! 799 | |542. vif THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY; CONTAINING FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SUCH PLANTS AS RECOMMEND THEMSELVES BY THEIR NOVELTY, RARITY, HISTORY, OR USES; TOGETHER WITH BOTANICAL NOTICES AND INFORMATION, AND OCCASIONAL PORTRAITS AND MEMOIRS OF EMINENT BOTANISTS; RY SIR W. J. HOOKER, K:H; LLD., F.R., A, & LS. AND DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN OF KEW, 7 ~ I " VOL. IV. LONDON: LONGMAN, ORME, & CO., anv WILLIAM PAMPLIN, Jun. EDINBURGH: MACLACHLAN, STEWART, & CO. MDCCCXLI. Missouri POTANICAR GARDEN LiERARY JOURNAL OF BOTANY. I.—Manrivs on the Botany of Brazil. IT is well known to our readers that the most accomplished of all Brazilian. Botanists, Dr Von Martius, besides the valu- able and splendid works of plates and descriptive matter which have already appeared, or are in course of prepara- tion, has issued Fasciculi of dried specimens illustrative of the Flora of that extensive region, under the title of Herbarium Flore Brasiliensis. The Introduction to the catalogue of plants in this herbarium contains so much valuable and in- teresting information, that we think we cannot do better than occupy some of the pages of our Journal with extracts from the original memoir which has appeared in a German perio- dical publication, too little known in this country, the Flora oder Allgemeine Botanische Zeitung; in the supplement of the 2d volume for the year 1837. We shall, probably, on a future occasion, publish also the list of the species contained in the herbarium, accompanied as it is by remarks which are of the greatest importance to the student of Brazilian Botany. —E». Dr Martius commences his introductory observations by saying, that in publishing the first part of his Catalogue Rai- sonée of the plants of Brazil, he considers it necessary to offer some remarks :— 1st. On the botanical collections that had been made, and the travels that had been performed by his predecessors. 2dly. On the geographical distribution of the vegetable forms ; and 3dly. On the plan the author has him- self pursued in determining the plants of Brazil, and in the formation of the herbarium of the Flora of Brazil. Journ. of Bot. Vol. IV. No. 25. June, 1841. A 2 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 1. The Literary History of the Flora of Brazil. Four centuries have scarcely elapsed since Cabral (in 1500) discovered Brazil, and yet the amount of species of plants brought from thence to Europe is so great, as to be consider- ed to exceed those of the entire Flora of Europe. Without any fear of exaggeration it may be fairly admitted, that the number cultivated in the gardens and preserved in the her- _ baria of Europe, exceeds 15,000. Dr Martius further esti- mates that this amount can only be reckoned a fourth part of all the species of plants that grow within the limits of the Brazilian territory, a country which, according to the lowest computation, measures 257,000 square leagues (of 20 to a degree,) and which includes, from the descent of the Serra Parimé to La Plata, and from the eastern declivity. of the cis- Andes (vor Andes) to the Atlantic ocean, the most varied cli- mates; notwithstanding that the mountains nowhere reach to the snow-line. It is the extent and importance of such a Flora which led to the undertaking of this ** Herbarium Flore Brasiliensis;" seeing that the idea of writing a satisfactory Flora of such a country could not be accomplished by one in- dividual ;—and still more futile would it be to attempt a com- pletely illustrated work of the multiplied forms of the vege- table kingdom there, even though confined to such as are already known to Europeans. But when a considerable num- ber of species of plants, from the different provinces of the empire, are faithfully designated and deposited both in pub- lic and private Museums, the knowledge of the particular species is perpetuated in an easy and certain manner. How the mass of materials towards such an object has increased to its present extent, by the industry of naturalists who have laboured in the Brazils, we shall now proceed to show. The first authors who have made particular mention of Brazilian plants, are—1. Thevet, *Singularités de la France antarctique." Paris, 1554. 2. Levy, * Hugonis Navigationis in Brasiliam.” Paris, 1585, 3. * Abbeville, Histoire de la Mission de P. P. Capucins en I’ isle de Maragnon.” Paris, 1614. 4. The unknown author (probably Francisco da Cunha} of the * Noticias do Brazil," who wrote in Bahia in 1589, * MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 3 and sent his MSS. to the minister Don Christovam da Moura; but which was not printed till 1825, and then by the Royal Academy of Science at Lisbon, in their ** Noticias para a Historia geografia das Nacoes ultramarinas," Tom III.—5. Jos de Anchieta, ** Epistola quam plurimarum rerum natu- ralium, quae S. Vincentii (nunc S. Pauli) Provinciam incolunt sistens descriptionem, a Didaco de Toledo Lara Ordonhez,* &c. &c., Olisip," 1799. The merits of these works are not discussed by Dr Martius. "They are considered as the coun- terpart to the works of Petrus Martyr, Oviedo, Gomara, Acosta, P. de Cieca and others, who, in the olden time, de- scribed the plants of the Antilles, and others of the Spanish colonies. They all notice the common American useful and medical plants, agreeably to the low state of the sciences at that time. They are therefore of the greatest interest to the historical inquirer into the native country of particular vege- tables, the mode of cultivation and application to various purposes, and the nomenclature of the aborigines. On this - account they merit greater attention than one is accustomed to pay to them, while, on the other hand, to the mere syste- matic botanist they are of subordinate value. The literature of a Natural History (in the stricter sense of the words,) of Brazilian Botany, may be said to have com- menced with Piso and Marcgrav. Most of the species that are introduced in the very valuable work of these Patres Flore Brasiliensis, (G. Piso, Historia naturalis Brasilize. Amstel, 1648,) were, for that time, described with great clearness; and in point of fidelity and solid information, it surpasses the similar work of Hernandez on the Natural History of Mexico: and it is to be wished it were quoted with more regard to the various editions than is usually done. Besides the wood-cuts which illustrate the work itself, there exist, as is known, in Germany, the original drawings by * The old edition of this worthy converter of the Heathens and of Thammaburg Anchieta, who was known to be active in the year 1554 in the province of St Vincent, is one of the rarest of the literary productions on Brazil, 4 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. Maregrav and Fr. Post. ‘They are preserved in the Royal Library at Berlin, under the title of ** Liber Principis;" and through the kindness of Messrs Ehrenberg and Von Schlech- tendal, Dr Martius is in possession of copies which have ma- terially assisted him in determining some few, yet apocryphal, species of plants. 2. Upon the expulsion of the Dutch from Pernambuco, Bahia and Ceara, the whole country returned again under the dominion of Portugal, and the ignorance of this people regarding its Natural History was so deplorable, that the learned Padre Vieira, one of the greatest pulpit orators of the Portuguese nation, and no mean classical writer, declared his opinion that all the spices of the East Indies grew wild, or were naturalized in the Brazils. A century now elapsed before the smallest knowledge of the Flora of the country was obtained. The first who deserved any merit on this account, was Dominicus Vandelli of Padua, who was called, by the intellectual and powerful minister Pombal, to Coim- bra, and afterwards to Lisbon, there to teach chemistry and botany. Many of his pupils sent him plants from Brazil, which were partly published by himself, (some were received by Linneeus), and they were deposited in the Natural His- tory Cabinet at Lisbon, till, after the attack of the French troops under Junot, they were carried off and placed in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. The most active correspon- dent of Vandelli was, his pupil Vellozo, born at Minas, a Jesuit, and probably the same who is called by Vandelli, Dr Joaquim Velloso de Miranda. From him were received ac- cording to the authority of Senr. Joam Gomez, (Director of the Garden at Rio de Janeiro), most of the species of plants from the provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Minas, which Vandelli published in a very indifferent manner in his ** Fasciculus* Plantarum cum novis Generibus et Speciebus,” * This “ Fasciculus" appeared at Lisbon, in 4to, in 1774; and his “specimen” ina “ Diccionario dos Termos technicos de Historia Naturel, &c. Coimbra, 1788,” and also in another separate form. It is exceed- ingly rare. Dr Martius saw it only once in Brazil, Both are known te MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 5 and in his ‘* Flore Lusitanice et Brasiliensis Specimen." Other species of the Province of Para, Vandelli received from the physician of the governor of the Estado de Para, Don Mendoza Furtado, the brother of Pombal, and from Dr Brandam, the vicar-general of Pará. The exertions of Vel- lozo were far more productive than those even of his teacher. During a residence of several years in the house of a priest at Mariana, he collected and described a great part of the plants that presented themselves to his researches in the fertile and hilly environs of that town. His manuscripts found their way to many of his scholars at Villa Rica, some are now in Dr Martius' possession, and Dr Gomides of Mari- ana employed others of them in the compilation of his work on officinal plants of Minas, (July, 1814.) Colonel Joam. Gomez da Silveira Mendonca, afterwards director of the powder manufactory, and subsequently Minister of Marine, was one of his pupils. When Vellozo returned to the capital, he occupied him- self especially with the Flora of the environs of Rio de Janeiro, and towards the end of the last century and during the beginning of the present one, he prepared a large collec- tion of drawings, which were preserved in the public library at Rio, and which now (too late not to be greatly behind the present state of the rapidly progressing science), have been lithographed and published. Hence has originated the “ Flora Fluminensis," a strange publication, which may be held up as an example of an ill-advised literary undertaking, 'and on so great a scale that it ought never to have been commenced. Eleven huge folio volumes with about fifteen hundred* plates constitute this bulky work, whose usefulness is, alas! not in proportion to the expense it occasioned, Very many genera that are here introduced as new, are not so, but known before; others, with old names, are either new or have been republished in Rómer's “ Scriptores de Plantis Hispaaicis, Lusitanicis, Brasiliensibus." Nuremb. 1797. * The Editor of the Index says 1610. 6 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. old species and old genera inaccurately detailed. The genus adopted is often extended beyond all bounds; thus for ex- ample, as species of Mimosa, not only Mimose and Acacie occur, but also Swartzia. ‘The pompous title of this book runs thus: ** Petro nomine ac imperio primo Brasiliensis Imperii perpetuo defensore imo fundatore scientiarum artium litterarumque patrono et cultore jubente Florze Fluminensis Icones nunc primo eduntur. Edidit Dom. Frat. Antonius da Arrabida, Episcopus de Anemuria, Cæsareæ Majestatis a Consiliis, nec non Confessor, Cappelani maximi Coadjutor, studiorum Principum ex imp. stirpe Moderator et imper. publiceeque Bibliothecz in urbe Fluminensi Praefectus. Paris ex offic. lithogr. Senefelder, curante E. Knecht. 1827." (This is really a literary curiosity, and is not unknown to many of our botanists in Britain, who have been tempted to purchase it; often, if my memory does not fail me, for a sum in Paris scarcely exceeding £3 sterling, an amount which is trebled and quadrupled by the duty and binding. The fol- lowing is a brief historical notice of this work given by Von Martius in a note, and many of the particulars we have heard verified through other channels.— Ep.) Vellozo had undertaken the preparation of this work with but little literary aid, and he had annexed to his drawings short characters of the genus and species. It was not then his intention that it should be published in this state. But when Don Pedro, in 1824, saw the first number of Dr Mar- tius ** Nova Genera et Species," he exclaimed, * is it so, that foreigners must come in order to describe our plants; cannot we do this ourselves ?" He then took the advice of his father confessor, and it was determined that the whole of the draw- ings that Vellozo had left should be lithographed in Paris, and the text for it printed in Rio de Janeiro. The Brazilian Embassy was hence charged to make a contract with Sene- felder for the lithographing and printing* a thousand copies; * The Editor of the ** Index Iconorum Flore Fluminensis," which has since been published in Paris, gives, and we should think upon good autho- MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. ` 7 and it was commenced with all becoming ardour; but the whole contract was not completed when those events occur- red which drove Don Pedro from his throne. The money consequently failed, and as the person who was commissioned to supply the paper was not remunerated, he seized the - work, of which a great number of impressions was sold as waste paper and actually served for making cartridges, and employed in the war of the French in Algiers! The rest came into the market, and, as may be believed, were offered to the trade at very low prices, perhaps for little more, or even less than the value of the paper.* The text, it was rity, a different and more extravagant statement. “Les agents du gou- vernement Brésilien acceptérent les propositions de M. Knecht successeur de Senefelder. Ils fixérent le nombre d'épreuves à tirer du chaque plante à 3,000 ; et, malgré les representations de plusieurs personnes com- pétentes, et de l'imprimeur lui-méme, sur l'inutilité d'un si grand tirage, le gouvernement du Brésil persista dans le chiffre qu "il avait ordonné. Ainsi cing millions et demi (1,640 plates were executed at Paris according to this author) d’ épreuves devaient être executées dans l'espace de huit années, avec reserve de la part de M. Knecht de les fournir à une époque plus rapprochée, sil le jugeait convenable. En verti de cette convention, l'ouvrage a été terminé en quatre années et quatre mois, et les derni- éres livraisons étaient déja sous presse lorsque l'ordre de suspendre le tirage arriva; circonstance qui fut provoquée par les événements qui ame- nérent l'abdication de Don Pédro. Les chambres du Brésil avaient con- stamment désapprouvé une entreprise aussi colossale et aussi coüteuse ; mais il était trop tard pour refuser les deux derniéres livraisons qui devaient compléter l'ouvrage, composé en totalité de soixante livraisons; de telle sorte que les 1,640 gravures étaient entiérement achevées à Paris, quand l'impression du texte n’ etait arrivée q'au tiers à Rio de Janeiro." * To complete the history of this magnificent abortion, which would probably soon have sunk into oblivion, but for the flattering representations made of it by more than one distinguished individual, who might be consid- ered competent judges, and for the fact that De Candolle and other emi- nent scientific men have thought the plates worthy of being quoted, we shall give a translation of the ** Prospectus," which appeared with the number. “It is with the highest satisfaction that we announce to the scientifie world the appearance of the greater portion of the botanical works of our countryman the Reverend Brother Joseph Marianno da Conceiao Villozo, a Franciscan of the province of Rio Janeiro, and native of Minas Geraes, 8 E MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. intended should appear in Brazil, in numbers accompanying every ten plates, but none appeared except with the first number. The same evil star seems to have attended this great undertaking (which has cost the Imperial Brazilian This work, entitled * Flora Fluminensis, contains descriptions of 1639 species of plants. “This valuable manuscript, the fruit of much labour, science and precision, is complete as regards the plates, but some deficiencies exist in a few of the latter descriptions. This slight omission will, however, be little felt in an age when this department of Natural History has attained such perfection. “The author dedicated it in 1790, to Louis de Vasconcellos, since created Count de Figueiro, his patron, "The work obtained him the honour of being summoned to the court of Lisbon, where he enjoyed not only the notice and, esteem of all amateurs of Natural History, but also of the learned and noble individuals who acknowledged his distinguished merit. Government testified its confidence in his talents, by intrusting to him several scientific works of different kinds, and he was, moreover, selected to establish and direct a school of chaleography and literature, whose happy results were highly beneficial to science and the arts, while they proved at the same time, his learning, industry and zeal. “ The Reverend Jos. Marianus Vellozo, inspired by the force and energy which genius communicates, developed his talents in the execution of this work, an undertaking the more meritorious when we consider his advanced age; for the greater part of his life had been spent in the strictest obser- vance of his religious duties, his residence in a country subjected to the severity of colonial legislation, and his situation, which was isolated and almost indigent, though abounding in those riches of nature's productions, which he alone knew how to appreciate, and which are so lavishly scattered over this part of the world. * Addressing his descriptions to the learned, our author preferred writing in the Latin language, and we must do him the justice to confess, that he is almost always happy in the choice of his expressions, which are emi- nently sonorous and harmonious; those names of ancient or modern sgavans being selected, which are of agreeable sound and easy to be retained in the memory, thus avoiding a fault into which many of the most eminent writers in this line have fallen. Nor did hé neglect the great advantage of per- petuating such names of plants as are used among the original inhabitants of the country, because they mostly convey to the mind that kind of utility which they may possess. To crown the result of his painful researches, Vellozo had the advantage of finding in the recesses of his cloister, and among his brethren, some skilful draughtsmen, whose excellent delineations leave nothing to be desired in the original designs from which these beauti- ful plates, long the admiration of connoisseurs, have been copied. Rc odin rap ere S Ls MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 9 government above a million of francs) that has always accom- panied the Spanish and Portuguese governments in publish- ing the Floras of their other colonies. The ** Flora Peruvi- ano-Chilensis,” by Ruiz and Pavon, one half of which has * Still, though possessing such valuable claims on the esteem of the learned, this work remained for a number of years, buried under the dust of the imperial library shelves, neglected, unknown, and lost to the honour of Brazilian talent. As soon, however, as by a fortunate accident, the exis- tence and merits of the manuscript were made known to Don Pedro I., his majesty, as founder of the Brazilian Empire, and patron of the talents of his subjects, commanded that the text should be immediately consigned for printing to the national press, and that the designs should be transmitted to Paris, there, and also at the expense of government, to be engraved by M. Knecht, the successor and worthy pupil of M. Senefelder, who invented the art of lithography. By this arrangement, these designs now appear in the greatest perfection, printed on fine vellum paper. A few copies of still larger size were taken off, for preservation in the libraries of the curious. * Doubtless, among the learned admirers of this work, there will be some who would have preferred that the Flora Fluminensis were completed, by the addition not only of the new discoveries that twelve years have witnessed through the investigations of celebrated European travellers in Brazil, but also by filling up the gaps which exist in some portions of the text, and thus harmonizing it with the perfection of the plates, and rendering the book, as they may judge, more worthy of this enlightened age. But who does not feel, that with so many changes, the Flora Fluminensis would be no longer the work of Vellozo, an author already most advantageously known, as having produced an infinity of printed and translated publica- tions? And would it not be an insult to his fame, thus to bolster it up by foreign means? Assuredly, we ought to respect a production, whose ma- terials have been collected, described and classified, with so much discern- ment, perfection and labour—written in the year 1790 ;—a work which the munificence of his Imperial Majesty has caused to be printed as a monument of Brazilian talent, indicative of that elevation which the genius of the na- tion, so eminently to the arts and sciences, can attain, and which will never fail of meeting with encouragement from his Imperial bounty. ** Finally, that we may gratify our national amour propre consistently with perfect delicacy, we frankly own that this production of our countryman is neither complete as a botanical work, nor a perfect instance: it is neither more nor less than the work of Vellozo, transmitted through imperial mu- nificence to posterity,—such as the author left it, in its beauties and in its faults. Can the sublime effusions of a Linnzus, a Tournefort, or a Buf- Vol. IV.— No. 25. B 10 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. alone been published, and the results of the grand expeditior of the celebrated Mutis lie buried in the chests of the Bota- nic Garden of Madrid. The next author on the Flora of Brazil mentioned by fon, be pronounced free from imperfection, —nay, from error? If the natural sciences themselves are still far from attaining perfection, this is not because the human mind has continued stagnant and inactive; fot, on the contrary, it has lately honoured itself by prodigious discoveries, especially made during the past century. But, for this very reason, it becomes more and more inter- esting and honourable to compare what is ancient with what is modern, and to render justice to merit wherever it may be found. We feel certain, that all learned men, all friends to science, whether natives of this country or foreigners, will applaud this enterprise, and, while acknowledging the in- terest that it inspires, will join with the zealous partisans of the national ho- nour and glory to promote its success. In a word, that we may not be taxed with partiality, we will finish this slight sketch of our author's work, by ad- ducing the opinions of those eminent individuals, who were permitted to see and consult it, either in the Imperial Library at Paris; among others, his excellency Viscount de St Leopold, M. M. Spix, Martius, Aubert du Petit Thouars, St Hilaire, &c., and here quoting what they wrote respecting it. The former, in his annals of the Province of St Peter, when speaking of the celebrated plant Maté, says, * M. de St Hilaire has communicated to me a description of it,' adding, that he * had seen a very correct draw- ing of the plant in the Flora Fluminensis of Vellozo, (where it was, how- ever, improperly named Chomelia amara,) the production of a man of great merit, who, unprepared by preliminary study, and impelled solely by his own genius, has undertaken and executed several long and difficult botanical excursions. May the Flora Fluminensis no longer continue un- published and overlooked in the library at Rio Janeiro! Such are my wishes, prompted alike by a desire for the promotion of science, and for an act of justice towards the memory of one who is the ornament of his coun- try, and a credit to the religious order, of whose rule he ever proved him- self a strict observer.” “ The wishes of this zealous citizen and estimable writer are now accom- plished. M. de St Hilaire expressed the same desire in a note of his book entitled History of the most remarkable Plants of Brazil and Paraguay, when he says, * Vellozo is the author of Flora Fluminensis, a work now existing in mst. at Rio Janeiro, and of which it is much to be desired that the magnificent drawings could be published.’ It is our privilege, at the present day, to congratulate this eminent writer on the fulfilment of his wishes. “ Finally, an individual, celebrated alike in arms and literature, as well as by the numerous researches that he made to discover the traces of the in- trepid and unfortunate La Pérouse,—we allude to M. Aubert du Petit — eS ph cece em (Es TORPIBMIUSULESET UN AA =. Arie SION MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. lI Von Martius was a native of Pernambuco, Manuel Arruda da Camara. He was a disciple of Gouan at Montpellier, and undertook to introduce into Brazil a more rational mode of cultivating the Cotton, and employed his pen on the subject, (printed at Lisbon, 1799), as well as in composing a Flora of Pernambuco, a tract of country which had not been visited by any botanist since the days of Piso and Marcgrav. His draughtsman was one Martius Ribeiro, who afterwards, in the year 1816, was one of the ringleaders of the revolution of Per- nambuco, and paid the forfeit of his crimes upon the gallows, The drawings for this Flora (** Cent. Plant. Pernamb." MS.) is at present in the hands of the brother of the author, Fran- cisco Arruda da Camara. Manuel further published at Rio in 1810, a Discourse on the utility of forming Public Gardens in the principal Provinces of Brazil, and on the substitutes for Hemp and Flax which may be found in Bra- zil, and for which the fibres of Urena sinuata have been strongly recommended. Both their Treatises appeared in Koster's Travels in Brazil. Dr Alexandre Rodriguez Ferreira was doubtless one of the most learned and zealous men of the Portuguese nation, that has travelled in and investigated the Brazils ; and he has done more for Botany than almost any individual, but it was not Thouars, who thus expresses himself in a letter, addressed to thelithographer, M. Knecht. * I have just glanced at the original drawings and their copies on stone which you have kindly transmitted to me. The broad and simple style of the designs is well adapted to give the general outline of the plants, and resembles that of Phunico, combined with more detail and correctness in the parts of the inflorescence. As to your copies, they appear to me as accurate as is possible, perfect fac similes, which give the happiest augury for the execution of the rest of the collection. The examination of these plates has led me to think that I might advantageously employ your style of engraving for the benefit of science, and to hasten the publication of my works which have already been too much retarded.’ * Tt is needless to say more either in favour of the original work, or of the execution of the present work ; indeed, we may candidly confess, that the hopes which our patriotism entertained are even more than fulfilled—they - are surpassed by the performance.” ip: MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL, his fortune to become an author ; and his memory continues to live only with the aged Brazilians, who have never ceased to praise his zeal and activity; or at Lisbon, where his collec- tions are deposited. Ferreira was born at Bahia, on the 27th of April, 1756, and having studied at Coimbra, he was despatched in 1783, by the active Colonel and Minister of Marine, Martin de Millo e Castre, in pursuit of Natural History, and with a view to form collections in the provinces of Para, Rio Negro, and Mato Grosso. He was accompa- nied by two draughtsmen, Joaquim José do Cabo, and Jose Joaquim Freire, as also by a botanical gardener, Agostinho Joaquim do Cabo. In October, 1783, Ferreira arrived at Para, where, and at the island of Marajo, he spent twelve- months. The following year he went in company of the Governor of Para, Martin de Sousa e Albuquerque, up the Amazon River, and then visited the Rio Negro and Rio Branco, to the north-western boundaries of Brazil. In August, 1788, he sailed up the Madeira River, and after a very troublesome journey of thirteen months, he arrived at Villa Bella, the capital of the Province of Mato Grosso. He arrived at the Villa de Cujaba, in June, 1790, and returned to Para in 1793. Here he shipped his collections, made during these almost ten years of travel, in Zoology, Botany, Miner- alogy, and all his curiosities connected with the Indians, for Lisbon, where he was appointed Director of the Museum of Natural History, and of the Botanic Garden. Of equal im- portance with these collections, were his journals and manu- scripts, full of solid information and accurate descriptions and remarks, but which for reasons unknown to the world, were never published ; a circumstance which plunged this active- minded man into a state of deep melancholy. After his death in 1815, his MSS. came into the possession of Don Felix Avellar Brotero, an anxious, dilatory, and jealous man; who made no use whatever of them. At the same school of Coimbra, was educated Joam da Silva Freijo. By command of his government, he under- took first a voyage to the Cape de Verd islands, and after- MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL, 13 wards he resided several years in the Capitania of Ciara. The official account of the Natural History and Geography of this Captaincy (Rio, 1815) affords no important results especially in Botany. Freijo served the state for a long time as Director of the Cabinet of Natural History at Rio de Janeiro. Although three men of public spirit and great influence endeavoured, during the early part of the present century, to elevate the standard of Botany in Portugal and Brazil to a higher scale, yet their efforts were not crowned with any particular success. "The first of these was Jose Correa da Serra, a Botanist, as his beautiful carpological works and his treatise on the Aurantiacee abundantly prove. As secre- tary of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Lisbon, which he established through the influence of the Duke of Lafoens, he was actively engaged in correspondence with the Naturalists and men of science in Brazil, and thereby enriched the Mu- seum of the Academy. The other two promoters of Botany were the minister of state, Don Rodriguez de Souza Con- tinho, Conde de Linhares, and Ant. de Arauja de Conde da Barca. The first established a Botanic Garden at Para, where he for a long time resided as Governor, and where he especially wished to introduce the equatorial plants. After- wards, when removed to Rio de Janeiro, as Minister of the Interior, he strove to improve the mode of instruction at the schools in the branches of Natural History; he placed Pro- fessors in the schools of Medicine, and endowed the Cabinet of Natural History. Arauja himself was a cultivator, and he had in his private garden about 1400 species of plants, of which he made a Catalogue. To him the country is indebted for the formation, and afterwards the enlargement of the noble Botanic Garden at Rio (Jardin Botanico de Alagoa de Treilos) destined to receive all the useful plants of the tro- pics, and where the Tea Plant is cultivated by Chinese whom he introduced to the country. Notwithstanding this friendly encouragement, the science of Botany did not take deep root; and if at any time among the younger physicians 14 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. of talent, any one devoted more than ordinary attention to this pursuit, he was soon turned aside from it by the pros- pect of greater gain on his exertions taking a different direc- tion. A few Botanists only now need be mentioned, who exclu- sively belong to the present century. The first place among them on account of his zeal, his activity, and the universality ` of his knowledge, belongs to Bernardino Antonio Gomez, an eminent physician, and the discoverer of what his country- men for a long time denied, a Cinchona. He has in the Me- moirs of the Lisbon Academy, (in 1812,) described many interesting plants of the Brazils (with some figures) which he collected during his residence at Rio de Janeiro. After him may be mentioned Manoel Joachim Henriquez de Paiva, (nephew of Dr Sanches, who was in correspon- dence with Linnzus,) who has the greatest merit as connected with the Flora of Brazil. He described plants of Brazil in his Memorias de Historia Natural, for example several offici- nal Dorstenias. Frey Leandro do Sacramento, of the order of Carmelites, a learned and industrious man, who received his early educa- tion at his native city Olinda, (Pernambuco,) and then at Coimbra, from the instructions of Bertero. He was after- wards called to be Professor in the recently organized medi- cal school at Rio, by the minister Araujo Conde de Barca. As well as the weak state of his health would allow him, he employed himself in collecting and describing the plants there. His attention was particularly attracted by the numerous Euphorbiacee about Rio, and he had in view to publish a Monograph of them, but which his increasing ill- ness prevented. He sent some small collections of dried plants to the Museum d' Histoire Naturelle at Paris, and to the Royal Academy of Sciences at Munich. A Treatise, writ- ten in Latin, on some of the plants observed by him, which was also sent to the Bavarian Academy, is, with some obser- vations of M. von Schrank, printed in their Transactions, (for the years 1818—20.) The Genera quoted as new, are Langs- MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. . i5 dorffia = Xanthoxylum ; Spixia = Pera or Peridium; Mar- tias Augusta = Stiftia; Raddisia = Salacia? [With few exceptions, what more is published on the plants of Brazil, has reference rather to the uses and advantages to be derived from them by mankind, than to descriptive or systematic Botany. We shall therefore pass that over in silence, and quote from Martius what foreigners have done to promote a more correct knowledge of Brazilian vegetation.] As the southern parts of the Brazils, but particularly that of Rio de Janeiro, afford excellent harbours and many advan- tages to those who circumnavigate the globe, they have been frequently visited since the time of. Magelhaen, and on these occasions their plants have been collected by the Naturalists of the several expeditions. Cook, on his first voyage round the world, in 1768, touched at the noble port of Rio, where Banks and Solander botanized. Many interesting plants that were discovered by these celebrated men were only published after a lapse of seventy years: for example, Oxypetalum Banksii, and Alsodeia physophora. In the year 1766, Bou- gainville touched there, and his companion Commerson com- memorated the name of the commander of the expedition in the beautiful Bougainvillea spectabilis, which he gathered in the hedges of the suburbs. Macartney visited Rio on his voyage to China, in 1792, where his young companion, Sir George Staunton, detected many valuable species of plants. The Russian navigator, Krusenstern, in 1803, and Kot- zebue, in 1815, the first accompanied by Langsdorff and Tilesius, the latter by Chamisso, landed on the fertile island of St Catharine; and to M. Langsdorff we are indebted for the first charming description of the magnificence of Brazil- ian vegetation. These have greatly contributed to direct the attention of European naturalists to the tropical regions which were before almost unknown. The Brazilian plants which were found in these two Russian expeditions are particularly described in the following works :—* Plantes recueillies pen- dant le voyage des Russes autour du Monde, Prem. partie; Icones Filicum (auct, Fischer et Langsdorff; Stuttg. 1810." 16 . MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. Enumeratio Filicum, quas in itinere circa terram legit Adalb. de Chamisso, auct. T. F. Kaulfuss, Lips, 1824, and particu- larly in a valuable series of treatises by Messrs Chamisso and Schlechtendal in the Linnea, under the title, ** De Plantis in expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana collectis." Freycinet in his ** Voyages autour du Monde, 1817—1820," gives, in the botanical portion of Gaudichaud, Paris, 1825, many plants collected at Rio de Janeiro. "The second French expedition of Duperrey (1822-1824,) by the botanical la- bours of D'Urville, Brongniart and Bory de St Vincent (Paris, 1828, &c.) has enriched the Flora of Brazil with plants that have been gathered at St Catharine. Other French Naturalists, as Gay and Leschenault, landed also at Rio de Janeiro, and sent their collections to the Herbarium of the Museum in the Jardin des Plantes. M. Gaudichaud also enriched this Museum with some thousand specimens of plants which had been procured by various Brazilian collec- tors, and placed in the public Cabinet at Rio de Janeiro. O. Von Kotzebue also visited Rio again during his voyage round the World, in the years 1823-1826. Professor William Jamieson (now of the University of Quito,) collected Mosses, which have been described by Dr Arnott. It must, nevertheless, be confessed, that it is not by hasty . visits of Naturalists that the general Flora of the country could be made known to us, but by those Europeans, who have penetrated into the interior, and who had so long been ex- cluded from it. The first who thus collected plants in Bra- zil, was a German, Mr Sieber. Para, at that time, under the presidency of the enlightened Conde dos Arcos, enjoyed a happy peace. Count von Hoffmanseg, so well known by his travels in Portugal, and his illustrated Flora of that coun- try, sent his servant Sieber to Brazil, in order to collect in- sects, and he brought to his patron a considerable collection of dried plants, some gathered in the environs of Para, others in Cameta, along the banks of the Tocantins. Many of these were given by Count Hoffmanseg to Willdenow for his Species Plantarum. But the collection was described by MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 17 him, and the manuscript under the title of Flora Paraensis, and both one and the other given to Dr Von Martius for inser- tion in the general Flora of Brazil. After the removal of the Court from Lisbon to Rio de . Janeiro, the Brazils were emancipated. Its ports were open- ed to travellers of every country, and several European Courts sent diplomatic representatives to the capital of this now independent country. M. Von Langsdorff took up his residence in Rio de Janeiro as an Imperial Consul-general, and, attracted by the beauty of the vegetation, he directed his energies to the collecting of the copious productions of the district of Rio, particularly those of the Organ Moun- tains, where he possessed the beautiful Fazenda Mandiocca, and also a tract of the coast at Cabo Frio. He placed his collections with great liberality in the public Museums of Paris, Munich, and St Petersburg, and in several private her- baria. During the first years he had, as an assistant, Mr G. W. Freyreiss of Frankfort, who afterwards entered into the service of his Highness Prince Max. v. Neuwied, whom he ac- companied, in 1816, and 1817, on his travels from Rio along the coast to Bahia. At the expense of the Swedish Consul, M. Westin, Freyreiss also made collections for the herbaria of Upsal and Stockholm, and in two dissertations, written under the Presidency of Thunberg by Billberg and Ahlberg, (Upsal 1817 and 1818) are described twenty species of Frey- reiss’ collections. After he had undertaken a journey to Minas Geraés, he went with his countryman, Mr Sauerlander, to Ilheos, from whence both of them sent collections of Natu- . ral History to the Senkenberg Institute of their native city. Mr Fr. Sellow of Potsdam, was the first European Natu- ralist who came to the Brazils purely with the view to obtain its vegetable treasures. Aided by Sir Joseph Banks and Mr Aylmer Bourke Lambert, he came to Rio de Janeiro, and at first employed himself with the Flora of the environs of that city, and then engaged himself at the same time with Mr Freyreiss to the Prince de Neuwied. "Through the influence of the minister, Araujo, he was afterwards appointed Brazi- Vol. IV.— No. 25. C 18 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. lian Naturalist, with a moderate salary. He accompanied M. Von Olfers, in 1819, on a journey through the provinces of Minas Geraés and S. Paulo, and afterwards in the southern provinces of St Catharine, S. Pedro do sul, or Rio Grande, and Monte Video, which he traversed in all directions, and of which country he investigated not only the Botany, but the Geology. The extensive and well prepared collections that he sent to the Royal Museum at Berlin, prove his great dili- gence as well as talents; and it is painful to relate, that after all his laudable exertions, he was not able to return to his native country, but perished in Rio Doce, some say while bathing, others by assassination. No botanist, who has trodden the soil of Brazil, has ever so thoroughly examined the country, and in such various di- rections as Sellow, and it were most desirable for the interests of science, that the papers which are in the hands of his friend and fellow-traveller, M. Von Olfers, should be communicated to the scientific world. Many of his discoveries have been pub- lished by Professor Link, in the Hortus Berolinensis, (1821, 1827, 1833,) and by Chamisso and Schlechtendal in the Lin- nea. Sprengel also has described many of them in his Neuen Endeckungen, 1820, and in his edition of the Systema Vege- tabilium ; and Mr Lessing, numerous Composite in the Lin- nea, and in the Synopsis Generum Compositarum, as M. De Candolle has also in the fifth (and following) volumes of the Prodromus Syst. Veget.; but a still greater number remain. Indeed the herbarium left by this indefatigable but unfortu- nate botanist and traveller, amounts to 10,000 species! and by his will, the first specimen of every species is to be depo- sited in the Royal Berlin Herbarium ; the second in that of M. Von Olfers, and the third, in M. Kunth’s. Another Naturalist, whose exertions for the Flora of Brazil have secured him an immortal name, is M. Aug. de St Hi- laire. He left France for Rio in 1816, in the suite of the Ambassador, the duke of Luxemburg, and returned in 1822. The collection is estimated at 7000 species. His first journey was partly in company with M. Von Langsdorff, to the mining MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 19 districts, over which he travelled for a period of sixteen months. A second, was from Rio to the province of Espiritu Santo, and the Rio Doce. A third, of greater extent, was over S. Joam del Rey, and the Serra Negra to Paracatu, in the western district of the province of Minas; then to the Villa Boa, the capital of Goyaz, and to the Rio Claro. From thence the traveller returned through the open Campos of St Paulo, and into the south to Curitiba and Porto Alegro. A year was almost wholly devoted in going hence and travelling over the Missions of Paraguay and the Banda Orientale, whence he took ship with his collections for Rio. Great and various are the results of these journeys, and there is nothing to be wished but that St Hilaire's health may allow of his completing the publication of his labours. The following are the memoirs in which M. de St Hilaire has inserted his numerous descrip- tions of plants and his important geographical remarks, and those on medical, economical, and technical botany: ‘ Flora Brasilie Meridionalis," 2 vols. and 3 Fasciculi, Paris, 1825- 1832. From the twentieth Fasciculus M. de St Hilaire has enjoyed the able assistance of M. Adrien de Jussieu, and Cambessedes.— 2. ** Histoire des Plantes les plus remarquables du Brésil et du Paraguay," vol. 1. Paris, 1824.—3. ** Plantes Usuelles des Brésiliens," Paris, 1824.—4. ** Voyage dans les Provinces de Rio de Janeiro et de Minas Geraes,” vol. 1, 2. Paris, 1830-8.—5. ** Voyage dans le district des diamans et sur le littoral du Brésil vol. 1, 2. Paris, 1833-8.—6. - ** Tableau de la Vegetation primitive dans la Province de Minas Geraes," in the Annales des Sciences Natur. vol. 24. p. 64. &c.—7, A brief account of their journey is also given in the ** Bulletins de la Societé Philomatique," 1823-1826. — The plants of M. de St Hilaire will be found as far as they have been described in the general herbarium of the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. | Nearly at the same time with M. de St Hilaire, his High- ness Prince Maximilian Von Neuweid visited Rio, and after- wards published his travels; in the appendix to which several of the more interesting plants were mentioned by Professor 20 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. Schrader and Nees Von Esenbeck redundant. Others, from the pen of Schrader, have fappeared in the ** Gottingen Gelehrten Anzeig,” 1824-1828: while again, in conjunction: with Dr Von Martius, Nees Von Esenbeck published several treatises on these plants in the ** Nov. Act. Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur.;" for example—l. ** Beitrag zur Flora Brazil,” Nov. Act., vol. 2. and 12.— 3. ** Góthea, novum Genus," vol. 2.— 3. Frazinelle, Plantarum familia naturalis definita, &c." vol. 11.—4. * Zollernia, nov. Gen." vol. 13.—** Hornschuchia,” by Nees Von Esenbeck, appeared in the memoirs of the Ra- tisbon Society, 1822. The remainder of his collections were presented to Von Martius, who will incorporate them with his Flora. In 1815 and 1816, two English collectors, Messrs Cun- ningham and Bowie, were sent by the Royal Gardens of Kew, where many of the plants discovered by them are still living, and where is, moreover, preserved, a considerable her- barium which they formed in Brazil. Both these travel- lers left the Brazils from St Paulo; the one, Mr Bowie, for the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, where he sank from the fatigues of his journey ;* the other, Mr Allan Cunning- ham, for New Holland, where he spent many years in inves- tigating the interior; and after visiting New Zealand and Norfolk Island, returned to England. Again he went the second time to Port Jackson, as Colonial Botanist, to supply the place of his brother (Richard), who had been killed by the natives. (We have now to lament the death of Allan, from the effect of fatigue and illness, during a second visit to New Zealand.) The marriage of the Crown Prince Don Pedro, afterwards Emperor of the Brazils, with her Imperial Highness the Archduchess Leopoldine of Austria, gave rise to the expedi- tion of the Austrian Naturalists, which Dr Von Martius, and Dr Von Spix accompanied, and which left Europe in the * Our author bas in this particular been misinformed. Bowie was lately, and we believe is still, in charge of Baron Ludwig's interesting Botanic Garden, near Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.— Ep. : MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL, 21 spring of 1817. For the botanical department were appoint- ed Professor Milcan of Prague, Dr Pohl, (who died in 1834,) Mr Henry Schott, now inspector of the imperial Botanic Garden of Schénbrun, and Mr Ruchberger, Botanic Painter, who lost his life in Brazil by being thrown from his horse. Milean, during his short residence of one year, paid particular attention to the Flora of the environs of Rio, and afterwards journeyed along the coast to Cabo Frio. In his magnificent Delectus Flore et Faune Brasiliensis he has given to the public some of his discoveries. Mr Schott, who is no less an able botanist and draughtsman than he is a cultivator, was however directed chiefly to confine himself to the neighbour- hood of Rio, and send living plants to the Imperial Garden at Vienna. Nevertheless he made several excursions from Rio to the Campos on the Paraiba and Paraibuna Rivers, through the district of Canta Gallo and to Macucu. He was afterwards assisted in his labours by the gardener, Schucht. A very choice herbarium of many thousand rare and inter- esting plants was the fruit of these labours. Dr Pohl under- took a much more extended journey. After having visited the country southerly from Rio to S. Marcos, and northerly as far as the Paraiba River, he went by Barbacena to the Minas country, to Villa Rica, Villa do Principe (passed the Diamond district which was then closed against him,) to the Rio Grande de Belmonte. He then turned westerly to Goyaz, and descended the Rio Maranhano, the principal eastern branch of the, Tocantins, to the eighth degree of S. latitude. From Porto Real his route led him back to Villa Boa, and from thence he arrived again at Rio de Janeiro about the end of 1821. The results of the labours of the Austrian travellers in Brazil, and their Narrative have been published, partly in a separate work, and partly in Pohl’s ‘Travels in the Brazils, Vienna, 1831. How much this indefatigable traveller has done for the Flora of Brazil, may be inferred from the great work, ** Plantarum Brasilie Icones et Descriptiones hactenus inedite. Vindob. 2 vols. fol. 1827, 1831.” Many of the Feins 22 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. are published by Presl. The collections that Pohl has de- posited in the Imperial Cabinets will soon be made known by the literary labours of Dr Endlicher. M. Raddi,a Florentine, whose life terminated at the pyramids of Egypt, also accompanied the Austrian expedi- tion of Naturalists to Rio de Janeiro, and botanized there for about a year. From him we have the ‘ Filices Brasili- enses," folio; ** Agrostographia Brasil," 8vo.; and some plants which appeared in the 18th volume of the * Atti della Societa Italiana," &c. The two Bavarian Naturalists, Spix and Martius, were, on their arrival at Rio, by command of His Majesty the late King Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria, to undertake a journey into the interior of Brazil, from the tropic of Cancer to the line. They set out in the end of December, and went south to the town of St Paulo, the Iron works of Ypanema, and to Porto Felix, the place of embarkation by the interior to Mato Grosso. Thence they turned to the north, over Villa de S. Joam d' El Rey, .to the capital of the gold country, Villa Rica, (now Cidade de Ouro preto.) A journey, branching off to the eastward, through the woods on the borders of the Cordilleras, enabled them to study the characters of the four living races of the Indians. Returning back to Villa Rica, they pursued their route to the diamond district, a country remarkable for the very peculiar nature of its vegetable pro- ductions, and which had previously only been visited by M. de St Hilaire. They went from Tejucco up the high plateau — of Minas Novas, and again reached the line of the mountain forests and penetrated the Sertas, a hilly territory, where the character of the vegetation is entirely changed, to the Rio de S. Francisco, on the other side of which they penetrated by the Chapada (elevated plains) from Paranan to the eastern springs of the Tocantins in the province of Goyaz. The return to the coast was through the interior of the provinces of Pernambuco and Bahia, to the capital of the last province; where they arrived in a year from the time of their departure from Rio. "Thence they went by water to Ilheos, examining MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 23 the forests of the coasts there, and returned on foot, along the shore, back to Bahia. A second important journey led them in a north-westerly direction, through the province of Bahia by Joazeiro, across the beautiful river of S. Francis- co, resembling the Rhine, to the hilly pastures of the pro- vince of Piauhy, which they completely crossed in order to reach S. Luiz, the capital of the province of Maranham. Then they took ship to Para, and from that town ascended the Amazon River and the Salimoens to Ega, where they separated for a time, Dr Von Spix following the course of the Salimoens to the boundary of Brazil, while Dr Von Martius, accompanied by Colonel Zany, went up the Yupura as far as the falls of Arara-Coara on the borders of Popayan. Meet- ing again at the Barra do Rio Negro, they descended the Amazons and visited the lower territory of the Madeira river. From Para these indefatigable Naturalists returned to Munich by way of Lisbon, at the end of the year 1821; and the number of species calculated to be brought home by Von Martius, is 7,500. Already the public has been favoured with—1. ** Nova Genera et Spec. Plant. Bras.” 3 vols., the first of which is edited in part by Zuccarini, 1823—1829, with 300 plates.—2. ** Genera et Species Palmarum," very large atlas folio (scarcely yet completed.)—3. ‘* Jcones Selec- te Plantarum Cryptogam.” 1 vol.—4. Specimen Materie Me- dice Brasil. Part I. Emetica," —5. ** Travels in the Brazils," 3 vols. 4to., 1823 —1831.— 6. * The Physiognomy of the Vege- table Kingdom in the Brazils."—'. ** Soemmeringia, Novum — Plant. Gen.” (Legumin.).—8. ** Fridericia, Novum Plant. Gen." in Nov. Art. Acad. Vol. xiii.—9. ** On the Preparation of the Urari Poison employed by the Juris Indians on the Rio Yupura,”—* On some Brazilian Medicines," — On some Medi- cinal Plants," noticed by Dr Von Martius, in the Brazilian province of Rio Negro, given in Buchner's Repertorium of Pharmacy.---10. ** Decas Plantarum Mycetoidearum Brasili- ensium, in Nov. Act. Acad.” vol. x.—11. * Lychnophora, Novum Plant. Gen.” (Composit.), in the Memoirs of the Royal 24 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL, Bavarian Bot. Soc. at Ratisbon, 1822.—12. * On several Species of Plants raised from Brazilian Seeds,” in different works, such as Schrank, Hort. Monac.; Martius, Amen. Bot. Monac.; Hortus Reg. Monac.; in Colla? Hortus Ripul.; in Linh. et Otto Ic. Plant. Sel, &c.—13. “ Flora Brasiliensis Enumeratio Plant. in Brasilia" &c., 8vo., only 2 vols. of this have yet been published; one on the Alge, by Martius; the Lichens, by Eschweiler; and the Hepatice, by Nees Von Esen- beck; the second containing the Grasses, by Nees. Professor Hornschuch has been engaged upon the Mosses;* Professor Kunze on the Ferns; Dr Spring has prepared the Lycopodi- -~ nee. The Cyperacee have been commenced by Schrader. Professor Roeper will undertake the Euphorbiaceae; Nees the Solanacee and Acanthacee. Many Monocotyledones are already finished for (and since published in) the 6th vol. of Römer et Schulies’ Syst. Veget.; and various other of Dr Von Martius’ materials have been taken up, through his libe- rality, by many other Botanists; for example by Zuccarini in the Roy. Bavar. Trans., and in his Fasc. i. Plant. Nov. &c. M. De Candolle has in his Prodromus inserted the Myrtacea, Melastomacee, and a part of Lythrariee and Composite; Mr Bentham has included the Zabiate in his valuable Mono- graph of that family. Nees Von Esenbeck undertakes Lau- rinee; Professor Lindley the Orchidee; and again Bentham the Leguminose. After M. de St Hilaire, Mr Pohl and Dr Von Martius, had left Brazil in 1823, Mr Beyrich, an industrious and able gardener, went to Rio, at the expense of the Berlin Garden, which, as well as the’ Herbarium, he enriched with numerous interesting objects. After his melancholy death from cholera, in N. America, his extensive private collection came into the possession of Baron Von Rémer in Dresden, and many of his discoveries have been made known by Chamisso and. Schlechtendal in the Linnea, where his memory has * I believe a Fasciculus of this has since appeared in small folio, with plates, together with the Zycopodinec. MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 25 further been perpetuated by the establishing of the Genus Beyrichia, among Schrophularinee. At the same period as Mr Beyrich, Baron Von Kar- winski visited Rio de Janeiro, and formed a collection in the Organ Mountains, which has since passed into the hands of Von Martius. Mr Von Langsdorff at this time, by com- mand of the Imperial Russian government, now prepared for avery extensive journey, which was to extend to the most distant territory of the Brazils; but respecting the results of it, little seems to be known, and Langsdorff himself came to Europe, in a very indifferent state of health. Accompanied by Mr Riedel, an able Botanist, by Mr Tanney a botanical draughtsman, M. Menetrier, as Zoologist, and Mr Rubzow, as astronomer, he first went to Cuyaba, then to Mato Grosso, and lastly down the Madeira and Amazon Rivers to Para. Although the life of the artist was sacrificed, and that the party suffered various misfortunes, the expedition yielded an abundant harvest of plants, which together with many former collections sent to the Imperial Garden and the Aca- demy of Sciences at Petersburgh, have made the northern imperial city one of the richest in Brazilian Natural History. Thanks also to the great industry of her Botanists, we possess, besides many others from the same quarter, the following valuable additions to our knowledge of Brazilian vegetation : —** Bongard, Essai monographique sur les espéces d Eriocaulon du Brésil" in the ** Mem. de l' Acad. de St Petersb. 1831," — and the same author's ** Generis Lacis Revisio, adnexa Phi- locrene, gen. e Podostemearum ordine novo.” Mr R. Bongard has also described several species of the Genera Bauhinia and Pauletia. Trinius, in his great work on Grasses, has made use of all the remarkable additions of this difficult family which the Brazils yield so abundantly. Dr Von Fischer, too, has published many of Langsdorff's discoveries, sometimes in conjunction with Mr C. A. Meyer. Respecting another journey which took place in the south- western parts of Brazil, at the same period as the above, Vol. I V. —No. 25. D 26 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. namely, that of Mr Burchell, we have no accurate accounts. He had already distinguished himself by his scientific travels in the interior of Southern Africa; and he is said to have taken homenoble collections from the provincesof Minas, Goyaz, and Mato Grosso; but at present we hear nothing of the probability of their being published. Other Collectors have been engaged in procuring Seeds, Bulbs, and especially Orchidee. The later volumes of the Botanical Magazine, and Botanical Regis- ter, record the names of Harrison, Pearson, Hasketh, &c., as having introduced to Europe plants new to the Flora of Brazil. A highly accomplished English lady, Mrs Maria Graham, now Mrs (Lady) Calcott, has sent collections of dried plants and drawings, which she made in Brazil, to the English Naturalists. Mr Tweedie has collected extensively on the banks of the Uraguay and in the Banda Orientale, plants which have been described by Messrs. Hooker and Arnott in their valuable ‘ Contributions towards the Flora of South America,” in Hook. Bot. Miscel, vol. iii. &c., or by Dr Graham in the Edinburgh Journal of Science. Many other Botanists might be named, who have contributed to increase the catalogue of the Flora of Brazil; as for example, Mr Lund, Dr Dollinger, Luschnath, and others, at Rio; Bacle at St Catharine; Blanchet, and Salzmann, and Lhotzky, and Vauthier, &c.; all have contributed to the ** Prodromus" of De Candolle, the ** Atakta”? of Endlicher, Presl's ** Symbol. Bot." and other works. Mr Lhotzky has also sent many plants which were gathered by that industrious Brazilian physician, A. L. Patricio da Silva Monse, during a residence of several years at Cujaba. In conclusion may be mentioned the services rendered to Brazilian Botany by Professor Poep- pig. In his very extensive and successful journey, he also entered Brazil on his way from Maynas down the Rio Soli- moens and the Amazon River to Para. At Ega, and in the neighbourhood of the last mentioned city, this excellent Naturalist remained for some time; and his collections include those which Von Martius made ten years before in the same MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 27 districts. He has also, with the courtesy which distinguishes the man of learning and science, placed his Brazilian collec- tions at the service of the author of the Flora of Brazil. II. Character of the principal regions of the Flora of Brazil. The vegetable kingdom in the Brazils presents in general, if it may be so expressed, a fixed character, especially if the tropical regions be more particularly considered. In regard to individual plants, this exhibits itself in the great exube- rance of the ramifications of the leaves, in the profusion of flowers and fruits, and in the absence of those forms of the organs which arise from a stunted growth, or a want of devel- opment, such as thorns and spines, &e., exhibit. "Thus, one sees gigantic, copiously branched, herbaceous plants, loaded with dark-green foliage, and flower-stems adorned with blos- soms, glowing with every colour; though the reds, violets and yellows, are more abundant than blues and whites. The bark of the trees is thin in proportion to the size of the trunks, and it does not peel off as in N. Holland, for exam- ple, where the ground resembles a tan-yard, from the quan- tity of bark with which it is strewed. The greater number of plants are smooth and naked on their surface; only in the extratropical parts, generally speaking, and in some elevated or saline situations, do we find the clothing of hair and to- mentum to prevail on the leaves, or other soft herbaceous parts. i With the exception of some genera, such as Chorisia, Pachira, Eriodendron, Bombax, Wittelsbachia, Lasiandra, and many Orchidee, the flowers are not so large and magni- ficent as in the Flora of Southern India, though larger than is common in other tropical regions. The extraordinary variability in individual plants, according to habitat, climate, and age, is a characteristic of this tropical vegetation, and this makes the study of the various forms not a little difficult. The size and shape of the leaves, especially at the base and apex, the degree of hairiness, the texture and thickness, the: inflorescence, the outline, (and in a less degree the colour,) 28 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. vary ad infinitum in the vegetable productions of Brazil, ac- cording as the species grows fully exposed to the light of the sun, or in the shade; on lofty hills, or on low ground; on ele- vated plains, or on river-banks; in stony places, on decayed dung, or on moving sands. Frequently one and the same tree, if growing half in the light and half in shade, will ex- hibit different degrees of hairiness in the different parts, as is observed with the Mango, ( Mangifera Indica) ; and the fruit is different in the quantity of saccharine, in aroma, in ab- sence or presence of resins, &c., as they may chance to be produced by one or another branch. Another circumstance that distinguishes the Flora of the Brazils (and indeed that of the tropics generally), is the extraordinary disparity in the size of the individual parts of the leaves and flowers; for example, according to its age, to the season of the year, and its locality. Many produce flowers when very young, and then the foliage and blossoms are of small size: others require a great degree of maturity in the wood in order to bear fruit, and are at first sparingly clothed with blossoms; sometimes in every part. - The leaves of the fruit-bearing ones are often 3 or 4 times as large as those of the same plant in a state of flower, and the substance and texture are equally altered. The leaves of those trees which in the spring, that is, after the’ rainy season, usually expand rapidly, are at first thin and delicate, but by degrees they become so thick and coriaceous that specimens from the same tree, gathered at different periods, will frequently appear to a botanist accustomed to the European forms, as belonging to a different species. It is the same with the leaves and flowers, when an individual of the same species grows in the moist primitive forests along the sea-shore, and in the dry forests in the interior of the country seldom refreshed with rain. In the latter case the ramification, the thorns, the reticulation of the leaves are much more copious than upon the coast. Whilst the Flora is the poor tropical vegetation, there may in general be a great diversity in the forms of the species; so, on the other hand, in the luxuriant tropical vegetation, there is a great close- MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 29 ness and affinity of species in one and the same genus. These close boundaries of the specific forms, and the variableness of the individuals, are substantial difficulties in the study of a Flora so rich in species as that of Brazil. The Melastoma- cee and Myrtacee of the Brazils, that are in De Candolle’s Prodromus, may serve as an evidence of the correctness of this assertion. It is, therefore, not surprising, if many species are already introduced into systematic works, whose right to that rank will be doubtful, until they are more studied in their original localities. With a view to these two circum- stances, must be taken into consideration that which will necessarily escape the traveller who passes hastily through the country: I mean the formation of hybrids, and the difference of the individual in the development of the flowers in the two sexes. There can be no doubt that the numerous in- sects in Brazil industriously visit the expanded blossoms, and produce similar effects to what are known to occur by asimilar cause in Europe. So, too, will greater accuracy, and much time, be required to prove that certain variations in the growth, the inflorescence, even also in the leafing, are or are not occasioned by the differences of sex in the nume- rous polygamous and dicecious plants that occur in the Flora of the Brazils, and which have not been accurately distin- guished. Similar differences with those in the German species of Tussilago, or in Serratula arvensis (ascertained by Mr Brown to be dicecious) will be discovered in Brazil in many species of Eupatorium, Mikania, Baccharis, Se. After these few introductory observations on the character of the Brazilian vegetation in general, Von Martius proceeds to offer some remarks on the peculiarities presented by the different regions of the vegetation in Brazil. There, as in every Flora of great extent, are spread over the wide surface of the country, various masses or groups of vegetables in such a manner, that each in its intensity, that is, where it appears complete and unmingled, bears its own peculiar character. This character is recognised no less physiogno- mically, in. the stamp of its whole picturesque appearance, 30 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. than systematically in the number of the prevalent plants and families of plants. But as each of these peculiar masses of plants have their limits, and pass into another, so is their character blended and changed. Von Martius distinguishes five principal regions which were first recorded by him in the ** Agrostographia Brasiliensis," —1.- Regio extra-tropica, or valleculosa, most of which is hilly country beyond the southern tropics. 2. Regio montana, or montano-campestris, the high land covered with fields. 3. Regio montano-nemorosa, or wooded mountain-land. 4. Regio calido-sicca, the dry north- ern district. 5, Regio calido-humida, the moist equatorial district. I. REGIO EXTRA-TROPICA.— South Brazil beyond the tropic of Capricorn to Monte Video, and to the river La Plata. The plants of this district Martius designates by the general name of Napee. The country is either plain or gently un- dulated, rarely rising into mountains (scarcely ever exceed- ing 1600 feet high). It is, however, tolerably well watered, although many of the lesser streams dry up annually, entirely or in part. The mountain-formation is partly granite, gneiss, and sienite; partly, especially in the more southern districts, the trap-formation prevails. The forests are only numerous in the more southern districts; and here you see 4 vast extent of the Brazilian Pines, Araucaria Brasiliana. The farther you proceed to the south, the forests become more rare; and, mingled with the American, we find the European forms of vegetation. On the other side the Plate river this region passes into the Pampas of Buenos Ayres; which extends from thence to Cordova, and to the eastern sides of the Andes of Chili. The tropical forms of the Brazilian vegetation descend here and there in this district along the rivers that flow from the north, but lose themselves the more as you go into the interior from the coast. This region has been particularly investigated by Messrs Auguste de St Hilaire and Sellow. Il. REGIO MONTANA, or MONTANO-CAMPESTRIS,— Under this head are included that of the great Brazilian mountain- MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 3l system, which constitutes the interior of the province of Minas to the west, and extends through the Serra dos Ver- tentes (as M. Eschwege calls it), to the upper valley of the river of Madeira, the Rio Itinéz, or Guapocé, and towards the north in the province of Bahia, terminates with several narrow branches in the Comarca of Jacobina. This long district, situated between the 46th and 65th of west longitude from Paris, and between the 23d and the llth degree of south latitude, also includes a part of the provinces of Rio, S. Paulo, Minas Geraés, Goyaz, Mato Grosso, and Bahia. Low valleys, steep declivities of mountains, gentle declina- tions, and elevated plains, here alternate with each other, and the highest mountains attain to above 5000 feet. The pre- vailing mountains here are quartz slate (Itacolumit, quartz- reicher Glimmer-oder Falkschiefer) ; or they frequently con- tain ** Flótze" of ironstone. Gold occurs almost every- where, and diamonds are found. The greater part of this district is covered by grass-plains, on which are seen, scattered, a great variety of beautiful flowering herbaceous plants and low shrubs or copses. Here are also woods possessing two different characters; the lofty evergreen woods, which are pretty similar to those along thie coast, and isolated lower, very dense, and not altogether deciduous ones. The first, especially, affect the banks of the rivers, and ascend from the lowest districts of the country, at most, half way up the mountains. ‘They are destroyed in the mountain districts in the same way as in the United States, and burnt; and, this being the most fertile part of the country, is under cultivation. In the language of the country this is called Mato virgen, virgin forests (tupi: Caa-eté). The other kind of woods besides, being of much lower growth, is partieularly characterized by the low wet grounds in such a manner as to resemble islands, mostly of a roundish form. Many of them have swampy bottoms, others contain springs, the sources of brooks and rivers. They are called in the language of the country Capoens, island-woods. They never ascend to the ridge of the higher mountains, which is only 32 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. covered, in the whole Regio-montana, with bushes or herba- ceous plants, whilst in the northern part of the Regio-extra- tropica, it is wooded even to the very summit. Two other vegetable features occur intermediate between the forms already alluded to, particularly in the north-western and northern parts of this district: the one is characterized by numerous, low stunted, and much ramified trees, whose branches frequently spread out horizontally. ‘They are seen most abundantly on gentle declivities, table-mountains, and elevated plains, and on this account, and because they often afford no shelter to the traveller, they are called Taboleiro coberto (covered table-land). The trees of this formation are mostly very peculiar, and different from those of other woods. The second form, and which likewise most frequently occurs in the north-western and northern parts of this terri- tory, and which constitutes the transition into another, is a peculiar kind of thick bushes ( Carrasco, or when larger trees intervene, Mato carrasquento). "These last kinds of vegeta- tion in the mountain district mostly lose their foliage during the dry months, often flower before they throw out fresh leaves, which are at first soft and tender, but quickly harden- ing and becoming as it were sapless. The plants of this mountain-region Martius distinguishes by the name of Oreades. III. REGIO woNTANO-NEMOROSA : the district of mountain- forests. To this especially belongs the Cordillera of the coast (Serro do Mar), which extends from the province of S. Paulo to Bahia, and northerly from it to the other side of the Francisco river, in the provinces of Alagoas and Pernam- buco. This particularly consists of granite, gneiss, and sienite. On account of the vicinity of the sea, and the dense forests moistened by the numerous clouds, it is abundant in springs. It is of inferior elevation to that of the Minas dis- trict, some few of the rounded summits only attaining an elevation of about 4000 feet. It maintains a peculiarly luxuriant, rich and brilliant Flora, which, although it has been the most investigated, will yet for a long time yield MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 33 novelties to the botanist. The plants belonging to this dis- trict Martius calls Dryades. ‘Towards the north the Flora of this mountain-range changes considerably ; so that many of the species that grow in the south disappear, and other related kinds supply their place. The three provinces that have been most searched, viz., Bahia, Ilheos, and Rio de Janeiro, have each of them certain peculiarities, yet in their physiognomy corresponding forms. It appears too that the Flora of Rio is distinguished above all others by greater magnificence in form and colour. The mountain of this region is in connexion with the extensive principal crest of the former region by several spurs, which diverge from near the 47° of west longitude to the north, and are called Serra da Mantiqueira, das Almas, da Lapa, &c., and is compre- hended by Eschwege, under the common name of Serra do Espinhaço. On these spurs, or cross-branches, generally appears a different vegetation from that of the mountain-dis- trict itself, and that of the forests on the west, which mostly exhibits that of the Catingas woods. IV. Recio catipo-sicca. North from the principal mass of mountains of the Minas district, and easterly from the line of mountains of the Serra do Mar, extends a large level land, frequently rising into low hills, which, from the dryness and uniformity of the climate and the absence of water, is occupied by a very different vegetation from that hitherto noticed. The mountain-formation is here mostly granite and gneiss, sand- stone or chalk, and, though more rarely, ** Diori’ and mica- slate. The elastic sandstone, (Eschwege's Itacolumit already mentioned,) which appears characteristic of the mining dis- - trict, is seldom seen here, nor is there found that abundance of gold and of diamonds. On this account it is less inhabited by colonists, and has received the name of Sertam (wilder- ness); a word also employed to denote the thinly populous districts in the very interior of Brazil. At Minas Geraés they designate by Serfam the tract of country situated wes- terly and north-westerly from the peculiar mountain heights so abundant in gold. The country here gradually sinks down: Vol. IV.—No. 25. E 34 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. to the Rio de San Francisco, and rises again on the other side in the Table-land of Goyaz. Further towards the north is a country of a similar nature, which includes the interior of theprovince of Bahia, the south-western part of the province of Pernambuco, and the valley of the province of Piauhy. The heat is much greater than in the same latitude upon the coast, or than in the more elevated Minas district; for the present region, with the exception of the small range of Car- riri mountains and their ramifications, scarcely exceeds 1000 or 1200 feet above the level of the sea. The rains that commence in October in the more southern parts, further to — the north prevail from December to January, and sometimes fail almost entirely for several years. The winds that blow in the districts beyond the Tropics, frequently with great violence, particularly from the south-west, are here of rare occurrence; and often the clear, pure and dry air, continues for months without any variation. This characteristic of the climate, together with the almost total absence of vegetable mould (** dammerde"), occasion a great variation of the Flora of this country from that already treated of. The forests are of less extent, and are either in the neighbourhood of rivers, or on the mountains, which are covered by them even to the summits, if they are sufficiently elevated to experience a cur- rent of moist air which comes from the coast: thus producing a coast-climate. The low grounds, in which the dew most frequently supplies the place of rains, are especially covered with shrubs and bushes. As the plains frequently expand very suddenly, and are overrun for an immense extent with shrubs of a man's. height, so we here find ourselves as it were in an ocean of plants. This vegetable feature is called in the country Carrasco, and is, of all that exist in the tropics of the Brazils, the poorest in species, although it may be sbun- dant in individuals. .It clothes a great part of the country on the other side of the Rio de San Francisco, the whole in- terior of Goyaz, Pernambuco, and the northern provinces of Rio Grande and Ciará. The forests that exist here have seldom that fulness and the lofty growth of those of the coast, i | | $ t MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL, 35 and, during the dry months, the leaves are deciduous, on which account they are called in the language of the Brazils, light forests (Caa-tinga.) What is extraordinary, if no rain falls, they can remain for many years without producing foliage, but when at last the showers descend, in the course of forty-eight hours they are clothed with the most delicate and tender green. Many plants of this Flora have the flowers produced before tlie leaves, or during the time of the burst- ing of the foliage, and many do not ripen their fruit till after they have again dropped their foliage. It is in this district that so many Cactez are seen: while the general vegetation is distinguished by the tenderness of fibre, rigidity of the leaves, the presence of hairs, stings or prickles, smaller flowers, thicker and frequently milky juice. The pastures differ from those of the mining district, in that they exhibit a bright green, more delicate and smoother herbs, and Gra- mine? with more pliant leaves. The Brazilians call them Campos mimosos, in contradistinction to the Campos agrestes of the Minas Geraés. Hitherto the individuals of this form of vegetation have been less known than the others. Dr Pohl has however placed numerous species from this district in the Imperial Herbarium at Vienna, (and we may add, that Mr Gardner has recently formed a very rich herbarium there. —Ep.) Martius designates the plants of this district as Hamadryades. V. Reeio Caripo-HuM1Da.—Northerly from the province of Ciará the country declines down towards the great plain of the Amazonian River. The mountains, which are exceed- ingly curious in structure, and are deeply covered with vege- table soil (Dammerde), consist principally of sandstone. A vast abundance of springs, numerous streams, rivers and lakes, very frequent rains continuing to fall through the greater portion of the year, and moisture during the latter part of it, brought by the winds from the Atlantic Ocean, all here unite in producing the greatest vigour and luxuriance of the vegetable growth. Dry situations are scarcely to be met with, except on the sides of some of the low hills in the 36 MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. interior of this almost wholly unexplored tract, between the Ocean and Madeira River. As the vegetation here so much depends on the abundance of water, Von Martius calls the plants Naiades. By far the greater part of the country is covered by very lofty forest vegetation (Caa-eté,) which in the neighbourhood of the waters (where it is called Caa- Ygabó) is particularly intricate and wild, but never so grand, or so beautiful, as the forests of the more south-eastern parts of Brazil. Pasturage does not exist here as in the elevated lands of the mining districts, but is found chiefly on the light hilly lowlands, seldom on the low scattered mountains. The group of Parimé-mountains in the north, and the ramifica- tions of the Andes bound this extended tract of land to the north and west. A lower, rougher, and very stunted border of forest, in its individual character extremely peculiar, (the Ceja de la Montana,) appears to mark the boundary of this vegetation, and that of Peru on the borders of Popayan and Maynas;—and this kind of vegetation extends into the dis- trict of the great Rio de Madeira, far to the south, beyond the union of the Iteney or Guaporé and Mamoré. Its ex- treme boundary in the south may be taken at about the 13? of S. lat. (near the Destacamento das Pedras,) where the banks of the river are more elevated and steeper, so as to check the floods, and where the branches of the Serra geral de Cujabá in the west, and the Serra dos Guarajus in the north, mark the commencement of the mining district. Brazil therefore presents, on its northern and western sides, a very connected Flora which encloses a great portion of the other vegetable districts. The plants of Mato Grosso appear all to belong to this line of vegetation: or if from the higher districts of the province, (which is known to agree in the mountain-formation, and its riches in gold and diamonds, with Minas Geraés and the highlands of Goyaz,) they are then constituent parts of the mountain Flora, sometimes the same species as those found further east, oftener species of similar genera. Links of these vegetable forms occur along the Madeira River and the other great tributaries to the demeaning ERTS Bi S neto MARTIUS ON THE BOTANY OF BRAZIL. 37 Amazon, and each of these rivers appears, agreeably to its geographical extent and to the nature of its high lands at the sources, to possess its peculiar Flora, which assimilates itself the more to that of the Amazon the nearer they approach the latter. The Flora of these large tributaries has hitherto been scarcely examined. The regions that have now been noticed in their general outline may properly be considered as the principal ones, or provinces of the empire of the Brazilian Flora. Many, we may say, by the greater part of the individual species, belong to one or other of these regions. Certain plants, however, are spread over many regions: many of the Dryades and Hama- dryades appear throughout the whole extent of the tropics: so it is likewise with many of the trees that belong to the Regio montano-nemorosa, and the Regio calido-sicca. Numerous herbaceous plants are equally generally distributed. These widely extended plants Von Martius terms Page ; and many of these, he observes, belong to the northern tropical forma- tion of Eastern South America, or of the Flora of the Ori- noco district, as a province of the empire of the Flora of Brazil, whilst the Regio extra-tropica, of Plante Napee, ought to be reckoned to belong, not to this empire, but to the Flora of Buenos Ayres, Tucuman and Salta, or that of the cis-an- dine extra-tropical empire. VI. The principles for the formation of the Herbarium Flore Brasiliensis are in part indicated in the preceding in- troduction; the rest are scarcely of sufficient interest to in- duce us to make extracts from them. 38 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. IL.