultivated and thriv-
ing orchards of almond trees. The remainder of the valley
where cultivated is sown with wheat. This year, doubtless
owing to the opportune rains of winter, the wild plants all
over this section have not only been more abundant than I
have ever seen them but the colored species are of a deeper,
richer tint. The mind may picture, to some extent, perhaps,
the gorgeous effects produced by the acres on acres of
wheat fields and hillsides aglow with Eschscholtzias, their
petals of burnished gold and crimson reflecting the rays of
the noon-day sun, while here and there large and deep blue
patches of Salvia carduacea and the purple of Orthocarpus
purpurascens amidst the golden Eschscholtzia heightens
the beauty of the scene. Amsinckia spectabilis, F. & M.,
known here by the rather appropriate name of “ Woolly
Breeches,” is very abundant, and in the uncultivated or neg-
lected fields it seems for a season or two, with Tropidocar-
pum scabriusculum, Hook., to monopolize the soil.

As we continued our journey, the valley gradually nar-
rowed until the terminus was reached at Gorman, where it is
but a narrow pass. There we arrived at six o'clock and
made our quarters in the old hostelry. The next morning
the stiff breeze of the day before had increased to a gale, so
we turned our faces to the southern hills, and explored the
sheltered valleys on that side,

As the object of this paper is to list the various plants of
this district that are mostly unrecorded for the county, I
shall omit all reference to the commoner species. The first

BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO ANTELOPE VALLEY. 155

plant gathered, and of which we had seen specimens on the
way, was Oollinsia Davidsoni, Parish. It seems to be
abundant all along the foothills from Lancaster. The type
specimens from the latter place possessed a smooth calyx,
while some of those here, and near Manzana, were more or
less hirsute, nevertheless, it proves to be a good species.
The beautifully colored Astragalus Purshi, Dougl., was
abundant, growing with Senecio multilobatus, T. & G.; the
latter, common enough on the coast hills at an altitude of
four thousand feet, I have not found further east on this
range, although it extends inland on the northern mountains
as far as Tehachapai. A few plants, the only ones seen, of
Balsamorrhiza deltoidea, Nutt., were noticed among the scrub
oak, and Ribes leptanthum, Gray, Phacelia ciliata, Benth.,
Streptanthus acutirostris, and Galiwm Andrewsii, Gray,
were all in flower. Ina sheltered nook my first specimen of
Bromus carinatus, Hook., was gathered, and on the margin
of the marsh, near the station, appeared Microseris montana,
Greene, and a variety of Vicia Americana with hirsute
leaves.

Tn the afternoon we climbed the steep slopes of the hills
on the northern side of the pass, which, on account of the
trespassing sheep, were nearly devoid of underbrush but
copiously covered with Lupinus formosus, var. Bridgesi,
Greene, L. Chamissonis, Esch., var. longifolius, Wats., L. mi-
cranthus, Dougl., Layia heterotricha, H. & A. Gilia
tenuiflora, Benth., and, more sparingly, G. inconspicua,
Dougl., var. sinuata, Gray. In the shade of some live oaks
Ellisia membranacea, Benth., was abundant. On the rocky
ground grew Streptanthus heterophyllus, Nutt., Gnothera
gaureflora, T. & G., and a few plants of Astragalus
Antiselli, Gray. :

On the next day we took the stage back to Manzana, col-
lecting on the way Madia elegans, Don, Troximon hetero-
phyllum, Greene, Malacothrix Coulteri, Gray, and Mirabilis
multiflora, Gray, var. pubescens, Wats., the last not yet in
flower. For the next three days we made Manzana our
headquarters in order to explore the hilly district adjoining.

156 ERYTHEA.

About three miles from Manzana is a small sheet of water,
Lake Catrina, the road to which is well defined and botani-
cally very interesting. As we entered the foothills the first
shrub encountered was the wild almond, Prunus fasciculata,
Gray. Gilia Parrye, Gray, and G. dichotoma, Benth., are
here abundant. Throughout the day the latter can scarcely
be observed, its convoluted tube being tightly closed, is
inconspicuous; but at five in the afternoon all is changed.
The plants of Gilia Parry, that all day sparkled like
daisies in the sun, have closed, and in the space of ten or
fifteen minutes, Gilia dichotoma has unrolled its petals and
filled the air with sweet fragrance. With the appearance of
the morning sun Gilia dichotoma goes to sleep again, and
Gilia Parrye opens. A few specimens of Collinsia Childsii,
Parry, gathered here had such congested branches as to
appear new to me, but Dr. Robinson of Harvard, who
examined them, informs me that the same form was gathered
by the Death Valley explorers. Peucedanum dasycarpum,
T. & G., and P. Parishii, C. & R., were plentiful and in the
shade of the pine trees, further on, Leptotenia multifida,
Nutt., was coming into flower. Chcenactis Fremonti, Gray,
C. stevioides, H. & A., C. Xantiana, Gray (the two latter
rare), with Viola premorsa, Dougl., and Arabis pulchra,
M. Jones, were here observed.

On the heights near the shore of the lake Thermopsis Cali-
fornica, Wats., was growing, while around the water were a
number of willows which presented a curious appearance on
account of the long rootlets hanging from their branches six
feet up, the result of a long continued overflow of water
about six years ago.

Entering a cafion south of this, and passing over a high
ridge into King’s .Cafion, gave us an opportunity of seeing
Some new shrubs. In the bottom of the watercourses and in
King’s Cafion a few trees of Asculus Califormca, Nutt.,
were found; doubtless they are to be found in all the moist
cations of the range. The pine trees here (alt. 3,500 ft.) are
all Pinus Sabiniana, Dougl., while farther westwards P.

oe. eee a ke ee
- * vs ng oles
=e

ue
Me
3
:
*
:
:
:

BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO ANTELOPE VALLEY. 157

monophylla, Torr. & Frem., is more common at this altitude.
The younger trees, with their large lateral and persistent
cones, and long leaves, look quite handsome, but the older
ones with gnarled and twisted trunks are unsymmetri-
cal and ragged. A few trees of Forestiera Neo-Memi-
cana, Gray, occupying a shady slope, and Ceanothus vestitus,
Greene, and C. divaricatus, Nutt., the only representatives of
this family, were noted. Some of the hillsides, devoid of
brush and almost wholly covered with Lupinus Chamissonis,
var. longifolius, Wats., presented quite a gorgeous appearance.
On the richer banks along the path, Syntrichopappus Lem-
moni, Gray, Troximon retrorsum, Gray, Microseris lineart-
folia, Gray, with glandular peduncules, Lotus leucophyllus,
Greene, and Eulophus Pringlei, C. & R., were in flower.
At the head of King’s Cafion, Claytonia spathulata, Dougl.,
and Pentstemon ternatus, Torr., grew rather sparingly.
Around Lancaster the majority of the spring plants were
in bloom and the following less common species were
observed and deemed worthy of record:
Gilia tricolor, Benth. Astragalus acutirostris,
‘G. Matthews, Gray. Wats.
G. floccosa, Gray. Lupinus Shockleyi, Wats.
G. latiflora, Gray. CGinothera gaureefiora,

G. inconspicua, Dougl.
Malacothrix glabrata, Gray.
M. sonchoides, T. & G.
Glyptopleura setulosa, Gray.
Anisocoma acaule, T. & G.
Rafinesquia Neo-Mexicana,
Gray.
Aplopappus interior, Coville
Streptanthus inflatus, Greene
Lepidium Fremonti, Wats.
Delphinium recurvatum,
Greene.
Canbya candida, Parry.
Astragalus dispermus, Gray

T. & G.
(. Palmeri, Wats.
Ci. caespitosa, Nutt.
CZ. brevipes, Gray.
CZ. dentata, Cavanilles, var.
grandiflora, Wats.
Coldenia brevicalyx, Wats.
Pectocarya setosa, Gray.
Phacelia bicolor, Torr.
P. Mohavensis, Gray.
Nama pusillum, Lemmon.
Malva exile, Gray.
Spheralcea ambigua, Gray.
Lycium Cooperi, Gray.

