JOURNAL OF BOTANY

KEW GARDEN MISCELLANY. -

Sm WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, K.H., D.C.L. Oxon
LL.D, FR, A., and L.S., Vice-President of the Linnean Sociéty, and j
Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens of Stem. 0

LONDON: …
REEVE AND BENHA

J PRINTED BY REEVE AND NICHOLS, —
HEATHCOCK COURT, STRAND.

#

HOOKERS

JOURNAL OF BOTANY

AND

KEW GARDEN MISCELLANY.

AMAN VA Amm

Report on the * BRowN SCALE," or Coccus, so injurious to the
CorrrE-PLANTS in Ceylon; in a letter from the late GEORGE
GARDNER, Esq., Director of the Botanic Garden at Peradenia,
addressed to the Colonial Secretary, Colombo. (Communicated by
the Right Hon. Earl Grey, Chief Secretary for the Colonies.
With a Plate, Vol. IT. Tas. XII.)

(Continued from vol. ii. p. 860.)

On nearly all those estates where I have been able to trace the rise -
and progress of this epidemic, the Coccus has been first observed in -
moist hollow places, sheltered from the wind, and from thence has
spread itself SL MO mter Ucet and most exposed

as those of Pen-y-lan and Dehanjitis it first appeared in dry ¢ s po
places. That it prefers moist sheltered situations is certain, as | 3

Lapallagalla and Muruta estates, which about a year i ag i Wa fe
nearly free from the pest, it still clung in a very obvious manner to those
trees that were situated by the side of little streams of water in spent
and ravines.

.. .tion could be obtained, none of th
_ than a few months on them. All,

9 THE ‘BROWN SCALE,"

with regard to the course which the epidemie runs. Thus, on the
Lapallagalla estate, where it was first observed in 1843, it did not reach
its maximum till 1846, when nearly the whole estate was covered with
the pest, and its accompanying black smut, or fungus. During the two
first years of its existence, little loss of crop was sustained ; but in
1845 and 1846 the loss was upwards of two-thirds of what would
have been produced had the trees been healthy. - In 1847 both the
“bug ” and the smut began gradually to disappear, and before the end
of the year, it is said that scarcely a vestige of it remained. The
seeds of it, however, seem to have been left behind in no little abund-
ance, for the trees are again this season over-run with the pest, and
almost everywhere, but more particularly in hollows and ravines by the
side of streams, the smut is again blackening the trees. |

On the estate called Muruta, about a mile to the eastward of La-
pallagalla, the epidemic has pursued a similar course; but, from
being a season in arrear, it presents this year a somewhat i feet
appearance. This estate first began to show symptoms of it in the
year 1844. During that and the following year it did not cause much
damage; but in 1846 it had extended over nearly the whole of the
plantation, and about two-thirds of the produce was lost on those
portions that were worst affected, In 1847 it disappeared in a great
measure, but the trees had received such a shock, that those growing
on the least fertile parts of the estate yielded almost no crop, while
those on better soil, and therefore more able to recover themselves, —
produced an average one. This season the trees at a distance appear
to have become quite free from the evil, having nearly regained their
usual green colour, and the crop promises to be a fair one for the
district ; but when the young branches, the underside of the leaves,
and the footstalks of the fruit are closely examined, the Scale in its
different stages is still visible there ; and, as the insects multiply in
excessive numbers, the probability is that the estate next year will be
exactly in the same state that Lapallagalla is this season ; indeed, in
the hollows, many patches of black are even now to be seen.
. Of three or four other estates that were passed through in this
Quarter, on my way to Dolisbagie, the next district, no precise informa-
e superintendents having been longer:
however, were found to be greatly

diseased, large patehes, of aeres in extent, being very visible in

OR COCCUS, OF THE COFFEE-PLANT. 3

the whole of them. One of them, called Diabetmia, was suffering
from another evil—the rat, and it was painful to witness the ravages
these animals were committing. A large patch of coffee-bushes,
stretching along a flat at the bottom of a bare rocky hill, had
so many of the branches cut off and lying on the ground, that
it seemed as if some one had gone through pruning them with a
knife ; and many of the branches thus lopped were fine healthy shoots,
covered with fruit. In the adjoining woods I found the Niloo—an
` Acanthaceous shrub, on the pith of the young skoots of which the rats
are said to feed—to be all dead; the same was the case last year
at Rambodde, where the rats were committing similar ravages. As
the Niloo is a plant that forms a great proportion of the underwood
of our mountain-forests, and flowers only once in every five or six
years, and then dies down, the rat will most probably be a regular
: periodical enemy to coffee-plantations, at least to those bordering on
forests.

The first estate visited in Dolisbagie was Pen-y-lan. There the
nuisance did not commence till about the setting in of the monsoon,
in the early part of 1846. Tt first appeared on the top of a ridge exposed
to the wind, and on the opposite side of the estate to that on which
the Muruta estates are situated, the distance between them being
about six miles. Here the extension of the evil was so rapid, and so
virulent in its nature, that in the first year of its having been noticed,
1846, it was estimated that a fourth of the whole crop was lost,

After the rains of 1847 it began to disappear, some trees becoming
perfectly free; but in low sheltered situations it still continued nearly

as bad as ever. The trees suffered so much from the previous year’s =
attack, that scarcely any crop was obtained: thus, from one patch, —
consisting of about seven acres, only 100 bushels of green Coffee were —
picked. A tolerably fair crop was promised at the beginning of the -
present season, but at the period of my visit the Scale had become nearly
as prevalent as ever, and will no doubt R a large portion of Pi ^
before it has time to ripen.

Barnagalla and Raxana, two other estates that were passed through
in this district, were both found to be suffering to a considerable
extent. ga

In the Ambegamoa district, the first estate visited was W v
Talawa. From the o rane I could get no infg Es a

4 THE ‘BROWN SCALE,"

he had only been in charge for a short time; but from a gentleman
who accompanied me, I learned that in 1846 the pest was ravaging
it to a frightful extent, and that a heavy loss of crop ensued. At.
present the trees seem to be tolerably free of the “ Scale,” but on
examination it was found still to exist, and a few black patches were
here and there observable through the estate.

On Weraloo-gastane, about six miles distant in a northerly direc-
tion, the insect was first seen about two years ago; and its ravages
have not yet been extensive. At present about one-fourth of the estate
is affected, and beginning to turn black ; but Mr. Anstruther, to whom
it belongs, says that he is checking its progress by sprinkling finely
pounded saltpetre, mixed with lime-dust, over the trees.

On the Dahanyke estate, about four miles further no h, towards
Kotmalee, the Coccus first obtained a footing in May 1845, on a single
tree near the Bungalow, which occupies an elevated, exposed situation.
In 1846 it spread over about six acres, round the spot where it first
appeared. In 1847, it disappeared to a considerable extent, but this
season it has increased again, and is now fast extending over the
estate. ue dde

My first object on reaching Kotmalee was to visit the Harrangalla
estate, as it was there that I first saw the effects of the injury in June
1846. Tt had then only been observed about two months before, but
had already diffused itself over a patch of about an acre, in a hollow
part of the estate, sheltered from the monsoon. Since then it has gone
on gradually progressing, and now prevails over more than two-thirds
of the whole estate, while the effect produced on the trees is much
worse than I have seen elsewhere. It was truly painful to find that
trees which, in a healthy state, would produce from two to three pounds
of coffee, were either entirely destitute of berries, or only producing

. à few shrivelled ones, that will hardly repay the expense of collecting.
I could not ascertain what the loss of crop had been during the last
two years. - l ex diee

On the adjoining estate of Oonoo-galla, which is a much younger
one, the Coccus was first seen about the end of 1846, also in a hollow
part of the estate. This season it is disseminated over about thirty acres.

Katooboole and Kadien-lena, two very large estates in this district,
are suffering at present to an alarming extent, and the damage will
be very great.

OR COCCUS, OF THE COFFEE-PLANT. 5

In the Dimboola district the estates are all young, none of them
having yet borne a crop. In all of them the Coccus has been observed,
but only in a trifling degree.

In the Puselana district the estates have been in bearing for two or
three years, and all of them are more or less infested with the Coccus,
though not nearly to the same extent as the Kotmalee ones. The
. only one of them which I examined particularly, is called the
. Rothschild estate, containing about 400 acres; and it, perhaps, is
suffering more severely than any other in the district. Here I
found the history and effects of the plague to be much the same as
elsewhere. It was first discerned on a few bushes in a hollow, sheltered
part of the estate, where the soil is rich and rather swampy, about the
beginning of 1846, and since then it has been gradually spreading
till the present time, when, in its different stages, it infests a large
portion of the estate, though perhaps not more thirty acres are in the
worst state, the loss of crop on which is estimated to be about two-
thirds. :

On the Hunisgiria range, which is situated to the north-east of
Kandy, the Scale did not make its appearance till about two years
ago. Upwards of a dozen of estates were visited, and all of them
I found more or less injured. The Hunisgiria estate, which is the
nearest to Kandy and on the western side of the range, is that on
which it first appeared, and the one, also, that has suffered most. As
elsewhere, it did not cause either much apprehension or damage
during the first year; but this season several large patches, of acres
in extent, have turned quite black. ‘The only other badly infected — d
estate in this district is that called Dottlegalla, several miles further —
north, and between which and the Hunisgiria estate there are two
others but slightly touched. Here, however, no information regarding ——
its origin or progress could be obtained, as a new superintendent had
just taken charge of it. Between this estate and that of Cabragalla,
at the north end of the range, as well as those on its eastern side, none
of the estates have yet suffered, though on examination they were all
found to possess the seeds of the damage. =

I have been particular in my inquiries into the effect which atmo- -
spheric changes exert on the habits and effects of the Coffee Coceus, —
but no very satisfactory information has resulted. The general
impression seems to be that it flourishes most luxuriantly in wet

6 à THE ‘BROWN SCALE,"

weather. What effect a continuance of- drought would produce
on the insect, it is impossible to say, as during the last two years there
has scarcely been any dry weather in the Central Province ; and this
continued moist state of both atmosphere and soil, I am inclined
io believe, has had much to do with the prevalence of the epidemic.
As the present season promises to be a dry one, it may perhaps
partially check its progress to some extent. :

Whatever may have been the origin of the Coccus, it is certain that,
having once appeared, the rapidity with which it multiplies, and the
immense number of eggs that each Scale produces, will sufficiently
_ account for the speed with which it extends. As the females do not
possess wings, it is quite impossible that they can spread from tree to
iree by flight. By means of their legs, however, they possess excellent
powers of locomotion ; and as at the opening of each Scale, to give
. egress to the young that have been hatched within it, hundreds of them
must, necessarily fall to the ground, many will, of course, take posses-
sion of adjoining trees. . This seems to be the way in which the pest
radiates from a centre to a cireumference in those localities where it
first appears on estates.

As regards its transmission from one place to another, there are many
means by which it may be effected. Thus, any one passing an infected
tree will be sure to carry away hundreds of the minute young,
unknown to himself, as they are all but imperceptible to the naked eye;
and I should say that Coolies going from one estate to another, have done
more to diffuse the plague than anything else. The same end has, no
doubt, also been accomplished by birds and large insects. In some of the
estates that I have visited, the disease has first been noticed near
the Coolie lines ; and where it has broken out in single patches, in the
middle of estates, far from roads, birds have most likely conveyed
the seeds. That the spread of the pest from west to east has been
effected by transmission of the young females from place to place, is, I
think, very probable.

— Numerous are the remedies that have been employed to check
the progress of the blight, but none of them have had the desired
effect. Thus, upon the Lapallagalla estate, applications of chloride of
lime, lime-water, urine, and manuring with guano, have been tried,
and found useless. Cutting down the trees and close-pruning them

were also had recourse to in vain, the young shoots immediately
becoming as bad as ever.

OR COCCUS, OF THE COFFEE-PLANT. 7

At Pen-y-lan, powdered lime thrown over the trees, rich manuring
with horse-dung and rotten coffee-pulp, application of urine, and
tobacco fumigation, were tried without effect.

At Weraloo-gastane, Mr. Anstruther believes that he is checking the
mischief on his estate, by sprinkling the trees with a mixture of
equal parts of finely-pounded saltpetre and quicklime. Some trees
which had been thus treated were pointed out to me; but as I had -
not seen them before the use of the remedy, it was impossible to
form an opinion regarding its efficacy, especially as on examination
abundance of the live Scale was still visible. Since my return to
Peradenia, Mr. Anstruther has addressed the following letter to me
on the subject :— 2
Ambegamoa, 23rd June, 1848.

My dear Sir,—It occurs to me that perhaps I did not explain to
you sufficiently how saltpetre can be most effectually used in destroying
the Coffee bug. It should be pounded as fine as possible, and dusted
over the branches affected, while the leaves are wet: it then adheres,
and almost immediately melts. I have witnessed many instances of
its success since I had the pleasure of seeing you. My superin-
tendents have tried other modes of application, and, they think, with
good effect,—such as applying it to the roots simply, or mixed with
manure. Yours, very truly,

P. ANSTRUTHER. -
With regard to this remedy, I must, however, state, that on
my return to Peradenia, about ten days ago, I selected two trees,
growing in a small patch of infested Mocha Coffee, for the purpose
of testing its effects. One of them was treated according to Mr. — —
Anstruther’s plan, the other carefully brushed over with a solution ;
of saltpetre in water, of the strength of about an ounce to the pint. —
These trees have been daily watched, and in ten days they are neither >
better nor worse than those by which they are surrounded.
Powdering the trees over with sulphur and wood-ashes has Jo
been recommended, but I have not found it efficacious. i
At Puselava the Messrs. Worms ascertained that the application —
of cocoa-nut oil had the effect of exterminating the Coccus; but, as -
it destroyed the trees also, it was abandoned. It is well known that all
oily substances applied to insects kill them by preventing respira-
tion; and, in the same manner, if applied to trees, especially to the

8 THE COCCUS OF THE COFFEE-PLANT.

underside of their leaves, their stomata, or breathing-pores, are shut
up, and death is the consequence.

Fumigation with sulphur has been recommended, but not yet, so far
as I know, put to the test of experience in Ceylon; and some experi-
ments which I am at present instituting with tar-water are not suf-

ficiently advanced to be detailed.

_ Tt is, however, very doubtful if any remedy will ever be discovered
sufficiently cheap, and, at “the same time, easy of ‘application on the.
large scale which Coffee estates require. The hot-houses of England
have long been infested by more than one species of Coccus; and
. powders, washes, and fumigations of all kinds have been again and
again prescribed for their destruction, but seemingly without effect,
as I find that Loudon, in his * Encyclopedia of Gardening’ (5th
edition, p. 431), concludes an article on this subject in the following
words :—** Brushing off these creatures is the only effectual remedy,
and, if set about at once and persevered in, will save the trouble
of many prescribed washes and powders, which are mere palliatives.”
This measure, of course, is out of the question on a Coffee estate,
unless, indeed, while the pest is still in its infancy ; but the productive
powers of the insect being so great, and the means of spreading the
infection so numerous, it is to be feared that such a plan would soon
be found to be impracticable.

From all I have seen of the nuisance, I am inclined to believe that it
is not under human control ; and that, if ever it disappears from the
island, or at least becomes so much lessened in its effects as to be
productive of but little injury to estates, it will be by running itself
out, which blights of a somewhat similar nature have been known to do
in other countries. Whether this will prove to be the case with the
Coceus of the Coffee is unfortunately the less to be expected, as the
experience of the last five years goes far to prove its permanency. I have
the honour to be, Your most obedient servant, -

^». GEORGE GARDNER, F.LS.,
Superintendent of Botanical Garden.

References to the Plate, TAB. XH, . d
l. A branch of the Coffee-tree, infested by the Coceus, with the back
of a leaf covered in the middle with the male insect, and a few
matured females on the margin :—nat. size, |

DIAMBA, OR “CONGO TOBACCO.” 9

2. A healthy cluster of young Coffee-berries :—wat. size.

3. A cluster of berries after being over-run with the Coccus :—nat. size.

4. A Coccus immediately after being hatched, when there is no difference
between the male and the female :—highly magnified.

5. The male in the pupa state :—highly magnified.

6. The perfect male :—highly magnified.

7. A female shortly after she has attached herself to the stem of the
plant :—highly magnified.

8 & 9. The female about the period of Re highly mag-
nified.

` 10. The female, or “scale,” arrived at maturity :—wat. size.

11. The same :—highly magnified.

12. A few eggs :—Aighly magnified.

13. A morsel of the black fungus :—highly magnified.

14, A branch of the same, bearing seeds :—still more highly magnified.

Short notice of the African Plant DiAMBA, commonly called Congo
Tobacco; by R. O. CLARKE, Esa., Surgeon and Colonial Apothecary
to the Colony of Sienra LEONE: communicated by the Author.

[The properties of Bang, or Indian Hemp, by some called Cannabis
Indica, but with more justice considered by others to be identical with
the Cannabis sativa, are well known and fully detailed in the * Materia
Medica’ of Dr. Pereira (vol. ii. p. 1242). Mr. R. O. Clarke, Surgeon
to the colony at Sierra Leone, has discovered that the same narcotic has
been long in use in the interior of that colony, and has communicated
the followiag particulars, together with samples of the dried plant, and
extracts from it, which are deposited in the Museum of the Royal Gardens _
of Kew. Where the intoxicating uses of this drug were first detected —
it would be difficult to say. Pereira observes, that the Asiaties and -
Egyptians employ hemp for the purposes of intoxication. The majoon —
used at Calcutta, the rupouchari employed at Cairo, and the dawamese
of the Arabs, are preparations of this kind. From Egypt or Arabia `
the knowledge probably extended to tropical Western Africa, and —
perhaps thence also in the other direction into India.—Ep.] a

The Diamba plant (Cannabis sativa) is considered to be indigenous *
in moist situations in the interior of ings Western Afrigh h near de.
Congo or Zaire river.

VOL. III. t S

_ from a small calabash, but common clay-pipes are also used: it is

10 DIAMBA, OR “CONGO TOBACCO.”

A story js told of its discovery by a huntsman, who observed a
number of antelopes, who had browsed upon the Diamba, to be stupi-
fied; and having informed his neighbours of the extraordinary cir-
cumstance, they repaired in a body to the spot. The approach of the
people, or firing of their muskets, had, however, no effect in rousing
the animals to a sense of their danger, and accordingly they were all
quickly despatched.

It is well known to the Portuguese on this coast. Its seed was
brought to Sierra Leone by Congoes captured by one of our cruisers,
and is now distributed over the colony. It is chiefly cultivated and
prepared by these people or their descendants, but it is also grown by
the Akoos, Eboes, and many of the other liberated African tribes, and
likewise by the Maroons, Settlers, and Creoles.

The average height of this annual bushy shrub here varies from six
to seven feet, but in fertile soils it attains the height of twelve or
thirteen feet ; and some of the larger plants occupy a space of twenty
feet in circumference !

It is sown in April or May, and shoots up in three or four days, but
its growth is, from time to time, retarded by nipping off the points of
the top and lateral branches. It flowers in August, ripens in October
or November, when the flowers are plucked off. In December the
leaves are removed, when it withers, and is rooted up, the branches
being tied up and used as brooms. A second crop, sown in September,
and watered during the dry season, ripens in January or February.

The flowers, exposed to the sun or fire, slowly dried, and mixed with
the seed, are the parts of the plant preferred, and in this state the drug is
termed Maconie. The leaflets are similarly prepared, but only employed
when the former cannot be procured, as this preparation, called Makiah,
is apt to cause violent headache. . a e
_ It is smoked from a large wooden pipe or reed, called Condo

, or

extensively consumed by many of the liberated Africans and Creoles,
who frequently meet at each other’s houses, to enjoy the luxury and
soothing influence of Diamba. Upon these occasions the pipe is handed
about from mouth to mouth, and soon produces the desired intoxicating
effect. The smoke, twice or thrice drawn into the mouth, is there
detained, and a large portion is swallowed, as it slowly passes off by
the nostrils: most agreeable sensations soon follow, and excitement

ORIGIN OF THE VEGETABLE CREATION. 11

displays itself in hearty bursts of laughter, loud exclamations, droll
exhilarating conversation; but, as the debauch proceeds, its full effects
are developed. Temporary frenzy seizes the smokers, and they issue
from their haunts, singing and shouting, as they reel and stagger to
their homes. Intense and maddening headache, accompanied with
stupor, is often the result of these orgies, and the latter consequence
generally lasts for twelve hours.

One pipe charged with this powerful drug, is enough to produce in
four persons the most delightful exaltation without injury, and it is
much esteemed by the natives as a remedy for cough, pains in the
chest and stomach.

Diamba is vended under the names of Maconie* and Makiah: the
former is made up into very small packets, which are sold at one half-
penny each, the latter into larger ones for the same sum. A small
plant in full flower and seed will yield to its owner the value of ten
shillings’-worth of Maconie.

The Origin of the Existing Vegetable Creation. By Proressor J. F.
ScHOUW. Transactions of the Meeting of the Scandinavian Natural-
ists at Copenhagen, in 1847, Append. K. p. 119. (Translated from
the Danish, by N. Watticu, M.D., F.R.S., V.P.L.S.)

(Continued from vol. ii. p. 377.)
If we compare in a similar manner the flora of Lapponia, or, which
is the same thing, the Scandinavian mountain flora, with that of

the rest of Scandinavia, we shall obtain the ceing results, — :
Hartman’s flora for our guide:— — —

Flowerless —. 4. A s... ee : *03 d -05

Trimerous : LU Tr: à «26 er. d ou ;
Pentamerous apetalous ig eee "08 a
i petaliferous e aue 63 ‘56

According to geologists, the Scandinavian mountains are older than —
the Alps; and yet we find that the flora of Lapland, which is the — —

* One cannot but be struck with the similarity of this and the next f
word Makiah, and that of unxwv, of the Greek, applied to a powerful Foie
analogous properties; and, as already observed, a preparation of this plant, used *
Calcutta, is called Majoon.—Ep. . ; ,

12 ORIGIN OF THE

same as that of the Scandinavian mountains, apprcaches rather towards
the antediluvian vegetation, inasmuch as the numerical proportion of
flowerless plants is larger, of apetalous pentameroüs somewhat larger,
of petaliferous pentamerous considerably less. Comparing together the
floras of Lapland, or the Scandinavian mountains, and the Alps, with
reference to the numerical extent of their large groupes, we shall
perecive a more marked discrepancy among them, than between the
floras of the Alps and Germany, Scandinavia and Lapland; and yet
if we keep in view the habitual characters of the floras, their families,
genera, and even species, the analogy of the flora of the Alps with
that of the Scandinavian mountains, becomes far more manifest, than
the analogy which exists between them and the corresponding lower
countries, and which, according to climate, might be expected to pre-

vail. This will become evident by combining together the preceding
schedules :—

Antediluvian. A
Before Chalk. Amer Germany. Alps. | Scand. Lapp.
Flowerless : ‘81 -02 ‘02 ‘02 08 — ‘05
Trimerons vue uut “06 “18 “BY A36 1-98 — 31
Pentamerous. 2 e EER
apetalous, . . . 18 45 08 ‘04 | ‘08 09
petaliferous >. . . 61 “40 "69 X8 | 63 255

Another peculiarity in one part of the alpine flora consists in the re-
markable uncertainty of proportion among its species, and the vacillation
of forms, which renders it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to de-
termine the species correctly. It follows, in consequence, that certain
forms are looked upon as reducible to a few species only, while other

authors divide them into many. I need mention only Draba, Arabis,
— Hieracium, Gentiana,and Salix. This unsteadiness as regards form is the
_ more remarkable, since Alpine plants propagate themselves more bymeans |
~ of buds than seeds ; and it is known that the former preserve the specific

. features of plants more rigidly than the latter. If I am correct in my
_ supposition, that plants have originated, not from one, but from many
parent individuals, it appears probable, that species may have origi-
nated, from types of nearly-allied forms becoming gradually fixed by pro-
pagation from buds or seeds, and by their expelling other forms. But if
this view is adopted, it is clear that the older flora must possess more

numerous and fixed forms than the recent, By the influence of man

new forms (varieties) arise, which seem to indicate a sort of return to

>

EXISTING VEGETABLE CREATION. | 13

the primitive state of things. But this result loses much of its value,
when it is considered, that the Scandinavian mountain-flora, which is
the more ancient, shows much instability in regard to forms, pointing
towards the great variety of localities, as the leading cause.

Although I think it reasonable to conclude, that the flora of the
Alps is of more recent date, than that of middle Europe, or of the
. Scandinavian mountains, yet I do not by any means consider this as
finally proved. To attain any degree of certainty, we require a great
many data, founded on geological structure, which are yet wanting ;
and in order to form conclusions from the internal character of the
floras, we must compare many of these, on purpose to obtain the value
of certain numerical proportions between the principal groupes and the
characters of the floras. It is only by the earnest co-operation of the
botanist, geologist, and zoologist, that we can expect to arrive at any
conclusive results. I could wish, especially, that botanists would be
induced to study thoroughly the phyto-geographical divisions, their
peculiar features, and the physical conditions, under which they present
themselves. What has been advanced above, must be considered as
propositions only, awaiting further researches. In the meanwhile, I
will conclude with the following remarks. It is well known that
New Holland and South Africa are remarkable by the great diver-
sity, as well as peculiarity, of their vegetable productions ; while,
on the contrary, the flora of extra-tropical South America is devoid
of either, and approaches not a little to the flora of Europe and North
America. Now, this multiplicity of forms cannot have originated in
migration, for which neither of those countries is adapted; New
Holland being entirely surrounded by the ocean, and South Africa
equally so in three directions, while in the fourth it is bounded by 2
mountains and barren deserts. Neither can we suppose that the multi-
plicity has arisen from circumstances of climate, which, from the greater 2
influence of the sea in the southern hemisphere, should be less diversified.
May we not, therefore, explain this singularity in the three continents -
of that hemisphere upon Aistorical grounds? In New Holland, as-
well as in South Africa, there is a certain instability of species; and E
families belonging to the most perfect, exhibit a great development -
and predominancy, such as Mimoseæ and Myrtacee. Finally: most
salt-water plants (4a/ophytes) belong to the less-developed pentamerot
groupe, that is, to the apetalous, which predominated in the former

14 DECADES OF FUNGI.

creation beyond what is the case now. May this not indicate, that
these plants belong to the more ancient forms, which, inhabiting the
sea-shores, were with less difficulty preserved during grand natural
convulsions ?

If it should be objected to inquiries like the preceding, that they lead
- to no certain results, it may be answered, that the progress of our
knowledge of fossils during the last fifty years having been gigantic,
we.may be confident that our researches, too, will be productive of
good. . We all know that limits are set to human knowledge; but it
is only by means of trials that we can ascertain where those limits
present themselves. The naturalist is not to be deterred by the silent
Sphinx of nature: he should endeavour to compel her to speak out.

-DEcapzs or Funai; dy the Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, MA ELS.

Decade XXXI.
(Continued from vol. ii. p. 112.)

The present Decade, with the exception of the last species, consists
of the novelties collected by Mr. Spruce in his visit to the Pyrenees, and
the province of Para in Brazil. The species are few in number, but,
especially the Brazilian, exhibit some interesting forms. All the Bra-
zilian fungi in the collection are enumerated, but it has not been
thought necessary to do so with those from the Pyrenees.

* Agaricus Campanella, Batsch.

Has. Tanaii.

: I have seen abundant specimens of this from Xalapa, and from va-
rious parts of North America, some having the gills yellow as in Euro-
. pean specimens, and others, especially those from Ohio, agreeing
.. with Mr. Spruce’s specimen in having the gills cinereous. It appears,

however, from Mr. Lea’s notes, that even in the Ohio individual the

gills were at first tawny. All agree in the peculiar nature of the
down at the base of the stems, which, in the Xalapa specimens, send out
many decumbent shoots. It is possible that more than one species
may exist, and that perhaps belonging to the genus Marasmius, being
the analogue of 4. Campanella, but the dried specimens before me,
though numerous, are not sufficient to establish the point.

a
TS
en D

=

M»,

. Exidia straminea, Bez.
Y POP tal FRA

Reeve & Nichols, imp. À

DECADES OF FUNGI. 15

301. Marasmius inoderma, n.s.; cæspitosus; pileo subirregulari
excentrico fibrilloso-sericeo; stipite nigrescente; lamellis latiusculis
breviter adnatis, interstitiis lævibus.

Has. Para.

Pileus 3-1 inch broad, nearly even, depressed, pallid, irregular,
somewhat excentric, clothed with silky anastomosing or reticulate fibres.
Stem 1-1 inch high, not 4 a line thick, nearly smooth, at first pale, at
length brown, slightly iiérhssitos at the base. Gills moderately broad,
slightly attached, distinct; the interstices smooth.

Distinguished by the nature of the silky covering of the pileus, which
is different from anything that I have seen in other species. Externally
it resembles Marasmius Vaillantii and M. alliiodorus, Mont.

* Schizophyllum commune, Fries.

Has. Caripi. ;

302. Schizophyllum E n. s.; umbrinus, contextu concolore
cartilaginis ; pileo flabelliformi profunde inciso lobato; lobis furcatis.
(Tas. L fig. 1.)

Has. Caripi.

Umber-brown. Pileus about 4 an inch long and broad, flabelliform,
attached by the elongated vertex, from which proceed a few byssoid
radiating threads, which form an orbicular spot on the matrix, some-
what strigose behind, and paler, clothed in front with adpressed spongy
down, which breaks up into little fascicles or areola, deeply inciso-lo-
bate, the lobes flabelliform, incised and furcate, Gills at first clothed,
like the pileus, with umber down.

I have not seen the fructifying surface of the hymenium. It is dis- -
tinguished by its umber hue, to which there is no approach in the other _

species, by 1 PESEE E O M onis E z

ginous substance.

Tab. I. fig. 1: a, S. umbrinum, xit; size ; * ‘appar, i. CL nt
side, slightly magnified.

* Polyporus sanguineus, Fr.
Has. Caripi; Para.

* Trametes hydnoides, Fries.

. Has. Caripi. E

303. Stereum Galeottii, n. s.; umbonato-sessile, parvum, convexum, -

rigidum ; pileo cervino velutino-tomentoso crebrissime badio-zonato ;

zonis hic illic glabris nitentibus ; picea rien Galeotti,

no. 6853.

125 - | DECADES OF FUNGI.

Has. Caripi, Spruce; Vera Cruz, Galeotti; Xalapa, Mr. Harries.

Pileus 14 inch broad, 1 inch long, subflabelliform, umbonato-sessile,
mostly convex above, slightly undulated, thin but rigid, fawn-coloured,
clothed with velvety down; repeatedly zoned; zones mostly very
close and narrow, frequently forming bay-brown fasciæ, smooth and
shining, alternating with paler. Hymenium tan-coloured, with a cine-
reous tinge.

Undoubtedly nearly allied to Stereum lobatum, Kze., but a much
smaller and neater species, remarkable for its closely-zoned pileus.

Galeotti’s specimens, it should be observed, are far less beautiful
than those of Mr. Harries and Mr. Spruce. :

* Hypolyssus Montagnei, Berk. in Hook. Journ. of Bot. vol. i. p. 139.
tab. 6, fig. 1.

Has. On twigs. Caripi.

* Dictyonema membranaceum, Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 85.

Has. Caripi.

* Hypochnus nigrocinctus, Ehrenb. Hor. Phys. Ber. p. 85.

Has. Caripi.

* H. albo-cinctus, Montagne, Ann. des Sc. Nat. 2 Ser. vol. viii. p. 361.

Has. Caripi. |

This is not precisely the plant of Dr. Montagne, having the border
rather more byssoid. Another form oceurs in the same collection more
nearly approaching his plant, but thinner.. All the three are probably
the barren thallus of some lichen.

* Peziza cinerea, Batsch.

Has. Tanaü. |

Agreeing precisely in fructification, as in outward form and colour,
with European specimens. :

304. P. herpotricha, n. s.; capsulis convexis pallido-rufis demum
obscurioribus glabris immarginatis, fibris ramosis repentibus insiden-

. tibus. (Tas. I. fig. 2.)

Has. On living leaves, mostly on the upper surface. Caripi.

. Forming orbicular patches on the leaves, resembling those of an 4s-
teroma. Cups convex, immarginate, pale red-brown, seated either
singly or many together on branched, rugged, dark-brown, radiating
fibres, which give out numerous ovate processes from their sides, and
separate easily from the surface of the leaf. The main threads are con-
nected by numerous fine branched hyaline filaments. Asci short,

DECADES OF FUNGI. 17

slender. Sporidia oblong, very slightly curved or sigmoid, uniseptate,
with frequently a nucleus in either cell.

This has very much the aspect of a Lichen, but there are no gonidia,
It has somewhat the same habit as P. leucorhodina, Mont., but has
no close affinity with any described species, as far as I have been able
to discover.

Tab. I. fig. 2: a, P. herpotricha, nat. size ; b, mycelium ; c, asci and
sporidia, both highly magnified. ;

* Phacidium dentatum, Kze.

Has. Caripi.

The asci, both in the Brazilian and European specimen, contain a
quantity of thread-shaped sporidia, as in some other species of the
genus. In the Brazilian individuals they are rather more slender.
Corda’s figure appears to be taken from something different, as indeed
the general appearance of the plant seems to indicate. Phacidium
Delta, Kze., which grows on the leaves of laurels in Madeira, has the
same structure, but the sporidia are much thicker.

* Hypoxylon obovatum, Mont. Spheria obovata, Berk. in Ann, of
Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 397.

Has. On bark. Caripi.

* H. Leprieurii, Mont., Ann. des Sc. 2 Ser. vol. i. p. 352.

Has. On bark. Caripi.

This might at first be taken for a distinct species, but a section
shows that it is merely a state of that described by Dr. Montagne.
The outer surface is covered partiall with a delicate velvety coat.
Some of the bark is carried up by the disc, forming, together with a _
portion of the stroma, an acute margin. Ultimately, however, the
bark with the stroma attached to it falls off, leaving a hollow disc and
an obtuse margin, both of which are very evident in a vertical section.

* Thamnomyces Chamissonis, Ehrenb. Hor. Phys. Ber. p. 79. tab. 17.
fig. 1.

The capitula of this fungus contain several oblong perithecia, easly

as in Hypozxylon Leprieurii, &e., to which it is evidently closely allied.
The sporidia are oblong, with one side rather curved. I do not find -
the stem usually hollow. It consists of three parts—the outer laccate —
coat, a dense black stratum, like charcoal, which is brownish externally,
and a loose pith, which occasionally vanishes, or is turned aside in the T
VOL. III. D 5.

18 DECADES OF FUNGI.

process of making a section, the outer portion of which, next to the
charcoal-like stratum, is reddish.

* Micropeltis applanata, Mont. Cuba, p. 325.

Has. Caripi. .

The specimens are young, and have a blue cast with a white orifice.
The asci are not yet formed.

305. Depazea Mappa, n. s.; maculis e plagis variecoloribus subcon-
centricis fusco-limitatis formatis; peritheciis olivaceis ; ascis subelon-
gatis, sporidiis oblongis sublanceolatis hyalinis. (Tas. I. fig. 3.)

Has. Caripi. On leaves of some unknown plant. ;

Forming patches an inch or more in diameter, consisting of more or
less concentric irregular areæ, those in the centre mostly whitish, the
others presenting one or more shades of more or less bright red-brown ;
each area being strictly defined by a brown, wavy, somewhat diffused
line. The whole presents the appearance of a coloured map. Peri-
"thecia punctiform, olive, with a white speck in the centre. Asci at
first short, at length slightly elongated, lanceolate ; sporidia oblong,
inclining to lanceolate, with one side more strongly curved, hyaline.
Occasionally two or more perithecia are connected by a greenish
substance.

A very pretty species, marked by several distinct characters. A
single specimen exists in the collection of a variety or allied species,
growing upon some larger leaves, evidently congeneric with those on
which D. Mappa is developed. The spots are much larger, consisting
of a larger number of more strictly concentric rings, which are of a
more uniform wood-colour. Unfortunately, the spots are without
perithecia.

Tab. L fig. 3: a, Depazea Mappa, nat. size; b, young and mature
asci, with the sporidia magnified 300 diameters.

* Spheronema epicecidium, Berk. in Hook. Kew Gard. Misc. vol. i.
p. 291. tab. x. B.

Has. On galls. Caripi. But not on the same gall on which Sir E.
Home gathered the specimens described as above from Pard. —

306. Agaricus (Pleurotus) Sprucei, n. s. ; imbricatus ; pileo pellieu-
loso eonvexo tomentoso-scabriusculo ; stipite strigoso brevissimo vel
obsoleto: lamellis latiusculis.

Has. On stumps. Col de Louvie, South of France.

Pileus 3-4 inches broad, imbricated, convex, clothed with a subge-

*

. DECADES OF FUNGI. 19

latinous pellicle, which is minutely scabrous, especially behind, with
short yellowish down ; flesh moderately thick; margin involute. Stem
externally short or obsolete ; when present, clothed with yellow strigæ-
Gills at first narrow, but at length more than + of an inch broad.

This species, of which I can find no description, resembles 4. salici-
nus, but is remarkable for a subgelatinous coat, like that of 4. palmatus,
with the addition of a short scabrous down, especially behind. The
whole plant seems to have a more or less yellow tint.

307. Exidia straminea, n. s.; minuta, cupulæformis, erumpens, strami-
nea, basi rugosa stipitiformi, extus subtiliter pubescente, intus subpli-
cata. (Tas. I. fig. 4.)

Has. On smooth bark. Wood near Pau, South of France,

Erumpent, straw-coloured, 4—4 an inch broad, cup-shaped, at length
flexuous, externally slightly wrinkled, clothed with extremely minute
pubescence, scarcely velvety, elongated below into a short sulcate
stem ; internally even, except at the base, which is somewhat wrinkled.

The substance consists of delicate anastomosing flocci, which expand
above into 2-3 septate clavate moniliform threads, which form the hy-
menium. Margin involute, denticulate.

This pretty species has the habit of a Peziza, and is altogether dis-
tinct from every species with which I am acquainted. I have not seen
perfect spores, but the specimen seems to have arrived at maturity.

Tab. I. fig. 4: a portion of the threads of the hymenium, magnified
300 diameters.

308. Spheria (Circinatæ) parmularia, n. s. ; parya, pustulæformis ;
peritheciis circinantibus lateraliter arcte compressis, ostiolis vix dis-
tinctis umbonem efformantibus ; ascis linearibus, sporidiis lato-oblongis
uniseptatis fuscis. —

Has. On the smooth didis bark of young trees (apparently on
birch) ; Transoubat, South of France. On oak ; King's Cliff. :

Scarcely a line broad, forming little pustules with a black a -
Perithecia circinating, closely packed, so as to present, when cut -—
through, a triangle with one curved and two straight sides. Ostiola -
in general indistinct. Asci linear, containing eight brown, broadly
oblong, uniseptate sporidia, like those of many Diplodie.

This curious species has been known to me for some years, but has
never been published, in consequence of the doubt attached to its
proper position, in consequence of its growing on living bark, en

20 DECADES OF FUNGI.

to the habit of other cortical Spkærie. It has, however, been submitted
to several experienced Lichenologists, as Mr. Babington, Mr. Borrer,
Professor Fries, and Dr. Montagne, without eliciting any satisfactory
opinion, and I therefore think myself justified in considering it as a
Spheria rather than a Verrucaria, especially as there is no crust. In
some states it resembles very closely the genus Parmentaria, Fée. Ex-
ternally it is not unlike SpA. turgida. The perithecia vary in number
from 5 to 10, but are always laterally compressed, so that a section
reminds one of the disposition of the carpels of an orange.

309. Physarum iridescens, n. s. ; confertum, sessile vel spurie stipita-
tum ; peridiis subglobosis columbino-chalybeis tenerrimis ; floccis albis,
sporis atris.

Has. On Jungermannie. Labassère, South of France.

Crowded, either entirely sessile or spuriously stipitate ; peridia glo-
bose or contracted at the base, from their crowded mode of growth,
very delicate, reflecting prismatic colours like iridescent copper ; flocci
irregular, branched, varying in thickness, white ; spores deep violet-
black to the naked eye, but inclining to lilac under the compound
microscope, globose when moist, elliptic, but pointed at either end
when dry.

Agreeing exactly in habit with P. bryophilum, but differing in its
white flocci and darker spores, whose diameter is twice as great as in
British specimens of that species. After a careful search I can find no
intimation of the Pyrenean species. ;

310. Agaricus (Psathyra) calvescens, n. s. ; pileo submembranaceo
ex ovato conico-subcampanulato obtuso primitus piloso-tomentoso de- ~
mum calvescente ; stipite floccoso sursum glabro fistuloso; lamellis
latis ascendentibus adnexis distantibus cinereis. Hook. fil., no. 117,
eum ic.

Has. On mossy earth, in tufts. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. September.

Odour like that of 4g. campestris. Soft, brittle. Pileus 14 inch
across, at first ovate, white, with a pale reddish-yellow tinge, clothed
with pilose fasciculate deflexed down, thin, conical, subcampanulate, gra-
dually becoming smooth, even, cinereous, with the exception of the
yellow apex. Stem 2 inches high, 2 lines thick, floccoso-squamose
below, the tufts of flocci pointing upwards, smooth above the point
of attachment of the edge of the young pileus, white, slightly in-
crassated downwards, fistulose. Gills broad, ventricose, ascending,

~

_ BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 21

adnexed, rather distant, cinereous, with a pale border. Spores dark,
elliptic.

Nearly allied to 4g. pennatus, but larger, with more distant gills,
&e. It is also more densely clothed with down, the free flocci of which

make pilose fascicles,
à (To be continued.)

BOTANICAL INFORMATION,

Physical Geography of SxkKIM-HiMALAYA. Extract of a letter from
Baron Humsotpr to Sir W. J. Hooker, together with copy of a
letter on the PHYSICAL CHARACTER of SIKKIM-HIMALAYA, addressed
to Baron Humboldt, by Jos. D. Hooker, R.N., M.D., F.R.S., &e.

So honourable is what follows, both to the writer of the subjoined
letter and to the illustrious philosopher from whom the injunction to
print it has proceeded, that, much as I fear I shall expose myself to
the charge of vanity in giving publicity to language so highly compli-
mentary to my son, I hope and trust I am actuated by a higher prin-
ciple, that of justice, which forbids my withholding it. “ Laudari a
laudato " has always been accounted a most justifiable object of ambi-
tion; and where is there, in the world of science, a man equally Zau-
datus as Humboldt ?

| Extract from Baron Humboldt’s Letter *

. Six days ago I received an admirable letter from your son, containing
a perfect treasure of important observations, relating to the mountain-
masses of Himalaya, their geology, meteorology, and ical geography. -
What a noble traveller is Joseph Hooker ! What an extent of acquired —
knowledge does he bring to bear on the observations he makes, and —
how marked with sagacity and moderation are the views that he puts
forward! I can neither part with such a remarkable letter, nor

to myself the résumé which it contains of his researches in Thibet and
on its confines; therefore I desire that it should be published, and
correctly published, in England; and therefore do I now deposit it in

* This is the close of a very long letter on other subjects, —much, relating to
Fictoria regia, which will appear in another part. TAN.

22 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

your hands, I could not consent to bury such a prize. You have
already published one of your son’s letters to me, which, though im-
portant, is far less valuable than the present, Only let me have the
honour of being mentioned as the individual to whom it was addressed ;
for I feel no little pride in being known to enjoy the friendship and
correspondence of your son. When he returns to us in spring, he will
find his own fame widely diffused and solidly based. At all events,
do me the favour to inspect the printing of this document, and let it
be done from a copy made under your own eye.

Our illustrious geographer, M. C. Ritter, was so kind, as to tran-
scribe it for me; but we are still doubtful about many of the names of
places, though we have carefully referred to several maps.

It has given me great pleasure to receive a“confirmation, in this
letter, of many guesses which I had ventured on the subject of the
soi-disant table-land of Thibet ;—also, on the question whether the
Himalaya presents a continuous crest, clad with perpetual snow, or
whether the loftiest peaks are not rather situated out of the line of a
medial axis ;—also, whether my notions upon the limits of eternal
snow, on the two slopes, and the causes of their apparent irregularity,
would ever be confirmed on the spot by an impartial and well-informed
eye-witness. This is now the second time that your son and Mr. Hodgson
have given their testimony to the accuracy of the opinions which I
advanced in my ‘ Central Asia,’ a work which has never been translated
into English, but which is that in which I think I have brought for-
ward more novel information than in any of my other publications.

I have felt deeply anxious about your health, and my satisfaction is
proportionably lively at hearing that your strength is considerably re- -
stored. I have lived, ever since 1848, in the midst of political exeite-
ment and popular insurrection, and I ean truly aver that my chief
comfort has arisen from my literary labours, often prolonged far into
the night. I have just published my third and exclusively astronomi-
cal volume of * Kosmos. Health and powers are still mercifully
granted to me; whilst the dearest friend I have on earth, M. Arago, is
threatened with the loss of his sight.

And now I do entreat you, my dear and kind old friend, to excuse
the length of this almost illegible eng and to receive the assurance
of my affectionate and respectful re; '

ee ALEXANDER HUMBOLDT.
Potsdam, Dec. 11th, 1850.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 23

-Letter from Dn. Hooker to Baron HuMBOLDT, dated—
Khossya Mountains, Sept. 23rd, 1850.

MY DEAR AND VENERABLE FRIEND,—My correspondence has been
thrown into such confusion during the last twelve months, that I am
almost afraid to think how long a time may have elapsed since you
have heard from me; much longer I know it is than it should have
been, under any circumstances ; especially as I have never yet thanked
you for the distinguished place you are said to have accorded to my
name in the * Aspects of Nature.’ My copy of this work has not
yet reached me, but I do not want that to persuade me how grateful
I should feel. I have very much to thank you for, and have had for
years.

I acquainted you with my having applied in vain to the Surveyor-
General for information about the elevation of the peaks, Dwhalghiri,

Gosain-than, &e., &c. He has not replied to me; and Dr. Campbell,

who addressed him since on the subject, has met with no better success.

I believe that he has not calculated any but Chumalari and Kinchin-

junga. There are four which he considers as rivals; all are within a

very few feet of the same height, and from what I hear that he has said,

I conclude they are—

1. Kinchinjunga, 28,148 feet accurately measured.

2. A mountain, in about 86° 30^ E. longitude.

3. Gosain-than.

4. Dwhalghiri.

Jewahir is considerably lower than any of these.

The Deputy Surveyor-General (Capt. Thuillier) is an intimate friend —
of mine, but he can give me no information, his Principal having neither
forwarded results nor data to the office at Calcutta: These particulars
are probably just what I told you before ; I know no more. Mountain
No. 2, I have seen repeatedly : it divides the Arun river from the
Kosi rivers, and is visible from Darjeeling and elsewhere.

You are aware of my visits to two Thibetan Passes, in Eastern Ne-
paul, west of Kinchinjunga, in November and December 1848, and of
my protracted residence on the Sikkim frontier in June, and my visit
to five other Passes in September and October 1849. During the latter
excursion Dr. Campbell joined me, and it terminated in our imprison- —
ment by the Sikkim Rajah’s prime minister and counsellors. Our —

24 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

lives were threatened, and Dr. Campbell had a very narrow escape, being
treated with great barbarity.

I entered Thibet, and spent some days north of lat. 28°, discovering
the source of the Arun river, which flows from west of the Ram-
tchoo Lakes, behind Kinchinjunga, to its exit from the mountains of
Thibet in Nepaul. From what I saw, and the voluminous details I
have collected, I am now convinced that the snowed Himalaya do
not form an individual mountain chain; but that they consist of
groups of snowy peaks, widely separated from one another, and are
parts, or meridional spurs, of a much more lofty range of mountains
between the great masses of snow and the Yarou-tsampu river. The
southern water-shed is behind all the snows, often half a degree and
more; and the Thibetan frontier runs along the line of water-shed be-
hind, as often as along the ridges of snow. Thibet, between the Yarou -
and the snow, is, as you have well described it, a lofty, rugged, and
quite impracticable-country ; though none of the peaks, north of the
water-shed on that line, reach the elevation of the snowy ones.

The snowy peaks, called Himalaya, occupy nœuds of great elevation,
and whose surface is less rugged. The rivers, too, throughout Thibet,
run in broad open valleys with ragged, scarped flanks. Except along
the courses of the rivers, the country is uninhabited, and impracticable ;
and détours of any extent are preferred to crossing the chains in Thibet.
Of these great næuds I recognize nine, well marked, and separated by
an unsnowed tract of comparatively low elevation. They are—

1. A group in long. 93°, which I am now measuring, dividing the
Soubansiri from the Monass.

2. A group I am also observing, between the Monass and Patchiou.

3. Chumalari group, between Patchiou and Mh which rises
north of Chumalari.

4. Donkiah (24,000), which I have visited, between the hoc
and Lachen (or Teesta).

5. Kinchinjunga, between the Testa iis Arun.

6. The Peak in 86° 30’, between the Arun and Kosi.

7. Gosain-than, between the Kosi and Gundule.

8. Dhwalghiri, between the Gundule and Gogra.

9. Jewahir and Mansarovar?

The unsnowed space between 5 and 6 is very great. East of 1
the snowy Himalaya cease, and the lower ranges sink greatly. I
am now nearly due south of 1 (S. 10° W.), and see the horizon to 70°

BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 25

east, without a snowy peak or elevation. The snow commences again
east of the Dihong, which I do not doubt is the Burrampooter and
Yarou. All the rivers, mentioned above, as between the groupes of
snows, have their sources in a well-defined range, south of the Yarou.
That range now forms the boundary of Nepaul, west of Gosain-than,
and did, east of it, before the war between Nepaul and Thibet. East of
Gosain-than there is no natural boundary, except where the spurs of
the mountains, east and west of the exit of the Arun, constitute one.
The Thibet boundary of Sikkim is Kinchinjunga, to the west ; and the
range between the Lachong and Teesta in Thibet, which is a westerly
spur from Donkiah, and this last runs south for forty miles in a snowy
meridional range. Chumalari does so, likewise; and the Chinese have
drawn the line south from the eastern flank of the Donkiah for as many
miles, and then north again, along the western flank of the Chumalari.
This V-shaped portion includes the greater part of the Matchoo's course, |
and the town of Pari; it is interposed between Sikkim and Bhotan.
The Patchiou valley is as low as 6,000 feet, in the latitude of Chuma-
lari, and looking from Thibet, S.E., I could descry no snow between
the Chumalari and the group east ofthe Patchiou. This last groupe
I also see from these mountains (distant about 210 miles), and from
both stations I make its elevation to be probably 24,000 feet.

When in Thibet, in lat. 28° 10’ N., and long. 88? E., I took angles
with a theodolite from a mountain 18,500 feet above the sea, on the
southern flank of the Arun valley. The ranges to the north of me
were nowhere below that elevation, but did not rise above 22,000 feet.
Eastward, I saw THREE meridional ranges, t.e., that of Chumalari
(S.E.), and two others, each of which came from a lofty mountain-land,
and were connected with a beautiful snowy range, about eighty miles
to the N.E., which I believe separated the U and Tsang provinces of
Thibet. North-west of me was the course of the Arun, and beyond
that a very lofty range, rising to 25,000 feet, which took a southerly
direction, forming the snowy Himalaya group between the Arun and
Kosi, i. e., that, west of Kinchin. This line of water-shed is a physical
feature, well recognized by the Thibetans : between the Arun and Chu- _
malari it is called Dingcham province, and sometimes Damtsen. The
inhabitants are very black; they rear the shawl-wool goats, and yaks,
and are a very turbulent race of savages, detested as cattle-robbers by _
the Sikkimites, Nepaulese, and Thibetans. To us they were uncouth, ——

VOL. III. E "n

sé : : BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

rude, and boisterous, requiring great bullying: I owe them a grudge
for breaking my azimuth compass, though more accidentally, I believe,
than through wilful mischief. They opposed my crossing the Arun.

Kiong-lah is the name of the range forming the great axis, or water-
shed between the Yarou and the Arun. Turner crossed Dingcham,
and reached his highest ground about Ramtchien. That is the centre
of the neud: from thence six mountain-chains or spurs radiate :—
1, that west of Bhotan, on which is Chumalari; 2, that east of Sik-
kim, with Donkiah on it; 3, that bounding the Arun on the south,
with Kinchin-junga; 4,...... ; 5, the axis running north-west
between the Painom and Arun, and then south-west; 6, the Odoo
mountains? running south-east between the Patchiou and Monass.

The rivers are—1, S. the Matchoo; 2, S.W. the Teesta; 3, W.
the Arun; 4, N. the Painom; 5, N.E....... ; 6, S.E. the Pat-
chiou. The mean elevation of this tract is 16-17,000 feet; nothing
will ripen. Digarchi is in about the lat. and long. that Turner assigns
to it. Crops only come to maturity under the shelter of, and in the
radiation from, the black rocks of the flanks of the Painom valley and
its tributaries. "The Wallnut grows, but does not perfect its fruit, nor
Peaches ; and Willow is the only tree from 8—12 feet high. The result of.
all the oral information I collected about its native and cultivated vege-
tation, &c., would lead me to assume the elevation of this region to be
14,000 feet, and the mean temperature of October ( fide Turner) gives the
same, calculated at the rate of 1? Fahr. — 400 feet, which, from a mul-
titude of observations of air and sunk thermometer (3 feet), contempo-
raneously with others at Darjeeling and Calcutta, I have found to be
the decrement for altitudes above 1,000 feet north of the snows. In
* Asie Centrale,’ you perhaps assume Turner's October temperature of
Digarchi for that of Lhassa. Of Lhassa I have many good accounts.
Grapes do not ripen, but are imported. Peaches, Willow, and Wallnut
do well, both wood and fruit, but no other tree. Dromedaries abound.
It is a poor place, after all that has been said; the census is small (I
forget what). The accounts given by those persons who have and have
not seen such a town as Purneah, in Bengal, are sufficiently different
and instructive.

The Yarou is navigable for skin-boats, in the rainy season, from
Giantchi to Digarchi, and from Digarchi to the meridian of Lhassa ;
but the course is too tortuous : it flows between lofty mountain PAN

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 27

so far east as the great lake (I forget its proper name, but not Yar-
bongh, as it is called on the maps,—it is certainly very large, but the
island is small, towards the south-west angle) ; the Yarou trends south,
and the country is warm, producing the Mulberry, and some say, Silk
and Rice. Every Thibetan describes the people on its southern banks,
near the bend, as atrocious savages, dwelling in mountainous woods
bordering Assam; they are the Abors and Bor-Abors, of course :
there the Yarou (they say) enters the mountains, and flows southward to
the Burrampooter, the stream becoming too rapid for navigation, and
the inhabitants of its banks are too savage. East of Bhotan, by
Towang, there is no snow; ex route from Assam to Thibet, none any-
where; and Juniper grows to the mountain-tops. The rivers, from a
little south of the Yarou, flow to Assam. Nor is the boundary of East
Bhotan well defined. Every information about the Yarou was the
same, and my informants were very numerous; the best, a well-edu-
cated monk, who was brought up at Mendoling, a goompa two days
southward of the Yarou, on a river flowing to Towang and Assam,
five days off. Menchona is the mart of that quarter, and the only
great one east of Pari. North of the Yarou is the salt country, lofty,
rugged, barren, and inhospitable to the last degree. The Yak cannot
proceed beyond a few days’ march northward of Digarchi; and sheep
are almost the only beast of burden, except man.

Of the physical features of Eastern Thibet, its manners, customs, and
agriculture, religion, &c., I have collected many details, but I forbear to
weary you with them. Your general account is admirable. Plains,
as you say, are but local features, and very limited ones ; the country is
one of stupendous, rugged mountain-chains, and not of plains or table-
land. The flat-floored valleys, and scarped flanked mountains, which are
of comparatively uniform elevation above the sea, though of widely
variable height above the valleys, give it a very different look to the
snowy Himalaya. The absence of snow and wood completes the delu-
sion ; and, as you truly observe, the traveller who suddenly encounters
the features of an open country, the access to which begins abruptly,
is very apt to be deceived, and the theodolite alone rectifies the error.
The line of perpetual snow is about 15,000 feet, where the masses of
the mountains first rise so high; it gradually rises with the increasing
height of the land, to 19,000 feet, and 19,500 feet is the lowest mean __
level in lat. 28° 30’, long. 88° E., and 15,000 in the same long., and

28 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

lat. 27° 30. I have seen well-defined patches quite exposed, lower
down on the south flanks of Kinchin. Glaciers abound, but not to-
wards the southern limits of the perpetual snow, where the mountains
are too rugged.

It is a remarkable fact that every river-valley I have ascended opens
out, and is broad and flat-floored at about 10,000 feet: it becomes
imperceptibly more and more so, in ascending; and as it conducts you
beyond the limits of clouds, rain, and snow, it gradually assumes
a dryer, barren, and more Thibetan character.

The average rain-fall at Darjeeling is 120 inches, and it is progres-
sively less in the interior, till the mountains reach 15,000 feet, and
then it suddenly diminishes in quantity.

The first snow falls in the Sikkim-Himalaya at 15,000 feet, in Sep-
tember, and does not melt always. In Sikkim the snow-line descends
in October, in Thibet not till December; in the drier northern parts,
it again melts up to 17,000 feet. In Thibet, as far north as Kiong-lah,
it also often falls in the end of August and September every year, and
melts again to 19,000 feet. As the rains are not over till October, the
sporadic falls are numerous, and quite disguise the perpetual snow.

You have well appreciated the several complicated phenomena of
precipitation, evaporation, solar and terrestrial radiation. These all
act differently, both as to amount and duration, and affect different
times of the year, north and south of the snowy belt. Still, these
effects are progressively greater, in going from the snows of the
Himalaya to those of Thibet. Comparing Sikkim with the north-
western Himalaya, I should say that the snow-line is lower in Sikkim,
because far more falls, and the sky is more cloudy. With regard to
the mountain axis in Asia, I do not doubt it is the Himalaya, i. e., the
mountain mass between the Yarou and plains of Bengal. ‘The line
of mean greatest elevation is probably 18,000 feet: it is north of the
snowy Himalaya, and zigzag. Proportionally very little of the snowy
Himalaya rises above 18,000 feet ; and the 300 feet of that which is
exposed to view being always snowed, and always projected to the eye
in a straight line, the delusive effect is that of a mountain-chain, on this
side the main axis and water-shed.

. I am here joined by my old friend and schoolfellow Dr. Thomson,
of the Thibet mission ; aman of great enthusiasm, and of the highest
scientific attainments. He had, independently, adopted the same view

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 29

of the snowy Himalaya as I did in Sikkim, and all we can see from
these (the Khossya) mountains, appears to confirm it. Dr. Thomson
has visited the Karakoraur Pass, and finds it to be as laid down in
your map to ‘ Asie Centrale.” He regards the Karakoraur and Muztagh
as the real continuation of the axis, which runs north-west from Man-
sarowar. The latter is, indeed, another nœud, from which three chains
of mountains radiate, one dividing the Indus from the Sutlej, another
north of the former river, and another south of the latter. In fact,
the course of the Indus and Sutlej much resembles that of the
Soubansiri and Yarou, the latter being the Dihong, and finally the
Burrampooter. With regard to atmospheric phenomena, I found the
south-east wind to prevail up to 18,000 feet; whereas at 24,000 the
westerly current is perennial. The south-east is all but perennial in
Sikkim, but is considerably checked by the Himalaya; still it keeps
"Thibet cloudy and showery from May till October.

The south-east monsoon hardly reaches Sikkim, the currents being
generally between south and south-west. These, passing between the
Garrows and Rajmahal mountains, cause the Sikkim-Himalaya to be —
much wetter than the Bhotan mountains, which are sheltered by the
Khossya. In the latter, the rain-fall is excessive, 350 inches last year
at Churra, and 120 this last Jury. I have several times carefully
measured 11 inches in 12 hours! There is no error in my instru-
ments or those established at Churra. The atmospheric pressure,
temperature, and wet-bulb, I register as often as is possible, without
interfering with my other pursuits ; and I find that a thermometer buried
at three feet, gives very valuable results.

The atmospheric tide is uniform as to time at all elevations, but the
amount gradually diminishes, and progressively with the elevation,—
at 17,000 feet it appears to be but a few thousandths of an inch. I
almost invariably read off all the instruments seven times in the twenty- ce
four hours, and I have horary observations from all heights, up to 16,000 —
feet ; I take the same times as at the Calcutta Observatory. ae

For geodetical observations I have but little leisure, and confine
myself toa careful survey of my route, and occasionally the elevations
of remarkable distant mountains. The survey, and numberless baro-
metric observations over all parts of Sikkim, may afford elements for
a computation of the mean mass of that section of the Himalaya. -

Vegetation I have found up to 18,500 feet in Thibet, Herbaceous
plants are sufficiently abundant at 18,000, in certain spots; aud c uw.

30 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

shrubby ones, I have several species of Lonicera and Rhododendron
from upwards of 17,000 feet, with Gnaphalia and Ephedra. A nettle
(Urtica) attains this elevation, as do Zannichellia and Ranunculus in
water. Composite are, however, much the most alpine natural order;
many genera, Guaphalium, Saussurea, Artemisia, and Erigeron, ascend-
ing to 17,000 and 17,500 feet, together with Astragalus and Valeriana
(Nardostachys). A coleopterous insect, allied to Meloe? and Acarus,
are found inhabiting 18,500 feet, along with the Kiang, or wild ass,
and various ruminants; there, too, the fox, hare, and two species of
smaller rodents burrow, all of which have parasites. At 17,000 feet
bees live and feed; Diptera are common; Ephemera is found, and
Papilionide of two genera (Polyommatus and Argyuris), ‘The
absence of the large Carabide, which occur in the European Alps, is
a striking anomaly. At 16,000 feet I have observed the house-fly
and Lumbricus. The musk-deer I never saw at great elevations, not
even in midsummer above 12,000 feet; there is, however, another
species in Thibet. A monkey inhabits the Pine-woods at 11,000 feet,
but is more common at 9,000. The limits of the Pines are highly
curious and well marked, differing both from Bhotan and the north-
western Himalaya. There is no Deodar, nor P. excelsa or Gerardiana,
nor Cupressus torulosa ; whereas the C. funebris ? of China is commonly
planted, and there is a wild Larch (Pinus longifolia) 14,000 feet;
Few (Taxus), 7-10,000 feet. Abies Brunonis, Larch, and Abies
Khutrow (alias Smithiana), all grow between 8—11,000 feet. An erect
Tree-Juniper and fruticose Rhododendron, eight feet high; Birch,
Willow, and Pyrus, ascend to near 15,000 feet in favourable situations,
but are all stunted. Lonicere are, however, the commonest shrubs at
14,000 feet, of several species, with Rosa and Berberis.

My geological notes want all to be worked up. Gneiss is the
prevalent formation between 7 and 17,000 feet ; above that, encrinitic
granites, and in Thibet, fossiliferous limestone and tertiary rocks.
Below 7,000 feet come the mica and clay-slates, sandstone, and coal.
There is no lime in Sikkim proper, except as a deposit. Hot springs,
of temperature 110°, I have found at 17,000 feet, with sulphurous
salts. The most curious and novel geological feature consists in the
magnificent moraines, which abound in every valley, descending from
the snow. They commence at 10-11,000 feet, and may thence be
traced continuously up to the glaciers themselves, whose lower edges,
often twenty miles higher up the valley, are always at about 17,000

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 31

feet. The proofs hence appear clear of a gradual sinking of the Hima-
laya: I could obtain no signs of a rising, but abundant evidence of
the contrary. The glaciers have certainly receded 7,000 feet.

And now it is high time to draw this long letter to a close ; I fear
it is but a poor attempt to inform you of what I am doing. Dr.
Thomson and myself intend to continue our explorations here till
November, and then to visit Cachar, Chittagong, and Arracan, from
whence we embark for Calcutta, and England in the early spring of next
year. Our conjoined collections will be enormous. His consists of
4,000 species, from the Plains of India, Thibet, the north-western’
Himalaya, Kashmir, and Lahore ; and mine of nearly as many, from the
Sikkim-Himalaya and Bengal. We have since, unitedly, gathered here
upwards of 3,000, and we expect perhaps to add another 1,000 in
Chittagong and Arracan. The vegetation is wonderful; we have twenty
Oaks alone from the Khossya mountains, and an equal number from
the Himalaya mountains.

- Mr. Hodgson, of Darjeeling, always desires his grateful acknow-
ledgments to you.

I rejoice to’hear of your continued good health. The news of his
Prussian Majesty's accident reached me, and I thought it would afflict
you very much. It is a matter of rejoicing that a sovereign who has
the true interests of science so much at heart should have recovered.

Believe me, with feelings of grateful and affectionate regard,

Your faithful and obedient friend,
Josera D. Hookzn.

Plants Jor Sale.

Mr. Samuel Mossman has lately returned from New Zealand and
Australia, with a considerable number of dried plants, which he has -
placed in the hands of Mr. S. Stevens for sale. The New Zealand
collection is from the Northern! Island, and contains more than 100
species. The Australian collection consists of South Australia, New
South Wales, and Van Diemen’s Land plants, amounting to about

400 species.

We learn with much satisfaction, that Mons. E. Bourgeau, the -
botanical traveller and collector for the Société Française d’Explora- _
tion, has arrived in Paris with a fine collection of plants from the —

$2 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

mid-eastern parts of Spain.* The address of Mons. Bourgeau is at
“ No. 11, Rue des Blanc-manteaux, Paris.” As a judicious collector,
and as a highly liberal distributor of his specimens, Mons. Bourgeau
is already very favourably known in the botanical world; so that his
present collection may be expected to prove well worthy of considera-
tion. The number of species is not stated ; but in his former journeys
the sets sent to England have run from 400 to 600 species.

Extensive Herbarium.

A vendre, un herbier que l’on évalue à 24,000 espèces, disposées
selon la Méthode Naturelle, et se trouvant dans un état de conservation
parfaite. De ces plantes, une partie a été ramassée pendant un long
séjour en Basse Allemagne et dans les provinces occidentales de l'Empire
Russe; une autre et majeure est le fruit de voyages longues et pénibles
dans la Russie Asiatique, surtout dans la chaîne de l'Altai jusqu'aux
frontières de la Chine; une troisième est acquise par l'échange et l'achat
de botanistes voyageurs en différens pays. Par conséquent, on y trouve
presque toutes les plantes de l'Allemagne, la plupart de celles de
l'Europe septentrionale et méridionale, des Etats Unis tant orientaux
qu'occidentaux, puis une partie considérable de celles du Cap de Bonne

Espérance et d'autres parties du monde ; auxquelles s'ajoutent de
nombreux échantillons pris dans les jardins botaniques du Nord de
PAllemagne. Les exemplaires sont aussi nombreux, aussi bien
choisis et bien desséchés, que variés selon les localités. En outre, ils
sont dénominés avec tout le soin possible, en quoi ceci leur donne une
valeur particulière, qu'ils renferment tous les matériaux qui ont servi
aux travaux scientifiques du possesseur, dont les résultats s'impriment
depuis longtemps et continuent de paraître. Pour d'autres détails,
comme pour apprendre les conditions, sous lesquelles on pourra acquérir
cette collection, on est prié de s'addresser par de lettres affranchies à
M. L. C. Treviranus, Professeur de Botanique à l'Université de Bonn,
en Prusse Rhénane.

[The Editor of this Journal can testify to the great value of this
herbarium, in regard to the beauty of the specimens and to its perhaps
nnrivalled richness in northern European and northern Asiatic plants,
no less than to its authentic importance in regard.to specific identity.]

. * This collection is now ready for delivery ; and there will accompany the sets

to the accustomed subscribers 110 species of plants fr iers and the lesser
Atlas : of which a large proportion are bulbous, authentically named be M Dans

ri} atn... j i
LI Piptostylis

Which ud.

33

Contributions to the Botany of WESTERN INDIA;
by N. A. DALZELL, Esq., M.A.

(Continued from vol. ii. p. 344.)

Nat. Ord. AURANTIACEZX.

PrProsTYLIs. Genus novum, cum icone.
Tas. II.

GEN. CHAR. Calyx 4-5-fidus.. Corolle petala 4-5. Stamina 8-10,
libera: filamenta alterna breviora, basi complanato-dilatata, apice
subulata ; antheræ ovales, biloculares, longitudinaliter dehiscentes. —
Ovarium rotundatum, toro stipitiformi impositum, ériloculare ; ovula —
in loculis gemina, collateralia, ex apice anguli centralis pendula. —
Stylus brevis, crassus, cum ovario articulatus, caducus. Stigma stylo
haud crassius. Bacca abortu bi-uni-locularis, loculi abortu 1-spermi.
—Frutex 6—7 ped. altus, inermis; folis imparipinnatis ; foliolis al-
ternis, subcoriaceis, glabris, crenulatis ; paniculis terminalibus, corym-
biformibus, elongatis.

Piptostylis Indica, Nob. (Tas. IL)

Calyx parvus, segmentis rotundatis, ciliatis. Alabastrus sphæricus.
Corolle petala ovali-oblonga, 14 lin. longa. Stamina cum petalis
inserta, breviora, petalis opposita. Foliola 2—4-juga, alterna, ovata,
obtuse acuminata, apice emarginata, breve petiolulata, glaberrima,
nitida, pellucido-punctata, 2-4 poll. longa, 14-2 poll. lata. Pani-
cule corymbiformes, folium æquantes, panicule rami pedicelique _
velutini.—Crescit in Canara ; fl. Martio. Fructum maturum non vidi. ——
This genus is intermediate between Sclerostylis and Bergera, agreeing _

with the former in the structure of its flowers and ovary, but having —
the whole habit and appearance of Bergera. From the former it differs —
in the character of its inflorescence, in having a caducous style; from
the latter, in its three-celled ovary, its short thick style situated ina
depression of the ovary and wholly caducous; while the style of

Bergera has the base persistent, the upper part only falling off. The

ovules of Bergera are said to be solitary, and to be attached by their -

middle to the middle of the axis. Had I been able completely to

verify these statements, they would have afforded md xc i
VOL. III, F i

34 ; CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

but they seem to me to rest partly on imperfect observations.
I was naturally led to examine carefully the structure of Bergera
Königii in connection with this plant, and I found the ovules suspended
from very near the apex, /o the top of the cell. I examined fresh
specimens, both wild and cultivated, and was not a little surprised to
find in the /atter, that the cells of the ovary have often two collateral
ovules. Even if I had not observed this fact, I might have justly
inferred that the ovules, when solitary, were so only by abortion, from
the structure of the dissepiment and the position of the solitary
ovule. The dissepiment is thin, membranous, and diaphanous ;
down the centre run two stout parallel veins, which give origin to the
ovules. Where one ovule only is present, it is found entirely on one
side and attached to one vein only; and from this want of symmetry
we are justified in concluding that twin ovules is the normal condition
in each cell, and, under favourable circumstances, this is sometimes
actually. the case. The obvious affinity, therefore, of Bergera to the
plant E consideration, deducible from similar habit and appear-
ance, fs increased by this discovery. What appears to be another
species of this new genus, is a shrub described by Junghuhn, in his
*Reisen durch Java, as growing in the cemeteries of the Chinese in
that island, and which he calls ** genus novum Sclerostyli affine.”
Tas. IL. fig. 1, flower-bud; fig. 2, flower; fig. 3, stamens; fig. 4,
pistil; fig. 5, vertical section of ovary; fig. 6, transverse section of
ovary.

Nat. Ord. SANTALACEZÆ.
SPHJEROCARYA, -

S. leprosa; foliis oblongis coriaceis glabris basi subrotundatis apice
acutis (cum petiolo 6-9 lin.) 7 poll. longis 2 poll. latis, floribus
in tuberculo axillari squamoso subsessilibus glomeratis, calycis
laciniis brevissimis semiorbieularibus lacerato-ciliatis, corollæ petalis
linearibus acutis apice recurvis sesquilineam longis, filamentis pe-
talis oppositis iisque adnatis, fructu juniore pyriformi Zeproso, adulto
sphzrico.— Crescit in Canara ; floret tempore frigido.

~ This, which is a large tree, differs from the only published species

in points of considerable importance, among which the existence of

a distinct permanent calyx and well-developed petals, or, at least,

parts occupying those relative positions, are not among the least.

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA, 35

The calyx is five-lobed, and alternate with the lobes are five petals,

many times longer than the calyx-lobes, and caducous. The filaments
are long, adnate to the petals throughout their whole length (as in Em-
belia and others of the Myrsineæ), the anthers appearing sessile about
one-third below the apex of the petal. The disc, which is cushion- `
shaped and slightly five-lobed on the summit, has no scales of any
kind; the stigma is simple. Above the base of the very short pedicel
are two half-sheathing short bracts, the one a little above the other, and
of the same texture as the lobes of the calyx ; while the base of the pedi-
cel is surrounded by 3-4 scurfy-looking scales, The podosperm arises
from the base of the cavity, and is straight, bearing three pendulous
ovules at its apex, two of which are always abortive. The seed is
spherical, with a copious albumen, the embryo not being in the axis
and at the apex, as in the published species, but lying obliquely, the

radicle being centrifugal, as in Rubiacee, and forming an angle of 45°

with the vertical axis of the seed.

I may take this opportunity of Peer: that I met with the ScZero-
pyrum Wallichianum in Canara, and that it is not a tree, as Rheede
supposed, but a weak straggling shrub, often having unbranched
shoots twenty feet high, and apparently of one year's growth. As
the structure of the wood of this shrub is very peculiar, and a
knowledge of it may tend to throw light on its natural affinities,
which I believe are not supposed to be incontrovertibly established, I
shall describe it. A transverse section of a stem, an inch and a half
in diameter, has an ample pith half an inch in diameter, of a yellow
colour, and more dense than that structure generally is. The medullary

rays are exceedingly numerous, one-sixth to one-tenth of a line in 2; :

breadth, and alternate with rays of woody tissue of an equal breadth,
, or even narrower. In the woody tissue are seen numerous porous =
vessels or ducts, discernible with the naked eye: this latter cireum-
stance, together with the cellular tissue of the medullary rays equalling
or slightly exceeding in bulk the whole woody tissue, produces a wood _
as light as cane. Except the walls of the duct, no spiral vessels or
vessels of any other character are visible ;—this structure is very like
that of some species of Loranthus. The structure of the seed and the
position of the embryo in Scleropyrum are the same as in the plant
above described. N.B. The drupe of Spherocarya leprosa, when

mature, is spherical, dry, and three-fourths of an inch in diameter.

36 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

Nat. Ord. SAPOTACEZÆ.
BASSIA.

B. elliptica ; foliis ellipticis vel elliptico-obovatis breve obtuseque acu-
minatis petiolatis coriaceis utrinque glaberrimis, pedicellis axillaribus
geminis v. ternis petiolo 3—4-plo longioribus, fructiferis erectis.

Folia (cum petiolo 6—9-lin.) 3-44 poll. longa, 11-23 lata. Calyx 6-
partitus, pilis fulvis adpressis dense villosus, lobis biseriatis, ex-
terioribus late rotundato-ovatis transverse rugosis, interioribus
ovato-lanceolatis exterioribus paulo longioribus. Filamenta uni-
serialia, brevissima, villosa, corolle summo tubo inserta, lobis
corollinis opposita, per paria connata, lobis alterna, solitaria. dn-
there longe cuspidatæ, apice eroso-denticulate, limbi lobis paulo
breviores. Corolle tubus 2 lin. longus, limbi lobis lineari-oblongis
acutis paulo brevior. Fructus oblongus, glaber.

Has. Canara; fl. et fr. Februario.

Nat. Ord. RHAMNEÆ.

VENTILAGO.

V. Bombaiensis ; ramulis petiolis floribusque fulvo-tomentosis, foliis
lanceolatis basi acutis inæqualibus apice acuminatis crenatis (crena-
turis calloso-mucronulatis) utrinque glaberrimis nitidis, floribus in
foliorum axillis fasciculatis (15-20) breve pedicellatis, pedicellis
petiolo brevioribus.

Folia coriacea, (cum petiolo 3-lin. 3-34 poll. longa, 1 poll. lata;
venz costales paucz (utrinque 3), alternæ, earumque azillis glan-
dulis rufo-villosis præditis. Pedicelli 2 lin. longi. Calycis lacini
media facie valde cristatse.— Crescit in montibus Brice; prope
Chorla Ghaut ; fl. Februario.

This species is distinguished at first sight from V. Madraspatana by
very different inflorescence, the flowers being here collected in the axils
of each leaf, and not on long bare terminal branchlets, as in V. Madras-
patana. The leaves of both species are much alike in size and form,
but in the new species they are narrower, more deeply crenated, and
less finely acuminated. On a nearer inspection, the differences are
more marked, the costal veins in V. Madraspatana are double in
number, and form a greater angle with the central rib, and are not

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 37.

furnished with glands in their axils, like the new species. The fruit
in the new species, I am informed, is much larger, but I have not
met with it.

Nat. Ord. RUBIACEJE.

SAPROSMA. (Saprosme ?)

S. Indica; ramis teretibus dichotomis glabris, foliis oppositis sessilibus
obovato-ellipticis basim versus cuneatim attenuatis apice acutis
glabris integris marginibus recurvis, stipulis utrinque solitariis intra-
petiolaribus caulem vaginantibus, floribus terminalibus fasciculatis
paucis brevissime pedicellatis, pedicellis basi squamis rigidis glabris
suffultis.

Frutex 3—A-pedalis. Folia opposita (altero valde minore), 2-44 poll.
longa, 9-22 lin. lata; venarum costalium axillis glandulis cavis
præditis. Calya 1 lin. longus, cupuliformis, 4-dentatus, dentibus
latis rotundatis. Pedicelli semilineam longi. Ovarium biloculare ;
loculis uniovulatis, ovula e basi dissepimenti adscendentia. Bacca
ovalis, dentibus calycinis coronata, levis, cærulea, fœtidissima,
abortu monosperma, semine globoso, raro disperma, et tum seminibus
dorso convexis facie planis; testa reticulato-venosa, crustacea. Em-
bryo in albuminis cornei parte inferiore positus, rectus ; cotyledonibus
foliaceis parvis ovalibus; radicula infera, longa, albumine dimidio
brevior, basim versus incrassata, fere conica, discoideo-truncata.—
Crescit in montibus Syhadree, prope Chorla Ghaut, lat. 15° 30’.

a poets

Nat. Ord. MALPIGHTACE.
ASPIDOPTERIS.

A. Canarensis ; folis late lanceolatis acuminatis coriaceis glaberri :
floribus axillaribus simpliciter racemosis, racemis solitariis parem, -
pedicellis paulo supra basim bibracteolatis, ovarii valleculis inter -

alas pilis rufis villosis, samaris ala orbiculari emarginata venoso-
reticulata præditis, dorso ala minore semiovata cristatis.

Rami glabri. Folia 24-3 poll. longa, 14-15 lin. lata, basi rotundata,
adulta glaberrima, epunctulata, juniora utrinque pilis anguste fusi- i
formibus medio affixis rufis conspersa. Rachis rufo-villosus, petiolum
bilinearem vix superans; pedicelli longi, graciles, glabri, Oe

38 BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA.

lacini ovatæ, obtuse, dorso rufo-villosæ, marginibus glabræ, semi-
lineam longs; petala oblonga, obtusa, calyce 4-plo longiora:
Fructus ale orbiculares, scariosæ, diametro sesquipollicares.— Crescit
in Canara; fl. et fr. Februario.

Nat. Ord. EUPHORBIACEZÆ.
GLOCHIDION.

G. tomentosum ; ramis flexuosis, foliis breve (2 lin.) petiolatis rotun-
datis ovatis vel ellipticis acutis supra sparse subtus densius tomen-
tosis 2-4 poll. longis 13—2 poll. latis, floribus axillaribus fasciculatis,
masculis paucis.

_ Frutex 3-4-pedalis, strictus, basi nudus, apicem versus parum ramosus.
Perigonii masculi foliola 6, carnosa, æquilonga, recurva, 3 exteriora
rotundata, duplo latiora, dorso pubescentia, interiora ovata, glabra ;
pedicelli pilosi, 4-5 lin. longi ; antheræ ut in genere. Perigonii
Jfæminei foliola 4, biserialia, irregularia, apice dentata v. lacerata.
Ovarium sphericum, sulcatum. Styli 5 in unum coaliti. Stigmata 5,
simplicia; ovarium b5-loculare, loculi 2 ovulati. Pedicelli 2 lin.
longi.—Crescit in Canara ; fl. Feb., fr. Aprili.

Nat. Ord. ACANTHACEE.

NOMAPHILA.

N. pinnatifida; tota glanduloso-pubescens, foliis petiolatis profunde
pinnatifidis, floribus in foliorum axillis oppositis solitariis sessilibus
et internodiis supremis abbreviatis capitato-congestis, calycis laciniis
linearibus obtusis.

Caulis obtuse tetragonus, ad nodos tumidus. Folia lineari-lanceolata,
3 poll. longa, 15 poll. lata, pinnatisecta, segmentis 6—8-jugis lineari-
oblongis obtusis serrulatis. Bractee florales oblong, foliaceze,
ciliate, glandulosæ, calycem æquantes. Calyx 2-21 lin. longus.

~ Corolle (5 lin.) palatum bullatum. Stylus puberulus, stigma laterale.

= —Herba tenera, 1-2-pedalis.—Crescit in ripis fluminum Concani
australioris; fl. Januario et Martio.

Nat. Ord. SCROPHULARINEÆ.
TORENIA.

~ T. bicolor ; caule repente radicante, foliis petiolatis triangularibus basi

DECADES OF FUNGI. ` 39

vix cordatis crenato-serratis, pagina superiore parce pilosula, calyce
lineari incurvo basim versus attenuato æqualiter 5-costato, labio
superiore 3-dentieulato, inferiore bidentato, corolla calyce duplo
longiore, filamentorum anticorum dentibus filiformibus fere lineam
longis, capsula ealyce inclusa lineari.

Flores axillares, bini vel terni, pedunculati ; pedunculi floriferi 6—7 lin.,
fructiferi 9—10 lin. longi. Corolle uncialis tubus curvatus, basi valde
attenuatus, ultra calycem inflatus. Zabium superius rotundatum,
integrum, cum tubo intense violaceum, inferius 3-fidum, laciniis
rotundatis, albis. Petiolus 4—6 lin. longus, lamina 8-10 lin.— Crescit.
prope Vingorla; fl. Julio.

A really beautiful species, and well worthy of cultivation. The -
corolla is shaped something like Æginetia Indica, and is more
fleshy than in T. Asiatica and T. cordifolia, both of which are indigenous _
in this part of India. I failed in getting ripe seeds of this plant for -
Kew Garden last ped but hope to be more fortunate this season.

(To be continued.)

DrcapEs oF Funai; dy the Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S.— |
Decades XXXIT., XXXIII.
(Continued from p. 21.)

Sikkim- Himalayan Fungi collected by Dr. Hooker.

311. Agaricus (Psathyrella) discolor, n. s.; pileo hemisphærico
primitus vitellino dein expanso versus marginem purpurascente; stipite -
flexuoso fistuloso versicolore ; lamellis latis griseo-purpuzeis sece-
dentibus. Hook. fil., No. 137, cum ie.
Has. On the ground and on dead timber. Dau. 1,500 feet.
October. Abundant. ;
Inodorous, tufted, tender, brittle, delicate. Pileus 1-14 inch tese,
at first hemispherical, yellow, then expanded, gradually changing, with
the exception of the centre, to greyish-purple, dry, smooth, membra- -
naceous. Stem flexuous, 3-4 inches high, 1-14 line thick, shaded :
with pink and yellow, fistulose. Gills rather broad, ventricose, sounde * 2
behind, separating from the stem, greyish-purple.

40 DECADES OF FUNGI.

Allied to 4. atomatus and A. vinosus, Cord., but remarkable for its
brighter colours. The gills are always visible below the pileus, in
consequence of their projecting beyond the edge.

We have given figures at Tab. III. of 4. triplicatus, 4. Broomeianus,
and 4. verrucarius, described in the volume for 1850.

* Coprinus comatus, Fr. Epic., p. 242. Hook. fil., No. 51, cum ic.

Haz. On grassy earth. Darjeeling. Abundant in one spot only.

. May to October.
The figure, at first sight, indicates a new species, distinguished by
its annulato-vaginate stem ; but on examining the specimens, it is clear
that the ring is frequently free, exactly as in 4. comatus. The stem has
a cottony web in the cavity, precisely as in that species, nor can I point
out a single distinctive character. I have this species from Bombay,
collected by the late Mr. J. D. Campbell.

312. C. Hookeri, n. s. ; pileo ex ovato campanulato glabro striato ;
stipite subzequali fistuloso candido exannulato ; lamellis confertissimis
latis umbrino-purpureis affixis. Hook. fiL, No. 101, cum ic.

Has. In grassy places. Jillapahar, 7,500 feet. J uly, August.
Rare.

Tnodorous, brittle, very tender, cæspitose. ileus 21-3 inches
across, and about as much high ; at first broadly ovate, then campa-
nulate, smooth, dry, almost shining, striate, livid brown, becoming
purple-brown in age; flesh thin, of the same colour as the pileus.
Stem 3-5 inches high, 3 an inch or more thick, hollow, but with the
walls thick, pure white, not having the slightest trace of a ring. Gills
extremely close, broad, purple-brown, with an umber tinge, affixed,
subcrenate. Spores oblong, elliptic; with one side much less curved.

This fine species has much the habit of C. atramentarius and
C. deliquescens, from the former of which it differs in the smooth,
almost shining pileus, and the total want of a ring ; from the latter
in its different form when young, and broad gills. - The spores are
more elongated than is usual in the genus. _

313. C. vellereus, n. s. ; pileo ovato subcarnoso striato fulvo vellere
flocculoso-squamoso secedente prædito; stipite e basi subbulboso
attenuato cavo; lamellis lanceolatis primitus albis latiusculis liberis.
Hook. fil., No. 115, cum ic. :

Has. On dead wood and earth, as on the mossy edges of Mr.
Hodgson’s verandah. Darjeeling, August, September. Common.

-

DECADES OF FUNGI. 41

Tnodorous, brittle, tender. Pileus 1 inch or more across, 11-114 inch
high, ovate, obtuse, tawny, slightly striate, clothed with a flocculent,
squamulose, white fleece, which peels off from the margin towards the
apex, rather fleshy ; flesh red. Stem 3 inches high, + thick, somewhat
bulbous below, attenuated upwards, hollow, white. Gills lanceolate,
crowded, rather broad, free.

This species has exactly the habit of C. domesticus, but the flesh is
thicker and the pileus less striate, its nearest affinity being with ©. ez- -
tinctorius, from which it differs in its ovate pileus and rooting stem.

914. Paxillus chrysites, n. s.; totus aureus, pileo infandibuliformi
molli glabro subvirgato, margine striato; stipite fistuloso; annulo
demum caduco; lamellis decurrentibus venosis. Hook, fil, No. 47,
cum ic. | —

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. June. Abundant.

Subcæspitose. Pileus infundibuliform, 2 inches or more across,
smooth, with a few virgate filaments, very soft and moist, fleshy ;
margin striate. Stem ? inches high, + an inch thick, smooth, nearly
equal, fistulose. Ring rather broad, deflexed, at length falling. Gills
moderately broad, venose, decurrent. Spores ochraceo-fulvous, rather
small. The whole plant is of a uniform golden yellow, which changes
in drying to umber.

A very curious and interesting species, differing from everything
with which I am acquainted.

815. P. sulphureus, n.s.; sulphureus; pileo cum lamellis obconico
plano flocculoso-squamoso carnoso; stipite deorsum attenuato solido;
lamellis latis ventricosis adnato-decurrentibus. Hook. fil, No. 119,
cum ic.

Has. On dead wood and on the ground. DE eae, 7, 500 Tat 2
September. Common, E
Inodorous, sulphur-coloured. Pileus 13-2 inches across, re
obconical when taken with the gills, sometimes slightly depressed, |
clothed with little flocculent scales, fleshy. Stem about 2 inches high,
1.1 thick, attenuated below, strongly dilated above, and confluent with
the pileus. Gills very broad, distant, rather ventricose, thick, waved,
adnate, decurrent. Spores elongated, oblong, yellow-olive.

A very interesting species, remarkable for its narrow elongated :
spores, like those of-a Boletus.

316. P. pinguis, Hook. fil.; pileo depresso demum infundibuliformi

VOL, III. G

42 DECADES OF FUNGI,

luride sulphureo flocculento subcarnoso; stipite brevi subæquali con-
colore; lamellis sulphureis adnato-decurrentibus. Hook. fil., No. 60,
cum ic. :

Has. On earth and mossy banks. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. June.

Inodorous, soft, brittle. Pileus 2 inches broad, at first convex and
depressed, then infundibuliform, subcarnose, of a lurid sulphur-yellow,
dry, flocculent. Stem about 1 inch high, + of an inch thick, solid,
nearly equal, obtuse, of the same colour as the pileus. Gills moderately
broad, sulphur-coloured, adnato-decurrent, interstices and sides venose.
Spores elongated, oblong.

Nearly allied to P. sulphureus, but more clumsy in form, more dingy
in colour, with a highly depressed pileus and far narrower gills.

* Russula furcata, Fr. Ep. p. 352. Hook. fil., No. 36, cum ic.

Has. On clay banks. May. Sinchul, 8,500 feet.

Substance firm. Stem and gills snow-white; the former obtuse,
below solid or irregularly hollow.

317. R. grossa, n. s. ; pileo cyathiformi viscoso maculato-squamoso,
margine rugoso involuto; stipite crasso obeso subæquali; lamellis
decurrentibus antice latioribus integris.

Has. Darjeeling.

Pileus 4 inches across, eup-shaped, viscid, spotted with innate darker
scales; margin narrowly involute, rather rugged. Stem about 3 inches
high, 4 of an inch thick, nearly equal, obtuse. Gills decurrent, broader
in Work, entire.

Well characterized is its viscid, spotted pileus and coarse habit.
Dr. Hooker compares it with 4g. verrucarius, Berk. The gills are
yellowish when dry, but I cannot ascertain the colour of the spores.

318. R. cinnabarina, Hook. fil.; pileo carnoso rigido e convexo de-
presso sieco opaco, margine substriato; stipite demum subcavo dura
rubro flavoque; lamellis candidis antice latiusculis postice rotundatis.
Hook. fil., No. 65, cum ic.

. Has. On clay banks. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. June. Very rare.

Inodorous. Substance firm, between fleshy and corky. Pileus 3
inches broad, at first convex, then strongly depressed, dry, opake,

deep vermilion, sometimes shaded with yellow, by no means polished,
fleshy but striate at the extreme margin. Flesh tinged with red
beneath the cuticle. Stem 2 inches or more high, obtuse, nearly equal,
.firm, at first solid, at length presenting several cavities, vermilion or

DECADES OF FUNGI. - 48

yellow. Gills snow-white, broader in front, but not remarkably so,
attenuated behind and rounded ; interstices reticulated, obscurely if at
all forked.

A splendid species, differing from R. rubra in its opake pileus, stri-
ated margin, and gills not so decidedly broader in front or projecting
beyond the margin.

* R. lepida, Fr. Ep. p. 355. Hook. fil., No. 5 (pro parte).

Has, On clay banks. Darjeeling, 8,000 feet. April to July. Scarce,

Firm and almost coriaceous. Pileus dry. Margin quite free from
strie. Gills pure white.

Dr. Hooker, in his notes, compares it with Agaricus muscarius. As
no remark was made as to the circumstance whether it is mild or
acrid, it is impossible to say decidedly whether this is R. rubra or R. le-
pida, but I am inclined to think that it is the latter species.

* R.emetica, Fr. Ep. p. 357.

Has. On clay banks. Darjeeling.

Pileus viscid. Texture of stem and pileus loose and spongy.
Found with Russula rubra.

Another species, which I cannot determine, occurred on oe at
Sinchul.

319. Marasmius iridescens, n. s.; pileo campanulato bubus
sicco polychroo ; stipite sursum sttenuate cavo ; lamellis angustissimis
eoncoloribus. Hook. fil., No. 41, cum ic.

Has. On mossy banks. Sinchul, 8,000 feet. May. Extremely rare.

Inodorous, singularly beautiful. Pileus 14 inch broad, campanu-
late, slightly umbilicate, dry, smooth, slightly fleshy, not striated,
variegated with yellow, grey, and pink. Stem 2} inches high, 2 lines
or more thick, incrassated below, smooth, hollow, composed of fibres -
coloured like the pileus. Gills very narrow, rather thick and obtuse, — ;
shaded with red and blue, yellow towards to the extremity, free,
reddish-brown when dry. P

This exquisite fungus, which appears rather to be a Marashit than
an Agaric, combines somewhat the characters of Fries’s two first
sections, without agreeing absolutely with either. The edge of the
gills is slightly obtuse, and the whole aspect of the hymenium, when
dry, is very much like that of M. peronatus. I know of nothing
very closely resembling it. Its colours are as various as those CE

A, Harmoge.

44 DECADES OF FUNGI.

* M. erythropus, Fr. Ep. p. 378.

Has. On the ground. Darjeeling.

There are no notes or drawings of this species, but the specimens
agree with British individuals. They are much tufted.

320. M. consocius, n. s.; gregarius, insititius, totus albus; pileo
convexo scabro, margine glabrescente ; stipite subæquali furfuraceo ;
lamellis angustis venosis adnexis, interstitiis reticulatis. Hook. fil.,
No. 4, cum ic.

. Has. On dead twigs. Darjeeling, 8,000 feet.

White, inodorous. Pileus gregarious, but not fasciculate, forcing
up the cuticle of the twigs on which it grows, 1 inch across, convex,
coriaceous, speckled in the centre with minute scabrous points; mar-
gin smooth. Stem 1 inch or more high, 1-2 lines thick, clothed with
furfuraceous scales, especially at the base. Gills narrow, more or less
venose, with reticulated interstices, attenuated behind, adnexed.

Resembling in habit M. ramealis, but very much larger, and dif-
fering in the nature of its gills, pileus, and stem.

321. M. caperatus, Berk. ; albus ; pileo membranaceo plicato; stipite
brevissimo furfuraceo fuscescente; lamellis latis adnatis; interstitiis
venoso-plicatis. Hook. fil., No. 15, cum ic.

Has. On twigs of live and dead bushes. Tonglo, 10,000 feet.
Abundant. The characteristic fungus of that region in the month
of May.

. Snow-white, very delicate, inodorous. Pileus 1-1} inch or more
broad, convex, sometimes galeate, membranaceous, plicate and corru-
gated, smooth. Stem very short, furfuraceous, at length brownish,
sometimes obsolete. Gills distant, broad, adnate; interstices strongly
plicate and venose. :

A species very much resembling this, but having a longer stem, was
abundant on wood from the tropics, in a stove at the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, two years since. The pileus is soon reflected, resembling
in this respect some of the small P/euro£i. lt is a very beautiful fungus.
.* Lentinus Lecomtei, Fr. Ep. p. 388. : Hook. fil, No. 13, cum ic.
‘Has. On wood. Tonglo, 6—8,000 feet. Abundant. May, June.

.322. L. Hookerianus, n. s. ; pileo infundibuliformi, tenui, strigoso-
setoso cinnamomeo-gilvo ; stipite irregulari subrudi strigoso-velutino

obscuriore ; lamellis angustissimis decurrentibus pallide luteis. Hook,
fil., No. 16, cum ic.

DECADES OF FUNGI. 45

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 6-9,000 feet. Abundant.
May to July. ;

Pileus infundibuliform, 2-3 inches across, marked with two or three
impressed zones when dry, clothed with cinnamon-coloured strigose
bristles, which at length become tawny. Stem 11-2 inches high, 2 an
inch thick, rather irregular, swollen at the spongy base, subcinereous Å
when fresh, of a dull tawny when dry, strigose-velvety below, more ;
finely velvety above, especially at the termination of the gills, which
become smooth abruptly. Gills pale yellow, very narrow, entire, de-
current, not by any means thick or obtuse. T

This species differs from Z. Lecomtei and L. strigosus in its narrow
gills, in this point agreeing with Z. velutinus and L. setiger, Lév., but
the coat is coarser than in the former, and not formed of two kinds of
setze as in the latter. The gills are álso more delicate than in either.

It is not so graceful a fungus as L. velutinus, and, unlike L. Lecomtei,
has no tendency to be excentric. |

323. L. coadunatus, Hook. fil. ; cæspitosus ; pileo infundibuliformi
sicco tenui albo opaco glabro; stipitibus basi coadunatis furfuraceis
æqualibus cavis; lamellis angustis tenuibus utrinque attenuatis de-
currentibus. Hook. fil., No. 68, cum ic.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. June, July. Frequent.

Inodorous, rather delicate, soft when young, leathery when old,
densely tufted. Pileus 23-4 inches across, infundibuliform, smooth,
thin, opake-white, especially when dry. Stems united at the base,
equal, 1-23 inches high, + of an inch thick, tinged with rufous,
hollow. Gills marrow, pale, attenuated at either end, thin, strongly
decurrent. 4

This species resembles Z. Zeucochrous, and L. cladopus, Lév., agreeing
with the former in its opake appearance, and with the 1 ter in its
branched stem; but it is a larger species than either, and, thougl
closely connected, distinct, differing from the former in its stem, from -
the latter in its milky-white pileus. Fortunately, I have authentic |
specimens of both species. As Léveillés two Lentini have been seen
only when dry, itis impossible to say whether they have a hollow
stem, as in the present case. —

324. L. hepaticus, n. s.; pileo convexo-explanato udo glabro hepa- -
tico; stipite brevi æquali solido obscuro intus substantiaque | pilei
pallide rubro; lamellis confertis integris postice rotundatis albis de-
mum hic illic incarnatis. Hook. fil., No. 53, cum ic, :

46 DECADES OF FUNGI,

Has. On trunks of trees. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. June, J uly.

Inodorous. Pileus 3 inches across, convex, at length more or less
expanded, smooth, moist, but not viscid, of a reddish liver-brown,
sometimes slightly zoned. Substance thick, rather tough and leathery,
pale red. Stem 1-14 inch high, 3-1 of an inch thick, hard, solid,
nearly equal, blunt, of a browner tint than the pileus. Gills much
crowded, moderately broad, commencing beyond the margin, entire,
rounded behind, white or shaded with pink.

. The pileus is sometimes excentric, with an ascending stem, some-

times quite regular. Its general habit indicates the division Pleurotus

of the Agarics, but its tough leathery substance Lentinus. Its colours
remind one of Lentinus resinaceus, Trog, and the regular individuals
resemble at first sight Lactarius subdulcis.

325. L. subdulcis, n. s.; albus; pileo imbricato multiplici-lobato
estriato glabro, margine ineurvo; stipite spurio vel obsoleto ; lamellis
latiusculis subdistantibus. Hook. fil., No. 25, cum ic.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7—8,000 feet.” May. I have
what I believe to be the same species, but in a bad state, from Ceylon.

White, imbricated, subflabelliform, variously lobed. Pileus 3 inches
broad, smooth, not striated, somewhat depressed behind; margin in-
curved; substance thin, but tough. Stem obsolete, or consisting of
a short, thick, irregular, horizontal projection from the vertex. Gills
rather distant, broadish, slightly rounded behind; edge entire, occa-
sionally the gills are somewhat decurrent.

Fries makes the difference between Panus and Lentinus to consist
in the respectively unequal and entire, or equal and toothed gills.
This character is, however, by no means constant; Lentinus Djamor,
to which this species is nearly allied, several of Léveillé’s spegies, not
to mention the whole section Scleroma, have gills as entire as in any
Panus. . The present is a very pretty species, distinguished from
L. Djamor by its highly lobed pileus and involute margin. It has
a faint, rather sweet odour, from which I have taken its name.

326. Panus monticola, n. s.; solitarius; pileo depresso lobato tenui

-sicco glabro pallido; stipite erecto elongato centrali solido velutino;
lamellis angustis integris descendentibus.

Has. On the ground, probably attached to wood. Tonglo.

| Solitary. Pileus 2-3 inches broad, pallid, thin, smooth, lobes de-
pressed or subinfundibuliform. Stem 2 inches or more high, very

DECADES OF FUNGI. 47

variable in thickness, sometimes very slender, solid, minutely velvety.
Gills narrow, pallid, descending, but not ending abruptly or al-
together. :

A pretty species, resembling some states of Panus torulosus, but
solitary, more graceful in habit, and entirely destitute of the violet or
lilac tinge which is more or less conspicuous in that species. It is
difficult to draw up very distinctive characters, but there is every
reason to believe that the two species are distinct,

* P. conchatus, Fr. Ep. p. 398.

Has. Darjeeling.

* Schizophyllum commune, Fr. Ep. p. 403.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet.

327. Xerotus cantharelloides, n. s. ; pileo subinfundibuliformi fuli-
gineo subtiliter fasciculato-tomentoso ; stipite gracili obscuro gla-
briusculo; lamellis ochraceis dichotomis angustissimis obtusiusculis
decurrentibus.

Has. On dead wood. Jillapahar. June.

Pileus 14 inch broad, subinfundibuliform, fuliginous, clothed with
minute fasciculate down; margin involute. Stem 24 inches high, 2
lines thick, darker than the pileus, nearly smooth, rooting slightly at
the base, and attached to particles of decayed wood by a few flocci. -
Gills ochraceous, extremely narrow, dichotomous, rather obtuse, de- .
current, grooved towards the base. Spores white, ovate. 2

This curious species bears some resemblance to Cantharellus auran- —
tiacus. The gills are grooved as in Trogia, in consequence of the lines
of division being carried backward along the edge of the gills from the _
point of bifurcation. . pe eet

* Lenzites repanda, Fr. Ep. p. 404. Hook. fil., No. 14, cum ic. d

Has. Hot valleys, on trunks of dead trees, abundant, - rennia
2,000-5,000 feet. - P cu

The margin in fresh specimens, as figured by Dr. Hooker, is of
deep cinereous tint. ii

* L. betulina, Fr. Ep. p. 405. Hook. fiL, No. 29, cum ic.

Has. Dead timber. Darjeeling, 8,000 feet. Perennial.

328. L. rugulosa, n. s.; pileo sessili subflabelliformi postice crassi
usculo antice acutissimo radiato-rugoso subzonato albido-fuscescente ;
poris mediis, dissepimentis tenuibus subalutaceis demum lamelli.
formibus. | 4

*

_48 DECADES OF FUNGI.

Has. On trunks of trees. Darjeeling.

Pilei 3 inches long, 21 broad, sessile, laterally connate, subflabelli-
form, sometimes lobed, thick behind, very acute in front, slightly zoned,
rough with radiating wrinkles, smooth, somewhat shining, whitish,
changing in parts to brownish. Hymenium pale tan-coloured ; pores
behind entire, in front much elongated, their dissepiments thin, la-
melliform.

A very pretty species, with somewhat the habit of Lenzites applanata,

but altogether more delicate, and, indeed, less faithfully exhibiting the
type of the genus.
. 329. Boletus Emodensis, n. s. ; pileo primitus ovato-globoso, volva
universali demum deorsum circumscissa et apicem stipitis vaginante ob-
tecto ; seniori expanso hemisphærico: dense squamoso tomentoso ruber-
rimo, margine appendieulato ; stipite elongato flexuoso æquali e mycelio
spongioso enato ; poris flavis amplis liberis ; carne leviter cærulescente.
Hook. fil., No. 100, cum ic. |

Has. On the ground. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. July and August.
. Common. :

Mycelium thick, spongy, reddish-brown. ileus at first ovato-glo-
bose, covered entirely, as well as the stem, with the universal volva.
This bursts regularly below as the stem elongates, and forms at its apex
a close sheath. The pileus soon becomes hemispherical, and at length
expanded and several inches broad, retaining the volva in large coria-
ceous shreds at its edge. Its surface is dry, of a vivid strawberry-red,
and densely clothed with downy scales. Stem 6 inches or more high,
l inch or more thick, nearly equal, flexuous, rather rough and tomen-
tose, red, like the pileus, but paler, yellow above, within reddish-brown
at the base, above white or pinkish, slightly changing to blue when
cut. Inodorous. Pores rounded behind, ample, yellow within and
without. Spores fusiform, ochraceous-yellow.

.. One of the most splendid of the Himalayan fungi, and the pride of

its genus. It is perhaps most nearly allied to B. chrysenteron, but its

very peculiar volva, not forming a ring round the stem, but perfectly

free, its spongy mycelium, and brilliant scaly pileus separate it from all
species. :

Tab. III. B. Emodensis, nat. size, in different stages of growth.

: 330. B. ustalis, n. s.; pileo convexo fuligineo-atropurpureo tomen-
toso; stipite subæquali obeso rugoso-reticulato nigrescente ; poris ad-
natis ochraceis. Hook. fil., No. 122, cum ic.

CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS. 49

Has. On rotten trunks of trees. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. Septem-
ber. Rare.

Pileus 2-3 inches or more across, convex, of a sooty purple-black,
dry, closely tomentose; margin at first involute. Stem 3 inches high,
l inch or more thick, nearly equal, very coarsely reticulated, darker
than the pileus; substance white, but dark at the base and towards the
margin, as also at its junction with the pileus. Pores ochraceous within
and without, adnato-decurrent. Spores fusiform.

À highly curious species, remarkable for its habit, dingy colour, and
coarsely reticulate stem. Its affinities are very obscure.

Catalogne of OCnRPTOGAMIC Prants collected by PROFESSOR W.
JAMESON ix the vicinity of Quito; by WILLIAM MITTEN.

In preparing for distribution the very valuable collections of Dr.
Jameson considerable delay has unavoidably occurred, for I have been
anxious to obtain as correct an idea as possible of all the species de-
scribed by the late Dr. Taylor; and the great facilities I have had of
examining both the specimens in his herbarium before it left England,
and afterwards the Hepatice in Sir W. J. Hooker’s herbarium, most
of which had been through the hands of Dr. Taylor, made me reluctant
to close my labours before I had gone over all the species which he
had named and described. And I must here observe, that in the in- -
stances in which I have differed from his decisions, I beg to bear
testimony to his great acuteness in appreciating minute differences ;
but the rocks upon which the greater portion of his species will even-
tually be lost are want of comparison with specimens already in his
herbarium, and of reference to the works of other observers. On the
last account, however, something must be allowed, as he was, by his —
residence in the south-west of Ireland, cut off from the opportunity of —
consulting many of the rarer or more costly works of continental -
botanists; indeed, Dr. Taylor appears to have trusted far too much to
his memory.

Several sets of these collections having been examined by Mr.
Wilson before the remainder came into my hands, I applied to him for
a list of the species he had found in them, which he immediately
supplied me with; and as none of the sets corresponded in all parti- —
culars, I have adopted the numbers used in his list, as far as possible, —

VOL. III. H

*

50 CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS.

for the sake of uniformity ;—and, in all cases wherein 1 have come to

a different conclusion, I have done so with the greatest deference to

his experience, so much greater than my own: I also wish it to be dis-

tinctly understood, that I am alone responsible for all the errors or
oversights that may be found in the descriptions of the species to which

Mr. Wilson's authority is attached, the names for which I have taken

as they stood in the list with which he obligingly supplied me.

The species in these collections have no special localities assigned
to them, with few exceptions; but they may be understood to be from
the vicinity of Quito, and the neighbouring voleanie mountain Pichin-
cha, localities which appear to be most prolific in Crypfogamia ; and
I perfectly agree with Dr. Taylor in saying, that Professor Jameson is
“ justly entitled to the gratitude of Bryologists for the trouble he has
taken to send so many interesting and valuable specimens for their
admiration."

l. Harrisonia secunda, var. cirrhifolia.— Hedwigia secunda, Hook.
Musc. Exot. vol. ii. p. 3. t. 46. Braunia cirrhifolia, ils. MSS.

2, Polytrichum Antillarum, Rich. Brid. vol. ii. p. 138 et 747.

b. Polytrichum commune, Linn. var. ?

A few barren stems of this moss have been sent mixed with the
preceding, and may, perhaps, belong to P. commune.
3. Polytrichum polysetum, Hook. et Arnott.—P. Jamesoni, Tayl. Loud.

Journ. Bot. 1848, p. 188.

I have not been able to find any description of this species, but
it was so named in Hbm. Taylor and in Mr. Wilson's list. It is
probably P. oligodus, Kunze, and agrees in habit with P. perichetiale,
Mont., and P. Simense, Bruch. et Sch.: but differs from both in its
long cylindrical capsules. P, Jamesoni, Tayl., is certainly the same
species. =
4. Barbula Quitoensis, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 332.

This species comes near to B. inermis, Mont., judging from the
figure of that species in Bryol. Europ., the peristome is free two-thirds
only, and not to the base, as described by Dr. Taylor.

5. Barbula denticulata, Wils. in schedula; dioica, cæspitosa humilis
subsimplex, foliis remotis spathulatis acuminatis, costa in mucro-
nem brevem excurrente, margine e medio ad apicem denticulato,
textura tenera molli, basi e cellulis elongatis laxis maxime pellu-
cidis superne minoribus, chlorophyllo fere nullo, theca in:pedun-

E

CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS. 51

culo longo rubro torto cylindriea fusca, operculo oblique longe
conieo capsulam dimidiam æquante, annulo simplici persistente,
peristomio fere ad medium tubuloso aurantiaco.
This pretty species comes nearest to B. cuneifolia, but differs in its-
denticulate and more pellucid leaves, the areolation of which is more
lax than in any other spegys of this section of Barbula that I have seen.

STREPTOPOGON, Wils. in litt. Calyptra mitriformis, superne scabra;
peristomium simplex, ciliiforme ; cilia 32, æquidistantia, in ciliola
duo postice fissa, lævia, in spiram unam dextrorsum contorta, basi
in membranam angustam coadunata; cellule operculi contortæ.

6. S. erythrodontus, Wils. Tortula erythrodonta, Tayl. Lond. Journ.
Bot. 1846, p. 50. Barbula erythrodonta, Wils. l. c. vol. v. tab. xv.
In its mitriform, scabrous calyptra, this curious moss resembles
some species of Tayloria, but the peristome is that of Barbula, to -
which genus it is closely allied.