— 4n arrangement and definition of the GENERA or FERNS, with observations on the affinities of each Genus; by J. . SMITH, A. L.S. [ With Figures of the Venation of Ferns. Tass. XVIII. XIX.] (Read before the Linnæan Society of London, February 18, Ápril 7, and June 16, 1840.) Tue vast number of new species of Ferns which have of late years come to our knowledge, renders it necessary — that some additional characters, besides those hitherto used, should be adopted for defining the limits of genera. The necessity for this will be obvious, when it is stated that the number of known species amounts to between 1600 and 1800, of which probably about three-fourths have, till lately, been - placed under six genera; viz., Acrostichum, Polypodium, Pteris, Asplenium, Aspidium, and Adiantum; and, as might be ex- pected in such extensive assemblages of species, many must - have been associated under the same genus, although having no immediate affinity with each other, further than in some arbitrary technical character. This has arisen from the generic characters of Ferns having (with a few exceptions) been deriv- ed solely from the form, position, and direction of the sori, in. conjunction with the sori being naked, or furnished with an indusium of different forms. Such being the case (and having formed a collection of Ferns amounting to about 1400 species) I became anxious to arrange them in more ‘natural groups, — E | and, with that view, I- made a critical examination of the whole. While so engaged, I was not inattentive to the obser- vations of Mr Brown, in the Prodromus Flora Nove Hollandie, and also in Wallich’s Plante Asiatice Rariores ; and follow- ing up that gentleman's observations, as regards the position of the sori on the veins, I found that the different forms of venation afforded, in conjunction with the position of the sori, very important characters, which I first made use of, in the year 1835, for arranging the very extensive genus Polypodium, and it was no little satisfaction to me when I found that my Joc LF. Lae AVOL AE. x Il ll Wii) Wl | i » M Sw AMMA, J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 39 views of that genus so nearly coincided with those of Mr Brown, which were shortly afterwards published in the Flora Javanica. ] I had nearly completed my arrangement when I received a copy of Presl's ** Tentamen Pteridographie,” a work published - at Prague in 1836, but not seen by me till 1838. That author's views so nearly coincided with mine, that it might seem as if a communication of ideas had passed betwixt us; but, after allowing him due credit for his labours, I must still continue to differ from him in a number of important points ; yet, in order to avoid adding synonymous generic names, I have revised my original terms, and in all cases where Presl's character of his genera are conformable to my view, I have adopted his names. It may be said that many genera have been created with only trifling differences. But, when the technical characters of several proximate genera of Ferns are compared with the technical characters of a like number of genera belonging to any other extensive natural family of plants, I may safely say, that the genera of Ferns here given will be found to have as good a right to rank as genera, as those of Gramineae, Lili- - acee, Orchidee, Leguminose, &c.; and Ferns, hike these large families, present very obvious distinctions on viewing species of distant affinities; but, on taking a comprehensive view, a gradual transition of form is seen to pervade through the whole, not in a lineal, buf in à complex, reticulated manner. And, by making use of certain modifications of structure, (which may be common to one or more species) I have been enabled to classify them under what may be termed genera; and in the following arrangement, I will endeavour to show, they are so connected with one another, that, in many cases, it becomes very difficult to determine in which genus the extreme or transition-species of groups should be placed, thus proving, that in proportion as we become acquainted with a great number of species, the more we find that **a genus has seldom any real existence in nature as a positively deter- mined group, and must rather be considered as a mere con- 40 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. trivance for assisting us in comparing and studying the enor- inous multitude of species, which, without arrangement, our minds could not embrace." * It sometimes happens, that although certain species agree with others in venation and the character of their sori, &c., yet they differ most essentially in what is termed their general aspect or habit. In such cases, rather than form unnatural combinations of species, I have chosen to keep them separate, although even their technical distinctions be but slight; and my reasons for so doing will be noticed under those genera so cireumstanced, and I am inclined to believe that in these and other cases, distinctive characters are yet to be discovered, by a careful examination of their more obscure structure. In the following arrangement, the first division of import- ance is characterized by the sporangia being destitute of, or furnished with an elastic articulated ring, which surrounds the sporangia, either in the direction of its attachment, ( vertical) or at a right-angle to the attachment (transverse ) ; which char- acter divides Ferns into three very unequal groups or sub- orders; the exannulate group not numbering more than 100 - species, while about half that number may be said to compose the truly transverse annulate group or Gleicheniacee; there- fore, the great mass of the species are characterized by the presence of a vertical ring, and comprise what have been termed true Ferns, or Polypodiacee. This group I have divided into seven tribes, characterized by the different forms and position of the sori and indusium, and although their distinctive characters are in general well marked, yet many instances occur where they are found forming transitions into one another, through some approximating points of structure. Before entering upon the definitions of these tribes and their genera, it will be necessary to give a brief explanation of the principal parts upon which their distinguishing characters are founded, and in so doing I have to observe that it is extremely difficult to give names that will define precisely all the various * Bentham. ~ J, SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 4i gradations of structure, and consequently due allowance must be made for all seeming misapplications of terms. DEFINITIONS. Ferns are flowerless plants, consisting of leafy fronds which are produced from a rAizoma, unfolding in a spiral manner, and traversed by veins, which, from definite parts on the under surface, produce unilocular, rarely multilocular cases (spo- rangia), containing reproductive sporules. The rhizoma is a rootlike creeping or cæspitose caudez, emitting descending fibrous radicles, and ascending fronds, often becoming an arboreous, usually hollow, cylindrical trunk. The fronds are of various forms, dimensions, and textures, sessile or stipitate, and either attached to the rhizoma, by a- distinct lateral articulation, or decurrent, persistent, and ter- minal; their united bases forming the progressing rhizoma. They vary from linear-lanceolate to deltoid, and from less than an inch to 15 or 20 feet in length, and from simple, entire, to once or many times pinnate and multifid; each ultimate pinna, or segment, being analogous in its parts to a simple frond. Their surface is either smooth, or furnished with different kinds of glands, hairs, or membraneous scales, the fertile or sporangiferous fronds or segments often contract- ed and differing in aspect from the sterile. The veins are either produced equally from both sides of a midrib (costa) (fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, &c.), or radiate from the base or axis of development, the midrib being evanescent ( fig. 3.); or from one side of an eccentric, or unilateral costa ( fig- 16.) They are either simple (fig. 1.), or once or repeatedly, dichotomously branched (forked) (fig. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8.); or the primary veins are costeform and pinnate, (fig. 4, 8,9, 10, 11.), the branches (venules) either simple or forked (jig. 4. a. b.) Their apices are either free and terminating at or within the margin (direct) (fig. 1. a. 2, 3, 4, 5.), or the whole combined by a continuous anastomosing vein which runs parallel with, and close to the margin (transverse marginal) (fig. 1. b. 6.); or, the apices of the venules of each fascicle anastomose with Vol. 1V.— No. 25. F 42 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. the apices of the venules of the proximate fascicle, in an an- gular or arcuate manner, and produce, on their points of meeting, or exterior side, one or more outwardly directed, (excurrent) tertiary veins (veinlets), which are either free and terminate in the areoles or margin (fig. 7. 9. 10. a. 11. a.) or — anastomose in the angular junction of the next superior pair of venules (fg. 10. b. 11. b.); or, the whole venation is near- ly uniform and combined, forming equal or unequal-sided areoles, with all the venules connected (reticulated) (fig. 12, 13, 14.); or irregularly combined, and the areoles producing, from their sides, excurrent or recurrent, simple, forked, or brachiate, straight or uncinate, free or conniving veinlets, _ which terminate in the unequal sided areoles (compound anas- tomosing) (fig. 15). The whole being more or less superfi- cial, and distinct, plane, or elevated (external), or immersed in the substance of the frond, and then often indistinct (in- ternal). The sporangiferous receptacle is a thickened point or length- ened portion of the ultimate venules or veinlets, and is either formed on their apex (terminal), or between their apex and base (medial), or on the point of forking (azillary), or on the angular crossings or points of confluence of two or many ve- nules or veinlets (compital), or the whole or a portion of the dise of the frond is changed in texture, and closely occupied by the sporangia (amorphous). It is generally superficial, sometimes immersed in the substance of the frond, or consid- erably elevated, and then globose or columnar. . The sporangia are transparent, globose, oval, or pyriform, unilocular cases, each girded by a more or less complete, elastic articulated ring, or destitute of a ring, then sometimes oblong, opaque and multilocular; usually pedicellate, rarely sessile, produced in crowded masses (sori) on each receptacle; rarely solitary or few, sometimes pilose, and a number often abortive and deformed. The sori are collections of sporangia, and have the same form, position, and direction, as the receptacles; therefore round, elongated, or amorphous, and seated on or close to the J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 43 margin (of the frond or segment) (marginal), or between the margin and midrib (intramarginal), or close to the midrib (costal); when elongated they are either oblong or linear, cou- - stituting a continuous or interrupted line, which forms more or less of an angle with the midrib (oblique), or runs parallel with the midrib or margin (transverse). "They are either naked, or each sorus is furnished with a membranaceous covering of various forms called indusium, which rises from the receptacle. The ¿indusium is a plane, or vaulted, or cup-shaped mem- brane, produced from the receptacle of each sorus (special), and is generally deciduous as it becomes replicate. It is either produced from the centre of the receptacle (central), or on one side (lateral), or its base is attached all round the base or margin of the receptacle (calyciform). When central it is usually orbicular, with its margin depressed and free all round, or sometimes it is inflated. When lateral it is either reniform, oval, or oblong, and attached by a point or depressed sinus of its side; or dinear and attached its whole length on the side of an elongated receptacle; the other margin free. When calyciform, it is first entire and globose, at length opening with an entire or laciniated margin, forming a cup which contains the sporangia. "Often the entire margin or lobules of the frond is changed in texture, and forms an accessory indusium, with which the interior lateral attached special indusium more or less connives, and by their union they form a vertical or reflexed, continuous or urceolate, calyciform or bilabiate, mar- ginal cyst, which contains the sporangia, and is open ex- teriorly. Sometimes the whole of the sori of each segment are in- cluded within a universal indusium, which is formed by the revolute margin of fertile contracted fronds. Obs. I. In the definitions of the venation and sori, it must be understood that the whole is derived from a combined view of the structure on one side of the ultimate midrib, unless otherwise specified. Obs. II. The intention of this paper being merely an 44 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. attempt to point out the principal features which charac- terize the natural groups of ferns, I have therefore refrained from giving anything more than a few examples of the species belonging to each genus; as also a reference to one or more published figures which best exemplify the genera. I have also refrained from making any observations on the geogra- phical distribution, as locality seldom marks any genus which contains more than one species. Div. I. Potypopiace2®. R. Br. Sporangia globose or oval, transparent, unilocular, pedicel- late, rarely sessile, opening transversely, furnished with a vertical, or rarely oblique, elastic, articulated, nearly complete ring. TRIBE I. Potypopies. J. Sm, Sort round, oblong or elongated and linear, destitute of a special indusium. (Sometimes the fertile fronds are con- tracted, the margins of which are usually membraneous and revolute, forming a universal indusium which includes the whole of the sori of each segment of the frond.) Obs. This tribe contains upwards of 400 species, the typical form being exemplified by the extensive genus Polypodium— as characterized by Swartz, Willdenow, and others; and, according to their character of the genus, it would now con- tain above 300 species, but which in the following arrange- ment are divided into a number of genera, characterized by the different modification of the veins, in conjunction with the position of the sori on their branches. The remaining species of the tribe have hitherto been distinguished from Polypodium, by having elongated linear sori, but their venation is now also made use of for characterizing the genera. fe —Ó—Á o J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 45 Secr. I. ORTHOPHLEBIEÆ. J. Sm. Veins simple, forked or coste form and pinnate, the whole direct, and free, 1. MONOGRAMMA. Schk. (Grammitidis sp. Sw. Cochlidium. Kau/f) Costa sporangiferous longitudinally on its centre, forming a solitary, continuous or interrupted, linear sorus.— Fronds 2 fo 4 inches high, linear, simple or forked, furnished with a midrib only, concave towards the apex, which includes the sporangia. Examp 1. M. graminea. Schk. 2. M. furcata. Desv. 3. M. trichoidea. J. Sm.—Illust. Schk. Crypt. t. 87. Schott. Gen. Fil. t. 17, & 18. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 84. Obs. This genus represents the simplest form of ferns—the fronds being so very small and narrow, that no lateral veins are produced; the whole structure being supported by the midrib. 2. PLEUROGRAMMA. Presl, J. Sm. ( Tenitidis sp. Kaulf. Hook. Grev. Veins simple, sterile.— Costa sporangiferous longitudinally on its sides, forming two continuous, linear, costal sori, which become confluent.— Fronds 3 to 6 inches high, linear, simple or forked, veins sometimes obsolete in the upper or fertile portion of the frond. Examp. 1. P. /inearis.— Illust. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 11. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 72 & t. 75. A. Obs. Differing from Monogramma by the presence of lateral veins, and in the sporangia, being produced in a line on each side of, and close to, the midrib. 3 Grammitis. Sw. (Xiphopteris. Kaulf. Micropteris. Desv.) Veins simple or forked, internal. Sporangia lateral. Sori oval, oblong, oblique.— Fronds simple, margin entire or serrulate, plane or the apex concave, the soriferous venule sometimes very short, or dentiform and conniving with the costa. Ezamp. |. G. linearis. Sw. 2. G. marginella. Sw. 3. G. australis. R. Br. 4. G. serrulata Szw.— lust. Schk. Crypt. t. 1. Hook. Grev. Ic. Fil, t. 62. Hook. gen. fil. t. 82. B. 46 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Obs. Distinguished from the last genus by the sori being produced on the lateral veins, and therefore oblique to the midrib; but in more than one species the soriferous venule is very short, and consequently the sori connive and appear to be parallel to the midrib. The oblong sori of Grammitis is the only character that distinguishes it from a number of species of the first section of the following genus Polypodium, their habit being similar; and I have great doubts in which genus many of the species of Grammitis of Blume should be placed. 4. Potypopium. Linn. J. Sm. (Adenophorus. Gaud. Prosaptia. Presl. Marginaria. Bory. Davallie sp. Sw. Hook. Grev.) Veins simple, forked or pinnate, free. Sporangia terminal or lateral, superficial or sometimes immersed. Sori round, rarely oval or oblong, transverse—uniserial, solitary or irregular.— Rhizoma creeping, sometimes ecspitose. Fronds ranging from a few inches to 3 or 4 feet high; and from simple to decompound, multifid, coriaceous or membraneous, smooth, villose or glandulose. Sporangia sometimes seated in a deep cyst or cavity, which forms elevated protuberances on the upper side of the frond. Obs. This genus, as now characterized, still contains about 100 species, which vary much in habit and in the division of their fronds. In a few species the sporangia are seated in a deep cyst-like cavity, out of which they protrude. In Poly- podium contiguum (Davallia Sw.) and a few other species, this cavity is formed nearly vertical with the direction of the vein; and, being open exteriorly, forms with the margin a cup-like indusium, not much unlike the urceolate indusium of Davallia, whieh form constitutes the genus Prosaptia of Presl. In two species from Java, and one from Ceylon, the cavity is oblong, and slit in the direction of the vein; and in one of the Java species, its margin is beset with rigid hairs; but accord- ing to my view these forms cannot be considered otherwise than as characterizing a small group of Polypodium. The genus Adenophorus of Gaudichaud is formed from three or (oa pte J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 41 four small species, having a rigid habit, and thickly covered with clavate pellucid glands; and bearing a solitary terminal sorus on each lacinia—but similar glands and solitary sori are common to other species of Polypodium with large decompound flaecid fronds. * CrENoPTERIS. Blume. J. Sm. Fronds linear, entire, sinuose or pinnatifid, pinnate or bipinnatifid. Sori terminal, rarely subterminal. Examp. |. P. obliquatum. Blume. 2. P. celebicum. Blume. 3. P. contiguum. J. Sm. (Davallia. Sw.) 4. P. trichomanoides. Sw. 5. P. pendulum. Sw. 6. P. papillosum. Blume. 7. P. vulgare. L. P. tamariscinum. Kau/f.—lllust. Hook, et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 105, 108, 141, 174, 223. ** PHEGOPTERIS, Presl. J. Sm. Fronds usually large, varying from pinnate to decompound. Sori lateral or nearly terminal, sporangia sometimes echinate. Examp. 8. P. Phegopteris. Linn. 9. P. Dryopteris. Linn. 10. P. effusum. Sw. 11. P. divergens. Jacg. 12. P. rugulosum. Lab.—lllust. Schk. Crypt. t. 20. 20 b. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 66, 210. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 69. E- 5. SrRuTHIOPTERIS, Willd. Fertile fronds contracted, their margins revolute, conniving, forming a universal indusium. Veins pinnate, free. Sporangia lateral, base of the pedicels concrete, forming an elevated, thickened receptacle. Sori round, confluent.— Rhizoma cæs- pitose, — Fronds 2 to 3 feet high, bipinnatifid, the fertile pinna linear, revolute, moniliform, each lacinie producing five sori- ferous veins, the margin becoming replicate, and lacerated, and then totally occupied by the confluent sori. Species 1. S. germanica. Willd, 2. S. Pennsylvanica. Willd. —lIllust. Schk. Crypt. t. 105. Hook. gen. fil. t. 69. A. Obs. The form and position of the sori of this genus does not differ from some species of Polypodium, but the whole habit indicates its being distinct. 48 3. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 6. CERATODACTYLIS. J. Sm. (Allosorus sp. Kunze.) Fertile pinnules contracted, margin abruptly reflexed, mem- braneous, conniving, forming a universal indusium; veins forked, free. Sporangia lateral. Sori linear, forked, oblique. Rhizoma—? Fronds stipitate,24 feet high,smooth,tripinnate, the upper portion contracted, forming linear fertile pinnules; sterile pinnules alternate, oblong-elliptical, oblique at their base. Veins twice dichotomously branched, their apices ew- serted, forming hooked serratures. Species. C. osmundioides. J. Sm. (Allosorus Karwinskii Kunze.)—]llust. Hook. et Bauers Gen. Fil. t. 36. Obs. The solitary species upon which this genus is founded is a native of Mexico. In habit the sterile portion of the frond is like Osmunda, and the fertile pinnules have some analogy to Ceratopteris, while the position of the sporangia and form of the sori agree with Gymnogramma; and differ from the following genus more by its distinct habit and gigantic size than in any real technical difference, except that the sporangia of Ceratodactylis occupy a greater length of the vein than in Allosorus. 7. ALLosorus, Bernh. J. Sin. (Pteridis sp. Linn. Sw. Phorolobi sp. Desv. Cryptogramma R. Br.) Fertile fronds contracted, margins revolute, conniving; forming a universal indusium. Veins forked, free. Sporangia terminal. Sori round or oblong, laterally confluent, forming a broad, intramarginal, compound, transverse sorus. Rhizoma creeping, somewhat caspitose. Fronds bi-tri- pinnate or decompound, generally smooth. Sterile pinaules, dentate, erenate or laciniate. Fertile segments oval or oblong: elliptical, revolute and plaited, Veins elevated, terminating within the indusiiform margin, usually both branches spo- rangiferous, Sporangia confluent, ultimately occupying the whole under surface, J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 49 Species. 1. A, crispus. Bernh. 2. A. acrostichoides, Spreng. 3. A. Brunonianus (Cryptogramma. Wall.) 4. A. gracilis. J. Sm. (Cheilanthes. Kaulf.) 5. A. ciliatus. Presl. 6. A. hirsutus. Presl.—]llust. Schk. Crypt. t. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 29, 158. Obs. From the circumstance of the species of this genus having the margin of their fronds membranaceous and indusii- form, and also by the sori being confluent, forming as it were a transverse marginal sorus; they have, on that account, been placed in, or near to Pteris; but as the indusiiform margin is formed by the changed state of the fertile frond, and does not rise from a sporangiferous receptacle as in true Preridee ; I consider therefore 4//osorus to be more naturally placed near Polypodium, from which it differs more by the contracted character of the fertile fronds, than in the position or form of the sori. 8. Jamesonia, Hook. Grev. (Pteridis sp. Sw. Allosori sp. Presl.) Veins radiating, free. Sporangia medial. Sori round, crinite, 3 to 5 confluent, forming one central, compound, round sorus (to each pinne), the margin of which is revolute and conniving, forming a universal indusium.— Fronds linear from 6 to 12 inches high, pinnate. Rachis thickly covered with long articulated hairs, pinne reniform, cordate, imbricate, concave. Species. J. imbricata, Hook. et Grev. Bauers illust. gen. fil. t. 13. Hook. Grev. ic. fil. t. 178. Obs. 'This genus is founded upon a solitary species, which on account of the pinne having an indusiiform margin, has led it to be considered as a species of Pteris; but, as in the preceding genus, the position of the sporangia and free veins show it to belong to Polypodiee. In the character and figure given in the Icones filicum, it is made to appear as having only one sorus, but on examination it appears that there are usually five sporangiferous points, which, by beiug produced very elose to each other soon become confluent, and then appear like one sorus. Vol. IV.— No. 25. G 50 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 9. NorHoLENa. R. Br. J. Sin. (Pteridis sp. Sw. Cheilanthis. sp. Sw. Cincinnalis. Desv.) Veins forked or pinnate. Venules free. Sporangia terminal. Sori round, solitary or laterally confluent, forming a linear, continuous or interrupted, compound, marginal sorus.— Rhi- zoma ceespitose. Fronds pinnate or bi-tripinnate, pilose, or densely squamose, tomentose or farinose, through which the sporangia protrude and which are usually few to each sorus ; margin sometimes slightly reflexed (indusiiform ). * AnGYROCHOSMA. J. Sin. Fronds covered with a white, farinose powder on their under surface. Examp. 1. N. argyrostigma. J. Sm. 2. N. trichoman- oides. R. Br, 3. N. nivea. Desv. 4. N. tenera, Hook. ** ERIOCHOSMA. J. Sm. Fronds densely tomentose. 5. N. rufa. Presl. 6. N. lanuginosa. Desv. T. N. hypoleuca. Kunz. 8. N. distans. R. Br. 9. N. vestita, J. Sm. (Cheil- anthes. Sw.) 10. N. hirta. J. Sm. (Cheilanthes. Sw.) 11. N. suleata. Link. 12. N. tomentosa. Desv. 13. N. stella- pilis. J. Sm. ; *** LEPICHOSMA. J. Sm. Fronds densely squamose. 14. N. sinuata. Kaulf. 15. N. Marantæ. R. Br. 16. N. myrio- phylla. J. Sm. (Cheilanthes. Hook.) 17. N.lentigera. J. Sm. (Cheilanthes. Sw.)—TIllust. Schk. Crypt. t. 99. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 76. A. Obs. 'The pilose and farinose habits of several species of this genus, indicate their affinity with the following genus Gymnogramma; but that genus differs in having linear, oblique sori. The terminal sori and free veins also indicate its affinity with Polypodium, but in Notholena the sori are usually confluent, forming, as it were, a linear, marginal sorus which, in conjunction with the slightly reflexed indusiiform margin, distinguishes it from Polypodium; but the latter char- acter strongly indicates some relationship with Cheilanthes and Cassebeera in Pteridec, with which genera Notholen has much affinity in habit. p = J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, 51 10. GYMNOGRAMMA. Desv. (Aerostichi sp. Linn. Grammitidis sp. Sw. and Authors.) Veins forked, free. Sporangia medial. Sori linear, forked, oblique, becoming confluent.— Rhizoma cespitose. Fronds simple, pinnate, bipinnate or decompound, smooth, villose, or farinose, from a few inches to 2 or 3 feet in length. Sporan- gia usually occupying nearly the whole length of the venules. * Fronds villose or glandulose. Examp. 1. G. vestita. Wall. Hook. 2. G. rufa. Desv. 3. G. tomentosa. Desv. 4. G. rutefolia. Hook. 5. G. fili- pendulefolia. Desv. ** Fronds farinose or glabrous. 6. G. falcata. J. Sm. (Hemionitis falcata. Hamilt.) 7. G. Javanica. Blume. 8. G. trifoliata. Desv. 9. G. Peruviana. Desv. 10. G. calomelanos. Kaulf. 11. G. chrysophylla. Kaulf. 12. G. chærophylla. Desv.—lllust. Bauers Gen. Fil. t. 37. Blume Fl. Jav. t. A1, 42. Obs. There can be no doubt but that there is great affinity between some species of this genus and Hemionitis, which genus is characterized with reticulated veins; but if Hemio- nitis were to be placed here, then a train of other genera would have to follow, whieh more naturally agree with suc- ceeding genera, and which could not with propriety be placed near Gymnogramma. 11. LEPTOGRAMMA. J. Sm. (Grammitidis sp. Presl. Gymnogrammatidis sp. of Auth. Polypodium $ Pleurogramma. R. Br.) Veins costeform, pinnate; venules parallel, free. Spo- rangia medial. Sori oblong-linear, simple, oblique.— Rhi- zoma creeping or somewhat easpitose. Fronds bipinnatifid, 1 to 21 feet in length, smooth or villose. Veins usually ex- ternal. Sori composed of few sporangia, which are some- times echinate. 52 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Examp.\. L.asplenioides.( Sw.* ) 2. L. totta. ( Schlecht. ) 3. L. Lovei. ( Hook.) 4. L. villosa. ( Link.) 5. L. polypodi- oides. ( Spreng.) 6. L. Linkiana.( Presl.) 7. L. gracile. ( Hew.)—IMllust. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 89. Obs. This genus agrees in habit with many species of Poly- podium, and is distinguished by having linear sori, but in one or two of the species the sori are scarcely more than oblong. With Grammitis it agrees in the form of the sori, but differs totally in habit from those species which I now retain as true Grammitis. Its simple sori distinguish it from Gymnogramma. Sect. II.. SYMPLOPHLEBIEÆ. J. Sm. Venation variously anastomosed or reticulated. 12. Srenosemia. Presl. J. Sin. (Acrostichi sp. Sw. Polybotrye sp. Blume.) Veins costeform, pinnate. Venules simple or forked, the lower opposite pairs and their branches angularly anastomos- ing, the others free; the fertile ones usually less anastomosed, sometimes all free. Sporangia terminal or medial, round or linear, distinct or confluent in pairs, or somewhat amorphous. —Fronds 1 to 2 feet high, bipinnatifid. Stipes ebeneous, . laeinic obtuse, entire, or the lower ones slightly laciniated, awis of the pinne often gemmiferous. Fertile fronds often im- perfectly developed, constituting rachiform sporangiferous spikes. - Species. | S. aurita. Presl.—Illust. Blume Fl. Jav. t. 1. Obs. This Fern has hitherto been placed in the tribe Acrostichee; and Presl has characterized it as a genus dis- tinet from Polybotrya by its anastomosing veins; but on ex- amining specimens collected in the Philippine islands by Mr Cuming, it appears evident that all former descriptions and figures of the fertile fronds, have been taken from starved or imperfectly developed fronds, which appear as if contracted, * The authority for the specific names being in a parenthesis, denotes that such species stood formerly under one or other of the genera given as synonymes, J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 53 and, being sporangiferous, give to it the appearance of an Acros- tichum, as exhibited by the figures in Runph. Amb. vol. 6. t. 35. f. 1, and Blume's Fl. Java. vol. 3. t. 1. But, besides these forms, there are specimens of evidently the same Fern, in which the fertile fronds are in the usual state, or but slightly contracted, a character common to all fertile fronds of Ferns, which have sterile and fertile ones distinct. In these fronds the sori are distinct as in Polypodium, but dif- fering from that genus by its anastomosing venules, which, in that respect, as also in the character of the lower sori, it has great affinity with Meniseium and Goniopteris, and appears to form a transition between these genera and those species of Acrostichee which I have in the following pages characteriz- ed under Cyrtogonium. 13, SrTEcNocRAMMa. Blume. Presl. Veins costeform, pinnate, each opposite pair of venules angularly anastomosing, and producing from their junction an excurrent usually sterile veinlet, which anastomoses in the junction of the next superior pair. Sporangia medial. Sori oblong or linear, simple or continuous.— Rhizoma ? Fronds from 1 to 2 feet in length, pinnate; pinne erenate. Sporangia echinate, occupying the middle portion of the venules, and sometimes continued across their junction, and occupying the excurrent veinlet. Species. 1. S. aspidioides. Blume.—Ilust. Blume, Fl. Jav. t. 44. Obs. 'This genus is distinguished from the preceding by the venules being anastomosed, and from the following, by the linear straight sori, and the excurrent veinlet being also anastomosed. 14. Meniscium. Schreb. Veins costeform, pinnate, each opposite pair of venules angularly or arcuately anastomosing, and producing from their junction an excurrent sterile free veinlet. Sporangia medial— terminal, continued across the junction of the venules, forming linear, arcuate somewhat transverse sori.— Rhizoma creeping. 54 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Fronds pinnate, pinne entire or crenate. Veins straight, parallel, the excurrent veinlet rarely fertile. Sporangia some- times echinate. Sori becoming confluent. Species. 1. M. triphyllum. Sw. 2. M. angustifolium. . Willd. 3. M. serratum. Cav. 4. M. dentatum. Presl. 5.M. arborescens. Humb, 6. M. reticulatum. Sw. 7. M. cuspida- tum. Bíume.—lllust. Bauers Gen. Fil. t. 40. Schott. Gen. Fil. t. 14. Obs. The transverse, arched, or crescent-shaped sori, readily distinguish this genus; but, on comparing the position of the sporangia with the following genus, it will be seen that it differs only by the sporangiferous receptacle of Meniscium being continued across the angular meeting of the venules, forming a curved sorus, which may be viewed as being formed by the union of two terminal sori: whereas in the next genus the sori are round, and at some distance below the junction of the venules. 15. GONIOPTERIS, Presl, J. Sm. (Polypodii sp. Sw. and Authors.) . Veins costzform, pinnate, the lower, opposite pair (or more pairs) angularly anastomosing, producing from their junction an excurrent, free, or anastomosed sterile veinlet. Sporangia medial or costal. Sori round.—Rhizoma creeping. Fronds pinnate ; pinne entire, serrate or pinnatifid ; when deeply pinna- tifid only the lower pair of venules anastomose, the rest free. Sori generally seated on or near the middle of the venules or sub- terminal or basal. Sporangia often echinate. Examp. l. G. prolifera (Meniscium. Sw.) 2. G. costata. Wall. 3. G. urophylla. Wall. 4. G. crenata. Sw. 5. G. aspera. Roxb. 6, G. pennigera. Forst.—Illust. Bauer's Gen. Fil. t. 38. Obs. Distinguished from Stegnogramma by the sori being round. It is necessary here to remark that the technical char- acter which distinguishes the tribe Aspidiee from Polypodiee rests entirely on the sori of the former being furnished with a. special indusium, which in many cases is often very fugacious, J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. ‘65 or so small that it soon becomes obliterated by the enlarge- ment of the sporangia; and, as both these tribes contam genera analogous in habit, venation, form and position of the sori, it becomes difficult, in the absence of the indusium, to determine in which tribe those species so circumstanced should be placed. From much observation it appears to me that many species described as belonging to Polypodiee are true Aspidiee, particularly among those hitherto placed in the genus Polypodium and Goniopteris; these two genera being analogous to Lastrea and Nephrodium in Aspidice. 16. SYNAMMIA. Presl. J. Sin. (Polypodii sp. Cav.) Veins pinnately forked, the lower exterior venule free and fertile, the others angularly anastomosing, forming a row of elongated oblique areoles. Sporangia terminal. Sori oblong- linear, oblique, transversely uniserial.— Fronds 8 £o 12 inches high, pinnate, pinne sessile, adnate, entire, crenate or sinuose or lobed. Sporangia occupying the upper part of the free venules, terminating in the costal areoles. Species. S. triloba. Presl. Obs. This approaches Grammitis both in texture and form of the sori, but differs in having anastomose veins. It is evidently allied to that genus, through such species as Poly- podium grammitidis. Presl has also placed under Synam- mia the Grammitis elongata of Swartz ; but that fern differs from Synammia triloba not only in habit but also in venation. I have removed it to the genus PAlebodium. 17. GONIOPHLEBIUM. Presl. J. Sin. (Polypodii sp. Auth. Marginaria. Presl.) Veins forked or costzform and pinnate, the lower exterior venule free and fertile, the others angularly anastomosing and producing from their junction an excurrent, free, generally fertile veinlet. Sporangia terminal. Sori round, naked or squamiferous, arranged in one or more transverse parallel rows.— Rhizoma creeping. Fronds simple, pinnatifid or 56 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. pinnate, the fertile sometimes contracted, the pinne more or less distinetly articulated with the rachis, smooth, villose or densely covered with scales, through which the sporangia protrude. Obs. This genus is readily distinguished from Goniopteris by the sori being always produced on the apex of the lower venule, or on the exeurrent free veinlets which terminate in the areoles; the latter are often sterile or absent:—then only the costal areoles are soriferous and consequently they form only one transverse row of sori. The peculiarities of habit of the species forming this genus, admit of their being ar- ranged under several sections which may, with no great im- propriety, be considered as genera. * LOPHOLEPIS.: J. Sm. Rhizoma filiform. Fronds l to 4 inches high, squamose, the fertile contracted. Sori uniserial, each furnished with a dense tuft of elongated scales. Examp.\.G. piloselloides.( Linn.) 2. G.ciliatum.( Willd.) 3. G. tectum. ( Kaulf.)—lIllust. Bauers gen. fi. t, 51. ** Lepicystis. J. Sm. Rhizoma slender. Fronds linear, pinnatifid, from 3 to 18 inches high, densely covered with round or elongated scales, through which the sporangia protrude, the scales forming a calyciform indusium. Sori uniserial. Examp. 4. G. incanum. (Sw.) 5. G. sepultum. ( Kaulf.) 6. G. 'Tweedianum. ( Hook.) 7. G. macrocarpum, ( Presl.) (Pleopeltis pinnatifida, Hook, Grev.)—lllust. Schk. Crypt... ` Ek 5. Obs. The venation of this group is difficult to be seen, but the species are readily known by their squamose habit. *** SCHELLOLEPIS. J. Sm. Rhizoma thick. Fronds 2 to 3 feet high, linear-pinnatifid, or deltoid and pinnate, smooth. Sori uniserial, each furnished with numerous, small, laciniated, shining scales. J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, 57 Examp.8. G.lachnopus ( Wall.) 9. G. amcenum ( Wall. ) 10. G. argutum ( Wall.) 11. G. verrucosum ( Wall. )—Wlust. Bauer's gen. fil. t. 14. **** (JONIOPHLEBILE Vere. Rhizoma thick. Fronds 2 to 4 feet high, usually smooth, simple, pinnatifid or pinnate. Sort naked, uniserial, or multiserial. Examp. 12. G. pectinatum. ( Linn.) 13. G. attenuatum. (Humb. )14. G. neriifolium. ( Sw.) 15. G. dissimile. ( Linn. ) Ilust. Hook. gen. fil. t. 70. B. 18. NieHoBoLUs. Kaulf. Veins obscure, or evident, and costeform; venules trans- versely anastomosing, producing on their exterior side two or more excurrent free veinlets, which are sporangiferous on their apices. Sori round, protruding through dense, stellated pubescence.— Rhizoma creeping or eespitose. Fronds vary- ing from a few inches to 2 feet long, the fertile often con- tracted, simple, linear-lanceolate, thick and fleshy or coria- ceous, covered with stellated, sessile or pedicellate scales or tomentum, rarely smooth. Veins( when evident ) parallel, combined by transverse parallel venules, forming rhomboidal «reoles, each containing 2 to 5 or more soriferous veinlets, forming many parallel transverse rows of sori between the costeform veins ; or the sori are irregular and usually con- fluent. * Repentee. Rhizoma creeping. Fertile fronds contracted and fleshy ; venation obscure. Sori irregular, Examp. |. N. rupestris; Spreng. 2. N. pertusus; Spreng. 3. N. bicolor; Kau/f. 4. N. glaber; Kaulf. 5. N. lingua; (Polypodium, Thunb.) Illust. Hook. et Grev. ic. fil. t. 44, 93. Hook. ex. fl. t, 162. ** Cespitosee. Rhizoma cespitose. Fronds uniform, coriaceous. Veins evident, costeform. Ezxamp. 6. N. flocculosus; Spreng. 7. N. costatus; Presi. 8. N. splendens; J. Sm.—Jilust. Blume Fl. Jav. t. 20 to 27. Journ. of Bot. Vol. IV. No. 26. July, 1841. H 58 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Obs. The dense stellated scales or pubescence which ac- companies the soriferous portion (or the whole frond), will distinguish this genus from all other Polypodiee; and which it is the more necessary to observe, because on account of the thick texture of the fronds, the venation is difficult to be seen. In one species (N. spherocephalus,) the sori are large, of an oval form, and arranged in one transverse row, which structure might induce us to consider that species as belonging to the subsequent genus Drynaria; but, after a careful examination of its venation, I am induced to retain it here. 19. CYRTOPHLEBIUM, R. Br. (Polypodii sp. Auth. Campyloneurum. Presi.) Veins forked or costeform and pinnate, the lower exterior venule (of each fascicle) free and fertile, the others arcuately or angularly anastomosing, producing on their exterior side two or more excurrent, free, fertile veinlets. Sporangia late- ral, or sometimes terminal. Sori round, naked, arranged in two rows, between, and parallel with, the costeeform veins, oF irregular. Fronds simple, pinnatifid or pinnate, smooth, the excurrent veinlets sometimes anastomosing with the next superior venule, forming two rows of areoles between each two primary veins, fertile veinlets sometimes very short. Examp. 1. C. repens; (Sw.) 2. C. Phyllitidis; (Zinn) 3. C. nitidum; (Kaulf.) 4. C. decurrens; (Radd.)—Illust. . Hook. Gen. fil. ined. Obs. The smooth fronds and distinct sori readily distin- guish this genus from the preceding. In habit, the species agree with a group belonging to the subsequent genus Dry- naria, but which is characterized by a more complex anas- tomosing of the veins. 20. Putesopium, R. Br. J. Sm. (Polypodii sp. Auth. Pleopeltidize sp. Humb. Hook. Ple- opeltis. Pres, Synammis sp. Presl.) Veins pinnate or variously branched; the venules arcuately or angularly anastomosing, producing on their exterior side or angular meetings, two (rarely more) conniving or trans eicit c EE J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 59 versely combined veinlets which are sporangiferous on their combined apices or line of junction. Sori round, oval or rarely oblong-linear, transversely uniserial, or multiserial.— Fronds simple, entire, pinnatifid or pinnate, “membranous or coriaceous, smooth or squamiferous. Sori sometimes more obvi- ously arranged in oblique rows, between each two of the primary veins. * PrEOPELTIS. Fronds generally coriaceous and squamiferous. Veins usu- ally internal. Sori uniserial, often oval, or oblong and large, and at first covered with the scales of the frond. à Examp. |. P. lanceolatum; (Linn.) 2. P. salicifolium; (Willd.) 3. P. serpens; (Linn.) 4. P. percussum ; (Cav.) 9. P. macrocarpum; ( Willd.) 6. P. elongatum; (Grammi- tis, Sw.) 7. P. angustum; (Pleopeltis, Humb.) 8. P. ensiforme ; (Thunb.). ** PHLEBODIUM VERUM. Fronds usually large, pinnatifid or pinnate, smooth, or glaucous. eins external. Sori transversely uniserial or multiserial, round. - Examp. 9. P. aureum; (Zinn.) 10. P. decumanum; (Willd) 11. P. areolatum ; (Willd.) 12. P. latum ; (J. Sm.) —Illust. Schk. Crypt. t. "i. Hook. gen. fil. ined. Obs. The habit of a few of the species of this genus is ana- logous to Goniophlebium, but from which Phlebodium differs by having the lower venules combined, and the costal areole therefore sterile, the sori being produced on the apex or con- fluent point of two veinlets which terminate in the exterior rows of areoles, each areole producing a single sorus. In Phlebodium elongatum, and another undescribed species, the fertile areoles are lengthened transversely as also the sori, which latter is to be accounted for by the fertile veinlets being distant and connected by an elongated sporangiferous receptacle, which structure presents a very marked character, but as their habit does not differ from others of that section, 60 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. and which also have a tendency to produce oblong sori, they cannot with propriety be separated. This genus, as now characterized, contains the original and other species of the genus Pleopeltis of authors, which de- pended for its character as a genus entirely on the sori being furnished with numerous scales similar to an indusium, but as these scales are common to the whole surface of the frond, they therefore, according to my view, cannot be considered of generic value alone; but as the species which I have placed under the section Pleopeltis are of a different habit from what I have termed true Phlebodium, it might therefore be no great impropriety in considering them as two distinct genera. Insome few of the species of the first section, the sori- ferous veinlets are sometimes very short or come from nearly the opposite sides of the areole, which gives an appearance as if the sori were seated on the angular anastomose of the venules, similar to the following genus, with which they have other points of affinity. 21. Drynaria. Bory. R. Br. J. Sm. (Polypodii sp. Auth. Dipteris. Reinw. Phymatodes. Presl. Microsorum. Link. Anaxetum. Schott.) Veins usually costeeform, parallel or flexuose. Venules com- pound anastomosing, producing from their sides variously directed, free, usually sterile veinlets, which terminate within the areoles. Sporangia produced on the angles or points of confluence of (generally) numerous veinlets. Sori round or sometimes oblong, transversely uniserial, or in one or two oblique rows between each two of the primary veins, or irreg- ular.—Fronds from a few inches to two or three feet long, membranous or coriaceous, smooth, simple, entire, pinnatifid or pinnate, pinne usually articulated with the rachis. Sori naked or squamiferous, superficial or deeply immersed, forming protuberances on the superior side of the frond. Obs. This extensive genus differs from the preceding by the more compound and zigzag anastomose branching of the venation, and by the sori being produced on the angles or J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 61 points of meeting of generally numerous venules; and al- though the species agree tolerably well, as regards that char- acter, yet there are some striking peculiarities in habit and disposition of the sori, which have induced me to arrange them under the following sections, that may be considered as nearly equivalent to genera. * PuyMaToptrs. J. Sm. Fronds simple, pinnatifid or pinnate. Sort round, rarely oblong, or by confluence, linear, often immersed, transversely uni- or rarely biserial. Examp. 1. D. loriforme ; ( Wall.) 2. D. normale; ( Don.) 3. D. stenophylla; (B/ume.) 4. D. pustulata ; (Forst.) 5. D. vulgare; (J. Sm.) (Poly. phymatodes, Zinn.) 6. D. leiorhiza; ( Wall.)— Iilust. Schk. Crypt. t. 10. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 209. ** Dipreris. (Reinw.) Fronds simple, entire, linear lanceolate, or bipartite and digitate, rarely cordate. Sori round or rarely oval, superfi- cial, in one or two rows between the primary veins, or irreg- ular and numerous. Ezamp. 7. D. Horsfieldii; (R. Br.) 8. D. Wallichii; (R. Br.) 9. D. spectrum; (Kaulf.) 10. D. plantaginea; (Willd.) 11. D. crassifolia; (Linn.) 12. D. hemionitidea ; ( Wall.)— Illust. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 125. Horsfield's Fl. Jav. t. 1. Bauers gen. fil. t. 29. Schott. gen. fil. t. 1. *** Drynaria vera. Bory. Fronds rigid, of two forms, the sterile sessile oblong-cor- date, sinuose or laciniated, the vascular structure rigid and permanent, fertile fronds two to three feet long, pinnatifid or pinnate. The pinne articulated with the rachis. Sori round, in one or two rows between, and parallel with the primary veins or transversely uniserial. Ezxamp. 13. D. quercifolia; (Bory. Linn.) 14. D. coro- nans; (Wall.) 15. D. propinqua; (Wall) 16. D. diversi- folia; (R. Br.) 62 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 22. DRYOSTACHIUM, J. Sm. Veins (of sterile segments) costeeform; venules compound, anastomosing, forming nearly equal quadrangular areoles, and producing from their sides variously directed free vein- lets, fertile segments terminal, contracted, entire, plain, spo- rangiferous ; veinlets confluent, forming a large oblong or quadrangular sorus between each two of the nearly obsolete costeform veins, arranged in a transverse row, nearly con- fluent. Fronds sessile, rigid, one to three feet long, simple, or usually pinnatijid and sterile below, and pinnate and fertile above, the pinne sessile and articulated with the rachis, 6—10 inches long, tesselated, the areas of which are wholly occupied by the sporangia, which are smooth or pilose. Species. 1. D. caudatum; (Polypodium, Reinw.) 2. D. splendens; J. Sm.—Journ. of Bot. p. 399. 3. D. pilosum ; J. Sm. loc. cit.— Illust. Hook. gen. fil. ined. Obs. 'The first mentioned species of this genus is a native of the Celebes, and the other two are from the island of Luzon, growing. on trees, agreeing in habit with Drynarta quercifolia and D. coronans, but differing by the fertile por- tion of their fronds being contracted into rachiform segments bearing remarkably large sori, which two characters must be viewed as the only technical distinction between Dryosta- chium and Drynaria. 23. ÀGLAOMORPHA. Schott. (Psygmium. Presi.) Veins (of sterile segments) costzeform ; venules compound, anastomosing, forming nearly equal quadrangular areoles, and producing from their sides variously directed free vein- lets, fertile segments terminal, contracted, sinuously-pinna- tifid; sporangiferous veinlets confluent, obsolete, forming 4 round, small, depressed sorus on each lobule of the segments; arranged in a transverse row.—Fronds sessile, rigid, two fo three feet long, pinnatifid and sterile below, and pinnate and fertile above, the pinne sessile and articulated with the rachis J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, 63 linear, 10 inches long, sinuously-pinnatifid, lobules rounded, distant, each bearing a small round sorus. Species. A. Meyeniana; Schott. (Psygmium elegans; Presi.) —Jllust. Schott. gen. fil. t. 19. Obs. This singular-looking fern is also a native of Luzon, and has the same habit and character of venation as Dryos- tachium from which it differs only by its small distant sori. Although it appears very probable that Schott and Presl . have drawn up their respective characters of this genus from the same specimen, yet they differ from each other, and from my observations. This has no doubt arisen from the very obscure state of the fertile venules; but by a careful examina- tion, it will be seen that the sporangia are not produced either on the apex of a free venule, (as stated by Presl,) or on the confluentapicesof twooutwardly directed venules, (asstated by Schott,) but are produced on the confluence of several venules as in the two preceding genera, and agreeably to what might be expected by the structure of the sterile venation, and therefore Aglaomorpha, like Dryostachium, is not so charac- teristic as a distinct genus, as its singular appearance would lead us to imagine. 24. LEcANoPTEnRIS. Blume. Veinscosteform, flexuose. Venules compound anastomosing, producing variously directed free sterile veinlets; sporangi- Jerous venules confluent, produced on exserted marginal lobules, which are concave, inflexed, and cupuliform, form- ing large, oval, distant sori. Fronds linear-lanceolate, pin- natifid, 6 to 10 inches long, lacinie elliptical; the lower ones entire and sterile, the superior ones sinuously lobed, each lobe becoming reflexed, and bearing a single sorus. Species. L. Carnosa; Blume. Obs. 'The species upon which this genus is founded agrees in venation and its soriferous lobes with Aglaomorpha, but it is distinct in its general aspect. "The circumstance of the Sori being produced on projecting lobes, which are concave and indusiiform, may not unaptly be compared to the sori of 64 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Dichsonia; and therefore may be considered to bear the same analogy in the structure of its sori to that genus as Polypodi- um contiguum does to Davallia. 25. Dicryorreris. Presi. Polypodii sp. Auth. Venation uniform, internal, reticulated. Sporangia pro- duced on the confluence of the venules, or medial. Sori round, rarely oblong, transverse, uniserial or irregular. Fronds entire, linear-lanceolate or deltoid and bipinnate; smooth, coriaceous. Pinnæ sinuose or pinnatifid. Species 1. lanceolata; (Grammitis; Cunn.) 2. D. attenu- ata; (R. Br.) 3. D. macrodonta; (Reinw.) 4. D. pteroides; (Presl.) Ilust. Hook. Gen. fil. t. ined. Obs. This genus is distinguished from Drynaria and its associates, by having no irregular, free veinlets, terminating in the areoles, the whole ramifications of the veins anastomos- ing. : 26. LoxocnaMMa. Presl. J. Sm. (Grammitidis sp. Sw.) Venation uniform, internal, reticulated. Sporangia pro- duced on the elongated sides of the areoles, forming linear, oblique sori. Fronds simple, linear lanceolate, coriaceous. Species. L. lanceolata; (Sw.) lllust, Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 53. Hook. gen. fil. t. ined. Obs. The absence of costeform veins and free veinlets, terminating in the areoles, distinguishes this genus from the following. I formerly considered that Grammitis involuta of Don, and G. flavescens of Wallich, belonged to this genus; but on a re-examination of specimens, I am induced to place them in Se//iguea. 27. SELLIGUEA. Bory. J. Sm. Veins costeform. Venules compound, anastomosing, pro- ducing variously directed, free veinlets. Sporangia produ- | | 1 I J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 65 ced on the crossings of the venules, forming an oblique linear sorus, parallel with and between each two of the costeeform veins. Fronds simple, linear-lanceolate, or rarely pinnadifid, the fertile sometimes slightly contracted. Sori oblique, contin- uous, rarely interrupted, sometimes broad. s Examp. 1. S. Hamiltoni; Presl. (Grammitis, Wall.) 2. S. heterocarpa; Blume. 3. S. flavescens; (Grammitis, Wall.) 4. S. macrophylla; Blume. 5. S. pothifolia; (Hemionitis, Ham. Don, Grammitis decurrens, Wall.) Tllust. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 5, 6. Blume, fl. jav. t. 51, 52, 53. Obs. Agreeing in habit and venation with some of the simple fronded species of the Dipteris section of Drynaria ; but, in the present genus, the sporangia are produced in a line between the costæform veins, which character may readily be conceived to be formed by a linear confluence of the sporangiferous points of such species as Drynaria crassi- folia, D. hemionitidea, and some others, and indeed it is difi- cult to deny some states of Drynaria hemionitidea a place in Selliguea. 28. DIBLEMMA, J. Sm. Venation uniform, reticulated; areoles unequal, producing simple or brachiate, straight or curved, free, recurrent vein- lets. Sporangia produced on the transverse marginal anas- tomosing of the venules, forming a linear, continuous, margi- nal sorus, and also on the recurrent veinlets forming round or oblong or irregular sori. Fronds simple, linear-lanceolate, and attenuated, 18 inches in length, by about 4 an inch in width, slightly repand, and membranaceous. Sori formed of but few sporangia. Species. D. Samarensis; J. Sm.— Hook. Jour. of Bot. p. 399. Obs. This simple-looking fern has the venation of some species of Drynaria and the following genus Drymoglossum, and is peculiar in having the simple round sori of Drynaria and the compound elongated marginal sorus of Drymoglossum on the same fronds. ‘This double character goes some length to prove that the transverse elongated sori of Tenitis and its Vol. IV.—No. 26. 1 66 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. allies are formed by a linear confluence of the sporangiferous points, as noticed under the preceding genus, and which proves the affinity of these genera with Drynaria. B 29. DnvMocLossuM. Presl. J. Sm. (Pteridis sp. Linn. Taenitidis sp. R. Br. Pteropsidis sp. Desv. Presl. Nothochlænæ sp. Kaulf.) Venation uniform, compound, anastomosing, producing variously directed, free veinlets. Sporangia produced on the transverse sides, and junctions of the marginal venules, form- ing a linear, continuous, transverse marginal or intramargi- nal sorus.—Fronds simple, elliptical or lanceolate, coriaceous, the fertile contracted, sometimes soriferous at the apex only. Sori pilose or squamiferous. Species. 1. D. piloselloides; Presl. 2, D. spathulatum ; Presl. 3. D. carnosum; J. Sm. (Niphobolus, 4. Cunn.) 4. D. lanceolatum; (Linn.) Ilust. Schk. crypt. t. 87. Hook. gen. fil, 30. Tznitis. Sw. Venation uniform, reticulated, sporangiferous receptacle transverse, elongated, forming a linear, continuous, or inter- rupted central sorus.—Fronds pinnate, coriaceous. Veins forming oblique elongated areoles, which are crossed transversely by the sporangiferous receptacle. Species. T. blechnoides; Sw.—Illust. Schk. crypt. t. 6. Schott. gen, fil. t. 20. Hook gen. fil, 31. Preropsis. Desv. (Pteridis sp. Linn. Teenitidis sp. Willd. Spreng.) l'enation uniform, reticulated, sporangiferous receptacle produced on the transverse marginal anastomosing of the venules, forming a linear, continuous, marginal sorus.— Fronds simple, forked or pinnatifid, coriaceous. Veins form- ing elongated areoles, Sori rarely interrupted, sometimes occupying the apex of the frond only, which is then slightly contracted. | H $ _ J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS 67 Species. 1. P. furcata; Desv. 2. P. angustifolia; Desv.— Illust. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. t. Hook, gen. fil. Obs. Distinguished from Tenitis by the sori being pro- duced on the exterior side of the venation, close to the margin, 32, Tzniopsis. J. Sm. (Vittarizg sp. Auth. Haplopteridis sp. Presl.) Veins simple, parallel, their apices transversely combined by the sporangiferous receptacle which is immersed in a groove, forming a linear-continuous intramarginal sorus. Fronds simple, long and linear, or lanceolate, plane, or the margin revolute, Venation obscure, costa indistinct. Sporan- gia seated in a groove, the margins of which are industiform. Examp. 1. T. revoluta; (Don.) 2. T. lineata; (Sw.) 3. T. graminifolia; (Kaulf.) 4. T. scolopendrina; (Pteris; Bory, Willd.) Illust, Schk. crypt. t. 101. b. Obs. The veins being simple, and their apices combined near the margin by a continuous anastomosing vein which produces the sporangia, distinguishes this genus from any of the preceding; but from the following it is more difficult to characterize it, on account of their habits being similar, their separation depending entirely on the difference of position of the sori. 33, VITTARIA. Sm. Veins simple, their apices transversely combined by the sporangiferous receptacle, which is immersed in a marginal groove, forming a linear continuous sorus.—Fronds simple, from a few inches to 2 feet long, linear or lanceolate, plane. Venation obscure. Costa usually indistinct, the margin slit longitudinally, forming a sporangiferous groove, the margins of which are indusüform. Sporangia vertical. Examp. 1. V.zosterifolia; Willd. 2. V.ensiformis; Sw. 3. V. elongata ; Sw.—TIllust. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 187. Hook. gen. fil. t. 68. B. Obs. The circumstance of the margin of the frond being 68 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. slit longitudinally, forming two narrow lamina, with the sporangia rising from the base or axis of the slit or groove and pointing outwards, distinguishes this genus from Teniopsis, which is characterized by the sporangia being produced in a similar groove, but which is situated on the disk, within the margin of the frond; and although I have separated 7'eniop- sis from Vittaria, chiefly on that character, yet their habits scarcely indicate any distinction. The simple venation of both Teniopsis and Vittaria is scarcely reconcileable with this section of Polypodiee, except in viewing them in connexion with Pteropsis, &c., and also with the two following genera, with which they perfectly agree in habit. I am disposed to view them as forming a transition through Polytenium to the reticulated venation of Antrophyum. 34. POLYTÆNIUM. Desv. (Vittariz sp. Willd. Antrophyi sp. Kaulf.) Venation uniform, elongated, transversely and distinctly anastomosing, forming elongated, linear areoles. Sporangia occupying the lengthened, transverse venules, immersed, forming generally three, linear, parallel, continuous sori.— ‘Fronds simple, linear-lanceolate, coriaceous. Veins immersed, obscure, margin of the sporangiferous grooves indusiiform. Species. P. lineatum; Desv.—ilust. Schk. crypt. t. 101, b. 35. ANTRoPHYUM. Kaulf. Venation uniform, reticulated, sides of the areoles more or less sporangiferous. Sporangia immersed, rarely superficial, forming linear, continuous or interrupted reticulated sori.— Fronds simple, linear-lanceolate or elliptical, coriaceous, with or without a midrib, sporangiferous, grooves indusiiform. * COSTATA. Examp. 1. 4. cayennense; Spreng. 2. A. lanceolatum ; Kaulf. ** EcosTATA. 3. A. coriaceum ; Spreng. 4. A. Boryana; Spreng. 5. M aT J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 69 plantagineum; Kaulf. 6. A. reticulatum; Kaulf.— Illust. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 46, 14. Schk. crypt. t. 6. Obs. Although I have characterized the former genus Polytenium, as being distinct from Antrophyum, yet it must be admitted that its technical character of having three trans- verse parallel sori, depends in a great measure on the narrow linear character of the frond, a nearly similar character being observed in A. coriaceum, which has irregular, interrupted, transverse sori, and which evidently forms a transition be- tween Polytenium and the wide-fronded species of Antro- phyum, In some of the species, the sori are formed only on the oblique sides of the areoles, thus presenting sori nearly similar to Loxogramma, but that genus differs from the pre- sent one by the sori being formed on the crossings or con- fluence of the venules. 36. Hemronitis. Linn. Venation uniform, reticulated, sides of the areoles sporan- giferous. Sporangia superficial, forming complete reticulated linear sori.— Fronds simple, cordate, palmate or pinnate, smooth or villose, areoles nearly equal-sided. Sori becoming confluent. Ezamp. l. H. cordata; Roxb. 2. H. palmata; Linn. 3. H. pinnata; J. Sm.—Illust. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t, 64. Schott. gen. fil. t. 13. Obs. The habit of this genus is very different from the former, yet I must confess that the character of superficial sori is but slight grounds for separating them upon, especi- ally as in A, lanceolatum, the sori are not, or scarcely, im- mersed, but however slight their technical distinctions are, yet I cannot allow myself to think that they should be retain- ed in the same genus. 37. CERATOPTERIS. Brong. Fertile fronds contracted; margin (of segments) reflexed, membraneous, conniving, indusiiform. Veins transversely elongated, distantly anastomosing. Sporangia occupying the lengthened, transverse venules, superficial, forming two linear- 70 BOTANICAL INFORMATION, continuous, parallel sori.—Fronds fragile, of two, forms, the sterile sinuate-pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, fertile decompound, multifid, lacinie linear, revolute, forked, viviparous. Sporangia large, sessile, furnished either with a broad nearly complete or very short nearly obsolete ring. Species. 1. C.thalictroides; Brong. 2. C. Parkeria; (Parkeria pteridioides ; Hook.)—Iilust. Bauer's gen. fil. t. 12. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 97. Obs. The very distinct and peculiar habit of this genus renders it difficult to determine its real affinity ; for, besides the very distinct character of the fronds, the sporangia ex- hibit a peculiar structure, being large, globose, and either - furnished with a broad nearly complete vertical ring, or with a very short or nearly obsolete one, and which according to the views of some authors is said to be transverse, and the genus has therefore been hitherto associated with Gleichenia; but observations have shown that the ring rises from the axis of attachment, as in Polypodiacee, The supposition of -its being transverse may have arisen by observing the direc- tion of the sporangia in connexion with its attachment, it being generally loose and decumbent. And on reviewing the whole of the structure of this singular genus, I am disposed to consider it to have more affinity with genera belonging to Polypodiee, than with any genus of the succeeding tribes. (To be continued.) I1l.— BOTANICAL INFORMATION. UNIO ITINERARIA. Mn Pampuin has recently received the second portion of Schimper’s Abyssinian plants for distribution ; that is, Sectio prima, Pars 2da., consisting of two hundred species. The Report which accompanied these plants is highly satisfactory ; no doubt being now expressed as to the ability fully to cover the claims of the original subscribers, at the very low rate M || f BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 71 first proposed, of fifteen florins per century. ‘The same an- nouncement confirms the original determination of the Direc- tors, namely, that no new subscriptions shall be received at that low price. New subscribers, whose aid is most respect- fully and urgently requested, will be now required to pay at the rate of not less than twenty florins per hundred. The first distribution of Kotschy's Cordofan (south Nu- bian) Plants will be ready in the month of June. Each set will consist of four hundred species. For these plants the subscription price is still open, at fifteen florins per hundred. New Zealand Botany. We have very great pleasure in announcing that Mr M*Calla of Dublin, who has been long engaged in collecting and preserving objects of Natural History for Professor Scouler, and for the Royal Dublin Society, is about to embark for New Zealand, for the sole purpose of making Botanical collections and chiefly in the southern and less frequented districts of the group. We believe him to be entirely competent to engage in so important an object. We have offered him every faicifity 3 in our power towar ds further- ing so laudable an object, and especially in naming his plants ; and have suggested that he dispose of his well-dried specimens to the public, at the price of £2 the hundred spe- cies, for phzenogamous plants and Ferns; and £1 the hun- dred species for the other Cryptogamise, a family of plants which has already occupied much of Mr M‘Calla’s attention. The ardour with which Mr M*Calla enters upon this un- dertaking, warrants us in believing that he will not disappoint the hopes of those Naturalists who are disposed to encourage him. We are informed of the following Hortus Siccus being now on sale in Paris :— 12 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. Herbier de M. Thiébaut de Berneaud, bibliothecaire de la bibliothéque Mazarine, auteur de plusieurs ouvrages sur l'hist- oire naturelle, l’ agriculture et d' un voyage à P ile d'Elbe, traduit en Anglais en 1814, par W. Jerden. Cet herbier est composé de plus de quatre milles plantes provenant de ses herborisations en France, en Suisse, en Italie, et une partie de la Gréce.—2. d' échanges ou d' én- vois à lui faits par les botanistes les plus célébres, tels que Broussonnét, Blume, Cavanilles, Desfontaines, Gouan, Horne- mann, Martius, Nees d' Esenbeck, Persoon, Pursh, Schwe- grichen, Smith, Stackhouse, Tenore, Wallich, etc., etc. Cet herbier, rangé en partie alphabétiquement, partie par pays ou par familles, renferme toutes les plantes des Alpes des Pyrénées, de la Corse, et un bon nombre des Canaries, de l' Amerique, de |’ Inde, de la Polynésie et de la Suede. Ces dernieres lui ont été données par Thunberg. Phanerogammes et Cryptogrammes tout est bien etiqueté. Drummond's Mosses of the Southern United States. Almost before we have had time to announce that some copies of the late Mr Thomas Drummond’s specimens of Mosses, of the Southern United States, had been beautifully prepared by Mr Wilson, nearly the whole of them have been disposed of. The very few that remain are in the hands of Mr Pamplin. A new station for the rare BUXBAUMIA APHYLLA- The most abundant British station for this truly singular and rare Moss has lately been detected in Scotland upon the Campsie hills, Stirlingshire, above the Craw-road. Its fortu- nate discoverer, G. J. Lyon, Esq., of Glasgow, was enabled to collect forty-three specimens, in the highest state of per- fection. Our very zealous botanical friend, Wm. Gourlie, Jun. Esq., on visiting the same spot a few days after, gathered four more specimens. BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 13 Botanical information communicated by Dr FALCONER, Direc- tor of the Botanic Garden, Saharunpoor, to Dr LINDLEY. I have just received your volume of Arethusee. My Gamo- plevis, which you notice, is very different from Gastrodia : the perianth is tubular, with a 6-lobed limb ; the labellum com- posing a portion of the tube and not free; and the labellar lobe of the limb differs only by being a little larger than the other lobes, besides other distinctive marks. I purpose send- ing Royle a drawing and description with specimens, by next mail. Should you have any supplementary number, I could furnish several new genera and species. One of the genera is a magnificent plant allied to Blume's Cyrtosia, which I have named Pogochilus, with pulpy pollen-masses which are doubled together, ** terete-conduplicate," in horses shoe fashion, with an articulated deciduous perianth, and aphyllous ; with subterraneous squamate stems, and a leathery strictly 3-valved capsule, without costz or any interruption of tissue. I cannot bring my mind yet to rank it in any way under the Arethusee. You will, I presume, soon be through the Neoftie, among which I see you range Zeuzine. Should you have good specimens I recommend this plant to your particular notice. I have examined it minutely, and find the pollen anything but powdery ; it is waxy, exactly as in the Ophrydee, ** composed of flat pyriform angular mas- sules attached to a central elastic thread, and imbricated over each other as in the Ophrydee; when the elastic axis is extended, the massules (organs) can be seen adhering sepa- rately, as in Bauer's drawing, (Lindl. Illust. Orchis Mars, iii. fig. 7.)” Such are my notes. The position of the stig- matic surfaces is also peculiar. Perhaps you may not have fresh specimens to examine, and my description may not be unacceptable. Here itis; _ * ZruxiNE. Lindl, Pterogodii spec. Roxb.” Perianthium ovario incumbens fornicato-connivens. Sepala lateralia libera, supremo basi saccato grandiore. Petala subæqualia cum sepalo supremo in galeam adglutinata, Vol. IV.— No. 26. K T4 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. Labellum anticum porrectum, basi membranaceum saccatum minute bicallosum columnze faciei accretum, medio constric- tum apice carnosum dilatatum. Columna brevissima; cli- nandrio (magno) membranaceo antheram involvente. An- thera terminalis opercularis persistens, prona membranacea bilocularis; loculis approximatis incomplete bilocellatis. Pollinia 2 bipartibilia (vel si mavis 4 per paria connexa) e massulis angulatis cereaceis (nec pulvereis) innumeris, elastice cohsrentibus conflata, caudicule spathulate infra apicem affixa. Glandula ovata incurvata. Rostellum elongatum bifidum, supra labelli saccum horizontaliter extensum cornu- bus acuminatis. Capsula ovato-globosa, costis angustatis. Semina exilissima.— Herba pusilla terrestris 3—4 pollicaris. Radix succulento-fibrosa. Caulis erectus, basi foliorum delap- sorum vestigiis annulatus. Folia lineari-lanceolata acuminata coriacea adpressa margine reflexa, subtus carinata, colore fusco- cinereo. Flores dense spicati ; (spica triseriatim spirali) albidi vir roseo tincti, labellum luteum carnosum. ( Bractee ovato- acuminate flores superantes). In regard to the female appa- ratus, the gynizus appears to be made up of two stigmata, the confluence of their tissue being in the axis of the fork of the rostellum, indicated by a white line running through the middle of the floor of the clinandrium to the base of the fork along the axis of the caudicula. The stigmatic patches to which the pollen-grains get somehow applied, are placed at the sides of the column near the apex.—Your Apaturia has the roots, ** tubera irregulariter nodoso-incrassata repentia." I may add the characters ofa new neottieous genus vhich I have named Cordylestilis. (Val.).— Perianthium globoso-con- nivens (clausum). Sepala libera æqualia, supremo cum peta- lis subeequalibus in galeam adglutinato. Labellum sessile erectum concavo-ventricosum cum columns basi connatum indivisum, apice incrassato-bituberculatum revolutum, sacco intus fimbrilligerum. Columna brevis incrassata basi con- stricta. Anthera dorsalis, mobilis clinandrio cavo marginato semi-immersa, rostello erecto bifido incumbens, bilocularis loculis longitudinaliter bilocellatis. Pollinia 4 ( pulverea) BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 75 . cavata per paria glandule minuscule ovatze communi affixa. Stigma clinandrio parallelum, totam columns faciem oc- cupans. (Cr psula cylindraceo-oblonga).— H rba errestris glabra 14—2-pedalis, radicibus : oso-fasciculatis caule erecto stricto basi lioso supra vaginato, foliis ovali-lanceolatis coria- ceis glabris; spica cylindracea confertim multiflora, bracteis inembranaceis acuminatis, floribus albidis parvulis, labello tor- sione pedicello antico. Cordylestylis foliosa; (¥al.) Hab. in umbrosis acclivib s montium Himal prope Raj- poor, circiter 3500 pedes supra mare, et in Hort. Botan. Saharunp. introduct. Flor. Aprile. Should Cordylestylis (from the clubbed shape of the column) be a preoccupied name, it might be called Oncidiochilus : (from the tuberculated apex of the lip.) Possibly the plant may be among Wallich's Nepal Orchidee. I have just sent home through Royle, to R. Brown, an ac- count of a new genus of a peculiar type which I have called Enantia, which appears to me to constitute a new group. The flowers are 5-merous and hermaphrodite; the petals, sepals, and stamens, in the same line of radius from the axis (op- posite); two ovaries cohering slightly at the base, each con- taining two ovules; the fruit two drupes, which are reniform and oblique, with the style carried down by the mode of growth to the base, exactly as in the Menispermacez ; the seeds solitary ; embryo curved, with the radicle bent towards the hilum; no albumen but a thickened endopleura; and dotted testa. A twiner with alternate simple leaves; no stipule; the wood with thick medullary rays, but no distinct concentric zones; the calyx open in sestivation, the petals naked and convolutely imbricated. The fruit in appearance is exactly that of a Cocculus. I am utterly at a loss about its affinities. You can see the plant likely in Royle’s collection as Rham- nus purpuieus. l^ ve at present another puzzle in hand from Cashmeer, which I can refer to no known natural order; the characters are four unequa! deciduous inferior sepals ; valvate in estivation, petals 1—4 or none, hypogynous; sta- 16 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. mens hypogynous, inserted on a slightly thickened torus, varying in number, from8—14; deciduous. Antherscaducous. Ovary 1, composed of two or more carpels supported on a short gynophore; the carpels parallelly united, with a central column intervening, which is continuous with the style above, and the gynophore below. Ovules solitary, attached trans- versely to placent» at the middle of the axis. Style very short and thick. Stigma undivided, globose, depressed and papillose. Samara didymous, or by abortion unilocular with a broad wing. Seed reniform, no albumen. Embryo curved; radicle bent into proximity with the hilum. Plu- mule inconspicuous.— À succulent herbaceous plant, with simple thick stems, alternate exstipulate divided leaves, ter- minal, aggregated cymes, and small white flowers. I have not quite made up my mind about its nearest affinities ; but it appears to form the type of a distinct group perhaps repre- senting in the Himalayas what Limnanthes is in North Ame- rica. There is no obliquity in the position of the carpels, and the stalk of the ovary is more a gynophore than a gyno- base in the restricted sense. I send home an account of it next month. P.S. I shall in the spring have prepared a good account of Trewia, which I have lately found growing in this part of India. It is one of those fine anomalies which the Flora of India is so rich in. Roxburgh is right about the character of the embryo and albumen; but 1 don't think you have hit upon its affinities. I have found specimens with the carpels disunited, in combination with other irregularities, which have surprised me not a little; but I have only seen speci- mens out of flower in the dried state, and am not quite sure about my ground yet, and postpone saying more about it at present, Notes on Algerine Botany, by M. Bony pe Sr VINCENT. ** Ir is my intention to start, the first fortnight in January: on my return to the East, and to spend the entire winter 1n BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 77 that country, as well as in the neighbourhood of Constantine. My desire is to take advantage of that time in order to pene- trate into the interior, where the hot season commences early. With the exception of some days of rain, and of a severe tempest which we encountered at sea, on our return from Bougie, October, November, and the past month, have been extremely fine. Assuredly the proper time for a lover of Natural History in Africa, is from October to mid-June; as the four intervening months are, with few exceptions, times of deplorable drought and desolation. The heavy rains, of which we hear so much, certainly sometimes come down with great fury, but they seldom last long, hardly ever for eight days together; and, since I have been here, there has not been one week in which we have not had at least some half- days of fine weather. As soon as the summer closes, and rain begins to fall, the country is clothed with fresh verdure, and autumn produces not only its own stock of plants and animals, but an entirely fresh animation and vegetation. The only difference between this second crop and the first, is, that the specimens are not quite so fine. There are more than a hundred species that may be regarded as purely be- longing to winter, which begin to expand in their greatest beauty in the middle of November, and go off by the end of February, or earlier. In the province of La Calle, where we resided from November to December, the whole face of the country was glittering with most brilliant varieties; and Durieu, whom I left there to botanize, finds his time more than employed in examining the different species of Fungi, as abundant there as in the forest of St Germain. Hitherto I believe that it has hardly been suspected that Africa was so rich in this description of plants. How cursorily the country has been investigated, and how carelessly and absurd- ly our good predecessors have botanized, it would be difficult to describe. Would you have believed that the yellow and white Nympheas, in spite of their great size of flowers and foliage, have entirely escaped their notice, together with seven species of Polygonum; and more than a hundred and 78 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. fifty different European plants, end these in the district of La Calle alone. One would think that they had noteven given themselves the trouble to observe these facts, essential as they are to geographical knowledge. As if to make up for their remissness, they certainly have, Desfontaines in par- ticular, discovered things that never existed there? for in- stance, the “spidium filix mas, and Quercus Robur, neither of them natives of Africa, although the forests of La Calle abound in Aspidium filix femina, and possess an entirely unknown variety of oak. This is one of the finest and grandest trees imaginable—measuring from two to three metres in circum- ference, and sixty feet in height, pyramidal, and with leaves shaped like those of the Chestnut, but larger, dark green at top, and white and downy beneath. ‘The acorns are very small, and have a bitter taste. It is not uncommon to find the Osmunda regalis six feet high, and the common Ivy leaves five inches across. « The temperatu ‘e of the climate here is far more even than in the rest of Africa; for the centigrade thermometer has never stood below 11°, nor risen above 30°, in the shade: so that the inhabitants enjoy a perpetual spring. s There are as many as six distinct species of the Feline tribe: the Wild Cat, Lynx, Caracal, Serval, Panther, and Lion. The last two, which issue from the recesses of the forests towards evening, are as common here, particularly at the passage of La Matrie, as the domestic cats upon the pantiles in your part of Paris, * Before going to La Calle, I made a week's voyage to the deserted isle of Golite, about twenty leagues from the coast of Africa, which had never hitherto been visited by any naturalist. We found it of volcanic construction. It has apparently but lately emerged, and is allied to the division Pantellaria and Sicilia. The vegetation is most scanty—since the wild- goats and rabbits, which inhabit it in great flocks, devour every leaf of every plant, as well as every vegetable upon the island. Upon the highest peak, where the clouds rest, and keep up a constant degree of humidity, some lichens are to BOTANICAL INFORMATION, ' 49 be found, Year by year the natives of Tuscany come here to collect Archil. **'T'here is a charming spring of sweet water in a grotto lined with Adiantum, which grows in the moisture at bottom. I am surprised that some philosopher, disgusted with the world, does not come and act Robinson Crusoe in this delightful spot, where he would find abundance of crabs and lobsters to eat. . * [ must now conclude this account of my researches last autumn. I write from Algiers, whither I was recalled by matters of business; and I shall resume my excursions as soon as I have completed a little tour that I hope to make to Bleda next week." Harveys Manual of BRITISH Aro x. Tue Honourable W. H. Harvey,* who has so long and so successfully directed his attention to the Alge, both of the sea and of fresh water, has left in our hands an admirable Manual of all the British species which. Mr Van Voorst has undertaken to publish. The printing of the volume is rapid- ly advancing, and Mr Newman directs the typography, and sees to the careful correction of the press. Such a work can- not fail to be acceptable to every British Botanist, and to do great credit to the well-known talents of the author. Extracts from the recent letters of Mr Jas. DnuMMOND, chiefly relating to Swan River Botany. * Tue first of the letters to which we allude is dated Swan River, September 3d, 1840. ** I sent you,” he says, “ about Christmas last, by the * Shepherd,' a box containing nearly 1300 Swan River plants, together with a long letter on the botany of the colony. (This letter appeared in our Journal, vol. iii.) No opportunity has since offered of sending you additional species. There is indeed seldom an occasion * Now resident at the Cape of Good Hope. 80 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. of doing so direct from Swan River to London, except by the vessels which take home the wool and oil, which are our principal exports. In the collection I sent you there were about 130 Proteacee, and I have since met with a few addi- tional species. Among them are two Hakceas with round leaves belonging to Mr Brown’s first section, and one with sulcate leaves of nine or ten inches in length ; two Grevilleas, one a various-leaved species: those on the barren branches below ovate, acuminate, silvery above, 3-nerved and silvery below; while those on the flowering branches are filiform, and regularly sulcate: the flowers are produced on long branch- ing racemes, and the old and empty seed-vessels, which re- mained on the plant when I discovered it, were remarkable for their small size and great length. I have found a Xylo- melon on Gangan with long narrow willow-like leaves, which must be distinct from Cunningham's X. salicifolia. The seed- vessels are about an inch and a half long, and an inch broad; and the entire plants were about ten or twelve feet high ; the full grown stems about two inches in diameter. I possess a Dryandra with leaves about an inch broad, and three or four inches long, with long serratures at the edge alternately turn- ed up and down like the teeth of a wide set saw. Most of the large genera of Proteacee appear to me to contain plants that have little relationship to each other. In Dryandra, for instance, the cuneate-leaved species, which grow to the size of small trees, with naked receptacles, even the scales outside of the collection of flowers, are deciduous before the seeds are ripe; these seem to me to form a natural group. lam awarethat some botanists have made generaof theaphragmous and diplophragmous species; but the form of the seed alone will not divide these plants into natural genera. Ihave met with seven aphragmous kinds, either species or varieties; six of them may constitute a natural genus, but the seventh (that which I described as having flowers like the Cape Honey- busb,) has little relationship to the other aphragmous species, or indeed to any other Dryandra I am acquainted with. Of the Diplophragmas | have detected three species: D. bipin- pute SU VT a BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 81 nata of Fraser; a lesser bipinnated one, which you perhaps consider only a variety; and the curious spiral-leaved one which agrees with Diplophragma in the form of the seed-ves- sel and habit of the plant, but has little resemblance in the flowers. Mr Brown describes the D. bipinnata of Fraser as having wings at the end of the seed, and that is the case with my JD. spiralis; but the lesser bipinnated one has the wings of equal breadth all round the seed. The flowers of Fraser's plant are very rarely produced, and the seeds extremely so. I have none by me at present. ** I have here met with a curious plant which I think must form a new Genus nearly allied to Mesembryanthemum. The seed-vessels are peculiar and beautiful; and, contrary to the nature of most plants, they open when in a moist state, and shut when dry. When the valves are expanded, they bear some resemblance to the flowers of Hoya carnosa, It is my intention to send you some of these seed-vessels by the first opportunity, and you have only to put them into water, when they will expand and show their curious structure. I observe that they remain on the plants for years after the seeds are ripe, opening with every shower of rain, and even with the moist atmosphere of the night, closing in dry weather and during the day. 