158 ‘ERYTHEA.

Castilleia plagiotoma, Gray. Chorizanthe brevicornu,
C. affinis, H. & A.

Eriogonum delicatulum, Oxytheca luteola, Parry.
ats. Calochortus flexuosus, Wats.

i. crenulatum, Parry. C. Kennedyi, Porter.

E. angulosum, Benth. Salsola Kali, L.

The last, the Russian Thistle, is a recent importation,
having been first observed two years ago, though, from the
number of plants then existing, it had probably been intro-
duced two years prior to that. Be this as it may, there is no
doubt of its existence now over a considerable area of the
desert lands. It grows freely in the streets of Lancaster, or
in any ground where the surface is occasionally disturbed
and is thus more likely to prove a pest in cultivated fields
than in orchards or in open ground. I observed it
near Del Sur, ten miles west of Lancaster, where it was pro-
bably carried by the wheels of passing teams, and it requires
but a season or two more of neglect to be thus carried over
all the roads in the valley. Ten miles to the south-west it is
also established, and the local authorities, by way of exter-
minating the pest, have destroyed all the old and already
fruited plants, and have left those of this season’s growth to
mature at will.

NOMENCLATURE AT THE SPRINGFIELD
MEETING OF THE A. A. A. 8.

By Caarues Lovurs Ponnarp.

The meeting of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, held recently at Springfield, though less
fully attended than usual, was certainly a success from a social
and scientific point of view. So far as attendance is con--
cerned, it is open to question whether the gatherings of

ele a ae rmnat dl Tae

NOMENCLATURE AT THE SPRINGFIELD MEETING. 159

various affiliated societies, held before and during the meet-
ings of the Association, do not tend to diminish interest in
the latter. A committee has been appointed to consider this
point and to report at the Buffalo meeting next year. A very
praiseworthy change has also been made in the date of
assembling, and henceforth the general sessions will com-
mence on Monday instead of Thursday as heretofore,
allowing four days for the reading of papers, and Saturday
for those who wish to take the excursions offered.
Undoubtedly the chief interest of many of the botanists
present centered in the proceedings of the Botanical Club.
It was known that the Nomenclature Committee appointed
at Rochester three years ago would render a report at this
meeting, and in view of the public discussion which the sub-
ject of botanical nomenclature has evoked during recent years,
the report and action thereon were expected with interest.

The Club was organized on Thursday by the election of
Judge David F. Day as temporary Chairman, and H. C.
Bolley as Secretary. On the following morning, when the
Club was called to order, Dr. Britton reported for the Com-
mittee that the Check List of North-eastern North American
Plants had been completed in accordance with instructions,
and without expense to the Club. In view of the impor-
tance of the subject, action was deferred until a special
meeting of the Club at four o’clock on Friday, called for the
purpose of discussing the report. On Friday afternoon,
accordingly, a large number of botanists and others inter-
ested assembled. The chair was occupied by the President,
Professor Douglas H. Campbell, who had arrived during the
day. The gathering probably represented all phases of
opinion, and nearly all sections of the country.

The motion to accept the committee's report, which had
been made at the morning session, was first taken up, and
after some discussion as to the effect of its adoption, was
carried unanimously. Dr. B. L. Robinson then offered some
criticisms on the results of the committee’s work, directed
chiefly against such corrections of spelling as Koniga for

160 ERYTHEA.

the original Konig, and contended that the strict application
of the law of priority should exclude all alterations of gen-
eric names. In reply it was admitted that the work of the
committee was not altogether free from mistakes, but that in
the judgment of a majority of the members, typographical or
other obvious errors in orthography (as Scoria for Hicoria)
should be corrected. A mistaken impression has prevailed
in some quarters that the Check List is to be regarded as
infallible; it is, however, merely an illustration of the
practical application of a stable and systematic code of
nomenclature, requiring much careful revision and the labor
of numerous specialists to bring it to the highest degree of
utility. Mr. M. A. Carleton urged that no further steps be
taken until an international congress could be brought to
consider the whole subject of botanical nomenclature. It
was observed, however, that the first attempt to bring order
out of chaos in the matter of plant names originated in
France only, and that British botanists were as reluctant
then as now to participate in any movement of reform. In
this connection Professor Britton’s notes on the last edition
of the London Catalogue of British Plants, given before
Section G on Friday morning, are of great interest. In this
Catalogue a number of older generic names have been adopted,
most of which are identical with those accepted by the
authors of the Check List; thus, Castalia replaces Nym-
phaea, Nymphaea supplants Nuphar, Senebiera becomes
Coronopus, and so on. There are thus only 18 different
generic names, with about 440 in common. 1n view of the
fact that Engler and Prantl, in “Die Naturlichen Pflanzen-
familien ” adopt in most cases these same names, the circum-
stance affords a striking object lesson to those who would
have us believe that the movement in favor of the law of
priority is local in both scope and origin.

Discussion at the meeting was terminated by the intro-
duction of a resolution by Dr. Britton as follows:

Resolved: That in view of the opinions expressed both at
home and abroad, the matter be referred to the Committee

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND NEWS. 161

for discussion, and report next year, and that the Committee
be increased by the addition of Professor C. 8. Sargent and
Dr. B. L. Robinson.

Upon the refusal of the latter to serve, Professor L. H.
Bailey was elected as a member of the Committee. The
meeting then adjourned until Monday morning, when the
following officers were chosen for 1896: President, Mr.
Frederick V. Coville; Vice-President, Professor Conway
MacMillan; Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. J. F. Cowell.

The subject of botanical nomenclature then, so far as
further or supplementary action by the Botanical Club is
concerned, is deferred, and the principles adopted at
Rochester and Madison remain unchanged. The fact that
in spite of the large attendance of conservative botanists the
main principles of the code were not once attacked, proves
conclusively, it would seem, that its ultimate acceptance has
become assured. The constantly multiplying disadvantages
of a system under which it is possible to assign a dozen
different names to the same plant cannot fail to impress the
great majority of botanical workers in all countries.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND NEWS.

Tue First fascicle of Vol. i, Part I, of the Synoptical
Flora of North America is announced as ready. This is the
first portion of the work to appear since the death of Gray,
the preparation of the manuscript having been carried on

. B. L. Robinson. The original plan has been
followed and the treatment of the Polypetalous orders will
form when completed, Vol. i, Part I. The first fascicle in-
cludes seventeen orders, Ranunculacex, Orucifere, Violacez,
etc. In the preparation of the manuscript for the second
fascicle, which is to appear at an early date, Dr. Robinson
_ will be assisted by Professors Coulter, Trelease and Bailey.

Tae fourth and last part of the Index Kewensis has been
issued.

162 ERYTHEA.

KERNER and OLIver’s Natural History of Plants is now
completed.

J. G. Lemmon, familiar as a field student of western pines
and firs, published in July, 1895, a small volume which he
calls ‘‘ Handbook of West-American Cone-Bearers.’’ Besides
the systematic arrangement of the species the author com-
ments on the aspect of the pines and the impression made
upon the beholder. The Handbook will undoubtedly be of
good service to those who desire an easy guide to the scien-
tific and common names of our coniferae. There are a
number of illustrations of fruiting branches.

AN annotated list entitled “Flora of Pasadena and
Vicinity,” of which Professor A. J. McClatchie of the
Throop Polytechnic Institute is the author, has been sent
to us in the form of a reprint from a local history. The list
is unique among local catalogues hitherto published in
California in that plants of all orders of the vegetable king-
dom are included—not excepting the most simple forms.
Typographical errors are rather frequent. The author, who
has worked zealously on the vegetation of his region, was not
given opportunity, we judge, to make corrections.