7. Barbula elongata, Wils. in schedula; dioica, elongata parce dicho-
tome ramosa viridis dein rufescens, foliis caulinis siccitate tortis
madefaetis patulis e basi erecta elongatis dense reticulatis lan-
ceolatis acuminatis apice obtusiusculis, nervo exturrente, margine

reflexo, apicem versus inæqualiter repando-serrulato, e cellulis
minutis fere levibus chlorophyllosis areolatis, perichætialibus
erectis longioribus e basi convoluta flavida, theca in pedunculo
longo rubro cylindrica elongata curvula, operculo subulato, peri-
stomio in membranam breviusculam circiter bis contorto.

Flos masculus terminalis innovatione axillaris; antheridia et paraphyses
numerosa. 2d

This fine species is remarkable for the length of its setze, and long T.
cylindrical capsules. The peristome is combined for about epe dae

of its length. : : ere

b. Idem. Setæ younger.

8. Barbula aculeata, Wils. in schedula; dioica? elata parce ramosa
sordide virens inferne rufescens; foliis imbricato-patentibus re-
curvisve lanceolatis longe acuminatis apicem versus serratis,
nervo rubro acumine undulato pallido desinente, setis breviusculis
sæpe geminatis, capsula cylindrica, peristomio basi in membransa
angustam breviusculam unito.

The specimens of this noble species are few and imperfect. It appears
to be about four inches high, and the leaves large in proportion; those

52 CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS.

_ at the summits of the stems are of a dull green, the lower ones fer-

ruginous, the sete are often several from the same perichætium, and

short for the size of the moss; the peristome is short, and pale, com-

bined for about one-eighth part of its length.
The nearest allies to this species are B. robusta and B. serrulata,
but it is very distinct from any species with which I am acquainted.

9. Barbula fragilis, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 333.

10. Grimmia ovata, Web. et Mohr.

11. Blindia aeuta, Br. et Sch.; a state in which the sete are more or
less curved.

12. Fissidens repandus, Wils. in schedula ; dioieus, humilis subsim-
plex, foliis circiter 8-jugis erecto-patentibus marginatis apice
acuminatis recurvis, lamina 2 producta dorsali basi angustata,
areolis e cellulis minutissimis viridibus et obscuris, theca erecta vel
paululum inclinata ovali, operculo erecto conico subulato, calyptra
latere fissa.

- I give the above short character, although I have great reason to

suppose this moss to be the same as F. Ceylonensis, Dozy et Molkb.

I have specimens corresponding very nearly from the Neelgherries.

This species appears to differ most from its alles, by the acuminate

upper portion of the lamina and the mirfute opake cells.

Fissidens £urbinatus, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1848, p. 190, is

F. flabellatus, Hsch. in Fl. Brasil. t. 2.

18. Dicranum vaginatum, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 141.—D. Jamesoni,
Tayt. Lond. Fourn. Bot. 1847, p. 332.

14. Dicranum areodictyon, C. Muller, Synops. Muse. Frond. p. 394.—
Campylopus nitidus, Wils. in schedula.

Agreeing with other species of Campylopus in all respects, excepting

~ the calyptra, which is destitute of cilia at the base. ;
15. Dicranum brachyphyllum ; cæspitosum gracile strictum lutescens

inferne fusco-tomentosum, innovationibus julaceis, foliis caulinis
siccitate arcte appressis remotis lanceolato-acuminatis summo
apice parce denticulatis, basi cellulis alaribus valde conspicuis,
comalibus densioribus sed ejusdem formæ, perichætialibus vagi-
nantibus superne serrulatis, thecis solitariis vel pluribus ex eodem
perichætio in peduneulos cygneos obovatis gibbosis siccitate
curvulis, operculo conico subulato rubro obliquo, calyptra fim-
briata, peristomio ut in D. ffezuoso sed breviore.—Campylopus
brachyphyllus, Wils. in schedula,

*

CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS. 53

The slender stems, with the closely appressed leaves, give this species
a different look from its near ally, D. Funkii, C. Muller; Campylopus
fragilis, Bryol. Europ. The capsule is much curved, and has some re-
semblance to that of D. heteromalium in form.

16. Dicranum erectum, Mitten, MSS.; elatum laxe cæspitosum dicho-
tome ramosum apice falcatum lutescens inferne fuscescens, foliis
caulinis secundis falcatis e basi lata sensim longissime acuminatis
capillaceis concavis lævibus, basi cellulis alaribus conspicuis, peri-
chætialibus basi convolutis, theca in pedunculo flexuoso erecto ob-
longo lavi, operculo conico subulato, *ealyptra basi fimbriata."
—Thysanomitrium macrophyllum, Wiis. in schedula.

This species is allied ta D. uncinatum and D. denudatum, but is a
far larger moss; in size it has some resemblance to a slender state of
D. majus; the calyptra is not present in any of the specimens I have
seen, but Mr. Wilson informs me that it is fringed at the base.

17. Pilopogon gracilis, Brid. vol.i. p. 519. Didymodon gracilis, Hook.
Muse. Exot. t. v.

I was at first inclined to consider this distinct from P. gracilis, sup-
posing the capsule to be erect as figured in Musc. Exot., but Mr. Wil-
son observes that the capsules in the original specimens are not exactly
as figured.

18. Idem.

b. Dicranum Zæve, C. Muller, Synops. Muse. Frond. p. 409. Cam-

pylopus levis, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, p. 47.

19. Leptotrichum crinale. Didymodon crinalis, Zayl, Lond. Journ.
Bot. 1848, p. 280.

20. Trichostomum cylindricum, C. Muller, Synops. Muse. Frond.
p. 586. Didymodon calyptratus, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1848,
p. 188. ;

21. Barbula Australasie, Hook. et Grev. +

Accords with New Zealand and Tasmanian specimens ; the peri-
stome of this moss is scarcely at all twisted when the operculum is first
removed, but soon becomes slightly so; the structure of the teeth is
truly that of Barbula, and very different to that of Trichostomum.

22. Trichostomum densjfolium, Mitten, MSS.; monoicum, dense cæs- _
pitosum albido-tomentosum luteum inferne fuscescens, foliis pa- -
tenti-recurvis tortilibus squarrosis late lanceolatis, nervo sub apice -
evanido, margine e basi ad medium reflexo, apicem versus serrula- -

54 CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS.

tis, basi e cellulis elongatis angustis firmis flavidis superne minu- -
tissime rotundatis areolatis minute et densissime papillosis, peri-
chætialibus longissime convolutis, theca in pedunculo flavo torto
cylindracea leviter curvula brunnea, operculo stricto capsulam di-
midiam adæquante, peristomii dentibus breviusculis aurantiacis,
calyptra straminea.
The densely-set cauline and long convolute perichætial leaves give this
species a very different appearance from its congeners, and, except in
its being far more robust, it has considerable resemblance to Barbula
calycina. In the form of its leaves it comes near to T. luteum, but
differs in habit and in its longer setze, perichætia, and capsules.
23. Ceratodon purpureus, Brid.
24. Funaria calvescens, Schw. `
b. Funaria fuscescens, Mitten, MSS. ; cæspitosum subsimplex, foliis
oblongis concavis integerrimis, nervo excurrente, theca magna

` valde incurva pyriformi siccitate leviter striata, in pedunculo
tortili annulato, operculo conico-hemisphærico, peristomio interno
e dentibus brevibus abruptis.

- Closely as this species resembles F. hygrometrica in size and general

habit, it differs in the brown colour of its capsules, which are but

slightly plicate when mature, and the imperfect internal peristome.

Funaria Jamesoni, Tayl., has, I believe, a clavate, plicate capsule, and
a normal inner peristome,

25. Bartramia rufiflora, Hsch. B. elegantula, Tayl. B. minuta,
ejusdem; and probably also B. angulata, Tayl. Glyphocarpa
alpicola, Tayl.

This appears to be the same species as Gardner’s No. 45, and to
be correctly referred to B. rufiflora; the sÿnonyms above quoted, I
believe, all belong to this species : B. minuta and Glyphocarpa alpicola
are short states, B, angulata and B. elegantula appear to be states
drawn up amongst other mosses.

26. Bartramia incana, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1848, p. 189.

27. Bartramia intertexta, Schimper.

A better state at No. 105. :

28. Bartramia Jamesoni, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 334.
B. viridissima, C. Muller. Leucodon bartramioides, Hook. Icones
Plant. Rar. vol. i. t. 71. ;

. I have not been able to ascertain if C. Muller's name is the earliest,
- which is probably the case.

CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS. 55

29. Bartramia longifolia, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 68.

30. Bartramia flavicans, Mitten, MSS.; hermaphrodita, laxe cæspi-
tosa ramosa, ramis strictis dichotomis viridibus et flavescentibus,
foliis caulinis erecto-patentibus madefactis strictis siccitate ap-
pressis, e basi subquadrata laxa superne dilatata erecta, subito in
subulam lanceolatam reflexiusculam minute areolatam chlorophyl-
losam productis, margine minute serrulato, dorso papillis minutis
aspero, nervo lato subulam superiorem totam fere occupante,
perichætialibus basi latioribus laxius areolatis, theca in pedun-
culo elongato rubro globosa suleata microstoma, operculo convexo-
conico, peristomio simplici externo.

In size this species resembles B. pomiformis, but is allied to B. ithy-
Plylla, B. patens, and B. robusta, differing, however, from all in its
shorter leaves; from B. patens and B. ithyphylia it further differs in
its single peristome, and from B. robusta, which is a larger species, in
the inflorescence as well as peristome : the capsules are orange and the
sete red, which, with the yellowish colour of the whole plant, give it
a very pretty appearance. |
31. Bartramia subsessilis, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. No. lxvi. p. 334.

Glyphocarpa lævisphæra, Tayl. 7. c. 1846. p. 56, is assuredly the
same species.
32. Bartramia integrifolia, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, p. 55.
33. Bartramia fomentosa, Hook. Musc. Exot. t. 19.
34. Meilichoferia Jamesoni, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 331.
35. Meilichoferia Zongiseta, C. Muller, Synops. Musc. Frond. p. 236.
36. Bryum Wilsoni, Mitten, MSS. ; dioicum, dense cæspitosum,
-caule longissimo gracillimo ramoso inferne radiculis fuscis inter-
texto, foliis inferioribus ovato-acuminatis evanidinerviis, superiori-
bus sensim longioribus, comalibus lineari-lanceolatis integerrimis -
nitidis, nervo crasso percurrente e cellulis laxis angustis areolatis,
theca in pedunculo elongato gracillimo erecta pyriformi membra-
nacea lævi primum pallida demum fusca, operculo breviter conico-
concolori, peristomio externo pallido, interno processubus per-
tusis, ciliis nullis.

Most nearly allied to B.-pyriforme, which it closely resembles in the:
colour of its leaves and capsule: it is also allied to B. Sphagni, Brid.,
judging from the figure of that species in * Bryologia Europæa.” :
37. Bryum megalocarpum, Hook.

56 CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS.

Not present in any of the sets I have seen, but I saw it in Hb.
Taylor from Prof. Jameson.

38. Bryum Taylori, C. Muller, Synops. Musc.-Frond. p. 264. Bra-
chymenium subrotundum, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846. p. 56.
Acidodontium subrotundum, Hook. e Wils. l. c. vol. v. t. 16. H.

39. Bryum seminerve, C. Muller, Synops. Musc. Frond. p. 264. Bra-
chymenium seminerve, Tay]. Acidodontium seminerve, Hook. et
Wils. Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. v. t. 16. I.

This elegant species has perhaps more general resemblance to B.
crudum and B. longicollum than to any others, and agrees with them
in having the leaves gradually larger towards the tops of the stems.
40. Bryum speciosum, Mitten, MSS. Leptotheca speciosa, Hook. et

Wils.— Hook. Icones Plant. Rar. vol.iv. t. 748. Brachymenium
Jamesoni, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1848, p. 252. Weissia Jame-
soni, Tayl. l. c. 1847, p.330.

A beautiful moss, which has much affinity with B. Peromnion : it is
perfectly distinct from Leptotheca Gaudichaudii, Schw., judging from
the figure of that species.

41. Bryum soboliferum, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846. p. 51.

42. Bryum crinitum, Mitten, MSS.; dioicum, dense cæspitosum fasci-
culate ramosum, folis caulinis ovato-oblongis concavis nervo
in pilum flexuosum albidum excurrente cuspidatis, perichzetialibus
lanceolatis margine reflexo, e cellulis laxis areolatis, theca in pe-
dunculo gracili ovato-cylindrica, operculo conico brevissimo, pe-
ristomio B. Hornschuchiani.

Although this species has many points of resemblance to B. Horn-
schuchianum, it appears to be distinct in the following particulars :—the
plants are shorter and more densely cæspitose, the leaves are wider
and the nerve is produced into a long white hair-like point, the cap-
sule is longer, and the perichætial leaves have the margins reflexed.

. 43. Bryum julaceum, Smith.

.. 44, Mnium rostratum, Schw.

45. Zygodon cyathicarpus, Montagne, Ann. des Sciences Nat. 1845,
p.106. Wils. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. v. p. 4. Gymnostomum
linearifolium, Tayl. 1. c. 1846, p. 42.

46. Zygodon fenellus, Mitten, MSS.; dense compactus humilis lutes-
cens inferne ferrugineus, caule tenello innovando ramoso, foliis
caulinis lineari-lanceolatis nervo carinato excurrente mucronatis,

NOTE ON PLATYNEMA. 57

. eomalibus longioribus ligulatis ubique minutissime et densissime
papillosis opacis, perichætialibus ovato-acuminatis laxius areolatis,
nervo evanescente, theca in pedunculo mediocri gracili recta ovali-
pyriformi sub orificio parum constricta.—Operculum et calyptra
desunt.

This curious little species has much the habit of Z. compactus, but
appears to be nearest allied to Z. tenerrimus, from which it differs in
several particulars.

47. Zygodon Reinwardtii, Braun. Z. denticulatus, Tayl. Lond. Journ.
Bot, 1847, p. 329.

48. Orthotrichum speciosum, Nees. O. longifolium, Tayl. Lond. Journ.
Bot. 1846, p. 45.

49. Orthotrichum /azifolium, Wils. in schedula ; monoicum, Md pulvi-
natum elatum fastigiato-ramosum luteo-virens, foliis caulinis lan-
ceolatis acuminatis basi angustatis plicatis carinatis margine
revolutis evanidinerviis e cellulis minutis papillosis areolatis,
perichætialibus basi latioribus laxioribus apice angustioribus acu-
tissimis, theca immersa oblonga levi pallescente siccitate octies
plicata, operculo conico apiculato, calyptra scaberrima straminea ———
apice purpurea totam fere capsulam obtegente, peristomii externi
dentibus 8 bigemmatis siccitate revolubilibus pallidis, ciliis 8 den- _
tes longitudine et latitudine æquantibus ochraceis, basi e cellula- -
rum tribus seriebus compositis.

Closely allied to O. leptocarpum and O. speciosum, but a more slen- -
der plant; the leaves are narrower and longer, as well as more loosely _
set, and little altered in drying ; the cilia are remarkably wide, and at
the base composed of several series of cells, which diminish aime De
upwards; in substance they resemble those of O. speciosum. rte
50. Macromitrium Jongifolium, Brid. vol. he p. 309 et 738. Schlothei-

mia oblonga, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, p. 47. :

(To be continued.)

Note on PLATYNEMA ; by G. N. WALKER ARNOTT, LL.D., Professor of
Botany, Glasgow. =
In 1833 Dr. Wight and I described, in Jameson’s Edinb. Phil
Journal, a plant which we called Platynema laurifolinm, belonging to
VOL, II. bs S

58 NOTE ON PLATYNEMA.

the Natural Order Malpighiacee: our only specimen was obtained from
the Madras or Missionaries’ herbarium, and the accompanying label
led us to suppose it had been collected in Ceylon. I have not received
the same from Ceylon, from either the late Colonel Walker or from

Dr. Wight, since we first described it, and I have, therefore, had
occasionally some doubts as to its being indigenous there, if, indeed,
there had not been some error as to the specimen having ever been
grown in Ceylon at all.

A few days since, having been requested by a friend to look over and
put generic names to his set of Lobb’s collections of plants, I was
both surprised and gratified to find No. 474 to be precisely my plant :
it was collected by Mr. Lobb in Malacca. As to the genus, it is
placed by M. Adr. de Jussieu, in his memoir on the Malpighiacee,
among those whose position is uncertain; but from analogy he pre-
sumes the combined style to be a simple one, the other two being
abortive, and that it ought to be placed next .4eridocarpus. In
describing the style as composed of three united, I intended to convey,
that the same structure occurred here as in the allied Hiptage. Jussieu
concedes to this last and to Tristellateia a perfectly simple style,
arising from one only of the carpels, the other two styles being
abortive; but although he assigns plausible reasons for such a structure,

. I confess I am not satisfied that such is the true one ; at least, I do
not well understand how fertilization can be effected in the three carpels
if one only has a perfect style and stigma. Any one who is in pos-
session of Lobb’s No. 474, and who will take the trouble of glancing
over Jussieu’s figures of the genera in the work above mentioned, will
at once see that it is a species of Tristellateia; nor, perhaps, is it
specifically distinct from T. Australasica, a, Rich. (I have not, however,
access to that work, where it is figured), which has been found in New
Guinea, a latitude not differing much from Malacca. With the other
species, which are all from Madagascar, I am still entirely unacquainted.

~ A mistake has sometimes occurred, either in the numbering of
Lobb's plants, or in the names assigned to them by M. Planchon,

in the 5th and 6th vols. of the ‘London Journal of Botany.’ Thus in
his list, vol. vi. p. 472, Nos. 294 and 295 are both called species of
= Solanum; in the set I have looked over, these numbers are both.

. Rubiacee, and species of Argostemma. No. 331, in the same way,

-is not an “ Uncaria,” but precisely the same as No. 279, and a species
of Urophyllum, perhaps U. glabrum.

1

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. .59

As M. Planchon has not named any of the Asclepiadeous plants, I

may soon take another opportunity of communicating to you the result
of my examination of those I have seen in this collection.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

CEDRON. -

We are glad to find that our friend Mr. Purdie, of the Botanic
Garden, Trinidad, has seen in the French papers the notice that was -
taken of the Cedron, as mentioned in our last number of the *Kew Garden
Miscellany,’ p. 378; and he has just sent us some further particulars, — —
which he had published in the ‘Port of Spain Gazette,’ and which -
we here give.—

* During my travels in New Granada (South America), I had often
heard of the virtues of the Cedron, long before I had the pleasure of —
meeting with the tree. It is rare to find a Peon or Ariero without a
seed, although they are expensive. I have, myself, paid a dollar a
seed at San Pablo, where the tree is indigenous, even within the
precincts of the village. Its use is not confined to the eure of serpent- 7
bites alone, but has the reputation “of superseding sulphate of quinine —
in cases of fever, and that in the country of the Cinchona barks,

“Now, about eight years ago, the Government of New Granada
sent a commission of several medical men and students, accompanied -
by Dr. Cespides (Professor of Botany in the University of Bogota),
to ascertain what plant produced the Cedron, its locality, aud quantity :
procurable. You now see it in all the apothecaries’ shops in the
different towns of that Republic ; so that now, in the midst of- forests
of the Peruvian Bark tree, another remedy at least equally specifi E
(and that without any chemical preparation) is in process of super-
seding it. During my stay in Bogota, I was informed of the locality
of the Cedron (by Dr. Cespides, a gentleman of considerable knowledge _
and experience in the plants of New Granada), which I found would —
be on my route from the province of Antioguia, by way of the Rio |
Magdalena. Thus, Providence has decreed, that out of the alluvial
and pestilential plains of this magnificent river, a remedy should come
for the cure of its own maladies. On my reaching the village of Nari,
in the great valley of the Magdalena, in re 1846, L foosd a

60 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

the surrounding woods contained the celebrated Cedron, as also lower
down the river at San Pablo. Iwas glad to find that it was the season
of its having ripe fruit. The villagers had already collected each their
little hoard of Cedron, although they would not show me more than a
few seeds, unless I would purchase some. The mode of preparation
is simple and easy :—the fruits are gathered, which resemble in ap-
pearance a large peach ; the outer rind or covering is thick, fleshy, and
excessively bitter, and its large seed is immediately surrounded by a
not very compact fibrous substance, which answers the purpose of the
stone in stone-fruits ; this is all removed, and the seed taken out,
separated in two pieces at the natural fissure (which are called by
botanists the cotyledons), and dried in the sun; beyond a limited
quantity of these, it was no object to me to obtain; what I partieu-
larly wanted was a knowledge of the tree, and ripe vegetating seeds:
those dried in the sun will never vegetate. I was told that it would
be useless for me to go to the woods, as the trees had already been
pillaged in all directions: this, however, did not deter me from trying ;

and after three days' search, at some distance from the village, 1
obtained about thirty fruits, each containing one seed and the germ of
a plant. A few I preserved entire in spirits, the rest I planted in a
box of earth at once, to prevent their perishing, as is the case with
most large seeds, if not kept constantly excited. Those I sent to the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, grew well and at the present time
plants of Cedron would be more easily obtained at the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, than in its native country. "Those I brought to the

Botanic Garden, St. Ann's, are thriving well; some of the trees are
now seven feet in height.”

Dr, Linx.
(From the * Literary Gazette.”)

Science has sustained a great loss in the death of Dr. Link, Professor
of Botany in the University of Berlin, and Director of the Royal Bo-
tanie Garden of that city ; ; and those of our readers who, up to the
present time, have been in the habit of reading his annual reports on
the progress of botany, and his various recent contributions to that
science, will marvel to know that he died in the eighty-second year of
his age. His literary career extends back for more than half a century,
his first botanical essay, consisting of some observations on the plants

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 61

of the Botanic Garden at Rostock, having been published in 1795.
Professor Link was one of those men whom, coming between the pre-
sent and the past, it must be gratifying to the memory of living botan-
ists to have met. He was contemporary with Linnæus, having been
eighteen years old when the great author of the ‘ Systema Nature ’ died,
and, from his botanical tastes, was probably acquainted with that
naturalist’s writings long before his decease. Dr. Link was in Great
Britain at the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement
of Science, at Glasgow, in 1841. Those who were present on that
occasion will not forget his vigorous, yet venerable appearance, and the -
zeal with which he entered into the scientific business of the Asso-
ciation. '
We have no particulars of the early life of Heinrich Friedrich Link ,
but we know that he graduated at Göttingen in 1789, having read on
that occasion an inaugural thesis on the Flora of Gottingen, referring
more particularly to those found in calcareous districts. Shortly after-
wards he was appointed Professor of Botany at Rostock ; subsequently
he held the same chair at Breslau; but the latter and larger portion of
his scientific life was spent at Berlin. He practised at Berlin as a
physician among an extensive circle of friends, who had a high opinion -
of his medical skill. Although the name of Link fills a large space in
the literature of botany, his mind was not of the highest order, and his
contributions to science are not likely to make a very permanent im-
pression. Still, he was an energetic, active man, with an observant —
mind, a retentive memory, and with considerable power of systematic _
arrangement. Hence his works, like those of Linnæus, have been
among the most valuable of the contributions to the botany of the cen-
tury in which he lived. Of these, his * Elementa Philosophiæ Bo- —
tanice ’ may be quoted as the most useful. This work, which was
published in 1824, has served as the basis of most of our manu:
and introductions to botany since that period. In this work he
especially dwelt on the general anatomy of plants, and gave a new
arrangement of the tissues. In order to render it more available for
study, he published subsequently a series of plates, under the title -
‘Icones Anatomico-Botanice,’ consisting of very faithful representa-
tions of the microscopical structure of various parts of the plant.
The Elements have gone through several editions, and, though supe
seded, like most other works of the kind, by the publication

62 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Schleiden’s ‘ Principles of Scientific Botany,’ may still be consulted as
a faithful mirror of the science as it then existed.

Professor Link devoted considerable time and attention to the
description of new species of plants, most of which he published in
a continuation of Willdenow’s ‘ Species Plantarum.’ In conjunction
with Count Hoffmansegg, he commenced a Flora of Portugal, and he
also published a memoir on the plants of Greece. Link contributed
several valuable papers on physiological botany to the Transactions of
the Natural History Society of Berlin; but he has done more service
for vegetable physiology in his annual reports than in any other of his
writings. They comprise a summary of all that had been published in
. botany during the year, accompanied with many valuable remarks and
sound criticisms of his own. In these reports he had to defend him-
self and others from the heavy artillery directed against them by
Schleiden, who, whilst claiming for himself a large margin for liberty
of opinion, is most unscrupulous and pertinaciously offensive towards
those who differ from him. In these literary contests, however, Link
showed that the experience of above fifty years had not been lost upon
him, and he was not unfrequently more than a match for the vigour
and logie of his youthful and more precipitate adversary. He has now
gone to his grave, and we doubt not that his talented antagonist will
_ be the first to raise a monument to his memory. Whatever regret may
be felt at Berlin for his decease, or whoever may succeed him in his
Chair and Directorship, the name of Link will always be honourably
associated with the progress of botany in the nineteenth century.
_ Every scientific man may strive with advantage to imitate him in his
unwearied industry, in his tolerance of views opposed to his own, and
. in his willingness to undertake any task, however humble, by which he
. might advance the interests of the science to which he had devoted

. his happily prolonged life. : s

LINNEAN Socrery.—W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the chair. Mr.
. Gould exhibited a drawing, the size of life, of a new and very
_ extraordinary bird, belonging to a genus and species entirely new,
. and which he had called Baleniceps Rex. It is an inhabitant of the
. interior of South Africa, and has the head and bill of a pelican, and
. the feet and legs of a crane. It stands four feet in height, and its
- principal food consists of young alligators. The bill is not so large,

: NOTICES OF BOOKS. 63

but stronger than that of the pelican, and its feet are not webbed.—
A memoir was read from Joseph Woods, Esq., on the various forms
of Salicornia, accompanied with additional notes by Mr. Richard
Kippist, eurator of the Society. The author commented on the
varieties and sub-varieties of the species of the genus Salicornia, more
especially the British species, S. erbacea. He proposed to make a
new species, S. lignosa; and was disposed to regard the variety of
herbacea, S. procumbens, as a distinct species. He questioned whether
S. radicans was specifically distinct from S. kerbacea. A species found
in the South of France, with tubercled seeds, he proposed to call
S. megastachya. This plant was the type of Moquin Tandon's genus
Arthrocnemum. The seeds of the true Salicornie, according to Mr.
Kippist, are covered with curved simple hairs, whilst the embryo is
conduplicate and incumbent, and the seed exalbuminous. In Artro-
cnemum the testa of the seed is crustaceous : the embryo is only slightly
eurved, and lies in the midst of albumen. The paper was illustrated
with drawings of the seeds, and dried specimens of the various
species, with their seeds.—The Earl of Derby presented to the Society
a series of drawings of the living animals at Knowsley Park, by Mr.
Waterhouse Hawkins. These drawings were beautifully executed, and
consisted principally of species of Ruminantia and Solidungulate Pachy-
derms. We were sorry to observe that the binder had carelessly
injured several of the plates, and cut off the names. J. W. Bryans, —
Esq., was elected a Fellow of the Society. i

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Description of the PALMYRA PALM of oi: by Wr F
son. Colombo. 1850.

Under the above title we have received a very FA in à buts. se
in 4to, of nearly 100 pages, and we heartily wish our several colonies =
in all parts of the world would present us with similar publications on
the various vegetable and other products of the respective countries,
and in the same popular form. Travellers in these regions little think
how ignorant we “stay-at-home” people are of the properties and
uses of some of the most common vegetables they see, and probably
pass unheeded. How little was known in England of extracting Toddy,

64 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

*

from the Palms in India till Mr. Strachan furnished us with the valua-
ble details we have given in our first volume of this Miscellany, and
till he presented the beautiful drawing and the model, and the imple- `
ments illustrative of this operation, to our Kew Museum.

It was with a view of correcting an erroneous notion prevalent in
Ceylon that the Toddy was extracted from Palm-trees by incision, that
Mr. Ferguson was led to study the whole history of this noble Palm
(Borassus flabelliformis), and to give the result of his inquiries to the
world by a full description, printed in Ceylon, accompanied by several
wood-engravings, also executed in the island, by a native artist : thus
giving encouragement to art as wellas to science in the colony.

The work commences with a full botanical description, in English,
and in popular language ; then the synonyms, including all the Indian
names. The geographical distribution comes next; the value of the
Palmyra at Jaffna, and in other parts of India; the products of the
tree and of every part of the tree, and the uses of the several parts ;
the mode of extracting Toddy, Jagary, &e. ; its cultivation, &e. &e. ;
concluding with miscellaneous notes and observations on an extended
scale. Nothing seems omitted that can tend to complete our knowledge
of the Palmyra Palm, which seems second any in importance to the
Cocoa-nut.

The woodcuts add much to the value of the work. We have—1. A
plate devoted to the Palm in its various stages of growth. 2. The
flowers and fruit, with a native knife, and style used for writing, and a
book of Palmyra leaves. 3. The third plate represents a Banyan-
tree, which so often entwines and seems to unite with the Palmyra
Palm. This is a very bold and clever sketch of A. Nichol, Esq.,
A.R.H.A., and the woodcut is by the native artist, Juel de Sylva (who
executed the woodcuts). 4. Represents the union of the Banyan
with the Palmyra. 5. Shows the “well-sweep” for raising water,
made of the trunk of this Palm. 6. A Palmyra-leaf, and “ Kelingoos,”

~ . or young Palms for planting: and lastly we have, if not a plate, what

. is more interesting than that, a specimen of a Palmyra-leaf, as used
for writing upon with a style, having an inscription on it in English
-= We trust that Mx. Ferguson, who is now in England, will on his
return to. Ceylon give us further accounts of other useful vegetable
-productions.

65

Das KONIGLICHE HERBARIUM zw MÜNCHEN geschildert. (Sketch of
the Royan, HERBARIUM at Munich.) | By Dr. C. F. Ph. von Martius.
Translated from the German in the Gelehrten Anzeigen, Bd. xxxi.
No. 89-93 [separately printed at Munich 1850] ; by N. WALLICH,
MD, FRS, V.P.LS.

The Royal Herbarium at Munich was founded in the year 1813,
when H.M. King Maximilian Joseph I. caused the scientific property
of the late President of the Imperial Academy of Naturalists and
Professors at Erlangen, Dr. J. C. Dan. von Schreber (born 1739 and
deceased 1811*), to be purchased for the Royal Academy of Sciences,
which thereby became possessed of a rich library, valuable zoological
and mineralogical collections, and an herbarium, which, on account of
the high reputation of its late owner, deserves to be considered as a
worthy foundation for a botanical museum.

The chief part of the Schreberian Herbarium was arranged, though
not catalogued, according to the owner’s edition of the ‘Genera Planta-
rum’ of Linnæus. Inclusive of a number of unadjusted packages of
specimens, it consisted of about 12,000 species. Besides the plants
collected by Schreber himself, at Leipzig, Upsala (where he had been a
pupil of Linnæus), and at Erlangen, both wild and cultivated, the her-
barium received valuable additions from celebrated botanists,—such as
O. Swartz, Georgi, Pallas, Mühlenberg, Rôttler, J. R. Forster, Von Wul-
fen, Thunberg, Vahl, and others. Schreber had collected zealously and
largely Grasses and Cyperaceæ. He acquired possession of Güldenstádt's
entire herbarium, in which there are numerous plants gathered by this
naturalist in Georgia, Mingrelia, and the Caucasian Steppes (see his
Voyage through Russia and the Caucasian Mountains ; St. Peters |
1787,4to). Schreber had, besides, purchased the collections of Schmie- —
del, his predecessor in the chair of botany; which, however, he only very 2
partially incorporated in his own herbarium. Pre-eminent for rarity and
interest in the Schmiedelian collection, is a series of Cape of Good Hope -
and Ceylon specimens, obtained from his friend and correspondent during
many years, N. L. Burmann, professor at Amsterdam. With the said
collection came also one made in North America by Schópf, medical

* For a further account of this celebrated man, see p. 118 of the preceding volume —
of this journal.—Ep. r

VOL, III. K

66 THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH.

officer to the Margrave-Anspach troops (see his Voyage; Erlangen,
. 1788, two vols. 8vo), together with this industrious botanist’s im-
portant MSS. entitled * Index Plantarum Novzboracensium.' Besides
all this, Schreber had constantly been on the look-out, in order to
increase his materials by exchange and purchase. He was particularly
connected in this respect with the Moravians, and received frequent
despatches from them from Southern Russia (Sarepta), Labrador,
and the West and East Indies. He purchased Hoppe's Centuriæ,
Erhart's Decades, Schrader's Cryptogams from the Harz Mountains, and
Funck’s from the Fichtel-range ; also Schleicher's Swiss plants. The
herbarium contains, accordingly, a considerable number of German
plants. The southern divisions, especially the Alps of Carniola and
Carinthia, had been closely examined by Rainer, Von Wulfen, Hoppe,
and Frölich, from whom the collection obtained many important
species. À. W. Roth, physician at Vegesack, who was the first to
publish a complete Flora Germanica, presented his preceptor with
many valuable contributions from northern Germany. Casimir Chr.
Schmiedel, whose great services in the analysis of plants in recent
times, have been especially acknowledged by Robert Brown, had contri-
buted an herbarium, accumulated during his journeys in the South of
France, Switzerland, Nizza, and Naples ; and a very interesting series
from Monte Baldo, being the original specimens of Seguier's * Flora
Veronensis,' is deserving of particular notice in this place. Schreber
received some rare Spanish specimens from Gmelin; from France he
purchased Loiseleur's collections made in the neighbourhood of Paris,
and in botanical gardens. The flora of Siberia, though to a small
extent only, is represented in the Schreberian Museum by contribu-
tions from Pallas, Georgi, and Messerschmied. Some species were
also added, probably through Gleditsch, collected by Honildeimer,
the eompanion of Tournefort, in his voyage to the East. —

From tropical Asia Sehreber had received some plants fob Joh.
Gerh. Kónig, who had gone to India so far back as the year 1769, in
the service of the Nawaub of Arcot, and had travelled far and wide
(he died in 1785). More considerable contributions were made by the
Danish missionaries at Tranquebar, John and Róttler,* pupils of König ;

* T had the ha ppiness of knowing personally both these most worthy missionaries
and ex excellent botaniste, and of} corresponding with them, With Dr. Charles John,
I became acquainted on my visit to Tranquebar in 1807; he died not long after-

THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH. 67

together with those of Burmann from Ceylon, already mentioned, they
form one of the most important parts of the Schreberian herbarium,

It is less rich in African plants; and although Vahl had given
some from North Africa, Isert from Guinea, and Sparmann and Thun-
berg from the Cape of Good Hope, yet these contributions are of little
extent in comparison with the vegetable treasures received in modern
times from those regions.

We have already mentioned that Schreber had received some con-
tributions of the American floras from the Moravian missionaries at
Labrador. He likewise got somewhat extensive materials sent by Von
Wangenheim and Mühlenberg, from New England, though they were
mostly anonymous and recommended to more close examination. Several
hundred species were collected by Dr. Crudy at St. Thomas and the
Bahama Islands; and, above all, a most valuable selection of original
specimens of the plants of the West Indian Flora, gathered and com-
municated by O. Swartz, whose * Icones Plantarum Incognitarum ° and
‘Flora Indice Occidentalis? were printed at Erlangen, under the super-
intendence of Schreber (1791-1806). But, on the other hand, there
was scarcely a single representative of the flora of the South American
continent; and the same remark applies to the peculiar vegetation of
Australia, with the exception of a few genera purchased of Joh. Reinh.
Forster. fay

It is clear from the preceding observations, that neither in a syste-
matic nor phyto-geographical point of view, does the Herbarium Schre-
berianum satisfy the claims of modern times; especially as it has great
deficiencies in some of the principal forms, and wants representatives
altogether in some of the large floral territories. Strictly speaking,
at the time when these collections were purchased by the State, they

had been already distanced by three decenniums of progress and de-

velopment in Systematic Botany.* It became ‘the object,

wards. Dr, John Rôttler I saw in 1812 and 1813 at Madras, on my voyage to and
from the Mauritius. Like the late Dr. William Carey, he was heart and soul de-
voted to the missionary cause, he was a great orientalist, and ardently attached
to the study of plants. The venerable man died in his 87th year, on the 27th
January, 1836, His important herbarium has. been finally presented to King’s
College, London. In the church at Vi , Madras, there is an affecting tablet

erected to his memory; and several Réttler-scholarships have likewise been founded _

at the seminary attached to it. . He was born at Strasburg, in June 1749.—N. JF.
* It was at the solicitation of the bookseller, that Schreber, who had been _
engaged Beaty dem 1775 in publishing his ‘ Natural History of Mammalia,’ could

68 THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH.

of the Royal Academy, to procure a more uniform representation of
the entire kingdom of Flora. No increase, however, was made by pur-
chase for some years ; and we can only mention one addition, presented
by Privy Councillor Grimm, through the instrumentality of Von Schlich-
tegroll, Secretary to the Academy, consisting of his herbarium, collected
-during the years 1780 to 1800. It contains some plants, which existed
in botanical gardens during that period, but which are now out of
cultivation altogether, or occur only seldom; and, besides, the plants
which Grimm himself had gathered in Germany and the South of
France. This herbarium possesses, therefore, much historical interest.
' A considerable increase of the Academic herbarium was caused by
_ the travels of Spix and Von Martius in the Brazils (1817-1820). This
may be estimated at nearly 8,000 species, of which 800 were collected
in Istria, Malta, Gibraltar, Madeira, and Portugal, and the rest in
Brazil. Von Martius got at Madrid, from Don Fel. Bauza, the com-
panion of the unfortunate cireumnavigator Malespina, about 400 Bolivian
species of plants, collected by Thad. Haenke in Cochabamba and ‘its
environs, being the first contribution from Spanish America incor-
porated with the herbarium. Dr. von Martius’s ‘Adversaria Botanica,’
written on the subject of the plants observed by him during his
Brazilian voyage, and which comprise 3,318 numbers, are attached in
Six quarto volumes to the Royal herbarium. A transcript, according

be persuaded to undertake a new edition of Linnæus’s ‘Genera Plantarum,’ after that
of Reichhard (Frankfort, 1778). He now took measures to augment his herbarium ;
but, in so doing, he omitted putting himself in communication with the French
botanists, who might have furnished him with important contributions. He had
not obtained Ant. Laur. de Jussieu’s celebrated work, i i

rium; beyond that period we may, therefore, fairly assume, that the literary
and historical importance of the herbarium does not extend. -7

.

THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH. 69

to the natural families, is in course of progress, as time and opportunity
admit thereof. * -

An important augmentation was caused to the Royal herbarium,
by the transfer of the Ludwig-Maximilian University at Landshut to
Munich, its botanical collections being incorporated with the former,
with proviso of the right of property on the part of the University;
and all the collections were placed under the custody of the director
of the botanic garden, as their conservator (Regier. Blatt, 21 March,
1827). This University Herbarium was founded by Dr. Schultes,
immediately on his assuming the office of Professor of Botany, and
particularly increased after he had undertaken, in connection with
Romer of Zurich, the edition of the ‘Systema Vegetabilium ' (1817).
It has peculiar value on account of the contributions of Bertero
from the West Indies; Balbis, from Italy; Rochel and Kitaibel,
from Hungary; Besser, from Caucasus and Southern Russia; and
Rémer, from various countries. It also contains the purchased
collections of Sieber from Martinico, the Mascarenhas, the Cape of
‘Hope, New Holland, and Egypt. For the perservation and increase
of the University herbarium, a public grant of 50 florins was annually
allowed, which has been laid ont, since 1831, for the purchase of
the requisite paper, and of collections, as these offered themselves
for sale. In this manner have been acquired collections made by
Hoppe, of German Alpine plants; by Schimper, of 600 Abyssinian
and 500 Nubian plants; by Lunz and Fischer, of Arabian; by Baron
Karwinski, of Mexican. The flora of the Pyrenees was increased by
the purchase of Endress’s collection; of Gallicia and the South of
Russia, by that of Szowitz’s collection; and additions were likewise
made by the purchase of North American and Neapolitan plants.
With the intention of facilitating the review and completion of species -

now combined together, also of lessening the cost of preservation, all —

the specimens received from Landshut, and those since acquired by
purchase, have been added to the general herbarium, with which they
now form one uniform total. Nevertheless, they are attached to sepa-
rate half-sheets, and distinguished by proper tickets as the property of

the University; which latter, likewise, possesses a collection of fungi — — :

made of wax at Vienna, by Trattinik (1804, 1805) and sold by him. -
Since the year 1827 numerous additions have been made to the
general herbarium, by presents, exchange, or purchase. Von Schrank —

70 THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH.

presented his whole collection in 1832 (he was born Aug. 21, 1747, and
died Dec. 22, 1835). It comprised a collection of Bavarian plants,
forming the materials of the ‘ Flora of Bavaria’ of that celebrated
naturalist, published at. Munich in 1789 (2 vols. 8vo), and preserved
in forty-two cases. Further, a collection of Cape plants made by
Brehm ;* among which, are the original specimens which had served
for Schrank’s dissertation on the Cape Zridee (Mem. of the Roy.
Bot, Soc. vol. ii. p. 165-224); and the Gnaphalioidee (Mem. of the
Academy of Sciences at Munich, vol. viii. p. 141-172) ; also some pur-
chased collections, among them one made by Salzmann about Mont-
pellier.. One year later were commenced Dr. Wallich’s distributions
of Indian specimens of plants, among public and private herbariums,
by authority of the East India Company. Of Póppig were purchased
350 species from the southern Andes chain, and Chili.

In the. year 1834 were obtained 1040 species of Zeyher’s and
Ecklon’s Cape plants; also an entire herbarium made by a Bavarian
botanist, Fr. Xav. Berger, of Berchtesgaden, during his many years’
. peregrination in South Germany, and his sojourn, during three years,
as military chaplain to: the Bavarian troops in Greece, where he died.
The purchase of this precious collection was effected by extraordinary
royal grants, amounting to 1,200 florins. At subsequent periods were .
added to the general herbarium 810 species collected by Preisz, in
Western New Holland; and nearly 1,300 species gathered in Brazil, by
Patricio da Silva Manso, Ackermann, Luschnath, Clausen, and Riedel.
From Mexico was obtained a considerable addition, resulting from two
voyages of the Baron von Karwinski to-that rich country; and, by
exchange, several hundred. species collected by Andrieux in Mexico;
by Allan, Cunningham, in New Zealand ; by Fred. Zuccarini, jun., in
Greece; by Tenore, in Naples; by Szowitz, in the environs of Odessa ;
and by Salzmann, in Tangier. Dr. Guyon, chief surgeon to the army at
Algiers, and corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Sciences,
sent from thence several hundred specimens; Von Zwackh sent 192

* This worthy gentleman I hope is still alive and in good health. In October
1843, I had the pleasure to meet him at Uitenhagen, on my tour through the Cape
of Good Hope districts with the Judge of Cireuit, He kept a capital druggist's shop,
and was Deputy Sheriff of the district. In his garden I saw, among many other
things, three fine and large species of Zamia and a most gigantic Tamus. Mr.
Brehm possesses a large amount of botanical knowledge concerning the productions

of the Colony, and is, besides, a man of very general information. He accompanied
my party some days on our route towards Graham's Town.— N. W.

THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH. 71

rare Pyrenean plants, and Papperitz of Dresden, 150 select plants of
Central Germany. The vegetation of the Tyrol is nearly completely
represented, by numerous transmissions of specimens to the Royal Aca-
demy, on the part of the Imperial Ferdinandeum at Insbrack, amount-
ing to more than 1,000 species. We mention here, especially, the
liberal donations of Dr. von Barth, at Calw, corresponding member of
the Royal Academy of Sciences, consisting of 160 species, collected by
Kotschy and Hohenacker, in North Persia; 154 species sent. from
Labrador, by the missionaries there, among which are some very
beautiful specimens of cryptogamic plants and mosses; 600 species
from Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus; and 295 species collected
by the missionary Metz, in the East Indian province of Canara. From
Hungary were received 250 species from My. Kovátz ; several species
from Java, collected by Dr. Kollmann, chief surgeon in the Royal
Netherland service. We omit detailing several other contributions
of minor extent, among them Dr. Kummer’s, and Sendtner’s from dif-
ferent parts of Germany. Of the latter we have a complete series of
all the plants he collected during his voyage made under royal support,
on the coast of Dalmatia and in Bosnia. Nor has the Royal Botanic
Garden been wanting in contributing its share of important additions,
especially of such species as are with difficulty procurable from their
native countries. There are some thousand specimens, among which
those carefully prepared and preserved by Dr. Kummer deserve es-
pecial notice.

On the death of the excellent Dr. Jos. Gerh. Zuccarini, prof. and
second conservator (born 10th Aug., 1797, dec, 18th Feb., 1848),*
the herbarium, which he had formed during five-and-twenty years of -
intense zeal and activity, was ‘purchased by the Royal University, for

the sum of 10,000 florins, payable in sixteen years, by annual in-

stalments. The general herbarium became almost doubled by this —
grand addition, not only of species collected by the deceased himself —
during his frequent visits to the South of Germany, to Berlin, and -
Leyden; but by the numerous contributions to him from many of the
leading botanists of the time, with whom he kept up a frequent cor-
respondence.t The flora of Asia is in particular richly represented
m For a notice of this distinguished botanist, see the first volume of this Journal,
| p. 180.—Ep.
+ German plants were furnished by Koch, Hoppe, Funck, Fürnrohr, Treviranns, s

72 THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH.

in this herbarium. Thus, from the coasts of Asia Minor, are collections
made by Fleischer, and communicated through the Itinerary Union of
Wiirtemberg ; 285 species from the Taurus, furnished by Kotschy ;
the Syrian-Arabic plants of Sieber, Schimper, the Leuchtenberg-Archi-
ater Dr. Fischer, during a number of years professor in the school
of medicine at Kafr El Ainee, at Kairo, who made frequent excursions
into Lower Egypt and several parts of Arabia; the entire harvest of
Drs. Roth and Erdl, who accompanied M. von Schubert in his voyage
to the Levant, consisting of plants from Lebanon and the deserts of
Egypt and Arabia; and, finally, a valuable collection made by Col.
Chesney on the Euphrates, and communicated by the Horticultural
Society of London. From Georgia and the other Caucasian terri-
tories, there are plants furnished by Hohenacker, Brunner, Steven,
A. Richter, of Moscow, Dr. Tschernjajew, professor at Charkow, Bunge,
Von Ledebour, and the Imp. Acad. at St. Petersburg. The two last-
mentioned parties, besides C. A. Meyer, Bunge, Turezaninow and
Drége, sent Altaic, Davurian, and other Siberian plants ; Joerdens and
Von Chamisso, from Kamtschatka; Bunge, Bentham, and the Imp.
Russian Academy communicated Chinese plants. Japan plants were
furnished by Siebold and Biirger, and by purchase from Göring,
which served as materials for the beautiful works on the Flora of
Japan, published by Zuccarini and Siebold. Indian plants were
brought home by Baron C. von Hügel; others were communicated from
the Wallichian collection, by Bentham and Lindley ; and by Krauer.

: RO
Piedmont: De Notaris, Balsamo, Savi, jun., Bertoloni, enore, Viviani, Visiani,

THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH. 73

About 200 species of the Peninsula of India were communicated by
the excellent Dr. Wight, director of cotton culture. From Assam and
the Khassia range, the eminent botanist William Griffith presented

S
a

290 species ; and from Java and the other Sunda Islands, Reinwardt,

Siebold, Blume, Korthals, and Müller sent specimens. In this her-
barium, as in the general one, the flora of Africa is indifferently re-
presented, with the exception of the Cape of Good Hope. Besides a
considerable number of Egyptian plants, there are a few from Madeira,
given by Pohl, Hochstetter, and Holl; and a valuable series of Sene-
gambian plants furnished by Thomas Déllinger, by Sieber, and by
Baumann. On the other hand, the Cape flora is supplied by more
than 2,000 species from Ecklon, Drége, Sieber, Brehm, and Kraus

(those of the latter through Henschel, E. Meyer, and Von Schrank).* -

The Mascarenhan plants, which generally occur but rarely in her-

bariums, are but few; they were furnished by Sieber and Bojer.
Comparatively speaking, the herbarium is richest in American

plants. They were furnished from Sitcha and the adjoining countries,

* With the deserving Mr. C. F. Ecklon I became acquainted during my visit to
South Africa, also with the worthy Dr. Pappe (engaged, I learn, in a monography on
Irie), and Mr. C. L. Zeyher. The infirm health of the first-mentioned botanist
deprived me of the advantage of his accompanying me on the tour I was permitted
to make, in the first months of 1843, to the western district and mountams of the
colony, with my inestimable friend Thomas Maclear, Esq., Astronomer Royal at the
Cape of Good Hope. Of the indefatigable Mr. Zeyher there are notices in several
portions of Vols. IV. and V. of the preceding series of this Journal. At present he is
attached to the Botanic Garden at Cape Town as collector of plants; Mr. M‘Gibbon,
late of the Royal Gardens at Kew, being the curator. The re-establishment of such
an institution, at so important a locality, after having remained in abeyance during
very many years, is indeed a matter, not only of local interest and congratulation,
but of great consequence to similar institutions in other parts of the globe. It is

chiefly to the exertions of the Rev. Dr. James Adamson, whose almost universal -
knowledge, ardent zeal, and genuiue piety entitle him to the respect of all, and in -
whom I honour a much-valued friend, that we owe this fortunate state of things. -

Together with Dr. Pappe, and Messrs. Arderne and Clarence, Dr. Adamson consti-
tuted a committee, under the orders of Government, to mature and carry into effect
the arrangements connected with the garden, which now occupies fourteen acres of

land, within the area of the Goverument grounds ; though not all in cultivation as -

yet. Most of the plants in the beautiful garden of my late friend Baron C. von
Ludwig, were purchased as the groundwork of the garden. I may mention here,
that there exists a curious account, with a diagram, of the ancient Dutch East India
Company’s Botanic Garden at Cape Town, in the very useful but exceedingly verbose
and voluminous work of Francis Valentyn ; together with a list of plants collected
by the Danish botanist Henry ey de Oldenland, who, it appears, was the

curator in 1695. (See Oud en Nieuw Oost Indien, vol. v. part ii. pp. 17-30.) ——

—N. WF.
VOL. III. L

77A ACCOUNT OF THE DILPASAND.
by Von Chamisso, Rupprecht, and the Imperial Russian Academy;
from Greenland, by Hornemann, Vahl, jun., and Steetz; from Canada,
Labrador, and the United States of North America, there are near
2,000 species, supplied by Hooker, Barth (missionary Heldenberg),
Bischoff, Waldmann, Tuckermann, Torrey, Asa Gray, Martens, Lindley,
and Bentham (from California); from Mexico, by Schiede and the
Baron Karwinski; from the West Indies, by Sieber, Lindley, and
Von Barth ; from Surinam, by E. Meyer, Baron Rómer, Von Martius,
and Baumann; from Brazil, by Déllinger, Beyrich, Sellow, Von
Langsdorf, Von Martius, Schott, Pohl, and Mikan; from Chile, by
Lindley, Cuming, Bertero, Póppig ; and lastly, from Peru, by Endlicher
and Pôppig.

From Australia, Sieber, Lindley, Loddiges, and Baron Hügel com-
municated New Holland specimens; and Hooker, Lindley, and Baron
Hügel, Van Diemen's Land, New Zealand, and Norfolk Island plants.*

(To be continued.)

An Account of the DILPASAND, a kind of Vegetable Marrow ; by J.
ELLERTON Stocks, M.D., F.L.S., Assistant-Surgeon on the Bombay
Establishment.

Tas. III.

Citrullus fistulosus (J. E. S.) ; caule petiolisque fistulosis, foliis quin-
quenervibus quinquelobatis, cirrhis tri-quinquefidis, pepone napiformi
concolore.

Descr. Stems diffuse, stout, fistulous, with the cavity stellate in
cross section, owing to the prominence towards the centre of five
bundles of vessels. Sap mucilaginous. Young shoots densely villous
with long soft spreading hairs, between which is a more minute glan-
dular, viscid, and odorous pubescence, which disappears with age.
Older stems with scabrous and more scattered hairs, chiefly confined
to five prominent and shining bands, between which the surface is

__ ™ In general, this herbarium is richer in ic than in cryptogamic plants,
although it is of much value even in this Lans is the Pin pce col-
lection of Mosses, extending to 700 species, made by the distinguished anatomist and
physiologist Déllinger, during a series of thirty years, and bequeathed by will to
Zucearini. (Here follow some details of the contents of this collection, and of the
wee gathered by Zuccarini himself or presented by his friends and correspon-

Mer AN
MT (rig
PA Cr

3
e
an
Tm
"B
n
T
e

ACCOUNT OF THE DILPASAND. 75

minutely striated. Leaves, when young, green and shining above, with
comparatively few. lymphatic hairs, and a short glandular pubescence
which soon falls off ; under surface paler, densely villous on the nerves,
and glandular-pubescent on the introvenium. Old leaves with scabrous
more scattered hairs, the upper surface dull green, the lower pale.
Leaf and cirrhus (3-4-, more rarely 5-cleft) side by side, and in the
joint axil a leaf-branch or leaf-bud, a solitary male or female flower,
and a rounded dract with induplicate margin. Petioles hairy and
finally scabrous, furrowed ; fistulose, the cavity circular in section.
Blade of leaf cordate-ovate in general outline, 5-nerved, and cut one-
half or one-third part down to the midrib into five, rounded /obes,
which are themselves wavily lobulated, the margin marked by little
white callous terminations of the nerves, between which the paren:
chyma is puckered and crimped.

MALE :—Flowers on a peduncle about half the length of the petiole.
Calyx villous, the tube spread out nearly flat, crowned abruptly by the
short teeth separated by a broad straight sinus. Corolla flat, villous
outside, smooth and of a sulphur-yellow within; petals 5-nerved, the
central nerve running off externally and below the apex into a soft
point. Stamens of the. genus; viz., triadelphous, filaments distinct,
and loculus following the windings of the elevated line or ridge of
the connective. Disc filling up the base of the calyx between the
stamens. FEMALE :—#ower on a thick peduncle, lengthening and
curving downwards in fruit. Calyx quite flat and dish-shaped. Corolla
as in the male. Barren filaments sometimes anther-bearing. Dise
collar-shaped, round the style. Ovary subglobose, with long white
soft hairs. Style very short, undivided, or more rarely shortly three-
cleft towards the apex. Stigmata thick, approximated into a round ———
head. Fruit at first apple-shaped and hispid, finally quite smooth, -
light apple-green in colour, and much depressed at base and vertex.
Seeds black, marked on both sides by an elevated ridge following the —
outline of the seed, with the margin external to this, narrow, nearly as -
thick as the body of the seed.

Ogs. 1.—Sometimes the leaves are opposite, forming a verticil when
taken with the two cirrhi. It is not uncommon to find flowers with
six teeth to the calyx, six divisions of the corolla, and the odd stamen
which usually has but half an anther with loculi on both sides, as in
the two others. This tendency to revert to the ternary division of the —

+ -

*

16 ACCOUNT OF THE DILPASAND.

floral leaves, and so to agree with ovary and stamens (for I believe the
stamens in Cucurbitaceæ to be three, not five, in number, although this
is masked in many cases by the halving of the filament), is worthy of
notice. ; ;
Ogs.2.—As a species this is recognized at once from its congeners,
the Colocynth and Water-melon (C. Colocynthis and vulgaris), which
are the only others I have to compare, by its much less divided 5-
. nerved and 5-lobed leaves, not glaucous as in the Water-melon, or
- hoary as in the Colocynth. Both these last have 3-nerved, 3-lobed
leaves, cleft almost to the midrib, with the divisions also deeply
lobulated. The tendrils in the Colocynth are generally undivided or
rarely bifid, in the Water-melon they are bifid, but here they are gene-
rally 3—4- rarely 5-cleft. The fistulous stem and petioles are an ab-
solute distinction. The calyx is here much more flat than in the other -
-two, where it is campanulate at the base. The very short style, the
almost globose ovary, the depressed fruit of uniform colour, not striped
or speckled in any stage of its growth, are fuller marks of distinction.
The seeds differ from the smooth thin seeds of the Colocynth, and
_ resemble more those of the Water-melon, in their surface as it were
sculptured by a sharp elevated ridge marking off a centre and a rim,
but the ridge is here more conspicuous and more within the margin,
so that the rim is broader, Finally, the poisonous Colocynth * and
the eatable Water-melon, have associated with them here a cookable
vegetable. i
Oxs. 3.—This species is known in Scinde by the name of Mého.
In the Punjaub it is called Hindwana (the name of the Water-melon in
Scinde), and in the Deccan is named Dilpasand, or “ Delicious," a very
appropriate name. I believe it is not known in Bengal proper, and
it does not grow in the Concans or on the Malabar coast, but is
brought down (when there is a demand) from the more elevated,
milder, and drier climate of the Deccan. In Seinde it is cultivated
from April to September, generally in the same plot of ground with

cat greedily the kernel of the seed, freed from the seed-skin by a i
roasting.. They collect the s in large quantities by burying the apples in the
sand, and allowing the pulp to rot away. : "

DECADES OF FUNGI. 71

Common Melons, Luffa, Gourds, and Cucumbers. The fruit is picked
when about two-thirds grown, the size and shape of a common field-
turnep, two inches and a half high, and three inches and a half across.
It is pared, cut in quarters, the seeds extracted, well boiled in water,
and finally boiled in a little milk, with salt, black-pepper, and nutmeg.
Mussulmans generally cut it into dice, and cook it together with meat
in stews or curries. Hindoos fry it in ghee (clarified butter) with
split gram-peas (Cicer arietinum), and a curry powder of black-pepper,
cinnamon, cloves, cardamoms, dried cocoa-nut, turmeric, salt, and last
(but not least in their opinion) the never-failing assafætida. It is
sometimes made into a preserve in the usual manner. It is sometimes
picked when small, cooked without scraping out the seeds, and re-
garded a greater delicacy than when more advanced.

In England it might be cultivated and cooked like the Vegetable
Marrow (Cucumis ovifera), which it much resembles in its qualities,

Kurrachee, Scinde, September 1st, 1850.

Tas. III. Part of a stem :— natural size. Fig. 1. Stamens ; fig. 2,
section of the male flower, showing the disc; fig. 3, ditto of female
flower; fig. 4, seed ; fig. 5, section of ditto :—a/ more or less magni-
fied; fig. 6, young fruit (downy); and 7, fully-formed fruit :—nat. size.

Drecanes or Funei; dy the Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S.
Decade XXXIV. i
Sikkim-Himalayan Fungi collected by Dr. Hooker.

331. B. delphinus, Hook. fil.; pileo pulvinato glabro luride spadiceo ;
stipite subæquali sublævi spadiceo sursum rubro apice flavo; poris
subdecurrentibus sordide flavis; carne secta multicolore. Hook. fil.,
No. 76, cum ic.

Has. On earthy, open places. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. June. Rare.

Inodorous. Pileus 2 inches or more across, pulvinate, smooth or very
minutely tomentose, nearly dry, of a lurid reddish-brown. Stem about
2 inches high, + an inch or more thick, often curved at the base, nearly
equal, of the same colour as the pileus, but shaded above with red, and
then with yellow, nearly even. Pores somewhat decurrent, dirty- -
yellow. Flesh of pileus, when cut, instantly changing to blue, espe- -

78 DECADES OF FUNGI.

cially below ; that of the stem exhibiting all the colours of the rainbow.
Spores fusiform, yellow-brown when seen by transmitted light.

This species appears just intermediate between Fries’s sections Sub-

tomentosi and Calopodes, and is a more delicate species than any there
enumerated. The stem does not seem to be truly reticulated, nor the
mouth of the pores to be red, and the change of colour to be far more
marked than in any of the former section.
_ SrRoBILOMYCES, gen. nov. Hymenophorum ab hymenio prorsus
discretum; tubuli ampli, liberi. Spore globosæ vel lato-ellipticæ,
asperule. Fungi e carnoso lenti, ut plurimum verrucis plus minus
floccosis quoad pileum ornati. A Boleto differt Sérobilomyces substantia
magis lenta, et sporis nequaquam fusiformibus.

332. S. polypyramis, Hook. fil.; pileo lato expanso toto areolato
verrucoso umbrino carnoso intus rubido: stipite valido lævi fusco-pur-
pureo; poris latis adnexis, ore rubidis. Hook. fil., No. 104, cum ic.

Has. Jillapahar, 7,500 feet. August. Rare.

Smell strong, ammoniacal, at least in age. Pileus umber-brown,
6—7 inches broad, expanded, slightly convex, covered with large pyra-
midal soft warts, which disappear almost entirely under pressure;
substance thick, firm, and leathery, of a dull red. Stem 5 inches high,
14 inch thick, attenuated above, swollen below, nearly smooth. Pores
large, shorter towards the stem, not free. Spores globose, dark purple-
brown, granulated.

Allied to Strobilomyces strobilaceus, but distinguished by its ex-
panded pileus, smoother stem, and less persistent more numerous
.warts. The spores differ very much from those of true Boleti, being
more or less globose, without any tendency to be fusiform.

333. S. montosus, n. s.; pileo verrucis paucis floccosis pyramidatis
montoso nigro-fusco, interstitiis amethystinis; stipite eoncolore squa-
moso; poris subadnatis fuscis, ore luteo. Hook. fiL, No. 121, cum ic.
. Has. On dead wood, and on the ground. Jillapahar, Darjeeling,

11,500 feet. September. |
-~ Inodorous, dry, leathery. Pileus convex, 3 inches broad, rough
with large pyramidal flocculent brown warts ; their interstices amethyst-
coloured. Stem 3-4 inches high, 1-1 inch or more thick, curved,
dark brown, scaly; substance brownish. Veil thick, coriaceous, at-
tached to the margin of the pileus. Pores brown within, yellow ex-
ternally, rounded behind. Spores broadly elliptic, brown, rough.

DECADES OF FUNGI. > 79

Very nearly allied to. S. s£robilaceus, but the warts of the pileus,
which are not at all imbricated, and the bright colour of their inter-
stices in young specimens, are very remarkable.

334. Polyporus (Mesopus) cremoricolor, n. s. ; tener subcarnosus ; pileo
umbilieato glabro subviscoso, margine nudo repando cremoricolore ;
stipite centrali deorsum subpubescente sursum glabrescente cum pileo
concolore; poris minutis 4-5-gonis niveis, dissepimentis tenuissimis.
Hook. fil., No. 107, cum ic.

Has. On clay banks in Mr. Campbell’s garden, attached to decayed
wood. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet. August. Rare.

Cream-coloured, with a faint sweet smell Pileus delicate, of a
somewhat fleshy substance, scarcely an inch across, smooth, rather
viscid, umbilicate, with the margin arched and naked. Stem 3 3 of an
inch high, central, more than a line thick, slightly pubescent below,
becoming naked above, firm, solid. Pores minute, distinctly 4—5-
gonal, with extremely thin dissepiments.

Nearly allied to P. arcularius, and, like it, approaching closely to
the genus Favolus. The whole fungus, however, is smoother, and the
pores far smaller. In drying it becomes very thin.

335. P. (Mesopus) umbilicatus, n. s.; carnoso-lentus cremoricolor ;
pileo umbilicato demum subinfundibuliformi tenui rimoso virgato, mar-
gine involuto ciliato; stipite curvo gracili sursum deorsumque in-
crassato fibrilloso subtiliter squamuloso; poris minutis, dissepimentis
tenuibus, acie tenui.

Has. On dead wood. Tonglo and Sinchul, 8,000 feet.

Inodorous. Pileus 11—3 inches or more broad, at first fleshy, then
tough, umbilicate, at length subinfundibuliform, more or less cracked,
virgate, snow-white or cream-coloured; margine involute, not ciliate.
Stem 14 inch high, swelling above and below, fibrillose, minutelÿ — —
squamulose, especially towards the base, where it springs from a stri- —
gose downy disc. Hymenium white; pores minute, 3, of an inch in -
diameter, angular; dissepiments thin; edge minutely toothed. ic

This species has exactly the habit of several Lentini, and is most
nearly allied to P. tricholoma, which is’ a smaller, thinner, and far
more delicate species. P. ciliatus also somewhat resembles it, as also
P. arcularius, and some other neighbouring species, but all differ in
essential character. I have a specimen of the same species from Van _
Diemen's Land, which was given me by Mr. W. Gourlie, of Glasgow, >
I believe it was bought at Dr. Graham’s sale.

80 DECADES OF FUNGI.

* P. rufescens, Fr. Ep. p.433. Hook. fil., No. 26, 27.

Has. On dead wood. 3-5,000 feet. One specimen springs from
the pileus of P. hirsutus.

Three distinct forms occur, two from Darjeeling, the third from
Jillapahar, differing (I believe according to the height at which they
grow) in the substance of the pileusand decomposition of the pores.
No. 27 is hard when dry, fuliginous, velvety, with the pores sinuous;
No. 26 is rufous, more decidedly tomentose, and has the pores lamellate ; :
. a third form has the texture still softer, the down more decided, the
colour still more rufous, and the hymenium assuming the appearance
of that of a Lenzites. English specimens of Polyporus rufescens differ
greatly in density of texture at the same elevation.

* P. oblectans, Berk. in Hook. Lond. J ourn. vol. iv. p. 51. Hook.
fil., No. 118, cum ic.

Has. On dead wood. Sikkim, 7,500 feet. Very rare.

A single specimen only occurred, with the hymenium imperfect.
The pileus shines more than in the Ceylon or Swan River specimens,
but this is apparently the only difference. The pores in this and the
allied species vary greatly in form, according: to age and circumstance.

* P. xanthopus, Fr. Ep. p. 437.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet. Below eui.
Hot valleys, 3—4,000 feet.

"The specimens have the pores rather larger thin usual. They ex-
hibit beautifully the downy dise from which the stem — rises in
perfect specimens.

336. P. (Mesopus) maculatus, n. s. ; albido-lutescens ; pileo coriaceo-
carnoso depressiusculo maculato, margine subrepando ; stipite centrali
deorsum attenuato; poris amplis margine laceratis longe decurrenti-
bus. Hook. fiL, No. 3, cum ic.

Has. On trunks of living trees. Darjeeling, 8,000 feet. April 1848.

. Inodorous, coriaceous but brittle. Pileus about 2 inches across, plane
or slightly depressed, dry, spotted with obscure adpressed scales ; sub-
stance thick, white. Spores 1} inch high, attenuated below, 3 of an
inch above, smooth at the base. Pores large, 1 line across, running
nearly to the base of the stem; edge more or less lacerated, by no
means obtuse or entire.

Nearly allied to P: Michelii, Fr., but differing in its lacerated not
entire pores. P, lentus, Berk., which is also nearly allied, and of

| DECADES OF FUNGI. 81

which P. coronatus, Rost., appears to be a synonym, differs jn its
hispid stem.

* P. squamosus, Fr. Ep. p.438. Hook. fil, No. 8, cum ic.

Has. On rotten timber. Darjeeling, 8,000 feet. May. Rare.

337. P. (Pleuropus) platyporus, n. s.; inodorus; pileo laterali car-
noso-coriaceo pallido, margine inflexo ; stipite deorsum nigro-velutino ;
poris amplis, acie tenui. Hook. fil., No. 39, cum ic.

Has. On dead timber. Darjeeling, 8,000 feet. May, June.

Pileus 2 inches broad, orbicular, more or less lobed, dull ochraceous,
smooth, moist but not viscid; margin incurved ; substance rather
thick. Stem either a mere dise or much elongated, clothed with very
fine velvety down at the base. Pores large, 1-11 line broad, irregular,
edge thin, rather torn.

Most nearly allied to P. sguamosus, but not only is it on a very reduced
scale, but it is destitute of the peculiar smell of that species, and, if at
all, is very obscurely spotted. P. maculatus is a neater species, with .
a spotted pileus and smaller pores.

* P. lucidus, Fr. Ep. p. 442.

Has. Trunks of old trees. Darjeeling.

* P. sanguineus, Fr. Ep. p. 444.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet. Very common.

* P. flabelliformis, Klotzsch in Linn. vol. viii. p.483. Hook. fil.
No. 18 (junior), cum ic.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling 4-8,000 feet. Tonglo.
Abundant.

In the young specimens the dissepiments are very thin, and their —

edge acute. The margin also of the pileus is extremely thin. The
stem is sometimes quite smooth and yellow, as in P, xanthopus, nor is
there in the young individuals any trace of the black or dark bay coat, —
which is always more or less observable in'age. Some of the older =
smooth specimens are very pretty,‘and when they have a very slender
stem remind one of P. affinis. :

338. P. (Merisma) rubricus, Berk. ; flabelliformis expansus multi-
plex totus pallide rubricus ; pileo lobato subfimbriato glabro demum
radiato ; stipitibus obesis basi velutinis ; poris parvis brevissimis..

Has. Tonglo, 7,000 feet. May. :
` One foot or more broad, reddish, tufted, more or less flabelliform, -
lobed, and somewhat fimbriated, the lobes occasionally confluent and -

VOL HI. — M d.

82 DECADES OF FUNGI.

leaving lacunz. Pileus smooth, at length radiated, fleshy ; extremely
' brittle when dry. Stem more or less developed, obtuse, sometimes 2
inches or more long and 1 inch thick, velvety at the base, sometimes
extremely short. Pores very shallow, angular, rather small; dissepi-
ments thin. '

_ A very distinct species, resembling somewhat P. rufescens, Fr., but
not allied. The pores are so shallow as to resemble those of Dr.
Montagne's genus Gleoporus.

* P. intybaceus, Fr. Ep. p.446. Hook. fil., No. 98, cum ic.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7—8,000 feet. Rare.

* P. sulphureus, Fr. Ep. p. 450.

Has. Tonglo. Dr. J. D. Hooker.

* P. crispus, Fr. Ep. p.457. P. armoraceus, Hook. fil.

Has. On dead wood. Darjecling, 7-8,000 feet. Tonglo, 8,000
feet; a single specimen.

The greater part of the specimens have a very dark hymenium and
minute pores, but these are connected clearly with one or two exactly
according in the hymenium with specimens of P. crispus from Switzer-
land. In fact, most of the specimens are just intermediate between
P. adustus and P. crispus, having a darker hymenium than I have ever
seen even in the former. ;

339. P. (Anodermei) ozonióides, n.s.; pileo reflexo postice effuso
lateraliter elongato connatoque fulvo strigoso-stuppeo, contextu pal-
lido; poris amplis; dissepimentis dentatis pallide ochraceis.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling.

Pileus 1-2 inches long, 3-5 inches broad, sessile, reflexed, effused
behind, clothed with tawny, rigid, reticulated, branched, towy strigæ ;
substance nearly white. Hymenium concave, pale ochraceous; pores 31;
of an inch broad, dissepiments rather thick, more or less toothed and
elongated.

Resembling very much P. funatis, of which I have an authentic
specimen, and a magnificent tuft, from Sierra Leone. It is, however,
less thickly clothed, and the pores are not normally prolonged into
. Hydnoid teeth; besides which, it is merely reflexed, while that species
is much expanded, Occasionally the pores are very much dilated.

* P. isidioides, Berk. Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. ii. p. 415.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling.

* P. lienoides, Mont. Cuba, p. 401.

DECADES OF FUNGI. 83

Has. Sinchul, 8,000 feet.

The specimens collected by Dr. Hooker differ slightly from the
American individuals which I have from Bahia and Guiana. -

The colours, marking, and sculpture of the adult specimens are pre-
cisely similar; the young fungi, however, are clothed with a rhubarb-
coloured velvety coat, whereas in the American form the early down is
rubiginous. The pores, too, are slightly larger, and the whole texture
evidently more succulent. These, however, are differences so clearly
depending on climate, that I cannot but consider the species the same.
The two forms laid side by side, whether on the upper or under side, are
so similar when fully grown, that they could not fail to be pronounced
the same species by any one at the first glance.

* P. zonalis, Berk. Ann. of Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 375, tab. x. fig. 5.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet.

This pretty species was originally found by Kónig, in Ceylon. I
believe that it also occurs in Cuba.

* P. hirsutus, Fr. Ep. p. 477. Hook. fil., No. 28, cum ic.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, Mung-durbi, 4,000 feet.

Some of the specimens have a dark margin, exactly as in P. nigro-
marginatus, Schwein., which is a mere variety. :

* P. versicolor, Fr. Ep. p. 478.

Has. On wood. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet. Tonglo, 8,000 feet.

The specimens are extremely rigid, the pores larger than usual, and
imperfectly formed. The surface of the pileus is just that of the most
ordinary European form.

* P. Neelgherrensis, Mont, Ann. d. Sc. Nat. Ap. 1842.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, Not abundant.

* P, elongatus, Berk. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. i. p. 149. Hook.
fil., No. 30, cum ic. z

Has. On wood, forming large masses. May to the end of the year,
till destroyed by the cold. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet, and

Hymenium, when fresh, of a singularly delicate peach Modum. pink.
The Himalaya specimens are much stunted, otherwise they agree exaetly
with the more expanded form. Sometimes the surface is uniformly
zoned, sometimes interrupted with darker fasciæ. A state from the upper
Himalayas, sent by Captain Munro, is scarcely zoned at all.

Another form occurs at a lower elevation, externally more like the _
usual form, but with the hymenium imperfectly developed, as in some —

è gr

84 MR. SPRUCE'S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

specimens of P. versicolor. This has been owing, probably, to some
sudden check after rapid growth.

340. Trametes lobata, n. s. ; latissima expansa reniformis lobata, lobis
rotundatis; pileo pallido glabro nitidulo zonato rugoso; hymenio
ochraceo, poris angulatis, ore elongato dentato demum sinuato; dis-
sepimentis tenuioribus demum lamellosis.

Has. On dead wood. Mung-durbi, 4,000 feet. z

Sessile, but attached by a more or less distinctly marked disc; very
broadly expanded, 8 inches broad, 4$ inches long, thin, but coriaceous,
rather flexible, reniform, lobed, the lobes rounded, and sometimes
assuming the appearance of young pilei; pale wood-coloured, smooth,
somewhat shining, rough with radiating more or less.strongly marked
ridges, repeatedly zoned, the zones rather darker; extreme edge very `
thin and acute. Hymenium pale ochraceous, uneven ; pores angular, +
of an inch broad; orifice elongated, more or less toothed ; dissepiments
rather thin, at length broken down into more or less distinct lamellæ.

This species is extremely like 7. Leticolor.

Extracts of Letters from RICHARD Spruce, Esq., written during a

Botanical Mission on the AMAZON.
(Continued from vol. ii. p. 809.)

; Santarem, Jan. 29, 1850.
My pear Sir,—It is only five days ago that I received, both to-
gether, your letters of the 31st August and 2nd October, and I cannot
express to you how welcome they were, for I began to think myself
forgotten. The communication between Pará and the Sertao is at
best very uncertain. The barque which brought your letters should have
reached here several weeks ago, but the captain thrashed one of his

Indians at Pará, for which every one of them ran away, and he was
_ obliged to wait until the police captured them again.

When I last wrote to you—which was along with a barrel containing
the Victoria in spirits—I had some thoughts of ascending to the Barra,
and I had a passage promised me in a steamer which the Government
had just placed at the disposal of the President ; but the next arrival
from Para brought word, that, in consequence of fresh disturbances at
Pernambuco, the steamer had been ordered there with troops. There

ON THE AMAZON. E 85

‘was no other chance for the Barra this season, and I therefore reverted
to my original project of visiting Obidos and the Rio Trombétas (the
execution of which you will find detailed in the accompanying sheets),
and afterwards of making Santarem my head-quarters for the winter.
I have now in contemplation two principal excursions during the rainy
season; the first a little way up this river, the Tapajoz, and the second
to Monte Alegre, in April or May, when the vegetation is said to be
most luxuriant,

Santarem is much the pleasantest place on the Amazon, and superior
even to Para in the matter of eatables;—good milk and fresh beef
every day—the latter cheap, but the former quite as dear as in London.
There are three English residents, from whom we receive much civility,
but they are none of them in that flourishing state to enable them to
afford us any assistance in the way of diminishing our expenses. In
fact, there are (between ourselves) only two Englishmen in the province
. of Pará—Arch. Campbell and .Miller—who have not great difficulty
in keeping straight their finances. Poor Captain Hislop complains
bitterly of the difficulty he finds in getting any sort of payment for the
numerous debts that are owing to him: long credit, and slow or no
payment, is the way of doing business here.

lam anxious to learn in what state my sendings from Pará by the
George Glen reached you and Mr. Bentham. I took great pains to
have them dry and drily packed, but those little bothering vessels of
Singlehurst's I am very much afraid of; even when I was by to take
care of my goods I had great difficulty to keep them from spoiling.

You will see that I have anticipated some of your queries and
wishes. I sent a Mandiocca-strainer,—specimens, &e., of the Pottery-
tree, —and some other things you ask about, from Pará. Iwanted no -
incitement to look closely for Podostemeæ, but it is only lately that I —
have come to a country where they can possibly grow: you will see —
I found two up the Trombétas. I hope to send you painted cuyas t.
and colours used in painting, from Monte Alegre, which is the famed

lace. ie.
: I expect you will keep your Victorias. I fear ere this the seed of |
the Victoria has fallen in this neighbourhood. I commissioned a
person to procure some for me during my absence, but he has disap-
pointed me; I intend, however, shortly to revisit the place, if it be
only to see for myself whether the plants attain that enormous mag-
nitude they are said to do. prda

86 MR. SPRUCE’S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

Thanks for the hints about Arums: Santarem is not the place for
this tribe, any more than for the Ferns. The delta of the Amazon is
much richer in Ferns than any place I have since seen, and had I gone
to Marajó instead of coming up here, I might have done better in both
Ferns and forest-trees ; but I was desirous to get into an Orchis
country, if such existed. Now, however, I have traversed, from the
mouth of the Amazon, a tract extending through from 700 to 800
miles, and I am compelled to conclude that it is the reverse of rich
in Orchidee. It is not their utter absence that I can complain of, but
their want of variety. Here, up the Tapajoz, are old low trees filled
with Orchises, but all of wo species; in the neighbourhood of San-
tarem I have seen in all three species. I got a few up the Trombétas,
but only two or three that look at all promising. In other tribes of
plants I confess to have been disappointed to see the flowers in general
so small :—in the tropics we look for everything on a gigantic scale,
but here the flowers are rarely striking from their magnitude, although
the plants that bear them are. There are some pretty things, but, 1
fear, very very few which will come up to Mr. Pince’s expectations.

It is for this reason that I often regret having taken Mr. Pince's £50.
Iwilldo the best I can to repay him in plants; and, at any rate, I
will hold myself his debtor for the amount advanced, and repay him
in one way or other.

I have seen no place yet with a vegetation so varied as that of San-
tarem, or where I can gather more species in a ramble. The campos,
that seemed burnt up in summer, are now assuming a new vegetation ;
and that not an annual one, but of plants whose roots have all the
while been buried under the sand. In April and May they are said
to be brilliant with flowers. I may hope, too, for a fair proportion of
novelty, for the ground must be very imperfectly known. Martius is
said to have been sick, from his half-drowning, whilst he remained here,
and at Obidos he made no stay at all. From what I have seen, the
south side of the Amazon has a much more varied vegetation than the
north side; and I was disappointed at Obidos and up the Trombétas,
to find the mass of the plants quite the same as at Para.

I wish I was near enough to have your advice as to my next
campaign. I suppose it will be up the Rio Negro, as we talked ere
. lleft England, but I am doubtful whether up the main river would
not be more profitable. Tabatinga, the frontier town, is in the centre
of unknown land, and the eastern slope of the Andes themselves is

ON THE AMAZON. 87

still imperfectly known. The Rio Negro has dense moist forest on
each side all the way up, therefore contains few or no Orchises ; though,
from the absence of mosquitos, &c., it is undoubtedly pleasanter to
travel on than the Solimoes. Mr. Bentham told me the Tapajoz had
been explored, otherwise my own inclinations would prompt me to
ascend it, for it is much the most romantic of the tributaries of the
Amazon, its serras extending even to its mouth, at Santarem, while the
- mountains at its source are the highest in Brazil. Mr. Hislop speaks '
with enthusiam of the number and abundance of the Ferns near the
cachoeiras. Does Mr. Bentham know the particulars of its exploration ?
Mr. Hislop recollects a party of Germans (among whom was a natu-
ralist) coming rapidly down the Tapajoz; but you know that no one
gathers half so much in coming down a river or mountain that he does
in going up. I have a capital opportunity of getting up, all the way
to Cuyaba if I like, with a merchant who came down lately with a
cargo of gold and diamonds. 3

The Rio Chiquitos is an upper branch of the Madeira, between 15°
and 20° 8. latitude. I suppose Humboldt means that all the country
between the Amazon, the Madeira, and the Andes, is imperfectly known
as to its vegetation, which I believe to be the case.

T am glad to hear that Gramineæ and Cyperacee will be acceptable
in Europe: the Grasses here are very interesting, those on the sandy
campos and volcanic serras being quite a different set from those on the
river-banks and low lands. Para was a better place for Cyperacee,
and now is the best time for them. I shall have a few things for your
museum when I send the plants, but as my funds require to be eeono-
mically dealt with, I cannot purchase many things.

The Mandiocca-plants grow to six or seven feet, and would pro-
bably grow higher; I have never seen them —— without lens.

lup AE 1850. :
When I arrived at Santarem last October, I hired the only house

that was vacant (for houses are more scarce here than elsewhere in the
province); but it suited me very well, for it has a spacious verandah
at the back, where we could work at our plants, and a. paved yard,
where we could spread our paper, &e., to dry. The adjoining house
was tenanted by a single man, and we were very quiet; but when we
retumed from Obidos we found it tenanted by a family, from several
days up the Tapajoz, including amongst them, besides children, several

88 MR. SPRUCE'S EXCURSION ON THE AMAZON.

slaves, big and little, numbers of fowls, turkeys, guinea-fowls, goats,
dogs, land-tortoises, and other unclean beasts. I should mention that
this house claims half our yard, and has a verandah continuous with
ours: and then you will understand how on our return we found both
yard and verandah befouled and worse than useless to us. A few live
plants, that we had left in the verandah, under charge of a slave of
Mr. Hislop's, he had the precaution to place in an outhouse which we
have, but there, for want of light and air, some of them had died.
Since then our live plants have stood in the same outhouse, as near
as possible to the window (kept wide open), and would do very well
were it not that the niggers and the fowls contrive to enter and play
sundry pranks with them,— such as nipping off the leading shoot.
What I have for Kew are now all in the case, fastened down, and only
half the glass roof remains to be put on. Yesterday morning, when I
went to look at them, I found one of my Sucu-ubas broken off by the
root :—there were two; one from a cutting that I struck last November
has grown beautifully, the other was a young plant; it is the latter
that is destroyed. I procured another cutting, but I shall be obliged
to fasten up the case before I can ascertain whether it has taken root.
The other plants are en bonne santé, but they will have a severe ordeal
to go through between here and Pará, and it is not worth my while
going the tedious journey to Pará and back to take care of them: I
am very desirous they should reach you alive. The two Melastomacee
are very pretty things, and I send also seeds of both. Will not the
“Jara” palm be Leopoldinia pulchra, Mart.? I send its fruit and
leaves, but the spadices (from which the fruit has fallen), though not
very large, are too large to be crammed into Mr. Bentham’s boxes.

I send you thirty-five packets of seeds, many of them of species
occurring in my dried collection. Some of these seeds and fruits are
curious, and you may possibly like to put a portion of such into the
museum. I could send many succulent fruits, but I have nothing to
put them in; it is impossible to get at once a sufficient number to fill
one of our big barrels. Mr. Wallace brought with him, for preserving
reptiles, &c., a number of patent cylindrical earthen jars, with tops of
the same material encircled by a metallic rim; a half turn fastens
these effectually. If you can make out where these jars are to be had,
I wish you would send me some—were it only half-a-dozen ;—I could
fill a part or the whole of these, as materials offered, and then de-
spatch the contents to England in a barrel, reserving the jars for future

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 89

operations. Bottles here are awfully dear, and often not to be had at
any price. Six of the jars, fitting pretty tightly into a box, would be
easily moved about from place to place.

My contributions to your museum are this time only insignificant ;
the only native manufacture at Santarem being baskets from the tender
leaves in the young shoots of the Tucuma. I send a small work-
basket, and I have two other baskets too large to be sent at present ;
these, as well as the spadix and spatha of the Bacüba palm, and some
other large things, I reserve to be sent after my return from Monte
Alegre, whence I hope to bring you some interesting things. I have
already commissioned a number of the beautiful painted cuyas, made
only at Monte Alegre, through Dr. Campos, whose wife is a native of
that place; this is necessary, for they are only made as there is a
demand for them. I shall send many more than you require, but I
have no doubt purchasers will be found for them, they are so exqui-
sitely done, equalling some of the best Chinese painted articles; and
when it is considered that they are done by Indian girls, who make
their own brushes and colours, they become still more interesting. I
have learnt from Signora Campos what these colours are, and I shall
be able to procure specimens of them.

The two or three fruits from the Rio Aripecurd will be hardly worth
preserving. No. 27 and 28 are fragments of woods, which may serve
until I can procure better. No. 29 is the seeds of the Sapacüya; I
have in vain tried to procure the fruit entire, with the lid, and the tree
does not grow here.

(To be continued.)

*

Contributions to the Botany of WESTERN INDIA;
by N. A. DALZELL, Esq., M.A. :
(Continued from p. 89.)
Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOS. E.
Tribe CÆSALPINIEZÆ.
CÆSALPINIA.

C.? spicata; frutex scandens, ramis petiolisque communibus et partia-
libus aculeis crebris recurvis armatis, foliis bipinnatis, pinnis 5—6-
jugis, foliolis 5—6-jugis oblongis obtusis coriaceis supra nitentibus
VOL. III. N |

90 BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA.

utrinque puberulis, floribus terminalibus spicatis, spicis uni-bipeda-

libus.

This plant differs from Cesalpinia, to which it appears most nearly
allied, by its equal petals, thick margined legume, seeds not compressed, -
flowers in spikes, and, as the flowers are moreover tubular and conni-
vent, they have a very different appearance to those of a Casalpinia; it
may be called Wagatea, and thus defined :—

Calyx coloratus, ad medium 5-fidus, tubo cupuliformi, limbi decidui
laciniis æstivatione imbricatis, infima paulo majore concava. Corolle
petala 5, equalia, uniformia, unguiculata, calycis summo tubo inserta.

- Stamina 10, cum petalis inserta iisdemque æquilonga, omnia fertilia :
Jilamenta subulata, basi pilosa, alternatim breviora. Ovarium stipita-
tum, tomentosum, 4-6-ovulatum. Stylus filiformis, filamentis peta-
lisque æquilongus. Stigma cavum, bilabiatum, fimbriatum, labio su-
periore semiorbiculari, inferiore majore cucullato. Legumen lineare,
acutum, coriaceum, inter semina transversim constrictum, margini-
bus incrassatum. Semina 3—4, obovato-oblonga, transversa, testa
crassa dura ossea.

From the absence of any descriptions in the ‘ Flora Indica’ or Hooker
and Arnott’s ‘ Prodromus, this appears to be confined to the Bombay
Presidency, and it forms a very conspicuous object in our mountain
jungles, by its bright scarlet tapering spikes, generally overtopping the
bushes on which it leans for support. It is liable to attract attention
in another way not so agreeable to the traveller, who has no sooner got
disentangled from the hooks of one of its long trailing branches, than,
in turning round to escape, he is caught by another, or, perhaps, he
walks out of his difficulty by leaving his hat or part of his coat behind
him. From the tubular form of the calyx, the flowers of this plant
. never open, the apices of its bright orange-yellow petals just appearing
. &bove the scarlet calyx; the legumes are much swollen at the seeds, the
.. bases of which are partially imbedded in the thick spongy substance of
the suture, resembling those of the C. resupinata of Roxburgh. The
testa is broken with difficulty, the radicle is obtuse, and at the hilum,
. which forms the base of the seed’s longer axis, the seeds are enveloped

in a transparent very tenacious gum, which is capable of being drawn
out into long fine threads. No use is made of any part of this shrub,
as far as I can learn. Its native name is Wagatee, or Wagaree, its pre-
hensile character, I suppose, having allusion to that of the tiger (wag).

(To be continued.)

91.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

PROFESSOR REICHENBACH.

[The following printed circular we received a few months ago, from
Leipzig, and are anxious to give it publicity.—En.]

* 4 Messieurs les Protecteurs, les Professeurs et les Amateurs des Sciences
Naturelles. :

* Pendant les jours de terreur à Dresde (mois de Mai de cette année,
1850) il a été incendié plusieurs galeries du Musée d'histoire naturelle,
la grande salle d'auditoire, ainsi que le cabinet d'étude de M. le pro-
fesseur Reichenbach, conseiller du roi de Saxe et directeur du Musée.
C'est dans cette salle et dans ce cabinet du pavillon antérieur du
* Zwinger, vis-à-vis du château, que M. R. croyait avoir sauvé et mis
en sureté sa” bibliothèque, son herbier et ses collections zoologiques ;
mais hélas! tandis que sa maison d'habitation, quoique exposée con-
tinuellement aux coups des armes-à-feu, resta debout, le pavillon et tout
ce qu'il contenait fut dévoré par les flammes. La plus grande partie
des ouvrages zoologiques et botaniques, ornés de planches (tels que 16 —
vol. du Botan. Magazine, 20 vol. Botan. Cabinet, plusieurs ouvrages de
M. Lesson, Levaillant, Vieillot, ete.), 1500 paquets d'un herbier, con- —
tenant de nombreuses plantes originales, des autographes d'auteurs
célèbres, la collection carpologique, 66 cadres remplis de plus de 20,000 ©
exemplaires d'insectes si rarement recueillis; savoir: diptéres, hymeno-
ptères, hemiptères, orthoptéres, neuroptères et aptères, une collection de
petits mammifères et reptiles d’ Europe, aussi bien que des objets d'ana- _
tomie en esprit de vin, des instruments, des images et des dessins relatifs — —
à l'histoire naturelle, plus d'un millier de planches coloriées, et un plus -
grand nombre encore en noir de l'ouvrage de M. R. sur les oiseaux, -
la principale partie de sa correspondance et de ses manuscrits, en
un mot, toute cette partie de sa fortune qu'il estimait le plus, a été ES
anéantie.—

* Nous n’aurons pas à dire quelle a été la valeur de ces collections
précieuses, auxquelles le possesseur avait, dés sa jeunesse, donné des
soins tout particuliers ; leur accroissement a été le résultat de son zèle
qui ne s'est jamais démenti, et de ses relations non interrompues avec _
des voyageurs et le monde savant. Nous ne dirons pas non plus, 3
combien il a utilisé ces trésors dans l'intérót des sciences et de l'enseigne- —
ment, et personne n'ignore avec quelle complaisance il a prêté des

92 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

genres et des familles entières, soit de son herbier ou de ses collections
zoologiques, aux monographes qui n'ont pas manqué d'en faire une
mention honorable et reconnaissante dans ses ouvrages.

“ M. R. ayant entrepris, dès sa jeunesse, la publication de travaux en
zoologie et en botanique, et les ayant continués jusqu'à l’âge de vigueur
auquel il est arrivé, nous avons encore beaucoup à espérer de ses efforts
et de ses lumières.

* Au reste, ces collections n'étaient pas seulement la propriété de la
science, des hommes de science et du professeur lui-même, mais aussi
celle de sa famille, qui y a des droits bien établis, vu qu’elles furent le
produit de la publication de nombreux travaux et celui d’un budget
qu'elle s'était imposé depuis trente années. L’acquisition de ces trésors
scientifiques a été un sacrifice offert par toute la famille, à la science,
au professorat et même à l'Etat.

“Tl y a done urgence de restituer et de faire renaître entte ses mains
des collections semblables dans l'intérêt de la science, de la justice et
de l'humanité. . E |

“ D’anciens amis de M. R. se sont proposés d'atteindre ce but, con-
vaincus qu'ils sont, que son zèle et ses lumières contribueront à les
compléter pour équivaloir bientôt celles qui ont été détruites ; il se

dévouera de nouveau à sa famille, à ses amis, aux hommes de science,
avec cette tranquillité d’âme propre à embellir un âge plus avancé.

“ Les Soussignés prient instamment tous ceux qui voudront bien
concourir à cette entreprise d’augmenter leur participation par un appel
à leurs amis et en donnant le plus d'extension possible à cette invitation,
dont le but est consaeré à la science, à un homme de science toujours
prét à obliger les autres et ayant servi sa patrie avec un désintéresse-
ment bien rare.

“La somme que nous désirons réaliser le plus tôt possible, par la
réunion des divers contingents, servira à l'acquisition de collections.
Ceux de Messieurs les intéressés, hors d'état d’y contribuer par des
moyens pécuniaires, sont priés d’offrir en nature quelques-uns des objets
désignés plus haut.

“Nous nous empresserons de faire connaître le résultat de nos
acquisitions à tous ceux qui auront participé à une œuvre si méritoire. -

" Adresser l'argent et les paquets à ‘Friedrich Hofmeisters Buch-

handlung, in Leipzig.’ *
|. * Dr. Carl Gustav Carus, à Dresde.
" Dr. Ch. G. Ehrenberg, Prof. à Berlin."

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 93

Those who are not disposed to contribute pecuniarily, or in the form
of collections, may yet encourage the important labours of Professor
Reichenbach by subscribing to some or other of the works in the list

announced under the head of * Choix des ouvrages de M. Reichenbach :

Botanique.”
Flora Germanica (Europæ mediæ) Ex- Les Cupulifères pl. col. 16
cursoria. Les Urticacées 17
Iconographia Botanica, s. Plantæ Cri- Les Dipsacées et les Valérianées 48
ticæ Mediæ Europe. 10 vol. pl. col. Les Papaveracées 19
1000 ; plantes environ 3000, Les Violacées 23
Icones Floræ Germaniæ (Europæ me- Les Cistinées 17
diæ) contiennent entre autres : Les Rénunculacées 129
Les Potamogétonées pl. col. 37 Les Euphorbiacées 25
Les Hydrocharidées 13 Les Malvacées 18
Les Graminées 121 Les Géraniacées 16
Les Cypéroidées (Carex, etc.) 126 Les Caryophyllacées 111
Les Iridées ` 35 Les Tiliacées 14
Les Joncinées 42 Les Linées : 17
Les Liliacées 78 Les Hypéricinées 11
(Les Orchidées par. M. Reichb. Fils, Maintenant planches col. 1200; plantes -
sous presse : 100) plus de 3100,
Les Coniféres : 17 La Continuation sous presse.
Les Salicinées 57 Hortus Botanicus, s. Iconographia Ex-
Les Betulinées 16 otica. pl. col. 250.

The above plates and brief notices illustrate a very great number of
species common to Great Britain, as well as to middle Europe ; and
great pains are taken with the analysis.

Circular from the Association Botanique Française d' Exploration.
M. E. Bourgeau, chargé du voyage, a exploré les environs de Car-
thagène et de Murcie et une grande partie des Sierras de Alcara et de
Segura (Murcie, frontière de Jaen), et a rapporté en nombre près de 600 -
espéces, qui toutes offrent un intérét réel, soit à cause de leur nouveauté
ou de leur rareté, soit comme constituant le fond de la végétation de
contrées jusqu'ici trop peu explorées.
L'Association, comme par le passé, n'a eu qu'à se louer sous tous les
rapports de la manière dont M. Bourgeau a rempli sa mission, aussi
croyons-nous devoir le charger de poursuivre l'exploration de l’ Espagne,

94 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

qui présente encore un grand nombre de localités qui n’ont pas été
visitées par les botanistes, ou qui ne sont qu'imparfaitement connues.*
Le nouveau voyage, qui sera entrepris en 1851, a pour but de cóm-
pléter l'exploration du sud-est et du sud de l'Espagne. à
Le voyageur partira de Paris, le 28 Février, 1851, pour se rendre

directement à Almeria. ,
Le voyage durera environ dix-ltuit mois, et se divisera en deux
parties distinctes :

Dans la première partie (année 1851) seront visités les environs
d Almeria et le littoral, depuis le cap de Gate jusqu'à Malaga et les
principales montagnes de la région, spécialement les Sierras de Huescar,
de Maria et la Sierra Nevada; en automne, le littoral sera parcouru
une seconde fois, pour recueillir les plantes tardives et les fruits de
celles qui n’auraient été prises qu’en fleur.

Dans la seconde partie du voyage (année 1852) seront explorées
avec soin les localités les plus riches de la partie méridionale du Royaume
de Valence: La Dehesa prés Valence, Alzira, Moxente, Tuente-la-
Higuera, San Felipe (où M. Léon Dufour a séjourné et dont il a donné
la florule, etc.); et celles du royaume de Murcie qui n'ont pas encore
été visitées, ou que M. Bourgeau pourra revoir utilement dans une
saison différente de celle où il les a parcourues en 1850.

Pendant ce voyage, comme on peut le voir d’après l'itinéraire indiqué,
M. Bourgeau visitera en général au moins deux fois les mêmes localités,
et se trouvera ainsi à même d’avoir presqne toujours les plantes en
fleur et en fruit; et il pourra, en hiver et au premier printemps, re-
cueillir une collection nombreuse de monocotylédones bulbeuses qui,
par leur préparation irréprochable, presenteront un grand intérêt.

M. Bourgeau espère rapporter de ce voyage environ 800 espèces en
nombre.

. . Toutes les plantes seront déterminées avec soin par des botanistes
connus et munies d’étiquettes imprimées ; chaque étiquette portant un
numéro d’ordre et le nom du botaniste à qui l’on doit la détermination.

Les conditions de la souscription seront les suivantes :

Le prix de chacune des centuries qui composeront la collection est
de 25 francs.

Les botanisteæqui désirent avoir droit aux collections les plus com-

* These specimens, like all of M. Bourgeau's one are distinguished by their
size and perfectness, no less than by their cheapness.—Ep

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 95

plètes devront verser entre les mains de M. Bourgeau, avant son départ,
une somme de 50 francs au moins. En raison du grand nombre de
souscripteurs aux collections ordinaires, M. Bourgeau ne peut recueillir
de collections complètes que pour les personnes qui auront effectué ce
premier versement.—Toutes les collections seront d'ailleurs réparties
d'aprés l'ordre d'inscription sur la liste de souscription.

Vers la fin de la présente année, il ne sera distribué que deux cen-
turies environ à chaque souscripteur ; et les 50 francs versés à l'avance
ne seront déduits que sur le prix de la partie principale de la collection
dont la livraison aura lieu peu de temps après le retour de M. Bourgeau.

Vous êtes instamment prié de vouloir bien faire parvenir votre réponse,
dans le plus bref délai possible, à M. Ernest Cosson, à Paris, rue du
Grand Chantier, 12, ou à M. Bourgeau, rue des Blancs Manteaux, 11.

Paris, 4 Février, 1851.

[A printed circular, of which the following is a translation, has been
communicated to us by Dr. Nees von Esenbeck.—Ep.]

* ft is hereby announced to sympathizing friends, and to all who
interest themselves in the matter, that by a ministerial proceeding I
have been for the present suspended from my function as professor at
the University of Breslau, and the branches of duties connected there-
with. I make this announcement in the consciousness, that those who
really know me will not connect this act of the Government with any
dishonouring guilt on my part. Busy papers of the day, deriving
their information from secret sources, will not permit much delay to
take place in the disclosure of the affair; and that will be the time for
me to take it up in continuation of the present notice. Only thus
much will I add to-day: my guilt is of a personal nature, and such,
that the letter of the law can only award an inadequate punishment; -
inasmuch as the real punishment which the law must and will award, -
depends not on her physical power, but on the judgment, which will
be pronounced by contemporaries, according to their humane opinion
of the accused individual. Meantime, I will submit to the pains and
penalties inflicted in the name of the law ; while I calmly await the
real judgment, which will be pronounced by the heart and mouth of my
contemporaries, as soon as they shall have been properly informed of —
the case, and have heard also what T have to say.

* Dr. NEES VON EsENBECK.
* Breslau, Feb. 1, 1851."

96 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

' SALICORNIA.

We have received the following from the author of ‘The Tourist’s
Flora’ :—

“ You have attributed to me some opinions in the number for Feb-
ruary of your ‘ Journal of Botany’ which I am sorry to see go out to
the world as mine. I think hardly any two species are more clearly
distinct than S. kerbacea and S. radicans, and I enclose the concluding
paragraph of my paper, that you may see distinctly what my notions

are on this subjeet.—JosgPH Woops.”

“Tf I were to sum up the result of my observations of this year on
the genus Salicornia, I should say that S. procumbens is a distinct
species. That S. radicans and S.lignosa are certainly specifically dis-
tinct from S. herbacea, but whether they are so from each other, and
whether, if that be the case, S. /ignosa ought not to be considered as a
variety of S. fruticosa of Linn., and the plant with tubercled seeds to
be called megastachya, Y do not feel competent to decide."

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Museum Botanicum Luepuno-Batavum; sive Stirpium Exotica-
rum Novarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis Expositio, additis figuris.
Scripsit C. L. BLUME. Leyden, 1849.

. Under this title we have received nine numbers, in large 8vo, each

of sixteen pages, and one plate illustrative of new or rare plants. The

descriptions are drawn up, and the figures made, chiefly from the
author’s collections made in the Malay Islands, and in part from the

* Herbarium regium Neerlandicum,” and from other public and

private sources. Although the species introduced into this work are

of a very miscellaneous character, yet a good many are brought together
under one and the same Natural Order, and there is a great deal of
illustration of certain families; such, for example, as the Melastomacee,

Pangieæ, Bignoniacee, Gnetacee, Orchidee, Phytocrenee (including Mi-

guelia, Meisn.), Asclepiadee, the genus Sarcosiphon in Rhizanthee (?),

Myrtacee, Hydrilla in Hydrocharideæ, Lythrariee, Apocynee, Legno-

tideæ, Rhizophoreæ, and Fetidia in “ Combretaceis affine.” Each plate

bas three compartments, and as many Genera, extremely well executed,.

—chiefly explanatory of genera in Melastomaceæ, Phytocrenee, Asclepi-

_ adeæ, and Orchidee. We are prevented from noticing as we could

wish, the splendid “ Rwmphia ” of the same author (Blume), in conse-

quence of our being unable hitherto to complete our copy.

97

Characters of some GNAPHALIOID ComPosiTÆ of the Division ANGI-
ANTHEJE ; by Asa GRAY.

Some Australian Composite, chiefly of the subtribe Gnaphaliea, having
been placed in my hands by Sir William Hooker, for examination, I
here offer the characters of those which belong to De Candolle’s divi-
sion Angianthee. Figures of the more interesting, now in preparation,
will appear in the forthcoming volume of the * Icones Plantarum.’ Mr.
James Drummond’s collections in Sonth-western Australia furnish so
many plants of this groupe which I am obliged to consider as the
types of new genera, that it becomes needful to preface the account
of them with an arrangement of the whole Division.

This groupe is not so perfectly limited in nature as it is by the cha-
racter assigned to it by De Candolle. Calocephalus, Br., and Pycno-
sorus, Benth., want the general involucre altogether ; in Chamespherion,
&e., it is represented merely by a circle of radical leaves; in several
genera the capitula are pedicellate, as in Craspedia, where there is merely
a subtending bract for each; and in the plants which I have referred
to the obscure genus Crossolepis, Less. the compound glomerule is
merely subtended by the more crowded uppermost leaves, making an
evident transition to the Helichrysea, as do Chamespherion and Chtho-
nocephalus to the Cassiniee.

The capitula are homogamous in all the known Angianthea, although
some of the flowers, otherwise perfect, are occasionally sterile by the
abortion of the ovary, or, in Pycnosorus, according to Bentham, one of
them is neutral.

Conspectus GENERUM Dry. ANGIANTHEARUM. EC
§ I. Znvolucrum generale cyathiforme, bivalve ; partiale mullum misi —
galea cujusque floris.
1. DrrüYROsTEGIA, nov. gen. Receptaculum villis przelongis lineam:
§ IL. Znvolucrum generale e squamis foliisve discretis plerumque im-
bricatis constans, aut nullum ; partiale imbricatum.
* Capitula 1-2-flora. -
+ Pappus nullus, vel (in Hyalolepide) unisetosus.
i Receptaculum generale nudum, planum. —
2. HvaLoLzPIs, DC. Pappus e seta unica tenerrima.
VOL. IIT. o

- 98 CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITA. :

ii Receptaculum generale paleaceum, planum vel eonicum, in-
voluero pluriseriali brevius.

3. HYALOCHLAMYS, nov. gen. Involucrum partiale 1-florum, 4-phyl-
lum, squamis biformibus ; ext. 2 navicularibus axi incrassatis cor-
neis cum paleis receptaculi orbiculatis persistentibus, int. minimis
hyalinis. Involuerum generale e squamis orbiculatis tenuissime
hyalinis. Glomerulum radicale.

4. SkinROPHORUS, DC. (Pogonolepis, Sfee/z). Involucrum partiale
2—1-florum, 3-4-phyllum ; squamæ scariosæ, paleis squamisque
interioribus involucri generalis similibus et cum. eis deciduæ.
Corollæ tubo post anthesin basi skirroso-incrassato.

5. NEMATOPUS, nov. gen. Involucrum partiale 2-florum, biseriale,
10-phyllum ; squamæ, paleæ et squamæ involucri generalis consi-
miles, angustæ, apice lamina parva petaloidea appendiculatæ.

iii Receptaculum generale filiforme, involucrum oligophyllum
squamaceum longe superans.
6. Curysocoryng, Endl. Glomerulum amentaceum. Capitula bi-
flora, inferiora sæpe uniflora.

tt Pappus e paleis parvis 2-5 discretis setam longam gerentibus.
7. ANGrANTHUS, Wendl. (Cylindrosorus, Benth.) Glomerulum cylin-
dricum, involucro parvo paleaceo subtensum. Pappi setze nude.
8. PHYLLOCALYMMA, Benth. Glomerulum subglobosum, foliis invo-
lucratum. Pappi setæ superne subplumose.

ttt Pappus e paleis 5 fere discretis exaristatis ciliato-fimbriatis.
9. STYLONCERUS, Spreng. Glomerulum ovatum vel cylindraceum,
foliis involucratum. Acheenium papillosum.

TTTT Pappus calyculato-coroniformis, nudus.

10. CEPHALOSORUS, nov. gen. Glomerulum globosum, involucro aut
majusculo foliaceo aut paleaceo parvo cinctum. Capitula uniflora.
TTT Pappus e setis paucis tenuibus basi concretis laxe plu-

mosis. | :

11. BLENNosPora, nov. gen. Glomerulum ovatum, oligocephalum ;
capitulis 2-floris, breviter pedicellatis.

12. AwTHEIDOSORUS, nov. gen. Glomerulum hemisphericum ; capi-

tulis 1-floris arcte sessilibus, centralibus sterilibus. Involucrum
generale radiatiforme.

13.

14.

15.

16.

ih

18.

19.

CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ. 99

** Capitula 3-5-flora, in glomerulum globosum conferta, arcte
sessilia. Receptaculum generale simplicissimum ; partiale
parvum, nudum.

t Pappus nullus, vel e setis 2-3 tenerrimis nudis. Capitula

- 4-5-flora. |

MYRIOCEPHALUS, Benth. Glomerulum depressum, involucro

pluriseriali squamarum petaloideo-appendiculatarum cinctum.

Achænia angusta.

++ Pappus e setis 4-12 plumosis vel plumoso-penicillatis.
Capitula 3-flora.

LzucoruyTrA, R. Br. Glomerulum sphericum, squamis parvis

uniseriatis involucratum, paleis consimilibus inter eapitula.

CaLocEPHALUS, R. Br. Glomerulum ovoideo-globosum, exin-

volucratum, epaleatum.

*** Capitula 5-flora, in glomerulum globosum exinvolucratum aut
parce folioso-bracteatum congesta. Receptaculum partiale
paleis hyalinis inter flores onustum. Pappus e setis filiformi-
bus plumosis.

Pycnosorus, Benth. Capitula in glomerulum densissimum ex-

involucratum aggregata, arcte sessilia. Flos centralis interdum

sterilis vel neuter.

CRASPEDIA, Forst. Capitula in receptaculum generale cylindra-

ceum indivisum pedicellata, singula bractea foliaceo-scariosa ful-

crata ; involucri squamis omnino hyalinis.

**** Capitula 3-9-flora, pl. m. pedicellata, secus receptaculum
cylindricum indivisum spicata, paleis latis scariosis bracteata,
in glomerulum obovatum basi attenuatum paleis vacuis imbri-
catis involucratum dense aggregata. Involucrum partiale
duplex, squamis interioribus petaloideo-appendiculatis. Recep-
taculum partiale nudum.

GNEPHOsIS, Cass. Capitula 3—4-flora. “‘ Pappus minimus, -

coroniformis, lacerus, caducissimus.” yam

Pacuysumus, Steetz (Actinobole, Fenzl?) Capitula 6—9-flora. `

Pappus caducus, e paleis 4-5 tenuibus brevissimis, basi in discum

patellzeformem hyalinum coroniformi-concretis, apice in fila totidem

flaccida summo apice longiuscule ramificantia et ibi lanam intri-

catam referentia desinentibus. *

100 CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ.

20.

21.

22.

***%%* Capitula 5-15-flora, pl. m. pedicellata, folioso-bracteata,
capitato-glomerata ; bracteis extimis (ut in Craspedia) glome-
rulum iuvolucrantibus. Axis, seu receptaculum generale,
pl. m. divisum, lanatum. Receptaculum partiale nudum.
Transitus facile ad Helichryseas.

CnossoLEPIS, Less.? Pappus nullus. Involucri squamæ inap-

pendiculatæ, fimbriato-laceræ.

****** Cupitula 6-20-lora, in glomerulum exscapum humi
adpressum, foliis radicalibus rosulatis involucratum, dense
aggregata, sessilia. Receptaculum partiale paleis scariosis
persistentibus flores fulerantibus onustum. Pappus nullus
vel coroniformis.—Transitus ad Cassinieas.

CHAMÆSPHÆRION, nov. gen. Pappus coroniformis, lacerus,

caducus. Capitula 5—7-flora: receptaculum planum.