'The plant grows in large patches, many yards in extent, resembling the Hottentot-fig in its leaves. Its place of growth is on sandy ground near a spring, called Ribachgoin, in the desert country which I have described in my letter sent home by the Shepherd. ** [ intend starting in a few days on a botanical excursion overland in the direction of King George's Sound, and pur- pose being absent about two months. When I return, you shall hear from me, or I may, if I can find an opportunity, write you from the Sound. Mr Preiss has left this for King George's Sound. He intends visiting South Australia. I, for my part, shall keep a Journal of any thing I may ob- serve in Natural History, and send it to you on my return." P.S. * We have at length discovered the plant which has destroyed so many of our sheep, goats, and cattle, in the man- Vol. IV.— No. 26. L 82 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. ner I sent you some account of by the Shepherd last year. It is not the Lobelia, (as I had surmised) but a leguminous plant growing about two and a half or three feet high, with glau- cous lanceolate leaves, about two inches long, ending in a sharp point, and each furnished with two minute, prickle- like stipules; the flowers are orange-colour, and produced, several together, on a sort of raceme which grows from the axils of the upper leaves. The leaves are frequently three in a whorl; the flowers, when expanded, are about half an inch in diameter; they are succeeded by hairy seed-vessels, about the size of a large pea, which are spotted with brown, and permanently crowned by the style. “There has been much difference of opinion among the settlers, as to the cause of the death of so many of our flocks and herds. Dr Harris, who has had much experience in sheep and cattle, was of opinion that the animals died of a dangerous inflammatory disease. He had published a letter to that effect, which brought over most of the members of our Agricultural Society to his opinion; but his son, Mr Joseph Harris, thought with me that the animals died of poison. He had lost about fifty sheep on his farm, on the William river, a few days before I visited him, and the exact spot where the sheep had been feeding, when they were thus affected, was known. I found that there were but a few plants of which the sheep ate on these occasions, which could possibly cause their death, and these I determined to put to the test of experiment. The Lobelia I had tried a few days before, yet although the juice is extremely acrid, it appeared to have no bad effects on a sheep to which it was given. Several circumstances had caused this plant (the Legumi- nous one) to be suspected. Mr Harris called it the Sage plant, from its having in its leaves some resemblance to the common garden Sage. He had observed that a flock of sheep which his father and himself brought from the Sound to the William, without loss, did not feed on this plant; whereas another flock which were brought by the same par- ties and by the same road, ate of it, and many of them died BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 83 immediately after. Mr Tapson had recently lost 304 sheep, in bringing a flock of 400 from the Gordon River to Egenup, a distance of about thirty miles. He left with us a speci- men of this Leguminous plant which he had observed his sheep eating, and as we found it growing where Mr Harris’s sheep had been feeding, we determined to put it to the test of experiment, (for there is nothing either in the taste or smell of the plant that in the least indicates its poisonous properties.) A few handfuls of the young tender shoots were pounded in a mortar, and water added, and the juice squeezed out. We had about a middle-sized tea-cupful of the mixture, of which about three parts out of four were water. It was put into a bottle, and given to a he-goat, a fine healthy animal. About eight o’clock at night the animal ate about an ounce of the plant of his own accord, after he swallowed the juice. At five o’clock in the following morning, he continued to chew his cud, but appeared languid, when we gave him about half as much more of the same mixture. Soon after he got the second dose, he began to call out, as goats always do when suffering from this poison: at ten o'clock he died. We opened him an hour after death, and found the heart and lungs gorged with dark-coloured blood. I have no doubt but the poison operates on the nerves, and in that way alto- gether stops the action of the lungs and heart. I had ob- served this plant at Black-Adder creek where accidents have happened, and on the Toodjay road; and I have, since we discovered its dangerous properties, found it on the York road, where so many of our animals have been lost. It is a plant that may be easily destroyed near the settlements, and avoided or destroyed on the public roads. There appears to be some reason to hope that flocks of sheep which have been long in, or reared in the colony, learn (for they do not all die that are ill from its effects) in some measure to avoid the plant which destroys so many of them. The first flock of 200 which were brought to the William by Dr Harris without any loss, were part of the late Sir Richard Spencer’s, and about 200 more from the same flock were brought over 84 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. with a loss of only five or six. Mr M*Donnel's loss was mostly last year's lambs; and myself and sons, when taking our cattle over the 'l'oodjay district, lost all the young cattle that were sucking, about six months old at the time." The second letter was dated ‘Guildford, December 6, 1840." “I wrote you lately from King George's Sound, by Mr Taylor,* with some few remarks on the botany between this place and the Sound, a distance of about three hundred miles, during which I crossed six considerable rivers; Ist, the Dale, distant about eighty miles south by east from Freemantle; 2d, the Hotham, about forty miles further; 3d, the William, about twenty-six miles; 4th, the Arthur, (Calgil of the natives), about twenty miles; 5th, the Beau- fort, (Guanerup of the natives), about twenty miles; 6th, the Gordon (Packilgenup of the natives), about fifty miles. The Dale runs from west to east, and falls into the Avon; the others run from east to west, and fall into the sea or other rivers; little however is known of their courses, Several no doubt are the same rivers that are known by different names at the coast. I was unable to visit Mount William or Saddleback on my return, for want of provisions, as they happened to be without a supply at the military stations which were near them. The highest hills which I did examine, were about twelve to fifteen hundred feet high, and of the same description as those I sent you an account of by the Shepherd. The Xanthorrheas, so abun- dant in the Swan and York districts, with the exception of a dwarf species, (either the common underground kind, or nearly allied to it,) disappear on the Dale, and do not occur all the way to the north of Mount Bachu, nor to within thirty miles of King George's Sound. To the south of Mount Bachu, a broad-leaved arboreous species, different from our Swan River kinds, is common. Between Mount Bachu and the Sound is a sort of moorish land, with streams * This letter has not yet come to hand. BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 85 of water that run most of the summer, and this is extremely rich in plants ; so much so that I think one thousand species may be found here which do not grow at the Swan. In the Genus Banksia, for example, five or six of our Swan River species are found here, but there are ten growing here which are unknown at the Swan ; and there are several of Mr Bax- ter's that I have not yet met with. I sent you, by Mr Taylor, some seed-vessels and an account of three new Banksias, which I discovered between Mount Bachu and the Beaufort; and I have now to add another, one of the finest of the whole genus, a scarlet-flowering species, which is common on the banks of swampy brooks, first appearing about five miles to the north of the Sound, and continuing in all the similar valleys for twelve or fourteen miles. It grows eight or ten feet high. The leaves are exactly like those of Dry- andra senecifolia of Baxter. Of Dryandra I have met with eight species which I do not recollect to have seen at the Swan. I formerly sent you some account of a stemless spe- cies with very large leaves, which grows to the north of the William on the top of some iron-stone hills to the south of ‘the Beaufort; and now again I have discovered another fine Dryandra, nearly allied to D. bipinnata of Fraser; but the leaves are smoother, and only a few of the largest divisions are again divided. But the flowers are very different; the scales which are broad and long in D. bipinnata, are in this very narrow and recurved; the seeds I have not seen. There is likewise a small species near to the D. squarrosa of Baxter, which I think is new, and I am in doubt about some of the other species. Most of the specimens I collected were left at the Sound, and I do not expect them to arrive here till the end of January. I have been very unfortunate since my return here; for on going into the river to bathe, I got entangled among mud and weeds, and while endeavouring to extricate myself, I got one of my feet so much cut with a broken bottle, that I do not know when I shall be able to walk again. I have received orders for about £100 worth of native seeds, but by this accident I shall not be able to supply = 86 ALDRIDGE ON POLLEN, them. Assoon as I am able to walk and can find an oppor- tunity, I will send you specimens of some of the plants I have met with since I sent you the things by the Shepherd. Of the Natural Order Peoltaabas I humi now collected about two hundred and forty species." J. D. IV.—On the Structure and Functions of the Porres. By Jous ArpmipcE, M.D., Lecturer on Natural History to the School of Surgery and Medicine, Digges Street, Dub- lin; Member of the Dublin Natural History Society, &c. In the September Number of the Journal of Botany, I de- scribed some observations which I had made on the process of impregnation in plants. A more complete account of these observations was made to the British Association at its subsequent meeting; and on the same occasion an Atlas was exhibited, which presented drawings of the appearances ex- hibited by the Pollen of the greater number of Natural Families, in the dry state, when moistened with water, and when burst through the contact of acids. I stated, on both these occasions, the results of my investigations to be,— first, that the stigma is invariably acid at some period of its growth; secondly, that it is in consequence of this acidity, that the pollen bursts; thirdly, that by the same means, the fluid contents of the pollen become coagulated, enveloping the fovilla, and assuming, according to the method of dehis- cence, different, and very remarkable forms. Unable to attend personally the meeting of the British Association, I felt happy in the assurances of my friends, that the many eminent men present, appeared prepared to admit the results to which I had been conducted. It was asserted, however, that my views were not original, but were already contained in the works of Mohl and Fritzche. As the determination of the truth is of much greater im- portance than any thing connected with individual reputation, ee ea nmm UM RA —U—U———mm— ALDRIDGE ON POLLEN. 87 I ought, perhaps, to have been pleased with this confirmation of my researches ; but, I must confess, I felt my mortality on this occasion ; it was too bad to lose the labour of years in this manner; and I hastened to examine the writings of my German contemporaries, to ascertain whether they really had anticipated me. This introduced me to a memoir by Fritzche, contained in the Transactions of learned Foreigners, published by the Royal Academy of St Petersburg, and as this is the latest work on the subject containing his own observations, together with an examination of the labours of others, and as the Memoir is likewise replete with new and most interesting matter, I shall present a digest of its contents to the readers of this Journal. I shall first quote a passage, which will sufficiently demon- strate, that my views with respect to the process of i impreg- nation, are not identical with his. * To perceive and rightly understand in difficult cases, the details of external forms, I was obliged to make use of certain reagents and means, by whose assistance I was enabled in a former treatise to insert a description of forms. The objects of my inquiry in the employment of acids, has to a certain extent failed : I fully described in my treatise the ef- fects of these on the Pollen; but their office has since been misunderstood by many persons. It has been supposed, for example, to be my opinion, that the protrusion of the inner mass, under the influence of acids, upon the apertures of the Pollen, and which in many cases, has the appearance of a little tube, is the actual tube, which through the stigmatic tissue, produces fertilization. To justify myself against this supposition, which I am fully prepared to disprove, I need merely quote a passage from page 35 of my treatise:—* The expression, tube (schlaüche), which I have frequently employed as the name of the gutlike protrusion, which constitutes the pro- longation expelled by acids, is certainly misapplied, since it is not surrounded by any membrane ; but as this mass proceeds J'rom the same part as the real tube, that by its action produces 88 ALDRIDGE ON POLLEN. fertilization, it seems to me better to call this by the same name than to invent for it another appellation, inasmuch as I can dis- tinguish the one as an artificial, the other as a natural tube. I have in this quotation compared the operation of an acid and the stigma, for the purpose of clearly explaining the sup- position therein expressed—namely, that the natural tube is, as I have always considered it, a continuation of the inner membrane, produced by the prolonged growth of the inner mass of the pollen, according as nourishment was supplied, an hypothesis in which I already participated, and I there- fore took care to employ expressions, which might convey the idea that this tube lengthened itself at the expense of the fluidity of the stigma.” The above quotation renders it evident, that Fritzche was not aware of the constant acidity of the stigma, nor of the power which its acid secretion possesses, of causing the de- hiscence of the pollen grains. I might here recapitulate the arguments which I have used elsewhere, in advocacy of the opinion that the boyau is not a tube, but a coagulated heteroge- neous thread. Fritzche, it appears, maintains a contrary opi- nion, and it is my present object, not to prove the correctness of my own views, but to show that they differ from his. This observer first published the fact, which I had independently discovered in 1832, that acids are capable of producing the dehiscence of the pollen; but in the passage before us, he compares the action of an acid, and of the stigma, for the purpose of showing their difference, and tells us that the na- tural tube grows at the expense of the fluidity of the stigma, being obviously ignorant that this fluidity is acid, and capable of acting as an acid on the pollen grains. If he was aware of this, the onus lay on him to show, why the acid liquor on the stigma should not act like acids elsewhere, but produce a natural tube, instead of what he calls an artificial tube. It may appear strange that he should be aware of the influence of acids, and yet not examine the chemical reaction of the stig- ma; but with this I have nothing to do; I knew the same thing for six years, before the idea occurred to me, that it ALDRIDGE ON POLLEN. 89 was the probable (and experience has since shown it to be the actual) means used by nature in the process of impregnation. Before I conclude this part of the subject, I feel it neces- sary to acknowledge that I have expressed Fritzche's views er- roneously in the paper read before the British Association, as relates to the influence of acids in coagulating the fluid contents of the pollen. I mentioned in that essay the grounds upon which I conceived him to have overlooked this reaction ; being at that time only acquainted with Fritzche's observa- tions, from the notice of them contained in Lindley's intro- . duction. In this work, it is stated, that **in particular, he (Fritzche) recommends the employment of sulphuric acid in the proportion of two parts of concentrated acid to three parts of water, for the purpose of viewing the pollen by trans- mitted light; by this means it is rendered transparent, and the spontaneous emission of pollen-tubes is effected." ( Vide Op. cit. p. 159.) Now, instead of acids rendering the pollen grains transparent, I was led to the observation of the coagu- lation of the fluid contents, by perceiving them to become opaque under the influence of these agents. But the obser- vations of Fritzche must have been misquoted by Lindley, for in page 668, of the work before me, he distinctly states that the mucus of the pollen-contents is coagulable by acids. : It appears then that as far as Fritzche is concerned, the originality of the propositions, viz., ** that the stigma is in- variably acid at some period of its growth, and that it is in consequence of this acidity that the pollen bursts," rests en- tirely with me; and that my third proposition is confirmed by the observation which deprives me of the merit of first de- tecting it. I have been unable to obtain Móhl's work, but I infer that if he had been aware of the acidity of the stigma, Fritzche who wrote subsequently, could not have been igno- rant of it. I now leave the subject of priority, which I hope to be ex- cused for having brought forward at all. Indeed, I feel convinced, that the gentlemen whose names I have ventured Vol. IV.—No. 26. M 90 ALDRIDGE ON POLLEN. to introduce, would be the last to appropriate the discoveries that have been ascribed to them; and, on the other hand, it is easy to comprehend how a vague recollection of the influ- ence of acids upon the pollen, may have led some gentlemen, present at the meeting of the Association, to have confounded my discoveries with theirs. To proceed to the analysis of Fritzche's valuable memoir, a chapter, purporting to treat of the structure of the pollen in general, is principally devoted to an examination of the organ called globule in Chara. He considers this to be iden- tical with the anther of higher plants: his description of the different portions of this organ are exceedingly minute, but, without the accompanying plates, it would be useless to re- peat them here. The next chapter treats of the contents of the, pollen. This, which has received the name of fovilla, is a mixture of different chemical substances, which can be severally recog- nised by reagents. We are easily capable of perceiving three classes of substances—namely, mucus, oil, and starch; the last we can alone ascertain with sufficient exactness ; the first being a mixture of different substances, whose chemical union we cannot distinguish with our present instruments ; and the second most probably exists as a mixture of different oily bodies. The mucus of the fovilla, is a colourless substance, which in water swells very much, without, as it would appear, being permitted to dissolve itself therein ; it acquires, through solu- tion of iodine, an intense yellow-brown colour; it becomes coagulated by acids, and either dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid, or being soaked in it, becomes transformed into a very transparent gelatinous mass. The property of swelling in water, which it participates with Bassarine, is the cause of the bursting of the pollen-grains, when they come into contact with water; the membranous integument becomes at first distended, but when the maximum of its elasticity is attained, it very often cannot resist the force with which the mucus still sucks in more water, and then it bursts, either at ALDRIDGE ON POLLEN. 91 the most convenient, or not unfrequently, at an appointed spot. It now happens that a portion of the swollen fovilla is squirt- ed out with a little explosion; this is produced by a double cause: on the one part the fovilla is already swelled by the water, and, on the other, the distended membrane is brought together again by virtue of its own elasticity : under these circumstances, the expelled fovilla presents itself under the appearance of a long-drawn tubular (schlauch fórmige) mass, and permits, in this particular situation, the nature of its mu- cus to be sufficiently examined. [There appears, in this in- stance, a discrepancy with the author's former statement, as there is an inconsistency with fact. If the mucus swells like Bassarine in water, why should it retain a cylindrical form in this liquid? and I have always found that, except when the fovilla was already coagulated by an acid, the mucus rapidly diffused itself through water, and permitted the opaque par- ticles to scatter themselves irregularly.] By the action of acids the mucus is converted into a grayish tenacious mass, which no longer scatters itself into flocks, but according to its kind, appears, between two glass plates, in a long-drawn, cylin- drical, continuous mass, from which the membrane either doubles together, or along with which it becomes so obscure, that treated in this way, its appearance may be regarded only as an exception. [This description only applies to pollen that dehisces by pores; when the rupture takes place by a slit, the form of the fovilla often remains unchanged.] In a dry situation, as when placed in free air, the pollen becomes characterized by its mucus being tolerably trans- parent; but this transparency disappears when it is moisten- ed with water. "This circumstance, the author explains, with Mohl, by supposing, that the dry mucus, and the little oil- drops, possess by chance an uniform light-refracting power ; and from thence it naturally results, that the fovilla, by sucking up water, loses its transparency ; this former unifor- mity becoming destroyed. Besides the mucus, capable of being coloured yellow-brown by iodine, the author has found, in some plants flowering in 92 ALDRIDGE ON POLLEN, water, a coloured gelatinous slime, which suffered no altera- tion by iodine: this is only to be accurately distinguished from the other constituents of the fovilla, in the Najas major. Yet he thinks its occurrence is universal, and that it agrees in its characters with the inner membrane of the pollen, so that it is not improbable, that it furnishes the material for the boyau; [i. e. the imaginary membranous tube, continuous with the inner membrane, and growing at the expense of the stigmatic fluid.] 'The second, and never absent constituent of the fovilla, is the oil, which lies distributed in very small drops, through the whole mass of the mucus. We recognise it, by its suffer- ing no alteration by iodine, when by immersion in water the fovilla becomes protruded. We can frequently convince ourselves of the existence of these little oil-drops, by treating with a diluted acid, whereby we can observe an evident flowing together of the same. Besides, we convert the very little oil-drops into large drops flowing together, when we gently stir dried pollen placed in water. The third constituent of the fovilla is the easiest to recog- nise—namely, the starch: it is found in grains of different sizes and forms, and is sometimes present in very great quan- tity, but appears to be permitted to be at other times wholly absent. Generally the starch-grains, as well as the oil-drops of the same form, are distributed in the whole mass of the par- ticular mucus, and the Najas major constitutes the only ex- ception. We can best perceive theexist ence of the starch- grains, when we press the pollen between two glass plates and pour on it a little solution of iodine, without stirring the preserved mixture afresh. The starch-grain shows itself then with the blue colour of iodide of starch, which we, by this pro- ceeding, can at once perceive. We may treat the pollen first with acid, and then bring in contact with the solution of iodine; while a part of the fovilla is being forced out, then begins round the expelled and coagulated mucus from which the acid has liberated some starch, the blue cloud by which the iodide of starch exhibits itself; and by degrees the whole ALDRIDGE ON POLLEN. 93 of the starch becomes precipitated. The latter method is much to be preferred when it is sought to ascertain the exist- ence of starch, as the observation of a very small quantity often fails by the first method. That the grains coloured blue are actual starch, is placed beyond doubt, by tbe diluted acid and iodine producing analogous appearances with the starch contained in other organs. The little oil-drops and grains of starch constitute the so- called granules of the pollen, which in late times have become the object of different inquiries. "These are the particles in which special motions were formerly pointed out, and this erroneous observation, caused an infusorial organization to be assigned to these granules, and they were called the sper- matozoe of plants. So extreme was our ignorance, that at the most, out of a little particle completely unorganized, imagination called into existence a new being, in which, motions having been perceived, we at once drew a compari- son between the fovilla-grains and natural infusoria, of the smaller of which we as yet know nothing except their move- ments, Through R. Brown's discovery of the molecular motions, the motions of the granules, independent of infuso- rial life, was demonstrated to be possible, and the determina- tion of their chemical properties at present, places them wholly in the category of molecular motions. However, both R. Brown, and Adolphe Brongniart, have described in the fovilla grains of higher vegetables, besides a change of place also a change of form, which they consider as an indication of a life-activity, and one of the strongest arguments for their comparison with .spermatozoz. The author considers this apparent change of form to be partly illusory, and partly produced by the streaming of the oil-drops. Having thus described the constituents of the contents of the pollen, the author proceeds to treat of the membrane of this organ. The envelope, by which, in all plants without exception, the fovilla is surrounded, he divides into two kinds . of membrane, one a simple membrane, and the other a skin of a compound construction. All plants do not possess both 94 ALDRIDGE ON POLLEN. membranes, several have only one; on the other hand, there are plants whose pollen have three or even more membranes. In far the greater number of cases, however, there are pre- sent two well-marked transparent membranes, and these act in such a manner towards reagents, as to show that the kinds with three and four membranes, are produced solely by the doubling of one or two of these. As it is necessary to employ more exact language, than that of the inner and outer membrane, and so forth, the author designates the outer membrane Ezine, the inner one Intine, the inner fold of the outer membrane Jntexine, and the outer fold of the inner membrane Lwintine. The Jntine, or inner membrane of the pollen, which in all cases covers the fovilla, immediately shows itself everywhere under the same circumstances: it remains as clear as water, an uncoloured, extremely delicate, perfectly transparent membrane; solution of iodine does not colour it; it becomes destroyed by concentrated sulphuric acid, and is as permeable as cellular tissue over its whole surface, although destitute of pores. When there is only one membrane present in the pollen, it has always manifestly the characters of the Jntine, and it is thus seen to be far more indispensable than the Exine; it is, though unfrequently, found alone, but is always sure to possess the same characters. (Only in two cases has the author seen it thickened, namely, in the Carex precoz and in Nerium, in which it presented regular and defined spots. Notwithstanding the little importance which the Ezine, or outer membrane, appears to have in the business of impreg- nation, yet it is nearly to it alone, that the peculiar forms of the pollen are indebted. It is evident from our knowledge of the fovilla and Zntine, that it would be impossible, if the Ezine were removed, to distinguish the pollen of a great number of plants; while by the Ezine alone we are enabled, in many instances, to recognise from what plants the pollen is taken. The Ezine is not like the Zntine, one single membrane, but possesses a compound structure. Móhl, in his work on | | ALDRIDGE ON POLLEN. 95 the pollen, originated the opinion that the Zaine was formed out of undeveloped cells, cemented together by the gelatinous matter which fills up the intervals between them. In the beautiful work just mentioned, wherein Móhl has made known his important inquiries concerning this gelatinous matter, to which he has given the name of intercellular sub- stance, there are three possible cases stated, by which the formation of the Evine can be explained. Möhl declares himself for the last, which is identical with the view already mentioned, but admits that a more enlarged experience may decide in favour of one of the other two cases. These other suppositions are, first, that the Intine may form on its outer surface the Ezine; and secondly, that the same inner mem- brane, may secrete, on its outer surface, an external skin, which, adhering to the surrounding undeveloped cells, may constitute the Ezine. The first case Móhl dismisses wholly: but the author states that, unfortunately, there are, in Móhl's delineations, no sufficient proofs of the new view which be ad- vances; that the drawings on which the decision of the question rests, are either merely of portions, or too small for constructing a generalization. "The author considers that his own observations have brought him much nearer to the explanation of the origin of the Ezine; but he finds that no one. of the already mentioned cases, uncomplicated and alone, ` is sufficient, but that this interesting envelope presents a great variety in the kinds of its formation. The first results of his researches, contradicts Móhl's be- fore-mentioned opinion in favour of one of the former cases, as it undoubtedly exemplifies the existence of a simple mem- brane as the origin of the Ezine. In the usual way, by mere treatment with water, the isolated membrane, may occasion- ally, but with difficulty be demonstrated in the Ruellia for- mosa, and Barleria longifolia. We possess in concentrated sulphuric acid, however, a means of showing with facility, in many cases, a distinct membrane in the Ezine, together with investitures of different kinds upon its surface. With the Ruellia formosa and anisophylla, Beloperone oblongata, Eran- 96 ALDRIDGE ON POLLEN. themum nervosum and strictum, Barleria longifolia, and many Malvaceae, it is only necessary to moisten the pollen with concentrated sulphuric acid, and then to press between two glass plates; the whole Ezine shows itself so, as plainly to be recognised, and demonstrates in this situation not only all its peculiarities of condition, which in no other way we can find out, but presents the isolated exhibition of the membrane and its coverings. These two constituents of the Ezine have many characters in common, which the author mentions, previously to describing each individually. The action of concentrated sulphuric acid, shows that a difference exists between the Ewine and the Intine, and the general cellular tissue. By the long-continued action of the acid, the texture of the external appendages of the Haine becomes more obscure, but short maceration will render their general structure more distinct, and those points are best to select for observation, which can be most plainly dis- tinguished when, after maceration in acid, they have been for some time excluded from the air by covering with water. The Ezine frequently acquires by this treatment a fine pur- ple-red colour, whereby the examination of its structure becomes facilitated. The more concentrated the acid, the deeper becomes the red; and, the more completely it is ex- cluded by the water from the air, the darker will it change by degrees. Generally, the membrane and the external appendages conduct themselves alike; but cases occur when the first reddens itself, and the latter acquires a yellowish- brown colour, through the action of sulphuric acid. The specific differences of the Ezine depend on the nature of the external appendages spread over its surface. These consist in grains, or prickles, or warts, or a cellular lacework ; and are most beautifully delineated in the plate attached to the author's paper. The last chapter contains a classification of the various kinds of pollen. The author arranges them according to the number of membranes; whether there be one, two, threes or many present. But I have already extended this analysis POLLI IA Ad = b SRN - int S ass TAYLOR ON A NEW BRITISH JUNGERMANNIA. 97 of Fritzche's paper to too great a length for the limits of this Journal. "There are, however, sufficient materials to enable the reader to judge of its value, and probably to induce him to study it for himself, V.~On a New BRITISH JUNGERMANNIA. By Dn Tuomas Tavron. [With a Plate. Tan. XX.] JUNGERMANNIA MICROSCOPICA, Foliosa, exstipulata; caule tenuissimo, repente, vage ramoso; foliis distichis, emarginatis, rotundato-ovatis, con- vexissimis, marginibus suboccurrentibus, dorso celluloso- echinatis; fructu laterali; calycibus obovatis, ore contracto, subdenticulato. J. microscopica, Taylor in Flor. Hib. p. 59.,—(Tas. XX.) Has. In udis sylvaticis, septentrionem aspicientibus, super muscos et Jungermannias parasitica. Oculis fidi vix cernenda, pallide virens, subpellucida. Caules bi-trilineares, gracillimi, subflexuosi, parce ramosi, hic illic fila pellucida, simplicia, brevia demittentes, quorum ope plantula subjectis committitur. Folia subdistantia, nisi arte explanata sint acuminata, cellulis eminentibus serraturas mentientibus dorso exasperata ; perigonialia apice obtusiora, in gremiis unicam aut duplicem antheram rufescentem, ova- tam claudentibus; perichztialia bina, calycis basi subappressa. Calyx tumidus, ex angusta basi obovatus, ecostatus, cellu- lis, eque ac folia, externe echinatus, foliis duplo procerior. Pedunculus pellucidus, transverse striatus, calycis longitu- dini vix zequalis. Capsula rotundato-ovata, pallide brunnea, apice in segmenta quatuor fissa, minime vero basin usque laciniata. Fila pauca, recta, capsule segmentorum apicibus adfixa. Semina haud visa. At Gortagaree, in the wood on the roadside, between Kenmure and Killarney, on the 29th January, 1835, I found on the leaves of Hypnum loreum, this, perhaps the Vol. 1V.—No. 26. Nc 98 TAYLOR ON A NEW BRITISH JUNGERMANNIA. minutest, of British Jungermannie. Subsequent visits ena- bled me to detect a few calyces, out of one of which the cap- sule had protruded in January, 1839 ; but I have reason to suppose that it flowers all the year round. I have also met with it on Hypnum curvatum, on Jungermannia Tamarisct, and on J. Mackaii. The leaves have their margins so much incurved, as to present, not unfrequently, in the upper part, the outline of a cone, whose sides then appear the margins, when the projecting cellules look like serratures. But Mr W. Wilson, with his usual acuteness, has observed the true figure of the leaf which he found destitute of serratures; he likewise detected the emargination of the leaf, and showed that this could easily be exhibited by sliding a piece of mica over the leaf in water under the microscope. Without some such artifice it is difficult to be persuaded that the leaf is not entire. This species is plainly allied to J. minutissima, and the small tribe to which this belongs, not only by the erect valves of the capsule joined at the base, but also by the in- volution of the lesser lobe of the leaf, the size of the plant, and the very similar places of growth in which they all occur. Yet the calyx is destitute of any plaits above, and tumid asa bladder filled with air: the more pellucid leaves and more delicate stems will keep it distinct, although there may be a great resemblance between the leaves of this species and of J. minutissima, especially the perigonial, which usually have an expanded apez to the larger lobe. The annexed figure is magnified to a very high degree; it would be impossible to represent any distinct resemblance of the natural size. Tuomas TAYLOR. Tas. XX.—Fig. 1. The magnified plant ; f. 2. A transverse magnified section to show the convexity of the leaf, and the echination on its back; f. 3. A leaf magnified and pressed to show the notch between the lobes. SCHOMBURGK’S GUIANA PLANTS, 99 VI.—Conrrisutions towards a Frona of South America.— Enumeration of Plants Collected by Mr ScuomBURGK, in British Guiana.—By Georce Bentuam, Eso, F.L.S., &c., &c. ( Continued from Vol. III. page 250.) CAPPARIDACEJE. 575. Physostemon intermedium, Moric, Pl. Nouv. Amer. 62. t. 42. —P. ambiguum, Bong. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. ser. vi. v. v. t. 3. Cleome Guianensis, 4ubl.— DC. Prodr. i. p. 240.—Sands and savannahs of the Rupunoony, Corentyn, &c. Schomburghk, n. 204. Ceara, Gardner, n. 2394, aud in other Brazilian col- lections. : Gardner's n. 2036, from Piauhy, is P. tenuifolium, Mart. ; n. 1239 from Alagoas, and 2034 from Piauhy, are P. rotun- difolium, Mart. ; and n. 1449, and 2395, from Ceara, are also ` species of PAysostemon. 576. Cleome pungens, Willd.— DC. Prodr. i. p. 239.— Rio Negro, Schomburgk, n. 916; Rio Janeiro, Tweedie, n 1296; Pernambuco, Gardner, n. 916, and in various West Indian and Brazilian collections. 577. C. aculeata, Linn.— DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 241 ^ Pedrerp on the Rio Negro, Schomburgk, n. 862.-.-French Guiana, Leprieur. Gardner's n. 308, from the Organ Mountains, is C. spinosa, his n. 5 and 6, from Rio Janeiro, and 309 from the Organ Mountains; Tweedie’s n. 1295, 1297, and 1298, from Rio Janeiro; and Cuming's n. 967, and 1043, from Lima, are species of Cleome, belonging to the section Pedicellaria; Gardner's n. 917, from Pernambuco, (the same as 1448 from Ceara), and n. 1238 from Alagoas; and T'weedie's n. 1293, and 1294 from Rio Janeiro, are species of the section Siliguaria. 518. Cratzeva acuminata, DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 243.— British Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 341. PorivcGALACEEX. 579. Polygala (Timutua) Timoutou, Aubl.— DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 328,.—Sandy savannahs of Roraima, Schomburgh.— French Guiana, Leprieur, Herb, Par. n. 106. 100 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 580. P. (Timutua) Aygrophila, Humb. et Kunth.—DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 327.—Sandy swamps, British Guiana, Schom- burgh, n. 681. 581. P. (Timutua) longicaulis, Humb. et Kunth.— DC. l.c. Arid savannahs, British Guiana, Schomburgh, n. 166.— French Guiana, Martin, Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 103.— P. incarnata, . Aubl., or P. adenophora, DC., is probably the same species as this one, which varies much in the number and size of the leaves, and in the size and colour of the flowers. The outer sepals are membranous, and, as well as the carina and cap- sule, bear a few rather large glands. 582. P. (Timutua) variabilis, Humb. et Kunth. DC. Prodr. i. 328. British Guiana, Schomburgk.—French Guiana, Le- prieur, Herb. Par. n. 103. 583. P. (Timutua) appressa (sp. n.); annua, glabra, e- glandulosa, caule superne ramoso, foliis remotis linearibus acutis appressis subteretibus, racemis spiciformibus elongatis laxiusculis, alis obovatis capsulam late ellipticam vix superan- tibus, seminibus oblongis hispidis.— P. scoparic affinis, differt floribus minoribus, capsule et foliorum forma, et radice annua. Flores albidi.—Moist savannahs, British Guiana, Schomburgh, n. 81]. 584. P. (Timutua) paludosa, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. ii. 8.— Sandy savannahs, British Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 670. Bahia, Salzmann, Blanchet, n. 2106. South Brazil, Tweedie, &c. 585. P. (Timutua) galioides, Poir.— DC. Prodr. i. 329.— Sandy savannahs, Rio Branco, Schomburgh, n. 823. 986. P. (Senega) violacea, Vahl.—2DC. Prodr. i. 830.— French Guiana, Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 105 ; Bahia, Salz- mann; Pernambuco, Gardner, n. 924, 587. P. (Senega) mollis. Humb. et Kunth.—2D C. 1, c.—Bri- tish Guiana ; Schomburgk, n. 260. 588. P. (Senega) angustifolia, Humb. et Kunth—DC. l. c. —Savannahs British Guiana; Schomburgh. 589. P. (Senega) camporum (sp. n.) ; annua, caule erecto subramoso brevissime puberulo; foliis lanceolato-linearibus SCHOMBURGK’S GUIANA PLANTS, 101 glabris v. vix puberulis, racemis gracilibus laxiusculis, alis late obovatis breviter unguiculatis, carinze nude lobis later- alibus plicatis, stylo geniculato simplici apice substigmate oblique globoso penicillato, capsula oblonga emarginata glab- ra.— Caules 1—2-pedales. Folia inferiora lanceolata, vix pollicaria, obtusiuscula, superiora angustiora, acuminata, us- que ad 3 pollices longa. Racemi laterales, 2—3-pollicares. Pedicelli setacei, floribus subzequilongi. Flores iis P. violacee structura similes sed minores, rosei, Calycis sepala exteri- ora postica ultra medium connata. Als corolla vix longi- ores, capsula matura latiores. Semina P. violacee, retrorsum hirsuta, caruncula fere orbiculata. Dry savannahs of the Rio Branco; Schomburgk, n. 816.— Gardner's n. 2044, from Piauhy, is probably the same species; and 1452, from Ceara, differs slightly in the more hairy stem. The same collector's n. 316, from the Organ Mountains, is P. laureola St Hil., and 2043, from Piauhy, is Monnina cuneata, St Hil. There are besides in Gardner's collections, a considerable number of Polygale, chiefly of the section Timutua, and several of them new. 590. Catocoma lucida, sp. n.— Dry savannahs, Pirara ; Schomburgk, n. 717. Catocoma (gen. nov.)—Comespermata Americana aucto- rum.—Cuar. Gen.— Calyx 5-sepalus, deciduus; Sepala 3 ex- teriora parva, uno postico, duobus anticis, 2 interiora majora aleformia. Petala basi columnze stamineze adnata; anticum magnum, carinzeforme, trilobum; 2 postica oblonga; 2 later- alia minutissima, squameeformia. Stamina 8, ultra medium monadelpha, tubo postice fisso; anther uniloculares, apice poro dehiscentes. Ovarium a latere compressum ; ovula in loculis solitaria, a dissepimenti apice pendula. Stylus termi- nalis, curvatus, deciduus, apice emarginatus, in emarginatura stigmatifer. Capsula compressa, oblongo-cuneata, subcar- nosa, bilocularis, margine loculicide dehiscens. Semina in loculis solitaria, pendula, caruncula umbilicali pilis longissi- mis semen totum involventibus comosa.—Frutices Ameri- cani laxi vel scandentes, habitu et floribus Securidace similes, 102 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. ramis angulatis, foliis alternis ovatis oblongisve coriaceis pen- ninerviis, floribus albidis v. flavicantibus paniculatis breviter pedicellatis, pedicellis basi bibracteolatis in axilla bractez bracteolis subsimiles. The American plants referred to Comesperma are so very different in habit from the original Australian species of that genus, that one would be tempted on that ground alone to consider them as distinct, even were there not characters in the structure of the flower and fruit which appear to me to be important. The corolla of Catocoma is that of a Securi- daca, the two minute scale-like petals placed at the base of the staminal tube being observable in all the species I have examined of both genera; whilst in the true Australian Comespermata, the corolla and staminal tube, as in Polygala, are much more membranous and closely connate without any trace of the lateral petals. "The general resemblance in the form of the fruit, which probably induced the combin- ing the American with the Australian genus, disappears in a great measure on a close examination. "The fruit of Cato- coma is oblong cuneate, always somewhat fleshy, the seed occupies a great portion of the length of the cell, its carun- culus is small, placed at one extremity, and the long hairs which envelop the seed, proceed from the hilum, and are totally distinct from the shorter ones which clothe the seed as in most Polygalacee. In Comesperma, on the other hand, the fruit is spathulate, narrowed into a long kind of stipes at the base; the seed is small, placed at the apex of the cell, the carunculus is linear, extending nearly half way round the seed, and the coma consists merely of the hairs which clothe the testa, and which in this genus are of an extraordinary length. The following are the species of Catocoma which 1 bave examined :— l. C. floribunda ; scandens, foliis supra glabris subtus pu- berulis v. demum glabratis, paniculis tomentellis amplis flori- bundis vix foliatis, alis extus glabris intus puberulis, ovario ovato villoso, stylo leviter incurvo, capsula sericeo-canescente E SCHOMBURGK’S GUIANA PLANTS. 103 — Comesperma floribunda, St Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. ii. 55. t. 9],— Ceara; Gardner, n. 1455, and Piauhy, n. 2041. 2. C. laurifolia; scandens, foliis supra glabris subtus pu- berulis v. demum glabratis, paniculis laxis foliatis, alis dorso glabris, ovario obovato glabro, stylo longe geniculato, cap- sula glabra. Comesperma laurifolia, St Hil. 1. c. ii. 56.— Pernambuco; Garcner, n. 923. Brasilia tropica; Sellow. | 3. C. lucida (supra); fruticosa, foliis supra glabris subtus tomentoso pubescentibus v. demum glabris, paniculis foliatis, sepalis omnibus dorso puberulis, ovario ovato glabro, stylo geniculato, capsula glabra.—Frutex 12—15-pedalis. Ramuli dense tomentosi. Rami glabrati. Folia juniora utrinque tomento mox deciduo pubescentia. Flores minores quam in C. laurifolia, ex flavo et albo variegati. Ovarium et stylus ut in icone C. Kunthiane. Capsula oblonga, 7— 9-lin. longa, basi parum angustata. ——À specimen gathered by Mr Lock- hart in Trinidad, differs slightly from Schomburgk’s, in a somewhat shorter and more emarginated capsule. 4. C. Kunthiana.—Comesperma Kunthiana, St Hil. l. c. ii. 54. t. 90. — Of this I have only a specimen in fruit from Rio Janeiro, and have therefore not examined the flowers. They are however fully described in the work quoted. 5 C. brevifolia; fruticosa, foliis late ovatis obovatisve utrinque tomentoso-pubescentibus, supra demum glabris, panicula oblonga densa, alis obovatis dorso glabris, ovario ovato villoso, stylo incurvo, capsulis basi longe angustatis glabris.—Serra Acurua in the province of Bahia; Blanchet, n., 2926, and Villa do Barra on the Rio Negro, n. 3089 of the same collector. 591. Securidaca marginata (sp. n.) ; scandens, foliis ovatis obtusis 4marginatis basi cordatis utrinque ramisque glabris, panicula laxa vix tomentella, alis maximis late orbiculatis, carinze lobis brevissimis, lateralibus latissimis margine plicatis, intermedia minuta fimbriata. —Specimen unicum, foliis mar- gine incrassatis ab omnibus distinctum. Flores in genere majusculi, rosei. Petala antica obovata, unguiculata, Fruc- tus junior lateraliter inappendiculatus est; maturum non vidi. — Banks of brooks and rivers, British Guiana, Schomburghk. 104 SCHOMBURGK’S GUIANA PLANTS. 592. S. latifolia (sp. n.); scandens, foliis ovatis emargi- natis basi late obtusis supra glabris subtus tenuissime tomen- tellis, panicula laxa tomentella, alis maximis late orbiculatis glabris, carinze lobis lateralibus latissimis margine subplica- tis, intermedia erecto-recurva fimbriata cristeeformi a dorso libera.— Pirara ; Schomburgk, n. 714, in some sets. 593. S. pubiflora (sp. n.) ; scandens, foliis ovatis v. ovali-ob- longis obtusiusculis basi rotundatis angustatisve supra glabris subtus vix puberulis, panicula tomentella, alis obovato-orbi- culatis in unguem angustatis extus pubescentibus, carinae lobis lateralibus orbiculatis, intermedia parva reflexa dorso subadnata complicata cristato-fimbriata.— British Guiana, Schomburgh, n. 114, in some sets. 594. S. pubescens, DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 341.— Deless. Ic. Sel. iii. t. 22, — French Guiana, Herb. Par. n. 55. Gardner's n. 10, from Rio Janeiro is S. lanceolata, St Hil.; n. 922 from Pernambuco is very near to that species, and to S. mollis, Humb. et Kunth, but appears different from either; it is also in Salzmann's Bahia collection; n. 1456 of Gard- ner's Ceara collection is very near to S. divaricata, Mart., if not the same species. Amongst the Sierra Leone plants collected by Mr G. Don for the Horticultural Society, are two Polygalacee, allied to Securidaca, which tend much to elucidate the true structure of the flower in this order, as noticed by R. Brown, who alludes to one or both of them as an undescribed genus in his Appendix to Flinders’ Voyage, (Verm. Schr. i. 28.) These plants have since been published by G. Don, (Gen. Syst. i. 370), under the name of Carpolobia, a genus in which he has comprised a leguminous plant, (Delaria, Desv. ; Car- polobia dubia, G. Don), and a fourth species unknown to me, perhaps a Securidaca. As the generic character drawn up partly from one, partly from another, of these heterogeneous plants, is wholly unintelligible, and not applicable to any one species, I take this opportunity of subjoining an amended character derived from the two which I have examined, and which I believe to be G. Don's C. lutea and C. alba. Calyx 5 sepalus, deciduus, sepalis inzequalibus, interioribus fF em SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS: 105 majoribus. Petala 5, basi tubo stamineo adnata, postica et lateralia oblonga, in unguem angustata, inter se subequalia, anticum amplum, carineeforme, integrum v. apice brevissime cristato-lobatum. Stamina 5 fertilia, filamentis basi in tubum coalitis, apice longe liberis, antheris unilocularibus apice transversim dehiscentibus, filamenta sterilia brevia 1—3 inter fertilia interjecta. Ovarium oblique oblongum ineequaliter biloculare, ovulis in quoque loculo solitariis pendulis. Zruc- tus carnosus, globoso-trigonus, abortu unilocularis. Semen pendulum, estrophiolatum, pilis longis sericeis sursum (ver- sus hilum) tendentibus obtectum. Albumen carnosum. Cotyledones foliaces, tenues. adicula brevis ad hilum spectans.—Frutices Africæ tropice, foliis (Securidace) ovatis acuminatis, racemis brevibus axillaribus paucifloris. 595. Krameria ixina, L. DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 341.—A single specimen in fruit only, gathered by Schomburgk in the ex- pedition to Roraima.— Gardner's n. 2042, from Piauhy, is K. latifolia, Moric., and n. 925, from Pernambuco, is a species allied to K. tomentosa, St Hil., but probably new. DRosERACER. 596. Drosera dentata (sp. n.) ; foliis radicalibus brevissime petiolatis subexstipulatis orbiculato-spathulatis, apice obtu- sissime dentato-ciliatis, supra margineque ciliato-glandulosis, scapo erecto tenui glabro foliis rhachique multoties longiore, calycibus profunde 5-fidis obtusis glanduloso-pubescentibus. —Species pusilla. Folia vix semipollicaria, petiolo brevissi- me dilatato margine prope basin utrinque ciliis 1—2 eglan- dulosis aucto. Stipulas preeter cilias petioli nullas video. Scapus gracilis, 4—6-pollicaris. Flores 3—5. Bracteæ brevissimee. Pedicelli breves. Lacinize calycine oblonge, obtuse. Stylus 5-partitus, stigmatibus brevissime penicillato- multifidis. Semina ovoidea, leviter tuberculata.— Moist savannahs, British Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 102, VIOLACEX. 597. Calyptrion Aubletii, Ging. in DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 289. British Guiana, Schomburgh, n. 214 in the earlier sets. Vol. IV.— No. 26. o 166 | SCHOMBURGK’S GUIANA PLANTS. 598. C. nitidum (sp. n.); caule albo-punctato, foliis obo- vato-oblongis acutiusculis serratis basi angustatis, supra gla- bris nitidis, subtus sparse pubescentibus, sepalis ovato-lance- olatis ciliatis.—Folia minora quam in C. Aubletii, non acumi- nata. Flores multo minores tenuiores.—British Guiana, Schomburgh, n. 214, in the later sets. 599. Ionidium Zpecacuanha, Vent.—St Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. ii. p. 144.— Pombalia Itubu, DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 307.—Dry savannahs, British. Guiana, Schomburgk n. 681. French Guiana, Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 118, Piauhy, Gard- ner, n. 2039.— Gardner's n. 1241 from Alagoas, n. 2037, 2040, from Piauhy, and n. 2397, from Ceara, are all closely allied to this species. 600. I. oppositifolium, Ram, et Schult. Syst. v. v. p. 395.— 1. angustifolium, Humb. et Kunth.— DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 309? Banks of the Rupunoony, Schomburghk, n. 121. Gardner's n. 313, from the Organ Mountains, and n. 2038, from Piauhy, are also species of Zonidium. 601. Amphirrox longifolia, Spr. Syst. cur. post. 99.—Spa- thularia longifolia, St Hil.—S. Isabel on the Rio Negro, Schomburgh. French Guiana, Martin. Rio Janeiro, Gard- ner, n, 8. 602. Alsodeia ffavescens, Spr. Syst. v. i. p. 806.— Conohorea Passoura, DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 312.—British Guiana, Schom- burgk, n. 119, and 336. 603. A. pubiflora (sp. n.) ; foliis suboppositis ovato v. obo- vato-oblongis acuminatis subserratis, racemis simplicibus, rhachi ramulisque villosulis, pedicellis calyce longioribus, squamulis stamineis nullis, filamentis antherarum loculis eequi- longis, ovulis lateralibus.—Folia et habitus A. laxiflore. Racemi densiores, vix folio longiores. Flores minores pedi- celis brevioribus. Petala extus pubescentia. Ovula in quaque placenta plura.— Banks of rivers, British Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 513. 604. A. brevipes (sp. n.) ; ramulis hispidis, foliis suboppo- sitis oblongis v. ovato-oblongis acuminatis subserratis, race- mis simplicibus folio brevioribus, pedicellis calyce brevioribus; - csi RRQ—Á SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 107 filamentis e squamula ortis, antherarum loculis brevioribus, ovulis adscendentibus.—Folia et habitus, fere A. pubiflore, et A. laziflorz. Folia seepius longiora. Racemi folio multo breviores. Bracteæ et sepala pubescentia, Petala glabra. Ovula in quaque placenta 1—2. Banks of the Rio Quitaro, Schomburgk, n. 514. 605. A. laxiflora (sp. n.) ; ramulis hispidis, foliis subop- positis rarius alternis ovali-oblongis acuminatis, obscure cre- nato-serratis, racemis simplicibus laxis, pedicellis flores zquantibus, filamentis basi squamulatis antherarum loculis brevioribus, ovulis adscendentibus.—Frutex rarius divari- catus. Folia pleraque bipollicaria, nonnunquam 21 v. fere 3 poll. longa. Racemi folio longiores, rhachi tomentosa. Pedicelli 2 lin. longi. Petala glabra.— Conohoria castaneze- folia, Hook. Ic. Pl. i. t. 63. non St Hil.—Banks of the Rupu- noony, Schomburgk, n. 125. 606. A. racemosa, Mart. in DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 313.— Rio Negro, Schomburgk, n. 947. Gardner's n. 7, and Tweedie’s n. 1248, both from Rio Janeiro, are A. physiphora, Mart.—Gardner's n. 203, from Rio, is the Brasilian form of A. Rinorea, perhaps different from Aublet’s plant. 607. Sauvagesia elata (sp. n.) ; herbacea, erecta, foliis ob- longo-lanceolatis utrinque angustatis obscure serratis, floribus fasciculato-racemosis, sepalis ovali-oblongis seta terminatis, petalis spathulatis calyce brevioribus, filis numerosis.—Spe- cies magnitudine omnium partium distincta. Caulis, teste Schomburgkio, herbaceus, in speciminibus sublignosus vide- tur. Folia 3—4-pollicaria. Stipule semipollicares v. lon- giores, lanceolate, profunde setaceo-pinnatifide. Racemi 4—6-pollicares, ipsi aphylli, ad apices ramulorum v. in axillis foliorum superiorum paniculam foliatam formantes. Pedi- celli nunc solitarii, saepius plures fasciculati, bracteolis seta- ceo-multifidis pedicello brevioribus suffulti.— Flores dimidio fere majores quam in S. erecta. Petala angusta, fere ungui- culata, decidua. Stamina persistentia, petaloidea petalis parum breviora, filiformia apice clavata iis dimidio breviora, 108 SCHOMBURGK’S GUIANA PLANTS. petaloideis subzequilonga. Capsula ovoidea, calyce parum longior. Semina numerosa, scrobiculata.—Edges of brooks, British Guiana, Schomburgh, n. 235. : 608. S. erecta, L.—DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 315.— Islands o the Essequibo, savannahs of Anna-y, &c., Schomburgh, n. 9, 163, and 376, French Guiana, Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 108; Peru, Mathews, n. 1995; Pernambuco, Gardner, n. 920, and in almost all Brazilian collections. 609. S. Sprengelii, A. de St Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. ii. p. 152.—Arid savannahs of Anna-y, Schomburgh, n. 162. French Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 107, and in Salz- mann’s and other Brazilian collections. 610. S. tenella, Lam.—DC, Prodr. v. i. p. 316.— French Guiana, Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 110. Amongst the plants collected by Martin in French Guiana are specimens of two species, one of which has been referred, in a set received by Sir W. J. Hooker from Mr Lambert, to the Paypayrola of Aublet. Upon examination, however, notwithstanding some general resemblance in habit, it proved to be a totally different plant, and as the two species in ques- tion appear to form a new genus amongst the parietal orders, allied in some respects to Violacee, in other perhaps to Samy- dacee, I here subjoin the characters, in as far as I am able to give them without having seen the fruit, Pericuisti4,— CHAR. GEN.— Sepala 5, estivatione imbri- cata, persistentia. Petala 5, cum staminibus hypogyna, lan- ceolato-linearia, convoluto-imbricata, crassa, per anthesin erecta, apice clausa et subconnata, Stamina fertilia 5; fila- menta brevia in tubum connata, tubo inter antheras nonnun- quam dentibus (staminibus sterilibus ?) aucto ; anthere ad apicem tubi sessiles, introrsz, biloculares, loculis longitudi- naliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile, oblongum, unilocu- lare, placentis tribus parietalibus, ovulis numerosis. Stylus simplex, stigmate obtuso.— Frutices, inflorescentia excepta» glabri. Folia alterna, breviter petiolata, integerrima, cori- acea. Stipule integrae, lanceolate, deciduz v. persistentes. ee SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 109 Flores in racemis brevibus terminalibus fasciculati, brevissi- me pedicellati. Bracteze parva, fusce.—Sp. 1. P. latifolia, foliis ovato-ellipticis acuminatis basi parum angustatis, sepalis lato-ovatis pubescentibus, staminum tubo inter antheras den- tifero.—Folia 6—8-pollicaria. Stipule decidua. Racemi vix pollicares. Bractese minimse, ovate. ^ Sepala valde in- sequalia obtusissima, majora interiora 13 lin. longa. Corolla 9 lin. longa, genitalia duplo superans, tenuis, basi incrassata. Petalum intimum superne conduplicatum, cetera valde im- bricata, se invicem involventia. Ovarium glabrum, antheris æquilongum. Stylus antheras duplo superans.—2. P. longi- folia, foliis oblongis-acuminatis basi longe angustatis, sepalis ovali-oblongis obtusiusculis glabris, tubo stamineo inter an- theras integro.—Folia 6—8-pollicaria, dimidio angustiora quam in precedente. Stipulæ lanceolate, petiolo parum breviores, persistentes. Corolla tenuior et paullo longior quam in P, /atifolia. SAMYDACEZ. 611. Casearia (Iroucana) spinosa, Willd. ?—2DC. Prodr. v. ii p. 49? ramulis hirtellis, hinc inde spinescentibus, foliis ovatis breviter et obtuse acuminatis leviter serratis basi ro- tundatis angustatisve punctatis, pedicellis axillaribus glome- ratis, calycibus 5-fidis obtusis pubescentibus, antheris 8 ob- longo-linearibus, stigmate capitato.— Ramuli spinescentes pauci. Rami interdum omnino inermes. Stipule parvee, deciduz. Glomeruli florum sessiles, multiflori. Pedicelli flore longiores. Calyx circa 2 lin. longus. Anthere non apiculate, glabree. Stamina sterilia oblonga, obtusa, ciliata. Ovarium villosum, in stylum ovario ipso zquilongo angusta- tum. Stigma capitatum.— British Guiana, Schomburgh, n. 969. Casearia is divided by Endlicher (Gen. p. 917.) into two primary sections, according to whether the stamens are below 20, or 24, and upwards; but here appears to be a mistake, as in the first section the sterile stamina are not reckoned, whilst they are included amongst the 24 to 50 stamina of the second 110 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. section. I would therefore join a portion of the last division of the first section with the second section, and divide the genus as follows :— l. Hexanthera, Endl.—Stamina fertilia 6. Stylus indi- visus. 2. Iroucana, Aubl.—Stamina fertilia 8. Stylus indivisus. Fructus crassus valde carnosus. Semina pulpa nidulantia. 3. Pitumba, Aubl.—Stamina fertilia 10 rarius 12. Stylus indivisus. Fructus parvus, coriaceo-carnosus, epulposus. Folia seepissime punctata. 4. Crateria.—Stamina fertilia 10. Stylus apice trifidus. Fructus coriaceus, subcarnosus, trigonus, epulposus. Seminum axillus multifidus. Folia punctata. 5. Piparea, Aubl.—Stamina fertilia 12—15 rarius 10. Stylus apice trifidus. Fructus ut in Crateria. Folia coria- cea, impunctata. 'There are no species hitherto described, with less than 6 fertile stamina, (or 12, including the sterile ones,) or with more than 15 fertile stamina, (or 30 altogether.) 612. C. (Iroucana) brevipes (sp. n.) ; ramulis tomentosis demum glabratis hinc inde spinescentibus, foliis ovatis brevi- ter et obtuse acuminatis leviter serrato-crenatis basi rotunda- tis glabris punctatis, floribus axillaribus subsolitariis majus- culis, sepalis membranaceis obtusis, antheris 8 ovatis, stylo brevi indiviso, stigmate capitato.—Rami crassi; ramuli in- terdum in spinas validas subfoliatas abeunt, stipulae minute subpersistentes. Petioli breves. Folia 2—4-pollicaria. Pedi- celli flore multo breviores, seepissime solitarii, nonnunquam bini v. terni. Alabastri tomentelli. Calyces patentes, 6 lin. diametro. Stamina alte connata; filamenta glabra, stami- nibus sterilibus parum longiora, antherz ovatæ, non apicu- late, glabree ; stamina sterilia lata, truncata, ciliata. Ovari- um villosum. Capsula crassa globosa. Semina in quaque placenta 1—2 axillus lacerus, at non ut in Crateria, comosus. —Savannahs, Pirara; Schomburgh, n. 113. A species which I have from Martin's Guiana collection, from Salzmann's Bahia collection, and from Alagoas, Gard- i i f f H SCHOMBURGK’sS GUIANA PLANTS, Lit ner, n. 1267, has the leaves as figured by Aublet, in his Zrou- cana Guianensis, from three to five inches long, with the fruit three or four lines in diameter. Vahl reduces the Zroucana to his C. ramiflora, from St Croix, but describes the leaves as two inches long, and the fruit as of the size of a grain of pepper. The two are therefore perhaps distinct. Gardner's n. 2312, which I have in fruit only, is probably an undescribed species of thissection. Blanchet's n.3119, from Villado Barra, is very near Aublet’s Zroucana, but has much larger stipules, smaller flowers, and the anthers very short and apiculated. 613. C. (Pitumba) macrophylla, Vahl.— DC. Prodr. v. ii. p. 50.—French Guiana, Herb. Par. n. 95 and 96.—C. mollis, of Humb. and Kunth, is closely allied to this species, and scarcely differs but in the hairiness of the leaves. 614. C. (Pitumba) stipularis, Vent.— DC. Prodr. v. ii. p. 50. — Rocky situations, Pirara; Schomburgk, n. 104. I have it also from the West Indies, and from Brazil. Gardners n. 1524, and 1525, from Ceara, appear to be both of them the C. grandifora, St Hil.—C. hypoleuca, Mart. is closely allied to the above two species. 615. C. (Pitumba) petrea (sp. n.) ; foliis ovali-ellipticis acu- minatis mucronato-serrulatis basi rotundatis utrinque ramu- lisque rufo-pubescentibus punctatis, floribus parvis, umbellis axillaribus sessilibus, calyce tomentoso 5-fido laciniis ovato- orbiculatis, staminibus fertilibus 10 calyce paullo brevioribus, stylo indiviso.—4A descriptione C. hirsute differt umbellis ax- illaribus, laciniarum calycis forma, etc.; a C. rufescente, St Hil. foliis majoribus supra pubescentibus aliisque notis. Frutex est. Folia 3—4-pollicaria, utrinque prsesertim sub- tus molliter pubescentia, crebre punctata. Flores multo minores quam in C. stipulari, majores quam in C. parviflora, Filamenta sterilia angusta, hirta; fertilia glabra. Antherae breves, connectivo apiculate, et pilis paucis brevibus ciliate. Ovarium pubescens, stylo brevi, stigmate capitato.—Stony savannahs, Pirara, Schomburgh, n. 118. Of the section Pitumba, I have also examined Gardner’s n. 348, from the Organ Mountains, which may be C. pauci- 112 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. fiora, St Hilaire; Mathew's n. 1649, from Peru ; Gardner's n. 1409, from Alagoas; and n. 1527, from Ceara; Blanchet's n. 2824, from Serra Acurua, and C. sylvestris, from Martin's Guiana collection. Gardners n. 961, from Pernambuco, is a narrow-leaved form of C. parviflora. Some specimens I have from Jamaica, have the leaves rather broader; and in Wydler's Porto Rico specimens, they are twice as large, being five to six inches long, and two to three broad. In all these the style is not perceptibly divided, and the stigmata are almost confluent, thus placing the species amongst the true Pitumbas; but in . Sellow's Brasilian specimens, the style is evidently trifid as described by St Hilaire, and as observable in other Craterias, I am therefore inclined to think that two species have been confounded under the name of C. parviflora. I have only seen the fruit in Sellow's specimens. Gardner's n. 160, and Tweedie’s n. 1153, both from Rio Janeiro, belong to a species allied to, but perhaps again dis- tinct from, either of the two above-mentioned. The leaves are firmer, the flowers larger, and the stamens longer. The style is shortly trifid. 616. C. (Crateria) carpinifolia (sp. n.); ramulis tomen- tellis demum glabratis, foliis ovatis v. ovali-oblongis acumi- natis serrulatis basi rotundatis v. vix angustatis utrinque glabris crebre punctatis, umbellis sessilibus, floribus pube- scentibus 5-fidis, staminibus fertilibus 10, calyce parum bre- vioribus, filamentis ciliatis, antheris ovato-globosis, stylo trifido.— C. inequilatere affinis, sed folia basi subzequalia, minus nitida, et flores duplo majores. Folia 14—3-pollicaria. © Pedicelli graciles, petiolo equilongi. Calyx fere 1 lin. lon- gus, laciniis orbiculatis ciliatis dorso pubescentibus. Fructus non vidi.—Skirts of wooded savannahs, Schomburgh, n. 103, and 263.— Ceara, Gardner, n. 1528, and Piauhy, Gardner, n. 2455. Gardner's n. 336, from the Organ mountains, is C. inequi- latera, St Hil. ; n. 335, from the same station, is a new one belonging to the same section. xe——M ee =O co To SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 113 617. C. (Piparea) Javitensis, Humb. et Kunth.— DC. Prodr. v. ii. p. 51.— Gathered on the Rio Quitaro, and in the expe- dition to the Orinoco ; Schomburgh, n. 592, and 996. 618. C. (Piparea) densiflora, (sp. n.); foliis brevissime petiolatis ovali-ellipticis breviter et late acuminatis obscure crenatis utrinque glabris coriaceis nitidis impunctatis, floribus axillaribus subsessilibus capitato-congestis dense pubescenti- bus 12—15-antheris rarissime 10-antheris 5-fidis, stylo trifido. —Arbor parva v. frutex elata. Ramuli juniores puberuli. Folia 3—4-pollicaria. Stipulæ lanceolato-lineares, deciduz. Flores albi, in axillis numerosi, fere omnino sessiles. Caly- cis lacinize ovato-oblongz, obtusa, extus dense sericeo-pubes- centes, intus glabriusculae. Stamina fertilia calyce longiora, glabra; sterilia brevia, lineari-spathulata, villosa. Ovarium villosulum. Stylus glaber, longitudine staminum, stigmati- bus ad apices ramorum capitatis.— British Guiana ; Schom- burgh, n. 143, and 386. 619. C. (Piparea) laurifolia (sp. n.); folis brevissime petiolatis ovali-oblongis longiuscule acuminatis integerrimis v. vix serrulatis utrinque glabris coriaceis nitidis impunctatis, floribus axillaribus glomeratis dense pubescentibus 12—15- antheris 5-fidis, pedicellis calyce vix brevioribus.— C. densi- Jlore simillima et forte mera varietas, foliorum forma et flori- bus pedicellatis diversa.— British Guiana; Schomburgh, n. 140, and 342. . I have more or less examined, besides the above, eight species belonging to the section Piparea, viz :—C. Commerso- niana, St Hil., (which is Gardner's n. 21, and is in Tweedie’s, and other Rio Janeiro collections) ; Gardner's 960, and 1144 from Pernambuco, 1268 from Alagoas, and 1526 from Ceara; Cuming's 1274 from Panama, and two other Brasilian species in Pohl’s collection. I have however only seen the fruit in four of these species. Bixacez, 620. Bixa Orellana L.—2DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 259.— Wild Arnotto." — Banks of Rivers, British Guiana ; Schomburgh, n. 170. Journ. of Bot. Vol. 1V. No. 27, August, 1841. P 114 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 621. Mayna paludosa (sp. n.) ; glabra, foliis elliptico-oblon- gis integerrimis longe acuminatis, racemis petiolo brevioribus ramulisque junioribus viscidulis, calyce glabro viscoso, petalis sex calycem zquantibus.— Frutex orgyalis. Folia 6—10- polliearia, margine interdum sinuato-undulata, acumine angusto pollicari. Petiolus 1—14-pollicaris, apice incrassa- tus. Stipule minute, subulate. Racemi 10—12-flori. Pedicelli solitarii v. rarius bini, 2—3-lin. longi, e tuberculo glanduloso post flores delapsos persistente orti. Flores pleri- que masculi, hinc inde pauci ad apices racemorum herma- phroditi. Sepala 3, late ovata, obtusissima, concava, 2 lin, longa, petaloidea, alba, zestivatione valde imbricata. Petala semper sex vidi, oblonga, obtusa, sepalis subeequilonga, æsti- vatione imbricata. Stamina circa 20, petalis subsequilonga; filamenta antheris breviora; antherze oblongo-lineares, bilo- culares, loculis apice breviter solutis et demum divergentibus, rima longitudinali ab apice fere ad basin dehiscentibus- Ovarium in floribus hermaphroditis sessile, subglobosum, glabrum, leviter costatum, costis transversim in granulas di- visis. In floribus masculis ovarii vestigium nullum. Stylus simplex, staminibus parum longior, glaber, apice brevissime trilobus, lobis margine stigmatiferis. Placentæ tres, parie- tales, ovulis numerosis. Fructus globosus, indehiscens, grosse tuberculatus, 6 lin. diametro, abortu monospermus ?— Lagoons at Pedrero on the Rio Negro ; Schomburgk, n. 920. 622. M. laxiflora (sp. n.); glabra, foliis oblongis utrinque angustatis acuminatis, racemis petiolo longioribus, petalis 8—9.—Folia angustiora quam in M. paludosa. Racemi sæpius bipollicares, visciduli, multiflori. Pedicelli semipol- licares, solitarii bini v. bifidi. Flores magnitudine M. palu- dose, Sepala tenuiter membranacea. Stamina circa 30; filamenta antheris equilonga. Ovarium M. paludose. Styli lobi breves, reflexi, acuti, apice stigmatiferi. Fructus globo- sus, 4 lin. diametro, coriaceo-carnosus, tuberculato-rugosus, indehiscens. Semen abortu unicum, haemisphaericum, testa cornea, hilo magno, albumine copioso carnoso, embryone recto (orthotropo ?)— Omapitannau of the Tamina Indians. soana m dee RR SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 115 Gathered in the expedition to the Orinoco, in 2° N. latitude; Schomburgh. - In Martin's Guiana collection is a third new species of the interesting genus Mayna, which may be thus characterized : M. denticulata, ramulis petiolisque pubescentibus, foliis ob- longo-ellipticis acuminatis margine remote calloso-denticula- tis, petalis sex calyce duplo longioribus. Gardner’s 310 from the Organ Mountains, is the Boca serrata of the Flora Fluminensis, a species of Banara; his 1451 from Ceara is another Banara; 1476 from Ceara is a Prockia. HoMALINEX. 623. Homalium Racoubea, Sw.— DC. Prodr. v. ii. p. 253. — Banks of Rivers, British Guiana; Schomburgk, n. 225. TuRNERACEX. 624. Turnera ulmifolia L.—2DC. Prodr. v. ii. p. 346.— British Guiana; Schomburgh, n. 123, and 213. vs Dsaxi; T'wee- die, Blanchet, n. 2613, Salzmann, &c. Gardner's n. 1026 from Pernambuco, is 7. trioniftrora; Sims, probably not distinct from T. cuneiformis Juss., which again is very near the very variable T. ulmifolia. 625. T. opifera Mart. Reise, 552.—DC. Prodr. v. iii. p. 346, (ubi mendo typographico T. apifera dicitur.)—Dry savannahs, Pirára; Schomburgk, n. 754.— Piauhy ; Gardner, n, 2175. 626. T. Guianensis, Aubl.—J2D C. Prodr. v. iii. p. 347.—Dry savannahs, British Guiana; Schomburghk, n. 105.—' The leaves are generally nearly entire, and many are frequently without glands. The flowers, as in others of the first or petioliflor- ous group, are sessile on the petiole of the floral leaf, which forms the third bract mentioned by Aublet, and has fre- quently two glands at its base. I am therefore inclined to think that 7. pinifolia, St Hil., may be the same plant. Gardner's n. 2180, from Piauhy, appears to be 7. capi- tata, St Hil.; Blanchet's 3097, from Villa do Barra, is T. hermannioides, St Hil., Gardner's 1247, from Alagoas, 1471, 116 SCHOMBURGK’S GUIANA PLANTS. 1667, and 2404, from Ceara, and 2062, 2171, and 2176 from Piauhy, are all probably newspecies of the petioliflorous group. 627. T. aurantiaca (sp. n.) ; fruticosa, foliis ovatis v. ovato- lanceolatis acutis serrato-crenatis basi rotundatis supra glabris subtus ramulisque parce strigoso-pubescentibus, petiolo bi- glanduloso, pedunculis axillaribus unifloris liberis, bracteolis ovali-oblongis foliaceis, calycibus strigoso-puberulis.— Folia 2—3-pollicaria. Pedicelli rigiduli, pollicares v. paullo lon- giores. Bracteole semi-pollicares, basi angustatee, margine nonnunquam serraturis paucis notate. Calycis tubus brac- teolis paullo longior, laciniz lanceolate, longe acuminate, tubo longiores. Petala obovata, aurantiaca, calycis lacinias paullo superantia. Ovarium villosum, Styli 3, apice mul- tifidi. Capsula bracteolis dimidio fere brevior, villosa, val- vulis, coriaceis usque ad basin fissis. Semina profunde sul- cata.—Sandy plains on the Essequibo and Rupunoony; Schomburgh, n. 291. 628. T. velutina (sp. n.); fruticosa, foliis ovatis v. ovali- oblongis obtusis crenatis basi cordatis supra pubescentibus subtus ramulisque velutino-tomentosis, petiolo biglanduloso, pedunculis axillaribus unifloris liberis, bracteolis parvis subu- latis, calycibus velutino-tomentosis.—Hamuli juniores to- mento denso flavescentes, rami demum glabrati. Folia 1— 21-pollicaria, crassiuscula, mollia. Stipule parvze, setaceæ. Pedunculi vix semipollicares. Calyces 9—10 lin. longi, tubo laciniis parum breviore. Petala obovata, aurantiaca, laci- nias calycinas superantia. Ovarium villosissimum. Styli 3, apice multifidi.—Among rocks, British Guiana; Schomburgh, n, 626. 629. 'T. parviflora (sp. n.) ; fruticosa, foliis ovatis v. ovali- oblongis acutiusculis serrato-crenatis basi cuneatis supra hir- tellis subtus ramulisque tomentoso-villosis eglandulosis, flori- bus axillaribus subsessilibus solitariis, bracteolis linearibus; calycibus pilosis.— Frutex 6—8-pedalis, ramosissimus. Folia 1—2-pollicaria, odoratissima, petiolo 2—3-lin. longo. Pedi- celli brevissimi, liberi. Bracteole 3— 31 lin. longa. Caly- ces vix 4 lin. longi. Petala lacinias calycinas paullo super- SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 117 antia. Ovarium villosissimum. Styli 3, pilosissimi, apice glabri breviter fissi. Capsula villosa, bracteolis brevior.— I should have taken this for the T. odorata of Richard, with whose very short and imperfect diagnosis it agrees, but that Kunth states his 7. mollis to be very near to T. odorata, which would lead one to infer that the latter is a petioliffo- rous species. T. tomentosa, Humb. et Kunth, may be the same as my 7. parviflora, but that Kunth describes it as having hexamerous flowers. He saw however but one flower; and that may have been hexamerous by accident.— Savannahs of the Rupunoony; Schomburgk.—French Guiana, Herb. Par. n. 121. The three preceding species, as well as Gardner's n. 2179 from Piauhy, which is I believe an undescribed one, belong to De Candolle's second group, with persistent bracteolæ, as in the petioliflore, but with free uniflorous axillary pedun- cle. De Candolle's third group has generally the inflores- cence and habit of Piriqueta, and can only be distinguished from that genus by the inspection of the styles. I have no species of this group in the Guiana collections before me; but besides the West Indian T. cistoides, and several Brazilian ones, in my herbarium, I refer to it, as far as I can ascertain from my specimens, the Nos. 1665, 1666, 1668, and 2416 of Gardner, from Ceara, and 2172, 2174, and 2177 from Piauhy. The T. salicifolia, St Hil., (which I have among T'weedie's Rio Janeiro plants, and is the Corchorus grandiflorus, Spreng., in my set at least, of Martius's Herbarium Flore Brasiliensis,) the T. sidefolia, St Hil., and Gardner's n. 2173 from Piauhy, a new species allied to the last mentioned one, are remark- able from their two or many-flowered peduncles. In other respects they agree with De Candolle's third group. 630. Piriqueta villosa, Aubl.— DC. Prodr. v. iii. p. 348.— Sands of the Essequibo ; Schomburgk, n. 189. French Guia- na; Herb. Par. n. 44, and probably Pernambuco; Gardner, n. 929; but in the latter instance the flowers of my specimen are all fallen off. 631, P. lanceolata (sp. n.); foliis subsessilibus lanceolatis 118 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. obtusiusculis remote serratis basi rotundatis supra tubercu- loso-pubescentibus subtus molliter tomentosis.— Evidently very near to P. tomentosa of Humboldt and Kunth, with whose description it agrees in every respect, except that the leaves are more sessile, longer, and much rounded, or even nearly cordate at the base.— Banks of the Rupunoony; Schom- burgk, n. 127, in some sets. MALVACEJE. 632. Pavonia typhalea, Cav.—DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 443.— On the Essequibo; Schomburgh, n. 137, and in several West Indian and Brazilian collections. Gardner's n. 324, from the Organ Mountains, is a new species allied to P. typhalea, but remarkable for the solitary arista on each coccus; n. 322, from the same locality, is P. sepium, St Hil., or P. flava, Spreng., the number of leaf- lets of the outer calyx varying from five to eight on the same specimens, although it be most frequently even on Martius's specimens five or six. ] 633. P. speciosa, Humb. et Kunth.— DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 443.— Arid savannahs, Pirara, and on the Rupunoony, Schomburgk, n. 253. Gardner's n. 2398, from Ceara, allied to this species, is, as far as I can ascertain from my imperfect specimens, the P. pellita, Humb. et Kunth. 634. P. bracteosa (sp. n.) ; fruticosa, molliter incano-to- mentosa, foliis ovato-orbiculatis obtusis v. vix acuminatis basi profunde cordatis, floralibus sessilibus basi subcoloratis, flori- bus sessilibus, involucri foliolis linearibus apice uncinato re- flexis, coccis 5 glabris.— Frutex 6—8-pedalis. Folia breviter petiolata, 1—2 poll. longa, crenata, reticulato-rugosa ; utrin- que pube molli presertim subtus canescenti-tomentosa, minute pellucido-punctata. Stipule parvae, setaces. Flores in apicibus ramulorum congesta, foliis floralibus caulinis sub- conformibus at minoribus circumdate. — Foliola calycis exte- rioris circiter 1], lineari-subulata hispida, apice lamina foliacea latiore reflexa supra basin affixa appendiculata, ca- SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS, 119 lyci interiori subzequilonga. Calyx interior late campanula- tus, semi-5-fidus, laciniis ovatis, extus tomentoso-pubescens, intus fere glaber. Corolla ampla, glabra. Tubus stami- neus in toto fere longitudine antherifer. Cocci membranacei, dorso dehiscentes, leves, monospermi.—Moist savannahs, British Guiana; Schomburgk, n. 68; Ceara; Gardner, n. 1458; Bahia; Salzmann. This is probably the plant described by A. de St Hilaire, as P. sessilifiora, but it cannot be the spe- cies to which that name was originally given by Kunth, as he expressly describes the ovary and cocci as hispid, besides that the form of the leaves is not the same. 635. P. cancellata, Cav.—2D C. Prodr. v.i. p. 444.