IT Is announced that Mr. B. Daydon Jackson, Secretary
of the Linnean Society, so well-known as the compiler of the
“ Guide to the Literature of Botany and Vegetable Techno-
logy,” but especially of the “Index Kewensis,” will shortly
devote his energies to the publication of a new edition of
Pritzel’s famous “Thesaurus Literaturae Botanicae.”’

C. G. Luioyvp of Cincinnati, Ohio, distributed early in
the year a set of three photographs of American fungi.
These photographs are very creditable productions showing
well the characteristic features of the plants. Another set
(Nos. 4-7) has lately been issued by a photo-gravure pro-
cess. It is now proposed to reissue as photo-gravures the
first three plates distributed and eventually furnish text with
each plate and an index to the whole when completed.

VOU. 18: > DECEMBER, 1895. NO. 12.

ERYTHEA

A JOURNAL OF BOTANY, WEST AMERICAN
AND GENERAL.

EDITED BY
WILLIS LINN JEPSON

AND OTHERS, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

CONTENTS:
PAGE
Presidential Address to the Botanical Section of the
ritish Association, - W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, F. R. 8. 168
Short Articles.—Dates of Publication of Nuttall’s Sue wee a WE
retostaphylos elegans, - 178 sin
Open Letters, «= = =

Miscellaneous Notes and News, oe

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

BERY & Sous ius, PRIN
587 Mission Street, ay Francisco, ‘Oslitornia
89

HRYTHEA

Those who desire the journal
for 1896 should remit at onee the
subscription price, $1.50, to
WILLIS L. JEPSON,

Berkeley, California.

163

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS TO THE BOTANICAL
SECTION OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION!
y W. T. Tutsevton-Dyrr, M. A., F. R. 8.
Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew.

The establishment of a new Section of the British Associa-
tion, devoted to Botany, cannot but be regarded by the
botanists of this country as an event of the greatest import-
ance.

I confess I found it a great temptation to review, however
imperfectly, the history and fortunes of our subject while it
belonged to Section D. [Biology]. But to have done so
would have been practically to have written the history of
botany in this country since the first third of the century.
Yet I cannot pass over some few striking events.

I think that the earliest of these must undoubtedly be
regarded as the most epoch-making. I mean the formal
publication by the Linnean Society, in 1833, of the first
description of ‘the nucleus of the cell,’ by Robert Brown.?
It seems difficult to realize that this may be within the
recollection of some who are now living amongst us. It is,
however, of peculiar interest to me that the first person who
actually distinguished this all-important body and indicated
it in a figure, was Francis Bauer, thirty years earlier, in 1802.
This remarkable man, whose skill in applying the resources
of art to the illustration of plant anatomy has never, i
suppose, been surpassed, was resident draughtsman for
fifty years to the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. And it was
at Kew, and in a tropical orchid, Phaius grandifolius, no
doubt grown there, that the discovery was made.

It was, I confess, with no little admiration that, on refresh-
ing my memory by a reference to Robert Brown’s paper, I

Eryruna, Vol. III., No. 12 [11 December, 1895].

2 Mise. Bot. Works, i. 512.

164 ERYTHEA.

read again the vivid account which he gives in a footnote of
the phenomena, so painfully familiar to many of us who have
been teachers, exhibited in the staminal hair of Tradescantia.
Sir Joseph Hooker * has well remarked that ‘the supreme
importance of this observation,....leading to undreamt-of
conceptions of the fundamental phenomena of organic life, is
acknowledged by all investigators.’ It is singular that so
profound an observer as Robert Brown should have himself
missed the significance of what he saw. The world had to
wait for the discovery of protoplasm by Von Mohl till 1846,
and till 1850 for its identification with the sarcode of zoolo-
gists by Cohn, who is still, I am happy to say, living and at
work, and to whom last year the Linnean Society did itself
the honor of presenting its medal.

The Edinburgh meeting of the Association, in 1834, was
the occasion of the announcement of another memorable
discovery of Robert Brown’s. I will content myself with
quoting Hofmeister’s+ account of it. ‘Robert Brown was
the discoverer of the polyembryony of the Conifer. Ina
later treatise he pointed out the origin of the pro-embryo in
large cells of the endosperm, to which he gave the name of
corpuscula.’ The period of the forties, just half a century
ago, looks in the retrospect as one of almost dazzling dis-
covery. To say nothing of the formal appearance of proto-
plasm on the scene, the foundations were being laid in all
directions, of our modern botanical morphology. Yet its
contemporaries viewed it with a very philosophical calm.
Thwaites, who regarded Carpenter as his master, described
at the Oxford meeting in 1847 the conjugation of the
Diatomacee, and ‘distinctly indicated,’ as Carpenter ® says,
‘that conjugation is the primitive phase of sexual repro-
duction.’ Berkeley informed me that the announcement fell
perfectly flat. A year or two later, Suminski came to London
with his splendid discovery (1848) of the archegonia of the

3 Proc. Linn. Soc., 1887-88, 65. 4 Higher Cryptogamia, 482.
5 Memorial Sketch, 140.

BOTANICAL ADDRESS TO THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 165

fern, the antheridia having been first seen by Nageli in 1844.
Carpenter 6 gave me, many years after, a curious account of
its reception. ‘At the Council of the Ray Society, at which,’
he said, ‘I advocated the reproduction of Suminski’s book
on the “ Ferns,” I was assured that the close resemblance of
the antherozoids to spermatozoa was quite sufficient proof
that they could have nothing to do with vegetable repro-
duction. ‘Ido not think,’ he added—and the complaint is
pathetic—‘ that the men of the present generation, who have
been brought up in the light, quite apprehend (in this as in
other matters) the utter darkness in which we were then
groping, or fully recognise the deserts of those who helped
them to what they now enjoy.’ This was in 1875, and I
suppose is not likely to be less true now.

The Oxford Meeting in 1860 was the scene of the memor-
able debate on the origin of species, at which it is interesting
to remember that Henslow presided. On that occasion
Section D. reached its meridian. The battle was Homeric.
However little to the taste of its author, the launching of his
great theory was, at any rate, dignified with a not inconsider-
able explosion. It may be that it is not given to the men of
our day to ruffle the dull level of public placidity with
disturbing and far-reaching ideas. But if it were, I doubt
whether we have, or need now, the fierce energy which
inspired then either the attack or the defence. When we
met again in Oxford last year the champion of the old con-
flict stood in the place of honor, acclaimed of all men, a
beautiful and venerable figure. We did not know then that
that was to be his farewell.

The battle was not in vain. Six years afterwards, at
Nottingham, Sir Joseph Hooker delivered his classical
lecture on Insular Floras. It implicitly accepted the new
doctrine, and applied it with admirable effect to a field which
had long waited for an illuminating principle. The lecture
itself has since remained one of the corner-stones of that

6 Memorial Sketch, 141.

166 ERYTHEA.

rational theory of the geographical distribution of plants
which may, I think, be claimed fairly as of purely English
origin.

HENSLow.