CHTHONOCEPHALUS, Steetz. Pappus nullus. Capitula pluriflora :

receptaculum conicum.

DITHYROSTEGIA, nov. gen.

Capitula pauca, pauciflora, in glomerulum involucro generali cyathi-

formi subspathaceo bivalvi herbaceo cinctum dense aggregata,
singulis exinvolucratis. Receptacula generalia et partialia parva,
angusta, angulata, villis prælongis flores subæquantibus onusta.
Flores hermaphroditi, singuli palea lata hyalina tenuissima enervi
superne in villis tenerrimis soluta obvoluti, pauci centrales ovario
inani sæpius steriles. Corolle tubulosæ, glabræ ; tubo gracili, limbo
cyathiformi 5-partito. Anthere basi caudate, appendice angusta supe-
rate. Styli rami apice capitellati, penicillati. Achenia fertilia ovoideo-
fusiformia, hispidissima, suberostria ; sterilia linearia, glabra. Pappus
coronula setularum pilis achzenii consimilium et breviorum.— erba
digitalis, annua, simplex, glaberrima ; caule exili paucifoliato cum
ramis raris glomerulo solitario terminato ; folis alternis squamz-
formibus oblongis ovatisve amplexicaulibus, supremo majore sæpe
glomerulo approximato ; involucro e foliis duobus, basi vel ad
medium usque coalitis. Flores lutei; lana candida. (Nomen ex

| OiÓvpos, bivalvis, et oréyn, tectum, compositum, ad involucrum glo-

meruli bivalve alludens.)
D. amplexicaulis. (Ic. Pl tab. ined.) South-western Australia,

Drummond, 1850.—This singular little plant, of the division Angian-

CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ. 101

thee, is remarkable, not only for its two-lobed gamophyllous general
involucre, and densely villous receptacle, but for the total want of
partial involucral scales, and for the reduction of the palea which
subtends each flower to an excessively delicate and diaphanous mem-
brane. The whole might well be taken for a simple capitulum, with
the receptacle obscurely branched. Some of the partial axes, or capi-
tula, if they must be so called, bear six or eight, others two or three,
‘or the central only single, flowers. The radical or primordial leaves
are verticillate, about four in number, very small.

HYALOCHLAMYS, nov. gen.

Capitula uniflora, homogama, in glomerulum sphericum involucro
generali cinctum conglobata. Zavolucrum generale pluriseriale, e
squamis latissimis tenuissime hyalinis orbiculatis retusis didymo-
biconcavis, nempe axi opaco valido subintruso, apice spathu-
læformi herbaceo. Axis seu receptaculum generale convexum,
paleis persistentibus involucri squamas referentibus, sed sensim an-
gustioribus atque nervo basi incrassato indurato, onustum, singulis
capitulum unicum fulerantibus. Zuvolucrum partiale (capituli)
4-phyllum, lanigerum, corolla brevius; squamis 2 exterioribus
(palea fulerante contrariis) navicularibus, equitantibus, axi incras-
sato corneo, marginibus hyalinis, persistentibus; 2 interioribus
alternis, minimis, totum hyalinis, deciduis. Flos hermaphroditus.
Corolla filiformi-tubulosa, basi dilatata indurata et apicem ovarii tegens,
apice leviter ampliata 5-dentata. -duthere basi ecaudate. Styli
rami apice capitellato-truncati. Achenium pyriforme, glabrum,
basi attenuatum, calvum.— erba pygmæa, annua, furfuraceo-pubes-
cens, rhizocephala, nempe glomerulo inter folia radicalia spathulata
(interiora basi seu petiolo hyalino-alato) sessili, seu Mp re cc |
Squamæ et paleæ glomeruli lanigeræ. Dd
H. globifera. (Ic. Pl. tab. ined.) Swan River, Drummond.—The |

globose glomerules of this curious little plant vary from one to three —

lines in diameter, and the leaves are about the same length. Those
which immediately subtend the glomerules, and form a sort of exterior
involucrum for them, especially the proliferous ones, have a very short
spathulate lamina, below which they are winged with broad hyaline
margins; thus making a transition to the scales themselves, in which —
the green lamina, or tip, barely projects, or, in the inner ones, is within —

*

102 THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH.

the retuse apex. These broad and silvery hyaline scales, of extreme
thinness and delicacy, are externally, as it were, diymous, from the
introflexion of their thickened axis or costa. In the inner pales the
base becomes more and more thickened and corneous; like the outer
squame of the partial involucres, this corneous axis making a strong
contrast with the diaphanous margins. This genus should stand
between Skirrophorus, from which it differs by its very remarkable and
persistent squamæ and paleæ (both of the glomerule and of the. one-
flowered capitula), as well as in its whole habit, and Hyadolepis,* from
which it is distinguished by the paleaceous general receptacle, the
glabrous pyriform achænia, and the total absence of pappus.
(To be continued.)

Das KÖNIGLICHE HERBARIUM zu MÜNCHEN geschildert. (Sketch of
the ROYAL HERBARIUM at Munich.) By Dr. C. F. Ph. von Martius.
Translated from the German in the Gelehrten Anzeigen, Bd. xxxi.
No. 89-93 [separately printed at Munich, 1850]; by N. WALLICH,
M.D., FRS, V.P.L.8.

(Continued from p. 74.)

Zuccarini estimated the amount of species in his herbarium at 30,000;
among which were many specimens received from Botanic Gardens, such
as those of Erlangen, Munich, Berlin, Vienna, Paris, Padua, Verona,
Milan, Kew, Lówen, Naples, Bonn, Montpellier, and St. Petersburg.
Owing to his lamented early death, there was only found a numerical
list of the genera, but none of the species, of this very. considerable
botanical treasure.T

* The examination of Cunningham's specimens of Hyalolepis, DC., in the
Hookerian Herbarium, confirms, in most respects, the characters given by De Can-
dolle, of the correctness of which, owing to the state of the specimen, he was
uncertain. The narrow hyaline scales of the general involuere are entire, and the

ish eosta is evanescent long below the summit. The general receptacle is flat
and epaleate. The involucre of the capitula, which are sometimes two-flowered, is
formed of three similar lanceolate-spathulate scarious scales, with a thin costa, firmly
coalescent below the flower into a short and indurated terete base, or partial recep-
tacle, which separates at maturity from the general receptacle. The corolla is
5-toothed, and the anthers are manifestly bicaudate, The very immature achænia
are linear, and some of them apparently want the single delicate bristle of the pappus.

+ We extract from this list a very general sketch, arranged according to Endlicher's
method, as it may be of interest to know the numerieal extent of an herbarium, raised .
by a continental botanist, during the last deceuniums, by means of that system of

THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH. 103

The following is a MS. estimate by Zuccarini, of the extent of his
herbarium, with reference to the quarters of the globe :—

Flora Europea |, à : : 2 . 6500 species.
Flora Asiatica . . : . i > 6750 ,,
Flora Africana . s : : : : $380 ,,
Flora Americana . : 3 : à à G
Flora Australasica : ; peta FIV 4
26,190. ,,

Zuccarini added to this, besides, 5,000 plants of culture, from various
gardens.

mutual exchange which we have pointed out; and may likewise serve as a sort of key,
wherewith to compute the relative numerical proportions of the grand divisions of the
Vegetable Kingdom. -

lA... uix 806 | 22. Principes . . . 18 | 43. Rhœades ... 854
2. Lichenes . . . . 165 | 23.Conifere .. . 189 | 44. Nelumbia . . . 20
8.Fungi .:... 204 | 24. Piperite ... 57 | 45. Parietales . . . 350
4. Hepaticæ. . . . 101 | 25. Aquaticæ . .. 9 | 46. Peponiferæ ., 60
D. NM AV. 767 | 26.Juliflore ... 404 | 47. Opuntiæ ... ll
6. Equiseta . . .. 12 | 97.Oleracee . . + 443 | 48.Caryophylline. 585
(fe © 44 560 | 28.Thymelee... 489 | 49. Columniferee . 455
8. Hydropterides . 8 | 29.Serpentarieæ . 34 | 50.Guttifere . . ` 200
9.Selagines.... 54 | 30. Plumbagines . 149 51. Hesperides .. 38
10. Zamieæ .... 4 | 31. Aggregate .. 2817 | 52. Acera . . . . . 218

ll. Rhizantheæ . . 4 | 32. Campanuline . 296 | 53. Polygaline .. 175
12. Glumaceæ . . . 1813 | 33. Caprifoliaceæ . 620 | 54. Frangulaceæ. . 254
13. Enantioblaste. 152 | 34. Contortæ . . . 520 55. Tricocee .,. 370
14. Helobieæ ... 22 | 35. Nuculiferæ . . 1312 56. Terebinthaceæ 317
15. Coronariæ . . . 597 | 36. Tubifloræ . . . 471 57. Gruinales . . . 387

16. Artorhizæ . . . 28 | 37. Personatæ. . . 1090 | 58. Calycifloræ . . 360
17. Ensatæ .... 363 | 38. Petalanthæ ., 270 | 59 Myrtiflome .. 505
18. Gynandræ. . . 385 | 39.Bicomes ... 439 | 60. Rosifloræ - «+ 560
19. Scilomeneæ . . 84 | 40. Discanthæ. . . 780 61. Leguminose. . 2325
20. Fluviales ... 46 | 41.Corniculatæ . . 346 | —-
21. Spadicifloræ . . — 60 | 42. Polycarpicæ. . 561 26,230

It may be interesting, also, in a literary point of view, to enumerate all the bo- -
1819 te 1848; we sedie CORE S eee from the ye
1819 to 1848; we accordingly subjoin an alphabetical li of them. Albers, An-
drzeiowsky, Balsamo, Baumann, Bentham, Berger, Bertero, Bertoloni, Besser.
rich, Biasoletto, Bieberstein, Bischoff, Boissier, Bongard, Boek, Bracht, A.

Brehm, R. Brown, Bruch, Brunner, Bunge, Chamisso, Ch ney, ing, Czyhak,
De Candolle, sen. et jun., Delille, D’Herigoyen, Diesing, Dö , sen. et Drege,
Duby, Duval, Ecklon, Erhardt, Einsele, Elsmann, Endlicher, Erdl, Esch ,

Fiirnro

huber, Hohenacker, Holl, Hooker, Hoppe, Hornemann, Hiigel, Karwinski, Kóberlin,
Koch, Krauer, Krämer, Krauss, Króber, Kummer, Landerer, Lang, Langsdorff, vou
Ledebour, Lehmann, Le Maire, Leo, Lessing, Leydoldt, » Lindley, Lod- — —
diges, Lucas, Lunz, Martens, von Martius, C. A. Meyer, E. Meyer, Meisner, Mer- À
tens, jun., Mettingh, Michahelles, Mikan, Mohl, Noë, Nolte, de Notaris, Ohmüller, —

104 THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH.

The specimens are of smaller size than those of the Academical Her-
barium, and, as yet, are placed in papers of different qualities. They will
be incorporated into the general collection, as soon as this shall have
been made completely accessible to the public.

Herbarium Boicum.—By a resolution of his Majesty, the botanical
examination of the kingdom was especially delegated to the Royal
Academy of Sciences, and Dr. Otto Sendtner, assistant in the botanical
conservatorium, was sent, during three years, in summer and autumn,
to the southern parts, in order to collect phytogeographical and other
data. It now became necessary to establish an herbarium, destined
to comprise all the plants found in Bavaria, and communicated to the
Royal Academy, together with all geographical information having
reference to them, as the principal means to attain the object in con-
templation. Besides the native plants of Bavaria, found by Sendtner,
both on its hills and table-lands, this division of the Royal Herbarium
received highly valuable additions from M. von Spitzel, Dr. Einsele at
Berchtesgaden, Dr. Kummer, custos of the Royal Herbarium, the Rev.
Mr. Ohmüller, M. von Krempelhuber at Mittewald, Professor Fürnrohr
' at Ratisbon, the Botanical Union at Augsburg, &e. -

Tt has been a chief object in founding this Herbarium Boicum, that each
species should be represented as completely as possible by instructive
specimens, gathered in the different localities of its extension ; and that
the remarks added to it, should point out the places of growth according
to the degree of longitude, latitude, height above the sea, as well as
the properties of the soil, and other data calculated to establish the
vegetable geography and statisties of the Bavarian kingdom. With
the view of enriching this collection of plants and of phytogeographical
facts as rapidly as possible, the Botanical Conservatorium has set on
foot an extensive communication with patriotic and zealous botanists
in the kingdom, aided especially by the Royal Botanical Society

Otto, Panzer, Petter, Plaschnik, Pohl, Péppig, Pritzl, Putterlick, Raab, Reinward,
Reisseck, A. Richter, Rochel, Römer, Roper, Roth, Sadler, Salzmann, Sartori, Sauter,
Savi, Schenk, Schiede, C. Schimper, N. Schimper, W. Schimper, von Schlechtendal,
Schleicher, Schnitzlein, sen., Schott, Schubert, Schübler, Schuch, Schultes, Schultz, sen.
et jun., Seitz, Sellow, Sendtner, Seringe, Sieber, von Siebold, Soleirol, Steven, Szowitz,
Talbot, Tenore, Thomae, Trachsel, Tretzel, Treviranus, Trinius, Tschernjajew, Tureza-
ninow, Unger, Vahl, jun., Visiani, Viviani, Voit, Wahlberg, Waldmann, Wallich, von
Welden, Wiest, Waltl, Wolf, Frederic Zuccarini (brother of the collector of this

LI

THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH. _ 105

of Bavaria ; and it will furnish periodical reports of the results of all
these combined researches. _

Such, then, are the principal elements of the treasure of dried plants,
which the Royal Herbarium has acquired since its foundation to the
year 1850, consisting, at present, on computation, of 42,000 species.
Its arrangement is that of Endlicher’s ‘ Genera Plantarum’ (Vindobonæ,
1836-40, 2 vols. 8vo). It is placed partly in high presses with glazed
doors ; partly in low cabinets. Each specimen is fixed by means of glued
strips of paper on half a sheet of royal folio paper, having the labels of
the authors or contributors attached. The autographs are carefully
preserved, in order to enhance the historical value of the collection.
Specimens belonging to the same species are all put within a common |
sheet of greyish paper, havingpin a similar manner, the specific name
attached at the lower end on the left side. All the species of one
genus are similarly placed in a wrapper of blue paper, bearing the sys-
tematic generic name; and the genera are kept in portfolios, closed by
means of tape. As a security against insects, a great number of papers
drenched with styraa liquida are scattered among the packets; and the
specimens which are known to be especially subject to attacks from in-
sects, are powdered with mercurius dulcis, at the time when they are
first attached to the paper, or subsequently from time to time. For
security's sake, part of the collection is annually examined during
summer.

With regard to the catalogue, the arrangement is likewise that of
Endlicher, according to the natural families and genera; but the species -
are in alphabetical order. Up to the present period, the general cata-
logue is finished as far as Leguminose, inclusive.

The index of species in Zuccarini’s herbarium was so far advanced,
that he was able to finish the acotyledons and monocotyledons. _
There is a similar index of the specimens belonging to the Royal |
Ludwig-Maximilian University ; they have already been incorporated, —
from time to time, with the general herbarium. A regular entry is

separately made of each accession to the herbarium. It is the inten- -

tion of the conservator to furnish the sheets of the general herbarium
with a current number, as soon as the business of gluing the specimens
to papers of uniform size shall have been accomplished ; which, being — -
added to the catalogue of species, will serve as a check on the general -
number of specimens.
VOL. III, P

106 THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH,

Other parts of the Collection.—The Royal Herbarium possesses,
likewise, a considerable number of fruits, seeds, and flowers, preserved
in spirits, specimens of wood, drugs, and other interesting productions
of the vegetable kingdom. Several objects of this description, namely,
a considerable series of specimens of woods, were contained in the
Schreberian collection. Still more important is the series of fruits
and seeds brought from Brazil by Spix and Von Martius, and likewise
specimens of the different sorts of Peruvian barks, which they obtained
from the son of Hippolyt Ruiz, author. of the ‘ Quinologia;’ besides -
other specimens of drugs. But owing to want of room and the
requisite receptacles, these articles have not hitherto been scientifically
arranged, or made accessible to the public. The series of woods,
augmented by various specimens frof the Royal Garden, possessing
anatomical and physiological interest, has been placed in the open
passage to the Royal Herbarium, in glazed cases.

There is likewise a small botanical library attached to the herbarium,
for the most part transferred, with the Academy of Mannheim, from the
botanical garden there. Of late years the most necessary handbooks
for scientific gardening purposes have been acquired by the funds of the
Royal Garden, where they are kept, and where is preserved, likewise, a
collection of drawings of remarkable plants from the garden, with
their analyses, executed in water colours, by Mr. Joseph Prestele,
under direction of the conservator.

Locality.—So long as the Royal Herbarium consisted of the
Schreberian collection only, it was placed in one single room (now
one of the offices) of the Royal Academy. On the accession of the
harvest of Spix and Von Martius's Brazilian Voyage, the locale was
extended to the three apartments, in which the academical sessions are
at present held. In 1839 the locality in the eastern wing of the Wil-
helmina building, formerly occupied by the collection of engravings,
became that of the herbarium, and to it were subsequently added,
on building the new publie library, two more apartments, which had
hitherto been under the control of the directory of the library. At
present the locality occupies an area of 2,755 square feet (Quadrat-
schuhen) ; 1,767 being the extent of the six apartments, and 988, of
the saloon which divides them. This locality is, however, destined for
the mineralogical cabinets, as soon as the new buildings for the
herbarium at the Royal Botanie Garden, which has already received

THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH. 107

the royal sanction, have been completed. It is only in this last most
appropriate vicinity, that the interesting objects of the Royal Herbarium
can attain their due development, for the benefit of botanical science
and the good of the Royal Garden.

Publications which have emanated from the Royal Herbarium.

The conservators of the herbarium have, by means of its treasures,
been enabled to publish the following larger and smaller works :—

I. Von Franz von PAULA von SCHRANK.

Anmerkungen, &c. (Notes on Panzer's List of twenty-five plants of the
Bavarian Flora); in the fourth annual report of the math. and phys.
class of the Royal Bavarian Acad. of Sciences, 1812, p. 236.

Omphalodes, a restored genus of plants. Memoirs of the R. Acad.
for 1811 and 1812, p. 217.

Three rare Bavarian Plants. Ibid. 1818, p. 313.

Botanical Observations. Munich Memoirs, 1813, vol. v. p. 57.

Botanical Observations. Mem. of the Royal Bavar. Bot. Soc. at
Ratisbon, vol. i. 1815, p. 104.

Porella, not a distinct genus. Nürnberg, * Magazin für Nutzen und
Vergnügen," 1816.

Anacis, a new genus of plants. Mem. of the Munich Acad., 1817,
Class ii. p. 1.

Aufzühlung, &c. (Enumeration of some plants of Labrador, with
observations). Mem. of the Ratisbon Bot. Soc., vol. i. part 2, 1817, p. 1.

Plants from Sarepta. Ibid. p. 157. :

Four new Plants. Bot. Zeitung, 1819.

Commentatio de rarioribus quibusdam maximam partem Arabicis plantis
in amplissima Schreberi collectione repertis. Munich Memoirs, vol. vi.
1817, p. 161. r

Neue Beyträge, &e. (New Contributions to the Flora of Bavaria), 5
vol. vii. 1820, p. 41. E

Observationes in P. Leandri de Hermes nova genera plantarum:
Ibid. p. 239.

De plantis quibusdam Africanis commentariolus in Sylloge plantarum
novarum vel minus cognitarum. Ratisbone, vol. i. 1824, p. 41. um

Plante Ucranice, Bot. Zeit. 1822, vol. ii. p. 641. T

Quatuor nova genera plantarum in Sylloge, &c., vol. i. 1824. p. 85. :

Commentariolus in Irideas Capenses. Mem, of the Bot. Soc.
Ratisbon, vol. ii. part 1, 1822, p. 165.

108 THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH,

Commentarius in Gnaphaloideas Capenses. Munich Mem., vol. viii.
p. 141.
Botanische Beobachtungen (Botanical Observations). Botan. Zeit.
1824, vol. ii. append. p. 1-46.
-~ Plante nove aut minus cognite in Sylloge plantar. novar. Ratisbone,
vol. i. p. 189, vol. ii. 1828, p. 55.
Spergula laricina restituta. Munich Mem. vol. x. 1832, p. 171.
IL C. Fr. Pa. von Martius.
Fasciculus Plantarum herbarii academici. Mem. of the Munich
Acad. vol. vi. 1816, 1817.
Polygale quatuor nove. Mem. Bot. Soc. Ratisb. vol. i. 1815,p. 183.
De Plantis nonnullis antediluvianis ope specierum inter tropicos vi- .
ventium tllustrandis. Ibid. vol. ii. 1822, p. 121, t. 2, 3.
-~ Lychnophora, novum plantarum genus. Ibid. p. 148, t. 4-10.
Beytrag, &c. (Contribution to the Flora of Brazil, by Max. Prince
of Wied, with descriptions by Nees von Esenbeck and Martius). Nova
Acta phys. med. Acad. Cæs. Leop. Car. vol. xi. part 1, 1823, p. 1-88,
t. 1-6 ; and vol. xii. 1824, p. 1—54, t. 1-8.
Fraxinelle, plantarum familia naturalis definita ; auct. Nees ab
Esenbeck et Martio. Ibid. p. 147—190, t. 18-31.
Specimen Materia Medice Brasiliensis. Munich Mem. vol. ix. 1823,
with nine plates.
Beytrag, &c. (Contribution towards a knowledge of the natural
family of Amarantacea). Nova Acta, vol. xiii. 1826, p. 209-322.
Beyträge, &e. (Contributions towards a knowledge of the genus
Erythroxylon). Munich Mem. 1840 (vol. xvi. part 2.), p. 281, with
nine plates.
Fridericia, novum plantarum genus. Nov. Act. Acad. C. Leop.
vol. xiii. part 2, 1827, p. 4—12, c. tab. 2.
The Hriocaulee set forth and illustrated as a distinct family of
plants. Ibid. vol. xvii. 1835, p. 1-72, t. 1-5.
Plante aliquot Brasilienses descripte. Mem. of the Ratisb. Bot.
Soc. vol. iii. 1841, p. 295, with four plates.
Herbarium Flore Brasiliensis. Flora, or Allg. Bot. Zeitung, 1837,
vol. ii. (Suppl. numbers) and in the succeeding volumes.
The following are the more extensive works which have been founded
on the specimens preserved in the Royal Herbarium :—

Nova Genera et Species Plantar. Brasil. Three vols., small fol.,
1823-1830.

THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH. 109

Historia naturalis Palmarum. Fol. max. three vols., 1823-1850.

Icones selecte plantarum cryptogamicarum Brasiliæ. Small fol.
1826-1831.

Flora Brasiliensis, s. Enumeratio plantarum in Brasilia provenientium.
Two vols. 8vo. Vol. I. Cryptogama, auctor. Martio, Nees ab Esenbeck
et Eschweiler. Vol. II. Agrostologia, auctore Nees.

Flora Brasiliensis, ediderunt Steph. Endlicher et Martius. Nine
numbers have been hitherto published. 1840-1847. Fol. c. tabulis.

II. Jos. GERH. ZUCCARINI.

Bemerkungen, &c. (Observations on Aug. de. St. Hilaire's Mono-
graphy on the genera Sauvagesia and Lavradia). Bot. Zeit. 1825.

Monographie, &e. (Monography on the American species of Ozalis).
Munich Mem. vol. ix. 1823, p. 125, with nine plates.

Nachtrag, &c. (Addition to the above). Ibid. vol. x. 1829, p. 177.

Plantarum novarum vel minus cognitarum descriptio. Fasc. I. Ibid.
p. 287. IL Vol. xiii. 1831, p. 309, with ten plates. IIT. Ibid.
p. 597, with five plates. IV. Vol. xvi. part 1, 1837, p. 219, with nine
plates. V. Vol. xix. part 2, 1845, p. 1, with six plates.

Plantarum quas in Japonia collegit Dr. Ph. Fr. de Siebold, genera
nova. Fasc. I. Munich Mem. vol. xvi. 1843, p. 717, with five plates.

Zuccarini et Siebold, Flore Japonice familie naturales. Sectio I.

Munich Mem. vol. xix. part. 2, 1845, p. 111, with two plates. Sect. IL.

Ibid. part 3, 1846, p. 125, with one plate.

Administration and wants.—It will have been seen, from the pre-
ceding history of the rise and enlargement of the establishment, that
everything was to be remodelled. The materials which gradually
raised the herbarium to its present magnitude were multifarious, the

access to them not properly regulated, and generally they were of sucha _
nature, that it was only after a long scientific inquiry, and the syste-

matic determination of many thousand plants, that their exhibition and
indexing could be thought of. The want of a proper locality at first,

of the requisite presses and the like, and the small sum allowed for

the herbarium, were great obstacles. Until the year 1827-28, it was
under no specific board of administrators, and the most necessary funds
for its support had to be taken from those of the Garden, whose
directors could not conscientiously devote any considerable sum for that
purpose. It was only after the present spacious locality had been

-

Mie

110 THE ROYAL HERBARIUM AT MUNICH,

made available, in 1839-40, that the work of systematic arrangement
could be properly undertaken; the business of determining and naming
the plants having already been attended to. On this occasion it be-
came manifest, how- urgently necessary it was, that the conservators,
who were constantly engaged in their duties at the Garden or in the
lecture-room of the Academy, should have the aid of a proper assistant.
To this office Dr. Ferd. Kummer was accordingly appointed that year.
The herbarium has at present 300 florins annually for its maintenance
and augmentation; a sum wholly inadequate for those purposes. It
has been fully proved that 700 florins will be required for the pur-
poses named. The following plain statement of expenses, incurred
since the herbarium was first placed under a proper management, from
1827 to 1850, will establish this last-mentioned fact.

Fl. Kr.
Furniture for the plants and officers . i : i . . 1033 37
Freight and carriage i : 7 : k = i 4; 5070
Paper for the specimens, catalogue, &e, i » i š 1372 54
Purchase of plants (rendered possible, in part, only by extraordinary
a ee 1654 59
Allowances to scientific assistants, for copying, &c. : $ . 1466 1%
Bookbinding . 3 : : = : ; ; i 54 39
Contingencies, such as labels, glasses, preparation of the woods,
spirits of wine, boxes, twine and tape, tinfoil, bladder, gum,
washing, baskets, &c. ; ; i 3 Coa . 20231
Gluing of specimens : : i : “ : i . 745 26
Cleaning rooms, &e. í > * i ; : ? : 86 31
Total : : x 3 : : . 7948 514*

It is clear from the above, that no more than 1,939 fl. 56 kr. have
been expended during a series of 33 years, in the purchase and
— transport of new acquisitions, averaging less than 60 florins per annum.
It is quite unnecessary to demonstrate the inefficiency of such a sum to
maintain a publie collection in a condition corresponding to the actual

* 1243 florins expended on the Royal Herbarium of Munich in 33 years ;—equal
to £579, or £17 sterling per annum! We could, without mnch difficulty, point to
private herbaria, both in England and on the Continent, where we are sure that four
times that sum (of £17) is spent annually in the purchase of paper alone: so that
however thankful we may be to the excellent Von Martius for the interesting history
of the formation of the Royal Herbarium, we cannot congratulate the country on
the liberality of the Government in its encouragement of this department of the
sciences in the capital of Bavaria.—Ep.

REPORT ON BRAZILIAN PLANTS. lll

state and progress of the science, and capable of representing the
aggregate materials for such a purpose. We will content ourselves
with pointing out the numerous voyages undertaken during the last
forty years, partly by private individuals, or by persons forming unions
for supporting such expeditions, and partly at the publie expense,
whereby the treasures of regions hitherto unknown in botanical respects,
have aequired such an importance, that the herbariums imported from
thence have become objects of commerce. Such a state of things could
not otherwise than exercise a powerful influence on our means of
becoming acquainted with the forms and geographical distribution of
plants; and it has, as it were, compelled leading publie institutions,
devoted to the extension and spread of botanical knowledge, not to
limit their collections to a partial augmentation only, but to endeavour
constantly to obtain additions from all zones and countries.

But, independent of these considerations, the present state and
extent of the collections comprised in the herbarium of Munich, render
it quite impossible that the yearly sum of 300 florins should suffice for
making the herbarium generally available for scientific purposes. We
mention here, especially, the laborious and tedious work of attaching the
specimens to paper; for which objects alone, as well as for other purely
manual labours, a fit bookbinder, with two pupils from Mr. Meyer's
celebrated establishment for crippled boys, are employed.

It may reasonably be expected from the munificent head of an
enlightened government, that a suitable increase of our means will be
granted in time, to advance the grand work to such a state, that the
herbarium when ready for being placed in the contemplated building
at the Royal Garden, may be of general use tothe public at large.

Second Report on Mn. SPRUCE’S Collections of Dried Plants from
Norte BRAZIL; óy GEORGE BENTHAM, Esq. :
(See First Report, vol. ii. of this Journal, pp. 209, 233.)

The collections forming the subject of the present report were made
chiefly in the neighbourhood of Santarem, during Mr. Spruce’s residence
there in October and November 1849, and from January to October
1850, and during an excursion made from thence to Obidos, to the Rio _

112 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

Trombétas and up one of its affluents, the Rio Aripecurd, as far as the
first cachoeiras, or cataracts, in the months of November and December
1849. The detailed account of the localities visited will be found in
Mr. Spruce’s letters, inserted in this Journal, Vol. II. pp. 173, 193,
225, 266, and 299, and at p. 82 of the present volume, as well as in
some further extracts about to appear. The collections made up to the
end of March 1850 were received in this country in the end of July,
and distributed to the subscribers early in October. Another portion,
despatched from Santarem in July 1850, reached Pontrilas in the end
of December; it is preparing for distribution as soon as the re-
mainder, sent off on Mr. Spruce’s leaving Santarem for Barra do Rio
Negro, on the 7th of October, shall have arrived. This last despatch,
now daily expected, will complete the Santarem collections, and will, it
is hoped, be in time to be included in the following memoranda.

The subscribers will no doubt have observed that the specimens
maintain well their character for excellence in drying and preservation.
Mr. Spruce’s residence at Santarem enabled him to supply many species
in different states as to flower and fruit, including many new or rare ones
of considerable interest, more especially among those from Obidos and
from the Rio Aripecurü. It is only to be regretted, that, owing partly to
his not having at the time been aware of the increased list of his subscri-
bers, and more especially, as to the Obidos plants, owing to the diffi-
culty of carrying with him a large stock of paper, there should still be
so many species of which the number of specimens are insufficient to -
supply the whole of the sets. They are, however, much more numerous
in the despatch last received than in the preceding ones.

The arrangement followed in the following observations is the same
as that of the first report, the Obidos and Rio Trombétas and Aripecurá
collections being included with those made at Santarem.

Among the Dilleniacee are specimens of the common Curatella
Americana, Linn., whose geographical range extends from the Tierra
Caliente of Mexico, over the whole of tropical America west of the
Andes, to South Brazil; for the C. çambaiba, A. St. Hil., is surely, as
already pointed out by some botanists, a mere variety rather more
downy in some parts than the more common form. Mr. Spruce found
it in open campos near Santarem, where it forms a low spreading tree,.
with the habit of an old oak. There have also been generally distri-
buted specimens of a Davila, which appear to be a variety rather more

COLLECTED BY MR. SPRUCE IN BRAZIL. 113

hairy than usual of D. asperrima, Splitg. (Pl. Nov. Surinam., 1842,
p. 1), published also by Miquel (Linnæa, vol. xviii. p. 611) under the
name of D. Surinamensis. It is an intermediate form between the old
D. rugosa, Poir., figured in Delessert's * Icones? under De Candolle's
name of D. Brasiliana, and the D. radula, Mart., Herb. Fl. Bras.
no. 239 ; all of which may possibly prove to be varieties of one species
extending over tropical Brazil and Guiana, and perhaps also into Colum-
bia and some of the West Indian islands. Mr. Spruce describes the
first single specimen he gathered as from a low procumbent shrub, and
those more generally distributed as from a shrubby climber attaining
about fifteen feet in height, with pale green flowers, strongly smelling
of ripe peaches, and usually apetalous; there are also a few specimens
of a smoother variety, with more constantly petaliferous flowers. All
were from the campos near Santarem.

The Anonacee include the widely diffused Xylopia grandiflora, St. Hil.,
the Xylopia barbata, Mart., apparently confined to this part of Brazil, a
new Anona, described below, and two Guiana species of Guatteria. The
one, G. Ouregou, DC., has already been indicated in North Brazil; the
other, G. Schomburgkiana, Mart. (Fl. Bras. Anon. p. 36), agrees in -
every respect with Schomburgk’s specimens, except that the pedicels
are perhaps rather longer. The same species appears again among
Hostmann’s Surinam plants (no. 1221), and has been published by
Steudel (Flora, 1843, p. 754) under the name of Anona Hostmanni.
Mr. Spruce found it on gravelly hills near Santarem. The new Anona,
above mentioned, was from the Serra d’Escamas, near Obidos, where it
formed a dwarf shrub of about three feet high, allied in other respects
to the A. tenuiflora, Mart. (Fl. Bras. Anon. p. 10. t. 3). There were, —
unfortunately, but three or four. desta received. li may be thus
described :—
Anona humilis, sp. n.; trunco humili frutescente, ramulis peduneulis |

venisque foliorum subtiliter ferrugineo-strigillosis, foliis ellipticis v. -
obovato-oblongis euspidatis membranaceis preter venas glabris, pe-
duneulis lateralibus solitariis minute bracteolatis, sepalis minimis
acutis, petalis subzequalibus rhomboideis acuminatis basi demum in
unguem contractis tenuibus subtiliter pubentibus.—Fruter 3-pedalis.

Folia breviter petiolata, 4-6-pollicaria, latiora quam in icone À.

tenuiflore Mart. depicta, cæterum jis subsimilia. Pedunculi semi- ©

pollicares v. paulo longiores. Sepala linea breviora, angusta, acuta, is

VOL, III. Q

114 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

sepe decidua (v. deficientia ?). Petala alba, quam in 4. tenuiflora

minora et latiora, vix 6 lin. longa, distincte acuminata et in unguem

basi contracta, medio late rhomboidea et concava. Stamina nume-
rosissima.

The Menispermacee have been examined by Mr. Miers, who has re-
cognized three new species of Cissampelos, of which one only, C. Amazo-
nica, Miers, has been distributed into most sets under the name of
“ Cissampelos, sp. n., affinis C. ovalifolize," the two others having been
only in single, or in very few, specimens. Another plant inserted in a
very few sets under the name of ** Cocculus affinis C. lævigatæ, Mart.,”
is the Anelasma Spruceanum, Miers. Besides these, a very curious plant
has been rather more generally distributed as “ Genus novum affine
Menispermaceis :” it is the Aptandra Spruceanum, Miers, whose very
doubtful affinities will be more fully discussed by Mr. Miers on a future
occasion. In the meantime, that gentleman has kindly communicated
to me the following characters for the above-mentioned new species :—
1. Cissampelos assimilis, Miers, n. sp.; ramulis striatis tomentosis,

foliis orbieulato-ovatis undulato-sinuatis apice retusis opacis supra
pubescentibus subtus cinereo-tomentosis (junioribus acutis utrinque
fulvo-tomentosis) longiuscule petiolatis, petiolo erecto, limbo subre-
fracto, racemis paniculatis ternis axillaribus petiolo subzequilongis
tenerrimis, sepalis spathulatis extus pilosis, corolla 4-loba glabra,
anthera 4-loba.—Prope Santarem.

This closely approaches C. crenata, DC., but the leaves are more
glabrous above; the under surface not so densely tomentose. Thé
petiole is half the length of the blade (while in C. crenata the leaves
are almost sessile), the panicles are three (not two) in each axil, the
peduncle and pedicel are far more slender, and the anther is 4- (not 6-)
lobed.

2. Cissampelos Amazonica, Miers, n. sp. ; foliis ovalibus subacutis cre-
nato-sinuatis mucronatis coriaceis supra glabris nitidis reticulatis
subtus fusco-tomentosis 5—7-nerviis sublonge petiolatis, racemis fæm.
(ramulis novellis) binis folio brevioribus bracteatis, bracteis conspi-

cuis orbieularibus mucronatis utrinque tomentosis, floribus minutis

pedicellatis in axillas 6—7-fasciculatis, fructu piloso.— Prope Santarem.

This plant may be confounded with C. ovalifolia, DC., which it
greatly resembles in the shape and texture of its leaves, but their upper
surface is far more shining ; the petiole is about one-fourth the length

COLLECTED BY MR. SPRUCE IN BRAZIL. 415

of the blade, while in C. ovalifolia it is scarcely more than one-twelfth
or one-fifteenth of that length; the racemes (or rather young floriferous
branchlets) are also much longer, and in axillary pairs (not single) ;
the bracts or young leaflets are more membranaceous (while in the
other they are thick and opake), with six or seven (instead of four)
flowers in each axillary fascicle.

3. Cissampelos denudata, Miers, n. sp.; volubilis, caulibus striatis
tuberculatis junioribus retrorsum ferrugineo-pubescentibus delapsu
foliorum cito nudis et ex axillis hine deinde floriferis, foliis (marium)
orbiculato-cordatis obtuse acuminatis mucronatis membranaceis
subtus cinereo-glaucis utrinque parce pubescentibus 7-—9-nerviis
petiolo gracillimo griseo-pubescente æquilongis, racemis masc. binis
longissimis gracilibus paniculatis bracteisque minutis linearibus
caducissimis pubescentibus, fæm. 2-4 simplicibus crassioribus multo
brevioribus, pedicellis 5-6 fasciculatis 1-floris, fasciculis bractea
unica minuta lineari donatis, baccis glabris ?

Found by Mr. Spruce near Obidos, and on the lake Quiriquiry, near
the river Trombétas : it is evidently a long straggling climber, known
to the natives by the Caribbean name of Ambôa Rembd. The leaves (at
least in the male plant) are broadly heart-shaped, tapering obtusely to
the summit, where it is terminated by a pubescent mucronate point ;
they are 21 inches long, or 24 inches from the insertion of the petiole,
and 21 inches broad ; the petiole of marginal insertion is slender, re-
flexed at its origin, fulvo-pubescent, and 14 inch long. The male ra-
cemes are very slender, 6-8 inches long, pubescent, and throw out at
intervals of every 4 or 4 inch, three fasciculate pedicels 1 to } inch in
length, which are again dichotomously divided, bearing numerous mi-
nute florets ; at each branchlet there is a very minute linear tomentose _
bract, so that the inflorescence appears almost ebracteate : the ay 4
pedicels are smooth, the flowers quite glabrous, the sepals s
linear and obtuse, the corolla deeply bell-shaped, with an DEI.

4-lobed margin, and the annular anther is 4-celled. About three ra-
cemes grow out of the bare axils of the female plant, each having a —
much stouter peduncle, about 2 inches long, producing, at intervals of
one-eighth of an inch, about five or six fasciculate pedicels, each bear- |
ing a solitary minute flower: at the base of each fascicle is a minute —
and very caducous bract, so that the female racemes are apparently
ebraeteate: the sepal and petal are both glabrous, the former obovate, _

116 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

the latter much shorter and broader : the ovarium is sericeous, crowned

by three reflexed pointed stigmata. It appears that in both the male

and female plants, the branches soon lose their leaves, or probably do
not renew them on the second year, when the bare axils, at about four
inches apart, throw out their racemes of flowers.

4. Anelasma Spruceanum, Miers, n. sp.; caule tereti nitido vix striato,
axillis nodosis, foliis late ellipticis basi cuneatis apice repente at-
tenuatis mucronatis margine reflexis glaberrimis subtus pallidis
5-nerviis, nervibus 3 prominulis rubescentibus, lateralibus tenuibus
fere marginalibus et mox evanidis, venis transversis conspicuis et
anastomosantibus, petiolo canalieulato apice basique valde inerassato

3-plo longioribus, racemis masc. binis subpaniculatis supra-axillaribus
gracilibus petiolo longioribus glabris, bracteis membranaceis ciliatis,
sepalis exterioribus extus pubescentibus.—4Ad fluv. Amazon., inter

Santarem et Obidos.

Near A. Sellowianum, but with larger and broader leaves, which are
not só thick and coriaceous, and with shorter petioles; the racemes
are not pubescent, as in that species. The leaves are here,5 inches
long, 24 inches broad, with a petiole 14 inch long; the racemes are
2 inches in length.

APTANDRA, gen. nov. Calyx brevissimus, patelliformis, 4-dentatus,
4-sulcatus, carnosus, persistens et demum augescens. Petala 4,
æqualia, calycis lobis alterna, carnosula, lineari-lingulæformia, summo
parum latiora et concava, apiculo inflexo, æstivatione valvata, demum
spiraliter reflexa, Squamæ petaloideæ 4, liberæ, petalis alternæ, inter
eadem et tubum staminalem site, crasse, rotundatæ, Stamen in-
tegrum (forsan 4 coalita), longitudine fere corollæ, tubo tereti, cylin-
draceo, carnoso, pistillum cingente ; anthera ex loculis 8 oblongis,
æqualibus, arcte in annulum extrorsum dispositis, et in connectivum
fere globulare crasso-carnosum summo pervium immersis, singula-
tim valvula exteriore membranacea ab apice ad basin valvatim soluta
et hine omnino reflexa. Pollen subfarinaceum, granulis amplis, cru-
ciato-lobatis. Ovarium substipitatum, conico-oblongum, subcom-
pressum, 2-suleatum, 2-loculare ; ovuda in loculis solitaria, anatropa,

. obovata, facie ventrali ad dissepimentum funiculo brevissimo utrinque
affixa. Sfylus erectus, longitudine staminis. Stigma oblongum, com-
pressum, obtusum, inclusum. Fructus ignotus.—Arbor óiorgyalis

Amazonicus ; folia alterna, elliptica, penninervia, reticulata, petiolata,

COLLECTED BY MR, SPRUCE IN BRAZIL. 117

exstipulata. Inflorescentia paniculata, axillaris, gracilis; flores

minimi.

l. Aptandra Spruceanum, Miers; foliis ellipticis subreflexis apice
subito-attenuatis utrinque glabris subtus punctis minutissimis len-
tiginosis et pellucidis notatis, rachi nervisque rubentibus, paniculis
folio tertio brevioribus, pedicellis gracilibus subfasciculatis in fructu
valde elongatis et crassioribus, bractea e dichotomiis minuta cadu-
cissima.—Prope Obidos. (J. Miers.) :

Among Nymphæaceæ, besides the Victoria, were a few specimens of
a Nymphea, probably a variety of N. ampla, DC.; but the leaves are
rather bluntly sinuated than sharply toothed, and on that account
Salzmann, who gathered the same form near Bahia, gave it the MS.
name of N. sinuata. The Cabomba distributed as C. aquatica, is the
variety or species described by Gardner as C. Piauhiensis, and figured
Hook. Ic. t. 641.

The Capparidee contain single specimens of Cleome villosa, Gardn.,
and of C. Hostmanni, Miq., both from Obidos; the latter, perhaps, a
mere aculeate form of C. latifolia, Vahl. Also a few specimens of
Physostemon intermedium, Moric., from Lake Quiriquiry ; of a variety of
Capparis lineata, Pers., from Obidos, with much less of down on the
leaves than in the ordinary Brazilian forms ; aud lastly,of a species of
Capparis, from Santarem, very nearly allied to, if not identical with,
C. Fellosiana, Mart.

To the Bixacee belongs a new species of Lindackeria, from Obidos,
nearly allied to the Z. Maynensis, Pópp. (Nov. Gen. et Spec. vol. iii.
p. 63, t. 270), and distributed under the name of L. latifolia. The
genus is, perhaps, too closely allied to Aublet's Mayna, and especially
to the three species which I described from Schomburgk’s collection,
and which Walpers has referred to Carpotroche, for what reason I am
unable to guess, as they have not the peculiar fruit, nor the other -
characters, by which Carpotroche has been distinguished from Mayna.
As the original species of Mayna is as yet imperfectly known, and as
Mr. Spruce’s plant is certainly a congener of Póppig's, and probably
of Presl's Lindackerie, 1 here describe it under the name I gave it in
distributing. I have, however, little doubt that further investigation
will cause to be united under Mayna, not only the three species I
formerly described, but all the Lindackerie and two or three as yet —
unpublished species 1 have in my herbarium ; whilst Póppig's Mayna

118 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

longifolia (Nov. Gen. et. Spec. vol. iii. p. 64, t. 271.) is said to have

plaited wings to the fruit, and would, therefore, prove most probably

to be a second species of —

Lindackeria latifolia, sp. n.; glabra, foliis longe petiolatis late ovatis
acuminatis integerrimis, racemis petiolo brevioribus plurifloris,
sepalis ovalibus, petalis (9) calycem subæquantibus caducissimis,
filamentis hirtellis anthera longioribus.—Frutex 15-pedalis, ramis
foliisque siccitate pallentibus. Folia 6—8-pollicaria, 4-5 poll. lata,
petiolo 2-3-pollicari, tenuiter coriacea, concoloria, penninervia et
reticulato-venosa. Racemi axillares, axi brevi a basi flgrifera. Bracteæ
minute. Pedicelli pollicares, ad 14 lin. a basi artieulati. Alabastra
clavata. Sepala 3, ovali-oblonga, concava, alba, patentia v. reflexa,
diu persistentia, 5—6 lin. longa. Petala in alabastro a me aperto
novem vidi, in floribus apertis fere omnia jam delapsa; alba, tenuia,
oblique oblonga, obtusa, sepalis subbreviora. Stamina numerosa,
toro dilatato inserta, in floribus masculis totum torum vestientia.
Filamenta erecta, arcte approximata, columnam simulantia at non vere
cohærentia, 2-21 lin. longa, pube brevi villosula. duthere lineares,
1-11 lin. longæ, loculis summo apice discretis breviter bifidæ, basi
et apice hirtellæ et ad rimas loculorum plus minus ciliolate. Ovarium
in floribus hermaphroditis sessile, ovoideum, verrucosum et mox
echinatum, glabrum, intus uniloculare, apice desinens in stylum -
flexuosum staminibus longiorem leviter puberulum summo apice
expansum in stigma minute 6-lobum. Placente in ovario tres, pa-
rietales, ovulis numerosis. Fructus junior globosus, aculeis longis
mollibus pyramidatis undique echinatus; maturum non vidi.

. Among the Pará plants was a single specimen of the following

additional and very distinct large-flowered species of the same genus:

it was gathered at Tanaü in September 1849 :—

Lindackeria pauciflora, sp. n.; glabriuscula, folis breviter petiolatis
ovali- v. oblongo-elliptieis acuminatis, racemis 2-3-floris, pedicellis
petiolum longe superantibus, sepalis orbiculatis, petalis (9) calycem
superantibus, filamentis anthera multo brevioribus.—Frutex glaber
v. partibus novellis minute puberulis. Folia majora, semipedalia,
24 poll. lata, acumine abrupto angusto longiusculo, petiolo rarius
semipollicem excedente. Racemorum axis brevis; pedicelli ultra-
pollicares, prope basin articulati. Sepala alba, 5 lin. longa. Petala
alba, anguste et oblique oblonga, pleraque acutiuscula, 6 lin. longa.

COLLECTED BY MR, SPRUCE IN BRAZIL. 119

Stamina numerosissima, in floribus masculis totum torum tegentia,

petala æquantia; filamentis abbreviatis vix puberulis. <Anthere

elongate, apice hirtelle. Ovarium in floribus hermaphroditis et
fructus junior omnino Z. latifolia.

Both the above species are polygamous; in both of them herma-
phrodite and male flowers are to be found in one and the same raceme,
as is probably the case in all Lindackerie and true Mayne.

The following Flacourtia, from Santarem, is also new; the specimens
have all male flowers only.

Flacourtia nitida, sp. n.; inermis glabra, foliis breviter petiolatis
ovatis breviter acuminatis basi cuneatis margine calloso-serratis
venosis supra nitidis, floribus (masculis) glomeratis, pedicellis
glabris, calycis foliolis ciliatis, disco 8-lobo.—F#rutex biorgyalis,
ramosissimus, ramulis teretibus glabris punctis albis notatis. Folia
14-2 poll. v. rarius 3 poll. longa, circa pollicem lata, petiolo 1-2
lin. longo, rigidule chartacea, venis prominulis, faciebus concoloribus,
superiore nitida, inferiore opaca, punctis pellucidis paucis notata.

. Racemuli brevissimi, glomerulos 6-10-floros formantes. Bracteæ ad
basin pedicellorum oblongæ, cymbæformes, pedicellis breviores.
Pedicelli vix lineam longi. Flores parvi. Calycis foliola 4, ovali-
oblonga, obtusa, concava, margine ciliolata, semilineam longa. Discus
annularis, fere usque ad basin divisus in glandulas 8 truncatas v.
retusas. Stamina circa 20, calyce paulo breviora, receptaculum
totum vestientia, ovarii rudimento nullo. Sfirps feminea mihi
ignota.

There are four Samydee from the neighbourhood of Santarem, viz. :—

1. Casearia (Iroucana) ramiflora, Vahl, var.? This is the large-
leaved form, or true Zroucana Guianensis of Aublet, referred to in Hook.
Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 110, which, if really different from the small- _
leaved West Indian form, might take the name of ©. Zrowcama.
Blanchet’s n. 3119, referred to in the same paper as a new species, a

has been since published by Miquel (‘ Linnea,’ vol. xxii. p. 801) —

under the name of C. Blanchetiana. He describes it as decandrous, -
but the flowers in my specimen are certainly 5-fid, with 8 stamina,
as in all other species of the same section.

2. Caseariæ (Pitumba) spec. ; perhaps new, but closely allied to
C. stipularis, Vahl, from which it only appears to differ in its smaller
and less toothed leaves, and smaller stipules and flowers. It is, also,

A

120 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

very near to C. Benthamiana, Miq., ‘ Linnæa, vol. xviii. p.737, and
C. lanceolata, Miq., l. c., p. 753 (two species scarcely distinct from
each other, if my specimens are correctly determined), but differs from
them chiefly in the leaves being hoary underneath. The plant described
by Miquel in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles” (Ser. 3, vol. i.
p- 38), inadvertently under the same name of C. Benthamiana, appears
to be a very different species, belonging to the section Crateria.

3. Casearia (Crateria) sylvestris, Sw.? (DC. Prod. vol. ii. p. 49) ;

foliis ovatis oblongisve acuminatis integerrimis v. obsolete crenato-

serratis subcoriaceis nitidulis subtus pallentibus crebre punctatis ramu-
lisque glabris, umbellis sessilibus, floribus parce pubentibus 5-fidis,
staminibus 10 calyce paulo brevioribus, stylo trifido.—#rhor trior-
gyalis, trunco tenui, coma ramosissima. Folia 2—3-pollicaria, acumine
longo obtuso, basi rotundata v. cuneata, parum inæquilatera v. rarius
æquilatera, tenuiter penninervia et retieulato-venosa, venulis in pagina
superiore vix conspicuis, petiolo vix 2 lin. longo. Nodi floriferi axil-
lares, tomentosi, multiflori. Pedicelli lineam longi. Flores magni-
tudine C. parviflora, albi, calyce turbinato, laciniis oblongis. Ovarium
glabrum, et fructus fere C. parviflore.

4. Casearia (Piparea) Javitensis, Humb. et Kunth; a species very

generally diffused over Columbia, Guiana, and North Brazil Two =

specimens separately gathered in the forest near the Tapajoz, differ
slightly in their nearly sessile flowers, but are probably not specifically
distinct.

(To be continued.)

Contributions to the Botany of WESTERN INDIA ;
by N. A. DALZELL, EsQ., M.A.

(Continued from p. 90.)
Nat. Ord. LABIATAE.
DYSOPHYLLA.

D. rupestris; suffruticosa 3—4-pedalis, radice crassa lignosa, caule erecto

param ramoso, ramis pilis patulis dense velutino-tomentosis, foliis
ternis quaternisque lineari-lanceolatis acutis serratis basi angustatis

utrinque molliter pubescentibus, floralibus lineari-spathulatis flores
subæquantibus, calycis obconici dentibus æquilateräliter triangula-
ribus obtusis pilis albis rigidis dense ciliatis.

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 121

Folia 10-20 lin. longa, 2-8 lin. lata, utrinque glandulis albis conspersa.
Calyx 1 lin. longus, pilis albis rigidulis hirsutus, dentibus tubo 3-plo
brevioribus. Spice 3—4 poll. longæ, graciles, densifloræ, floribus minu-
tis. Anthemidem nobilem redolet.—Crescit in rupibus prov. Malwan.
I do not give this so much as a new plant, as with a view to eluci-

date a seeming inconsistency with respect to Roxburgh's Mentha qua-

drifolia and Bentham's Dys. quadrifolia being one and the same plant. -

I gathered the plant now described on dry rocks, where no water could

lodge, and this seems to me to point to a plant having a very different

habit and constitution to the * herba aquatica” of Bentham. I believe,
therefore, that Roxburgh's M. quadrifolia, which he describes: as

* growing among rocks," and for which, he adds, “ common garden-soil

is too moist," is the plant above described, and not Bentham's D. qua-

drifolia, which is said to grow naturally in stagnant water. The shape
of the calyx-teeth is also very different.

Nat. Ord. MEMECYLEX.
MEMECYLON.

M. terminale; frutex 2-3-pedalis, ramis dichotomis teretibus gracilibus,
foliis sessilibus lanceolatis acuminatis, pedunculis axillaribus termina-
libusque solitariis semipollicaribus, floribus umbellatis pedicellatis,
pedicellis pedunculo 2-plo brevioribus.

Folia obscure penninervia, 2—24 poll. longa, infra medium 9—10 lin. lata,
basi rotundata. Fructus globosus, siccus, unilocularis, pisi majoris
magnitudine. Semen unicum : cotyledones reniformes ; radicula longi-
uscula, compressa, duobus lateribus alato-marginata.— Crescit in um-
brosis montanis prov. Canara; fruct. Mart. Apr.

This very distinct species I found in Canara, in localities very far _
from each other, so that it is probable that it is common throughout
that province. It is, perhaps, the smallest of our Indian species, as I -
have never seen it higher than three feet, and very slender. It is suffi- -
ciently distinguished by its having always terminal as well as axillary -
inflorescence, though the axillary is often wanting. It resembles Mem.
Heyneanum most in the shape of its leaves, but differs by the leaves
being sessile and the peduncles solitary.

Nat. Ord. RUBIACEJE.
IXORA.

I. pedunculata ; fruticosa, foliis breve petiolatis ellipticis coriaceis gla- - 2c :

VOL. III. R

122 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

bris, stipulis triangularibus breve cuspidatis, panicula terminali tri-
chotoma parva laxa peduneulum semipedalem nudum terminante, in-
florescentiæ ramis bracteis subulatis suffultis.

Folia 5 poll. longa, 2 poll. lata. Calyx basi bibracteolatus, puberulus,
dentibu striangularibus obtusiusculis, post anthesin patentibus. Co-
rolle tubus 3} lin. longus; limbi segmenta ovato-oblonga, acuta, 14
lin. longa, sub anthesi reflexa. Filamenta crassa, brevissima ; anthera
basi sagittatæ, apice acuminatæ, laciniis corollinis breviores. Stigma
claviforme, exsertum. Fructus glaber, leviter bilobatus.—Crescit in
montibus Syhadree, prope Parwarghat ; floret Feb.

Readily distinguished from all other species, by having the inflores-
cence on a long bare peduncle, twice the length of the last pair of
leaves; the flowers are pretty numerous, small, and pink.

Nat. Ord. EUPHORBIACEJE.

RoTTLERA.

1. R. Mappoides ; dioica, foliis amplis longe petiolatis cordato-triangulari-
bus acuminatis peltatis, adultis supra glabris subtus tomento stellato
albo-ferrugineo densissime vestitis, fol. junioribus utrinque tomen-
tosis, floribus masculis spicatis, spicis axillaribus compositis, floribus
aggregatis 5—6-nis nudis.

Calyx 3-partitus, extus stellato-tomentosus, utrinque glandulis flavis
conspersus, Stamina plurima, libera, filamentorum apices glanduloso-
graniformes. Spice fœmineæ terminales, 4—5-pollicares, densissime
ferrugineo-tomentosæ. Calyx 4-partitus, laciniis oblongis v. ovatis,
extus densissime pilis stellatis ferrugineis farinosis vestitus. Capsula
3-4-locularis. Stigmata 3-4, plumosa. Tota preter folii adulti
paginam superiorem densissime ferrugineo-tomentosa.— Crescit in
montibus Syhadree ; floret tempore frigido. R. peléate, Rox., valde
affinis.

2. R. aureopunctata ; dioica, foliis oppositis oblongo-obovatis acuminatis
basin versus attenuatis breve petiolatis supra glabris nitidis subtus
pilis raris stellatis squamulisque crebris aureo-nitentibus conspersis,
stipulis linearibus ferrugineis caducis, floribus racemosis, racemis
axillaribus terminalibusque simplicibus folio brevioribus, pedicellis
brevibus bracteatis, floribus masculis numerosis in rachi 5-nis fasci-
culatis, calycis 4-partiti laciniis late ovatis reflexis, staminibus
plurimis receptaculo nudo insertis, exterioribus brevioribus.

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 123

Antherarum loculi, connectivo in glandulam apice bilobatam producto,
utrinque adnati. Racemi foem. 4-5-flori, calycis laciniis in spatham
uno latere fissam coalitis. Stylus longus, crassus, apice trifidus, ramis
plumosis recurvis simplicibus. Capsula diametro 9 lin., setis molli-
bus pilosis vestita. - :

CROTON.

C. hypoleucos; monoica, ramis petiolis rachique ferrugineo-tomen-
tosis, foliis ellipticis utrinque acutis integris longiuscule petiolatis,
squamulis argenteis stellatis supra sparse subtus densissime obsitis,
lamina basi glandulis 2—4 stipitatis prædita, floribus racemosis,
racemis axillaribus terminalibusque folia subæquantibus, floribus
masculis numerosis geminis superioribus, fæmineis inferioribus dis-
tantibus solitariis paucis (1-2).

FL. masc. Calyx 5-fidus, segmentis ovatis stellato-tomentosis. Petala 5,
lineari-oblonga, dense albo-lanata, calyce paulo longiora. Stamina
15 : filamenta libera, filiformia, glabra, in receptaculo villoso inserta ;
anthere adnate, muticæ. FL. ram. Calyx 4-5-fidus, laciniis folia-
ceis, lanceolatis, obtusis, utrinque pilis stellatis conspersis. Styli 3,
ramis stigmaticis capitatis. Ovarium pilis stellatis ferrugineis den-
sissime obtectum.—Frutex 3-4-pedalis, in sylvis umbrosis cum 2
precedente. Fl. temp. frigido.—Crot. bicolori, Rox., valde affinis: =
an differt ? ;

Nat. Ord. AMPELIDEÆ.

Vitis.
V. Canarensis ; tota pubescens, caule herbaceo, foliis trifoliolatis longe -
petiolatis, foliolis oblongis subito acuminatis basi euneatis margine
anteriore serrulatis membranaceis utrinque pubescentibus. —
Petala 4, distincta, extus pubescentia. Filamenta subulata, sub disci plani
margine inserta. Stylus brevis : stigma acutum. Petiolus 3-34 poll. —
longus; foliola 4 poll. longa, 2 poll. lata, lateralia basi inzequalia, -
brevius petiolulata.—Crescit in Canara; fl. Aprili. Cissus hirtella,
Blume, an eadem ?

Nat. Ord. MALVACEÆ.

z

ABELMOSCHUS. l -
A. Warreensis; caule setulis bulbosis erectis exasperato, foliis late —

124 A NEW SPECIES OF RANUNCULUS.

cordatis acuminatis grosse crenatis utrinque pilis rigidis simplicibus

vel stellatis conspersis, calyce spathaceo scarioso pubescente apice

bifido, involucro 4-partito persistente cum fructu increscente, laciniis
late ovatis extus hispidulis intus pubescentibus, floribus in ramorum
brevium axillarium apice fasciculatis vel terminalibus.

Fructus lineari-oblongus, rostratus, pentagonus, pilis albis longis patulis
rigidis vestitus. Pedicelli 1-1 poll. longi, basi bracteis 2 subu-
latis suffulti. Folia cum petiolo 3-pollicari 6-7 poll. longa, 3} poll.
lata. Flores lutei, fando purpurei.— Crescit in regno Warreensi ;
fl. et fruct. Januario.

The four-divided involuere, which is persistent, and increases in size
with the fruit, sufficiently distinguishes this species, although it is not
the only species which has a four-leaved involucre ; the Hibiscus tetra-
phyllus of Roxburgh, which also belongs to this genus, has a similar
involucre, but very different leaves.

(To be continued.)

Figure and Description of a new species of RANUNCULUS, from the
Rocky Mountains ; by Str W. J. Hooker, D.C.L., F.R.S.A.

(Tas. IV.)
RANUNCULUS (§ Ranunculastrum) DIGITATUS.

Humilis, glaberrimus, radice grumosa, foliis paucis petiolatis digitato-
subpedatifidis laeiniis oblongo-spathulatis, floribus 2-3 terminalibus,
sepalis 5 patenti-reflexis, petalis 7-11 oblongo-cuneatis, capitulis
subglobosis, carpellis ovatis glabris stylo subulato paululum recur-
vato terminatis.

Has. Rocky Mountains, near Fort Hall. Mr. Burke.

Planta digitalis, glaberrima. Radix e tuberibus paucis (3-5) clavatis
fasciculatis, una cum fibris 2-3 crassiusculis e summitate tuberum.
Caulis brevis, simplex, parce foliosus. Folia digitata, laciniis 3-4,
oblongo-spathulatis, exterioribus nune bifidis bipartitis vix radicali-
bus sublonge petiolatis, caulinis (sub-2) approximatis subsessilibus.
Flores 2—3, terminales, pedunculati, magnitudine variant. Calycis
sepala 5, membranacea potius quam herbacea, ovata, patenti-reflexa,

Hook.

*

p
=
2
Sb

i

Ranunculus d

BOTANICAD INFORMATION. 125

petalis duplo breviora. Petala flava, 7-11, cuneato-oblonga, obtu-

sissima, ungue squama nectarifera. Stamina numerosa. Anthere

ovatæ, adnatæ. Pistilla numerosa, in capitulum subglobosum con-
gesta. Ovaria ovato-subrotunda, compressa. Stylus ovario longior,
late subulatus, paululum recurvus.

With a general habit resembling the arctic species of Ranunculus,
R. nivalis and R. Eschscholtzii, this species differs very much in other
respects from them, having a grumose root (not much unlike that of
our Ranunculus Ficaria), and in that character according with the Ranun-
culastrum groupe of De Candolle, and in the numerous narrow petals
it approaches several of the South American species.

Tas. IV. Fig. 1. Flower; fig. 2, petal with nectary; fig. 3, stamen ;
fig. 4, capitulum of carpels ; fig. 6, single carpel :—magnified.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Mr. N. Prants Natural History Journey in South America.

Mr. Plant, late Curator of the Leicester Museum of Natural History,
has issued cireulars explanatory of his intended visit as a collector to
South America, the Sandwich Islands, &e. His route is so extremely
interesting, that we gladly lay before our readers a notice of it.

He intends going first to Rio Grande, and thence to the La Plata.
and Paraguay, he will then cross to Chili, and work northwards,
examining the western slopes of the Chilian and Peruvian Andes; from
Peru, he will make for the Sandwich Islands, and carefully examine —
that groupe, and proceed thence to Vancouvers Island and several _
adjoining districts of the North American continent; here he will turn. —
his steps homewards, and visit the East India Islands, and devote as.
much time as possible in exploring these little-known but rich localities.

Mr. Plant will make collections of birds, insects, shells, dried plants,
and other objects of natural history, and he has no doubt of being
able to send home many interesting and valuable specimens during the _
four or five years which will be necessary to accomplish the journey __
sketched out. :

126 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Mr. Plant is encouraged to undertake this exploration with the
earnest and devoted spirit of a true naturalist, believing that sufficient
support will be afforded him in the profitable sale of his collections,
when consigned to his agent (Mr. Stevens) in London, to enable him to
defray the great expenses attending the labours of a naturalist abroad ;
he, therefore, respectfully solicits every promise of support in this
respect, and will feel greatly obliged for any orders and communica-
tions which naturalists and collectors will favour him with, relative to
the specific objects to which they would direct his attention during this
journey.—Letters may be addressed to Mr. N. Plant, Museum,
Leicester ; Mr. John Plant, Royal Museum, Salford ; and Mr. Samuel
Stevens, Natural History Agent, 24, Bloomsbury Street, London.

We understand Mr. Plant intends to embark in April or early in
May of the present year.

"NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief.. (Dutch Botanical Archives.)
Uitgegeven door W. H. DE VRIESE, F. Dozy, en J. H. MoLkEN-
BOER. Leyden.

This is a periodical work, of which two volumes, each of four parts,
or stout numbers, have appeared. It is gratifying to find so many of
our botanical neighbours in Holland zealously devoting themselves at
this time to the publication of the vast treasures they possess from
their oriental possessions in the Malay Archipelago. The works of
. Blume, Korthals, Miquel, and De Vriese, are among the most im-
. portant. The latter, united with Messrs. E. Dozy and J. H. Molken-

boer, gentlemen “especially devoted to the study of the Mosses, have
established a journal under the above title, to which we cannot but
wish every success. We only now call attention to the publication, as
containing a great deal on the subject of the vegetation of the Dutch
. East Indian possessions and other countries, reserving further notice
for another opportunity. . TE

MAR à

NOTICES OF BOOKS. 127

Pianta J UNGHUNIANÆ. ÆEnumeratio Plantarum, quas, in insulis Java
et Sumatra, detexit F. Juncuun. 8vo. Fasc. I. Leyden, 1850.

M. Junghun appears to have made a very extensive collection of
plants in the Dutch Islands of Java and Sumatra, and is known to
science by his writings in the scientific journals of his country, and by
his excellent memoir on Balanophoreæ in the ‘Nova Acta Academiæ
Curiosorum,’ &c.

The collection of this gentleman is about to be published in the work
now mentioned, of which the first fasciculus of 106 pages has just
appeared. It begins with Conifere, by Dr. Miquel. One true Pine is
shown to be a native of Sumatra, Pinus Merkusii, Jungh. et De Vriese,
Pl. Ind. Or. fasc. i. tab. 1 :—“ probably the P. Finlaysoniana” of Dr.
Wallich, Cat. n. 6062, from Cochin-China. Cupulifere, by Miquel, has
four new Oaks ; and a new genus, Callæocarpus, Miq., allied to Castanea.
Piperacee (Miquel) has three new species. Urticeæ (Miquel), besides
several new species, includes three new genera, Dendrocnide, Leucocnide,
and Oreocnide, In Moree (Miquel) is one new species. In Artocarpee
(by Miquel), Conocephalus, Blume, has a new species, C. gratus, Miq.,
and a new genus, Stenochasma, Mig. The Ficee embrace many new
species, especially Ficus proper, and Urostigma. -Parasponia, Miq., is
a new genus in Celtidee. Ranunculacee, by De Vriese, has only one
new species—in Anemone, A. Sumatrana, De Vriese ; but many obser-
vations are given on little-known species. Dipterocarpee, by De Vriese,
contains a full botanical history of Dryobalanops Camphora, and he adds,

“ Qua de camphoræ sede et colligendi ratione sunt ad hune usque diem _
relata, ea plerumque erronea esse, aliis locis demonstrabimus, utpote

minus hujus loci existimanda."* Leucopogon Javanicus (in Epacrideæ),

Anacyclodon pungens, Jungh. in Nat. en Gen. Archief voor Nederl.

Indië. Batav. 1845, II. Jaarg. bl. 49-51, is fully described. Primu-
lacee, by De Vriese, affords a new genus in the splendid Primula im-
perialis, Jongh. MSS. and in Tijdschrift voor Nat. Gesch. en Phys. -
vol. vii. p. 298, and was also last year fully described by De Vriese,
with an excellent plate, in ‘ Jaarb. der Koninkl. Nederl. Maatsch. van |
Tuinb. 1850, bl. 29, pl. 1. The scapes of this attain a height of
three feet, with leaves in proportion, and numerous golden flowers

S DE DE Saleen ete poni se So Santee se es HF SNPS 3 treiuiutión ME ;
Memoir on this interesting subject, for insertion in our Journal.—Ep.

128 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

arranged in whorls.* Cankrienia chrysantha (not Cancrinia chryso-
cephala, Karel. et Kiril). Umbellifere are undertaken by Molken-
boer, and it is curious that of the sixteen species noticed, only one, the
remarkable Horsfieldia, should exhibit any unusual form : all the other
fifteen belong to well-known genera common to Europe; viz., Hydro-
cotyle, Sanicula, Falcaria, Pimpinella, Foniculum, and Coriandrum.
Aroideæ axe elaborated by De Vriese, and present three new species in
the genus Pothos.

RHODODENDRONS oF SIKKIM-HIMALAYA, dy Dr. Josgeu. HOOKER ;
Fase. II. Imperial folio.

Messrs. Reeve and Benham have recently published a second fasci-
culus of this work, containing ten species, quite equal in beauty to
those of the first number, and the plates are nearly finished, of a third
and last fasciculus, of ten more species.

The Victoria REGIA, beautifully illustrated with four coloured plates,
by Mr. Firen ; the descriptive portion by Sin W. J. HOOKER.

This is another splendid work, in elephant folio, which has. issued
from the press of Messrs. Reeve and Benham. The figures are splen-
didly executed by Mr. Fitch, from drawings made from the living
plants partly at Sion and partly at Kew.

Icones Plantarum ; by Sır W. J. HOOKER.

This work, which has extended to eight volumes, each of 100 plates of
rare or little-known plants in the author’s herbarium, and which has been
discontinued for a period of more than twelve months, owing to cireum-
stances over which the author had no control, will now be published by
Messrs. Reeve and Benham, and will appear in monthly numbers, each
number containing eight plates. The first of them will appear on the
first day of next month. 3

* Among the numerous drawings recently sent home by Dr. Hooker, from Sik-
kim-Himalaya, is one of a yellow Primula, that vies with this in size (the flowers,
indeed, are larger, but not whorled), of which Dr. Hooker says, “ The pride of all the

ine Primulas : inhabits wet, boggy places at elevations of from 12-17,000 feet,
at Lachen and Lachoong, covering acres with a golden carpet, in May and June.”

129

On the Character of the SOUTH AUSTRALIAN FLORA in general ; by
Dr. H. Benr. (Translated from the German in Schlechtendal’s
* Linnea,’ Bd. xx. Heft 5 ; by Rtcuarp Kiprrsr, Libr. L. S.)

The Flora of South Australia, and with it the physical character, may
be divided into two widely separated forms, that of the Grass-land and
that of the Serub. In the hill-country, and the plains lying to the
westward of it, the grass-land prevails; yet so that extensive tracts, as
well as small portions, of the other form of vegetation, likewise occur
commonly enough. In the east, the Serub predominates to an extent
that is only interrupted by the formation of the fertile grass-land in the
flats (pastures) of the Murray, and in the marshes of the lower part of
its course, together with those of its estuary. The grass-land resem-
bles for the most part European pastures in its physical character, as
do also the individual plants which constitute its turf resemble corre-
sponding European ones. A rather thick meadow-carpet is the essen-
tial characteristic of these regions, with which is associated in most
cases a light park-like forest of gigantic Hucalypti, whose crowns, how-
ever, are never in contact with each other. Their smooth stems, robbed
of their outer bark, stand at measured, and often very regular intervals ;
so that the idea involuntarily presents itself, that the whole must be the
park of some landed proprietor, enthusiastically devoted to the quinc-
unx of Cicero. Where the soil is poorer, Cusuarinas make their ap-
pearance here and there, whose brown-green crowns contrast strangely
in spring with the sap-green of the turf. They reach the height of
twenty, or at most of thirty feet, and stand like twigs among the Eu-
calypti. The gummiferous Acacias, retinoides and pycnantha, belong,
likewise, to this form of vegetation. Acacia retinoides reaches the
height of the Casuarinas, and grows in a more isolated manner; Acacia ——
pycnantha is usually little above the height of a man, yet of a very de- —
cided arborescent growth. It forms an umbrella-like crown, and often

constitutes little forests. But few shrubby species occur, and only -

where the poorer soil forms a transition to the Scrub vegetation. coe
Among the commonest plants is Bursaria.

One variety of the grass-land is the pit-land (“ Bay-of-Biscay-land ”),
consisting of undulating plains or gently inclined slopes, which resemble
a sea suddenly frozen during the beating of the waves. The depressions
are pit-formed, and surrounded by circular elevations; yet, even in the-

VOL. III. s

130 THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN FLORA.

most strongly-marked form, the distance between the bottom of the
cavity and the level of the surrounding ring scarcely amounts to five
feet. The continual change of level produces a very broken surface,
which, however, becomes effaced in the course of a few years under the
plough. The Flora of these districts has some peculiarities, Whilst
in other tracts which I have visited, grass-land destitute of trees is com-
paratively rare, these districts show a decided aversion to the elsewhere
almost universally prevalent Eucalyptus, which here seldom occurs except
as a border to the ravine-like water-courses, and even then only as a less
robust species, Eucalyptus odorata, Schldl. Casuarina is a more com-
mon shrub, but the commonest is Acacia pycnantha, which here evinces
an unusual tendency to unite in groves. Bursaria is also characteristic
of these localities, together with the creeping bushes of a few Grevilleas.
The generally treeless ground is peculiarly rich in Syngenesious
plants ; but, with the exception of the Grasses, poor in Monocotyle-
dons. Orchideæ it does not produce at all.

A second variety of the vegetation of the grass-land is afforded by
the beds of rivers when dried up in summer. The stems of the Fuca-
lypti on the banks attain here to incredible dimensions; trunks of
eight feet diameter being by no means uncommon. Crowded together
in the actual bed of the stream, is a Flora of principally European
forms, which, hitherto retarded by the water flowing over them, first
develope their flowers when all others are withered. The bed is like-
wise often filled up with bushes of Melaleuca or Leptospermum. Reeds
and brushwood, hanging from the tops of these bushes, then mark the
height to which the water rises in winter. This form affords the tran-
sition to another—that of those shady ravines, which, during the whole
year, are more or less supplied with water. Here is found a vegetation
whose herbaceous representatives generally remind us of Europe, even
more strongly than those of the dried-up creeks and of the remaining
grass-land ; but whose arborèscent and fruticose forms assume the
habit of the Scrub-land. But as this Flora occurs for the most part
in the transverse valleys of the upper course, seeds, rhizomes, &c., are
carried down during the winter rains, and enrich the originally different
Flora of the ill-watered lower course.

The Scrub differs from the above-described forms of vegetation by
the utter want of a turf; at least, I do not think that the most imagi-
native colonist could construct a turf out of the few scattered Stipas

THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN FLORA. 131

and Neurachnes. This almost entire want of herbaceous plants is com-
pensated, however, by an endless profusion of bushes and small trees.
Here is the especial source of those plants which for some dozen years
past have been the ornament of our green-houses. The general im-
pression produced by this district is nevertheless not an agreeable one.
Heath-like foliage, or vertically-placed leaves, crowd about mossy com-
pactly grown spherical bushes, or but sparingly conceal the nakedness
of long rods which jut out from hideously lanky bushes. The prevailing
colour of the leaves is a dead blue-green, but in this respect Nature lays
little restriction upon herself, the Rhagodia bearing white leaves, other
bushes brownish-red; the most conspicuous, because in such com-
pany the most unnatural, being the lively May-green of Cassia and San-
talum. Pinnate or otherwise divided foliage is rare; the only example
that I can remember is a species of Cassia. In other respects, the
greatest possible variety is found among the rigid leaves, from rotundo-
ovate, through the lanceolate form, to the mere bristle; from the most
dense crowding, through every possible shade, to the bare leafless twig.
Moreover, plants belonging to very different families coincide so com-
pletely in habit, that only flowers or fruit afford a safe criterion. The
bushes and trees of the Scrub regions are of very different heights ;
many species of Hucalyptus rivalling those of the fertile land.

One variety of these forest distriets is distinguished by the colonists
under the name of * Pine-forests." Except the frequent recurrence
in such places of the Callitris (“ Pine" of the colonists), I should
scarcely be able to point out any characteristic which would distinguish
the Flora of the Pine-forests from that of other Scrubs. The Callitris
itself never forms a wood ; it grows always singly, intermixed with the
Scrub, and I have never met with it as the predominant tree.

The ** Sand-plains " are more evidently distinct from the true Scrub.
The brush-wood of these districts does not reach to the height of a
man, and although differing but little in habit from the other Scrub
districts, it nevertheless continually afforded me new species. In the
bills and in the western plains such tracts are very rare; in the east
they form a principal constituent of the Murray Scrub. ;

It will readily be understood that transitions are to be Paid E

between the two forms of vegetation—that of the Grass-land and that
of the Serub ; for example, as above stated, there are found intermixed
the forms usually occurring in the vegetation of driod-up water-courses,

132 THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN FLORA,

as the seeds and rhizomes of different regions are here brought toge-
ther by means of the winter rains. In most cases, however, the dif-
ferences are sufficiently well-marked to strike the most inexperienced
cockney,

The same dichotomy which prevails locally in the approximating
Floras of the-country, manifests itself also with respect to time, in the
change of seasons. The names of the European seasons have, indeed,
been imported to South Australia, but there are in truth only two, a
dry and a wet, that can readily be distinguished. The gradual cessa-
tion of the rainy season can as little be compared with our spring, as

- its tardy entrance with our autumn.

The beginning of the winter rains, which in most districts may be
assumed as April, elicits from the soil, changed by the dryness of the
summer months to ashes, its earliest green, which glimmers forth from
under the dead stems, and is only to be readily perceived on the lands
which have been wasted by fire. Except the flowers of a few Eucalypti,
which are developed at this late season, the grass-land shows only the
stems, and the hard leathery leaves of its trees and few bushes, its
yellow haulms, or the ground wasted by fire. Soon, however, under
the influence of the winter rains, the soil becomes covered with fresh
juicy turf, interrupted by larger or smaller pools of water. Beautiful
Droseras and the dwarf Oxalis cognata form the vanguard of a host of
lovely flowers, which in the course of a few weeks emerge rapidly from
the soil. The bright sunny days which now and then interrupt the
rainy season, towards the end of August become more and more fre-
quent, and a profusion of flowers, which in many places almost conceals
the turf, is rapidly developed upon the land, strengthened by the sum-
mer rest, and fertilized by continued rains. The Orchidee, Melantha-
cee, and Asphodelee, in equal variety and beauty, and often disposed in
figures resembling parterres, shine forth pre-eminently from the smiling
green. Stackhousias fill the mild spring air with their honey-like scent,
and creeping Kennedias, with glowing red blossoms, lurk beneath the
overarching culms, above which the fine-stalked Bell-flowers swing, and
Buttereups wave their yellow heads. -A crowd of European kinds en-
twine themselves in the series of genuine Australian forms, just as the
entire surface of the country, with its light park-like groves of Fuca-
lyptus, reminds us of the meadows at home. New forms are now de-
veloped in quick succession; every week offers fresh flowers. The pools

THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN FLORA. 133

of water are dried up; but clear rivulets and brooks yet meander
through the land, fed by the rain which at this season still falls occa-
sionally. The turf becomes a luxuriant meadow, in which Synge-
nesious plants of many different species are produced, and form, as
with us, the last act of the beautiful drama. The turf, of which the
Stipacee form no small proportion, now ripens its seeds, which, in con-
junction with the prickly fruit of deena, put him, whom business or
inclination leads through the tall-grown meadow-grass, to no trifling
inconvenience. The ground, which a little earlier had been of a rich
green, now resembles a ripe, but very thinly-sown corn-field ; and the
number of plants in flower diminishes daily, till at last all vegetable -
life is reduced to the peculiar form of vegetation of the now dried-up
rivers and brooks. This epoch arrives at different times in different
localities, but, as far as my observations reach, never before the end of
November, and never after the beginning of February. From this
time I have never found herbaceous plants in flower on the grass-land,
with the exception of Lobelia gibbosa, which, although wild only in
a few districts, springs from the dried-up soil with its leafless, fleshy
stems,

On these forms of vegetation, altitude seems to have but little influ-
ence. Mount Barker (2,000 feet above the level of the sea) is regarded
as the highest mountain of the colony. I have climbed to its summit,
aud found nothing there, which I have not met with, either before or
since, at the foot of the mountain. Xanthorrheas and Epacridee cer-
tainly seem to prefer the mountain; yet rather on account of the stony
soil than of the elevation, since I found nearly all the alpine species on
the coarse gravelly soil of the plains also. The species of the western
plains, on the contrary, and those of the eastern (Murray Scrub), are
almost always different. The fertile land in the Murray valley also

possesses many peculiarities, which, however, without entering too — i
much into detail, I am unable to notice further here. But the character _

of its vegetation differs in no respect from the corresponding districts
of the west. A peculiar vegetation occurs only in the immediate -
neighbourhood of the sea, in the woods upon the beach overflowed. by :
the tide, which consists of a Rhizophorea—I believe, Ceriops. This tro- —
pical form has a very distinct boundary-line on the side of the
Scrub, commencing with a shrubby Salicornia, which has taken up its
position on those parts of the strand farthest removed from the sea. -

134 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

A much greater influence than that of elevation above the sea-level,
is exercised by the neighbourhood of man, especially that of a cattle-
dealing population. Annual plants seem to be among the first to yield
before the foreign influx. I was informed of a pretty flower, from the
description probably an Argyrophanes, which had formerly covered .
whole plains of the upper district of the Oncaparinga, and had now
entirely disappeared, The Anthistiria, which in the hilly lands formed
pastures, is now supplanted in many places by new grasses; the ori-
ginal vegetation of the more cultivable Scrub-districts, in the neighbour-
hood of the town, lurks timidly and secretly about the hedges which
separate it from the reclaimed districts, and views with terror the de-
structive progress of the merciless intruders.

The Australian Flora has been but little enriched by any European
plants, except cultivated ones.. We find, indeed, here many that are
identical with European plants, but the native home of most of them is
a very critical point; while the Australian burgher-right of others is
beyond all doubt. As might naturally be expected, my researches
upon this point have not led to any certain results; the following
plants, however, appear to me unquestionable immigrants, viz., Lolium
temulentum, Centaurea Cyanus (rare), Capsella Bursa.

Contributions to the Botany of WESTERN INDIA ;
by N. A. DALZELL, Esq., M.A.

(Continued from p. 124.)

Nat. Ord. URTICEA.
PouzoLzia.

. P. integrifolia ; suffruticosa 3—4-pedalis, radice crassa, caule compresso
utrinque linea pilosa instructo, foliis oppositis sessilibus e basi cor-
data lanceolato-acuminatis 3-nerviis integris supra et in nervis subtus
pubescentibus 3—4 poll. longis, floribus masculis et fœmineis in
foliorum axillis glomeratis breve pedicellatis, pedicellis apice articu-
latis, floribus masculis plurimis foemineis paucis, perianthio masculino
4-partito, filamentis complanatis, fæmineo fructifero bi- interdum
trialato inter alas 8—-10-costato, alis ciliatis, involucro oligophyllo
membranaceo,

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 135

Semina ovata, acuta, brunnea, nitida.—Crescit in montibus Syhadree,
prope Phondaghat ; fl. Septembre.

Perhaps the above is one of the continental species of Pouzolzia
alluded to by Bennett, in Horsfield’s Plante Jav. Rar.; but as I
believe two of them are yet undescribed, those only who may have
specimens from Dr. Wight will be able to determine.

Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSÆ.

SMITHIA.

S. hirsuta; annua erecta sesquipedalis parce ramosa, caule ramis
pedunculisque pilis fulvis patulis hirsutis, foliolis 3—4-jugis obovato-
cuneatis basi inæquilateris margine ciliatis subtus interdum parce
pilosis, floribus breve pedicellatis capitato-racemosis, pedunculis folio
longioribus 10-floris, calyce pilis longis parce vestito, segmento supe-
riore cuneato apice truncato emarginato, inferiore cuneato-obovato
integerrimo, vexillo amplo orbiculari, legumine 6—7-articulato, arti-
culis reticulato-venosis etuberculatis.

Flores flavi.—Crescit prope Phondaghat ; fl. Sept.

A very distinct species, easily recognized by the calyx. This plant is
very rare: I have never met with it but in one locality.

Nat. Ord. COMMELYNEZÆ.

Of all the genera included in this family, none presents so many
different forms in this Presidency as the genus Aneilema. It may .
be naturally divided into three sections, according to the inflores-
cence :—1. flowers fasciculate ; 2. flowers paniculate; 3. flowers cymoso-
racemose. The genus is said to have deciduous petals (inner sepals),
but in no instance have I been able to verify this statement. Their
delicate and beautiful flowers expand about ten a. M. ; they last from
three to four hours, after which they curl up, gradually dissolve intoa _
pulpy mass, and thus terminate their brief existence, Many Indiam _
species are known hitherto only by name, or by the name having “Wall. _
"Cat." attached to it.

Sect. 1. Floribus fasciculatis.
l. Aneilema ochraceum; caulibus erectis simplicibus teretibus glabris
foliosis, foliis vaginatis alternis, inferioribus ovato-oblongis, superiori-

bus cordato-ovatis acutis minoribus, pedicellis axillaribus terminali- à

busque pluribus (6-7) fasciculatis medio articulatis parte inferiore

136 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

hirtellis, calycis (sep. exter.) laciniis glabris, corollæ petalis rotun-

datis ochraceis, antherarum fertilium filamentis barbatis.

Stamina 6, quorum tria sepalis interioribus opposita effœta, glandulis
bilobatis instructa; tria iisque alterna fertilia. Stylus brevis;
stigma simplex. Ovarium oblongum, trigonum. Capsula cartilaginea,
glabra, loculicide dehiscens, trilocularis, polysperma; semina in quoque
loculo 7-8, biserialia, valde inter se compressa, hine latere interiore
angulata, lateribus omnibus impressione umbiliciformi.— Crescit in
locis saxosis humidis Concani australioris ; fl. tempore pluviali.

2. A. versicolor; ramosum, ramis erectis teretibus striatis patenti-hispi-
dulis foliosis, foliis alternis bifariis distantibus lanceolato-acuminatis
glabris amplexicaulibus subtus 5-7-nerviis supra striatis vaginis
longiusculis hispidulis sulcato-striatis, pedicellis axillaribus fascicula-
tis 3-4-nis folio longioribus medio articulatis parte superiore glabris
inferiore pubescentibus, sepalis exterioribus oblongis obtusis concavis,
interioribus petaloideis semiorbiculatis brevissime unguiculatis ochra-
ceis diametro 3-lin.

Stamina fertilia 3, patentia : filamenta subulata, parte inferiore barbata ;
antheræ lineari-oblongæ, intense purpureæ, medio dorso affixæ, ver-
satiles. Stamina glandulifera 3, fertilibus breviora, filamentis parce
barbatis, stylo erecto longioribus, glandulis albis 3-lobatis. Petala
in alabastro rosea, marcescentia cyanea. Capsula linearis, trigona,
sepalis exterioribus vix longior, loculis 7-spermis, semina unise-
rialia.—Crescit cum precedente.

Thesé two species are distinguished from all others (as far as I am
aware) by their yellow flowers; and perhaps it has not hitherto been
known that flowers of that colour exist in the genus. These two
species are closely allied, but the flowers in the latter are twice as
large, and the hispid stems, the much more acute leaves, and the seeds
in a single series, form a ready mark of distinction. The latter species
appears later in the rainy season.

3. A. pauciflorum ; bipedale, tota planta (vaginarum ore excepto) glabra,
basi ramosa, ramis strietis erectis teretibus striatis, foliis linearibus
acuminatis nitidis planis 8 poll. longis 3 lin. latis internodiis duplo
longioribus, inferiorum vaginis fissis, superioribus subito in bracteis
floralibus brevibus vaginantibus transeuntibus, pedicellis ex bracte-
"arum axillis solitariis geminis vel ternis semipollicaribus unifloris
bractea subduplo longioribus medio bis articulatis apicem versus

oF

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 137

puberulis, ovulis in loculis solitariis.— Calycis laciniæ exteriores ovato-
oblongæ, puberulæ, fructu paulo longiores. Stamina 2 fertilia; an-*
there aurantiacæ. Stamina effota glanduliformia 4, glandule flavæ.

Stylus cæruleus. Capsula obtuse trigona, rotundata, glabra, nitida ;

ovula in quoque loculo, solitaria; semina tuberculata.— A. vagi-

nato, Br., affine, sed folia multo longiora, et capsulæ loculi 1-spermi.

— Crescit in Concano australiore ; fl. tempore pluviali.

Sect. 2. Floribus paniculatis.

. A. elatum; 8—4-pedale, caule erecto tereti glabro folioso, foliis
lineari-lanceolatis acutis glabris planis albo-marginatis marginibus
undulatis 6-8 poll. longis 2 poll. latis, vaginis integris pollicaribus
ore puberulis vel subglabris, pedunculis terminalibus dichotomo-
ramosis, ramis ramulisque distantibus paucifloris basi bracteis integris
vaginantibus suffultis, floribus ternis.

Sepala exteriora profunde concava, ovalia, obtusa, interiora petaloidea,
obovato-cuneata, concava, sub anthesi reflexa. Stamina fertilia
3, filamentis longis subulatis, antheris flavis. Stam. glanduliformia
3 breviora, glandule luteæ, cordato-bilobze : filamenta omnia infra
medium barbata. Capsula sepalis exterioribus inclusa, ovalis, obtuse
trigona, nitida, loculis 3-spermis.—Crescit in sylvis umbrosis regni
Warreensis; fl. Augusto. A. giganteo, R. Br., et À. elato, Kunth,
Enum. vol. iv. p. 70, valde affine; a priore differt staminibus om-
nibus barbatis ; ab 4.elato, Kunth, sepalis exterioribus non linearibus.
This remarkable species has cylindrie fleshy, or rather tuberous,
roots, and blue metallic bead-like fruit; it is very probably the
Commelyna elata of Vahl, and that there are errors in the short
description ; I have, therefore, kept the specifié name.

5. A. canaliculatum ; 6-1-pollicare, radice fibrosa, caule simpliciter i
ramoso erecto striato uno latere linea pubescente alternatim notato,

foliis inferioribus late lineari-lanceolatis, superioribus eordato-oblongis, —
omnibus amplexicaulibus glabris 10-18 lin. longis 4-5 lin. latis
medio canaliculatis, pedunculis terminalibus et ex foliorum supe-
riorum axillis solitariis vel geminis dichotomo-ramosis paucifloris,
floribus longiuscule pedicellatis bifariis distantibus, pedicellis fructu
longioribus bracteis minutis persistentibus oppositis.

Sepala exteriora sub anthesi patentia, interiora majora, petaloidea, rotun-
data. ipi quine tnm. antheris apice apiculatis, cyaneis ;

VOL. III.

138 BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA.

glanduliformia 3 breviora, stylum æquantia, glandulis 3-lobatis albis ;
` filamenta omnia barbata. Capsula oblonga, acute trigona, sepalis

exterioribus dimidio longior, loculis 4—5-spermis ; semina uniserialia.

Flores cyanei. Crescit in prov. Malwan ; fl. tempore pluviali.

6. A. dimorphum; totum (vaginarum ore ciliolato excepto) glabrum
pedale, radice fibrosa, basi parce ramosa, ramis erectis teretibus
striatis, internodiis uno latere linea pubescente notatis, foliis
inferioribus lineari-acuminatis, superioribus lanceolatis acutis, omni-
bus amplexicaulibus, floribus terminalibus dichotomo-paniculatis
paucis, paniculæ ramis pedicellisque basi bracteatis, bracteis minutis
rotundato-cucullatis.

Sepala exteriora ovata, obtusa, concava, sub ‘anthesi reflexa, interiora
rotundata, basi cuneata, petaloidea. Stamina fertilia 3, antheris pur-
pureis, filamentis medio barbatis stylo 4-plo longioribus; glanduli-
formia 3 breviora, filamentis glabris, glandulis albis 3-lobatis. Ovarii
loculi 3-ovulati. Stylus brevissimus, strictus, subulatus. Stigma
simplex. Capsula sep. exter. longior, oblonga, acute trigona. Flores
cyanei.—Crescit in prov. Malwan ; fl. tempore pluviali.

When specimens of this species are gathered on a stony soil, the
internodes are so much shortened as to give the plant a very different
appearance, the leaves appearing all radical.

7. A. semiteres; caule erecto simplici tereti 2-5-pollicari glabro, foliis
paucis subulatis carnosis semiteretibus, vaginis integris, floribus termi-
nalibus et ex folii supremi axilla dichotomo-paniculatis, paniculis
paucifloris, pedunculis pedicellisque rubris, vaginis floralibus truncatis
unidentatis.

Stamina fertilia 3, incumbentia, sep. exter. opposita, antheris fuscis,
filamentis glabris ; sterilia 3, glanduliformia, glandulis 3-lobatis.albis,
Jilamentis omnibus ima basi coalitis. Ovarium ovale, stylo stricto
paulo brevius, 3-loculare; ovula in quoque loculo 6, biserialia, latere
interiore angulata. Petala obovata, cuneata, apice mucronata, irregu-
lariter dentata. Flores cyanei.— Crescit in Concano utroque, in locis
saxosis; fl. tempore pluviali.

A very distinct species.

Sect. 3. Floribus eynoso-racemosis.

8. À. compressum ; basi ramosum radicans, ramis adscendentibus com-
pressis simplicibus glabris, foliis bifariis brevibus 2-3 poll. longis

MR. SPRUCE’S EXCURSION ON THE AMAZON, 139

4-5 lin. latis ensiformibus obtusiusculis subcomplicatis, superioribus
minoribus, vaginis undique hispidis, pedunculis terminalibus et in
bractearum vaginantium axillis pollicaribus plurifloris, floribus race-
mosis breve pedicellatis, sepalis exterioribus oblongis obtusis glabris,
interioribus petaloideis rotundatis roseis, ovulis in loculis ternis.

Anthere fertiles 2 albæ, filamentis albis, pilis roseis barbatis. Stamen
1, depauperatum barbatum; glanduliformia 3 parce barbata, glan-
dulis 3-lobis. Capsula oblonga, sepalis exterioribus persistentibus

- duplo longior, 9-sperma ; capsula cartilaginea.— Crescit in prov. Mal-
wan; fl. tempore pluviali.

Very like 4. nudiflorum; the leaves, however, in this species are.

shorter, more fleshy, darker in colour, and there are more seeds in the

capsule. The anthers in 4. nudiflorum are blue and the glands bi-

lobed. This species may be easily distinguished by the compressed
stems.
CYANOTIS.

C. hispida ; 4-5-uncialis annua tota hispida bei versus parce ra-
mosa, caulibus erectis teretibus striatis rubris, foliis lineari-ensifor-
mibus carnosis subplanis 1-2 poll. longis 3-6 lin. latis, floribus
terminalibus in bracteis faleato-semicordatis sessilibus capitato-con-
gestis paucis (4-5). — *

Calycis laciniæ exteriores lineari-lanceolatæ, dorso marginibusque cilia-
tæ, 3-nerviæ, ima basi connate, interiores exterioribus paulo longiores,
3-lineares,in tubum petaloideum obconicum apice 3-lobatum connate;
lobi rotundati, læte punicei, tubo albo breviores. Stamina 6 fertilia,
longe exserta, corollam duplo superantia, stylum æquantia: an-
there intense violacee ; filamenta superne pilis czeruleis secundis bar-
bata, sub apice incrassata. Capsula inclusa, oblonga, obtusa, apicem

versus pilosa, loculis dispermis.—Crescit in rupibus prote Maiwan;

fl. Aug. et Sept.
d * (To be continued.)

Extracts of Letters from RICHARD SPRUCE, EsQ., written during a
Botanical Mission on the AMAZON.
(Continued from p. 89.)
Santarem, June 28, 1850.
I wrote to you last when just recovering from a rather severe attack
of fever. I was beginning to get out again when I had another seizure,

+

140 MR. SPRUCE’S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

and it was at least two months before I regained my usual health, and
could bear that exposure to sun and weather to which a field-botanist
in the tropics is accustomed. At the same time illness of a similar
kind was almost universally prevalent in Santarem, and proved fatal to
a great number; while in the villages up the Tapajoz ague of the worst
kind was rife, and above four hundred people fell victims to it. These
maladies were attributed, I believe justly, to the unprecedentedly rapid
rise of the rivers, and the consequent inundation of all the lower
grounds. Last year the waters attained their maximum elevation on
the 12th of June, at Santarem ; but this year they were higher on the
15th of April than ever last year; and from that date they continued
at the same average height—now rising, now falling a few inches—
until the early part of the present month, when they began to subside.
Nearly all the cacoals between Monte Alegre and Obidos were flooded,
and the people who resided on them driven into the towns, in the out-
skirts of which they erected temporary habitations of palm-leaves. Our
neighbour and countryman, Mr. Jeffreys, had a plot of mandiocca at
his sitio on the Rio Arripixuna, and being alarmed by the sudden rise
of the waters, he set all his hands to work to get it up, dress it, and
roast it. It was near midnight of their last day when they withdrew
from the furnace the last batch of farinha’; next morning the furnace
(generally elevated two or three feet from the ground) and the whole
of the mandiocca plot were laid completely under water! We suffered
also in the matter of provisions: the milch-cows were flooded out of
their pastures, and strayed away into the forest, so that often no milk
was forthcoming at our breakfast—a great privation. The rich low
meadows on the opposite side of the river, on which numerous oxen
were fattened for the Santarem market, were transformed into a com-
plete lake; the poor cattle were some starved, some drowned, and not
a few of the younger ones fell victims to the jacarés. These rapacious
monsters thread their way in the water, concealed by the gigantic
grasses, and thus approach, unperceived, their unconscious victim,
whom they first stun with a blow of their tail, and then speedily crush
in their enormous jaws.

The city of Para had a still more serious visitation than Santarem,
in the yellow fever. Out of a population of 25,000, above 13,000, it
is said, were ill at one time; though, perhaps, not all of the fever.
Many people of distinction fell victims to that dreadful malady, in-

ON THE AMAZON. 141

cluding Her Britannic Majesty’s Consul, Richard Ryan, Esq. The

yellow fever had never before visited the shores of the Amazon, and

great was the alarm it created, even at Santarem. The good people of

Santarem are not ordinarily remarkable for attention to religious obser-

vances, except at Christmas and other festivals, when there is a pious

display of rockets, crackers, and balloons, and of processions of a very -
dramatic character; but when we were in daily fear of the dreaded

fever reaching us, we had vespers every night in the church, and those

families who were happy enough to possess a rude daub of some saint,

assembled round it on their knees at stated times, and recited a number

of prayers taken ad libitum from the breviary. The most amusing pro-

cess was the dragging a couple of field-pieces through the streets, and

discharging them at short intervals, with the object of clearing the

atmosphere, and so preventing the entrance of the threatened “pesta” !

With the same intention lumps of “ bréo branco” were fastened on

poles, stuck up at the crossings of streets, and set fire to after sun-

down; thus illuminating the whole town, and emitting a perfume by —
no means disagreeable. But the most efficacious precaution of all was
considered to be the kissing a small wooden figure of St. Sebastian,
which was nightly exposed at the foot of the altar, during the “ novenas"
of Whitsuntide, to receive the homage of such as feared the pest and
trusted to secure the saint’s intercession against it; including every
man, woman and child in the church, with the exception of the “ es-
trangeiro,” whose neglect did not fail to be remarked on, though, as
he added his mite to the contributions towards the expense of the festa,
his crime was considered venial. _

At intervals during my illness, I was able to take short excursions, -
sometimes on foot, at others in a canoe. Perhaps the most interesting
was across the Tapajoz to the low meadows of the tongue of land |
minating in the Ponta Negra, at the junction of the Tapajoz and Ama- _
zon. From the hill behind Santarem these meadows seem covered
with a rich green herbage, but on approaching them they are seen to —
be under water to the depth of from three to five feet, with nearly as —
great a depth of mud below that. In summer they are traversable -
on foot, though very muddy, and they contain two small lakes, in -
which it was reported the “Forno” had been seen. To ascertain .
if this report was correct was the principal object of my visit, and
I was well pleased to find a plant of the Victoria in each lake.

142 MR. SPRUCE'S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

Numerous leaves rose from the roots, and each plant bore a single
flower, but I found no fruit, as I had hoped to do. To attain these
lakes our men had to push the canoe through a thick grove of grasses,
which stood out of the water to a height of from two to five feet, be-
sides the length of stem buried in water and mud, and they were for-
tunately all in excellent flower. They belong chiefly to the tribes
Oryzee, Chlorideæ, and Paniceæ, and the most abundant is the Piri-
membéca, celebrated everywhere on the Amazon as the richest of mea-
dow-grasses. The same grasses constitute the mass of the numerous
Soin islands on the Amazon (called “ Ilhas de Capim”), as I have
ascertained by repeated examinations. These islands are sometimes
acres in extent, and from five to eight feet of their thickness is under
water; from this, some idea may be formed of the shock with which
they would meet a canoe sailing against the furious current of the
Amazon, and instances are not rare of large vessels being swamped or
half-buried in the floating mass. During the force of the rainy season
no vessel anchors in the Amazon; the least evil that could result from
such imprudence would be the dragging of her anchor by the onslaught
of an Ilha de Capim. To return to the Ponta Negra. In the lakes
and among the tall grasses were several small floating plants, including
a Salvinia, a pretty Riccia, a very curious plant with the aspect of a
Salvinia, but proving to be a Euphorbiacea, of which I can find no de-
scription in Endlicher, though it approaches Piyllanthus in technical
character; and some others. It was strange to see quantities of a
floating sensitive-plant, a Neptunia, whose slender tubular stems were
coated with a cottony felt of an inch in thickness, as buoyant as cork,
while the delicate leaves and flowers were by this means sustained com-
pletely out of water.
_ n the middle of May, though still not very strong, I began to think
of visiting Monte Alegre, and I applied to the Commandante for men,
my friend Dr. Campos having lent me an excellent boat. Santarem is
noted at all times of the year for a scarcity in men and unoccupied
houses; but now, when many vessels are making up their cargoes for
Para, all the hands that can be got are required to man them. The
Commandante, however, sent up the Tapajoz in quest of Tapuyas, but
he has himself been very ill for some time, and whether from this cause
he has not taken care that his commands were more promptly attended
to, or whether there are really no men to be had, I cannot say, but

ON THE AMAZON. 143

nearly five weeks have elapsed and I as yet hear no tidings of my crew.
A singular accident that happened to myself and Mr. King, about ten
days ago, would have effectually prevented our visiting Monte Alegre,
had even the means been forthcoming. Since the rise of the waters
we had been unable to get into the Serras, on account of an inter-
vening stream (the Igarapé d'Irurá) having widely overflowed its
banks ; but when the rivers began plainly to ebb, I was desirous to see
how the igarapé was affected. We visited it one day with this intent,
and were well satisfied to find it passable by wading up to the middle.
The ground on the opposite side, though still plashy, was not impas-
sable, and we saw that the foot of the serras could be reached without
difficulty. On a slightly rising ground a little beyond the igarapé are
the ruins of a cottage, half of the walls and roof of which have fallen,
and are now so overgrown with rank grasses as quite to hide the beams
and rafters from the eye. In passing over this place Mr. King had the
misfortune to tread upon a nail, and having, like myself, only India-
rubber shoes on, which are a protection against nought but wet, he
was severely wounded in the broad part of the foot. As the wound
was very painful, I thought it better that he should return to the
igarapé and wash it, and then await my return, as I wished to penetrate
a little farther. Having gone far enough to satisfy myself that there
was no obstruction from water, I was retracing my-steps and expected
I had already passed the dangerous ground, when I felt myself pierced
in the left foot, and was immediately thrown forward with violence.
On withdrawing my shoe my foot was bathed in blood; a nail had
entered the narrow part of the sole and pierced through a little below
the ancle. How we reached Santarem I hardly know, and I shudder
at the remembrance of the excruciating pain. We cut sticks where-
with to assist our faltering steps, but we were every now and then
obliged to lie down on the ground. The distance is nearly three miles, _
and we were three hours traversing it. On reaching home I had
poultices applied to our wounded and swollen feet, and as I know -
rest to be the best of all remedies in such a case, we did not attempt -
to leave our hammocks for three days. Mr. King’s wound is by this
time nearly healed ; and though my own wounds are not yet closed, the
pain and inflammation have nearly subsided.

It is a curious coincidence that the builder of the cottage at Irurá
eame to his death by a nail. This man, a Portuguese, was pursuing a

ves

144 MR. SPRUCE’S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

runaway slave along a narrow track in the forest ; the slave, who was
armed with a musket, ascended a tree, and, as his master passed under-
neath it, shot him in the forehead with a nail.

From the causes just stated, I find myself compelled to forego the
visit to Monte Alegre, on which I had quite set my heart, or at least
to postpone it until my return down the river. We are now preparing
to ascend to the Barra do Rio Negro, with a countryman, Mr. Bradley,
who is settled there. He descended the Amazon to Para with two
laden vessels about two months ago, and we are in daily expectation of
his reaching Santarem on his way up. If I miss this opportunity, I
may have to wait many months for another, as there is rarely any
direct communication between Santarem and Barra, and few vessels
ascending from Para call here, on account of their having io undergo
three or four days of quarantine—a serious sacrifice of time.

On a separate sheet I have added a few notes respecting the articles
. Tam sending for your museum, especially as to the use of the Guarana.
I would gladly have visited the Guarana country, which is six days’
journey or more from here, but it would seem to be not very promising
to a botanist, and the Guarana plant is already perfectly well known.
Respecting the bow I send you, I may add that the manufacture of
such a one occupies an Indian ¢hree months ;—not exactly of continuous
labour; but it must be borne in mind that it is made of the intensely
hard heart-wood of the Pao d’ Arco, and that his only tool is a shell.
The wood which he intends to fashion into a bow is first smeared with
oil, to soften it; he then scrapes it down with his shell as far as the oil
has penetrated, when he anoints it anew, and betakes himself to the
chase. Returned from hunting, he again falls to work to scrape his
bow ; and so on, until it is completed; and no joiner can make one so
symmetrical, so nicely poised, as these which are made by the Mem-
drueü and Mauhé Indians. The price of a good bow in Santarem is
five or six patacas. I send an arrow, such as is used at Santarem for
killing fish, such as Piraruct, Tucunaré, &c.; the one-barbed head is

called, in 7ingoa géral, ** tagu-umba.”

July 26.—Since writing the above, we have been looking out daily
for Mr. Bradley’s arrival, but hitherto in vain, and we have lately
learnt that his partner has been dangerously ill of the yellow fever
in Pará, and that until he regains his strength they cannot set out.
At the worst we shall have a chance of getting up to the Barra in

ON THE AMAZON. 145

about a month, with a gentleman of Santarem, who goes there on
business. .

As I have held myself in constant readiness to embark with Mr.
Bradley, I have been unable to take any long excursions; but I have
made several shorter ones, both by land and water, and have found
more abundant work than at any former period. The Amazon began
to fall in the first days of June; about the same time the forest-trees,
and especially those of the river-margins, commenced pushing their new
leaves, and the process is not yet completed with all. The trees of the
“ gapó,"—that is, of the land adjoining the river, which has been inun-
dated during winter,—begin to flower as the water leaves them, and
according to my experience of last year, will continue to blossom in _
their turn until the end of September. After that period, few trees are
in flower at a time; yet all the year round some tree or other is burst-
ing into flower, and a botanist who should suspend his operations
during any one month in the year would infallibly miss several trees.

As the waters leave the sandy shores of the Amazon and Tapajoz,
and especially of certain small lakes connected with them, several small
annuals spring up. I may almost call them ephemerals, so brief is their
existence. They start up from the sand, flower, and ripen their seeds,
and by the time the sand is quite dry—that is, in a few days—they are
withered away. Amongst them are an Alisma, resembling 4f. ranuncu-
loides in miniature, two or three Eriocawlee, a Xyris, and some minute
Cyperacee. ———

After making several attempts to procure the flowers and fruit of the
Itaüba, I have at length succeeded. The nearest place in which I could
obtain information of its growing was in the forest beyond Matricá, an
Indian village about four miles down the Amazon; and in a visit I
paid to them by water in March last, I found the flower-buds of the He
Itaiiba just appearing. My illness prevented me from visiting the same
place again until a long time afterwards, and in an attempt which Mr.
King made to reach it alone, over land, he did not succeed, on account -
of the quantity of water in the low grounds. In another excursion, the
trees we met with were all sterile. At length, in the early part of the
present month, we were fortunate in falling in with a tree laden with
fruit. The only way to obtain the fruit was to cut down the tree ; but
our érésados, which generally suffice for this purpose, made no impres-
sion on the hard wood of the Itaüba. In this emergency, Mr. King

VOL, III. U

146 MR, SPRUCE’S EXCURSION ON THE AMAZON. .

made his way to an Indian cottage which we had passed a few minutes
before, and soon returned with a heavy American felling-axe. With
this he succeeded in severing the trunk, but not until he had well
blistered his hands. The drupes resemble in size and colour our small
black grapes, only they are more elongated, and they hang in small
panicles. The Brazilians compare them, and justly, to the small variety
of olive which is imported in great quantities from Portugal. They
have a slight bloom on them, and the pellicle is studded with pallid
glandular dots. The pulp is about the eighth of an inch in thickness ;
it is good eating, though with a strong resinous flavour, much resem-
bling that of an edible myrtle frequent on the campos, and a wine is
made from it in the same way as that of the Assaf Palm. The testa is
horny and very thin; albumen none; cotyledons amygdaloid, rose-
coloured on the inner face; embryo pendulous from a little below the
apex of the seed. The 6-cleft calyx is persistent, but not enlarged in
fruit as in most of the Lawraceæ I have seen on the Amazon.