—8Savan- nahs, British Guiana; Schomburgk, n. 273. Bahia; Gardner, n. 865; Piauhy, Gardner, n. 2049. 636. P. angustifolia (sp. n.); herbacea, erecta, tota pilis stellatis rufis hispida, foliis lanceolatis crenulatis inferioribus - basi sublobatis, floribus ad apices ramorum aggregatis, caly- cis exterioris foliolis circa 10 subulatis, interiore paullo lon- giore laciniis ovatis, corolla ampla glabra, coccis reticulatis inermibus.— Folia rigidula, 2—3-pollicaria, distantia, utrin- que uti caulis inflorescentia et calyces pilis crebris stellatis scabro-hispida. Flores in apices ramulorum 3—5, subcapi- tati. Pedicelli crassi, calyce breviores. Calyx 4 lin. longus. Petala sesquipollicaria. "Tubus stamineus in toto fere longi- tudine antherifer, corolla paullo brevior; stigmata 10; geni- talia tamen in flore unico manco vix rite examinavi. Cocci 5, nigricantes, rete elevato rugosi, dorso leviter carinati, monospermi, bivalvatim tbiotsénk-Hiwamps Piràra ; Schomburgh, n. 731. Gardner's n. 1244, from Alagoas, and n. 1457, 1460, and 1461, all from Ceara, are likewise species of Pavonia ; n. 932, from Pernambuco is Lopimia malacophylla, Mart. 637. Urena Americana, Linn. fil. Suppl. p. 308.—I have no doubt that most, if not.all the South American Urene belong to this species; but it appears to me to be distinct from U. lobata, to which A. de St Hilaire refers it.—British Guiana; Schomburgh, n. 1007; French Guiana; Herb. Par. n. 126; Alagons, Gardner, n. 1242. 120 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 638. Paritium ftiliaceum, St Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. i. p. 256.— British Guiana; Schomburgk, n. 212. 639. Hibiscus bicornis, G. F. W. Meyer.—DC. Prodr. v.i. p. 449. —On the Essequibo; Schomburgk. Gardner's n. 1243, from Alagoas, which is also in Salz- mann’s Bahia collection, and amongst Martin's plants from French Guiana, appears to be H. furcellatus, Desv. 640. Fugosia campestris (sp. n.); foliis integris ovato-v. lanceolato-oblongis junioribus utrinque stellato-tomentosis, adultis supra v. utrinque glabratis, calyce exteriore 8—10 phyllo, interiore longiore profunde 5-fido, ovario 3-loculari loculis 4-ovulatis.— Folia breviter petiolata, bipollicaria, acu- ta v. obtusa, basi rotundata v. angustata, venis lateralibus utrinque vix prominentibus. Stipule lineares, decidue. Pedunculi uniflori, folio breviores, bracteolis 2 prope basin ssepius aucti. Calycis exterioris foliola 3—5 lin. longa, line- aria, ineequalia. Calyx interior 6—7 lin. longus, laciniis anguste lanceolatis extus tomentosis nigro-punctatis. Petala ampla, sesquipollicaria, extus tomentosa. Stigmata tria, subdistincta. Ovarium villosissimum. Capsula (nondum ma- tura) villosa, calyce brevior, trilocularis, loculicide trivalvis, loculis 3—4-spermis, seminibus nudis.—Dry savannahs, Rio Branco; Schomburgh, n. 838. Gardner's n. 1459, from Ceara, is F. phlomidifolia, St Hil.; n. 2399, from Ceara, is F. heterophylia, St Hil., (Redu- tea, Vent.); Blanchet’s n. 2702, from Serra Jacobina, appears to be an undescribed species, allied to F. heterophylla, and Drummond’s n. 44, from his third Texan collection, another undescribed species, not mentioned in the Flora of Torrey and Gray, as it was probably wanting in their set of Drum- mond’s plants. : 641. Abutilon spicatum, Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. v. v. p. 271.— Petala lutea. Capsule stellato-patentes, obtu- sissimee.— Shady places, Rio Branco; Schomburgh, n. 845. Bahia; Salzmann. 642. A. Lucianum, DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 468, sub Sida.— Caulis herbaceus, tomento molli superne subfloccoso incanus. Folia fere A, excelsi. Panicula pedalis, anguste thyrsoidea SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS, 121 foliosa, floribus dense fasciculatis. Calyx tomentosus, major quam in A. spicato. Petala alba, calyce duplo majora. Sta- mina circa 20. Carpella 5, ovoidea, acuta, subinflata, erecta, demum glabriuscula, trisperma.—Sandy savannahs, Rio Branco, Schomburgk, n. 849. Gardner's n. 319, from the Organ Mountains, is 4. ruf- nerve, St Hil.; 321, is A. striatum, Dicks. ; n. 318, and 320, all from the same locality, are also species of Abutilon. 643. Sida glomerata, Cav.—DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 460.— Habitus S. carpinifolie, distinguitur ramulis hirsutioribus, stipulis falcato-lanceolatis, calycibus ciliato-hirsutissimis, car- pellis muticis v. brevissime et crassiuscule acuminatis.— Bri- tish Guiana; Schomburgh, n. 122, and 499; French Guiana; Herb. Par. n. 118, 123, and 125, Trinidad ; Lockhart. Gardner's n. 11, from Rio Janeiro, is the true S. carpini- Jolia, Cav., a very common plant in Rio collections; the S. carpinoides, DC., which I have from the same district, and also from Madeira, communicated by Dr Leman, under the name of S. carpinifolia, and from continental botanic gardens under the names of S. carpinifolia, and S. ulmifolia, is readily known by the form of the carpels, with a spur on the inner edge besides the two points on the back. 644. S. urens, Linn.— Cav. Diss. i. t. 2. f. 1.—DC. l.c. — 8S. rufescens, St Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. i. p. 185 ?—Cap- sulee mutice v. rarius brevissime birostratze.— Savannahs of the Rupunoony, and Barcellos on the Rio Negro; Schom- burgk, n. 946. French Guiana; Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 1T. Brazil from Bahia to Buenos Ayres; Salzmann, Sello, Tweedie, &c. Gardner's n. 12, from Rio Janeiro, is S. plumosa, Cav. ; n. 2052, from Piauhy, appears to be a broad-leaved variety of S. anomala, Sx Hil., a plant having evidently a wide range, and probably the same as S. ciliaris, Cav. 645. S. linifolia, Cav.cDC. Prodr. v. i. p. 459.—Savan- nahs about Anna-y ; Schomburgk, n. 131, and in several Bra- zilian collections. 646. S. rhombifolia, L.—DC. l.c.—British Guiana, Schom- Vol. IV.—No. 27. Q 122 SCHOMBURGK’S GUIANA PLANTS. burgk, n. 7%7.—French Guiana; Herb. Par. n. 120, and in almost all American collections. 647. A species of Sida, allied to S. rhombifolia, but a larger plant, with broader and more canescent leaves, larger and more canescent calyxes, and larger carpels. There are, how- ever, many described species allied to S. rhombifolia, which are unknown to me, and I am unable to give any positive characters to distinguish this one.— British Guiana; Schom- burgh, n. 476. 648. S. altheifolia, Sw. 8. aristosa, DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 465. S. multiflora, Cav. DC. l.c. 464.— British Guiana; Schom- burgh, n. 495. French Guiana; Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 124. Alagoas; Gardner, n. 1246; Ceara, Gardner, n. 2400, and in many Brazilian collections. I have from the West Indies both of De Candolle’s varieties. Gardner's n. 323, from the Organ Mountains, n. 1465, and 1466, from Ceara, and n. 2485, from Piauhy, are all species of Sida allied to the three preceding ones; n. 1464, from Ceara, which I have also from the West Indies, appears to be S. maculata, Cav., a species remarkable for the large size of its flowers; n. 866, from Bahia, is S. Alpestris, St Hil., which is not probably to be distinguished from S. floribunda: Humb. et Kunth, and S. paniculata, Linn., the peculiarities ascribed to each supposed species, being found alike in the West Indian, the Peruvian, and the Brazilian specimens; n. 1467, from Ceara, is S. micrantha, St Hil. 649. Gaya subtriloba, Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. v. Y» p. 270, t. 476.—' The leaves in my specimen are none of them lobed, but it agrees in every other respect with Kunth’s figure and description.— British Guiana; Schomburgh, n. 682. Gardner's n. 1245, from Alagoas, n. 2053, from Piauhy; and n. 2401, from Ceara, belong to Gaya; n. 2486, from Piauhy, the same as Blanchet’s n. 2642, from the Serra Jaco- bina, appears to be G. aurea, St Hil.; but my specimens are in flower only. . 650. Malachra capitata, L.—DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 440.— British Guiana ; Schomburgh, n. 889. : SCHOMBURGK’S GUIANA PLANTS. 123 STERCULIACES. 651. Quararibea Guianensis, Aubl. Pl. Gui. v. ii. p. 692. t. 278.—Banks of rivers, British Guiana; Schomburgk, n. 211. —The leaves are rather larger and broader than in Martin's Guiana specimens, which agree precisely with Aublet's figure and description ; but they both are probably but one species. 652. Helicteres guazumeæfolia, Humb. et Kunth.— DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 476.—British Guiana ; Schomburgh, n. 198; Cuming, n. 1299.—This answers very well to Kunth’s description ; but it is perhaps not really distinct from H. Baruensis, Jacq., although the petals be spathulate and not linear. Gardner’s n. 2058, from Piauhy, is again a slight variety of the same ' species, with rather broader bracteole, but differing in foli- age and other points from H. involucrata, Moric. 653. H. altheifolia, Lom. Dict. v. ii. p. 88? —Ramuli erassi, uti pedicelli, calyces, fructus et pagina inferior folio- rum tomento denso subfloccoso canescentes. Folia ovato- orbiculata, cordata, 4—6 poll. longa, 3—5 lata, breviter acuminata v. obtusa, duplicato-dentata, juniora utrinque cano-tomentosa, adulta supra viridia. ^ Pedunculi breves, | crassi; pedicelli brevissimi. Bracteæ lineares. ^ Calyces 15—16 lin. longi, tubulosi, bilabiati, dentibus linearibus. Petala linearia, longe unguiculata. Gynophorum villosum, crassiusculum, per anthesin 24 poll. longum, fructifer 4—5 pollicare. Stamina fertilia 10, sterilia interiora 5, lineari- cunéata. Fructus ovato-cylindraceus; dense tomentosus, capsulis apice subrectis, anfractibus multo paucioribus quam in H. Jamaicense.—Dry savannahs, British Guiana ; Schom- burgk, n. 121; Trinidad, Lockhart. Petals, according to Schomburgk, of a greenish white. Gardner's n. 13, from Rio Janeiro, is H. ovata, Lam.; n. 2057, from Piauby, and n. 2403, from Ceara, are species of Helieteres, both as I believe, undescribed. 654. Sterculia Jvira, Sw.—DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 483.— Bri- tish Guiana; Schomburgk, n. 297. 124 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS, BuTTNERIACE. 655. Theobroma bicolor, Humb. et Bonpl.—DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 484.— On the Rio Negro; Schomburgk, n. 870. Gardner's n. 933, from Pernambuco, is Guazuma ulmifolia, a plant occurring very frequently in Brazilian and West Indian collections. 656. Buttneria scabra, Aubl._DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 487, an Linn.? (Confer St Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. i. p. 143.)— The leaves are often longer and narrower than represented either in Aublet’s or in Cavanille's figures.—Moist situations, Cur- rassawaka ; Schomburghk, n. 644. 657. B. ramosissima, Pohl. Ic. v. ii. p. 75. t. 149.—The leaves somewhat longer and narrower, and the panicle rather less branched than represented by Pohl.—Currassawaka ; Schomburgh, n. 645. 658. B. obliqua (sp. n.) ; glabra, ramis teretibus aculeatis foliis oblongo-lanceolatis obtusis v. breviter acuminatis sub- tus uniglandulosis inermibus, umbellis subsessilibus, tubi staminei lobis brevissimis, sterilibus ovatis obtusis.—Forma foliorum fere B. tereticaulis, fide icone Cavanillesiana, petio- lus tamen multo brevior et inermis, limbus obtusior, basi sepius inzequilaterus interdum subfalcatus. Flores glabri. Sepala lanceolata, acuta. Petalorum cuculli trilobi, lobis lateralibus brevibus oblongis obtusis divergentibus, intermedio calyce parum breviore glanduliformi ovali-oblongo acuto breviter unguiculato. Capsulam non vidi.— Rocks, Pedrero; Schomburghk. Gardner’s n. 1249, from Alagoas, and Blanchet’s n. 2660, from Serra Jacobina, are scarcely distinguishable from St Hilaire’s description of his B. australis, a species which had been referred to B. tereticaulis of Lamarck. All these are certainly very near to the above B. obliqua, yet a comparison of specimens shows that Schomburgk’s plant is certainly specifically distinct from Gardner’s and Blanchet’s; nor do any of them quite agree with Cavanille’s figure. 659. B. divaricata (sp. n.); ramis aculeatis tomentosis SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 125 foliis ovato-cordatis acuminatis crenatis supra scabro-pubes- centibus subtus tomentoso-pubescentibus triglandulosis sub- aculeatis, umbellis brevissime pedunculatis, tubi staminei lobis sterilibus orbiculatis, antheriferis brevissimis.— Frutex ramis laxis divaricatis. Folia 2—3-pollicaria, basi tricostata, glandula oblonga in quaque costa. Petioli 3—4 lin. longi. Umbelle petiolo equilonge. Sepala ovato-lanceolata, extus pubescentia. "Tubus stamineus et ungues petalorum breves. Anthere inter lobis sterilibus subsessiles. Petalorum cuculli dilatati, dorso producti in lobum sepalis aquilongum apice glanduliforme ovatum acutum. Capsula junior echinato- tuberculosa, villosa.— British Guiana; Schomburgh, n. 205. Gardner's n. 326, from the Organ Mountains; and n. 934, from Pernambuco, both appear to me to be new species of Buttneria. 660. Ayenia tomentosa, L.—JDC. Prodr. v. i. p. 488.— Dry savannabs, Piràra; Schomburgh, n. 144. Bahia; Salz- mann. Blanchet's n. 2813, from the Serra Acurua, is very near to the above species, but has the leaves almost smooth on the upper surface; can it be the 4. sidefolia, Lefl.—DC., Lc.? 661. Waltheria involucrata (sp. n.); fruticosa, incano- tomentosa, foliis ovato-cordatis acutis dentatis, cymis subses- silibus petiolo brevioribus, bracteolis connatis in involucra inflato-globosa membranacea ore crenata flores binos sessiles includentia. —Frutex elatus. Ramuli tomentoso-pubescentes, incani. Folia 2—3-pollicaria, utrinque molliter cano-tomen- tosa, petiolo fere pollicari. Involucra in quaque cyma sepi- us 5 ad 7, florifera 3 lin. diametro, fructifera 4—5 lin., basi herbacea, apice membranacea, colorata (alba teste Schom- burgkio), ore parum contracta, irregulariter crenata, extus venosa et cano-tomentosa. Bracteæ steriles in cyma pauce, subulata. Flores intra involucra bina, sessilia, involucro equilonga. Calyx anguste turbinato-tubulosus, cano-tomen- tosus, striatus, 5-dentatus. Petala cuneato-oblonga, calycem paullo superantia, ungue latiusculo margine undulato, dorso hispido. Staminum tubus brevis ; filamenta petalis subequi- 126 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. longa, leviter complanata et undulata; anthere oblonge. Ovarium hispidissimum, simplex, biovulatum. Stylus pilo- sus, stigmate profunde penicillato.—High banks of the Ru- punoony ; Schomburgh, n. 122. Gardner's n. 2057, from Ceara, the same as Blanchet's n. 2744, from Utinga, is a new Waltheria, intermediate be- tween this species and the W. ferruginea, St Hil.; the broad oblong or lanceolate bracteæ are frequently joined two or three together. 662. W. viscosissima, St Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. i. p. 150. From the expedition to Roraima; Schomburgh. Ceara; Gardner, n. 1462. Bahia; Salzmann and Gardner, n. 868. 663. W. paniculata (sp. n.); caule suffruticoso velutino- tomentoso paniculato-ramosissimo, foliis oblongis obtusis ir- regulariter crenulatis basi leviter cordatis utrinque molliter sericeo-tomentosis, pedunculis folio longioribus, florum glomerulis densis secundis, bracteis ovatis oblongisve acutis, petalis glabris.— Habitus fere JV. viscosissime, sed inflores- centia densior, floribus numerosissimis. Folia bipollicaria, petiolo fere semipollicari. Ramuli floriferi numerosi, pani- culam foliatam formantes. Bractee numerose, imbricata, inferiores fere ovatze, superiores anguste oblonga, uti calyces pilis longis sericeis hirsutissimze. Calyx tubuloso-campanu- latus, membranaceus, breviter 5-dentatus. Petala calyce dimidio fere longiora, lamina basi angustata. Filamenta supra tubum stamineum brevia. Ovarium basi glabrum, apice hirsutissimum, biovulatum. Stigma breve, penicilla- tum. Capsula monosperma.— Moist savannahs, British Guiana; Schomburgh, n. 6, in the earlier sets. Gardner's n. 930, from Pernambuco, is another paniculate species allied to the last, but differing in the leaves and bracts. 664. W. Americana, L.—DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 492.—Bri- tish Guiana; Schomburgh, n. 67, in the later sets; French Guiana; Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 191. Gardner's n. 1248, from Alagoas, is W. elliptica of some authors, with smaller flowers and smooth petals. Cuming’s SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 127 n. 1133, from Panama, appears to be W. angustifolia of Kunth, but perhaps not of Linnzus. All these, as well as W. Indica, are scarcely distinguishable from W. Americana. Gardner's n. 2056, from Piauhy, which is Blanchet’s n. 2579, from Serra Jacobina; and Gardner's n. 2056*, from Piauhy, the same as Blanchet's n. 2691, from Serra Jacobina, appear both to be new JValtherie, of which genus there are also several undescribed species in Pohl’s collection. 665. Melochia (Eumelochia) fasciculata (sp. n.) ; suffruti- cosa, ramis pubescenti-villosis, foliis breviter petiolatis ovatis oblongisve serrato-crenatis basi rotundatis utrinque hirsutis v. supra demum glabratis, florum glomerulis axillaribus ter- minalibusque subsessilibus, tubo stamineo breviter 5-fido, stylis hirsutissimis.— Suffrutex, ramis duris virgatis. Folia pleraque pollice breviora, nunc oblonga acutiuscula et basi subangulata, sepius latiora utrinque obtusa, supra viridia, subtus vix canescentia. Flores in glomerulis 10—20, pedun- culo pedicellisque brevissimis hirsutis. Bractese parvze, subu- lata. Calyces ampli, hirsuti, laciniis lato-ovatis subulato- acuminatis, Corolla calyce duplo longior, alba, glabra. Petala longiuscule unguiculata. Capsula utrinque pyra- midata, pubescens, angulis exterioribus acutis.—Dry savan- nahs, Piràra; Schomburgk, n. 738. Piauhy; Gardner, m. 2068; Utinga; Blanchet, n. 2750. Gardner's n. 1472, from Ceara, is M. pyramidata ; his n. 1250, from Alagoas, and n. 2061, from Piauhy, are M. to- mentosa, a species which I have also from the West Indies, both belonging to the section Zumelochia, distinguished not so much by the dehiscence, so uncertain in many Melochie, as observed by St Hilaire, as by the form of the capsule. But even in this respect, besides the species mentioned by St Hilaire, an intermediate form is observable in Cuming's n. 1229, an apparently new species, allied to Mougeotia inflata, Humb. et Kunth, but with sessile anthers, a more inflated calyx, and more angular capsule. 666. M. (Riedleia) arenosa (sp. n.); caule suffruticoso prostrato? foliis longiuscule petiolatis ovatis acutis dupli- 128 SCHOMBURGK’S GUIANA PLANTS. cato-dentatis basi rotundatis subcordatisque junioribus utrin- que cano-tomentellis supra demum glabratis, pedunculis axil- laribus paucifloris petiolum subzequantibus, calyce laxo, tubo stamineo profunde 5-fido, capsulis globosis vix pentagonis loculicide et septicide dehiscentibus.— Rami crassiusculi ; ramuli breves, cano-tomentosi. Folia vix pollicaria, tenuia, petiolo semipollicari. Bractes et stipule subulate. Flores in pedunculo seepius tres. Calyces tomentosi, breves, lati et subintrusi, dentibus subulato-acuminatis tubo equilongis. Petala 5 lin. longa, calyces plus duplo superantia, obovato- oblonga, breviter unguiculata. Tubus stamineus brevis; filamenta petalis tertia parte breviora. Ovarium villosum. Capsula pubescens.— Sandy banks of the Essequibo and Rupunoony; Schomburgk, n. 31 and 519. Piauhy ; Gardner, n. 2489. 661. M. (Riedleia) graminifolia, St Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid., v. i. p. 160, t. 31. ——Moist savannahs, British Guiana, and on the Rio Branco; Schomburgk, n. 805. Brazil; Pohl. 668. M. ( Riedleia) lanceolata (sp. n.); herbacea, erecta, foliis- remotis lanceolatis duplicato-serratis basi rotundatis cordatisve utrinque cauleque glabris, corymbo trichotomo terminali mul- tifloro pubescente, capsulis globosis setosis loculicide et de- mum subsepticide dehiscentibus.— Herba erecta, bipedalis, in- florescentia excepta glaberrima. Folia 2— 4-pollicaria, basi dilatata et interdum obscure sublobata. Flores in corymbo denso numerosi, magnitudine florum M. graminifoliz. Pedi- celli et calyces pubescentes et setis paucis apice glanduliferis hirti. Calyces et corolla M. graminifolie. Filamenta an- theris duplo longiora. Capsulæ M. graminifolia, setis apice glanduliferis dense echinate.—In shallow water, British Guiana ; Schomburgh, n. 362. 669, M. (Riedleia) oblonga (sp. n.); suffruticosa, foliis brevissime petiolatis oblongis v. oblongo-lanceolatis serratis basi rotundatis supra abis subtus ad venas ramulisque pilis stellatis scabro-tomentellis, pedunculis in axillis supremis racemuliferis ad apices ramorum interrupte racemosis, tubo stamineo profunde fisso.—Suffrutex 4—5-pedalis. Rami SCHOMBURGK’S GUIANA PLANTS. 129 virgati. Folia 2—3-pollicaria, floralia minora remota, supre- ma ad bracteas reducta. Stipule lanceolato-subulate, de- ciduz, Pedunculi inferiores 6 —8 lin. longi, apice cymam brevem paucifloram ferentes; pedicelli breves, ex axilla brac- teole parv: lanceolatze acuminate persistentis orti; pedun- culi supremi brevissimi ; flores ultimi in racemo brevi sub- spiciformi dispositi. Flores magnitudine M. graminifolie. Calyx late campanulatus, breviter et acutissime 5-fidus. Petala oblongo-linearia, glabra, calyce duplo longiora. Sta- mina glabra, petalis parum breviora, basi breviter monadel- pha. Ovarium villosum, loculis biovulatis, Styli glabri. Capsulam non vidi.—Savannahs of the upper Rupunoony ; Schomburgk. 670. M. (Riedleia) ulmifolia (sp. n.); suffruticosa, foliis peti- olatis lato-ovatis acuminatis grosse serrato-crenatis basi trunca- tis v. vix cordatis supra pilis brevibus stellatis conspersis, sub- tus ramulis et inflorescentia tomentoso-pubescentibus, cymis sessilibus axillaribus laxiusculis multifloris, capsulis villosissi- mis septicide dehiscentibus.—Suffrutex 6-pedalis. Folia longi- uscule petiolata, 4-pollicaria. Cymze bi-trichotomz, petiolum vix superantes. Calyces floriferi vix 2 lin. longi, late cam- panulati, extus tomentosi, lobis 5 brevibus acutis. Petala flava, obovato-oblonga, calyce longiora, basi in unguem an- gustata, pilosula. Stamina petalis dimidio fere breviora, glabra; filamenta complanata, basi breviter monadelpha; antherze oblongee, breves. Ovarium hispidissimum, loculis biovulatis. Styli glabri, staminibus zequilongi. Capsula 2 lin. diametro, in coccos 5 septicide secedens, coccis interdum demum breviter dehiscentibus. Semina sæpius in quoque cocco duo.—Savannahs, British Guiana, Schomburg£, n. 203. 671. M. (Riedleia) melissafolia (sp. n.); suffruticosa, (prostrata?) pubescens, foliis longiuscule petiolatis ovatis subcordatis serrato-crenatis tenuibus utrinque pilosiusculis viridibus, capitulis axillaribus sessilibus, bracteis linearibus ciliatis flore duplo longioribus, tubo stamineo profunde fisso, capsula loculicide et septicide dehiscente.— Rami duri ; ramuli pilis brevibus sparsis pubescentes, Folia pleraque semipolli- Vol. IV.—No. 27. R 130 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. caria, majora pollice parum longiora, nunc fere orbiculata; nunc rarius ovato-oblonga, pilis longis simplicibus in pagina superiore sparsis, in inferiore secus venas dispositis. Petiolus pilosus limbo sape zequilongus. Capitula densa petiolo bre- viora. Bracteæ 3—4 lin. longs. Calyces tenuiter mem- branacei, breviter 5-dentati. Petala calyce paullo longiora, breviter unguiculata, oblonga, glabra. Tubus stamineus brevissimus, filamenta petalis paullo breviora, antherze sub- globose. Ovarium villosissimum. Styli glabriusculi. Cap- sula depresso-globosa, vix pentagona, villosa, in semicoccos 10 loculicide et septicide dehiscens, columella 'persistente. Semina transversim plicato-rugosa et hispida.— Rocky situ- ations.—British Guiana; Schomburgh, n. 366. French Gui- ana; Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 122. 612. M. (Riedleia) hirsuta, Cav.?— Mougeotia hirsuta, Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. v. v. p. 331.— French Guiana; Herb. Par. n. 128. Bahia; Salzmann.— This answers in every respect to Kunth's description, but I have not compared it with Cavanille's figure, his sixth Disserta- tion being wanting in my copy. 673. M. (Riedleia) vestita (sp. n.); fruticosa, tota pilis longis sericeo-villosissima, foliis breviter petiolatis ovatis Y ovali-oblongis obtusiusculis serratis basi subcordatis, stipulis lanceolatis, floribus dense glomeratis, glomerulis spicatis paucisque axillaribus, bracteis lanceolato-linearibus calyce longioribus, tubo stamineo 5-fido. Frutex humilis dense foliosus. Rami, foliorum pagina utraque, stipularum pagina inferior et inflorescentia pilis longis mollibus obtecta. Foli- orum forma fere M. hirsute. Inflorescentia densior. Brac- tee longiores, hirsutiores. Corolla minor, petalis anguste - oblongis. Filamentorum pars libera tubo longior, nec ut in M. hirsuta, brevissima subnulla. Stigmata glabra nec peni- cillata. Capsula loculicide quinquevalvis, valvulis medio septiferis demum septicide fissis. —Savannahs, British Gui- ana; Schomburgk, n. 138. Piauhy; Gardner, n. 2488. I have some West Indian specimens from Forsyth’s her- barium, marked M. hirsuta, with the habit of that plant; but SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 131 with the flowers, stamens, and styles of M. vestita, of which it appears to be a variety. TILiacEs&. 674. Corchorus argutus, Humb. et Kunth.—2DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 504.—Mboist savannahs, British Guiana; ScAhomburgh, n. 615. Gardner's n. 936, from Pernambuco, is C. tortipes, St Hil. My specimens of his n. 935, from Pernambuco, and n. 1475, from Ceara, both belonging to Corchorus, are too young to determine the species. _ 615. Triumfetta eriocarpa, St Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. i. p. 288.---British Guiana; Schomburgk, n. 271. Rio Janeiro; Gardner, n. 14. Bahia; Salzmann.—The plant appears to be suffrutescent. 676. Luhea rufescens, St Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. v. i. p. 293, t. 58.— Anna-y, British Guiana; Schomburgk.— This answers in every respect to St Hilaire's figure and descrip- tion, except that the pedicels are not so long, and the fim- briate appendages of the staminal tube are rather shorter even than in the figure. These appendages are stated in the text to be an inch and a half long; but from the figure it is evident, that by a misprint, the word is sesquipollicarem, in- stead of semipollicaren. Martius’s L. grandiflora has the . foliage and habit of this species; but is at once known by the cordate leaflets of the external calyx. Gardner's n. 1477, from Ceara, is L. paniculata, Mart.: and n. 2490, from Piauhy, is a species very closely allied to it, if not the same. 677. Mollia speciosa, Mart. Nov. Gen. et Sp.—British Gui- ana; Schomburgk, n. 566, in the later sets. - 678. M. glabrescens (sp. n.) ; foliis ovali-ellipticis acumi- natis leviter serrato-crenatis utrinque ramulisque glabris, ovario oblongo in stylum acuminato.— Arbor 40—50-pedalis. Folia minora tenuiora quam in M. speciosa, 3—4-pollicaria, basi rotundata, trinervia, reticulata, venosa, subtus in axillis venarum hinc inde barbellata. Pedicelli e tuberculo axillari 132 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. in ramulis superioribus orti, solitarii bini v. terni, pollicares, rigidi, superne incrassati et lepidoti.— Flores minores et tenuiores quam in M. speciosa, albi. Sepala 5, pollicaria, anguste linearia, acuta, extus lepidota, intus pilis adpressis cano-villosa. Petala 5, oblongo-linearia, sepalis zequilonga v. paullo longiora, 3 lin. lata, in unguem angustata, intus longitudinaliter pilosula. Staminum adelphia 5 exteriora sepalis opposita et iis zequilonga, breviter fissa, decanthera, 5 interiora dimidio fere breviora, ad medium fissa in fila- menta 40—50 tenuia, pleraque antherifera, nonnulla tamen sterilia. Ovarium, uti fructus junior, sessile, compressum, lepidotum, apice angustatum nec ut in M. speciosa emargi- . tum, biloculare, ovulis in quoque loculo plurimis biseriatim affixis.— JVaikai Arrai, of the Carribbees. —On the Rio Qui- taro; Schomburgh, n. 566, in the earlier sets. 619. Apeiba Tibourbou, Aubl. — D C. Prodr. v. i. p. 514.— In tufts of wood on dry savannahs, Piràra; Schomburgh, n. 734. French Guiana; Herb. Par.n. 93. Ceara; Gardner, n. 1476*, and in other Brazilian collections. 680. Sloanea Massoni, Sw.—DC. Prodr. v. i. p. 515.— British Guiana; Schomburgk, n. 1021.—' The style is not quite entire, being very shortly quadrifid at the point, though not nearso much so as in Dasynema. The ovules are nume- rous in each cell. These species, and the allied Adenobasium obtusifolium, figured by Moricand in his P/antes Nouvelles d' Amérique, tend to show that the latter genus and Dasynend, are scarcely distinct from Sloanea. 681. Dasynema (Adenobasium) laurifolium (sp. n.) 3 foliis ovali-oblongis sublanceolatisve acuminatis coriaceis utrinque pedunculisque trichotomis glaberrimis, sepalis 4 rarius 5 ovatis obtusiusculis, fructu glabro setis destituto.—Arbor 50- pedalis, Folia alterna v. subopposita, 4—6-pollicaria, peti- olo semipollicari basi et apice incrassato, venis parum pro- minentibus. Pedunculi semel bisve trichotomi, infra rami- ficationem petiolo equilongi. Bractez minute. Sepala vix 2 lin. longa, alba. Stamina numerosissima, disco lato fove- olato persistente imposita, sepalis breviora. Ovarium tenu- Vol LK Tab A il i QN. j 5 | Alp Z 7 d ff A. Fd Jo a y> » Lf 4 £ / = ` 2 Á - Pa j J -2 Zn ; be i acr fon Li = d LZ N = = Z Mg j 2 5 ire. = svete Sy M3 = er uae A N <= : " NR YS © Em YAN Ñ N VE, q = A YR N BAEZ ` ~R ENN i " $t “Sa ee 7 g e S ¢ Z WS DESCRIPTION OF CHRISTYA. 133 isime puberulum, 4-loculare, loculis 4-ovulatis. Styli 4, ultra medium connati, apice divergentes. Fructus carnosus, obovoideus, 4—5 lin. longus, obscure tetragonus, superficie in sicco canescente et nullo modo setoso, pericarpio crasso in valvulas 4 partibile, vix tamen ut videtur sponte dehiscit. Semen abortu unicum, pendulum.— On the Rio Negro; Schomburgk, n. 936. Gardner’s n. 327, from the Organ Mountains, has nar- rower leaves with more prominent veins, larger flowers, and a somewhat downy inflorescence. With the exception of the size of the flowers, it agrees with Presl’s figure and de- scription of his Adenobasium salicifolium. (To be continued.) V]II.— Description of Curistya, a new genus of APOCYNACER Jrom the Capeof Good Hope; with Remarks on some other Cape plants of that order. By the Honourable W. H. Harvey. (Tas. XXL.) - Mn Wanp and myself have long wished for the opportunity, which the discovery of the present plant affords us, of paying an affectionate tribute to the memory of our lamented friend, WiLraM Canisty, Jun., Esq, F.L.S., whose private worth endeared him to a wide circle of friends, and whose ardent attachment to Botany, and patronage of Botanical travellers, entitle him to the respectful remembrance of Botanists. In selecting a plant to bear his name, we had two objects par- ticularly in view: to choose one that might be a desirable addition to an English greenhouse, that thus the memory of our friend, (whose chief pleasure, during a lingering and pain- ful illness, arose from horticultural pursuits,) might pleasingly awaken in the mind, fresh with the returning summer; and by selecting one whose curious distinctional characters might make it interesting to Botanists to weave a coronal fitting to the urn of the departed man of science. The plant, about to be described, possesses both these requisites in an eminent degree. 134 DESCRIPTION OF CHRISTYA, Curistya. Ward and Harvey. Calyx quinque partitus, lobis lanceolatis, basi intus glan- dula bifida auctis, persistens. Corolla hypogyna, tubo cam- panulato-infundibuliformi, calycem duplo superante; faur squamis bifidis, limbi laciniis alternis, carnosis, exsertis coro- nata; limbus quinquepartitus, laciniis lineari-attenuatis, elon- gatis, obtusis, canaliculatis, equilateris, zestivatione spiraliter tortis. Stamina 5, imo corollae tubo inserta, inclusa; fila- menta brevissima ; anthere sagittatee, subulate, acutee, dorso barbatze, circa stigma cohzrentes, eoque basi adnate. Ovaria 2; ovulis ad suturam plurimis. Stylus lineari-clavatus, elon- gatus, in discum dilatatus; stigma capitatum, velutino-pul- vinatum. Folliculi......? Christya speciosa. Ward and Harvey. Has. Inter frutices prope “ Kat-Riviere,” C. B. S.—D. Bartels, (fide Cel. Pappe qui specimen humanissime com- municavit.)—** Winterberg," C.B.S. (sine flore,) Ecklon and Zeyher (-fide Cel. Pappe.) Frutex erectus, trichotome (?) ramosus. Rami virgati, teretes, apicem versus subquadranguli, minutissime pubes- centes, demum glabrati. Folia opposita vel saepius quaterna, obovato-lanceolata, subacuta, basi attenuata, erecto-patentia, glabra, petiolata; petiolis brevibus, basi intus squamulis binis carnosis instructis. Panicule terminales, vel pseudo-later- ales, dichotomz, cymosx; pedunculis pubescentibus, pedi- cellis longiusculis, subclavatis, basi bracteolatis. lores mag- ni, speciosi, aurei (?). Calyx corollaque minutissime et mollissime pubescentes. From this description it will be seen that Christya is in many respects allied to Ectadium, E. M., a plant also from the Cape, though coming from a very different part of South Africa, and differing in many important characters. Ecta- dium like Christya, is a shrub with rod-like branches, but its flowers are small, and floral characters very different. In Ectadium there are no fleshy scales without the corolla; but; on the contrary, a 5-crenate saucer-shaped, hypogynous disc, cut DESCRIPTION OF CHRISTYA. 135 composed of 5 connate scales; the corolla tube is narrow; and not longer than the calyx, and its lobes are not longer than the tube; the coronal squam:e are laterally compressed, included, projecting across the tube, and undivided; the anthers do not cohere by their edges, though they form a cone round the stigma; and, moreover, they are produced at the tips into long, bearded acuminations: the style is short, and the stigma, which Meyer calls peltate, I find to be capitate, 5-angled, with a bifid, subulate acumination. 'The existence of fleshy scales within the calyx, though mentioned but in few genera of the order, seems to be of frequent occurrence; and perhaps these bodies are present in some form or other in all cases where there are no hypo- gynous discs or scales. I find them in the Cape Arduine in the form of a ring of unequal, subulate, fleshy bodies, en- circling the base of the calyx, not ** a many-toothed hypogy- nous disc," as incorrectly stated in my ** genera,” p. 231. In ** Voacanga Dregei, E. M., I find the lower part of the tubular calyx muricated on the inside with several rows of fleshy scales. This plant does not appear to be a true spe- cies of Voacanga, but seems much more nearly allied to Orchipeda of Blume, if it be distinct from it; but as I am unacquainted with Blume's plant, and the description does not quite accord, I propose to call our African species Pipto- lena, in allusion to the deciduous calyx.* In another new Cape genus, Tovicophlea, founded on Cestrum venenatum of Thunberg, there is an obsolete crenate disc, exterior to the corolla, and covering the base of the calyx. In Gonioma * It is rather a curious circumstance, that though three species of Ces- trum have been attributed to the Cape Flora, not one of them belongs either to Cestrum, or to the Solanacee ; nor do any two of them belong to the same natural order. C. venenatum, Thunb., constitutes, as above noticed, a genus of Apocynee of the section Carisse@ with solitary ovules, by which and the other characters, it differs from all the other genera of that section. C. dubium of Sprengel, in Herb. Zeyher, which is the same as Grumilia, 2360, and of Drege's plants, is an Ehretia (E. capensis, H.); and lastly, but surely not least of these extravagant blunders, C. umbellatum of E. Meyer, in Herb. Drege, is Peddiea Africana. W. H. H. 136 BANCROFT ON THE HOG-GUM TREE OF JAMAICA. there is a small fleshy hypogynous disc, but no calycine glands; and in Pachypodium ( Belonites, E. M.,) though de- nied by Endlicher, and omitted by Meyer, there are five large, fleshy, distinct (in P. succulentum) or connate (in P. bispinosum) hypogynous scales; but none outside the corolla. In Christya, owing to the transparency of the parts, the style is very evidently seen to be composed of two styles, one issuing from each ovary, enclosed within a membranous sheath, whose apex expands in a disc-like body, beneath the common pulvinate stigma, This structure is probably that of the styles of other. genera, at least of those with double ovaries and simple styles, to many of which, styles expanding at the apex into discs or cups, are attributed; and it seems analogous to the structure observed in Goodeniacee. Dr Pappe informs me that Trichocludus verticillatus of Ecklon and Zeyher's catalogue, which they gathered without flower, is our Chiristya speciosa, 1 have seen no specimen of their plant, but the ** very long bipartite capsule" mentioned in their description, wbose contents I presume they omitted to examine, may have been the young follicles of our plant. W. H. H. Tas. XXI.— Christya speciosa. Fig. 1. Calyx laid open: magnified. f. 2. Corolla do.: magnified. f. 3. Anther. f. 4. Style and stigma. f. 5. Ovaries, as they lie. f. 6. Do. pulled asunder. f. 7. Ovary, cut open to show the placenta covered with ovules. VIII.—An account of the Tree which produces the Hoc-Gu of Jamaica, read before the Jamaica Society for the encourage- ment of Agriculture and Horticulture, on the \8th February, 1829. By Dr E. N. BawcRorr, of Kingston, Jamaica. [Tuis interesting communication, from our valued friend, Dr Bancroft, has been long in our possession, and the pub- lication has been delayed from various causes, We omit the á on ite M a ST ER QE NE am mg BANCROFT ON THE HOG-GUM TREE OF JAMAICA. IST discussion relative to the genus of this plant, because it is quite clear that it is the Monobea coccinea of Aublet, which has been lately so admirably illustrated by Martius, in his Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl. Brasil, or a very nearly allied species.—Ep.] When doubts have long existed, or when error has been prevalent, on any subject connected with science, to clear up those doubts, or to point out and remove the error, is to render a service to the advancement of knowledge, which may sometimes be scarcely inferior to the discovery of a new truth ; and it is under this persuasion that I gladly avail my- self of the opportunities and means that have been placed within my reach, chiefly through the kindness of Mr Tho- mas Higson, a member of this Society, in order to make known a tree, which belongs to a curious natural order, the Guttifere, that is acknowledged by all botanists to require elucidation more than almost any other order, and which is the more interesting as being the tree from which is really derived the Gum- Resin that, under the name of Hog-Gum, has for a great length of time been highly praised, particu- larly by Sir Hans Sloane, Drs Browne and Barham, Mr Long and others, for the medicinal virtues which they sup- posed it to possess, and concerning the origin of which there has hitherto been great confusion and error. That Sir Hans Sloane was entirely misled on the subject is clear from his account of the tree which he believed to yield the gum in question, and which therefore (at page 167 of his catalogue of the plants of Jamaica, published in 1696, and again at page 90 of the 2d volume of his Natural His- tory of Jamaica, published in 1725,) he called ** the Hog- doctor-tree, or Boar-tree," and described as a ** Terebinthus maxima, pinnis paucioribus majoribus, atque rotundioribus, fructu racemoso sparso," &c. He has also given a figure of it in his 199th plate; but both description and figure differ materially from the true Hog- Gum tree. Dr Patrick Brown nevertheless appears to have relied so entirely upon the cor- rectness of Sir Hans Sloane's information, as to have thought that nothing more was required than to ascertain with greater Vol. 1 V.— No. 27. s 138 BANCROFT ON THE HOG-GUM TREE OF JAMAICA. = accuracy the botanical characters of his tree, and he accord- ingly gave a description of these, and assigned them to a new genus, Metopium (Rhus Metopium of Linnæus,) at page 177 of his Civil and Natural History of Jamaica, first published in 1756, and a figure also in his 13th plate. Upon the faith of these authorities, another historian of this island, Mr Long, at page 723, volume iii. of his History of Jamaica, 1774, and indeed almost every other person, including the celebrated M. De Candolle, (page 67, vol. ii. of his Prodro- mus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis,) has since been led to consider the Rhus Metopium as the Jamaica Hog-Gum tree; and the error would very probably have continued much longer if a botanist of great merit, Dr Bertero of Pied- mont, who visited this island for a short time in 1821, had not had his curiosity accidentally excited to ascertain which was really the tree. He happened to speak of the Hog-gum in the presence of Mr Higson, who then said that he lately had occasion to make the search, and had discovered that the Rhus Metopium of Brown, was not the tree which produced it, and, on finding Dr Bertero perfectly incredulous, he of- -fered to show him the tree in its native mountains. The offer was accepted, Mr Higson’s assertion verified, and a bor tanical description of the tree, and of its flowers, was drawn up in Latin by Dr Bertero, of which he gave a copy to Mr Higson; but the season being yet too early, no fruit was found, and the description was necessarily incomplete in that important respect. Mr Higson's affairs having afterwards called him into New Grenada, he was shipwrecked in the bay of Buenaventura, and, among various papers damaged by the salt-water, was the description just mentioned, many portions of which are entirely obliterated. Since Mr Higson’s re- turn, he has watched the fructification of the Hog-Gum tree; and has occasionally favoured me with fresh specimens of its flowers, ripe fruit, &c.; and from these, as well as from the remains of Dr Bertero's paper, which is now before me, I shall presently detail its botanical characters. I may previously mention, however, that I am enabled also | ——— yeu "QOSPEUSUIEMN Spe tT ee RES vee re eee am BANCROFT ON THE HOG-GUM TREE OF JAMAICA. 139 to clear up the obscurity which has long prevailed in regard to the tree called Bois à Cochon by the French in St Do- mingo. Two former medical practitioners of that island, Mons. Corbérand and Mons. Daron, and some others of its ancient inhabitants, since settled in Jamaica, having pro- cured me specimens of the tree long known there to them- selves under the above name, and of its gum, I compared these with specimens from our Hog-Gum tree, and have as- certained their identity with each other. It is, nevertheless, somewhat singular, that, although the gum in question was not less prized in that colony than in this, as a remedy, equal uncertainty and confusion should have existed there, as here, concerning the plant from which it was obtained. 'The first author of that island by whom I find it noticed, is M. Pouppé-Desportes. He mentions it at pages 32 and 285, of his Traité des plantes usuelles de St Domingue, pub- lished at Paris in 1770, under the names of Sucrier de Mon- tagne, ou Bois à Cochon, not suspecting that the latter name properly belonged to a plant of a very different family and natural order from the former, while the description he has there given is applicable solely to the Sucrier de Montagne, which was so called, because its wood was preferred to all others for making staves for sugar hogsheads. Six years af- terwarde Père Nicolson, of the order of Dominicans, who had resided four years in St Domingo, published at Paris an Essai sur ? Histoire Naturelle de St Domingue; at page 169 of which he repeats the error of the preceding writer, in . mentioning Bois à Cochon as synonymous with Sucrier de Montagne, and gives a brief account of the tree, which coin- cides entirely with that of M. Desportes, and seems indeed to have been partly taken from it, although without any acknowledgment. A few years after this, an eminent botanist, Mr Olof Swartz, visited St Domingo, who, giving entire credit, as it appears, to the account of Pére Nicolson, to which alone he has referred, restricted his inquiries to the simple determination of the botanical characters of the tree properly called Sucrier de Montagne, and upon finding them 140 BANCROFT ON THE HOG-GUM TREE OF JAMAICA. to be peculiar, and as yet unknown, he created for them a new genus, and named the tree Hedwigia balsamifera, at page 62 of his Nova Genera et Species Plantarum, published in 1788, and at page 670 of his Flora Indica Occidentalis ; but in quoting the work of Père Nicolson, he noticed only one of his synonyms, and that the wrong one, i.e. Bois à Cochon, and has thereby given a degree of weight and a cur- rency to the previous error, which the slender pretensions to - botanical science of the works of M. Desportes and Père Nicolson would never have conferred on “it, and induced other botanists to adopt and disseminate that error. Of this M. De Candolle is again unfortunately an example, as he states, at page 80, vol. ii. of his Prodromus, Hedwigia bal- samifera to be the Bois à Cochon of Pére Nicolson, omitting altogether his other synonym Sucrier de Montagne. Recently Mons. Descourtilz, ** ancien Médecin du gouvernement" in St Domingo, not aware of the mistakes above mentioned, has described and figured the Hedwigia balsamifera at page 263, vol. iii. of his Flore Médicale des Antilles, 1827, as being the Sucrier de Montagne, or Bois à Cochon, while Mons. Palisot- Beauvois, who had seen the tree in that island, has referred it to Icica heptaphylla of Aublet, Plantes de la Guiane Fran- çaise, 1775, page 337, vol. i. That such a series of errors concerning one and the same tree should have been commit- ted both here and in St Domingo, by individuals certainly possessed of superior attainments, may appear very strange; yet the occurrence, as I conceive, admits of easy explanation. As the Hog- Gum was always in demand, the Maroon Negroes,* by whom alone it was collected, made a mystery of it, that they might keep the monopoly to themselves, and purposely * On mentioning very lately my belief of the deception practised by the Maroons as to the Hog- Gum tree to Dr Arnold, now of this city (1897) he confirmed it by saying, that he had resided several years at Port Anto- nio, around which the gum is found in great abundance, and had repeatedly endeavoured by promises and otherwise, to prevail on Maroons to show him the tree, but had always been misled by them, so that up to that time he had never seen it. : BANCROFT ON THE HOG-GUM TREE OF JAMAICA. 141 deceived those who asked for information, by pointing out to them some other than the real tree. Here I beg leave to add, that the Hog-Gum tree appears to be likewise identical with the Indian Mawna tree, men- tioned at page 74 of my father's Essay on the Natural History of Guiana, published in 1769, as growing to the height of fifty feet, producing ** numerous pentapetalous flowers, suc- ceeded by nuts resembling nutmegs, and yielding on incision a yellowish gum ;” and it is very likely that the Mawna is the same with the tree and gum called Mani in Spanish America. I now proceed to describe the plant :— The Hog- Gum tree is chiefly found in dense woods on the main, and the secondary ridges of the eastern parts of this island, at an elevation of from five hundred to five thousand feet above the level of the sea, where it grows in abundance, and presents an appearance both elegant and majestic. It is very branchy and leafy; the stem however is rather slen- der;* but, besides its tap root, it receives great support from the disposition of its lateral roots, which are numerous and thick, and issuing from the trunk at the distance of from one to six feet above the ground, bent downwards like arched props to spread themselves somewhat horizontally in the soil, a mode of rooting which is frequent in the nearly allied tribe of the Clusiee. The bark is of a rusty-brown colour, passing occasionally into a yellowish or into a greyish hue, moderately rough, from three to six lines in thickness, of a pale-fawn colour in- side, and generally much covered with lichens. The wood, when first cut into, is whitish, but afterwards of a light-brown colour, rather soft, with fibres longitudinally parallel ; it is used for shingles for inside work, and as fire-wood, but it does not endure exposure to the weather. Branches opposite, more rarely alternate, spreading, some- * Some of the trees were cut down and measured by Mr Higson. The stem of one, 49 feet in length, measured 24 feet in circumference. That of another, 55 do. do. 9:.-- do do. And that of a third, 85 do. do. 6.. do. do. 142 BANCROFT ON THE HOG-GUM TREE OF JAMAICA. what horizontal, round, subdividing, cicatrized, of an ashy- brown colour, but green and shining at the extremities. Leaves numerous on the younger branches, petioled, op- posite, disposed in two rows, and appearing as if abruptly pinnated, oblong acuminate, three to four inches in length, by an inch to an inch and a half in breadth, smooth on each side, subcoriaceous, very entire, shining and deep-green on the upper surface, paler and veined on the under, impunctate. The veins are numerous, almost parallel, opaque, arising from the middle rib at nearly a right angle, and usually di- viding close to the margin of the leaf. Petioles nearly round, smooth, even, about a quarter of an inch long, channelled and flattened above the middle, jointed at base, deciduous, green. Stipules two on each side of the petiole, acuminated, scarcely visible to the naked eye, and soon falling off without leaving any scar : whence the petioles might easily be thought to be exstipulate, as they are stated to be generally in the order Guitifere. Buds terminal and axillary, subcylindrical, smooth, acumi- nated, covered by four acuminated, keeled, equitant, cadu- cous, green scales. The flowers bear their organs in a quinary proportion, in which respect they again differ from the majority of the Gut- tifere ; they are hermaphrodite, pedunculated, terminal at the tips of the branchlets, in racemes of from four to twelve flowers, more rarely single or in pairs, or in threes, in the axils of the leaves, appearing about the same time with the leaves, inodorous. ‘The flowers never expand fully, but con- tinue with the petals closely overlapping each other, except at top, where they dilate slightly, and by a notch at their tips form a small opening, through which the ends of the conni- vent fasciculi of stamens gradually issue in the form of a short cone. Peduncles round, slighty club-shaped, one-flowered, smooth, even, gently curved, green, often reddish above, jointed at base, and there furnished with minute bractez, which fall BANCROFT ON THE HOG-GUM TREE OF JAMAICA, 143 off readily, leaving semilunar scars on the flower-bearing tubercles of the twigs. Calyx inferior, somewhat bell-shaped, smooth, even, per- sistent, of a greenish colour often passing into red; sepals five, entire, equal, rounded, nerveless, veinless, thickened and united at base, and quincuncially disposed, i. e. two sepals being exterior, and two interior, while one side of the fifth partially covers an interior one, and its other side is covered by one of the exteriors. Corolla five-petaled, many times larger than the calyx, obovate in the bud, globular and not exceeding half-an inch in diameter when expanded; petals hypogynous, subcoriace- ous, equal, concave, free, subemarginate, smooth, shining, of a bright crimson colour, but paler on the inside; æstiva- tion contorted, each petal occupying three-fifths of the cir- cumference of the corolla, and having two-thirds of its breadth covered by the next one. Stamens a little longer than the cor olla, and issuing above it as a short cone, eee filaments united at their lower half into a tube surrounding the ovary ; tube fleshy, smooth, shining, at first white, afterwards crimson, closely embraced at base by an annular disk, and divided from the middle upwards into five equal, fleshy, lanceolate, connivent rose-coloured fasciculi or adelphiæ, that entirely cover the style, and also the stigmas, with the exception of their tips; each fasciculus being furnished with a keel on the inside, which serves to connect three filaments into one adelphia, but incised on the outside with two deep grooves, that extend from the base of the anthers to its apex, and separate its ex- ternal portion into three subdivisions, i. e.* filaments, and bearing on the lower part of its back (immediately above the disiión of the tube into fasciculi,) three anthers, rarely two, sessile each on its corresponding filament. The anthers are half the length of the fasciculi, and have likewise a keel * When the stamineous tube is held to the light and examined with a lens, fibres are seen to descend within it, each corresponding with one of the upper divisions or filaments of the fasciculi, 144 BANCROFT ON THE HOG-GUM TREE OF JAMAICA. along the middle of their inner surface, which is inserted into a corresponding groove on the back of the filaments just mentioned, the edges of the anthers being free; and besides this, the anthers have another peculiarity of structure which I have not observed in other plants, nor found described by authors. They are didymous, and, when young, each part ap- pears to be grooved longitudinally, and to consist of two linear lobes, that are likewise grooved along the middle, and pointed at each end; but when the anther is fully developed, the point and the groove disappear from the upper end, and the two sides become there united into a rounded apex, so as to re- semble a flexible cylinder, bent in the middle, with the halves reflected perpendicularly downwards and coherent, but re- taining their pointed extremities at base. In other respects the anthers are linear, parallel, nearly equal, smooth, shin- ing, yellow, the lobes dehiscing along the middle groove. Pollen ovoid, yellow. The ovary is superior, pedicelled, egg-shaped, smooth, shining, and on careful dissection, was found to be five-cel- led, each cell containing two kidney-shaped ovules, attached about the middle of a central columnar placenta. Pedicel of the ovary short, thick, and studded, with five flattened green- ish glands. Style short, thick, subeonical, crimson, perma- nent, dividing above into five oblong, fleshy, radiate, subsig- moid stigmas, acute at the tip and rose-coloured, the points of which issue from between the stamineous fasciculi, a little above the anthers; stigmas also permanent. Disk, or nectary, somewhat fleshy, short, cup-like, smooth, persistent, encircling as a ring the base of the stamineous tube, five-angled at base, obsoletely five-toothed at the border, green, yielding a simply sweet juice, permanent. Fruit, a subcoriacent succulent indehiscent pericarp, about the size of a small pigeon’s egg, egg-shaped, slightly com- pressed, gibbous on one side, subscabrous, of a green colour tinged on the gibbous side with reddish brown, crowned with the prominent style and stigmas, and, by abortion, one-celled, one-seeded ; the pulp about the eighth of an inch in thick- BANCROFT ON THE HOG-GUM TREE OF JAMAICA. 145 ness, of a pleasant, sweet and subacid taste, and abounding with a thick yellow juice. It generally ripens in August. The seed is about an inch in length, nearly egg-shaped, flattened on the side towards the placenta, irregularly furrow- ed on its surface, of a brown colour, completely enclosed within an arillus, and covered by a very thin coat which ap- pears to consist of a single membrane. It is exalbuminous; the embryo subconical, nearly as long as, and occupying the middle of the seed, straight, having its ends slightly curved, the upper from the placenta, and the lower towards it; coty- ledons thick and united, forming one mass, as in monocoty- ledons. Concerning the radicle and the plumula I can furnish no particulars, as none of the seeds sown by me ger- minated. ‘The arillus is of a very delicate structure, smooth, and of a light brown colour outwardly, and nearly transparent when separated from the seed. Upon it numerous vessels are seen to ramify from a main trunk, which arises at the umbilicus on the middle of the side next to the placenta, and proceeds in nearly a direct line to the further end, a little beyond which it divides into several branches that send off branchlets, anastomosing and spreading over the whole mem- brane, the larger ones causing by their pressure correspond- ing furrows over the surface of the seed, similar to those on the nutmeg. In the fresh unripe fruit, these vessels contain a light crimson fluid, giving to the arillus a resemblance to the pia mater of the brain. The inner surface of that mem- brane is covered with a very fine silky down, of a brownish fawn colour, the fibrils of which, examined by a lens, seemed to enter into the spermo-dermis. By its arillated seeds, with consolidated cotyledons, this plant has an affinity to Garci- nia of Linné and Ochrocarpus of Petit-Thouars: but in the former, the vessels of the arillus appear to ramify immediately from the umbilicus as from a centre. See Gertner de Fruc- tibus, Tab. CV. fig. d. Every part of the plant, from the bark even to the petals and anthers, when cut or bruised, gives out freely a thick juice of a bright sulphur yellow, that is very viscid, has a Vol. IV.—No. 27. T 146 BANCROFT ON THE HOG-GUM TREE OF JAMAICA, faint smell, and gradually hardens into a mass of the nature of Gum-Resin, at first of a light yellow, but in time becom- ing brown, that is very inflammable, and burns with a smoke yielding an aromatic and rather agreeable odour, and is well known in this island by the name of Hog-Gum. It is chiefly collected for sale by the Maroon Negroes, who, when they meet with old and decayed Hog-Gum trees, dig about the main roots projecting from the stem, where they seldom fail to find it in masses that sometimes measure eight or nine inches in diameter. To obtain the gum by incisions from living trees would cost them too much time and trouble. From the description which has been given of the plant, its distinctive botanical characters appear to be the follow- ing :—Sepals five, zestivation quincuncial. Petals five, sub- coriaceous, æstivation contorted. Stamens fifteen, encircled at base by a disk, united at their lower half into a tube, di- vided above into five fasciculi, bearing each three anthers to- wards its base; style one, stigmas five, radiate ovary five- celled, cells two seeded; fruit a succulent subcoriaceous peri- carp crowned with the salient style and stigmas, and by abor- tion one-celled, one-seeded; seed arillated, and pseudo-mo- nocotyledonous. Before I conclude, an apology may be proper on my part for giving publicity to this account of the Hog-Gum tree, when I have stated that Dr Bertero had written a partial description of it while here in 1821. In the same year: he returned to Europe, where it appears from De Candolle's Prodromus, that he communicated to botanists, and more particularly to that author and to Professor Balbis, informa- tion and specimens of various plants he had discovered in the West Indies, two of which belong to the same natural order with our plant, viz. Mahurea speciosa, and Clusia acuminata, the latter being given upon Dr Bertero's sole authority ; and yet his name is not quoted concerning any of the other plants included among the Guttifere, whence it seems to be a natu- ral conclusion, that he may have thought the notes he had taken of the Hog-Gwm tree insufficient for publication. It J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 147 was with this impression that, at the request of Mr Higson and other members, I drew up the present account, (with the exception of the last two or three pages,) and read it be- fore the Jamaica Society in 1829; but it was not then printed, and I had no wish to anticipate or to compete with a bota- nist, whose scientific attainments, and personal qualities I ap- preciated highly. Afterwards, however, I learnt with ex- treme regret, that he had embarked at Havre for Chili in 1828, with the intention of exploring the vegetable produc- tions of that part of the world, and that he had there lost his life; and this intelligence I do not find to have ever been contradicted during the seven or eight years that have since elapsed. If therefore, under these circumstances, I now at length submit to the public the information which I have been able to collect concerning a plant that cannot but in- terest the curiosity of botanists, I trust that, instead of seek- ing to diminish or suppress the merits of Dr Bertero, in regard to this plant, I shall rather be considered as fulfilling the strong desire which he once felt, that the characters of the true Hog-Gum tree should be fully made known. E. N. Bancrorr. KINGSTON, JAMAICA, 10th June, 1837. 1 X.— An arrangement and definition of the GENERA or FERNS, with observations on the affinities of each Genus. By J. Smitn, A. L. S. (Continued from page 70, of the present Volume.) TRIBE II. ACROSTICHIEÆ. Sort not of any defined form, (amorphous, ) destitute of a spécial indusium, the sporangia closely occupying the whole or a portion of the under side (or rarely both sides) of the fertile frond, which are always more or less contracted, form- ing an universal sporangiferous receptacle; the margin often membraneous and indusiiform. 148 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Obs. 'This tribe is entirely composed of species which formed the extensive genus Acrostichum, as characterized by Swartz, Willdenow, and others; and contains above 100 described species. It is readily known from Polypodiee by the sporangia not being produced in defined, round, or linear masses, but closely occupying the whole, or some portion of the fertile disk, which in the genus Olfersia, and some species of Polybotrya, is not confined to the inferior disk alone, the contracted rachiform segments being sporangi- ferous on all sides. The contracted state of the fertile frond does not admit the venation to be clearly seen, but in the genus Cyrtogonium it is in general very evident, and forms the principal receptacle of the sporangia as in Polypodiee. The chief characters upon which the following genera are founded are derived from the various modifications of the veins of the sterile fronds, which exhibit structure analogous to the several sections of the preceding tribe; therefore the amorphous sori must be viewed as the only distinction be- tween them, and even that is not always to be depended on, as it has been shown that Stenosemia, in some states, assumes the character of Acrostichiee. Sect. I. On THOPHLEBIE X. Veins simple, forked, or costeform and pinnate; venules direct, their apices free. 38. ELAPHOGLOSSUM, Schott. ( Acrostichi, sp. Auth. Olfersiæ, sp. Presi.) Veins simple, or forked, internal; venules parallel, their apices free and clavate, terminating within a thickened mar- gin. Fronds simple, entire, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, smooth, or squamose ; margin of the fertile fronds usually membraneous. Ezamp. 1. E. simplex, (Sw.) 2. E. apodum, (Kaulf-) 3. E. viscosum, (Sw.) 4. E. conforme, (Sw.) 5. E. squa- mosum, (Sw.) 6. E. villosum, (Sw.) ust. Hook. et Grew. Ic. Fil. t. 2, 4, 21, 22, 99. ; J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 149 39. STENOCHLENA, J. Sm. (Acrostichi, sp. Auth. Lomariz, sp. Kaulf. Wall. Willd. Olfersiz, sp. Presi.) Veins simple or forked, external; venwles parallel, their apices exserted, forming cartilaginous serratures, or conniv- ing and forming a thickened margin; margin of the fertile segments membraneous, revolute, indusiiform. Fronds pinnate, smooth, or squamose, pinne petiolated, arti- culated with the rachis. Fertile pinnze linear revolute. Rachis sometimes producing abnormal tripinnatifid sterile fronds. Examp. 1. S. longifolia, (Lomaria, Kawlf.) 2. S. sorbi- folia, (Linn.) (Lomaria, Kaulf.) 3. S. scandens, (Linn.) 4. S. triquetra, (/Vall.) 5. S. spondicifolia, (Lomaria, Wail.) 6. S. limonifolia, (Lomaria, Wall.) 7. S. heteromorpha, J. Sm. (Lomaria, filiformis, A. Cunn. Lomaria propinqua, A, Cunn.) lllust. Schk. crypt. t. 106, 107. Obs. The distinct and peculiar aspect of the species form- - ing this genus evidently denotes them as forming a distinct and very natural group, yet on setting their habit aside, it becomes difficult to point out a good technical character to distinguish them from the preceding genus, as also from the following. Their habit and the indusiiform margin of the fertile pinnze agree in many respects with Lomaria, a genus in the following tribe, which differs from the present genus, by its having a special indusium not formed of the revolute margin, as in Stenochlena, but rising from a recep- tacle a little within the margin. Some of the species of this genus are remarkable for producing a third form of frond, so unlike the usual forms, that, in the absence of good autho- rity, it would be difficult to believe that it formed part of the same plant. The rhizoma is creeping, and ascends sometimes to a considerable height on trees, and producing at the apex the usual form of fertile and sterile pinnate fronds, which are sometimes two to three feet in length, while the abnormal fronds are usually about three inches in length, tripinnatifid, and barren ; not unlike some multifid species of 150 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Davallia, or Cheilanthes, they are produced on lengthened rachis-like parts of the rhizoma, which are smooth or acule- ate; it is difficult to say under what circumstances or modi- fications of structure this singular growth is produced, but probably I am not far wrong in stating that it may be con- sidered as analogous to the Trichomanoid growth, found on the stipes of Hemitelia capensis. 40. PotyBorrya, Humb. Kaulf. {Acrostichi, Sp. Sw. Hook. Rhipidopteris, Schott, Ege- nolfia, Schott.) Veins radiating and forked, or costeform and pinnate, ex- ternal; venules simple, free; sporangia occupying one or both sides of the spiciform segments. Fronds pinnate, bi- or tripinnate, rarely digitate and lacinia- ted. Sterile pinnules crenate or pinnatifid. Fertile linear or racemose, bearing the sporangia on one, or generally on both sides, or in distinct irregular masses. * RHIPIDOPTERIS, Schott. Fronds flabellate, digitate-multipartite, or entire. Examp. 1. P. peltata, (Sw.) 2. P. tripartita, (Hook.) 3- P. foeniculaceum, (Hook.) 4. P. bifurcata, (Sw.) ** POLYBOTRYA VERA. Fronds pinnate, or bi-tripinnate. 5. P. vivipara, (Hook.) 6. P. appendiculata, (Willd.) 7. P. cylindrica, Kaulf. 8. P. speciosa, Schott. 9. P. acu- minata, Kaulf. 10. P. incisa, Link. 11. P. osmundacea, Humb. — Illust. Schott. Gen. Fil. t, *, 16, Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 18. b. Obs. Although this genus is distinct in habit from the two preceding genera, yet it is very difficult to characterize them as distinct by their venation : this is especially the case with those species of Polybotrya, which have their fertile segments not so much contracted as in others, and bearing the sporangia only on the under side; the most obvious difference is in the J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 151 veins of Elaphoglossum, being generally internal, and in their having a distinct thickened apex, terminating within a thick- ened margin. From Stenochlena, the most obvious distinc- tion is the petioles not being articulated with the rachis ; but that is notalways general; for in a species from Luzon, which I have placed under Polybotrya, the pinnules are truly arti- culated with the rachis, but in other respects this species par- takes more of the habit of Polybotrya than of Stenochlena. Sect. II. SYMPLOPHLEBIEÆ. Veins direct, their apices combined by a transverse mar- ginal straight or angular vein ; or uniform and reticulated; or costeform and pinnate, the venules simply or compoundly anastomosing. 41. Aconiopreris, Presi. Acrostichi, Sp. Hook. et Grev. Veins simple or forked, elevated, parallel, their apices bifid, and angularly anastomosing, forming a continuous zig-zag marginal vein, and producing a short excurrent veinlet from the angular junctions, which terminate within the margin. Fronds simple, linear-lanceolate, squamose ; sterile slightly plicate and marginate ; margin of the fertile membraneous, in- dusiiform. Species. 1. A. subdiaphanum, Presl. (Acrostichum, Hook. et Grev.) Illust. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 205. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 79. b. Obs. This genus is formed upon a single species which, in habit, is similar to Elaphoglossum, but differing in the veins, being prominently elevated, and angularly combined at the margin. The same characters distinguish it from Olfersia, which differ also in having sporangia on both sides of the segments. 49, Otrersia, Radd. Veins forked, internal, parallel, their apices combined by a transverse, continuous marginal straight vein; fertile seg- ments sporangiferous on both sides ! 152 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, Fronds pinnate, smooth ; fertile pinnæ, linear, entire, or pin- natifid, smooth. Species. 1. O. corcovadensis, add. 2. O. cervina, Presl. (Polybotrya, Kaulf.) Tust. Schott. Gen. Fil. t. 6. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 81. Obs. Agrees with Polybotrya in the character of its fertile fronds, but differing in habit, and also in venation; the marginal vein or border readily distinguishes it from Elapho- glossum, with which it has some affinity in the sterile pinnz, being analogous in form and texture to the simple fronds of Elaphoglossum. 43. Acrosticuum, Linn. J. Sm. Venation uniform, reticulated, forming elongated areoles; sporangia universal on the under side. Fronds simple, entire, or pinnate, smooth, coriaceous, rarely membraneous or squamose; the whole or the upper part only, of the fertile frond sporangiferous. Examp. 1. A. citrifolium, Zinn. 2. A. crinitum, Sw. 3. A. reticulatum, Kau/f. 4. A. obliquum, Blume. 5. A. aureum, Linn. llust. Hook. et Grev, Ic. Fil. t. 1. Blume, Fl. Jav. t. 9, 16, 17. Obs. Acrostichum citrifolium of Linn. agrees in habit and venation with Antrophyum, but differs from that genus, a$ also from the other species of Acrostichum, by the sporangia being irregularly and sparingly disposed over the under side of the frond, generally in small groups, without regard to the veins; but although peculiar in that respect, still I cannot at present find sufficient character to induce me to place it otherwise than in the present genus. 44. Lomacramma, J. Sm. Venation uniform, reticulated, forming nearly equal hexa- gonal areoles. Sporangiferous receptacle amorphous, con- stituting an elongated continuous broad marginal sorus. Fronds 2 to 3 feet high, pinnate; pinnee linear, lanceo- late, four to six inches long, sessile and articulated with the ra~ J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 153 chis; fertile contracted, bearing the sporangia in the form of a broad transverse sorus. Species, L. pteroides, J. Sm. lilust. Hook. Gen. Fil. ined. Obs. This genus is founded upon a solitary species from the island of Luzon, which in habit has some affinity with Stenochlena, but it is distinguished from that genus by its reticulated venation, which is similar to that of Acrostichum, especially to one or two of the simple-fronded species; but from which it differs not only in habit and in the articulated petioles, but also in the sporangia, occupying only the mar- ginal portion of the disk of the pinnze, therefore in that re- spect having some similarity to Lomaria, and in its reticu- lated veins to Litobrochia, but these two genera are charac- terized with a special exteriorly attached indusium, and consequently not belonging to this tribe. Probably this fern may be the Leptochilus lomarioides of Blume, but his descrip- tion is too brief to enable me to determine with certainty. 45. PrATYcERIUM, Desv. Veins repeatedly forked, and distantly anostomosing; ven- ules internal, compoundly reticulated, with variously directed free veinlets, terminating in the areoles, sporangiferous re- ceptacle formed of an accessary layer of parallel anastomosing veinlets which cross the sterile ones, producing crowded linear lines of sporangia, and densely furnished with stellated scales. Fronds thick and spongy. Sterile sessile, rounded, or elon- gated, depressed, or ascending, permanent and successively im- bricated, forming an elevated spongy mass. Fertile widening upwards, and dividing into broad forked segments, producing the sporangia towards the extremities, or on a special lateral thickened lobe; the whole (especially when young,) densely cover- ed with stellated scales. Species. 1. P. alcicane, Desv. 2. P. stemaria, Desv, 3. P. biforme, Blume. 4. P. grande, A. Cunn. dilust. Blume, Fl. Jav. t. 18. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 80. B. Vol. IV.—No. 27. U 154 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Obs. The whole habit and character of the species forming this genus is very peculiar, and totally distinct from any other genus of ferns, but agreeing in the amorphous produc- tion of the sporangia with Acrostichiee. Besides being dis- tinct in habit, the sporangiferous receptacle also presents a structure peculiar to this genus, being formed of an accessary layer of minute veinlets which appear independent of the general vascular structure. The thick coriaceous texture, and the stellated pubescence, show some analogy to Niphobolus, but otherwise that genus is very different. ; 46. CvnTOGoNIUM, J. Sm. (Acrostichize, sp. Auth. Poecilopteris, Presi. Campium, Presl. Bolbitis, Schott. Jenkinsia, Hook.) Veins costeform, pinnate; venules arcuately or angularly anostomosing, producing on their exterior sides or angles of meeting one or more excurrent free, or irregularly anosto- mosing veinlets; sporangia sometimes evident on the venules. Fronds pinnate, membraneous, smooth ; pinne dentate or sinu- ous, often viviparous, margin of the fertile pinne usually mem- braneous and revolute, (indusiiform.) Examp. 1. C. crispatulum, (Wall.) 92. C. repandum, (Blume.) 3. C. costatum, (Wall.) 4. C. subcrenatum, (Hook. et Grev.) 5. C. virens, (JFall.) 6. C. diversifolium, (Blume.) "t. C. flagelliferum, (Wall) 8. C. serratifolium, (Kaulf.) 9. C. scandens, (Radd.) 10. C. punctulatum, ( Linn.) Iilust. Schott. Gen. Fil. t.12. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 110, 221. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 80. A. Obs. Notwithstanding the different form of venation exhi- bited by several of the above species, yet, on taking their habit into consideration, and that the difference in the vena- tion is no more than what we have already seen in species of other natural genera, I am induced to retain them under one genus, although Presl and others have characterized more or less of the species under several different genera. Cyrto- J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 155 gonium may be viewed as analogous in habit and venation to Goniopteris, Meniscium, and Cyrptophlebium, and the circum- stance of the sporangia in some of the species being evident- ly produced on the venules, and only sparingly between them, tends still more to prove the affinity of this genus with Menis- cium. 47, PHoTINOPTERIS, J. Sm. Veins costeform, combined by transverse venules, form- ing quadrangular areoles, and including compound anasto- mosing, and variously directed free veinlets, which have cla- vate apices. Fronds coriaceous, smooth, pinnate, from two to three feet high, the upper part contracted and fertile. Pinnæ articulated with the rachis. Petiole short, dilated, its base vertically ob- long, and furnished with an obtuse lobule on the lower side. Sterile pinnz elliptical, lanceolate, and falcately attenuated at the apex, the base slightly oblique, from six to eight inches long by three inches wide, margin entire, thickened and slightly re- volute. Fertile pinnse linear, from eight inches to one foot in length, the underside wholly sporangiferous. Species. 1. P. simplex, J. Sm. 2. P. Horsfieldii, J. Sm. (Acrostichum ? rigidum, Wall.) illust. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. ined. Obs. My attention was first called to this remarkable fern by the examination of a specimen in the herbarium of Dr Horsfield at the East India House, which was collected by that gentleman in Java, and it appears by a specimen in the Wallichian Herbarium, to have been also found near Singa- pore by Dr Wallich, in 1822 ; fine specimens from the island of Luzon, have now enabled me to form the above character, which must be confessed is scarcely distinct from the follow- ing genus, but the peculiar habit of Photinopteris totally pro- hibits its being associated with Gymnopteris, from which it is readily distinguished by the very obvious character of the articulation of the pinne with the rachis; being analogous in that respect, as also in venation and aspect, to that section of Drynaria, of which D. quercifolia, and D. diversifolia are 156 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. examples, and also with the genus Dryostachium, which ap- proaches the present genus in its somewhat amorphous-look- ing sori. It is highly probable that there is only one species of the genus, and that P. simplex is only an imperfect or starved form of the originally observed species. "The smooth, shining aspect of the sterile pinne of this fern may without exami- nation upon first sight be taken for the leaves of some exogen. 48. GYMNOPTERIS, Bernh. Presl. (Acrostichii sp. Auth. Leptochilus, Kaujf. Hymenolepis, Kaulf.) Veins uniform or costeform, Venules compoundly anas- tomosing and producing variously directed straight or curved free veinlets. ; Fronds simple entire, or pinnate. Pinns entire or sinuous, generally membraneous, and adherent to the rachis. Sporangia universal on the under side. Fertile frond sometimes spiciform with revolute conniving indusiiform margins. Examp. 1. G. spicata (Acrostichum, Linn. Hymenolepis ophioglossoides, Kau/f.) 2. G. axillaris (Leptochilis, Kaulf.) 3. G. platyrynchos; J. Sm. 4. G. quercifolia, Bernh. 9: G. nicotianifolia; (Sw.) 6. G. aliena ; (Sw.) 7. G. acumi- nata; ( Willd.) Illust. Hook. gen. fil, t. 85. Obs. The habit of this genus is somewhat similar to Cyrto- gonium, but differing in the more irregular and compound anastomosing of the venules, and which is analogous to the Phyllitide section of Drynaria, with which the present genus also agrees in habit. Tribe III, PrEnipEz, J. Sm. Sori round, or elongated, and transverse, marginal, intra- marginal or costal, simple, or by confluence compound, fur- nished with a special lateral indusium, which is produced on the exterior side of the sporangiferous receptacle, its innet margin free, i J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 157 Obs. This tribe is represented by the extensive genera Pteris, Adiantum, and Blachnum, as characterized by Lin- neus, Swartz, Willdenow, and others. It is readily distin- guished from Polypodiee, by the sori being furnished with a special indusium which bears the sporangia in its axis of at- tachment, or on its inferior disk, and the same character dis- tinguishes it from Acrostichiee, with which tribe Pteridiee is connected through Lomaria. Sect, I. CuirosonEz, J. Sm. Sori marginal, round or elongated, continuous, or inter- rupted. 49. Hvrorzrris, Bernh. Presi. Veins forked or pinnate; venules direct, their apices free, the lower exterior one sporangiferous; sori terminal, round, marginal; indusium formed of a reflexed changed venule. Fronds from two to six feet high, bi-tripinnate ; lacinize crenu- lated, smooth or pilo-glandulose s rachis sometimes aculeate ; sori situated opposite the sinus of the lacinia, m a row on each side of the ultimate midrib. Examp. 1. H. tenuifolia, Bernh. 2. H. repens, (Lonchi- tis, Linn. Cheilanthes, Kawif.) 3. H. aculeata, (Dick- sonia, Spreng.) Must. Plum. Fil. t. 12. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 61. A. B. Obs. This genus is formed of a group of species charac- terized with large decompound fronds, which rise from a lengthened creeping rhizoma, similar in habit to some of the large-fronded species of Polypodium, and differing only by the soriferous crenule being altered in texture, and reflexed, forming a simple lateral indusium with the sporangia in its axis, and therefore not distinct in that respect from the fol- lowing genus Cheilanthes; but their whole habit naturally i in- aro them to be a distinct group from the species which 1 retain as true Cheilanthes, Hypolepis may also be considered as having some affinity with the tribe Dicksoniee, especially with the group of which Dicksonie pilosiuscula is the type, 158 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. the crenuliform indusium being analogous to the outer or accessary indusium which characterizes Dicksoniee. 50. OcunoPrEnis, J. Sm. (Adiantis, sp. Sw.) Veins pinnately-forked, radiating; venules direct, their apices clavate; sporangia produced on the base of the indu- sium which is formed on the converging apices of two to four venules, constituting oblong marginal sori. Fronds deltoid decompound; stipes and rachis smooth, of a pale colour, ultimate pinnules or lacinie oblong, obtuse, margi- nate, cuneate at the base and decurrent, producing a solitary or rarely twin sorus on their apex or sides. Species. O. pallens. (Adiantum, Sw. Cheilanthes daval- lioides, Bory. ** Ad. pallens, Sw. habitu et fructificatione ab omnibus diversissimum proprium constituet genus,” Kaulf.) Iilust. Obs. 'The peculiar and distinct habit is the principal fea- ture that marks this as not forming a natural combination with any of the neighbouring genera. It has hitherto been placed in Adiantum, but the situation of the sporangia does not agree with that genus. With more propriety it might be placed in the genus Pteris so far as the sori are concerned, but it does not agree with any species of Pteris in habit; it may therefore be viewed as forming a transition with these genera through Onychium. In habit it comes nearest Hypole- pis, but differs in the sori being seated on the apices of two to four converging’ venules, as in some species of Adiantum. 51, CHEILANTHES, Sw. J. Sm. Veins forked; venules direct, their apices free and sporan- giferous. Sori round, marginal, solitary or contiguous. Indusium usually reniform, rarely oblong, and including more than one sorus. Fronds bi-tripinnate, smooth, pilose, glandulose or squamose, pinnules sometimes very small and orbicular; stipes usually ebeneous. Sori often becoming confluent. J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 159 Examp. 1. C. pteroides, Sw. 2. C. capensis, Sw. 3. C. radiata (Adiantum, Linn., Sw., Willd. 4. C. odora, Sw. .9. C. fragrans, Sw. 6. C. viscosa, Link. "€. C. spectabilis, Kaulf. Tust. Hook. gen. fil. ined. Plum, fil. t. 100. Obs. The technical distinction between this and the fol- lowing genus depends in a great measure upon the ultimate segments or laciniz of the fronds of Cheilanthes being more crenate and sinuous than in the greater number of the spe- cies of Cassebeera, which genus is characterized with a con- tinuous indusium and this happens by the margin being straight or but slightly sinuous, but there are instances of the indusium of some species of Cheilanthes, including more than one sorus which clearly shows that the two genera are in that respect scarcely distinct. 