There is one name written in the annals of our old Section
which I cannot pass over—that of Henslow. Isuppose there
are few men of this century who have indirectly more
influenced the current of human thought. For in a great
measure I think it will not be contested that we owe Darwin
to him. As Romanes has told us:’ ‘His letters written to
Professor Henslow during his voyage round the world over-
flow with feelings of affection, veneration, and obligation to
his accomplished master and dearest friend—feelings which
throughout his life he retained with no diminished intensity.
As he used himself to say, before he knew Professor Henslow
the only objects he cared for were foxes and partridges.’ I
do not wish to overstate the facts. The possession of ‘the
collector’s instinct, strong in Darwin from his childhood, as
is usually the case in great naturalists, to use Huxley’s ®
words, would have borne its usual fruit in after life, in some
shape or other, even if Darwin had not fallen into Henslow’s
hands. But then the particular train of events which
culminated in the great work of his life would never have
been started. It appeared to me, then, that it would not be an
altogether uninteresting investigation to ascertain something
about Henslow himself. The result has been to provide me
with several texts, which I think it may be not unprofitable to
dwell upon on the present occasion.

In the first place, what was the secret of his influence over
Darwin? ‘My dear old master in Natural History’ (‘ Life,’ ii,
317) he calls him; and to have stood in this relation to
Darwin ° is no small matter. Again, he speaks of his friend-

7 Memorial Notices, 13. 8 Proc. R. 8., xliv. vi. 9 As I shall

have frequent eet to quote the Life and Letiers, I shall insert the
references in the tex

BOTANICAL ADDRESS TO THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 167

ship with him as ‘a circumstance which influenced my whole
career more than any other’ (i. 52). The singular beauty of
Henslow’s character, to which Darwin himself bore noble
testimony, would count for something, but it would not in
itself be a sufficient explanation. Nor was it that intellectual
fascination which often binds pupils to the master’s feet; for,
as Darwin tells us, ‘I do not suppose that anyone would say
that he possessed much original genius’ (i. 52). The real
attraction seems to me to be found in Henslow’s possession,
in an extraordinary degree, of what may be called the
Natural History spirit. This resolves itself into keen obser-
vation and a lively interest in the facts observed. ‘His
strongest taste was to draw conclusions from long-continued
minute observations’ (i. 52). The old Natural History
method, of which it seems to me that Henslow was so striking
an embodiment, is now, and I think unhappily, almost a
thing of the past. The modern university student of botany
puts his elders to blush by his minute knowledge of some
small point in vegetable histology. But he can tell“ you
little of the contents of a country hedgerow; and if you put
an unfamiliar plant in his hands he is pretty much at loss
how to set about recognising its affinities. Disdaining the
field of nature spread at his feet in his own country, he
either seeks salvation in a German laboratory or hurries off
to the Tropics, convinced that he will at once immortalise
himself. But ‘celum non animum mutat’; he puts into
‘pickle’ the same objects as his predecessors, never to be
looked at again; or perhaps writes a paper on some obvious
phenomena which he could have studied with less fatigue
in the Palm House at Kew.

The secret of the right use of travel is the possession of
the Natural History instinct, and to those who contemplate
it I can only recommend a careful study of Darwin’s
‘Naturalist’s Voyage.’ Nothing that came in his way seems
to have evaded him or to have seemed too inconsiderable for
attention. No doubt some respectable travellers have lost
themselves in a maze of observations that have led to noth-

168 : ERYTHEA.

ing. But the example of Darwin, and I might add of
Wallace, of Huxley and of Moseley, show that that result is
the fault of the man and not of the method. The right
moment comes when the fruitful opportunity arrives to him
who can seize it. The first strain of the prelude with which
the ‘Origin’ commences are these words: ‘ When on board
H. M. S. “Beagle” as naturalist, I was much struck with
certain facts in the distribution of the organic beings
inhabiting South America.’ But this sort of vein is not
struck at hazard or by him who has not served a tolerably
long apprenticeship to the work.

When one reads and re-reads the ‘ Voyage,’ it is simply
amazing to see how much could be achieved with a previous
training which we now should think ludicrously inadequate.
Before Henslow’s time the state of the natural sciences at
Cambridge was incredible. In fact, Leonard Jenyns,' his
biographer, speaks of the ‘utter disregard paid to Natural
History in the University previous to his taking up his resi-
dence there.’ The Professor of Botany had delivered no
lectures for thirty years, and though Sir James Smith, the
founder of the Linnean Society, had offered his services,
they were declined on the ground of his being a Noncon-
formist."

As to Henslow’s own scientific work, I can but rely on the
judgment of those who could appreciate it in relation to its
time. According to Berkeley, he was certainly one of the
first, if not the very first, to see that two forms of fruit might
exist in the same fungus.’ And this, as we now know, was a
fundamental advance in this branch of morphology. Sir
Joseph Hooker tells me that his papers were all distinctly
in advance of his day. Before occupying the chair of botany,
he held for some years that of mineralogy. Probably he
owed this to his paper on the Isle of Anglesey, published

10 Memoir, 175, 11 [bid., 37. 12 Tbid., 56,

BOTANICAL ADDRESS TO THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 169

when he was only twenty-six. I learn from the same
authority that this to some extent anticipated, but at any rate
strongly influenced, Sedgwick’s subsequent work in the
same region.

BotTanicaL TEACHING.

Henslow’s method of teaching deserves study. Darwin
says of his lectures ‘that he liked them much for their
extreme clearness.’ ‘But,’ he adds, ‘I did not study botany’
(i. 48). Yet we must not take this too seriously. Darwin,"
when at the Galapagos, ‘indiscriminately collected every-
thing in flower on the different islands, and fortunately kept
my collections separate.’ Fortunately indeed; for it was the
results extracted from these collections, when worked up
subsequently by Sir Joseph Hooker, which determined the
main work of his life. ‘It was such cases as that of the
Galapagos Archipelago which chiefly led me to study the
origin of species’ (iii. 159).

Henslow’s actual method of teaching went some way to
anticipate the practical methods of which we are all so proud
‘He was the first to introduce into the botanical examination
for degrees in London the system of practical examination.’
But there was a direct simplicity about his class arrange-
ments characteristic of the man. ‘A large number of
specimens....were placed in baskets on a side-table in the
lecture room, with a number of wooden plates and other
requisites for dissecting them after a rough fashion, each
student providing himself with what he wanted before taking
his seat.25 I do not doubt that the results were, in their
way, as efficient as we obtain now in more stately laboratories.

The most interesting feature about his teaching was not,
however, its academic aspect, but the use he made of botany
as a general educational instrument. ‘He always held that a
man of no powers of observation was quite an exception.’!®

13 Voyage, 421. 14 Memoir, 161. 15 Ibid., 39. 16 Tbid., 163

170 ERYTHEA.

He thought (and I think he proved) that botany might be
used ‘for strengthening the observant faculties and expand-
ing the reasoning powers of children in all classes of
society.” The difficulty with which those who undertake
now to teach our subject have to deal is that most people ask
the question, What is the use of learning botany unless one
means to be a botanist? It might indeed be replied that as
the vast majority of people never learn anything effectively,
they might as well try botany as anything else. But Henslow
looked only to the mental discipline; and it was characteristic
of the man and of his belief in his methods that when he was
summoned to Court to lecture to the Royal family, his
lectures ‘ were, in all respects, identical with those he was in
the habit of giving to his little Hitcham scholars,’ and it
must be added that they were not less successful.