I had long suspected the dioicity of the Itaüba; I have now con-
firmed it; and I find that I gathered male flowers on the 30th of April,
though at the time I did not recognize the tree, which was small and
young, and grew in a part of the forest quite near to Santarem, which
had been cut down some dozen years ago. On revisiting the place
within these few days, I found two or three female trees, of the same
size, growing near, and laden with unripe fruit. The male inflores-

. eence is of minute yellowish-green flowers, arranged in small umbels on

à raceme. Perianth 6-cleft, in two series. Stamens 3, fleshy, with 2
anther-cells (rarely 3) imbedded in their substance, and opening out-
wardly by an orbicular operculum, These characters seem to indicate
a genus hitherto undescribed, and certainly prove the Itaüba to be dis-
tinct from the Greenheart of Demerara (Nectandra Rodiai), with which
some of the English settlers here have supposed it identical.

As I have before informed you, the Itaiiba is the most valuable
timber for shipbuilding which the Amazon affords. Its range seems
to be from the mouth of the Tapajoz to that of the Rip Negro, and it
is most abundant on the Rio Trombétas. It prefers gravelly or stony
rising ground, and is never found in marshes. —

(To be continued.)

147

Characters of some GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ of the Division ANGI-
ANTHEZÆ ; by Asa GRAY.

(Continued from p. 102.)

SKIRROPHORUS, DC. (Skirrophorus et Pogonolepis, Séeeéz.
Eriocladium, Lindl.)

Char. Reform. Capitula biflora v. uniflora, homogama, in glomerulum
obovatum vel globosum dense aggregata. Zmvolucrum generale pau:
ciseriale, duplex ; squamis exterioribus foliaceis seu herbaceis per-
sistentibus, interioribus scariosis cum paleis consimilibus capitula
fulerantibus plus minusve deciduis. Axis seu receptaculum generale
conicum, convexum, vel planum, stipitibus capitulorum minimis
onustum. Jnvolucrum partiale 3—5-phyllum ; squamis scariosis pla-
niusculis (costa tenui), cum floribus deciduis. Flores hermaphro-
diti. Corolla tubulosa, sursum ampliata, 5-dentata, raro 4-dentata,
tubo basi post anthesin in tuberculum skirrosum sepius dilatato.
Anthere basi breviter caudate vel ecaudatæ. Stylus basi nunc
bulbosus; rami apice capitellati, papillosi seu penicillati, Achenium
obconicum vel obovatum, basi attenuatum, glabrum, apice basi skir-
roso corolle tectum, calvum, vel in S. Preissiano coronula obsoletis-
sima superatum.—-Herbz habitus diversi.

The Skirrophorus Preissianus of Steetz is, as this author remarks,
very different in aspect from the original S. Cunninghami, DC., yet
much too closely resembling it in the whole structure, to admit of a
generic separation. Besides a third species closely allied to 8. Preis-
sianus (S. eriocephalus, Hook. fil. ined.), I have before me two or
three others, differing still more widely in habit from the original species,
and manifestly connecting Pogonolepis, Steetz, with Skirrophorus, un- —
less, indeed, we establish nearly as many genera as there are known _
species. The common receptacle is paleaceous, the paleæ resembling
the proper involucral scales, which they subtend, and deciduous with
them, except perhaps in S. demissus. The species M e pd as

follows :—
$ 1. SKIRROPHORUS, DC., Steetz.
biflorum, 4—5-phyllum; squamis hyalinis concavis obovatis v. spa-
thulatis obtusissimis corollisque undique glabris.
* Involuerum generale exterius glomerulo sphæroideo brevius,
quasi truncatum, squamis zequalibus lana intricata inter se

Involucrum partiale pre dip. a

148 CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITAE.

conjunctis. Capitula cum paleis hyalinis cito decidua. Re-
ceptaculum generale conieum.— Herba cano-lanata, caulibus
adscendentibus basi suffruticosis, capitulis citrinis.

1. S. Cunninghami, DC., Prodr. vol. vi. p. 150; Deless. Ic. Sel.
vol. iv. p. 51; Steetz in Pl. Preiss. vol. i. p. 438. — Eriocladium pyra-
midatum, Lindl.! Swan Riv. Bot. p. 24.

Sands of the coast, Dirk Hartog’s Island, Western Australia, 4. Cun-
ningham. Swan River, Fraser, Preiss.

** Involucri generalis exterioris squamæ foliaceæ, inæquales,
discretæ (glabræ v. glabrescentes), glomerulum obovatum
subsuperantes. Receptaculum generale convexiusculum. Co-
rolla tubo brevi, limbo 4-dentato.—Herbæ pusille annuæ,
caulibus simplicibus vel e basi ramosis, glomerulo solitario
terminatis, capitulis albido-fuscis paleisque tardius deciduis.

2. S. Preissianus, Steetz, Pl. Preiss. vol. i. p.439. Swan River,
Drummond, Preiss.

3. S. eriocephalus, Hook. fil. in Herb. Hook. Georgetown, Van Die-
men's Land, Gunz.—This has a narrower glomerule than the preceding,
which it much resembles, and the external involucre, filiform tems,
&e., are clothed with an arenose wool, which is, however, deciduous.
The achænium does not show the minute border of that of S. Preis-
sianus, which Steetz calls a very minute coroniform pappus; but the
whole achænium is covered with a granulated cellular pellicle.

*** Involucrum generale præcedentis sed laxum, glomerulum
depresso-globosum subæquans. Receptaculum generale con-
vexiusculum. Corolla 5-dentata. à

4. 8. pygmeus, n. sp.: annuus; glomerulis primariis inter folia radica-
lia linearia glabra sessilibus, sequentibus ramos breves proliferos ter-
minantibus humi adpressis ; involucro generali exteriore laxe lanato,
squamis interioribus cum paleis et squamis capitulorum albido-scario-
sis costa viridula obovatis et oblongo-spathulatis inappendiculatis.
South-western Australia, Drummond.— This little plant has the habit

of Hyalochlamys, &e. The full-grown glomerules are nearly three lines
broad. Leaves about the same length, apiculate, narrowly linear, or
the larger linear-spatulate, dilated at the sessile base. The base of the

corolla is not thickened in the specimens examined, which are young.
There are-no full-grown acheenia. :

CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ. 149

$ 2. Pogonoteris. Glomerulum obovatum. Involuerum partiale
uniflorum, 3-phyllum ; squamis linearibus subconduplicatis apice ro-
tundato pube brevi barbatis. Pales et squamæ interiores glomeruli
squamis capitulorum consimiles et cum iis deciduæ. ^ Receptaculum
generale planum. Involucrum generale exterius squamis foliaceis sub-
squarrosis apice pungentibus glomerulum subsuperantibus. Corolla -
gracilis, glabra.—Herba annua, laxe lanata, caulibus erectis simplici-
usculis, ramis brevibus rigidis glomerulis 1-3 terminatis.
5. S. strictus.—Pogonolepis stricta, Steetz, Pl. Preiss. vol. i. p. 440.

Swan River, Preiss, Drummond.

$3. Pseupopappus. Glomerulum obovatum. Involucrum partiale
uniflorum (raro biflorum ?), 3—4-phyllum ; squamis lineari-lanceolatis
carinatis v. subconduplicatis apice aeuminato tenui lanigero-barbatis.
Pale et squamæ interiores glomeruli squamis capitulorum consi-
miles, subpersistentes. Receptaculum gen. convexum. Involucrum

- generale Pogonolepidis. Corolla persistens, tubo gracili, ima basi lana
longa tenuissima, pappum pilosum mentiente, instructo |— Herba
pygmæa depressa, annua.

6. S. demissus, n. sp.: caulibus e radice exili ramosis depressis ; foliis
subulatis cuspidatis basi dilatata amplexicaulibus cito glabris; glo-
merulis junioribus dense lanatis folioso-bracteatis. (Hook. Ie. Pl,
tab. ined.) l
South-western Australia, Drummond, 1850.—Stems one or two inches

long, spreading on the ground, soon glabrous. Glomerule turbinate,
2 lines long. The narrow paleate scales of the general receptacle ap-
pear to persist after the capituli they subtend fall away. Tube of the
corolla longer than the infundibular-campanulate limb, its base much
dilated, and covering the apex of the ovary and achænium, thickened,
and just at its insertion bearing a ring of very long and delicate simple :
woolly hairs, more than half the length of the corolla, and exactly imi- |

tating a fine pilose pappus. The attenuate base of the turbinate achzenium — :
is tipped with a small callus, nearly as in 5. Preissianus. I think the =

ring of hairs belongs to the base of the corolla, and not to the achænium
(as it does in Pachysurus, Steetz), but the two are so firmly coalescent
that, when pulled asunder, the vertex of the achænium usually comes
off with the thickened base of the corolla, like a lid, opening the peri-
carp by a clean cireumscission, and exposing the seed ! :

150 CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ.

NEMATOPUS, nov. gen.

Capitula biflora, homogama, in glomerulum obconico-hemisphericum

- densissime aggregata. Znvolucrum generale pauciseriale, glomerulo
paulo brevius; squamis appressis, oblongo-linearibus, disco paulo
brevioribus, inter se et cum paleis receptaculi consimilibus (extimis
2-3 magis herbaceis), apice viridulo lamina parva hyalino-peta-
loidea aurea rotundata abrupte appendieulatis, Receptaculum gene-
rale convexum ; partialia brevissima, arcte sessilia. Involucrum par-
tiale biseriale ; squamis cujusque seriei circiter 5, conformibus, spa-
thulato-linearibus vel anguste oblongis, concaviusculis, marginibus
hyalinis, apice parce lanato lamina inflexa aurea (ut squam. glome-
ruli) appendiculatis, exterioribus ut videtur persistentibus, non raro
capitulis duobus, uno circ. 5-phyllo, altero 7—10-phyllo, amplecten-

tibus. Flores hermaphroditi. Corolla 5-dentata, fauce cylindracea,
tubo brevissimo glanduligero. Anthere breviter caudatæ. Styli
rami breves, apice capitellati. Achenia, potius ovaria, brevia, teretia,
glaberrima. Pappus plane nullus.— Herba annua gracili ; caule erecto
corymboso-ramosissimo ramisque filiformibus cito glaberrimis; glo-
merulis flavis solitariis ramulos capillares divergentes nudos termi-
nantibus; foliis lineari-filiformibus alternis laxe lanatis glabratis.

N. effusus. Swan River, Drummond.—Plant between a span and a
foot in height. Glomerules a line and a half in diameter; the scales
sparingly lanate. Scales of the glomerule, paleæ, and proper involu-
eral scales all alike, except the interior are successively thinner and more
scarious or hyaline, all abruptly tipped with the same short and rounded
yellow petaloid appendage.— The plant appears to constitute a very
distinct genus, between Shirrophorus and Gnephosis. Tt has the habit
of the latter; but the scales, &c., are all narrow and homogeneous, the
axis is convex (instead of cylindrical), the partial receptacles sessile (not
stipitate), and there is no trace of pappus.—The specimen of Gnephosis
tenuissima in the Hookerian herbarium has lost all the flowers, and
although some achzenia remain loose in the scarious heads, I can find
no pappus, &e., to compare with the curious and nearly-allied Pachy-
surus of Steetz, which was abundantly gathered by Drummond. There
is another allied plant in Drummond’s collection (No. 201 of the coll.
1848, also in the earlier collection), which has the habit of Gnephosis,
but with strict and very flexuous branches, a more compound glome-
rule, the axes of the few-flowered capitula all arising from the de-

CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ. 151

pressed summit of the general axis, and clothed with numerous series
of scarious squamæ ; but none of the flowers are developed so that their
structure can be made out.

CHRYSOCORYNE, Endl. Gen. Suppl. vol. iii. p. 70.

Char. Emend. Capitula biflora (inferiora nunc uniflora), homogama, sin-
gula sub palea scariosa dilatata orbiculata concava recondita, in spicam
amentaceam secus receptaculum filiforme dense aggregata. nvolu-
crum generale e paleis infimis vacuis parvis constans. Zavolucrum
partiale e squamis 2-6 hyalinis, exterioribus dilatatis conduplicato-
navicularibus. Flores hermaphroditi. Corolla gracilis, apice in-
fundibulari-ampliata, 5-dentata vel 3-dentata. duthere basi bimu-
cronulatz. Styli rami capitellato-truncati. Achenium glabrum,
sæpe atomis resinosis conspersum, calvum.—Herbæ pusille annue,
furfuraceo-pubentes ; foliis alternis sessilibus sublinearibus; spicis
terminalibus solitariis subternisve, cylindricis vel clavatis, glabris,
aureo-fuscis. Capitulum imæ basi crassiori paleæ fulcrantis pl. m.
adnatum.

In Plante Hugeliame, Mr. Bentham briefly characterized a plant
under the name of Crossolepis? pusilla, supposing it might possibly be-
long to Lessing's obscure genus Crossolepis. Afterwards Sir William

Hooker figured under this name, in the Zcones Plantarum, a different
species; and from this figure (and not from the Hugelian plant) End-
licher recently established the genus C#rysocoryne. I have not seen
any original specimen of Hugel’s, indeed; but Steetz, who has, de-
scribes the proper involucre of the capitulum as consisting of six hyaline
scales. There are only two in the species figured by Hooker, and also
in a third, lately gathered by Mr. Drummond, which is.

by its very long spike and 5-toothed corolla. The three species n

be disposed i in two sections, as follows :—

$ 1. Involucri squame 6, inferne parce lanato-ciliatze, ins mi-

noribus planiusculis. Paleæ receptaculi basi laxe lanatæ,

1. C. Hugelü: caule gracili superne corymbosi- ramoso; foliis inferi- -

oribus linearibus, summis parvis ovatis; spicis clavatis paniculatis.

— Crossolepis ? pusilla, Benth. Pl. Hugel. p. 61, non Hook. Chry-

socoryne pusilla, Steetz, Pl. Preiss. vol. i. p. 441, non Endl.

Swan River, Hugel, Preiss, Drummond. The larger specimens, from
Drummond, are five inches high, and copiously branched above, the

de.

152 CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ.

branches and branchlets filiform ; and the spikes, as described by Ben-
tham, are only three or four lines long. The lowermost capitula are
principally one-flowered.
$ 2. Involucri squamæ tantum 2, opposite, naviculares, marginibus
superne parce setigero-denticulatæ v. fimbriatæ, cum palea
fulcrante inferne glabræ. Radix multicaulis.
2. C. Drummondii : spicis cylindricis breviusculis; corolla tridentata.

—Crossolepis ? pusilla, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 413. Chrysocoryne, Endl.

l. c. ex char.

Swan River, Drummond.—Stems 1 to 2 inches high. Spikes half
an inch long, straw-colour or ferruginous.

+ 3. C. myosuroides, n. sp.: spicis cylindricis lineari-elongatis; corolla
5-dentata exserta.

Swan River, Drummond, 1845.—Stems and foliage as in the fore-
going; the orange-fuscous spikes an inch or more in length, narrowed
at the base, much resembling the fructification of Myosurus. The two
squamæ of the partial involucre are much narrower than in C. Drum-
mondii, and less setigerous-fimbriate above.

CEPHALOSORUS, noy. gen.

Capitula uniflora, in glomerulum sphæroideum dense aggregata. Invo-
lucrum generale 2—3-seriale ; squamis foliaceis vel subherbaceis inap-
pendiculatis. Receptaculum generale aut latum convexum aut cylin-
draceum, paleis linearibus scariosis inter capitula et cum iis plus
minus deciduis onustum. Znvolucrum partiale e squamis scariosis
concavis exappendiculatis 4-6, exterioribus oblongis, interioribus
latioribus florem invicem involventibus. Flos hermaphroditus. Co-
rolla tubulosa infundibuliformis, limbo 5-fido. Anthere basi sub-
caudate. Styli rami apice capitellati, breviter penicillati. Achænium
obovatum, aut glabrum pellicula diaphana humectate tumefacta gela-
tinosa, aut hirsutum, pappo calyciformi conspicuo tenuiter scarioso
deciduo coronatum.—Herbæ annuæ ; caule virgato simplici vel parce
ramoso, apice subnudo glomerulum solitarium gerente ; foliis alternis.
Flores flavidi. (Species duæ quoad involucrum et receptaculum glo-
meruli plane diversæ, nec tamen meo sensu divellendæ.)

- 1. C. phyllocephalus, n. sp. : foliis spathulatis cauleque tomento floccoso
- deciduo lanatis ; glomerulo depressi-globoso involucro foliaceo (squa-
mis ovatis) cincto; receptaculo generale depresso; achænio glabro;

CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ. 153

pappo inæqualiter lobato coroll tubum subæquante. (Ic. Pl.

tab. ined.)

Swan River, Drummond, 1846, 1848.—Stem a foot or more in height.
Glomerule from one-half to two-thirds of an inch in diameter, its con-
spieuous foliaceous involucre shorter than the disc. Capitula very
densely crowded, closely sessile on the much dilated convex receptacle,
the scales nearly glabrous, as long as the corolla, their tips yellowish.
Corolla much thickened and indurated at the base after anthesis, and
the base of the style bulbous, as in Skirrophorus. The achænia have a
thick, cellular, diaphanous pellicle, which, when moistened, swells into
an extremely thick gelatinous covering.

2. C. gymnocephalus, n. sp.: folis lineari-filiformibus cauleque gracil-
limo cito glabris; glomerulo ovoideo squamis brevissimis inconspi-
cuis lanceolatis margine scariosis paleis fere similibus eincto; recep-
taculo angusto cylindrico; achænio hirsuto ; pappo brevi margine
subintegro. (lc. Pl. tab. ined.)

Swan River, Drummond, 1848.—Stems a foot or eighteen inches
high; the leaves an inch or more in length, very narrow. Glomerule
4 or 5 lines in diameter, globose, or at maturity ovoid, apparently
naked; the general involucre so small and similar to the paleæ that it
might escape notice. Except in this respect, and in the different shape
of the receptacle, however, the floral structure accords with the pre-
ceding species. The two form a genus well distinguished among the
Angiantheæ by the calyciform pappus, and of a different habit from
any other, except Pycnosorus, Benth., which has no involucre, more
than one-flowered heterogamous capitula, and a very different pappus.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. |
Sale of a great Herbarium and extensive collection of Drugs. - 5 E

The Herbarium and the collection of Drugs of the late Dr. Luce, -

Apothecary at Berlin, are offered for sale. The first consists of

36—40,000 species, and contains, beginning from the collections pub-

lished by Sieber, almost all which bave been distributed during the last

thirty years, besides those of several travellers which could not be pro-

cured by purchase. It includes about 150 different collections, and is,

the latest acquisitions excepted, arranged according to the natural

system of De Candolle. The specimens of all pheenogamic plants, save
x

VOL. III.

154 . NOTICES OF BOOKS,

the Glumaceæ, are poisoned, and therefore in a state of perfect pre-
servation. The price, 6,000 Prussian dollars.

The collection of Drugs contains 1,604 objects, and is one of the
most complete on the Continent. There are in it, for example, forty-
four sorts of “ China," thirty sorts of Sanguis Draconis, &c. It is
distinguished by exquisite specimens and many rare objects. Its price,
2,500 Prussian dollars. The cabinets for both collections, included in
the above sums, are elegant and commodious. For particulars apply,
by post-paid letters, to R. F. Hohenacker, Esslingen, near Stuttgart.

NOTICES OF BOOKS. z

The RHODODENDRONS of the SIKKIM-HIMALAYA ; being an Account
of the Rhododendrons recently discovered on the mountains of Eastern
Himalaya. By Josk?H DALTON Hooker, M.D., F.R.S. Edited
dy Sir W. J. Hooxer, K.H., F.R.S. Part I., 1849. Part IL, 1851.
Imperial folio. :

The progress of our acquaintance with East Indian Zricee (taking
the family in its widest extent, so as to comprise the Cranberries)
presents some curious features, which it may not be uninteresting to
place before the reader. I will, therefore, preface my few remarks on
the above important work with a condensed chronological summary of
authors and their publications on the family, giving the abstract num-
ber of genera and species of each, as far as practicable, but without any
analysis or reduction; their total amount having accordingly no direct
reference to the actual state of our knowledge, since several of the
genera have been abandoned, and many species are mere repetitions or
else synonyms.

1712. Kæmpfer, Amenitates Exotica : Rhododendron, 1; Azalea, 2 ;
Vaccinium, 2: of all of which there are specimens in his original
herbarium, preserved in the Sloanean collection at the British
Museum.

1768. N. L. Burmann, Flora Indica : Rhododendron, 1; Azalea, 1.

1780. C. Thunberg, Flora Japonica : Rhododendron, 1 ; Andromeda, 1 ;
Vaccinium, 3. ;

1789. R. Saunders, Some account of the vegetable and mineral produc-
tions of Bootan and Thibet, in Philosophical Transactions, vol. Ixxix.
(republished in 1800, as an appendix to Turner’s ‘ Embassy to

NOTICES OF BOOKS. 155

Thibet in 1783”): simple allusion to Rhododendron, 1; Cran-
berries, 2 ; Vaccinium, many species; Arbutus, 1.

1790. J. Loureiro, Flora Cochinchinensis: Enkianthus, 2; Acosta, 1
(Agapetes).

1799. T. Hardwicke, Narrative of a Journey to Sirinagur (in 1796) in
* Asiatic Researches,’ vol. vi.: Rhododendron, 1; Andromeda, 1.

1804, J. E. Smith, Exotic Botany : Rhododendron, 1.

1814. W. Roxburgh, Horlus Bengalensis: Rhododendron, 1 ; Cerato-
stema, 2.

1819. F. Hamilton, Account of the Kingdom of Nipal : Rhododendron, 1.

—— N. Wallich, Letter to Dr. F. Hamilton, in Edinburgh Philos.
Journal, vol.i.: simple allusion to Rhododendron, Andromeda,
and Gaultheria.

1820. N. Wallich, Description of some rare Indian Plants, in * Asiatic
Researches,’ vol. xiii. : Andromeda, 4 ; Gaultheria, 1.

1821. D. Don, Description of several new plants from the Kingdom of
Nepal, in * Memoirs of the Wernerian Society of Natural History,'
vol.iii.: Rhododendron, 3; Andromeda, 1.

1822. W. Jack, Descriptions of Malayan Plants, in * Malayan Miscel-
lany, vol. ii. n. 3: Rhododendron, 1; Vaccinium, 1.

1825. C. Blume, Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie: Vi-
reya (Rhododendron), 5 ; Vaccinium, 1; Azalea, 4 ; Gaultheria, 3 ;
Diplycosia, 3; Thibaudia, 8; Gaylussacia, 1; Hymenanthes, 1;

- Clethra, 1.

—— D.Don, Prodromus Flore Nepalensis: Rhododendron, 4; An-
dromeda, 4; Gaultheria, 1.

1828-1832. N. Wallich, Lithographic Catalogue of the East India
Company's Herbarium : Rhododendron, 8 ; Andromeda, 5 ; Gaul-
theria, 3; Thibaudia, 7; Vaccinium, 1. Le

1831, 1832. N. Wallich, Plante Asiatice Rariores, vol. ii. and iii.: —
Rhododendron, 2; Andromeda, 1. eU.

1832. W. Roxburgh, Flora Indica, vol. ii.: Rhododendron, 1; Cera-
tostema, 2. (It is proper to remark here, that this posthumous -
work was published very many years after the author wrote his
descriptions; and this applies to some extent also to the ‘ Hortus
Bengalensis;' see above, under 1814.) :

1834. G. Don, À General System of Gardening and Botany, vol. iii. :
Andromeda, 1; Pieris, 4; Enkianthus, 2; Diplycosia, 3; Gaul-

156 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

theria, 5; Clethra, 1; Vireya, 1; Rhododendron, 23; Hyme-
nanthes, 1; Vaccinium, 3; Gaylussacia, 1; Agapetes, 16.

1835. J. C. Zenker, Plante Indice quas in montibus Nilgherry dictis
legit B. Schmid: Rhododendron, 1.

1838. J. J. Bennett, Plante Javanice Rariores quas legit T. Horsfield :
Rhododendron, 2.

1839. J. Royle, Illustrations of the Botany and other branches of the
Natural History of the Himalaya Mountains and of the Flora of
Cashmere: Rhododendron; Gaultheria ; Andromeda; Vaccinium ;
Thibaudia. :

—— A. P. De Candolle, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vege-
tabilis, vol. vii. sect. ii.: Agapetes, 16; Gaylussacia, 2; Vacci-
nium, 5; Diplycosia, 3; Gaultheria, 7; Pieris, 4; Cassiope, 1;
Azalea, 5; Rhododendron, 20; Enkianthus, 3.

—— P. F. de Siebold, Plante Japonice; digessit J. G. Zuccarini,
vol.i.: Rhododendron, 1.

1844..J. K. Hasskarl, Catalogus Plantarum im Horto Bogorensi culta-
rum: Rhododendron, 1.

1846. P. F. de Siebold et J. G. Zuccarini, Flore Japonice Familie
Naturales, Sect. altera, in Trans. of the Phys. and Mathem. Class.
of the Royal Bavar. Acad. of Sciences, vol. iv. : Andromeda, 1;
Pieris, 1; Meisteria, 1; Clethra, 2; Vaccinium, 1; Rhod. 4.

1846, 1847. R. Fortune, Sketch of a visit to China in search of new
plants, in Journal of the Horticultural Society of London, vol. i.
and ii.: Azalea, 3.

1846. J. Lindley, New Plants, &e., from the Society’s Garden, in Jour-
nal of Hort. Soe. of London, vol. i. : Azalea, 2.

1847. R. Wight, Icones Plantarum Indie Orientalis, vol. iv. p. 1:
Vaccinium 15; Gaultheria, 3; Andromeda, 3; Rhododendron, 3.

—— R. Fortune, Three years’ wanderings in the Northern Provinces of
China: Enkianthus, 1 ; Azalea, several.

1847, 1848. W. Griffith, Posthumous Papers: several Rhododendrons,
"Gaultherize, Thibaudiæ, Gaylussaciæ, Andromedæ, and Vaccinia.

1848. J. K. Hasskarl, Plante Javanice Rariores : Amphicalyx, 1 ;
Agapetes, 2. `

—— J. Lindley, 4 notice of some species of Rhododendron inhabiting

Borneo, in Journal of the Hort, Society of London, vol. iii.: Rho-
dodendron, 4. :

NOTICES OF BOOKS. 157

1849. R. Wight, Illustrations of Indian Botany: Vaccinium, 9; Rho-
dodendron, 1; Andromeda, 1; Gaultheria, 1.

—— C. G. C. Reinwardt, The Vegetation of the Indian Archipelago,
in Journal of the Hort. Soc, of London, vol. iv. : simple allusion
to Andromeda, Clethra, and Rhododendron.

1849, 1851. Joseph Hooker (the work at the head of this notice).

To the above list should have been added perhaps a variety of pe-
riodical publications like the Botanical Repository, Magazine, Register,
Cabinet, Flower Garden, and others, both of this and foreign coun-
tries; but it was thought unnecessary.

In point of antiquity, the Ericeous family (in its extended sense) is
among the oldest on record, inasmuch as there exist descriptions and
figures of several of its members in ancient Chinese works ; in which
country, as well as in Japan, these plants have continued favourite objects
of garden culture, almost from time immemorial. But we have to deal
here with the botanical literature of European languages only ; and we.
find accordingly, that our earliest account is from the pen of the incom-
parable Engelbrecht Kæmpfer, so far back as the year 1712. Since
that period, and for more than a century, the additions, comparatively
few, were made at distant intervals; so that, till the year 1819, all
that we knew, including Kempfer’s plants, was comprised in about
sixteen species. Within the last thirty-two years the number has
multiplied at more than a six-fold rate; thanks to the labours of
Blume, Griffith, Siebold, Hasskarl, Fortune, Wight, and Joseph
Hooker. In De Candolle’s ‘Prodromus,’ sixty-six species were re-
corded in 1839 ; more than one hundred are at present known. To
Dr. Hooker alone we are indebted for the discovery of the amazing
number of thirty-three new species of one genus alone, by far the noblest
of the family, and, if viewed in the combined light of botanical and
horticultural interest, undoubtedly the most magnificent and desi- -
rable woody plants in the whole vegetable kingdom, on account of
their stature; foliage, and flowers. To those who have not had the ~
advantage of seeing any of the Asiatic species of Rhododendrons in the
wild luxuriance of their native growth, I may appeal, for a corroboration
of my assertion, to the beautiful Rhododendron Exhibition, which took
place a few years ago, at the Royal Botanical Society’s Garden in _
Regent’s Park. Bearing in mind, then, that each individual species of —
this gorgeous instalment forms a valuable object of cultivation; that —

158 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

many will be found perfectly well suited to the climate of this and
other northern countries ; that most of them are large shrubs or trees
of surprising floral beauty, and that nearly all exist already in England
in great vigour and profusion, having been raised, with many other
things, from seeds sent home to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew
by their discoverer; assuredly we may claim for Dr. Hooker a high
rank among benefactors to the cause of gardening; no one having
ever made anything like his important additions to our shrubberies and
arboretums. ‘The present monographic work takes up only one item
among the multifarious objects which have engaged Dr. Hooker’s at-
tention, during the extensive Indian travels, from which he has only
now returned, after an absence of three years and a half; but it may
be considered as an exponent of his harvest of observations and collec-
tions, by which we may fairly regulate our expectations. The writer of
this article is not permitted to indulge, as he otherwise should have
done, by referring in detail to his distinguished friend’s previous works,
or the enormous treasures accumulated during his last travels ; but this
much he may say : they are entirely worthy of the name he bears, and
of that high respect, as well as personal friendship, which have been
accorded to him by a Humboldt and a Brown.

Very little remains to be added concerning the Sikkim Rhodo-
dendrons, except that both text and plates are excellent. The two
parts hitherto published contain twenty highly finished representa-
tions of new species, made on the spot by the author himself, and not
surpassed by any ever given to the botanical world, either as regards
their truthfulness and elegance, their details, or the beauty of their
colouring ; in which respect, as well as in the lithography, they are
worthy of that well-known and deserving artist, Mr. Fitch. A third
part is announced as ready for immediate publication; it is to contain -
ten more plates, and will conclude this important work, not a slight
recommendation of which is its moderate price. Prefixed to the first
part is an historical account of the genus as respects India, by the
author’s father, and possessing the sterling value of everything emanat-
ing from that untiring pen. This is followed up by the author’s own
remarks on the physical and geographical distribution of the genus
over the Sikkim mountains. In the second part we have a conspectus,
or synopsis, of forty-three Indian Rhododendrons, of which thirty-six
are natives of that range; thirty-three being, as has been mentioned

NOTICES OF BOOKS, 159

before, Dr. Hooker’s own discoveries. They are arranged under eight
sections, dependent upon such floral and pericarpical distinctions as
could be made out in a genus so purely natural as ours is. The
largest-flowered species of the genus are R. Dalhousie, Maddeni, and
Aucklandii, the first of which, with pendulum, are shrubby epiphytes.
Others, such as R. Falconeri, argenteum, and Hodgsonii, exceed all
the rest in the grandeur of their foliage. One of the most strikingly
beautiful is &. Thomsoni, on account of its large, blood-red clusters
of flowers, and broad, almost orbicular, leaves ; named, in the words of
the discoverer, after “Dr. Thomas Thomson, surgeon, H. E. I. C. S.,
late of the Thibetan Mission, son of the learned Professor of Chemistry
of Glasgow University, my earliest friend and companion during my
college life, and now my valued travelling companion in Eastern Hima-
laya.” 2. pumilum is the smallest and rarest of the Sikkim species,
but exceedingly charming; “its elegant flowers are produced soon
after the snow has melted: and then its pretty pink bells are seen
peeping above the surrounding short heath-like vegetation, reminding
the botanist of those of Linnea borealis.”

I cannot take leave of this work without expressing a hearty wish
that Dr. Hooker, and his zealous travelling companion, Dr. Thomson,
having recently returned in safety from their travels, may obtain
every encouragement required for speedily and extensively publishing
the vast treasures of their harvest. ———

N. Wazricx, M.D.

Tropical Scenery: PHYSIOGNOMY or TROPICAL VEGETATION ; drawn
and lithographed by M. Dx Brno.

Humboldt, in his ‘Cosmos,’ has observed, that “he who is en-

dowed with susceptibility for the natural beauties of mountains,

streams, and forest scenery ; who has wandered through the countries |

of the torrid zone, and has seen the luxuriant vegetation, not only =
upon the cultivated shores, but in the vicinity of the snow-capped
Andes, the Himalaya mountains, and the Neilgherry hills of the
Mysore, or in the wide-spread forests between the Orinoco and the
Amazon :—that man can alone understand what an immeasurable
field for landscape-painting is open between the tropics of both conti-
nents, or in the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines, and
how the most splendid and spirited works which man’s genius has

160 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

hitherto accomplished, cannot be compared with the vastness of the
treasures of nature, of which Art may, at a future time, avail itself.” —
And again : “ If in the frigid zones the bark of the trees is covered with
discoloured spots, occasioned by the presence of Lichens or Mosses, in
the regions of the feathery Palms Cymbidium and the aromatic Vanilla
enliven the trunks of Anacardium and of gigantic Fig-trees. The
fresh green of the Dracontium, and the deeply-cut leaves of Ferns,
contrast with the many-coloured blossoms of Orchises; the twining
Bauhinia, the Passion-flower, and the yellow-blossomed Banisteria,
climb high into the air around the stems of the forest trees; delicate
blossoms unfold themselves from among the roots of the Theobroma, as
well as from the thick and rugged bark of Crescentia and Gustavia,
In the multitude of flowers and leaves, in this luxuriant growth, and the
confusion of climbing plants, it often becomes difficult to distinguish to
which tree the blossoms, and to which the leaves, belong: indeed, a
single tree, adorned with Paullinias, Bignonias, and Dendrobium, pre-
sents a multiplicity of plants, which, if separated one from another,
would cover a considerable space.” Influenced by these and other like
passages in the writings of Humboldt, a talented Prussian artist has paid
a visit of some months to New Grenada, penetrated to the snowy
mountains of the Andes, where Zolima rears his gigantic head, and has
brought home a rich collection of drawings of scenery and studies
from nature, of a very high order of merit, especially made with a view
to the grander forms of vegetation in the tropics, the enormous root-
ing trunks of the Fig-trees, the various large-leaved Arums, the Tree-
ferns, but, above all, the lofty and most graceful Palms. These have
received the approbation of His Prussian Majesty, of Baron Humboldt
himself, and of Chevalier Bunsen. By the favour of the two latter
gentlemen we have been permitted to inspect this collection, and we
cannot but rejoice that a selection of them is to be made, to be litho-
graphed by the author in Germany, and to be published in this country,
by Colnaghi, early in next year. Besides their excellence, as works of
art, they represent, faithfully, many of the most striking vegetable
forms that exist, along with the attendant scenery, the rocky gorge,
the sparkling water-fall, the still, sluggish river, or the snow-capped
Andes. Descriptive letter-press will explain thé plants, which the
author takes great pains to have accurately named.

—— —

MOM LL Sir iud

161

Second Report on Mm. SpRucE’s Collections of Dried Plants from
NorTH BRAZIL; by GEORGE BENTHAM, Esq.

(Continued from p. 120.)

The last portion of this report was already in type when the remain-
der of Mr. Spruce’s Santarem collection reached this country in
excellent condition, containing, besides a considerable number of
additional species, specimens in fruit or in flower of many others,
which had previously been found only in one of these states. The
chief additions to the few orders mentioned in the last number of this
Journal, are two Dilleniaceæ, a Doliocarpus answering very well to
Garcke’s description of his D. brevipedicellatus (Linnæa, vol. xxii. p. 47),
a Surinam species, found by Mr. Spruce on the shores of the Amazon,
below Santarem, and the following new Davila, from the campos near
Santarem.

Davila pedicellaris, sp. n.; scandens, glabra, foliis oblongis ellipticisve
obtusis integerrimis rigide coriaceis reticulato-venosis scabris, racemis
1-4-floris, pedicellis elongatis, sepalis interioribus maximis induratis,
ovariis geminis.

These specimens resemble so closely the figure of D. flecuosa, St. Hil.
(Fl. Bras. Mer. p. 17, t. 2), that I should have considered them as
belonging to that species, were it not that St. Hilaire describes his
plant as erect (not twining), and the lateral veins of the leaves as
“vix manifestis," whilst in our plant, which is certainly a twiner, the
lateral veins, as well as the smaller reticulations, are remarkably con-
spicuous. The very hard inner lobes of the calyx, full half an inch in
diameter when enclosing the fruit, the inflorescence, and the shape of |
the leaves, are as described in the above-quoted work. The flowers. i
are, according to Mr. Spruce, mostly apetalous, rarely with five- y |
obcordate petals.

Resuming the general Santarem collection with the Order Pelle: i.
we have six species of Polygala, all published ones, and most of them —
having a wide range in tropical America. Among them the delicate -
P. subtilis, H. B. K., whose minute flowers were carefully examined
when fresh by Mr. Spruce, proves to be hexandrous, like P. setacea,
Mich., not octandrous, as usually described with the great mass of
species. To the P. bryoides, St. Hil., of which a broad-leaved variety
has been distributed, should be reduced my P. camporum (Hook.

VOL. III. Y

162 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

Journ. Bot,, vol. iv. p. 100). The P. spectabilis, DC., has turned up
again in sufficient quantity for general distribution.

The following new Securidaca, from the banks of the Amazon, near
Santarem, is remarkable from the fruit having a second wing, arising
from the back, giving the whole samara a very peculiar form, though
not easy to describe. i
Securidaca dialata, sp. n.; scandens, foliis ovalibus obtusis retusisve

basi subcordatis coriaceis subtus ramulisque puberulis, alis ovato-

orbieularibus, carina latiuscula apice brevissime triloba plicato-cris-
tata, petalis superioribus anguste oblongis, alis fructus geminis fructu
subbrevioribus, postica angusta antica latissima cristeeformi.— Frutex
super arbores alte scandens. Folia breviter petiolata, 2-3 poll.
longa, 1-11 poll. lata. Racemi breves, multiflori. Bracteas caducas
haud vidi. Flores majusculi. Calycis foliola 3, puberula, 13 lin.
longa; ale vix unguiculatæ, 5 lin. longe, glabre nec ciliate.

Carina unguiculata, supra unguem 4 lin. longa; petala superiora

5 lin. longa, se invicem applicata, superne paulo latiora. Stamina

8, usque ad 2 in tubum incurvum basi latiorem connata; filamentis

superne libéris. Ovarium subsessile, obovoideum, compressum, apice

oblique truncatum, intus 1-loculare, l-ovulatum. Stylus glaber,
faleatus, a latere compressus, stamina æquans, apice oblique stigma-
tosus. Fructus absque alis oblongus, 8-9 lin. longus, reticulato-
rugosus; ala superior ex suturæ posticæ parte superiore orta, ob-
longa, 5-6 lin. longa, 11—2 lin. lata, apice rotundata; ala major

e tota fere sutura antica Lenis, in parte superiore 6—7 lin. longa,

valde dilatata, plicato-rugosa, margine exteriore undulata v. sublobata.

There are likewise two species of Catocoma: C. floribunda, a species
widely diffused over tropical Brazil, found by Mr. Spruce at Santarem,
growing to the tops of the loftiest trees and covering them with a
crown of white and yellow flowers spotted with purple; and C. lucida,
Benth., a Guiana species, now gathered on the Rio Trombétas, and its
affluent the Rio Caipurá. Klotzsch (Linnæa, vol. xxii. p. 51) refers
this genus to Bredemeyera of Willdenow, but without stating on what
grounds. If the identity has been established by inspection of original
specimens, Willdenow's character will require considerable modification,
for the “drupa ovata nuce biloculari " is at total variance with the
essential character of Catocoma.

A small-flowered Zrigonia (T. parviflora), from the neighbourhood

COLLECTED BY MR, SPRUCE IN BRAZIL. 163

of Santarem, resembles much in foliage what I take to be the T. levis,

Aubl., but the branches of the panicle are very much longer, and the

flowers several together in clusters growing out into little racemes,

and no larger than in 7. crotonoides. Like most other species, it is a

shrub with more or less twining branches. I have it also from Guiana,

being n. 981 of Sir Robert Schomburgk’s second journey, or n. 1251

of Richard Schomburgk, although apparently overlooked by Grisebach,

in his account of the tropical American Trigoniæ of the Berlin herba-
rium, in the Linnea, vol. xxii. :

Trigonia parviflora, sp. n.; folis ovali-ellipticis oblongisve adultis
utrinque glabris nitidulis, panicule terminalis tomentose ramulis
elongatis, floribus parvis numerosis, fasciculis demum racemiformibus,
capsula oboyoideo-triquetra.—Frutex biorgyalis, ramulis plus minus
scandentibus, novellis tomentosis mox glabratis. Folia 2—3-polli-
caria, pleraque breviter acuminata, obtusa v. acutiuscula, novella
interdum lana parcissima hine inde conspersa, et ad venas pilis
paucis hirtella, adulta glabra, tenuiter coriacea, nitidula, penninervia
et reticulato-venosa. Petioli 1-2 lin. longi, linea transversa con-
nexi Stipule parvæ, subulatæ, caducissimæ. Panicula terminalis, —
sspe pedalis, basi foliata, ramis 3-6-pollicaribus, fere a basi flori-
bundis. asciculi v. racemuli 3-10-florij axi demum 2-4 lin. |
longa. Bractee acute, pedicello lineari breviores. Flores vix linea
longiores, iis Z. crotonoidis simillimi nisi minores. Petalum tamen
anticum ad marginem sacci non ciliatum ut in icone (Fl. Bras. Mer.

- t. 105) depictum, et placentatio mihi videtur potius parietalis quam
axilis dicenda. Ovwla enim non angulo ipso centrali loculorum
inserta, sed juxta angulum eentralem ad latera placentarum (dis- |
sepimenta constituentium), in axi vix cohserentium. Capsula 4lin. —
longa, extus tomentella, apice truncata et late triangulata, fere -
triloba. ; A
The Malvaceæ are but few. Among them is a single specimen of a

narrow-leaved very hairy variety of Pavonia cancellata, Cav., very

different in aspect from the two or three specimens distributed from

Pará, which are intermediate, as it were, between the commoner forms

and the P. modesta, Mart. ; and a few specimens of a variety of Wissa- —

dula parviflora, with golden yellow flowers. This is the Abutilon par- —
viflorum, B luteum, A. St. Hil., and is closely allied to #7. hirsuta, :

Presl (Bahia, Salzmann, Gardner, n. 867, Mart. Herb. Bras. n. 1002), —

164 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

only differing, indeed, in the absence of the long spreading hairs on
the branches and panicle of that species or variety.

The Sterculiacee (including Buetineriaceæ) comprise—Helicteres
pentandra, L., from Santarem, precisely similar to Hostmann’s Surinam
specimens ; male specimens of Sterculia striata, St. Hil. et Naud., from
Santarem ; the Cacao-rana mentioned in Spruce’s letters (vol. ii. p. 198),
from the forests near Obidos, a slender tree of forty or fifty feet,
bearing its flowers on the naked stem and leaves at the summit only,
apparently the Theobroma subincanum, Mart. ; Buettneria divaricata,
Benth., from the borders of Lake Quiriquiry, and B. scabra, Aubl.,
from Santarem, both'of them Guiana plants ; two new species of
Buettneria, described below ; Guazuma ulmifolia, L. ; a variety of the
common Wallheria Americana, with the carpels usually more than one ;
Melochia hirsuta, Cav., from which M. vestita, Benth., and M. clinopo-
difolia, St. Hil. et Naud., are perhaps not really distinct; a large-
leaved variety of M. arenosa, Benth., to which should apparently be
referred the M. cinerascens, St. Hil. et Naud. ; and a variety of M. me-

- dissæfolia, Benth., with smaller leaves, flowers, and fruits. In my

description of the latter species (Hook. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 130), by

some error of the press or of copying, the seeds are said to be hispid,

which has misled others, who have subsequently found the plant in

- other localities. The seeds are perfectly without hairs, and the manu- :

script notes being long since destroyed, I cannot now make out what

was the word which has been so misread. Miquel’s Melochia concinna

is, however, distinct in other respects from M. melissefolia, although it

comes very near to the smoother forms of M. hirsuta. ;
The following are the new species :—

1. Buettneria rhamnifolia, sp. n. ; glabriuscula, caule fruticoso aculeato
(scandente?), foliis oblongis obtusiusculis basi rotundatis subtus ad
axillas nervorum barbatis, pedunculis axillaribus umbelliferis tenui-
bus.—Affinis C. tereticauli, Lam., sed folia non acuminata, pedun-
culi longiores, flores majores, etc. Ramuli teretes, flexuosi, novelli
minute puberuli. Aculei pauci, recurvi. Folia breviter petiolata,
subtripollicaria, glabra, utrinque viridia, a basi penninervia, glandula
costo majuscula. Pedunculi in axillis foliorum novellorum solitarii
V. ad basin ramulorum complures, tenues, glabri, infra umbellam
semipollicares. Pedicelli capillares, pedicello æquilongi. Calycis
lacinie 2 lin, longæ, basi late, acuminato-acutæ, tomento minuto

COLLECTED BY MR. SPRUCE IN BRAZIL. 165

extus canescentes. Petalorum lobus medius longe subulato-acumi-

natus. Tubi staminei laciniæ steriles, breves, late, obtusissimæ,

glanduliformes. Anthere intra sinus sessiles, extrorsæ, didymee.

Ovarium mox tuberculoso-echinatum. Fructus non visus:—From

the south bank of the Amazon, opposite Monte Alegre.

2. Buettneria discolor, sp. n.; fruticosa, inermis, foliis ovali-ellipticis
oblongisve supra glabris subtus tomento minuto albis, pedunculis
brevissime umbellatis in glomerulos axillares confertis, petalorum
lobo medio ungue multo breviore obtuso.—Frutex biorgyalis, ramo-
sissimus, haud scandens, ramulis teretibus novellis petiolis venisque
foliorum subtus ferrugineo-tomentellis. Folia majora 3-4 poll.
longa, 2 poll. lata, breviter et obtuse acuminata, basi rotundata et
trinervia, cæterum penninervia, transversim venulosa ; floralia 14-2-
pollicaria, angusta. Flores ad axillas numerosissimi, parvi, pedunculis
pedicellisve 1-2 lin. longis. Calyces extus tomentosi, laciniis latis
haud acuminatis. Petala calyces vix superantia, linearia, apice
leviter cucullata, lobis lateralibus dentiformibus reflexis, dorsali
oblonga obtusa brevi. Zwbi staminei lobi brevissimi; antheræ
subdidymæ.

The Züiacee, besides the common Muntingia Calaburu, L., only
comprise two forms of Triumfetta heterophylla, Lam. ; the one, gathered
in May, is precisely similar to specimens from Jamaica and other West
Indian Islands, and from Surinam; the latter of which (Hostmann,
n. 499) are described by Miquel as new, under the name of 7. Host-
manni, he having fancied he saw narrow linear petals in the very
imperfect flowers of his specimen. I find, however, in several buds in _
very good condition which I have opened, no trace of petals, but ten —
stamens, whose somewhat dilated filaments may have been either —
mistaken for, or some of them accidentally converted into, petals. The
second form, gathered in July, has almost the consistence of leaf and -
the down of 7. Zappula, but no tendency to the peculiarly shaped lobes

of the lower leaves of the latter species. ; ue
A parasitical Guttiferous shrub from Santarem has been distributed |

under the name of Arrudea ? bicolor, which I refer to that genus on
account of the great multiplication of the floral envelopes, notwith-
standing a considerable difference between the stamens of our plant
and St. Hilaire’s original species. The flower, however, examined by
Cambessèdes, was so far hermaphrodite, as to have a perfectly formed

166 REPORT ON BRAZILIAN PLANTS.

pistil, although without visible ovules, and a flower I possess of the
same species is also hermaphrodite, whilst those of Mr. Spruce’s
specimens of À. bicolor are male, without any vestige of ovary; and
we know how very different the stamens often are in the male and in
the hermaphrodite flowers of the same species of Clusia. Our plant is
specifically well distinguished from St. Hilaire’s, by the foliage and
petals. A third species from Surinam, 4. purpurea, Splitg., is unknown
to me: it is described as 5-petalous, like ours, but with purple flowers,
and only nine sepals.

Arrudea ? bicolor, sp. n. ; foliis petiolatis obovali-cuneatis margine recur-
vis, venis vix conspicuis, corymbis (masculis) terminalibus paucifloris,
sepalis ultra 20, petalis 5.—Frutex in arbores parasiticus, undique
glaberrimus, ramis teretibus. Folia 3-5 poll. longa, supra medium
13-21 poll. lata, apice rotundata, basi in petiolum semipollicarem
longe angustata, costa media subtus prominente, venis lateralibus
parallelis tenuibus v. sæpius omnino évanidis. Flores ad ‘apices
ramulorum 3-9, dispositi in cymas breves trichotomas breviter pedun-
culatas, multo minores quam in <. clusioide, vix enim 14 poll. dia-
metro; in speciminibus suppetentibus omnes masculi. Sepala
(v. bracteæ) cirea 22, concava, coriacea, arcte appressa, exteriore
brevissima et late orbieulata immarginata, interiora gradatim majora,
intima late membranaceo-marginata et lacera. Petala 5, sepalis
interioribus majora, alba, basi lutescentia, late obovali-orbiculata,
apice emarginata, margine undulato-crispa, basi in unguem bre-
vissimum latum angustata. Stamina in medio flore receptaculum
totum obtegentia, numerosa (circa 80), arcte conferta, libera tamen :
filamentis clavatis lineam longis ; antheræ in summo vertice sessiles,
biloculares, loculis brevibus divergentibus longitudinaliter dehiscenti-
bus. Ovarii vestigium nullum vidi.

The two species of Vismia distributed— 7. dealbata, H. B. K., and
V. Cayennensis, Pers.—are both well known, though not so common in
collections as the V. Guianensis. The Malpighiacee are interesting,
but require further study, and will be referred to in a future report.

(To be continued.)

167

Dzcapzs or Fuxar; dy the Rev. M. J. Berkezey, M.A., F.LS.
Decade XXXV.
Sikkim- Himalayan Fungi collected by Dr. Hooker.

(Continued from p. 84) |

941. Favolus tenerrimus, Berk.; pileo pallido brevissime stipitato -
spathulato ; poris 5—6-gonis dissepimentis tenerrimis; hymenio hine
exsiccatione tantum reticulato.

Has. Darjeeling.

Stem extremely short, strictly lateral; pileus 14 inch long, very
thin, forming a mere membrane when dry, spathalsto:finbellifores!
smooth, margin incurved; pores pentagonal or hexagonal, shallow,
À line broad ; dissepiments extremely thin and delicate, so that in
drying the hymenium appears to be simply reticulate.

A very beautiful species, of which only a single specimen was — -
obtained. The dry specimen is brownish, but like Pol. platyporus i
was evidently of a dirty ochraceous tinge when fresh. Favolus tener,
Lév., of which I have a specimen, has far less delicate pores, neither
do ay shrink up in drying.

342. F. intestinalis, n. s.; pileo tenui molli subreniformi lobato ;
stipite obsoleto ; poris hexagonis maximis.

Has. Darjeeling.

White, turning olive-yellow and dirty ochraceous in drying. Pileus
3 inches or more broad, about half as much long, subreniform, elon- -
gated into a short or nearly obsolete stem, of a soft substance, becoming
very thin and somewhat transparent in drying. Pores hexagonal, } of
an inch across. Spores, white, broadly elliptic, with a small nucle

A very singular esculent species, looking like a piece of tripe. — Th
pores resemble those of F. eycloporus, Mont., though very much larger. >
The substance dries up so completely, that they are visible from the
upper side, as in some other species. Like several fungi of a similar
texture, it seems when fresh to have a delicate farinaceous down on
the pileus.

943. Laschia subvelutina, n. s.; pileo flabellato lobato fusco sub- |
tiliter velutino, lamellis paucis ; interstitiis lamellato-reticulatis obscu- -
rioribus. Hook, fil, No. 133, cum ie.

168 DECADES OF FUNGI.

Has. On trunks of trees. September, October. Common. Dar-
jecling, 5—8,000 feet.

Pileus 1-2 inches broad, flabelliform, obtusely lobed, brown, paler
-and reddish towards the margin, rather convex, thinly clothed with
short olive velvety down. Inodorous, not viscid. Substance sub-
tremelloid. Gills few, darker than the pileus, their interstices beauti-
fully lamellato-reticulate.

Laschia velutina, Lév. = L. tremellosa, Fr., has very irregular folds,
and resembles strongly an Æwidia. The present species is near to
Cantharellus congregatus, Mont., which appears to be a Laschia, differing
in its flabelliform, velvety, not cupulæform and resupinate smooth pilei.

* Fistulina hepatica, Fr. Ep. p. 504, Fistulina buglossoides, Bull.
Champ. p. 314. Hook. fil., No. 71, 91.

Has. Darjeeling, 4,000 feet, with Polyporus flabelliformis, Klotzsch.
June. Abundant. :

* Hydnum coralloides, Scop. Hook. fil., No. 97, cum ic.

Haz. On old trunks of trees, springing from the crevices. Dar-
jeeling, 7,500 feet. June, July. Very abundant.

344. H. gilvum, n. s. ; imbricatum tenue subcarnosum ; pileo flabelli-
formi pallide gilvo postice virgato antice strigoso; aculeis tenuibus
subulatis teretibus integris fuscescentibus.

Has. On dead trunks. Darjeeling.. :

Imbricated. Pileus 2-3 inches long, flabelliform, sometimes laterally
connate, thin but fleshy, pale reddish-grey, attenuated behind, strigose
at the base, dise more or less virgate, rarely rough, margin strigoso-
cirrhate, acute. Hymenium yellowish-brown, at length dark; aculei
elongated, subulate, entire, margin generally sterile.

A. very pretty species, allied to Hydnum cirrhatum, but thinner and
differently coloured and shaped. i

* H. flabelliforme, Berk., in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 306.
. Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7-8,000 feet. :

Rather more lobed than the American specimens, but agreeing in
every essential particular. À

345. Phlebia reflexa, n. s. ; e resupinato dimidiato-reflexa vinosa ;
pileo spongioso-tomentoso zonato; hymenio hic illic venoso-ruguloso.

Has. On wood. Great Runjeet River, 2,000 feet. Tonglo, 10,000
feet.

At first resupinate and spreading widely, but easily detached, then

DECADES OF FUNGI. 169

broadly reflexed and dimidiate, 14 inch long, 2 inchés broad, some-
times laterally confluent, of a vinous brown, irregularly zoned, clothed
with spongy down, which is sometimes collected into little tufts.
Hymenium darker and of a purer brown, sometimes showing the
impression of the zones of the upper surface; even towards the
margin, but marked behind with little raised irregular lines.

Certainly the finest and most highly developed species of the
genus. The spongy coat gives consistence to the pileus, in conse-
quence of which it is strongly reflected.

346. Stereum rimosum, n. s.; umbonato-sessile coriaceum ; pileo
zonato subtiliter pubescente radiato ruguloso; hymenio pallido hic
illie lutescente rimoso.

Has. On vegetable soil, old trees, &e. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet.

Coriaceous, but probably when fresh of a more watery texture than
others, in consequence of which it is minutely wrinkled longitudinally
when dry; 1 inch or more long, 2-3 inches broad, umbonate, sessile,
effused behind, wood-coloured, with brown fascie and numerous
narrow zones minutely tomentose, wrinkled longitudinally. Hymenium
whitish, here and there assuming a yellow tinge, much cracked, with
the fissures silky within.

Undoubtedly allied to S. Ostrea and Zobatum, but differing in its
cracked, pale hynienium and other points. It is a very pretty species.

* S. purpureum, Fr. Ep. p. 548.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7—8,000 feet.

* S. hirsutum, Fr. Ep. p. 549.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet.

* S. spadiceum, Vr. l.c. Hook. fil., No. 94, cum ie.

Has. With the former, but more abundant.

It is not always easy to distinguish between dried specimens of these —
two species, as the main distinctive character is only visible in the fresh
plant. The most certain point is the depressed pubescence and shining
more closely zoned pileus of $. spadiceum, as distinguished from the -
hirsute dull surface of S. hirsutum. No certain dependence can be
placed on the colour of the hymenium.

* S. bicolor, Fr. Ep. p. 549.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet.
Exactly like specimens from North America, gathered by Schweinitz

and others.

VOL. III. Z

170 DECADES OF FUNGI.

347. Calocera spherobasis, n. s.; seruginosa, e tubere globoso cavo
intus albo cartilagineo exoriens; clavulis simplieibus acutiusculis.
Hook. fil., No. 106, cum ic.

Has. On the ground, apparently springing from a twig. Darjeeling,
7,500 feet. August. Only a single specimen found.

Verdigris green. Clavule simple, 4 of an inch high, scattered on
a globose hollow body, which is white within, and of a cartilaginous
substance, and about 3 of an inch in diameter. The inner portion
consists of closely packed threads, which form a reticulated mass
towards the circumference.

Resembling, at first sight, an inverted Rhizina. I am not at all
certain that this very curious production belongs to the genus Calocera,
but I know not where else to place it, and the single specimen shows
nothing of the fructification. The structure of the external coat is
more like that of some lichen, but the habit is that of a fungus.

* Tremella ferruginea, Smith, Eng. Bot. Hook. fil, No. 21, cum ic.

Has. In mossy and rocky wet places. Tonglo, 10,000 feet. May.

It might be suspected that, from the peculiar locality, the Himalaya
species could not be the same as the British, but a comparison with a
fine specimen sent to me from the Royal Botanie Garden, London, by
Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby, shows a complete identity of structure, as also
of colour, habit, and general appearance.

* Exidia hispidula, Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 396.

Has. Attached to a specimen of Pol. hirsutus, No. 28. Darjeeling.

* E. protracta, Lév., Ann. d. Sc. Nat. Oct. 1844, p. 218. E. Le-
sueurii, Bory, MSS. Hook fil., No. 82, eum ic.

Has. On trunks of living trees. Sikkim. Very abundant. June,
July.

The underside is very obscurely velvety. The whole plant, when
fresh, is soft, flabby, and transparent, with the hymenium lacunose.
I refer the species to Léveillé’s plant, on the authority of a specimen
from Bory de St. Vincent’s herbarium, which has been pronounced
identical with that of Léveillé by Dr. Montagne.

. 848. E. burseformis, n. s.; admodum gelatinosa aquosa bursæformis
supra lacunosa, subtus subtilissime tomentosa. Hook. fil, No. 22,
cum ic. ; ;

Has. Abundant on moss and trunks of trees. Darjeeling, 7,000 -
10,000 feet. May, July.

DECADES OF FUNGI. : 171

Extremely gelatinous, tremelloid, very soft and mobile in the hand,
as if alive, obconical, cup-shaped, sometimes spreading out for many
feet, lacunose within, externally most minutely tomentose, of a dull
umber; shrinking when dry to an extremely thin membrane, so as
to be scarcely recognizable.

Unlike the other species, this will scarcely make a specimen for the
herbarium, as it shrinks to a mere film. It is far more watery and
gelatinous, though by no means viscid, than any other species of this
difficult genus.

* Lycoperdon celatum, Fr. Syst. Mye. vol. iii. p. 32. Hook. fil.,
No. 89, cum ic.

Has. Onthe ground. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. July. Rare.

There is a slight purple tinge at the top of the peridium when fresh,
which is not, however, permanent in the dried specimens.

349. L. sericellum, n. s.; peridio obtuso apice dehiscente sericeo-
corticato ; strato sterili sericeo-spongioso cum capillitio continuo ; sporis
flavido-ochraceis. Hook. fil., No. 32, cum ic.

Has. On the ground. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet. May, June. Rare.

Peridium 2-3 inches across, dark brown, obtuse, at length opening
above, but not by a distinet orifice ; outer coat silky, the down collected
into little depressed fasciculi, cracking and separating from the inner .
yellowish coat. Stem various in length, obconical, sometimes paler -
than the peridium. Capillitium distinguished from the silky substance
of the stem merely by a slightly different tinge, but not separated by
.any distinct membrane. Spores globose, dirty yellow.

Distinguished from Z. cælatum, to which it is perhaps most nearly
allied, by the confluence of the capillitium with the substance of the
stem, which is silky, soft, and not rigidly lacunose, in which respect it
agrees with Z. polymorphum, Vitt, In form it comes very near to
L. saccatum, but the spores are by no means fuliginous, and the stem-
is in that species “ celluloso-spongiosus," "which would seem to indi-
cate a firmer texture. The Ceylon plant which I have referred to —
L. saccatum, is probably the same with the Darjeeling species, but —
unfortunately the specimens are not precisely in the same state of -
growth, and I have no specimen of L. saccatum to compare. ue

* Lycoperdon gemmatum, Fr. Syst. Myc. vol. iii. p. 36. Hook. fil,
No. 17, 59, 105.

Has. Abundant on the ground, paths, clay banks, &c., de. on :

decayed timber. Darjeeling, Jillapahar, 7-8,000 feet. April, June.

172 CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ.

There are two or three varieties; one approaching very near to
L. gyriforme, and another very obtuse, and closely resembling
L. calatum.

* L. pyriforme, Schæff. Hook. fil., No. 126, cum ic.

Has. On dead wood. Sikkim, 8,000 feet. October.

The specimens vary in length of the stem, bnt none are so strongly
stipitate as the common form.

350. L. microspermum, n. s.; peridio toto flaccido persistente, ore
rotundo dehiscente, cortice squamulis acutis demum exasperato ; strato
sterili parvo, capillitio uniformi; sporis globosis minimis. Hook. fil.,
No. 13.

Has. On the ground. Darjeeling. June.

From 1—1 inch across, subglobose, obtuse, sending out one or more
strong roots, from which proceed some white fibres ; at first reddish-
brown, obscurely rimose, rough with minute brown raised scales, at
length paler, smooth below, opening by a small round aperture. Barren
stratum small, scarcely distinguishable, except on accurate inspection,
from the capillitium, which is uniform, without any columella. Spores
very minute, globose, olive-green, quite smooth, rarely pedicellate.

This little species has all the characters of L. pusillum, but the
diameter of the spores is not above half as large.

(To be continued.)

Characters of some GNAPHALIOID CoMPosrTE of the Division ANGI-
ANTHEZÆ ; by Asa GRAY.

(Continued from p.153.)

BLENNOSPORA, nov. gen.

Capitula biflora, homogama, pauca, breviter pedicellata, in glomerulum
ovatum subcompositum dense aggregata. Involucrum generale glo-
merulo brevius, pauciseriale ; squamis ovatis scariosis viridi-carinatis
extus laxe lanigeris. Receptaculum generale lineare, subramosum,
ramis seu pedunculis inferioribus 2—3-cephalis paleis squamis invo-
luer. gen. et partialibus consimilibus bracteatis. Involucrum par-

_ tiale deciduum, floribus æquilongum, e squamis circ. 6 ovatis con-

CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITA. 173

cavis scariosis exappendiculatis, nervo viridulo brevi apice dilatato
dorso lanigero, constans. Flores hermaphroditi, conformes. Corolla
tubo gracili (basi vix aut ne vix skirroso-tumido), limbo infundibulari
5-fido, lobis lanceolatis recurvis. Anthere basi subcaudatæ. Styli
rami apice truncato-capitellati. Achenium obovatum, glaberri-
mum, pellicula hyalina humectate valde tumescente gelatinosa tec-
tum. Pappus corolam subæquans, caducus, e setis mollibus 8-10
laxe plumosis apice tenuissimis basi subdilatatis in annulum mem-
branaceum concretis.—Herba annua, multicaulis, bi-triuncialis, laxe
lanata, caulibus ramisve simplicibus foliosis glomerulo aphyllo ter-
minatis, foliis alternis anguste linearibus apice subdilatatis mucrone
apiculatis. Squamee fuscæ.
B. Drummondii.
Swan River, Drummond.—Most allied, perhaps, to Styloncerus, but
with a very different pappus, corolla, general receptacle, &e., the glo-
merule not foliose-bracteate.* The generic name alludes to the cellular
pellicle of the achænium becoming gelatinous when moistened, as in
Cephalosorus phyllocephalus, but even more strikingly. This pellicle
consists of a close coating of linear or subclavate diaphanous cells,
compactly arranged with their long diameter perpendicular to the
smooth brown pericarp: on the application of water it promptly swells
into a mass of transparent jelly, very much thicker than the enclosed
achenium. The gorged mucous cells remain unbroken for a consi-
derable time, and their extremely delicate walls show no markings, nor
any contained coiled bands or fibres.

ANTHEIDOSORUS, nov. gen.

Capitula uniflora, super receptaculum generale planum arcte sessilia, in —
glomerulum hemisphzricum involucro generali pluriseriali radiante —
cinctum, capitulum simplex multiflorum prorsus mentiens, den-
sissime aggregata. Jnvolucri generalis squamæ scariosæ, oblongæ vel

obovate, inferne appressæ, fere omnes appendice petaloidea aurea — —

dilatata abrupte patente superatæ. —mvolucrum partiale e squamis
paucis (3-5) oblongis vel linearibus, hyalinis, planiusculis, subper-
sistentibus, floribus brevioribus, paleas receptaeuli generalis simu-

* The tube of the very short corolla of Styloncerus humifusus becomes tubercu- Sod

late, thickened, and indurated, as in Skirrophorus.

174 CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ.

lantibus. Flores omnes hermaphroditi, ii capitulorum marginalium
fertiles, cæteri abortu steriles. Corolla tubulosa, limbo 5-partito,
lobis oblongo-lanceolatis revolutis. Authere basi bicaudatæ, caudis
piliferis, Styli rami apice capitellati. Achenia erostria, glabra;
fertilia obovata, pellicula hyalina humectate creberrime gelatinosa
induta; sterilia linearia, inania. Pappus florum fertilium parce plu-
mosus, caducus, corolla paulo brevior, e setis 5—6 tenuissimis basi
annulatim coalitis, 1-2 paulo longioribus inferne nudiusculis et apice
clavellato-plumosis; florum sterilium persistens, setis rigidioribus
basi subdilatatis cæterum fere similibus.—Herba annua spithamea,
ramosa, lanato-pubescens; foliis alternis anguste linearibus; caule

ramisque gracilibus erectis ; glomerulis capituliformibus parvis (2-3

lin. latis) aureis, ramulos graciles terminantibus, nutantibus. (Nomen

ex ävêos, flos, eios, facies, et cwpds, acervus, conflatum, quia glomeru-
lum singulum florem compositum botan. antiquorum simulat.)
A, gracilis, (Ic. Pl. tab. ined.)

Swan River, Drummond.—This curious plant would probably on
ordinary inspection be referred to the division Cussinieæ, and perhaps
rightly; but the pales, although perfectly sessile on the general re-
ceptacle, are three or four for each flower, and surround it, so as to
form a partial involucre, as is more readily discerned around the mar-
ginal fertile flowers. The structure of the glomerule, on this view, is
much as in Myriocephalus, next to which genus I venture to place it.

MYRIOCEPHALUS, Benth. Pl. Hugel. p. 61.

Ad char. adde: Receptaculum generale latum, planum. Pappus aut
nullus, aut 2—3-setosus, setis nudis, — Herbs annuæ.

1. M. appendiculatus, Benth. l. c.—This is an annual, at least if
specimens in Drummond's collection are the same as the original
species. These are barely six inches high, the glomerule less ihan.
half an inch broad; the scales of the partial involucres are sparsely
lanate, and the ovaries are not entirely glabrous.

2. M. nudus (n. sp.) : involucro generali inconspicuo glomerulo multo
breviore, squamis appendice minima fusca auctis; involueris par-
tialibus 3—4-floris subglabris; achzeniis calvis.

Swan River, Drummond.—Stems, foliage, &e., nearly as in the pre-
ceding. Glomerule from three to six lines broad, at length much
depressed, appearing like a discoid capitulum, the appendiculate scales

CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ. 175

of the general involucre being so small, and the more inconspicuous
because the tips are of the same yellowish-fuscous hue as the capitula.
3. M. helichrysoides (n. sp.) : involucro generali discum subsuperante,
squamis glaberrimis appendice majuscula lactea radiantibus; invo-
lucris partialibus 3-floris; acheeniis hirsutulis; pappo e setis 2-3
tenerrimis (sub lente vix denticulatis) corollam æquantibus con-
.Stante; caule e basi decumbente seu repente erecto ramoso foliisque
lineari-spathulatis elongatis glaberrimis.
Swan River, Drummond.—Accords with Myriocephalus in every
respect, except in the pappus. The petaloid general involucre is longer
in proportion, and the disc smaller than in M. appendiculatus.

CROSSOLEPIS, Less. ?

1. CnossoLEPrs? brevifolia (n. sp.): foliis oblongis eum caule 1-2-
pollicari mox glabratis, summis spathulatis vel obovatis glomerulum
depressum lanatum laxe fulerantibus ; capitulis pedicellatis singulis
bractea herbacea stipatis 10—15-floris.— Caulis e radice annua erec-
tus, parce ramosus, glomerulo ratione plantæ majusculo 4—5 lin. lato
terminatus. Folia caulina vix 2 lin. longa, ea glomerulum fulerantia
majora, cito glabra. Capitula tomento implexo dense lanata. Invo-
lucrum subduplex, nempe, squamis extimis, seu bracteolis, 2-4 spa-
thulatis, herbaceis, laxis; cseteris cire. 10 imbricatis, scariosis, ob-
longis, inappendiculatis, margine fimbriato-laceris et lanigeris, flores

. subæquantibus. Receptaculum nudum. Flores herma iti, con-
similes. Corollæ graciles, tubo fere filiformi apice breviter infundi-
bulari-ampliato, limbo 5-fido. Anthere bicaudatæ. Styli rami

apice truncati, = ne: immatura ente, glabra,

calva.

.

S.W. Australia, Drummond, 1850. — This, with the two following evi- 3

dently congeneric species, I doubtfully refer to Lessing’s genus

lepis, of which nothing is known beyond the annexed most imperfect - -

character, and that the author places it among his Craspedieæ, which —
nearly correspond with De Candolle's division Angianthee.* Here

* « CRossoLEPIS, nov. gen. Capitulum cire. 10-florum. Rachis ebracteolata,

pus nullus.—Herba Novæ dim annua, gracillima, lana mox evanida

estita; foliis augustissime linearibus ; foliolis involueri vix biserialibus floribus
Mec Pc Noc leis fimbriato-laceris.— C. linifolia, n. sp. " (Crossolepis ?
Chrysocoryne, Endl.) k

pusilla, Benth., belongs to a very different genus,

176 CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ.

should likewise refer these plants, although the glomerule and the sub-
tending leaves are so lax, and the capitula so pedicellate from the axil
of herbaceous bracts (although the bracts and pedicels are so densely
clothed with wool, that the glomerule appears to be compact enough),
that they might almost as well be placed among Helichrysea. Having
usually as many as ten flowers in each capitulum, a naked receptacle,
no pappus, and scarious, fimbriate, involucral scales, they must needs
be referred to Crossolepis until the plant so incompletely characterized
by Lessing shall be further known.

2. C.? eriocephala (n. sp.) : foliis lineari-spathulatis linearibusve cum
caulibus (2-3-pollic.) ramisque gracilibus diffusis mox glabratis,
floralibus spathulatis capitulisque pedicellatis in glomerulum laxum
confertis lanosissimis ; involueri cire. 10-flori squamis oblongo-lan-
ceolatis acutis intimis linearibus fimbriatis.

South-western Australia, Drummond, 1850.—The structure of
the glomerule and capitula is the.same as that of the preceding
species, but they are densely clothed with long wool. The margins
of the involucral scales, about ten in number, are beautifully fimbriate-
dissected and lanigerous. Corolla sparsely glandular. Ovary obovate,
glabrous.

3. C.? pygmea (n. sp.): caulibus vix semipollicaribus foliisque angus-
tissime linearibus cito glabris; glomerulo globoso sublanato foliis
paucis linearibus squamisque 5—6 ovatis latissime hyalinis involucrato ;
capitulis subsessilibus ; involucri 5-flori squamis lineaxi-lanceolatis
fimbriato-lanigeris; corollis 4-dentatis; achæniis anguste oblongis
parce hirsutis.

South-western Australia, Drummond.—Stems numerous from the
annual root, very short. Glomerule 24 lines in diameter, much denser
than in the preceding species, but exhibiting the same structure.
Capitula subtended by one or two bracteate scarious scales : the proper
involucral scales five or six, with a morerigid costa or axis than in the
foregoing. Corolla very slender, as long as the involucre; the limb

4-toothed. Pappus none.

CHAMJESPHJERION, noy. gen.

Capitula 5-7-flora, homogama, in glomerulum sessile humi adpressum,
foliis radicalibus involucrum generale simulantibus cinctum, conglo-
bata. Receptaculum (partiale) angustum, planum, paleaceum ; paleis

CHARACTERS OF SOME GNAPHALIOID COMPOSITÆ. 177

scariosis, oblongis, acuminatis, basi linea viridula carinatis intusque

excavatis, flores superantibus, persistentibus, squamis involucri

referentibus. nvolucrum, preter paleas exteriores basi tenuiter
lanosas, nullum. Flores hermaphroditi, conformes. Corolle longe
tubulosæ, graciles, apice dilatatæ, 3-dentatæ. Anthere 3, ecaudatæ.

Styli rami apice capitellato-truncati. Æ4chænia obovata, erostria,

tenuissime 5—6-costata, glabra, pappo coroniformi lacerato caduco

superata.—Herbula annua; radice exili; folis rosulatis, lineari-
subulatis basi dilatatis, glabellis, glomerulum globosum arcte involu-
crantibus.

C.? pygmeum. (Ic. Pl. tab. ined.)

South-western Australia, Drummond.—The whole plant consists of
a globular dense cluster of capitula, three or four lines in diameter,
subtended by a rosulate tuft of narrow leaves (four or five lines long),
which form a general involucre, and resting directly on the ground, to
which it is affixed bya slender root. Capitula (2 lines long), cylindra-
ceous, about twelve in the general glomerule, closely sessile, surrounded
by no common involucre besides the rosulate leaves of the plant, the
exterior, however, subtended by a subulate foliaceous bract. Proper
scales of the involucre none; that is, there are no exterior scales
destitute of a flower in their axil. Paleæ hyaline, whitish, all alike,
except that the outermost are clothed with long woolly hairs at the
base, otherwise all glabrous; the upper half of each more or less
spreading ; the lower appressed, broader and more concave, and with
a narrow, greenish projecting keel, which is excavated within, and
partly embraces the achzenium ; the base scarcely attenuated. Corolla
rather longer than the appressed portion of the subtending palea.
Pappus a delicate lacerately multifid crown, caducous.

This pigmy plant forms a genus (named from yaya), indien >
and opapiov, a little sphere), evidently related to Ohthonocephalus of —
Steetz ; from which it is at once distinguished by its few-flowered
heads, flat receptacle, and coroniform pappus. The two would, per-
haps strictly, belong, where Steetz placed the latter, to the Graphalieæ
Cassiniee ; but I think they are more naturally placed, or at least
Chamespherion, at the end of the Angianthee. The anthers are not
at all caudate in our plant ; nor are they perceptibly so in several
Angiantheæ, and in a species of Chthonocephalus gathered by Drum-
mond, which differs from C. Pseudevaz, as described by Steetz, in the —

VOL. III. 2 A

178 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

form of the paleæ and the want of any excavated and thickened

portion at their base, as well as in theegreater size of the plant. I add

its characters :

CHTHONOCEPHALUS Drummondii, n. sp.: capitulis multis inter folia
rosulata anguste spathulata glomeratis; paleis late ovalibus vel
suborbiculatis obtusissimis undique hyalinis basi lata nec excavatis
nec induratis.

Swan River, Drummond.— Plant, including the outstretched leaves,
from one to two inches in diameter; the exterior leaves half an inch
long, cinereous, tomentose. Heads forty or more, a dense depressed
glomerule, sessile in the centre of the involucriform tuft of leaves,
fuscous. The hyaline scales, all but two or three of the outermost,
subtend flowers. They are much broader than described by Steetz,

uniformly concave, thin, and hyaline throughout, and they are scarcely
at all narrowed at the base.

(To be continued.)

Contributions to the Botany of WESTERN INDIA ;
by N. A. DALZELL, Esq., M.A.
(Continued from p.139.)

Nat. Ord. CONVOLVULACEZÆ,
PHARBITIS.

P. laciniata, mihi; glabra, radice fibrosa, caule filiformi repente vel
volubili angulato torto, foliis breve petiolatis subseptem-partitis,
lobis linearibus angustissimis serrato-pinnatifidis dentibus inæqua-
libus mucronatis, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis angulatis clavatis
1-8-floris folio brevioribus, corolla (alba) Aypocrateriformi 24 poll.
longa, tubo gracili cylindrico intus purpureo, limbo plano patente,
antheris exsertis, calycis foliolis oblongis æqualibus mucronatis
crassis carnosis dorso 3-costatis, costis rugosis, stigmate 3-lobo,
capsula sphærica 3-loculari loculis dispermis, seminibus fuscis seri-
ceis.—Crescit in prov. Malwan; fl. Aug.

I have placed this plant in the genus Pharbitis entirely on account
of the structure of its capsule, in accordance with Choisy's arrangement,

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 179

although I believe that India does not possess a genuine indigenous
Pharbitis; P. Nil being found only about villages. The present
plant appears to me to be a true Calonyction, on account, partly, of
the form of its corolla, and also (which is perhaps of greater value) of
its habit of unfolding its flowers only at sunset.

IpoM@a.

I. rhyncorhiza, mihi; radice tuberosa, tubere ovali compresso sub-
lignoso rostrato mediocri, caule filiformi volubili glabro, foliis lon-
giuseule petiolatis subseptem-partitis supra et in nervis subtus pilis
fulvis hispidulis, lobis inzequaliter pinnatifidis acuminatis, pedunculis
axillaribus solitariis uni- v. bifloris filiformibus glabris folio longiori-
bus, floribus mediocribus flavis, calycis glabri foliolis inæqualibus
interioribus longioribus lanceolatis 7-lin. exterioribus oblongis acutis
5-lin.

Corolla 1} poll. longa, folia diametro 2-pollicaria, pedunculi 3-pollicares.
—Crescit rarissime in montibus Syhadree, prope Tulkut-ghát; fl.
Aug. et Sept. ; fructum non vidi.

The plant is greedily sought after by the Ghaut people, who eat the
tubers, and also make use of the leaves as Bajee (greens); hence its
rarity. This interesting plant, as well as the former, has been disco-
vered for the first time during the present year (1850).

Nat. Ord. URTICACEZ.
ELATOSTEMMA.

E. oppositifolium; herbacea pedalis, caule simplici glabro basi nudo,
folis longiuscule petiolatis oppositis lanceolatis acuminatis grosse -
dentato-serratis trinerviis lineolatis supra parce pilosis subtus gla-
berrimis supremis majoribus, capitulis in axillis alternis solitariis
pedunculatis, pedunculis petiolo brevioribus, receptaculo communi
plano discoideo simplici, floribus masculis et foemineis mixtis.

Folia majora cum petiolo semipollicari 5 poll. longa, 13 poll. lata,
tenerrima, basi inæquilatera. Pedunculus filiformis, 5—6 lin, longus.
Capitulum diametro 4-5 lin.—Crescit in montibus Syhadree ; fl.
Sept.

This plant has also been discovered for the first time during the

present year (1850).

180 : A NEW SPECIES OF ARNEBIA.

Nat. Ord. AURANTIACEÆ.
CLAUSENA.

C. simplicifolia ; arborea, foliis simplicibus ovali-oblongis basi cuneatim
attenuatis nigro-punctatis glabris, floribus ex axillis supremis cymoso-
trichotomo-paniculatis folia superantibus, alabastris lineari-oblongis,
sepalis parvis rotundatis, petalis linearibus obtusis reflexis basi intus
sericeo-tomentosis, filamentis stylum æquantibus basi dilatatis ibique
pilis fulvis sericeis vestitis, stylo gracili, stigmate brevissime 4-fido,
stylo haud crassiore, ovario in toro elevato sulcato insidente tomen-
toso 4-loculari, loculis 2-spermis, fructu demum subglabro pisi
magnitudine.

Folia cum pet. 4-poll. 4—44 poll. longa, 2 poll.lata.—Floret Aug. et
Sept.; fr. Oct. Crescit in montibus Syhadree, prope pm

(To be continued.)

A new species of ARNEBIA, detected by Dr. J. E. Stocks in Beloochistan.
Tas. VI.
ARNEBIA FIMBRIOPETALA, J. E. Stocks.

Annua parva simplex v. ramosa hispido-hirsuta, foliis copiosis erectis
strictis anguste linearibus (infimis subspathulatis), calyce corollæ
tubo breviore post anthesin elongato pubescente basi longe setoso
laciniis foliis conformibus, cor. limbi laciniis ovalibus pulcherrime
fimbriatis sinubus plica dentiformi fimbriata, stigmate integro, nu-
culis trigonis acutis levibus. (Tas. VI.)

Arnebia fimbriopetala, J. E. Stocks, MSS. in Herb. nostr. (n. 911.)

Hab. Not uncommon on the hills of Upper Beloochistan, Dr.J. E. Stocks.
Among a valuable assortment of Scinde plants sent to me by my

very valued correspondent Dr. Stocks, the present one is marked as

* the gem of the collection ; the expanded flower being perfectly lovely."

Its nearest affinity is with Æ. linearifolia, De Candolle, Aucher-Eloy,

Pl. Exs. n. 2368 (in Herb. nostr.) from the desert of Sinai: but the

corolla in this is very different, and the leaves are broader: in both,

the segments of the calyx very much resemble the leaves. How far
the genus Arnebia is really distinct from Lithospermum must be left for
decision to those who are familiar with the species in a living state.

LE

j.

7

tala. ZZ.

opet

l

à
br

m

afi

nebi

AT

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 181

Neither here nor in Arnebia echioides, DC. (Bot. Mag. t. 4409), do we

find the style bifid at the apex.

Tas. VI. ARNEBIA FIMBRIOPETALA.—Fig. 1, flower; fig. 2, stamens;
fig. 3, pistil ; fig. 4, calyx with fruit; fig. 5, fruit :—smagnified.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

The Botanic Gardens of MApmrD and VALENCIA. By Dr. Moritz
WinLKoMM. (Translated from the Regensburg Flora of March 7,
1851, p. 129 seg. ; by N. Wanuicn, M.D., V.P.L.S.)

The Garden at Madrid, founded in the second half of the past
century by Charles IIL, a king who was fond of the arts and
sciences, is the principal botanical institution in Spain: it has again
revived, after being almost entirely neglected during a long series
of years, and promises to become, in time, a garden of import-
ance. This state of things is not much due to the Government,
which does almost nothing for the garden, though belonging to the
Royal domains, nor yet to its direction, but is owing to Professor
Vincente Cutanda's indefatigable zeal in restoring the establishment,
without being himself a professional botanist (for he was formerly a
barrister); and he would be still better enabled to effect his object, if
he had the entire direction of it. But this last is, unfortunately, not the
case: neither he nor the two other professors have any share in the
direction, which belongs exclusively to the Gefe local del Museo na-
cional de Ciencias. The garden, with its botanical museum, forms part
of the national museum just named, whose chief director is the cele- —
brated zoologist, Professor Don Mariano de la Paz Graëlle, a Catalo-
nian ; and under whom an English gardener (Jardinero mayor) is placed. —
'This person, who is said to know very little of his profession, enjoys
nevertheless a much larger salary than any of the three professors

attached to the garden. One of these is the above-mentioned Don

Vincente Cutanda, professor of organology and physiology, and direc-
tor of the botanical museum; another is Don Pascual Asensio, pro- -
fessor of agriculture and inspector of the agronomical branch of the —
botanical museum ; and the third is Don Jose Alonso y Quintanilla,

182 BOTANICAL INFORMATION,

professor of descriptive botany, who conducts also botanical excursions,
as well as exercises in determining plants. Of these three gentlemen,
the first is a tolerably good botanist, well acquainted with the pro-
gress and literature of the science, and, although past forty years of age,
is still full of youthful ardour and attachment to botany, and devoted
to it from his youth, from inclination.

The botanical museum is placed under the immediate direction
of Cutanda. It comprises—besides the agronomical branch already
alluded to, consisting of a library and a collection of models, woods,
cerealia, and fruits—the botanical library, the herbariums, and the
store of seeds. The library, which is well arranged, is seemingly
complete as regards the older works; but it is poor in more recent
publications, The Seed-store is arranged according to the Linnæan
system, and has an especial seed-collector (semillero), who gathers
the seeds in the garden, and distributes them among other gardens.
He stands under Cutanda, who is the director of the garden of Madrid,
only as regards corresponding with other gardens, which are connected
with it by exchanging seeds, superintending generally the garden culti-
vation, and enriching it with new species; but he has nothing to
do with the cultivation itself. "The herbariums constitute the most
important portion of the botanical museum; those of Cavanilles,
Rodriguez, Née, Clemente, part of the collections of Lagasca, Pourret,
and others, being kept there; likewise many plants of Boissier and
Reuter, some gathered by the writer of this notice, and by several of the
pupils of the botanical institution. All these collections were lying in
the greatest confusion in Rodriguez's time, so that it was utterly im-
possible to compare any plant, or examine any particular original speci-
men. Cutanda has made it a point of primary importance to intro-
duce some order into this chaos, after four years of constant exertion,
aided by the semillero, Don Francisco Alea, a young, zealous, and
clever botanist. Allthe said collections form now one general herbarium,
of about 30,000 species, arranged according to De Candolle's method.
The specimens of each species, in the several herbariums, are placed
separately in sheets of paper, having a printed label with the name of
the herbarium attached ; and a detailed catalogue renders the search
after any particular species very easy. Cutanda is now e in
determining all the species in this general herbarium, from first to last,
' because there are many plants in it, either not at all, or wrongly named.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 183

It is likely to obtain soon a very considerable addition in Lagasca’s her-
barium, which the Government intends purchasing. One portion of
this latter, consisting of some hundreds of packets, is in the natural-
history building; the other, in about twenty cases, lies at the Custom-
house in Malaga, where both have continued many years, because
Lagasca’s heirs, who are uneducated people, caring nothing about botany,
have declined to defray the expenses of warehousing the collections. La-
gasca, it appears, had left the cases at the Custom-house in Malaga,
on his return from England, not being able, probably, to pay the
charges for duty, &c, It is to be feared that the contents are in a
very bad condition. Piolongo, who has seen the cases, states, that they
are kept in a wet vault, that the bottom parts are quite decayed, and
mice have attacked them. The packets at the Natural History Museum
at Madrid, where they were deposited on the death of Lagasca, to save
them from destruction, are now offered for sale by his creditors and
heirs; but the good specimens cannot be very numerous, as it is re- -
ported, that the worms have caused much mischief among them. It is
probable that the noble collections of the late Don Mutis, of Santa Fé de
Bogota, are in an equally deplorable state of decay. They are kept in
a separate room of the botanical museum, inscribed “ Direccion del
Museo botanico de la Nueva Granada.” Only a small part of the
collections, made in New Granada by Mutis and others, has been un-
packed; the rest, about sixty cases, has remained unopened these
fifty years. The small portion which was unpacked by Rodriguez, and
has been loosely arranged according to their genera, is so much in-
jured from insects, as to be scarcely distinguishable, Cyperaceæ and ———
Gramineæ only excepted. What must not be the havoc among the —
unopened cases ! These immense collections came to Madrid before —
the war with Napoleon had commenced, and were to have been pub- _
lished at the expense of Government, together with the fine drawings, -
made partly by Mutis himself, and partly by experienced artists, under
his own direction. The professors at the garden were charged with
putting the entire herbarium into proper order ; and for this purpose a
very large and superior kind of paper was expressly manufactured at
the public cost, which is still kept, in large quantities, in an adjoining
closet. In short, everything was prepared for producing a noble her-
barium and flora of New Granada, when the disastrous war broke out,
succeeded by years of distress and tyranny, and at length by a civil

184 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

war; and thus was that grand scheme annihilated. In fact, nothing
remains at present of those noble collections, except the above-men-
tioned drawings—the finest I have ever seen. They are in large royal
folio ; the size of the figures, that of life; and generally there are tri-
plicates of each drawing: one being an outline only; another, shaded,
is executed in Indian ink; and the third iscoloured after nature. As
regards style and execution nearly all these drawings are perfect ;
they amount to many hundreds. The herbarium of the Flora Peruviana,
formed from Ruiz and Pavon’s collections, is in a better condition, and
preserved in a separate room in the Museum.

The number of cultivated plants in the Madrid garden very little
exceeds 5,000 species. The catalogue,* published in 1849 by the
three professors, at their own expense, comprises 3,780 species,—that
is, such only as they were able to determine since the death of Rodri-
guez, which took place in the summer of 1847. He had—it is im-
possible to guess for what reason—removed all the labels of the
plants! Cutanda takes much pains to increase the number of plants,
and is particularly anxious that the Madrid garden should cultivate all
the plants of the peninsula. As a member of the Comicion de la
Carta geologica de Espanna (which chart, at present merely an accu-
rate geognostic-botanical one of the province of Madrid, is to be pub-
lished at the charge of the Government) Cutanda is obliged to under-
take annual journeys in order to study the vegetation of the country ;
on which occasion, he is always accompanied by the semillero, who
collects seeds and plants for the garden. If this honest, zealous, and
disinterested young man is long spared, the Madrid garden may be
expected gradually to recover the rank it held in Cavanilles’s time.
Last year the Government built a hot-house, which was hitherto en-
tirely wanting. It is still more to be wished that a better supply of
water could be obtained ; at present it is scarcely adequate for watering
one-half of the very considerable area of the garden, especially in
summer.

What is hoped for in regard to the Madrid garden has partly
been accomplished in that of Valencia, When the author visited it
for the first time in 1844, it was only nominally a botanical garden,
in which little more was cultivated than oranges, limes, roses, and
common ornamental plants; whereas it is at present in tolerable order,

* Catalogo de las plantas del Jardin botánico de Madrid en el anno 1849.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 185

and contains more than 6,000 species. There is a pretty large glass-
house, one-half being a caldarium, the other a tepidarium : in the former
are cultivated nearly 130 species of Orchidee, and 50 of Palms ; in the
latter, among others, a considerable number of tropical and subtropical
Ferns. A second house is to be erected in the course of the present
year. A number of Crassulacee and Cactee, and similar plants of
New Holland and the Cape, grow in the open air. The general
number is constantly augmenting, and everything is done to cultivate
plants of colder climates than the Valencian, by means of watering,
artificial rocks, shrubberies, &c. This sudden and advantageous change
in the state of things is almost exclusively due to the then Rector of
the University.of Valencia, Don Francisco Carbonell. This learned,
energetic, and wealthy gentleman, was political chief of Valencia in
1844, and was much dreaded throughout the kingdom, on account
of his inflexible and rather despotic procedure; but he made it a point,
it seems, to restore, at any cost, the university garden. Though a
diplomatist, and not a botanist, he interests himself actively in na-
tural history, especially zoology and botany. The hitherto very in-
significant zoological museum of the university was considerably
enlarged during his rectorship; for instance, the indigenous bird:
of Valencia, especially the numerous water-birds of the Albufera Sea
have been added, and form a very interesting collection. The
rector is Professor Don Ignacio Vidal, who is said to be a good
zoologist. But Carbonell’s real hobby is the botanic garden. H
has removed, somewhat arbitrarily, the old personnel, with the exception
of D. José Pizcueta, Professor of Botany, who was garden-director _
in 1844, and continues so still, though, of course, only nominally ; and
he has attached to it a clever, scientific French gardener, M. Jean
Robillard, a zealous young man; and as the public funds were too -
insignificant to restore and support the garden, he has contributed
large sums out of his own means. M. Robillard has placed himself -
in communication with the leading gardens in Europe, and will be able, -
under the powerful patronage of Carbonell, to double and treble the
number of plants in a short time. If we take into account the
excellence of the climate of Valencia—in which New Holland and Cape
plants, as well as many plants of tropical countries, thrive in the open
ground,—the superiority of the soil, the abundant supply of water,
the continually moist and never too hot air,—it must be admitted that

VOL. III. 29

186 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

we have here a combination of all the conditions required for a grand
botanic establishment; and such the Valencia garden will become, if
Carbonell’s life is spared and his rectorship continued. I will, in
conclusion, specify some of the rarities in the garden; rarities, at
least, as concern the individual specimens. The large water basin is
filled with tropical aquatics, such as several plants of Nelumbium
speciosum in full bloom at the time I speak of (August), and remark-
able on account of the great size of the flowers and leaves. In the
open air grow small trees of Gleditschia caspica, the stem of which
is armed with compound spines a span long ; Parkinsonia aculeata ;
Araucaria excelsa and imbricata ; and a splendid specimen of Fucca fila-
mentosa, with a stem eight feet high and nearly one foot thick. The
Parkinsonia is a layer from an old large tree, which was ignorantly
cut down by the Canon Carrascosa, formerly director of the agro-
nomical garden, now united with the botanic garden. The Chame-
rops humilis, which so much astonished me in 1844, is fortunately
still in existence, and it measures nearly twenty feet in height.
The proper “botanical school” remains still a Linnean arrange-
ment, but it is intended to put it in order according to the natural
system. May the Valencia garden continue its progress towards per-
fection, and serve as a praiseworthy pattern of imitation for all the
other botanical establishments in Spain !

. Observations upon the elevated temperature of the male inflorescence of
CycADEOUS PLANTS; communicated by Dv. W. H. DE VRIESE,
Professor of Botany and Director of the Royal mae of the Uni-
versity of Leyden.

All living bodies have a temperature peculiar to themselves ; that is
to say, they have a temperature different from, and independent of,
those that surround them. This temperature is intimately connected
with their nature, and is modified according to the different conditions
in which they may be. ` This necessary consequence of the successive
changes which organic matter undergoes during life, is in its turn one
of the causes which preserve organized bodies, and by which animal
and vegetable life are protected from destruction or dissolution, which
external circumstances would not be long in producing. It is this
peculiar temperature which permits animals to inhabit regions of the

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 187

globe that on account of their cold would be uninhabitable ; which allows
the development of aquatic vegetables in frozen water ; which defends
trees against winter, and which, in tropical regions, causes vegetables
to withstand a temperature often too high for their organization. The
observations upon the elevated temperature in the flowers of Aroideous
plants in general, have shown that this phenomenon takes place in a
high degree, and originates in a sort of combustion, that is to say, an
absorption of oxygen and emission of carbonic acid.

Very recently a high degree of temperature has been observed in a
plant belonging to a family in which that phenomenon has not been
noticed before. Mr. Teysman, chief gardener at Burtenzorg (in Java)
in 1845, has informed me that he has observed an elevated tempera-
ture, and at the same time a very strong smell, in the male cone of
Cycas circinalis. I received from him, in October 1849 and Novem-
ber 1850, seven series of observations, made in the aforesaid garden, -
upon male flowers of this plant. What is most remarkable in these
observations is connected with the following facts. The elevation of
the temperature always takes place between 6—10 o'clock in the even-
ing. Messrs. Bory (at the Isle-of France) and Hasscarl (at Java) have
observed the maximum at 6 o'clock in the morning. De Saussure
observed it in the 4rwm Italicum between 4-7 in the evening; and the
Colocasia odora in the gardens of Paris, Amsterdam, and Leyden has
always attained its maximum at noon. This periodical production of
heat, differing in different climates and in flowers of different families,
has not yet been accounted for. It appears from the inspection of the
tables of several hundreds of observations, that the maximum has
varied between 9-14? C., and the difference has been 3:75—4:509,

It is acknowledged that in general the coloured parts among the
appendieular organs in vegetables have an absorption. and ex
contrary to those of green parts. The oxygen is absorbed, carbo
acid is exhaled. Both take place in organs where the elevated tem-
perature is shown in a high degree. It is proved that this pheno-
menon is constantly preceded and accompanied by rapid growth in the
flower. Nothing prevents us from admitting that the same action
actually takes place in the male cone of Cycas, where the rapid deve-
lopment of pollen, or the formation of cells which compose it, should
surpass all that has been observed in this respeet in the vegetable

kingdom.

+

188 B BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

We shall endeavour to prove it by the following calculation. The male
cone, of which I have given the description elsewhere, is (in metres) 0°450
long, and 0-200 broad. The sum of the external surface is difficult to
estimate on account of the irregular form of the organ, but it cannot be
considerable. In calculating the number of scales at 3500, and the surface
of each of them at four square centimetres, the whole sum of the organs
which compose the cone should be equal to 14,000 square centimetres.
The surface of the scales at the underside is covered with unilocular an-
thers almost contiguous, and the number of these anthers may be calcu”
lated at 400. "Thus the total number of these anthers might be calculated
at 1,400,000. Each anther contains several thousands of granules of
pollen, which in a very short space of time undergo, in their cavities,
all the necessary organie, physical, and chemical changes. It is easy
to admit that the alternate absorption and emission of gas, in so rapid
a process, must have an important part. The whole leads us to be-
lieve that, in which there is so great an analogy in the functions (as in
the flowers of Aroideous and Cycadeous plants), the same agents
should regulate and preside over the phenomena of life, of which,
all that modern science has been able to discover as to its mode of
action, belongs to physics and chemistry.

Sale of the extensive HERBARIUM and of the Books of the late GEORGE
GARDNER, Ese., F.R.S., Director of the Royal Botanic Garden, Pera-
denia, Ceylon.

In consequence of the lamented death of Mr. Gardner, instructions
have been given to the executors to sell, without reserve, the entire
of the above-mentioned collections of this gentleman, which have
recently been received in London for that purpose. The whole
Gardnerian Herbarium, that is, the collection arranged by himself for
his own use, it is wished should be disposed of separately and by private
contract. It is admirably arranged, and as fully and correctly named
_ as probably any of like extent; all the specimens are fastened upon the
best stout white demy folio paper, measuring sixteen inches long, by
ten and a half inches broad. Every genus is included in one or more
envelopes of the same paper in folded sheets, and marked on the outside
with the name of the genus, that of the natural family, and numbered

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 189

according to the numbers and arrangement in Endlicher’s * Genera
Plantarum.’ The specimens are invariably in excellent condition, no
trace of insects having been seen among them, and we have reason to
believe they are all poisoned. From as accurate a calculation as can be
yet made, there are about 14,000 papers containing specimens, and we
think we are within bounds when we say that there are 12,000 species
of Phænogamous plants and Ferns. The collection is, as may be antici-
pated, extremely rich in Brazilian and Ceylon plants, gathered mostly by
Mr. Gardner during his five and a half years’ travels in the former country
(and they are the authority for his many plished species) and during
his four years’ sojourn in Ceylon. It further includes numerous plants
prepared by himself in Mauritius, and a still more extended assortment
from the Nielgherries ; a rich collection of Malacca plants from the late
Mr. Griffiths ; Hong-Kong plants from-Capt. Champion; South European
plants from Mr. Bentham ; and others from various quarters of the globe ;
the whole forming an extensive and well-authenticated Herbarium, such
as is seldom offered for sale to the botanical world.

Mr. Samuel Stevens, 24, Bloomsbury Street, London, is charged
with the disposal of this, and further particulars may be obtained on
inquiry of him. :

The books, almost exclusively botanical, and a few unarranged |
bundles of duplicate plants, will be sold by public sale at Mr. Stevens's
Auction Room, King Street, Covent Garden, and full particulars will —
be announced previous to the sale. ;

Parvi of Story.

Our valued friend, Professor Parlatore, writes to us as follows, fioi
Florence :—“ Je vous dirai, à propos de Papyrus, que j'ai découvert,
il y a déjà quelques mois, que le Papyrus de Sicile, que tout le monde
a cru la méme chose du Papyrus d'Egypte, est une espèce bien dis- t
tincte. Je viens de recevoir tous les détails que j'espérais de l'Egypte,
et méme un dessein de l'espèce égyptienne. J'en possédais déjà un
exemplaire dans l'herbier qui m'a mis à méme de connaître la différence
des deux espèces : j'ai tracé l’histoire de deux papyrus dans ma * Flore
d'Italie; au commencement du second volume, qui paraîtra plus tard :
l'espèce, qui se trouve ordinairement dans les jardins d'Europe, c'est
cela de Sicile, que j'ai nommé Papyrus Sicula."

190 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Death of PROFESSOR KUNZE.

It is with regret we have to announce the recent death of Professor
Gustav Kunze, of Leipzig, of apoplexy; this event took place on
the 30th of April. “Thus,” a friend writes to us, “ besides this dis-
tinguished writer on Ferns, has botany to deplore recently the loss, in
rapid succession, of Stephen Endlicher, of Vienna ; Koch, in Erlangen ;
Kunth and Link, in Berlin; Hornschuch, in Greifswald; Wahlenberg,
in Upsala ; Dr. Anton Sprengel, in Jena (son of Curt. Sprengel) ; and
Professor Fried. Gottl. Dietrich, in Eisenach.”

LINDHEIMER’s and FENDLER's American Plants.

Mr. Samuel Stevens, 24, Bloomsbury-street, London, is charged with
the disposal of—
1. A set of plants of Texas, collected by Lindheimer, containing 315
species : price, 37. 155.
2. Several sets of Fendler’s Plants of New Mexico, the largest con-
taining 80 species, the smallest 48: price, 30s. per 100.
8. Several small sets of Fendler's Chagres plants for sale, at 27. per 100.

Welwitzsch’s Plants of PORTUGAL.

Some few sets of the plants collected in Portugal by Dr. Fried.
Welwitzsch remain in the hands of his London agent, Mr. Pamplin.
The Phænogamous plants contain about 800 species, including many
of the rarest species of the Lusitanian Flora; the whole are named and
localized: the price, 25s. per 100: if the Cryptogamous plants be taken
. separately, they are charged at the rate of 30s. per 100. Early

_ application is recommended. 45, Frith-street, Soho, London, May 1851.

191

Second Report on Mm. Spruce’s Collections of Dried Plants from
North BRAZIL; by GEORGE BENTHAM, Esq.

(Continued from p. 166.)

The Sapindaceæ are more numerous, several of them new, and, many
being both in fruit and flower, I shall in describing them add a few notes
on some allied species.

The Cardiospermum, distributed as C. microcarpum, H.B.K., appears
to accompany the C. Halicacabum over the whole of the tropical world,
and to be at least equally common; and as it seems impossible to
distinguish the two by any other character than that of the fruit, it
becomes doubtful whether they may not be varieties of one species.
I have them both from western and eastern tropical America, from the
warmer regions of North America, east and west tropical Africa, South
Africa, various parts of East India, and the Pacific Islands.

1. Serjania nitidula, sp.n.; glaberrima, ramis teretiusculis, foliolis ter-
nis ovato-oblongis obtusis paucidentatis, intermedio in petiolulum
contracto, paniculis racemiformibus subsimplicibus, sepalis 5, inte-
rioribus exteriores paullo superantibus, fructu basi late cordato glaber-
rimo nitidulo reticulato, alis dimidio longitudinis angustioribus.— .
Rami tenues, juniores leviter angulati. Stipule lineam longæ, late
triangulares, obtuse. Foliorum petiolus communis 1-3-pollicaris ;
foliolum intermedium 2-3-pollicare, apice obtuso dentibusque paucis
callosis, basi rotundatum v. cuneatum et in petiolulum 2-3 lin.
longum abrupte contractum, lateralia subsessilia quam terminale
nune paullo nune dimidio minora, omnia incegra v. intermedium i
raro subtrilobum, penninervia et reticulato-venosa, chartacea v. de-
mum subcoriacea, supra nitidula, subtus pariter viridia sed palli- E
diora. Thyrsi (v. paniculæ racemiformes) axillares, breviter pec
culati v. ad apices ramorum terni v. subpaniculati, 3-5-pollicares,
glaberrimi, basi cirrhosi ; ramuli per anthesin breves, recurvi, dust :
sepe semipollicares, 5-10-flori. Pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi, infra me-
dium articulati. Sepala exteriora late ovata, concava, 14 lin. longa,
interiora angustiora et longiora. Petala calycem vix superantia,
anguste oblonga, in unguem longe contracta, appendice basilari
eucullata petalo breviore villoso, apice glanduliformi glabra. Ova-
rium glabrum. Fructus 10 lin. longus, apice emarginatus, undique
reticulatus et nitidulus, alis basi rotundatis singulis 4 lin. latis.
VOL. III. 2c us

192 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

Semen et embryo omnino S. velutine, Camb.—Santarem, distributed

as “ Serjania, sp. n., S. sinuate aff.”

Six Brazilian trifoliate Serjaniæ are enumerated by Schlechtendahl
(Linnzea, vol. xviii. p. 55). Amongst them the S. Guaruminea, Mart.,
is surely the same as S. cuspidata, St. Hil., a common Rio Janeiro
species since described by Walpers under the name of Paullinia Meye-
niana. The S. lanceolata is unknown to me, unless a specimen of
Pohl’s, with leaves much larger than. those described by Cambessédes,
belongs to it. 8. Mansiana, Mart., occurs in Pohl’s as well as in Mar-
tius's collection. S. monogyna, with “ale capsule apice dilatate,”
must be a Paullinia, as suggested by Schlechtendahl. S. Regnelii is
evidently a distinct species unknown to me. No. 1245 of Martius’s
‘Herbarium Flore Brasiliensis ’ referred to by Schlechtendahl appears
to be the Urvillea glabra. The two following are new :—

2. Serjania platycarpa, sp. n.; cinereo-pubescens, ramis obtusangulis,
foliolis ternis ovatis serratis subtus præsertim molliter pubescentibus,
paniculis compositis subcorymbosis longe pedunculatis, sepalis 5,
intimis petalisque orbiculatis, fructu maximo glaberrimo glauco
basi profunde cordato, alis dimidio longitudinis latioribus.— Sepala
extus cano-tomentosa, interiora 3 lin. longa. Petala glabra, ungui-
culata, orbiculata, calyce dimidio longiora. Glandule receptaculi
oblongæ. Fructus 2 poll. longus et latus.

A fine species, remarkable for its large flowers, broad petals, and
large, broadly-winged fruits, found in the province of Goyaz by Pohl
and by Gardner (n. 3629).

3. Serjania hebecarpa, sp. n.; ramis teretibus glabriusculis, foliolis ter-
nis ovatis acute acuminatis grosse paucidentatis supra scabriusculis
subtus junioribus pubescentibus, paniculis compositis tomentosis,
sepalis 5 subæquilongis, petalis obovali-oblongis, fructu undique
pubescente apice villoso basi rotundato. | :

Agrees in some respects with the character of S. Regnelii, but the
leaves are less hairy, and the structure and proportions of the calyx
and corolla are different. Gathered by Gardner in the provinces of
Ceara (n. 1498) and Minas Geraes (n. 4479).

Besides the above, I have another Brazilian plant which, if a Ser-
jania, would belong to the same groupe, and be nearly allied to the
. West Indian S. sinuata, but which I refrain from describing, as in the

COLLECTED BY MR, SPRUCE IN BRAZIL. . 193

absence of fruit it is impossible to say with certainty whether it be a .

Serjania or a Paullinia. *

Among the numerous Serjaxie with biternate leaves, Mr. Spruce has
but one, distributed as a species allied to S. paucidentata, DC., which
on a closer comparison with Guiana specimens (British Guiana, Robt.
Schomburgk, 2nd coll., n.992, Richard Schomburgk, n.1710 ; Cayenne,
Martin, and Surinam, Hostmann, n. 998) does not appear to be really
distinct from that species.

There are five Paullinie ; three new species described below, a single
specimen of P. riparia, H.B.K., from the Rio Aripecurü, and another
from the same locality, of P. pinnata, Linn., with rather narrower wings
to the petiole than usual. To the various synonyms of this widely- _
diffused species must be added the P. diversiflora, Miq., and P. Host-
manni, Steud.

1. Paullinia spicata, sp. n. ; caule obtusangulo foliisque pinnatis alsin
petiolo aptero, foliolis 5. amplis ovali-oblongis breviter acuminatis
obtuse paucidentatis viridibus nitidulis, racemis subsessilibus spicæ-
formibus dense multifloris, capsula elongato-pyriformi obtusa glabra.—
Ramuli crassi, angulis 3—4 elevatis obtusis suleatisve. Stipule cadu-
cissimæ. Foliorum petiolus communis 4—7-pollicaris, teres, leviter
suleatus. Foliola 4-b-pollicaria v. terminale 6-7 poll. longum,
2-3 poll lata, margine more P. pinnate grosse paucidentata, basi
rotundata v. terminale cuneatum, utrinque viridia et glaberrima ex-
ceptis barbis minutis ad axillas venarum paginæ inferioris, supra
nitidula, petiolulis 1-3 lin. longis. Racemi axillares, 2—5-pollicares,
tomento tenui canescentes, fere a basi densiflori, fasciculis florum
approximatis sessilibus. Bractee lineares, caducæ. Flores albi,
brevissime pedicellati. Sepala 5, ovato-orbicularia, concava, extus
cano-tomentella, exteriora fere 1 lin., interiora 14 lin. longa. Petala

4, oblonga, calyce paullo longiora, squamis inferiorum appendicula - m

inflexa auctis. Ovarium breviter stipitatum, fere glabrum, stylo
usque ad medium trifido, lobis intus stigmatosis. Capsula fere ——
P. pinnate, sed longior et longius stipitata.—On the Lake Quiriquiry.

I should have taken the above plant, which I have also from Mar- —

tin's Cayenne collection, for the Guarana or Paullinia sorbilis, Mart. —
(Reise, vol.ii. p. 1098), but that its stem is certainly climbing and
the capsule not at all rostrate. As Martius's species has not been
taken up either by Walpers or by Steudel and as his B

194 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

notes on the use and properties of the Guaranà appear to have been
misunderstood (for it is used either medicinally or as furnishing a re-
freshing drink, not as a bread or article of food) I here. extract the
greater portion of the passage from that distinguished traveller’s re-
lation. —

* From the Mauhés (Indians of the Rio Mauhé) the Brazilians, as
well as the civilized Indians of the same race, receive cloves, sarsa-
parilla, cacao, and especially the Guaranà, a drug whose preparation
most especially occupies the Mauhés. The Guaranà is a very hard
paste, of a chocolate-brown colour, and with little odour. For use, it is
reduced to a fine powder and mixed with sugar and water as a cooling
stomachic draught, to be taken like lemonade merely for its flavour, or,
medicinally, against diarrhoea. Its use is so widely diffused that it is
sent from Topinambarana through the whole empire and even beyond
the limits of Brazil to the provinces of Mochos and Chiquitos. A good-
natured Indian, of the race of the Mauhés, presented me with several
sticks of Guaranà which he had himself prepared, and allowed me to
witness the operation, of which I now give an account, together with
some other data relating to this remarkable product." dein vol. ii.

p. 1061.)