52. CASSEBEERA, Kaulf. J. Sm. (Allosoreze sp. Presl.) Veins forked ; venules direct, their apices free and sporan- giferous. Sori round, distinct, or contiguous and confluent, constituting a linear continuous or interrupted compound ‘marginal sorus. Zndusium linear, plane, plicate or vaulted. Fronds palmate, pinnate, bipinnatifid or bi-tripinnate, smooth or squamose, rarely farinoses stipes rigid and ebeneous ; pinnze usually articulated with the rachis. Indusium attached trans- versely across the sporangiferous apices of the venules, sometimes very narrow, rarely slightly intramarginal and conniving with the opposite sorus. Examp. 1. C. triphylla, Kaulf. 2. C. pedata (Pteris, Linn.) 3. C. argentea (Pteris, Linn.) 4. C. farinosa (Pteris, Sw.) 5. C. inframarginalis (Pteris, Kauf) 6. C. pinnata, Kaulf: 7. C. hastata, (Pteris, Sw.) 8. C. cuneata (Cheilanthes, Kaulf.) 9. C. microphylla (Cheilanthes, Link.) 10. C. ten- uifolia (Cheilanthes, Sw.) Illust. Hook. gen. fil. t. 66. A. Obs. On comparing the Adiantoid section of Pteris, and part of Cheilanthes with the original species of Cassebeera, I find that several of the species of both these genera so well agree in habit and structure of the sori, that I have been in- 160 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. duced to place them under Cassebeera ; but setting habit aside, the formation of the sorus in some of the species is scarcely sufficiently distinct from Pteris as here restricted. 53. PLATYLOMA, J. Sm. (Pteridez sp. Auth. Allosorez sp. Presl.) Veins forked ; venules direct, their apices free and sporan- giferous. Sori oblong, laterally confluent, constituting a broad continuous compound marginal sorus. Fronds pinnate or bipinnate ; stipes generally ebeneous, smooth, pilose or squamiferous. Pinnæ articulated with the rachis. Sporangia occupying a portion of the upper part of the venules which by their closeness to one another, form a broad, compound receptacle, with the indusium attached transversely on its outer margin. Examp. 1. P. Brownii, J. Sm. (Adiantum paradoxum, R. Br. Pteris latizona, A. Cunn.) 2. P. falcata, (R. Br.) 3. P. rotundifolia, (Forst.) 4. P. albida, (4. Cunn.) 5. P. atropurpurea, (Zinn.) 6. P. sagittata, (Cav.) 7. P. cor- data, (Cav.) 8. P. andromedeefolia, (Kaulf.) Tust. Hook. gen. fil. ined. Obs. The ebeneous habit of this genus shows its close affi- nity with Cassebeera on the one hand, and with Adiantum on the other, differing from the first by its broad sorus, and from Adiantum chiefly by the compound receptacle of Pla- tyloma not being so much altered in texture and reflexed as the venose receptacle or indusium of Adiantum, and although there is little or no affinity in habit between this genus and Allosorus, yet the character of the sori is analogous. 54. ADIANTUM, Linn. J. Sm. Costa excentric or wanting; veins unilateral or radiating, forked ; venules direct, their apices terminating in the axis of the indusium, which is venose and sporangiferous on its under side, at length replicate, constituting round, reniform, oblong or linear continuous marginal sori. Fronds varying from simple reniform to decompound. Stipes J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. - 161 and rachis ebeneous usually smooth. Pinnæ generally oblique, truncate or cuneate at the base, or dimidiate and soriferous on the upper margin only; petiole articulated with the rachis or base of the lamina, Examp. l. A. reniforme, Linn. 2. A. lunulatum, Burm. 3. A. macrophyllum, Sw. 4. A. pedatum, Linn. 5. A. Cap- illus veneris, Zinn. 6. A. formosum, R. Br. Zilust. Schk. Crypt. t. 115 to 122. Hook. et Grev. ic. fil. t. 132. Hook. gen. fil. t. 66. B. Obs. This extensive natural genus contains about seventy described species, and is readily distinguished from its allies by the sporangia being produced on the under side of the indusium, which is either formed of a reflexed crenule, and then reniform, or it is oblong or linear, according to the more or less entire or crenulate character of the margin of the frond. The species with reniform indusia are distin- guished from those species of Cheilanthes which have a similar indusium, not only by the indusium being sporangiferous but also by its being produced on the converging apices of two or more venules, whereas the sori of Cheilanthes are seated on the apices of single venules, which terminate in the axis of the indusium; therefore Adiantum radiatum of Linneus is in accordance with that character a true Cheil- anthes. 55, HEWARDIA, J. Sm. Costa central; veins uniform, reticulated, forming elon- gated oblique areoles. —Zndusium marginal venose and spo- rangiferous on its under side, at length replicate and invo- lute, constituting a linear continuous marginal sorus. Fronds from 1 to 2 fret high, stipitate, dichotomous, the branches 6 to 8 inches long and pinnate. Pinne alternate, petiolated, (but not articulated) ovate-elliptical, oblique at the base, 4 to 5 inches long by two inches wide, the midrib disap- pearing towards the apex of the pinne. Sori continuous on both margins. - Species. H. adiantoides, J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. of Bot. Ilust. Hook. Journ. of Bot. v. iii. t.16,17. Hook. Gen, Fil, t. 89, Vol. IV.—No. 27... x 162 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Obs. 'This very distinct genus is founded upon a solitary species found in Guiana, of which I have seen only one spe- cimen, and which at first sight might be taken for a large pinnate species of Adiantum, having the smooth ebeneous character of that genus, but from which it is distinguished by its reticulated venation ; and its venose sporangiferous indusium will distinguish it from any of the proximate genera with continuous marginal sori. 56. AMPHIBLESTRA, Presl. Veins costeform, pinnate; venules transversely and irre- gularly anastomosing, producing variously directed simple or forked free veinlets which terminate in the areoles. Sporan- giferous receptacle transverse, marginal, constituting a linear continuous sorus. Jndusium narrow, linear. Fronds 2 feet or more high, stipitate, tripartite, branches pinnate, pinnatifid towards the apex. Pinnæ ovate-oblong, acuminate, repand-dentate, 8 inches long by 2 to 3 wide, the terminal one broad and auriculated at the base. Species, A. latifolia, Presl. (Pteris, Humb.) Illust. Presl, Pterid. t. 6. f. 1. Obs. I have not had the opportunity of examining this fern, and have consequently adopted the genus entirely upon the authority of Presl aided by Humboldt’s description of the.species; and what is singular is in its being the only known example in Pteridee having a venation similar to the extensive genus Drynaria in Polypodiee, and Gymnopteris in Acrostichiee. 57. DORYOPTERIS, J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. of Bot. (Pteridis sp. Linn. Radd. Litobrochiæ sp. Presl.) Venation internal, nearly uniform, reticulated, areoles elongated, oblique. Sporangiferous receptacle transverse marginal, constituting a linear continuous sorus. Indusium narrow, linear. Fronds simple, cordate, lobed or digitate-palmate, smooth, coriaceous. Stipes and costa ebeneous. Veins hidden within J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS: 163 the substance of the frond. Sporangiferous receptacle distinct, elevated. Examp. l. D. sagittifolia ; (Ztadd.). 2. D. hastata; ( Radd.) 3. D. palmata; (Willd) 4. D. collina; (Radd.). 5. D. varians; (Radd.). 6. D. Wallichii, J. $m. 7. D. cordi- folia; J. Sm. Illust. Radd. Bras. fil. t. 63, 64, 65. Hook. gen. fil. t. 65. B. f. 1. Obs. 'The smooth, ebeneous stipes, and coriaceous texture of this genus is similar to Platyloma, and some species of Cassebeera, but its reticulated veins readily distinguish it from these two genera. From the following it is not so obviously distinct either in venation or in the sori, but the habit of the several species are quite distinct from Zitobrochia, and clearly indicate a separate and natural group. 58. LITOBROCHIA, Presl, J. Sm. (Pteridis sp. Linn. and Auth. Campteria, Presl.) Venation external, elevated, arcuately or angularly reticu- lated ; areoles unequal. Sporangiferous receptacle transverse marginal, constituting a linear continuous or interrupted sorus. Zndusium narrow, linear. Fronds from 1 to 8 feet high, pinnate or bi-tripinnate, ulti- mate pinne usually pinnatifid. Veins evident, sometimes only the venules next the midrib or margin anastomosing. Ezamp. \. L. splendens; (Kawulf). 2. L. grandifolia; (Linn). 3. L. ampla; (Kunze.). 4. L. Hankeana; Presl. 5. L. denticulata; (Sw.) 6. L. macilenta; (4. Rich.) 7. L. spinulosa; (Radd.) 8. L. aculeata; (Sw.) 9. L. polita; (Link.). 10. L. decurrens; Presl 11. L. macroptera; (Link). 12. L. podophylla; (Sw.). 13. L. vespertilionis; (Labill.). Illust. Hook. et Grev, Ic. Fil. t. 28. Schk. Crypt. t. 92. Hook. Gen, Fil. t. 65. B. f. 6. Obs. This is an extensive genus, usually characterized with large branching compound fronds of a flaccid texture, with superficial anastomosing or reticulated veins which dis- tinguish it from Doryopteris, and true Pteris. The genus Campteria of Presl is founded upon three spe- 164 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, cies in which the lower venules next the midrib only anas- tomose; but this seems to me not sufficient reason to war- rant their separation from Litobrochia, especially as they differ in no respect in habit from many species of that genus. 59. LowcniTis, Linn. J. Sin. Venation reticulated; areoles unequal; sporangia produced on the apices of 4—5 convergent venules which terminate in the sinus of the laciniz, forming oblong or linear-arcuate marginal sori. Zndusium linear. Fronds 2 to 6 feet high, pinnate or bipinnate, pinne sinuous or pinnatijid, usually pubescent. Species. 1. L. aurita, Linn. 2. L. pubescens, Willd. 3. L. glabra, Sw. — Zllust. Plum. Fil. t. 17. Schott, gen. fil. t. 15. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 68. A. Obs. The few species which constitute this genus agree in- habit with the preceding genus, and differ only in the sorus being situated in, and not extending much beyond, the curve which is formed by the sinus of the lacinize, and by being so situated assuming the form of a segment of a circle; whereas ‘in Litobrochia, the sori occupy more or less of the sides of the laciniz. By restricting Lonchitis to the above character excludes from it the L. hirsuta, and L. pedata of Linneus, the first being a Litobrochia, and the other a true Pteris. 60. Preris, Linn. J. Sm. (Pteridis sp. Presl. Allosoreze sp. Presi.) Veins forked; venules direct, their apices combined by a transverse sporangiferous receptacle, constituting a linear continuous or interrupted marginal sorus. Indusium linear, its base often sporangiferous. Fronds varying from a few inches to 10 feet high, and from pinnate to decompound, the ultimate pinne usually lobed or equally pinnatifid, smooth, rarely pubescent. Sori continuous or occupying the sides of the lacinie only. Ezamp. 1. P. longifolia, Linn. 2. P. costata, Bory. 3- P. amplectens, Wall. 4. P. cretica, Linn. 5. P. umbrosa; J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 165 R. Dr. 6. P. serrulata, Linn. 7. P. heterophylla, Sw. 8. P. irregularis, Kaulf: 9. P. pungens, Willd. 10. P. biauri- ta, Linn. 1l. P. arguta, Vahl. 12. P. hirsuta, ( Lonchitis, Linn.) 13. P. tremula, R. Br. 14. P.esculenta, Forst. 15. P. caudata, Linn. 16. P. aquilina, Linn. — Hlust. Schk. crypt. t. 88. Hook, et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 130. Hook, Gen. Fil. t. 64. A. Obs. The original character of this genus as given by Linnaeus, Swartz, and others, consisted in the sporangia being situated in the axis of an exterior attached lateral in- dusium, constituting a linear marginal sorus, which character would now embrace above 150 known species; but, by adopt- ing a few other points of structure, we have been enabled to divide that number into several generic groups characterized under Cassebeera, Platyloma, Doryopteris, Litobrochia, and Pteris, as now here characterized, and which still contains the greatest number of species. Presl separates the Pteris aquilina of Linnsus and its as- sociates from this genus, and places them under his genus Allosorus, which must be confessed is composed of rather a heterogeneous mass of species, not only of distinct habits, but also differing in other important characters, which render the adoption of the genus so constituted inadmis- sible. Some observers have stated, that the sori of Pteris aquilina are furnished with a narrow indusium, situated on the inner side of the receptacle, but from my observation, I cannot consider the slightly elevated fimbriate ridge which bounds the inner side of the sporangia as being analogous to an indusium. And although the group of which P. aquilina is the type, is somewhat different in habit from the rest of the genus, yet I do not find sufficient character to allow them to be considered otherwise than as constituting a group of this genus under the sectional name Ornithopteris of Agardh. ; 61. Onycuium, Kaulf. (Leptostegia, D. Don. Alosoree sp. Presi.) Veins simple direct, free, or their apices combined by a 166 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. transverse sporangiferous receptacle, seated in the axis of a linear, slightly intramarginal indusium. Fronds deltoid, decompound-multifid, segments linear-lanceo- late; sori short, contiguous, the indusia conniving, forming as it were but one sorus on each segment; sporangia usually be- coming confluent, covering the whole disk between the two in- dusia. Species. 1. O. auratum, Kawlf. 2. O. lucidum, Spreng. (Leptostegia, D. Don.) 3. O. capense, Kaulf. Illust. Bauer's Gen. Fil. t. V3. Hook, et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 107. Obs. The very distinct habit of the few species constituting this genus renders it necessary to separate them from both Pteris and Lomaria, in which they have by some been placed. From Pteris, this genus is distinguished by the fertile seg- ments being so narrow that the two sori are confluent, the free margins of the two indusia, conniving over the midrib, at length opening as it were by a longitudinal suture. From Lomaria it differs in the sporangia being seated in the imme- diate axis of the indusium as in Pteris, whereas in Lomaria the receptacle is broad, and occupies nearly the whole space between the midrib and axis of the indusium. Onychium therefore appears to form the transition between Pteris and Lomaria, through such species as Pteris heterophylla and crenata, with Lomaria Fraserii. SECT. II. Merasora, J. Sm. Sort intramarginal or costal, elongated, oblong or linear, and continuous; indusium plain or vaulted. 62. Lomaria, Willd. (Stegania, R. Br.) Veins (of sterile fronds,) forked; venules direct, free; fer- tile fronds contracted; veins scarcely evident; sporangiferous receptacle thick and elevated, continuous, often occupying nearly the whole disk; indusium seated on, or within the edge of the thickened margin, vaulted, revolute, and conniving at length, replicate and torn. J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 167 Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate, rarely simple or bipinnatifid, segments of the sterile fronds entire or serrulate, apices of the venules clavate, terminating in the margin, which is often carti- laginous and slightly revolute; fertile segments linear, becom- ing wholly covered by the confluent sporangia. Examp. 1. L. Patersoni, (E. Br.) 2. L. lanceolata, (R. Br.) 3. L. fluviatilis, (R. Br.) 4. L. onocleoides, Spreng. 5. L. Boryana, Willd. 6. L. discolor, Willd. 7. L. spicans, Desv, 8. L. procera, (R. Br.) 9. L. Chilensis, Kaulf. 10. L. Fraserii, 4. Cunn. Jlilust. Schk. crypt. t. 110. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 64. B. Obs. 'This is a very natural genus, containing a consider- able number of species of great uniformity of habit, distin- guished from Pteris by the fertile fronds being contracted, with the sporangia seated on a broad thickened receptacle; but there are exceptions to either of these characters being truly definite; for the fertile fronds of Pteris crenata, hetero- phylla, and some others, are contracted, and in Lomaria Gil- liesii, Fraserii, and others, the receptacle is narrow and seated in the immediate axis of the indusium, but in no instance is the sporangia seated on the base of the indusium as in many species of Pieris. The broad receptacle, which is the true character of the genus, has great analogy to the amorphous receptacle of Acrostichiee, with which tribe Lomaria forms a transition through Stenochlena, 63. BLECHNUM, Linn. (Sadleria, Kaulf.) Veins forked ; venules (sterile) direct, free ; fertile venules combined near their base by a transverse sporangiferous re- ceptacle, constituting a linear continuous costal sorus ; indusi- um linear, plain, conniving with the costa. Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate, rarely simple or bipinnatifid, generally smooth, with entire or serrulate margins; soriferous receptacle crossing the veins at their point of forking, which is usually close to the midrib; sori sometimes interrupted and seated some distance from the midrib. 168 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Examp. 1. B. australe, Linn. 2. B. occidentale, Linn. 9. B. orientale, Linn. 4. B. striatum, R. Br. 5. B. longi- folium, Humb. 6. B. hastatum, Kaulf. 7. D. corcavadense, Radd. 8. B. Fontanesianum, Gaud. (Sadleria cyathe- oides, Kaulf.) Ilust. Schk. crypt. t. 108, 109. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 54. B. Obs. The habit and venation of this genus is similar to Lomaria; but from that genus Blechnum differs not only in its fertile fronds not being contracted, but also in the venules being continued beyond the soriferous receptacle, and termi- nating in the margin, which is not the case in Lomaria, The only doubtful species of the genus is B. Fontanesianum, which differs from the rest of the genus in the fronds being bipin- natifid, coriaceous, and rigid, the laciniae concave, and the spo- rangia produced on a very thick receptacle, close to the mid- rib, which is much elevated, the indusium is also coriaceous. These characters induced Kaulfuss to form this species into a genus which he named Sadleria, and which I should be glad to retain, but at present I cannot satisfy myself that there is any peculiarity besides texture whereby to characterize it as different from Blechnum. 64, SALPICHLENA, J. Sm. Blechni sp. Kaulf. Veins forked; venules direct, their apices combined by a transverse marginal vein, and their base combined by a trans- verse sporangiferous receptacle, constituting a linear continu- ous costal sorus; indusium revolute, vaulted, cylindrical, its base sporangiferous Fronds flexuous, climbing by the aid of the petioles, bipinnate; pinnze consisting of usually two to four pairs of pinnules, which are nearly opposite, distant, membraneous, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, four to six inches long, margin plain or repand-un- dulate, sometimes slightly revolute and indusiiform ; special in- dusium inflated, of a brown colour. Species. S. volubile, J. Sm. (Blechnum volubile, Kaulf.) Illust. Kunze's analecta pteridog, t. 13. Hook. Gen. Fil, t. 93. Ji SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 169 Obs. The climbing habit of this fern is so much like the genus Lygodium, that at first sight it might be taken for a species of that genus. From Blechnum it is not only distin- guished by its climbing habit, but also by the venules being combined by a transverse slightly intramarginal vein, and by its conspicuous cylindrical tube-like indusium bearing a por- tion of the sporangia along its lengthened attachment or base. Specimens of this Fern were presented me by J. Miers, Esq., who informs me that it climbs to the tops of lofty trees in Brazil. 65. Doopia, R. Br. J. Sm. Veins forked; venules arcuately anastomosing near their base, then direct and free towards the margin; sporangia produced on the transverse anastomoses, constituting a trans- verse row of oblong, straight or arcuate sori; indusium plain. Fronds rigid, pinnatifid or pinnate, margin spinulous, the pinne rarely pinnatifid ; fertile frond sometimes contracted ; sori rarely in two rows. Species. 1. D. aspera, R. Br. 2. D. Kunthiana, Gaud. 3. D. blechnoides, 4. Cunn. 4. D. media, R. Br. 5. D. caudata, R. Br. 6. D. virginica, ( Woodwardia, Sw.) Ilust. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 54. A. Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. t. 14. Obs. Agreeing in habit with Blechnum, but distinguished from that genus by the sori not being continuous; but that character is not always to be depended upon, for Blechnum hastatum often exhibits sori of the same form, and distant from the midrib as in Doodia. With Lomaria this genus is connected through D. caudata, which has somewhat contract- ed fronds, with the sori nearly continuous. Sometimes Doodia also presents a structure analogous to the following genus, by the venules forming a second or exterior anasto- mose, which anastomose is usually fertile, and therefore con- stituting two transverse rows of sori. 66. Woopwarpia, Sm. Veins reticulated; venules free exteriorly ; sporangia pro- duced on the transverse costal anastomoses, constituting a Journ. of Bot. Vol. IV. No. 28, September, 1841. Y 110 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. row of oblong, linear, contiguous immersed sori; indusium revolute, vaulted. i Fronds pinnate or bipinnatifid, uniform, or the fertile con- tracted, margin serrulate or spinulous. Species. 1. W. onocleoides, Willd. 2. W. thelypteroides, Pursh. 3. W. Japonica, Sw. 4. W. radicans, Sw. Ilust. Schk. crypt. t. 111, 113. Bauers Gen. Fil. t. 17. Obs. The more compound anastomosing of the veins, the sporangia being deeply immersed, and the revolute vaulted indusium, are the principal points of difference between this genus and the foregoing. Tribe IV. AsPLENIEZ, J. Sm. Sori elongated, oblique to the midrib or axis of venation. Venules free or anastomosing, sporangiferous on their supe- rior or inferior sides (unilateral), or on both sides (bilateral) constituting simple or binate sori, each furnished with a spe- cial lateral attached linear plane or vaulted indusium. Obs. The technical distinction between this tribe and the preceding, is in the sori of Aspleniee being produced on the sides of free or combined venules, and forming an angle more or less oblique with the midrib or axis of venation, and there- fore never parallel with the midrib or margin as in Pteridea. This tribe contains about 200 described species, which have hitherto been principally included under the two genera Asplenium and Diplazium of authors; the first characterized by the venules being sporangiferous on their superior or inner sides only, whereas the species constituting Diplazium pro- duce sporangia on each side of the venule, each side being also furnished with its own indusium, the margin of the one free superiorly, and the other inferiorly, which character is in a number of species very constant to all the fertile venules; but in a greater number of species, the twin or binate sorus i5 found only on the lower or primary venules, the superior ones producing a single superior sorus as in true Asplenium. Another form of double or twin sori is exhibited by the supe- rior and inferior venules of each two fascicles being sporan- r ———— ie J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 171 giferous, the one on its superior and the other on its inferior side, (that is, on the sides facing each other,) and by their parallel proximity the sori are confluent, the free margins of the two indusia conniving and are even imbricate; at length opening as it were by a central longitudinal fissure, and therefore in appearance constituting only one sorus, this structure characterizes the genus Scolopendrium of Sir J. E. Smith. Besides these three forms of sori, there are a num- ber of species which have the ultimate divisions of their fronds narrow, and producing only one sorus on each lacinia or segment, which solitary sorus is all that characterizes the genus Darea of Willdenow, but which I consider as only forming a group of true Asplenium. The genus Acropteris of Link is founded upon three small species having forked or . digitate fronds, the segments or lacinize being linear and nar- row, so that only two nearly parallel veins are produced from the base of each, and which are fertile on the sides facing each other, with the indusia conniving as in Scolopendrium, or even analogous to Blechnum; but judging from their habit, these species must be viewed as the simple or reduced form of an extensive group of Asplenium, which have præ- morse forked segments, with the venules diverging in a forked and digitate manner from the base or axis, the midrib being generally evanescent or wanting. On viewing the original species constituting the genus Allantodia of Mr Brown, they are found to agree.so much in character with the species which Roth and other authors have characterized under Athyrium, that it appears to me necessary to associate them together; and as regards Athyrium, as a genus, I must confess that I cannot value it otherwise than as constituting another group of Asplenium, the only character being in the vaulted or cylindrical indusium, which is a form not uncom- mon to many other species of Aspleniee. From these observations it may be inferred, that the structure of the sori and indusium affords but slight generic distinctions; which is the more to be regretted, as the venation in the greater mass of the species is uniformly direct and free: but 172 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. there are a few species which have variously anastomosing veins, which, taken in conjunction with the slight different modifications of the sori, as above noticed, afford sufficient character whereupon to constitute a few small natural genera. Sect. I. OnTHOPHLEBIER. Venation free, none of the venules anastomosing. 67. ScoLOPENDRIUM, Sm. Veins forked; venules direct, free, parallel, the superior and inferior branch of each fascicle approximating and spo- ranguiferos on their proximate sides, constituting unilateral linear sori, confluent in pairs. Zndusia linear, the free mar- gins of each pair conniving, forming as it were one sorus. Fronds linear-lanceolate, plane or undulate, and divided at the apex, usually cordate at the base, or pinnate. Species. 1. S. officinarum, Sm. 2. S. Hemionitis, Cav. 3. S. pinnatum, J. Sm. Illust. Schk. Crypt. t. 83. b. 84. Hook. gen. fil. t. 57. B. Obs. This genus has been separated from Asplenium by the sori being confluent in pairs, although they appear as but one sorus with the indusium opening longitudinally in the middle; but which consists of two separate indusia, attached on the opposite sides of the two sporangiferous venules. 68. DiPraziuM, Sw. J. Sm. Veins forked or pinnate; venules direct, free, all or the lower ones only sporangiferous on both sides, constituting binate, or simple, superior linear sori. Indusia generally plain, linear. Fronds simple, pinnate, or bi-tripinnatifid, from 1 to 6 or 8 Jeet high, usually smooth. Sori generally decussate. Examp. 1. D. plantagineum, Sw. 2. D. integrifolium, Blume. 3. D. grandifolium, Sw. 4. D. porrectum, Wall. 5. D. juglandifolium, Sw. 6. D. undulosum, Sw. 1 D. frondosum, Wall. 8. D. arborescens, Sw. Illust. Schk. Crypt. t. 15, 16, 85. Hook. gen. fil. t. 55. P 56, B. | c cee J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, 173 Obs. Swartz first separated this as a genus from Asplenium, by the circumstance of the sori being double, which character embraces a considerable number of species; but in many of them the double or binate sori are produced only on the lower exterior venule of each fascicle, the other venules pro- ducing a single unilateral sorus on the superior side only as in true Asplenium; therefore if it were not for the sake of having some character whereby to divide the old extensive genus Zsplenium, the circumstance of double sori would be unworthy of notice as a generic distinction. Some of the original species of Diplazium are by the above character now excluded, and constitute the genus Callipteris, which is char- acterized by having anastomosing venules. 69. ASPLENIUM, Linn. J. Sm. (Acropteris, Link. Darea, Willd. Cezenopteris, Berg. Athy- rium, Roth. Allantodiz sp. R. Br.) Veins forked or pinnate; venules direct, free, sporangife- rous on their superior side, constituting unilateral linear sori. Indusium plain or vaulted, and cylindrical. * ASPLENIA VERA. Fronds simple or pinnate, margin entire or crenate. Sori usually equal on both sides of the midrib. Examp. 1. A. Phyllitidis, Wall. 2. A. vitteeforme, Cav. 3. A. serratum, Zinn. 4, A. Brasiliense, Sw. 5. A. attenu- atum, R. Br. 6. A. oligophyllum, Kau/f: 7. A. marinum, Linn. 8. A. Trichomanes, Zinn. Ilust. Schk. Crypt. t. 67, 69. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 137, 220. ** AcCROPTERIS, Link. J. Sm. Fronds simply forked or digitate, pinnate or bipinnate, seg- ments serrate, or primarily laciniated ; costa undefined or want- ing; veins radiating from the base of the segments, or forming an acute angle with the evanescent costa. Examp. 9. A. septentrionale, Sw. 10. A. australe, Sw. 11. A. radiatum, Sw. 12. A. Ruta-muraria, Linn. 13. A, 174 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Canariense, Willd. 14. A. preemorsum, Sw. 15. A. falca- tum, Lam. 16. A. serra, Lang. et Fisch. Illust. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 30: Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 136. *** Danza, Willd. Fronds simple, acutely laciniated, pinnate or bi-tripinnatifid ; sori usually solitary in each ultimate segment. Examp. 17. A. flaccidum, Forst, 18. A. Odontites, R. Br. 19. A. laxum, R. Br. 20. A. ruteefolium, ( Willd.) 21. A. bulbiferum, Forst. 22. A.diversifolium, Cunn. 23. A. rhizo- phyllum, (Ccenopteris, Sm.) 24. A. myriophyllum, Spreng. Ilust. Hook. Gen. Fil, t. 6. Hook. et Grev, Ic. Fil. t. 193. **** ATHYRIUM, Roth. Fronds bi-tripinnatifid, ultimate segments dentate or deeply laciniated; sori short, generally occupying the middle or lower part of the venules, sometimes the lower exterior venules sori- ferous on both sides; indusium vaulted, its extremities free. Ezamp. 25. A. fontanum, R. Br. 26. A. filix-foemina, F. Br. 27. A. Athyrium, Spreng. 28. A. Brownii, J. Sm. (Allantodia australis, R. Br.) 29. A. umbrosum, (Allan- : todia, R. Br.) 30. A. spectabile, (Allantodia, Wall.) 31. À.multicaudatum, ( Wall.) 32. A. incisum, ( Allantodia, Wall.) _ Jliust. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 16. Schk. crypt. t. 58, 59. Obs. The circumstance of some of the species of this sec- tion having very short sori, with the ends of the indusium free and curved, is somewhat analogous to Nephrodium and Cystopteris in the following tribe; but the difference of at- tachment of the indusium readily distinguishes them. For further observations respecting Asplenium, see page 171. Sect. II. SYMPLOPHLEBIES. Venation variously anastomose, or reticulated. 70. CETERACH, Willd. J. Sm. (Gymnogrammatis sp. Spreng. Presl.) Veins forked ; venules anastomosing ; sporangia unilateral; * J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, 175 sort oblong, protruding through dense elongated scales; in- dusium obsolete.— Fronds 2 to 8 inches long, linear, sinuous, pinnatifid, or pinnate, coriaceous, the under side densely covered 3 with elongated fringed scales; veins digitately branched, the branches anastomosing, the lower exterior one sporangiferous on the side facing the primary midrib of the frond. Species. 1. C. officinarum, Willd. ( Asplenium Ceterach, Linn. Grammitis Ceterach, Sw. Scolopendrium Ceterach, Sm.) 2. C. cordata, (Acrostichum, Linn. ‚Grammitis, Sw. Notholena, Desv. Gymnogramma, Spreng. Ceterach crenata, Kaulf.) Jllust. Schk. crypt. t. i. b. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil, t. 156. Newman's Brit. Ferns, p. 85. Qbs. The synonyms given to the two species of this genus will show the several opinions of authors as regards their affi- nity and their value, viewed as a distinct genus; but in my opinion, the unilateral sporangia clearly point out their re- lationship to be with Asplenium rather than with any genus near Grammitis; the absence of the indusium being, accord- ing to my view, entirely owing to its being suppressed by the density of the scales, which particularly characterize these two species, and which is' analogous to the Lepicystis section of Goniophlebium in Polypodiee. In Ceterach officinarum the venules are combined, a character not before noticed. I have not yet had sufficient evidence to say whether or not a like structure characterizes C. cordata; but however unsatis- factory the generic character of Ceterach may be, yet it ap- pears to me on viewing every point of structure, that enough is known to warrant their separation from any of the genera in which they have hitherto respectively stood. By Presl retaining it in Gymnogramma, he shows that he had not examined the venation with that attention which the subject requires. > 11. NEOTTOPTERIS, J. Sm. (Asplenii sp. Linn. and authors.) Veins forked; venules direct, parallel, sporangiferous on their superior side, their apices combined by a transverse continuous anastomosing vein; sori unilateral, linear, paral- 176 Js SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS: * lel; indusium plane; fronds ce@spitose, simple, linear-lanceo- late, coriaceous, smooth, marginate, from 1 to 3 feet in length by 4—6 inches wide. : Species. 1. N. vulgaris, J. Sm. (Asplenium Nidus, Linn.) 2. N. museefolia, J. Sm. 8. N. Phyllitidis, (D. Don.) 4. A. Grevillii, (Wall.) 5. N. stipitata, J. Sm. Ilust. Hook. Gen. Fil. ined. Obs. 'The habit of the few species constituting this genus naturally indicates them to be distinct as a genus from any of the preceding genera, and they are readily recognised by the apices of the venules being combined by a marginal vein ; the only character tbat distinguishes this genus from at least two species of Asplenium, which are nearly of the same habit with Neottopteris. There is a structure worthy of notice as regards the axis of venation, and which is well ex- emplified in Neottopteris ; the midrib of which is large, pro- minent, and triangular, the lower part being furnished with two distinct vascular chords, imbedded in the cellular struc- ture; higher up they unite, a section exhibiting the appear- ance of the two letter c's, joined back to back thus oc, the superior margin of each producing the veins which diverge to their respective sides, and each fascicle parts into two or three branches (forked), which forking takes place entirely within the substance of the midrib; therefore in such cases, veins are apt to be considered much more simple in their parts than they truly are. 72 ANTIGRAMMA, Presl, J. Sm. (Asplenii sp. Authors. Camptosorus, Link. Presl.) Veins forked ; venules angularly anastomosing and reticu- lated, the marginal veinlets free. Sporangia produced on the proximate sides of the primary venules of each fascicle, constituting unilateral linear sori, usually confluent in pairs. Indusia linear, the free margins of each pair conniving. Fronds simple, lanceolate, cordate, entire or sinuous, smooth. Examp. 1. A. rhizophylla, (Linn. Camptosorus, Link.) 2. A. repanda, Presl. 3. A. Douglasii (Hook. et Grev.) 2 ——— ^! J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, 177 Ilust. Hook. et Grev. ic. fil. t. 150. Hook. ic. Plant. t. 183. Hook. gen. fil. t. 57. A. and C. Obs. The reticulated venation distinguishes this genus from Scolopendrium, both agreeing in having twin sori facing each other. The somewhat divergence of the sori in 4. rhizo- phylla, is in my opinion not sufficient character to allow of its separation as a genus, especially as such divergence may be viewed as the result of the shorter angular anastomosing of the venules, caused by the usual narrow and lobed nature of the frond. 73. ALLANTODIA, R. Br. Wall. J. Sm. Veins forked ; venules angularly anastomosing and reticu- lated, the marginal veinlets free. Sporangia produced on the superior side of the alternate primary venules, consti- tuting unilateral linear sori. Jndusium vaulted, cylindrical. Fronds pinnate, 1 to 2 feet long, pinne linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth. Species. A. Brunonis, Wall. Hlust. Wall. Pl. As. rar. ic. t. 52. Obs. I have already noticed that the original species of this genus as constituted by Mr Brown, agree in habit and . form of venation with the species that Roth had previously characterized as a genus under the name of Athyrium, which I have already given as forming a section of the genus Asple- nium, and which also includes Mr Brown's original species of Allantodia, that genus being here restricted to one known species differing entirely in habit and venation from Athyrium. 14. Hemipictyum, Presl, J. Sm. Asplenii sp. Linn. Veins forked; venules parallel till near the margin, then anastomosing and reticulated, combined by a transverse con- tinuous marginal vein, Sporangia produced on the superior side of the parallel venules, constituting unilateral linear sori. Indusium plain. Vol. [V.—No. 28. z 178 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Fronds pinnate, 12 to 14 feet long; pinnæ sessile cordate, from 1 to 13 foot long by 4—5 inches wide. Sori linear, produced on the straight parallel portion of the venule, from near the midrib to their point of anastomosing. Species. 1. H. marginatum, (Linn.) lust. Plum. fil. t. 106. Hook. gen. fil. t. 55. e Obs. The technical character that distinguishes this fine fern as a genus distinct from the preceding is, in the exterior margin of the reticulated venation being combined by a con- tinuous vein, parallel with and close to the margin, and also by its plane indusium, 75. OXYGONIUM, Presl, J. Sm. (Diplazii sp. Presl, Wall. Callipteris, J. Sm. in Journ. of Bot.) Veins pinnately-forked ; venules parallel till near the mar- gin, then anastomosing, and reticulated, terminating with free marginal veinlets. Sporangia bilateral, constituting binate linear sori, Indusia plane. Fronds pinnate, rarely simple; pinna entire, ovate-lanceolate, and acuminate. Species. 1. O. vittæformis, J. Sm. (Callipteris, J. Sm.) 2. O. ovatum, ( Wall.) 3. O. alismæfolium, Presl. 4. O. ele- gans, J. Sm. Ilust. Presl, Relig. Hank. t. 8. f. 3. Obs. From an examination of specimens of Diplazium ovatum of Wallich, and D. alismefolium of Presl, I originally considered them as not generically distinct from the following genus; but the recent possession of ample specimens of the above four species have now induced me to consider them as forming a distinct group, distinguished from the following by their entire and broader habit, as also by the fascicles of venules being nearly uniform and parallel, and not anasto- mosing till near the margin, as in the preceding genus; and differing from it only in the sori being binate. Ozygonium ovatum and alismafolium, have hitherto been observed and described as having only simple fronds; but I possess specimens with both simple and pinnate fronds grow- J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 179 ing from the. same root, which, with many other like exam- ples, shows the care necessary to be used in determining spe- cies from the examination of but few specimens. 76. CALLIPTERIS, Bory, J. Sm. (Asplenii sp. Sw. and Auth. Diplazii sp. Sw. and Auth. Anisogonium, Presl, -Digrammaria, Presl.) Veins costeeform and pinnate, each opposite pair of venules angularly anastomosing, the superior ones usually free. Sporangia bilateral, constituting binate linear sori. Indusium plain. Fronds pinnate or bipinnatifid or bipinnate, often viviparous, smooth, the stipes and rachis sometimes aculeate. Sori usu- ally decussate. Ezamp. 1. C. prolifera, Bory. 2. C. spinulosa, ( Blume). 3. C. accidens, ( Blume.) 4. C. Wallichii, J. Sm. (Asplenium ambiguum, Wall.) 5. C. Malabarica, (Spreng.) (Asplenium ambiguum, Sw.) ilust. Hook. gen. fil. t. 56. A. C. i Obs. The costzform pinnate venation is the principal dis- tinction between this genus and the preceding, and which may be viewed as analogous to the venation of Stegnogramma ` and Goniopteris, in the tribe Polypodiee. Some portion of the several forms of the large fronds of Callipteris Malabarica have often few or none of the venules anastomosing ; in such case it is not generically distinct from Diplazium. Presl has constituted a genus as belonging to this tribe, under the name of Plenasium, including two presumed spe- cies, which two species he originally described in Reliquie Henkeane, as doubtful species of Nephrodium, viz., N. Bank- siefolium and N. Bromeliefolium. He had not seen fertile spe- cimens, and he quotes Asplenium aureum of Blume, and . Asplenium Grammitis of Wallich, as the same as one of these species. Blume doubts his plant being an Asplenium, of which I have sterile specimens, as also sterile specimens from - Presl of his two species of Nephrodium, which are the same as Blume's plant. What the Asplenium Grammitis of Wallich is I have not been able to determine, as I do not find it in the 180 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Wallichian herbarium at the Linnzan Society. The genus therefore appeared to me a very doubtful one, but it is now explained by the possession of ample specimens brought from the Philippines by H. Cuming, Esq., which specimens clearly prove that Nephrodium Banksiafolium, and N. Bro- meliefolium of Presl,and Asplenium aureum of Blume, are one and the same, and happeh to be constituted from barren portions of the frond of Osmunda Javanica ! Tribe V. ASPIDIEÆ. J. Sm. Sori round, rarely oblong, intramarginal, furnished with a special indusium, which is either orbicular and produced from the centre (central), or reniform or cucullate, and produced from the interior side of the sporangiferous receptacle (/ate- ral), or sometimes attached wholly round the receptacle and including the sporangia, (Calyciform.) Obs. This extensive tribe may be viewed as composed of species analogous in habit and vascular structure to those genera of the tribe Polypodiee, which have round sori; but Aspidiee differs by each sorus being furnished with a special indusium, which is often very fugacious, or so small as to become soon obliterated by the increasing size of the sporan- gia; and therefore in such cases it becomes difficult to deter- mine in which tribe the species should be placed, and this can only be satisfactorily determined, by the examination of the sori in the early stage of their growth. From my own observation, it appears probable that there are many species described as belonging to Polypodiee, that are true Aspidiee- Therefore, setting aside the presence of the indusium as the only mark of distinction between the two tribes, the whole of Aspidiee would naturally associate with Polypodiez; but as the latter tribe is already extensive, it will be advisable to allow the presence of the indusium to characterize a separate tribe, consisting of genera whose differences are shown by the several modifications of venation, position of the sori, and form of the indusium, which latter organ is in the greater mass of the species either centrally or laterally attached. But > J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 181 these two characters are not always constant, for both modes of attachment are often found upon the same frond; conse- quently the form of the indusium is not to be wholly depended upon. In at least four genera containing but few species, the in- dusium is attached all round the base of the receptacle, and include the sporangia, forming a more or less perfect cup, analogous to the tribe Cyathee, but wanting the elevated receptacle that particularly characterize that tribe; for the pedicillate sori of Spheropteris, (which I place in Aspidiee), cannot in my opinion be viewed as an elevated receptacle, even although the form of the indusia of the genera here alluded to would warrant their being placed in Cyathee; but on viewing their habit and characters in every other respect, I do not hesitate in placing them in this tribe. Aspidiee contains probably above 200 described species, and is readily distinguished from Aspleniee by the sori being round, with the indusium (when lateral, as in all Aspleniee) attached across the venule, and not longitudinally in the direction of the ven- ules as in Aspleniee. From the following tribe Dicksoniee, it is distinguished by the indusium of that tribe always conniv- ing with the altered indusiiform margin. Secr. I. SvyMPLOPHLEBIE X. . Fenation variously anastomose, or reticulated. 71. Matonia, R. Br. Veins forked; venules fertile anastomosing, sterile ones di- rect and free; sporangia definitely disposed in a simple series round a special receptacle, produced on the axes of conflu- ence of numerous veinlets, furnished with an orbicular, in- flated central attached indusium, constituting globose sori, * Rhizoma creeping, 6 to 8 feet high.” Fronds cordate-flabel- late, multipartite, segments uniform, linear, equally pinnatifid, rigid, glaucous, from to 2 feet in length, lacinie about 1 inch in length, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, costate, lower venules anasto- mosing, forming 2 to T soriferous points parallel with the mid- + 182 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. ribs; indusium gibberous, its margin involute, usually including about six sporangia in the manner of an inverted cup; ring slightly oblique. Species. M. pectinata, R. Br. Ilust. Wall, Pl. As. Rar. Ic. t. 16. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 43. Obs. This remarkable and unique fern is a native of Mount Ophir in the peninsula of Malacca, and all that was for many years known concerning it was, from a portion of a frond preserved in the Wallichian Herbarium of the Lin- nzean Society of London, from which Mr Brown characterized the genus; but through the indefatigable exertions of H. Cuming, Esq., botanists have now become possessed of noble specimens of this rare fern: it was found by him near the top of Mount Ophir in great plenty. The peculiarity in - appearance and structure, in every respect of this fern, ren- ders it difficult satisfactorily to determine its real affinities; in habit it may be compared with Gleichinia, and its relation- ship with that genus is partly borne out by the sporangia of each sorus being definite, and the ring being slightly oblique. The sori being produced on a central point formed on the confluence of from 5 to 10 venules, is analogous to the Phy- matodiz section of Drynaria in the tribe Polypodiec ; but the presence of a peltate central attached indusium induces me to place it in Aspidiee. 78. Hvropznnis, R. Br. Veins costeform ; venules compoundly anastomosing, pro- ducing from their sides variously directed, free sterile vein- lets, which terminate within the areoles ; sporangia produced on the angles or points of confluence of numerous veinlets, constituting round sori; indusium calyciform, membraneous; its margin irregularly laciniated and fimbriate. Fronds stipitate, 1 to 9 feet high, simple, entire, auriculated at the base, or 3-lobed, primary veins costeform, parallel, com- bined by transverse parallel venules, which again ramify and anastomose ; sori irregular, or forming a row on each side of the primary veins; indusium very obscure. J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 183 Species. H. Brownii, J. Sm. Illust. Hook. et Bauer's Gen. EF tE Obs. ‘This genus is founded upon a solitary species, and is so similar in habit and venation, that without a close exami- nation of its sori, it would pass for a species of Drynaria, allied to D, plantaginea and D. sceptrum, and only to be dis- tinguished from that genus, as also from the following, by the sori being furnished with a very obscure but perfect calyci- form indusium, similar in structure to that of Woodsia, but differing from that genus entirely in habit and venation. This fern is a native of Trinidad. 19. AsPIDIUM, Sw. Schott. J. Sm. Veins costeeform ; venules compoundly anastomosing, pro- ducing from their sides, variously directed, free veinlets, which terminate within the areoles; sporangia produced on the angles or points of confluence of veinlets, constituting round sori; indusium usually orbicular and central, rarely reniform. Fronds from 1 to 3 feet or more in height, simple, or lobed, pinnate or bipinnate, margin entire, sinuated, or laciniated; sori arranged im a row on each side of the costeform veins, or primary anastomosing venules, or irregular, by confluence some- times oblong. Ezamp. 1. A. Singaporianum, Wall. 2. A. trifoliatum, Sw. 3. A. macrophyllum, Sw. 4. A. alatum, Wall. 5. A. decurrens, Presi. 6. A. repandum, Willd. "5. A. poly- morphum, Wall, lllust. Schott. Gen. Fil. t. 2. Hook. et Bauer Gen, Fil. t. 33. Obs. This genus, as now restricted, contains species ana- logous in habit and venation to the Dipteris section of Dry- naria in Polypodiee, but distinguished by the presence of indusium which is usually orbicular; but instances of both orbicular and reniform indusia are often found on the same frond, and sometimes the latter are the most numerous; but as the species agree in habit, they therefore cannot be sepa- rated on the form of the indusia alone. 184 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, 80. Sacenta, Presl. J. Sm. ( Aspidii sp. Authors.) Veins forked; venules arcuately and angularly anastomos- ing, forming unequal areoles; sporangia produced on the angles or points of meeting of two or more venules, or on the apex of a free veinlet, terminating in the areoles, consti- tuting round sori; indusium orbicular or reniform. Fronds pinnate, or bipinnate; pinne lobed or sinuously- pinnatifid ; sori disposed in a row on each side of the ultimate midrib or irregular. Ezxamp. 1. S. varia, (Sw.) 2. S. Hippocrepis, (Sw.) 3. S. apiifolia, (Schk.) 4. S. coadunatum, ( Wall.) 5. S. pla- typhylla, J. Sm. 6. S. intermedia, J. Sm. lust. Hook. et Grev. Ic, Fil. t. 202. Schk. crypt. t. 56. b. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 53. A. Obs. Sagenia differs but little in habit from Aspidium, and is distinguished as a genus principally by the absence of the irregular free veinlets which characterize the venation of Aspidium. 81. Pieocnemra, Presl. J. Sm. (Polypodii sp. Gaud.) Veins forked; the lower venules arcuately and angularly anastomosing, forming unequal areoles; the superior venwles free and fertile; sporangia medial; sori round; indusium reniform. * Rhizoma arboreus.” Fronds 15 fo 17 feet high, bi-tri- pinnate, ultimate segments pinnatifid ; veins of the lacinia, forked; the superior venules soriferous, Jorming a row on each side of the midrib of the lacinie, Species. P. Leuceana, Presl. (Polypodium, Gaud.) Tliust. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 97. Obs. This genus is founded upon a solitary species, and differs from the preceding genus principally by its more gi gantic habit, than in the character of the venation and sorh the sterile frond exhibiting venation similar to Sagenia, but on account of the ultimate laciniz of the fertile frond being tachi wey oim MR ELT... - J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, 185 contracted, only the lower venules anastomose, the sori- ferous venules of the narrow laciniz being free. Presl ap- pears to have seen only the fertile state, and that without the indusium, which has, I apprehend, been the cause of his plac- ing it in Polypodiee, 82, Onocrea, Linn. Veins (of sterile fronds) reticulate, fertile frond contracted, segments bacciform, constituting a universal indusium; fertile venules direct, free; sporangia medial, their pedicels concrete; sort round, 4—6 confluent; special indusium lateral, cucul- late, very membraneous. Fronds of two forms, the sterile pinnate; pinnee sinuous or pinnatifd; fertile frond bipinnate; pinnules contracted, ses- sile, their margin membraneous, conniving, forming a unila- teral raceme of globous bacciform segments, each compactly filled with the sporangia of confluent sori. Species, O. sensibilis, Zinn. Zilust. Schk. crypt. t. 102, 103. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 82. Obs. On first viewing this singular but well-known fern, it. may seem strange why it should now be placed in Aspi- diez, having been hitherto placed in affinity with Blechnum and Woodwardia, which has no doubt arisen by the membra- neous conniving margin of the fertile segments having been considered as a true indusium, and from authors not having paid due regard to the apparent membraneous scales which are found interposed between the confluent sori, which mem- brane I find is cucullate, and attached on the sporangiferous receptacle analogous to the interiorly attached lateral indusia of many Aspidiee. What further strengthens my opinion that Onoclea should be placed in Aspidiee is, that the habit and venation of the sterile fronds are similar to the genus Sagenia, the fertile fronds of some species of that genus being somewhat contracted, and indeed only wanting a little more contraction to pass into Onoclea. Thus Onoclea presents the same affinity with Aspidium that Struthiopteris does with Poly- podium. Vol. IV.— No. 28. 2A 186 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. Presl has constituted a genus (Rhagiopteris,) on two other presumed species of Onoclea; but it appears to me that there are no such species, and that the specimens upon which he characterized his genus have (by mistake,) consisted of the fertile frond of Onoclea sensibilis and the sterile frond of some other fern, an instance of which I have witnessed among Pursh's specimens of Onoclea in the herbarium of Mr Lambert. 83. Cyrtomium, Presl. (Aspidii sp. Sw. Wall.) Veins pinnate; the lower exterior venule free and fertile, the other angularly anastoniosing, and producing on their exterior sides or angular junctions 1, 2, or 3 excurrent fer- tile free veinlets; sporangia medial; sori round; indusium orbicular, central. Fronds pinnate; pinnee oblong-acuminate falcate, oblique or lobed at their base, margin entire or spinulous ; sori nu- merous, transversely-multiserial, Species. 1. C. faleatum, (Sw.) 2. C. caryotideum, ( Wall.) Jilust. Hook. et Grev, Ic. Fil. t. 69. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 49. c. . Obs. The two species constituting this genus approach in habit and texture the extensive genus Polystichum in the fol- lowing section, none of the venules of which anastomose; and it is evident, on viewing the habit and venation of this and the two following genera, that they form a gradual transition to the free venation which characterize Polystichum. The character of Cyrtomium, as respects venation and position of the sori, is somewhat analogous to Goniophlebium and Cyr- tophlebium in Polypodiee. 84. PHANEROPHLEBIER, Presl, J. Sm. (Aspidii sp. Schlecht. Polypodii sp. Humb. Amblia, Presl.) Veins pinnately-forked ; the lower exterior or usually both the lower venules free and fertile, the superior ones angularly anastomosing and also fertile; sporangia medial; sori round ; indusium orbicular, central. J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, 187 Fronds simple or pinnate; pinne linear-lanceolate, fal- cate, or elliptical, margin spinulous; sori arranged in 2, 3, or 4 transverse rows. Species. 1. P. nobilis, ( Schlecht.) 2. P. juglandifolia, (Humb.) — Illust. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 49. A. (from Presl.) Obs. The venules being less anastomosed is the chief dis- tinction between this and the preceding genus. 85. FaApvEN1A, Hook. ( Aspidii sp. Hook. et Grev.) Veins forked; venules anastomosing and reticulate, the lower exterior venule (of each fascicle) free and sporangiferous on its apex; sort round, transversely uniserial; indusium reniform, lateral. Fronds simple, entire, 5 to 6 inches long, the sterile lan- ceolate, attenuated, and proliferous at the apex; the fertile linear, attenuated towards its base, apex obtuse; the free venules in the sterile frond usually forked; sori situated in the costal areoles. Species. F. prolifera, Hook. Illast. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 53. B. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 96. Obs. The species upon which this genus is founded is a native of Jamaica, and as a genus it may be viewed as repre- senting the same form of venation and position of the sori in Aspidiee that Goniophlebium and Synammia does in Poly- podiee. It is probable that Fadyenia prolifera is the simple form of a group to which may be referred the Aspidium caducum of Wallich, which is a large pinnate fern, the pinne being ana- logous in texture, venation, and position of the sori to the simple frond of Fadyenia, excepting that the venules become free towards the apex or superior half of the pinne; but as the specimens and figure (Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 171.) which I have examined, are not perfect, having no evidence of its belonging to Aspidiee, except by analogy, and its being so called by its original discoverer, ( Wallich,) I therefore for the present hesitate deciding where it should be placed, and 188 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, if, on further evidence, it should prove distinct, it may bear the name of Hemigonium. : 86. NEPHRODIUM, Schott. Presl. J. Sm. (Aspidii sp. Auth. Cyclosorus, Link. Cyclodium, Presl.) Veins costæform, pinnate; the lower pair or more pairs of venules angularly anastomosing and fertile, their junctions combined by an excurrent anastomosing sterile veinlet ; spo- rangia medial; sori round; indusium reniform, rarely orbi- cular. Fronds simple,or pinnate; pinne entire, serrate, or sinuous- ly pinnatifid ; the superior venules of deeply pinnatifid pine free, the lower pair always anastomosing; sori disposed in a row on each side of the costeform veins; (costa of lacini) sometimes becoming confluent, and forming æ continuous line parallel with the margin; sporangia sometimes echinate, Ezamp. 1. N. multilineatum, ( Wall.) 2. N. glandulosum, (Blume. 3. N. confertum, (Kaulf.) 4. N. cyatheoides, (Kaulf) 5. N, meniscioides, (Willd.) 6. N. gongylodes, (Schk.) (Cyclosorus, Link.) ". N. unitum, R. Br. 8. N. aridum, Don. 9. N. deltoideum, (Sw.) 10. N. molle, (Sw.) 1}. G. Blumei, J. Sm. (Gymnogramma canescens, Blume.) 12. N. canescens, ( Wall.) Illust. Schott. Gen. Fil. t. 10. Schk. crypt. t. 34. b. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 48. B. Obs. Nephrodium is a name originally applied by Michaux to a few North American ferns, and has subsequently been adopted by Brown and others for an extensive group of great uniformity of habit, and distinguished from Aspidiumby the indusium being reniform ; but the genus is now restricted to a portion only of what has hitherto been included, and which are characterized by the venation being more or less anasto- mosed, leaving out the species in which the venules are all free, these being comprehended under the subsequent genus Lastrea, which with Nephrodium are exact prototypes of Poly- podium and Goniopteris; therefore in the absence of the 10- dusium there is no character whereby to distinguish them from these two genera. Ina few the indusium is said J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, 189 to be orbicular. I have examined species so characterized, and have usually found it to be more or less approaching to, and even sometimes truly reniform ; and it appears to me that due care has not at all times been taken by authors in their descriptions and figures of the indusium, and even supposing the indusium in a few cases to be orbicular yet I cannot ad- mit the difference between reniform and orbicular, to be of sufficient importance as a generic distinction alone in this group of Aspidiee. This view prevents me from adopting the genus Cyclodium of Presl, constituted upon three species characterized as having orbicular indusia. 87. MESOCHLÆNA, R. Br. (Polypodii sp. Wall. Spheerostephanos, J. Sm.) Veins costeeform, pinnate; venules (the lower pair) angu- larly anastomosing, the others free; sporangia medial; sort oblong-linear ; indusium linear, attached longitudinally on the middle of the sorus, its margins free and glandulous. Fronds 2 to 3 feet high, pinnate ; pinna 6—7 inches long, linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid, villous; venules parallel; sori becoming confluent, the sides of the indusium then becoming vertical. Species. 1. M. Moluccana, R. Br. 2. M. javanica, R. Br. 3. M. asplenioides, J. Sm. (Sphzrostephanos, J. Sm. Poly- podium villosum, Wall.) Illust. Hook. et Bauer Gen. F il. t. 24. Obs. When I first characterized this genus in Hooker and Bauer's Genera Filicum, under the name of Spherostephanos, I was not aware that it was the structure alluded to by Mr Brown in his observations on Polypodium in. Horsfield's Flora Java. I also took a wrong view of the indusium, which was on account of my specimen being too far advanced. I viewed itas a peculiar kind of receptacle; but the examination of additional specimens have enabled me to see its true structure. 'The habits of the species are quite analogous to many species of Nephrodium, the linear sori being the only character that distinguishes it from that genus, the glandulous margin of the 190 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. indusium being a character also common to many species of Nephrodium. Sect. II. OnTHOoPHLEBIE X. Venation free, none of the venules anastomosing. | 88. SPHÆROPTERIS, Wall. (Peranema, Don.) Veins costæform, pinnate; venules simple or forked, their apices clavate; sporangiferous receptacle medial, pedicillate ! included within a globous calyciform indusium, opening ver- tically, sub-bivalved or irregular; sori round. ** Rhizoma creeping.” Fronds sfipitate tripinnate, stipes and rachis squamous; laciniæ obtuse, repand, each bearing 1, 2, or 3 sori; venules glanduliferous, their apex thichened. Species. S. barbata, Wall, (Peranema cyatheoides, D. Don.) Ilust. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. Ic. t. 48. Schott. Gen. Fil. t. 4. Hooker et Bauer Gen. Fil. t. 22. Obs. The very obvious and remarkable pedicel which ele- vates the sori considerably above the disk, readily distinguishes this genus from all other genera of Polypodiacee. The pedi- cillate sori of Thyrsopteris, and some species of Trichomanes, cannot be considered analogous to the pedicel or footstalk ; in these it is merely formed by a prolongation of the veins beyond the margin of the frond, or by the contraction or absence of the usual cellular structure between the veins. A similar pedicel to that which characterizes this genus exists in a species of Marattia, which species I am disposed to view as constituting a genus under the name of Eupodium, and which is distinct from Marattia upon the same character that Spheropteris is distinct from the following genus. I have at page 181 stated my reasons for placing Spheropleris and the next genus Diacalpe in the tribe Aspidiez. 89. Diacatpr, Blume. Veins costeform, pinnate; venules simple, rarely forked, their apices clavate; sporangiferous receptacle sessile, superfi- J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 191 cial! included within a globous calyciform indusium, opening irregularly; sori round; rhizoma creeping; fronds decom- pound, multifid, stipes and rachis squamous-glandulous. Species. ID. aspidioides, Blume. Illust. Hook, Gen. Fil. t. 99. Obs. This agrees in every respect with the preceding genus, differing only in the sori not being pedicillate: but al- though such appears to be the case, still they are not strictly so, being superficially seated on a slightly elevated point, from which the entire sorus can be freely removed without rupturing the base of the indusium or receptacle of the spo- rangia, a circumstance clearly proving its superficial attach- ment. 90. Woonsta, R. Br. (Polypodii sp. Auth. Hymenocystis, C. A. Meyer. Physe- matium, Kaulf.) Veins forked; venules simple; sporangia terminal or me- dial; sori round; indusium calcyciform, its apex open, near- ly entire, or deeply laciniated, the laciniz usually terminating in long hairs, which involve the sporangia. - Fronds small, from 1 inch to a foot in height, bi-tripinnati- fid, smooth or squamous; veins usually simple or forked, the lower exterior branch soriferous. Ezamp. 1. W. glabella, R. Br. 2. W.ilvensis, R. Br. 3. W. hyperborea, R. Br.. 4. W. Perriniana, Hook. 5. W. Caucasica, J. Sm. (Hymenocystis, C. A. Meyer.) 6. W. incisa, Hook, "7. W. mollis, J. Sm. (Physematium, Kaulf.) lilust. Linn. Tran. vol. ii. t. 2. Hook. et Bauer Gen. Fil. t. 3. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil, t. 68, 191. Kunze Anal. Pterid. t. 27. ; Obs. This genus is characterized by its peculiar indusium, which in the original species of the genus (the cup or mem- brane) is very small, and soon becomes hidden by the enlarge- ment of the sporangia; but the long hairs which fringe its margin remain conspicuous; in some other species the cup is more entire and complete, and in Woodsia mollis and W. Caucasica, the margin is nearly entire and circular, in that > 192 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNs. respect analogous to the genus Cyathea, but from which Woodsia differs in not having the elevated receptacle and compressed sporangia, which characterize Cyathea, besides being entirely different in habit, which is similar to the fol- lowing genus. 91. Cystopreris, Bernh. Presl, J. Sm. (Aspidii sp. Sw. Cyathea sp. Smith.) Veins forked ; venules free; sporangia medial ; sori round; indusium lateral, oblong-reniform, inflated, cucullate. Fronds slender, bi-tripinatifid, from a few inches to 1 foot high, ultimate segments dentate or laciniated ; sori usually becoming confluent, the free margin of the indusium dentate or fimbriate. Exzamp. l. C. atomaria, (Sw.) 2. C. alpina, Link, 3. C. dentata, Hook. 4. C. fragilis, Bernh. 5. C. bulbifera, Bernh. 6. C. fumarioides, Schott. — Zilust. Schott. Gen, Fil å 8. Schk. Crypt. t. 54, 57, 62. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 52. B. Obs. 'The habit and inflated indusium of this genus indi- cates some affinity with the Athyrium section of Asplenium; but the attachment of the indusium being across, and not longitudinally on the side of the venule as in Athyrium, dis- tinguishes them; and from Woodsia it is known by its lateral semicalyciform indusium. 92. Lastrea, Bory, Presl., J. Sm. (Aspidii sp. Auth. Nephrodiisp. Auth. Polystichii sp. Roth. Dryopteris, Schott. Thelypteris, Schott. Arthobotrys; Wall. Hypodematium, Kunze. Polypodii, §. Lastre® sp. Bory.) Veins forked or costeform and pinnate; venules direct, free; sporangia medial or terminal; sori round; indusium reniform, lateral, Fronds varying from pinnate to decompound, the pinnc or ultimate segments, entire, sinuous, or pinnatifid, fertile frond sometimes contracted, the lower exterior venule of forked veins, and usually all the venules of pinnate veins J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 193 fertile ; sori often confluent ; indusium smooth or pilose, some- times cochleate. Examp. l. L. semicordata, (Sw.) 2. L. atrata, ( Wall.) 3. L. falciculata, (Radd.) 4. L. chrysoloba, (Link.) 5. L. serra, (Sw.) 6. L. invisa, (Sw.) 'T. L. appendiculata, ( Wall.) 8. L. multijuga, (Wall.) 9. L. Sprengelii, (Kaulf-) 10. L. patens, (Sw.) 11. L. polyphylla, (Kau/f.) 12. L. novaboracense, (Sw.) 13. L. Thelypteris. (Thelypteris palustris, Schott.) 14. L. Oreopteris, (Sw.) 15. L. Filix- mas, (Sw., Dryopteris, Schott.) 16. L. elongata, (Sw.) 17. L. patentissima, ( Wall.) 18. L. marginale, (Sw.) 19. L. venusta, (Hew.) 20. L. macrocarpa. (Arthobotrys, Wall.) 21. L. Goldiana, (Hook. et Grev.) 22. L. dilitata, (Sw.) 23. L. eriocarpa, (Wall. Hypodematium, Kunze.) 24. L. ascendens, ( Hew.) Iilust. Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 102. Schk. Crypt. t. 31, 38. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 45. A. Obs. 'This extensive genus presents nearly the same fea- tures as regards habit and venation to that which now cha- racterizes the genus Polypodium ; and, from my own observa- tions, I am convinced that there are many species placed in Polypodium, which, if examined in an earlier state of growth, would prove to be furnished with an indusium, and to belong to this genus. In the numerous species of Lastrea, the in- dusium varies in texture and form, being more or less mem- braneous, plain or vaulted; but in my view not affording suf- ficient character for constituting genera, and like Polypodium, the position of the sori also varies in being medial or termi- nal; but which also affords no determinate character, and as the more or less regular pinnate or forked character of the venation depends upon the ultimate lacinize or segments of the frond being more or less entire or laciniated, it therefore becomes difficult to arrange this numerous group of species otherwise, than by the circumscription of the frond. In at least two species the fertile fronds are contracted and densely occupied by the sori, which state forms the genus Artho- botrys of Wallich; but this state of the frond appears in a great Vol. I V.—No. 28. 25 194 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. measure to depend upon local circumstances in connexion with its growth; for I possess specimens of fertile fronds scarcely or not at all contracted. Schott has proposed to form the Aspidium (Lastrea), Thelypteris of Swartz into a genus under the name of Thelypteris, as also Aspidium (Lastrea) Filiz-mas of Swartz and its allies, under the name of Dryop- teris—two genera in my opinion not at all tenable; for, allow- ing that there is some difference in the structure of the indusi- um of these species, and the fertile frond of Thelypteris being slightly contracted, with the margin revolute, yet I cannot be induced to adopt his genera; for, on viewing the whole of the species, they appear to form a gradual transition in habit and character from one to another, aud even in habit, passing into the following genus, Polystichum. The Nephrodium hirsutum of Don, (Aspidium eriocarpum, Wall.) has been characterized by Kunze as a distinct genus, under the name of Hypodematium: he separates it on account of its having, according to his view, pedicillate sori analogous to the genus Spheropteris. Since I have seen his character and figure of the genus, I have again carefully examined the species; and from what I have seen, I must still continue to differ from that author in considering the sori to be pedi- cillate. The only peculiarity is in the receptacle being (as in all large sori,) more elevated than in the generality of Aspi- diez; but it certainly has no pedicel or footstalk, the sporan- gia being borne from its base to its apex: on removing the sorus, the force used will often tear away with ita small length- ened portion of the epidermis of the venule, which, viewed in certain positions, presents the appearance of a footstalk to the receptacle, as represented at £. 28, fig. d, of Kunze's Ana- lecta Pteridographica. The species of Lastrea, with bipinnatifid fronds, are $0 similar to Nephrodium, that the two genera can only be known from each other, by none of the venules of Lastrea being anastomosed. J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS, 195 93. PorvsTicuuM, Roth., Presl, J. Sm. (Aspidii sp. Sw. and Auth. Hypopeltidis sp. Mich. Tec- taria, Cav. Rumohra, Radd.) Veins pinnately-forked ; venules direct, free, the lower ex- terior one or more fertile ; sporangia medial, rarely terminal ; sort round; indusium orbicular, central, rarely eccentric and reniform. Fronds simple, pinnate, or bi-tripinnate; pinne usually auriculated at the base on the superior side, the margin usu- ally serrate, the serratures or dents terminating in a rigid mucrone or spinule. Species. 1. P. glandulosum, (Hook. et Grev.) 2. P. rhizo- phyllum, (Sw.) 3. P. trapezoides, (Sw.) 4. P. falcinel- lum, (Sw.) 5. P. cespitosum, ( Wall.) 6. P. Lonchitis, Roth. "1. P. acrostichoides, (Sw.) 8. P. munitum, (Kaulf.) 9. P. lobatum, (Sw.) 10. P. angulare, Kitab. 11. P. ves- titum, (Sw.) 12. P. proliferum, R. Br. 13. P. aculeatum, Roth. (Sw.) 14. P. platyphyllum, ( Willd.) 15. P. coria- ceum, (Sw.) Tectaria, Cav., Link. Rumohra, Radd.) 16. P. aristatum, (Sw.) 17. P. hispidum, (Sw.) 18. P. speeio- sum, (Don.) 19. P. denticulatum, (Sw.) 20. P. conii- folium, ( Wall.) Iliust, Schott. Gen. Fil. t. 9. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 48. C. Obs. This is also an extensive genus, and distinguished from Zastrea by its rigid and spinous habit; for, although the generality of the species have a truly orbicular indusium, yet there are many species, but especially those with decompound fronds, which have the attachment of the indusium eccentric, or even lateral; however, the dry rigid habit of these species. clearly shows that they belong to the same group which have centrally attached indusia. The indusium in several species of this genus is remarkable in becoming hypocratiform, which takes place by the pressure of the sporangia underneath, rais- ing the free circular margin of the indusium. 196 J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 94. DipxMocurzwa, Desv. (Aspidii sp. Sw. Tegularia, Reinw.) Veins radiating, forked; venules direct, free, the exterior one fertile; sporangia terminal; sori elliptical; indusium ob- long, central, and longitudinally attached. Fronds bipinnate; pinnules oblong, elliptical, truncate, oblique at the base, the midrib eccentric, vanishing towards the apex; petiole articulated with the rachis, apex of sterile venules, thickened and clavate. Species. D. truncatula, (Sw.) (D. sinuosa, Desv. Aspi- dium squamatum, Willd. Tegularia adiantifolia, Reinw.) Lllust. Hook. et Bauer Gen. Fil. t. 8. Obs. This genus is founded upon a very fine, beautiful, and distinct fern, a native of Brazil, and the islands of Java and Luzon: its fronds are usually from two to five or six feet in length, and produced from a short arboreous caudex: It is the only genus in Aspidiee besides Mesochlena, that has elongated sori. It belongs to that peculiar group of ferns which have the pinne or ultimate segments of the fronds articulated with the rachis, and therefore deciduous as in some’ species of Drynaria, Stenochlena, Adiantum, and some of the immediate following genera; and which structure is analogous to a similar articulation which forms the attach- ment between the base of the stipes and rhizoma of many ferns, especially those which have a creeping rhizoma pro" ducing the fronds in an alternate manner from the sides; and it is worthy of notice, that the whole of the species so charac- terized, have a great affinity in many other respects. 95. NEPHROLEPis, Schott. (Aspidii sp. Sw. and Auth. Nephrodii sp. R. Br. and Auth.) Veins forked; venules direct, free, the lower exterior one fertile; sporangia terminal; sori round; indusium reniform, or sometimes nearly orbicular. Fronds pinnate, linear; pinne lanceolate, crenate, 8er- rate or auriculate at the base; costa sometimes slightly €¢- J. SMITH ON THE GENERA OF FERNS. 197 centric; petiole articulated wilh the rachis, apex of sterile venules, terminating in a round gland; sori forming a row parallel with, and near the margin. Examp. 1. N. pectinata, ( Willd.) 2. N. exaltata, (Sw.) 3. N. tuberosa, (Bory.) 4. N. pendula, (Radd.) 5. N. obliterata, (R. Br.) 6. N.ensifolia, (Sw.) "T. N. punctu- lata, (Sw.) 8. N. acuminata, (Willd. 9. N. splendens, (Willd.) 10. N. hirsutula, (Sw.) ust. Schott. Gen. Fil. t. 3. Hook. et Bauer Gen, Fil. t. 35. Obs. Although the habit of this group of species is very distinct from either Lastrea or Polystichum, yet the terminal sori and form of the indusium of Nephrolepis is also common to some species of these two genera; but the articulated peti- ole of Nephrolepis clearly indicates its being a distinct genus, and evidently forming the transition from Aspidiec to the fol- lowing tribe Dicksoniee, through the genus Humata. 96. OLEANDRA, Car. (Aspidii sp. Sw. and Auth. Ophiopteris, Reinw. Neuronia, Don.) Veins simple or forked ; venules direct, parallel, their apices curved upwards, forming a slightly thickened margin; spo- -rangia medial; sori round; indusium reniform, rarely orbi- cular. Rhizoma ereeping or frutescent; fronds simple, entire, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, or slightly villous, stipitate ; stipes articulated near to or close to the rhizoma ; sori trans- versely uniserial, and costal or irregular, usually produced on the exterior venule. " Species. 1. O. neriiformis, Cav. (Ophiopteris verticillata, Reinw.) 9. O. Wallichii, J. Sm. (Aspidium, Hook. Neu- ronia asplenioides, Don.) 3. O. nodosa, ( Willd.) 4. O. articulata, (Sw.) Illust. Schk. Crypt. t. 27. Hook. Ex. fl. t. 5. Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 45. B. Obs. 'The simple fronds with parallel veins terminating in a narrow margin distinguishes this genus from the preceding 198 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. genera. Oleandra neriiformis is a very peculiar fern, differ- ing from the rest of the genus by having what may be termed an erect frutescent branching rhizoma or caudex which is hollow, about half an inch in diameter, and rising to the height of from 4 to 6 feet, producing the simple fronds (which are about a foot in height,) in verticillate terminal tufts or lateral branches. It inhabits open situations, grow- ing in groups. IIL.——BOTANICAL INFORMATION. BRAZILIAN COLLECTIONS. M. P. CLaussEN is about to leave England for a further investigation of the Botany of the interior provinces of Bra- zil, and now invites subscribers to send their names and en- gagements to take sets of his prospective collections of dried plants. 'The price has been fixed at £2 per 100 species, which will include all expenses of freight, charges, &c. &c.; so that they will be delivered in London at the small cost of £2 per hun- dred, without the addition of any extra expense whatever. . An inspection of P. Claussen's former Botanical collec- tions, made during a residence and researches of many years in Brazil is recommended to those Botanists who are dis- posed to take sets, that they may judge for themselves of his capabilities as a Botanical collector. As some proof of the value and extent of his former Brazilian herbaria, it may be sufficient to mention, that of the genus Zriocaulon alone, above forty species were included therein. The payment for these collections will be only required on delivery of the respective portions, as they are transmitted from the collector, so that no risk whatever will be incurred by those who are willing to support the undertaking. : Mons. P. Claussen will, as much as possible, study to avoid the route pursued by former collectors, so that, as far as can be, an entirely different set of plants will be obtained. BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 199 The number of sets intended to be made up will be limited to twenty-five, so that early applications are requested. Still, it is but right to state, that of those twenty-five, three only are as yet engaged. Subscribers’ names received, and any further information gladly communicated by W. Pamplin, 9, Queen Street, Soho Square, London. Information respecting Mr GARDNER. Ir is with infinite pleasure we are able to announce the safe return to his native country, of the very enterprising and successful Brazilian traveller, Mr Gardner, with the continua- tion of his inestimable collections. The following are ex- tracts from the letters that have lately been received from him :— * OncAN Mounrains, 23d March, 1841. * My DEAR Sir, ** ABoUT six weeks ago I wrote you from Rio, stating that I had drawn on you for the sum of £200, and that it was my intention once more to visit the Organ Mountains. I have now the pleasure to inform you, that I arrived here about a month ago. ** For some time after my arrival I was not able to go out much, in consequence of a fall from my horse, which injured my back a little. I am now, however, quite recovered, and have lately been making excursions in the neighbourhood. As my main object in coming up was to make a collec- tion of some of the fine shrubs and herbaceous plants, which are to be found principally on the higher levels of the Organ Mountains, to take home along with me in the living state, Igot four large boxes made previous to my leaving Rio, somewhat on Mr Ward's plan, and left them in charge of my friend Mr Riedel, the Russian Botanical traveller in Brazil, till such time as I could send or take down plants to put into them. On the 9th of the present month, the weather appearing favourable for an excursion to the mountains, I started early 200 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. in the morning, accompanied by a young friend from the city, who had come up to join me. On the first day we reached the highest point to which I had formerly ascended, and then we took up our quarters beneath the ledge of a rock, and we continued to make use of it as a sleeping place for the three following nights. During the four days which we remained there, we made excursions in all directions; and I have been richly rewarded by the discovery of many fine things, both for the herbarium, and to take home with me alive. The highest summits I take to be 6857 feet above the level of the sea, and on it I found another fine new species of Pre- pusa, not so large as my P. connata, but still a most beauti- ful plant. I am anxious that it should bear your name, and have consequently called it Prepusa Hookeriana. have drawn up a description of it, and a young lady, who is re- siding here at present, has made me a fine drawing of it, both of which shall be sent to you by an early opportunity. I have fine plants both of it and P. connata, to take home alive with me, and as they seem to be very tenacious of life, I have but little doubt of my being able to put them into Mr Murray’s hands for cultivation. I also found a beautiful Escallonia, 8 sp. of Hypericum, a Lychnophora, a. Vellozia, a Barbacenia, a Rhopala, and a host of other plants, different from those which I picked up on my former trips— all of which I hope soon to have the pleasure of showing you personally. Two days after I returned from this excursion, I went down to Rio myself with my collection of living plants, and had them planted. They filled three of the boxes, and as there are still many plants here which I should like to introduce, I have ordered other two to be made. I have secured two fine plants of the Luxemburgia, of which I formerly sent home only a single specimen. I have also found fine specimens of it in fruit. ** Previous to my leaving Rio, I arranged and packed up all my collection of specimens from the province of Goyaz, amounting in all to 1402 species, and left them with Messrs Harrison’s people, to be sent to London by the first opportu- | BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 201 nity. None, however, occurred, till I went down to Rio myself, when I found a ship just about to sail, and was for- tunate enough to get them put on board. My collections from Minas, and from this province, I shall take home along with myself. In the course of a month or so I expect to get a ship to take me to Liverpool : if not then, I must go home in a vessel bound for London. I would much prefer an op- portunity for the former place, on account of my cases of living plants. ** To-morrow I start on an excursion of eight or ten days towards the banks of the Parahiba, in the hopes of meeting with some Orchidee, which must there be very different from those which grow on the mountains. For some time past I have been expecting letters from you, and my other friends, but I now begin to imagine that I need expect no more, on account of your thinking that I am by this time on my way home. * GEORGE GARDNER.” Rio pre Janeiro, 5th May, 1841. € My Dear Sin, «Ir is now about a fortnight since I had the great pleasure of receiving your kind letter of 18th January. I returned from the Organ Mountains about ten days ago, bringing with me a splendid collection of living plants prin- cipally from the upper ranges. Among them I may mention Luxemburgia ciliata, Franciscea hydrangeeformis, Prepusa connata, Prepusa Hookeriana, which is a great beauty, and I have an abundant supply of both dried specimens and living plants, two species of Fuschia, a Bougainvillea, Lavoisiera imbricata, a beautiful Zscallonia, from the summit of the mountain, some fine Zobelias, and Gesneriacee belonging to several of the new genera of Martius; Euterpe edulis, Mart., which is the Cabbage Palm of Brazil, some half-dozen species of Salvia, a fine herbaceous Composita belonging to Mutisiee, (about six feet high, with orange-coloured flowers, not unlike Vol. IV.