This success naturally attracted attention. Botanical
teaching in schools was taken up by the Government, and
continues to receive support to the present day. But the
primitive spirit has, I am afraid, evaporated. The measure-
ment of results by means of examination has been fatal to its
survival. The teacher has to keep steadily before his eyes
the necessity of earning his grant. The educational problem
retires into the background. ‘The strengthening of the
observant faculties,’ and the rest of the Henslowian pro-
gramme must give way to the imperious necessity of
presenting to the examiner candidates equipped with at
least the minimum of text-book formulas reproducible on
paper. I do not speak in this matter without painful
experience. The most astute examiner is defeated by the
still more astute crammer. The objective basis of the study
on which its whole usefulness is built up is promptly thrown
aside. If you supply the apple blossom for actual descrip-
tion, you are as likely as not to be furnished with a detailed
account of a buttercup. The training of observation has

17 Memoir, 99. 18 [bid., 149.

BOTANICAL ADDRESS TO THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 171

gone by the board, and the exercise of mere memory has
taken its place. But a table of logarithms or a Hebrew
grammar would serve this purpose equally well. Yet I do
not despair of Henslow’s work still bearing fruit. The
examination system will collapse from the sheer impossibility
of carrying it on beyond a certain point. Freed from its
trammels, the teacher will have greater scope for individu-
ality, and the result of his labors will be rewarded after
some intelligent system of inspection. And here I may
claim support from an unexpected quarter. Mr. Gladstone
has recently written to a correspondent:—‘I think that the
neglect of natural history, in all its multitude of branches,
was the grossest defect of our old system of training for the
young; and, further, that little or nothing has been done by
way of remedy for that defect in the attempts made to alter
or reform that system.’ I am sure that the importance and
weight of this testimony, coming as it does from one whose
training and sympathies have always been literary, cannot
be denied.
Oxp Scuoon or Natural History.

Tf the old school of natural history of which Henslow in
his day was a living spirit is at present, as seems to be the
case, continually losing its hold upon us, this has certainly
not been due to its want of value as an educational discipline,
or to its sterility in contributing new ideas to human knowl-
edge. Darwin’s ‘Origin of Species’ may certainly be
regarded as its offspring, and of this Huxley says with
justice: ‘It is doubtful if any single book, except the
“ Principia,” ever worked so great and rapid a revolution in
science, or made so deep an impression on the general mind.’
Yet Darwin’s biographer, in that admirable Life which ranks
with the few really great biographies in our language,
remarks (i. 155): ‘In reading his books one is reminded of
the older naturalists rather than of the modern school of
writers. He was a naturalist in the old sense of the word,

19 Proc. R. S., xliv. xvii.

172 ERYTHEA.

that is, a man who works at many branches of science, not
merely a specialist in one.’ This is no doubt true, but does
not exactly hit off the distinction between the kind of study
which has gone out of fashion and that which has come in.
The older workers in biology were occupied mainly with the
external or, at any rate, grosser features of organisms and
their relation to surrounding conditions; the modern, on the
other hand, are engaged on the study of internal and inti-
mate structure. Work in the laboratory, with its necessary
limitations, takes the place of research in the field. One
may almost, in fact, say that the use of the compound
microscope divides the two classes. Asa Gray has compared
Robert Brown with Darwin as the ‘two British naturalists’
who have, ‘more than any others, impressed their influence
upon science in the nineteenth century.’ 2° Now it is note-
worthy that Robert Brown did all his work with a simple
microscope. And Francis Darwin writes of his father: ‘It
strikes us nowadays as extraordinary that he should have had
no compound microscope when he went his “Beagle”
voyage; but in this he followed the advice of Robert Brown,
who was an authority on such matters’ (i. 145). One often
meets with persons, and sometimes of no small eminence,
who speak as if there were some necessary antagonism
between the old and the new studies. Thus I have heard a
vet ees systomatist describe the maeruneope as a curse,
and ano less fa herbarium
having its plover place on a bonfire. To me I confess this
anathematisation of the instruments of research proper to any
branch of our subject is not easily intelligible. Yet in the
case of Darwin himself it is certain that if his earlier work
may be said to rest solely on the older methods, his later
researches take their place with the work of the new school.
At our last meeting Pfeffer vindicated one of his latest and
most important observations.

The case of Robert Brown is even more striking. He is

20 Nature, x. 80.

BOTANICAL ADDRESS TO THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 173

equally great whether we class him with the older or the
modern school. In fact, so far as botany in this country is
concerned, he may be regarded as the founder of the latter.
It is to him that we owe the establishment of the structure
of the ovule and its development into the seed. Even more
important were the discoveries to which I have already
referred, which ultimately led to the establishment of the
group of Gymnosperms. ‘No more important discovery,’
says Sachs,”! ‘ was ever made in the domain of comparative
morphology and systematic botany. The first steps towards
this result, which was clearly brought out by Hofmeister
twenty-five years later, were secured by Robert Brown’s
researches, and he was incidentally led to these researches by
some difficulties in the construction of the seed of an
Australian genus.’ Yet it may be remembered that he began
his career as naturalist to Flinder’s expedition for the explor-
ation of Australia. He returned to England with 4,000 ‘for
the most part new species of plants.’ And these have formed
the foundation of our knowledge of the flora of that continent.
Brown’s chief work was done between 1820 and 1840, and, as
Sachs ~ tells us, ‘was better appreciated during that time in
Germany than in any other country.’

MopeEerNnN ScHOOL.

The real founder of the modern teaching in this country
in both branches of biology I cannot doubt was Carpenter.
The first edition of his admirable ‘ Principles of Comparative
Physiology’ was published in 1838, the last in 1854. All
who owe, as I do, a deep debt of gratitude to that book will
agree with Huxley in regarding it as ‘by far the best
general survey of the whole field of life and of the broad
principles of biology which had been produced up to the
time of its publication. Indeed, he adds, ‘although the
fourth edition is now in many respects out of date, I do not

21 History, 142. 22 Loc. cit., 189, 140. 23 Memorial Sketch, 67.

174 ERYTHEA.

know its equal for breadth of view, sobriety of speculation,
and accuracy of detail.’

The charm of a wide and philosophic survey of the
different forms under which life presents itself could not but
attract the attention of teachers. Rolleston elaborated a
course of instruction in zoology at Oxford in which the
structures described in the lecture-room were subsequently
worked out in the laboratory. In 1872 Huxley organised the
memorable course in elementary biology at South Ken-
sington which has since, in its essential features, been
adopted throughout the country. In the following year,
during Huxley’s absence abroad through ill-health, I
arranged, at his request, a course of instruction on the same
lines for the Vegetable Kingdom.

That the development of the new teaching was inevitable
can hardly be doubted, and I for my part am not disposed to
regret the share I took in it. But it was not obvious, and
certainly it was not expected, that it would to so large an
extent cut the ground from under the feet of the old Natural
History studies. The consequences are rather serious, and
I think it is worth while pointing them out.

In a vast empire like our own there is a good deal of work
to be done and a good many posts to be filled, for which the
old Natural History training was not merely a useful but
even a necessary preparation. But at the present time the
universities almost entirely fail to supply men suited to the
work. They neither care to collect, nor have they the skilled
aptitude for observation. Then, though this country is
possessed at home of incomparable stores of accumulated
material, the class of competent amateurs who were mostly
trained at our universities and who did such good service in
working that material out is fast disappearing. It may not
be easy indeed in the future to fill important posts even in
this country with men possessing the necessary qualifications.
But there was still another source of naturalists, even more
useful, which has practically dried up. It is an interesting

BOTANICAL ADDRESS TO THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 175

fact that the large majority of men of the last generation who
have won distinction in this field have begun their career
with the study of medicine. That the kind of training that
Natural History studies give is of advantage to students of
medicine which, rightly regarded, is itself a Natural History
study, can hardly be denied. But the exigencies of the
medical curriculum have crowded them out: and this, I am
afraid, must be accepted as irremediable. I cannot refrain
from reading you, on this point, an extract from a letter
which I have received from a distinguished official lately
entrusted with an important foreign mission. I should add
that he had himself been trained in the old way.

‘I have had my time, and must leave to younger men the
delight of working these interesting fields. Such chances
never will occur again, for roads are now being made and
ways cut in the jungle and forest, and you have at hand all
sorts of trees level on the ground ready for study. These
bring down with them orchids, ferns, and climbers of many
kinds, including rattan palms, ete. But, excellent as are the
officers who devote their energy to thus opening up this
country, there is not one man who knows a palm from a
dragon-tree, so the chance is lost. Strange to say, the
medical men of the Government service know less and care
less for Natural History than the military men, who at least
regret they have no training or study to enable them to take
an intelligent interest in what they see around them. A
doctor nowadays cares for no living thing larger or more
complicated than a bacterium or a bacillus.’