“The Guaranà (which must not be confounded with the Caranna
gum) was originally prepared by the Mauhés alone. But since its use
has been so widely spread as to become an object of no inconsiderable
commerce, it is made also by other settlers, particularly at Villa Boa,
and here and there on the Rio Tapajoz. The genuine article is dis-
tinguished from the adulterations by its greater hardness and density,
and in that, when powdered, it does not assume a white colour, but a
greyish-red tint. The preparation showed me by the Indian in Topi-
nambarana was as follows:—The Guaranà plant (Paullinia sorbilis,
Mart., glabra, caule erecto angulato, foliis pinnatis bijugis, foliolis ob-
9 longis remote sinuato-obtuse-dentatis, lateralibus basi rotundatis, ex-

timo basi cuneato, petiolo nudo angulato, racemis pubescentibus erectis,
capsulis pyriformibus apteris rostratis, valvulis intus villosis) ripens its
seeds in the months of October and November. These are taken out
of their capsules and exposed to the sun. When they are sufficiently
dried to allow of the white arillus, in which they are half enveloped,
being rubbed off with the fingers, they are emptied into a stone mortar,
or deep dish of hard sandstone, which is heated over a charcoal fire,

COLLECTED BY MR. SPRUCE IN BRAZIL. 195

and they are then ground to a fine powder, which, mixed with a little
water, or exposed to the night dew, is kneaded into a dough. In this
dough are mixed a few seeds, either whole or broken into two or three
pieces, and the whole is made up into sticks or cakes of the requisite
form, usually cylindrical or spindle-shaped, containing from twelve to
fifteen ounces of the paste, and from five to eight inches long ; it is
more rarely compounded into balls. These sticks are then dried in the
sun, or in the smoke of the huts, or by the fire, till they become so hard
and tough that it requires an axe to break them. They are now
packed among the broad leaves of Scitaminee into baskets or sacks,
and when not exposed to much damp, will keep uninjured for several
years. In the province of Para, the Guarana is grated for use on the
jawbone of the Piracurü fish, which is covered with bony asperities,
and which, kept in a basket made of Uarumà stalks (Maranta Tonchat,
Aubl.), is a common article of household furniture. An inferior paste
is prepared by mixing powdered cocoa or mandiocca flour with the
true Guarana: this is less hard and tough, and is whitish when broken.”
(Mart., ibid. p. 1098, in a note which concludes with some medical and
chemical observations, the result of the experiments of Dr. Theodore
von Martius, the traveller’s brother, and with the expression of his
belief that it would make a valuable addition to our Materia Medica.)
2. Paullinia interrupta, sp. n. ; ramulis petiolisque ferrugineo-puberulis
glabratisve, foliis pinnatis, petiolo non alato, foliolis 5 ovatis ob-
longisve acuminatis integerrimis v. obsolete sinuato-dentatis utrinque
viridibus glabris v. ad venas marginesque pilosulis, racemis sessilibus
v. breviter pedicellatis, floribus interrupte fasciculatis, sepalis 5 ex-
terioribus duplo minoribus, capsula breviter stipitata globoso-tri-
quetra ferrugineo-tomentosa.—#rutex scandens; rami teretiusculi,
juniores leviter angulato-striati, nune uti petioli dense ferrugineo-
tomentosi, nunc fere glabri. Stipulæ oblongo-lineares, caducæ. Pe- -
tioli communes 3-6 poll. longi. Foliola majora (3 superiora folio-
tum majorum) 5-6 poll. longa, 2-3 poll. lata, inferiora cujusve folii
et omnia foliorum superiorum minora, et hzc sepius proportione :
augustiora, terminale basi cuneatum et ima basi in petiolulum con- ;
tractum, lateralia basi rotundata et brevissime petiolulata, omnia
rigide chartacea v. subcoriacea, penninervia, rete venarum subtus
prominula supra vix conspicua, preter pilos nunc rarissimos nunc
copiosores ad venas marginesque glabra, utrinque punctis minutis

196 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

plus minus copiosis quasi irrorata, nec mitentia. Racemi 3-8-polli-
cares, rhachi ferruginea, fasciculis florum subsessilibus. Bractee
minute, acutissimæ. Flores albi, breviter pedicellati. Sepala lato-
ovata, concava, extus minute tomentella v. fere glabra, interiora
1} lin. longa. Petala obovata, calyces vix superantia ; squamæ in-
feriorum latæ, apice biglandulosæ, intus appendice lata reflexa auctæ.
Stamina brevia. Ovarium globosum, hirsutum. Styli 3 distincti,
extus puberuli, intus a basi papillosi. Capsulas 2 tantum vidi,
alteram immaturam dense ferrugineo-villosam, alteram vetustam 5
lin. diametro coriaceo-lignosam apice brevissime obtuseque acumi-
natam.— Near Santarem.

3. Paullinia pachycarpa, sp. n. ; glabra, foliis pinnatis, pinnis trijugis
cum impari infimis i petiolo subalato, foliolis oblongis ob-
tuse acuminatis grosse paucidentatis, racemis laxis paniculatis tomen-
tosis, sepalis 4 magnis canescenti-tomentosis, capsulis longe stipi-
tatis globosis tomentosis, valvulis crassis sublignosis.—Frulex alte
scandens. Foliorum petiolus communis semipedalis, undique an-
guste alatus y. ala versus basin evanescente. Foliola glaberrima,
chartacea, 3—5 poll. longa, omnia basi angustata et subsessilia. Pani-
cula ampla, ferrugineo-tomentosa, e racemis 3—6-pollicaribus compo-
sita. Ramuli racemorum 2-4 lin. longi, pedicelli breves. Bractee
oblongæ, caducissimæ. Flores in genere majusculi, extus cano-
tomentelli. Sepala 4, intimum orbiculare, 3 lin. diametro, interdum
breviter bifidum, exteriora minora. Petala 3 lin. longa, elliptica.
Squame interiores appendice inflexa barbata aucta. Filamenta villis
albis dense hirsuta. Styli 3, breves, distincti, intus a basi stigma-
tosi. Capsule 9 lin. diametro stipite semipollicari, subglobosæ,
costis sex percursis quarum 3 magis prominent, extus tomento bre-
vissimo vestitæ, in vivo ex cl. Spruce rose, siccitate corrugate.
Semina magna, irregulariter hemisphærica, canescentia, opaca €x-
cepto bilo basilari subdorsali orbiculari nitido. Aril/am non vidi,
in specimine omnes a vermibus jam destructæ. Testa crustacea.
Cotyledones crasso-carnose, subæquales. Radicula brevissima.—On
the shores of the Tapajoz, near Santarem.

1. Schmidelia leptostachya, sp. n. ; subglabra, foliolis ternis ellipticis v.
_obovali-oblongis obtusis remote serratis subtus pallidis ad axillas
venarum barbatis, racemis gracillimis folio longioribus, floribus mi-
nimis numerosissimis.—Primo intuitu S. Zevi, St. Hil, affinis, sed

COLLECTED BY MR. SPRUCE IN BRAZIL, 197

racemis elongatis et floribus multo minoribus facile distincta. Fru-
tex est biorgyalis. Foliorum petiolus communis semipollicaris, pilis
paucis puberulus. Foliola, exceptis barbis ad axillas venarum, glabra,
terminale 2—4-pollicare; lateralia vulgo minora, omnia basi angus-
tata, margine dentibus paucis brevibus subcallosis notata, supra
siccitate nigricantia, subtus pallide virentia. Racemi- vulgo semi-
pedales vel longiores, fere a basi fasciculato-floriferi. Flores albi,
aperti vix lin. diametro. Sepala 2 exteriora interioribus dimidio
breviora, omnia orbiculata, concava. Petala sepalis breviora, cu-
neato-oblonga. Fructus sessiles, subglobosi, magnitudine pisi.—
Near Santarem.
There are fine specimens in flower and fruit of Sapindus inequalis,
DC., a tree of twenty to forty feet, common about Santarem. As this
has been ascertained to be the same as 5. divaricatus of Willdenow's
herbarium (Schlecht. Linnæa, vol. vi. p. 419), it is probably also the
S. divaricatus of Camb. and St. Hil., and has a wide range in Brazil.
I have it from Utinga, prov. Bahia (Blanchet, n. 2755), and from
Pohl’s collection. It is nearly allied to the West Indian S. marginatus,
and differs from all other known American Sapindi in its small flowers.
The following handsome large-flowered species appears to be unde-
scribed, although probably near to S. Surinamensis, Poir., a species un-
known to me. That is, however, said to have thin membranous leaf-
lets rounded at the base and blunt at the apex, whilst those of our
S. cerasinus are stiff and narrowed at both ends. Mr. Spruce found it
in gravelly situations about Santarem, where it forms a shrub of eight
or ten feet, with yellowish flowers, and a fruit resembling a cherry in ap-
pearance. Itis called Pitomba by the Brazilians, who eat its thin pulp. -
1. Sapindus cerasinus, sp. n. ; foliolis 3-8-jugis oblongis sublanceola- -
tisve acuminatis basi inæqualiter angustatis coriaceis utrinque gla-
berrimis nitidis, panicula ampla floribunda, cymulis laxis calycibusque
puberulis, petalis glabris calyce triplo longioribus squamas ligulatas
brevissime bilobas paullo superantibus.—Foliorum petiolus com-
munis semipedalis ad pedalis v. etiam longior. Z/io/a foliorum _
majorum 6-8 poll. longa, 2-23 poll. lata, utrinque viridia, ve- ——
nulis crebris. Panicula pyramidata, floribunda, 1-14-pedalis. Se-

pala vix lineam longa, orbieularia. Petala 3 lin. longa, oblonga,

crassiuseula, glaberrima, squama intus dense et longe barbata. -
Ovarium sessile, breviter pubescens, stylo simplici ovario æquilongo.

198 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

I refer also the following plant, a single specimen from Santarem,
to Sapindus, on account of the similarity of its flowers to those of the
last species, although in the absence of fruit the genus cannot be de-
termined with certainty. There are, however, no American Cupamie
known with flowers at all like it.

2. Sapindus oblongus, sp.n.; glaber, foliolis trijugis oblongis vix acu-
minatis utrinque viridibus nitidulis basi cuneatis, thyrsis simplicibus
ramosisve folio subbrevioribus, cymulis peduneulatis, petalis calyce
duplo longioribus squamam ligulatam subintegram paullo superan-
tibus.— Arbor parva. Pefioli communes 3-5-pollicares. Foliola
ultima 3 poll. longa, inferiora minora, consistentia chartacea v. fere
laurina. ^ Zafforescentie in axillis supremis ,3—5-pollicares, laxæ,
eymulis breviter pedunculatis paucifloris. Sepala interiora linea
paullo longiora, exteriora breviora, ovato-orbiculata, concava, cras-
siuseula, margine ciliolata, dorso puberula, Petala flavicantia, ob-
longa, 3 lin. longa, glabra, patentia, squama erecta intus villosissima.
Discus cupuliformis, crassus, ovarii basin cingens. Stamina pistillo
adpressa et eo dimidio breviora: filamenta brevia ; anther lineares,
glabræ. Ovarium pubescens, in stylum desinens petalis paullo bre-
viorem simplicem, summo apice simpliciter stigmatosum. Ovula
e basi loculorum erecta, solitaria.

The plant described (vol. ii. p.212) as Talisia laxiflora has been
again gathered in abundance with a few specimens in fruit, which show
that it cannot in fact be separated generically from Cupania, to which
should most probably be referred Aublet’s original Zalisia, The name
of our species must therefore be changed to that of Cupania laxiflora,
‘and the following particulars added to the description :—Capsula sessilis,
depresso-globosa, obtuse subtriquetra, extus tomentella et siccitate
corrugata, 6 lin. diametro, trilocularis, loculicide trivalvis, valvulis
crasso-coriaceis intus dense villosis. Semina solitaria, erecta, ovoideo-
compressa, nigra, nitida; arillus tenuis, semine dimidio brevior; testa
crustacea ; cotyledones crasso-carnosæ; radicula brevissima. There
are, besides, three other Cupanie; one appears to be the C. geminata,
Poir., of which I subjoin a somewhat fuller description than that given
in the Encyclopédie, and two new species :—

1. Cupania geminata, Poir. Dict. Suppl. vol. ii. p.419.—Frutez bior-
gyalis, ramulis subteretibus striatis rufo-tomentosis. Petioli com-
munes Í-l-pollieares. Foliola gemina, breviter petiolulata, obovata,

=

COLLECTED BY MR. SPRUCE IN BRAZIL. 199

ovalia v. elliptica, 3-8-pollicaria, obtusissima v. acutiuscula, in-
tegerrima v. obscure sinuata, margine recurva, basi sinuata, vetus-
tiora bullato-rugosa, supra glabra v, ad venas impressas rufo-tomen-
tella, subtus pube brevi rufescentia, costa nervis primariis intra
marginem anastomosantibus reteque venularum prominentibus. Ra-
cemi axillares, foliis multo breviores, simplices v. parce ramosi, ferru-
gineo-pubescentes. Pedicelli breves. ^ Calyces extus pubescentes,
profunde 5-fidi, lobis ovatis obtusis 3 lin. longis. Petala 5 (v. in- -
terdum nulla ?), calyce longiora, oblonga v. ovata, squama lineari-
cuneata apice villosula petalo breviore. Discus 8—10-lobus. Sta-
mina 9 (v. 10?), petalis duplo longiora, filamentis villosis, v. in
floribus subfcemineis abbreviata. Ovarium ovatum, hirsutissimum.
Styli 3, breves, recurvi, intus a basi stigmatosi. Capsula qualis a
Poiretio descripta.—From the vicinity of Santarem.

Cupania Spruceana, sp. n.; foliolis 6—10 oblongis sublanceolatisve
basi aeutis concoloribus ramisque glabris, racemis ramealibus sim-
plicibus fasciculatis v. subramosis folio multo brevioribus, floribus
parvis, calycis laciniis petala subæquantibus, squamis bipartitis hir-
sutissimis petala superantibus, staminibus longe exsertis, capsulis
stipitatis glabris.——4rhor procera, a basi racemosa, ramulis teretibus,
novellis minute tomentellis mox glabratis. Petioli communes 3-6-
pollicares, glabri. Foliola 2—4-pollicaria, vix acuminata, integerrima,
basi subæqualia acuta et breviter petiolulata, consistentia chartacea

v. sublaurina, utrinque reticulato-venosa, supra nitidula, Racemi
ad nodos vetustos fasciculati, v. in axillis foliorum pauciores, 2-3-
pollicares, simplices v. ramis paucis divaricatis instructi, rhachide
tenui ferrugineo-tómentella. Flores parvi, solitarii v. subgemini,
pedicello fere lineam longo, omnes quos vidi abortu masculi. Ca- _
lyces semilineam longi, extus puberuli, in partes 5 triangulares acu- -
tiusculas fere ad basin divisi. Petala 5, rhombea. Ovarii rudi-
mentum parvum. Capsule juniores stipitatæ, stylo breviter rostratæ,
mox obtusatæ stylo evanido ; maturas tamen non vidi.—Near San-

tarem.
Cupania frondosa, sp. n. ; foliolis 6—8 ovali- v. oblongo-ellipticis vi

acuminatis paucicrenatis basi acutis glabris v. subtus petiolisque
puberulis, panicula terminali tomentoso-canescente, floribus secus
ramos fasciculatis, sepalis squamisque bifidis petala æquantibus,
capsula triangulari ferrugineo-tomentosa siccitate transverse rugosa,
VOL, III, 2 D

200 DECADES OF FUNGI.

— Arbor 20-30-pedalis, frondosa, ramulis teretibus apice rubiginoso-
tomentellis mox glabratis. Foliorum petiolus communis subteres,
4-6-pollicaris. Foliola alterna, 3—5-pollicaria, obtusa v. breviter
acuminata, crenis paucis sæpe obsoletis, basi cuneata v. acuta et
breviter petiolulata, consistentia laurina, utrinque reticulato-venosa,
nervis primariis parallelis subtus prominentibus vix intra marginem
anastomosantibus. Panicula semipedalis, late pyramidata, floribunda.
Florés albi, mediocres, -secus ramos dense fasciculati, breviter pedi-
cellati, omnes quos vidi abortu masculi. Sepala fere lineam longa,
ovata, concava, extus puberula. Petala rhombea, breviter unguicu-
lata. Discus crasso-carnosus, subinteger. Stamina flore dimidio
longiora. Capsule obtuse, triquetræ, fere trilobæ, 6—7 lin. late,
supra planæ, basi in stipitem brevem attenuatæ, siccitate insigniter
transverse rugosæ, in vivo tamen teste Spruceo rugæ haud apparent ;
juniores stylo trifido coronatæ; valvulæ intus villosæ.—Near San-

tarem.
(To be continued.)

: DECADES or Funat; by the Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S.
Decade XXXVI.
Sikkim- Himalayan Fungi collected by Dr. Hooker.
(Continued from p. 172.)

351. Trichocoma paradoxum, Juugh., Prem. in Fl. Javæ, p. 9,
tab. 2, fig. 7. Hook. fiL, No. 63, cum ic.

Has. On dry dead wood. Sikkim, 7—9,000 feet. October.*

I bave little to add to the long description given by Junghuhn,
except that the upright fascicles of threads which proceed from the
base give off, during their course, more or less horizontal branched
threads, on which the irregular echinulate spores are produced. Some
of these threads are thicker and slightly nodulose, as in Zfrcyria. There
are two distinct peridia, the interior springing not from the edge of the
other, but from the base, and separated from the outer and shorter by

-a few flocci, which are mostly bent towards the base, as though the

. Outer peridium had at first grown more rapidly, and the elongation of
the inner peridium has taken place principally above.

* Tt has been found also on the Santee River, South Carolina, by Mr. Ravenel.

DECADES OF FUNGI. 201

The genus appears clearly allied to Geastrum and Broomeia. Un-
fortunately I have seen no specimen in an early stage of growth, but
the whole structure is that of Zrichosperma rather than Myxogastres,
especially the filamentous nature of the yellow upright septa, which at
first sight call to mind those of ZZ. thalium, though they do not
appear, as far as we have seen, to constitute spurious cells, but rather
to represent a multitude of columellæ.

* Scleroderma Bovista; Fr. Syst. Myc. vol. iii. p. 48.

Has. On the ground. Sikkim.

There is but a single specimen which resembles externally stipitate
forms of S. vulgare, but the flocci are yellow.

352. Mitremyces viridis, n. s.; peridio amplo stipiteque lacunoso-
costato cartilagineo viridibus ; squamis oris margine coccineo-granulatis.
Hook. fil., No. 19, cum ic.

Has. On the ground and on dead timber. Tonglo and Sinchul,
7-9,000 feet. May, June. Rare.

Inodorous. Stem consisting of numerous anastomosing olive-green
cartilaginous threads, 11 inch high, l inch thick. Peridium of the
same colour as the stem, inflated, sprinkled with small, flat, granular
scales; margin of the scales of the orifice rough with little scarlet
warts. Spores globose, strongly granulated.

Distinguished at once by its green tint from M. lutescens, which it
resembles in form. Its spores, instead of being broadly elliptic as in
that species, M. luridus, and M. australis, are globose and rough,
as in M. Junghuhnii. Ic. Pl. ined.

* Lycogala epidendrum, Fr. Syst. Myc. vol. iii. p. 80. Hook. fil,
No. 83, cum ic.

Has. On the ground. Darjeeling. June. Rare. P
353. Relicularia entoxantha, n. s.; peridio nigro granulato, hypo- —
thallo distincto albo-marginato ; sporis flavis; floccis parcis subcylin- -
dricis concoloribus. | ML

Has. On dead wood. Sikkim-Himalaya.

About 3-14 inch broad; hypothallus distinct, extending beyond
the peridium. Peridium depressed, very dark brown, minutely but
distinctly granulated. Spores bright yellow, mixed with a few sub-
cylindrical coarse flocci, principally attached to the upper portion of 3
the peridium. e

A beautiful and most distinct species, of which only two specimens

202 DECADES OF FUNGI.

were gathered, and those scarcely mature, the spores being still closely
compacted. The peridium looks very like a specimen of Spheria
nummularia, its granulations reminding one of Ret. maxima. In the
colour of its spores it approaches A. olivacea, but recedes in its other
characters, as, for instance, in its dark granulated, not PM and
hyaline peridium.

354. Ustilago Emodensis, n. s.; sporis ellipticis ovatisve levibus
minimis saturate lilacinis filamentis radiantibus furcatis immixtis.

Has. On some Polygonum. Tonglo, 10,000 feet.

Forming a lobed tubercle, apparently exterior to the ochrea, but
probably formed by a short deformed spike bursting through the
sheath, every triple nodule of which corresponds with the original
site of a flower-bud, no trace, however, being left of floral envelopes
or stamens. Spores ovate or elliptic, deep lilac, smooth, very minute,
traversed by radiating forked threads.

Of this remarkable production I have seen a single specimen only,
from which, in the absence of all information as to the normal mode
of inflorescence, I can form no judgment as to the nature of the
change produced by the parasite. It is certainly closely allied to
U. Candollei, but differs in the presence of the forked threads and the
different mode of growth. The spores, too, are far redder and have
not a third of the diameter of those of that species. I do not sup-
pose that the threads have any real connection with the fungus, but
they differ very greatly from the columella, which exists in the described
forms of the species just mentioned.

* Leotia lubrica, Pers. Syn. p. 613. Hook. fil., No. 131, cum ic.

Has. On clay banks. Sinchul, 8,600 feet. October. Rare.

In habit and fructification exactly like the well-known species.
The colours are brighter than usual, the stem being orange, and the
head of a metallic blue-black.

855. Peziza Darjeelensis, n.s.; cupula expansa subcochleata um-
brina, extus pallida aleuriata; sporidiis minoribus scabro-punctatis, -
endosporio simplici.

Has. On the ground. Darjeeling.

Cup two inches or more broad, at first subcochlezeform, split on one
. side, at length expanded, umber-brown; externally paler, mealy. Asci
slender; sporidia small, elliptie, beset with minute scabrous points.

Resembling at first sight P. repanda, but the sporidia are much

DECADES OF FUNGI. 203

smaller and remarkable for their minutely scabrous surface. Those of
P. repanda are quite smooth. | I have a Peziza from Bristol with larger
rough spores, which is, I believe, on comparison with French speci-
mens, P. umbrina, P., a species referred by Fries to P. cochleata, and
it should seem correctly, for in undoubted P. cochleata the spores are
rough. They are, however, larger than in the Himalaya species,
more coarsely granulated, and contain two large nuclei.

356. P. macrotis, n. s. ; cupulis elongatis obliquis auriformibus basi
connato-ramosis coriaceo-subcartilagineis hepaticis, extus glabris; hy-
menio purpurascente. Hook. fil., No. 87, cum ic.

Has. Onrotten wood. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. June, July. Abundant.

Inodorous, dry, firm, leathery, subcartilaginous, varying in size,
sometimes five inches long, erect, tufted, connate below and thence
branched. Cups elongated, oblique, auriform, of a bright liver-colour,
smooth externally, margin subinvolute. Hymenium even, purplish.
Sporidia oblongo-elliptie, with one side in sm more convex. Nu-
cleus single in the dry specimens.

This splendid species is evidently closely allied to P. onotica and
P. leporina, but it differs not only in colour and its very elongated
narrow cups, but in its firmer, tougher substance, and the mostly
connate base. It is one of the finest species of the genus, being ex-
ceeded in size only by P. Cacabus. ~

* P. aurantia, Pers. Hook. fil., No. 34, cum. ic.

Has. On clay banks. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet. Very abundant
from June to August, when it dies away.

‘So conspicuous that every one asks whether you have seen the scar-
let fungus.” It is precisely the European species, agreeing in the
verrucose sporidia as in all other points. It is sometimes six inches -
across. ee
357. P. geneospora, n.s. media; cupula expansa concaviuscula au-
rantio-coccinea extus pilis badiis vestita; ascis amplis ; sporidiis oe
nis ellipticis verrucosis. Hook. fil., No. 132, cum ic.

Has. On rotten wood. Sinchul, 8,000 feet. October.

Cup one inch or more across, convex below, expanded, slightly hol-
lowed out above, scarlet, clothed and fringed with bay-brown septate
bristles. Asci rather thick, often torulose beneath the sporidia, which -
are large, elliptic, verrucose, colourless, containing a single nucleus. i
Paraphyses slender, linear.

204 DECADES OF FUNGI.

This species, like P. trechispora, Berk. and Br., resembles very
closely P. scutellata, but differs from the former in its elliptic not glo-
bose sporidia, from the latter in these organs being much larger and
verrucose instead of smooth. It attains a larger size than either.

The sporidia are properly eight in each ascus, but the number occa-
sionally varies, being frequently six. A portion of the inner membrane
of the ascus often separates with the spores, giving them the appear-
ance of having two transparent, smooth, apiculate tips, with a large
elliptic verrucose nucleus, and this separation often takes place before
they are discharged, while in other asci the sporidia have the usual
elliptic form.

* P. clandestina, Bull., p. 251.

In small quantities scattered over the upper side of the leaves of a
species of Pyrus. Tonglo.

* P. fructigena, Bull., t.228. Hook. fil., No. 128, cum ic.

Has. On stems of dead Umbellifere. Sikkim, 8-9,000 feet. Oc-
tober. .

I can see no difference between these specimens and the European
species. The sporidia in both are oblong, with one end rather thicker,
and have a single obscure colourless septum, which is not, however,
always distinetly visible.

358. P. turbinella, n. s. ; minuta turbinato-clavata stipitata; sti-
pite glabro cum cupula sursum dilatata confluente ; disco demum
convexo; sporidiis filiformibus.

Has. On the underside of the leaves of a Pyrus. "Tonglo.

Minute, not 1 of a line high, at first pale yellow, at length opake
white ; stem smooth, confluent with the turbinate or cyathiform cup ;
hymenium at length quite plane or convex. Asci clavate; sporidia
filiform, of various lengths.

Closely resembling P. clavata, Fr., but a smaller species, and re-
markable for the perfectly plane or convex hymenium. When mois- -
tened, it has very much the form of Oraterium leucocephalum.

359. P. stilboidea, n. s.; minuta fulvo-lutea glabra; stipite sub-

. elongato, cupula hemisphærica concava margine incurvo; sporidiis fili-
formibus.
Has. On the main nerve on the underside of the leaves of a Pyrus.
~ Tonglo. Picos :
— . Not half a line high, tawny-yellow ; stem equal, slender, somewhat

DECADES OF FUNGI. 205

elongated; cup hemispherical, concave, margin incurved, Asci cla-
vate ; sporidia filiform.

Near allied to P. clavata, Fr., and P. Ciborium, but distinguished by
. its regular cup, which is not much broader than the stem. It is
even more minute than P. clavata, which is itself a far less species
than P. Ciborium.

* P. citrina, Pers. Hook, fil., No. 125, cum ic.

Has. On rotten wood. Sikkim, 8—9,000 feet. October.

Exactly the European species.

* Bulgaria inquinans, Fr., Syst. Myc. vol. ii. p. 167.

Var. chalybea, Hook. fil., No. 52, cum ic.

Has. On trunks of trees. Jillapahar, 7,500 feet. May and June.
Rare. xps

The disc, in the Darjeeling specimens, has a steel-blue tint, and they
contract more in drying, in consequence of which the under surface
appears more rugose and spiculato-verrucose than in British and North
American specimens. The sporidia in both are. brown and sub- ©
cymbiform, and the inner substance marbled. The Sikkim plant pre-
sents a distinct variety, but is not, I think, entitled to be aeparsteg as
species.

* Hypoxylon tabacinum, Kickx in Bull. de l'Ac. Roy. de Bruxelles,
vol. viii. n. 8. Sp. involuta, Klotzsch. Hook. fil., No. 95, cum ic.

Has. On dead wood. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. June, July.

The specimens are all young and therefore pale. The surface, when
fresh, is of a chalky ochre, dotted with the black ostiola. Most of the
specimens are hollow, and many deeply grooved at the sides as if com-
posed of two confluent individuals. I have not been able to compe
the sporidia.

* Hypoxylon polymorphum, Ehr.

Has. Sinchul, 8,000 feet. 2

* Hypoaylon vulgare (Spheria Hypoaylon, Ehr.).

Has. On old wood. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet.

. A flagelliform variety, the upper divisions being very long and slen- -
der. It resembles in habit Montagne's Hypozylon ianthino-velutinum.

* Hypocrea peltata, Berk. (= Spheria peltata, Jungh.) in Hook.
Lond. Journ. vol. i. p. 156. t. vii. f. 7.

Has. On dead bark. Darjeeling, 7,500 feet. June, July.

Inodorous, dry, tough, coriaceous, even, smooth, opake, hollow -

206 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

towards the centre; plicate below. Perithecia elliptic, with a short
ostiolum. Asci linear, containing a row of thirteen or more globose
sporidia. Substance consisting of branched threads, which penetrate
between the perithecia and form a close network, the perithecia them-
selves being closely cellular.

I have not seen mature specimens of Spheria peltata, Jungh. These
are plicate or almost lamellose beneath ; the Philippine Island speci-
mens, on the contrary, are even. The habit and general appearance,
however, is so exactly the same, that in the absence of perfect speci-.
mens of Junghuhn’s plant, I cannot but consider them as mere forms
of the same species. The folds, it should be observed, are stronger in
the specimens than in Dr. Hooker's figure, and probably arise partly from
contraction. The fungus in situ reminds one of some crawling Natica,
the centre being swollen and the margin thin and free.

360. H. grossa, n. s.; receptaculo erecto crasso sursum breviter
diviso miniato opaco; lobis obtusis ; intus pallide stramineo; con-
textu lento radiato; peritheciis irregularibus confluentibus. Hook. fil.,
No. 99, cum ic.

Has. On rotten wood. Darjeeling, 7-8,000 feet. July. Very
rare.

Inodorous. Receptacle 2 inches high, $ inch thick below, spring-
ing from a tuberous base, erect, clavate, divided above into short
obtuse lobes, externally of an opake vermilion which fades in the
dry specimens to a pale reddish-brown. Substance pale yellow, dry,
and somewhat coriaceous. Perithecia irregular, confluent.

Unfortunately the sporidia are imperfect, but so far as could be
ascertained they appear to be minute, colourless, and elliptic.

One of the most curious species in the collection.

(To be continued.)

Contributions to the Botany of WESTERN INDIA ;
by N. A. DALZELL, Esq., M.A.
(Continued from p. 180.)
Nat. Ord. ANONACEA.
. GUATTERIA.
G. fragrans, n. sp.; foliis breve petiolaiis elliptieis acuminatis basi
obtusiusculis glabris membranaceis nitidis, pedunculis axillaribus

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. ST

brevibus ramosis velutinis 5-12-floris, floribus pedicellatis fascicu-
latis ternis, pedicellis pollicaribus infra medium bracteola cucullata
obtusa caduca instructis.

Folia 1-9 poll. longa, venæ costales numerosæ, parallele, subtus pro-
minule. Pedicelli pedunculum ramosum æquantes. Calyx 3-par-
titus; segmenta brevia, obtusa, apice (etiam in alabastro) recurva,
caduca. Petala omnia æquilonga, anguste linearia, acuta, lutea,
sesquipollicaria. Ovaria numerosa, dense tomentosa; ovulum uni-
cum e basi loculi orieris. Fructus ovalis, pollicaris.— Crescit ad
pedem jugi Syhadrensis, prope Sivapore; fl. Nov. Flores fragrantes.
Inflorescence an abbreviated, rigid, divaricating, leafless panicle, one

to two inches long, from the axils of the fallen leaves, and SEDET

that of G. longifolia only.

; Unona.

U. pannosa; arborea, foliis parvis breve petiolatis lanceolatis acumi-
natis utrinque glabris nitidis crebre pellucido-punctatis, floribus
pannosis majusculis axillaribus solitariis breve pedunculatis, pedun-
culis basi bibracteolatis petiolum brevem sequantibus.

Folia cum petiolo 2-lineari 23 poll. longa, 9-12 lin. lata. Calycis to-
mentosi foliola ovato-lanceolata, acuta, 3 lin. longa. Corolle petala
6, biseriata, lineari-lanceolata, basi late unguiculata, utrinque fusco-
velutina ; interiora pollicaria, basi callositate nuda carnosa rugosa
instructa, exteriora paulo majora. Ovaria 10—12, densissime strigosa,
biovulata ; ovu/a in angulo centrali superposita. Stigma capitatum.

. Fructus ignotus. — Crescit. in jugo Syhadrensi, prope Tullawarree ;
fl. Oct.

SAGERÆA, genus novum. .. (Tribe Bocacez.)

GEN. CHAR. Calyz triphyllus. Corolle petala 6, hypogyna, libera, biseriata,
subæqualia, crassa, carnosa, orbicularia, concava, æstivatione imbricata.
Stamina 12, biseriata : filamenta nulla; anthere biloculares, loculis
linearibus connectivo crasso carnoso truncato squamæformi extus
adnatis, longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovaria 3—5-linearia, ob-
longa, in tori eonvexi apice sessilia, unilocularia; ovula 10, bi-
seriata, horizontalia, angulo ventrali inserta. Stigmata sessilia, ob-
tusa, emarginata. Bacca globosa, glabra, hexasperma, cerasi mag-
nitudine.

S. laurina ; foliis alternis lineari-oblongis integerrimis coriaceis glabris
VOL. III. 2E

208 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

breve petiolatis supra nitidis, floribus pedunculatis in axillis folio-
rum fasciculatis ternis v. quinis, pedunculis basi squamis obtusis im-
bricatis suffultis, floribus mediocribus albis.
Arbor mediocris.— Crescit in Concano australiore; fl. Oct. et Nov.
À. beautiful laurel-looking tree, producing a valuable reddish timber.
The native name is Sageree, hence the generic name here given. -

Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOS A.
SMITHIA.

1. S. capitata (non Desv.); caule glabro ramoso, foliolis 9-15-jugis
lineari-oblongis obtusis ciliatis subtusque secus costam setuloso-
strigosis, petiolo communi hispido, stipulis adnatis ovato-lanceolatis
seta terminatis deorsum longe productis, capitulis sphæricis multi-
floris solitariis terminalibus, pedunculis glabris folio brevioribus,
bracteis obovato-lanceolatis calycem æquantibus, calycis reticulati
glabri labiis rotundatis indivisis dentatis, dentibus longe setaceo-
acuminatis, leguminis articulis 6-7 glabris lævibus.

Herba sesquipedalis, tota foliis exceptis glabra.— Crescit in jugo Syha-
drensi, prope Parwar-ghát ; fl. Oct.

This species is well distinguished by its spherical and terminal heads
of flowers.

2. S. setulosa; 3—4-pedalis, caule dichotome ramoso setuloso-hispido,
foliolis 5—7-jugis lineari-oblongis obtusis margine ciliatis utrinque
glaberrimis, petiolo communi hispido foliolisque seta terminatis,
stipulis longe setaceo-acuminatis paulo infra medium adnatis glabris,
floribus in panieulam terminalem aphyllam dispositis, racemis in
dichotomiæ ramulis terminalibus secundis, calycis striati strigosi
labiis integerrimis minute ciliatis valde inæqualibus superiore orbi-
culari majore inferiore oblongo acuto, bracteis ovalibus obtusis ca-
lyce dimidio brevioribus, floribus flavis, carina apice fusca, legumine
10-12-spermis, articulis prominulo-reticulatis.

Folia 4 poll. longa ; foliola fere bipollicaria, subtus glauca. Calyx 4
lin. longus. Corolla 8 lin.— Crescit cum precedente ; fl. eod. temp.
The whole plant is covered with bright yellow bristles ; it seems

allied to S. paniculata (Arnott), but differs in not being glandular, in

having leaves of a different shape, calyx segments quite entire, and
legumes with many seeds. ——

3. S. bigemina ; pedalis e basi ramosa, ramis filiformibus pilis patulis

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 209

bulbosis hirsutis, foliolis 2-jugis obovato-cuneatis margine ciliatis
subtusque parce strigosis seta terminatis, racemis axillaribus pauci-
(2-8)-floris pedunculatis, pedunculis glabris filiformibus folio multo
longioribus, calycis labiis margine setaceo-ciliatis superiore cuneato
emarginato mucronato inferiore 3-lobo lobis lateralibus obtusis in-
termedio longiore acuminato, bracteis calyce dimidio brevioribus
lanceolatis setaceo-acuminatis, floribus flavis, ee 7-spermo,
articulis grosse tuberculatis.

Foliola 5-6 lin. longa. Calyx fere 2 lin. Corolla 4 lin.—8. racemose
affinis.—Crescit cum precedente ; fl. eod. temp.

This species has the calyx scariose, neither striated nor reticulate,
but having many dichotomous veins proceeding from the base to the
apex; it is almost glabrous and not in the least glandular, I therefore
conclude that this is not S. racemosa, of which I know nothing except
from the too short description in Wight and Arnott’s Prodromus.
The present is the smallest and most delicate species which I have met
with, and makes the fifth new species recently discovered in this Presi-
dency, the first being S. purpurea of the Bot. Mag. t. 4283, discovered
by Mr. Law.

GALACTIA,

G. simplicifolia, n. sp.; caule reptante filiformi pilis brunneis retrorsum
hispido, foliis simplicibus petiolatis ovatis, stipulis infra medium ad-
natis nervosis acutis, stipellis ad apicem petioli setaceis, floribus
axillaribus terminalibusque fasciculato-racemosis, racemis folio bre-
vioribus.

Calyx 3 lin. longus, brunneo-pilosus, bibracteolatus, ultra medium
4-fidus, laciniis acuminatis, superiore latiore bifida, infima lateralibus
longiore. Flores parvi, cærulei, breve pedicellati, fasciculati, fasci-
culis bracteis adnatis, pedicellisque bracteolis oblongis acutis suffultis.
Vexillum latum, obovatum, emarginatum, ecallosum, alis carinaque
longius. Stamina diadelpha, omnia fertilia. Ovarium dense stri-
gosum, pluriovulatum. Stylus incurvus; stigma capitatum. Legumen
brunneo-pilosum, lineare, apicem versus latius, parum compressum,
multiloculare, 21—3 poll. longum, 34 lin. latum. Semina orbicularia,
compressa, testa brunnea nitida. —Crescit i in jugo Syhadrensi, prope
Tullawarree ; fl. Oct.

PHASEOLUS.
P. pauciflorus ; volubilis, radice fibrosa, caule striato filiformi pilis albis

210 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

minutis retrorsum hispidulo, foliolis membranaceis rhombeo-ovatis

acuminatis petioli longitudine pilis raris minutis albis utrinque con-

spersis, stipulis lanceolatis acutis infra medium adnatis, peduneulis
petiolo brevioribus, floribus racemoso-capitatis paucis (2-3), pedi-
cellis calycis longitudine geminis e glandularum basi ortis, calycis
glabri campanulati labio superiore emarginato inferiore 3-dentato,
dentibus lateralibus triangularibus obtusis intermedio longiore acu-
minato, bracteolis lineari-subulatis calyce subduplo longioribus, legu-

* mine tereti stricto bipollicari glaberrimo 9-10-spermo, seminibus
cylindricis truncatis glabris.

Flores lutei.— Crescit ubique; fl. Sept.

Much smaller in every way than P. £rinervius, with a stem creeping
and rooting when no support is near. There is sometimes a tendency
in the leaflets to be trilobate by the formation of a tooth on the lateral
margin. Keel with a long, acute, ascending horn. Most nearly allied
to P. setulosus, mihi.

CROTALARIA.

C. epunctata ; suffruticosa diffusa e basi ramosa, ramis teretibus fili-
formibus basi nudis apice ramosis cum racemis foliisque subtus ad-
presse strigoso-pubescentibus, stipulis minutis patentibus vel inter-
dum nullis, foliis epunctatis lineari-oblongis supra glabris vel ju-
nioribus sparse strigosis, racemis terminalibus 4—10-floris, bracteis
linearibus patentibus pedicellos breves æquantibus, bracteolis minutis,
calyce corolla dimidio breviore strigoso, labio superiore profunde
bifido inferiore 3-fido, segmentis subulatis, legumine cernuo glabro
transverse reticulato oblongo apice latiore calyce dimidio longiore,
poly-(20-)spermo.

C. viminee (Graham) valde affinis; differt foliis epunctatis, calyce
subæqualiter 5-fido. Crescit ubique in Coneano australiore.

GLYCINE.

G. Warreensis; staminibus diadelphis, foliolis ovato-oblongis submem-
branaceis supra glabris subtus strigosis pallidis foliolis lateralibus
inæquilateris, racemis compositis folio 2-3-plo longioribus multi-
floris, floribus approæimatis, legumine transverse venoso pilis albis
adpressis strigoso 6-spermo, seminibus distantibus.

Calyx nervoso-striatus, basi bracteolis 2 ovatis acuminatis suffultus,
tubularis, corollam subæquans, vix ad medium 4-fdus, segmentis

J BOTANY: OF WESTERN INDIA. ES

omnibus integris acuminatis, supremo majore. — Crescit in regno

Warreensi ; fl. temp. frigido.

I might have supposed this species to be G. mollis of W. and A.,
but it would appear from the observations of these authors that they
had never seen a Glycine with diadelphous stamens, the entire upper
lip also of my plant distinguishes it from G. mollis. I have also
another species from Ceylon, with diadelphous stamens.

ALYSSICARPUS.

A. parviflorus ; herbaceus erectus, caule ramoso basi glabro apice pa-
tenti-piloso, foliis simplicibus et trifoliolatis oblongo-ellipticis mucro-
natis basi subcordatis supra glabris subtus adpresse strigosis, stipulis
petiolis brevioribus, calyce fere quinquefido, segmentis subulatis
ciliatis obscure nervosis, legumine semimoniliformi reticulato sub-
glabro 5—6-spermo calycem duplo excedente. |

Folia simplicia et foliola terminalia cum petiolo semipollicari 2 poll.
longa, 7-9 lin. lata; foliola lateralia multo minora. Calyz 2 lin.
longus. Bracteæ ovate, longe cuspidato-acuminatæ. Pedicelli
patenti-pilosi. Stylus longus, pubescens, infra apicem incrassatus,
ibique glaber.—Crescit in jugo Syhadrensi, ad Phonda-ghát ; fl. et
fr. Nov.

This is the second trifoliolate speeies discovered in this Presidency
since the publication of W. and A.s Prodromus, in which all the
species described have simple leaves only. ‘The first trifoliolate species —

is the 4. Belgaumensis, Wight, Ic. 92, discovered by my friend, Mr. —

J. S. Law, from which the present is readily distinguished by its smaller

size and more slender habit. The stem of 4, Belgaumensis is covered

with white adpressed hairs, this with spreading fulvous hairs; the
calyx in the former is quadrifid, the segments being lanceolate, acumi-
nate, and very strongly nerved, and, along with the flowers and —

legumes, are four times larger than in the present species. - 2

Nat. Ord. GENTIANEJE.

OPHELIA. er.

O. pauciflora, n. sp. ; caule erecto tetraptero glabro apice tantum ra-
moso, ramis fastigiatis, foliis sessilibus lanceolatis: acuminatis 3-
nerviis, cymis fastigiatis pawcifforis, calycis segmentis subulatis aie
rollam æquantibus, corolle 4-partitæ albæ segmentis obovato-ellip- -
ticis mueronulatis, foveis magnis orbiculatis solitariis squamula apice -

212 ON THE VEGETATION, ETC.,

fimbriata tectis fimbriarumque brevium serie cinctis, filamentis li-

nearibus.

Corolla 4 lin. longa. Foliorum basis lata, rotundato-truncata.—Cres-
cit in jugo Syhadrensi; fl. Sept.

This species seems most nearly allied to O. Grisebachiana of Wight’s
‘Icones, n. 1330, but differs from that species in having few
flowers ; in the shape of the leaves, which in that species are attenu-
ated towards the base ; also in the very different shape of the segments
of the corolla, which in O. Grisebachiana are acuminated.

Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ.
. PIMPINELLA.

P. monoica, n. sp.; caule elato tereti glabro levi stricto parte inferiore
simplici apice ramoso, ramis ramulisque alternatim bifariamque dis-
positis, foliis inferioribus longe petiolatis pinnatim trifoliolatis, fo-
liolis longe petiolulatis cordato-lanceolatis minute cartilagineo-serra-
tis basi 5-nerviis pubescentibus, foliis superioribus multifidis laciniis

* filiformibus vel ad vaginas redactis, petiolis vaginantibus margine
ciliatis, involucro nullo v. monophyllo, involucellis oligo-(1—4)-
phyllis, umbellis ramos terminantibus foemineis fructiferis, lateralibus
(scilicet in ramulis ultimis) masculis, fructu juniore granulis pellu-
cidis obsito.—Crescit in jugo Syhadrensi; fl. Nov.

This is the tallest of the three species found in this Presidency,
being seven to eight feet high, with a stem as thick as a swan's quill.
It is exclusively confined to the higher ranges of the ghauts. It is
evidently closely allied to P. Candolleana and Javana, from which the
trifoliolate leaves sufficiently distinguish it. The terminal umbels are
destitute of stamens, while the lateral ones are equally so of styles.
Our other species are P. involucrata, W. and A., and P. adscendens
(mihi), confined to the banks of rivers in the low country.

(To be continued.)

Letter from Dr. ANDREW SINCLAIR on the Vegetation, §c., of
the knees of Auckland, New Zealand.*
Auckland, New Zealand, Dec. 16, 1850.
As I have sent you specimens of the plants I have collected near

* The valuable information contained in this letter will be perused with the-
more interest at the present time, when the first number of Dr, Hooker’s ‘ Flora of
New Zealand’ is on the point of appearing —Ep,

OF AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND. 213

Auckland, and the locality is otherwise interesting, some account of it
may not be unacceptable to you, and therefore I send you the follow-
ing short description.

The isthmus on which Auckland stands stretches from the Manu-
kan forest, on the western shore of the island, in an easterly direction
fourteen miles to the Papakuru ranges, and varies in breadth from
five to ten miles. It is bounded on the south by Manukan harbour,
and on the north by the Waitemutu and Houraki Gulf. The shore
rises in general pretty abruptly from the water’s edge from sixty to a
hundred feet, and the coast line is broken.up, particularly on the
northern side, by gullies and deep bays, which at the Wau and Tur-
nuki provide a water communication nearly across the island, leaving
in each place a portage of less than a mile in breadth.

The isthmus may be considered as part only of a great plain, which
on the south extends beyond the Manukan to the neighbourhood of
the Waikuto River, and on the north nearly as far as Cape Rodney,
and contains much land generally clear of wood and fit for cultivation.
This great plain is on a much lower level than the country to the south
or north of it, and consequently towards it the Thames, the Piako,
and the Waikuto come from the south, and the Wairoa and Kaiparu
flow from the north. ;

The surface is varied by gentle undulations, and made remarkable
by several conical hills from 300 to 600 feet high, crowned by the
craters of extinct volcanoes. There are few streams of considerable
size, and the rain which falls finds its way by deep winding gullies,
which generally terminate on the beach through marshy swamps. This
part of New Zealand, like many other parts of it, has formerly been
subject to long continued and violent volcanic action, although no

eruptions take place now, and very rarely the slight shock of an earth-

quake is felt. In several places, however, there are thermal and mine-
ral springs, abundance of basalt, scoria, pumice-stone, and other vol-
canic productions, and the frequent occurrence of vegetable impressions
met with in the clay, and the charred trunks and roots of trees in the
place of their growth, below the preserit level of the sea, point to the
conclusion that the land must have subsided from a former greater
elevation.

The geological formation of the country about Auckland is chiefly
volcanic, overlaid in most places with beds of clay and loose friable
sandstone. The rocks are few, nearly all basaltic; which is sometimes

214 — ON THE VEGETATION, ETC.,

columnar and always more or less cellular. In the ravines and on the
coast, where the loose friable soil crumbles away rapidly, the strata
are generally horizontal, but sometimes they are very tortuous. Such
deviations from a straight line would at first sight appear to have been
caused by voleanie action; but the strata being uninterrupted and
seldom attenuated at the flexure, which must have been the case had
they been bent to their present position, I think there can be little
doubt that this phenomenon has been occasioned by the beds having
been deposited on an uneven surface in still water, such as may be
supposed to be now going on in the muddy creeks along the coast.

The ranges of hills in the Manukan forest, which bound the plain
on the west, and the headlands, and in the islands on the opposite
coast, at the entrance of the Thames, the composition of the rocks is
nearly the same, being chiefly conglomerate with greenstone, and other
primitive rocks in a few places. Several metallic veins have been
discovered, and two copper mines have been opened ; one on the Great
Barrier Island, and the other in the island of Kuwau, where mining
operations are carried on at present on a large scale.

At the time the site of Auckland was fixed on for the capital of the
colony, there were almost no inhabitants in the neighbourhood. Inde-
pendent of what is known, however, of the history of the locality, the
remains of pahs, and marks of cultivation chiefly on the scoria land, and
the heaps of pepe-shells everywhere, show that the country was, at no
distant period, highly cultivated and thickly peopled. 1t is now
iwenty years since Shungee, on his return from Europe, armed his
followers with the fire-arms he brought with him and could procure
from whalers, and laid waste the country, destroying the inhabitants
wherever he went. The escarpments on the slopes of the volcanic
hills, and the ditches and ramparts that enclosed the pahs on the
headlands along the shores, still remain as proofs of these places
having been fortified, and the great quantities of human bones found
in the caves and among the rocks attest the fate of the defenders.

The general aspect of the country, covered with dingy fern (Pteris
esculenta), the tea-tree (Leptospermum scoparium), relieved only here
and there by flax bushes (Phormium tenaz), and the tufts of foliage on
the stems of the cabbage-tree (Cordyline stricta), is not very encou-
raging to a botanist. In going over the country, however, he will
often come suddenly on the edge of a steep ravine, and be agreeably -
surprised to find its sides covered with most luxuriant vegetation, and

OF AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND. 215

at the bottom an expanse of foliage like a carpet, where may be recog-
nized readily the broad summits of Puriri (Vitex littoralis), different
species of Metrosideros with their scarlet blossoms, the graceful Rewa-
rewa (Knightia excelsa), and other trees, amongst which are beautifully
conspicuous the star-like heads of arborescent ferns. Beneath this will
be found another still mdre attractive sight in the immense variety of
ferns, mosses, and ur growing on the trunks of fallen trees
and on the banks of the small stream which threads its way along the
bottom of the ravine. In one of these glens, not more than a mile
from the town, I have collected within the space of 100 yards no less than
thirty-six species of ferns, including three kinds that are arborescent.

- The moderate temperature of the climate and the frequency of
showers, with the very moist atmosphere passing from sea to sea over
this the narrowest part of the island, are circumstances highly fa-
vourable to vegetation. Though there is no timber growing near
Auckland except in these ravines, yet there is little doubt that at one
time the forest extended over the whole isthmus; as the occasional
exposure of trunks of trees that have been buried, the abundance of
kauri gum found mixed with the soil, and the mounds of burnt clay,
like the fragments of bricks, where kauri-trees once stood, fully attest.
Much of the forest has been destroyed by accidental fires, but it has
suffered more from the natives “ eating their way into it," as they say,
to bring fresh ground under cultivation.

"The most interesting spot for a botanist near Auckland is the Ma-
nukau forest, about eight miles off in a straight line. In it are found
nearly all the timber trees of the colony, and amongst them, the most
imposing in appearance is the Kauri. It is, however, not so large
here as in the forest on the banks of the Kaipuru, the Hokianga, and’
at other places farther north. The Manukau forest may be called the __
present limit of the tree on that side of the island, there being very ——
few examples of it farther south, and these very small, although, from — —
the quantities of the gum to be met with in the soil a great distance
beyond, it must have grown abundantly there in former times. The
quantity of Kauri timber in the forest which stretches from Manukau
harbour to the heads of the Wairoa and Kaipuru appears inexhaustible,
and a great portion of it is not of difficult access. It is only, however,
on the banks of the latter rivers that spars of sufficient size for the
Royal Navy can be found. Though the cutting of the timber has
gone on since the establishment of the colony, little impression has yet

VOL. III. 2r

216 ON THE VEGETATION, ETC.,,OF AUCKLAND.

been made on the forest, and in places where surveyors have been at
work for years, their labours have rarely extended a gunshot from
their houses. Besides the Kanuri, the other trees felled are chiefly the
Pohutukana and Rata (Metrosideros tomentosa and robusta), the Puriri
(Vitex littoralis), for ship-timbers and other purposes requiring great
durability and strength. The number of Kauri-trees must be dimi-
nishing, for in many places, where the felling of timber has been carried
on, there are no young trees rising up to supply the place of others
decayed from age, or cut for removal; but that is not the case in the
part of the Manukau forest nearest Auckland, where the young trees
of all sizes are very numerous.

Though the Kauri does not grow to such a large size in the Manu-
kau forest as in others farther north, vegetation is exceedingly vigo-
rous, and it presents an inexhaustible field of interest to the botanist.
The trunks of the old trees are clothed and festooned with Astelas,
climbing Metrosideros, Orchidaceae, Ferns, Mosses, and Jungermanniæ,
in the greatest profusion. The deep hollows within the forest are
penetrated with difficulty, from the interlaced stems of the Ripogonum
and other under-shrubs. In the deep sheltered parts of the forest,
some plants are found of extraordinary size, and amongst them I
have measured the reca sapida thirty-six feet high, and the Oya-
thea dealbata attaining a height of fifty-four feet. It is along the
margin of the forest, however, and up the abrupt winding ravines, and
at the sawing stations, where the falling of lofty trees brings down
masses of vegetation generally beyond reach, that botanizing is pur-
sued with most success.

With respect to the progress of the colony and the prospects of the
‘settlers who have made it their home, I think the information I can
give you will be satisfactory. Ten years have passed since the Govern-
ment was established, and the European population at the present time
must be not less than 25,000. Near one-third of this number are in
Auckland, or living in villages or places almost within sight of it. In
all parts of the colony, I believe the frugal, sober, and industrious
settlers have done exceedingly well. Privations, which have been so
generally felt in the early years of the settlement of other colonies,
have been unknown here. The number of those who came hither with-
out or with little means, and have already realized a competency, is
very great. The large capitalists, of which there have been few, have
not done comparatively so well, although some even of them have made

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 217

small fortunes. It has been objected to the colony that there is no
staple article of export; but it takes some time for a colony to over-
flow in production, and it is not easy to say in what direction that `
will take place. When British enterprise and capital are engaged, and .
with such active settlers as have come to this country, there is no
reason to fear that it will be behind other colonies in due time. We
are going on increasing our exports rapidly, and decreasing the impor-
tation of articles producible in the country. The native flax is gradually
rising, as was expected long ago, into importance. In Auckland, we
have the largest rope-walk on this side of the tropics, from which, on
several occasions, above twenty tons of rope have been exported at
atime. The raw material is now prepared of a superior quality and
in greater quantity than before, and the demand for both it and the
manufactured form is greater than can be supplied.

The settlers have gone on as their means would allow in the im-
portation of cattle and horses, till they have obtained a pretty good
stock. Sheep are now being imported in large number, and excellent
artificial pastures are spreading over the country, which will make them a
profitable investment, and furnish, in the wool, another article of export.

The experience we have had of the climate proves its excellence.
There is no malaria in the country, and contagious diseases are
almost unknown. Pectoral complaints, as shown by the military
returns, are much fewer and less fatal than at any other station we
know of, either at home or abroad.

I must now close this hurried sketch of the country. I have col-
lected the plants I haye sent you lately and send you now. There are
still many which I have not been able yet to obtain, as I am obliged to
pursue botany by snatches only. As I find more, I will transmit them ;
and I shall try to send you both seeds and living plants, which I have
been disappointed in not having done long before the present time. —

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

A letter from Dr. DE VRIESE éo RoBEerT Brown, Esq., on a new
species of RAPFLESIA in the Island of Java, discovered by MM. J. E. :

Teysman and S. Binnendijk.
Leyden, May 16, 1851.

'The recollection of our botanical discussions during your last year's

218 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

visit to Leyden, induces me to send the following particulars respecting
the discovery of a new Raflesia, which grows in the Dutch East
Indian Colonies. We owe the detection of this interesting plant to
MM. Teysman, the head gardener, and Binnendijk, the second gar-
dener, at Bintenzorg. .

The new species, Rafflesia Rochussenii, so called after the late Governor-
General of Java, J. V. Rochussen, is, like its congeners, a parasite.
It grows on a Cissus, the C. serrulatus of Roxburgh, and was found at
the foot of the Manellawangi, a mountain-chain, extending from the
Panzzerango to Salak, and above the line of coffee-plantations named
Pondok Tjatting. The exact locality is to the west of the tea-plan-
tations which belong to Count Van den Bosch, and which form part
of his estate, called Tjawi. -

Several specimens were dug up, and transplanted, together with the
Cissus to which they were attached, into the Royal Gardens, where the
Raflesia developed itself and produced its flowers. The following
account will show the difference between this new species and those
already described. And first comes

Raflesia Arnoldi, Br. This species is the most beautiful and largest
of all. It was detected in 1848 by Dr. Arnold, in Sumatra, and living
plants of it are shortly expected in the Botanical Gardens of Binten-
zorg. The central column is furnished with from forty to sixty irre-
gular processes, which are divided at the points (see Transactions of
the Linnean Society, vol. xiii. t. 20) and covered with hairs (vol. xix.
t.22). The interior surface of the perianth is moreover beset with
thick glandular hairs. We may judge of the difference of size, for the
bud of R. Arnoldi measures about twelve inches and a half in diameter,
and that of R. Patma, Bl., thirteen inches and a half.*

The R. Patma, Bl., is finely figured in Professor Blume’s ‘ Flora
Javæ. Living plants of it may be seen in the Gardens of Bintenzorg,
where they have twice flowered. The first blossom expanded in March,
and the second in October, 1850. The colour of these flowers differed
considerably from those represented in the * Flora Jayæ ; for the pro-
cesses were pale, nearly flesh-coloured, while the annulus and lobes,
on the first day of expansion, were of a light rose-colour: the warts,
moreover, which exist on these parts, are not so regular in size. The
margin of the perianth appears, in the delineation, to be elevated above

* The buds of R. Patma, as figured in Blume's * Flora Javee,’ Tab. I., measure
seven inches and a half in diameter.—Ep.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 219

the lobes of the flower; but in the living specimen it springs from the
place where the lobes of the flower are united. In the growing plant,
the processes of the central column were thirty-six in number, viz.,
four in the middle, ten in the second series, and twenty-two in the
outermost row. The elevated margin of the disc of the central column
hardly attained the height of half an inch. This species is immedi-
ately distinguishable from the one now described as new, and inhabits a -
different species of Cissus.

No description exists of R. Horsfieldi, Br., which is admitted to be
a species of Raflesia; the only notice of it is in the Linn. Trans.
vol. xix. p. 242, “ stylis indefinite numerosis."

Again, R. Cumingi, Br., bears on the surface of its central column
ten to thirteen processes, one of which is central, while the rest are
regularly ranged around it. The interior perianth is covered with
differently-formed warts.

Of this novel species of Raflesia (R. Rochussenii) the following
description is given by MM. Teysman and Binnendijk :—

“Dioica ; antheris 15-19 serie simplici disci inferum marginem
cingentibus ; columna 15-16 sulcis descendentibus antheris oppositis ;
disco subpatellæformi glabro stellato, vel processibus 1-2 tecto, pol-
line rotundato hyalino. Had. Manellawangi, costam Pondok Tjatting
dictam, in sylvis umbrosis.”

Diameter of expanded flower .. .. .. .. 0°145*
Circumference ,, Rae oli ad cis E
Bn dies olus unc wee Lus. 0008 to 0:09
Length | ,, xi ida MOS
Breadth of entation’ iade perianthii- 2.00084

» interior ;, 8 garm oper Oh.
Diameter of neck .. . vs ee
Dise of central column front tirs perianthii 0:02
Breadth of column . 2 sé LOT -

The bud, about to apid was far par thew that of R. Patma,
and of a somewhat different hue; but the surprise of the disco-
verers was much excited by finding that, when the flower opened,
the dise was seen destitute of processes. In the centre alone rose a

small needle-like point, an eighth of an inch long. The most beautiful

* These measurements are possibly in millimetres, and are given as in the ori-
ginal ; the proportions of the different parts of the flower are unintelligible to
us.—En.

220 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

part of the disc was a red five-pointed star. The ground of the dise
was dirty white, and the divisions of the star (0:025 long) were di-
rected towards the fissures of the perianth. The margin of the dise,
which was somewhat elevated, was darker in colour than the star. The
inner surface of the perianth presented a striking dissimilarity to that
of R. Patma ; for whereas in the latter species it is smooth and even,
in this it is entirely covered with long stalks, bearing warts from one
to six lines long and one line thick, cylindrical, the longest of them
being situated at the base of the perianth, and the shortest in the
upper part. The hue of the expanded flower was dark red, with the
warts of the same colour, and much smaller than in R. Patma. It
departs from R. Cumingi in the processes, and other peculiarities
already indicated. The flower seen by these gentlemen was a male,
and no trace of a pericarp was discernible.

I trust, ere long, to send you a full description of this interesting
discovery, for I am in expectation of receiving from Java a specimen,
growing on the Cissus, which M. Teysman has kindly promised to
transmit to the Royal Garden of Leyden.

Extract from a Letter of the Rev. W. CoLENS0, relating to a second
species of * NEW ZEALAND FLAX,” PHORMIUM.

Ihave been both gratified and amused with the remarks of M.
Auguste Le Jolis, in the 7th volume of your * London Journal of Bo-
tany,” p. 533, &c., “on a new kind of Phormium.” His is a very plain
and true statement, as far as the description, &e., of his Phormium
goes; but, without doubt, it is the very identical plant which I first
mentioned to you in my letter of July 20, 1841 (an extract from which
you published in the Lond. Journ. Bot., vol.i. p. 305), and which I
subsequently showed, growing and flowering in my garden, to your
son, Dr. Joseph Hooker, in the spring of the same year, and which I
brought thither, a small plant, from the east coast some considerable
time previous. In my long journaldike letter to you, dated Sept. 1,
1842 (and which you published in the Lond. Journ. Bot. vol.iii.), I
spoke of this “new species” as “ P. Fosterianum” (vide p. 8); and,
in a subsequent letter to you, dated Dec. 1, 1842, I again refer to it.
And, in the more elaborate account of that ramble (subsequently pub-
lished in the * Tasmanian Journal, vol.ii. p. 219), T also allude to it
by its then published name, * P. Fosterianum,” adding (in a note), “ I

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 221

intend, at some future day, giving a descriptive account of this very
elegant and useful, and very distinct species of Phormium.” True, I
have not yet done this; but, inasmuch as its name has been long ago
published in the two hemispheres, and that, too, with’ no lack of living
botanical testimony to its identity, I think enough has been done to
secure its first published specific name. There is, however, a slight
error; and that is in your letter to M. Le Jolis (as printed in the Lond.
Journ. Bot. vol. vii. p. 535), in which you speak of a * small red-
flowered kind.” -Now, this species under consideration (P. Fosteria-
num, alias Colensoi, alias Cookianum) is not wholly ved-flowered, but
much as M. Le Jolis describes it, reddish without and green within.
And it should not be forgotten, that the flowers of this plant darken
considerably in drying, especially the lighter-coloured parts of the pe-
rianth; and your having only imperfect and dried specimens to ex-
amine, while M. Le Jolis had living ones, sufficiently accounts for your
calling it a “red-flowered species.” Further; the fact is that both
the Phormiums are highly sportive in the colour of their perianths, in the
size of every part, and in the shape and size of their pods, scarcely any
two of the latter being alike. Some are sharp-, others obtuse-angled ;
some very acute at the apex, others quite as obtuse; some ¢wisted,
others plain, and that on the same plant. Again, if a pod is allowed to
remain until it is fully ripe—to become dry—before it be gathered, it
will generally be membranaceous ; if, however, it is plucked before
that period of dryness, it will be more or less thick and tough. And
further, the whole flower (especially its perianth and styles) changes
its colour considerably after impregnation, always becoming darker; so
that, on a large full-flowered scape, flowers may be found of various hues. -

There is, however, a large variety of the Common (or first-known)
Phormium (for both species are equally common), which almost invaria-
bly bears red flowers. This is the largest kind in New Zealand, and
is, on account of its large size and little use, universally rejected by —
the natives, who state its fibre to be less in quantity, as well as inferior _
in quality, to that of the other kinds; while its bulky parenchyma and
superabundant gumminess make its manipulation a heavy work. This

variety is found on the brink of rich alluvial ever-wet swamps, in deep - |

rich soil on the margins of rivers, and, not unfrequently, near native :
villages, and on the edges of woods; and, also, on dry and barren -
sand-hills near the sea, as well as on certain sandy shores a little above
high-water mark. I once thought that this variety might prove to be.

222 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

a distinct species—and it is, it must be confessed; in certain spots a
constant variety, —but I have seen it gradually losing its bulk and
length, and red flowers, and descending (gradatim) to the common
yellowish-flowered state of that species; so that I have long ago set
it down as being merely a variety. This variety is very common
all about the Bay of Islands, and, in fact, to be everywhere met with
throughout the whole of this North Island. At present there are
several varieties known to me, but only two species. One of those
varieties is a very curious one, every leaf being highly and differently
variegated in alternate stripes of white and green, running from the
apex to the base of the leaf. This kind grew well in my garden at
Paihia, Bay of Islands (as it does in my garden here) ; but, although I
have met with several plants in different parts of the island, I have
never yet found one in flower. Nor have I seen a single plant growing
quite wild: they always occur where they have been, at some time or
other, planted by the natives.

The principal points of difference,—points, I mean, which may be
obvious to the most unscientific eye at first sight,—between the two
present known species, are, the reflexed, subacute, and mostly greenish
perianth, and the narrower, and strictly tapering, almost pungent leaf
of the second species :—this latter character never fails ; the’ smallest
plant at all seasons may be correctly distinguished by it. Whereas the
leaves of the first species (P. tenax) are never strictly tapering, never
acuminate ; they (their apices) always present, so to speak, a segment
of a circle, a kind of pointed arch. For, the carinated back of the leaf
abruptly inclining towards its edges at about two inches from the apex,
gives the top of the young unopened leaf seen in profile the appearance
of the bow of a canoe. Hence it is'that a mature leaf of P. tenaz, un-
broken, unslit at the apex, I have never yet seen; on the contrary, full-
grown leaves of the second species, with unsevered apices, may be ob-
tained from every plant. ;

I could offer further remarks upon this peculiarly New Zealand genus ;
but time presses. I will merely add, that I have often attempted to
secure good specimens of both species for you, which some years ago I
promised to do, and have as often failed. What with the size of the
plant, its stout woody scapes, perianths overflowing with honey, and
harsh and gummy leaves, which invariably roll up while drying, it is a
most unpleasing subject to handle, and as ugly when dry. But I will
have another trial yet. -

ith.

‘Fitch del et

223

Characters of a New Genus of CowPosrrE-EUPATORIACEJE, with re-
marks on some other Genera of the same Tribe ; by Asa GRAY.

(Tas. V.)

DissoTHRIX, nov. gen.

Capitulum 6—9-forum, homogamum. Znvolucrum biseriale, floribus
æquilongum ; squamis laxis mox patentibus, lanceolatis, cuspidato-
acuminatis, membranaceis, bicostatis, margine scariosis, exterioribus
brevioribus. Receptaculum parvum, nudum. Corolla anguste cylin-
drica, apice breviter 5-dentata, dentibus erectis. -dchenium breve,
acute pentagonum, angulis hispidulis, callo basilari majusculo. Pap-
pus plurisetosus, biformis, nempe, setis 5 rigidis ad angulos achzenii
respondentibus corollam superantibus, ceteris (30-40) capillaribus
brevioribus valde inæquilongis, omnibus sursum hirtello-scaberrimis.
— Herba Brasiliana annua, glabriuscula; caule erecto striato su-
perne paniculato laxe polycephalo; foliis membranaceis ovato-
lanceolatis petiolatis dentatis, inferioribus oppositis, summis alter-
nis. Corollz apice purpurascentes.

D. Gardneri (Tab. V.).—Stevia imbricata, Gardner, in Lond. Journ.
Bot. vol. v. p. 458 (n. 1744 and n. 2211).

This plant is certainly to be distinguished from Stevia, as well by
the truly setose pappus, of which even the five stronger rays can
scarcely be termed aristæ, as by the minutely five-toothed and conni-
vent limb of the corolla, and the biserial, imbricated, and lax or
spreading involuere. The thin and smooth scales of the latter are
strongly two-nerved (in the manner of Brickellia, &c.), and have also
three very slender intermediate nerves, often scarcely visible except by
transmitted light. When the achænia fall the scales become reflexed. —

Judging evidently from the description alone, Gardner compared -
this plant with the Stevia calycina of De Candolle, which is doubtless”
the Eupatorium ? calyculatum, Hook. and Arn. Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. ii.
p- 242, and therefore the Disynaphia Montevidensis, DC. Prodr. vol. vii, —
p. 267, to which Dissothrix bears no particular resemblance.

Respecting Disynaphia, Y may remark that the sete of its pappus
are rather óarbellulate than scabrous. Also that true congeners

of D. Montevidensis are, Eupatorium spathulatum, Hook. and Arn. -

Comp. Bot. Mag. l. c., which is the same as F. halimifolium, DC. -
(named Z. passerinioides by De Candolle in the Parisian herbarium), -

VOL. III. 26

224 A NEW GENUS OF COMPOSITA.
E. ligulefolium, Hook. and Arn. l. c., E. gnidioides, DC., and Æ. eri-
coides, DC. Tt is not probable, however, that Disynaphia can be ad-
mitted except as a section of Eupatorium, some genuine species of
which have the pappus nearly or quite as biserial; and in many
others it is barbellulate or barbellate-denticulate.

Among the species with a barbellate and strictly uniserial pappus
which have been referred to Eupatorium, are the ambiguous Zupatorium
decipiens and E. paradoxum, Hook. and Arn. l. c.; two closely allied
species, although the former has nine- to twelve-flowered, the latter
five-flowered capitula. The latter is Nothites baccharidea of De Candolle
(who ivas not acquainted with any of the original species of this genus) ;
the former is Æupatorium foliosum, DC., and also doubtless, as Mr.
Bentham has suggested to me, the Ophryosporus triangularis of Meyen.

Another groupe of extra-tropical South American Eupatoria with a
barbellate pappus, the setæ of which more or less evidently occupy two
series, and are about as rigid as in Disynaphia, comprises Eupatorium
elongatum, E. ceratophyllum, E. tanacetifolium (E. subplumosum, Don,
ined.), and Z. lanigerum, of Hooker and Arnott, l. c., with an appa-
rently unpublished species allied to the last (of which all, except the
first, have more or less dissected or lobed leaves). These make so near
an approach to Trichogonia, Gard. (Kuhnia § Trichogonia, DC.), that
there is only the difference between a
io separate them.

On the other hand, Trichogonia is a perfectly good genus as distin-
guished from Kuhnia, which has a terete and multistriate achænium.
- It must needs include Gardner s n. 1723, referred by him to Æupa-

torium adenanthum, DC., I think incorrectly, as the corollas are not
glanduliferous (and only rarely sprinkled with a few resinous atoms),

the leaves are cordate, and the pappus is so manifestly plumose, that
De Candolle could not have overlooked it.*

barbellate and a plumose pappus

* TuicHoGoNIA Gardneri (n. sp.) : herbacea, glanduloso-pubescens ; caule erecto
ramoso ; foliis cordatis acuminatis dentatis membranaceis triplinerviis in petiolum
longiusculum alatum contractis; capitulis laxe subcorymbosis multifloris; involucri
squamis acuminatis; corollis glabris ; achæniis glabris ad angulos tenuiter hispidulis ;
pappi setis longiuseule plumosis.— The heads and flowers are twice as large as those
of T. salviefolia and T. menthefolia, and the ppus plumose with (rather sparse)
longer hairs. It will be we! Date a
Trichogonia salviefolia and to Isocarpha eu. torioides. Planchon has remarked, in
Herb. Hook., Denm two are iilis M the amis in P

either all the flowers or some of them are destitute of pappus !

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 225

Brickellia, Ell. (including Bulbostylis, DC.), is in like manner dis-
tinguished by its terete and striate or 10-costate achenia: in no other
way can the line be drawn between it and Hupatorium. * This excludes
I believe all of Gardner’s Brazilian Bulbostyles ; also De Candolle’s
B. glabra, B. spinaciafolia, B.? pauciflora, and B. triangularis (the
latter, perhaps, a Carphephorus). B. annua, Nutt. Pl. Gambell., is not
even an Eupatoriaceous plant. I know, however, about twenty-six
genuine, chiefly Mexican and New Mexican, species, several of which
are yet unpublished ;* besides three or four species of Clavigera, DC.,
which must evidently be reduced to a section of Brickellia; the more
or less barbellate pappus not affording an adequate or sufficiently
well-marked generic character.+ `

Tan. V. Dissothrix Gardneri:—natural size. Fig. 1. A capitulum
enlarged. 2. An involucral scale. 3. A flower. 4. Corolla laid open.
5. A stamen. 6. Achænium and pappus. 7. One of the larger and
one of the smaller setze of the pappus :—all the dissections more or less

magnified.

Contributions to the Botany of WESTERN INDIA;
by N. A. DALZELL, Esq., M.A.
(Continued from p. 212.)

Nat. Ord. CYRTANDRACEZÆ.

DrpywocaRPUs.

D. cristata; caule herbaceo 8—9-pollicari simplici erecto tereti carnoso,
foliis oppositis petiolatis amplis late cordato-ovatis obtusis utrinque
parce pilosis, inflorescentia in axillis oppositis insidente et eum pe-
tiolis concreta cristata pilosa folio breviore, sc. pedicellis numerosis
seriatim sursum spectantibus basi inter se in pedunculum brevem

L4

* The following are in Wright's Texano-New-Mexican collection, viz., no. 249,
B. (Clavigera, Gray, Pl. Fendl.) brachyphylla; n.250, B. cylindracea, Gray, PI.
Lindh.; n.251, B. reniformis, n.sp.; n. 252, B. baccharidea, n. sp.; n. 253, B.
laciniata, n. sp.—N. 2104, coll. Galeotti— B. Galeottii, n. sp. ; n. 293, Coulter, Calif.
coll.— B. Coulteri, n.sp.; n. 598, Pl. Hartweg.— B. Hartwegi (Eupatorium rigi-
dum, Benth.).

um campestre, Gardner, in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p.125 (n. 5788
ü t dre M llb fom which C. filiformis, Hock. aid hri; does ace
appear to be distinet.

226 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

crassum connatis, calyce 5-partito, laciniis linearibus acutis inæqua-

libus.

Folia profunde tordata, subrotundo-ovata, lobis basilaribus rotundatis,
4-5 poll. longa, 4 poll. lata, obscure penninervia. Calyx 2-3 lin.
longus. Corolla alba, 5-6 lin. longa. Stamina 2. Ovarium dense
strigoso-pilosum. Capsula siliquæformis, 11-2 poll. longa, sesqui- .
lineam lata, curvata, pubescens. Semina au, oblonga, utrinque
acuta, longitudinaliter 5-angulata.—Crescit in rupibus, prope Parwar-
ghât ; fl. Sept. et Oct.

The crested disposition of the flowers, seated on the petiole, which
this species has in common with D. crinita, Jack, renders it a remark-
able plant. The leaves are comparatively very large, and have the
texture of those of a cabbage.

Nat. Ord. COMMELYNEZ.
CYANOTIS.

C. vivipara, n. sp. ; epiphyta acaulis tota pilis rufis patulis conspersa,
folis radicalibus lineari-ensiformibus planis crassis carnosis fasci-
culatis, scapis ex radice orientibus filiformibus radicantibus viviparis,
peduneulis e scapi nodis solitariis alternis umbellam bi-trifloram
bractea duplici suffultam gerentibus, bracteis ad basin pedunculi
foliaceis parvis oblongis acutis vaginantibus, capsule valvis post de-
hiscentiam valde recurvis, loculis 2-spermis, seminibus cylindricis.—
Crescit in arboribus in jugo Syhadrensi ; fl. Aug. et Sept.

This isa plant of a very peculiar habit, probably resembling C.
tuberosa. The tuft of radical leaves, which are two to four inches
long, are liliaceous in appearance, and from below these spring
severallong slender scapes, each bearing a young plant on its apex.
The ordinary leaves observable in the genus, i. e., with tubular sheaths,
are here reduced to the size of bracts, subtending each umbelliferous
peduncle. Flower and fruit as in the genus.

Nat. Ord. ACANTHACEZÆ.
LEPIDAGATHIS.

L. mitis; caule diffuso ramoso, ramis trichotomis glabris purpureis
subtetragonis, foliis lineari-oblongis acutis sessilibus basin versus
angustatis utrinque glabris margine setulis minutis ciliatis, spicis
circa radicem i in globum diametro bi-tripollicarem glomeratis, brac-

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 227 .

teis e basi lata acuminatis, bracteolis calycisque laciniis linearibus

acutis omnibus #uticis pellucidis subcartilagineis basi glabris apicem

versus sericeo-villosis.

Folia 18-20 lin. longa, 3 lin. lata. Bractee dense imbricatæ, brac-
teolæque semipollicares. ^ Calycis laciniæ majores 53 lin. longs.
Corolla extus pubescens, alba, intus roseo luteoque punctata, 6—7
lin. longa.—Crescit in rupibus in jugo Syhadrensi, pepe Phonda-
ghât ; fl. Nov.

The habit of this plant is entirely similar to that of Z. cristata,
Willd., Z. rupestris, N. ab E., and Z. lutea, mihi, but is readily dis-
tinguished from all three by the bracts and calyces being unfurnished
with a pungent point, and being quite harmless to the touch.

Rd BARLERIA.

B. elata, n. sp. ; fruticosa, caule tereti strigoso ad nodos tumido, foliis
herbaceis inzequalibus longe petiolatis ellipticis acuminatis subito in
petiolum attenuatis utrinque pubescentibus, spicis terminalibus et in
axillis supremis solitariis brevibus patentibus robustis sesquipolli-
caribus bi-trifloris, floribus secundis brevissime pedicellatis, pedi-
cellis bracteis lanceolatis foliaceis calycem æquantibus suffultis.

Calycis laciniæ majores (altera inferior sesquipollicaris, altera 14 poll.
longa) basi subcuneatæ, apice longe acuminate, extus densissime
strigosæ, obscure palmatim 17-nerviæ. Corolla 3—34 poll. longa:
limbus læte cæruleus ; tubus rubro-purpureus ; laciniæ obtusæ, su-
perior cæteris brevior. Stamina antheris perfectis 4, quorum duo
multo breviora, cum rudimento quinti. lores sursum spectantes.
Folia cum petiolo sesquipollieari 6—8 poll. longa, 2-3 poll. lata.—
Crescit in jugo Syhadrensi, prope Phonda-ghát ; fl. Nov.—Quoad
inflorescentiam B. dichotome, Roxb. proxima. _

Next to B. grandiflora, mihi, this is the largest-flowered species
which I have met with, in a district rich in Barlerias: it rises to the
height of six feet, and when in flower has a very showy appearance.
B. dichotoma, I may remark, is not herbaceous, as stated by N. ab E.:
it is a true shrub, at least when cultivated—the only state in which it
is to be seen on this side of India.

Nat, Ord. COMBRETACEE.
TERMINALIA.

T. Gella; folis sparsis amplis late ovalibus utrinque puberulis, ju- — :

228 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

nioribus pilis fulvis lanato-tomentosis, spicis axillaribus. solitariis -
tomentosis folio brevioribus, floribus inferioribus fertilibus breve
pedicellatis, superioribus masculis sessilibus, omnibus intus dense
lanatis, calycis segmentis triangularibus acutis sub anthesi revolutis,
drupa sphærica sericea diametro 9—10-lin.— Crescit raro in Concano
australiore ; fl. Apr. ; fr. Jan.

Alarge and handsome tree, with the leaves nine inches in length
and five in breadth, finely reticulated, and the petioles destitute of
glands. The fruit, when procurable in any quantity, is an article of
commerce, and has the same qualities as that of 7. Bellirica, being used
in dyeing cloth and also medicinally by the natives. The flowers have
the same disagreeable smell as those of most species of this genus. In
Graham’s ‘Catalogue of Bombay Plants’ this tree is entered as 7.
nitida (Roxb. in Herb. Lamb.), but it cannot be that. species, as the
leaves do not taper to both ends, nor is their apex acuminated.

Nat. Ord. EUPHORBIACEA.
Tribe PHYLLANTHE®.
ANOMOSPERMUM, genus novum.

GEN.. CHAR. Flores monoici. Calyx 5-phyllus. Corolle petala 5
calyce multoties minora, glandulis minutis dentatis utrinque. Sta-
mina 5 : filamentis inferne in ovarii stipitem disco plano orbiculato
impositum connatis, superne liberis patentibus, antheris demum ex-
trorsis. Fem. Ovarium disco orbiculato impositum, triloculare,
loculis biovulatis. Styli 3, semibifidi, breves, obtusi. Fructus cap-
sularis, depresse globosus, tricoccus, coccis dispermis. Semina ex-
albuminosa.— Arbores in India orientali indigenz, foliis alternis sti-
pulatis integerrimis coriaceis glabris lzvibus, venis costalibus inter se
-arcus anastomosantes formantibus, foribus axillaribus fasciculatis,
masculis et foemineis mixtis.

A. excelsum; folis ellipticis utrinque acutis nitidis coriaceis glabris
cum petiolo subpollicari 6—7 poll. longis 21—3 poll. latis, stipulis e
basi lata acuminatis squamæformibus glabris, floribus longiuscule
pedicellatis, pedicellis fructiferis cernuis suprapollicaribus, petalis
obovatis integris, sepalis rotundatis, capsula glabra diametro polli-
cari.— Crescit in jugo Syhadrensi ; fl. Aug.; fr. Nov.

That the species of Cluytia, figured in Roxb. Cor. pl. 169-173, are
the representatives of two very distinct genera, there cannot be the

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 229

least doubt; this, too, must have been Willdenow’s belief, when he

separated three of them under the name of Bridelia; and as Cluytia is

exclusively an African genus, the rest actually to this day remain with-
out a name. Endlicher has included all Roxburgh's Cluytias under

Bridelia, which is certainly an error. The true Bridelias have bac-

cate, indehiscent, two-celled fruit, seeds with an osseous testa, and

an embryo within albumen, with flat foliaceous cotyledons. The
texture and venation of the leaves is also peculiar, the costal veins
being numerous, prominent, parallel, and reaching the margin of the
leaf undivided. The tree under consideration, which is closely allied
to Cluytia collina and patula of Roxb., has leaves like a Croton, the
veins hidden within the substance of the leaf, and forming anastomos-
ing ares at a good distance from the margin; besides, the capsular,
trilocular, dehiscent fruit, seeds without albumen (singular to relate),
and folded fleshy cotyledons, remove it far from Bridelia. Cluytia
collina and patula, Roxb., have not been discovered on this side of

India, and therefore I have no opportunity of examining the seeds of

those species; but it is highly probable that they are also exalbu-

minous, and, if so, they will be referred to the genus now described,
as well as the other three Cluytias described in the’‘ Flora Indica.’ _
ROTTLERA.

R. urandra ; ramulis glabris, foliis anguste oblongis obtuse acuminatis,
basi in petiolum subpollicarem cuneatim attenuatis calloso-serrulatis
coriaceis nitidis, floribus masculis racemosis glabris, racemis axillari-
bus solitariis folio brevioribus, staminibus in receptaculo nudo liberis
connectivo ultra antheram caudatim producto, floribus fœmineis axil-

laribus solitariis longissime pedunculatis, pedunculis 3-pollicaribus
nudis glabris, stylis 2 profunde bifidis ramis longis filiformibus velu-
tinis, capsulis bilocularibus glabris.

Folia cum petiolo subpollicari 5-6 poll. longa, 14-2 lata. Racemi
graciles, simplices, 3-37 poll longi; pedicelli 2-3-ni, bractea —
squamæformi suffulti.—Crescit in jugo Syhadrensi, prope Phonda-
‘phat; fl. et fr. Nov.

This is well distinguished by the unusually long peduncles of the
solitary female flowers. In habit allied to R. aureo-punctata, mihi,
the leaves being also somewhat like those of that species.

ECPHORBIA.
E. strobilifera; floribus in ramis ramulisque terminalibus racemosis

230 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

bracteis imbricatis cordato-ovatis obliquis mucronulatis scariosis
palmatinerviis reticulatis suffultis, bracteis geminis oppositis flore
longioribus, racemis 1-2-pollicaribus, capsula pubescente.

Herba 2—3-pedalis, glabra. Caulis erectus, teres, basi nudus, apicem
versus dichotome ramosus, ramulis apice floriferis. Folia nunquam
vidi; an aphylla? Sguame 4 petaloideæ basi glandula præditæ,

- oblique, subeuneatæ, apice eroso-dentatæ. Bractearum reticulatio
singularis, ramulis ultimis abrupte desinentibus liberis.— Crescit in
rupibus nudis in regno Warreensi ; fl. Feb.

Nat. Ord. BEGONIACEZÆ.
BEGONIA. :

1. B. integrifolia ; rhizomate tuberoso, caule herbaceo, foliis oblique
ovatis obtusis integris basi cordatis utrinque pilis albis hispidis
subtus sanguineis, pedunculis dichotomis, floribus parvis, capsulis
glabris trialatis, alarum una cseteris multo majore.

Tuber pisi majoris magnitudine, caule vix crassior. Caulis 6-8 poll.
altus. Folia radicalia nulla, caulina alterna, breve (1-poll.) petio-
lata, majora 7 poll. longa, 4 poll. lata, valde obliqua, inzequilatera,
atro-virentia cum zona concentrica pallida. Flores albi, diametro
5-lin.—Crescit ad pedem jugi Syhadrensis, in rupibus; fl. temp.
pluviali.

2. B. trichocarpa; rhizomate tuberoso, caule herbaceo sesquipedali,
foliis amplis subinæqualiter cordatis acuminatis sinuato-dentatis ru-
gosis margine minute laceratis supra et in nervis subtus hispidis
utrinque viridibus, floribus terminalibus umbellatis, pedicellis his-
pidis pollicaribus, capsula hispida alis 3 æqualibus obtusis.

Tuber parvum, sphzerieum. Folium radicale unicum, longe petiolatum,
7 poll. longum, 7 poll. latum, petiolo crasso, carnoso, colorato,
12—14 poll. longo ; folia cætera caulina minora. Caulis basi nudus.
Flores albi, 4-7-ni, diametro bipollicares; perigonium femineum
pentaphyllum ; foliola exteriora 2, rotundata, palmatinervia, margine
basin versus setaceo-lacerata, dorso hispida.— Crescit in rupibus,
cum præcedente.

Nat. Ord. BALSAMINEJE.
IMPATIENS.

I. ramosissima ; herbacea erecta dichotomo-ramosa, ramis plurimis gla-

bris acute quadrangularibus, foliis oppositis sessilibus ellipticis polli-

J BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 231

caribus supra hispidulo-scabridis subtus glabris pallidis minute et
distanter spinuloso-serratis, pedicellis in axillis oppositis solitariis
unifloris villosis, floriferis folio brevioribus, fructiferis deflexis folium
æquantibus, sepalis lateralibus linearibus villosis anterioris longitu-
dine, posteriore orbiculari apice acutiusculo dorso carinato villoso,
anteriore longo navieulari extus villoso, calcare brevissimo obtuso
incuryo, petalorum lobo posteriore minimo, anteriore cuneato longe
unguiculato, capsula oblonga glabra utrinque attenuata oligosperma,
seminibus nigris nitidis.—Crescit in montibus Syhadree, prope

Phonda-ghat ; fl. Sept.

This species seems nearly allied to I. tomentosa and rufescens. From
the former it is readily distinguished by the very different form of the
anterior sepal, which in the present species is cymbiform, being four
times longer than broad; and from the latter by the presence of a
spur. The flowers are of the size of I. Kleinii.

Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ.

ADENOSTEMMA.

A. rivale; caule erecto simplici feret; glabro bipedali, foliis Zineari-
lanceolatis basi longe attenuatis serrato-dentatis glabris, panicula
corymbosa puberula laxa oligocephala, involucri squamis linearibus
vel lineari-spathulatis obtusis herbaceis subæqualibus subglabris,
acheniis glanduloso-tubereulatis.— Crescit in rivorum marginibus
umbrosis utriusque Concani.

This is the Ægeratum aquaticum of Roxb., which I have inserted
here under its proper genus, as it is not to be found in De Candolle's

*Prodromus. The achænia are exactly like those of 4. leiocarpum. |

Steudel is in error in his synonym of Roxburgh's plant, such as it is —
described in his ‘Flora Indica, where he says, * stem round” (as I
find it); there must have been some mistake about the plant found in -
Roxburgh's herbarium, under the name of 4. aquaticum, as recorded |
by De Candolle. « 5

DzcaANEURUM (Gymnanthemum).
D. microcephalum; caule pubescenti-scabro ramoso, foliis petiolatis
atis basi in petiolum longe attenuatis remote aris-

ellipticis acumin:
tato-serratis supra pubescentibus subtus dense albo-tomentosis, ca-
pitulis parvis in apice ramorum solitariis, involucri ovati squamis —
VOL. III. 2 H x

". Pp X Fig 7 ere F FF
FREE, V TEE bd

232 BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA.

squarrosis dorso albo-tomentosis, exterioribus lanceolatis acuminatis
aristato-cuspidatis margine ciliatis, achenio basi vix attenuato pallido
glabro nitido subcylindrico ecostato.
Flores 12-14. Pappus valde caducus.— Crescit ad Parwar-ghát ; fl. Nov.
This plant forms a remarkable exception to all the published species
of this well-marked unmistakeable genus, by its unribbed seeds; but
although it belies its generic name of Decaneurum, it would be doing
violence to nature to remove, on this account, a plant agreeing so com-
pletely in every other respect with the character and habit of the genus.

When fresh gathered, it has a strong odour of Chamomile, which it-
loses by drying. ;

! Nat. Ord. ARTOCARPEÆ.

—"

ANTIARIS.

À. saccidora, Dalz.—Lepurandra saccidora, Nimmo, Plants of Bombay,
p. 193.

Crescit in regno Warreensi, ad pedem jugi Syhadrensis; fructum
maturum habet Januario. : :

This is a gigantic tree, with a trunk eighteen feet in circumference
at the base. On wounding the fruit, a milky viscid fluid exudes in
considerable quantity, which shortly hardens into the appearance and
consistence of bees' wax, but eventually becomes black and shining.
The inner bark of the tree is composed of very strong tenacious
fibres, and seems excellently adapted for the manufacture of cordage -
and mattings. Mr. Nimmo speaks of this tree as being discovered by
Dr. Lush at Kandalla in 1837, where it grows in deep ravines, and he
adds, “It is common in the jungles near Coorg, where the people
manufacture very curious sacks, and by a most simple process, which
will be hardly credited in Europe. A branch is cut, corresponding to
the length and breadth of the sack wanted. It is soaked a little and
then beaten with clubs until the liber separates from the wood. This
done, the sack formed of the bark is turned inside out until the wood
. is sawed off, with the exception of a small piece left at the bottom of

the sack, and which is carefully left untouched. These sacks are in
general use among the villagers for carrying rice, and. are sold for about
. Sixannaseach. Some of them have been sent to England as curiosities *
—.* Two of these curious sacks

, Sent by Mr. Nimmo, are deposited in the Museum
of the Royal Botanie Gardens of De |

VEGETATION OF THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 233

by Mr. P. Ewart. The nuts are intensely bitter, and contain an
azotized principle, which may prove an active medical agent.”—The
natives call the tree ** Juzoogry,” others ** Kurwut," but this last name
is applied to many kinds of trees with pg cé leaves.

{To be continued.) }
—À
Sketch of the VEGETATION of the Isthmus of Panama; by M. Brr-
THOLD SEEMANN, Naturalist of H. M. S. Herald.

That part of the Republic of New Granada which connects the two
great Continents of America, and is called the Isthmus of Panamà or
Darien, lies between the fourth and tenth parallels of north latitude,
and the seventy-seventh and eighty-third of west longitude. It comprises
the provinces of Veraguas and Panamà, and the territories of Darien
and Bocas del Toro ; it is bounded on the N. and N.E. by the Atlantic,
on the S. and S.W. by the Pacific Ocean, on the E. by the rivers Atrato
and San Juan, and on the W. by Mosquitia and the State of Costarica ;
and it presents a surface, including the adjacent islands, of 34,700
square miles, an extent of territory nearly equal to that of Portugal.

Tts coasts are fringed with islands. The largest, on the Atlantic side,
are the Escudo de Veraguas and those situated in the Lagoon of
Chiriqui: while various others, of smaller size, generally known to voy- _
agers by the name of Cayos, are scattered along the shores, and form, —

as is the case with the Sambaloes, regular chains: they are, however, —

but thinly inhabited, and little frequented. Of greater importance,
and more populous, are the islands of the Pacific. Several groupes,
viz., Secos, Paredez, Ladrones, and Contreras, lie off the coast of
Veraguas; another cluster, of which Coyba, Gobernadora, and Cebaco

are the largest, exists near the Bay of Montijo, while a little. archi- —

pelago, the Pearl Islands, also known by their synonyms of Islas del —
Rey, Islas del Istmo, and Islas de Colombia, valuable from the number
of pearls which are annually collected there, is situated at the entrance
of the Bay of Panama. Smaller, but scarcely less important, is the
groupe in the vicinity of Panama, consisting of Taboga, Taboguilla, Oto-
que, Flaminco, and Perico, islands which are highly cultivated, and whose
beauty has designated them emphatically the Garden of Panama.
The Isthmus is not distinguished for the height of its mountains,

The mighty chain of the Andes, after traversing the whole continent of

234 ' SKETCH OF THE VEGETATION OF

South America, gradually decreases when approaching this narrow neck
of land, and in the province of Panama is hardly recognizable in a ridge
of low hills, seldom exceeding 1,000 feet in height. A new series of
mountains seems to commence at Punta de Chame, which visibly at-
tains a greater elevation on entering the province of Veraguas, and in
the voleano of Chiriqui presents the most elevated part of the Isthmus,
a peak 7,000 feet in height. This ridge is thickly covered with forests,

and chiefly confined to the centre and northern parts of the country ;
. the districts on the coast of the Pacific, especially the cantons of Nata,
Santiago, and Alanje, abound in grassy plains, or savanas, of great
extent, which, by affording pasture to numerous herds of cattle, con-
stitute the principal riches of the country.

Volcanoes, all now extinct, rise in different parts. The highest is
the volcano of Chiriqui, already mentioned: another, of considerable
elevation, about 3,000 feet, called the Janand, is seen at Cape Corrientes
in Darien ; and several others are reported to exist in Veraguas: even
“the island of Taboga,” says Mr. E. Hopkins, “appears to have been
a portion of a former volcanic crater." But, although destitute of
active voleanoes, the Isthmus by no means therefore enjoys an immu-
nity from earthquakes, Some pretty severe shocks are now and then
experienced, especially during the dry season, from January until May.
They. consist of undulating movements, coming from the west, and
apparently having their origin in Central America; but they do not
seem to exercise any baneful influence on the vegetation, as is fre-
quently the case in Peru, where, after a severe shock, whole fields have
been known to wither.

The geographical position of the Isthmus, the almost entire absence
of elevated mountains, and the vast extent of the forests and other
uncultivated parts, tend to produce a hot and rainy climate, which,

e nevertheless, is, with the exception of a few localities, healthy, and
. more favourable to the constitution of the Caucasian race than that of

most tropical countries. The seasons are regularly distributed into wet
and dry. The rains are expected with the new moon in April, and
they last eight months, till the end of December: they are prolonged,
however, in the south of Darien, and in some localities on the Atlantie
Ocean, to ten, and even to eleven months. In the beginning, the rains
are very slight, but they gradually inerease, and are fully established
towards the end of May, when they fall in torrents sometimes for days

THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 235

in succession, and are accompanied by thunder and lightning of the most
terrific description. The air is loaded with moisture and fogs; calms
and light variable winds prevail. The temperature does not vary more
than from 75° to 87° Fahr., but still, the perspiration being impeded,
the atmosphere feels exceedingly hot and close. Towards the end of
December, the violent rains diminish in frequency, the clouds begin to
disperse, and with the commencement of the new year the N.W. wind
sets in. An immediate change follows. The air becomes pure and re-
freshing, the sun brilliant, the sky blue and serene, hardly a cloud is to
be seen, and the climate exhibits all its tropical beauties. The heat,
although much greater, ranging between 75° and 94° Fahr., is less felt,
because the atmosphere is almost free from moisture. The rays of the
sun, however, bear very great power: and the rising of the thermometer
to 124° Fahr., when it is at noon exposed to their influence, is no un-
common phenomenon. These observations, however, only refer to the
lower regions ; on the higher mountains the climate is, of course, sub-
ject to various modifications, and better adapted, on account of its lower -
temperature, to an European constitution.

A country so much visited by heavy rains, naturally abounds in rivers.
Not counting the smaller streams and ravine torrents, their number
cannot fall short of 200. Of those emptying themselves into the Pacific,
the San Juan, Churchunque, Bayano, Rio grande de Nata, Santamaria,
Tavasarà, and Chiriqui are the largest: among those flowing into the
Atlantic Ocean are the Chagres, Belen, Veraguas, and the nine-mouthed
Atrato. Most of them have one or more deltas, which in many in-
stances assume the appearance of islands. Their vegetation is a
curious mixture of littoral and inland plants, and it often presents
species of the higher mountains, by which the remote sources of the
river may be traced, — LL.

As the Isthmus connects the continents, so does its vegetation -
combine the floras of tropical North and South America: the virgin
forests of Guayana, the Vegetable Soory groves of the Magdalena, and —
the oak-woods of the Mexican highlands, are all equally represented. —
It is, therefore, not to be expected that the Panamian flora should —
exhibit any very striking character, or be distinguished by the presence
of strongly delineated forms, like Mexico by its Cactuses, Australia by ©
its Epacrideæ, capsular Myríacee, and phyllodineous Acacias, or the Cape -

of Good Hope by its Heaths, succulent Aloes, Slapelias, and Mesem- — ;

996 - SKETCH OF THE VEGETATION OF

bryanthemums. The want of such forms is so obvious, that a superficial
observer would be induced to declare the flora identical with those of
the bordering states: a person, however, who investigates more closely,
cannot fail to notice the prevailing clothing of the leaves with hair and
tomentum, the abundance of greenish, yellow, and white flowers, and
the numerical superiority of the Natural Orders Leguminose, Melasto-
macee, Composite, Rubiacee, Orchidee, and Ferns,—features, which,
although less prominent than those alluded to, still exercise a decided
influence on the physiognomy of the vegetation.*
But it must not be supposed that the flora is without certain pecu-
liarities of its own; indeed, it has peculiarities which distinguish it
from that of all other countries, and which are calculated to show
many a genus and many a natural order in an entirely new light.
The most important, perhaps, that might be adduced, is the Balboa
odorata, Seem., whose discovery has established the union of Passi-
Jloreæ and Turneracee, embracing, as it does, the chief characteristics
of these two families (n. 1922). The genus Pentagonia is equally
curious, on account of its being the only Rudiacea which has yet been
found with pinnatifid leaves ; it belongs to the subdivision of Gar-
denieæ, and thus forms à clear transition to the order of Lonicerea,
in which a pinnatifid foliage and a baccate fruit are not uncommon
features. Remarkable are two species of Begonia, B. oppositifolia,
Seem. (n. 1099), and B. centradenioides, Seem. (n. 561), both with
leaves which are opposite and of unequal size, as is the case with Cen-
tradenia rosea, Lindl., Clidemia cyanocarpa, Bth., C. fenestrata, Bth.,
C. barbinervis, Bth., and numerous other Melastomacee. Their simi-
larity in habit to some of the Melastomacee is really very striking, and
will give additional weight to the arguments of those who favour the
relationship between the two orders. The Carludovica palmata, R. et
Pav., is another production of the Isthmus, though not exclusively con-
fined to it, which deserves notice. It has large fan-shaped leaves, and
resembles many of the Palms so closely that it must always be con-

* "The vegetation of Guayana is, probably, most like that of the Isthmus; for not
only do the common plants of that country occur, but also a great number of those
more recently discovered by Sir R. Schomburgk. However, at present, this must
be mere conjecture: after the materials, collected by me, shall have been more care-
fully examined, it will be a task of little difficulty to show to what flora the Pana-
mian ximates the nearest; and in the meantime to furnish a more defined

: general charatéer than that which I am at present able to give.—B. S.

THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 231

sidered as constituting an important link between Pandanee and Palms.
No less surprising is the occurrence of the genera Macleania, Splyro-
spermum, and Cypripedium in the low coast region, in a temperature
far exceeding that in which any of their species have hitherto been
known to exist.

The aspect of the flora is much more diversified than the uniformity
of the climate and surface of the country would lead us to expect.
The sea-coast and those parts influenced by the tides and the im-
mediate evaporation of the ocean, produce a quite peculiar vegetation,
among which the Mangroves, chiefly composed of different Rhizophoras
and Avicennias, are the most remarkable features. Growing in all
muddy places, down to the very verge of the ocean, they form im-
penetrable thickets, the abode of alligators, sand-flies, and mosqui-
toes, and the places, from whose exhalation of putrid miasmata, sickness
spreads over the adjacent districts. To destroy these dreaded swamps
is almost impossible: the Avicennias, with their asparagus-like rhizo-
mata, send up innumerable young shoots whenever the main stem is
disturbed; the Rkizophoras extend in all directions their long aerial
roots, which soon reach the ground, and preserve the tree from falling,
after its terrestrial roots have lifted it high above its original level. -
At Panama, where the tide rises to the height of twenty-two feet,
these trees are frequently under water, apparently without being
in the least injured or checked in their growth. Rivers, as far as
subjected to the influence of the ebb and flow, are full of Mangroves ;
and the highest Rhizophoras, which, growing always on that side where
there is the deepest water, assist the natives in conducting their canoes
through the mud and sand-banks. Among many other littoral plants
will be recognized the Prosopsis horrida, Kunth, Orescentia obovata,
Bth., Cereus Pitajaya, De Cand., Hippomane Mancinella, Linn., Aero-
stichum aureum, Linn., Ipomæa pes-capre, Swartz, Hibiscus arboreus,

Desv., Cocos nucifera, Linn., Pithecolobium macrostachyum, Bth., Gui- —

landina Bonduc, Ait., and several species of Jacguinia, Plumieria, and
Ruyschia. *
Far different is the vegetation of the savanas. The ground, being
level or slightly undulated, is clothed during the greater part of the
year with a turf of brilliant green ; groupes of trees rise here and there ;
silvery streams, herds of cattle, and the isolated huts of the natives
enliven. a scene, over which the absence of Palms and Tree-ferns throws

238 VEGETATION OF THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA.

almost an European character, giving the whole more the appearance ——

of an English park than that of a tractof land in tropical America.
The turf contains, besides numerous species of Grasses, many elegant
Papilionacee, Polygalee, and Gentianeæ: the tender sensitive-plant
(Mimosa pudica, Linn.) prevails in many localities, shutting up its
irritable leaves even upon the approach of a heavy footstep. The
clumps of trees and shrubs, over which the Garumos (Cecropia peltata,
Linn.) and Pava-trees (Panaz, sp. nov.) wave their large foliage, are
composed of AMyríacee, Melastomacee, Chrysobalaneæ, Papilionaceæ,
Composite, Anacardiacee, Malpighiaceæ, Hederacee, Anonaceæ, Dil-
leniaceæ, and Acanthacee, and often overspread by masses of Convolvu-
lacee, Aristolochiee, Apocynee, and other creeping or winding plants.
Orchidee axe very plentiful in the vicinity of the rivers and rivulets,
where the trees are literally loaded with them. The Vainilla (Vanilla,
sp.) is seen climbing in great abundance up the stems of young trees,
and increasing in many instances so much in weight that it causes the
downfall of its supporter. The Chumicales, or groves of Sand-paper
trees (Curatella Americana, Linn.), form occasionally curious features
in the landscape. They extend over whole districts, and their pre-
sence always indicates a soil strongly impregnated with iron. The
trees are about forty feet high, with crooked branches, an approxima-
tion to the winding habit of their tribe, and the paper-like leaves
occasion a rattling noise if stirred by the wind, which strongly recalls
the European autumn, when northerly breezes strip the trees of their
foliage.

Dense forests of immense extent cover at least two-thirds of the
whole territory. From the height of their trees, and the numerous
creepers overhanging them, the rays of the sun are almost interrupted ;
and, in all forests of this description, little underwood exists. The
principal forms belong to Sterculiacee, Tiliacee, Mimoseæ, Papilionacee,
Euphorbiaceae, Anacardiee, Acanthacee, Piperacee, Rubiaceae, Myrtacee,
and Melastomacee ; these, and the prevalence of Tree-ferns, Scitaminee,
‘and Palms, stamp on them the real tropical character. The giants of
the woods are the Espavé (Anacardium Rhinocarpus, DC.), Corot
(Entherolobium Simbouva, Mart.), and the Cuipo (a Sterculiacea), which
attain a height averaging from 90 to 130 feet, and a circumference of
from twenty-four to thirty-six feet. Occasionally a whole forest consists
only of a single species of tree. Near Juan Lanas is a locality entirely

MR. SPRUCE’S EXCURSION ON THE AMAZON. 239

clad with Membrillos (Gustavia Membrillo, Seem.): near the village
of San Juan another with Palos de velas (Parmentiera cereifera, Seem.) ;
while, in different parts of the country, may be seen vast groves
solely composed of either Maquenque, Palma real, or Palma de escoba.

Mountains, exceeding 1,500 feet in elevation, situated principally in
western Veraguas, possess a flora which resembles, in many respects,
that of some parts of the Mexican highlands. Alders and Blackberries
(Rubus, sp.) are common ; evergreen oaks are intermingled with palms ;
and the genera Styrax, Rondeletia, Salvia, Lopezia, Fuchsia, Centradenia,
Ageratum, Conostegia, Lupinus, Hypericum, Freziera, Galium, Euphorbia,
Rhopala, Equisetum, Tropæolum, Adiantum, Begonia, Clematis, Verbena,
Inga, Solanum, Kellettia (n. 1593), &c., are represented by one or
more species; in fine, it is that vegetation in which the forms of the
torrid are blended with those of the temperate region.

Such is a rough outline of the chief characters and general aspect of
the Panamian flora. It is at present not my intention to go more
into detail, but, in order to afford a still further insight into the vege-
tation of a country so little known, I will occupy the following paper
with a short account of its principal productions, enumerating them
according to their uses and properties.

(To be continued.)

Copy of a Letter addressed by Mr. Spruce to G. BENTHAM, ESQ.,
dated Santarem, Rio das Amazonas, Sept. 10, 1850.

My peak Srg,—I have now another box of specimens to send you,

and I hope it will be the last from Santarem ; for, although I have —

no reason to complain of my collections during the last month, I am
anxious to reach a new field, where I should undoubtedly find more
novelty. The excursions are now long and painful, for I can hardly PEE
a tree on the neighbouring campos, or in the forests, within a reason-
able distance, whose flower and fruit I do not possess. I lose no
opportunity of examining the coasts of the rivers and igarapés when
I can get a boat and men. Boats I can at any time have at my disposal,
but the “ gente " to man them are difficult to catch. Should I need
men but for a day, and ask them of the Capitao dos Trabalhadores, T
must wait for a fortnight ere I can get them, for in all probability a
VOL. III, 21

240 MR. SPRUCE'S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

detachment of soldiers has to be sent into the interior, to beat them
up at their sitios. This delay is so annoying, that I prefer the
uncertain chance of the loan of three or four men from the crew of
any vessel which may be laid up in the port—a circumstance of rare
occurrence,

I have quite had my edge taken off for ascending the Tapajoz; a
merchant of Cuyabá, with whom I had some thoughts of going ups
February, was wrecked by the unskilfulness of his pilot in ascending
the first cataracts, and lost two of his men, besides all his cargo, valued
at 8,000 milreis. Besides this, fever and ague have been fatal on this
river, to an extent previously unknown; the number of deaths 1s
variously stated at from 400 to 1,000, but the least of these numbers
is a serious diminution of the scanty population. Even the coming of -
the dry season has not dispelled this formidable scourge. Two French-
men, who have just returned from a voyage of three weeks, found fever
everywhere rife. They ventured to sleep on shore but once, in the
house of the only English settler on the Tapajoz. He himself and
all his household were ill, and he had already buried six of his people.
We have aecounts that the Madera and Rio Negro have had similar

visitations. My countryman, Mr. Bradley, who is settled at the Barra,
assures me that the true cause of the gradual depopulation of the Rio
Negro is the now well-ascertained unhealthiness of its banks: he
himself caught an ague up it, which held him six months. The cause
assigned here is some supposed insalubrious property of the waters,
but I cannot doubt that Humboldt's opinion as to the healthiness of
the rivers of tropical America which run east and west, and the un-
healthiness of those whose course lies north and south, is the true one.
In the valley of the Amazon, for instance, we have the trade-wind
blowing upwards nearly every day, while on the rivers above-mentioned
the winds are variable and uncertain. Even here we have sometimes,

at new and full moon, a day or two of what is called “ vento da cima,”
or “wind from above;" and it is justly esteemed a “vento roim,” for
it brings with it colds in the head, toothache, and fever.