—No. 28. 2c 202 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. those of Stiftia, two species of Virgularia, two of Gaultheria, Viola balsaminoides, Baccharis platipoda, several fine Bego- nias, a few Ferns, two beautiful species of Alstraemeria, &c., &c. Of these I have six large cases now on board, and the plants seem nearly all to be reconciled to their situation. A Vellozia, (not candida), a Hillia, a Buena, a Campomanesia, and two fine species of Echites are also in the collection. I wrote you shortly after my first journey upto the summitof the Organ chain, and told you I was going on to the Rio Para- hiba. I have now to inform you that I spent a fortnight in that excursion, and have added not a few species to my col- lections, as well of living as of dried plants. I found some fine Orchidee. Of these I take home with me five cases packed in husks of Indian corn. I have fortunately found a ship to convey me to Liverpool, but she must call at Maran- ham, to take in a cargo of cotton, and it is likely that we may remain there some three weeks; this, however, I shall not regret, as I may possibly find something new, or at least, different from what I have already found. My traps are all on board, and I embark myself in the course of a few hours, as the ship will sail early to-morrow morning. The captain expects to be able to reach Liverpool about the end of July. I have to-day taken the liberty of drawing upon you in favour of Messrs Harrisons and Latham of Liverpool for the sum of £96. 2s. 3d. sterling, which I trust you will be so kind as to honour. This clears all my expenses up to Liverpool. Even before I received your letter I had made a collection of the more common sea-weeds of this coast. They are however, very rare. Hoping soon to have the very great pleasure of seeing you personally, &c. * GEORGE GARDNER. * City or Marannam, 22d May, 1841. * My Dear Sir, ** A vEssEL which leaves this place for Liverpool to-morrow morning, allows me an opportunity of sending you this hur- tence eae BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 203 ried epistle. On the morning of the 6th instant, I left Rio de Janeiro in the ship * Gipsey,’ bound to this port, where she loads cotton, and thence to Liverpool. We had a very pleasant and expeditious voyage, being only fifteen days at sea, Upon the whole my living plants are standing very well; but some of the finest ones from the top of the Organ Mountains are dead. The Luxemburgia, however, and the two Prepusas, a Vellozia, two Fuschias, &c., &c., are still alive and likely to do well. As we only arrived yesterday morning, I can give you but little information respecting this place, further than that it is very flat, and covered with low wooded vegetation, among which I observe a great quantity of a species of Attalea. I find myself very well known here— they having heard of me when I was up at Oeiras. I brought letters to some of the first merchants, and I have taken up my quarters by special request, at the house of the Doctor here, who is a Scotchman, and pupil of your friend Dr Gra- ham of Edinburgh. This is the season of the rains here, but notwithstanding, I intend to go a little into the country, and I have no doubt that I may be enabled to add a few things new to my previous collections. It is said, that we sball re- main here a fortnight, but certainly not more than three weeks. To-day, I saw a large party of my old friends, the rebels, brought down prisoners from the interior, and a pre- cious-looking set of scoundrels they are. All is now quiet about Oeiras and Caxias, and the cotton trade is resuming its wonted activity. As the ship by which this goes is a bad sailer, and ours a very good one, perhaps I may be in Liver- pool immediately on the heels of it. ct GEORGE GARDNER.” * Sarr * Grrsgy,’ on the passage from * ManaNHAM to LIVERPOOL, 6th July, 1841. * My Dear Sin, * ERE this can fall into your hands, I have no doubt of your having heard of my departure from Rio de Janeiro. 204 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. Just before embarking, I wrote you a few lines to go by the packet which sailed on the same day that we did. On our arriving at Maranham, another opportunity presented itself, and I did myself the pleasure of addressing a few lines to you, to let you know that I bad reached that place in safety ; but as the vessel in which it went was in very bad trim for sailing, I doubt much if that letter reached you any sooner than this one. We were only detained nineteen days at Maranham, there being a cargo of cotton ready for the ship on our arrival. Our stay there was during the heaviest season of the rains, and on this account I was prevented from going out to botanize so often as I could have wished. I neverthe- less made several excursions through the island, and spent three days in the neighbourhood of the town of Alcantara, which is on the main land, and have thereby added consider- ably to my herbarium. The country is very flat, even flatter than it is at Pernambuco, and the soil is very sandy and arid. Besides my species which I had formerly eollected in other provinces, I may mention the following which were new to me:—A Taligalea, different from the two which I found in the province of Goyaz, Zsertia coccinea, a Lisianthus, Quassia amara, Allamanda cathartica, a climbing fruticose Kchites with white flowers, Dodonea viscosa, an Ionidium with white flowers from the seashore, an Ambrosia from the same place, a Salicornia, &c., §c. I also found abundance of your Parkeria, having thus proved its existence in this province, as well as in that of Pernambuco, Goyaz, and Rio de Janeiro. I have likewise again found on the sandy shores Mouriria Guianensis. My Maranham collection has dried pretty well, notwithstanding that the greater part of it has been dried on board ship. The six boxes of living plants which I brought with me from the Organ Mountains have not done so well as I could have expected—out of about 150 species not more than 50 are now alive. Many fine things have perished, but there still remains much that Mr Murray will be proud of. Franciscea hydrangeeformis looks well—there are two plants of it. Prepusa connata is in excellent c —— M sa BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 205 health, and shooting up flowering stems. Prepusa Hook- eriana does not look so well, but I think there is no danger of it reaching Glasgow alive. Of the palms, Diplothemium maritimum, Euterpe edulis, and Corypha cerifera are alive. I am afraid that the beautiful Luxemburgia is gone, as also the Velozia. I have done all I can to save them, yet it is annoy- ing to see so many blanks. The hot moist dull weather at Maranham killed a great many of them. On our voyage we passed close to Pernambuco, but we did not call I should liked to have done so to see my old friends there, particular- ly Adamson. At Maranham I saw two Oeiras acquaintan- ces—one of them a son of the old Baron of Paranahiba. The rebellion has at last been put down, and the province is once more getting into a settled state. The authorities are catching all those who were engaged in the insurrection, and sending them to the province of Rio Grande do sul to fight against the rebels there, which is rare policy. * As we expect to make land in the course of about three days, I have taken the liberty of addressing these few lines to you, to be ready for the postoffice on my arrival at Liver- pool. It is very probable that I may be detained there for a day or two on account of my numerous packages. The nearer I approach home I find that I feel the more anxious to be among my friends again. Intermingled with those feel- ings, I find those of regret springing up also, at my having left such a beautiful country as Brazil; for, notwithstanding the many privations to which my long journeyings gave rise, I must acknowledge, that during my stay in it, I have en- joyed a greater share of health and happiness than I have done during any former period of my life. In admitting this I do not forget that I am entirely indebted to you for being enabled to undertake and accomplish all that I have done; and I hope now very soon to be able to return you my most sincere and grateful acknowledgments viva voce.” 206 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. * Mersey Hore, LIVERPOOL, “11th July, 1841. * I am happy to inform you that I have at last safely arrived here. We made land on Thursday (8th) evening, and reached the mouth of the Mersey yesterday afternoon about five o'clock, but had to lie to till three o'clock this morning for want of water, during which time we experienced a terri- ble gale from the N.N.W. It began to calm about three o'clock, and the tide then beginning to flow, we stood up the river, and anchored opposite the docks about six o'clock, A.M. The vessel may perhaps get into dock to-morrow. In the mean time, I start for Manchester, to see our friend, Mr Bowman, and shall return to-morrow forenoon. I find that there are steamers to Glasgow every day, and it is possible that I shall get away on Wednesday afternoon. I find the weather awfully cold. It seems as if it were winter. * GEORGE GARDNER,” Repertorium Botanices Specialis. Dr G. Warrzns of Berlin announces his intention of pub- lishing, under the above title, a work which cannot fail to be acceptable to all students of botany, and which, ** comprising the newer productions of botanical literature, shall give a survey of all the species of plants which have been described since the appearance of De Candolle's Prodromus, Wilde- now's Species Plantarum, and the similar productions of Sprengel, and Raemer, and Schultz. Certainly every friend and lover of botany has already felt the desire, as the number of works in his branch of science has daily increased, to pos- sess a book that might afford him accurate information where this or that genus or species has been described, and what new works have appeared since the publication of those just mentioned, and which are still unfurnished. To satisfy this laudable curiosity is the object of the Repertorium here an- nounced, which will exactly correspond with Endlicher's ad- ROOM UOE IUE TP ac N E HE OE MuR MSS sss gsÁ BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 207 mirable Genera Plantarum, both in external form, and in interior arrangement. * Many of the most distinguished botanists of Germany, as for example, Messrs Endlicher, Link, Kunth, Hornschurch, Bauer, Nees von Esenbeck, and Klotzsch, have had the goodness to promise their assistance to the work, and have partly undertaken the elaboration of particular families. Other able colaborators are confidently expected; and, supported by such aids, and by ready access to extensive libraries, Dr Walpers is warranted in believing he shall pro- duce a very useful work. He wishes it to be understood, however, that all the plants described in the above works will not be received, but under the species those works will be quoted. All the newer species will be designated in such a manner, that their synonymy, their native country, and the complete citation of the work where it is described, will be given. If the works referred to are very rare, or expensive, or not to be procured in the book-trade, as for example, Boissier's Elenchus, the diagnosis will be given in short but intelligible characters. All the useful figures known to the author will be quoted. * Dr Walpers earnestly solicits communications of books or information that may assist him in this laborious under- taking." PROSPECTUS. IxpucEp by the advantageous offers which a Swiss colo- nist, long settled in the island of Java, has engaged himself to fulfil, the subscriber has decided on visiting and exploring the rich natural productions of that fine country. It is his intention on arriving at Batavia to proceed immediately to the residence of his countrymen, thirteen? leagues distant from the coast, and there to remain for several years. After exploring the vicinity of this plantation, he will diverge to greater distances, and thus acquire a knowledge of the whole country, it being his object to penetrate the least visited dis- 208 BOTANICAL INFORMATION, tricts, and even to climb its lofty summits, hitherto untrod- den by any European Naturalist. The plan of residing at the place in question is selected, because it is in a central situation, and near the uncultivated districts, having also the recommendation of being very healthy, a precaution not to be neglected by any traveller, even when possessed of an ex- cellent constitution, and at the most favourable period of life. The individual who contemplates this journey intends to prepare collections of dried plants, seeds, bulbs, and Orchi- dez; also sets of minerals and geological specimens; the skin, skeletons, and particular organs of Mammiferz, birds, reptiles, fishes, Molluscae, shells, insects, and radiated ani- mals; devoting the utmost care to the selection and prepara- tion and despatch of such collections. With a view to obtain the requisite means for making the journey, and accelerating the needful measures, the sub- scriber herewith states the terms on which the various objects will be furnished, as follows :— 1. Each subscription shall cost 200 French francs, payable in the present month of July, or at latest in August, and be sent either in money or in bills of credit. 2. 'The individual who shall have received the full value of the share which he has contributed, is to promise that if the proceeds have been satisfactory to him, he shall take another share of equal value as the first. 3. The animals, vegetables, and minerals, shall be valued at the current price of the class to which they belong—no- thing being added for the expense of carriage to the place of distribution. 4. The subscribers will be entitled to 20 per cent. premium on shares taken from the very commencement of the enter- prise, and 10 per cent. on all future ones ; and their specimens will be sent to them before any person whatever is allowed to purchase. The traveller has made arrangements with an individual Well versed in science, Professor Moritzi, Professor of Natural BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 2098 History at Soleure in Switzerland, who undertakes to receive and distribute the collections, numbering the different speci- mens, and despatching them throughout Europe, so that all transactions and communications will pass through his hands. It is the intention of the subscriber to insure his life for a sum at least equal to the money advanced to him, provided this can be accomplished at a not exorbitant rate; thus, if he should die, the proceeds of the insurance will be applied towards remunerating the shares for the whole or such por- tion of their subscriptions as shall not have been paid in ob- jects of natural history. The naturalists, who shall receive this prospectus, and who feel an interest in the enterprise, are requested to state, as early as possible, the amount of their contributions, and the particular nature of the specimens in which they desire to be paid. "The money can be sent, either to the subscriber, to Messrs Passarant and Co., at Bále, or they can point out the house of any Banker with whom they may prefer to deposit if. They are farther requested to impart this prospectus to any individuals who may be likely to feel an interest in the projected journey. Henry ZOLLINGER. Canton of Berne in Switzerland, HERZOGENBUCHSEE, 25th June, 1841. Our readers will feel the value of such a testimony as that of Professor Alphonse De Candolle of Geneva, who is well acquainted with M. Zollinger, who, in addition to the print- ed assurance appended to M. Zollinger’s prospectus, states, in a letter to ourselves, that he feels perfect confidence in the character of the individual in question, whom he knows to be a man of upright principles, and calm, persevering, active disposition. His principal taste is for botany, but he posses- ses a knowledge of other branches of natural history; and on the whole, M. De Candolle thinks that the prospect of suc- cess is unusually bright in the projected enterprise. Vol, IV.— No. 28. 2D 210 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. Extracts from the Brazilian Travels of Drs Spix and Martius. Our readers, especially those who feel an interest in the ex- tensive collections recently made by Mr Gardner in Piauhy, will read with pleasure the following narrative of the distin- guished Bavarian travellers, Drs Spix and Martius, which, as far as we know, has not yet appeared in an English dress. Journey from Joazeiro, through part of the Province of Pernam- buco, to Oeiras the Capital of Piauhy. On the 21st of April, we crossed the Rio San Francisco in a large ferryboat, which traverses the stream on ropes, and entered the province of Pernambuco at the Registo do Joazeiro. This passage of the river is the most frequented and important, in the whole Sertao of Bahia ; the entire com- mercial intercourse of the country is thus prosecuted between this district and Piauhy; Maranhao, Goyaz and Matto Grosso, are also supplied by the same channel. The chief articles of freight are slaughtered cattle for Bahia, and Euro- pean goods. In later times, since the diminution of the direct slave trade between the northern coast of Africa and the provinces of Para, Maranhao, and Pernambuco, it has been customary to carry the slaves over the Rio San Fran- cisco by this passage to the plantations of Maranhao. But though this intercourse has been but too actively prosecuted, government has gained little revenue from it. The number of slaughtered cattle, too, has fallen off; formerly the annual number amounted to fifty or sixty thousand head; now to twenty thousand. Government has farmed the income of this ferry to the highest bidder, and a family in Pernambuco now pays the sum of five to six hundred thousand réis yearly; and collects the toll. The rate of charge is 100 réis for a fresh negro slave (Negro novo); each head of cattle and young untamed horse cost 80 réis to carry across the river; but 2 horse properly broken, being much more valuable, pays 320 réis. At this passage, do Joazeiro, two roads from Piauhy meet, BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 911 and are called the Travessia nova; these lead, at various distan- ces from the Rio San Francisco, up to the sources of the river Calinde, and then, following the course of the latter, descend to Oeiras. A third road, commencing at the little village of Sotrado on the river, follows the devious windings of the Rio Piauhy ; this is termed the Travessia Velha. We now pursued the former track, and to our sorrow found a great scarcity of water; a common misfortune in this country during the dry season, which lasts from August to Decem- ber. The whole Sertao that here stretches itself between the western tributaries of the Rio San Francisco and the source of the Rio Pontal, is cursed with a hot and dry climate, drying up annually the few brooks that intersect it. The individual Fazendeiros, who have settled themselves in this country, supply their own wants by means of cisterns, in the advantages of which the thirsty travellers generally partake. Still, it is often the case, that half the oxen and horses, driven across this tract from Piauhy, perish from drought before reaching the Rio San Francisco. After leaving the Registo do Joazeiro, and its hospitable inhabitants, we struck out of the high road towards Melan- zias; because much rain had lately fallen there, and the ex- tensive meadows around were clothed with delightful verdure. We slept in the open air, slinging our mats to the trees in the Catinga forest, and enjoyed sweet repose; the flowery bushes breathing a delicious perfume, and the budding spring giving us a pleasing anticipation of the success which should attend our journey through Piauhy to the desired Maranhao. Who could have thought of the perils and disastrous events which awaited us? During the night, our mules strayed far and wide, and in the morning we found that the straps for their feet had been stolen. This was the first and last case of such robbery which we met with; for, though in Brazil such conduct is not visited, as elsewhere, with the deprivation of the offend- er’s ears, yet the Brazilians, in general, respect the traveller, and do not thus expose him to the danger of losing his 212 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. mules. The further we diverged from the course of the river next day, the more uneven did the face of the country become. It was everywhere intersected with ditches, which, communicating with the river, are designed for the purposes of irrigation, and being now filled with rain-water, and of great length, proved great hinderances to our progress. More than once, we were obliged to cross these ditches, at the risk of soaking our packages. Their banks, and often their channels, are full of the same vegetation as prevails on the shores of the Rio San Francisco; prickly trees, strong thick climbing plants and the A/gadisso. Where the view opened sufficiently to show us the meadows, we were charmed with the rich and even verdure of their grassy carpet. The inha- bitants call these tracts Campos Mimosos, and cut the smooth soft stalks which abound in them for the use of their nume- rous herds of cattle. Here we first entered those districts which are devoted to the rearing of cattle, and which may be appropriately termed the Switzerland of Brazil. Where- ever we took up our lodging for the night, the people brought us milk of rich and excellent flavour, and possessing the same good qualities as in the more southern districts; for it is only in times of extreme drought, that it ever becomes thin, gummy and blue. A cow gives from three to four measures of milk, which is only drawn once in twenty-four hours, and in the morning. Butter, which is good, is never made, except in the first month of the rains, here called the green (verde) season. The generous animal diet, together with the employments of the Sertanejos in this and the more northern districts, exert a powerful influence on their character and constitu- tion. A gay, openhearted, expression of countenance is quite remarkable in the round happy faces of those well-fed, strong and laborious people. Their business of keeping the herds of cattle together, protecting them from the wild ani- mals, catching them when required, &c., inures their bodies to much fatigue and great endurance, so that the traveller is surprised to see, amid these sultry tropical regions, a race of —M—— T, | Cam BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 213 men possessing the firmness and the activity of the inhabitants of the north. Doubtless, the perpetual round of such occu- pations does tend to tranquillize the mind, perhaps to deaden some of its imaginative properties ; and thus the simple inha- bitant of Piauhy, in his calm and prosaic disposition, is a widely different being from his refined, poetic, and delicate neighbour, the Mineiro. After we had partaken of excellent fare at Terra Nova, a farm belonging to the Commandant of Joazeiro, who re- ceived us with great kindness, we travelled for some leagues over verdant meadows, to the Fazenda do Boin Jardin, and quartered for the night near a large pond. A number of bull-frogs filled the air with croakings which resembled the sound of a kettledrum, and far from testifying any dread or dislike of the light, they gathered round the fire in large troops, annoying us with their disgusting appearance, and adding to the restlessness which was occasioned by millions of mosquitoes, whose venomous bites prevented our sleeping the whole night. The three following days, during which we proceeded from the Fazenda Amargosa to that of Anjico, passing several others on the way, presented nothing worthy of note. During the first of these days we met with the dry channels of several little brooks, which during the rains fall into the Rio Pontal; but we soon reached a tract, destitute of water, and covered either with meadows or Catinga Forests, just about to put forth their foliage. The mountain forma- . tion is universally granitic, sometimes passing into gneiss and micaceous slate, without any visible layers. On the latter substance, of which the surface was frequently crumbled into a fine white sand, we noticed delicate forms of flowers and bright green grasses, reminding us of the vegetation that prevails in the country of Minas. The road rises imperceptibly ; and though we here arrived at the district where those two powerful rivers, the Rio San Francisco, and the Rio Parnahyba take their source, and whence they diverge and proceed on their separate course, yet we saw no extensive and lofty range of mountains. When 214 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. emerging, however, from the Catinga forests, between the Fazendas Anjico and Capoculo, we observed a low hill before us, called by the natives the Serra dos dois Irmaos, running from south to west, with gently rising sides, here and there in- tersected by low furrows, and its declivities covered with shrubs and herbaceous plants. Large antediluvian bones are said to exist in a pond near the Fazenda of Capoculo, and its owner assured me, that in one place, a huge head with two large tusks might be seen projecting half above the ground; but as the spot was now covered with water, I could not my- self examine into the truth of this statement. * The road now continued to rise towards the Serra dos dois Irmaos, and when we had left the little Fazenda do Barreira behind us, we came to a lower part of the range of hills, and saw the pass, sixty feet wide, which affords access to the pro- vince of Piauhy. There is nothing picturesque in the scen- ery; the two hills are of uniform appearance, and very mo- derate elevation : our barometrical observations gave a height of 1250 Parisian feet. The Serra dos dois Irmaos, which we crossed, is a portion of the widely extended mountain range, which, for at least five degrees of latitude, divides the province of Piauhy from the eastern provinces of Pernambuco and Ceará, and inter- sects most part of the continent of Brazil. The accounts of this range are extremely various and undefined, chiefly owing to the different names which its individual parts bear. Most of the Portuguese charts assign the appellation of Serra Ibiapaba to the central portion, although this word signifies “end of the country." By the Sertanejos of Pernambuco and Parahyba, again, the part of the range which forms the boundary between Ceará and Rio Norte, is called Serra Bor- borema. Numerous mountains, of lower elevation, branch off east and west from the principal chain ; the rivers, which dis- tribute water to the provinces around, here take their rise, and some of them are abundant in gold. The general structure of these mountains is granite, and they attain their greatest elevation between the 6th and 7th degree of latitude. The , BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 215 hills which branch off from this great Serra are mostly cover- . ed with wood; and the intervening lowlands, with rough, stout grasses and bushes. From the great heat and general want of water, the woody districts are the most susceptible of cultivation. In this hilly country, however, the sky is by no means so cloudless and glaring, nor the weather so settled, as on the plain; and towards the western slope of the moun- - tains, more rain and dew fall than on their easterly sides. The rainy season begins in January, and lasts till April here; while in the southern provinces, near the sea, it commences in September. During its continuance, everything becomes verdant, and flowers appear in profuse abundance; but from August to December, the heat and drought reduce the whole country to a dead and barren plain. This state of climate, and its accompanying consequences on the country, extend from Ceará to the northern half of the province of Piauhy. The Sertaznejos give both to this vegetation and cli- mate, the term Agreste ; in contradistinction to the vegetation which they call Mimosa, a name which they (singularly, to our ideas,) apply to the climate also. "The custom of bestow- ing the same appellation on cause and effect, is remarkable, and shows the faculty of observation with which the Sertane- jos are endowed. Both the Agreste and Mimosa districts are liable to suffer, perhaps once in ten or twelve years, when there has been a scanty rainy season, or none at all, from ex- cessive drought; the earth then rends into deep chasms; vegetation is utterly destroyed ; the wild animals of the forest, and the numerous herds which belong to the natives, alike perish; and the inhabitants are driven by hunger and thirst, to emigrate. In the year 1792, a drought commenced in the province of Ceara, that lasted till 1796, and annihilated all the domestic animals and many of the people. For a long time honey was the only article of food; and, as might be ex- pected, numerous diseases followed the use of it, and swept off thousands of poor creatures; while from seven parishes the whole population emigrated, leaving not even a single indi- vidual behind. If the reader is inclined to question the ac- 216 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. euracy of these statements, as proceeding from au individual who saw a comparatively small portion of the country whose general features he has thus sketched, I may mention that much of my information was derived from the Vaguetros or herdsmen, who drive the cattle from Piauhy to the capital of Pernambuco, and who travel through various parts of the country. I am much indebted to the observations which were kindly communicated to me by Captain Mattias J. da Silva Pereira, who is an architect at Oeiras, and who, in his journeys in almost every district of these provinces, has ac- quired great knowledge of their geographical features. The Serra dos dois Irmaos consists of a solid, whitish, coarse-grained granite, in which mica commonly appears in silvery-white large laminz, and mingled with layers of a blackish-grey, and greyish-blue colour. As we proceeded onward, we had hoped to see a very marked change of vege- tation; but our expectations were not fulfilled, thouch we noticed an alteration in the geological features of the country, and observed in many places a strong clayey earth, frequent- ly of a brick-red colour, looking as if it had been burnt, and mixed with fragments of quartz. These lumps of earth were like stones; and, when broken, appeared cloudy-coloured, and full of holes. Our guide assured us, that such stones, which are called at Goyaz Batatas, were there considered as undoubted indications of the existence of gold; and, that even here, this metal, although in small quantities, is still occasionally washed up. Behind the ridge of dois Irmaos, we saw another hill, appa- rently belonging to the same range, and we skirted it, in order to descend lower down the Catingas to the Fazenda Serrinha, where we bivouacked beneath a large and densel y foliaged Joa- tree, We had just gone cheerfully to rest, when distant thun- der awakened us ; and instead of the bright firmament, glit- tering with the lustre of unnumbered stars, which had, as it were, lighted us to bed, we found ourselves enveloped in the thickest darkness. The occasional flashes of lightning re- vealed the agitation of the sky, and illuminated the margins BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 217 of the gloomy clouds, when, all at once, a most vehement storm rushed down on the forest and threatened to uproot all the trees and bushes with its truly tropical fury. The earth shook beneath us from the force of the hurricane, and the thick trunks of the primitive forest crashed and fell, or were uprooted by the wind; added to which, the piercing shrieks of the apes and the cries of the flocks of birds, whose frail dwellings were driven about their ears, filled us with terror and alarm. A violent gust of wind, tearing off the roof from an adjacent house, flung it on a low shed, which having been used as a kitchen, contained a fire, which pre- sently ignited the whole mass, and by its blaze illuminated the whole disastrous scene. We had not forgotten our pack- ages, but all our plans for their security were frustrated by the suddenness and violence of the storm. Accident, how- ever, favoured us; the hospitable Joa-tree, beneath whose boughs we had encamped, was uprooted, and its umbrageous summit so sheltered our goods, that next morning, we were enabled to extricate them almost uninjured. The rain had a very disastrous influence on the health of our servants, giving them heavy colds, and causing a return of the ague with which they had previously been afflicted. à Northward from Serrinka, rises the mountain, called the Topa ; its direction is mainly east and west, and it lies in suc- cessive terraces of white or pale-reddish chalky freestone. We left this attractive ridge to our right, and entered an ex- tensive elevated plain of which the vegetation was peculiarly pleasing, from the dense Catinga bushes, which gradually give place to open plains. Fine grass of various kinds, with flowering Mimosa in different species, and bushes of Acacia, Bauhinia, Combretum, and Cactus, clothe the soil, which is formed of fine white sand; and the vegetation having been refreshed by the rain and hurricane of the preceding night, we traversed this district in a cheerful frame of mind, till the Fazenda da Serra Branca, charmingly situated on the decliv- ity of a mountain of the same name, received us hospitably for the night. The inmates, amiable people, possessed of Vol. IV.— No. 28. 2r 218 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. peculiarly pleasing and simple manners, plied us with many inquiries about our native country, concerning which they entertained many strange ideas. The next morning the master of the house kindly helped us to load our mules; but when on the point of starting, we missed one Arriero Miguel, whose absence we had not previously remarked. After seek- ing him a long time, we found him lying under a tree, in a state of apathy and apparently mental confusion. On in- quiring the cause, he informed us with some difficulty, that he feared while searching for the mules, that he had been . bitten by a serpent in the tall grass, and to our great distress, we observed a wound and swelling on each side of his foot, which certainly appeared to proceed from the sting of some venomous creature. We instantly administered large doses of Eau de luce, with carbonate of Ammonia, and oil of amber, dissolved in a solution of soda; we scarified the wounds, burnt them with gunpowder first, and then with a red hot iron; endeavouring all the while, by the most soothing and encouraging words, to calm his mental distress. The injured part did not seem much swollen ; but the patient's pulse was unusually violent and full, his eyes fixed, half-closed, and suffused with blood, and his voice tremulous and feeble. He complained of painful contractions in the joints; giddiness and pain in the head and back, and such was his presenti- ment of approaching dissolution, that he yielded very unwil- lingly to the remedies proposed, and asked for nothing but to be left in peace. According to all appearance, the unfor- tunate man had been bitten some time previous to our dis- covering him, and the terrible effects of the poison had al- ready sapped the foundations of life in his large and power- ful frame. In compliance with the desire he expressed, which was seconded by the hospitable Fazendeiros, we left him under their charge, as the time required for his perfect recovery; which in this country is believed not to take place in less than forty days, was too great to allow of our waiting for him. We sent for a Curadeiro, gave him the necessary PEE iia. BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 219 medicines and strict rules for the treatment of the patient; and recommending the poor suffering creature to the kind- ness of the sympathizing Fazendeiros, we took our departure. All their care, however, proved fruitless; for we received some days afterwards, from a Tropeiro who travels on this road, the sorrowful intelligence that Miguel had expired the same day. This mournful circumstance probably gave rise to the report that one of ourselves had thus perished, of which the rumour quickly spread to Bahia and Minas, whence, and from Maranhao, we subsequently received many letters, expressive of friendly and anxious interest in our welfare. North of the Serra Branca, the character of the vegetation gradually changes; passing from the Mimosa, to that which is here called Agreste. We traversed beautiful green mead- ows, (varedas) interspersed with Catinga woods, and came to the Fazenda Cachoeira, where we saw a very extensive establishment appropriated to the rearing of cattle. Several hundreds of cows and calves were just driven out of the curral. Proceeding to the north, we entered the beautiful woody plains, called Campos de Santa Isabella, where Joa trees, casting their shadows far around, and groups of Palms, presented a most pleasing variety of landscape. Numerous herds of black cattle lay basking in the shelter of these leafy masses, which reminded us of the Linden trees of our native land; and innumerable herons, with different kinds of ducks, gave life and interest to the occasionally seen ponds, that glanced between. In the evening we encamped near a bushy pool, where a slave-dealer from Bahia had already bivouack- ed with his troop of forty young blacks, which he had just purchased, and was taking with him to Aldeas Attas. This company of youthful Ethiopians, which consisted of both Sexes, gave themselves up, after the manner of their country, to the most extravagant mirth, and in the open field excited themselves, by lascivious dances, singing, shouting, and mutual encouragement, to a height of almost Bacchanalian frenzy. It was late at night ere the uproar became calm, 220 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. and we obtained some sleep ; whence we were quickly roused by the slave-dealer, who, with every token and expression of deep distress, came to crave our advice and assistance ; in- forming us that nearly half of his sable party were violently ill, in consequence of having plundered a plantation in the vicinity, and eaten the raw Mandiocca roots, which they mis- took for the wholesome Aypion. ‘Their symptoms were exactly those of persons who had taken poison—headache, vertigo, trembling, inflammation and cramp, accompanied with vomiting, manifested themselves severely in all who had partaken of the deleterious food. By our advice the owner administered emetics to some, and tobacco injections to others, with large doses of oil and the expressed juice of the Mandiocea plant; which, by a highly curious provision of nature, forms an antidote to the injurious properties of its own root. At sunrise we certainly beheld a scene of great confusion in the negroes’ camp; prostrate bodies, and symp- toms of fever and suffering were sufficiently apparent; still no individual life was lost in consequence of this act of imprudence. As we found it impossible to reach the Fazenda do Bom Jardin on the following night, we were again obliged to en- camp in a district, peculiarly marked by its numerous woods of Carnaiiva, reminding us of the scenery in Minas Geraés. Here, too, the Palms cceupy the lowest and most swampy spots, and the banks of brooks and ponds; but they do not rise so majestically as does the Buriti Palm, over the neigh- bouring clusters of bushes and low trees in the Mine district. Before coming to the Fazenda do Bom Jardin, we again fell in with the chalky-sandstone formation, on the scattered square-looking hills, among which winds the Rio Caninde. One branch of this river takes its rise in the Serra Topa, and the other on the Serra dos dois Irmaos. We also saw the channels of many pretty little brooks, now dried up, like the river which they feed, but still giving a pleasing character to the landscape by the verdant line which marks their ser- pentine course. When following the track of one of these TENE ee ene ae BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 221 brooks, I suddenly emerged from the bushes which fringe it, and obtained an open prospect over an extensive swampy valley, full of Palms, backed by a remarkable range of square- shaped sandstone hills. Such views are not uncommon in this district, and are little seen elsewhere. On the Ist of May, after having been obliged repeatedly to cross the Rio Caninde in its devious course, we reached the Fazenda Pocoes de Baixo, being the first of the 33 Fazen- das in Piauhy, which are maintained at the public cost. Do- mingos Alfonsa, from Mafri near Lisbon, towards the end of the 17th century, established a great number of farms in all parts of the province of Piauhy,.after his numerous inroads on the native Indians had shown him the advantages which this whole tract of country presents for the rearing of cattle. After his decease, the Jesuits became heirs to thirty of these estates, on condition that their profits should be applied to benevolent purposes and for the establishment of new farms. On the expulsion of the Jesuits, this great property fell to the state, by whom the management of the thirty original farms, and of three more, purchased by the Jesuits, was given to three Inspectors. 'The Znspeccao do Caninde includes eleven Fazendas in the district of Rio Caninde; that of do Piawhy an equal num- ber on the river of the same name; while do Nazareth has the remaining eleven on the Rio Parnahyba, north of Oeiras. Each Inspector receives an annual salary of 300,000 réis; and has the command of the Vagueiros (shepherds,) who superintend the different Fazendas, (one Vagueiro to each Fazenda,) and who continue in office from three to five years; being elected, not by the inspector, but by the governor of the province. The pay of these Vagueiros, who frequently serve for years without remuneration, is derived from the fourth part of the cattle and horses annually reared. They also have a free dwelling, with the produce of pigs, goats, and sheep, and the profits of the butter and cheese—articles not placed to the royal account. The Fazendeiros are also provided with slaves by government, to whom they are only required to give their clothes and food, and they are able to 292 BOTANICAL INFORMATION, procure every necessary of life for themselves, from the pro- duce of the cultivated land, and cattle which they rear; for doing which they are provided with ample advantages. They likewise receive a tenth of all the young cattle which they breed. With regard to the breeding of animals, which is the staple trade, if I may so call it, of these provinces, its success, or otherwise, wholly depends on the quantity of rain which falls in the season. Should the wet weather commence in the end of December, and attaining its greatest height in February, continue uninterrupted till it gradually decrease in the close of April, the numerous rivers, ponds and ditches, are then filled with water; the ground becomes soft, and pasturage is good and abundant. During this period the cows, which at other times, like all the cattle here, remain in the open field, are driven into the enclosures, where they stay at night, and are milked, for the purpose of making cheese, every morning. From the month of May, the cows are again permitted to go at large in the fields. It sometimes happens that the month of February passes without rain, when it becomes impossible to make cheese, from the small quantity and poor quality of the milk; in which case all the herds of cattle except a few cows for the use of the Fazendeiro’s family, are left in the open meadows; and great sickness is sure to occur among the horned stock, which decreases as rapidly as it had in- creased during the fertile years, when there was abundance of water. The ox of this country is large and well-shaped, distinguished by his long, pointed, and twisting horns, which stand wide apart, as well as by the variety of its colour. The horse is not of an equally good race with the cattle; it is seldom more than middle-sized, has weak bones, and is short-lived. Those colts which are handsomely shaped are broken in with extreme care. In order to aceustom the animal to step firmly, and lift his feet high, a broad round cushion is placed above the fetlock, and the hoof is suffered to grow very long, the latter being also useful in saving shoes; for the horses are rarely shod here. The roads in this BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 223 province and Maranhao are soft and swampy, unlike those of Bahia, Minas, and Rio Janeiro. The horses seldom live longer than twelve years; partly from the irregular supply of fodder, and the violent transitions of climate to which they are exposed; and perhaps still more from the excessive fa- tigue they endure when employed in hunting, on journeys, and in quest of the strayed cattle. A disease to which they are here very subject is, an enlargement of the rectum: it often increases dreadfully before the poor animal dies of the consequent inflammation. Horses that suffer from this com- plaint, analogous to what is here termed Bicho do cu in the human subject, are called Cavallos rottos. The cattle belonging to the king are annually sold to the highest bidder, the prices varying extremely: thus in 1818, an ox fetched 5400 réis, and the very next year, 8400. In 1818, the inspector of Caninde, which is the largest of all, sold 1100 head, which produced to the king eight contos de réis, (or 22,233 florins.) 'The others are not nearly so profitable; but they may be considered to sell altogether annually about 3000 oxen, that, fetching 6000 réis each, give an amount of 18 contos de réis, as the revenue from the three Jnspecticns. Doubtless a much greater income might be derived from the source, if the Fazendeiros were content to use a smaller number of the cattle themselves ; for, in successful years many of the Fazendas rear from ‘700 to 800, and not unfrequently 1000 young bullocks a-piece in the season; but a vast num- ber are slain for the support of the servants; many calves perish from eating deleterious plants, from the attacks of venomous insects, bloodthirsty bats, and voracious ounces; while poisonous snakes annually destroy a considerable por- tion of the young breed. And although many of the cattle- yards have twenty slaves, half of which would suffice to take care of a herd consisting of 1000 head ; yet none of these peo- ple are employed in raising maize and mandiocca for food, but subsist entirely on the flesh of the cattle. In short, it may be fairly said, that in no country where nature is so lavish of her bounties, is man so wasteful and 294 BOTANICAL INFORMATION, improvident in his use of them as here, so reckless of profit- ing by his advantages. Formerly, each individual farm con- sisted of three square leagues of land; and a league of neutral ground lay between each, on which the herds of these neigh- bours might feed in common, without however, being allow- ed to settle upon it. But generally the free blacks or mu- lattoes are now suffered to erect their little dwellings or farms on these districts, though the proprietors of the Fazendas do not give up any part of the land; because they consider a large extent of it indispensable to the prosecution of their business. Doubtless it is necessary, when drought takes place, that the herds shall have a considerable range on which they may seek pasturage and water : still the sinking of wells, and due attention to irrigation, would prevent the most seri- ous evils that now accrue from a continuance of dry weather. By adopting these means, too, the present scanty population might be safely increased; and this lovely tract of country would acquire that importance which it justly deserves; and its peculiar natural advantages would be appreciated in Brazil. Between the Fazendas Campo Grande and Castello, we had to cross a part of the Serra Imperial, a mountain of similar free- stone formation with the Topa and Serra Branca. We were repaid for the labour which it cost us to travel over the nar- row roads, obstructed with blocks of stone, by the view which we obtained of the fresh verdant Campos, and scattered Ca- tinga woods, which we reached before coming to the Fazenda Bréjo, where the Inspector do Caninde has his residence. Here we met with the kindest hospitality; and our French servant was even solicited to remain, and marry, and settle among them. From Bréjo to the next royal Fazenda, called Jha, the way was highly delightful, and by its undulating hills and dales, continually reminded us of the beautiful fields of Minas. The Catingas gave place to light airy shrubs; and in the well-watered lowlands the Carnaiiva Palms grew in- termingled with stately woods, of which the sight was pecu- liarly attractive. Blue Aras (Psittacushyacynthinus, Lath.) that build and breed in the thick tops of these Palms, flew BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 225 cawing and screaming past us, and the great Anz (Crotopha- gus major, Lath.,) frequently uttered its stammering cry from the banks of the Canindé, which we now crossed for the last time, in order to pursue the remainder of our way on its right bank. In the vicinity of Kha, as well as at Castello and Mocambo, the ground frequently exudes common salt and saltpetre; these are the most northern places in which we have met with, or heard of, these substances in our travels; but the Brazilians possess these important productions of the soil in many districts besides. The common salt here is much mingled with other and injurious ingredients, often producing diarrheea, and similar disorders. The lower we descended into the delightful bushy valleys through which the Rio Canindé pursues its way, the more strikingly was the vegetation marked with the character here called Agreste ;—grayish-green tufts of grass, numerous trees of the genera Qualea, Pheocarpus, Jacaranda, §c., their branches, peculiarly crooked in their growth, reminded us of what we had been accustomed to see at Minas; and finally, our old acquaintance, the Buriti Palm, appeared and greet- ed us. The soil consists of reddish sandstone, often mixed with courses of quartz and layers of liver-coloured sandstone ; and it rises into many low green bush-covered hills, flat at top, and ascending one over another like terraces. On the 3d of May, at sunset, we reached the capital of Piauhy, the Ciudade de Oeiras, whose irregular rows of houses meet the traveller’s eye, when he has gone round the last hill. The worthy Capitan Major, Senor Joao Nepomuce- no de Castello Branco, descended from the early conquerors of this country, had already kindly provided for us, and a house stood ready for our reception. In the person of the governor, Colonel Balthazar de Souza, we had cause to re- spect a man of learning and amiable manners; who, though on the point of departure for the scene of his new appoint- ment, as governor of the Province of Espiritu Santo, omitted nothing which could render our residence in Oeiras both im- proving and agreeable. Oeiras, now the capital of the province of Piauhy, was, in Journ. of Bot. Vol. IV. No. 29, October, 1841. 9r 226 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. the year 1724, erected to its present dignity from being only a village, and bearing the humble name of Villa da Mocha. It must be confessed, that, with the title ofa city, it is still only an insignificant paltry place, consisting of some irregular streets of low mud-built white-washed houses. The number of inhabitants is reported to government as a little more than fourteen thousand. Two little streams which fall into the Rio Canindé, at a league’s distance, afford good drinking water, with a taste, however, of saltpetre. The heat is great; the thermometer rising towards noon, during the hot months, almost always to 30° of Reaumur. The rainy season com- mences, though almost imperceptibly, in October, is at its climax in February, and ends in April. July, August, and September, are the driest months. The trees begin to put forth their buds in February and March, many of them, in- deed, being covered with flowers during the hottest weather, which fall off, when the foliage afterwards appears. Gener- ally, the prevalent wind here is from the south, and this is its constant quarter during the dry season. On the whole, the climate of Oeiras may be considered healthy, and the custom of eating beef helps to make the inhabitants strong ; though it must be owned, that in this neighbourhood, and especially at the Villa de Parnahyba, an obstinate ague prevails during the wet season, and our own people experienced a decided increase of the feverish symptoms which had afflicted them ever since their march over the Sertao de Bahia. While staying at Oeiras, we had many applications from sick peo- ple; for there are but two surgeons, and no physicians in the city : many of the cases were weakness of stomach, Tympany, and Dyspepsia; also Cardialgia, and a peculiar disease called Engasco, and consisting in obduration of the orifice of the stomach, and affection of its cartilages. Inflammation of the throat and eyes, with cataract and film over the eyes and arcus senilis, are particularly frequent in the dry season. Lastly, we noticed the prevalence of nervous diseases, as St Vitas dance ; Cramp in the jaws ; and two remarkably bad in- stances of Diabetes. The apothecaries’ shops we found in a most pitiful state, their medicines few, and those rendered al- M ta — M a —À!Ánn—HÓI a a a i tees a amet t S Se BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 227 most inert from having been brought, perhaps long before, from Bahia and Maranhao, where also they had lain for years. The hospital, peculiarly devoted to the use of the mi- litary, contains forty beds. The principal church of N. Senora da Vitoria, and the two chapels, are insignificant buildings. Here the Jesuits had a college, now the residence of the clergyman (Vigario,) who is empowered to exercise certain episcopal functions by the bishop of Maranhao, the next authority under the gover- nor of Oeiras, who, though inferior in rank to the governor of Maranhao, is perfectly independent of him, and is the finan- ‘cial administrator. Here are garrisoned two companies of troops of the line, with their commandant; forming the entire military strength of the province. "The whole population of Piauhy, amounting when the troops were levied, to 71,000 souls, all that were capable of bearing arms, were organized into three regiments of cavalry, and two of infantry. From the great distance at which this little city is situated from the coast, (the chief town of Pernambuco, Recifé, being two hundred leagues distant to the east, and that of Maran- hao, S. Luiz de Maranhao, an hundred leagues N.E.), it is not surprising if an inferior state of education is observable here; while, on the other hand, there exist more simplicity of manners, kindness, and hospitality, than are seen in larger and more populous places. Oeiras ranks next in civilization and wealth to Villa da Parnahyba, a flourishing place, from its situation on the sea-shore, and the considerable trade which it commands in cotton, tobacco, skins, tallow, and salted meat. Oeiras itself can never be a depositary for the productions of the interior of the province: the other Villas, as Pernagua, Vallenca, Campo Major, Marrao, &c., carrying their produce in preference, either immediately to the sea, at Bahia, Parana- hyba and Maranhao; or to Aldeas Altas, situated on the navi- gable river Itaapicura, which latter is the most eligible spot for the staple trade of Maranhao. The whole district of Oeiras abounds in picturesque and highly varied prospects; its numerous hills, and low mountains Of red sandstone, are sometimes rent into bare fissures, at 228 BOTANICAL INFORMATION, other times fringed with bushes, while the meadows which stretch between the elevations are covered with gray and green tall-growing grass. "The traveller lingers in the simple pastoral scenery, akin to the dispositions of the inhabitants, and admires the various productions of the soil, and the fine climbing Cucurbitaceous plants and Passionflowers, which twine round the trees, and the fresh gushing springs that bubble here and there out of the rocks. In the various mineral productions of this country we also found much in- terest, and would gladly have remained some time in Oeiras, especially to visit the Fazenda Réal de Caxé, ten leagues dis- tant, where sulphur is said to exist in great abundance. But the state of our health forbade our examining this interesting fossil in its native place; for we both had daily attacks of slight fever, which would have effectually stopped our travels if it had gone on increasing. So, faithful to the maxim which enjoins that the stranger shall quit Oeiras at once if he finds the place to disagree with him, we prepared to depart without the least delay, and to proceed immediately to Aldéas, forty leagues distant—the goal of a journey, of which the fatigues began to be disproportioned to our stock of strength. In the provinces of Bahia, Pernambuco, and Piauhy, are . many plants employed as remedies and for several economi- cal purposes, which are equally so used at San Paulo and Minas Geries. I may here also describe two, of peculiar value in this respect, and with which we became acquainted when travelling through Bahia. A species of Dorstenia, whose root possesses many stimulating and sudorific proper- ties, and is used in the same way as D. opifera. It is called in the country Contrayerva, and may be thus characterized, — Dorstenia, radice tuberosa, placentis oblongo-ovatis sinu profunde cordato-dentatis, receptaculis orbicularibus superne planis inferne convexis denticulatis. A second plant is called Sebipira or Sipopira by the people of Bahia and Pernambuco; it grows to be a large free, and belongs to the Leguminose. The bark, in which the medi- cinal virtues reside, is of a bright ochrey-reddish colour, DEATH OF PROFESSOR DE CANDOLLE. 229 internally fibrous, and granular on the surface: the taste is somewhat austere and stringent; in its medicinal qualities and sensible flavour, the bark has much analogy with that of the Alchorno, The Death of PRorEsson De CANDOLLE. Our Subscribers will read with sincere grief the following notice of the death of Professor De Candolle, which has just been communicated to Mr Bentham by the afflicted son :— Mon CHER AMI, Je viens d'étre frappé du coup le plus douloureux. Mon pére est mort avant-hier, dans la soirée, aprés de longues souffrances, adoucies, cependant, Dieu merci, à l'approche du dernier moment. Les secours de l'art etaient impuissans | contre le progrès de l'hydropisie. Le corps n'avait plus de forcesà opposer et depuis plusieurs semaines nous avions perdu | toute esperance. La separation n’ én est pas moins affreuse. B Mon pére ne se faisait pas d'illusion sur la gravité de sa maladie, mais le calme et la résignation avaient grandi chez lui avec les progrés du mal. Vous partagerez notre profond chagrin, jen suis bien sir, vous que mon père distinguait parmi tant de Botanistes, et qui le lui avez si souvent temoigné. § Madme. Bentham apprendra avec satisfaction que le santé i de ma mére, quoique délicate, a résisté à de longues veilles | et au chagrin qu' elle éprouve. Veuillez communiquer cette triste nouvelle a Sir W. J. Hooker et à M. Lindley de ma part. Le temps et le courage me manquent pour écrire à plus d'une personne en Angleterre dans ce premier moment. Conservez moi vótre amitié qui m'est plus necessaire que jamais, et croyez moi toujours, mon cher Bentham votre dévoué et affectionné. ALPH. De CANDOLLE. - Genève, 11th September, 1841. 230 HARVEY ON A NEW GENUS OF HYDROCHARIDE®. XI.— Account of a New Genus of the Natural Order of Hy- DROCHARIDEJE, from Southern Africa. By the Honour- able W. H. Harvey. [With a Plate, Tas. XXII] LacarosipHon, H. Flores dioici. Masc. Spatha sessilis, ovata, compressa, bifida, multiflora’; floribus pedicellatis. Perianthium 6-par- titum, petaloideum, laciniis exterioribus majoribus. Stamina 6, 3 antherifera perigonii laciniis exterioribus opposita, tria ananthera, filiformia, elongata, iisdem alterna: filamenta brevia, filiformia ; anthere profunde bifidze, basi acuminate, demum deflexz, biloculares, loculis pollinis granulas magnas subdecem, bifarias includentibus. Fem: spatha sessilis, oblonga, compressa, bifida, uniflora ; flore sessili. — Perigonii tubus longissimus, filiformis, basi cum ovario connatus; limbus sexpartitus, petaloideus, laci- niis exterioribus majoribus. Stamina ananthera 6, filiformia, brevia. Ovarium adnatum, uniloculare, placentis parietali- bus tribus. Ovula 1—2 utraeque placente ad basin inserta; erecta, anatropa. Stylus cum perigonii tubo connatus, sequi- longusque; stigmata tria, bipartita, segmentis lanceolatis, mammillatis. Pericarpium membranaceum, di-trispermum. Semina cylindrica, erecta, arillo parvo carnoso suffulta. Embryo exalbuminosus, orthotropus, extremitate radiculari infera. Genus Hydrille proximum.— Nomen «yop, tenuis, et eigo», tubus. L. muscoides, Harv. MS.—Tas. XXII. Hab. Rivulis innascens. * Albany," C.B.S. C. Zeyher. ———? Drege. Herba fluitans, ramosa, 1—2 pedalis, gracilis, pellucida. Folia alterna, opposita, subverticillatave, lineari-attenuata, uninervia, cartilagineo-marginata, serrulata. Spathe axil- ares. Perigonia feminarum natantia; marium submersa! — - The figure is made from a dry specimen, and I fear the exact shape of the segments of the perianth may not be cor- rectly given, as it is almost impossible in the case of such delicately membranaceous, deliquescent and minute objects to Ww 2 774 : ag lsc Vide MW Mum VA 7 Ala &Femguson Bih, Glasgow —— SKETCH OF THE LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 23l restore the precise form after they have once been dried. In all other important particulars, I trust my analysis will be found correct. Drége appears only to have gathered the female plant. Zeyher, who has: likewise found this both in Jruit and flower, has discovered the male also. The pollen grains, which appear to be shed under water, are very large for the size of the anther, and constantly set in a double row in each cell. After bursting, the anthers are strongly de- flected outwards, what was the acute base being then the apex; or perhaps it would be more just to describe them as inverted before bursting, and resuming their normal position on dehiscence taking place. The stalks of the male flowers never much exceed the length of the spatha. The pellucid highly cellular leaves have very much the appearance of those of a Mnium. W. H. H. Explanation of Figures.—Fig. 1. Female plant; mat. size:— J. 2. Tip of male branch; nat. size.—f. 3. Male spatha ; f. 4. Do. flowers in cluster ; f. 5. Male flower; f. 6. Young sta- mens to show the pollen; f. 7. Female spatha ; f. 8. Stig- mata ; f. 9. Ovary ; f. 10. Do. section; f. 11. Do. laid open JS. 12. Ovule; f. 183. Leaf:—magnified more or less. XII.— Biographical Sketch of the late ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.L.S., M.R.G.S., &c. &c. By Robert Hewarp, Esq., F.L.S. (With a Portrait.) Tue late ALLAN CunNnNINGHAM was the eldest son of Mr Allan Cunningham, a native of Renfrewshire, N. B. His mother, whose maiden name was Dickin, was a native of Shropshire. She was twice married; first to a Mr Juson, and secondly, on the 20th of August, 1790, to Mr Cunningham, by whom she had two children, —the subject of the present memoir, who was born at Wimbledon, Surry, on the 13th of July, 1791,—and a second son, Richard, born 12th of Febru- ary, 1793.* At this place his parents resided for some time, * 'This only brother of Allan Cunningham was unfortunately killed by the natives of New South Wales, while attached to Major Mitchell's 282 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE and there Allan’s earlier years were passed. In due course he was sent to school at Putney, to the academy of the Rev. Mr Adams, under whose care he received an excellent edu- cation; and of whose attentions he ever spoke with strong feelings of affection and respect. After leaving school, he was for a short time in a Conveyancer's office in Lincoln’s Inn; but the dull duties and prolix technicalities of the law were subjects ill fitted for the investigating mind of Allan Cunningham ; and fortunately for science, an introduction to botanical pursuits was placed in his path, by his being engag- ed by W. T. Aiton, Esq., at the time the second edition of the Hortus Kewensis was preparing. This situation was also happily the means of introducing him to the notice of R. Brown, Esq., while that talented gentleman and profound botanist was superintending the progress of the latter volumes of the above work through the press. Shortly after the pub- lication of this work (1814), the political aspect of Europe reverting once more to a state of peace, the subject of send- ing out botanical collectors was revived by the late lamented Sir Joseph Banks, and the superintendent of the Royal Bo- tanic Gardens at Kew (Mr Aiton), and the government hav- ing acceded to the application of those gentlemen, arrange- ments were subsequently made for forwarding two botanical collectors to the southern hemisphere. Sir Joseph Banks; having recommended Allan Cunningham as being competent to fulfil the necessary duties of botanical collector to the Royal Gardens at Kew, he received his appointment, which bears date the 9th of September, 1814; and on the 3d of Oc- tober, in company with Mr James Bowie, who was joined with him in the commission, embarked at Spithead on board the Duncan 74, commanded by Captain Chambers, and finally sailed from Plymouth on the 29th of the same month. On Christmas-day they sighted Cape Frio, and came to an- exploratory expedition to discover the course of the Darling River, in April, 1835. For a memoir and portrait see Companion to Botanical Pi M vol. IL, p. 210. Mitchell's Journeys in Australia, vol. I. p. ; &c. LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. ` 233 chor at Rio de Janeiro on the 28th of December. For the next three months our travellers remained at Rio, awaiting the dilatory proceedings of the Portuguese government in granting them permission to travel in the interior, procuring their passports, and making necessary preparations for their journey. During their residence at Rio, collections were made of the plants and seeds found in the vicinity. The botanical gardens were also visited, and a correspondence in- stituted with the superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Sen- hor Gomez, and also with M. Langsdorff, who at that period resided in Rio, and who kindly showed them his collections, and afforded them much information for their future pro- ceedings. On the 3d April, they took their departure from Rio for San Paulo; on the 5th they were detained at a Venda, near Taguahy, until the 13th, by continued rains, which flooded the country they had to travel over, and rendered it impass- able for a time. They also found themselves compelled to increase their train of mules, in consequence of the ineffici- ency of some of the animals they had purchased in Rio; they also hired a Portuguese to accompany them, and take charge of their negroes, mules, and baggage. Shortly after leaving the Venda, they commenced the ascent of the mountains by a very winding road, exceedingly rough, and full of holes and channels formed by the heavy rains, and now filled with water, and encumbered with large fragments of rock that had fallen on it; the mules, being frequently compelled to stop from the steepness of the road, causing their loads to shift, rendered the ascent exceedingly fatiguing and tedious. Hav- ing, however, reached the summit, they halted for the night at a Rancho or shed, called a roca de Reij, where they suf- fered much from the cold, the upper part of the mountain being enveloped in clouds. Among the plants collected since their departure from Rio were species of the following genera :— Pontederia, a polyandrous aquatic with yellow flowers (Limnocharis Humboldtii), Aristolochia, Menyanthes, (Fillarsia), Oncidium, Guarea; Gomphia, &c. On the 14th, ` Vol. IV.— No. 29. 26G 934 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE Mr Cunningham’s journal states—** We continued our journey, and having travelled for thirteen hours over the mountains, arrived in the evening at a large Rancho which is about half-a mile to the right of San Joao Marcos, and where we passed the night. On the road near this place, we saw a species of Buginvillea, very beautiful, and a Ruellia, with red tubular flowers. The road this day was in many parts rugged and steep, and we arrived in the course of the afternoon at a river, where we were obliged to unload the mules and carry the luggage over, to avoid its being wetted. “ 15th. In the course of last night, we unfortunately lost our iron pot containing our breakfast. It was stolen by some of the troopers, although our servants slept round the fire the whole night. We were obliged to remain all the next day at the Rancho, being detained by one of our mules having escaped from us; and it was not caught till too late to proceed farther this night. * 16th. Continued our journey early this morning ; arrived at the Rio de Pirahy, which divides the captainship of Rio de Janeiro from that of San Paulo; conveyed our luggage over the river in a canoe, and swam the mules across, passed the mountains, and reached a little Venda near the Rio de Pedras in the evening. On the road saw species of the fol- lowing genera that was new to us :—Begonia, Solanum, Lo- belia, (scarlet-flowered,) and Justicia. “17th. Left the Venda and continued our journey : stop- -ped at a small Rancho at mid-day to rest our mules which were much fatigued; dined in the usual manner upon Feijoenss or black Negro beans, boiled. Proceeded on our march, and halted at a Venda at eight in the evening. We this day saw large trees of Araucaria ( Brasiliensis) near the road, also a species of Berberis, and a purple-flowered Bignonia. ** 18th. Remained at the Venda the whole of the day tO rest the mules ; at a small distance from the Venda saw more of the Araucaria, * 19th. Proceeded on our journey this morning, and arrived at Lorenzo at three p.m.; on the road collected specimens of ——— LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 235 a beautiful orange-flowered Epidendrum, also of a Canna nov. sp. and a species of Ruellia allied to R. cristata. * 20th. Resumed our journey, and arrived at 7 P.M. at a small Rancho near Estiva.. The hedges were formed of a species of Bromelia (Pinguin?) with their fruit in bunches nearly ripe. ** 21st. Left the Rancho at daylight, and continued our journey to Mineiro, where we arrived at 3 P.M. * 22nd. Left Mineiro at 7 a.m., passed Pau Grande at 12, and arrived at the Villa de Lorena at 2 P.M., where we put up for the day at a very comfortable Venda with a spare room, having a door with a lock and key to it; we had not lodged in such a room since we left Taguahy. On the road we saw some Indian children with the flowers of a species of Amaryllis, which they had gathered in the neighbouring wood for the purpose of ornamenting themselves. Found a scarlet-flowered Justicia, Bignonia sp. with thick yellow flowers, and another species with small purple flowers and nerved leaves. In the ditches on the roadside we saw Thalia dealbata. * 24th. Resumed our journey to-day, having given the mules a day's rest yesterday; passed the Villa de Guaratin- guitta at mid-day, and arrived at a small Rancho, having travelled about six leagues, or twenty-four English miles; collected seeds of several plants that we had previously only found in a flowering state. This day we passed several orange trees laden with fruit, which were a great refreshment to us. * 25th. Left our Rancho at 6 a.m.; passed the Villa Pen- damhougaba at 11 o'clock, and arrived at Taubaté at 4 P.M., much fatigued. This day we saw two species of Clitoria, and near a rivulet a beautiful scarlet-flowered diadelphous shrub, probably a Glycine, also a dark purple-flowered ZAezia, and a species of Spathodea? with yellow flowers and a purse- shaped pod, covered with a soft spungy substance. The open Campo, through which we passed, was much covered with ant hills, some of which measured six feet in height. 236 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE * 26th. At Taubaté, resting the mules in the vicinity of the town, found several species of Rhexia, and a pentandrous blue-flowered plant, allied to Exacum, also a new species of Menyanthes (Villarsia.) ! 27th. Left Taubaté at 7 4.«.; and passing over a Campo, arrived at a Rancho, two leagues short of San José, where we put up for the night, having travelled thirty-two English miles this day. * 98th. Arrived on the banks of the river at Jacarahy at 12 o'clock, ferried our luggage over in a canoe, and swam the mules across: this is the broadest and deepest river that we have met with ; travelled two leagues further, (eight English miles,) and put up at a sugar-work for the night. We had no sooner taken possession of our new lodging, than we were attacked by that disagreeable insectthe Jigger or Chigoe, which penetrated the skin of our feet in order to deposit its eggs. * 29th. Left the sugar-work and proceeded to Mogy das Cruces, near seven leagues distant, where we arrived at 7 P.M., much fatigued, the evening turning out rainy; and we found the hills very steep. At the base of one of them we found a species of Amaryllis, allied to A. equestris. It grows in damp shaded situations. The hedges were ornamented with a beautiful climbing Erythrina, with scarlet flowers. This day we passed the largest tree of the Araucaria we have yet seen. * May \st. Rested yesterday, and left Mogy das Cruces this morning at 7 A.M., and arrived in the evening at a small Venda, two and a half leagues from San Paulo. Some part of the road ran through a swamp, in which we collected a species of Pontederia, also a species of Eriocaulon and a Fuchsia, with flowers larger than F. coccinea, petals revolute. It was a tree upwards of thirty feet high. ; * 9d. Left the Venda at 6 a.m., and arrived at the city of San Paulo at 10.; went in search of lodgings, and procured them at the house of an English Cabinet-maker, through the medium of Colonel Müller, to whom we had letters of recom- LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 237 mendation, and whose kindness, on this and many other occa- sions, calls forth our sincerest thanks: but for this gentleman we should have met with innumerable difficulties. * 3d. According to appointment made yesterday with Colonel Müller, we met at 12 o'clock, in order to present ourselves and our letters to the governor, the Conde de Palma, who received us kindly ; and having read our letters from the Marquez de Arguia and Lord Strangford, promised to grant us anything we wished for in the furtherance of our botanical pursuits; called also on the Conde de Fonseca, to whom also we had letters. We were received very politely by this nobleman, — offered us his house, saying it would be always open to us." Our travellers resided at San Paulo, and it vicinity, above three months, during which period they collected a rich harvest of seeds, plants, and specimens. On the 14th of August, they left San Paulo on their return to Rio, mak- ing collections on the road, and at the different places they halted at, and reached Rio once more on the 28th of Sep- tember. The next year was passed in visiting places in the imme- diate vicinity, or at a few days' journey from the city, among which may be mentioned the Corcovado mountains, Tejuco, the Organ Mountains, Somanbaya, Padre Correa, &c. From all these places collections of new and interesting plants, seeds, and specimens, were forwarded to England, among which may be mentioned the following as some of the results of their various journeys :—Jacaranda mimosafolia, Gloxinia speciosa, Bignonia venusta, Calathea zebrina, Amaryllis calyp- trata, Passiflora several sp., Pothos coriacea, Melastoma several sp., Cactus speciosus, C. speciosissimus, C. truncatus, Dichorisandra thyrsiflora, Gesneria bulbosa, Pontederia cras- sipes, &c., &e. That these collections gave great satisfaction, the following extract from a letter of Sir J. Banks, dated February 13th, 1817, will amply testify :—** Both Mr Aiton and myself have been entirely satisfied with you and Mr Bowie’s conduct during your stay at the Brazils. We have 238 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE already many valuable collections from thence, sent home by you, which do credit to your expeditions, and honour to the Royal Gardens, especially among the Epidendrums, Tilland- sias, $c., such as were sent home in boxes; your bulbs also have produced some splendid flowers." Their journeyings in Brazil now approached a termina- tion, In the month of August, instructions were received from Sir Joseph Banks, directing Mr Bowie to embark for the Cape of Good Hope, and Mr Cunningham for New South Wales; and on the 28th of September, the two trav- ellers separated, both leaving the harbour of Rio on the same day for their respective destinations; the vessel Mr Cunningham took his passage in (the Surry, convict ship, Captain Raine), reached Sydney Cove, on the 20th De- cember, after a pleasant voyage of ninety-five days. On the following day Mr Cunningham landed, and proceeded to Paramatta to report himself to the Governor, Major Gene- ral Macquarie, by whom he was very kindly and hospitably received. Shortly after bis arrival, he took a cottage at Paramatta, at which place he resided during his stay in Aus- tralia, in the intervals of his numerous and varied journeys. Early in the year 1817, Mr Cunningham was made acquainted with the intentions of the Colonial government to send an expedition, under the command of the late sur- veyor-general Oxley, to explore and trace the courses of the Lachlan and Macquarie rivers, and he was advised | by the governor to attach himself to an expedition, the results of which were likely to prove most interesting in a botanical point of view; from the circumstance of the parties having to traverse a country at that period entirely unknown. On the 4th of April, Mr Cunningham left Paramatta in company with Mr Evans, assistant-surgeon, for Bathurst. The roads at that period being in a very indifferent state; their cattle could make but little progress in a day's march, and a want of bridges occasioned also detentions, so that the party which was overtaken on the road by Mr Oxley; did h h li 5 f |] f LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 239 not reach Bathurst until the l4th. In crossing the Blue Mountains, Mr Cunningham saw a pile of stones that bore the name of Caley's repulse, from the circumstance of its being the farthest point that indefatigable and persevering botanist reached in his endeavours to cross the mountains to the westward. After passing Mount York, the character of the country and its botany changed in a remarkable manner, plants that had only previously been found in Van Dieman's Land, were discovered on the bleak faces of the mountains, and new features of vegetation covered the whole scene ; neither Banksia serrata, or Lambertia formosa, were found beyond the mountains, Banksia compar taking the place of the former plant, Daviesia latifolia, and Acacia melanoxylon, (Van Dieman’s Land plants), becoming very common, as also that beautiful shrub Grevillia acanthifolia, and many others then for the first time enriching the vasculum of the fortunate collector. The party remained at Bathurst till the 20th, on which day they started for the depot on the Lachlan, from whence they were to commence on untrodden ground. On the 25th, they arrived at the depot that had been established on the banks of the Lachlan, for the use of the expedition, and where two boats had been built for the conveyance oftheir provisions on the survey of the river. Here Mr Cunningham met with the late Mr Charles Fraser, so well known for his indefatigable industry in collecting plants and seeds; he was attached to the expedition for the purpose of making collections for Lord Bathurst. For the details of this interesting but toilsome journey, the reader is referred to Mr Oxley’s work,* in which the results of the expedition, the sufferings of the party from scar- city of water, and the disappointments they experienced, are given at length. It is merely necessary to mention here that the expedition descended the river, which very soon showed signs of approaching a termination; and on the 12th May, * Journals of two Expeditions into the Interior of New South Wales, by John Oxley, Surveyor-general of the Territory, and Lieutenant, R.N., 4to, 1820. 