But there are other and even more serious grounds why
the present dominance of one aspect of our subject is a
matter for regret. In the concluding chapter of the
‘Origin, Darwin wrote; ‘I look with confidence to. the
future—to young and rising naturalists.’ But I observe
that most of the new writers on the Darwinian theory, and
oddly enough, especially when they have been trained at
Cambridge, generally begin by more or less rejecting it as a
theory of the origin of species, and then proceed unhesita-

176 ERYTHEA.

tingly to reconstruct it. The attempt rarely seems to me
successful, perhaps because the limits of the laboratory are
unfavorable to the accumulation of the class of observations
which are suitable for the purpose. The laboratory, in fact,
has not contributed much to the Darwinian theory, except
the ‘ Law of Recapitulation,’ and that, I am told, is going out
of fashion.

The Darwinian theory, being, as I have attempted to
show, the outcome of the Natural History method, rested at
every point on a copious basis of fact and observation.
This, more modern speculation lacks. The result is a
revival of transcendentalism. Of this we have had a copious
crop in this country, but it is quite put in the shade by that
with which we have been supplied from America. Perhaps
the most remarkable feature is the persistent. vitality of
Lamarckism. As Darwin remarks: ‘ Lamarck’s one sugges-
tion as to the cause of the gradual modification of species—
effort excited by change of conditions-—was, on the face of it,
inapplicable to the whole vegetable world’ (ii. 189). And if
we fall back on the inherited direct effect of change of
conditions, though Darwin admits that ‘ physical conditions
have a more direct effect on plants than on animals’
(ii. 319), I have never been able to convince myself that
that effect is inherited. I will give one illustration. The
difference in habit of even the same species of plant when
grown under mountain and lowland conditions is a matter of
general observation. It would be difficult to imagine a case
of ‘ acquired characters’ more likely to be ‘inherited.’ But
this does not seem to be the case. The recent careful
research of Gaston Bonnier only confirms the experience of
cultivators. ‘The modifications acquired by the plant when
transported for a definite time from the plains to the Alps, or
vice versa, disappear at the end of the same period when the
plant is restored to its original conditions.’ #

Darwin, in an eloquent passage, which is too long for me

24 Ann. d. Sc. nat., 7° sér. xx. 355,

SHORT ARTICLES. 177

to quote, has shown how enormously the interest of Natural
History is enhanced ‘when we regard every production of
Nature as one which has had a long history,’ and ‘when we
contemplate every complex structure....as the summing up
of many contrivances.’ But this can only be done, or at any
rate begun, in the field and not in the laboratory.

A more serious peril is the dying out amongst us of two
branches of botanical study in which we have hitherto
oceupied a position of no small distinction. Apart from the
staffs of our official institutions, there seems to be no one
who either takes any interest in, or appreciates in the
smallest degree, the importance of systematic and descriptive
botany. And geographical distribution is almost in a worse
plight, yet Darwin calls it, ‘ that grand subject, that almost
keystone of the laws of creation’ (i. 356).

T am aware that it is far easier to point out an evil than to
remedy it. The teaching of botany at the present day has
reached a pitch of excellence and earnestness which it has
never reached before. That it is somewhat one-sided cannot
probably be remedied without a subdivision of the subject
and an increase in the number of teachers. If it has a
positive fault, it is that it is sometimes inclined to be
too dogmatic and deductive. Like Darwin, at any rate in a
biological matter, ‘I never feel convinced by deduction, even
in the case of H. Spencer’s writings’ (iii. 168). The
intellectual indolence of the student inclines him only too
gladly to explain phenomena by referring them to ‘ism,’
instead of making them tell their own story.

(To be Concluded)

SHORT ARTICLES.

Dares or PusticaTion or Nurratt’s Composit#.—The
most important of all earlier contributions to the knowledge
of Northwest American Composite is Nuttall’s elaborate

25 Origin, 426.

178 ERYTHEA.

paper published in the Seventh Volume of the Second Series
of Transactions of the American Philosophical Society.
The volume bears on its title page the date 1841; and this
was, until recently, always given as the date of Nuttall’s
paper. But in 1891, Dr. Otto Kuntze found evidence, in
some European libraries, that the document in question had
been in the hands of botanists in 1840.

A copy of the whole volume, now in the botanical library
of the Catholic University at Washington explains the matter
fully, and removes all doubt about the date, or rather, dates,
of Nuttall’s Composite.

The entire volume was published originally in three parts;
each part being issued in a paper cover, with title, and date.

Part I, issued in 1840, has a long table of contents, but
nothing botanical.

Part II, also issued in 1840, contains a portion of the
Descriptions of New Species and Genera of Plants in
the natural Order of the Composita, collected in a Tour
across the Continent to the Pacific, ete., by Thomas Nuttall.

Part III, issued in 1841, contains the remainder of the
paper above-named.

The dates, according to the paging, are as follows:

Pages 283 to 356, 1840.
“357 ~to 453, 1841.

Epw. L. GREENE.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ELEGANS, JEPsoN.—This form, I now
decide, is to be referred to A. manzanita, Parry. I do not
regard it as even worthy of a varietal name and so make
record for the benefit of monographers and others. The
name was published in this journal for January, 1893. (Vol.
1. p. 15).

179

OPEN LETTERS.
Distribution of the Darlingtonia in Oregon.

Tue Darlingtonia Californica grows plentifully in the
Coast Mountains about the 42d parallel. It is to be found in
all of the spring runs and swamps and along creeks—in fact
in all wet places for many miles and I think this is the home
of it and that the upper Sacramento localities are outlying
stations. Growing with it are a number of other plants not
generally known to range out of California, such as Parnassia
Californica, Aster Hendersonii, Helenium Bigelovit, Rud-
beckia Californica, Cypripedium Californicum, Scirpus
criniger and others that I cannot now call to mind.

The geological formation in the region is a peculiar kind of
serpentine and, for the most part, the lower portions of the
mountains are well supplied with springs that run clear
water all the year.

Yours,
THos. HowELL.

Clackamas, Oregon, 16 October, 1895.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND NEWS.

Tur Setember number of the Bulletin de L’ Herbier
Boissier contains among other articles the last installment
of G. Lindau’s monograph of American Acanthaces, and
“ Herborisations au Cost Rica,” by Ad. Tonduz.

In Garden and Forest of April 3, 1895 (viii, 134, £. 20)
Mr. T. S. Brandegee described and figured a new Mimulus,
M. Clevelandi, from the south side of Cuyamaca Peak, San
Diego Co. It is a perennial woody species spreading by
underground roots and said to be one of the handsomest
members of the genus.

H. Marsaatt Warp, Professor of Botany, Royal Indian
Engineering College, London, has been appointed to the
professorship of Botany in Cambridge University, made
vacant by the death of Prof. C. C. Babington.

180 ERYTHEA.

We have received a copy of Fascicle I of the Synoptical
Flora of North America, issued October 10, A review will
appear in our next number.

Tue Field Columbian Museum has begun a series of
botanical publications. Vol. 1, part I, consists of a paper
entitled “ Contribution to the Flora of Yucatan,” by Charles
Frederick Millspaugh, Curator of the Museum.

Tae Botanical Society of North America held its first
annual meeting at Springfield, Mass., August 27 and 28.
Charles E. Bessey was elected President for 1896. M.S.
Bebb, Rockford, Il}.; W. A. Setchell, Berkeley; W. R. Dud-
ley, Palo Alto, California; and D. P. Penhallow, Montreal,
were elected members. Dr. A. W. Chapman was elected to
honorary membership.