The specimens now sent are chiefly of plants of the * Gapé” (as it
is called in lingua géral), or lands inundated by the rivers and lakes in
winter, constituting a breadth of from twenty yards to several miles,
according as the land is abruptly ascending or perfectly flat. I have
got séveral more of the minute quasi-ephemeral plants, which spring

ON THE AMAZON. ; 241

up as the water recedes. The shores of the large rivers produce
scarcely any of these; their waters beat on the sand with too much
violence to allow of such frail things existing there; but by the small
inland lakes connected with the Tapajoz, and near the creeks at the
mouth of some of the igarapés, minute leafless Ufricularias, Eriocaulons,
Alismas, &c., cover the white sand in thousands. A Utricularia, which
you will find under No. 1050 (U. uniflora, MS.), is surely the simplest
in its structure of all its family. Stems of the size of an ordinary
sewing-needle, fixed into the sand by a small cone of radicles, without
leaves, but with a minute tubular 2-lipped bract a little below the
flower, which is white and comparatively large, complete the description
of its outward aspect. I have often been struck with the wonderful
contrast in size which is presented here in both the animal and vegetable
world. Under a gigantic Castanheira, or a Caryocar, may occasionally
be seen an almost microscopic Cyperacea ; and the same lake which
produces this fairy Utricularia, bears on its bosom the queen of the
waters, Victoria regia. Another Utricularia (Coll. no. 1053, U. quin-
queradiata, MS.) has a peculiarity of structure to me quite novel,
though you may have met with it before. It is a small species, with
submerged stems and bladdery leaves, but the pedicels, which are about
two inches long, have about midway a large horizontal involucre of five
rays, resembling the spokes of a wheel. This floats on the water, and
supports the upper part of the pedicel in an erect position ; the whole
recalling a sort of floating lamp I have seen, especially as the large
yellow flower may be considered to represent the flame. The rays are
half an inch long, clavate, not hollow, but composed of about six series
of large diaphanous cellules. The cellules are convex on the surface,
giving the rays a papillose appearance, hexagonal, pale green, with pink
interstices. The rays are trifid at the extremity; segments short, twice
dichotomous, the last divisions capillary, rarely sacciferous.

I said above that the Amazon and Tapajoz have scarcely any of these
fugitive plants ; but on the shore of the former, a little below Santarem,
I have been delighted to meet with a couple of Podostemacee, growing on
scattered stones. This is almost the only place where as yet I have
seen stones by the Amazon; but as I ascend higher, I hope to meet
more frequently with localities suitable for this i interesting tribe of
plants. The few igarapés which run into the rivers near Sanjarem
have all either gravelly or muddy bottoms: it is true that decayed

242 MR. SPRUCE'S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

logs are frequent in them, but I have in vain searched these for
Podostemacee.

The grasses which were so numerous in the months of February and
March, are now withered up, and scarcely a grass is to be met with;
but in their stead I have obtained the flowers of several fine trees, which
will probably be more valuable in your eyes. I have now got most of
the plants on the voleanie serras south of Santarem, but the scattered
trees and shrubs on these hills comprise, when more closely examined,
but very few species. The most abundant are a small Lythraceous
tree (a Lafoensia ?) and a handsome Vochysiacea, probably a Salvertia,
with white hexapetalous flowers. The last exhales a most delicious
odour, and walking through a grove of these Salvertias reminds me of
traversing large beds of Lily of the Valley, only the perfume is stronger :

in drying they assume the still richer odour of the Violet.

- Nearly south-west from Santarem, and communicating with the
Tapajoz by a short channel, is a small lake called Maracauá-miré. In
the height of the dry season it was a walk of an hour and a half to
reach this lake, by the broad beach of the Tapajoz; but now, when
the mouth of an intervening igarapé is swollen to half a mile in width,
this is impracticable, and it is necessary to cross the igarapé about two
- miles up, and then penetrate the mato extending along its banks, to a
campo, which stretches beyond to the shores of the lake. We first
undertook to reach it by this route on the 15th of August, and we
were not very certain of the way. We crossed the igarapé, and then
attempted to pierce the mato; but the track by which we entered the
latter ceased after we had followed it for atime, and we had then to cut
. our way through Sipós and Pindoba Palms, in the direction of the campo,
steering by compass. While thus progressing slowly and with difficulty,
I heard a distant roar, very much like that of an onça ; but as I knew
there had been several cattle on the opposite side of the igarapé, I was
willing to suppose it might be one of them. Shortly afterwards the
same sound was repeated, and a little nearer; and in a few minutes
more it was repeated, so loud and so near, that it brought us both to a
stand-still. Mr. King had heard the two former growls, but, like
myself, he had not spoken. We were armed only with trésados, and
had barely arranged our plan of defence, when we heard a tremendous
crash among the underwood at thirty paces from us, which I confess
made the blood run cold in my veins, After this, however, we heard

ON THE AMAZON. 243

no more. When we afterwards recounted the adventure to some
Indians, they told us that the crash we had heard was undoubtedly the
tiger, either springing on some deer, of which he had been in chase,
or, arriving in sight of us, and doubting his capacity to overcome us,
betaking himself to flight,

Rarely are tigers seen so near Santarem, yet a few years ago an
engagement took place between three men and a tiger, in the very same
valley. One of these men was armed with a musket, another with a
trésado, and the third (a tall powerful man) was quite unarmed. It
was upon the last that the tiger made his first attack, springing upon
him out of a bush, and he had fortunately sufficient activity and presence
of mind to seize the tiger by the fore-paws, one of which he secured
by the wrist, and the other lower down, and consequently less firmly.
They struggled until the tiger released this paw, and, making a claw
with it at the man’s crown, tore his scalp completely over his eyes. He
is now living at Santarem, and constantly wears a black skull-cap, his
head being still very tender. At the moment of the attack the man
with the musket was some distance in the rear, but the one with the
trésado flew to his friend’s assistance, and the tiger, leaving the latter,
turned on his new assailant, whom, also, he succeeded in wounding
severely. He then sat down midway between them, eyeing first one
and then the other, and looking, I dare say, as amiably as a cat might
be supposed to do between two disabled mice, uncertain which to
devour first. At this critical conjuncture the third man came up, and
the contest was renewed, resulting finally in the death of the tiger, but
not until he had wounded all his assailants.

In this strip of forest were numerous trees of the Melastomacea I
have sent you under No. 819, its slender trunks rising to the height |
of fifty feet before branching. I might have passed it unnoticed, but —
that the ground beneath was strewed with its ripe fruits, which more — -
resemble the Apple in flavour than any other fruit I have met with on
the Amazon : they are, however, more insipid, and the flesh less firm.
In shape and in the way they grow along the naked branches, they
are not unlike the Medinilla macrocarpa figured in Lindley's * Vegetable
Kingdom, but the 12-celled ovary and the 12-lobed stigma are
characters I have not met with in any other of the Order,

Te found the shores of the lake rich in the little plants above-men-
tioned, and I was glad to find a second species of Mayaca, with small

244 MR. SPRUCE’S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

white flowers, the petals barely equalling the sepals, and short pedicels
reflexed in fruit; while in the one formerly sent (no. 375), the rose-
coloured petals are twice the length of the sepals, and the long pedicels
are eréct in fruit: there are also slight differences in the leaves. I
have since found them growing together abundantly near the Indian
village of Mayaca (or Mahica). You will have noticed that the anthers
of Mayaca terminate in a tube one-third the length and diameter of the
anther itself. In these two species the filament is short and tolerably
stout. It has not been noticed that the calyx has a very short tube
adherent to the ovary; its segments are truly valvate. The parts of
the flower have assuredly the normal position: viz. the stamens oppo-
site the sepals, and the carpels opposite the petals.—The habit of
Mayaca is certainly different from that of the Commelynacee ; when
out of flower its resemblance to Polytrichum juniperinum is most
striking; yet its characters hardly suffice to sustain it in a separate
Order. I have already sent you a true Commelynacea, with anthers
opening at the apex.

What I am about to relate will illustrate the utility of the large
marsh grass, called Canna-rana (wild cane), of which I have already
sent you specimens. As beef is only half the price at Santarem that
it is at Para, a considerable traffic is kept up in cattle all the year
round. A large portion come from the fazendas on the Furo de Sapucuá
(near the mouth of the Trombétas), and the rest from the vicinity of
Obidos, Almeirim, and Santarem. No supply of dry food is taken for
their support during the voyage to Par’, but in leaving Santarem a
quantity of Canna-rana is cut from the Ponta Negra, sufficient to last
for two days, and all the way down a supply can be procured on the
banks when required, until reaching the entrance to the channels below
Gurupá, where there is no more Canna-rana, and the cattle subsist on
the fronds of the Assai Palm until arriving at the city. The only
objection to this latter food is that it causes the cattle to drink an
inordinate quantity of water. So long as there is a sufficient supply
. of the Canna-rana in the marshes near Santarem, the cattle thrive well ;
but when they are reduced to eat other succulent grasses, they are con-
stantly attacked with diarrhoea, and the cattle-keepers have not got into
the way of giving them occasionally a little dry food.

As I mentioned lately to Sir W. Hooker, Canna-rana is a chief con-
stituent of the floating islands on the Amazon. Those we have seen

ON THE AMAZON. 245

passing Santarem in such numbers come mostly from a great distance.
A few masses have been detached from the Ponta Negra, but fortu-
nately they floated by without coming in contact with any vessels in
the port. I am told that in 1836, the year following the rebellion in
Para, five sloops of war were sent from Pará to receive the submission
of the various towns on the river, and that whilst lying at anchor in the
port of Santarem, an Ilha de Capim, of some acres in extent, was one
night detached from the Ponta Negra, and coming full upon these
vessels, tore them all from their anchorage, and carried them bodily
down the river a distance of half a day’s journey. A strong body of
soldiers, blacks, and Indians, amounting to some hundreds, were des- -
patched to liberate the ships, and it cost them several hours’ labour with

axes and trésados to effect it, for the mass was some yards in thickness.

They found in it, and killed, several large snakes (boas and sucurijus),

and even some peixe-boys (cow-fishes). À

These formidable floating islands of grass seem to be liberated in three
ways: first, when an island or a point of the mainland is detached by
the force of the waters, as happened last year with a small island a little
above Santarem, in the main channel of the Amazon. This island had
on it trees of considerable size, a house, and a fazenda of cattle, yet it
was carried away in a mass by the furious stream, in the height of the
* eucheute." Secondly, the earth may be gradually washed away from
the roots of a flat of Capim, until, having no longer anything to retain
it in its place, the loosened mass is detached from the shore, and floats
down the stream ; or, thirdly, the lower part of the stem may actually
be decayed, as is the case with most stems I have drawn up out of deep
water, and thus have so slight a hold on the bottom, as to be readily
dislodged by the swelling stream ; and as the stems are much entangled
in one another, it is only in masses they can be liberated. So far as
my observations have extended, the Ilhas de Capim on the Amazon
chiefly owe their origin to the concurrence of these two latter causes,

I must not close my letter without adverting to a melancholy cireum-
stance that occurred here on the 7th of last month—no less than an
attempt to take the life of our excellent friend, Captain Hislop. He
had been robbed a short time before of 470 milreis, by a black girl,
the slave of a woman of not very good character, and by the aid of the
police recovered 280 milreis of the same. Probably in revenge for
this, and in the expectation of acquiring more plunder, a man one-

246 MR. SPRUCE’S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

night concealed himself in Mr. Hislop’s sleeping-room (no very diffi-
cult task), and in the dead of night stabbed him in the breast, as he
lay in the hammock, and then attempted to make off with a large trunk,
but falling with it over a chair in the dark, Mr. Hislop’s servants were
aroused and ran to his assistance. The scoundrel had, however, taken
the precaution of setting open the doors before commencing operations,
and when the servants reached the spot he had effected his escape.
The knife he had used was found on the floor; it seemed to have been
made on purpose for the deed, of a piece of iron hoop, beaten into the
shape of a poinard, and sharpened only at the point. Although in
possession of this, all the efforts of the police to discover its owner
have been unavailing. The wound had been intended “to serve ;” but
the knife had pierced the breast-bone without reaching any vital organ.
It is now quite healed, to external appearance ; but Mr. Hislop, who
is some seventy years old, though up to this period hale and hearty,
has received a shock, from the effects of which he will never recover.

October 1th.— Since last date we have been waiting in almost daily
expectation of starting for the Barra, and I have consequently been able
to leave home very little. On the shores of a small bay of the Tapajoz,
I found, a few days ago, a diminutive Zsoefes, much resembling the
British Z. Jacustris. If I may trust to Endlicher, this is the first Zsoefes
that has been found in South America. Near it grew the smallest
Scrophulariacea Y ever met with ; its stems creeping and buried in the
sand, sending up short branches, with one or two pairs of minute fleshy
leaves, and a comparatively large purple flower. In character it comes
near Herpestes. Y have added another Podostemacea to my collection,
gathered on stones by the Amazon. This is a foliaceous species, and
had I found it without flowers, I should probably have taken it for a
Jungermannia. It is singular that the shores of the Tapajoz produce no
Podostemaceæ, though more stony than the Amazon, and even in some
parts rocky ; but the rocks and stones, instead of bearing plants, are
constantly encrusted by some Polypidon.

I have no description of the Gutta Percha tree, but from what I
recollect of a figure I have seen, the Sapotacea now sent under
No. 296 should come very near it. This tree is not unfrequent in
sandy and gravelly situations near Santarem. Its milk is sweet and
wholesome, and rapidly beeomes hard; but it is not poured out in
such quantities as in the Masseranduba, or Milk-tree. Several Apocyneæ

ON THE AMAZON. 247

here give out abundance of milk, which, from its tenacity and hardness
when dry, I suppose may one day come to be used like Gutta Percha.
My specimens of the Leguminose, nos. 920 and 960, were gathered
from young trees, and I now find that these two species are amongst
the largest trees of the “ Gapó." I lately found on the leaves of
no. 960, what I at first took for a new Rafflesiacea, and the resemblance
to some Apodanthus is indeed most striking: it was only by careful
examination that I satisfied myself it was really produced by an insect.
The perianth (for such it seems) is green in the earliest stage, changing
to pink, and afterwards to dull purple, tubular from an oval base, from
one to two lines long, and the tube a third of a line broad, hairy within
and without with spreading white hairs (though the leaves are nearly
smooth), the mouth expanded, 2-5-lobed, sometimes dimidiate. Ovary
inferior, 1-celled, with one or two pendulous ovules. But these ovules
are the true eggs of an insect, for, by examining individuals in pro-
gressive states of development, I have traced the formation from the
egg of, first, a minute fusiform annulate body, and, ultimately, of a
perfect insect with legs and wings. To make the resemblance to a
flower more striking, there appears, beneath what I have called the
perianth, what seems to be a calyx of four or five erect triangular
brownish sepals ; but these are really only the torn cuticle by the pro-
trusion of the perianth. :
- To explain the form assumed by these excrescences, may we not
suppose there has been an attempt to reproduce the tubular 5-lobed
calyx of the species (which belongs either to Inga, or to some allied
genus)? The juices of a plant, when diverted from their ordinary
channels, must still go on forming tissue according to some law
originally impressed on the species ; and I have seen modes of develop-
ment follow the puncture of an insect, such as in general only long
cultivation calls forth. On the same leaves were the nidi of another

insect. These were scarcely a line long, globoso-urceolate, regularly —

20-striate, containing eggs in the concavity as in the other. They

might easily be mistaken for some epiphyllous fungus. I enclose spe-
cimens of these productions, and I will afterwards send yon a larger

species. :
The eurious leaf-gall from the island of Cuba, figured on page 32 of

Lindley's * Vegetable Kingdom,’ shows great resemblance to the flower —

of Ochnacéæ, to which Natural Order the plant bearing it bel ges

VOL. III. 2K

248 ` LICHENES ARCTICI.

In its mode of growth it corresponds to the first of those above
mentioned.

We are to embark to night (Monday), and if we have a continuation
of the excellent winds which have blown for some time, we may hope
for a speedy passage. RICHARD SPRUCE.

LICHENES ÅRCTICI; collected in 1848, by Mr. Seemann of the Expedi-
tion of Capt. Kellet, in H.M.S. Herald, in search after Sir J. Franklin;
by the Rev. CaurcuILL BABINGTON, M.A., St. John’s College, Cam-
bridge.

From Avatscha Bay. August 1848.

Ramalina farinacea, 4ch. A fragment on fir-bark.

Parmelia saxatilis, Ach. (P. sulcata, Tayl. !) On fir-bark.

olivacea, 4ch. On fir-bark.

varia 8 symmicta, Fries. On fir-bark.

Cladonia digitata 8 viridis, Scher.! (n. 46). On rotten wood; ina `

bad state. ;

——— pyxidata? Hoffm. Barren ; growing on the ground among
Polytricha.

From Norton Sound. September 1848.
Evernia divergens, Fries. The specimens agree with examples from
Lapland, collected by Wahlenberg.

Cetraria cucullata, Ach.
Islandica, Ach.
Cladonia rangiferina v. sylvatica, Fries (C. sylvatica, uct.)

All the above species grow matted amongst each other, mixed with
dead stems of herbaceous plants and with Vaccinium Vitis-Idaa, L.

From Kotzebue's Sound.
Evernia divergens, Fries. > 3
——— ochroleuca, Fries (Cornic. ochr. Auct.). This species and £.
divergens grow together among other lichens and mosses.
Cetraria cucullata, deh.) Both fertile; mixed together and accompanied
——— Islandica, Ach. by other lichens and by grasses.
—— glauca, 4ch.; substraminea, Bad, ; thallo substramineo. Barren;

LICHENES ARCTICI. 249

growing among sticks, grasses, and Polytricha. The yellowish
colour is probably accidental: the less exposed parts of the
thallus incline to glaucous.

Nephroma polaris, 4ch. Barren; growing among Hypna and Dicranum
scoparium : the leaves of grasses and a Betula (B. nana?) being
intermixed. The thallus agrees with European and North
American specimens. I suspect that the Antarctic plant
(Hook. fil.! Crypt. Ant. p. 218) is not the same.

Peltidea aphthosa, 4ch. Fertile, mixed with Hypna, Sphagna, &c.

horizontalis, Ach. Mixed with leaves of Betula nana, Dryas

octopetala, mosses, &c. The apothecia incline to be revolute ;

but there is little doubt that the plant belongs to this species.
canina, d4ch. Fertile, among Hypna, Vaccinia, and grasses.
venosa, 4ch. On earth, fertile.

Sticta pulmonacea, 4ch. Barren; among various Hypna and the
leaves of a tree (a Salix apparently). Specimens rather small,
neatly crisped, pale ferruginous below.

Parmelia saxatilis, 4ch., Tayl.! On rocks; barren.

-—— parietina, 4ch. Particles of this species are scattered over spe-
cimens of the preceding.

—— pallescens v. Upsaliensis, Fries (P. Upsaliensis, Auct.). On roots
of some coarse grass.

—— tartarea £ frigida, Fries. Covering the surface of a moss (Dicra-

num), which it has destroyed. i cabra

——— oculata? Fries, E. Bot. t. 1833. Barren; but agreeing very well
with the figure cited ; spreading over Polytricha, &c.

Cladonia uncialis, Fries. Specimens very fine, though barren, four or -
five inches long, of a yellower colour than is usual in European
specimens : they are much perforated above and near the gaping
axils. The description of C. Boryi var. lacunosa, Tuckerm.
(Enum. of North. Lich. p. 54) agrees tolerably well: I should
suppose, however, that these specimens belong to C. uncialis :
they are mixed with C. rangiferina and two species of Betula.

——— rangiferina, Hoffm.

— digitata? Hoffm. Barren.

—— deformis, Hoffm. On rotten fir-wood; cups proliferous ; apo-
thecia symphycarpous.

ies Posen iris Fries (C. extensa, Flórke). Very fine,

250 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Cladonia gracilis 8 hybrida, Scher.! Intermixed with mosses, Hepatice,
and lichens. Specimens of a very strong growth, much curved,
fertile.

Stereocaulon tomentosum, Fries. Barren, but the specimens apparently
belong to this species. Growing loosely among masses of
Jungermannia and mosses, mixed with leaves of Vaccinia, also
growing on sandy ground with Hypna,

Sphærophoron coralloides? Pers. A barren fragment attached to a
specimen of Parmelia saxatilis, All the European species of
this genus are Arctic (Tuckerm. Enum. p. 82): and the
present fragment is too minute to determine satisfactorily.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION, —

Death of M. REQUIEN.
We regret to find the death of M. Requien, of Avignon, announce

in the French papers. He was much beloved, both in his native
city, where he had always taken a very active part in the manage-
ment of benevolent and charitable, as well as scientific, institu-
tions, and by his numerous friends at Montpellier and other towns in
the south of France. He had been on a visit to Montpellier early in
April, from whence he went to Corsica, where he was carried off by
apoplexy on the 30th of May, having lately completed his sixty-third
year. His rich collections, chiefly of European plants, shells, and other
departments of Natural History, were engaged during his life-time to
be transferred on his death to a public institution, we believe in Avi- |
gnon. He was in every respect a generous botanist ; and his liberality
in distributing from his vast stores of French plants is known to all
botanists who have visited the south of France, and to all who were in
any way in correspondence with him.

Death of J. E. BICHENO, Esq.

We have the painful duty to record the recent account of the death
of a zealous Fellow of the Linnean Society while resident in his native

country and long its Treasurer, J. E, Bicheno, Esq. This took place

NOTICES OF BOOKS. 251

at Hobart Town, Van Diemen’s Land, where he had been for some
years Colonial Secretary, and where he was no less respected and be-
loved than he was by all who had the privilege of his acquaintance in
England. The botany of Great Britain had chiefly engaged his atten-
tion. In the Linnean Society's Transactions, he published ‘ On Sys-
tems and Methods in Natural History,” and a “Monograph of the
British species of Juncus.”

CEREUS TRIANGULARIS.

Lieut. Agassiz has sent us a drawing of a plant of Cereus triangularis
which has recently blossomed ina stove in this country, bearing flowers
of a most extraordinary size. The length of the flower, accurately
measured, is fourteen inches from the base of the ovary to the tip of
the petals; the breadth, from tip to tip of the calyx, fourteen inches:
the petals form a cup and are nearly erect, but they measure eight
inches across the mouth of the cup, and the petals are seven inches
long, including their curve: the calyx-tube eight inches long. The
weight is nearly a pound. The stem was of the ordinary size. This
species is well figured in the ‘ Botanical Magazine,’ tab. 1884, in the
year 1817, and in the ‘ Botanical Register,’ tab. 1807, in the year 1837,
although the author of the latter work says it had never previously
been represented from an European specimen. But the fact is, it
was first figured more than a century ago, in the Acta Nature
Curiosorum, from a plant which flowered at Altorf.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

De VRIESE (Dr. and Professor) ; Descriptions et Figures des PLANTES -
NovvELLES et Rares du Jardin Botanique de V Université de LEIDE
et des principaux Jardins du Royaume des Pays Bas. Ouvrage dédié
à sa Majesté la Reine. Livraison II. Imp. folio, 1851.

We gave, as we had most just reason for doing, in the Tth volume
of the ‘London Journal of Botany,’ a highly favourable notice of the
first livraison of this splendid work, a publication as remarkable for
the beauty of the Plates, which are coloured, as for the scientific value
of the descriptions. The first figure in the present fasciculus repre-
sents a new species of Hymenocallis, H. Borskiana, De Vriese, from

252 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Venezuela. The second and third are devoted to noble figures of Cycas

Rumphii, Miq. ; and the two last plates, one to the male, the other to

the female, inflorescence of Cycas circinalis. The descriptive part in-

cludes some valuable remarks on the internal structure of the male

cone of the latter species.
Dr. WIGHT: ORCHIDES of the Neilgherries.

We have this moment the satisfaction of receiving Vol. V. of
Dr. Wight's ‘Icones PLANTARUM IwprE ORIENTALIS, containing
Plates 1622 to 1762 (with specifie characters), which are, all but one
(the last) plate, devoted to admirably executed outline lithographic
figures of the ORcHIDEZ of the Neilgherries. We have been for
some time anxious to record the invaluable and indefatigably continued
labours of our excellent friend in the field of Indian Botany, but we
have waited for one of the Parts of the fourth volume (Part IL.) which,
through some unaccountable accident, has never yet been received in
England. The very mention above of the numbering of the plates
will show the amount of species illustrated in this work alone. Equally
meritorious is the coloured work, entitled *Illustrations of Indian
Botany, or Figures illustrative of each of the Orders of Indian Plants,
described in the Author's Prodromus Floræ Peninsule Indie orien-
talis, and extending to 182 plates, with copious and very instructive
letter-press. We trust soon to have it in our power to notice both
these works more fully.

—

Joun SANDERS : À practical Treatise on the Culture of the VINE, as
well under glass as in the open air. London: Reeve and Benham.
8vo. 1851.

This is a plain, intelligible, well-written pamphlet of between thirty
and forty pages, devoted, 1st, To the culture of the Vine under glass ;
2ndly, Culture of the Muscat Grape; 3rdly, Culture of the Vine in the
open air; and 4thly, Culture of the Vine in pots. Tt is accompanied by
nine plates : the first four illustrating “a double-fronted wall-house for
grapes and other purposes.” Plates V. and VI. represent a house for
Muscat grapes. Plate VII. shows Vines as grown in the open air; and
Plates VIII. and IX. exhibit plans of a house for growing Vines in pots
and troughs. No vine-grower should be without this little book.

ee

NOTICES OF BOOKS. > 253

We have received the following PRosPECTUS of a FLORA GRÆCA
Exsiccata ; ou Collection de plantes rares et intéressantes DE LA GRECE.
Printed at ATHENS in French, German, and Greek.

La Flore grecque, qui renferme des espèces offrant un grand intérêt
à la science, n’est pas encore assez connue. Sila Grèce a été tour à
tour l’objet des recherches et des travaux de plusieurs botanistes dis-
tingués, tels que Tournefort, Sibthorp, Sieber, Friedrichsthal, Bory de
St. Vincent, Boissier, Link, Grisebach, Fraas, Heldreich, Sprunner,
Sartory et autres, il n'en est pas moins vrai que ce pays possède encore
des richesses qui sont à explorer.

Au point de vue du règne végétal, la Grèce offre, par sa constitution
physique, des variations qu’il est rare de retrouver ailleurs réunies sur
un point si circonscrit. Des groupes de montagnes plus ou moins
élevées, entrecoupés par des vallées plus ou moins profondes, présentent
des différences considérables de température et d’humidité, différences
qui se réflétent nécessairement dans les produits de sa végétation.
Ajoutez à ces inégalités du terrain, ce grand développement du littoral,
couvert souvent de plages et de marais, des côtes où l'on voit prospérer
les dattiers, les opuntia, les hespéridées, et une mer parsemée d'iles
nombreuses, dans des latitudes plus méridionales, et vous aurez une
idée ‘approximative de la vaste échelle où le botaniste est convié à en-
richir la science.

Les savans qui ont recueilli les plantes helléniques, malgré leurs
_talens étendus et leur zèle ardent, ayant à combattre bien de difficultés,
n'ont pu atteindre complètement leur but; car tous étrangers au pays,
ignorant la langue, étant pour ainsi dire forcés de suivre les caprices de
leurs guides, et n'ayant surtout assez de temps pour s'arréter à chaque
localité, n’ont fait que traverser cette contrée et recueillir les plantes,
d'une saison quelconque, et qui étaient à leur portée.

Entièrement voué à la botanique, dont la chaire à l'Université m'a
été confiée, et habitant par conséquent mon pays, je désire ardemment
que les espèces de son règne végétal soient désormais scrupuleusement
étudiées et connues, et que la Grèce, berceau de cette science comme de
tant d’autres, puisse au moins aujourd’hui contribuer par là à son
avancement. .

Pour arriver à ce résultat, j'ai pensé que l'étude des plantes rares et
critiques de la Gréce se ferait avec plus d'exactitude, si elles devenaient
communes dans les herbiers qui ornent les musées et les riches collec-

.— lisible à l'adresse du soussigné.

254 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

tions des savans et des amateurs de la botanique. Par ce moyen, les
erreurs que je puis involontairement commettre, soumises au contrôle
de juges compétens, n’iront pas augmenter la confusion qui malheureuse-
ment pénètre de jour en jour dans la science, et la détermination des
plantes de la Grèce opérée ou confirmée par nos illustres maîtres, ac-
querra une valeur incontestable.

Résolu à étendre de plus en plus l’horison de mes excursions bo-
taniques, j'entreprends la publication par centuries des plantes rares
que j'ai déjà recueillies en Grèce, sans m'arréter aux dépenses et aux
fatigues que cette entreprise entraîne.

La première et seconde centurie comprennent les plantes briève-
ment décrites par Smith dans le Prodromus Flore Grece, ainsi que
plusieurs espèces découvertes récemment par MM. Boissier, Sprunner
et Heldreich, et décrites par le premier dans son excellent ouvrage:
Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum. Ces deux centuries seront
publiées le printemps prochain, et les espèces qui en font partie, ont
été cueillies au Lycabète, à ’ Hymétte, au Pentélique, au Parnés, au Co-
rydale (Attique), aux environs de Nauplie, au Parnon appelé par quelques
voyageurs Cronion et vulgairement appelé Malevo (Péloponnèse) et à
l'ile de Syra.

La troisième centurie contiendra les plantes du Parnasse et du Cyl-
lène; la quatrième celles du Taygète, du Tymphreste et de l'Oeta ; la
cinquième celles du Mont Athos, du Pélion, de l'Ossa et de l'Olympe ;
la sixième et septième les plantes de l'Asie-mineure: et les centuries
suivantes celles de l'ile de Crète, des îles Ioniennes et d'autres points
de l'Est de la Méditerranée. La succession de ces voyages pourra
être intervertie par suite des circonstances.

Les personnes qui comptent faire l'acquisition de la Flora Greca
exsiccata sont priées de faire parvenir leurs demandes d'une manière

THEODORE G. ORPHANIDES,
Professeur de Botanique à l'Université-

Othon, Rue d'Eole à Athènes.
Athènes, le 15 Septembre, 1850.

A40

3

255

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS : an Enumeration of the Plants collected in
the Island of Hong-Kong, by Capt. J. G. Champion, 9572 Reg., the
determinations revised and the new species described by GEORGE
BENTHAM, Esa.

Capt. Champion’s labours in the investigation of the Flora of Hong-
Kong, during his visit to that island with his regiment, have already
been alluded to, and some of the new species he first sent over were
described by the late Mr. Gardner, in the first volume of this Journal
(pp. 240, 308, 321). He remained in the island three years, re-
turning to Europe in 1850 with a collection of between five and six
hundred phænogamous plants, comprising, with scarcely any ex-
ceptions, all those previously found in the island by Mr. Hinds, and
enumerated in the ‘London Journal of Botany’ (vol. i. p. 482), and
a considerable number either entirely new or not hitherto found on the
Chinese coast. He has placed a set of specimens in the hands of Mr.
Bentham, who has re-examined the whole, and in whose herbarium
are deposited the original specimens here described.

RANUNCULACEZÆ.

1. Clematis wncinata, Champ., sp. n.; scandens, glaberrima, glau-
cescens, foliis pinnatisectis, segmentis (quinis) petiolulatis ovato-
lanceolatis uncinato-acuminatis, panicula laxa floribunda, carpellorum
caudis plumosis.—Folia inflorescentiæ et calyces siccitate nigrescunt.
Petioli et petioluli subcirrhosi. Segmenta 15-3-pollicaria, basi tri-
nervia, reticulato-venosa, subtus pallida, basi obtusa, apice in acumen
recurvum interdum fere cirrhiforme desinentia. Panicula ultra-
pedalis, opposite ramosa, basi foliata; ramuli superiores et ultimi
bracteis brevibus subulatis subtensi. Sepala 4, aperta fere 6 lin. ———
longa, lanceolata, setaceo-acuminata, dorso glabra et nigricantia, -
anguste lanato-marginata (intus colorata?). Stamina numerosa, -
antheris linearibus filamento æquilongis longioribusve. Ovaria
8-10, glabra. Styli longe plumosi, summo apice glabri, recurvi, :
intus stigmatosi. :
Gathered July 10, 1848, in a ravine behind Mount Parker, near

Saywan, and not seen in other parts of the island. It is a very dis-

tinct species among the pinnately divided paniculate Flammule.
2. Clematis parviloba, Gardn. et Champ., Kew Journ. Bot. vol. i,

p. 241.

VOL. III. 2L

256 FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS. |

Also a rare species in Hong-Kong. Gathered in the Happy Valley,
near the Waterfall, and towards West Point under the Buddhist Cave,
in April 1848 and March 1849.

3. Clematis Meyeniana, Walp., Pl. Meyen. p. 277.

Of common occurrence, and in great abundance in almost every
ravine in the island. The flowers are nearly pure white, very pretty,
and slightly sweet-scented. It flowers during May, and occasionally
again in autumn, even so late as December.

DILLENTACEZ.

1. Delima sarmentosa, Linn.

This is, at any rate, the Canton plant referred to this species in the
‘Botanical Magazine,’ t, 3058, and is the same as the one distributed
in Fortune's Chinese collection, n. 127. It agrees also very well with
Burmann’s indifferent figure of the original Ceylonese plant, but re-
quires further comparison with specimens from Ceylon absolutely to
establish its identity. The Penang plant referred to the same species
in the ‘ Botanical Magazine’ is the D. hebecarpa, DC.

Common in ravines all over the island, flowering in summer.

MAGNOLIACER.

1. Talauma pumila, Bl.— Magnolia pumila, Andr.—Bot. Mag. t. 977.
Shrubby and rather scarce on Victoria Peak, more commion and
subarboreous in the woods of the Happy Valley, flowering in summer.
It is much cultivated in flower-pots by the Chinese on account of its

oppressively fragrant flowers, which bloom towards evening, falling off
the next morning.

ANONACEÆ.

1. Unona discolor, Vahl.—DC. Prod. vol. i. p. 91.

Of very common occurrence low down in ravines, where it is usually
a humble shrub. The flowers have a strong perfume, and vary much
in size according to the dryness or wetness of the weather about the

flowering season. The same thing occurs in Artabotrys and others of
this family.

. 3002. Uvaria microcarpa, Champ., sp. n.; foliis breviter petiolatis obovatis

oblongisve basi oblique cordatis supra sparse subtus densius stellato-
pilosulis subtus ad venas ramulis pedunculisque rufo-tomentosis,

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS. 257

pedunculis terminalibus subbifloris, petalis orbienlatis scabro-tomen-
tosis calyce duplo longioribus inter se subæqualibus, baccis globosis
dispermis breviter stipitatis.— Habitus et flores primo intuitu Guat-

_terie rufe similes, sed ovaria pluri-ovulata et fructus Uvarie.

yore 3.

Folia 3-5-pollicaria, obtusa v. acuminata, petiolis 1-3 lin. longis
rufo-tomentosis. Inflorescentia terminalis, ramulo excurrente demum
lateralis. Pedicelli $-1-pollicares, supra medium bracteam parvam

orbiculatam ferentes, uniflori. Calyx 3 lin. longus, ultra medium

divisus in lacinias 3 late orbiculatas obtusas. Petala in flore aperto

circa 7 lin. diametro, inter se æqualia v. interiora paullo longiora,
obtusa, crassiuscula, pube minuta velutina utrinque tomentosa.
Stamina numerosa, filamentis linearibus complanatis, exterioribus
lineari-spathulatis; antheræ continue, loculis immersis exteriorum
cassis. Ovaria numerosa, linearia, ferrugineo-tomentosa, unilocu-

laria, ovulis plurimis. Stylus brevis, glaber, vertice clavato-stigma-

tosus. Carpella globosa, 3 lin. diametro, extus tomentella v. demum
glabrata, stipite carpello breviore. Semina 2, dissepimento tenui

transverso separata, in specimine immatura.

Of very common occurrence, and usually a low shrub.

Uvaria platypetala, Champ. sp. n.; foliis petiolatis obovali-oblongis

basi cordatis supra preter costam glabris subtus stellato-pubescen-

tibus et ad venas ramulis pedunculisque dense rufo-hirsutis, petalis

subæqualibus amplis orbiculatis tomentellis calycis lacinias maximas

membranaceas paullo superantibus.—Folium vidi unicum, fere U.,

grandifore, Roxb., 8 poll. longum, apice breviter acuminatum,

submembranaceum, petiolo 4-lineari. Pedicellus brevis, sub flore

incrassatus. Calyx fere pollicaris, in lacinias 3 late orbiculatas irre-

gulariter fissus. Petala paullo majora et crassiora.— Species ab U.
grandiflora differt imprimis calyce amplo et petalis multo latioribus.
I was unwilling to destroy the single flower on my specimen by _

dissecting the ovaries, but Capt. Champion has a fruit supposed to -
belong to this species, which is one of several carpels, is thickly covered -

with a tawny pubescence, polyspermous, and somewhat contracted —

between the seeds.

Found in the low jungle near the Buddhist temple, East Point.

4. Artabotrys hamata, Bl. FL Jav.
Most abundant near the Buddhist temple, East Point, and in the

woods about the waterfall, Happy Valley. Flowers in summer,

LJ

258 FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS.

5. Artabotrys odoratissima, Bl. Fl. Jav.

This is without doubt the Chinese Anona hexapetala, Linn., usually
referred to the Artabotrys odoratissima : it appears to have rather larger
flowers than the common East Indian form, but that, as observed by
Capt. Champion, is variable, and I can find no other difference.

Tn similar places to the last species, but less common.

ScHIZANDRE.

1. Kadsura Japonica, Dan.; apparently identical with the Japanese
species.

Rare, in a ravine below Victoria Peak, flowering in autumn. The
ripe carpels, found in January, are blackish-purple, juicy, sweet, and
pleasant to the taste.

LARDIZABALEA.

l. Stauntonia Chinensis, DC. Syst. Veg. vol. i. p. 514.
Trailing on rocks in ravines in various parts of the island. The
flowers, in January and February, have a nauseous smell.

MENISPERMACER. (By J. Miers, Esq.)

"28 Cyclea deltoidea, Miers, sp. n. ; ramis gracilibus (demum glabris ?),
foliis deltoideo-rotundatis apice obtusis v. rarius acutiusculis mucro-
nulatis utrinque glaberrimis infra sordide glaucis 5-nervibus margine
subrevolutis, petiolo gracili limbo dimidio breviore, racemo foemineo
axillari subpanieulato glaberrimo folio longiore, baccis glabris.

A single female specimen, from a ravine on Mount Victoria.

This differs from other species in the smaller size of its leaves,
which are only about 14 inch long, 14 inch broad, on a petiole 4 inch,
the peltate insertion of which is generally about 3 lines (rarely 1 line
only) within the margin. The somewhat slender raceme is subflexuose,
about 2 inches long; the pedicels, 8 or 4 in each alternate fascicle, are
approximate and almost umbellate, and 3 line in length. The nut,

though small, corresponds in structure with the peculiar form common
to the genus.

— 992. Hypserpa nitida, Miers, sp. n.; ramulis striatulis sparse ferrugineo-

tomentosis, foliis ovatis subacutis v. obtusiusculis mucronatis supra
nitidis utrinque glaberrimis 3-nervibus, nervis venisque reticulatis
supra immersis et cum nervis 2 alteris marginalibus subtus promi-

\

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS. 259

nentibus, petiolo apice incrassato superne pubescente inferne glabro,

racemo fcemineo petiolo breviore paucifloro.

In a ravine of Mount Victoria.

The leaves are 14 inch long, 10-11 lines broad, on a petiole of 4 or
5 lines. The berry is fleshy, about + an inch in diameter. The speci-
men is in fruit only, but the plant evidently belongs to the above
genus, the type of which is the Cocculus cuspidatus, Wall. (See Ann.
Nat. Hist. N.S. v. 7. p. 36.)
3. Nephroica pubinervis, Miers, sp. n.; ramulis striatulis retrorsum

vh pubescentibus, foliis oblongis a basi sursum angustioribus apice ob-

tusiuseulis mucronatis reticulatis 3-nervibus cum nervis 2 alteris
marginalibus adjectis supra nitidulis, utrinque in nervis venis promi-
nulis petioloque molliter pilosis, racemulo axillari paniculato pauci-
floro petiolo sublongiore, pedunculo bracteisque pubescentibus, pedi- :
cellis floribusque glabris.
Found with the preceding, in a ravine of Mount Victoria.
Intermediate, as a species, between N. ovalifolia (Cocculus, DC.)
and N. cynanchoides (Cocculus, Presl). Its leaves are 2-24 inches long
and 1-14 inch broad, on a petiole 5—6 lines in length; the younger
branches are flóriferous, and from each axil there springs a single
raceme out of a woolly tuft, the peduncles being 3 lines, the pedicels 1
or 2 lines in length.

PAPAVERACEJE.

1. Argemone Mexicana, Linn.
On the sea-shore and waste places, as in other parts of the warmer
regions of both the old and the new world.

CRUCIFERJE. ee

1. Cardamine hirsuta, Linn. The only representative of this large —

family, and itself naturalized only as a garden-weed.
CaPPARIDEZ.

1. Capparis membranacea, Gard. et Champ. Kew Journ. Bot. vol. i.

. 241.
: Victoria Peak and Happy Valley woods. Flowers in April and May.

One specimen has much narrower leaves, cuneate at the base, and long
acuminated, but is apparently a mere variety produced by station.

260 FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS.

ae, Capparis (Eucapparis) pumila, Champ. sp. n.; inermis, foliis ovali-
bus v. ovato-oblongis acuminatis glabris, inflorescentia minute pu-
berula, corymbis pedunculatis ad apices ramorum paniculatis folia
subsuperantibus, floribus glabris, ovario ovoideo acuminato glabro,
bacca globosa.—Ramuli tenues, novelli pulveraceo-puberuli, mox
glabrati. Stipule, saltem in parte superiore ramorum, omnino in-
conspicue. Folia breviter petiolata, 2-21-pollicaria, basi rotundata,
consistentia fere laurina, costa media subtus valida prominente,
cæterum tenuiter penninervia et tenuissime reticulato-venulosa, mar-
ginibus subrecurvis. Panicule terminales, parce ramosæ, paucifloræ,
ramis supra medium irregulariter corymbiferis. Pedicelli 2-3 lin.
longi. Flores quam in C. sepiaria paullo majores. Sepala viridia,
ovata, concava, 2 lin. longa. Petala alba, sepalis subæquilonga,
oblonga, obtusa, interdum margine leviter ciliata. Stamina circa
20. Bacca subglobosa, 3 lin. diametro, abortu monosperma, stipite
4$ lin. longo.
Only once seen in a precipitous ravine in the Black Mountain,

when in company with Mr. Fortune, in J anuary 1850.

FLACOURTIACER. e

1. Phoberos Chinensis, Lour.—Wight et Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins.
Ind. Or. vol. i. p. 30.

Very common in the Happy Valley woods, often arboreous, and
varying in being sometimes thorny, sometimes unarmed.

VIOLACEZÆ.

1. Viola Patrinii, 8 Chinensis, DC. Prod. vol. i. p. 293.

2. Viola tenuis, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. i. p. 482.

These two species are both common on the summits of the hills,
flowering from January till March. The 7. tenuis is a pretty species
from its light-coloured flowers, but they have no scent. It has a
great tendency to become stoloniferous.

3. Viola confusa, Champ., sp. n.; subacaulis, pilosula, stipulis vix
em dentatis, foliis imis orbiculato- cæteris ovato-cordatis obtusis crenatis,
calycis laciniis lanceolatis acutiusculis, corollæ calcare obtuso calyci
subæquilongo, antheris inferioribus appendiculatis, stylo recto hinc
fisso, stigmate truncato-erostri leviter dilatato.— Habitus et folia
speciminum minorum X. hirte nostre. Pedunculi florum perfecto-

. FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS. 261

rum foliis longiores, tenues, infra medium bibracteolati. Flores iis

V. hirte minores, violacei. Calycis laciniæ 2 lin. longs, basi inæ-

qualiter appendiculato-productæ, appendicibus angustis, majoribus

sepe lineam longis. Petala 5 lin. longa. Calcar inferiorum 2 lin.

In speciminibus flores fertiles apetalos ferentibus folia majora, longius

petiolata, pedunculi petiolis breviores. Calyces parvi, laciniis an-

gustis basi longiuscule appendieulatis. Ovarium ovoideum, stylo
uncinato acuminatum. Capsula elliptico-trigona.

Gathered probably on Mount Parker, but mixed up with specimens
of P. Parkeri, which abounds there; also on the opposite hill of the
China coast. The late Dr. Gardner considered this to be Blume's
V. inconspicua, said to have been introduced into the Buitenzorg garden
from China. It is evidently nearly allied, and Blume's character would
agree well with the apetalous state of our plant, but that he says,
“ staminibus inappendiculatis," whereas I find them appendiculate in
the petaliferous flowers, and deficient in the apetalous ones.

All the above species, like most others of the same groupe in Europe
and North America, appear to bear, in summer, minute apetalous yet
fertile flowers.

POLYGALACEZÆ.

1. Salomonia Cantonensis, Lour.— DC. Prod. vol. i. p. 334.

In marshy fields, abounding near the Albany Barracks. Flowers in
summer.

2. Polygala arillata, Hamilt.—Wight et Arn. Prod. vol. i. p. 39.

Very rare. A shrub on Mount Gough, and another on Mount
Victoria (since destroyed by the Chinese), were all that had been seen.

3. Polygala glomerata, Lour., as described by De Candolle (Prod.
vol. i. p. 326), who saw Loureiro's specimen, although it scarcely agrees
with Loureiro's own character. It is the same as the one since de-
scribed by Blume under the name of P. densiffora, and is perhaps a
mere variety of the common East Indian P. arvensis.

Gathered on Mount Victoria.

4. Polygala Loureiri,Gardn. et Champ. Kew Journ. Bot. vol. i. p.242.

On Mount Victoria.

DROSERACÉEÆ.

1. Drosera Loureiri, Hook. et Arn. Bot. Beech. p. 167. t. 81.
Common in all the marshes of Hong-Kong.

262 FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS.

PITTOSPORACEÆ.

1, Pittosporum glabratum, Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. vol. i. p. 230.

Some specimens have the umbellate inflorescence, and agree in every
respect with Fortune’s plant described by Lindley ; others have solitary
flowers with rather longer calyces, coming nearer to P. pauciflorum,
Hook. et Arn., but with perfectly glabrous fruits. Captain Champion
is, however, convinced that the Hong-Kong specimens all belong to one
species, common on hills and in the woods of the Happy Valley.
Captain Champion adverts to an affinity, not (as far as I am aware)
hitherto pointed out, between Pittosporacee and Grossularieæ, con-
sidering that they bear the same relation to each other which Loganiacee
do to Rubiacee. There is, however, an additional difference of some
importance in the hypogynal staminal insertion of Pittosporacee.

CARYOPHYLLEZÆ.

l. Stellaria uliginosa, Linn.
In rice-fields.

*

GERANIACEZÆ,

1. Oxalis corniculata, Linn.

On road-sides, &c.

2. Linum wsitatissimum, Linn.

In a marsh near East Point, not seen elsewhere.

MALVACEA.

1. Urena sinuata, Linn.

Common in the island.

2. Paritium ¢iliaceum, A. de St. Hil.

On banks and enclosures.

3. Abelmoschus, apparently a new species allied to 4. rugosus, Wall. ;
but unfortunately the single specimen, gathered on the summit of
Mount Victoria, is insufficient for description.

4, Sida rhombifolia, Linn.

5. Sida cordifolia, Linn.

These two common tropical species are also frequent in Hong-Kong
on road-sides, &c. A third species, S. humilis, Willd., also a common
East Indian plant, was gathered in Hong-Kong by Mr. Hinds, but is
not in Captain Champion’s collection.

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS. 263

STERCULIACEÆ,

1. Helicteres angustifolia, Linn.

One of the commonest plants in the low grounds, flowering all
summer. :

2. Reevesia ¢hyrsoidea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1236.

Common in the Happy Valley woods; rare on Mount Victoria. Its
flowers are pretty, white, and very sweet-scented, blowing in May.

3. Firmiana platanifolia, Br. Pl. Jav. Rar. p. 235.

Not indigenous to Hong-Kong, but naturalized and planted all
about Victoria, having been brought from the opposite coast.

. 4. Sterculia lanceolata, Cav.—Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1256.

Common in ravines and woods, especially about the Buddhist
temple at East Point.

(Waltheria Americana, Linn., a common tropical weed, was gathered
in Hong-Kong by Mr. Hinds, but is not in Captain Champion's
collection.) :

5. Buettneria aspera, Colebr. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Car. et Wall.
vol. ii. p. 383.

An extensive creeper over rocks in ravines; rather local in Hong-
Kong, but covering much ground in some parts of the China coast. |

6. Pterospermum acerifolium, Willd. — Wight et Arn. Prod. -
vol. i. p. 69. : |

. Woods near the Buddhist temple.

TiLIACEZÆ.

1. Corchorus acutangulus, Lam. Se
A weed in rice-grounds.

2. Corchorus capsularis, Linn.

Cultivated in fields.

3. Triumfetta angulata, Lam.

Road-sides near the town of Victoria.

4. Triumfetta cana, BL? Bijdr. ex Walp. Rep. vol. i. p. 355.

Road-sides near the town of Victoria.
5. Grewia microcos, Linn.—Hook. et Arn. Bot. Beech. p. 170.

Rather scarce in Hong-Kong. Found on the hill upon which stands

the Fever Hospital.
6. Eleocarpus serratus, Linn.—Wight et Arn. Prod. vol. i. p. 82.

Woods in the Happy Valley. Flowers in May.
VOL. III, 2M

264 SKETCH OF THE VEGETATION OF

7. Friesia Chinensis, Gardn. et Champ. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot.
vol. i. p. 243.

Woods about the waterfall in the Happy Valley. To Dr. Gardner's
description, quoted above, may be added:—Female plant, with the
racemes fewer-flowered than in the male. Calyx and petals as in the
male. Ovary pubescent, ovato-globose, on a crenated dise, and crowned
byalong style. Stigmas short, acute. Ovary 2-celled, each cell with
two pair of collateral ovules suspended by pairs from the central axis.
Rudiments of stamens none. I find the stamens of the male flowers to
be 8. I have not seen the fruit. This species grows to a much-
branched under-tree ; the male plants, loaded with clusters of pea- -
green flowers, are exceedingly attractive to bees: they blow in April.
(J. G. Champ.) |

8. Heptaca? Jatifolia, Gardn. et Champ. Kew Journ. Bot. vol.i. p.243.

(To be continued.)

Sketch of the VEGETATION of the Isthmus of PANAMA ; by M. BER-
THOLD SEEMANN, Naturalist of H. M. S. Herald.

(Continued from p. 239.)

The Isthmus is rich in medicinal plants, many of which are only
known to the natives, who have ably availed themselves of their pro-
perties. As febrifuges, they-employ Chicoria (Elephantopus spicatus,
Juss.), Corpachi (Croton pseudo-China, Cham. et Schlecht.), Guavito
cmargo (Quassia amara, Linn.), Cedron (Simaba Cedron, Planch.), and
- several Gentianeæ, also herbaceous plants, which are known to the in-
habitants by the name of Canchalaguas, and which belong to the genera

Eustoma, Coutoubea, and Schultesia. As purgatives are used, Ninno
_ muerto, or Malcasada (Asclepias Curassavica, Linn.), Frijolillo (Cassia
Occidentalis, Linn.), Cannafistola de purgar (Cassia Fistula, Linn.), Lau-
_ renno (Cassia alata, Linn.), Savilla (Hura crepitans, Linn.), and Coguillo
_ (Jatropha Curcas, Linn.). Emetics are obtained from Garriba de penna
(Begonia sp.), and Frailecillo (Jatropha gossypifolia, Linn.). As vul-

. meraries they use Chiriqui (Trivis frutescens, P. Br.), and Guazimillo, or

. Palo del soldado. (Waltheria glomerata, Presl), and Cope chico de suelo
(Arrudea clusioides, St. Hil.), Anti-syphilities are, Cardo santo (Arge-
. mone Mexicana, Linn.), Zarzaparilla (Smilax sp. pl), and Oabeza del

THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 265

negro (Dioscorea sp.). Coding draughts are prepared from the Ferns,
Calaluala (Goniophlebium attenuatum, Presl) and Doradilla de palo
{Goniophlebium incanum, Swartz). Antidotes for the bites of snakes
are found in the stem and leaves of the Guaco (Mikania Guaco,
H.B.K.) and the seeds of the Cedron (Simaba Cedron, Planch.). Cuta-
neous diseases are cured by applying the bark of the Palo de buba
(Jacaranda Bahamensis, Brown), and Nanci (Byrsonema cotinifolia,
H.B.K.), and the leaves of the Malva (Malachra capitata, Linn. ).

The most dreaded of the poisonous plants are the Amancay (The-
velia nerüfolia, Juss.), Cojon del gato (Thevetia nitida, De Cand.), Man-
zanillo de playa (Hippomane Mancinella, Linn.), Florispondio (Datura
sanguinea, Ruiz et Pav.), and Bala (Gliricidia maculata, Kunth). Tt!
is said of the Manzanillo de playa that persons have died from sleeping |
beneath its shade ; and that its milky juice raises blisters on the skin,
which are difficult to heal. The first of these statements must be re
garded as fabulous, and the second be received with a degree of modifi-
cation. Some people will bear the juice upon the surface of the body
without being in the least affected by it; while others do experience :
the utmost = the difference seeming to depend entirely upon the |
state of a man’s constitution. Great caution, however, is required in |
protecting the eyes, for if the least drop enters them, loss of sight and |
the most acute smarting for several days are the consequence. The
smoke arising from the wood produces a similar effect; and I remem- |
ber that, while surveying on the coast of Darien, a whole boat/s crew
of H.M.S. Herald was blinded from having kindled a fire with the A
branches of this tree. Whenever the natives are affected by the poison .
they at once wash the injured part in salt water. This remedy is most |
efficacious, and, as the Manzanillo is always confined to the edge of the |
ocean, of easy application. It has been stated that the Indians of the -
Isthmus dip their arrows in the juice of the Manzanillo. There are, :
however, various reasons for doubting this assertion; firstly, because -
the poison is, like that of all Euphorbiaceae, extremely volatile, and, |
however virulent when first procured, soon loses its power; secondly, .
because its effect, even when fresh, is by no means so strong as to | =
cause the death of human beings, it not even producing, as has already |
been stated, the slightest injury on some constitutions. We may, |
therefore, consider the statement as an inaccuracy, and rather suppose |
that the Indians, like those of Guayana, -obtain their poison from |

266 SKETCH OF THE VEGETATION OF

‘the Strychnos toxifera, Bth., and S. cogens, Bth., two plants very
common throughout Panama and Darien. The fruit of the Amancay
(Thevetia neriifolia, Juss.) is also considered very poisonous, but its
dangerous qualities have probably been overrated. I knew a gentle-
man in Panama who, when a boy, ate four of these fruits, without ex-
periencing any other effect than that of mere griping. The leaves of
the Bala, or, as it is also called, Madera negra (Gliricidia maculata,
Kth.), are used to poison rats. The Florispondio (Datura sanguinea,
[Ruiz et Pav.) appears to have always played, and still continues to play,
a prominent part in the superstition of tropical America. The Indians
| of Darien, as well as those of Chocó, prepare from its seeds a decoc-
tion, which is given to their children to produce a state of excitement
in which they are supposed to possess the power of discovering gold. In

. any place where the unhappy patients happen to fall down, digging
is commenced; and, as the soil nearly everywhere abounds with

. gold-dust, an amount of more or less value is obtained. In order to
counteract the bad effect of the poison, some sour Chicha de Maiz, a

flavour. The principal are: Algarrobo (Hymenea splendida, Vog.),
Boca vieja (Posoqueria longiflora, Aubl.), Cannafistola (Cassia Brasiliana,
Lam.), Cerezo (Bunchosia glauca, H.B.K.), Coco (Cocos nucifera, Linn.),
Coronillo (Scheeria Coronillo, Seem.), Espavà (Anacardium Rhinocarpus,
De Cand.), Fruta de pava (Ardisia coriacea, Swartz), Granadilla (Pas-
siflora quadrangularis, Linn.), Guayavo di savana (Psidium polycarpon,
Lamb.), Guayavo (Psidium pyriferum, Linn.), Guavo (Inga spectabilis,
Willd.), Zceaco (Chrysobalanus Teaco, Linn.), Jagua (Genipa Caruto,
H. B. et Kth.), Juan Bernardo (Conostegia lasiopoda, Bth.), Jobito de
puerco (Spondias spinosa, Seem.), Marannon (Anacardium occidentale,
- Linn.), Madronno de comer (Sabicea edulis, Seem.), Membrillo (Gustavia
Membrillo, Seem.), Nance (Byrsonema cotinifolia, H. B. K.), Nispero
(Sapota Achras, Mill.), Panama (Sterculia Carthagenensis, Cav.), Pa-
~ Payo Cimarron (Carica sp)., Pinna (Ananassa sativa, Lindl.), Pita di
sapaleros (Bromelia sp.), Sastra (a Guttifera), Pinajita (Pentagonia
— Pinajita, Seem.), and Zarzamora (Rubus trichomellus, Schlecht.).*

range-tree, M ja, range; Man-
zano, an apple-tree, Manzana, an apple.—B. S. ate ces

THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. + BOT

Several spontaneous productions are used as culinary vegetables.
The Marathrum feniculaceum, H. B. K., a plant resembling some of
the finer sea-weeds, and growing in most rivers of Veraguas, is esteemed -
so highly by the inhabitants that they have called it Passecarne, i. e.,
exceeds or surpasses meat; and, indeed, its young leaf-stalks, when
boiled, have a very delicate flavour, not unlike that of French beans.
The leaves of the Nnaja di espina (Pereskia Bleo, De Cand.) are eaten
as salad either raw or boiled, like the young branches of several Opun-
tias in Mexico; and in a country where, from the nature of the climate,
the rearing of lettuces is attended with difficulties, they form a tole-
rable substitute. The foliage of the Jatropha multifida, Linn., affords
another culinary vegetable, losing, apparently, as do most Zuphorbiacee,
its poisonous qualities by boiling. The shrub is always found in
hedges and around dwellings, which leads us to suppose that it was
originally introduced, a supposition to which its vernacular name, Col
de Nicaragua, or Cabbage of Nicaragua, gives additional strength.
The seeds of the Chigua (Zamia sp.), a plant abounding in the vicinity
of Chirambirà, after having been boiled and reduced to a mash, are
mixed with milk and sugar, and thus eaten. A kind of bread is also
prepared from them.

As condiments for esculent purposes, divers plants are employed.
The red berries of the Malagueto chico, or Malagueto hembra (Xylopia
sericea, St. Hil.), are substituted for pepper, especially by the negroes,
who seem to have imported the first part of its name from their
native country. The fruit of the Vainilla (Vanilla sp.) and Vainilla
chica (Sobralia sp.) are valuable spices, much employed in flavouring -
sweetmeats, chocolate, puddings, &e. The leaves of the Toronji] (Oci- —
mum Campechianum, Mill.), a common annual, are chopped, and serve _
to replace our Parsley. The most important, however, of all the —
aromatics to the Panamian cook is the Culantra (Eryngium fœtidum, ——
Linn). It imparts a flavour difficult for a foreigner to relish; but the —
inhabitants consider it the sine quá non, and are quite distressed when
in the soups and sancoches their favourite herb has by some accident
been omitted.

Excellent timber for building, and wood for cabinet-makers’ pur-
poses, abound. Particular notice is due to the Aea (Xanthoxylum
spinosum, Swartz), Algarrobo (Hymenæa splendida, Vogel), Amarillo — —
(Xanthoxylum sp.), Carbonero (Lindakeria laurina, Presl), Cedro cebolla

268 SKETCH OF THE VEGETATION OF

(a tree botanically unknown), Cedro espinoso (a Sterculiacea), Caoba
- (Swietenia Mahagoni, Linn.), Espavè (Anacardium Rhinocarpus, DC.),
Guackapali (Schizolobium excelsum, Vogel), Guavito cansaboca (Pithe-
colobium ligustrinum, Bth.), Guayacan (Tecoma flavescens, Mart.), Gua-
zimo colorado (Lühea rufescens, St. Hil.), Laurel (Cordia Gerascanthus,
Jacq.), Macano (Diphysa Carthagenensis, Jacq.), Maria (a Guttifera),
_ Nance (Brysonema cotinifolia, H. B. et Kth.), Naranjo de monte (Swart-
zia triphylla, Willd.), Nispero (Sapota Achras, Mill.), Peronil (a Papi-
lionacea, n. 1673), Quira (Macherium Schomburgkii, Benth.), Roble
(Tecoma pentaphylla, Jacq.), Terciopelo (Bixacearum gen. noy.), and
Corot (Enterolobium Tünboiva, Mart.). From the Roble and Guaya-
can the most durable wood is obtained: some beams of the latter are
still to be seen among the ruins of the cathedral of Old Panama, where
they have been exposed to the influence of the climate ever since the
destruction of that city, a period of nearly 200 years. The Nazareno,
a beautiful bluish fancy-wood, the produce of a scientifically unknown
tree, would fetch a high price in Europe. The Quira, remarkable for
its black and brown streaks, is the J/aka of commerce. The Corotà
and Zspav? supply the natives with materials for constructing their
canoes, and no better estimate can be formed of the magnitude of these
giants of the forest, than by an inspection of the Port of Panama,
where vessels of twelve tons burden, made of a single tree, are seen
riding at anchor.
Dyes are numerous : a yellow one is obtained from the wood of the
- Macano (Diphysa Carthagenensis, Jacq.), a scarlet from the leaves of
the Hojita de tennir (Bignonia? Chicha, H. et B.), a blue from the
foliage of the dnnil silvestre (Indigofera Anil, Linn.), a violet from ihe
fruit of the Jagua (Genipa Caruto, H. B. K.), a red from the pulp of
the Bija or Achotte (Biza Orellana, Linn.), and a black from the seeds
of the Ojo de venado (Mueuna urens, DC., and Mucuna altissima, DC.)-
A brown colour might be extracted from the Clava, a Cyperacea,
(n. 147), which abounds in the savanas, and produces on cotton and
linen a stain very much like that caused by the rusting of an iron
mail hence the vernacular name, Clava, a nail. The Indians of
Southern Darien paint their faces with the colour obtained from the
Biga Orellana, Linn., or, as they themselves term it, Bija. The scar-
let dye, observed in the hammocks of Veraguas, is not given with the
purple shell (Purpura patula, Lam.), as the people of Panamà assert,
but with the leaves of the Bignonia Chicha.

THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 269

The cordage, which the Isthmians use, is solely procured from in-
digenous plants. The best and whitest rope is made from the fibre of
the Corteza (Apeiba Petawmo, Aubl.). A brownish-looking rope, easily
affected by dampness, probably because the tree from which it is taken

“contains saline properties, is manufactured from the Majagua de playa
(Hibiscus arboreus, Desv.), and a third is obtained from the Barrigon
(Bombax Barrigon, Seem.). The Xylopia sericea, St. Hil., also yields
a fibre fit for ropes. It is on that account named Malagueto hembra,
or Female Malagueto, in order to distinguish it from the Malagueto
macho, or Male Malagueto (Xylopia grandiflora, St. Hil.), which is
destitute of such a quality. The far-famed hammocks of Veraguas
consist of the fibres of the Cabuya (Agave sp.), and those of a Palm
called Chonta. A strong fibre is contained in the leaves of the Pita de
zapateros (Bromelia sp.), which is prepared like flax, woven into bags,
or Chacaras, by different Indian tribes, and extensively used by shoe-
makers for sewing. The fibre surrounding the wood of the Cucua or
Namagua (Brosimum Namagua, Seem.) forms a close texture of regu-
lar natural matting, which the natives soak in water, beat and make —
into garments, beds, and ropes, or use as sails for their canoes. The
mats which the poorer classes use to sleep upon, are manufactured
from the fibre of Plantain leaves (Musa paradisiaca, Linn.).

Numerous vegetable substances are applied to miscellaneous pur-
poses. An infusion of the leaves of the 72 (Corchorus Mompoxensis,
H. B. K.) is drunk instead of tea, and a similar preparation is now
made from those of the Freziera theoides, Swartz, a shrub common
on the volcano of Chiriqui. The aerial roots of the Zanora (Iriartea ——
exorrhiza, Mart.), being clad with numerous spines, are used as graters, -

and although they are not so fine as those supplied by art, yet in a - ves

country where, from the humidity of the climate, tin ones soon get
rusty, they are almost preferable. The natives. chiefly employ them
when grating Cocoa-nuts, which, boiled with rice, compose one of
their favourite dishes. The leaves of the Papayo (Carica Papaya,
Linn.) are a substitute for soap. The wood of the Balsa (Ochroma
Lagopus, Swartz), being soft and light, like cork, is used for stopping
bottles: the never-sinking rafts, which, at the discovery of South
America, caused such surprise among the early adventurers, were then
constructed of it and are so still. The prevalence of the Balsa along

the coast of Western America has hitherto, it seems, not been suffi-

270 MR. SPRUCE’S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

ciently appreciated by historians; but the nature of such a tree might
indeed account for much intercourse, and many an early migration,
which, under other circumstances, may almost appear inexplicable.
The wool of various Sterculiacee, the Balsa (Ochroma Lagopus, Swartz),
Ceiba (Eriodendron Samauma, Mart.), and Barrigon (Bombax Barrigon,
Seem.), is employed for stuffing pillows, cushions, &c. Hedges are
made of the Ortiga (Urtica baccifera, Linn.), Poroporo (Cochlospermum
hibiscoides, H. B. et Kth.), Pitajaya (Cereus Pitajaya, De Cand.), and
Pinnuela (Bromelia sp.). The hard shells of the Crescentia cunejfolia,
Gardn., C. Cujuta, Linn., and C. cucurbitacea, Linn., are turned into
bottles, sieves, pails, spoons, and various other household articles. In
catching fish by stupefaction, the natives avail themselves of the juice
of the Manzanillo de playa (Hippomane Mancinella, Linn.), the bark of
the Æspavè (Anacardium Rhinocarpus, De Cand.), and the leaves of the
Barbasco (Piper sp.). Oil is obtained from the fruit of the Corozo
colorado (Elaïs melanococea, Gærtn.), and wine, vinegar, food, habita-
tions, clothing, and numerous other necessaries of life, from the different
palms which inhabit the country. The leaves of the Chumico (Oura-
tella Americana, Linn.), and Chumico bijuco (Tetracera volubilis, Linn.),
are used for cleaning iron, polishing and scouring wood ; indeed, they
serve all the purposes of sand-paper.
(To be continued.)

Journal of a Voyage from SANTAREM to the BARRA DO Rio NEGRO;
by RICHARD SPRUCE, Esq.

We left Santarem for the Barra do Rio Negro, on Tuesday the 8th
of October (1850), in an igarité belonging to Mons. Gouzennes, à
French gentleman, who has been many years established at Santarem,
and is in the habit of sending several small vessels up the Amazon
every year, to procure pirarucü, turtle-oil, castanhas, &c. Our vessel
was a very small one, of little more than 300 arrobas burden, and my
baggage half-filled it. For want of room we were put to much incon-
venience in drying our plants; and what was still worse, the palm-leaf
tolda was so ill-constructed that every heavy rain penetrated it, and

gave us afterwards much trouble in drying our soaked clothes and paper.
However, there was no remedy, and for this conveyance, wretched as
it was, I had waited nearly three months.

ON THE AMAZON, 271

We had light winds to Obidos, and did not reach it-until towards
evening of the 14th. By night there was seldom any wind sufficient to
enable us to stem the current, and our usual practice was to anchor
near shore or to tie to the projecting branch of some submersed trunk.
Tn such situations I had sufficient opportunity (sorely against my will)
of further cultivating my acquaintance with the carapanas, and I received
ample proof of a fact which I had previously doubted, namely, that
with the wind off shore, vessels are not persecuted at all by carapanás,
but the contrary when the wind blows on shore; and the reasons
assigned for this by the Indians seems to be the correct one, namely,
that in the former case these blood-thirsty creatures scent their prey in
the wind, which they cannot do in the latter. It is rarely that there
is perfect silence on the shores of the Amazon ;—even in the heat of the
day, from 12 to 3 o’clock, when birds and beasts hide themselves in the
recesses of the forests, there is still the hum of busy bees and gaily-
coloured flies, culling sweets from the flowering-trees that line the
shore, especially from certain Ingas and allied trees; and with com-
mencing twilight innumerable frogs in the shallows and among the
tall grasses chant forth their ** Ave Marias," sometimes simulating the
chirping of birds, at others the hallooing of crowds of peopleina -
distant wood. About the same hour, the carapan begins its night- —
enduring song, more annoying to the wearied voyager than even the -
wound it inflicts. There are besides various birds which sing, at in- -
tervals, the night through, and whose native names are uniformly e
framed in imitation of their note; such are the Acuráu, the Murueu- — —
tutá, a bird of the owl tribe, and the Jaeurutá, whose song is peculiarly —
lugubrious. A sort of pigeon, which is heard at 5 o'clock in the morn-
ing, is called, and is supposed to say, “ Maria, ja he dia ! ” (* Mary, it
is already day ! ”)—a name which reminds me of * Milk the cow clean, _
Katty,” a common Yorkshire appellation of the stockdoye. Amongst -
the birds which most amused us by day, may be mentioned the ** Bem,
te vil” (* Well, I saw thee!") and **Joaó, corta pao!” (John, eut
the stick ! ") s 2 mi

I one night much amused the sailors by inquiring whaf bird it was
that was making a croaking noise in an opposite cacoal. I was in- -
formed it was a small quadruped the size of a rat, which had its residence -
in the cacoals and lived on the fruit. It is one of the animals specially —
resorted to by the Indian “ feiticeiros,” and great importance is at- —

VOL. III. 2N

272 MR. SPRUCE’S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

eu to its replies, which are merely a repetition of its note, *' Torô,

rô ” (sounding almost exactly like the French word “ érou”) for an
cea and perfect silence for a negative. I was in my turn div verted
by one of the crew commencing a conversation with the Tord, of which
what follows is a nearly literal translation.—

“Your worship sings very sweetly all alone by night in the cacao-
tree.” —‘* Toró ! Tord!”

“Your worship seems to be enjoying your supper on the delicious
. cacao.’ —“ Toró ! Tord!”

* Will your worship tell me if we are to have a favourable wind in
the morning ? "—TToró respondeth not.

“Your worship, do me the favour to say if we shall arrive at Obidos
to-morrow ? "—Apgain no reply.

“Your worship may go to the d—1!"-—— An insult of which Tord
taketh not the least notice; and so ends the dialogue, the Indian being
too angry to interrogate further.

When lying-to for a wind by day I gathered a few plants unob-
served the preceding year; and when slowly beating against the furious
current below Obidos I twice swam on shore to gather a stout Mi-
moseous twiner that adorned the shore for miles with its thick secund
panicles, sometimes a foot long, of minute pale yellow flowers. à

Obidos seems unlucky for travellers. Here Spix and Martius had to
repair their helm, and we ourselves had scarcely embarked, early on
the morning of the 15th, when our canoe took the ground in a stony
place, and part of the ironwork of the helm was broken by the shock.
It took a blacksmith the whole of the day to make a new „femea, and
it was not until 10 of the following morning that we got it fastened
on and again set forth on our voyage. Below Obidos jacarés are only
occasionally seen, but we now began to meet with them in numbers.
When anchored on the night of the 16th in the still bay at the mouth
of the Trombétas we were surrounded by them, mostly floating nearly -
motionless on the water and only distinguished from logs by the ele-
_ vations and depressions of the back. Their grunt is something like
what a pig would make with his mouth shut: our people imitated

= | : it and thus drew several of them near us, but I did not consider it
. . worth while wasting powder and shot on them.

The coast from Obidos to Villa Nova is flat and uninteresting, until
a little below the latter town its tameness is somewhat relieved by a

ON THE AMAZON. Sie 273

lowish wooded ridge, called Os Parentins, running close by the right
bank. We had still only light winds, and we did not reach Villa Nova
before late on the 24th. It is a miserable-looking town, the houses
going sadly to ruin, and we found but a single small vessel in the
port. It is seated on a small bay, skirted by a lowish cliff, up which are
piled blocks of apparently volcanic rock, glazed on the surface and
quite honeycombed. A little before reaching the town we had rounded a
rocky point, of nearly horizontally stratified slaty sandstone. We went
on shore and visited the Vigario—the “ Padre Torquato ” celebrated
in Prince Adalbert’s voyage up the Xingi—a young man, apparently
under forty, good-looking and rosy. We found him exceedingly cour-
teous in his manners, but delighting wonderfully to hear himself talk,
and therefore not unlikely to be led into the relation of marvellous tales,
as true, though himself sceptical respecting them. He seemed highly -
flattered to hear that the Prince had made mention of him in his .
travels. A

We had now to leave the Amazon and enter the Paraná-mirí* dos
Ramos, a furo which, commencing a little above the mouth of the

Lago de Saracá, but on the opposite side of the river, joins the Amazon —

again near Villa Nova, the principal mouth being a little below the town.
We, however, entered it by a narrow channel called the Paraná-mirí
dos Limoës, the mouth of which we reached in an hour and a half's
rowing above Villa Nova. Our captain's object in following this route
was to collect some debts left on by Mr. Gouzennes the preceding
year, and we expected to be detained only a few days ; whereas, from
entering the Ramos to again quitting it, we spent an entire month. —
In this time I might have made many interesting observations re- ——
specting the great country of guaraná and pirarucá, but I was unfor- -
tunately taken ill almost immediately after entering it. At the first -
sitio where we made any stay, I was wishful to obtain an astronomical
observation, and for this purpose lay all night on deck, a thing which
I had often done on the Amazon without feeling any inconvenience ;
but the night was very cloudy and, what was worse, so strong a dew fell
quer is, * iver")i eral term for w

be Qui Ue de br eei or the Madeira jus. cher de rally ut
season only or throughout the year. Above Villa Nova it is constantly heard instead -
of furo—a term most in use In the lower part of the river. The Indian name for
the Amazon is Parand-pitinga, or “the white river :” more rarely Parand-açu, “ the
great river." KIM

274 MR. SPRUCE’S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

that in the morning my blanket was soaked, and one of my arms
quite stiff and benumbed. A feeling of general malaise throughout
the day was followed by an attack of fever, from which I did not fairly
recover until we entered once more the broad Amazon. During the
whole of our stay in the Paraná-mirí we had constantly heavy dews,
while on the Amazon the dews are none or scarcely perceptible. This
difference is doubtless owing to the strong winds which almost daily
sweep up the Amazon, the winds in these narrow channels being either
light or in no certain direction; to which may be added, that in the
dry season the channels are hemmed in by steep banks of twenty or
thirty feet high, surmounted by dense and lofty forest.

The region included by the Paraná-mirí dos Ramos and the Amazon
is literally sown with lakes, the outlets of which are narrow brooks,
communicating, some with the former and some with the latter, but
nearly all dried up in summer. On the south side of the Ramos there are
also several lakes. All these are richly stored with pirarucá, and usually
take their names from some animal or plant abundant in their waters
or on their shores; as the Lago das Garças, Lago dos Jacarés, Lago
do Arrozal (the Heron's lake, the Alligator's lake, the Rice lake), &c.
In the height of the dry season, when the water of the lakes is low,
numbers of fishermen resort to them for the purpose of taking pira-
rucá; including not only all the available population of the Ramos,
but also fishing-parties from places as far distant as Pará and Macapt.
When I had somewhat recovered from my sickness I managed, but
with difficulty, to reach one of the lakes; to do which I had to thread
an Indian track of an hour's length, through a dense forest, consisting
chiefly of wild cacao-trees, castanheiras, and Urueurí palms. I found
the lake nearly circular, of about a mile in diameter, and several fishing
parties were at work on it. The general sleeping-apartment was à
large palm-leaf house erected on poles in the lake, at a sufficient dis-
tance from shore to secure it from the visits of carapanás. This con-
.. trivance is resorted to on all the lakes, which are abominable places for
praga of every description,

I was disappointed not to observe a single plant, save the rank
grasses round the margin; but jacarós were laid in the water in almost
. countless numbers, resembling so many huge black stones or logs.
.. What we had seen in the Amazon of these reptiles was nothing com-
~ pared to their abundance in the Ramos and its adjacent lakes, I can

ON THE AMAZON. 275

safely say that at no one instant during the whole thirty days, when
there was light enough to distinguish them, were we without one or
more jacarés in sight. Jacarés sometimes take the bait intended for
pirarucü, and the line is strong enough to hold them.

The following is the mode in which pirarucü is prepared on the Ramos.
When the fish is brought to shore, its head is first cut off; it is then
skinned and the backbone taken out. The two halves of the back and
belly are next each cut into two slices, so as to make in all four postas
(as they are called), which are salted and laid on the skin, spread out on
the ground. Very little salt is used, and after remaining a few hours in
pickle, the postas are suspended across poles, supported horizontally on
a couple of forked sticks stuck erect in the ground, and here they re-
main, being occasionally turned, until quite dried in the sun. No part
. of the head is preserved, except the tongue-bone, which makes an ex-
cellent grater. A full-grown pirarucá weighs, when fresh, from two to
three arrobas, and affords from half an arroba to an arroba of dried fish.

A little beyond the middle of the Ramos, we passed the mouth of
the river Maué, upon which, at a distance of thirty hours in montaría,
stands the town of Luzéa, anciently ** Aldéa dos Maués.” The river
Maué enters from W.S.W., but a little way it turns to S., and its
general course is said to be from S, to N. The direction of the Ramos
at the junction is about N.N.E. Although Luzéa is not found on any
published map, it is now a place of growing importance, and boasts of
a church and chapel, with several white residents and a few shops. It
was founded by the Portuguese in 1800, with 243 families of Maué
and Mundruct Indians, the government furnishing them with iron tools
and building them a church. In 1803 the population amounted to
1627 souls, of whom 118 were whites.

The pum of Luzéa is entirely owing to its being the "e depót 3 2
for guaraná, there being now large guaraná plantations (or guaranals) -
near the town, and the plant also being found wild on the Maué at —
some distance higher up. Formerly all the guaraná intended for -
the miners of Matto Grosso passed through Santarem, but it is now
conveyed direct from Luzéa to Cuyabá, first in shallow canoes up the
Maué-mirí nearly to its source, and then by a short portage to the
river Tapajoz, above the first eataracts, where a depót is established, and
agents from Cuyabá are stationed to receive the guaraná from the Maué
Indians, and forward it to its destination.

276 MR. SPRUCE’S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

I was too ill to go to Luzéa in an open montaria, exposed to the
burning sun and the dews of night, but I induced a woman to go and
procure for me the fruit and the plant. Unfortunately, she had not
understood the extent of my requirements, and brought me only a single
bunch of fruit and a couple of leaves. These I hope to send you
shortly. The fruit is about the size of the wild grape, and hangs in
similar but smaller bunches. In form it is obovato-pyriform, apiculate,
3-lobed, the surface of each lobe being furnished with a midrib and
reticulations like those of a leaf. The kernels are coated by a thin
flesh of a yellow or slightly vermilion colour, which is picked off, and
stains the hands of those who perform the operation. They are
afterwards roasted, pounded, and made up into sticks, in the same way
as chocolate.

- The country of the Maués has never been accurately surveyed, and
all the maps I have seen are much in error respecting it. A manuscript
map in the possession of Dr. Campos of Santarem is the most correct,
as regards the names and the relative positions of the rivers, &c.; but
even this is very imperfect. Perhaps the Useful Knowledge Society’s
map is nearer the truth than that of Martius, for this particular part of
Brazil, though the latter is correct in making the Maué-acá and the
Maué-mirí banca of one and the same river. It is difficult to ex-
plain matters of this sort without a diagram ; but I will suppose that it
is required to reach the Madeira from Villa Nova by what is called the
inside passage. The course will be to enter the Ramos by the Paraná-
mirí dos Limoés, to sail up it as far as the mouth of the Maué, up
which we must proceed to Luzéa, where we shall find a channel called
the Paraná-mirí de Canomá (or sometimes the Furo de Urari&), taking
us across into the Madeira a little below Borba. In winter the water
of the Madeira enters the Rio Canomá, and it is then alone that tbis
passage is practicable. In the same season the Amazon enters the
Ramos by the upper mouth; hence from the latter to the mouth
of the Maué we have Amazon water, and from the Maué to the lower
mouth of the Ramos, Amazon, and Madeira water intermixed. The
Madeira, like the Amazon, is a river of white water, which explaius
whyi in summer the waters of the Canomá and the Ramos are green, and

is in winter white.

On the two maps above referred to, the Ramos and the Canoma
are erroneously represented as continuous, in the U. K. Society's map

ON THE AMAZON. 277

under the name of the Furo de Canomä, and in Martius’s map
under that of the Furo de Albacaxis. What is called the R. Mauhé on
the latter is the Paraná-mirí dos Limoés. I could hear of no “ Ilha de
Tupinambarana,” though a river of this name is the most easterly tri-
butary of the Ramos; nor is there any “ Ilha dos Ramos,” as indicated
on Martius’s map, on the north shore of the Amazon. ue

The Seringue-tree has long been known to exist abundantly on the |
Rio Madeira, but it is only during the present year that it has been }
found to grow on the Ramos in considerable quantity. | About two
months before our visit three small Seringals had been opened a little
higher up than the mouth of the Maué, and late on the evening of
the 17th of November we reached one of these, belonging to Capitaô
Pedro de Macedo of Saracá (or Silves, as it is called on the maps).
A considerable opening had been made in the forest to erect the ne-
cessary huts, and to plant a few cabbages and water-melons. Amongst
the trees was an enormous Samaiima (Eriodendron Samaüma, Mart.),
divided from near the base into two trunks, of which the stoutest had
been cut off at a height of about fifteen feet. In the morning I took a
sketch of it, and measured its circumference, which was eighty-five feet
at the lowest part, where the tape would ply of itself, that is, from one
to three feet from the ground; but had the tape been applied to the
recesses of the sapopemas (as the buttresses are called) the circumfe-
rence would have been much increased.

We found the Capitaô a very hospitable and intelligent man, and
were glad to accept his invitation to join him at supper and breakfast
on game caught near his seringal, including Porco do mato, Macaco
barrigudo, and Mutún—the last a bird much resembling a turkey, good -
eating, but rather dry ; the monkey is rather insipid, and the pig very
savoury, though with a thick tough skin. After breakfast he accom-
panied us into the forest, and showed us the Seringue-trees, and the L
mode of collecting the milk. A track had been cut to each tree, as
also to adjacent flats of Urucurf palm (Cocos coronata, Mart.), which,
euriously enough, is almost invariably found along with the Seringue, -
and whose fruit is considered essential to the proper preparation of
India-rubber. A stout sipó is wound round the trunk of the Seringue,
beginning at the base and extending upwards about as high as a man
can reach, and making in this space two or three turns. This sipó
supports a narrow channel made of clay, down which the milk flows as

dienten

t ——ÁÓ—
x à

i

—

—

278 MR. SPRUCE’S EXCURSION ON THE AMAZON.

it issues from the wounded trunk, and is received into a small euya
deposited at the base. Early in the morning a man goes into the forest
and visits in succession every tree, taking with him a tercado and a
large cuya (called cuyamboca) suspended by a handle so as to form
a sort of pail. With his tercado he makes sundry slight gashes in the
bark of each tree, and returning to the same in about, the space of an
hour he finds a quantity of milk in the cuya at the base, which he
transfers to his cuyamboca. The milk being collected and placed in a
large shallow earthenware-pan, several large caraipé-pots with narrow
mouths are nearly filled with the fruit of the Urucurí and placed on
brisk fires. The smoke arising from the heated Urucurí is very dense,
and as each successive coat is applied to the mould (which is done by
. pouring the milk over it, and not by dipping it into the milk), the opera-
tor holds it in the smoke, which hardens the milk in a few moments.
The moulds now used are all of wood, and not of clay as formerly, and
the one generally preferred is in the form of the battledores which
English housewives use for folding linen, only thinner and flat on both
sides, and the milk is applied only as far as to the insertion of the
handle, the latter being held by the operator. When the requisite
number of coatings has been applied and time has been allowed for the
whole to stiffen, the seringue is withdrawn from the mould by slitting
_ it along one side and end. In this state it is known in the Para market
_as “ Seringue em couro,” or hides of India-rubber, and it is preferred
to the bottle-rubber by purchasers. I send you one such “ hide,” from
which you will see that Capitaô Pedro’s manufacture is not despicable.
If the bottle-moulds are used, or if a shoe is to be moulded on a last,
a stick of two feet long is always inserted into the mould to guarantee
the operator's hand from the milk and smoke. Some shoes we saw
here had thirty coatings apiece of seringue. The Capitaó was getting
about six milreis an arroba (32 Ibs.) for his seringue, but in Pará it
sells for as much as ten milreis. November is the season of ripe fruit
of the Seringue, but the trees on the Ramos had been completely
_! stripped by the Aráras, a sort of long-tailed parrot.

E us

(To be continued.)

279

Contributions to the Botany of WESTERN INDIA;
by N. A. DALZELL, Esq., M.A.

(Continued from p. 233.)

Nat. Ord. LENTIBULARIEÆ.
UTRICULARIA. A. Utriculifere. § 5. Integre.

1. U. decipiens ; squamis raris acutis basifixis, floribus 6-7, bracteis
ternatis, calycis lobis late ovatis superiore cuspidato-acuminato
inferiore emarginato-bidentieulato paulo minore, corolle violaceæ
labio superiore obovato-cuneato emarginato erecto plano, inferiore
multoties ampliore galeiformi orbieulari integro vel emarginato calcar

. dependens acutum æquante vel paulo excedente.
| Radix circ. 1-poll, utrieulifera. Folia decidua, obovato-spathulata,
obscure 3-nervia, 2-4 lin. longa. Scapus teres, 3-9-poll., strictus
vel volubilis. Pedicelli alato-marginati, 14 lin., fructiferi erecti,
bractea acuta basifixa 2-plo longiores. Calycis lobi 13 lin., post
anthesin crescentes. Corolla a summo labii superioris ad apicem -
calcaris 3-31 lin. longa, labio superiore calycis lobo breviore v. lon- -
giore. Capsula intra calycem sacciformis. Semina oblonga, utrinque >
truncata, scrobiculato-reticulata.—Herba gracilis, erecta vel volu-
bilis, primum 1-2-flora, postea elongata, 6—7-flora; floribus dis- -
tantibus, labii inferioris marginibus horizontalibus.— U. acute (Ben- _
jamin in Linnea, vol xx. p. 314) proxima; differt labio superiore
obovato-cuneato, inferiore multo longiore pedicellisque duplo bre-
vioribus.—Crescit in loeis humidis prope Vingorla, cum U. nivea -
associata ; fl. temp. pluviali. ;

2. U. albo-cærulea ; scapo tereti, squamis raris acutis basifixis, floribus -
paucis, bracteis ternatis, calycis lobis ovatis superiore acuminato in- -
feriore acuto bidenticulato, corollæ lete albo-cæruleæ labio superiore
orbiculari integro v. emarginato marginibus reflexis inferiore multoties
ampliore galeiformi quadrato-orbiculari emarginato calear descendens
acutum duplo excedente. -

Radix pollicaris, utriculifera. Folia decidua, spathulata, obscure 3-
nervia, utriculifera, 2-3 lin. longa. Pedicelli alato-marginati, flori- —
feri 3 lin., fructiferi reflexi, 5 lin. Calycis lobi 2 lin, Corolla a
summo labii superioris ad apicem calcaris 6 lin. Capsula sacciformis,
calyce aucto inclusa. Semina sphærica, serobato-reticulata.— Herda -

VOL. III. 20

280 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

stricta, fragrans, 4-6-pollicaris, corolle palato macula pallida ve-

nosa antice 3-lobata notato; labio superiore albo. Flores U. reti-

culatæ magnitudine, pulchriores et labio superiore 4-plo minore.—

A U. Smithiana, R. Wight, cui proxima est, dignoscitur labio su-

periore et caleare multo brevioribus, calycisque lobo superiore acu-

sinato.— Crescit in rupibus prope Vingorla ; fl. temp. pluviali.

The three nerves, visible in the leaf of these two species, are formed
by a spiral thread which traverses the fibres of the root, runs up the
petiole, and divides into three branches in the lamina. It is from the
lateral branches of this spiral thread that the utricles, when present on
the leaf, take their origin, and the cellular tissue at the origin of the
utricle assumes the form of a beautiful dise, formed by long cylindric
cells radiating round a central spot.

Nat. Ord. ERIOCAULEZÆ.
ERIOCAULON.

1. E. rivulare; caule simplici elongato submerso dense folioso, foliis
linearibus planis apice in acumen setaceum attenuatis 7-nerviis va- .
gina duplo longioribus, vaginis multistriatis glaberrimis apice lace-
ralis vix fissis arctis, pedunculis umbellato-congestis subteretibus
10-sulcatis glabris 7-18-pollicaribus folio duplo longioribus, capi-
tulis niveo-villosis, bracteis involucrantibus scariosis capitulo multo
brevioribus glabris obovatis coneavis apice laceratis; floribus masc.
6-andris, foem. trigynis, bracteis flores stipantibus spathulato-acumi-
natis incurvis apicem versus pilis albis detergibilibus barbatis ; sepa-
lis masc. exterioribus in tubum fissum apice trifidum barbatum con-
natis, interioribus ovatis ineequalibus, filamentis brevioribus superne
barbatis ibique glandula virescente notatis; filamentis interioribus
longioribus, antheris a/éis ; sepalis fem. exterioribus linearibus bar-

__ batis, interioribus basi filiformibus apice spathulatis barbatis.

Receptaculum columnare. Folia 4-9 poll. longa, lineam lata.— Crescit
in saxis demersis rivulorum provincie Malwan; in aquis stagnanti-

bus nunquam obvenit.—Species unica a me visa antheris albis. Fl.

temp. pluviali.

= 2. E. odoratum ; acaule, foliis subulatis rare pollicaribus 7-nerviis,
. Vaginis arctis apice fissis foliorum longitudine, pedunculis pluribus

. B-angularibus 6-pollicaribus fortis filiformibus glabris, capitulis ni-
veo-villosis 3 lin. diametzo, bracteis involucrantibus brevissimis obo-

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 29 ABL

vato-cuneatis scariosis, bracteis floralibus rhombeo-cuneatis apice
concavis pilis albis opacis comatis ; floribus masc. 6-andris, foem.
trigynis ; sepalis masc. exterioribus in tubum fissum apice truncatum
connatis, interioribus lineari-lanceolatis glandula fusca notatis inze-
qualibus, omnibus apice pilis albis opacis comatis ; filamentis æqui-
longis, antheris didymis olivaceis; sepalis foem. exterioribus 2 cari-
nato-navicularibus inæqualibus, interioribus angustioribus spathu-
latis, omnibus pilis albis opacis comatis.

Species insignis, odore Anthemidis nobilis, pedunculisque preter omnes
gracillimis, vix 4 lin. diametro.— Crescit in aqua stagnante prov.
Malwan.

3. E. cuspidatum ; acaule, foliis lineari-ensiformibus odtusissimis cuspi-
datis 7—9-nerviis subpellucidis glabris sesquipollicaribus 3 lin. latis
vagina duplo triplo brevioribus, pedunculis umbellato-congestis
9-10-pollicaribus 7-angularibus glabris, capitulis hemisphæricis albi-
do-villosulis, bracteis involucrantibus ovato-rotundatis glaberrimis
capitulo brevioribus, bracteis flores stipantibus obovato-cuneatis
apice incurvis ibique dorso pilis albis opacis confertis minutissimis
obsitis marginibus glabris; floribus masc. 6-andris, foem. 3-gynis ;
calycis masculi laciniis exterioribus 2 carinato-navicularibus dorso
pilis albis opacis comatis marginibus glabris, interioribus 3-lineari-
bus, 2 minutis, tertia multo majore, apice pilis diaphanis barbatis ;
antheris olivaceis, filamentis alternatim brevioribus ; calycis foeminei
laciniis exterioribus 2 carinato-navicularibus cucullatis dorso pilis
albis opacis puberulis, interioribus 3 lineari-lanceolatis acutis inze-
qualibus apice glandula fusca notatis; ovario profunde 3-lobo albo.
—Crescit in locis aquosis inter Vingorla et Malwan.

4. E. pygmeum ; acaule, foliis planis linearibus acuminatis obseure
7-nerviis vagina duplo longioribus pedunculos subequantibus, vaginis —
striatis glabris apice acuminatis fissis, pedunculis umbellato-conges- _
tis 3-4-angularibus glabris pollicaribus, capitulis hemisphæricis al-
bidis, bracteis involucrantibus argenteis diaphanis lanceolatis acu-
minatis minutissime striatis capitulo 3—4-plo longioribus sub anthesi
patentibus, bracteis flores stipantibus lineari-euneatis truncatis pilis
albis opacis comatis ; floribus masc. 6-andris, fœm. 3-gynis ; sepalis
masc. exterioribus ima-basi connatis superne liberis lipeari-cuneatis
truncatis pilis albis opacis comatis, interioribus ovatis glaberrimis
inæqualibus ; filamentis brevioribus apice glandula olivacea instruc-

282 BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA.

tis, antheris fuscis; sepalis fom. exterioribus filiformibus apice
parce barbatis, interioribus spathulatis multo latioribus apice ciliatis
ibique glandula fusca notatis.

Folia 8-12-lin. Semina lutea.— Crescit in locis uliginosis prov. Mal-
wan; fl. Aug. et Sept.

Nat. Ord. ORCHIDEJE-VANDEJE.
MICROPERA.

l. M. maculata ; subacaulis, foliis planis lineari-oblongis basin versus
angustatis apice oblique emarginatis, cum mucronulo racemis basi-
laribus vel axillaribus simplicibus solitariis elongatis erectis multi-
floris a basi floriferis folio duplo longioribus, sepalis petalisque sub-
æqualibus obovatis basi liberis, labelli albo et roseo picti utroque
margine cornuto, cornubus reclinatis columnam æquantibus, calcare
perianthio breviore saccato obtuso porrecto intus piloso laminæ 3-
lobatæ brevicucullatæ supposito.

Capsula oblonga, sesquipollicaris, diametro 4-5 lin., cernua, 6-sulcata,
angulis obtusis. Flores 4—5 lin. diametro. Sepala et petala lutea,
medio macula purpurea notata; sepala lateralia patentia; petala.
cum sepalo supremo erecta, conniventia. Pollinia ineequaliter bi- —
partibilia. Folia 4-5 poll. longa, 1 poll. lata.— Crescit in arbo- .
ribus prope Tulkut, in montibus Syhadrensibus, lat. 16°; fl. Maio.
Hujus generis, meo judicio, forma aberrans, dubia. ;

2. M. viridiflora ; 4-pollicaris acaulis, foliis planis lineari-oblongis apice -
bilobis, racemis basilaribus brevissimis plurifloris folio brevioribus,
sepalis petalisque conformibus æquilongis obovato-spathulatis pal-
lide viridibus, petalis erectis conniventibus, sepalis lateralibus paten-
tibus, labelli caleare perianthium æquante porrecto calceiformi la-
min: cucullatæ submembranaces 3-lobatæ albæ supposito, laminæ
lobis lateralibus rotundatis intermedio triangulari acuto, cornubus
in labelli margine utroque parvis conicis erectis labelloque basi albo
et roseo pictis.

Flores 5-6 lin. diametro, racemis 1-2-poll. Folia 3 poll. longa,
6-8 lin. lata.—Crescit cum precedente, floretque eodem tempore.

. Differt a M. pallida caule nullo.

(To be continued.)

: i 283
BOTANICAL INFORMATION. —_

Mr. Ptant’s Botanical Journey to South America, Sc.

Mr. Plant, an active and intelligent naturalist, is about to travel
for some years and employ himself as a collector in Botany and other
departments of Natural History. He proceeds first to Rio Grande in
South Brazil, and proposes to spend some time in Paraguay and other
countries in the interior, then to cross the Pampas from Buenos
Ayres to Mendoza, explore the eastern side of the Andes, and proceed
thence into Chili, eventually probably to the Sandwich or other
islands of the Pacific.

Mr. Samuel Stevens, 24, Bloomsbury-street, London, is prepared to
give further information respecting this interesting journey, and to
receive the names of any gentlemen who desire to subscribe to col-
lections.

Death of Professor Ledebour.

Again we have to announce the death of a distinguished and energetic
botanist, Dr. Ledebour, formerly Professor of Botany in the Univer-
sity of Dorpat, eminent as a traveller, and the author of "Travels in the
Altai, ‘ Flora Altaica,’ and the ‘ Icones Plantarum novarum vel imper-
fecte cognitarum Floram Rossicam, imprimis Altaicam, illustrantes, in
5 vols. folio, with 500 exquisitely executed and coloured plates. His
most recent publication i is the ‘ Flora Rossica,’ still incomplete. This
author died at Munich on the 4th of July. Our last faseiculus is X. of
the * Flora Rossica, extending to the end of Conifere (following De Can-
dolle’s arrangement). The manuscript, however, is known to be very _
nearly complete, and it is said (Regensburg ‘ Flora’) the ** Russian
subvention will be continued to secure the completion of the work." — —

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Bulletin physico-mathématique de © Académie Impériale des Sciences de
Saint Pétersbourg. -

'The nos. 10, 11, and 12 of vol. ix. of this work, for May 1851, give
the following information under the head of “ Botanique :"—

284 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

La chaîne de l'Oural, à compter du 60™* degré de latitude, au nord,
jusqu'à la Mer Glaciale, n'avait jamais été foulée par le pied d'un natu-
raliste; et cependant sa position, comme ligne de démareation de deux
parties de l’ancien continent, lui donnait, en tous temps, le caractère
d'une haute importance géographique. Aussi notre Société de géogra-
phie débuta-t-elle, comme on sait, par une expédition qui, placée sous
la direction du colonel Hofmann, a fourni, dans trois rudes campagnes,
les notions les plus détaillées et les plus exactes de ce pays lointain et
inhospitalier. La récolte botanique, rapportée par cette expédition, fut
confiée à notre savant collègue, M. Ruprecht, qui en a fait l'objet d’un
mémoire étendu, dont voici les résultats généraux :—L’Oural septen-
irional offre deux régions naturelles de plantes, très distinctes;
la région des foréts, au pied des montagnes, et la région alpine, sur
les hauteurs. Dans les latitudes élevées, la région alpine descend
jusqu'à la plaine; plus au sud, elle monte successivement et finit par
se circonscrire aux sommets. La région des forêts, sur les deux versants
de l'Oural, est identique, d’un côté, avec celle du pays des Samoïèdes
et des contrées adjacentes méridionales, jusqu'à la Mer Blanche; et de
l'autre, avec la région des forêts de la Sibérie occidentale, entre les ma-
rais du nord et les steppes du sud. Ce domaine vaste et continu se trouve
donc coupé, dans POural, par une bande de la flore alpine qui, s'avan-
çant vers le sud, se retrécit de plus en plus, et finit par se dissoudre en
points ou cimes isolées. La flore alpine se compose, en grande partie,
d’espèces propres aux marais des Samoïèdes et d’un petit nombre de
représentants du pays de Taimyr, de l’Altaï et du Baikal. Des espèces
nouvelles, particulièrement propres à l’Oural, manquent entièrement, et
l'on a tort d'admettre soit une flore particulière de l'Oural, soit, en -
général, une différence quelconque entre la végétation du N.E. de l'Eu-
rope et celle du N.O. de la Sibérie. Aussi, une flore de l’Europe, tant
. désirée par certains botanistes, ne saurait être écrite, qu'en établissant
. des limites artificielles, les limites naturelles n'existant pas.—Un second
_ travail de notre botaniste, dont nous.avons fait mention déjà dans
notre dernier compte rendu, sa description des algues de la mer
d'Okhotsk, a recu, depuis, de nouveaux développements, relatifs
. surtout aux organes de fructifieation de ces cryptogames et à un
. mouveau système dont ces observations ont fourni la base. Ce
. travail, qui vient de quitter la presse, outre la partie descriptive pro-
. prement dite, a pour but de faire voir, d'une manière conforme à l'état.

NOTICES OF BOOKS. 285

actuel de la science, que cette végétation sousmarine forme réellement
un règne à part, analogue à celui des plantes terrestres ; bien que cette
analogie, justement reconnue de tous temps, depuis les plus anciennes
traditions des Grecs, par le simple instinct de la nature, ait dû néces-
sairement être rejetée par l’esprit de généralisation qui domine la science.
M. Meyer a lu un mémoire sur Astragulus galactites de Pallas et ses
rapports d’affinité avec d'autres espèces, et a soumis, dans un second
mémoire, à une nouvelle révision les genres Trinia, Rumia et Steno-
eclium de la famille naturelle des Ombellifères. M. Bunge de Dorpat
a consacré un travail étendu à la description de la récolte botanique du
voyage d' Alexandre Lehmann dans les steppes de l'Asie centrale, mémoire
que l’Académie se fera un devoir de publier avec les autres résultats
scientifiques du même voyage. M. Trautvetter de Kiev a déposé dans
notre Bulletin une esquisse des classes et ordres du système naturel des
plantes, et M. Bode, professeur à l'Institut forestier, a livré au recueil
de MM. Baer et Helmersen une carte de la Russie européenne, ac-
compagnée d’un texte explicatif et représentant les limites de la crois-
sance des diverses espèces d’arbres, selon les données officielles et
authentiques.

And under the head of “ Rapports” we find as follows :—

MM. Meyer et Ruprecht, rapporteurs, firent à la classe un rapport
très favorable sur le mémoire de M. le professeur Alexandre Bunge in-
titulé: Alexandri Lehmanni Reliquie botanice. Apres avoir caracté-
risé le but et ‘le contenu de cet ouvrage et exposé sommairement les
résultats qu’il rapporte à la science, les commissaires émettent le
vœu de le voir suivi bientôt de la seconde partie relative à la géogra-
phie des plantes. En attendant, ils pensent qu’on peut toujours
procéder à la publication de cette première partie, soit dans le Recueil
des savants étrangers, soit dans le recueil botanique (Beiträge, ete.) de
M. Meyer. La classe y adhéra, et, pour introduire plus de régularité
dans la publication de ces posthumes, dont une partie déjà est imprimée
dans les divers recueils, et dont on avait le projet de tirer une édition
à part, la classe chargea MM. Baer, Meyer et Helmersen de se réunir
en commission, afin de s'enquérir de l’état des éditions publiées déjà, et
d'accorder avec celles-ci ainsi que de surveiller celles qu'il reste eneore
à publier.

286 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Comptes rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de V Académie des Sciences.
~ Paris, Août 1851.

From the above-mentioned number of the ‘Comptes rendus,’ under
the head of “ Voyages Scientifiques.—Exposé des observations faites
dans la Nouvelle-Grenade ; par M. B. Lewy,” we learn that during his
residence in that country since 1847, he has been able to devote at-
tention to botany. “Dans le règne végétal,” he observes, “ les col-
lections que j’ai rapporteés comprennent plusieurs espèces de graines ;
un grand nombre d’imitations de fruits exécutées avec une rare per-
fection; plusieurs espèces de Palmiers, dont quelques-unes sont à peine
connues et d’autres entièrement nouvelles; enfin une série de plantes
utiles, en pleine végétation. J’ai déjà cité * l’arbre qui porte le Cédron;
je puis y ajouter l’#rracacha qui, depuis quelques années en présence
de la maladie des pommes de terre, excite à un haut degré la sollicitude
des cultivateurs européens. Un botaniste français, Augustin Goudot,
a trouvé la mort dans la tentative qu'il fit en 1847 pour enrichir son
pays de cette précieuse racine alimentaire: plus favorisé que lui, il
m'a été donné d’accomplir avec plein succès la mission à laquelle il
s'était dévoué."—We may here observe that of the only two plants
here named, the Cedron (Simaba Cedron, Planch.), is figured and fully
described by us in the second volume of this work (Kew Garden Mis-
cellany), p.377, tab. XI.: and the Arracacha has been repeatedly
imported into the English gardens, and was figured and described
from specimens that flowered in this country, in Hook. Exotic Flora,
tab. 152, under the name of Conium Arracacha nearly thirty years ago,
and again in Botanical Magazine for 1831, tab. 3092, under the name
of Arracacia esculenta, De Cand., where the properties of the root are
fully detailed. Recent experiments have shown that it cannot be cul-
tivated advantageously in Europe ; and if it could, its value as an escu-
lent to the European palate may well be called in question.

* P.140. “Jespére être bientôt à même d'entretenir l'Académie de mes recher-
ches sur les fruits fébrifuges du Cédron : j'ai été assez heureux pour rapporter en
pleine végétation Parbre qui produit ces fruits. Le Cédron, j'espere, sera une ac-
quisition importante pour la thérapeutique.”

287

Catalogue of Mr. GEYER’s Collection of Plants gathered in the UPPER
MISSOURI, the OREGON TERRITORY, and the intervening portion of the
Rocky Mountains ; by Six W. J. Hooker, D.C.L., F.R.A., and L.S.

(Continued from London Journal of Botany, vol. vi. p. 256.)

LoBELIACEX.

1. Clintonia elegans. Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1241. Hook. Fl. Bor.
Am. vol. ii. p. 31.

Has. Most abundant along the borders of Cœur d'Aleine Lake. The
white and yellow variety rare. n. 665.

VACCINIEE, De Cand.

1. Vaccinium cæspitosum, Mich.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 33.
t. 126.

Has. Grassy elevated Pine-woods of Upper Oregon; abundant in the
highlands of the Nez Percez and Cœur d’Aleine, forming dense
thickets about six inches high from the ground. Berries bluish-black.
May. n. 285.

2. Vaccinium ovalifolium, Sm.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 33.t.127.

Has. Shady alpine woods, Cœur d'Aleine mountains, three feet high, -
forming thickets. April. x. 456.

MONOTROPEZÆ, Nutt.

1. Pyrola rotundifolia, L.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 46.

Has. Moist rocks, shady alpine woods, defiles of the mountains in the
Upper Columbia, with Linnwa borealis and Pyrola secunda. n. 427.

2. Pyrola secunda, L.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 45.

Has. Moist rocks, shady alpine woods in the mountains of Upper |

Columbia River, growing with Linnea borealis. July. 2.498
These specimens are larger and have broader leaves than any I have

ever seen, some of the latter approaching to orbicular. ao

1. Pterospora andromedea, Nutt.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. EE

Has. On the roots of decaying Pine-trees, rare, Cœur d’Aleine moun- -
tains, often 3 feet high. May, July. ». 457. r

APOCYNEZÆ, Br.

1. Apocynum androsæmifolium, L.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii, p.51.
VOL. III. 2P

988 - CATALOGUE OF MR. GEYER’S PLANTS

Has. Volcanic plains and sandy Pine-woods, Spokan and Nez Percez
country. July, August, very abundant. n. 449. This species
had not been detected before to the west of the Rocky Mountains.

ASCLEPIADEA, Br.

1. Asclepias Douglasii, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 52. t. 142.
Has. Moist sunny valleys of Upper Missouri and Oregon territories,

2 feet high. Corolla pale rose-colour. Flowers very fragrant.
July. 2.235.

GENTIANE, Juss.

1. Gentiana afinis, Griseb. in Hook, Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 56.
Has. Fertile moist grassy meadows of Upper Oregon, with “ Custil-
leja miniata.” August. Also in the Missouri territory. n. 84.

l. Frasera thyrsiflora, n. sp.; pentamera, caule elato crasso, foliis
oppositis ternisve obovato-oblongis acutis radicalibus longe petiolatis
supremis basi latioribus, cyma multiflora densissima racemiformi
interrupta, calycis segmentis lineari-subulatis corollam .cæruleam $
æquantibus, fovea solitaria elliptica.—F. Caroliniana, Hook. Fl. Bor.
Am. vol. ii. p. 66, non alior.

Has. Mountain valleys, Spokan and Kettle Falls, valley of the Colum-
bia, D. Douglas. Mountain woods of the Nez Percez and Cœur

. d’Aleine, in moist open mossy places. Corolla litmus-blue. 3 feet
high when in fruit. Succulent when young. Very rare. Geyer.
n. 335.

. A large species, with flowers equal to those of F. Caroliniana, and

like them having but a solitary foveola at the base of each segment. Mr.

Douglas’s specimen is in fruit, and in other respects imperfect, and I

_ Was hence led erroneously formerly to refer it to the Caroliniana,

which is peculiar to the east side of the Rocky Mountains.

2. Frasera speciosa, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 67. t. 153.

Has. Ravines of Upper Platte and Colorado Rivers. From 4 to 8 feet
high. June. x. 266.

3. Frasera albicaulis, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 67. t. 154.

Has. Rare on the sandy denuded slopes of hills in the high plains of

_ the Nez Percez Indians, along with Clematis Douglasii ; also in the
Kooskooskie valley. A foot high when in ripe fruit. Flowers
lavander-blue. Leaves glaucous. May. n. 352.

COLLECTED IN THE UPPER MISSOURI, ETC. 289

These fine specimens show the true root-leaves to be numerous,
spathulate, half as long as the slender stem. The flowers of this
and F. thyrsiflora are pentamerous, and I fear they have as much claim
to be ranked with Swertia as with Frasera.

1. Villarsia pumila, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 70.

t. 157 B.

Has. Rocky loamy watercourses on the Cœur d’Aleine mountains, with

Platyspermum scapigerum. April. n: 319.

POLEMONIACEA, Juss.

1. Polemonium cæruleum, L.—P. cæruleum, a vulgare, Hook. F1.
Bor. Am. v. 2. p. 71.

Has. Swampy meadows, borders of rivulets, Spokan plains, at Tshi-

-makeine, with ** Aster puniceus.” September. It has the odour of
“ Polanisia graveolens.” n. 530.

2. Polemonium capitatum, Eschsch.—Benth. in De Cand. Prodr. vol.
ix. p. 317. P. Richardsoni, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2811. P. cæru-
leum, var., Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1303. P. cer. 8 humile, Hook. Fl.
Bor. Am. v. 2. p. 11.

Has. Gravelly table-lands, cataracts of Upper Lewis River, and abun-
dant in the adjacent Pine-forests. September. ». 529.

3. Polemonium micranthum, Benth. in De Cand. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 318. —

Has. Wet sunny rocks, very abundant at the Kettle Falls, Upper -
Columbia, with ** Collinsia minima” and Platycarpum scapigerum.
March, April. n. 463.

1. Phlox speciosa, Ph.—Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1351.—1. var. latifolia.
2. var. linearifolia ; calycis tubo latiore, laciniis brevioribus.