240 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE their further progress on it was stopped by the river losing itself in swamps, which were named the Lachlan swamps, in S. lat. 33° 15’, and E. long. 147° 45. Mr Oxley then de- termined to push forward to the South Coast, so as to strike it about Cape Northumberland. Their boats were conse- quently hauled up the river's bank, and such portion of their heavy baggage as could not conveniently be carried with them, was left with the boats; and on the 18th, they started with heavily laden packhorses for their ulterior destination. They continued their course, which was nearly S.W., until the 4th of June, when the increased sterility of the country; which they called the Euryalean Scrub, and the almost total absence of that most necessary article, water, added to which, the debilitated state of the cattle from want of food, and the. rugged travelling they had undergone, induced Mr Oxley to give up his intentions of reaching the south coast, and to alter his course once more to the northward, with hopes of again coming upon the Lachlan, or the swamps in which they lost that river, and thus obtain a supply of water and forage for their exhausted cattle. It was singularly unfor- tunate that the arid state of the country compelled Mr Oxley at this precise point to make a retrograde movement ; for at the most southern point that the expedition reached in S. lat. 34° 15’, they were not more than twenty miles from the then unknown Morumbidgee River, which would to a great extent have relieved their sufferings, supplied their wants, and opened to them a new and interesting field of discovery, that through the above circumstances was reserved for another enterprising traveller, Captain Sturt, whose entertaining volumes* contain so much of interest and information on the interior of this singularly constructed country. After wearisome travelling, and much suffering both of man and beast for want of water; on the 23d, they once more came upon the Lachlan river, diminished to not * Two Expeditions into the Interior of Southern Australia, during the years 1828—31. By Captain C. Sturt, 39th Regiment, 2 vols. 8vo, 1833. —- n MINMNEMPDS - oH LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 241 more than twenty feet wide, running with a generally western course at the rate of 24 knots per hour. Down this dimin- ished stream they continued to travel with the daily expec- tation of a termination to their journey from the shallow state of the river, and the continued flatness of the country. At length on the 7th of July, a final stop was put to their further progress westward, by the river once more losing itself in reedy marshes and interminable creeks; and after bury- ing a bottle containing a paper with a short account of their proceedings up to that date, and their future intended route, they turned their faces again to the eastward, and recom- menced the ascent of the Lachlan. The course they now took was north-easterly, keeping as near the river as the swampy nature of its banks and the numerous lagoons would allow. On the 3d of August, they crossed to the northern bank of the Lachlan by means of a raft, their various at- tempts at throwing a bridge across having failed from the great rapidity of the current carrying off the trees they felled for that purpose. They again pushed forward, and were once more fated to be entangled in the same miserable scrubby country that they had formerly named the Euryalean Scrub, and were put to much inconvenience and distress for want of water. A few days’ journey, however, cleared them from this wretched district, and they came upon a country diversified by hill and vale, and what to them was of such great importance, well watered; and at length on the 19th of August, after a journey of 150 miles from the northern bank of the Lachlan, they came upon the Macquarie, in the immediate vicinity of what is now known as Wellington Valley. Although their provisions were well nigh exhausted, their apprehensions on the score of famine were dissipated, by finding in the district they were now traversing, large quantities of game, viz., emu, kangaroo, &c., and with the pleasing anticipation of soon arriving at Bathurst, they push- ed on with redoubled vigour to reach that station, which they accomplished on the evening of the 29th of August, after an absence of nineteen weeks, the greater portion of which time Vol. IV.—No. 29. 2u 242 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE was of a most harassing and anxious nature. The extent of their journey was about 1200 miles, included within the parallels of 34° 30’, and 32° south latitude, and the meri- dians of 149° 43’, and 143° 40’ east longitude. The amount of the botanical collections from this expedition, on a rough calculation were about 450 species, principally of the families Leguminosae, Proteacez, Epacridee, and Rutacee, Of Legu- minose Mr Cunningham says, “ they vie with all the others in number, in variety, and beauty of their several species.” On Mr Cunningham’s arrival at Paramatta, he found letters from Sir J, Banks, desiring him to place himself under the direction of Lieutenant P. P. King, R.N., who was ap- . pointed to command an expedition for surveying and explor- ing the north and north-west coasts of New Holland. A small vessel of only eighty-five tons burden, ** The Mermaid,” had been purchased by the colonial government for the purpose of the survey,-and at the latter end of December, she was reported ready for service. On the 22d of December, the Mermaid sailed from Port Jackson,* taking a southerly course to reach her scene of operations. They entered Bass’s Straits on the 31st, and on the 21st of January 1818, came to an anchor in King George's Sound. Mr Cunningham landed at Oyster Harbour shortly after this, and from his journal I shall make a short extract of his remarks on the rich botany of this portion of New Holland. * Aware that our stay here would be but short, I was the more anxious to employ my time as profitably as it was pos- sible. On the barren dry stony hills and ground rising from the beach, Banksia grandis arrests the attention of the col- lector more particularly than any other of its kindred around * For the details of Captain King’s voyages, the reader is referred to the very interesting work of that excellent officer, published in 1826, and entitled, “ Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia, performed between the years 1818 and 1822, By Captain Phillip P. King, R.N.,” &c., &c., 2 vols. 8vo. LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 243 it; it forms a small tree of irregular growth, is very abun- dant, and at this season in flower and young fruit. Banksia marcescens, B. attenuata, Dryandra armata, and D. nivea, I observed in these exposed sterile spots. Of the Proteacee, I also gathered specimens of the following well-known genera, Petrophila rigida, and a shrub of stiff habit which I suspect is Mr Brown's Zsopogon attenuatus, Adenanthos cuneata, Lab., a large silky shrub near the shore, also Hakea oleifolia, and H. linearis. In peaty humid situations on the hills, Frank- landia fucifolia, Persoonia microcarpa, and Conospermum teretifolium, afforded me some fine specimens, as did Dasy- pogon bromelüfolius, a suffruticose plant with a globular head of flowers, and rough harsh gramineous foliage. A leguminous plant, perhaps Callistachys lanceolata of Dr Smith, at this period in flower and fruit, decorates the brush on the sands of the immediate beach; Jacksonia spinosa was also in flower. Other specimens that I gathered in this walk were the following, Leptospermum longifolium? a small tree 12—14 feet high, with pendulous branches. On the immediate shores, Hibbertia perfoliata, in humid peaty places near the watering place, Beckia speciosa, a beautiful delicate plant abundant in a rather damp peaty sand, Epacris (Lysinema, sp.) with large white flowers and attenuated leaves in similar situations; and a sp. of Yremandra, whose purple flowers were particularly conspicuous among grass and herbage near our well. Anigozanthus flavida is of most luxuriant growth in the deeper peaty spots, when the over- hanging branches of Banksia attenuata protect it from the more immediate rays of the sun. The stunted timber of the hills are of the Eucalypti, of which I have not seen any flow- ering specimens. I afterwards accompanied Lieutenant King to an island in the harbour (the Garden island of Cap- tain Vancouver); we could discover no traces of any vege- tables that might have been produced from the seeds sown by the surgeon and botanist of his vessel, Mr Menzies, who made a fine botanical collection at this place. "The island in many parts abounds with rats, which might have long since 244 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE destroyed every esculent plant thus raised. A Salicornia and a Mesembryanthemum, perhaps M. glaucescens, Haworth, with purple heptagynous flowers, prevailed on its shores as they do in some parts of the mainland. Of the genus Xanthorrhea, 1 noticed three or four species but none in flower." ; They continued at King George's Sound until the Ist o February, on which day the wind enabled them to prosecute their voyage. From the 15th of February to the 6th of March, the Mermaid was engaged in the examination of Exmouth Gulf, Curlew River, and the islands of Dampier's Archipelago, on one of which, Malus Island, Mr Cunningham discovered a third species of that very beautiful genus Cli- anthus,* (C. Dampieri, A, Cunn.) ‘The plant was also found by Captain King at Curlew River. The sterile character, both of the mainland, as well as of the islands, produced but a very indifferent collection to our botanist. The plant from which Dampier called one of these islands ‘ Rosemary island,” was found very abundant: it is the Eurybia Dampi- eri, Dec. (Conyza Dampieri, A. Cunn.) The next point the voyagers landed at was the Goulburn Islands, on the north coast; and from this time (the latter end of March), to the end of May, the party were busily employed in their various duties. Mr Cunningham reaped a rich harvest from these luxuriant shores. Among the many interesting plants discovered, may be mentioned some remarkably striking species of Grevillea and Acacia, in addi- tion to a very fine general collection. Shortness of provi- sions now compelled them to leave the coast of Australia for * The type of the genus, Clianthus puniceus, Sol. (Donia, Don), was discovered by Sir J. Banks in New Zealand, 1769. A second species C. Ozleyi, A. Cunn., was found near Regent Lake, Lachlan River, New South Wales, in 1817, by Mr Cunningham. A fourth species, C. Baueri, A. Cunn., (Streblorrhiza speciosa, End. Clianthus carneus. Lind. ix Bot. Reg. 1841.) is a native of Phillip Island in the vicinity of Norfolk Island. It was discovered by Ferd, Bauer in 1804, and afterwards found by Cunningham in 1830, _ et agp ~ LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 245. the island of Timor. On the 4th of June, they anchored off the Dutch settlement of Coepang, where they received every attention from the resident, Mr Hazaart, and by the 13th, having completed such supplies as were necessary, the following day they sailed for Port Jackson, where they arrived on the 29th. I shall now make some extracts from Mr Cun- ningham’s observations on the botanical results of this voyage. * While at anchor in a bight called the Bay of Rest, S. lat. 22° |7', E. long. 114° 20', I had an opportunity of colecting the few subjects of these barren regions, the shores of which appear doomed to perpetual sterility. I discovered some species of Acacia and Proteacee, but, the excessive droughts, increased by the rays of the sun at this season, had so burnt up and destroyed the greater portion of its limited vegetation, that but few specimens ` were added to my collection; the thermometer ranging in different exposures from 105? to 115° * * *. At Dampier's Archipelago, my collections augmented but very gradually, a sterile sand covered with a Spinifex, being the general character of the coast. I however added 50 species; all, I believe, of known genera. * * * * The north coast assumes a much more favourable aspect than that lately abandoned, being in many parts cliffy with craggy shores bounded by mangroves, having elevated forest land in the back ground, where portions of rich soil have been observed, in which I sowed, in various situations, seeds of European fruits and culinary vegetables. I landed at different times upon an island named Goulburn's Island, where I found a new field for botanical investigations, approaching in charac- ter that of India; for, among genera peculiar to Australia, such as Grevillea, Pleurandra, &c., several, indigenous in other countries, hold a conspicuous rank and station ; among them are Justicia, Strychnos, Dioscorea, Flagellaria, Ficus, Hibiscus, Crotalaria, Grewia, $c. 1 discovered a new Nym- phea, covering the fresh waters of a lagoon, of the figure and ‘size of N. pygmea. A small island, two miles to the north- ward of Goulburn's Island, and which at my suggestion has 246 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE been named Sim's Island, (in honour of the excellent conduc- tor of the Botanical Magazine,) afforded me several fine spe- cimens, and some papers of seeds. I have likewise found some bulbs of Crinum venosum, Br.? which I have not seen in any other part of Australia. The opportunities of land- ing on the north coast, and the islands in the vicinity, have enabled me to add to my collections materially, although not to the extent I had reasonably calculated. The aggregate sum of my collections made on the coasts of Australia, does not exceed 300 species.” Shortly after the period of Mr Cunningham’s return, he undertook a journey to the Illawarra, or Five Island district ; a portion of Australia remarkable for the almost tropical character and luxuriance of its vegetation; and during his stay, (about a month,) he made a very rich collection both of specimens and seeds. For the results I again refer to his journal. * [ returned from a late excursion to the country souther- ly, with a collection of interesting plants and some seeds found during my stay there, in the diversified country in that vicinity, particularly under the mountain-belt bounding the fine cattle-runs to the westward, whose shaded damp woods afforded me a considerable scope for botanical investi- gation, although I was in several instances, too early in the season for expanded flowering specimens. I was nevertheless fortunate in the detection of many fine plants, either in fruit or in a partially flowering condition, that I have never examined before. "They are, however, for the most part, plants known to that eminent botanist, Mr Brown, a circum- stance that tempts me to conclude the vegetable productions of those shaded close forests, full of volubilous and scandent species, to be of the same description as those of the Cedar woods of the Coal River, (Hunters River,) whence that gentleman, in 1804, could have alone obtained those plants he has described, and which I have again detected two de- grees to the southward of it, viz., at the Red Point of the charts, a district wholly unknown to any botanist at that period LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 247 i of time. Among the plants to which I allude, the following are remarkable :—Cargillia australis, Achra: sp., Cryptocarya and Tetranthera, genera of Laurinee, a Podocarpus, in habit like Tagus elongatus, Marsdenia rostrata, and Tylophora sp., a singular cork-barked tree, Duboisia?, a Palm, which I sus- pect is the tropical Seaforthia, and many others, not clearly ascertained.” Captain King, having determined to survey Macquarie Harbour, on the west coast of Van Diemen’s Land, gave Mr Cunningham an opportunity of visiting that portion of Australia. They arrived at Hobart Town on the 2d of January, 1819, and while there, Mr Cunningham ascended Mount Table, since known as Mount Wellington, from whose sides and summit he made a rich increase to his collections. On the 10th they sailed for Macquarie Har- bour, where they remained until the 25th, during which period Mr Cunningham made daily excursions in the imme- - diate vicinity of the harbour, and procured a rich collection of its botanical stores. They returned to Sydney Cove on the 14th of February. Of the botany of Mount Wellington, Mr Cunningham ob- serves—** I made a very interesting excursion to the summit of Mount Table, which presented me with a fair specimen of Alpine travelling, in the sudden transitions of the weather, (being alternately fair, with snow storms,) and with the char- acter of the botany, as may be found in Terra Australis collectively. In this elevated journey I gathered many curi- ous plants, which, although I now find them described by that truly eminent botanist, Mr Brown, were no less interest- ing to me, who knew nothing of them previously.” Of Macquarie Harbour, he says—* In no situation did I find the botany so novel and otherwise interesting as on the low shores of a little bight, about nine miles up from the en- -trance, called Pine Cove, from the abundance of the Huon and Adventure Bay Pines, which its humid shaded woods af- ford. With the Huon Pine, (which may be a Dacrydium, or altogether a new genus,) and that named Adventure Bay Pine 248 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE ( Podocarpus aspleniifolius, Lab.) I detected the Anopterus of Labillardiere in flower; the Cenarrhenes of that author in fruit; the beautiful Carpodontos; the Sassafras-scented Athe- rosperma; the aromatic Tasmannia in fruit; the native Birch ;* a species of Weinmannia;+ some of the Epacridea, Elaocarpus pedunculatus; Gaultheria hispida in fruit, with . several others of like sterling importance. After a minute examination of all the trees of Huon Pine that had been re- cently fallen, 1 was fortunate in the detection of the young fruit of that most useful tree.” Early in the month of May, the Mermaid was declared ready for sea, and Mr Cunningham prepared to embark on board her for a second voyage to the north and north west coasts. On the 8th, Captain King sailed from Port Jackson. Port Macquarie on the east coast was the first place they put in at; and of the vegetation of this port Mr Cunningham says— * We are not far enough to the northward yet, to observe any decided change in the character of the botany here, as differing from that of Port Jackson. Three-fourths of the plants I had noticed in November last, at the Five Islands, (Illawarra,) to the southward of Port Jackson, and originally discovered by Mr Brown, (probably at Hunter's River,) ex- ist in the most thick woods, investing in patches the immedi- ate shores of this Port. I now view my old friends in another state, and among them some nondescripts, inhabiting the dense forests on the banks of the Hastings, of whom a new Palm, (seldom above twelve feet in height,) and a species of Pothos, adhering to trees, not enumerated among Mr Brown's genera of Aroidee, are perhaps most remarkable. In the hol- lows are dark thick woods, bound together with twining and climbing plants of extraordinary size, where several kinds o! Laurinee and Meliacee, of small diameter, as timbers, are to be met witb, which, nevertheless, I doubt not will be found useful for building, and ornamental for household furniture. F "uo Cunninghamii, Hook. Journ. of Bot. Vol. ii. p. 150. t. vii. T Weinmannia biglandulosa, MSS. Hook. Icon. Plant. t. ceci. LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 249 The dark forests on the river abound with the Red Cedar and Rosewood of large dimensions." On the 21st, they sailed from Port Macquarie to the northward, On the 30th, Captain King anchored in Rodd's bay, on the shores of which Mr Cunningham detected many plants that he had observed on the north coast in the last voyage; but which had been originally detected in the Gulf of Carpentaria and elsewhere, by Mr Brown. On the 3d of June, the Mermaid anchored under one of the Percy Isles. At Cleveland Bay, where they arrived on the l4th, Mr Cunningham made some further collections, and goes on to mention that—*:* On Palm Island, in Halifax bay, and more particularly on the islands in Rockingham Bay, I noticed plants common to both Indies, viz., Sophora tomentosa, Guilandina Bonduc, §c., and a beautiful purple-flowering Melastoma, ( M. Banksii,) a genus that I was not aware existed in Terra Aus- tralis.” On the 27th, after an intricate and somewhat peril- ous navigation among the innumerable reefs that line the east- ern coast of New Holland, they reached Endeavour River; anchoring, in all probability, on the very same spot where Captain Cook and Sir Joseph Banks had done so, forty- nine years ago. Of Endeavour River, Mr Cunningham ob- serves—** Our protracted detention, till the 12th of July, at this memorable part of the eastern coast of New Holland, . Was occasioned by a temporary loss we had previously suffer- ed off the cloud-capt mountainous land of Cape Tribulation, by the swamping of one of our most serviceable whale-boats, which we replaced by building another from the frame of a spare boat we had on board. Thus the convenient south shore of Endeavour River, which most probably has never been visited since the departure of Captain Cook, in 1770, has been a second time converted into a temporary dock- yard. Here was a period of fourteen days that might have been wholly at my disposal, had it not been for the annoy- ances experienced from the prowling natives, who made a rather determined, but unsuccessful attack, upon the boat- builders, &c., on shore, whilst I was at some distance from Vol. IV.— No. 29. 21 250 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE the cutter, on an excursion to the more elevated ranges of hills bounding the grassy and flat lands southerly. In my various daily walks in pursuit of Flora, which occupied my time during the first week of my stay there, much pleasure was derived in tracing the steps of Sir Joseph Banks and his learned colleague Dr Solander, and detecting many plants then discovered, that in all probability have never been seen in a living state since that period. Among them were Gre- villea gibbosa, in flower and fruit, prevalent on the rocky hills; a beautiful bluish-flowering Nymphaea, like N. versi- color, Rox., expanding itself on the surface of the chains of stagnant pools in the lower lands, and the ornamental Melas- toma Banksii, clothing the muddy shaded banks of these small ponds. The rocky gullies, trickling with small runs of water, afforded me scope for much minute research ; for there, more particularly, the delicate filiform minute Stylidia, some small Eriocaula and Xyrides, appeared to abound, with some Gentiana, delighting in a humid shallow soil. Among the plants observed on a strip of sandy desert, under the range of hills to the southward of our anchorage, I was successful in collecting a number of bulbs, (Crinum angustifolium,) which could be but barely traced by the existence of slight vestiges of their decayed foliage lying on the surface of the sand. The summits of the ridges, and more especially the northern sandy shore, added some interesting plants to my augmenting collections. On the arid wastes of the latter, I gathered a most beautiful plant of Dilleniacee, Hemistemma Banksii, R. Br. It was a subject of much regret to me; that, in consequence of the rupture with the natives, my walks, during the last week of our stay at Endeavour River, were either very much circumscribed or wholly prevented. I haddetermined upon an excursion for a couple of days, at least, to the more distant and loftier hills, whose woods, densely matted to their very summits, would doubtless have afforded me some considerable scope for plodding botanical research. This plan, however, with some minor excursions, was wholly frustrated by the decidedly hostile dispositions of the natives; LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 251 and the smallness of our company, not allowing me two or three armed men as a guard, forbade my prosecuting my pursuits in distant walks." ; On the 12th of July, the party left Endeavour River, and doubled Cape York on the 24th ; and after failing to find an anchorage among the islands in "Torres Straits, they stood across the Gulf of Carpentaria. The first place at which they landed on the north coast was, on the banks of a river called by Captain King, Liverpool River. On the 8th of August, they anchored at their last year’s anchorage, at Goulburn Islands, where Captain King remained ten days to complete their supply of wood and water. Mr Cunningham was un- able to make a second collection this year, from the continu- ed hostility of the natives, and also from a severe attack of jaundice, brought on by the fatiguing examination of Liver- pool River. On the 27th, they reached Vernon’s Island in Clarence Strait, which was the termination of their last year’s survey. Among the more remarkable places touched at on this voyage on the north-west coast, many may be mentioned,—Port- Keats, Lacrosse Island, Cambridge Gulf, where they remain- ed ten days, the peculiar botany of its shores greatly enrich- - ing Mr Cunningham’s collection,— Vansittart Bay and Port Warrender. The general arid character of the coast on this part of New Holland, although it did not afford species of remarkable beauty, yet a large proportion of them are highly interesting to the botanist, from the singularity of their forms, and their affinity in many instances, with plants natives of the continent of India. One singularity of the vegetation of this portion of the coast is, the paucity of the family of Pro- teace@, so abundant to the southward. On the 16th of October, they sailed once more, with the in- tention of again visiting Timor, which island, after some delays from the wind and current being against them, they reached on the Ist of November. They completed their necessary supplies by the 9th, on which day they sailed for Port Jack- 252 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE son, where they arrived on the 12th of January, 1820, after an absence of thirty-five weeks and four days. à Of Timor and its capabilities of supplying passing vessels, Mr Cunningham remarks—** The experience of the last year at this settlement having taught us, that many of the lesser comforts, now required for our cabin mess, were only to be obtained by executing the several purchases ourselves at certain periods of the day, in the streets, or in the Chinese shops, rather than trust to the specious kind offices of atten- tion from any agent resident on shore. I landed early this morning ( November 2d), to make the best market an indivi- dual could, who was a stranger to the established Malayan dia- lect. Having purchased some fruits, vegetables, &c., for our immediate consumption, I returned on board. The Tama- rind trees, that form such a salubrious and agreeable shade in the streets of Coepang, are laden with ripe fruit, which I ob- served was exposed for sale in large quantities, without any other preparation than that of having the external brittle leguminous investment taken off, and then being dried in the sun; after which, the fruits are either made up in small balls, or loosely spread out in baskets. Besides Limes, Citrons, the Jack-fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia), although at this pe- riod in season, was sparingly exhibited for sale, and conse- quently dear. The young fruit of a palm, which I suspect to be Borassus ftabelliformis, is sold in the market for the sake of the semitransparent soft albumen of the very young seeds, which, although insipid, is eaten by the Malays. ** * I landed again at an early hour this morning, (3d,) for the purpose of employing myself on the hills in the vicinity of Coepang: during the whole of the day. Bombax Ceiba and Jatropha Curcas, the latter apparently planted, in some situations, in lines to strengthen the hedge-rows (principally formed of Zizyphus Jujube), bore their ripe fruits, and among the old- described plants, observed so abundantly last year, some few others now presented their früctification, that had been with- out flower or fruit at the period of our former visit to this set LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 253 tlement. Among these were Thunbergia fragrans, Sanseviera Zeylanica, Grislea tomentosa, which afforded me ripe seeds, Amyris sp., (aculeata,) Cordia, sp. (monoica?), a shrub bearing white flowers, and also in fruit, Cesalpinea (alata), allied to C. Sappan, Cathartocarpus Fistula, and C. javanicus, were particularly ornamental, bearing racemes of flowers with fruit, the former of the prevailing yellow colour, com- mon to Cassia ; while the latter were of a pale-purple tint in long pendulous clusters. A shrub, with the habit of Phyl- lanthus (Fluggia? Willd.,) gathered last year, again yielded a few ripe seeds. Tabernemontana coronaria, Helicteres Isora, Gertnera racemosa, Jasminum hirsutum, Calotropis gigantea, (a plant of Asclepiadiec, having corrosive acrid juices,) are fre- quent on the rocky hills near the town. Upon low lands, that had been formerly Paddy grounds, and subjected to irri- gation, I observed sparingly Torenia asiatica, some minute Justicia, and a dead Jussieua. After gathering some duplicate seeds of the last year, I returned to Coepang by a circuitous route of eight miles.” In the month of March, two Russian vessels arrived at Sydney; the naturalist, M. Stein, and painter, M. Karney- eck, attached to the expedition, having obtained permission to cross the Blue Mountains, Mr Cunningham proffered his services to accompany them on their tour. They were ab- sent ten days, and returned on board their ships, much gratified with their excursion, and with the attention they had received from Lieutenant Lawson and Mr Cunningham, who accompanied, and pointed out to them the various remark- able features of that portion of the country which their limit- ed time enabled them to investigate. The third voyage of the Mermaid commenced on the 15th of June, under rather inauspicious circumstances; for they left Port Jackson with foul weather, which eventually in- creased to such a degree that, by the cutter’s plunging into a head-sea, she carried away her bowsprit, and was compelled to return to refit. On the 13th of July, they took their second departure, under the more favourable omens of a fair 254 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE wind and fine weather. Their course was up the east coast, and the first place they touched at was Port Bowen. Of the botany of this place Mr Cunningham says—* On the. grassy shores, besides a stunted species of Eucalyptus (allied to Angophora lanceolata), Banksia compar, a tree twenty feet high, bearing flowers and fruit, afforded me specimens with good seeds; but much of the botany of several parts of this coast whereon I had landed last year within the Tropic, appeared here very general; and amongseveralof its finer subjects I per- ceived the A/yzia of Cape Cleveland, Maba geminata, Mimusops parvifolia of Rodd's Bay, and Santalum venosum, in shaded situ- ations, bearing young fruit; with Carissa ovata, still, however, in no stage of fructification. We (Mr Hunter, the surgeon of the Mermaid, accompanied him) passed through brushes of Tristania sp. of Repulse Bay and Endeavour River, among which I gathered specimens of the following genera:— Hovea (allied to H. longifolia), Lasiopetalum sp., Leucopogon (prob- ably L. imbricatus, Br.), Psychotria, sp., Xerotes arenaria? beneath rocks, Eucalyptus, two species, Pleurandra, allied to P. ericifolia, Br., Comesperma latifolia, Senecio, Gnaphalium, Croton, Tephrosia? Azorella, Bignonia australis, rich in flower, beautified many a bare rock, with which I detected a species of Acacia, not previously seen; it was covered with yellow capitula of flowers, so common to this fine genus. Daphne Indica occasionally appeared in flower, beneath the shade of large rocks, flourishing exceedingly, the more in proportion as these situations afforded humidity, so genial to such exuberant growth. I know no plants of all the Australi- an Proteacee upon which one’s eye rests with so much plea- sure (excepting our colonial Telopea), as it did upon a splen- did arborescent Grevillea, (G. Banksii, R. Br.) which now clothed the hills with the abundance of its kind, and now de- corated the declivities with the gay richness of its crimson blossoms. Upon descending upon the shore, and doubling à bluff rocky point, covered with Dendrobium undulatum, and a few Filices, gathered last voyage, we passed a line of beach, abounding with the common purple Dolichos, Ipomea mart- i ^ LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 255 tima, and Spinifex sericeus, at whose south extreme we enter- ed a very shady matted thicket, consisting of many tropical trees peculiar to such umbrage, (and which we had frequently . remarked during our last voyage,) of which Strychnos lucida, a species of Terminalia, Santalum ovatum, and Olea panicula- ta, were the most remarkable. In our return along the beach, I gathered specimens of a species of Dodonea, seen on the shores of Rodd's Bay last year. Euphorbia sp., Acacia polystachya, and the Casuarina of the last voyage, again afford- ed me ripe seeds." On the 27th July, they anchored for a second time in En- deavour River. The state of the place, as compared with its last year's appearance, is thus graphically described by Mr Cunningham. ** Grass and herbage had again densely covered the whole of the cleared spot, and some stumps of large trees that had been cut down on our first visit, had thrown out very strong and luxuriant branches, bidding fair in a year or two more to rear their heads again to their usual stature. Upon walking towards the watergully, we found all was dry; and although some few plants had pushed forth their tender foliage, the general face of vegetation seemed to indicate it to be the height of the dry season. The Erythine of these shores, (and indeed of the whole line of coast within the tropic,) at this period perfectly báre of leaves, exhibits a beautiful and striking appearance, its naked branches everywhere studded with its scarlet-flowers. I traced a line of rocky gully up to the hills, but found every cavity dried up; nor did I observe any plant of moment in my subsequent route over the hills, on my way back to the vessels, excepting Grevillea gibbosa, still bearing its ripe fruit. * In consequence of the general drought of the southern shore, a party was sent at daybreak to examine the extremity of the northern coast, where water had been observed last year. I availed myself of this opportunity of seeing that dis- trict, and accompanied the officer who had charge of the boat’s crew at an early hour. We landed at the base of the 256 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE hills; and found a fine stream of water escaping over tlie beach (sands), from which our people filled their baricas. As this operation would employ an hour, I determined upon an ascent to the summit of the lofty range of hills, whose bare naked slopes seemed however not likely to afford me much scope for botanical research. Velleia pubescens is fre- quent on these hills, where also I gathered fine expanded flowers of Jacksonia thesioides, a small pigmy plant, and species of Indigofera. Clitoria, Hibiscus, a Grevillea (allied to G. Chry- sodendron), and a shrubby species of Eucalyptus, were the more general plants observed till I had reached the ridge, whence descend certain deep ravines densely clothed with a luxuriant vegetation ; these, together with the elevated cavi- ties between what may be termed the shoulders of the hills, exhibit a vast variety of fine plants; generally however of species heretofore collected. A tree belonging to Urticee, with large radiated laurel-shaped leaves, Seaforthia elegans, Hellenia caerulea (whose luxuriant growth reminded me of the beautiful Heliconie of South America), and some Fici previously observed, were the most prevalent plants in these shaded thickets. On a second visit I detected Melastoma Banksii, bearing flowers and ripe fruit ; Wormia alata, a tree delighting in humid valleys, was remarked on the rising ground verging on the swamps which were full of Ceratopte- ris thalictroides, (C. Australasica, Cunn. Mss.) Large speci mens of Heritiera australis, with Pandanus pedunculatus in fruit, form by a union of their branches on either side of the channel of these streams, an arbour-work, essentially neces- sary to prevent that excess of evaporation, which otherwise would daily take place in so warm a climate. In tracing 4 dry gully leading from the hills, I gathered seeds of Calli- carpa pedunculata, specimens with fruit of a tree of Myrsi- nee, rising twenty feet high, and having an elliptical drupe; a species of Cylista overran the bushes; also Doodia media, and Lygodium semibipinnatum. Upon passing the swamps; I rose to the sandy ridges, and gathered the following plants and seeds; Acacia humifusa, Glycine lampocarpt, Cleroden- P LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 257 dron costatum, a beautiful flowering shrub, Leucopogon rusci- Jfolius, Eriostemon Banksii, Hemistemma Banksii, Melaleuca angustifolia, Dodonea paulliniefolia. At the back of the sandy ridges bounding the beach are pools of stagnant water, at irre- gular distances, in which I gathered two species of Cyperus, with some Graminez. * * * Being desirous to examine the sandy barren tracts near the base of Mount Cook, I quitted the vessel at nine, accompanied by a seaman whose help was . afforded me by Captain King. In our route over the hills in the immediate vicinity of the anchorage, I collected a quan- tity of the ripe fruit of Grevillea gibbosa, now very abundantly laden with spherical capsules, as also those of Banksia den- tata, containing ripe seeds of this fine tropical species. In the lower vales, grooved with water channels, which at this period we remarked as almost dry, I gathered a further sup- ply of the berries of Melastoma Banksii, and was in the fullest hopes of being able to procure some ripe capsules of the Nymphea, of this part of the coast. However, I could not discover the least vestige of this beautiful plant, in any of the chain of ponds we minutely examined in our route, where Philydrum lanuginosum seemed most prevalent. We traversed several patches of barren land, with, comparatively speaking, little success; gathering however the seeds of Xyris compla- nata, and X. scabra, specimens of Hemodorum coccineum, with some few grasses, and fine flowering specimens of Tris- tanea suaveolens, Melaleuca suaveolens, Tephrosia sp. &c. Sc. I had almost despaired of success, in detecting the particu- lar spot where the bulbs of Crinum angustifolium, (?) had been observed last year; when, after crossing my track in several directions, we discovered a small strip of sand abounding with them, and haying a spade with us, we dug up as many as we could conveniently carry back to the vessel, finding them in an excellent condition for removal." On the 5th of August they took leave of Endeavour River, and anchored the following day at Lizard Island, where Mr Cunningham took advantage of the detention of the vessel, and made such a collection as the island and his limited Vol. IV.— No. 29. 7k 258 ' BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE time allowed; as he also did at the following places that Captain King touched at— Cape Flinders, Pelican Island, Haggerston's Island, and Cairncross Island; of this latter island, Mr Cunningham observes, —** I landed with Captain King on the western sandy point, which is covered with a small thick brush, having at its extremity a dark shaded damp wood of small extent, where I remarked the following plants; Guettarda octandra, a very luxuriant tree, having a stem (hollow) six feet diameter, and whose base is much like the spurred butt of a Ficus; Maba laurina bearing green fruits ; a large species of Ficus, without fructification ; Mimu- sops Kauki abounding in fruit; Cordyline cannefolia; and a strong plant of luxuriant arborescent growth, suspected to be of the same natural family as seen last year, and at this time also without fructification. Several unknown twining and climbing plants ascended to the summits of the highest trees, and forming with Flagellaria indica, a strong impassable barrier. I had traversed this little wood in several directions without making any discovery, or detecting any plant of im- portance; when, in my return to the departing boat, I found a liliaceous plant, having an elliptical nerved leaf, as in Pan- cratium amboinense. I hastily dug up all the bulbs of this interesting plant I could find : it grows in damp leafy shaded situations, and although not in flower, little doubt can exist of its being Mr Brown’s Calostemma alba.” On the 21st, the party landed again on South Goulburn Island, for the purpose of wooding and watering, and where they were as usual exposed to the mischievous attacks of the natives of that place; but, with the precaution that always per- vaded Captain King's movements, nothing serious happened to the voyagers. The greatest inconvenience that accrued was the preventing Mr Cunningham's making extensive excursions, as any attempt to have gone to a distance, from the wood and watering parties, would inevitably have brought him into con- tact with the armed irritated natives, who were evidently lurk- ing about the vicinity. Sim’s Island was also visited again ; of the results of his trip on shore, Mr Cunningbam observes LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 259 —* We landed at Sansom’s head, and having a seaman to assist me, I employed him in digging up a few bulbs of Cri- num angustifolium, (?) which is generally but thinly scattered over the different parts of the island, whilst I ranged over the rocks in pursuit of other botanical subjects. Among others, I gathered seeds and specimens of the following; Acacia plectocarpa, of last voyage; Boerhaavia pubescens, Gre- villea agrifolia, Haloragis sp., allied to H. racemosa, Daviesia reclinata, Bauhinia microphylla, Euphorbia sp., Sterculia sp., Anthobolus triqueter, a shrubby plant bearing red fruit; Bossiea humifusa, Hoya carnosa (or nivea), a plant abundant among the rocks, appearing to suffer much from the extremes of the dry season, which however threw Flagellaria indica into an abundant flowering condition, as also the venerable Tournefortia argentea, on the north-west beach, which was literally covered with flowers and young fruit. A small tree of Pandanus pedunculatus had decayed male flowers, consist- ing of clusters of long pointed anthers, without any floral envleope, either calyx or corolla : this is the first opportunity I have had of seeing this genus in any other state than bear- ing fruit. Several plants, among which were Pimelea puni- cea, Acacia Simsii, Dodonee and Phyllanthi, that I had gathered when I visited this island in 1818, were scarcely to be traced at this season; whilst Grevillea agrifolia furnished me with duplicate seeds. The Metrosideros of Port Keats and Lacrosse Island covers the more elevated parts, without however any signs of fructification. I descended to the opposite sandy shores of the island, where I detected a few more bulbs of Crinum angustifolium, (?) and finding its shores clothed with Casuarina equisetifolia, and Hibiscus tili- aceus, the retreat of a beautiful species of Cimez, I returned by a different route to the boat.” They afterwards touched at Montague Sound, Capstan Island, and York Sound. Among the plants more particu- larly mentioned or collected there, are Grevillea carduifolia, G. mimosoides, G. heterophylla, Boronia filicifolia, Justicia, sp., Solanum pectinatum, Tournefortia (a third indigenous 260 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE species allied to T. Airsutissima, Sw.,) a very rare plant, Loranthus acacioides, Acacia leucophea, A. translucens, A. tetraptera, A. sericata, A. delibrata, Amyris sp., same as seen on South Goulburn Island, Cassia sp. scarcely distinct from C. fætida, Linn., and Tephrosia sp., a large robust tree, frequent among rocky chasms, proved to be Tristania macro- phylla. Among other plants found at York Sound, was a species of Callitris crowning the cliffs with its pyramidal pic- turesque form, Myristica insipida, Cryptocarya triplinervis, with the Abroma fastuosa of New South Wales and the Moluccas, bearing flowers on the naked aculeated branches. At this period, a leak in the vessel caused such serious appre- hension, as to render it absolutely imperative to look out for a secure harbour, where the cutter’s bottom could be exam- ined, and her defects repaired. A situation was happily found in Port Nelson; and, in a bay, afterwards called, from the circumstance, Careening Bay, the necessary repairs were accomplished. The refitting the cutter caused a. detention at Careening Day of nearly three weeks, which time was turned to good account by our botanist, who made extensive excursions in the vicinity of the Bay, the results of which I again extract from his journal. “ Towards the close of the afternoon, I landed with Captain King, and found that the hills bounding the beach had been recently fired by the natives, whose old temporary huts were standing on the sands. I traced two gullies that come down to the beach from the hills, and was gratified with the pleas- ing diversity in the botany of the small trees and under- shrubs that shadowed the rocky edges of these water chan- nels. They were of the following genera: Bauhinia sp. (appears distinct from B. microphylla), Inga sp., Santalum sp., abundantly in flower and fruit, Vitex sp. (allied to y. glabrata), an apparent species of Tristania, of arborescent growth; while Trichinium macrocephalum and Spinifex hir- sutus were very frequent on the sands above the beach. We were fortunate in our discovery of pools of fresh water at the base of one of the gullies, whose grooved appearance fully LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 261 declared the torrents that pass through it in the rainy season. As far as we advanced up this gully, we found small detached holes of fresh clear water, of an excellent quality, that ap- peared to be draining from one pool to another below, pass- ing through luxuriantly green patches of grass, at once pleas- ing to the eye, and affording food on those barren shores to the kangaroo, whose usual appearances were observed on the rocks. In these humid situations, I gathered specimens of Convolvulus quadrivalvis, and Senecio sp. Two species of Capparis abound in the brushes, of the same kind as those seen at Vansittart Bay last year; the arborescent gouty spe- cies of this genus, (Capparis gibbosa, A. Cunn.,) which was first observed on the shores of Cambridge Gulf, is frequent ‘here, growing to an enormous size, and laden with large fruit. I measured the stem of one very remarkable tree of this species, and found it near twenty-eight feet in circum- ference, and scarcely twenty-five feet high. Some of the trees were in the earlier stages of vernation, the extremities of the naked branches appearing green, and one that I opened exhibited the character of folia quinata. The usual Proteaceous plants, Hakea arborescens, and Grevillea mimo- soides, were remarked on the hills, bearing fruit; where also we noticed a species of Cycas, in clumps. In tracing the water-gully between the hills, I gathered a few specimens, chiefly in situations extremely rocky and somewhat shaded. Centunculus polygonoides, Pittosporee, a large round bushy shrub, having the habit of Bursaria, with the fruit of Pittos- porum, covered with a close tomentum. On a small grassy patch that had escaped the ravages of the flames, I observed a fine pinnated-leaved Acacia (A. suberosa), found in an im- perfect state last year at Encounter Cove, Vansittart's Bay. It bore pods which yielded some good seeds. A tree, of the natural family Urticee, related to Antidesma, afforded me flowering specimens; Sersalisia obovata of Endeavour River, was remarked among the rocks, bearing neither flowers nor fruit. Acacia stigmataphylla forms brushes, clothing the declivities, having generally the last year’s pods; an Aspara- 262 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE gus, probably A. fasciculatus, rambled over the tops of the small clumps of undershrubs, forming a formidable barrier, with some aculeated species of Capparis, and Parsonsia velu- tina. * Early this morning (September 25th), I took my de- parture for the day from our encampment, on an excursion inland, with Mr Hunter our surgeon, striking southerly towards the river-like water (subsequently called Rothsay water), seen from the hills above us by that gentleman yester- day. Upon passing the ridges above the tents, we shaped our course south towards the inland water seen from the hills, whence an extensive view of the country to the south- ward and eastward presented us with a succession of undu- lated hummocky land, as far as the eye could reach, till the view was lost in the distance. ‘The face of the country assumed an unusually sterile aspect, which was in some measure heightened by its starved vegetation having been recently destroyed by fire, which was still raging on the slopes of some hills in the distance. We passed several ridges and dividing valleys, blackened with fire, exceedingly rocky and difficult to the traveller, till we had reached the summit of a flat-topped hill, whose bluff face to the south- ward overhung the waters of our new river, which has a very ` flattering appearance, trending away to the S.S.E., bounded by remarkably elevated land, which we supposed to furnish considerable aids to its stream. The starved trees and other ' plants of these hills, are exactly of the same description as those frequently observed on the coast, Cycas angulata, how- ever, appearing the more general form; large groups bearing young fruit, and the male plants having the last year's amenta. Grevillea mimosoides had produced its flowers, and would have furnished me with desirable specimens in that state, had I preceded the raging flames, which were so recent as to be still smoking where any dry sapless stump happened to be fully kindled. The stones with which the country is very thickly studded, are chiefly of a hardened sandstone, con- taining iron; also very fine fragments of quartz, of which LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 263 some were remarkably pure. From the eminence on which we stood, several important bearings were taken, that would prove useful to the future survey of the water before us; which appeared to have its embouchure on the coast, at a suppos- ed bay to the S. W. of the one in which we are now detained; and we observed a tolerably clear channel trending in that direction, although some ramifications were remarked to ter- minate in shoally flats, clothed with mangroves; and in one part a low island occupies a portion of its breadth, which is thereby materially contracted. Upon looking to the W.S.W. over the hills bounding the coast, a considerable archipelago (formed of small sand-banks or islets), invests these shores yet to be examined ; and very elevated land was distinguished in that direction at a considerable distance, barely perceptible on the horizon. Large columns of black smoke arose from vivid flames upon the distant inland hills; proofs of the continued devastation going on, although perhaps not of the actual pre- sence of natives at the particular parts whence the smokearose. Wesaw no quadruped, and only the usual indicationsof kanga- roos ; of birds a few were remarked on the wing, chiefly, how- ever, of the pigeon-family. We were not fortunate enough to discover the least portions of fresh water, either stagnant or running ; but several well-worn stony gullies that intersected our course, having their descents to the westward, suggested to us the Sireution.i in which the waters, falling on the meigi bouring hills during the rainy season, take their exit. About noon, having satisfied ourselves of the existence of a small inland water and its trendings ; and finding nothing in- teresting ín a country over whose surface the flames were raging in every direction, we prepared to return to our en- campment, distant about six miles N. by W., by a less diffi- cult route, which enabled us to reach our destination in a period of three hours’ hard walking, and without adding a single specimen to my collections, excepting an imperfect one of the family of Caryophylle. On the 27th, I visited a part of the hills that had not been fired, where I gathered these specimens— Chionanthus axillaris of the east coast, a 264 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE tree fifteen feet high, bearing ripe fruit, Cesalpinea sp., Me- trosideros sp., Hibiscus sp., and Acacia stigmatophylla. Gre- villea mimosoides very generally bore its viscid green fruit; and some specimens that were sixteen feet high, still had old flower-spikes. In returning along the rocky eastern shore of our little bay, I remarked the picturesque Pandanus peduncu- latus, heavily laden with ripe fruit, of which I gathered an ample supply. This genus is not confined to intertropical climates. I have heard of its existence a few miles north of the Coal (Hunter’s) River, near Port Stephens, whence some fruit had been brought to Port Jackson, which was shown me, and I have seen the plant at Port Macquarie in lat. 31°, and about 28° to the eastward of this part of the coast. This plant, therefore, has a wide diffusion through all parallels and meridians between these given points; itismost probably, how- ever, confined (as I suspect the locality of Araucaria* excelsa is) to the sea-coast. Among the brushes, chiefly of Capparis sepiaria ? I found a reclining slender shrub without fructifica- tion, which I suspect, from its peculiar habit, and apparent axillary umbellate inflorescence, to be another species of Capparis. I saw no traces of natives of recent appearance, either on the hills or on the western shores of the bay. In my return I secured a curious Lizard,} of extraordinary ap- pearance, which had perched itself on the stem of a decayed tree. Four kinds of Snakes have been observed on the shares of the bay; and although this period (September), may be considered little other than the commencement of spring or close of winter, we are remarking new insects and reptiles; creeping out of their dormitories daily. It may, however, be inferred, that were we to visit this part of the coast during the summer months, (December to May,) a great variety of * Araucaria Cunninghamia. Mr Cunningham at this time was not aware of the specific difference of the Norfolk Island tree, and the one seen on the eastern shores of New Holland. t Chlamydosaurus Kingii, Gray.— King’s Survey of the Coast of Aus tralia, Vol. ii, App. B. Reptilia, p. 424. E LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 265 subjects in Natural History, particularly of the above fami- lies, would show themselves." Bat Island, at the entrance of Port Nelson, afforded our botanist another rich harvest, as also did the shores of Brunswick Bay, the general charac- ter of its vegetation resemblinggreatly that of Careening Bay. . Notwithstanding the repairs the cutter had undergone, it was discovered that she was unfortunately not in a condition to stand any very rough weather, and from the quantity of water she made, and the near approach of the change of the mon- soon, Captain King was reluctantly compelled to give up any further investigation of the north-west coast at this period. In consequence of this determination, they took leave of the coast on the 14th of October, and on the 19th of December, they once more dropped anchor in Sydney Cove, having a very narrow escape from shipwreck in a violent gale that compelled them to take shelter in Botany Bay, after an almost miraculous deliverance from being driven on the rocks (which were only discovered by flashes of light- ning), at Cape Banks, its northern head. On Mr Cunningham's arrival in Sydney, he was made acquainted with the death of his patron, that beneficent pro- moter of science, the late lamented Sir Joseph Banks. To Mr Cunningham this intelligence proved a severe shock; for he had ever received from Sir Joseph the most flattering commendations for the results of his past labours, accom- panied by warm assurances of his future countenance and friendship. Of this painful event, Mr Cunningham thus writes ——** The announcement of the lamented demise of Sir Joseph Banks, after a rapid decline of health, appeared in the Sydney Gazette; and on the confirmation of it by letters from England, I immediately put on that outward garb of sorrow, which at best is but a poor indication of that heartfelt grief I even now feel for the loss we have all sustained in the departure of so firm, so excellent, and invaluable a friend. - I could have rejoiced to have again seen the cheering coun- tenance of this great Mæcenas; however, viewing the ad- vanced and well-ripened age to which this illustrious person Vol. IV.— No. 29. 2r 266 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE had arrived, with the infirmities attendant thereon, and the probably distant year of my return to my native country there, to enjoy the afternoon of my life, (a period I occasion- ally contemplate,) I scarcely could for a moment hope for such a gratification. I duly received his last letter, (of date the 14th April, 1820 ;) it was short and explicit, and to me highly gratifying—fully approving of my conduct in this country, and reporting that the various journeyings of the last six years of an active life have eventually added something to the brilliancy of the garden of our Sovereign. I am par- ticular in preserving all the letters of my superiors; but this I shall guard as I would the essential points of the religion in which I have been educated: it is the word of a dying nobleman, whose liberality had fallen alike on the just and unjust, whose kindnesses none of us can any more experi- ence; and if, from a sight of it, I can from time to time call up the courteous spirit of its illustrious writer, to regulate my own frame of mind in the * jostlings of the world," liter- ally I shall be a happy man.* On a previous occasion Sir Joseph Banks evinced that kindness of heart and friendship for his protegé, in a much * The following is the letter mentioned with such unmingled praise :— Sono SQUARE, 14th April, 1820. Me Cunnincuam, Si&, —I have received safe and in good condition the numerous things you have sent me, and the Royal Gardens have materially benefited by what we have had from you. I give you great credit for having the second time volunteered to go with Captain King to the north coast, we could have no account of the plants he meets with from any other quarter. I trust and hope, however, you will not be called away any more, but will be able to attend to the inland excursions made from Sydney. I write you à short letter, because I am not well. I know of nothing more to say to you, than that I entirely approve of the whole of your conduct, as does also our worthy friend, Aiton at Kew. Your sure Friend, (Signed) Jos. BANES. To Mr A. Cunningham, Botanical ees to His Majesty, George 1V. the. a TS eee LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 26T more efficient manner. Governor Macquarie became pos- sessed of a copy of a letter from Mr Cunningham to Sir Joseph Banks, (presumed to be surreptitiously taken by a convict servant of Mr Cunningham's, who thought it would facilitate his emancipation by inaking friends at head-quar- ters,) in which he had complained (and most justifiably,) of the very indifferent cases for packing his collections in that were furnished to him from the lumber yard in Sydney; and also of the very trifling assistance he received from the colonial government officers in the furtherance of his pursuits, together with the consequent entailment of heavy expenses on his various expeditions. Governor Macquarie, in a personal in- terview with Mr Cunningham, accused him of writing to Sir Joseph Banks, making charges against him (Governor Mac- quarie,) and behaved in a manner that convinced Mr Cun- ningham that a communication would be made to Sir Joseph Banks on the subject. Mr Cunningham wrote a plain state- ment of the facts to Sir Joseph Banks; Governor Macquarie also addressed him, as Mr Cunningham had anticipated, and, in answer to Mr Cunningham's letter, Sir Joseph Banks writes thus :—** I have received, as you told me I should, a letter from Governor Macquarie, very improperly finding fault with you for complaining of his treatment. I have answered it by telling him that nothing in your letter to me bore the shape of a complaint; and that it was your duty, agreeably to your instructions, to inform me what proportion of assistance you should receive from the constituted authori- ties of the colony; that Bowie had done the same thing, and that he had represented the assistance received from Lord Charles Somerset, the governor, as very considerable, he having fur- nished Bowie with the loan of a waggon and bullocks for his journey, by which at least £200 would be spared from his ex- penses. I hope and trust that my letter will induce him to give you more encouragement than he has done; if not you will recollect that he is soon to come home, and is likely to be replaced by a more scientific governor. The voyage you are now engaged in, which will have been completed ere you re- 268 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE ceive this letter, promises in my judgment the most interest- ing discoveries to you; it will be particularly interesting, as it is not likely the north-west country should be soon visited again, so that the sole credit of all the new plants you obtain, will be entirely your own. May the success that your talents, your industry, and your activity deserve, always at- tend you, is the sincere wish of ** Your assured good friend, * JosEPH BANKS. “To Mr Allan Cunningham. « August, 1818." The Mermaid having been condemned, as not sea-worthy, a vessel called the Haldane, an India teak-built brig, of 170 tons, was purchased by the colonial government for the ful- filment of the survey. Her name, on entering His Majesty's service, was changed to the Bathurst ; and by her larger size, and greater accommodations, she afforded the voyagers much more room and conveniences than the cutter had done. After various delays, the Bathurst sailed from Port-Jack- son on the 26th of May, 1821, in company with the Dick merchant-vessel bound to Batavia. The first place touched at on this their fourth voyage, was one of the Percy isles, the summits of which were crowned with stunted Araucaria (4. Cunninghamia); the plants generally were the same as those collected two years previously on one of the other islands of the same group. On the 18th of June, they landed at Cape Grafton, the botany of which produced many interesting plants to our collector, who says, —** I could not but observe the extreme luxuriance of the plants on the north and north- western sides of the hills immediately connected with the ridge forming Cape Grafton, where the vegetation is affected very slightly by a tropical sun, and where a continued humi- dity in a mild atmosphere had induced a most exuberant growth in the plants, The larger blocks of granite that were detached from the solid mass of the range, and had found a lodgment in the abrupt declivities, were literally over- whelmed with the richest vegetation.” Landings were also LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 269 made at Lizard Island, Cape Flinders, Clark's Island, in which island Mr Cunningham discovered on the sides and roof of some weather-worn caves, several curious drawings by the natives; representing tolerable figures of sharks, porpoises, turtles, lizards, &c., they were executed upon a ground of red ochre (rubbed on the black schistus rock), and were delineated by dots of white argillaceous earth. The islands touched at on the north coast, viz., Goulburn Island, Sims' Island, &c., all appeared to be suffering from extreme drought. Their consort, the ship Dick, parted with them on the 9th of July for Calcutta, and the Bathurst continued her course to the westward. Careening Bay was revisited on the 23d, in the hopes of obtaining a supply of water; but the drought within the tropics appeared universal; for although there was a luxuriant growth of vegetation which would seem to indicate no lack of rain, still fresh water was not to be found in any of the places where last year it had been abun- dant; and Captain King removed his vessel to the Prince Regent’s River to take in a supply from thence. Mr Cun- ningham, at this period, was attacked with ulcerated sore throat, which placed him most unwillingly on the sick list. During his indisposition, which precluded his leaving the vessel, Captain King and his officers, on all occasions when on shore, made collections of such plants that fell in their way for the benefit of the invalid, who also always despatched his servant with a vasculum to accompany the shore-going boats, whereby the productions of the coast were not entirely lost. The labour of obtaining water at the Prince Regent’s River being very great, Captain King left his anchorage there on the 6th of August, and proceeded to Hanover Bay, where he had not much more success. They continued on the coast, with but very few opportunities occurring for landing on its shores, till the 26th of August, on which day they made sail for the Mauritius to refit, and on the 26th of September, they anchored in Port Louis. Mr Cunningham, whose health was very indifferent, having at this period symptoms of a dis- ordered liver, made the best use of his time, as far as his 270 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE debilitated state of health would permit, in visiting such parts of the island as were accessible to him, as well as the Botanic Garden at Pamplemouse, of which he speaks in the following terms:—* It is about seven miles from Port Louis, and is very extensive, occupying a spot of about forty acres. I saw there with much pleasure very many rare exotics from India, Africa, Madagascar, &c., among which were Tanecium pinnatum, Wall., thirty feet high, having racemes two feet long of red flowers, two species of Myristica, Agathophyllum aromati- cum, Will., Barringtonia speciosa, Ficus elastica, Arto- carpus incisa, A, integrifolia, Garcinia celebica, Caryophyl- lus aromaticus, Eugenia malaccensis, E. Jambos, Tectona grandis, Semecarpus anacardium, Hymenea verrucosa, Calophyllum Calaba, Pandanus four species, Spondias mangifera, Will., and in Palms the garden is very rich. Sagus Ruffi, Areca Catechu, A. alba, A. madagascarensis, Lodoi- cea maldavica, Lab., with several others not known." Having completed their supplies, the Bathurst sailed from Port Louis on the 15th November, and anchored in King George's Sound on the 23d December. Mr Cunningham’s health, during their stay at the Mauritius, had been far from good, and on their departure he was compelled to place him- self once more on the doctor's list. He says, ** The general debility of body, deranged liver, and particularly soreness of my throat, under which I had laboured during the whole of our stay at the Isle of France, obliged me upon leaving that colony to submit to a course of mercury. I have there- fore been wholly under the care of our surgeon till the even- ing of the 22d (December), when I was discharged from his list, although somewhat debilitated with the severity of the attack upon my liver, as well from the abstemious strictly low regimen as from the medicines used to bring about my cure. It has therefore afforded me subject-matter of joy to be again restored to health, just at the moment (upon our re- turn to the coast of New Holland,) when opportunities call forth my utmost industry, upon shores abundantly rich in the most valuable and important stores that Flora has to present LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 271 me. On the afternoon of the 24th, I landed with Captain King on the beach, where our tents had been pitched four years since, and was much surprised at the change of the vegetable kingdom on that shore: we could discover no trace of the garden which I had formerly with much labour made; the breadth of the beach had considerably diminished, by a great accumulation of decayed sea-weed and other vegetable matter; and the stumps of large trees (two feet diameter), cut down in 1818, were wholly concealed from our view by the luxuriant stems that had again grown out of them, ex- hibiting with every shrub around, the most luxuriant growth of vegetation conceivable. On the side of the wooded hill above the beach, I remarked almost every plant to be in a much more backward state than observed in January, 1818, the season on the whole being more favourable for flowering specimens than for ripened seeds. Banksia grandis and B. coccinea, the pride of the Sound, were extremely fine in flower, as were also several Leptosper- mæ; and among the variety around, I gathered the follow- ing as a commencement :— C'alytrie truncata, a shrub with white flowers, wanting the setze that terminate the divisions of the calyx in this genus; Lysinema ciliatum Comesperma, flavescens, allied to €. conferta, Lab., Hakea ceratophylla, H. florida, Opercularia vaginata, Johnsonia lupulina, a curious plant of Asphodelee, Gastrolobium lanceolatum, Melaleuca thymoides, Lab., Petrophila rigida, Conostylis aculeata, Acacia decipiens, A. nigricans. Nothing could possibly exceed the beauty of Pimelea decussata on rocks nearly washed by the sea, where Scævola nitida was also frequent. Dasypogon bromeliifolius had perfected its young fruit: its seeds, however, were in no specimens examined ripe; as was the case with Anigozanthus, and those specime ns of Patersonia I found on these shores. * Dec, 25th.—Ubpon the lower slopes I gathered fruit of Banksia attenuata in excellent condition, as also of B. grandis, with Dryandra formosa and D. tenuifolia. In an elevated rushy bog, I detected the following plants in flower ;— Cosmelia 272 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE rubra, a very interesting plant of Epacridee, Pimelea angustifolia, with Pleurandra purpuracea. Upon the ex- posed, gravelly ridges, I gathered specimens of Leptomeria aphylla and L. squamulosa, Leucopogon gracilis, L. tama- riscinus and L, propinquus, Daviesia physodes, Tetratheca glandulosa, Lab., Boronia cuneata, a slender plant allied to B, pilonema, Lab., Synaphea polymorpha, a curious genus of Proteaceœ, and an umbelliferous shrubby plant, very frequent beneath the shade of trees, perhaps of the proposed genus Leucolena of Mr Brown (Xanthosia, Rudge). Some delicate Stylidew were discovered among gramineous plants, where also I detected Conostylis setigera in flower. Pater- sonia lanata sparingly bore its flowers; but their fugacity would not allow me the opportunity of conveying expanded flowers on board for examination. Some species of Hæmo- dorum were shooting forth their lurid brown flowering stems; but none were remarked bearing flowers fully developed. The summit of the ridge was wholly uninteresting, being . chiefly stunted Lucalypti, Banksia grandis advancing to flower, and the arborescent anthorrhea of the shores. Agreeing in habit, and producing a stem similar to this last- mentioned species, exists a plant* on these hills, whose fruc- tification has never been detected in a perfect condition for examination. Of the many specimens I passed this morning; all bore the very decayed last year's scapes, or bracteated spikes, with no appearance of a dispositioh to flower again; and indeed even in a worse condition than remarked in Janu- ary, 1818, when it was my opinion that the plant has expanded flowers in April or May, and ripe fruit the following Septem- ber. Any vessel, therefore, touching on these shores in the winter season, might assuredly find this most remarkable and unknown plant in an interesting and very important state of flower or fruit. Having traced the narrow ridge of the high- * Kingia australis, R. Br. For description and figure, vide King’s Survey of the Coast of Australia, Vol. II. App. B. Botany, p. 534 ; also Flinders’ Voyage to Terra Australis, Vol. II, App,» p. 576. LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 273 est hill above the anchorage in a northerly direction, I de- scended upon the eastern shore of Oyster harbour, and in passing through a shaded forest land, I was furnished by rea- son of the shade, with a pleasing change in the vegetation, viz, Daviesia cordata, and D. juncea, Chorizema berberi- folia, Bossiea linophylla, Logania longifolia, Gompholobi- um heterophyllum, G. capitatum, and two species of Ken- nedya. In these shaded situations Anigozanthus flavida and Hemodorum spicatum were of very strong growth, with Vi- minaria denudata, Lasiopetalum purpureum, which grows in large brushes, afforded me ripe seed ; but I was not success- ful in procuring fruit of Hakea amplexicaulis, frequent in these situations.— December 26th. In this day's walk I gath- ered the following— Dryandra blechnifolia, with however only decayed fructifications, whilst others of this natural family afforded me perfect specimens, Synaphea dilitata, Isopo- gon teretifolius, Anadenia pulchella, and Dryandra plumosa, also Astroloma pallidum, Lysinema conspicuum, Leucopo- gon verticillatus, a tall shrub, bearing white fruit, and L. carinatus, Grevillea sp., a weak sub-procumbent shrub allied to but scarcely G. occidentalis, Anadenia trifida, Casuarina 8p. a shrub of low stature bearing fruit. Of the natural family Asphodelee, C«sia corymbosa afforded me seed and flowering specimens, as did also Tricoryne tenella, with an Arthropodium, apparently in no wise distinct from A. jimbri- atum, Seemingly of the related family of Melanthacew, and allied to Burchardia of Port Jackson, in the capsule and testa of the seed, I detected a plant bearing ripe fruit. A showy Gompholobium, with linear ternate leaves and numer- ous ascending stems decorates these woods with its unpropor- tionately large flowers, and is frequent with another plant . that may probably be Burtonia, R. Br. The large white flowers of Secvola striata bespangled the arid brushy decli- vities of the hills, and with a smaller species, S. pedunculata, furnished me with specimens. Thickets of Logania longifo- lia were in flower and young fruit, under whose shade grew its congener L. serpyllifolia. Passing through matted Vol. I V.— No. 29. 2M 274 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE brushwood of common plants, bound together with Cassytha pubescens, we at length reached the summit of the ridge, where I detected an undescribed genus of Rutacee, with a coloured plumose fimbriated calyx, being a second species of a genus gathered last year on the north-west coast, ( Antho- derris); also Leucopogon alternifolius, and L. cucullatus, Hakea undulata, and H. trifurcata, the latter a large com- pact shrub, difficult to detect in fruit, owing to the similarity of its capsules to one form ofits leaves. A. Dodonca, with re- markably acute ale to the fruit, supplied me with good seeds. With a view of avoiding the natives, whom we per- ceived strolling between their general encampment and the vessel, we kept the leading ridge of the hills, from which we had a fine view of the distant country west of Oyster har- bour. By a circuitous route back, we at length arrived at an elevated spongy bog, the drainings of which having collected between the shoulders of the higher land, and formed a purl- ing rill, I was desirous of tracing it to its exit on the beach, with a view of making some discovery likely to be useful to our commander in completing his stock of fresh water. In this bog I found the curious Cephalotus follicularis, a pitcher plant of very weak young growth, and without fructification.”* During the remainder of their stay at King George’s Sound, Mr Cunningham landed daily, and made great ac- cessions to his collection of specimens and seeds. ‘They sailed from King George's Sound on the 8th of January, 1822, and recommenced their survey at Bathurst Island, where they arrived on the 13th. Mr Cunningham remarks, that ** It is surprising that an island at so short a distance from the south-west coast should bear so small a feature of the charac- teristic vegetation of King George's Sound, as not to furnish a single plant of the several genera of Proteacec or Acacic; and but a solitary plant of Leguminosee, Templetonia ve- tusa” Qn the 21st, they anchored off Dirk Hartog’s island, of whose sterility Mr Cunningham says—* Perhaps no part * Vide King's Survey of Australia, v. II. p. 154. RR LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 275 of the coast we have visited can possibly exceed this island, considering its extent, for its barren parched appearance; for, upon the shores near us downs of sand of very considerable surface appeared rising to a ridge perhaps 200 feet high, in most parts extremely bare of vegetation, and those por- tions which were covered seemed to be burnt up with the heat of the sun. In a walk of two hours I gathered the fol- lowing plants :— Beaufortia Dampieri, A. Cunn., Artemisia sp. Westringia cinerea, Sida sp. Euphorbia eremophila, Sapindacee, a shrub frequent in low brush-wood, T'richinium incanum, (discovered by Dampier,) Gomphrena sp., a dif- fuse plant, past flowering, but bearing seed, Hibiscus cap- reodorus, Podolepis tenera, and a shrub of Rutacec, seem- ingly Diplolena of Mr Brown, originally discovered and figured by Dampier, and a curious procumbent plant of Capparide.” They sailed from Dirk Hartog’s island on the 26th, and continued their survey of this peculiarly arid sandy coast under most unfavourable weather. While in Cygnet bay, Mr Cunningham had a narrow escape off a point that bears his name: he had gone with an officer in the second cutter, in hopes of landing and adding something to his col- lections, when a gale sprung up that nearly swamped their small vessel, and they had great difficulty in rejoining the Bathurst, whose cable had parted during the gale. On the 20th of February, when there being no appearance of a ces- sation of bad weather, and their provisions also running low, Captain King was unwillingly compelled to take his depar- ture from the coast, and after a somewhat tedious passage, arrived in Sydney Cove on the 25th April. Thus terminat- ed Mr Cunningham’s four years’ voyages with Captain King, in which the botany of a large portion of the coasts of New Holland were investigated, and many remarkable forms detected. Among others may be noticed eight new species of that interesting genus Grevillea, from the north and north- west coasts*—the only genus of Proteacee that is abundant * Supplementum primum Prodromi Flore Nove Hollandie, Robertus Brown, 1830, p. 17. 216 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE in tropical New Holland. For a general detail of the bo- tanical results of these voyages, the reader is referred to Mr Cunningham's observations in the appendix to Captain King's survey of the coasts of Australia, entitled, 44 few General Remarks on the Vegetation of certain Coasts of Terra Australis, and more especially of its north-western shores. By Mr Allan Cunningham, Collector to the Royal Gardens at Kew. Mr Cunningham separated from his commander (who was ordered to England,) with much regret; for Captain King’s kind attentions to the botanical pursuits of his com- pagnon de voyage, in addition to their four years’ close con- nexion on shipboard, had cemented a friendship that was only dissolved by the untimely death of the subject of this memoir. In the month of August, Mr Cunningham made a second excursion to Illawarra, for the purpose of collecting living plants of interesting species that he had observed on his previous visit; these, with some seeds in addition to his col- lections on his fourth voyage, were forwarded to England at the close of the year. Mr Cunningham having made appli- cation to the new governor, Sir T. Brisbane, for more effi- cient means to enable him to make excursions to the west- ward of the colony, a cart and horses with government servants were allowed him for this especial purpose; and towards the end of the month of September, he started on an expedition over the Blue mountains, with a light cart, two horses, and two government servants. He proceeded leisurely on his journey, encamping at those places that appeared most favourable for his botanical pursuits, particularly the Prince Regent's Glen, and tbe banks of Cox's River, and the Fish River; he arrived at Bathurst on the 14th October, and found that place much improved and enlarged since his visit in August 1817, when returning from the expedition to the Lachlan, The woody glens that conduct numerous rivulets to the Macquarie afforded him a rich harvest; the country to the north, as far as the government lime-kiln and the Wombat ranges, were also visited. On the 18th November: 0 —À LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 277 Mr Cunningham, having obtained an additional convict-servant from the commandant at Bathurst, set off on an expedition to the northward, with the intention of travelling some dis- tance down the Cugeegong River ; but at an early stage of his journey, one of his packhorses having broken from its tether- rope in the night, being alarmed by the fall of a large tree in the adjoining forest which was on fire, he was precluded going to that extent he had originally intended, and much time was expended in searching for the lost animal, for his remaining horse could not convey the necessary provisions and baggage of the party. The time however was not wholly lost; for our botanist made excursions in the vicinity of his encampment, that possibly repaid him as well as if he had been enabled to reach the farthest point of his projected journey. He visited Mount Stirling, Earin’s Head, Table Bucco Flat, and places at a short distance from his encamp- ment, most of which afforded him an interesting addition to his previous collections. The botanical acquisitions of his journey are detailed at length in a paper, entitled, A Specimen of the Indigenous Botany of the mountainous country between the colony round Port Jackson, and the settlement of Bathurst, being a portion of the result of Observations made in the months of October, November, and December, 1822; dis- posed according to the Natural Orders, by Mr Allan Cun- ningham, Botanical Collector for his Majesty's Gardens at Kew.* The party returned to Paramatta, on the 4th of January, 1823. Mr Cunningham now contemplated a much more extended journey : the observations made in his late tour afforded him considerable hopes-of penetrating from Bathurst northerly, towards the then but little known Liverpool plains, and of opening a communication with that district, which would be the means of giving to the rapid tide of emigrants that were now flocking to New South Wales, a new and untrodden * Geographical Memoirs on New South Wales, by various hands. Edited by Barron Field, Esq., F.L.S., &c., &c., 8vo. 1825, p. 323. 