THE Division of Botany has recently distributed the fol-
lowing numbers of Vol. III, contributions from the U. 8.
National Herbarium: No. 3, “Flora of the Sand Hills of
Nebraska, by P. A. Rydberg; No. 4, “ Report upon a Col-
lection of Plants made by J. H. Sandberg and assistants in
Northern Idaho in 1892,” by John M. Holzinger.

ERRATA.
Page 5, line 21, for Brittanicarum read Britannicarum.
“ ll, * 14,

Callfornia read California.
“11, “ 21, “ Bricamera read Ericameria.
“ 14, “ 12, “ stoloniferous read stoloniferus.
“ VY, “- 1, “ semicinecta read semicincta.
“ 33, “ 23, “ Williamette read Willamette.
“ 49, “ 11, “ Anlerson read Alderson.
“ 59, “ 30, “ macrantherum read macranthum.
“ 59, “ 31, “ macranthera read macrantha.
“ 60, “ 24,“ §Stiveri read Stiversi.
“ Ti, “ 24, “ differ read differs.
~. 91, “ I, “ far-wastern read far-western.
~ ot, “2 * Unmbellaria read Umbellularia.
we, * Og * Guadeloupe read Guadelupe.
* 150, “ 21, “ plans read plan.

181 -

LIN: D Bx

Aeolium, 44
— 80 133; Blasdaleanum,
.n., 77; Tonella, ‘sp. n.,

Micuiak 6

Accaeatet: 24; dens leonis, sp. n., 23

Agrostis, 59

Aledtorin, 31

Allium, 60,

Shockers Australasica, nom. n., 57,
albiflora, nom. n., 57; inerlinbhas
sp. n., 125; Nelsoni, sp. n., 48;
tenuiftelaas nom. n., 57; seontibe, sp.
th 320

Amelanchier, vit

57
Antelope Valley, 153
Anthoceros,
Aplopappus, 6, 90, 157
Arabis, 156; secunda, sp. n., 33
Arctostaphylos elegans, 178, man-

pomnaeng 155, 157; qe oF
., 76; Elmeri, sp. vt
ascii. nom. n., 76; ieee:
andus, n., 16; alan
nom. n., 76; thermalis, nom. n
76

Bzsomyces, 30
Balsamorrhiza, 155
Berberi

Beta, 60
Bigelovia, 10, 90

Bioletti, F. T., Notes on the genus
Nemophila, 139.

Blasdale, Walter C., Observations
on Puccinia mirabilissima, 131

Boisduvalia bipartita, sp. n

sere id N., A new Ery-
throni 27
Bolelia Natit: sp. n., 101
Borrichia, 80

Bouteloua, 148

Braya, 60; pectinata, sp. n., 69

Brintonia, gen. n., 89; discoidea,
nom. n.,

British Association, address to the
Botanical Section,

Britton, N. L., publication by sig-
natures of the List of Spermato-
phyta and Pteridophyta of north-
eastern N. A., 50, 68

Calliprora ana sp. n., 126; var.?

anilina, var. n., 126

Calochortus, 50, 158; collinus, sp.
2.)

Caltha, 53

Calyptridium monospermum, sp,
n., 63

Canbya, 157

Cardamine quercetorum, sp. n., 33

Carex, 59

Castilleia, 158

Ceanothus, 157

Cephalozia, 28

Chondrophora, 90; nudata, 91; vir-
gata, nom. n.,
Chaitleantha, 158

182

Chrysoe

a, 90
Chrys, ", . 90: arborescens,

eata, nom. n., 11, var. spathulata,
var. n., 11; diffasn: nom. n., =
Domingaiais nom. = 8, Te
obtusifolia, var. n. ,8;

nom, n., 12; teretifolin, nom. n.,
12

Chrysothamnus, 92; albidus, nom,

ruminosus, nom
n., 94; depressus, 107; elegans,
sp. n., 94; frigidus, nom. n., 112;
peels: nom. n., 108; ieee.
nom, n

spermus, nom. n
ensis, nom. n., 113; Nevadensis,
nom. n., 114; Parryi, nom. n.,
113; puberulus, nom. n., 93; pul-
chellus, nom. n., 107; prin:
93; speciosus, 109, var.? Arizo-

“icus, var. n., 110, var. albi-
caulis, 109, var. gnaphalodes,
nom. n., 110, var.? latisquameus,
nom. n., 110, var. ? Plattensis, var.
n., 111; stenophyllus, nom. n.,
94; Vaseyi, nom. n., 96; viscidi-
florus, 95, var. lanceolatus, nom.
n., 95, var. latifolius, nom. n., 96,
var. serrulatus, nom. n., 96, var.
tortifolius, nom. n., 96

Cichorium, 6%

Citation, po for, 85

Cladina, 30

ERYTHEA,

Cladonia, 30, 48
Cladothamnus campanulatus, sp.

n.,
Clarkia virgata, sp. n., 123
Claytonia, 157

Oollinsi, 77, 155, 156; concolor, sp-
Oastneait observatious on 6, 89,
107

Conocephalus, 1, 4, 25, 26

Cratzegus, 77

Crepis Bakeri, sp. n., 78; Modo-
censis, sp. n., 48

Cryptanthe orinita. sp.n

Cupressus Arizonica, 150;
carpa, «ar. seinen 2 49

Darlingtonia Calitornica, eoncern-
ing the distribution of in Oregon,
179

Davidson, Dr, A., Botanical excur-

undescribed, 116; Transcripts of
some descriptions of Californian
genera and species, 136; Pacific
Slope plants in English gardens,
143; Cupressus macrocarpa, var.
guadeloupensis,

Delphinium, 60, 157; leacopheum,

Dichelostemma, 78

Dietel, P., New North American
Uredinex, 77

Diplopappus, 11

Diplophyllum, 27

Distichlys, 81

Dodecatheon alpinum, sp. n., 39
conjug ens, sp. n., 40; glastifolium,
sp. n., 71; Hendersonii, var. Han-
seni, var.n. 71; Jeffreyi, 39; pa-
tulum, var. Bernalinum, var. n.,
72, var. gracile, var. n., 72; radi-

INDEX.

catum, sp. n., 37; tetrandrum,
sp. n., 40; viviparum, nom. n.,
38

Eastwood, Alice, Observations on
the habits of Nemophila, 151

Ellisia, 155

Endocarpiscum, 42

Ericameria, 10, 11

Erigeron Austins, sp. n., 100; bar
bellulatus, sp. n., 65; Basdale,
sp. n., 124; con eosiagits p. n., 35
Coviliel sp. n., 20; slegaotnl,
sp. n., 65; Marine egi, Sp. Ls
oxyphyllus, sp. n., 20; nettocllia
sp. n., 21

Bricoarpon blephariphyllum,nom.
n., 14; pbyllocephalum, nom. n.,
15; rubiginosum, nom. n,, 15

Eriogonum, 158

Eriophyllum croceum, sp. n., 124;
obovatum, sp. n.,

Eryngium alismezefolium, sp. n., is

Erysimum Californicum, sp. n

Erythronium Johnsonii, sp. n., ae

Eulophus, 157

Euphorbia, 61
sgn ae 10, 13, 91
Evern

Fiaveaa versicolor, sp. n., 62

Gietta grass, 147

Gilia, 61, 103, 155, 156; abrotanifolia
sp. n. 104; achillesefolia, 104;
Chamissonis, sp. n., 105, mille-
foliata, 108; maulticaulis, 103;
staminea, sp. n., 105