Has. Var. latifolia, Mountain meadows, plateaux of the Cœur
d'Aleine and Nez Percez. Stem woody, with some evergreen leaves
at the lower branches. A small globose shrub, covered with flowers. -
May. Rare. a. 875, “P. speciosa,” Gey,— Var. linearifolia. Only -
in the valley of the Kooskooskie River and the adjoining plains.
Prostrate or decumbent. Corolla clear, bright rose-colour, mar-
gin of the limb obsoletely erose: panicles mostly cymed. June.
n. 340. P :

The narrow-leaved plant, here mentioned, quite agrees with several -
of the specimens of our P. speciosa, described in the * Flora Bor. Am.’

The broad-leaved plant has a different aspect, larger and more oval -

290 CATALOGUE OF MR. GEYER'S PLANTS

calyces, with shorter segments; but so variable is this species and its

allies, that I dare not venture to consider the two distinct.

2. Phlox Sibirica, Gmel.— Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 73.

Has. Drift sand-hills of Lower Platte, with ** Psoralea tenuifolia "

. and * Rumex venosus.” Flowers always white. June. ». 88. This
quite agrees with my specimens from Nuttall, collected in the Rocky
Mountains of the Platte.

1. Gilia (Leptodactylon, Hook.) Hookeri, Benth. in De Cand. Prodr.
vol. ix. p. 316.—Phlox Hookeri, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol.
ii. p. 73. t. 159.

Has. Elevated stony plains, Missouri and Oregon territories. A small

` depressed evergreen shrub, 1 foot high. Corolla white. July.
n. 480.

2. Gilia (Eugilia, B.) inconspicua, Dougl. in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2833.
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p.74. Ipomopsis, Si.

Has. Gravelly banks of Upper Platte River. Corolla varying from
reddish-blue to white. J uly. ». 42 and 25.

3. Gilia (Eugilia) spicata, Nutt. MS. ; caule erecto simpliei basi pilo-
sulo superne viscido-pubescente, foliis caulinis anguste linearibus
simplicibus trifidisque glabriusculis, floribus dense capitatis, capitulis
breviter pedunculatis axillaribus longe virgato-thyrsoideis, bracteis
linearibus, corollæ tubo calycem æquante. Benth.

Hap. Scott’s Bluffs, Platte, Nuttall, in Herb. Hook. Rocky Mountains,
Fremont, in Herb. Benth. Sunny but moist gravelly banks of
Horse River of the Upper Platte, within the Black Hills, Geyer,
n. 51.

Planta biennis videtur. Caulis crassiusculis, pedalis, a medio ad apicem
florifer. Folia radicalia desunt; caulina 1-1j-pollicaria, pilis paucis .
crispulis conspersa, utrinque lacinia brevi lineari aucta v. rarius in-
tegra, floralia breviora, pleraque simplicia. Peduncuti inferiores
3—6 lin. longi, viscoso-pubescentes, superiores breviores v. subnulli.
Capitula densa, 6—8 lin. diametro. Calyces viscosi, 24 lin. longi,
bractea eos æquante suffulti, laciniis acutis sed non mucronatis.
Corolle laeinis 14 lin. longe. Anthere ad faucem filamento bre-
vissimo inserte. Ovula in loculis ovarii 6. Benth.

4. Gilia (Eugilia ? ) iseridifolia, sp. n.; humilis erecta ramosa, caule

Canescenti-pilosula, foliis profunde pinnatifidis pinnatisectisve seg-
mentis anguste linearibus integris glabratis, cymis multifloris dense

COLLECTED IN THE UPPER MISSOURI, ETC. 291

capitatis terminalibus bracteatis, calycis laciniis mucronulatis corollæ
tubum æquantibus, ovarii loculis uniovulatis.

Has. The specimens mixed with #. 46 (Gilia trifida).

Herba annua? semipedalis. Pubes caulis et ramorum crispa, sub capi-
tulis sublanata. Folia majora pollice paulo longiora; laciniæ utrin-
que 2-8 lacinia terminali breviores, omnes fere glabræ virides mucro-
nula alba terminate. Capitula densa, fere sect. Hugelie, sed bracteæ
et calycis laciniæ, etsi mucronate, non spinescunt. Bractee palma-
tim 3-4-fidæ, calycem vix superantes. Calyx 14 lin. longus, pilis
crispulis basi sublanatus. Corolle laciniæ ovales, obtusiusculæ,
lineam longæ. Stamina ad faucem inserta, breviter exserta. Benth.

- This species connects the sections Hugelia and Pseudocollomia with

Eugilia, and affords additional proof of the necessity of retaining the

genus Gilia entire, as proposed in the ‘ Prodromus.’ The ovules in the

flower I examined were certainly solitary in each cell; but my speci-
men is very young, and I have not verified the structure in other flowers.

Benth.

5. Gilia (Dactylophyllum, B.) pharnaceoides, Benth. in Hook. Fl. Bor. -
Am. vol. ii. p. 74. t. 161.

Has. Grassy gravelly borders of Pine-woods, valley of Tshimakeine.
Corolla white, somewhat inclining to flesh-colour, yellow within.
July. n. 535.

6. Gilia (Ipomopsis, B.) pulchella, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol.

ii p.174. G. aggregata, Linn.—Br. Fl. Gard. n. ser. v. 3. t. 218.
Ipomopsis elegans, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1281 (non Mich.).

Has. Borders of dry Pine-woods, and on the loamy ferruginous slopes
of the high plains of Upper Oregon. July, August. ».435.

7. Gilia (Ipomopsis) ¢rifida, sp. n. ; humilis erecta laxe pilosula, foliis
radicalibus integris trifidisve lobis brevibus obtusis, caulinis trifidis _
anguste linearibus, floribus — demum dissitis, corolle
tenuis tubo exserto.

Has. Sandy moist sunny spots encircled by the high precipitous rocks -
of Scott's Bluffs, Upper Platte River. n. 46. =

Herba annua, semipedalis, ramosa, G. inconspicue, arenaria, et sinuate
affinis. Pili crispi albidi longiusculi in caule ramulisque. Folia
fere glabra, radicalia cr assiuscula 6-8 lin. longa, caulina pleraque
longiora lobis angustis acutis divaricatis. lores parvi, secus ramos
solitarii v. ad apices ramulorum subglomerati, pedicello brevissimo

292 CATALOGUE OF MR. GEYER’S PLANTS

v. fere nullo. Calyx 2 lin. longus, laciniis setaceo-mucronatis. Corolle
tubus fere 3 lin. longus, limbi laciniæ oblongæ lineam longs. Sta-
mina ad faucem inserta, laciniis corollinis breviora. Capsula trilocu-
laris, loculis 2—3-spermis (ovulis in quoque loculo 4?). Benth.

1. Collomia grandiflora, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1174. Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 2894. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 76.

Has. Sandy Pine-woods of Spokan River, and sterile banks of streams,
Upper Columbia region, growing with Clarkia pulchella. June,
August. 54.441.

2. Collomia linearis, Nutt.—Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2893. Fl. Bor Am.
vol.ii. p. 76.

Has. Open Pine-woods, banks of streams and waste places, common.
June, July. z. 660 and 193.

3. Collomia gracilis, Dougl.—Gilia gracilis, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.v. 2. p. 16.

Has. Banks and denuded dry places, Upper Oregon. =n. 371.

1. Navaretia intertexta, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 75.

Has. Stony, clayey,and calcareous places, abundant in dry water-courses
on the Spokan Plains and in the Missouri territory. August. zs. 544.

CONVOLVULACEA, Juss.

1. Evolvulus argenteus, Ph. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. i. p. 187 (not Brown).
Chois. in De Cand. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 443.

Has. On the gravelly hills of the middle part of Platte River, growing
with “ Astragalus hypoglottis,” ** Polygala alba," and ** Mammillaria
simplex.” Corolla varying from pure white to bluish-lilae. June,
July. ». 236.

1. Cuscuta Americana? L.? Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 77?

Has. Mouth of the Walla-Walla River; on the muddy borders ; infest-
ing the stems of ** Xanthium microcarpon.” Sept. m. 674.

= l am unable to determine this species at the present time, my entire

. collection of Cuscuteæ being in the hands of Dr. Engelmann, who is

preparing a monograph of that family.

HyYDROPHYLLEA, Br.
1. Hydrophyllum capitatum, Doug]. in Herb. Hook.—Fl. Br. Am. v. ii.
—. p. 78.—H. densiflorum, Nutt. MS. in Herb. Hook.—B8. pumilum, H
pumilum, Gey. MS., minus, capitulis sessilibus.

Has. Shady swamps and rocky groves, springs and rivulets in the

COLLECTED IN THE UPPER MISSOURI, ETC. 293

Kooskooskie valley. Two feet high; very bushy and very succulent.
Corolla pellucid, white. May. 2. 401.—8. Pine-woods of Upper
Oregon. Flowers pale lilac. March, April. 7.326. :

This is exactly H. capitatum, Douglas, from the Columbia, and H.
densiflorum, Nutt., from the same country; but it is, I think, very dif-
ferent from the Californian plant of Mr. Bentham, included under that
species, and which is the speciosum of Nutt. in Herb. Hook.—g. is
smaller, segments of the leaves less serrated or laciniated, and capitula
sessile; but I dare not venture to consider it as more than a variety.
1. Nemophila parviflora, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 79.

N. diffusa, Nutt. MS.

Has. Alpine ravines of the Kooskooskie River. June. 2. 645.

1. Ellisia Nyctalea, L: —Pursh, Fl. N. Am. vol. i. p. 141. A. De Cand.
Prodr. vol. ix. p. 291. Br. App. to Frankl. Journ. p. 764. t. 27.
Has. Marmot-burrows of the Prairie. June. n: 53.
1. Eutoca Menziesii, Benth.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 79. E. mul

tiflora, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1180.

Has. On the first range of trap mountains-at the Upper Platte and
Sweet-water Rivers, opposite to * Red Butter.” July. n. 248 ; and
sunny rocks of Kooskooskie and Cœur d'Aleine Rivers. Biennial.
Corolla diluted blue. ». 613: Young.

2. Eutoca glandulosa, Nutt. MS. in Herb. Hook; annua robusta, tota
pubescenti-tomentosa viscosa, caulibus stellatim prostratis ‘copiose
foliosis, foliis lineari-oblongis petiolatis pinnatifidis lobis ovatis rigidis
inferioribus remotiuseulis, racemis copiosis. digitato-corymbosis, flo-
ribus disticho-secundis, ealyeis-. parvi. lobis. linearibus corolla rotata

subdimidio brevioribus, staminibus longe exsertis, capsula elliptica _

calycem paulo superante. WE
Has. On decomposed bituminous slate rocks, hills of Upper Colorado. =
A very beautiful plant... Corolla deep azure or rather indigo blue. -
July. n. 93. hine evel jd malt —
A most distinct and well-marked species, with copious, singularly -

stout, spreading stems and branches, and. firm downy-leaves. Noone _

else appears to have met with it, except Mr. Nuttall, whose specimens, — :
now before me, were also gathered in‘ Colorado of. the Rocky Moun-
tains.” -It is probably a very local plant. |
1. Phacelia circinata, Jacq.—A. DC. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 298. B: hastata, -
Dougl, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 2. p. 81. T

294 CATALOGUE OF MR. GEYER'S PLANTS

Has. Two states of this plant are found. 1. Stem-leaves entire, radical
ones hastate or lyrato-pinnate. Stony, arid places, Kooskooskie
valley. June. 1-4 feet high, erect. Almost burning like a nettle.
Corolla lurid. Radical leaves more or less pinnated. #.413.—2. All
the leaves entire. Clayey saline water-courses, hills of the Upper
Platte, at Scott's Bluffs. Corolla bluish. June. 2. 164; and stony

` places along the banks of rivulets, Spokan Plains. n. 538.

BoraGinea, Juss.

1. Myosotis flaccida, Dougl. in Hook. F1. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 82. De
Cand. Prodr. vol. x. p. 113.

Haz. Sunny rocks, with “ Bartonia parviflora.” May. n. 348. On
clay banks, trap-rocks, Kooskooskie and Spokan Rivers. June,
July. n, 349.

2. Myosotis glomerata, Nutt.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 82. tab.
162. Eritrichium? A. DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 131. Gonospermum
myosotoides, Nutt.

Has. Moist saline calcareous clayey slopes of the Upper Platte hills.
Flowers with the odour of Heliotropium Peruvianum. June, July.
n. 70.

3. Myosotis /eucophea, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. ii. p. 82. t. 163.
Eritrichium, 4. DC. Prodr. v. 10. p. 129.—Dasymorpha longiflora,
Nutt. MS.

Has. In the drift sand desert, between Upper Platte and Sweet-water
Rivers, amongst Opuntia Missourica, growing with several species of
Hymenopappus, and prostrate stemless species of Hrigeron. July.
n. 186.

4. Myosotis Californica, Fisch. et Mey.—Eritrichium Californicum,

.. 4. DC. Prodr. v. 10. p.130. Myosotis Chorisiana, Nutt. MS. Hook.
et Arn. in Bot. Beech. Voy. p. 152 (not Cham. nor Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.)

Has. Stony places about springs, Missouri and Oregon territories,
abundant about Tshimakeine. Prostrate. July. n. 548.

This differs somewhat from De Candolle's plant in the corollas being

a little shorter than the calyces.

5. Myosotis cymose (Nutt.) affinis, sed carpellis levibus.

Has. Moist sunny rocky slopes of the high plains towards Cœur
d'Aleine River, also on the Kooskooskie. May. n. 344.

With only one specimen I dare not venture to describe this species.

+

COLLECTED IN THE UPPER MISSOURI, ETC. 295

6. Myosotis (Eritrichium) Tezane, A. DC., proxima, sed pedicelli fruc-
tiferi plerisque erecto-patentes, nec horizontales aut subdeflexi, et im-
primis carpella granulosa, nec lævia, trigona.

Has. Gravelly banks of Upper Platte. July. ». 260.

1. Myosotis ?

Has. In the Kooskooskie valley, in rocky loamy places, growing with
Clarkia pulchella. Flowers very conspicuous, bright orange. June.
Annual or biennial. 2. 339.

A large-growing species, from eight inches to a foot high, very
hispid, with earpels which are solitary by abortion and ruguloso-
tuberculate.

8. Myosotis Demie tenella, Nutt. MS.

Has. Sunny rocky slopes of the mountains along the valley of Cœur
d’Aleine River. April. Corolla white with an nus lon belt
around the faux. zn. 290.

9. Myosotis sericea, Nutt. MS.

Has. Calcareous clayey cliffs, on the hills of the Upper Platte River.
Flowers white. Plant prostrate. June. ». 89.

Too near, I fear, to Myosotis (Eritrichium, A. DC.).

1. Echinospermum floribundum, Lehm.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii.
p. 84. t. 164,

Has. Banks of rivulets, deep shady woods of the hills of Upper Platte
River. July. x. 44, `

1. Lithospermum pilosum, Nutt. De Cand. Prodr. vol. x. p. 79.

Has. Grassy slopes of Cœur d’Aleine Mountains. Many stems from
one thick ligneous caudex. Corolla pale yellow. May. ». 605.
Mr. Nuttall detected this on the Flat-head River of the Rocky Moun-

tains; and Mr. Tolmie has:sent it to me from about Fort Vancouver. —

l. Mertensia paniculata, Ait.(sub Pulmonar.). Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. ii. p.87.

Has. Deep shady defiles, in mountains of the Nez Percez country- aed
feet high. Male fl. June. 2. 485.

2. Mertensia oblongifolia, Nutt. (sub Pulmonar.). De Cand. Prodr. E

Has. Wet rocks, Upper Oregon, abundant on the Columbia, with the >

small Fritillarias and Claytonia. March, April. n. 316.

3. Mertensia alpina? Torr. (sub Pulmonar.). De Cand. Erode. vol. x.
p.91. Lithospermum strictum, Gey. MS.

Has. Fertile meadows in the Lower Platte valley, in shady grassy spots,
under Populus candicans. May, June. m. 24.
VOL. III. 2a

296 CATALOGUE OF MR. GEYER'S PLANTS

This has narrower leaves than any authentic specimen of Dr. Torrey's
Pulmonaria alpina ; but it does not appear to be otherwise specifically
distinct.

Coldenia? (Sect. Stegnocarpus) Nuttallii; annua procumbens dicho-
toma, foliis fasciculatis longe graciliterque petiolatis rhombeo-ovatis
acutis hispidis, floribus axillaribus glomeratis, calycibus hispidis 5-
partitis segmentis hispidis subulatis.—Tiquilia parvifolia, Nutt. MS.

Has. Rocky Mountains, Nuttall, in Herb. Hook. On decomposed
calcareous rocks in the sandy desert of muddy rivers near the great
salt-lake Timpanagos. Never seen before nor afterwards. August.
Flowers red. Geyer. n.80. a

Flores in dichotomiis ramorum sessiles aggregati, foliis floralibus et brac-
teis suffulti. Folia floralia longe petiolata, ovata, margine revoluta,
venosa, pilis rigidis canescentia. Bracteæ subulatæ, hispidæ, apice
pilis rigidioribus 1-2-aristatæ. Calyces 5-partiti, foliolis subulatis
hispidis. Corolla infandibuliformis, tubo intus basi 5-squamato,
fauce nuda, limbo patente 5-lobo. Stamina 5 parum inæqualia,
prope basin tubi supra squamas inserta, tubo inclusa. Ovarium 4-
lobum. Stylus intra lobos ovarii insertus, profunde bifidus, ramis
apice capitato-stigmatiferis. Nucule 4, non acuminate, ultra medium
usque ad insertionem styli cohærentes, maturitate solutæ, nitidæ,
glabræ. Embryo exalbuminosus, cotyledonibus bipartitis, radicula
accumbente cotyledonibus paulo longiore. Benth.

I am indebted to Mr. Bentham for the above note, drawn up from
Mr. Geyer's imperfect specimens. It is unquestionably the Tiguilia
(Coldenia) parvifolia of Nuttall’s MS., but as there is a species evi-
dently of the same genus in my herbarium from Peru, with much
smaller leaves, I venture to change the name. A more complete
analysis of this curious plant would probably prove it to belong to
Dr. Hooker's genus Ga/apagoa, published in Linn. Trans. vol. xx. :
p. 196, as does also the Coldenia dichotoma of Lehmann (Litho-
spermum dichotomum, R. e£ P. ¢.111), and C.? canescens, De Cand.,
and the small-leaved Coldenia from Peru above mentioned.

LABIATR.

1. Monarda fistulosa, L.—8. mollis, Benth. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
v. 2. p.112. M. menthæfolia, Graham, in Bot. Mag. t. 2958.

Has. Thickets and rough places in the fertile parts of the Platte
valley. July, August. ». 9.

COLLECTED IN THE UPPER MISSOURI, ETC. 297

2. Monarda aristata, Nutt.—Benth. Lab. p. 318.

Han. Plains of the Upper Platte, in denuded gravelly situations, with
Gaura coccinea. July. n. 91.

1. Monardella odoratissima, Benth.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 113.

Has. Stony islands and cataracts of Kooskooskie. Odour like He-
deoma pulegioides. July. n.468.

1. Hedeoma Drummondii, Benth. Lab. p. 368.

Has. Gravelly slopes of the high banks of Upper Platte. Flowers
pale blue. June. x. 124.

l. Scutellaria galericulata, L.-—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 114,
var. floribus majoribus.

Has. Stony declivities and valley of Kooskooskie River. June. x. 381.

1. Lophanthus wrticæfolius, Benth.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 115.

Has. Thickets in rocky places, Upper Oregon. July. n.87.

1. Dracocephalum parvifforum, Nutt.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii.
p. 115.

Has. Neglected fields of the Spokan Indians. September. x. 533.

1. Physostegia Virginiana, Benth.— Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 116.

Has. Fertile inundated meadows, Upper Oregon. August. 2. 585.

1. Stachys aspera, Mich.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 116.

Has. Moist springy meadows and in thickets, plains of Tshimakeine,
Spokan country. July. x. 433.

OROBANCHEA, Juss.

1. Orobanche Zudoviciana, Nutt.——Hook, Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 92.
Phelipea, Reut. in De Cand.

Has. On roots of “ Psoralea verrucosa,” in the high drift sand desert _
at the mouth of Lewis and Walla-Walla Rivers. September. z. 650.
On the roots of “ Artemisia tridentata,” in the desert of Missouri. -
Whole plant violet-colour. August. 5.514. A stunted and ill-
developed specimen. e.

2. Orobanche Pinorum, Gey. MS.

Has. Top of the high mountains near St. Joseph, Cœur d’Aleine
country, growing on the roots of Abies balsaminea. June. n.445.
This very distinct-looking species has only undeveloped flowers, and

it is impossible to form a specific character from them. In my speci- -

mens the stem is nearly a foot high, thick and scaly below, gradually
tapering to a very slender extremity, beset with numerous branches or -

298 CATALOGUE OF MR. GEYER'S PLANTS

racemes of flowers, from within a few inches of the baseto the summit :

the whole glanduloso-pubescent. The pedicels arise from a subulate

bract, and there is a smaller bract of the same shape on each side the

base of the calyx. Calyx ovate, with 5 linear-subulate teeth, shorter

than the tube.

1. Anoplanthus uniflorus, Endl.—-Orobanche uniflora, Z.—O. biflora,
Nutt.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 2. p. 93.

Has. High wet rocks, Cœur d'Aleine mountains; on the roots of
Sedum stenopetalum. April. x. 872. i

2. Anoplanthus fasciculatus, Walp.——Orobanche fasciculata, Nutt. =
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 2. p. 28. t. 170.

Has. Flat tops of the trap masses of the Kooskooskie, growing on
Prioyonum macrophyllum. May. n.369. High stony table-lands,
Upper Platte River, on “ Artemisia frigida." July» n.448.

ScROPHULARINEA, Juss.

1. Scrophularia Marilandica, L.— Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p: 94.

Has. Waste places, Upper Oregon. June. 2.539.

1. Linaria Canadensis, L.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 94.

Has. High fertile plains of Upper Platte, near the Black Hills. July.
n. 263. :

1. Collinsia grandiflora, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1107.— Hook. Fl. Bor.
Am. vol. ii. p. 94.

Has. Sunny places, rocky willow thiekets, Kooskooskie valley. June.
n. 954.

2. Collinsia parviflora, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1082.—Hook. Fl. Bor.

. Am. vol. ii. p. 94.

Has. Wet sunny rocks, very abundant at the Kettle Falls, Upper

Columbia. March to May. x. 462.

PENTSTEMON, L’ Her.
: Sect. 1. Erianthera.
1. P. Douglasii, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. vol. ii. p. 98.
Has. Crevices of naked exposed granite masses, declivity of the high
mountains of Tshimakeine, Spokan country. June. ».438.
Bee Sect. 2. Sepocosmus.
2% P. daricifolius Hook. et Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. p.376. P. filifo-
lium, Natt. MS. in Herb. Hook. ; !

COLLECTED IN THE UPPER MISSOURI, ETC. 299

Has. Foot of a high granite mountain, Upper Sweet-water River.
June. n.239.

& P: ais iflorus, Fras.—P. Bradburii, Ph.

Has. Fertile valley of Upper Kansas, near Platte River, on the slopes
of the hills. June. n. 248.

4. P. speciosus, Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1270. — Hook. Fl. Bor.
Am. vol. ii. p. 98.

Has. Sandy woods and protected situations along Spokan River.
July. n. 641.

5. P. glabra, Ph.—P. Gordoni, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4319.—8. foliis
paulo latioribus.—P. erianthera, Fras.—-P. glabra, Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 1671.—P. alpinus, Torr.

Has. Sunny sandy slopes of the argillaceous bituminous aie hills of
Upper Platte, near the junction with Horse and Laramie Rivers.
July. n. 117.—8. on a sunny sandy declivity of Spokan River
mountains. July. x. 477.

` 6. P. ceruleus, Nutt.—P. angustifolius, Fras.—Ph.—p. floribus al-
bidis roseo-tinctis.—P. albidus, Nutt. ;

Has. High gravelly calcareous plains of Upper Platte, in the Black
Hills. Corolla light azure-blue. Leaves glaucous. June, July.
n. 154.—B. stony gravelly table-lands and ridges of Lower Platte;

May (n. 662); and elevated fertile gravelly plains, Upper Kansas - =

and Lower Platte. n. 199.—Excepting in colour, the plants which
I here consider a var. of P. cæruleus, Nutt., quite agree with that
species.
7. P. cristatus, Fras. —P. erianthera, Ph. (non Fras.) vd
Has. Clayey slopes, hills of Upper Platte (and qu towards the — —
valley, with “ Erigeron hirsutum.” June. n.237. ; pa
8. P. Cobæa, Nutt.—Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3465.
Has. Fertile slopes of hills of the valley of Kansas River. May, J June.
n. 90.
Sect. 3. Eupentstemon.
9. P. pubescens, Sol. —P. levigatus, Sol.—Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1428.- -— y
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 2. p. 91. E
Has. Moist sunny fertile places, valley of Upper Platte. pea Rs
(n.264); and foot of mountains, Nez Percez highlands. 2. 407 be
or 418?

300 SKETCH OF THE VEGETATION OF

10. P. confertus, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1360.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
vol. ii. p. 96.—8. nanus; omnibus partibus triplo minoribus.
Has. Stony plains, Upper Columbia. July. n. 464.— 8. Stony
E places and table-lands, Upper Sweet-water River. J uly. 2.238.
j 11. P. deustus, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1318.—Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.

vol. ii. p. 95.

Has. Basaltic declivities of St. Joseph's, Cœur d'Aleine River. June.
n. 448.

12. P. ovatus, Dougl. in Bot. Mag. t. 2903.— Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
vol. ii. p. 96.

Has. Shady alpine places, valley of Kooskooskie River. July. ».642.

13. P. procerus, Dougl. in Bot. Mag. t. 2954.— Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.

` vol. ii. p. 97.—P. Tolmiei, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 2. p.97.

Has. Sunny rocky woods and banks of streams, Missouri and Oregon
territory. July to September. n. 515.

Sect. 4. Saccanthera.

14. P. Richardsoni, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1121.— Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 2391.

Has. Rocks at the Kettle Falls, Fort Colville, Upper Columbia.
August. 2. 582.

15. P. venustus, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1309.— Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
vol. ii. p. 95. :

Haz. Slope of the high table-lands towards Kooskooskie. About
fifty stems spring from a thick ligneous caudex. June. ».487. —

16. P. glandulosus, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1162.— Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
vol. ii. p. 95.

Has. Dry shady rocky ravines of the trap mountains on the banks

of the Kooskooskie, five miles above its junction with Lewis River.
2. 362,

Sketch of the VEGETATION of the Isthmus of Panama ; by M. BER-
THOLD SEEMANN, Naturalist of H. M. S. Herald.
(Continued from p. 270.)
i Nor is the flora destitute of plants which claim attention on account
. of their beauty, rarity, or singular configuration. The Espiritu santo,
. or Holy Ghost plant (Peristeria elata, Hooker), bears a flower resem-
_ bling a dove, and is, like the Flor de semana santa (another Orchidea),

THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 301

almost held in religious veneration by the inhabitants, and eagerly
sought for when in blossom. The Biura (Petrea volubilis, Jacq.) isa
flower of whose beauty those who have only seen it in European conser-
vatories can form but an inadequate idea. Nothing can be more charming
during the dry season, than the sight of whole groves overspread
with the long blue racemes of this creeper—it almost baffles descrip-
tion. The Palo de buba (Jacaranda Bahamensis, R. Brown) is another
of those exquisite plants, on which poets delight to try their pen, and
painters their brush. When this noble tree rises on the banks of the
rivers, amidst the dark foliage of a luxuriant vegetation, and waves its
large azure panicles in the air, the foot is involuntarily arrested, and
we gaze for some time quite lost in wonder and admiration.

There are also a number of plants which exhale a delicious perfume.
A long list of them could be cited, but it may suffice to enumerate the
Flor de Aroma (Acacia Farnesiana, Willd.), Buenas tardes (Mirabilis
Jalapa, Linn.), the different Caracuchas (Plumieria sp.), Copecillo olo-
roso (Clusia sp.), Dama de noche (Cestrum paniculatum, Willd.), Gua-
vito cansaboca (Pithecolobium ligustrinum, Bth.), Jasinto (Melia semper-
virens, Swartz), Jasmin de monte (Tabernemontana alba, Mill.), Nnorbo
(Passiflora biflora, Lam.), and Manglillo (Ternstrómia brevipes, De Cand.)
Some of them emit an odour almost too strong to be agreeable. I
recollect, when ascending the Chagres in September 1846, all the
trees of Pithecolobium ligustrinum, which adorn the banks, were in full ©
flower; and so powerful was their smell, even in the middle of the
river, that I became quite giddy, and was ultimately compelled to put
cotton into my nostrils to exclude the perfume.

The most famous, however, of all the ornamental plants is the Cou-
roupita odoratissima, Seem., combining a most delicious fragrance with _
a splendid flower. In the Morro, a forest near the village of Rio -
Jesus, are four of these trees, which are considered by the inhabitants —
as the only ones that exist in the country, and the greatest curiosities _
Veraguas can boast; and, indeed, I myself have never observed them —
in any other locality. They form a groupe, and are vernacularly
termed Palos de Paraiso (i. e., Paradise trees), or Granadillos, deriving
the former name from their beauty and the latter from the close resem-
blance which their flowers bear in shape and size to those of the Gra-
nadilla (Passiflora quadrangularis, Linn.). The trees are from sixty
to eighty feet high, and up to an elevation of twenty feet, where the

802 SKETCH OF THE VEGETATION OF

branches diverge, their stems are thickly covered with little sprouts, bear-
ing, from February until May, blossoms, the odour of which is of so de-
lightful and penetrating a nature, that in a favourable breeze it may be
perceived at nearly a mile's distance. The flowers are one and a half
to two inches in diameter, and their petals are of a beautiful flesh-
colour with yellow stripes, contrasting charmingly with the golden
stamens of the centre. The people of Veraguas, whose apathy is not
easily roused by the beauties of nature, often repair to these trees
during their flowering season, in order to behold the bright tints of
the blossoms, and enjoy the delicious perfume which they exhale.
7 À production, less beautiful but equally singular, is the Palo de velas,
or Candle-tree (Parmentiera cereifera, Seem.). This tree is confined to
: the valley of the Chagres, where it forms entire forests. In entering
them, a person might almost fancy himself transported into a chandler’s
| shop. From all the stems and lower branches hang long cylindrical
fruits, of a yellow wax-colour, so much resembling a candle as to have
given rise to the popular appellation. The fruit is generally from two
to three, but not unfrequently four, feet long, and an inch in diameter.
The tree itself is about twenty-four feet high, with opposite, trifoliolated
leaves, and large white blossoms, which appear throughout the year,
but are in greatest abundance during the rainy season. The Palo de
velas belongs to the Natural Order Crescentiaceæ, and is a Parmentiera,
of which genus, hitherto, only one species, the P. edulis, De Cand.,
was known to exist. The fruit of the latter, called Quaukæilote, is
eaten by the Mexicans; while that of the former serves for food to
numerous herds of cattle. Bullocks, especially, if fed with the fruit of
this tree, Guinea grass, and Batatilla (Ipomea brachypoda, Benth.),
_ soon get fat. It is generally admitted, however, that the meat par-
takes in some degree of the peculiar apple-like smell of the fruit; but
this is by no means disagreeable, aud easily prevented, if, for a few
days previous to the killing of the animal, the food is changed. The :
tree produces its principal harvest during the dry season, when all the
herbaceous vegetation is burned up; and on that account its cultiva-
tion in tropical countries is especially to be recommended : a few acres
ofit would effectually prevent that want of fodder, which is always

. . most severely felt after the periodical rains have ceased.

| A tree, which has attained great celebrity, is that called Cedron
\ (Simaba Cedron, Planch.). The most ancient record of it which I can

THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 303

find is in the ‘History of the Buccaneers,’ an old work published in
London, in the year 1699. Its use, as an antidote for snakes, and
place of growth, are there distinctly stated ; but whether on the autho-
rity of the natives, or accidentally discovered by the pirates, does not -
appear. If the former was the case, they must have learned it while
on some of their, cruizes on the Magdalena, for in the Isthmus the
very existence of the tree was unsuspected until about 1845, when
Don Juan de Ansoatigui ascertained, by comparison, that the Cedron
of Panamà and Darien was identical with that of Carthagena. The
virtues of its seeds, however, were known, years ago, from those fruits
imported from the Magdalena, where, according to Mr. William Purdie,
the plant grows in profusion about the village of San Pablo. Inthe |
Isthmus it is generally found on the outskirts of forests in almost
every part of the country, but in greater abundance in Darien and
Veraguas, than in Panama. The natives hold it in high esteem, and
always carry a piece of the seed about with them. When a person is
bitten, a little, mixed with water, is applied to the wound, and about
two grains scraped into brandy, or, in the absence of it, into water,
is administered internally. By following this treatment the bites of the
most venomous snakes, scorpions, centipedes, and other noxious ani-
mals, have been unattended by dangerous consequences. Doses of it
have also proved highly beneficial in cases of intermittent fever. The
Cedron is a tree, from twelve to sixteen feet high; its simple trunk is
about six inches in diameter, and clothed on the top with long pin-
nated leaves, which give it the appearance of a palm. Its flowers are
greenish, and the fruit resembles very much an unripe peach. Each
seed, or cotyledon 1 should rather say, is sold in the chemists’ peat of
Panamà for two or three reals (about ls. or 1s. 6d. Begins); and
sometimes a much larger price is given for them. 3 us
Highly interesting is the ntà, a species of Vegetable ce (Phyte-. :
lephas sp.) distinct, probably, from that of the Magdalena. It grows
in low damp localities, principally on the banks of rivers and rivulets,
and is diffused over the southern parts of Darien, and the vicinity of
Portobello, distriets which are almost throughout the year deluged by
torrents of rain, or enveloped in the thick vapour that is constantly
arising from the humidity of the soil and the rankness of the vegeta-
tion. It is always found in separate groves, seldom or never inter- .

mixed with other trees or bushes, and where even herbs are rarely _

VOL. IIT. 2R

304 SKETCH OF THE VEGETATION OF

met with, the ground appearing as if it had been swept. In habit it
resembles the Corozo colorado, or Oil Palm ( Elais melanococca, Geertn.) ;
so much, indeed, that at first sight the two are easily mistaken for each
other. Both affect similar localities, and have trunks which, after
creeping along the ground a few yards, ascend, and attain about an
equal height. Their leaves, also, resemble each other; and their fruit
grows in a similar way, attached to short peduncles, and almost hidden
in the axils. The habit, however, is nearly the only link that connects
the Antà with the order of Palms: in flower, stamens, the organiza-
tion of the fruit, in fine, in almost every essential character, it differs
so widely from that family, that it cannot but be separated, and united
with Pandaneæ. This species of Phytelephas, as has already been
stated, is probably distinct from that growing on the banks of the
Magdalena. The trunk creeps along the ground, and then ascends,
seldom, however, higher than from four to six feet ; it is always pulled
down, partly by its own weight, partly by the aerial roots, and thus
forms a creeping caudex which is not unfrequently more than twenty
feet long. The top is crowned with from twelve to sixteen pinnatifid
leaves, the entire length of which is from eighteen to twenty feet. The
leaflets, or rather segments, are towards the base of the leaf alternate,
towards the apex opposite: they are three feet long, two inches broad,
and their entire number generally amounts to 160. All the plants
which I saw were diccious, the males always being more robust, and
their trunks more erect and higher, than the females. The flowers of
both emit a most penetrating almond-like smell, which attracts swarms
of honey-bees, chiefly the stingless species inhabiting the forests. The
male flowers are attached to fleshy spikes, which are from four to five
. feet long, and are hanging down. The female flowers appear in bun-
. dles, on short thick peduncles, and stand erect. The fruit, being a
collection of drupes, forms large heads, and is at first erect, but when
approaching maturity its weight increases, and the leaf-stalks, which
so long supported the bulky mass, have rotted away, it hangs down.
A plant bears at one time from six to eight of these heads, each of
which contains on an average eighty seeds, and weighs, when ripe,
about twenty-five pounds. The uses to which the 42/2 is applied by
~ the Indians are nearly the same as elsewhere. With its leaves their

. huts are thatched, and the young liquid albumen is eaten. The
“nuts,” however, are turned to no useful purpose. The Spanish-

THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 305 ~

Isthmians did not know, before I visited the Isthmus, that Vegetable
Ivory, or Marfil vejetal as they call it, existed in their country; and, |
although they have been told that with the produce of the groves of
Darien whole ships might be loaded, no one has yet taken advantage
of the discovery.
An indigenous production deserving especial notice is the Jipijapa
(Carludovica palmata, R. et Pav.), a palm-like plant, of whose unex-
panded leaves the far-famed “ Panamà hats ” are plaited. This species -
of Carludovica is distinguished from all others by being terrestrial, |
never climbing, and bearing fan-shaped leaves. The leaves are from six
to fourteen feet high, and their lamina about four feet across. The spatha
appears towards the end of the dry season, in February and March.
In the Isthmus, the plant is called Portorico, and also Jipijapa, but the
latter appellation is most common, and is diffused all along the coast as
far as Peru and Chili; while in Ecuador a whole district derives its name
from it. The Jipijapa is common in Panamà and Darien, especially in
half-shady places; but its geographical range is by no means confined
to them. It is found all along the western shores of New Granada -
and Ecuador; and I have noticed it even at Salango, where, however, —
it seems to reach its most southern limit, thus extending over twelve —
degrees of latitude, from the tenth N. to the second S. The Jipijapa, -
or Panama hats, are principally manufactured in Veraguas and Western -
Panama: not all, however, known in commerce by that name are - ;
plaited in the Isthmus; by far the greater proportion is made in Manta, -
Monte Christi, and other parts of Ecuador. The hats are worn almost

in the whole American continent and the West Indies, and would

probably be equally used in Europe, did not their high price, vary- -

ing from 2 to 150 dollars, prevent their importation. They are dis- |

tinguished from all others by consisting only of a single piece, and by |
their lightness and flexibility. They may be rolled up and put into -
the pocket without injury. In the rainy season they are apt to
get black, but by washing them with soap and water, besmearing them
with lime-juice or any other acid, and exposing them to the sun, their |
whiteness is easily restored. — So little is known about these hats, that. |
it may not be deemed out of place to insert here a notice of their }
manufacture. ‘The “straw” (paja), previous to plaiting, has to go F
through several processes. The leaves are gathered before they unfold, E
all their ribs and coarser veins removed, and the rest, without being f :

306 FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS.

"separated from the base of the leaf, is reduced to shreds. After having
been put in the sun for a day, and tied into a knot, the straw is im-
mersed into boiling water until it becomes white. It is then hung up
in a shady place, and subsequently bleached for two or three days.
The straw is now ready for use, and in this state sent to different
Places, especially to Peru, where the Indians manufacture from it those
beautiful cigar-cases, which fetch sometimes more than 67. apiece.
The plaiting of the hats is very troublesome. It commences at
the crown, and finishes at the brim. They are made on a block,
which is placed upon the knees, and requires to be constantly pressed
with the breast. According to their quality, more or less times is oc-
cupied in their completion: the coarser ones may be finished in two
or three days, the finest take as many months. The best times for
plaiting are the morning hours and the rainy season, when the air 1
moist : in the middle of the day and in dry clear weather, the straw is
apt to break, which when the hat is finished is betrayed by knots, and
much diminishes the value.

Here I must pause. Sufficient has been said to show that in the
Isthmus of Panama Nature has distributed her gifts with no sparing
hand ; and I have, hitherto, strictly confined myself to noticing these ;
in another article I shall endeavour to give a general view of the Agri-
culture, and to point out those productions which, by the agency of
man, have been introduced from foreign countries.

(To be continued.)

— ———

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS : an Enumeration of the Plants collected
in the Island of Hong-Kong, by Capt. J. G. Champion, 95/2 Reg.,
the determinations revised and the new species described by GEORGE

. BENTHAM, Esq.

(Continued from p. 264.)

TERNSTR@MIACER.

A more detailed account of the Hong-Kong Ternstreemiacee, by
Capt. Champion, was read before the Linnean Society in the autumn
of 1850; but as a considerable time must elapse before that paper
Can appear in the Society's Transactions, the diagnoses of the new
species are here repeated, with some additional observations, suggested

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS. 307

by further examination and comparison, and the paper itself is referred
to for the detailed descriptions.

1. Eurya Chinensis, R. Br. in Abel’s Voy. Append, p. 379.

Dr. Gardner considered this to be the Hurya Japonica, Thunb., and
supposed that the following species (Z. Macartneyi) might be the
E. Chinensis; but before I left Hong-Kong, having had access to Mr.
Brown’s figure and description, I had no hesitation in pronouncing the
present species to be the true Z. Chinensis, Br. In the British Museum
I have, with Mr. Bennett, looked over the Zuryæ brought home at that
period, and found both my species. These specimens have confirmed
me in the belief that the E. Chinensis, Br., is my plant, including two
varieties, which, at first sight, would almost appear to be distinct spe-
cies, but which are the mere results of situation, as to whether growing
on barren hills, exposed to the wind, or under shelter in damp woods.
I paid considerable attention to the plant in the autumn of 1849, from
supposing at first the Happy Valley species to be distinct from the
Victoria Peak specimens, gathered in 1847. The season of 1849 was
cool, and favourable to the development of the flowers of Zernstræmia-
cee, whilst 1847 was hot and dry. There are, also, intermediate forms,
which prevent fixing any precise distinctions between the two varieties. -
The fruit of the more floribund variety is pea-shaped, purple, 3-celled,
with about three seeds in each cell, attached at first to a placenta sus- -
pended from the apex of the axis; finally the fruit becomes filled with
a purple mucilage, which nearly obliterates the cells. I believe the
E. Japonica to be a mere variety of the same plant, slightly pubescent
at the extremities of the branchlets. If this should prove to be the
case, Thunberg's older name should be adopted. (J. G. Champ.) CX
2. Eurya Macartneyi, Champ., sp. n. ; dioica, frutescens, glabra, foliis |

majusculis coriaceis subellipticis obtuse acuminatis margine revolutis -

serrulatis, floribus majusculis, staminibus marium 19-22, stylis foem, -

3—4 distinetis revolutis, fructu purpureo circa 14-spermo. | *

In woods and on rocks, Hong-Kong, in flower and fruit from
August to November. The ovary is 3-celled, with 5 to 10 ovules in
each cell; the ovules, iu place of being suspended, are attached nearly
horizontally to the central axis. As a species this is quite distinct
from the last. In the British Museum are specimens collected during
Lord Macartney's voyage, but hitherto unnamed. (J. G. Champ.)

8. Cleyera fragrans, Champ. sp. n.; arborea, tota glabra, ramulis

308 FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS.

bi-trichotomis, foliis lanceolatis margine integriusculis leviter revolu-

tis coriaceis, ramulis floribundis floribus axillaribus pallidis fragranti-

bus fugacibus solitariis bibracteolatis, sepalis fimbriatis petalisque
glabris parvis, staminibus brevibus glabris, connectivo acuto, stylis

2 profunde divisis, stigmatibus reniformibus.

This tree, which I have described more in detail in the above-men-
tioned paper, constitutes much of the woods of Hong-Kong, flowering
in May and October, and bearing fruit in October and November. It
may require further comparison with the East Indian C. gymnanthera,
from which, however, it appears to be sufficiently distinct. (J. G.
Champ.)

4. Cleyera dubia, Champ., sp. n. ; frutescens, tota glabra, foliis lanceo-
latis margine integriusculis leviter revolutis coriaceis, floribus majori-
bus (84 lin. diam.) axillaribus pallidis bibracteolatis, sepalis fimbria-
tis petalisque glabris, staminibus brevibus connectivo acuto, stylo
sepius trifido, fructu globoso diametro supra-semiunciali,

- . Mount Victoria, flowering in February and March, fruit in June.—I
have my doubts as to this being really different from the last. Their

general resemblance is very striking ; and the only specific differences I
perceive are that the branchlets are more swollen, ash-coloured, and
less compact ; the flowers larger, nearly scentless, the petals less fuga-
cious, and the fruit and seeds much larger, —differences which might
almost be effected by situation. One of my specimens has the fruit
nearly an inch in diameter. (J. G. Champ.)

5. Ixionanthus Chinensis, Champ., sp. n. ; foliis petiolatis ovali-oblongis
integerrimis reticulatis, pedunculis folio multo brevioribus, floribus
decandris. Affinis T. reticulate.—Folia distinctius et longius petio-
lata, minora, basi angustata. Pedunculi multo breviores. Calyx
profunde 5-fidus, laciniis orbiculatis lineam longis. Petala persis-
tentia, orbiculata, ealyce subduplo longiora. Stamina 10, exserta.
Discus 10-crenulatus inter stamina et ovarium. Ovarium subglobo-
sum, acutiusculum, 5-loculare, ovulis in quoque loculo 2, ex apice
anguli centralis pendulis. S£y/us longissimus, simplex, apice discoideo-

dilatatus, supra stigmatosus. Capsula fere pollicaris, rigida, septi-

cido-5-valvis. (G. Bentham.)

Grows in the Happy Valley to be a small tree, and is there rather

X common; flowers in May and June. See a more detailed description

in the above-quoted paper.

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS. 309

6. Polyspora azillaris, Sweet.

Common all over the island, and constitutes much of its wood.

T. Schima superba, Gardn. et Champ. Kew Journ. Bot. vol. i. p. 246.

À very rare tree in Hong-Kong, except in the woods on Little Hong-
Kong, near the top of the slopes, where it grows abundantly. Its
bunches of large white flowers, in May, resemble, at a distance, those
of Mesua. Fruit from October to December.

8. Pentaphylax euryoides, Gard. et Champ. in Kew Journ. Bot. vol. i.
p. 244.

An under-tree of great beauty when in flower, and exceedingly
common in the Hong-Kong woods. The flowers are small and white,
and the pseudo-racemes, growing in a pyramidal shape, owing to the
lower flowers expanding first, have a very peculiar effect. The seed
is dry, its coating membranaceous, embryo conduplicate, radicle terete,
cotyledons elongate semicylindrie. (J. G. Champ.)

9. Camellia Japonica, Linn.

Of this, two trees growing wild in Hong-Kong were discovered by
Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre, of the Royal Artillery, and Mr. J. Bowring
now mentions a third as having been found in the Happy Valley woods.
It is a moderate-sized, smooth-barked tree, loaded in October with
single pink flowers. The fruit is smooth and much smaller than in the
C. spectabilis, being rather above an inch in diameter. The petals,
about seven, adhere at the base in a ring, and soon fall off. The sepals
are slightly silky, and the leaves more elongated than in most culti-
vated varieties. (J. G. Champ.)

10. Camellia salicifolia, Champ., sp. n.; arbuscula, ramulis pubes-
centibus flexuosis, foliis subsessilibus elongato-ovatis acuminatis
serratis pubescentibus, floribus parvulis albis, sepalis acuminatis
pubescentibus, capsulis glabris parvis rostratis 1-3-spermis.

Woods in Hong-Kong. This and the two following new species are
more fully described in the above-mentioned paper. (J. G. Champ.)
11. Camellia assimilis, Champ., sp. n.; frutex, ramulis glabris, foliis

subsessilibus lanceolatis. acuminatis serratis glabris, floribus parvulis

pendulis albis, sepalis sericeis obtusis, capsulis glabris parvis rostratis.

Mount Victoria and Mount Gough. I have seen this species growing
almost alongside of the last, and the general resemblance is very
striking. Its smooth habit, shorter and wider leaves, and more
especially the difference of shape in the sepals, form the distinction.

310 FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS.

Its form is more stunted, and it grows amongst rocks in ravines. Its
pretty white pendulous flowers come out about January. The late
Dr. Gardner referred it to C. caudata, Wall. ; but a comparison of spe-
cimens shows it to be perfectly distinct. (J. G. Champ.)

12.2 Camellia Banksiana, Lindl., is, I believe, a Hong-Kong species,
but unknown to me. Some specimens, found on a hill near Mount
Parker, and sent home by Mr. J. Bowring previous to my arrival, were
considered as belonging to the C. Banksiana. Mr. Bowring mentioned
its having sweetly-perfumed flowers, so that it could scarcely be the same
asthe C. assimilis, of which the flowers are scentless, notwithstanding a
general affinity in habit and in the white pendulous flowers. The vege-
tation of the hill on which it grew having been burnt by the Chinese
for agricultural purposes, we could not succeed in finding spceimens.
(J. G. Champ.)

13. Camellia spectabilis, Champ., sp. n. ; arborea, foliis lanceolatis acu-
minatis glabris crenatis subtus reticulatis, floribus solitariis magnis
albis axillaribus et subterminalibus, sepalis coriaceis fructibusque
pomi magnitudinis sericeis.

On Mount Victoria and more abundantly in the Happy Valley woods.
A very handsome species, quite distinct from C. oleifera. It flowers
sparingly when young, but abundantly when it has grown into a tree.
(J. G. Champ.)

14. Thea Bohea, Linn., is cultivated in Hong-Kong, but is not indi-
genous, It frequently forms borders to garden-beds, just as we em-
ploy the Box. As a genus there seems no good distinction from
Camellia. The C. oleifera, Abel, and C. euryoides, Lindl., have neither
of them been found in Hong-Kong. (J. G. Champ.)

GUTTIFERZA.

.. X. Garcinia multiflora, Champ., sp. n. ; foliis ovatis obovatisve acumi-
natis, floribus (hermaphroditis) corymboso-paniculatis 4-sepalis
4-petalis, staminibus 4-adelphis.—Fruteæ, Folia breviter petiolata,
3-34 poll. longa, 1j-2 poll. lata, apice rotundata et brevius longi-
usve acuminata, basi cuneata v. rotundata. Paxicula corymbiformis,
trichotoma, intra folia summa sessilis et ea subæquans. Bractee

. . lanceolatz, 2 lin. longæ, deciduæ. Flores numerosi, ad apices ramu-
lorum. terni, breviter pedieellati. Sepala orbicularia, 3 lin. lata.

. Petala obovalia; duplo longiora. Staminum phalanges breves, erasso-

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS. 811

carnosi, antheris numerosissimis. Ovarium quadratum, stigmate
maximo peltato ; /ocul; duo tantum in flore a me aperto. Flores
masculos haud vidi. :
A shrub common towards the Black Mountain, flowering in the
heat of summer, which caused much difficulty in procuring specimens.
2. Garcinia oblongifolia, Champ., sp. n.; foliis oblongis basi longe
angustatis breviter petiolatis, floribus terminalibus, foemineis solitariis
sessilibus, masculis 3—7 pedicellatis 4-sepalis 4-petalis, staminibus
fere ad apicem monadelphis.—Folia in genere parva, 21-3 poll.
longa, raro pollice latiora, superiora ramorum fœmineorum sub-
sessilia, cetera petiolo 2-4 lin. longo fulta. Sepala orbiculata,
2 lin. longa. Petala in flore masculo fere 5 lin. longa, in flore
fœmineo minora. Stamina marium in massam tetragonam floris
centrum occupantem connata. AÆntheræ subsessiles, circa 40.
Common in the Happy Valley woods, where it is arboreous. Capt.
Champion states, that if he recollects right, the fruit is of the size
. of a small apple, and not lobed or grooved, but smooth as in the
Mangosteen.
3. Calophyllum membranaceum, Gardn. et Champ. in Kew Journ.
Bot. vol. i. p. 309.
In a ravine on Mount Victoria, where it is tolerably abundant, also
in the Happy Valley woods.

HYPERICINEZ,
1. Hypericum Japonicum, Thunb.
Common in marshes and fields.
2. Ancistrolobus Zigustrinus, Spach, Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 2.
vol. v. p. 352.
Very abundant in the low grounds of Hong-Kong.

MALPIGHIACEZ.

i. Hiptage Madablota, Gsertn—Juss, Malpigh. p. 248.

In its leaves, rather less coriaceous than the common East Indian
varieties, and in its full-sized flowers, this resembles the specimens
gathered by Dr. Wallich at Prome. It is certainly not the H. obfusi- —
Jolia, DC., described as a Chinese species. It flowers in May, festoon- _
ing the trees in the Happy Valley woods, and is found also on rocks on _
Mount Gough, but rare. - ;

VOL. III. 25

312 DESCRIPTION OF TWO SPECIES OF BOEHMERIA.

ACERINEÆ.

1. Acer reticulatum, Champ., sp. n.; glabrum, foliis integerrimis
ovatis oblongisve breviter acuminatis coriaceis reticulato-venosis
utrinque viridibus, corymbis compositis glabris, alis fructus divaricatis.
Near A. oblongum, Wall., but the leaves are much firmer, more

reticulate, and with a shorter point, the petioles shorter, the corymbs

or panicles smooth (not hairy), the flowers rather larger, and the wings
of the fruit rather longer and narrower and much more spreading.

The A. laurinum, from Java, is at once distinguished by the leaves,

white underneath.

On Mount Gough, in flower in December, in fruit in. July and
January, also in the Happy Valley in flower in June. Leaves pellucid
on the midrib and margin, rose-coloured when young. Flowers 3—4
lines in diameter. Sepals oblong, rose-coloured. Petals spathulate, white.
Style filiform, bifid, and acute at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with
two pendulous ovules from near the apex of the axis. Ovary and fruit
rarely trimerous.

SAPINDACEZÆ.

1. Nephelium Zitchi, Camb. Mem. Sapind. p. 30.
Very common in Hong-Kong, but probably always cultivated.

(To be continued.)

> Es and descriptions of two species of BOEHMERIA, of which the
7 fibre is extensively used in making Cloth; by Sır W. J. HOOKER,
7 D.C.L., FRA and L.S:

(With two plates, Tas. VII. & VIII.)

The cloth to which we here allude has been already noticed in this
Journal, and mention made of the plants yielding the fibre. But the
- botanical appellations of plants can give little information to the mer-
... chant, or the manufacturer, or the consumer of the produce, or to any

. save a professed botanist, unless accompanied by a figure or full
description ; and we desire to convey information which should be useful
sg to all classes of our readers. The scientific student of plants, upon

Vire z

Reeve & Nichols i

a Puya

1

Boehmer

Fitch del et Lith.

DESCRIPTION OF TWO SPECIES OF BOEHMERIA. 313

being told that the species under consideration belong to the genus
Boehmeria, will at once comprehend that the Boehmerias are of the
NETTLE-FAMILY, and will call to mind many species of the same
natural groupe, endowed with the same property, viz., that of yielding
textile fibre, not even excepting our common stinging Nettle* (Urtica
urens). Indeed, so closely is the genus Boehmeria allied to the true
Nettles, that most of the species were by the older botanists considered
and were called Urtice ; for example, the very two species we now have
under consideration, viz., U. Puya, Roxb., and U. nivea, Linn. ~

Jacquin, in his * Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia,’ 1763, |
first established the genus Boehmeria, but so little did he understand the |
genus himself, and so minute are the characters, that in 1770 he pub-
lished a figure of Urtica nivea as still an Urtica, which is now univer-
sally included in Boehmeria. The chief distinction consists in Urtica
having a 2-valved perianth to the female flower ; while that of Boehmeria
has a tubular perianth, more or less distinctly 4-lobed at the apex.
Whenever the entire family of Urticee shall have received the attention
it deserves from the studies of a competent botanist, the characters of
these and allied genera will be reformed. Our object at present is
chiefly with particular species.

At p. 25 of the first volume of the present series of the ‘ Journal
of Botany,’ or ‘Kew Garden Miscellany,’ we noticed a very valuable |

textile from China, recently known to the merchants of Europe by the | ne

name of * Chinese Grass," and the beautiful material manufactured |
from it as Chinese Grass cloth. By the assistance of Dr. Wallich and |
Sir George Staunton, we ascertained that this was no grass at all, but \
the produce of a kind of Nettle of the East Indies and China, known |
to botanists as the Urtica nivea of Linnæus, or Boehmeria nivea, |
Gaudichaud. Shortly after, at p. 159 of the same volume, we gave |
an extract from a periodical at Berlin, * Naturforschende Freunde,’ in |

which Dr. Miinter had endeavoured to show that the Chinese Grass |
cloth was derived from the fibre of the Jute, Corchorus capsularis, a | —

plant of which an account may be found at p. 25 of our same volume of -

this Journal, and at p. 91 and tab. 3 of the following volume (vol. ii) ` i :

À

S

* Mr. Seemann speaks of the great value of Boehmeria albida, on account of its
fibre, in the Society Islands, and Dr. Campbell of the “ gigantic stinging Nettle”
of Nepal and Sikkim (Urtica heterophylla, Willd.?) used in making cloth, called

314 DESCRIPTION OF TWO SPECIES OF BOEHMERIA.

there is a description and figure. That, however, is a fibre we wholly
derive from India proper, and, however valuable commercially, it is very
inferior in quality to the Chinese Grass. This error we endeavoured to
correct ; nevertheless statements are again issued, contrary to what is
the fact, by merchants interested in the subject of the ** Chinese Grass,”
stating that it is a “kind of Cannabis, or Hemp;” and we presume,
because the Hemp is a plant whose cultivation is suited to our climate,
so they recommend this as a fit object for cultivation with us, and seed
has been imported and distributed accordingly. Long previous even
to the time when the commercial importance of the fibre became known
among us, we had raised this plant, and had it in cultivation in a
hot-house or in a warm green-house. This present year we have
planted it in the open ground, rather with a view of showing that it
cannot succeed, than with a hope of its bearing our climate unharmed,
save during the hottest of the summer months.
But this is no reason why the “ Chinese Grass " should not be cul-
tivated, and advantageously, in our colonies, that is, such of our
. colonies as possess a climate nearly analogous to that of Canton; and
, we cannot doubt that it would, with due care, prove a most valuable
_ and important article of export. It is only a true and correct know-
| ledge of such plants, and of the peculiarities of soil and climate
| necessary for their being successfully reared, that can enable us to grow
. them to good purpose.
: The second plant, of which we here give a figure (Tab. VII.) and
. brief description, we at present know less about; it is the ** Pooah,”
. " Puya,” so called in Nepal and in North-eastern India (Boehmeria
. Puya, Wallich). What we do know is given at p. 26 of the first
.. volume of this Journal; but although all that we have yet seen of the
. cloth made from it by the natives of Sikkim be of a very inferior
| quality, yet, properly prepared, it is likely, judging from the close
.. affinity of the two plants, that it may be found equal to that from the
~ B. nivea. We trust it will be soon put to the test.

There can be no doubt that many mistakes about plants originate in
the English vernacular names that are assigned to them, too often in
. . Such a way as wholly to mislead: as, for example, the Prunus Lauro-
~ _ Cerasus is called ** Common Laurel" (it being a kind of Plum or Cherry) ;
_ and Ilex, which means a Holly, is applied a kind of Oak, &c. &c.

|. Why the Chinese Nettle was called * Chinese Grass ” I cannot tell, nor

———— Vol. S FIVE 3

| >

| ND ae

Tek A4) et Lith kesve KAATI

( Chinese Grafs Cloth)

DESCRIPTION OF TWO SPECIES OF BOEHMERIA. 315

is it worth the time to consider or inquire; but assuredly, as far as can |
be done, since the Latin scientific names are’ not palatable to the
uninitiated, it is very desirable to give such English names as may
lead the mind to a familiar object, with which the one in question has
some resemblance. In the present case the name of “ Chinese Nettle,”
in lieu of Chinese Grass, would appear to be an improvement ; but
then, it may be asked, why, if a “Nettle,” is not its proper Latin
name “ Urtica” ? To this we have to answer, that the niceties of -
botanical discrimination require that this plant and the Puya should be
separated from the true Nettles. We then propose the word Boehmer-
Nettle for those plants which in botanical language are called Boeh-
merias. sis

1. BOEHMERIA NIVEA, Qaud.
Chinese Boehmer- Nettle, or Chinese Grass-Plant.
(Tas. VIII.)

Frutieosa erecta, caule petiolisque patenti-pilosis, foliis alternis longe
petiolatis lato-cordatis basi 3-nerviis subito anguste acuminatis grosse
serratis subtus dense albo-pannosis, paniculis axillaribus, masculis
superioribus, floribus glomeratis, glomerulis subsessilibus, pericarpiis
basi attenuatis.

Boehmeria nivea, Gaudich. in Frey. Voy. Bot. p. 499 (excl. syn. Rumph) ——

Mig. in Plant. Jungh. p. 33. 2 us
Urtica nivea, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1398 (ezel. syn. Rumphii). Lour. Fl. Cochin. ——
v. 2. p. 682, Jacy. Hist. Schembr.v. 1. 4.166. Willd. Sp. Pl.

p.565. Wall. Cat. n. 4606. |
Urtica tenacissima, Rows. Fl. Ind. v. 3. p. 590. Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. i
Or. v. 2. f. 688. ! $
Has. China. Inhabiting walls, according to Linnæus ; most exten- f
sively cultivated there. Native, also, of the island of Sumatra,
according to Marsden, cultivated on account of its fibre, and called L
“ Caloose." Pulo Penang, probably only cultivated, where it has 3
the Malay name of “Rami” (Rozb.). Cultivated in the Botanic te
Garden of Calcutta, where it thrives exceedingly, and “strikes as |
readily from cuttings as the Willow.” Rowd. E
À shrub, 3—4 feet, or probably more, in height, erect, branched, the
young óranches green and hairy with short spreading hairs. Leaves
alternate (characteristic of the division Procris of Boehmeria, according —

316 DESCRIPTION OF TWO SPECIES OF BOEHMERIA.

to Gaudichaud), Leaves on long petioles, broadly cordate but having

no sinus or lobes at the base, the base rather truncate or tapering |

suddenly into the petiole, the apex suddenly acuminated into a

- slender point, almost caudate, the margin coarsely serrated, full green

above, white with dense fine down beneath, 3-nerved at the base, the

rest of the leaf penninerved, the ‘principal nerves united by slender
nervelets. Petiole terete, hairy. Stipules subulate, brown, deci-
duous, soon becoming brown. Peduncles about 2 together, axillary,
slender, filiform, paniculate, bearing nearly sessile clusters or glomerules
of flowers throughout their length, hairy. Male panicles below ; female
above. Male flowers few in each glomerule. Perianth deeply 4-partite,
hairy externally; the segments ovate. Stamens 4, spreading: rudi-
ment of an ovary. Female flowers several in a globose glomerule.

Perianth of one piece, oblong-cylindrical, very hairy, 4-toothed. Ovary

included : style thick-subulate, much exserted beyond the perianth,

hairy. Achenium, when ripe, obovate, substipitate.

Tas. VIII. Boehmeria nivea. Fig. 1. Male flower; fig. 2, glomerule
of female flowers; fig. 3, single female flower ; fig. 4, pericarps (or
seeds, as they are generally called), nat. size; fig. 5, pericarp :—
all but fig. 4 more or less magnified.

2. BoEHMERIA Puya.
Nepal Boehmer-Nettle, Pooak or Puya.
(Tas. VIL)

Fruticosa elata erecta, caule petiolisque appresso-hirsutis, foliis alternis
sublonge petiolatis lato-lanceolatis e basi parallelo-trinerviis anguste
acuminatis pergrosse serratis subtus albido-lanatis, paniculis axilla-
ribus, floribus glomeratis, glomerulis subsessilibus, pericarpiis basi
obtusissimis.

-Urtica Puya. Herb. Ham.— Wall. Cat. n. 4605.— Hook. in Kew Gard.

i Misc. v. 1. p. 26 (Boehmeria).
. Urtica frutescens, Row’. Fl. Ind. v. 8. p. 589. (excl. Syn. Thunb. et

Willd.)

Pooah, Campbell in Trans. of Agric. Soc. of India, 1847.

Has. Mountains north of Bengal and Oude, Roxburgh. Nepal,
Hamilton, Wallich. Mountains of Eastern Nepal and Sikkim, at the
foot of the hills skirting the Terai to the elevation of 1,000 and 1,200
feet, and on the mountains up to 3,000 feet, in open hilly places,

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 317

Dr. Campbell. Dr. Wallich gives, doubtfully, in Taong-Dong, Ava.
‘The north-eastern boundary of Bengal appears to be its native
locality.

This grows to the height of 6-8 feet. The leaves, it will be seen, |
are very different from those of B. nivea ; the male flowers very similar:
the female we have seen only few and imperfect, and much advanced.
The pericarp, or seed, is quite unlike that of the B. nivea. For the
particulars and uses of this species we must refer to our first volume of
the * Kew Garden Miscellany,’ and to Dr. Campbell’s Memoir above
quoted. "e
Tas. VIL Boehmeria Puya. Fig. 1. Male flower; fig. 2, pericarp,

enclosed in its perianth ; figs. 3, 4, pericarps separated from the

perianth :—magnified. ;

-

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Plants of ALGERIA.
[The following cireular has been recently issued from Paris.—E»p.]

Nous avons l'honneur de vous próvenir que M. B. Balansa, en-
couragé par l'adhésion de plusieurs membres de la Société d'Explora-
tion Botanique, vient d'explorer avec soin les environs de Mostaganem
(provinee d'Oray), dont la végétation encore peu connue est bien
différente de celle des points de l'Algérie visités par M. Jamin.
M. Balansa, gráce à la connaissance qu'il avait du pays, a pu se borner
à ne recueillir que des espèces rares ou propres à PAlgérie en négligeant —
les espéces rópandues dans presque toute la région Méditerranéenne. ——
Il a rapporté environ 200 espèces de choix en assez grand nombre pour
pouvoir être offertes à tous les membres de la Société, Les échantillons - .
qui composent la collection sont préparés avec grand soin et recueillis
en fleurs et fruits, toutes les fois que cela a été utile ou possible. La
détermination des espèces est düe à l’obligeance de M. Durieu de
Maisonneuve, auteur de la partie botanique de l'Exploration Scienti-
fique de l'Algérie. Chaque plante sera munie d'une étiquette imprimée,
portant un numéro d'ordre. Le prix de la collection est fixó à raison
de 20 francs par centurie.

M. Balansa se propose de continuer incessamment ses voyages

318 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

botaniques en Algérie, et de visiter, en particulier, la portion du désert
ou Sahara Algérien qui avoisine Biskara.

Nous espérons, Monsieur, que vous voudrez bien nous honorer de
votre adhésion, et nous vous prions de vouloir bien faire parvenir votre
réponse dans le plus bref délai possible à M. Balansa, Rue Suger, 1,
à Paris, ou à M. Ernest Cosson.

Paris, le 22 Juillet, 1851.

P.S.—Nous profitons de cette occasion pour vous informer qu’il reste
à la disposition des souscripteurs un certain nombre des collections de
M. Jamin (environ 100 espèces), recueillies en 1850 aux environs
d'Alger, ainsi qu'une centurie de plantes intéressantes recueillies en
1850, par M. Dœnen, dans le Val Lassina, Lombardie.

Mrcroscorss of the late PROFESSOR LINK.

Two excellent microscopes, used by Professor Link for preparing his
representations of the microscopical anatomy of plants, are to be sold
at Berlin. One of these instruments was constructed by the celebrated
optician, Plóssl, of Vienna. It has five ocular and six object-glasses,
and magnifies by the first ocular from 25 to 210 times, and by the last
1145 times. A revolving micrometer, of excellent workmanship, and
measuring with the greatest precision, a large prism and a large lens

mounted on separate statives, both for illuminating, and various other im-
plements, are added. The instrument cost altogether about £45. The
lenses are in no way injured, nor the serews worn out. The other
instrument is a catadioptrie microscope, by Professor Amici, of Florence,
the discoverer of the pollen-tubes going down to the ovules. It is

excellent for its achromatism and its large field of view. There is a

fine prism for refracting objects. It has four ocular and five object-
lenses. Its magnifying power reaches from 21 to 1558 times, or with
the first ocular to 286 times. The object-lenses, separately mounted,
are also used either alone or all together as a simplex. The object-
table slides up and down, and is furnished with a turning diaphragm
and two revolving micrometers, the one moving from side to side, the
other forward and backward. Two. different kinds of camera lucida,

. and various other implements, especially for illuminating and excluding -

the false light, are added. This instrument has been but little used.
~ Its price is said to have been about £45. Offers will be received by
= Dr, Pritzel, Berlin, Alexandrinen-strasse, 88.

319

On some facts tending to show the probability of the Conversion of Asc1
into SPORES in certain FUNGI; by the Rev. M.J. BERKELEY, M.A.,
F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, Ese., M.A.

Some very interesting observations on the supposed spermatozoids
of Lichens, and their relation to the spores of certain genera of Fungi,
such as Cytispora, Septoria, and other sporophorous Æypoxylacee, were
laid before the French Academy by our excellent friend Mons. L. R.
Tulasne, on the 24th and 31st of March of the present year. He has
not confirmed the observations of M. Itzigsohn as to the mode of growth
or activity of the contents of the black specks so common on the fronds
of Lichens, and which have been conjectured, for half a century, to
contain the male organs, though without attracting the attention which
they deserved. - It may be observed, however, that in Borrera ciliaris,
the species more immediately examined by Itzigsohn, the pustule when
young is filled with cellular tissue, as indeed is the case with those
Spherie, such as S. herbarum, which we have examined at an early
period of growth; that each cell contains a distinct nucleus, and that
when the oblong bodies, endowed with a slight molecular action but
by no means with any great mobility, are present in extreme pro-
fusion, not only is the cellular tissue still observable, but a very careful
examination with a first-rate compound microscope, and also with deep
doublets, has failed to detect anything like sporophores, and left a
complete conviction that the bodies were indeed produced within the
cells. Indeed it was believed that a sort of oscillating motion, as of a
` body attached at one extremity, was observed before the corpuscles had —
attained their freedom. It is possible, therefore, that both M. Itzigsohn
and M. Tulasne may be correct, and that much still remains to be dis- —
covered with respect to the stractural as well as ~~ piecing :
relation of these bodies. K-

M. Tulasne, it should be observed, with a commendable solion
does not profess to come to any distinct conclusion respecting the :
nature of the bodies in question, or of the naked spores of many ©
Hypoxylaceous Fungi, which resemble some of them so closely as to
indicate something more than mere analogy, especially when the fact is
taken into consideration that a vast portion of the supposed species of
certain genera are so constantly connected with ascophorous Spheria as —
to make it highly probable that, notwithstanding the immense difference __

VOL, III. 27 2

5240 ON THE CONVERSION OF ASCI INTO SPORES.

in point of structure, they are really distinct forms of so many species.
He does not seem, however, to believe that their spores are mere
modifications of asci, though he is not prepared to assert that they
indicate differences of sex.

It is not our intention to offer any more positive opinion as to their
nature, though the observations now adduced tend rather to show the
convertibility of organs at first apparently so different. The facts,
indeed, have already been adverted to in Morton’s ‘Cyclopædia of
Agriculture,’ but they seem to us so interesting as not to be unworthy
of attention, especially as the figures illustrative of them, with a single
exception, have not been published.

The species which have afforded the materials for the following
remarks are more especially three; viz., Zympanis saligna, Tode;
Spheria inquinans, Tode; and Hendersonia mutabilis, Berkeley and
Broome.

Tympanis saligna scarcely differs from a Lichen, except in the total
absence of a crust, and consequently of gonidia. Its apothecia are at
first closed, but at a later period of growth the fructifying dise or
hymenium is exposed. On the same twig, in this instance of the
_common Privet, some specimens exhibited all the characters of
Tympanis, and others those of Diplodia. As long as the naked spores
occurred only in specimens in which the disc was not expanded this
caused no surprise, for nothing is more common than to find Spherie
and Diplodie on the same matrix, which cannot be distinguished
externally; but further examination exhibited the proper fructification
of Diplodia in specimens with an open dise, a character quite at
variance with that of the genus; and then the same hymenium was
detected, producing rather large uniseptate naked spores, and broad
elongated asci, exceeding them many times in length, and containing
a multitude of minute oblong sporidia. Professor Fries, in a letter
lately received, informs us that he has observed a similar fact in
Hendersonia syringe.

The circumstance of the constent or occasional occurrence of Uredo
and Puccinia, Uredo and Aregma, Uredo and Xenodochus, or two species
of the same genus, in the same spot, may be adduced as analogous;
= but where there is no perithecium, the occurrence of two species on the
. same spot of the same matrix is not matter of so much rupta, Hee
suggestive of further consideration.

ON THE CONVERSION OF ASCI INTO SPORES. - 321

The case, however, of Spheria inquinans, which we have now to
bring forward, is still stronger. This species and Stilbospora macro-
sperma were extremely abundant on an old elm at Batheaston in
January last. Not only were they so intermixed as to make it difficult,
from the close resemblance of the fruit, that of the one being merely a
little more elongated, and in a very slight degree more attenuated at
either extremity, with rather a browner tinge, to say at once which was
the Spheria, which the Séilbospora, but the same orifice in the bark gave
egress both to the sporidia of the one and the spores of the other. At
the base of the spores of the Sfi/bospora, where seated on their sporo-
phores, from one to three short sheaths were observed, as if the spore
had burst through one or more enveloping membranes. But not only
was the Stilbospora produced in the same portion of the bark as the
Spheria, or perhaps, to speak more correctly, in the same stroma, but
in one case it was actually developed on the external surface of a peri-
thecium, the inner surface giving rise to perfect asci, with their proper
sporidia. Ina certain stage of growth the sporidia of the Spheria are
furnished at either extremity with a cirrhiform appendage, but this is
not always visible in the ejected mass which surrounds the common
orifice of the perithecia. Analogous appendages occur in some other
species,

The third case to which we invite attention is Hendersonia mutabilis,
a species which occurs on twigs of Plane. The main perithecium con-
tains one or more cavities, more or less isolated, which produce far
smaller hyaline bodies, and which do not accord with the genus Hen-
dersonia but rather with Phoma. This is not indeed a case bearing
upon the conversion of asci into spores, but is interesting as exhibiting -
one perithecium within another; and whether considered as a new cell
developed within the old one, and consequently containing younger
spores (a view at first adopted, but which, on maturer consideration,
seems scarcely tenable), or as two forms of spores both belonging to
the same species but produced in distinct cavities, or finally as two
genera united within the same common receptacle, it is full of interest.
We are not prepared, as in the last case, to say that the same wall
from its two sides produces different forms of fruit, though in some
sections the two fertile surfaces are so confluent above that it is very
probable that the same fact will be found to obtain here also.

These instances certainly seem to indicate rather a transformation of

322 ON THE CONVERSION OF ASCI INTO SPORES.

organs than any totally distinct productions ; a view, indeed, which is
not at variance with the possibility of the transformed organs being an
indication of sexual functions, if we may be allowed to form any in-
ference from known analogies in the animal world, Dr. Hooker, when
examining the fruit of Zaminarie, on his return from the Antarctic
expedition, felt convinced of the possibility of the transformation of an
ascus into a spore ; a view entertained long since by Fries, and which
is certainly supported by those instances in Fungi and Lichens where
a single spore only is developed in an aseus. The difference in the
analysis of the genus Spherophoron, as given by Dr. Montagne in the
‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles? and by Dr. Hooker in the * An-
tarctic Flora,’ is probably due to a similar change; the former exhi-
biting true asci containing sporidia, the latter moniliform threads
breaking up into spores. In earlier times the analysis of one would
have been pronounced erroneous, but the present age, with deeper
knowledge of the apparent anomalies exhibited by nature, and, conse-
quently, a greater measure of diffidence, regards such discrepancies as
calls to further investigation, and as the possibly available keys for
the solution of difficulties which have been hitherto insurmountable.

Explanation of the Figures.
Tas, IX.

1. Tympanis saligna, producing both sporidiferous asci and naked
spores from the same hymenium :—highly magnified.

2. Spheria inquinans and Stilbospora macrosperma growing together on
the same matrix, and having a common orifice for the emission of
their sporidia and spores :—slightly magnified.

a. a. a. Spheria inquinans. b. b. Stilbospora macrosperma.

3. The same :—;more highly magnified.

4. Portion of the perithecium of Spheria inquinans, producing asci

_ internally and naked spores externally.

9. Normal form of spores in Stilbospora macrosperma.

10. Ditto in Spheria inquinans.

peek bets X,

5. Section showing the stroma of Stildospora macrosperma beneath the

. cuticle with its spores :—slightly magnified. ;

6. Part of the same, more highly magnified, exhibiting the sporophores
with their spores and the sheaths at the base of the latter. |

Spheriainquinans, Trze &

Stilbospora macrosperma,F :

‘Kitch del et lith.
-

Reeve & Nichols imp. ——

Le

, Lode
erma, fers.

b

quinans

& Stibo spora macros

Hendersonia mutabilis .

Sphæria in

ANGIOPTERIS LONGIFOLIA, 323

< 6. Stroma.
c. c. c. Sporophores with young spores apparently bursting through
an outer membrane. `
d. Lateral and dorsal view of the mature spores.
1. Asci of Spheria inquinans in different stages.
8. Sporidia of the same with the curled appendages; the left-hand
spore is germinating.
11. Section of Hendersonia mutabilis, showing the two cells containing
different bodies.
- a. Colourless bodies from the upper cell, like the spores of a Phoma.
6. Brown bodies from the lower cell, like those of a Hendersonia.
c. Dark bodies which seem to be the young state of those marked (b).

ANGIOPTERIS LONGIFOLIA, Grev. et Hook., of Sir William Jackson
Hooker’s Herbarium, and its synonyms ; communicated by Dr. W. H.
DE VRIESE, Professor of Botany in the Royal University at Leyden.

Fronde bipinnata, rachi secundaria terete, glabra; pinnulis valde
remotis, petiolatis, inzequaliter cordatis, longe lineari-lanceolatis, rectis
vel curvis subfaleatisve, obtuse dentatis vel crenatis, vix serrulatis, .
subrepandisque, apice angustato fere sinuatis, in dorso pulvere quasi -
farinaceo firmissime adhærente adspersis ; costa valida, fusco-nigra,
venis furcatis et simplicibus; soris a margine remotis, distinctis, ad
extremum usque apicem continuatis.

A. longifolia, Grev. e£ Hook. Enum. Fil. in Hook. Bot. Misc. v. 3. p. 227.
1833 (excl. omnibus synonymis !).

Has. Pitcairn's and Society Islands, Mathews (no. 2). Vidi in Herb.
Hook. ipsum Mathewsii specimen, cui species Hookeriana innititur. -
Adscripta sunt: “ March to May, 1830. Fronds 6-7 feet. 4. M” —
‘(manu Mathewsii). ee
Adumbratio. Duo adsunt specimina, quæ ad eandem pérthient

frondem. In his hee agnosco. Longitudo est 0,9; latitudo 0,42.

Rachis secundaria propter desiccationem fusca, 0,005 crassa, sursum

attenuata, recta. Pinnarum numerus æquat 26. Inferiores sunt fere

0,175 longæ, mediæ”0,22 æquant, apicales sensim decrescunt. Lati-

tudo 0,015, in omnibus fere eadem est. Apex solus 0,03 longus et

fere 0,002 latus est. Pleræque pinnulæ fere 0,028 vel magis etiam

a se invicem remote, horizontales sunt, paucæ curvatæ vel et subfal- -

324 ANGIOPTERIS LONGIFOLIA,

catæ, petiolulatæ, petiolis fere 0,002 vel 0,035 æquantibus, in aliis
brevioribus, squamuloso-pilosis, lanuginosis, vel demum glabris. Struc-
tura pinnularum est membranacea, superne opacæ sunt atque glaberrimæ,
costa proëminente atque venis primariis conspicuis. Dorsum pallidius
est propter pulverem subtilissimum tenacissime adhærentem, quo tota
fere illa superficies inter venulas obtegitur, Costa ibi prominet, badii
coloris et hic illic fusca lanugine tecta. Venulæ sunt alternato-pinnatæ,
badiæ, inde ab origine ex costa jam furcatæ, aliæ vero primum sim-
plices demum furcatæ, aliæ simplices sunt; omnes in marginem, ut
videtur, abeunt. Venulæ secundariæ ex dentis crenæve sinu aliæ ad
costam, aliæ ad furcaturæ alam decurrunt (Zu-angiopteris, Presl, Suppl.
Tent. Pterid. p. 19). Sunt hæ tenuissimæ, nudæ, badiæ. Basis utrinque
rotundata est, latere superiore minore, inferiore majore. Sori ad 0,001
distantiam a margine sunt remoti, nunquam contigui, oblongi, fere
0,002 longi. Sporangia sunt ovata vel obovata, alterna 9-10-11 vel
pauciora, in soris acuminis 3—5na.

Angiopteris longifolia, Grev. et Hook., was first described by those

‘authors in 1833 (l. c). They remark that, “if examined with a
little attention, it can never be confounded with the 4. evecta, Hoffm.”
Notwithstanding, the species has hitherto been confounded by all the
botanists who have since made investigations on the subject.

It is not easy to say what Angiopteris evecta, Hoffm.,is. I have had
the very rare advantage of seeing all the specimens in the different
herbaria of England and the Continent, in which I thought I might find
specimens of plants of the small tribe Marattiacee (except only the
Royal Herbarium at Leyden, under the direction of Dr. Blume).
But I have not been fortunate enough to ascertain which plant must
be considered as the species in question. My much-lamented friend,
Professor Gust. Kunze, of Leipsic, informed me in the spring of this
year, a few days before his death, that he had just received the type-
specimen of Forster, from Sprengel's herbarium. But it is not im-
probable that there are among the Forsterian specimens very different
forms belonging to different species. The Banksian specimens are
probably those of Forster, and have not the least resemblance to

Hoffmann's figure of Angiopteris evecta (Polypodium evectum, Forst.).

. It must be here remarked that a considerable number of specimens of

: Angiopteris, originally from the Society Islands, belonging to the most

different species according to my researches, are to be found in the

ANGIOPTERIS LONGTFOLIA. 325

herbaria and gardens, under the erroneous name of 4. evecta, Hoffm.
It has been sufficient for an Angiopteris to come from Mb to obtain
the name of 4. evecta.

I am very much obliged by the liberality of my esteemed friends,
Sir William Jackson Hoe Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew,
of the President of the Linnean Society, Robert Brown, Esq., of Pro-
fessor Fenzl, of Vienna, Professor Presl, of Prague, the directors of the
Botanieal Gardens and Museum at Paris, Professor De Jussieu, Ad.
Brongniart and Decaisne, to that very noble patron of science, Francois
Baron Delessert, and Professor Miquel of Amsterdam, for having
afforded me the opportunity of examining, without any restriction, all
specimens of Marattiacee in their collections. I am sure that there
is not a single species among the very great number described and
undescribed (nearly forty), to be compared with that of Mr. Mathews,
the type-specimen for Greville's and Hooker's species.

For this reason, and on account of the great confusion which exists
among the synonyms of authors, I have thought it not superfluous to
give the above more extensive descriptions of 4. longifolia, Grev. et
Hook. Guillemin’s 4. longifolia, Grev. et Hook. (Zephyr. Tait. p. 15,
Paris, 1837), is not Mathews's specimen, but Moerenhout's, sent by
this gentleman from Tahiti to M. D’Orbigny. It is in Baron Deles-
sert's herbarium, but without a name. It belongs to Presl's 4. com-
mutata (Tent. Pterid. Supplem. p. 15).

I can hardly think that the very acute Professor Presl has had an
opportunity of seeing the 4. longifolia of the English botanists. If
so, it would have been impossible that he should have referred so very
distinct a species to 4. evecta, Hoffm., as a synonym (Suppl. Tent. Pterid.
p. 19). On another occasion I shall enter more fully into the investi-
gation of the subject. :

ln Kunze’s ‘Index Filicum in Hortis Europe Cultarum’ (Linn.
vol. xxiii. 1850), a specimen from the Leyden garden, presented in
1847 to that of Leipsic, is considered to be A. longifolia, Grev. et Hook.
At that time I was still less acquainted with the different forms of -
that very polymorphous genus. But I can say, without any doubt,
that the plant in question was not 4. longifolia, Grev. et Hook. Con- -
sequently the other specimens, from the Amsterdam, Berlin, Leipsic,
and Schénbrunn gardens, mentioned by the author in the same part of
his work, must be, like ours, of another species.

326 FLORULA HONGEONGENSIS.

Professor Miquel, in the Index Sem. Horti Amst. 1849, and in his
Anal. Bot. Ind. p. 49 (Verh. Kon. Ned. Inst. vol. iv. L. c.), has men-
tioned as J. longifolia, Grev. et Hook.? (but very prudently with an
interrogation) an inhabitant of Java. I have received, through the
kindness of that botanist, all the specimens of his herbarium; but I
can now affirm that there is as great a difference between this species
and the specimens of Mr. Mathews, as there can be between any two
species of this varied genus. The apex in the Javanese specimen is
sterile, in the Mathews specimens the apices of all the leaflets are,
without exception, fertile. The bases are generally truncate, not un-
equally cordate. The colour is not brown, but pale yellow. The
under surface is not pulverulent, but smooth. The costa, the veins,
and the veinlets are not brown, but yellow. The sori are not separated,
but contiguous. The whole structure differs, being not membranaceous
but coriaceous.

If perhaps I have been successful in tracing out distinctions in some
species of a genus of plants, of which other botanists have formed a
different opinion, I must in this case only thank those gentlemen for
the opportunity afforded me of thoroughly examining the objects of
their own investigation.

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS : an Enumeration of the Plants collected
in the Island of Hong-Kong, by Capt. J. G. Champion, 95/5 Reg.
the determinations revised and the new. species described by GEORGE
BENTHAM, EsQ.

(Continued from p. 312.)
AURANTIACEÆ.

1. Murraya exotica, Linn.
Scarcely indigenous to Hong-Kong, but generally naturalized.
2. Cookia punctata, Retz rui d et Arn. Prodr. vol. i. p. 95.
. Naturalized like the last.
. 8. Glycosmis citrifolia, Lindl. Trans. Hort. Soc. vol. vi. p. 72.—
— Limonia citrifolia, Willd.— Limonia parviflora, Bot. Mag. t. 2416.
Rather scarce in Hong-Kong.
= 4. Sclerostylis uxifolia, Benth. ; glabra v. ramulis minute puberulis,
— foliis obovali-oblongis — crebre parallele venosis, floribus
axillaribus sessilibus subfascieulatis pentameris, staminibus liberis,

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS. 327

ovario biloculari, loculis uniovulatis.—Severinia buaifolia, Ten. Cat.

Hort. Nap. p. 96.

Abundant on the sides of hills near the race-course.

Frutex humilis v. in hortis nostris arbuscula nana, divaricato-ramosa,
ramulis junioribus obscure angulatis vel compressiusculis sæpe
puberulis, mox glabratis teretibusque. Spine axillares validæ, foliis
sepius multo breviores, nune rarius longiores. Folia 1-15 poll.
longa, 6—9 lin. lata, obtusissima, basi in petiolum brevem teretem
angustata, coriacea, rigida, crebre punctata, glabra, venis a costa
media divergentibus numerosis parallelis, utrinque multo magis quam
in plerisque speciebus conspicuis. Flores intra bracteas minutas
ad axillas foliorum omnino sessiles v. pedicello brevissimo rarius fulti,
nune solitarii, nune ssepius per 2-3 fasciculati. Calyx late campa-
nulatus, linea brevior, glaber, laciniis 5 rotundatis obtusissimis.
Petala 5, vix, 2 lin. longa, oblonga, erecta, glabra. Stamina 10,
corolla breviora. Filamenta dilatata, apice attenuata. Anthere
ovate, loculis parallelis... Ovarium intra discum cupulatum sessile,
subglobosum, carnosum, loculis in centro minimis, ovulis paulo infra
apicem axis centralis affixis. Stylus brevissimus, stigmate crasso
ovoideo pulvinato. Bacca depresso-globosa, matura nigrescens,
seminibus magnis ovoideis.

Specimens communicated to me by Professor Tenore, from the
Royal Botanical Garden of Naples, have enabled me to identify his
Severinia as a not uncommon Chinese plant. It was gathered also at
Macao by Mr. Millett, and referred, in the Botany of Beechey's Voyage,
to the Atalantia monophylla, DC. The latter plant appears to be con-
fined to India ; and all the more Eastern species referred to it by myself,
as well as by other botanists, prove to be species of Scerostylis.

5. Sclerostylis venosa, Champ., sp. n.; glabra, foliis subsessilibus ovatis ——
v. ovali-oblongis obtusis subemarginatisque coriaceis crebre parallele
venosis reticulatisque, floribus axillaribus breviter racemosis 4-5-
meris, ovario biloculari loculis biovulatis, stylo stigmate longiore.
Fever Hospital Hill, and other localities.

Habitus sequentis (S. Hindsii), folia ramulorum floriferorum fere S. buxi-
folie, sed basi obtusissima et brevius petiolata, inferiora multo majora,

3 poll. longa, 1$ poll. lata. Venatio fere S. buxifoliæ. Spine valide, — —

Racemus unicus suppetit axillaris, rachi semipollicari, floribus 4 bre-
viter pedicellatis. Calyx S. Hindsii, sed laciniæ nunc 4 tantum, nune —
. VOL. III, 2v m

328 FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS.

5. Petala et Stamina jam delapsa non vidi. Ovarium ovoideum, in
stylum brevem attenuatum, stigmate multo minore quam in S. Hindsit.
Ovula ex apice loculorum gemina pendula. Bacca aurantiaca, ea
S. Hindsii minor.

. Sclerostylis Hindsii, Champ., sp. n.; glabra, foliis ovali-ellipticis
oblongisve obtusis tenuiter venosis, bus axillaribus subfasciculatis
pedicellatis pentameris, staminibus subconnatis, ovario biloculari,
loculis biovulatis, stylo stigmate breviore.—Aéalantia monophylla,
Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. i. p. 483.

Common on wooded hills in Hong-Kong.

Ramuli novelli angulati v. compressiusculi, adulti teretes. Spine validæ,
pleræque semipollicares. Folia 1}-3-pollicaria, basi obtusa, coriacea,
crebre punctata, venis primariis quam in precedentibus multo pau-
cioribus, rete venularum parum prominulo. Petiolus brevis, nunc
teres, nunc marginatus v. in eodem ramo late alatus. Pedicelli per
anthesin lineam longi, fructiferi paulo longiores. Calyx pedicello
brevior, laciniis triangularibus acutis. Petala 3 lin. longa. Stamina
paulo breviora ; filamenta dilatata, ante anthesin connata, per anthesin
plus minus soluta, apice attenuata; anfheræ ovatæ, loculis parallelis.
Ovarium disco carnoso concavo impositum, ovoideo-globosum ;
ovula ex apice loculorum geminatim pendula. Stylus brevissimus,
stigmate crasso ovoideo. Bacca globosa, majuscula, aurantiaca.

OZLACINEZX.

1. Scheepfia Chinensis, Gardn. et Champ. in Kew Journ. Bot. vol. i.
p. 308.

At first considered to be rare, but found afterwards abundantly in the
Happy Valley woods, growing to a tall straggling under-tree, with
brittle branches, and flowering profusely. The flowers are usually
light pink, but they vary, being sometimes nearly white: they have a
delicious perfume of almond paste.

2. Cansjera lanceolata, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. i. p. 491.

À climber, by no means common, flowering in November. Found
at East Point, in the Happy Valley, and Little Hong-Kong.

VITACEZ.

3. Cissus diversifolia, Walp. Pl. Meyen: p. 314.
Dre te he Se

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS. 829

RUTACEX.

1. Xanthoxylum nitidum, DC. Prod. vol. i. p. 727.

Rather abundant in ravines.

2. Xanthoxylum cuspidatum, Champ., sp. n.; aculeis sparsis, foliolis
15-25 petiolulatis ovatis longe obtuseque cuspidatis coriaceis nitidis,
paniculis aXillaribus terminalibusque floribundis folio pluries breviori-
bus, floribus (masculis) tetrameris.

Less common than the X. nitidum, and rather local.

Species X. xitido affinis, at pluribus notis distincta. Ramuli petiolique
parce aculeati, cinerascentes sed glabri. Petioli communes 8 poll. et
ultra longi. Foliola opposita vel sepius alterna, tria ultima ad
apicem petioli more generis digitata, omnia longiuscule petiolulata,
1-2-pollicaria, vix inæquilatera, apice in acumen longum abrupte
contracta, margine recurva et minute crenulata v. subintegerrima,
basi angustata v. cuneata, crassiuscula et rigida, supra nitidissima,
subtus pallida et fusco-punctata, punctis non pellueidis. Panicule
florum masculorum a basi ramosissimæ, 13—2-pollicares, cinerascentes.
Sepala minuta. Petala 4, linea paulo longiora, glabra, æstivatione
imbricata. Stamina 8, glabra, petalis duplo longiora. Ovarii rudi-
mentum parvum, disco immersum. lores fœmineos non vidi.
Fructus carpella sepius 4, reticulato-rugosa, 3 lin. diametro.

3. Xanthoxylum Zentiscifolium, Champ., sp. n.; aculeatum, glabrum,
foliolis 7-11 oblique obovatis oblongisve obtusis basi acutis, petiolo
angulato, paniculis fructiferis longe pedunculatis laxe corymbosis
folia subæquantibus, floribus (fæmineis) pentameris.

Common on Mount Gough and other localities, flowering in August.
Frutex erectus. — 4culei ramulorum breves, pauci, sursum incurvi.
Petiolus communis 3-5-pollicaris. Foliola pleraque opposita, 1-2-

pollicaria, vix obtusissime acuminata, basi sepius in petiolum -

brevem longe et inæqualiter angustata, tenuiter coriacea, nitidula, _
pellucido-punctata. Panicule feminee bis terve trichotomze v. um- __
bellatim ramosæ, glabræ. Sepala 5, parva, ovata, æstivatione im-
bricata. Petala lineam longa, æstivatione imbricata. Stamina
nulla. Ovaria 2, semiobovoidea, singula apice in stylum brevem
stigmate magno peltato coronatum attenuata. Ovw/a in quoque
ovario 2, collateralia. Carpella 2 lin. diametro, tuberculata. Flores
masculos non vidi. |

330 FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS.

4. Xanthoxylum péeleæfolium, Champ., sp. n.; inerme, glabrum, foliis
oppositis, foliolis ternis oblongis acuminatis basi longe angustatis,
paniculis axillaribus laxifloris petiolum paulo superantibus, floribus
(masculis) 3-4-meris.

On Mount Gough, rare, flowers in August (Champ.). Also in the
Philippines (Cuming, ». 1819). :

Frutex erectus, speciminibus siccitate pallescentibus. Ramuli ad nodos
compressi. Pefioli communes circa 14 poll. longi. Foliola majora
3—4-pollicaria, tenuia, integerrima v. obsolete crenata, ereberrime
pellucido-punctata. Znflorescentiæ siccitate flavicantes, graciles, flori- |
bus numerosis parvis. Petala 3 lin. longa, æstivatione imbricata.
Stamina glabra, duplo longiora. Flores fæmineos non vidi. Carpella
Jructus sæpius 4, haud rugosa, 2-23 lin. lata.

5. Boymia glabrifolia, Champ., sp. n.; foliis pinnatis glabris, foliolis
3-7 ovatis acuminatis supra nitidis, corymbi ramis puberulis.

Scarce in Hong-Kong, but abundant on the Chinese coast. It flowers
in September, and is often blighted when coming into flower by the
typhoons of that season (Champ.). It was also gathered in China by
Mr. Parkes, collector to the Horticultural Society.

Arbor, ramis teretiusculis glabris. Folia opposita, inferiora sæpe tri-
foliolata, pleraque 5- rarius 7-foliolata. Foliola opposita, longiuscule
petiolulata, terminalia 2—3-pollicaria, inferiora sæpius minora, omnia
longiuscule acuminata, basi acuta, lateralia sspe basi inæqualia,
penninervia, parce pellucido-punctata, subtus pallida. Panicula
trichotoma, corymbosa, ampla, floribunda, ad ramificationes articulata
et minute bracteata, ramulis compressis adpresse puberulis. Flores
in specimine omnes masculi, pedicello lineam longo fulti. Calyx
minutus, apertus, 5-dentatus. Corolla 14 lin. longa, glabra, petalis
5 oblongis æstivatione valvatis. Stamina 5, hypogyna, petalis
alternantia et iis paulo longiora. Filamenta basi incrassata et longe
ciliata. Anthere magne, loculis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus.
Ovarii rudimentum disco tenui impositum, carnosum, oblongum,
apice in lobos 5 breves lineares parce ciliatos v. glabros divisum.
Ovula nulla detexi. Adest etiam pars paniculæ fructiferæ absque foliis
separatim lectæ. Huic inflorescentia omnino maris, carpella 5,

juniora approximata, demum radiatim divaricata, fere 2 lin. lata,
dorso biangulata convexa et rugulosa, endocarpio cartilagineo demum
soluto. Semina solitaria cum vestigiis ovuli alterius abortivi, sub-

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS. 331

globosa, ventre affixa, hilo oblongo, omnia in specimine adhuc

immatura.

6. Toddallia floribunda, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. vol. iii. p. 17, t. 232.

Rather scarce in Hong-Kong.

7. Cyminosma resinosa, DC. Prod. vol. i. p. 722.

A common tree in the Happy Valley woods. The fruit, when ripe,
is white, that of C. pedunculata is black. Flowers and fruits in autumn.

SIMARUBEÆ.

1. Brucea Sumatrana, Roxb.—Planch. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. v.
p. 575.
Low grounds and roadsides.

STAPHYLEACEÆ.

1. Eyrea vernalis, Champ.* — Staphylea simplicifolia, Gardn. et
Champ. in Kew Journ. Bot. vol. i. p. 309.

Not uneommon in ravines on Mount Victoria and Mount Gough,
forming a shrub of three to four feet in height, in flower in March and
April, and in fruit in October. There are two, if not three varieties of
it, with broader or narrower leaves, and flowers a dirty white or purplish,
especially when in bud.

Notwithstanding the similarity of the flowers of this plant to those
of Staphylea, yet the general habit of the plant, its leaves always simple,
its erect trichotomous inflorescence, and the fruit (observed by Captain
Champion since Dr. Gardner's description was written), are so distinct,
that we cannot any longer retain it in that genus. Dr. Gardner's
description of the ovary is also rather a theoretical one than that of its
actual appearance, for the carpels are completely combined into a single
three-celled ovary, with a simple style, of which even the stigmatic
apex is scarcely lobed. We, therefore, now propose it as a separate -
genus, under the above name of Zyrez, with the following character :—
Flores hermaphroditi. > Sepala 5, decidua, æstivatione valde imbricata,

2 exteriora minora. Petala 5, sub disco hypogyno integro v. sub- __

* This new genus is named by Captain Champion in honour of his friend Colonel -
Eyre, lately returned from Hong-Kong, with a considerable herbarium collected
there, containing several additional species, which will be duly recorded in the present
florula. He has also brought over a valuable collection of Chinese seeds, which he
has presented to the Royal Gardens at Kew, and a large and interesting set of rice- -

paper drawings of plants.

332 FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS.

crenato inserta, oblonga, sessilia, subæquilonga, æstivatione imbricata.
Stamina 5, petalis alterna et cum iis inserta ; filamenta complanata ;
anthere ovate, versatiles, loculis parallelis longitudinaliter dehiscen- _
tibus. Ovarium supra discum subsessile, obovoideum, triloculare,
ovulis in quoque loculo 6-8 axi centrali affixis horizontalibus ana-
tropis. Stylus columnaris, triqueter, apice truncatus, stigmate levi-
ter dilatato obscure trilobo. Fructus subglobosus, haud inflatus,
indehiscens, abortu bilocularis, loculis monospermis. Semina plano-
convexa, pulpo farinaceo involuta. Embryo (exalbuminosus ?) cavi-
tatem implens, cotyledonibus carnosis, radicula conica.

The affinities of the genus, as well as of the whole of this small Order,
are evidently much closer with Sapindaceæ and their allies than with
Celastrinee.

2. Turpinia Napalensis, Wall.—Wight et Arn. Prod. vol. i. p. 156.
Wight. Ic. t. 972.

Common in ravines.

HIPPOCRATEACER,

_ This Order, or rather, suborder, only differs from the exalbuminous
genera of Célastrineæ in that the number of stamens corresponds with
that of the carpels, and not with that of the petals or sepals.

1. Hippocratea obtusifolia, Roxb.—Wight et Arn. Prod. vol. i. p. 104,
var. ? pauciflora ; cymis folio brevioribus paucifloris, pedicellis corolla
glabra duplo longioribus.

Frequent in ravines on Victoria Peak; flowers early in summer.
The fruit, which ripens in summer, varies in shape, the carpels being
sometimes elliptical and entire, sometimes broadly obovate and more or
less emarginate.

CELASTRINER.

1, Evonymus nitidus, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. i. p. 483.
Common in ravines. The flowers are pea-green and the capsules
reddish-coloured.
2. Evonymus longifolius, Champ., sp. n. ; glaberrimus, foliis oppositis
petiolatis clongato-oblongis remote pauciserratis subcoriaceis nitidis,
_ eymis paniculatis paucifloris petiolo paulo longioribus, floribus pen-
fameris, petalis margine leviter crenulato-crispulis, ovulis erectis.—
Folia 4-6 poll. longa, 1-14 poll. lata, laurina, nitida, paucivenia.

FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS. 833

Cymarum pedunculi communes 3-6 lin. longi. Corolla circa 8 lin.

diametro.

Very rare in the Happy Valley woods. The capsule of this species
is much smaller and slighter than in Z. nitidus. It is reddish-coloured,
and its segments are narrow obcordate. The flowers are light green.
3. Evonymus /azifforus, Champ., sp. n.; glaberrimus, foliis petiolatis

ovali-ellipticis obtuse acuminatis pigi paucicrenatisque basi

acutis nitidulis pauciveniis, cymis laxis paucifloris folio paulo bre-
vioribus, floribus majusculis pentameris, petalis margine crenulato-
de Cun. ovulis erectis.—Rami subteretes; Folia consistentia laurina,

i—3-pollicaria. Cyme circa 7-floræ, ramulis prices tenuibus.

Flores roseo-purpurei, 5 lin. diametro.

Happy Valley woods, rare.

4. Evonymus hederaceus, Champ., sp. n.; ee vel radicans, gla-
berrimus, foliis petiolatis ovatis acuminatis rotundatisve paucicrenatis
basi acutis nitidis subcoriaceis, cymis folio multo brevioribus pauci-
floris, floribus majusculis tetrameris, petalis integerrimis, ovulis reverso-
pendulis, capsula subglobosa leviter quadrisulea non muricata.—Ra-
muli tetragoni, virides, siccitate minute rugulosi. Folia forma valde
variabilia, pleraque latiuscule ovata, 2-3 poll. longa, 14 poll. lata,
longiuscule acuminata et basi in petiolum 3—4-linearem angustata ;
variant tamen nune anguste ovali-elliptica v. fere lanceolata, nune ob-
tusissima fere orbicularia, omnia paucivenia et consistentia laurina,
Cyme 3-1-floræ, peduneulo communi semipollicari leviter compresso,
pedicellis ultimis 2 lin. longis. Flores 5 lin. diametro, albo-vires-
centes, inodori. Calycis laciniæ 4, breves, latissimæ, margine bre-
vissime crenulato-laceræ. Petala 4, sessilia, orbiculata, demum
reflexa, integerrima, glabra. Filamenta ad marginem disci lati
integri inserta, petalis dimidio breviora, basi dilatata, demum recur-
va; anthere primum erectæ, mox reflexæ, basifixæ, didymæ, bilocu- _
lares. Ovarium disco semi-immersum, depresso-hemisphericum, ;
4-loculare. Ovula in loculis gemina, collateralia, ex apice anguli |

interni reverso-pendula. ^ Capsula fere 5 lin. diametro, læviuscula v. n.

leviter corrugata, glabra; 4-locularis, 4-valvis. Semina arilla coccinea
involuta.

Abundant in a ravine of Victoria Peak, climbing over the rocks, and — —

rooting. Flowers in May. In habit it comes near to the American
E. obovatum (now considered as a variety of Æ. Americanum) so admir-

334 FLORULA HONGKONGENSIS,

ably illustrated in Gray and Sprague’s Illustrations of the North —

American Genera, vol. ii. t. 171 ; and the general structure of the flowers,

especially of the ovary and ovules, is the same. It differs in its tetra-

merous not pentamerous flowers, the smooth fruit, and some other
minor particulars.

4. Celastrus Hindsii, Benth. ; scandens, glaberrima, foliis oblongis
obtuse acuminatis calloso-serratis rigide coriaceis, cymis subsessilibus
laxe paucifloris axillaribus v. ad apices ramorum anguste subpani-
culatis, capsula ovato-globosa basi obtusa trisulca monosperma.—
Catha monosperma, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. i. p. 483, excl.
syn. Roxb.

À trailing plant, gathered in Hong-Kong, both in flower and fruit,
Mr. Hinds's specimens previously described having been in fruit only.
Captain Champion's notes on the precise locality are, however, unfortu-
nately lost. The species bears considerable resemblance to the C.
monosperma, Roxb. (a Silhet plant of which I have now good specimens
both in flower and fruit), but is quite distinct in foliage, inflorescence,
and fruit. The leaves are stiffer, more narrowed at the base, and the
crenatures much fewer and more distant. The peduncles are mostly
axillary, branching nearly from the base, and bearing from three to ten
flowers of the size of those of C. paniculata, each having a pedicel of
from 14 to 2 lines long; whilst those of C. monosperma are very much
smaller and more numerous, crowded together at the top of a peduncle
near half an inch long. The form, size, and structure of the capsule
are like those of C. paniculata, without any narrowing of the base, as
in C. monosperma and C. Championi, although it is always monosper-
mous (by abortion) as in the two latter, not three-seeded as it usually is
in C. paniculata. All these species belong to the true Celastri, not to
Catha, to which I had erroneously referred them in my former paper.

5. Celastrus Championi, Benth.—Catha Benthamii, Gardn. et Champ.
in Kew Journ. Bot. vol. i. p. 310, excl. syn. Benth.

The species described by Gardner is different both from Roxburgh's
.. C. monosperma and from the above C. Hindsii. I have not myself seen
~ the flowers, but the leaves are broader than in both those species, and
. the capsule, which is remarkably narrowed at the base, as in C. mono-
sperma, is, as mentioned by Gardner, very considerably larger. It was
found ——— over the bare rocks, in a ravine of Victoria Peak.

(To be continued.)

335

Journal of a Voyage from SANTAREM to the BARRA Do Rio NEGRO;
by RICHARD SPRUCE, Esq.

(Continued from p. 278.)

After passing the mouth of the Maué, there was no perceptible
current in the Ramos: the water was very warm, and so thick with
the slime of decomposing conferve, as to be very unwholesome to
drink. We were told by parties of Indians whom we met, that the
upper mouth was still closed, and consequently that we should be
unable to get out into the Amazon; but on the 18th the water, though
still unchanged in colour, began to run a little, and several small [has
de Capim and branches of trees passed us, indicating that some force
was in action above. When day broke on the following morning, the
water had assumed a yellow tinge, and as we proceeded on our voyage
several masses of scum floated by us, and the current was decidedly
strong. There was now no doubt that the waters of the Amazon had
entered the Zam-orómogáua, as the upper mouth of the Ramos is
called by the Indians; and towards night of the same day we had
fuller proof of it, in occasional sudden influxes of water, making the —
whole river a series of whirlpools. On one occasion, when one of
these irruptions caught us near the middle of the river, the canoe
became quite ungovernable: it whirled round I suppose a hundred
times, and all our exertions did not suffice to bring it into smoother
water. We were drifting rapidly downwards, and in continual danger
of thumping against Xhe side or on some sandbank, when fortunately a
breath of wind sprang up, and though it did not last more than ten -
minutes, it sufficed to put us nearly across the river, and into com- -
paratively still water. The meeting of the cold waters of the Amazon -
and the heated waters of the Ramos had an extraordinary effect on the |
fish in the latter, they floated on the surface quite benumbed and -
stupefied, and we caught as many of them as we liked with our hands. —
On the 19th we had fresh fish in superabundance, and we salted
down as many pescados (a delicate fish, the size of a large trout) as
served us for ten days afterwards. This phenomenon takes place every —
year, not only in the Ramos, but in many other furos of the Amazon; — =
but I had not been previously informed of it, and therefore had not
ascertained the temperature of the water of the Ramos before it was
mixed with that of the Amazon, as I ought to have done.

VOL. III. T 2x

336 MR. SPRUCE’S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

A little after noon on the 21st we reached a group of three sitios,
called “As Pedras,” on account of several large blocks of volcanic
rock lying close by the river. Here we learnt that the current was so
strong in the Ramü-orômocäua that unless we were content to wait
several days for the river to fill, or could procure the assistance of three
or four men, there was no possibility of our passing it. It was on the
18th that the Amazon burst into the Ramos, with a noise which was dis-
tinctly heard here, although nearly a day's journey distant, and a montaria
attempting to pass on the 20th was split by the force of the current. We
determined on the latter alternative, and until the men could be found I
occupied myself in examining the surrounding vegetation, which, how-
. ever, presents great sameness throughout the Ramos, and in its general
features does not differ from that of the Amazon. Since leaving
Villa Nova, I had constantly made inquiries respecting the Victoria, but
could not hear of it, excepting that Capitaô Pedro described it as existing
abundantly in the Lago de Sarucá; but this was very far out of our
way. At the “ Pedras” I was glad to learn that it grew in a small
lake on the opposite side of the Ramos, and within a short distance ;
but I had no montaria to enable me to reach it, for one of our men—
a Jima Indian—had run away a few nights previously with our
montaria and all our fishing-tackle, nor was there any montaria at the
sitio where we were staying, but I was told I might borrow one at a
sitio a little higher up. To this sitio I accordingly proceeded, and
found at it an old man and his three sons, men of middle age, with
their children. Two of the sons had just come in from a fishing expe-
dition: the third had his arm in a sling, and on inquiring the cause,
T learnt that seven weeks ago he and his father had been fishing in the
very lake I wished to visit, in a small montaria, which remains constantly
. in the lake (the outlet being dried up), and that having reached the
_ middle and laid aside their paddles, they were waiting for the fish with
their bows and arrows, when, unseen by them, a large jacaré glided
under the montaria, gave them a jerk which threw them both into the
. water, and seizing the son by the right shoulder, dived with him at
once to the bottom, the depth being, as they supposed, about four
fathoms. In this fearful peril he had presence of mind to thrust the

.. fingers of his left hand into the monster's eyes, and after rolling over

three or four times, the jacaré let go his hold, and the man rose to the
surface, but mangled, bleeding, and helpless, His father immediately

ON THE AMAZON. 3d

swam to his assistance, and providentially the two reached the shore
without being further attacked. I was shown the wounds—every tooth
had told ; and some idea may be formed of this one terrible gripe, when
I state that the wounds inflicted by it extended from the collar-bone
downwards to the elbow and the hip. All were now healed, except one
very bad one in the'armpit, where at least one sinew was completely
severed. Even this seemed to me in a fair way to heal soon; but
though this should be the case, the deep scars and the useless arm (for
it seems improbable that he will ever again be able to move his elbow
or his shoulder) will ever remain to tell the tale. "The only remedy
applied was the milk of a tree called Acaraipu-rana, which I much
wished to see, but was told it was a long distance by water to the
place where it grew.

The sight of the wounded man was no encouragement to prosecute
my enterprise, but I was very desirous to procure the fruit of the
Victoria, and as three of the little fellows who were running about “ao
fresco," offered to row me over, and their grandfather made no objec-
tion, I did not hesitate to avail myself of their services. The outlet
of the lake was speedily reached, when we disembarked and followed
the dried bed of the igarapé, in which my guides were not slow to
detect the recent footsteps of a jacaré. In five minutes more we
reached the lake, and embarked in the frail montaria, in which it was
necessary so to place ourselves before starting as to preserve an exact
balance, and then coasted along towards the Victoria, which appeared
at a distance of some 150 yards. We had made but a few strokes,
when we perceived by the muddy water ahead of us that some animal
had just dived. As we passed cautiously over the troubled water a
large jacaré came to the surface a few yards from the off-side of our
montaria, and then swam along parallel to our course, apparently —
watching our motions very closely. Although the little fellows were —
frightened at the proximity of the jacaré, their piscatorial instincts ——
were so strong, that at sight of a passing shoal of fish they threw _
down their paddles and seized their mimic bows and arrows (the latter
being merely strips of the leaf-stalk of the Bacüba, with a few notches
cut near the point), and one of them actually succeeded in piercing and
securing an Aruaná, of about eighteen inches long. Our scaly friend
still stuck to us and took no notice of our shouting and splashing in
the water. At length the eldest lad bethought him of a large harpoon

338 MR. SPRUCE’S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

which was lying in the bottom of the montaria ; he held this up and
poised it in his hand, and the jacaré seemed at once to comprehend its
use, for he retreated to the middle and there remained stationary tntil
we left the lake.

There were three plants of the Victoria, only the largest of which
was in flower and fruit. I suppose this plant covered a surface of
six hundred square feet, although none of its leaves exceeded six feet
in diameter. The fruits were all under water, and some of them par-
tially decomposed, with the ripe seeds falling out. One of the flowers
was the most magnificent I have seen: its petals of the deepest rose,
perfectly expanded, and exhaling a delicious odour.

On the morning of the 23rd we left the Pedras, having obtained a
promise of assistance on the following day to pass the mouth of the
Ramos from a brother of the wounded man. There was no wind to
aid us, and our progress was very slow against the strong current, for
our crew was now reduced to two, having originally numbered only three,
the captain included. It was night when we reached a place where the
water began to run furiously, being about a mile distant from the real
mouth, which we could see very plainly. We anchored on the right
bank, adjacent to a broad sandy delta, extending to the Amazon, and
in winter deep under water. After supper I started with the captain
to explore the passage by starlight, and after stumbling into sundry
holes, and rounding a good many pocinhos (‘little wells,” as the lagoons
left in the sand are called), we reached the mouth. Here we found
the waters of the Amazon entering with a force and a noise truly
formidable, and ploughing through the sand in such a mamner as to
make a wall in it of fifteen feet high, from which the increasing torrent
was every moment tearing large masses and thus widening its bed. On
~ the following morning, after waiting for some hours in vain for the
.. promised aid, we resolved to attempt the perilous passage. It is
impossible for any one to travel much on these rivers without acquiring
something of the practice of navigation, and Mr. King and I had con-
stantly taken the helm for more than half the day ; we were indeed
heartily sick of the protracted voyage, and glad to do anything in
our power to accelerate it. On this occasion the strong cable of the
Fe anchor was secured to the fore-mast, and carried on shore to serve as a
... hauling-rope, Mr. King and our man yoking themselves to it, while I
| — took the helm, and the captain placed himself in the prow with a pole.

ON THE AMAZON. 339

As long as there was water deep enough to float our canoe within five
or six yards of the side we got on well enough, but when we were
obliged to put out a little farther the current was too strong for our
united force, and the canoe was in great danger of being carried away.
We toiled on until noon, making very little headway, and as it began
to be excessively hot, we allowed the canoe to take the ground, and
resolved to wait until the air became cooler. In the interval we occu-
pied ourselves in cooking our dinner, and were just about to fall on
our boiled pirarucü, when a canoe appeared behind us, containing our
friend of the Pedras, with two stout Indians and two boys. We made
a hasty meal and by two o’clock were again under way. This was
the disposition of our force: I was voted to the helm, the captain
placed himself in the prow with a long pole to ascertain continually
the depth of water, while the remaining hands tugged at the rope on
land. We could now stand out more into the middle of the stream,
where the current ran fast and furious, making a deep roaring against
the prow as we ploughed through it; and my principal object was to
keep the head of the vessel well out, as the force applied to the rope
tended continually to draw her in shore, and had she turned in that
direction, the current would have borne her violently on the bank, and
either have swamped her or at least have brought on us a mountain of
sand. The exertion required was so great, that the perspiration ran
down my arms and legs, and my hands were quite sore; but most
happily we- succeeded in getting clear out into the Amazon without
once grounding, though : we had rarely so much as a fathom of water.
Those on shore could not have suffered less than myself, for the sun
and the white sand were scorching hot. The rope. pressing on the
edge of the cliff brought down, every few seconds, large masses
of sand, but we stood far enough out to avoid them. It would
be difficult to express what a load was taken off our minds when -
we found ourselves once more on the broad Amazon, and our
previous silent anxiety was changed into noisy expressions of joy. 2
The wind was blowing fair, and lasted until near sunset, sufficing to

put us over to the opposite shore of the Amazon, along which our p

course now lay. |
The Ramü-orômoçaua, and the dangers of its passage, are wi

known to the Indians on the Amazon. Last year a canoe, larger than

ours, attempting to pass it, was wrecked, the captain rashly scorning -

340 MR. SPRUCE’S BOTANICAL EXCURSION

to seek the advice and assistance of any of the neighbouring settlers.
The last reach of the Ramos is nearly due north.

The inhabitants of the numerous sitios on the Ramos are either
Tapuyas or Mesticos, of various shades of colour. The only white man
we met with was the Capitaô Pedro, and he could not be reckoned as :
more than a visitor. Notwithstanding that the land is exceedingly
fertile, and the lakes abound in fish and waterfowl, the people live ‘in a
state of comparative destitution; their only care being to eat up all
their provisions to-day and reserve nothing for the morrow. Money
they rarely see, and when they have it they are unable to count it.
Their sole article of commerce is piraructi, and even this is generally
sold before it is caught. When we visited them there was great lack
of farinha, their custom being to make it almost from day to day ; and
they levied frequent contributions on my biscuits, coffee, salt, &c.

Throughout the Amazon and its branches, I have found that the
indigenous inhabitants have no idea of a country, save as of land
bordering a great river. I am often asked, “ Is the river of your land
large?” “Is there much campo?” “ Are the matos very extensive ?”
They are filled with astonishment when I say that nearly all our forests
are planted. ** Why, here," say they, ‘“ when one wants to plant a
tree, one must first cut down a dozen to make room for it!" I have
often had occasion to remark that people not born in, or not accustomed
to, a romantie country, are slow to appreciate the picturesque. À
Paraénse's idea of beautiful scenery supposes a land perfectly flat, with
broad rivers, the stiller the better. The idea of mountains always
suggests cachoeiras and rapids, impossible or dangerous to be traversed
by canoes. When I make inquiries respecting an unvisited region,
hoping to hear of “antres vast and deserts wild," they on their part
expect to give me pleasure by describing it as a “terra bonita, plaina
—lá naó ha lugares feios, nem serras nem cachoeiras.” One essential
of a fine country to them, and not an object of indifference to any

_ traveller, is that it contains ** muita caca, muito peixe.”

On the 29th we passed Serpa, on the north shore. It is the exact

. counterpart of Villa Nova, but rather more pleasantly situated. On
the morning of the 2nd of December a montaria came up with us, in

= which was an old man, who was bound for a sugar-engenho, which an

Englishman, Mr. M‘Culloch, is forming on a Paraná-mirí, about a day's

roa below the river and lake of Paraquecoara. I had made

ON THE AMAZON. 841

Mr. M‘Culloch’s acquaintance last year at Para, and I gladly seized
the opportunity of going forward to visit him. We reached his engenho
about two o’clock, and I remained with him until our canoe came up,
about noon on the following day. There is no manufactory of sugar
4n the province, except near Para, and at this distance in the interior
the difficulties to be overcome in commencing such an undertaking are
immense. Mr. M. has already been a year employed in clearing away
forest, planting cane, arranging his water-power, &c., and he has yet a
great deal to do ere the engenho is completed. The only workmen
on whom he can depend are a few slaves of Senhor Henrique of the
Barra. At daybreak on the 3rd I found him occupied with a number
of Mira Indians, of all sorts and sizes, who had come to work for the
day. There are several small colonies of these people on the lakes
hereabouts, and when they take it into their heads to work, this is the
way they do.—They come to Mr. M‘Culloch early in the morning,
when he gives each of them a pinga of cashaca. Afterwards any one
who is so rich as to possess a palm-leaf hat—and, if not, he is pro-
vided with a fragment of cloth of some kind—holds it out, and Mr.
M. dispenses into it a cuya-full of farinha, and as much dried fish as
will serve for the day. Every one takes his rations separately —even
the father and child—the husband and wife. They now work until
sunset, when they again come to their employer for a parting pinga,
and then betake themselves to their forest-homes. This lasts for two
or three days, when they begin to feel fatigue or ennui at this mode of
life, and Mr. M‘Culloch sees no more of them for perhaps a week.
You will easily perceive that the sole inducement of these people to
labour is the cashaca ; and I was amused to see the ease and the gusto
with which little naked urchins tipped off their pimga—a quantity
assuredly sufficient to choke me twice over.

At Mr. M‘Culloch’s I saw some blocks of wood lying E -
resembling Itaüba in colour and texture, but much harder and heavier.
He was so kind as to cut off for me a portion of one of them, which
I send you, and I should be much obliged if you would ascertain its
specific gravity, for I have never seen so heavy a wood, and I doubt if
there be a heavier in existence. You will remember that when Edwards
visited the Barra, Mr. M‘Culloch had a saw-mill near: this has been —
since burnt down, but Mr. M. informed me that the main-shaft in it
was made of this heavy wood, its dimensions being fourteen feet long

342 MR. SPRUCE'S EXCURSION ON THE AMAZON.

by fifteen inches in diameter, and that he estimated its weight ata ton.
If this be correct, its weight, in proportion to the same bulk of water,
is as 3584 to 1718, or more than twice as heavy ; but this is scarcely
credible. Mr. M. took me up the igarapé which supplies his engenho
to show me the tree, which is called Piranha-uba. It is one of the
largest forest-trees, with slight sapopemas at the base, and from its
leaves I do not hesitate to refer it to Rhizobolee ; possibly it may be
a Caryocar, but it seems a different species from any I have hitherto
gathered. The timber is excellent for mill-work, or for anything
which requires to be kept under water.
I will not further weary you with details of a wearisome voyage.
The rains had lately been almost incessant, the river began to run
furiously, and the winds were generally from above. With these
obstructions combined against our slow-sailing craft, we did not enter
the mouth of the Rio Negro until the morning of the 10th. The
change from the yellow waters of the Amazon to the black waters of
the Rio Negro is very perceptible, and indeed abrupt. The latter are
black as ink when viewed from above, and not the deep blue of the
waters of the Tapajoz: in shallow places they appear purple, and
stones or sticks at the bottom seem red: when taken up into a glass
they are of a pale amber-colour, and quite free from any admixture
of mud.
The Solimoés enters from the left, while the Amazon seems a more
direct continuation of the Rio Negro. The last is broader than the
Solimoés, but it is less deep, and its waters are placid almost as a lake.
It was dusk when we reached the Barra, which lies two miles
within the mouth of the Rio Negro. I went on shore immediately,
. and waited on Senhor Henrique Antonio, an Italian merchant, to whom
my letters of credit were addressed. From him we received a most
. kind and cordial reception, and he immediately gave up to us three
. rooms in one of his houses (for he owns half the Barra), where we are
. Still residing: his reputation for princely hospitality is indeed almost
world-wide. :

We are gradually recovering from the weakness and exhaustion pro-
. duced by our tedious, disagreeable voyage, and from the day of our
. landing have been hard at work. But the weather continues exces-
sively rainy, insomuch that we have been for three days together with-
out being able to stir out, while at rr

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA, 343

entire day on which we could not have got into the woods. I am,
however, delighted to find myself in the midst of a novel vegetation,
and with excellent forest-tracks made to my hands; though the field
of our operations is becoming from day to day more contracted by the
rapid rise of the rivers and igarapés. The JMyríacee, Melastomacee,
Solanacee, and Rubiacee—families which give a character to the flora
of the valley of the Amazon—are here quite different in species, and
partly in genera, from those of Santarem and Para. I have been glad
to meet with abundance of a fine Catéleya, which, unless I am mistaken,
is unknown to our English collections; it is the first of the genus I
have seen in thé province of Para, where Orchidacee are few and far

between.
(To be continued.)

Contributions to the Botany of WESTERN INDIA;
by N. A. DALZELL, Esq., M.A.
. (Continued from p. 282.)

Nat. Ord. ORCHIDEZÆ-VANDEZÆ.
SARCANTHUS.

S. peninsularis; caule simplici tereti flexuoso folioso pendulo, foliis
linearibus acuminatis crassis coriaceis subtriquetris, racemis oppositi-
foliis folio dimidio brevioribus, labelli caleare perianthii longitudine
cornuto obtuso pendulo complete biloculari, fauce callis duobus
clausa, limbo brevi integro ovato obtuso crasso carnoso erecto, facie
interiore sulcato perianthio breviore. Dalz. Ic. ined.

Perianthium subpatens, diametro 5-lin. Sepala et petala sittin:
obovata, flava, purpureo-marginata ; sepalum supremum in colum-
nam incumbens. Pollinia bipartibilia, glandula in apice rostelli
horizontalis spherica. Dentes in labelli utroque margine parvi,
truncati. Labellum basi albo et violaceo pictum.— Crescit in arbo-
ribus prope vicum Virdee in regno Warreensi ; fl. Jul. et Aug.

EULOPHIA. ;

E. bicolor ; foliis 2-3 lineari-lanceolatis acutis multiplicatis serotinis,
sepalis lineari-oblongis acutis 7-nerviis, petalis oblongis obtusis
sepalis brevioribus medio trinerviis, nervis exterioribus unilateraliter

VOL. III. 2v

344 . CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

penninerviis, labio obtuse saccato trilobo, lobis lateralibus abbre-
viatis planis erectis intermedio elongato recurvo, marginibus crispis,
disco venis 10 cristatis prædito, scapo sesquipedali stricto pauci-
(9-10)-floro foliis longiore, floribus distantibus (aud secundis nec
pendulis) purpureis vel flavo-virentibus, bracteis floralibus subulatis
ovario unciali dimidio brevioribus, capsula lineari tereti deflexa bi-
pollicari.

Folia 9-12 poll. longa, 2-21 lata.—“ Amberkund " Indigenorum.—
Crescit in jugo Syhadrensi ; fi. Jun.

Tribe OPHRYDE®,
HABENARIA.

Erostres ; petalorum lacinia anterior angustior sed non elongata.

H. uniflora; foliis 2-3 oblongo-lanceolatis basi angustatis apice mu-
cronulatis planis inæqualibus, seapo gracillimo unibracteato unifloro,
sepalis lateralibus supremo duplo majoribus obtusis patentibus, pe-
talorum laciniis æquilongis, anterioribus linearibus acutis patentibus,
posticis obfusis cum sepalo supremo ovato obtuso galeam efficientibus,
labelli porrecti ultra medium trifidi laciniis lateralibus linearibus
-acutis intermedia lanceolata paulo longioribus, calcare filiformi pen-
dulo curvato, ovario pedunculato triplo longiore.

Herba semipedalis. Folia 5-nervia, majora 4 poll. longa, 1 poll. lata.
Sepala semiorbiculata, obtusa, petalorum Jacinia anteriore longiora.
Columna apice mucrone longiusculo instructa. Glandule magne,
hemisphæricæ, subtus excavatæ. Processus carnosi, obtusissimi.
Flores albi.—H. rariflore, Rich., proxima ; differt petalorum laciniis
æquilongis, posteriore obtuso.— Crescit rarissime in Concano aus-

` traliore; fl. temp. pluviali.

; PERISTYLUS.

P. elatus; caule basi vaginato medio folioso, foliis patentibus paucis
(4-5) ellipticis, inferioribus obtusis amplexicaulibus, superioribus

longioribus acutis calloso-mucronatis scapo brevioribus abrupte in
squamas acuminatas transeuntibus, sepalo supremo rotundato, late-
ralibus oblongis apice cucullatis dorso infra apicem mucrone in-

. Structis, petalis longioribus labelloque subintegro rotundatis sub-

. sequalibus albis, calcare sphzeroideo-scrotiformi, bracteis lanceolatis
acuminatis flore longioribus. —

Caulis sesquipedalis, strictus, pennæ cygneæ crassitie, Spica cylindrica,

BOTANY OF WESTERN INDIA. 845

multiflora, folia longe superans. Flores conferti, parvi. Folia 5—1
poll. longa, 24-3 lata, 5-7-nervia.—Crescit prov. Malwan ; fl. Julio.

Tribe MALAXIDEZÆ.
DENDROBIUM, 1.

D. microchilos ; pseudo-bulbis profunde bilobis, lobis orbiculatis valde
depressis reticulatis epidermide albida, foliis 3—4 linearibus obtu-
siusculis superne subplanis basi angustatis ibique scapum floriferum
vaginantibus, floribus alternis secundis spicatis, bracteis ovato-subu-
latis ovario longioribus, capsula sessili ovata glabra, sepalis e basi
lata acuminatis, petalis conformibus æquilongis angustioribus labello
ovato indiviso subduplo longioribus.

Herba pusilla, 2—3-uncialis. Scapus filiformis, multiflorus. Flores
straminei, minuti. Folia 1-2 poll. longa, 21-3 lin. lata, pseudo-
bulbi folia non gerentes.— Crescit supra arbores, precipue in ramis
Mangifere Indice, in regno Warreensi ; fl. Aug.

Nat. Ord. RUBIACE.
ARGOSTEMMA.

1. A. glaberrimum ; erectum, 4—6-unciale, foliis 4 verticillatis lanceolatis
acuminatis inæqualibus basi inæquilateris, inflorescentia trichotoma
umbellata foliis breviore, umbellis paucifloris, floribus 5-meris, co-
rolle fauce nuda, filamentis apice valde incrassatis per anthesin ad-
hærentibus, stylo apice muricato.

Flores diametro 3-4 lin.—Crescit supra arbores in regno Warreensi.—
Si ex descriptione Doniana (Syst. Gard. et Bot.) judicare liceat,
ab À. verticillato, Wall, satis diversa; foliis margine non ciliatis,
corolla intus eglandulosa. An 4. inæquilatera, Benn., differt ?

2. A. connatum; caule pubescente prope basin bisquamato, foliis 2 vel
4 verticillatis subsessilibus ovatis inæqualibus utrinque parce pube- -
rulis, pedunculo simplici glaberrimo, umbella brevi multiflora (12-15) |
bracteis foliaceis connatis suffulta, floribus 4-meris, calyce pedicellis-
que pubescentibus, antheris erostratis obtusissimis.

Calycis corolleque laciniæ subconformes, late ovatæ, fere rotundatæ.
Corolla vix 4 4-fida (in specie precedente ad basin 5-partita).—
Crescit in its prope Chorla-ghat, lat. 15° 30’; fl. Aug.

Nat. Ord. AROIDEJE.
TAPINOCARPUS, genus novum. e
GEN. CHAR. Spatha basi convoluta, limbo angusto elongato, acumi-

346 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

nato, plano, patente. Spadix inferne interrupte androgynus (geni-
talibus rudimentariis supra et infra stamina confertis filiformibus),
apice cylindricus, gracilis, spatham subæquans. Anthere dis-
tinctæ, sessiles, loculis cylindricis parallelis, connectivo multo
majoribus, apice poro dehiscentibus. Ovaria plura, libera, obconica,
circa basin spadicis verticillata, biserialia, unilocularia. Ovula in
loculis 6, funiculis longiusculis spongiosis, 2-3 basilaria erecta, re-
liqua ex apice loculi pendula. Stigma sessile, depresso-hemisphæ-
ricum. Dalz. Ic. ined.

Herba acaulis, rhizomate parvo tuberoso, perennans. Folia simultanea,
longe petiolata, cordato-hastata, integra, lobis baseos obtusis. Sea-
pus e foliorum basibus vaginantibus longe exsertus, fructiferus con-
tortus, apice solum osculans. Fructus angulatus, 4—5-spermus.—
Aro et Dracunculo affine; differt ovulis ditropis, a posteriore præ-
cipue foliis integris, nam ovulorum positio, ut videtur, dubia.— Cres-
cit in graminosis humidis Concani australioris.

(To be continued.)

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Letter on the successful cultivation of the Vicrorra Recra in Phila-
delphia, U. S. A., addressed to Sir W. J. Hooker, by CALEB
Corr, Esa.*

Philadelphia, September 27, 1851.
As you so kindly responded to my wishes in supplying me with
seeds of the far-famed Victoria, it is due to you that I should render
_ some account of my stewardship.

On the 21st of March last I planted, in small seed-pans, four out of
the twelve seeds you sent to me. Three of these germinated as follows :
—he first on the 10th of April, the second on the 14th of April,
and the third on the 22nd of May. On the 24th of May one of the
plants was transferred to the house constructed for it, and placed in a
_ . tank, of an octagon form, about 24 feet in diameter. The largest leaf

_ was then 44 inches in diameter. Fire-heat was applied till the 21st of

y An eminent cultivator and patron of horticulture in that city.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 347

June, and then wholly dispensed with till within a few days. The
solar heat, with the house kept very close, was sufficient to raise the
temperature of the water to 85°, whilst the atmosphere was about 10°
higher. The temperature of the house and water, however, was
materially below these points at times, there being occasionally as great
a difference as 15°. Notwithstanding these great variations, and the
low temperature at intervals, the plant flourished in the highest degree,
and on the 21st of August produced a flower 154 inches in diameter.
Another flower succeeded it in a week, which was pronounced by the
Committee of the Pennsylvanian Horticultural Society to be 17 inches
in diameter; the petals being 7 inches, and the disc or crown of the
flower 3 inches. For the past three weeks the plant has contributed
two flowers a week, the ninth flower blooming this evening. The
leaves have reached a diameter of 63 fect. The salver edge made its
appearance with the twenty-fourth leaf, and every successive leaf has
been thus formed. This twenty-fourth leaf attained at maturity a dia-
meter of 5 feet 81 inches. It was the twenty-seventh leaf that measured
6 feet 6 inches. Since the plant has begun to bloom, the leaves are
not so large; still they have reached 6 feet 2 inches in diameter.
That we have succeeded in producing larger leaves and flowers than
you have in England, I ascribe to the more favourable character of our
climate. It is certainly more natural to the plant that the temperature
of the air should be higher than that of the water. These conditions,
you are aware, are reversed in England : an effect produced by artificial
heat, which is of course less favourable than solar heat.

I have in my kitchen-garden a small basin for catching the rain-
water and overflow from the aquarium and other houses. It is about
8 or 10 feet in diameter. Into this basin I planted one of the
Victorias, on the 25th of June last. The plant has grown remarkably
well, the largest leaves attaining a diameter of more than 4 feet. It
has not yet, however, bloomed, and may not, as cold weather is near
at hand. Sash, blocked by whiting, has remained over the basin
during the whole time. I am satisfied that we can flower the plant
next season in this position.* The third plant is still in the small
seed-pan in which the seed was sown.

The excitement produced by the successful cultivation of the

* In our less-favoured summer climate of England, Mr. Weeks, at Chelsea, has -
successfully flowered this plant in the open air, by a few heating pipes in the water.

348 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Victoria on this side of the Atlantic has been very great, and I am

- happy to say that no one has affirmed that the glowing accounts of the
plant were at all exaggerated. Indeed the universal sentiment is, that no
tongue or pen can exaggerate it. Our worthy friend and accomplished
botanist, Dr. Darlington, who spent a night with me recently, has
enjoyed the sight as much as anybody. The pages of our favourite
periodical, the ‘ Horticulturist,’ will record what has been done, and
to whom the honour is due of sending so valuable an exotic to our
shores.

Since my last letter to you, in which I made some inquiries touching
the winter treatment of the Victoria, I see the fact stated of all the
plants in England having died, and the opinion expressed that it is
an annual. What the plant may do here under milder treatment re-
mains to be seen.* C. C.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van Diemen’s Land.

Vol. I. 1850. 8vo. Hobart Town, V. D. L.

In this work, so creditable to the rising colony of Van Diemen's
Land, and so powerfully fostered by the present Governor, Sir William
Denison, there is more than one interesting paper relating to botany,
on the uses and properties of plants. We may particularly mention
the late lamented Mr. Bicheno's, on * the Potato as an article of food,
and on the Potato-disease ;” J. Britchell, Esq., on “the export and
consumption of Wattle Bark, and the process of Tanning ;” Captain
.. Collinson on ** Timber Trees of New Zealand ;” Dr. Thomas Anderson,
. on “a new species of Manna, of New South Wales;" Sir William

Denison, “on the manufacture of Potash from Tasmanian woods"
(one of many communications from his Excellency).

NOTICES OF BOOKS, 349

Under the head of “ Proceedings” we find the following interesting
letter, addressed to Joseph Milligan, Esq., the very zealous and in-
telligent secretary, on some gigantie native trees.

* New Town Parsonage, near Hobart Town, March 19, 1849.

* I went last week to see a very large tree, or rather two very large
ones, that I had heard of since 1841, but which were not re-discovered
until Monday last. As they are two of the largest, if not the largest
irees ever measured, I have determined to send yon an account of them,
in order that a record may be preserved in any future publication of the
Royal Society. "They are within three-quarters of a mile of each other,
on a small stream, tributary to the North-west Bay River, pretty far up
on the ridge which separates its waters from those of Brown's River.
They are easily reached from the Huon footpath, and are in a beautiful
vale of Sassafras and Tree-ferns, and not in an inaccessible gully, like most
of our gigantic trees. I have never before seen the Tree-ferns growing
in such luxurianee, bending over the stream like enormous cornucopias.
The fire has never reached them, as they and the forest around them
plainly show; and every here and there you are puzzled on seeing a
Sassafras-tree with a root on either side; one in particular forming a
natural arch, underneath which you can walk. And it was some time
before I could tell how it was ever possible for the tree to have grown
there, until, on looking further, I perceived that the Sassafras must
have originally sprung from seed lodged in the bark of some Swamp- .
gum that had fallen across the brook, and as it grew it gradually sent
out, roots along the trunk, until they met ¿erra firma. The trunk
having in the course of ages decayed, has left the Sassafras-tree in
the odd position in which we now see it. I say so much before I give
you the measurements. I am sure the whole scene would amply repay _
you for the trouble of a ride. In addition to the giants below, there _
are, I feel confident, within a mile, at least a hundred trees of 40 feet ——
in circumference. One, about forty yards from the biggest, was 60 feet
at 4 feet from the ground, and at 130 feet must have been fully 40
feet in circumference : it was without buttresses, but went up one solid
massive column, without the least symptom of decay. A Silver Wattle
was 120 fect high and 6 feet round. In fact, we named it the Vale of
Giants, for puny indeed did men appear alongside these vegetable
wonders. The largest we measured was, at 3 feet from the ground,
102 feet in circumference, and at the ground 130 feet, We had no

350 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

means of estimating its height, so dense was the neighbouring forest,
above which, however, it towered in majestic grandeur. This noble
Swamp-gum is still growing, and shows no signs of decay ; it should
be held sacred as the largest growing tree. The largest Oak on record
is the Cowthorpe, in Yorkshire, which is 48 feet in circumference at
3 feet from the ground. Some hollow pollard Oaks are larger, such
as the Winfarthing, in Norfolk, which is 70 feet at the ground.—The
second tree, also a Swamp-gum, is prostrate. It measures, from the
root to the first branch, 220 feet, and the top measures 64 feet, in all
284 feet! without including the small top, decayed and gone, which
would carry it much beyond 300 feet. The circumference at the base
is 36 feet, and at the first branch 12 feet, giving an average of 24 feet.
This would allow for the solid bole 10,120 feet of timber, without
including any of the branches. Altogether, as green timber, it must
have weighed more than 400 tons. The Oak that gave the most timber
was the Gelonos Oak, in Monmouthshire, which, with its branches,
turned out 2,426 feet, but the body alone only 450 feet.
“Tomas J. Ewine.”

LEHMANN : Novarum et minus cognitarum stirpium Pugillus nonus addita
nova Recensione nec non enumeratione specierum omnium generis Po-
TENTILLARUM earumque Synonyma locupletissima ; auctore CHRIS-
TIANO LEHMANN. Hamburgi, 1851.

This is a quarto pamphlet of seventy-two pages which is very accep-
table to every botanist. The first twenty-three pages are devoted to
descriptions and observations of twenty new species of the genus Po-
tentilla, from various parts of the world, known to the indefatigable
and talented author, and the rest of the brochure is occupied by an
enumeration, with synonyms and references to works in which are de-
scribed all the known species, amounting to no less than 193. The
whole are well arranged; primarily into sections, “ FRUTICULOSJE
et Surrruticos# ;” and * HerBaceæ.”” The first contains twelve
. species. The second section is divided into “TERMINALES” and

_ " AXILLIFLOR# ;” and these again into Series ; and again into “ Tribes ”
and ^ Subtribes.”

351

Catalogue of CryptoGaMic PLANTS collected by PROFESSOR W.
JAMESON in the vicinity of Quito; by WILLIAM MITTEN.

(Continued from p. 57.)

51. Macromitrium longifolium, Brid. Fruit immature.

52. Zygodon fasciculatus, Mitten, MSS.; dioicus dense cæspitosus
gracilis ` humilis fastigiatim ramosus viridis inferne ferrugineus,
foliis caulinis lanceolatis nervo sub apice evanido carinatis e cellulis
subrotundis minutissime papillosis areolatis divergentibus, peri-
chætialibus erectis longioribus superne angustioribus, theca in
peduneulo breviuseulo ovato-pyriformi deoperculata sex-striata,
operculo subulato, peristomio duplici, externo dentibus 8 bigemi-
natis interno ciliis 8 linearibus pallidis.—Flos masculus Z. inter- —
medio similis.

A small species near to Z. Brebissonii and to Z. Brownii, judging
from the figure of that species (Schwægr. Suppl. vol. iv. t. 317), but
the leaves are longer and narrower, and the inflorescence is dioicous ;
the peristome resembles that of Z. Brebissouii, but is not so fugacious.
53. Fabronia Jamesoni, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1848. p. 197.

54. Phyllogonium fulgens, Brid.

55. Neckera leptocarpa, Hook. et Wils. Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. v.
t. 16. L. Pterogonium Jamesoni, Tayl. l. c. 1846. p. 49.

56. Eadem.

57. Neckera longiseta, Hook. Musc. Exot. t. 43.

58. N. viridula, Mitten, MSS. ; repens ramosa, ramis pinnatim ramu-
losis, foliis e basi dilatata amplexicauli lanceolato-acuminatis inte- —
gerrimis vel. minutissime repando-dentatis e cellulis angustissimis —
interstitiis grossis minutissime papilloso-punctulatis, nervo supra
medium evanescente. m um

Closely allied to JN. nigrescens, but more robust and apparently not —
pendulous ; the younger portions have the leaves of a rather deep green —
colour, the older and lower of a pale brown and all destitute of gloss.

In size and general appearance it has some resemblance to Pilotrichum

59. Neckera illecebra, C. Muller, Synops. p. 137.

60. Pilotrichum densum (Sw.), C. Muller. Hypnum densum, Swartz,

VOL, ITI, 2z k

352 |. CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS.

Hedw. Sp. Musc. t. 14. Neckera densa, Wils. Lond. Journ. Bot.
v.4.¢.10. N. luteovirens, Tayl. l. c. 1846. p. 59.

b. Idem. A state with the leaves broken.

61. Pilotrichum Jamesoni (Tayl), C. Muller. Cryphea Jamesoni,
Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1848. p. 192.

b. P. ramosum (Wils.), Mitten ; monoicum, caule longiusculo rigido,
ramis divergentibus et recurvis, foliis ovatis breviter acuminatis
concavis, marginibus reflexis, nervo ultra medium evanido, peri-
chætialibus oblongis superne subulato-attenuatis, nervo ex apice
ad medium folii descendente, theca immersa cylindrica subsessili,
operculo conico breviter oblique rostrato, peristomio externo €
dentibus angustis albidis, interno angustioribus et paulo breviori-
bus, calyptra glabra.—Cryphea ramosa, Wiis. in schedula.

A fine species, differing from P. Jamesoni, Tayl. in its shorter and
wider leaves, with the nerve vanishing below the point, and in the
rostrate operculum. In P. Jamesoni the nerve is excurrent, the leaves
are serrate, particularly towards the point, and the operculum is shortly
conical.

62. Neckera Jamesoni, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846. p. 59. The
perichætial leaves of this species are almost subulate, those of
N. Douglasii are oblong, obtuse, cuspidate.

63. N. obtusifolia, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1848. p. 193.

64. N. debilis (Wils.), Mitten ; monoica, caule flexuoso gracillimo pen-
dulo ramoso, foliis patentibus laxis longe lanceolato-subulatis basi
decurrentibus superne denticulatis, nervo infra 1 evanido, e cellulis
laxis teneris levibus alaribus inconspicuis areolatis, perichzetiali-
bus latioribus enerviis, theca in pedunculo scaberrimo oblongo-
cylindrica curvula et paululum inclinata, operculo breviter conico,
peristomio externo dentibus flavidis, interno processibus pertusis
longioribus in membranam exsertam positis, calyptra diminuta
levi.—Leskea debilis, Wils. in schedula.

Very closely resembling WN. aciculata, but readily distinguished by
its more shortly-nerved leaves, more cylindric capsules, and shortly
conical opercula. The leaves of both are of the same structure, and,
. except under a very high power, appear to be smooth; but there
. exist here and there very minute papilla, which are, however, too
. small to be rendered visible by merely bending the leaf.— The place
. of these species appears to be near to AN. nigrescens, from which

CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS. 353

they differ in their smooth and loosely areolate leaves, but agree in
general habits.
b. N. aciculata (Tayl.), Mitten. Leskea aciculata, Tayl. Lond. Journ.
Bot. 1847. p. 339.
65. Pilotrichum tenuissimum (Wils.), C. Muller.. Cryphea tenuissima,
Wils. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 5. p. 6. t. 15. E.
66. Hypnum evpansum, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846. p. 64.
67. H. superbum (Tayl), C. Muller. Leskea superba, Tayl. Lond.
Journ. Bot. 1846. p. 61. Wils. l.c. v. 5. t. 15. M.
68. H. porotrichum, C. Muller. Neckera longirostris, Hook. Muse.
Jot. t. 1l. Hypnum floridum, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847.
p. 339. i
b. Idem. An older state. Leskea gymnopoda, Tayl. Lond. Journ.
Bot. 1846. p. 62.
69. H. gracillimum (Tayl), Mitten. Neckera gracillima, Tayl. Loud.
Journ. Bot. 1848. p. 199. ;
Closely resembling H. polycarpum and its allies.

70. H. Hedwigii (Wils.), Mitten. Leskea Hedwigii, Wils. in schedula.
L. cæspitosa, Hedw. non Swartzii, fide Wiis.

1l. H. denticulatum, Linn.

72. H. scariosum, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846. p. 65.

73. H. Jamesoni, Tayl. L c. p. 63.

14. H. conostomum, Tayl. 1. c. 1848. p. 194.

15. H. pseudo-plumosum, Brid.

16. H. rusciforme, Weis.

77. H. rutabulum, Linn.

78. H. intermedium, Mitten, MSS.; monoicum, viridissimum et lu-

tescens, caule gracili rigidulo bipinnato, foliis cordatis acuminatis —
opacis papillosis apicem versus denticulatis, nervo sub apice :
evanido, perichætialibus lanceolatis subulato-longe-acuminatis _
elongate laxius reticulatis minute denticulatis, theca in pedunculo _
longissimo rubro levi parum inclinata oblonga fusca, operculo -
longe rostrato, peristomio interno e processibus pallidis imperfora- -
tis ciliis nullis.

Intermediate between H. minutulum and H. pauperum, agreeing
with the first in size and habit, but differing in its shorter cauline —
leaves, which are toothed about the apex and not recurved at the -
margins; with the second it corresponds in some degree in the form of —

354 CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS.

its cauline leaves and capsules, but differs in its bipinnate stems and

larger size. The peristome is different from those of both species,

having the processes imperforate, and being destitute of cilia.

79. H. molluscum, Hedw.

80. H. Schlimii, C. Muller, Synops. p. 310. H. decumbens, Wils. in
schedula.

This species was also gathered in Brazil by Gardner.

81. Hypopterygium seutellatum (Tayl.), C. Muller. Hypnum scutella-
tum, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847. p. 338.

82. Neckera tetragona (Sw.), C. Muller. Far. ?

83. Andreæa rupestris, Hedw.

84. Entosthodon acidotus (Tayl), Mitten. Gymnostomum acidotum,
Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot.

85. E. Jamesoni (Tayl), Mitten. Physcomitrium Jamesoni, Tayl. Lond.
Journ. Bot. 1847. p. 329.

This differs from F. acidotus in having narrower leaves; the capsule
is horizontal.

86. Barbula fusca, C. Muller?

A different species, apparently, from that named by Dr. Taylor
B. campylocarpa, which may be identical with B. fallax.

87. B. limbata, Mitten ; monoica dense cæspitosa humilis densissime et
fastigiatim ramosa, foliis erectis siccitate appressis, basi laxe elon-
gate reticulatis pallidis lanceolatis acuminatis, superne e cellulis
minutis rotundatis subopacis areolatis, margine ubique cellulis
elongatis incrassatis angustis flavidis late limbato e medio ad api-
cem serrulato, nervo crasso rubente excurrente, perichætialibus
conformibus, theca in pedunculo stricto aurantiaco mediocri cylin-
drica, opereulo subulato, peristomio nullo.—Gymnostomum Jame-

soni, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot.

This species very closely resembles B. densifolia, but differs in the
3monoicous inflorescence, and the absence of peristome ; the capsule is
_ also longer, and the whole plant a little larger.

88. B. Jamesoni, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, p. 48.
_ The peristome of this moss is truly that of Barbula, but it has no
.. resemblance to B. vinealis, i. Fine qe Fl. Hib., to which
4t is compared by Dr. Taylor.
89. B. elongata, Wils. — i
. 90. Tayloria Jamesoni, C. Muller, ét) p. 135. Clint

CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS. 355

Jamesoni, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, p. 44. Eremodon Jame-
soni, Wils. L. c. v. 5. é. 15. A.

The male flower is minute, gemmiform in the axils of the upper

leaves.

91. Encalypta ciliata, Hedw.

92. Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. *

93. G. longirostris, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 62.

94. G. crispipila (Tayl.), C. Muller. Trichostomum crispipilum, Tayl.
Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, p. 41.

95. Polyporus virgineus, Fries.

96. Blindia fastigiata (Tayl), Mitten. Weissia fastigiata, Tayl.

97. Trichostomum mutabile, Bruch. Syrrhopodon crispulus, Tayt.
Lond. Journ. Bot.

This corresponds so nearly with British specimens of T. mutabile,
that I have not considered it worth while to describe it as distinet ; the
principal differences exist in the rather wider cells at the base of the
leaves and the narrower nerves.

98. Trichostomum Jamesoni (Tayl.), Mitten. Syrrhopodon Jamesoni,
Tayl. Loud. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 331.

This curious species appears to belong to the section Leptodontium
of the genus Zrichostomum, but it wants the yellow colour prevalent
amongst those species ; the present is of a red hue, and the capsule is
arcuate.

99. Leptotrichum gracile, Mitten; dioicum? espitosum humileramosum
gracile sordide virens inferne fuscescens, foliis caulinis homomallis
e basi lanceolata convoluta subito in subulam longam attenuatis
summo apice parce dentienlatis, nervo lato totam subulam occu-
pante, perichætialibus basi latioribus un theca i in pedunculo
mediocri oblonga. ;

À small species with much of the appearance of a poor state of.
Distichium capillaceum; the leaves are very slightly inclined on one side —
at the apices of the stems. :

It is possible this may be the Didymodon smile of Dr. Taylor,
but his specimens led me to consider that species nus a small state of ——
Distichium capillaceum. —

100. Trichostomum densifolium, Mitten.
101. Ceratodon sfenocarpus, Bruch et Schimp.
102. Bartramia patens, Brid. Wils. in schedula.

356 CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS.

103. Eadem. No specimens of this species are in any of the sets I have
seen.

104. Bartramia longifolia Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 68.

105. B. intertexta, Schimp. C. Muller, Synops. p. 503. B. aristata, -
Tayl. MSS. B. capillifolia, Wils. in schedula. Gymnostomum seti-
folium, Hook. Icon. Plant. Rar. t. 185.

106. B. aciphylla, Wils. in schedula; dioica rigida robusta erecta
elongata subsimplex, foliis caulinis reflexis squarrosis rigidis e
basi latissima colorata breviter erecta utrinque ad margines cellulis
laxis preeditis in subulam latissimam lanceolatam elongatam pro-
duetis, siccitate spiraliter tortis margine erecto serrulato e basi ad
apicem pluries plicatis, nervo tenero excurrente, e cellulis angustis-
simis areolatis.—Flos masculus terminalis disciformis, antheridiis
et paraphysibus numerosissimis.

Very sparing specimens have been sent of this noble species, which
appears to exceed a foot in height: it belongs to the same group of
species as B. gigantea, and in general appearance has some resemblance
to the larger species of Dicranum,

107. Bryum obconicum, Hsch.

There appears to be no appreciable difference between these speci-
mens and European.

108. B. candicans, Tayl.

Probably a form of B. argenteum, but much smaller.

109. B. speciosum (Hook. et Wils.), Mitten.

110. Zygodon Pichinchensis (Tayl.), Mitten. Z. hispidulus, Js. in
schedula. Didymodon ? sergent Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot.
1848, p. 280.

— Ml. Z. squarrosus (Tayl), C. Muller. Leptostomum squarrosum,

| Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, p. 43. Aulocamnion squarrosum,

Hook. et Wils. l. c. 1846, p. 448. t. 15.

M32. Z. pusillus, C. Muller, Synops. p. 684. Gymnostomum euchloron,

Schwegr. t. 176.

b. Z. papillatus, Mont. Ann. des Sc. Nat. 1845, p. 106. Z. steno-

carpus, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 330.

.118. Neckera tomentosa (Hook.), C. Muller. Leucodon tomentosus,

~ Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 81.

The Leucodon scabrisetus of Dr. Taylor is a small moss with much

the general — of Hypnum albicans, and in my opinion a doubt-

CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS. 357

114. N. nigricans (Hook.), Nees. Hypnum nigricans, Hook.
115. N. nigrescens, Schwægr. t. 244.
116. Pilotrichum imponderosum (Tayl.), C. Muller. Leskea imponde-

rosa, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, p. 62. Cryphea helictophylla,
Wils. l. c. p. 453.

117. Hookeria Mulleri, Hampe. C. Muller, Synops. p. 195.
118. Daltonia Jamesoni, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1848, p. 283.

119

. D. ovalis, Tayl. 1. c. 1846, p. 66.

120. Hookeria venusta, Tayl. MSS. ; dioica pusilla, caule adscendente

subsimplici, foliis symmetricis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis inte-
gerrimis concavis margine plano apicem versus hic illie recurvo
nervis ad medium productis flavidis, cellulis elongatis densis mi-
nutis haud chlorophyllosis, perichætialibus minoribus enerviis apice
parum dentatis, theca in peduneulo asperrimo oblonga erecta vel
paululum inclinata, opereulo conico-subulato, calyptra late multi-
fida sparsim pilosa, peristomio dentibus externis lamina exteriore
angusta flava lamina interna latiore rugulosa, internis æquilongis
luteis linea pallidiore exaratis densissime punctulatis rugulosis.

A small species, less than H. adscendens (Actinodontium adscendens,
Schwegr., t. 164), but agreeing in structure with those of the section
Lepidopilum of the genus Hookeria.

121

122
123
124

125
126

127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134

. H. pilifera, Hook. et Wils. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, p. 160. H.
papillata, Tayl. 7. c. 1848, p. 283.

. H. falcata, Hook. Musc. Exot. t. 54.

. Hypnum scariosum, Tayl.

. H. Zeptocladum (Tayl), C. Muller. Leskea leptoclada, Tay/.
Loud. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 283.

. Hypopterygium tomentosum (Sw.), C. Muller.

. Andreæa subenervis, Hook. et Wils. Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. vi. t.
10. Andres nova species, Jameson, MSS. :

. Plagiochila Jamesoni, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 340.

. P. pachyloma, Tayl.

. P. bursata, Ldbg. var. area. P. ærea, Tayl.

. P. fragilis, Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1848, p. 198.

. P. centrifuga, Tayl. Probably a form of the preceding.

. P. Raddiana, Ldbg.

+ P. éursata, Ldbg.

. Jungermannia grandiflora, Ldbg. et Gottsche.

358 CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS.

135. Plagiochila revolvens, Mitten, MSS. ; repens, ramis erectis pro-
lifero-ramosis apicibus circinato-incurvis, foliis imbricatis appressis
orbiculatis margine dorsali reflexis basi longe decurrentibus in-
tegerrimis, perianthio brevi obconico compresso ore integerrimo.

Allied to P. ansata, and in the form of its leaves to Alicularia oc-
clusa, but different from both in their reflexed dorsal margin and long
decurrent bases.

136. Jungermannia nigrescens, Mitten, MSS. ; adscendens subramosus, `
foliis ovato-oblongis remotis subsecundis concavis apice brevi
emarginatis angulis acutis vel obtusiusculis, basi dorsali longe
decurrentibus et versus basin lacinia parva dentiformi instructis.

In the curious remote tooth at the base of the decurrent dorsal
margin, this species resembles J. leucostoma, but the present is a much
larger plant, the leaves are more concave, the sinus is more shallow,
and the laciniæ more obtuse.

. 187. Gymnanthe Bustillosii, Mont.

138. Leptoscyrnus, Mitten, nov. gen.— Perianthium. terminale, com-
pressum, ore truncato. Zuvolucri folia caulinis similia. Caulis
horizontalis vel adscendens. Folia horizontalia. Amphigastria
bifida.

L. Liebmannianus (Ldbg. et Gottsche), Mitten. Jungermannia
Liebmanniana, Ldbg. et Gottsche. Chiloseyphus fragilifolius, Tayl.
Lond. Journ. Bot. 1848. p. 284. -

This is one of a small group of Hepatice on which I propose to found
the genus Lepíoscyphus, and I have little doubt that the above refer-
ence of Chiloscyphus fragilifolius to the Jungermannia Liebmanniana of
Lindenberg and Gottsche is correct, for I possess the same species from
Mexico as well as from Cotopaxi. Other species of this genus are
L. succulentus, (L. et L.), Mitten ; L. Taylori (Hook.), Mitten; L. pal-
~ lens, Mitten, MSS. ; L. equatus (Tayl.), Mitten ; L. turgescens (Hook. fil.
et Tayl.), Mitten; L. sérongylophyllus (Tayl.), Mitten ; D. Chamissonis
(Ldbg. et Gottsche), Mitten ; L. nigricans, Mitten, MSS.; L. gibbosus
(Tayl), Mitten ; Z. juliformis, Mitten, MSS. ; L. decipiens, panto L.
reclinans (Tayl.), Mitten; and probably Z. di int (Hook.), Mitten.
_ The species are remarkable for their conspicuous intercalary spaces.

.. 189. L. Chamissonis (Ldbg. et Gottsche), Mitti. cu

140. Trichocolea fomentella, Nees. B. tomentosa.

: M. m var. e. subsimplez ? Synops. Hepat. p. 237.

CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS. 359

142. Sendtnera juniperina, Nees.

143. S. equabilis, Tayl.

144. Radula Jamesoni, Tayl.

145. Madotheca sudciliata, L. et Ldbg. M. arborea, Tayt.

146. M. sqguamulifera, Tay).

147. Bryopteris filicina (Sw.), Nees. B. tenuicaulis, Zayl.

There does not appear to be any essential difference between B.
tenuicaulis, Tayl., and B. filicina.

148. Phragmicoma /azifolium, Tayl.

149. Omphalanthus filiformis, Nees.

150. Lejeunia robusta, Mitten, MSS.; pinnatim ramosa, foliis subim-
brieatis horizontalibus patentibus ovatis apice acute denticulatis et
acutis basi in lobulo sinuato-complicatis, amphigastriis orbiculatis
margine superiore reflexis denticulatis basi decurrentibus angulis
undulatis, folis involucralibus angustioribus erectioribus lobulis
acutis, amphigastrio erecto argute dentato, perianthio obovato ob-
longo truncato depresso marginibus superioribus tuberculis paucis
erosis,

Near to Z. languida, Nees et Mont., but the stipules are decurrent
and dentate as well as recurved, the perianth is much depressed, and
the margins almost smooth.

6. Omphalanthus filiformis, Nees. Var. ¢. tenuis ; gracillimus, foliis

et amphigastriis angustioribus.

151. Lejeunia rotundifolia, Mitten, MSS.; repens inordinate pinna-
timque ramosus, foliis imbricatis orbiculatis integerrimis basi
subtus sinuato-complicatis lobulo parvo decurrente, amphigastriis
folia æquantibus imbricatis orbiculatis acute bifidis, fructu ad
basin ramulorum sessili, involucri foliis conformibus, amphigastrio
magno, perianthio oblongo-obovato obtuso medio parum -— :

. stricta quinquangulari compresso. dec

This species agrees in many respects with L. contigua and Z. dide. i
but is much larger ; some of the stems are pinnatedly branched, others
almost simple : the whole plant is of a pale yellowish colour. |

b. Omphalanthus sulphureus, L. et Ldbg.

152, Lejeunia zanfAocarpa, L. et Ldbg.

b. L. cyathophora, Mitten, MSS.; vage ramosa gracilis, foliis ovatis

basi subsinuato-complicatis lobulo parvo plicæformi, amphigastriis
foliis duplo minoribus subrotundis bifidis laciniis acutis, eos

VOL. III. 3 À

360 CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS.

terminali et laterali obovato inflato dorso convexo ventre obtu-
sissime bicarinato mucronato, mucrone in appendiculo cyathiformi
expanso.

This small species approaches very near to Z. serpyllifolia in 1s ze
and appearance, but the leaves are thinner although the cells are of
the same size, the lobule is narrower; the perianth is inflated, and
with only two very obtuse angles at the top on the ventral side, the api-
culus is expanded into a curious eup-shaped appendage.

153. L. pallescens, Mitten, MSS. ; procumbens vel ut videtur pendula
longissima hic illic ramis brevibus subpinnatim ramosa, foliis re-
motis cordatis acuminatis basi decurrente in lobulum saccatum
complicatis, amphigastriis magnis cordatis bifidis laciniis acutis
conniventibus, foliis amphigastrioque florali dentatis, fructu in
ramulo brevilaterali in caulibus primariis singulatim dispositis,
perianthio parvo obovato-cylindrico obtuso superne obtuse qua-
drangulato,

The stems of this species are sometimes six inches long and of a
pale whitish-yellow colour. In some respects it comes near to Z. cerina,
particularly in the form of its leaves and stipules, which are however
more distant and their texture is more lax: the perianth is very mi-
nute and scarcely protrudes beyond the leaves, by the emission of the
capsule it is burst into four acute laciniæ; the pedicel is so short that
the capsule remains barely out of the mouth of the perianth.

154. Frullania Aians, L. et Ldbg.

155. F. Ternatensis, Gottsche.

156. F. Brasiliensis, Raddi.

157. F. atrata, Nees. Var. 8. Mexicana, Synops. Hepat. p. 463.

158. F. cylindrica, Gottsche.

159. Sarcomitrium multifidum (Linn.), Mitten. Aneura dactyla, Tayl.
. 160. S. algoides (Tayl), Mitten. Metzgeria algoides, Tayl. Lond.

Journ. Bot. 1846. p. 410.

Except in size, this species scarcely differs from S. bipinnatum (Sw.),
Mitten. The name Sarcomitrium of Corda has been adopted for this
genus, in preference to Axeura which implies that the plants are nerve-
~ less, when in reality they are almost entirely composed of nerve. Be-
. Sides the species described in the < Synopsis Hepaticarum" under
~ 4hneura, the genus Sarcomitrium must contain those comprised in the

Cp o
-

CATALOGUE OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS. 361

second section of Metzgeria, which are precisely of the same structure,
and differ but little in habit.

161. Metzgeria furcata, Nees. Var. 8. major, Synops. Hepat. p. 502.
162. M. dichotoma, Nees.

More than twice the size of original specimens from Swartz in Hb.
Hooker, but doubtfully distinct from M. furcata.

163. M. furcata, Nees. Var. 8. gemmifera, Synops. Hepat. p. 503.
164. M. filicina, Mitten, MSS. ; fronde pinnatim divisa lineari glabra
margine setulosa, calyptris ut plurimum axillaribus.

This species has all the habit and appearance of M. furcata, except
that it is branched in a pinnate manner, and not irregularly dicho-
tomous: the stems are about two inches high, and the ramuli about
half an inch long: the calyptra resembles that of M. furcata.

165. Dendroceros Jamesoni, Tayl. Lond. Journ, Bot. 1848. p. 285.
166. Marchantia Berteroana, L. et Ldbg.
167. Fimbriaria elegans, Spreng.
168. Usnea arbata, Ach. a. florida, Fries.
6. U. barbata, Ach.
169. U, melavantha, Ach.
170. Evernia flavicans, Fries.
171. Cladonia gracilis, var. C. vermicularis, Scherer.
172. Peltidea rufescens, Ach.
178. Sticta macrophylla, Fee.
b. Eadem.
e. Eadem?
174. S. dissecta, Ach. ?
175. Parmelia crenulata, Eschweiler.
176. P. sinuosa. ;
177. Ramalina calicaris, Fries.
178. Parmelia Zeucomela, Fries, var.
179. Stereocaulon ramulosum, Ach.
180. Cladonia Jamesoni (Tayl.), Mitten. Bæomyces Jamesoni, Tayl. —

The structure of the apothecia of this species is that of Cladonia, -
and not that of Beomyces.

181. Collema éremelloides, Ach.

362.

Sketch of the VEGETATION of the Isthmus of PANAMA ; by M. BER-
THOLD SEEMANN, Naturalist of H. M. S. Herald.

‘(Continued from p. 306.)

In a eountry where nature has supplied nearly every want of life,
and where the consumption of a limited population is little felt,
agrieulture, deprived of its proper stimulus, cannot make much pro-
gress. It is, therefore, in the Isthmus, in the most primitive state :
our first parents hardly could have carried it on more rudely. A spade
is a curiosity, the plough has never been heard of,* and the only imple-
ment used for converting forests into fields, are the axe and the
machete (or chopping-knife) A piece of ground intended for cultiva-
tion is selected in the forests, cleared of the trees by felling and burning
them, and surrounded with a fence. In the beginning of the wet
season the field is set with plants by simply making a hole with the
machete, and placing the seed or root in it. The extreme heat and
moisture soon call them into activity, the fertility of a virgin soil
affords them ample nourishment, and without the further aid of man
a rich harvest is produced. The same ground is occupied two or three
years in succession ; after that time the soil is so hard and the old
stumps have thriven with so much energy, that a new spot has to be
chosen. In most countries this mode of cultivation would be impos-
sible to practise; but in New Granada all the unoccupied land is com-
mon property, of which anybody may appropriate as much as he pleases,
provided he encloses it either artificially or by taking advantage of
rivers, the sea, or high mountains. As long as the land is enclosed it
remains in his possession ; whenever the fence is decayed the land again
becomes the property of the republic.

.. . Colonial produce, such as sugar, coffee, cacao, tamarinds, &e., which
. require more attention than the inhabitants are wont to bestow, are
. merely raised for home consumption. Although the provincial govern-
n ment. has tried to encourage this branch of industry by offering pre-
_ miums for growing a certain number of plants, and the soil and

CAO * In 1846, an Englis entleman, residing at Panama, often used to boast
P — that he was one menage E few, if not the only one, in the city, possessing a

Since the commencement of the railway, and a more active traffic, both
poe ine alr Ue ME a an unknown vehicle, have become better
known ; still they are far from being familiar sights in the country.

THE VEGETATION OF THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 363

climate are favourable, yet none, except a few enterprising foreigners,
have taken a prominent part in the cultivation ; and there is reason to
believe that while the country remains so thinly populated as at
present, that natural consequence of such a state of society, the high
price of labour, will be a lasting impediment to the establishing of
plantations on a large scale.

Most of the cultivated plants have been brought over from foreign
countries. The cerealia grown are Rice and Indian Corn. The former
was introduced by the Spaniards; the latter was known, before the
conquest, to the Aborigines, who raised it extensively, and used to
prepare from it their bread, and also chicha, a kind of beer. At present
there are several varieties of Indian Corn, chiefly distinguished, from
each other by the colour and size of their respective grains. Some
successful experiments with Wheat have lately been made on the
mountains of Veraguas, which will probably lead to an extensive culti-
vation of that grain.

Of dessert fruit probably no country can exhibit a greater variety.
Besides many indigenous ones, there are to be found the Aguacate
(Persea gratissima, Gertn.), Anona (Anona laurifolia, Dunal), Aqui
(Cupania Akeesia, Cambess.), Chirimoya (Anona Cherimolia, Mill),
Granadilla (Passiflora quadrangularis, Linn.), Jobo (Spondias lutea,
Linn.), Zima (Citrus Limetto, Risso), Limon (Citrus Limonum, Risso),
Mammey de Cartagena (Lucuma mammosum, Gærtn.), Mango (Mangifera
Indica, Linn.) Melon (Cucumis Melo, Linn.), Naranja agria (Citrus
vulgaris, Risso), Naranja dulce (Citrus Aurantium, Risso), Palo de pan
(Artocarpus incisa, Linn.), Papaya (Carica Papaya, Linn.) Pinna
(Ananassa vulgaris, Lindl.), Pomarosa (Jambosa vulgaris, DC.), different
species of Ciruelas (Spondias, sp. pl.), and Toronjil (Citrus Decumana,
Linn.). The Mangosteen was introduced in 1848, plants having been
obtained from the Royal Botanie Gardens at Kew.

The Plantain is most extensively cultivated, and furnishes the inhabi-
tants with the chief portion of their food. The question whether the
Plantain and its kindred are indigenous to the New World, or whether
they have been introduced, has hitherto formed a topic for historians
rather than for naturalists, and no satisfactory conclusion has as yet
been arrived at. Some incline to the former, others to the latter
opinion ; and again a third party thinks that while some species are’
indigenous, others have been brought from foreign countries. Robert-

364 SKETCH OF THE VEGETATION OF

son, following Wafer and Gumilla, classes the Plantain among the
native productions of America. It was found by the latter two authors
far in the interior, and in the hands of Indian tribes who had little
or no communication with the Creoles. But as both Wafer and
Gumilla travelled a number of years after Columbus’s discovery, and
as we know that many plants, even some less useful than the different
Musas, were disseminated with great rapidity over the territories of the
New World, the proofs appear insufficient. Prescott seems to look
upon the Plantain as introduced, but thinks it is not mentioned in the
works of Hernandez. Yet Hernandez does mention the Plantain ; he
even informs us that it was brought to Mexico from foreign parts, and
in his Hist. Plant. Nov. Hisp. Libr. vol. iii. p. 172, has the following
account :—‘ Arbor est mediocris, familiaris calidis regionibus hujus
Nove Hispanie, vocatur a quibusdam recentiorum Musa. Folia
sunt valde longa et lata, adeo ut hominis superent sæpenumero
magnitudinem : fructus racematim dependent incredibili numero
et magnitudine, cucumerum crassorum et brevium forma, dulces,
molles atque temperiei proximi, nec ingrati nutrimenti. Eduntur
hi erudi, assive ex vino, atque ita sunt gustui jucundigris. Differt
fructus magnitudine, et quo minores sunt, eo salubriores et sua-
viores. Advenam esse aiunt huic Nove Hispanie atque translatam
. ab ZEthiopibus aut Orientalibus. Indiis, quorum est alumna. Caulis et
radix, quze fibrata est, multis constant membranis, saporis expertibus
et odoris, lubricis et frigescentibus, ex quo facile quis conjiciat, quibus
morbis possint esse utiles." Conclusive as is this statement, both as
regards the identity of the plant, and its native country, still some may
yet entertain doubts, as Hernandez wrote not at the time of the dis-
covery of America, but towards the end of the sixteenth century. There
is, however, another proof that the Plantain was introduced. Neither
the Quichua nor the Aztec, the two most refined and widely diffused
of all American languages, nor indeed any other indigenous tongue of
the New World, possesses a vernacular name for this plant. Even Her-
nandez, who collected the Aztec names with the utmost care, could
find none, and was compelled to place the Plantain near the Quauh-
z wilotl (Parmentiera edulis, DC.), and call it Quauhzilotl altera; the
. cucumber-like fruit of the Parmentiera Moda to him to form the
T. closest. approach to that of the Plantain.

. The esculent roots under cultivation are: Nname CDioscorén alata,

THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 365

Linn.), Fuca (Manihot utilissima, Pohl), Batata or Camote (Batatas
edulis, Chois.), Où (Arum esculentum, Linn.), and Papas (Solanum
tuberosum, Linn.). All these plants, except the Potato, are propagated
merely by cutting off the top of the roots (tubers, corms, &e.). The
vitality of these cuttings is very great; they may be left for weeks on
the field, exposed to sun and rain, without receiving any injury. Many
other vegetables are treated in a similar manner in tropical America.
In Ecuador the tops of the Aracacha remain three or four months out
of the ground, and when at last they are planted, thrive as well as if
they had been subjected to the most attentive treatment.

Other vegetables “grown are the Challote (Sechium edule, Swartz),
Guineo (Musa sapientum, Linn.), Guandu (Cajanus bicolor, DC.), Mani
(Arachis hypogea, Linn.), Pepino (Cucumis sativus, Linn.), Sapallo
(Cucurbita Melopepo, Linn.), Lechuga (Lactuca sativa, Linn.), and Col
(Brassica oleracea, Linn.). The Lettuce and Cabbage are raised with
difficulty in the lower region ; they never form any heads, and are not
much liked, Tomatos (Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill.) and different
kinds of 4ji (Capsicum, sp. pl.) are cultivated in considerable quan-
tities, and used as condiments for culinary purposes.

With this enumeration I conclude. It would be foreign to the
subject to touch upon the other branches of agriculture, branches
practised as rudely as that relating to the cultivation of the fields.
Perhaps, in a few years the old system will be overturned, and a new
one be established. The great impulse given to every kind of industry
in the Pacific by the ‘discovery of gold in California, and the constant
demand for eatables which that event has oceasioned, will do their
work. In the Isthmus it must produce a progress in agriculture,
which, besides increasing the opulence of the country, will have a most -
beneficial effect upon the climate. According to Dr. G. Gardner, the
seasons of Rio de Janeiro were formerly similar to those of Portobello,
Chirambirá, and other parts of the Isthmus,—they could hardly be
divided into wet and dry. But since the axe was laid on the dense
forests surrounding the city, the climate has become dry ; in fact, so
much has the quantity of rain diminished, that the Brazilian Govern-
ment was obliged to pass a law prohibiting the felling of trees in the
Corcovado range. The same effect will probably be produced in the
Isthmus. When the immense forests, which at present cover the
greater portion of the country, have been reduced, and a free circula-

366 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

tion of air from sea to sea has been established, the rainy season will
be considerably shorter, and the climate cooler and more healthy ; but
to what extent that change may be accomplished is a problem which
industry will have to solve.

Second Report on Mr. Sprucn’s Collections of Dried Plants from
Nortn BRAZIL; dy GEORGE BENTHAM, Esa.

(Continued from p. 200.)

Since the last portion of this report was printed, a further collection
of between three and four hundred species has arrived from the neigh-
bourhood of Barra do Rio Negro, at the junction of the Rio Negro
with the Amazon. These plants are henceforth included in our report.

The Olacinee consist of Heisteria cyanocarpa, Popp. et Endl., a new
genus from Barra, described below under the name of Diplocrater
acuminatus, and a Liriosma, also from Barra, with the foliage and
inflorescence of L. Vellosiana, DC., but with the buds too young to
ascertain with certainty whether it belongs to that species, my speci-
mens from Rio Janeiro being already past flowering. The Barra plant
is described by Mr. Spruce as a slender tree of about eighteen feet;
and much branched, growing in the thick forest.

The Heisteria cyanocarpa was from a weak slender tree, of about
twenty-five feet, found on the steep cliffs called Barreras, near Santarem.
The foliage is not unlike that of H. Raddiana, Benth., from Rio
Janeiro, with petioles three to four lines long, but the pedicels are
much longer, whilst in M. Raddiana they are always shorter, than the
petioles, the fruit-bearing calyx very much smaller and less deeply
... divided, and the fruit itself about four lines long, oblong, not globose.

Gardner’s Brazilian collection contains, besides the H. Raddiana
(n. 5378, described in the Niger Flora, p. 258), and some specimens
which, for want of fruit, I am unable to determine with certainty
(n. 2516, 5974, and 5379, the two former probably H. cauliflora, and
.. the third H. Raddiana), two new species, which it may not be out of
_ place here to mention.

_ 1l. Heisteria ovata; foliis ovatis brevissime acuminatis basi rotundato-

. truncatis, pedicellis fructiferis petiolum (3—4-linearem) superantibus,

COLLECTED BY MR. SPRUCE IN BRAZIL. 367

calyce fructifero patente ad medium diviso quam fructus oblongus

longiore, lobis latis acutiusculis.—Pernambuco. (Gardner, n. 2787.)
2. H. subsessilis ; foliis ovatis basi cuneatis rotundatisve, pedunculo

fructifero petiolum brevissimum (1 lin.) duplo triploye superante,

calyce fructifero profunde 5-fido, lobis erectis acutiusculis fructu

oblongo paulo brevioribus.— Prov. Goyaz. (Gardner, n. 3040.)—

Flores in hac specie alii uti in cæteris ad axillas foliorum fasciculati,

alii ad apices ramorum breviter fasciculato-racemosi.

Our new genus, Diplocrater, has the small flowers and fasciculate
axillary inflorescence of Heisteria, but with membranous leaves; the.
ovary is divided only up to the insertion of the ovules, they, as well as
the axile placenta, being entirely free from the summit of the cavity, as —
in Ximenia, Olax, Liriosma, and Schepffia ; and the stamens are equal to
and opposite the petals, as in Schepffia. The general habit and foliage
remind one strongly of the figure of Rhaptostylum acuminatum in
Humboldt and Kunth’s Nova Genera et Species, vol. vii. t. 621, but
the structure of the flowers is very different, as will appear from the
following character.

DIPLOCRATER, gen. nov.—/nvolucrum cupulatum, integerrimum, caly-
cem mentiens. Calyx cupulatus, integerrimus. Discus petalifer
calycem intus fere omnino vestiens, calycis margine angustissimo vix
prominulo. Petala 5, margini disci imposita, æstivatione valvata,
superne intus incrassata. Stamina 5, petalis opposita, ad basin -
eorum inserta et intra cavitatem petali quasi recepta, filamento bre- _
vissimo crasso, anthera adnata loculis rima brevi dehiscentibus. -
Ovarium sessile, orbieulare, medio carnoso-pyramidato in stylum
simplicem abiens, apice ovoideo-stigmatosum. Ovula 2, ex apice -
placentæ centralis ad summitatem cavitatis non attingentis pendula,
dissepimento separata ultra ovula non producto.—Species unica
D. acuminatus. Arbor 15-20-pedalis, ramulis foliaceis elongatis |
tenuibus, ex omni parte glaber. Folia alterna, exstipulata, breviter -
petiolata, ovato-oblonga, acuminata, basi rotundata, membranacea, -

penninervia, retieulato-venosa, 3~5-pollicaria. Flores minimi, ad —
axillas foliorum fasciculati, pedicellis semilineam longis. Cupula -
exterior (e bracteis 2 coalitis formata ?) explanata, fere lineam dia-
metro, basi carnosula, margine tenui; interior (calyx cum disco
adnato) paulo longior. Petala triangulari-lanceolata, semilineam -

longa, acuta, apice carnosula et subinflexa, a basi paulo nltra medinm T

VOL. III. 3B =

368 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

intus excavata, concavitate intus superne costa prominente divisa.

Stamina ad tertiam partem petali attingentia, latiora quam longa,

connectivo antherarum a filamento lato crassiusculo haud distincto.

Stylus petalis brevior. Fructus non visus.

There are two Humiriacee, the Umir? (Humirium Jloribundum, Mart.)
mentioned in our first report, and again found abundantly in the neigh-
bourhood of Santarem, and the Saccoglottis Amazonica, Mart., a much
. more local species, although frequent on the margin of forests about
Santarem. It there forms a spreading tree of about thirty feet, with
the young leaves of a deep red. Its fruit is called Uarua by the
Brazilians, and said to be very good eating.

Among Meliaceæ, the common Azedarach was found, to all appearance
wild, as a tall shrub or low tree, in the vicinity of Santarem : a Guarea
from the vicinity of Obidos may possibly be the same as the one pre-
viously gathered near Parà, both forming lofty trees; the specimens
were very few, and could only be supplied to the first two or three sets.
The following new Trichilie are more generally distributed.

1. Trichilia excelsa; foliis amplis, foliolis 5—7 alternis oppositisque
ad venas petiolis ramulisque pubescentibus, paniculis brevibus, flori-
bus vulgo tetrameris, filamentis ultra medium connatis apice biden-
tatis dentibus antheram glabram superantibus, ovulis collateralibus.
— Arbor excelsa, ramulis teretibus pube molli haud densa. Petioli
communes 4-8 poll. longi. Foliola 3 ultima ad apicem petioli digi-
tata, 5-6-pollicaria, ezetera minora, opposita v. alterna, omnia ex
ovata v. oblonga forma in obovatam transeuntia, apice rotundata
cum acumine brevi et obtuso, margine sspe undulata v. leviter si-
nuata, basi plus minus angustata et petiolulo brevi fulta, membra-
nacea, penninervia et reticulato-venosa, supra glabra nisi ad venas

parce puberula et demum lucidula, subtus tactu mollia, ad costas

. venasque puberula, pallide virentia. Panicule vix pollicares, a basi
. ramosissime. Pedicelli ultimi $ lin. longi. Calyces late et obtuse

4-lobi, + lin. longi. Petala 2 lin. longa, alba, extus adpresse pube-

Yula. Stamina undique glabra. Filamenta complanata, glabra,

paulo ultra medium monadelpha, tubo basi disco carnosulo adnato.

— Anthere ovate. Ovarium hirsutum, triloculare. Ovula in loculis

gemina, minutissima, collateralia, medio lateraliter affixa. Stylus
brevissimus, glaber.—Ovarium in omnibus quos examinavi flores
semiabortivum videtur et planta verisimiliter polygamo-subdioica.—

. From the virgin forests near Santarem.

COLLECTED BY MR. SPRUCE IN BRAZIL. 369 |

2. Trichilia macrophylla, sp. n.; foliis amplis, foliolis 3-7 alternis ob-
ovatis ellipticisve acuminatis membranaceis ad venas petiolis ramu-
lisque minute puberulis, panieulis brevibus, floribus pentameris, fila-
mentis infra medium connatis apice bidentatis, dentibus anthera
hirsuta brevioribus, ovulis collateralibus, eapsulis echinato-hispidis
monospermis.—#rutex alte scandens, trunco crassitie brachii humani,
ramulis tenuibus. Folia fere T. excelsæ, sed majora, glabriora. Fo-
liola terminalia semipedalia vel interdum fere pedalia, cetera vulgo
minora, apice plus minus acuminata, basi angustata et petiolulata,
secus petiolum communem valde irregulariter disposita. Panicule
breviores et flores multo minores quam in 7. ezce/sa. Paucos tamen
vidi flores, antheris ut videtur sterilibus subfcemineos, dum in speci-
minibus meis T. excelse omnes submasculi erant. Calyx puberulus,
apertus vix 4 lin. longus, lobis acutis. Petala linea paulo longiora,
glabra, æstivatione valde imbricata. Stamina 8, 9, v. 10, petalis
paulo breviora, filamentis basi connatis glabrisque, dein liberis com-
planatis extus glabris intus villosis. Anthere anguste, villosæ.
Ovarium disco tenui impositum, hispidum, triloculare. Ovula ex
apice attenuata pendula, collateralia. Capsula ovato-triquetra, 4-5
lin. longa, extus tuberculis squamulisve breviter rigideque hispidis
dense obtecta, trivalvis valvulis erassiusculis, intus abortu unilocu-
laris et monosperma. Semen pendulum, testa fusca, arilla parva -
(exsiccatione partim destructa). Cofyledones crassæ, carnosæ, radi- —
culam superam includentes.—From the Paranà-mir dos Ranos, —
between Santarem and Barra.

3. Trichilia ? micrantha, sp. n. ; foliolis 5—7 ovali-ellipticis obtuse acu-
minatis coriaceis glabris v. subtus parce puberulis, paniculis laxis ——
multifloris folio sublongioribus, floribus parvis subglobosis, filamentis -
ad apicem connatis tubo intus apice villoso, antheris erectis exsertis
dentibus nullis interjectis, ovulis solitariis (v. geminis adglutinatis 2). e
~—Arbor 30-pedalis, ramulis teretibus glabris. Foliola ultima 4-5- _
pollicaria, inferiora minora. Panicule in axillis superioribus et ad —
apices ramorum semipedales et longiores, cinerascentes, ramis divari-
catis, floribus subfasciculatis brevissime pedicellatis albis vix lineam
diametro, Calyx parvus, laciniis 5 orbiculatis. Petala 5, orbicu- -
lata, calyce duplo longiora. Séaminum tubus subinteger, brevis, -
extus glaber, intus basi glaber, apice dense villosus. Anthere 10, —
erectæ, ovatæ, acute, glabræ. Ovarium disco orbiculari imposen 2s

~ triloculare, stylo brevi.

370 REPORT ON THE PLANTS

This tree, from the Capociras, near Barra do Rio Negro, is very
unlike all other Trichilie known to me, and the ovules appeared to
be solitary in each cell, even under a high magnifying power; but
as Jussieu observes that they are often so closely combined as to ap-
pear like a single ovule, it is possible such may be the case with
this plant, or that, in the specimens before me, the flowers may be

. sterile and the ovules imperfectly developed. In the absence of fruit
I have, therefore, left it in Trichilia, to which it approaches nearer than
to any other genus.

The only plant belonging to Vitacee is a variety of Cissus sicyoides,
Linn., from Santarem, with the leaves broadly but not deeply cordate,
and sometimes scarcely more than truncate at the base, thus coming
near to C. ovata, Lam., and showing that the two plants may very
probably be mere varieties of one species, as already suggested by
De Candolle.

There are four Simarubee,—a variety of Simaruba versicolor, St. Hil.,
forming a bushy tree of about twenty feet in the campos near Santa-

rem, having flowers rather smaller and more closely clustered than in
. South Brazilian specimens, but precisely the same form as Blanchet’s
. n.2727, referred by Planchon without hesitation to this species; and three
Sümnabe, all belonging to the small-flowered group, which come much
nearer in general aspect to Simarudéa than to the large-flowered Simabe,
although the structure of the flowers renders it necessary to associate
them with the latter genus. One of these, a small irregularly-branched
tree, from the south shore of the Rio Negro, near Barra, is the Simaba
Guianensis, Aubl., or at any rate the common Guiana species, which
. Planchon has, in all probability correctly, referred to the one so rudely
figured by Aublet. The two following are new :—
l. Simaba fetida, sp. n. ; caule arboreo, ramulis glabris, foliis glaber-
rimis, foliolis 5-7 sicdidesddis obtusissimis emarginatisque, -
- panieula laxa foliis longiore, floribus pro genere parvis, staminum
squamis abbreviatis, ovario puberulo.—4r4or parva, ramulis leviter
angulatis glaucescentibus. ^ Foliola opposita, iria ultima digitata, |
13-2 poll longa, 1-14 poll. lata, basi in petiolulum brevissimum
longe angustata, integerrima, coriacea, nervis lateralibus subtus im-
Tune et flores fere S. Guianensis. Petala vix 2 lineas
- Drupe obovoideæ, rubræ, styli cicatrice versus apicem
pericarpio crasso-carnoso, putamine lignoso oblique obovoideo

COLLECTED BY MR. SPRUCE IN BRAZIL. 3814

valde compresso rugoso pollicem longo semipollicem lato. Semen

oblongum, compressum, infra apicem lateraliter affixum, testa

membranacea. Cotyledones carnosæ. Radicula supera vix conspicua.

Plumula semilineam longa.—From the beach of the Rio Tapajoz,

near Santarem, the greenish flowers emitting a vile stercoraceous

odour.

2. Simaba angustifolia, sp. n.; caule arboreo, ramulis glabris, foliis
glabris, foliolis 5-9 anguste oblongis apice obtuse angustatis basi `
longe acutatis, panieula laxa foliis sublongiore, floribus pro genere
parvis, staminum squamis brevissimis, ovario glabro.—Affinis 8.
Guianensi.— Foliola 2-3 poll. longa, pleraque vix semipollicem lata,
maxima rarius 4 poll. longa et fere pollicem lata. Panicule pube
minuta cinerascentes. Pedicelli iis S. Guianensis longiores et tenu-
iores, flores ejusdem magnitudine vel vix majores.—From the south
shore of the Rio Negro, near Barra.

In Planchon's enumeration of Simarubeæ, he appears to have over-
looked the Simaba Bahiensis, Moric. Pl. Nouv. Amer. p. 11, t. 9, which
is Blanchet’s no. 3143, and perhaps also Gardner's n. 2514 from
Piauhy. In the generic character of Simaba in the same paper, the
* squama staminum longa sæpe bifida" applies only to the larger-
flowered. species, for it is very short in S. Guianensis, Orinocensis, fetida,
and angustifolia. e

The Ochnacee, lately worked up with great care by Dr. Planchon —
(Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. v. and vi.), are nevertheless excessively difficult to
determine from descriptions. Of the four Gomphiæ in the present —
collection, two from Santarem and one frem Barra do Rio Negro, all
in single specimens or nearly so, appear different from any I possess,
yet I am unable to satisfy myself that they are really unpublished ; the
fourth, from the Rio Tapajoz near Santarem, is however more evi-
dently distinct, and has been more generally distributed. I therefore
here describe it :— . sa
Gomphia microdonta, sp. n.; glaberrima, foliis brevepetiolatis ovalibus

apice obtusis margine subrecurvis minute calloso-dentatis, venulis

utrinque subobsoletis, racemis simplicibus terminalibus brevibus,
pedicellis calyce glabro 2—3-plo longioribus.—Affinis quodammodo -

G. Blanchetiane.—Folia crebra, erecto-patentia, 13-23 poll. longa,

1-14 poll. lata, basi rotundata v. leviter cuneata, petiolo 1-13 lin. :

longo, eosta media prominente, venis tenuibus v. omnino ineon-

372 REPORT ON BRAZILIAN PLANTS.

spicuis. Bractee ad basin inflorescentize convolutæ, acutissime acu-

minate, 3 lin. longe. Racemi 2-8-pollicares, omnes in speciminibus

suppetentibus simplices, pedicellis unifloris 7-9 lin. longis, prope
basin cicatrice bracteolæ notatis. Sepala obtusa, 21 lin. longa.

Petala et stamina desunt. In fructu juniore, sepalis jam delapsis,

discus crassus globosus, carpella gerens 5 obovoideo-globosa gla-

berrima.

The following very distinct Chailletia, from the vicinity of Santarem,
is remarkable from the petals, the inside of the calyx, and the filaments
being perfectly black, with white anthers. All the flowers I have exa-
mined have proved to be male by abortion.

Chailletia vestita, sp. n.; ramulis inflorescentiaque rufo-velutinis, foliis
ovatis rugosis supra villosulis subtus molliter tomentoso-villosis,
peduneulis dichotome corymbosis, inferioribus axillaribus petiolo
adnatis, summis paniculatis aphyllis, floribus polygamis, petalis:
calyce subbrevioribus, staminibus marium breviter exsertis, (fructu
oblique obovoideo compressiusculo velutino),—Arbor parva, ramis
irregularibus fragilibus, ramulis teretibus. Folia inferiora vix bre-
vissime petiolata, 3-6 poll. longa, 2-4 poll. lata, obtusa v. breviter
obtuseque acuminata, basi rotundata v. subcordata, floralia similia
nisi petiolo 2-6 lin. longo fulta. Stipule lanceolate, crassæ, 1-2 lin.
longe, rufo-tomentosæ. Oyme dichotome corymbosze, tomento rufo
villosæ, inferiores pedunculatæ pedunculo petiolo æquilongo et ei
adnato, superiores ad axillam bracteæ parvæ sessiles, thyrsum ter-
minalem constituentes ; omnes a basi repetite dichotomæ, 13-2 poll.
late, floribunde. Bractee parve, caducæ. Flores quos vidi omnes
masculi Calyx profunde 5-lobus; /acimie ovate, 1 lin. longæ,
æstivatione imbricatæ, extus dense cano-tomentosæ, intus glabræ
et nigræ. Petala nigra, calyce paulo breviora, semibifida, lobis lon-
gitudinaliter plicatis. Stamina 5, calyce paulo longiora, glabra,

. antheris ovatis, loculis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Glandule 5,
. bifidæ, petalis opposite. Ovarii rudimentum in centro floris disci-

-. forme, stylo brevissimo intra lanam abscondito.

.. À set of specimens gathered in young fruit in the neighbourhood of

< Barra appear to belong to the same species, although, according to Mr.

Spruce’s label, they are from a stout sipd or woody climber, not from a

tree. The leaves are often larger, less downy, and often more decidedly

ad somewhat sharply acuminate ; many of them, however, are precisely

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 313

the same as in the flowering specimens above described. The fruit, not
yet fully formed, is about half an inch long, somewhat compressed,
very woolly, either roundly obcordate and two-celled, or by the abortion
of one cell obliquely obcordate.

(To be continued.)

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Death of Dr. WILLIAM ARNOLD DROMFIELD.

Seldom has it been our duty to record the death of a naturalist more
devoted to the cause of science, and more esteemed as a man, than
Dr. Bromfield. The mournful event took place at Damascus, on the
9th of October of the present year, 1851.

William Arnold Bromfield, M.D., F.R.S., &c., was born in 1801,
at Boldre, in the New Forest, Hants; a county so beautiful in its
scenery, that it is no wonder that one whose infant years were passed
in such a region should be ever after alive to the charms of nature,
He was cradled, as it were, among woods. His father was the Rev.
John Arnold Bromfield, M.A., formerly Fellow of New College,
Oxford, and was, on account of his health, several years ago, obliged
to quit his living at Market Weston, in Suffolk, for the warmer
- climate of Hampshire, where he died in the year which gave birth to his
only son. In his childhood Dr. Bromfield was intelligent and remark-
able for sweetness of temper, which rather increased than otherwise as ——
years advanced, and he always took great delight in all representations
of natural history, in mechanics, &c. One who was much his companion

at that time, well remembers when at the age of five or six he stole _

away from the child's sport of the day to watch some workmen mend-
ing a. pump: their movements were eagerly scrutinized, and he was
ready even then, as on other similar occasions afterwards, to lose no
opportunity of gaining information. =
At about eleven years of age he was placed under the charge -
of Dr. Knox, of Tonbridge, for two years, and during that period

received much notice and kindness from the Rev. Dr. Cartwright, who =

374 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

lived in the neighbourhood, and who frequently had him at his house,
where he loved to encourage the boy’s taste for the mechanical arts, in
which he was himself no mean proficient. The rest of his school life
was passed under Dr. Nicholas, of Ealing, and he was afterwards, for
a short time, placed with a clergyman, the Rev. Mr. Phipps, in Warwick-
shire. The pleasure that he now took in chemistry and his acquirements
in that science were such, that when it was thought necessary he should
enter some profession, he was urgent that this pursuit should be made
available for the purpose, and he was therefore sent to Glasgow, and
became, in 1821, an inmate, and we have reason to know a great fa- .
vourite too, in the family of Dr. Thomson, the distinguished professor
of chemistry in the University of that city. There he not only
attended the medical curriculum in the college, but was an ardent
pupil in Dr. Thomson’s publie and private classes. At the end of two
years he took his degree in medicine. It does not appear that he
showed any particular bias for the study of botany till his visit to
Glasgow ; and then botanical excursions, more, perhaps, than the
botanical lectures,—especially a short tour made in the Highlands of
Scotland, where the zeal he evinced in pursuit of plants, and the in-
quiring turn of his mind, are still vividly recollected by the writer of
this brief notice,—induced him to make botany the chief object of the
remainder of his life. His surviving sister well remembers the
pleasure with which he described the botanical trip which first attached
him to the study.

He left Scotland finally in 1826, and, not feeling the necessity
of engaging in medical practice, he commenced his travels in Ger-
many, France, and Italy, returning to England in 1830. His pri-
. vate letters to his family, now before us, show how profitably he
. spent that time, and how much he must have enriched his mind in
. all kinds of ‘subjects in any way connected with natural history.
= Soon after his return he lost his excellent and affectionate mother, and

from that period he lived in the society of his sister, first at Hastings,
. then at Southampton; and finally, since 1836, at Eastmount, Ryde,
. Isle of Wight. The two latter places are situated in Hampshire,
"which beautiful eounty has been the principal and very successful
field of his botanical researches, and gave rise to his * Notes and oc-
casional Observations on some of the rarer British Plants growing
et an eo godes volume

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 375

of Mr. Newman’s ‘ Phytologist.’ These ‘ Notes’ evince great accuracy,
diligence, and uncommon research, and an extensive reading of all
works, foreign as well as English, which could in any way illustrate
the subject. He says, with great truth, at the commencement of his
communication : * In presenting the readers of the * Phytologist’ with
the following list of Hampshire plants, my object has been to promote
our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the species in Britain,
which important branch of philosophical botany is now, through the
impulse happily given to it by the labours of Mr. H. C. Watson,
beginning to receive its due share of attention in this country ; and the
time is gone by when such catalogues are to be viewed, and their
utility measured by their fitness, as vehicles for the communication of
mere rarities to the collector.” The whole essay would be well worth
printing as a separate work, and be invaluable to every student of the
botany of Hants.

But if the botany of Hampshire claimed a great share of Dr. Brom-
field’s attention, that of the Isle of Wight, his head-quarters for the
last fourteen years of his life, was especially interesting to him, and his
chief energies were directed to the preparation of a flora of that
island. So anxious was he to make this flora perfect, that while other
botanists might have deemed two years sufficient to investigate and
publish the vegetation of so limited a spot, our valued and lamented
friend did not think that at the end of fourteen years he had accom-
plished all that ought to be performed ; and thus, advanced as we know
the MSS. to be, and much as had been done by him for a botanico-geo-
graphical and geological map of the island with all the accuracy of
that of the Ordnance survey which was the groundwork of it, and

under the full persuasion that “ another summer's " work would com-

plete his flora, the “ Flora Vectis” or “ Flora Vectensis ” (the exact —
title was not decided) still only exists in manuscript.* It was not given -
him to pass another summer in his favoured and favourite island. —

He had indeed been unwearied in his researches into every nook
and corner of the Isle of Wight, in the interior, and on the coast,
“isle and islet, creek and bay,” and scarcely any summer elapsed with-
out his being rewarded with some discovery. Wild and cultivated
localities were alike explored by him, and his visits, at first not

* Si i i | authority, that the MS, —
is all Le bou adir A ad ES ac ra 4 |

VOL. III. 3c

316 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

allowed in a very friendly spirit by the landlord or the tenant of the
several properties, were latterly welcomed by the same individuals, and
his person and pursuits became familiar to the residents in all parts of
the island. It has been our privilege to see him going out at early
morn and returning at dewy eve, laden with his collections, which
were, for more convenient examination, transferred from the ordinary
vascula in which they were packed in the field, to another, so large, that
we should hardly be credited if we gave its exact dimensions, but
which he used to call his “ witness-box.” Nothing was left undone
which could tend to the completing and the perfecting of his “ Flora.”

In 1842 he made an autumnal tour, of some weeks, in Ireland, visit-
ing Killarney, Limerick, Cork, &c.

But we should render little justice to Dr. Bromfield’s varied know-
ledge, if we were to speak of him only as a British, or even as an
European botanist or naturalist and traveller. In January 1844 he em-
barked for a six months’ tour in the West India Islands, visiting several
of them, and spending his chief time in Trinidad and Jamaica. At
the former island he received much attention from the botanist Lock-
hart, one of the few survivors of the Congo expedition under Captain
Tuckey, the Curator of the Botanic Garden there, and in the latter
(Jamaica) from Dr. M‘Fadyen, a physician of great practice, and
author of the * Flora of Jamaica, —both since dead. In the same
island, too, he joined Mr. Purdie, then collecting for the Royal Gardens .
of Kew, and they made several excursions together, in one of which our
friend was bitten by a “ black snake,” which he had incautiously seized

by the middle. The creature held to the back of Dr. Bromfield’s hand
by its fangs for nearly a minute, and could only be removed by a negro
forcing the end of a stick into its mouth. Happily the species was not
à poisonous one : a swelling of the hand, with slight pain, only ensued.
In the summer of 1846 he resolved to visit North America, and
_ there to make a very extensive and, to his inquiring mind, profitable
tour, embarking in July of that year, and not returning till the autumn
-of the following. How advantageously his time was spent on this
occasion may to some extent be seen in the ‘ London Journal of Botany,’
where, at the request of the Editor, he was with difficulty * induced to
et > Dr. siarum was not anxious to appear in print at an early period. His first

n = ira we know, is his valuable ten de: Cu
d gd alterniflora, Lois., in 1836, in the ‘
| disec cr gag Spartina alterniflor :

‘Botanical M agazine, vol. ii. p. 254.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 377

lay before the public some ‘Notes and Observations on the Botany,
Weather, &c., of the United States of America, made during a tour in
that country in 1846 and 1847. “An indifferent state of health,”
he tells us, “rendering a change of scene, climate, and occupation
absolutely necessary, I determined, towards the middle of 1846, on
visiting the United States of America; a country I had long wished to
see, as well on account of the great moral and political experiments of
which it is the theatre, as of the analogy its vegetation bears to that of
Europe, our own island of Great Britain included.” This interesting
journey extended from Canada north, to New Orleans south, and west-
ward to St. Louis on the Missouri.

Happy would it have been for his friends if this had been the last
of his wanderings. He had returned in greatly improved health, and
somewhat more than half a Yankee, for a time, in appearance and
dress ; but his energetic mind longed to occupy itself with oriental
scenery and productions, and his carefully-kept Journal, now before us,
written in the form of letters to his beloved sister, shows how deeply
he was interested in the wonders of Egypt and Nubia. He accord-
ingly embarked from Alexandria in the Sultan steamer, in September
1850. He climbed the Pyramids and penetrated their interior recesses.
He ascended the Nile, to visit Thebes, in company with two other
English gentlemen, Lieut. Pengilly and Mr. Lakes, a young naval
officer. Above Ekhmeon in Upper Egypt, they came at one and the
same time on crocodiles and on the curious and famous Doum Palm,
the latter remarkable especially for the forking (so unusual in the
Palms) of its repeatedly dichotomous stem ; each branch terminating.
in a tuft of fan-shaped leaves, and bearing a noble cluster of fruits,
of which our valued friend did not fail to secure a fine specimen for the ——
Museum of the Royal Gardens of Kew, where it is already deposited.
Each fruit is, when fresh, the size of a large apple, and the outer eat- :
able coat has a flavour always (and not inaptly) compared to ginger-
bread. “Yesterday (Dec. 14), whilst taking an evening ramble, we -
noticed the Doum Palms, growing in plenty along the eastern bank of
the river, between Girgeh and Farshoot. The trees bore plenty of
fruit, but still unripe.” “ Nearly coequal with the limits of the Doum

Palm js the line that bounds the distribution of the crocodile north- . a

wards, at the present day, for in ancient times it would appear to have —
abited the _

ranged lower down the Nile, and is said to have even inh

378 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Delta and Lower Egypt properly so called. In our days, the crocodile
begins to make its appearance at or near Assiut, yet we saw none of
them during our short stay at that city; but, on Dec. 14, on arriving
within about a quarter of a mile of a sand-bank, which we learned from
our boatmen was a favourite resort of these reptiles, and which is a
little beyond Girgeh, between that town and Farshoot, we had the
great satisfaction of beholding a whole herd, if I may use the term,
of these river-monsters, emerge one by one from the stream as the sun
gained power, and assemble on the sand-bank, where we counted no
less than sixteen of various sizes, huddled together, and evidently
enjoying the warmth of the bright unclouded morning-ray. The
smallest of those we saw, as we watched them through our telescopes,
seemed to be at least eight or nine feet in length; and several were
absolutely leviathan monsters, as hideous and terrific as can well be
imagined, not measuring less, certainly, than sixteen or eighteen feet
long. ‘Their bodies were as thick as that of a horse, and the huge
jaws of some were gaping wide apart, as they basked listless and
motionless on the sand, or, occasionally, dragged themselves forth from
the water, to lie along like huge logs or trunks of Palm-trees, to which
they bear no inconsiderable general resemblance in the rough scaly
covering of their unwieldy forms, knotted with crested protuberances.
We were so near them that, by aid of our telescopes, we could per-
fectly watch their motions, and discern their minutest characters,
longing all the while to be amongst them with our guns, and planning
an attack which we intend making on their stronghold when we return
down the river. We purpose to throw up a masked battery of sand
. the day previous, and, landing on the bank before day-break the fol-
_ lowing morning, to open fire on them from behind our temporary fort
as they emerge from the river to bask in the sun. We have furnished
ourselves with balls of hardened lead expressly for the purpose, and
trust to be able to achieve the feat of shooting a crocodile, and
carrying off his jaws and his skull as a trophy of our campaign against
_ the monster deities of Egypt's river. The young specimens of the
. crocodile of the Nile that are occasionally brought alive to England,
give no idea whatever of the hideous deformity and ferocious aspect of
the full-grown animal. A more revolting creature does not exist. Yet
T believe the crocodile is seldom or ever dangerous to man, being an ex-
‘tremely watchful and timid animal, deg slowly down and sliding

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 379

into the water on the near approach of any person. We also ob-
served the sand-bank occupied by numbers of aquatic birds, as geese,
cranes, pelicans, &c., walking among the outstretched monsters as if con-
vinced that they were in no peril of their lives in the society of these
ugly reptiles. A boat, in rounding the bank, fired a gun at the eroco-
diles, but not within range, which had the effect of sending them all
off, pell-mell, into the water; but, in a few minutes afterwards, the
snouts of one or two might be seen emerging, and soon the sand-bank
became again peopled by the discomfited, but now re-assured, fugi-
tives.”

Our travellers were now on their way to Wady Hafeh, 2,000 Mee
up the Nile. About Henneh, or Genneh, they were struck with the
great fertility of the soil, and immense abundance of cultivated pro-
duce. * Both the valley and the river are here of great breadth, and
the latter is riehly adorned with lofty groves of Date Palms, inter-
. spersed with Doum Palms, which are now abundant in all the fields,

aud of which I have to-day (Dec. 17) seen very fine specimens in
full fruit. The country is everywhere beautifully green with the
tender springing wheat and barley, which are as far advanced as in
England they commonly are in April or May, and will be ready for ——
harvesting about the former of these months, or even at the end of - :
March. At this time the Guinea-grass, of which vast quantities are —
grown in Egypt, is being gathered in, and the sugar-harvest will suc-
ceed it, a week or two later. The quantity of garden and vegetable
produce raised in Egypt is prodigious. The whole valley of the Nile
may be regarded as one vast kitchen-garden, and all the ancient plant- _
deities of Egypt still find favour in the sight of her modern inhabitants." -
. The ruins of Thebes engaged much of the attention of the tra- -
vellers, both in the ascent of the river and on their return, as well
as the lofty obelisk at Luxor and the avenue of sphynxes at Kar-
nak. On the 20th of March, Dr. Bromfield wrote to his sister from
Khartoum, at the junction of the White and Blue Niles, in lat. Me
11’ and long. 34° 10’, almost in the heart of tropical Africa ;—
region of dust, dirt, and barbarism." Their land journey, from. oh
time they quitted their boat at Wady Hafeh to the period of their -
return to it at Korosko (April 27th), occupied a period of ninety-nine -
days,* and was accompanied by much fatigue, and danger, and suffer-

* “These hundred days,” he writes in his journal, “ have been full of inci-

380 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

ing; and, alas! only two of the three Europeans returned to this
place. Dr. Bromfield’s young and amiable friend and fellow-traveller,
Mr. Lakes, took the eruptive fever of the country, called Jeddereh or
Jiddereh, very analogous in its symptoms to the small-pox, and died
after a few days’ illness at Berber. The same letter that conveyed this sad
intelligence from Dr. Bromfield, contained also the particulars of the death
of Mr. Melly, which had occurred only two months previously, in tra-
versing the Desert between Berber and Abou Hamed: this gentleman
died surrounded by his family, consisting of Mrs. Melly, a daughter, and
two sons. These ladies are said to be the first English females that
ever made their appearance in Khartoum and on the White Nile.
These events must have cast a gloom over the minds of the surviving
companions. Yet, and with debilitated constitutions owing to the
fatigue and bad food, Dr. Bromfield and Mr. Pengilly visited a great
number of interesting places on their return voyage; and in the
midst of the ancient remains of Dendereh, he writes in his journal:
* I had another object in again stopping at Dendereh, namely, to pro-
cure a cluster of the fruit of the Doum Palm, for the Botanical Museum
at Kew Gardens, agreeably to a request from Sir William Hooker that
I would if possible do so. In this I have fully succeeded ; and, whilst
the villagers were engaged in cutting me off a properly-sized cluster
. from the forests of the Palm which adorn the approach from the river
to the Temple, I pushed on for the latter, returning with rather in-
ereased than diminished admiration of this beautiful and elaborately
adorned structure." . i
The travellers returned to Cairo on the 4th of J une, after an
absence of seven months. Between that period and the 22nd of
_ July, Dr. Bromfield accomplished the following trips, and saw the
following lions. To Suez and back, 184 miles, on a donkey. To the

ment of their occurrence ;—but it pleased the Almighty to throw a deep gloom over
the latter part of our Ethiopian journey by removing one of our little party of three

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 381

Heliopolis ; and, lastly, to the petrified forest. He afterwards made a
voyage to Damietta, and the Lake Menzeleh, where he searched, but in
vain, for the Papyrus, still reported, though on questionable authority,
to flourish in that spot as of yore.

August 10th, Dr. Bromfield’s letter is dated from Jaffa, the ancient
Joppa, in Syria. August 15th, from Jerusalem. A postscript to that
letter announces his future plans :—* I propose going to the Dead Sea
and Jordan, of which I had a fine view, on the 15th, from the summit
of the Mount of Olives; to Hebron and Bethlehem; then to Damascus
(through Samaria and Galilee), where I intend introducing myself to
General Guyon, now a pasha at Damascus, whose mother and brother
I knew so well; thence to Bairout, over the Lebanon, taking the ruins
of Baalbec in my way. Dismissing Saad (his servant) at Bairout, I
shall take the first steamer for Smyrna and Constantinople. I shall
try my utmost to leave Constantinople for Southampton on the 29th
of September, so as to be home the middle of October.”

The last letter he appears to have written home was from “ Bairout,
Syria, September 22nd” (received at Ryde, October 18th). In that he |
says, * I am momentarily expecting Dr. Bialloblotsky, to arrange for
our journey to Damascus and Baalbec, which will conclude my Syrian —
travels; after which every successive day’s journey will bring me
nearer to dear Old England. I have had quite as much as I wish of
Eastern travel; enough to furnish many pleasing reminiscences of past
events and distant scenery. But I am not sorry my long pilgrimage
is drawing to a close; and that, with God's blessing, I shall soon re-
turn to enjoy the smiles and comforts of * home, sweet home.’”—Man _
indeed proposes, but God disposes. Only seventeen days after this -
letter, so full of thankfulness for the past and of hope for the future, -
was written, and nine days before it was received in England, our -
excellent friend breathed his last at Damascus. It was on the 9th of
October, four days after his arrival there from Baalbec, that he expired. -
He was seized with typhus of the most malignant description. Every- -
thing that could possibly be done for him, both by medicine and at-
tendance, was effected, there being two European doctors of great -
celebrity resident at Damascus. No servant, however, could be pro- -
cured to wait upon him, owing to superstition and fear; but Mr. G. 2
Moore, an English traveller, and Mr. James Barnett of the American -
Mission, appear to have been unremitting in their kindness and atten- —
tions. He became sensible three hours before his death, and requested —

382 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

that the Bible might be read to him, which was done by Mr. Moore.
He then relapsed into insensibility, and died tranquilly two hours
afterwards. He was buried in the Christian ground outside the city ;
and the greatest respect was shown by the consuls either attending in
person or sending their “ cavasses.”

Two cases of his collections had reached Southampton long previous
to the arrival of the sad intelligence just narrated ; and these he had
wished should remain in the custom-house till his return. As it was
known they chiefly contained plants, they were, by the order of his
sister, sent to the Royal Gardens at Kew ; and, believing such to have
been the wish of her brother, that lady has desired that this well-pre-
served and rather extensive collection of Egyptian and Nubian speci-
mens should be shared by Mr. Bentham, Sir W. J. Hooker, Mr. Borrer,
and Dr. Bell Salter. The seeds, at least the more hardy kinds, to be
divided between the Royal Gardens and Mr. Lawrence of St. John’s
Wood, Isle of Wight, who was always the recipient of living plants
and seeds from Dr. Bromfield’s travels. The fine cluster of the Doum
Palm is deposited in the Museum of the Royal Gardens. The rest of
this portion of his collections, consisting only of a few geological spe-
cimens, fragments of remarkable ruins, a few curious insects, and some
other objects of natural bistory, are retained by the bereaved family,
as mementos of one so truly and so deservedly beloved.

Mr. Rucker’s Orchideous Plants.

Botanists and horticulturists are alike interested in the conservation
of the rarest and finest collection of Orchideous plants that has ever
been amassed by any one individual. The palm for such an assort-
ment has been universally awarded to S. Rucker, Esq., of West Hill,
- Wandsworth, where the collection is in all its integrity. Circumstances
have happened, as the publie is but too well aware, which require that
these splendid specimens should find another possessor; but we must
be allowed to express a most earnest hope that they will not be dis-
_ persed, but that some one among the noblemen and private gentlemen
_ of fortune, of whom many have been distinguished by their love of
seience and of horticultural pursuits in this country, will be inclined
ase it, and preserve it entire.

ers and oh Pits, Hence, a, Sad

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

TO THE CONTENTS OF THE THIRD VOLUME OF

HOOKER’S JOURNAL OF BOTANY.

Algeria, Plants of, 317.

Amazon, Mr. Spruce’s Botanical Mission on
the, 84, 139, 239, 270, 335.

ete: Plants of Lindheimer and Fendler,

0.

Arnebia, new species of, 180.

u— Dr. G. N. W.: Note on Platynema,

Association Botanique Française d'Explora-
tion, 93.

Babington, Rev. C.: Lichenes Arctici, 948.

Behr, Dr. H.: Character of the South Aus-
tralian Flora; translated by R. Kippist, 129.

Bentham, George: Florula Hongkongensis,

255, 306, 826.

Second on Mr.
Spruce's Collections of Dried Plants from
North Brazil, 111, 161, 191.

Berkeley, Rev. M. J.: Decades of Fungi, 14,
39, 77, 167, 200.

Berkeley, Rev. M. J., and C. E. Broome, Esq.:
On some faets tending to show the possi-
bility of the Conversion of Asci into Spores
in certain Fungi, 319.

Bicheno, J. E., Esq., Death of, 250.

Bourgeau, M., arrival of, in Paris, 31.

Bromfield, Dr. W. A., Death of, 373.

Brown Scale, or Coccus, of the Coffee-plant, 1.

Bulletin physico-mathématique de l'Académie
Impériale de Saint Pétersbourg, 283.

edes 59. x

eus triangularis, 251.

Clarke, R. O.: Short notice of the African
Plant Diamba, or Congo Tobacco, 9.

Colenso, Rev. W.: Letter relating to a second
species of Phormium, 220.

Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de
FP Académie des Sciences de Paris, 286.

. .. Oryptogamie Plants collected by Prof. Jame-

son, Catalogue of, by William Mitten, 49,
351.

Dalzell, N. A.: Contyibutions to the Botany
of Western India, 33, 89, 120, 134, 178,
206, 225, 279, 348.

De Berg: Physioguomy of Tropical Vegeta-
tion, 159.

De Vriese: Angiopteris longifolia, Grev. et
Hook., and its synonyms, 323.

————. Dutch Botanical Archives, 126.

————— Descriptions et Figures des Plantes
nouvelles et rares du Jardin Botanique de
Leide, 251.

——— Letter to Robert Brown, Esq., on
a new species of Raflesia, 217.

——-——— Observations on the elevated tem-
perature of the Male Inflorescence of Cyca-
deous plants, 186.

Diamba, or Congo Tobacco, Notice of, by R. —
O. Clarke, 9. "o

Dilpasand, account of, by Dr. 3, E. Stocks, 74.

Flora Greeca‘exsiccata, Prospectus of a, 253.

Florula Hongkongensis, by George Bentham,
Esq., 255, 306, 326.

Fungi, Decades of, by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley,
14, 39, 77, 167, 200.

Gardner, George: Report on the Brown Scale —
or Coceus, of the Coffee-plant, 1. a
Sale of the Herbarium aud |

Books of, 188.

Gray, Asa: Characters of Gnaphalioid Compo-

sitæ of the division Augianthea, 97, 147.
Characters of a new genus of Com-
positæ-Eupatoriaceæ, 223. Um

Hooker, Sir W. J. : Catalogue of Mr. Geyer's —

Collection of Plants gathered in the Upper _
Missouri, &c., 287. =
Description of a new species
oo from the Rocky Mountains, _

334

Hooker, Dr. J. D., Letter from, on the Physical
Geography of Sikkim-Himalaya, addressed
to Baron Humboldt, 21.

Humboldt, Baron, extract of a Letter from,
addressed to Sir W. J. Hooker, 21.

Icones Plantarum, by Sir W. J. Hooker, 128.

India, Contributions to the Botany of, by
N. A. Dalzell, 33, 89, 120, 134, 178, 206,
225, 279, 343.

Junghun, F.: Plante Junghuniane, 127.
Kunze, Professor, Death of, 190.

Ledebour, Professor, Death of, 283.

Lehmann, C.: Novarum et minus cognitarum
stirpium Pugillus nonus generis Potentil-
larum, 350.

Lichenes Arctici: collected by Mr. Seemann ;
by the Rev. C. Babington, 248,

Link, Dr., Death of, 60. A

.. Linnean Society, 63. :

Eon mE Dr., Sale of Herbarium and Drugs of,

Martius, Dr. C. F. P. von: Sketch of the Royal
: Herbarium at Munich; translated by Dr.
Wallich, 65, 102. ;
i of Professor Link, 318.
iliam: Catalogue of Cryptogamie
. . Plants collected by Prof. Jameson, 49, 351.
Museum Botanieum Lugduno-Batavum, 96.

... Nees von Esenbeck, Dr., 95.
. New Zealand, Collection of Plants from, 31.

‘Orchideous Plants, Mr. Rucker's, 382.
Palmyra Palm of Ceylon, by Wm. Ferguson,
Papyrus of Sicily, 189. ——

INDEX.

Plant, N. : Natural History Journey in South
America, 125, 283.

Platynema, Note on, by G. N. Walker Arnott,
LL.D., 57.

Portugal, Welwitzsch's Plants of, 190.

Reichenbach, Professor, 91.

Requien, M., Death of, 250,

Royal Herbarium at Munich, Sketch of, by
Dr. C. F. P. von Martius; translated by
Dr. Wallich, 65, 102.

Russia, Germany, &c., Plants of, 32.

Salicarnia, 96.

Sanders, John: A practical treatise on the
Culture of the Vine, 252. "um
Schouw, Prof. J. F.: Origin of the Existing

Vegetable Creation, 11. eue
Seemann, Berthold: Sketch of the Vegetation

of the Isthmus of Panama, 233, 264, 300.
Sikkim-Himalaya, Rhododendrons of, 128, -

154.
Physical Geography of:
Letter from Dr. J. D. Hooker to Baron
Humboldt, 21.
Sinclair, Dr. Andrew: Vegetation, &c., of
Auckland, New Zealand, 212. e
Spruce, R., Letter from, addressed to George
Bentham, Esq., 239. 1

Van Diemen's Land, Papers and Proceedings
of the Royal Society of, 348. E |

Vegetable Creation, Origin of the existing, -
by Prof. Schouw, 11.

Victoria regia, by Sir W. J. Hooker, 128.

— ———— Letter on the successful culti-
vation of, in Philadelphia, 346. 3

"e Dr.: Orchidee of the Neilgherries,
252.

Willkomm, Dr. Moritz: Botanic Gardens of |
Madrid and Valencia, 181. m