Glyptopleura, 157

Grama grass, 148

Greene, Edw. L., Observations on
the Composit, 6, 89, 107; Novi-

183

tates Occidentules, 17, 44, 62, 69,
98, 118,123; Corrections in Nom-
enclature, 36, 75; Phytographic
Notes and Amendments, 53, 102;
Comment on ‘Rules for Citation,’
85; Some species of Dodecatheon,
37; Sundry Propositions, 122;
dates of publication of Nuttall’s,
Composite, 177

Gundlachia, 7, 8

Habenaria saccata, 9

Handbook of West Sat Cone-

eisinite of Tick ‘kieclia 41
Hemicarpha, 59
Hepaticology, chapters in the Early

Hieracium amplum, sp. n., 101

Hilaria rigida,

Horkelia Tilingi, Transcript of
original description, 137

Horticulture, Pacific Slope plants
in English gardens, 143

Howe, Marshall A., Chapters in
the Early History of Hepatico-
logy, 1, 25; review of the Warm-
ing-Potter Handbook of Syste-

as, New Species of
Pacific Coast Plants, 32; con-
cerning the distribution of Dar-
lingtonia Californica in Oregon,

Hymenothrix, 62

Ibervillea Lindheimeri, nom. n.,
75; Sonorze, nom. n., 75; teininr-
tita, nom. n., 75

Tsocoma, 8

Jepson, Willis L., concerning Arc-
tostapylos elegans, 178

Juncoides comosum var. macran-
thum, nom. n.,

Jungermannia, 29

184 |

Kantia, 27

Kumlienia Cooley, 53
Layia, 155

Lecanora, 31, 42
Lecidea, 32, 48

Lemmon, J. G., A new Calochor- -

tus, 49°
Lepidium, 157; medium, nom. n., 36;
occidentale, sp. n.,
ium, 42

Linanthus luteolus, sp. n., 121
montanus, sp. n., 120; neglectus,
Sp. n., 24; nudatus, sp. n., 120;
serrulatus, sp. D.,

Linosyris,

List of Pteridophyta and Sperma-
tophyta of Northeastern North
America, 36, 50, 6

Lithophragma, 102; rupicola, sp.
n., 102; scabrella, nom. n., 102;
tripartita; nom. n., 102; Wil-
liamsii, nom. 2

Lloyd, Francis r A new Violet, 74

x

Lunularia, 5, 26, 28

Lupinus, 17, 60, 155, 157; eximius,
Sp. n., 116: Jaxiflorus, var. mon-
tanus, var. n., 33; Tidestromii,
sp. n., 1

Lycium, 157

Madia, 155

Malacothrix, 155, 157

Malva, 157

Marchantia, 4, 25, 26, 28

Matricaria, 62

Mentsclia: Nelsonii, sp. n., 70

Metzgeria, 28

Microseris, 155, 157; intermedia,

Sp. n., .
Mimulus Clevelandi, ddd, marmor-

ERYTHEA.

atus, sp. n. 73; subreniformis,

sp. n., 67
‘Mirabilis, 155

Mitella Hallii, sp. n., 33
Montia, 60
Mylia, 29
Myrtle, White, 97; Yellow, 97
Nama, 157
Nemophila, 139, 151; atomaria, 142,
51; insignis, 141, 151; inter-
media, sp. n., 141; Menziesii, 140,
151; parviflora, 140
Neosyris, gen. n., 115; fuliginea,
nom. n., 115; hypoleuca, nom. n.
15

Nephroma, 31

Nomenclature at the Springfield
Meeting, A. A. A. §., 1895, 158;
corrections in nomenclature, 36,
75

CEnothera, et 157

Opegrapha, 32, 44

Open nes 50, 68, 147, 179

Opuntia, 61

Orthocarpus, 154

Osbertia, gen. n., 14; Heleniastrum,
nom. n., 14, var. glabrata, nom. n.,
14, var.? scabrella, var. n. 14; sto-
lonifera, nom. n., 14

Oxalis, 60

Oxytheca, 158

Pacific Slope plants in English gar-

2
Parish, 8. B., Further Additions to
the Flora of Southern California,
58

Parmelia, 31, 41

Parrasia camporum, nom, n., 75;
linearifolia, nom. n., 75

Pentatemon, 61, 157

_ INDEX,

Peraphyllum ramosissimum, 00

Pertusaria

Petradoria, gen. n., 13, 91; pumila:
3

Peucedanum, 156

rosso 61, 155, 157; inconupidua.
24

eusialte sp. n., ae

Placodium, 42

Plagiochila, 5, 27

Plantago,

Plants hitherto undescribed, 116
Platysma, 3

Pieces. rigida, 147

Pleurozia, 27

‘oa,

Pollard, Charles Louis, Nomencla-
ture at the Springfield ‘Meeting,
A. A. A. 8., 1895, 158

Polygonum, 79

Populus, 60

Porella, 27

Potentilla nubigena, nom. n., 36;
stenoloba, n

pha 3, 26

Pru 156

odrnln i sp. n., 99; mon-

sp. n., 80; mirabilissima, observa-
tions on, 131; mirilica, sp. n., 79;
Panici, sp. n., 80; Parkers, sp. n.,
78; eubuitens, sp. n., 81; Wul-
feaix, sp. n., 79

Pulteney, ee on the qualifications
of a botan 06

Pyrrocoma ses eM sp. n, 22

Radula, 28

Raftesquis, 157

_ 185

Raillardella sserisetnta’ sp. n., 48

Ramalina, 30, 41

RS 20, 53; alceus, sp. n.,
71; Austinge, sp.n., 44; Bongardi,
nom. n. 54; caltheeforus, sp. n.,
45; eximius, sp. n., 19; Hartwegi,
nom. n., ; Missouriensis, sp.
n., 20; i 55; Populago,

i, 54

Ribes, 78, 155; sesapene 8p. 0.,
$e Wilsoniavam, sp. n., 70

Ric

Ricciella, 29

Riscinsarpnd

Rinodina, 43. angelica, sp. n., 43
sp. n. 46

Sanicula divaricata, sp. n., 64
Saxifraga Oregana, sp. n., 34
Scirpus, 59

Senecio, 155; admirabilis, sp. n

angul-
aris, var. Hanseni, ai. thes "ibe

Sequoia,

Setchell, Prof. W. A., 148

Silene, 77; Tilingi, transcript of
original description, 136

Sisyrinchium sarmentosum, sp. n.,

Solanum, 61; cupuliferum, sp. n.,

Solidago, 6, 91
Sonuea,
Spheralcea, 157; angustifolia, var.

violacea, var. n., 118
Spherophoron, 30

186

Spireea arbuscula. sp. n., 63
Stephanodoria, gen. n., 12; tomen-

Stizenberger, Dr. E., Notes on
Western Lichens, 30

Streptanthus, 155, 157; versicolor,
Sp. D.,

Suksdorfia violacea, 56

Tellima on nom. n., 55

Theloschistes, 4

Thermopsis, 19, a argentata, sp,
i , 19

ddress to
the Botanical Section of the Brit-
ish Association, 163

Tissa sparsiflora, sp. n.,46

Transcripts of some descriptions
of Californian genera and species
136

ERYTH#A.

Trichocolea, 29

Trifolium, 60; Arizonicum, sp. n.,
18; Hanseni, sp. n., 17; Morley-
anum, sp. 7

Triglochin concinna, sp. n., 117

Umbellularia, 97

Umbilicaria, 42

Urceolaria, 48

Uromyces, 77, 78; aterrimus, sp. n.,
78; Suksdorfii, sp. n., 77

Usnea, 41

Verrnearia, 44; plumbaria, sp. n.,
44

Vicia, 155; semicincta, sp. n., 17
Viola, 61, 74, 82, 156; Macloskeyi,
sp.n., 74

Wright, W. G., Gietta grass, 147

Wright, F. W., Oregonian forms
of Umbellularia, 97

Wulfenia, 79