278 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE country for them to exert their agricultural abilities upon. On communicating with the governor, Sir T. Brisbane, rela- tive to his projected journey, he was most warmly met and cordially assisted in the furtherance of his purpose. Sir T. Brisbane, who had a short time previously visited Bathurst and its immediate neighbourhood, instantly saw the great advantage that would result to the colony, if easy access could be attained to the vast plains discovered by Mr Oxley on his return from his unsuccessful descent of the Macquarie in 1818; and consequently gave orders for the equipment of this new exploratory expedition to the full extent of Mr Cunningham's requisitions, On the 31st of March, the party, which consisted of Mr Cunningham and five men, and five heavily laden packhorses with provisions for ten weeks, left Paramatta for Bathurst, where they arrived on the 5th of April; and on the 15th, they took their departure from that station for the ultimate object of their journey. The finding a practicable passage through the mountains that form the southern boundary of Liverpool plains proved a most toilsome and laborious experiment ; for, after a journey of a fortnight along the southern face of these mountains, on an easterly course, without any appearance of an available opening in them, Mr Cunningham returned to the westward, on a more southerly course, and struck his previous encamp- ment on the Goulburn River again, on the 31st of May. Although his horses were considerably reduced in strength, and his provisions were running short, by reducing the rations which gave him a little more time, he determined on pushing forward north-westerly for a short period; and at length, on the 5th of June, he was rewarded for his toils and anxieties by the discovery of a practicable opening in the mountains, that afforded him the means of descending to the long-sought Liverpool plains, and which he most appro- priately called Pandora's Pass, from the hope it gave him of its ultimately becoming the great route of communication between the settlers at Bathurst and on Hunter's River, and the future inhabitants of Liverpool plains. The latitude of LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 279 his tent in the valley immediately below the Pass, was 31° 43’ 45" S., and longitude by estimation 149° 30' E. Under a tree in the valley was deposited a memorandum written on parchment, and enclosed in a bottle: the following is a tp of the document. * MEMORANDUM, “A fter a very laborious and harassing journey from Bathurst, since April last, a party consisting of five persons, under the direction of Allan Cunningham, H. M. Botanist (making the sixth individual), having failed of finding a route to Liverpool plains, whilst tracing the south base of the barrier mountains (before us north), so far as fifty miles to the east- ward of this spot, at length upon prosecuting their research under this great mountain-belt in a westerly direction, reached this valley, and discovered a practicable and easy passage through a low part of the mountain-belt, north by west from this tree, to the very extensive levels connected with the above-mentioned plains, of which the southernmost of the chain is distant about eleven or twelve miles (by esti- mation), N.N.W., from this valley, and to which a line of trees has been carefully marked; thus opening an unlim- ited, unbounded, seemingly well-watered country N.N.W., to call forth the exertions of the industrious agriculturist and grazier, for whose benefit the present labours of the party have been extended. This valley, which extends to the S.W. and W.S.W., has been named * Hawksbury Vale,’ and the high point of the range, bearing N.W. by W. from this tree, was called * Mount Jenkinson;' the one a former title, and the other the family name of the noble earl whose present title the plains bear, to which from the southern country this gap affords the only passage likely to be discov- ered. ‘The party in the earlier and middle stages of their ex- pedition encountered many privations and local difficulties, of travelling to, and in their return from, the eastward ; in spite however of these little evils, ‘a Hope at the bottom,’ or at this almost close of their journey, an encouragement in- duced them to persevere westerly a limited distance, and 280 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE thus it was this passage was discovered.—lIt has therefore been named * Pandora’s Pass? Due east and west by com- pass from this tree, in a direct line of 336 yards (by odome- trical admeasurement), were planted the fresh stones of peaches brought from the.colony in April last, with every good hope that their produce will one day or other afford some refreshment to the weary farmer, whilst on his route beyond the bourne of the desirable country north of Pando- ra's Pass: a like planting took place on the plains, twelve miles distance north at the last marked trees, with similar good wishes for their growth. A remarkably high mount above the pass east, being a guide to the traveller advancing south from the plains, has been named ‘Direction Head." — The situation of this tree is as follows: lat. observed on the 7th and 8th of June, 1823, 32° 15' 19" S.; its longitude being presumed about 149? 30' E. The party now proceed with the utmost dispatch south for Bathurst. * ALLAN CUNNINGHAM. ** June 9th, 1823.” ** Buried for the information of the first farmer who may venture to advance so far to the northward as this vale, of whom it is requested this document may not be destroyed, but carried to the settlement of Bathurst after opening the bottle." Mr Cunningham, having thus attained the primary ob- ject of his journey,* commenced his return southerly, and reached Bathurst on the evening of the 27th June, where he remained till the 14th of July, for the purpose of resting his men and horses, and also on account of the impracticable state of the roads from the heavy rains that had lately fallen. On the 21st, he returned to Paramatta. Although the geographical results of this journey were so valuable to the * See Field's Geographical Memoirs of New South Wales, p. 131, for the details of this interesting journey, LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 281 colonial government, the botanical portion of it was not so much to our collector, on account of his traversing principally luxuriant pastures, which afforded him but a few plants inter- esting in a botanical point of view : on this subject Mr Cun- ningham remarks—** Truly important as these researches of country will prove to the many British farmers who are peri- odically emigrating to our distant shores, the land through which I have recently penetrated has been generally so uni- form in appearance— for where any deviation to barren brushy tracts existed, they presented little or no novelty to the botani- cal traveller—that only a small collection of dried plants have been made, the indigenous vegetation being identically of the same characters generally as that seen and collected last sum- mer. I have, however, gathered a few papers of desirable seeds not previously found." À new, and as it was anticipated, a more practicable route, having been discovered over the Blue Mountains to the northward of the existing road, Mr Cunningham determined to investigate its locality, deeming it very likely to afford him some botanical rarities. At the latter end of November, he proceeded with two men and a couple of packhorses, to in- vestigate this newly discovered pass, and from his journals I shall make occasional extracts of his proceedings : — * November 26th. About 7 A.M., I commenced my journey . from Mr Bell’s farm, having passed an irregular tract of ris- ing forest-land by a well-beaten road to a watermill, distant about four and a half miles north-westerly from Hawkesbury river, the marked trees of the surveyor (who had been sent to examine and report upon the line of route,) led us over a ridge of wooded hills to a rocky gully, which having crossed, we immediately gained a main range, bounded on either side by deep ravines. This range, which ascends in a westerly direction, is clothed with those species of Eucalyptus, called the Blue Gum and Iron bark of large dimensions, Melaleuca styphelioides, thirty feet high, Tristania albicans, Acacia elata, a tall tree forty feet high, seen also at Springwood last year— Eleodendron australe, Cargillea australis, a species of Athero- Journ. of Bot. Vol. IV. No. 30, November, 1841. 2x 282 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE * sperma, called by the colonists Sassafras, with several shrubs of the colony, frequent in situations similarly situated. The brushes, with which therange (whoseascent was very moderate,) is exceedingly encumbered, is rendered scarcely passable by packhorses in many parts, by reason of the numerous twining plants with which they are matted together, of whom Big- nonia australis, Cissus antarctica, and Smilax australis, were the more remarkable. As we ascended (very leisurely of ne- cessity), we remarked several parts of this main range to be very narrow, not exceeding sixteen to twenty yards in breadth, and only in a few patches where these viney thickets cease and the forest is less encumbered with underwood, was there any grass; in general, however, the surface is covered with ferns, and, although we discovered a little water in a neigh- bouring gully convenient to our line of route, the necessary element to the traveller is not to be found generally, except- ing in the depths of the deep ravines; Schelhammera sp., and Renealmia paniculata, Br. were observed in the more shaded parts of the ascent. We halted about 4 p.m. at the water we had found, having made an advance of about six miles from Mr Bell’s farm. * 27th. About 7 a.m. we resumed our journey westerly on the line of marked trees, which led us through a continua- tion of close brushy forest, abounding with much underwood of common colonial plants, the more rare being Aster denta- tus of strong shrubby growth, Hibbertia saligna, and Lissanthe sapida. In about a mile and a half we ascended a round ris- ing open patch of ground covered with Lomaria procera, Pteris umbrosa, P. falcata, and Doodia aspera, the timber being chiefly Tristania albicans, the Turpentine tree of the colonists. Immediately again the thick brushy forests bound this open, less encumbered part, and as we penetrated through it I ob- served some very fine specimens of Alsophila australis, a tree- fern fifteen to twenty feet high, Tetranthera dealbata, and a tree of Urticæ, bearing globular compound fruit, inserted within a persistent calyx. At length in about another half mile, the range has an abrupt rocky termination to the west- | l ; LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 283 ward, which is clothed with a sandstone scrub of plants, ob- served generally in similar sterile situations in the colony. From this eminence, which has been named Bell's View, an extensive landscape of country is presented to the traveller, in a sweep of the compass from about south by the way of west to north. At S.S. W. and S.W., a considerable extent of mo- derately broken country is seen in a series of ranges beyond the old mountain-road to Bathurst, uninteresting in the picture on account of its tameness. Upon looking over a tract, broken by sharp well-wooded ravines, and irregular rocky ridges about thirty miles, I observed with pleasure an open undu- lated country from N.W. to N.N.W., whose feature I in- stantly recognised as of the same description of landscape which I had so much contemplated when on the Cugeegong river last year, and during my late tour, —this north-wes- tern tract being situated to the eastward of the Plain of Daby on that stream. The western face of this termination of the range being found too steep and precipitous to attempt its descent, the surveyor's marked trees led us along the slope of a sharp rocky ravine trending to the S. W., and thence we de- scended with considerable risk to our packhorses, about a quarter of a mile through much harsh scrubby brush. Our marked route westerly conducted us through a brushy and scrubby country, that might be considered nearly level—so exceedingly slight are the ascents and descents—in this stage of our journey the brush commences exceedingly dense, twelve feet and upwards in height, and composed chiefly of Pultencea linophylla, P. scabra, Daviesia ulicina, and Bur- saria spinosa, or perbaps a distinct species, formerly gathered on the Hasting's river at Port Macquarie. In seve- ral parts we found the route scarcely pervious to packhorses without the active application of our tomahawks. Having penetrated about four miles west from Bell’s View, through a continuation of the brush, grass appearing tolerably plenti- ful, induced me to encamp on the rocky verge of a ravine, where abundance of water was found. * 28th. About 6 A.M., we quitted the spot on which we had 284 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE encamped, pursuing the western route along the line of marked trees through a small portion of scrub which brought us to another Pultenza brush, as lofty and compact as those we passed yesterday—a space upwards of a mile and a half being occupied by it. Occasionally the timber is stately and of regular growth, and consists of Blue gum, Stringy bark, and Turpentine trees; and in these situations where the thicket or underwood was more open and less difficult to penetrate, some patches of grass are to be met with where cattle can feed; but no water was observed to cross the: marked track, being only to be sought successfully in the neighbour- ing gullies. The country continues very level, through which a good road could be formed with the labour simply of cut- ting down and eradicating the underwood and thickets, the timber being generally at such distances as not to require felling. At the 14th mile-tree a dry scrub succeeds the brushwood of the forest, where Banksia serrata of large size; Lomatia silaifolia, Isopogon anemonifolius, Telopea speciosa, Lambertia formosa, and several other plants of Paramatta and its vicinity were flourishing in their usual soil of decomposed sandstone. Another mile brought us into forest brushes formed of Indigofera australis, Bursaria sp., Daviesia ulicina, Acacia longifolia bound together by Smilax australis, Cissus sp., Cassytha paniculata, and Clematis coriacea, constituting so compact a thicket as scarcely to be passed by packhorses without great labour, and by many circuitous digressions from the surveyor’s route. This brushy forest continues more or less difficult to the nineteenth mile, when having passed a stony scrub, we arrived at a range of broken country ob- served from Bell’s View. Tracing the marked route, we ascended the side of the mountain through much fallen tim- ber, large rocks concealed by luxuriant ferns, and much brush—we with great exertion to our packhorses gained the summit, when having passed just within the verge of the dark lofty forests which clothe its higher parts, we encamped on the spot where the Surveyor’s party had rested, finding water of a tolerable quality in a neighbouring gully, The summit LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 285 of this mountain is named by the aborigines, Tomah, and is distant from the Hawkesbury ford, at Richmond, twenty miles. Upon entering the forest, the traveller is struck with the change of appearance of the timbers from the Eucalypti of the open country, the stupendous size and extraordinary windings of the climbers, particularly a Cissus, and with the magnificence of the tree-ferns, Dicksonia antartica, some of which were thirty feet in height, and six to fourteen inches in diameter. In truth all that striking change to tropical scenery meets the eye, which appears so remarkable at the ‘mountain top’, above the Five Islands (Illawarra.) Amidst a diversity of plants, and great variety of cryptogamous botany, we had to regret there was no grass for our exhausted pack- horses ; however, among the ferns which everywhere covered the surface of the ground, a species of Senecio was sparingly scattered, upon whose heads they were observed to browse. ** 29th. It was my intention to have spent a whole day at this encampment, in order to examine the summit of Tomah— the consideration, however, that it afforded my horses no grass, determined me to proceed forward early in the afternoon, — some four or five miles to the westward, where we had been informed some little pasture existed. The timbersofthe forest, as far as I could ascertain them, were two lofty species of Eu- calyptus, one called White Gum, Ceratopetalum apetalum {I have not the fruit,) Achras australis, Tristania albicans, Olea paniculata, Elaodendron australe—and by far the more general tree, growing 60—70 feet in height, is a species of Atherosperma ( Sassafras.) Twining and climbing plants of vaststrengthand magnitude hang from the heads of the loftiest trees, and bore upon their pliant stems abundance of climbing Polypodia, and tufts of a Dendrobium, allied to D. rigidum. Another plant of this beautiful family, rarely to be met with in the colony, I observed in flower sparingly—it was Sarcochi- lus falcatus, of which I also gathered a few living specimens. Hanging in attenuated clusters from the highest branches of the trees, I detected a third species of this family, and pro- bably a Dendrobium, not apparently noticed by Mr Brown. 286 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE Its leaves are from ‘eight to twelve inches’ long, perfectly cylindrical and attenuated at each extremity—these were in- serted upon long slender almost filiform stems, the whole being supported by strong thick roots which adhere firmly to the branches of the trees, from whence these plants swing in the breeze perfectly unencumbered and clear of the stems. A climbing rooting-stemmed plant adhering to the trunks of the tree-ferns is very general in these shaded woods, where it covers also fallen timber. I was fortunate in detecting it in fruit and flower; it belongs to that division of Bignoni- acec, of Jussieu, producing baccate fruit.* The Zilices;are numerous and curious,—I saw none, however, other than those species of which I had gathered specimens in 1818, at the Five Islands. The soil of these shades is a fat argilla- ceous loam, blended with much decomposed vegetable matter. In this earth I remarked partially buried large blocks of a compact whinstone in no regular form ; aud in the banks of the water-gullies, I traced abundance of slate in apparently horizontal laminæ. Fresh water percolates through the soil into these gullies everywhere, and although impregnated with iron, was of a good quality for our general purposes. About l P.M., we continued our route along the line of marked trees, which led us by a winding course through the darkest parts of the forest, over the mountain to its north-western declivity, about a mile and a half beyond the encamping spot we had left. Lofty densely timbered mountainous ranges now appeared before us peering over each other, lying in no regular series of order, but assuming an aspect so formidable by their perpendicular faces overhanging deep ravines, as to seem to defy all further attempt to penetrate westerly. How- ever, we traced our way by the line of trees down the decliv- ity, which every step became more and more dangerous, by reason of the loose fragments of sandstone and shelving rocks, which were thickly strewed on the surface. In spite * Fieldia australis, A. Cunn. Field's New South Wales, p. 363, t. 2, fiv, 4. Hook. Ex. Fl. t. 232. LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 287 of every care of my people, the heaviest laden packhorse in attempting to jump down a perpendicular fall over a rock of three feet in depth, lost his balance, and was in an instant off his legs, on the edge of a sharp brushy declivity, down which he rolled over five times before one of the saddle bags stopped his frightful, hurried descent. Every assistance was promptly afforded him, and, on being disburdened of his load, he got upon his legs evidently much shaken in the loins, but no bones fractured. The dangers of a loosely stoned track along a sharp decline of the mountains, very frequently obstructed by large trunks of fallen timber, appeared to be so considerable, as scarcely to warrant our further prosecution of the journey to Cox’s River, with packhorses so heavily laden as mine were. Unwilling, however, to halt and suffer myself to be discouraged by a single accident, we continued along the slope of the mountain another half-mile, when both my wearied beasts having repeatedly fallen under their loads, and the path (if it might be so called,) becoming much more rough and dangerous by shelving rocks and fallen timber, I was obliged to halt in a rugged stony scrub on the sharp side. of the mountain, it being dusk, and heavy rain had already set in for the night. Thus situated, we pitched our tent on the declivity, gave our poor beasts a little corn which we had cautiously brought with us, and frugally issued, and then secured them to trees around our fire for the night, without a blade of grass or herb to eat, the recent fires of the survey- ing party having passed through the brush, and mao oa every kind of vegetation. “30th. The wind continuing from the southward and eastward, we had rain throughout the day. Some young rushes being found by one of my people on a patch of bog about half a mile westerly round the mountain, I caused the horses to be shifted to, and tethered upon it; it however bene- fited them nothing, since they partook but little of it. * Dec. 1. The route onward westerly proving on exami- nation much more rugged and dangerous than the paths we have passed, and as both my horses are now reduced to that 288 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE state of debility as by no means to justify me in persevering further, particularly as the line of country before me (18 miles to Cox’s River), has been reported by the surveyor to be of arid brushes on a sandstone base, I have been induced from necessity to proceed back to my encampment at Tomah, two and a half miles distant, where I have proposed to re- main a day to afford rest to my wearied horses, a little herbage being also to be met with among the Ferns in the neighbouring open forest-land. On the whole I have not so much to regret my incapability to advance forward to Cox's River by this recently discovered route, since as already re- marked, the remaining distance is a sandstone scrub with only an occasional patch of grass, and hence not likely to afford me a single plant other than what the parallel line of old road south of it furnishes ; whilst, on the other hand, the mountain of Tomah, from the permanency of its shade, and general humidity of the atmosphere of its elevated summit, giving a peculiar character to its vegetation, appears every way more interesting to me in my pursuit of Flora, which has been the sole object that has induced me to take this journey. “2d. A very high wind from the north-west during the night rendered our encampment not altogether safe, as the decayed branches of the trees, which the violence of the wind had broken off, were falling about us in every direction. My two horses having rejected every kind of herbage my present station afforded them, although frequently shifted to fresh spots, and finding they were daily becoming more debilitated for want of proper nourishing pasture, I was obliged to de- spatch them with a light load each to my encampment of the 27th, distant about nine miles, where there was a little grass it appearing to me very evident, that should I continue them another day at Tomah, they would become so exceedingly exhausted as to be unable to return to Richmond with my luggage. As I continued at Tomah with the remaining por- tions of my baggage, until the return of one of my people with a packhorse on the morrow, I employed myself collect- LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 289 ing the parasitic Orchidee of these shaded situations, of which three species are very generally diffused through the forest, although difficult of access, since they hung from the highest branches generally of the largest timber trees, which I bad not possibly the means of cutting down ; however, I collected of the following as much as my enfeebled packhorse could possibly carry away, carefully packing them in moss which is most abundant in these woods —Sarcochilus falcatus in flower at this period, growing on the branches of Atherosperma ; Dendrobium pugioniforme (allied to D. rigidum), and a third species with long cylindrical leaves, hanging from the highest trees. I succeeded in gathering specimens in flower of a tree forty feet high, whose natural habits and economy are very remarkable. I have observed it a timber tree distinct in its growth from others in the forest; again it is frequently to be seen blended in connexion with the Dicksonia antarc- lica, the tree-fern of this mountain, each having its separate stem in the ground, but so united above, as to appear a single tree ; although on one side could be perceived the rough bark of this tree, and on the opposite the rugged caudex of the tree-fern, and lastly, every specimen of the Dicksonia bad young seedlings of this tree growing from its stem into which they were well rooted.* Jasminum gracile was observed, with Bignonia australis, twining round the branches of trees, the former affording me ripe fruit. ** 3d. Much wind and light clouded weather, but no imme- diate indication of rain so long as the wind continues from the north-west. About 10 a.m., one of my people returned to me with a packhorse to convey the remaining part of my baggage from Tomah: we therefore quitted the mountain, proceeding easterly as briskly as the laden beast could travel, through the thick brushes of this stage, in the hope of reach- ing our destination ere dusk; however, rain blowing over from the southward, to which quarter the wind had shifted, and * This tree was Quintinia Sieberi, A. De Cand.; for the details of this botanical curiosity, See Annals of Natural History, vol. ii. p. 356, note. Vol. IV.—No. 30. 20 290 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE every appearance of a stormy boisterous night, induced us to halt at 6 p.m., in the open forest, near to a water-gully about two miles short of my intended stage; heavy rains having drenched us, and a succession of showery clouds continued rising from the southern horizon, showed us the description of weather we might expect during the night. * 4th. Leaving the tent at dawn of day, we reached the encampment in the brush at 7 a.m., where I determined to remain the whole of the day in order to afford rest to my horses, there being also some little grass and abundance of water, although in a scrubby desert. In a circuitous walk I took in the afternoon among the brush in the neighbourhood, I observed several common described plants having young fruit, among which I gathered ripe seeds of Dodonea trique- tra, Metrosideros costata, Lissanthe sapida, Acacia stricta, and Prostanthera violacea,—evening clouded, but fair. * 5th. About 7 4. M., we broke up our encampment, and proceeded easterly another stage, dividing the loads between the two packhorses according to their respective degrees of strength. With great exertion and fatigue bad to my Sania and horses, we reached the foot of the range at 11 A.M. a distance of four miles from our fires, and there - we were obliged to lighten the burdens of our beasts to enable them to reach the summit of Bell's View, sending them down again for the remaining portions of their loads. At 3 p.m., we had descended the range easterly through the forest to the spot whereon we had first encamped upon quit- ting Richmond, and where we again pitched our tents, in- tending to remain there a day should my horses require further rest. “ 6th. At dawn of day the weather was fair, although the sun rose in a watery cloud. At length some small showers fell in the forenoon, and distant thunder was heard to the southward. I continued at my present encampment through- out the day, more particularly to afford a further rest to my government horse, who it appeared this morning, had suffered much by his great exertions of the week. I traced a water- | | | l ———" LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 291 gully convenient to my encampment, where I procured a quantity of Renealmia paniculata, specimens of Xerotes mon- tana, Celastrus eleagnoides, a shrub with lanceolate mucro- nate leaves ; Asplenium flabelliforme, and Polypodium atten- uatum. Stenocarpus salignus grew very luxuriant in the ravine which opened from the water-gully.” In consequence of the illness of the horse that had had . the severe fall in the mountains, Mr Cunningham was de- tained some days, and did not finally return -to Paramatta until the evening of the 10th. In the course of the month of January 1824, a trip was undertaken to the vicinity of Bathurst, for the purpose of collecting seeds that were at that time ripe. Shortly after his return to Paramatta, the French discovery-ship the Coquille, Captain Duperry, arriv- ed at Port Jackson, and Mr Cunningham tendered to the scientific gentlemen attached to that vessel, the advantages he possessed of a long acquaintance with the country, for the means of forwarding their various pursuits during their stay in the colony, and he always spoke with great pleasure of the acquaintance he thus formed with MM. Dumont D'Ur- ville and Lesson, the first an officer (and a botanist), the latter the naturalist of the expedition. — At the latter end of March, Mr Cunningham started with his people on a tour to the southward of the colony, through the counties of Camden and Argyle; he also visited Lakes George and Bathurst, the head waters of the Morrumbidgee, Brisbane Downs (the Monaroo of the aborigines), Marley's Plains and the Shoalhaven gullies. The tract of country through which they travelled being of a generally good grazing character, did not afford so much botanical novelty as had been anticipated, but still some of the discoveries were interesting, from the curious identity of vegetation in many parts with that of the country in the vicinity, and to the ` northward of Bathurst on the western side of the great mountain range. A plant also of the south coast, discovered at Port Philip in 1802, by Mr Brown, (Lomatia ilicifolia), was also found in great profusion in the district of Argyle. 292 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE The singular limestone caverns, at the Shoalhaven gullies, appear from the short visit Mr Cunningham paid them, as one of the most interesting points of his excursion, and he much regretted, that time and proper facilities alone prevented his bestowing a more lengthened investigation of those appa- rently very extensive natural excavations. The distance travelled over in this journey was about four hundred and twenty miles. They returned the first week in May to Paramatta. The months of July and August were spent at Mr Cun- ningham's favourite botanizing ground Illawarra, from whence a very valuable and extensive collection of living plants were brought to Paramatta, and planted in small boxes or pots, to establish them previous to their removal to this country. One among the remarkable plants collected on this occasion was, the lofty tree-nettle of that district, (Urtica gigas, A. Cunn.), a tree measuring occasionally eighty or ninety feet in height, with a diameter of three feet, and also having violent stinging propensities, producing great irritation in the part af- fected for twenty-four hours. While on this journey, Mr Cunningham received intimation of the intention of Mr Oxley to proceed to Moreton Bay for the purpose of examin- ing the shores of the Brisbane, as to their capabilities of sup- porting a colony on their banks ; and, as it was very much his wish to join this expedition, he hurried his return to Para- matta for that purpose, and having made the necessary ar- rangements for the employment of his people during his absence, he embarked with one servant, on board the Amity brig, and sailed from Port Jackson on the 1st of September. The party reached Moreton Bay on the 11th, having touch- ed at Port Macquarie on their passage. A boat expedition to survey the river Brisbane was projected soon after their arrival, in which Mr Cunningham accompanied Mr Oxley; they prosecuted their researches to the termination of boat navigation on the river; and although disappointed in their expectations relative to its length, they were rewarded by the discovery of a most valuable tract of country well fitted for \ \ | LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 293 the intended objects of the expedition. The botanical pro- ductions were of a particularly interesting character, among which may be mentioned— Araucaria Cunninghamii ( A. Bris- banii, A. Cunn.), now first ascertained to be distinct from the Norfolk Island tree (4. excelsa), Codonocarpus australis, A. Cunn. (Gyrostemon attenuatum, Hook.,) Flindersia australis of stately growth, Acrostichum grande, A. Cunn., found growing on the last-mentioned tree, Castanospermum australe, A. Cunn.,* some epiphytical Orchidee, and many others evidently new ; but from not being in flower or bearing fruit, could not then be determined. Mr Cunningham returned to Port Jack- son on the 14th of October. The closing journey of the year was one to Bathurst, in which, from the continued droughts, a much smaller collection of seeds was made than had been anticipated. Among the novelties of the journey were Banksia Cunninghamia, Sieb., (B. ledifolia, A. Cunn.,) Gre- villea anethifolia, Br. (Anadenia, A. Cunn.,) now first found in fruit, and Eucalyptus mannifera, A. Cunn. During the winter months of 1825, (from April to June,) another expedition was undertaken to the north-west. Mr Cunningham left Paramatta the latter end of March, and crossing the Nepean river at Richmond, proceeded northerly towards the Wollomby, one of the southern feeders of the Hunter; from thence his course was altered more to the north- west, to Mount Dangar, whose base he skirted, and, proceed- ing on the same course, he crossed his route of 1823, and made for Pandora's Pass. From thence he descended into Liverpool plains, where, from the rainy weather, the extreme- ly level country he was traversing was become a continuity of bogs and marshes : he experienced considerable inconveni- ence. He persevered in his progress across these extensive flats, and reached a more elevated country on the northern . side of the plains; from thence he continued his route up Camden Valley to Dunlop's Table Head, lat. 30° 47' S., long. 150° E., when, finding from the dip of the country, that * Vide Bot. Misc. vol. i. p. 237, t. li, lii, liii, liv. 294 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE all further progress to the westward, northward, or north- eastward was impracticable—from the low flat country being under water—he halted for a couple of days to rest his pack- horses, and take: the necessary bearings from this his furthest point of progress northward. On the 18th of May he com- menced his return journey, and arrived safely at Bathurst on the 7th of June, where he rested a week, and reached Para- matta on the 17th, having completed a circuitous tour of seven hundred miles. The general features and character of Liverpool Plains is thus described by Mr Cunningham :— ** Liverpool Plains, which were discovered by Mr Oxley, in 1818, who entered them on the north-west side on his emerging from the great internal marshes, are vast levels comprehended between the meridian of 150° and 150? 50 East, and within the parallels of 31° 35' and 30° 45’ South. They are disposed in elongated strips, which vary in breadth from five to fifteen miles, for the most part clear of timber, with the exception of a few straggling trees of Acacia pendula and a Eucalyptus, which are scattered singly at long distances on the general surface. One uninterrupted tract of level plain, stretching from S. to N., being found by actual odometrical admeasurement to exceed fifty miles, whilst another portion, crossing it from W.N.W. to E.S.E., and extending to the very foot of the grand southern dividing range, formed a base of not less than sixty, and perhaps seventy miles. From these two principal branches, lateral ramifications stretch themselves N. and S., of which Camden and Barrow's valleys are of the former direction, and the rising grounds which are remarked to intercept the plane surface of this region, being by these minor branches perfectly isolated, form detached elevations of various figures and picturesque appearance on the general surface, whose entire area, included within the above-mention- ed meridional and parallel lines, may comprehend a space of 1,500,000 acres, of which four-fifths may be considered in seasons not decidedly wet, available for all the purposes of agri- culture, and more especially cattle-grazing, and many fine dry e LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 295 situations on the acclivities of the rising grounds that stud its - surface, and that are perfectly beyond the reach of waters, at a time when the levels are subjected to an inundation by a rainy season, affording a healthful walk for sheep. ** These great plains are watered by a brisk stream, which has its rise in the grand dividing southern range already adverted to, meandering northerly through them, and at fifty miles from it is united with the York River, which eventually becoming governed in its course by the dip of the country at N. N. W., makes its exit at that point of bearing, and in less than one hundred miles from its origin, pours its tribu- tary waters into the depressed internal morasses —that com- mon vortex that lays claim to all our western waters. * We know of no other tract of timberless open country in New South Wales, that forms so perfect a level as this ex- tensive portion of our interior. It is impossible to conceive a truer plain of any spot of ground constructed by the hand of labour,—its natural consequent therefore is, that ordinary rains, falling on the southern mountains, cause an overflow of the rivulet that waters it; and as the surface is generally somewhat lower than the outer banks of the stream, the greater part of the plains, together with the boundary forests on the same level, are laid under water to the distant bound- ary hills, of which fact the wrecks of floods on the rivulet banks, and the general bogginess of these forests afforded us an ample proof. From the appearance of these indications, we were able to gather that the last considerable inundation had been assuredly as recent as the months of January or Februàry last, (the level character of the country, and the time required to admit of the retiring of the waters being taken into consideration,) and although the general body of deluging water had almost wholly subsided, portions of the northern sides of the plains had a depth of 12 inches resting on its muddy surface, which effectually determined the limit of my journey to the northward. ** The soil of these plains, as may be readily presumed, is of an alluvial character, the successive depositions of the irri- 296 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE gations I have mentioned: parts, however, that I examined, had an admixture of the débris of the sandstone rocks that are found in decomposing masses at the base of the distant boundary hills. s The prevailing vegetation that clothes these fertile plains, and where exuberance of growth was obvious to all, were of the following species : — Ajuga australis, Ranunculus lappaceus, Plantago Struthionis, Imperata arundinacea, Xeranthemum bracteatum, Chloris sp., Centaurea occidentalis, Danthonia gigantea, Scorzonera sp., Indigofera sp., and the proof Galium aparine, of a permanent marsh, Dianella ensifolia, Lobelia inundata, Dalea sp., Mimulus gracilis, Podolepis rugata, ‘Gratiola latifolia, Rumex dumosus, Cyperus sp., Campanula gracilis, Arundo Phragmitis. * Although I determined (trigonometrically,) the heights of several of the leading features of the boundary hills, of which no one exceeded eight hundred feet above the common plane of the circumjacent country, I had nevertheless to regret I could not ascertain the approximate elevation (not having à barometer,) of these great plains above the surface of the ocean ; however, taking the actual barometrical admeasure- ment of the downs of Bathurst as a datum, and then using the results of the attentive observations of Mr Oxley, of the fall of the country to Wellington Valley, at four hundred feet below the settlement, and my own of the gradual rise again of the land to Pandora's Pass, through the mountain range that divides Liverpool Plains from Hunter's River, I feel confident in the assertion, that the height of these extensive levels will, when actually measured, prove to be 2400 or 2500 feet above the sea.” The three last months of the year 1825 were spent in the vicinity of Wellington Valley, where a circuit of about one hundred and fifty miles on each side of the Macquarie River, — — Áa— LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, EsQ. 297 afforded a collection of seeds, specimens, and the tuberous roots of twenty-five species of terrestrial Orchidex, for a shipment to the Royal Gardens. Mr Cunningham was compelled at this period to place himself again under medical control. His state of health on his return from his late tour being considerably disorganized, and he was also suffering from a severe bilious attack; however, by the end of February he was sufficiently recovered to pursue his varied labours with renewed vigour. A change of governors had taken place during his absence. Lieutenant-General Darling had replaced Sir Thomas Bris- bane, and Mr MacLeay had arrived at Sydney, to perform the duties of colonial Secretary. The next six months were employed in visiting the vicinity of Cox's River and the Illawarra district —at both places collections were made for future transmission to England. A voyage to New Zealand having been long contemplated by Mr Cunningham, and the necessary arrangements having been made for the employment of his servants and horses during his absence, he embarked on board the Indian whaler for that interesting group of islands on the 28th of August, and land- ed on the 9th of September, at Paihai, the Church Mission- ary station at the Bay of Islands, where he was cordially welcomed, and most hospitably received by Mr Williams the head of the missionary department in New Zealand, to whom he brought letters of introduction from that exemplary cler- gyman, the Rev. Mr Marsden, the worthy founder of the mis- sionary establishments in New Zealand. Mr Cunningham’s first excursion was a boat expedition up the Wycaddy river, and of which he says— * We pulled about two miles from the entrance, when we reached the Cowa-cowa, a branch of the Wycaddy, proceed- ing from the south, whose banks at a few miles from its confluence are occupied by dense forests, (abounding with the Kai-Katea (Dacrydium excelsum, Don.,) and other pines of large size) which I should have rejoiced to have visited. How- ever we continued upon the main river another two miles, and then hauling in upon a rocky point on the north shore, Vol. IV.—No. 30. 2P 298 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE landed. Whilst my friends amused themselves on the strand and skirts of the forest overhanging the bank, I ascended its steep acclivity, and with some difficulty effected a penetra- tion through its underwood to the pitch of the ridge which appears generally to characterize the banks of this stream. Among several plants, unknown at present to me, being without fructification, that form small trees from fifteen to twenty-five feet high, I rejoiced to recognise a few of the genera of Forster, viz. :— Veronica elliptica, a woody plant richly in flower, Corynocarpus levigatus, showing flowering spikes, a very ornamental slender tree, with dark-green glossy foliage, Coprosma lucida, with clustered axillary flowers, Gaultheria antipoda, Cineraria (Brachyglottis) repanda, a remarkable shrub with large ramified panicles, Panax arbo- reum, Lotus arboreus, (Carmichaelia australis, Br.,) I also gathered specimens of a shrub of Gentiane, and seemingly of our colonial genus Logania (Geniostoma ligustrifolium, A. Cunn.,) Leucopogon sp. of Mr Brown's first section, &c. In these woods, teeming with humidity, cryptogamous plants abound. I gathered a few Mosses, and some Ferns of the genera Polypodium, Aspidium, Asplenium, Davallia, (Loxsoma, R. Br.), Doodia, and Pteris, some of the first genus adhered to trees, but among the parasites (Astelia?) I could not per- ceive any of that most interesting tribe Orchidee. That genus of Proteacea, Knightia, I remarked a mere shrub, but never- theless putting forth flower-buds. On the margin of these woods, just beyond the reach of the flood-tide, I perceived Myoporum latum, Lepidium oleraceum, and a branching tree thirty feet high, with ternate and quinate leaves ( Vitex lit- toralis, A. Cunn). In penetrating these woods, I met with much impediment from the arundinaceous supple rambling stems of a Smilax (Ripogonum parviflorum), a single species of scandent Rubus, (R. cissoides, A. Cunn.,) with quinated narrow leaves, and the wiry stem of a species of Lygodium (L. articulatum,) without fructification. Quitting this shore, we stood up the river a short distance, and again landed at a small native village, consisting of a few miserable hovels, |o 00 LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 209 scarcely capable of sheltering its inmates from the weather, being generally in a dilapidated state. "The men were ab- sent in their canoes, while their women were busily engaged in the preparation of the soil, which was very poor and stony, for the planting of Koomeras, or sweet potatoes. "This ope- ration was effected by a careful clearing of the surface of weeds, and then loosening it by a superficial digging, which exposed to our view the hungry nature of the soil. As the weather appeared doubtful, and the wind had freshened much in the N.E. quarter, it was proposed to return; and by the hour of three in the afternoon, when we reached the open bay, the breeze had considerably increased, rendering it better for the boat to continue along shore direct to the ship, rather than pull so far to leeward to land me at the mis- sionary station. I therefore passed the night on board the Indian, and landed early next morning—it being my full intention, in order to form a clear idea of the vegetation of the woods, in the environs of this station, ere I commence my journeys to those at a distance, to make an excursion among the hills immediately at the back of this little settle- ment. To afford an idea of the face of the country, it ap- pears necessary here to state, that the surface of this part of the island (and I am informed it is generally so,) is a con- tinued undulation constituting an assemblage of rounded hills and interjacent valleys, without any absolutely lofty land of mountainous character, or open level plains. The summits of many (all?) of these rounded hills are covered with Pteris esculenta, to whose roots the natives have, as their dérnier res- sort, a resource whenever their sweet potatoes or maize crops fail. This species of Fern grows about three feet high, is very dense, and among it is frequently interspersed that rambling plant Coriaria sarmentosa of Forster, from the bac- cated fruit of which the natives express a drink, said to be intoxicating. The slopes or declivities of these hills, and the interjacent valleys themselves, which are frequently exceed- ingly sharp in proportion to the proximity of the summits, and the dip of declivity, are clothed with trees of great ver- 300 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE dure, but of very ordinary size, beneath whose shade exists an underwood so dense as to be difficult of penetration, In these narrow valleys, therefore, which furnish generally at their base a rill of water, it was, I sought to occupy myself in my onset, in my attempts to make myself somewhat acquaint- ed with the vegetation of this neighbourhood, and although the fatigue of climbing sharp acclivities, descending abrupt slopes, and penetrating coppices, almost impervious, was ex- cessive, I cannot say that I was not repaid by the novelty and variety of the plants phenogamous as well as cryptoga- mous, which these solitudes display. In some open places on the hills, Leptospermum scoparium, referred to by Captain Cook, was in flower, and if its habit reminded me of the colony of Port Jackson, and the friends I had left there, the pretty genus Drosera, so common in Paramatta, and here at this period found in flower, did not fail to stir up within me feel- ings of affectionate remembrance for those whose courtesies I had experienced, and of whose hospitality I have so often partaken. On the skirts of the woods I gathered specimens of Gaultheria antipoda in flower, and young fruit. Upon the trunks of the larger trees were some fine Mosses, and three species of Polypodium, besides (to my joy,) a charming plant of Orchidee, (Earina mucronata,) with very narrow elongated leaves, bearing white flowers, which were, however, beyond my reach, but of which I shall secure plants on my return again to the colony. Knightia excelsa here grows to the height of sixty feet, and was putting forth its flower-spikes, as was also a tree called by the natives Koa-Koa, which I ap- prehend from its habit to be a Trichilia ( Hartighsia spectabi- lis). In spots less secluded from the solar rays than the general mass, I detected Fuchsia excorticata richly in flower; and what really added to the novelty and beauty of the plant is, —its pendant flowers, on their first expansion, are of a blu- ish-green cast, which afterwards change to red; and thus the plant has at the same time flowers of two distinct colours: it forms a small tree of twelve feet in height. Among the Ferns on the hills I observed Thelymitra longifolia, Forst. LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 301 ( T. Forsteri, Sw.) one of the few Orchidee found by Forster in New Zealand." An opportunity shortly occurred for Mr Cunningham being enabled to visit the west coast of the northern island. A party of his missionary friends having occasion to repair to the station at Hokianga, Mr Cunningham took advantage of the circumstance, to travel in company with these gentlemen. Their first stage was by boat to the station on the Kiddee Kiddee River (Sept. 20th), where they were detained the whole of the next day by the threatening appearance of the weather; however, they took the opportunity of visiting a cascade on the river, of which our traveller speaks in the following terms :— : ** We at length penetrated to the margin of the river, where a most picturesque fall of water, from lofty rocks of the whinstone structure, was presented to us, of an interesting and imposing effect ; the more so as its perpendicular drop is considerable, for an island of such a flattened or depressed character. "The river, at the point at which we had inter- sected it, murmured over whinstone pebbles, and formed a breadth not exceeding thirty feet. About an hundred feet higher up the river, the column of water fell into an ample, seemingly deep basin, at least eighty yards in width. We all stood awhile to contemplate the grandeur of the scene, amidst a heavysurcharged humid atmosphere, arising from thevapour that enveloped everything around us. From the bed of the river above this vertical dip, its waters fall, in one un- broken body, a space we estimated at seventy feet, into a con- tinuation of its channel, much deepened by the perpetual pressure and wear of the falling column, whose breadth at the edge of the upper bed might exceed forty yards. Per- ceiving a deep recess within the cataract, formed by an exca- vation of the decomposing rock, from which rose a continued mist, I crossed the river, and by passing on the skirts of the woods vesting the banks, crept round into this spacious cavern, which being lined with a verdant vegetation, naturally excited my desire to explore its interior, in the hopes that 302 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE from its sides and even roof, some Filices and Musci, new to me, might be met with. However, I found the whole eryp- togamous vegetation to consist of a Blechnum (Lomaria?) an Aspidium, a Doodia, some Mosses and phaenogamous plants, already noticed. This excavation, which at present falls back in depth about sixty feet appeared to be enlarg- ing by the disengaging of the decomposing or softer parts of the sides and roof, wbich falling down on the area beneath, is in part carried away by the impetuosity of those floods which at periods swell the river to an increased rise of two fathoms, when the cave is partially filled with the violent eddy waters which are naturally formed by the increased column at these periods. We found the marks of the flood on the branches of the overhanging trees." On the 26th, they reached the mouth of the Hokianga river, after a toilsome journey from the wretched native paths they traversed, encumbered with a perfect network of matted roots, rendering it both painful and dangerous from their slippery state, to walk over; and also much inconvenience was experienced from the continued rains that rendered their bivouacs very unpleasant, and made the drying of botanical specimens a very tedious and almost hopeless process. Of the appearance of the headlands at the mouth of the river, Mr Cunningham says,—** Nothing can exceed the extremes of sterility its surface presents, the whole north Head appears a ridge of drift sand fifty or sixty feet above the sea, of which a large portion is perfectly devoid of vegetation. Many patches we found upon landing, to be formed in part, of an admixture of sand and argillaceous earth indurated by the weather, and loaded with an incrustation of iron sandstone, whose exterior presented nodules, fistulose or pipe-shaped pieces of the same material were also found scattered on the surface, where small pebbles of carnelian were not unfre- quent. On a closer examination of this remarkable Head of the river, it appears of the following geological structure: the base or lowest stratum visible, is an indurated white clay or marl (a few feet), its superincumbent a pudding-stone or UU————— ——— ds | LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 303 bed of agglutinated gravel of whinstone pebbles, fifty to sixty feet thick, dipping S.E. and S., upon which, as the upper stratum, ridges 700 to 800 feet high of loose sand in some parts incrusted as above. Large masses of the pudding-stone were scattered on the beach ; the whinstone pebbles of which it was composed were mostly spherical, and about the size of a 32lb. shot. The vast sands which rest on this detritus? of the last catastrophe of our planet, are of a brownish colour (probably tinted by iron everywhere prevalent), and contain many small clear crystals. The only vegetable that appeared capable of maintaining an existence in such an extreme steri- lity of soil was Arundo australis, which grows in small tufts, and probably having long roots, found nourishment deep beneath the surface, where doubtless there is water; since in the declivities we observed a smart percolation of that ele- ment, which in the progress of its descent to the actual beach, frequently was taken up by the thirsty aridity of the sands, and as often burst forth again at the surface, as the situation or position of the sand ridge might be. From the summit of the Head we had a distinct view of the entrance of the river, which we had just apprehension to fear, from all re- ports of it, was pregnant with danger.* However, notwith- standing the wind was acting against the ebb tide, the break of the sea was only in parts on the bar, which is said to be of various depths, extending from one shore to the other. We perceived patches, over which we were told there were four" fathoms at low water, which did not break, and which, to a person on shipboard, knowing the boundaries of the danger, might be considered a safe channel of entrance to vessels as large as 400 tons, having a leading wind and flood tide. Respecting the little missionary vessel which we had expected to meet here on our arrival, we learned that a native had seen a small craft answering to her description two days Since, off the mouth of the river, which at length stood off to * They were expecting a small vessel belonging to the Missionaries, to meet them at this river. 304 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE the westward and disappeared. I took a range on the higher points connected with the Head, which from the beach has a pleasant verdant aspect. I had however to regret, at the close of afatiguing journey, to return to our tent with only a solitary plant worthy of consideration: it was Cassinia lepto- phylla, which forms a shrub of compact growth on the lower sand ridges. Fuchsia excorticata, with its pendant diversi- coloured flowers, ornamented the brushes in those spots nearer the beach, which were composed of Coriaria sarmentosa, Cle- matis indivisa, and some other shrubs frequent on the shores of the Bay of Islands." They continued at the mouth of the river until the 2d of October, when, hearing no intelligence of their schooner, which they now considered had returned to the Bay of Islands, they struck their tents, and turning their faces to the east- ward, commenced ascending the river on their route home- ward, and reached Paihai at sunset of the 4th, much fatigued with their journey, from the almost continuous rains of this . ever-weeping climate, and the execrable route they passed over, of which Mr Cunningham observes, —* With consid- erable labour, and much inconvenience to ourselves and the natives who carried our baggage, we traversed the irregular surface of these forests,* netted with the naked roots of the trees for five hours, when we all rejoiced to reach the open country, around which we could extend our view for several miles. No person, who has not had experience, can form an adequate idea of the painful sensation excited in the soles of the feet, by a continued treading upon exposed bare roots, on a journey of several miles through these woods. The pain I endured, at the close of the day, was similar to what would be experienced by boiling water removing the cuticle of the soles of the feet; great as were these distressing sensations tO me, notwithstanding my feet were protected by strong shoes, s * It was on the margins of these forests Mr Cunningham discovered that interesting genus A/seuosmia, whose elegant flowers adorned the woods, and its delicious odours filled the surrounding atmosphere with fragrance: "— BH — n h— LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 305 I was surprised to observe in how small a degree the feet of the natives were affected." Shortly after this, Mr Cunningham took a canoe expedi- tion up the Cowa-Cowa, a tributary of the Wycaddy, and the following are some of his observations on the primitive forests that line the river’s banks :— “ On this occasion I took with me a fortnight’s provisions for self and native servant, and eight small plant boxes for living subjects of desirable genera, whose seeds cannot be transported to our colony, or are not produced in the seasons of my stay in this island. The Cowa-Cowa at its confluence with the Wycaddy, appears full a mile wide, from which ample breadth however, it soon diminishes to about five hundred yards, and at the extent of ten miles narrows to rapids not more than twenty yards in width. ‘The waters of these rapids we found of very considerable strength, rolling over a coarse pebbly bottom that required no ordinary exer- tion on the part of our natives to use their paddles effectively against its influence. Passing round the extremity of a small island formed by the deposits of successive freshes for years past, and now clothed with a density of vegetation particu- larly of Coriaria, Coprosma, Gahnia, Logania, &c., we stop- ped and encamped on a bed of gravel. A succession of moderately elevated rounded mounds or hills, densely wooded with small timbers, generally characterize the banks on each side the Cowa-Cowa,—the dividing or interjacent valleys presenting many minor ravines worthy of examination in my descent of the river next week. A gannet that was shot fur- nished not only a repast for our natives, but its feathers were converted into ornaments for their heads. "The next morn- ing (Oct. 18th), we continued our course up the river which preserved a nearly uniform breadth of twenty yards, for the most part of deep water, and bounded by close brushes and shaded forests. At a short distance from our encampment, we observed some patches of land cleared for cultivation, and in its vicinity is situated a native village of some magnitude. Beyond this spot, the banks, which are not above eight feet Vol. 1V.—No. 30. 29 306 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE high, are closed up by woods in which Kai-Katea, ( Dacrydi- um? excelsum) of gigantic stature (80 to 100 feet), were fre- quent amidst the groups of other timbers of considerable bulk. "These forests partake of the same character generally of the other parts, for in a range I took through them, many of the same trees were frequent in exactly similar states with- out fructification. From the head and limbs of a large Kai- Katea, that had been felled for timber, I furnished myself with specimens in fruit, as also from a Laurus (L. Taraira), that had been broken down by the fall of the Kai-Katea. I also gathered seeds of Ripogonum parviflorum, and of the delicate Renealmia (Libertia micrantha), whose white flowers form a striking contrast to the heavy green of the Filices in these woods. The large pigeon and a brown macaw abound in these forests, each finding ample provision in the fruit of aurus Taraira as well as the flowers of the climbing plant of Panda- ne, (Freycinetia Banksii, A. Cunn.), which are much sought after by the latter, and other birds on account of the succu- lent bracteas, which partaking of a sweetish taste, are eagerly eaten also by the natives. This scandent reedy-stemmed plant which first arrested my attention on the Hokianga, I rejoice to observe so abundant in these woods, from which I shall remove its younger plants, with the hope of introducing them in England. In open places beneath the shade of the ferns, I found a little Hypericum (H. pusillum), of procumbent tufty habits, and in the brushes detected Rubus cissoides, profusely in flower. A tree sixty to seventy feet high, with smooth lanceolate leaves, which I had frequently noticed pre- viously, I this day found bearing ripe fruit, proving it to be another Zaurus (L. Tawa). In the alluvial soil on the banks of the river, I was much gratified in finding a plant of Pterostylis, (P. Banksii, R. Br.), remarkable for the noble size of the flower, which is produced at the top of a foliaceous stem a foot high. The plant appears rare, as I have only met with but few specimens, after a diligent search for it in the neighbourhood of the spot where I first met with it. The Cowdie or Kauri, ( Dammara australis,) in these woods were LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 307 very fine, of tolerable size, seventy feet high, and with some Kai-Katea (Dacrydium? excelsum), and Tanekaha ( PAyllocla- das trichomanoides), were the largest timbers these; woods furnish. I procured some young trees of the latter for planting in my boxes: the Richea looking tree (Dracophyllum latifolium,) observed last month on the Kiddee-Kiddee river, I remarked in similar situations to-day without fructification, and of sub-arborescent growth. In descending the river, I landed on the banks in several places to fill my remaining boxes with AmwigAtia excelsa, Laurus Tawa, and some other interesting plants. By reason of the flood tide having set, it was not until after sunset that I was enabled to reach Paihai." Some of the gentlemen attached to the station, being about to visit Wangaroa, Mr Cunningham availed himself of the opportunity, and accompanied them. While on this expedi- tion he had the good fortune to detect a second species of that fine order Proteacee, ( Persoonia Tora, A. Cunn.,) only one being previously known, viz., Knightea excelsa, he also found the Areca sapida of Solander, in flower, which, from its hexandrous free stamens, he thinks improperly placed in Areca, His stay at Wangaroa was shortened on account of a quarrel among the natives, the result of which at one period appeared likely to assume a very serious aspect, so far as his missionary friends, with whom he was residing, were con- cerned; however, they contrived eventually to divert the wrath of the natives from themselves, and returned in safety to Paihai on the 23d of November. A trip to the Bay of Plenty, about two hundred miles to the southward of Paihai on the same east coast, was afforded Mr Cunningham, by the missionary vessel visiting that port for provisions: the result confirmed an observation of Sir Joseph Banks, of the great sameness of vegetation of widely separated tracts in New Zealand; for Mr Cunningham detected no plants that he had not previously found even as far north as Wangaroa. A few short excursions in tbe vicinity of the Bay of Islands terminated Mr Cunningham’s sojourn in New Zealand. The 308 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE kindness of the Rev. H. Williams, and the other gentlemen of the missionary station at Paihai, afforded him a return pas- sage to Sydney in their little schooner the Herald ; and after an affectionate farewell of his kind friends, with whom he had resided for four months, and from whom he received every possible attention and assistance in his pursuits, he em- barked with his collections (which, from the unsettled state of the northern part of the island, were somewhat circum- scribed,) on the 29th of December, and after a tedious pas- sage from adverse winds, landed in Sydney on the 20th of January, 1827. The botanical products of this expedition are given at length, with descriptions of the new plants in the Companion to the Botanical Magazine, Vol. 1I., and the Annals of Natu- ral History, Vol. I. to IV., under the title of Flore Insu- larum Nove Zelandie Precursor, or a specimen of the botany of the islands of New Zealand, by Allan Cunningham, Esq. Mr Cunningham having understood that it was the wish of the colonial government that a more extended exploratory journey should be made in the north and north-western inte- rior, for the purpose of investigating the capabilities of the country for agricultural and other purposes, communicated with the governor, lieutenant-general Darling, through the secretary, Mr M‘Leay, intimating his desire to conduct an expedition for the proposed purposes, and gave a general detail of the route he intended to pursue, and the portion of country he wished to investigate. In his publie letter he says, **I have the honour to state to your Excellency, that in the prosecution of this journey, it is my design to proceed, in the first place, by the most eligible route from the colony (Paramatta) to Peel's River, a stream that was discovered on the north side of Liverpool Plains, by our late indefatigable surveyor-general, Oxley, in his journey of 1818, who found it situate within the meridians of 150? and 151° East, in or about the parallel of 31° South. Upon fully preparing my- self for my journey, 1 would take my departure from the point at which Mr Oxley had crossed this river, and in the | i | | | | | I | LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 309 direction of the meridian, would penetrate north to the paral- lel of Cape Moreton, in lat. 27? South. In this northern journey would be ascertained the general features and char- acter of a portion of our interior, comprehending four de- grees of latitude, as also its geological structure, the nature of its soil, the importance and value of its timbers, and the number, magnitude, and velocity of the streams by which it is watered, In this excursion, moreover, would be determin- ed how far the Brisbane River is to be considered as origi- nating in the high lands near the coast, or whether the opi- nion that has prevailed is correct, of the identity of its stream with some presumed outlet from the eastern margins of our interior marshes, which (presuming that the declivity or dip of the country easterly favours the hypothesis,) may exist du- ring certain periods, of extensive overflows, occasioned by the vast quantities of water that are known to be poured into them by our own western rivers, during seasons of long rains. Should circumstances connected with my establishment permit, and a dry season favour me, it is my design, upon reaching the latitude of 27? S., to devote a portion of time to a west- ern excursion, direct in the interior, with the view of gather- ing some facts in reference to the magnitude of those great marshes, and their extent northerly, from the latitude of 304° S., in which parallel Mr Oxley quitted their eastern margin in 1818. Independently of this consideration, the course I should thus pursue, and also my subsequent eastern and South-eastern routes, to an intersection of my outward track, would afford me the means of reporting to your Excellency on the variety of country my expedition would traverse. Should, however, the season prove wet, and the general aspect of the weather furnish too evident indica- tions of an approach of much rain, upon my arrival at the parallel of 27? S., rendering it hazardous to my party to dip into a low declining interior, such as Lam disposed to appre- hend exists in that parallel of latitude, it would be highly im- prudentto quit my position on thehigheastern lands. Having, therefore, by an easterly course, endeavoured to discover the 316 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE point at which Major Lockyer had penetrated up the Bris- bane River from the sea, in September, 1825, in which I may be aided by extracts in my possession, from the journals of that gentleman, I propose, then, (having determined the geographical position of his extreme point of penetration,) to pursue a southern course, through the elevated country lying to the eastward of my outward-shaped track, and in my pro- gress homeward, I feel satisfied I shall gather such particu- lars in reference to the very considerable expanse of undulat- ed country stretching to the parallel of 31° S., as will prove highly interesting to the grazier, and important to the colony in general. In the progress of this lengthened tour, it will be my first consideration to construct a sketch of my route, on geographical principles, noting the directions of all the principal mountain ranges, and fixing their positions, not simply by the series of angles I shall employ throughout the country as I proceed, but by daily altitudes of the sun, taken at the meridian, and lunar distances, as often as these can be _ effected in the progress of the month. It will, moreover, afford me great pleasure (provided I can obtain, upon my re- turn, daily corresponding observations made in Sydney du- ring my absence), toobserve the height of the mercurial column at special periods each day, throughout my journey, in order that I may be able to determine, by barometrical admeasure- ment, the elevation above the ocean, of the country over which I may travel. To effect these important and very interesting points of this proposed journey, it is my intention to carry with me a sextant of superior description, divided to 10’—a Schmalcalder's compass, combining most satisfactorily the circumferentor, the traveller’s and azimuth compasses, for the determination of the magnetic variation—an odometer, to measure the base lines—a mountain barometer, and à pocket chronometer. Having submitted at length to your Excellency a scheme of my proposed northern tour, of which the result will furnish an important material to fill up @ considerable blank in the charts of the colony, I have the honour to lay before your Excellency a requisition for an out- - — ÁÀ— e re LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. Bli fit adequate to this journey, on which I shall be happy to pro- ceed on or about Monday, the 26th of March next. * I have the honour to be, * Your Excellency's most obedient humble servant, * ALLAN CUNNINGHAM. “19th Feb., 1827." “ His Excellency, Lieut.-General Darling." This proposal was accepted, and on the 30th of April Mr Cunningham took his departure from Segenhoe,* (on an upper branch of Hunter’s River,) with six men, and eleven heavily laden horses, pursuing his journey northerly, along the eastern skirts of Liverpool Plains. On the 11th of May he crossed Mr Oxley's track easterly, towards Port Macquarie, in 1818, and from that point the labours of the expedition commenced, on ground previously untrodden by civilized man. On the 19th of May they entered a valley in lat. 30° S., which was named Stoddart's Valley, (after Mr Cunning- ham's esteemed friend, lieutenant, now lieutenant-colonel Stoddart,) and shortly after came upon the Peel River, and were enabled to ford it at a part where the breadth was diminished to fifty yards. On the 25th they had reached lat. 29^ 10' S., and there found a termination on the west to the hilly country they had lately traversed. “ A level open inte- rior, of vast expanse, bounded on the north and north-west by a distant horizon, broke suddenly on our view. At north-west, more particularly, it was evident to all of us that the country had a most decided dip, and on that bearing the line of sight extended over a great extent of densely wooded or brushed land, the monotonous aspect of which was here and there relieved by a brown patch of plain; of these some Were so remote as to appear a mere speck on the ocean of land before us, on which the eye sought anxiously for a rising * The packhorses and their leaders had been sent overland, unladen, to this station, the whole of the baggage of the expedition having been for- warded by sea to Newcastle, and thence taken up the Hunter in boats, to Segenhoe, Mr Cunningham accompanying it. 312 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE smoke, as indicative of the presence of the wandering abori- gines, but in vain; for, excepting in the immediate neighbour- hood of a river of the larger magnitude, these vast solitudes may be fairly said to be almost entirely without inhabit- ants. We had now all the high grounds on our right hand, or to the east of us, and before us at north, a level, wooded country.” Mr Cunningham’s intention of reaching the parallel of 27° S., on the meridian he was travelling on, was frustrated by the arid country he now got into, and after crossing the paral- lel of 29° S., he altered his course to the north-east and east- ward, and shortly after crossed Dumaresq’s river, which at that point had a channel of from eighty to one hundred yards in width, but the stream in its present state was diminished to about thirty yards wide, and apparently very deep. It was not until they had passed the meridian of 151° E., that they came into a country capable of affording their nearly famished horses a better means of subsistence, and on the 5th of June they reached an extensive clear tract of country, generally well watered, and affording apparently at all sea- sons of the year, grass and herbage of an extraordinary luxuriance of growth. These extensive tracts of clear pas- toral country were subsequently named Darling Downs, in honour of his Excellency the governor: they are situated about the parallel of 28° S., and stretch east eighteen miles to the meridian of 152° E. They are watered by a chain of ponds which in wet seasons become united, and form an auxiliary to the Condamine river, which winds along their south-western margin. ‘The elevation of these downs above the level of the sea is about 1800 feet. Other clear lands in the vicinity were respectively named Canning’s Downs and Peel’s Plains; and from a square-topped mount in the neighbourhood, the view to the N.W. was over an immeasurable expanse of flat wooded country, without the slightest eminence to interrupt the common level, which, in consequence of the very clear state of the atmosphere, could be discerned to a very distant line of horizon verging on the parallel of 27? S. From the LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 313 spacious surface of the vast levels, which are covered very generally with small trees, not a single smoke was seen to arise to indicate the existence of the wandering native in these solitary regions. As all observation easterly towards the coast line, from the point of the ridge Mr Cunningham had ascended, was prevented by the more elevated ranges in the neighbourhood, he quitted the spot on which he had encamped at its foot, and with the view of penetrating towards the higher points of these mountains, proceeded south about four miles; when, on passing round the base of a second hill, which was named Mount Sturt, (in compliment to Captain Sturt, 39th regiment,) the party entered a very beautiful grassy valley, bounded by lofty lateral ridges, and extending several miles in a north-eastern direction to the foot of the principal range. Advancing a few miles up this vale, which was named after Captain Logan, the then commandant of the penal settlement on the Brisbane river, Mr Cunningham encamped on a small brook meandering through it to the south ; and as the condition of his horses, and the state of his provisions, obliged him to close his journey northerly at this valley, he determined to occupy a few days in a partial examination of the adjacent country, and in making the necessary observa- tions for ascertaining the situation of the encampment previ- ous to commencing his return line of route. On the morning of the lith of June, Mr Cunningham, accompanied by one of his people, proceeded to climb the hills immediately above the tents, the elevated summits of which appeared likely to afford him a view of the surround. ing country, particularly to the eastward. Gaining, after some exertion, a lofty point of the lateral ridge, they observed through some hollow parts of the back of the main range (which stretched before them at a distance of about ten miles, ) portions of the country lying in the vicinity of the Brisbane river, at north-east, as also parts of the more distant lands situate at the base of the Mount Warning ranges, the cone of which was distinctly seen crowning that group of moun- tains at an estimated distance of 65 or 70 miles, bearing East Vol. IV.—No. 30. 2n 314 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE 9? South. Had the weather continued favourable, it would have been important to have examined the main range with the view of ascertaining how far a passage could be effected over it to the shores of Moreton Bay or Brisbane River, from which points only, the very interesting pastoral country lying on the western side of these mountains can be accessi- ble. A very singular, deeply excavated part of the range, bearing from the station on the ridge about N.N.E., was, however, remarked, to the pitch of which the acclivity from the head of a valley lying parallel with Logan’s Vale, and extending south-westerly to Darling Downs, seemed very moderate; and as this gap appeared likely to. prove on examination a very practicable pass through these mountains, Mr Cunningham determined to employ a day in exploring it. These mountains, to the western base of which the ex- ploring party had approached from a sterile southern region, form a leading range in this part of the country, and give rise to waters that fall as well on the coast as westerly to the distant interior; and as the barometrical observations, made on the lateral range whence the peak of Mount Warning was seen, gave a result of 3735 feet, and the extreme ridge ap- peared at least 300 feet higher, the elevation of this dividing range may be considered about 4100 feet. The forest ridges, which were heavily timbered with stringy bark (Eucalyptus) of great bulk, were found clothed to their summits with grasses of the most luxuriant growth ; and being well watered by numerous trickling rills that appeared to originate between the shoulders of the hills, constitute a very spacious range of the richest cattle-pasture. Upon examining the hollow back of the mountain ridge, it was found to be very rugged, large masses of rock having fallen down from the heads on each side into the gap, render- ing it impassable; and as it was overgrown with strong twin- ing plants, the thicket they formed was found nearly imper vi- ous. Immediately to the south, however, the range presented a very moderate surface, over which a line of road might be constructed without much labour, and at comparatively small E LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 315 cost, as the rise from the valley, extending from Darling Downs, proved by no means abrupt, and the fall easterly, from the ridge to the forest ground at its base, appeared of singularly easy declivity. Looking north-easterly from this emimence, the eye traversed with pleasure over a fine open grazing country, very moderately timbered with patches of clear plain and detached wooded ridges, to diversify the sur- face; and in no part did there appear any obstacle to prevent à communication either with the southern shores of Moreton Bay, or the banks of the Brisbane River. The base of these mountains is of a compact whinstone ; on the higher parts was observed amygdaloid of the trap formation, with nodules of quartz, whilst the summit exhibited a porphyritic rock very porous, and containing numerous minute quartzose crys- tals. The situation of the tents in Logan's Vale was de= termined as follows: Latitude by meridional altitudes of thesun, the mean of five observations, 28? 19' 45" S., Longitude by account, corrected by bearings taken to fixed points on or near the coast-line, and compared with the mean results of several sets of distances of the sun, and star Antares, from the moon 152° 7 45" E. The variation of the compass was found by azimuths to be 8° 18’ E.; and the distance from the penal settlement on the Brisbane, which bore by compass about N.E., was estimated at seventy-five Statute miles. Although very recent traces of natives were observed in different parts of the Vale, only a solitary aborigine was seen, who, in wandering in quest of food, chanced to pass the tents; immediately, however, upon an attempt of one of the party to approach him, he retired in great alarm to the ad- jacent brushes at the foot of the boundary hills, and instantly disappeared. It therefore seemed probable that he had not seen white men, and possibly might never have had any com- munication with the natives inhabiting the country on the eastern side of the dividing range, from whom he could have acquired such information of the existence of a body of white 316 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE » strangers on the banks of the Brisbane River, and their friendly dispositions towards his countrymen. In the progress of the expedition northerly, it was remark- ed, that the plants of those portions of the interior lying be- tween the parallels of 32? and 28? S., differ but little from the characteristic vegetation of the temperate parts of the colony generally—the many unpublished species, which were discov- ered in the course of the journey belonging for the most part to genera characterizing the Flora of the colony and coun- try immediately adjacent.* Upon gaining the parallel of 28 S. however, under the meridian of 1529 E., a very de- cided change takes place in the vegetable productions. ‘The brushes which densely invest the sides of the lateral ranges, were, on examination, found to be plants more usually to be observed in the intertropical parts of Australia. Mr Cunningham, on the 16th of June, resumed his journey to the southward; for, notwithstanding the benefit his horses had derived from rest and good pasture during the stay of the party in Logan's Vale, they were all exceedingly weak, and his provisions so considerably reduced, that he was reluctantly compelled to relinquish the tour he had origi- nally contemplated towards the western marshes into which the Macquarie River drains, and the more particularly as the appearances of the weather at the change of the moon had led him to apprehend that a period of heavy rain was about to succeed the protracted season of drought, On quitting Logan's Vale, they commenced their journey through a fine open forest country, abounding in excellent pasture, and tolerable timber, and watered by a reedy creek running to the westward. In about nine miles they reached the north- eastern skirts of Canning Downs, which, in pursuing their course, they crossed at a part where their breadth did not exceed two miles. After passing through a heavily timber- * The genus Acacia appears to have been found most abundant, for not less than thirty species of this elegant race were found during the ex- pedition, LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 317 ed forest, but slightly elevated above the mean level of the Downs, upon effecting fifteen miles they halted at a chain of small ponds, furnishing on their margin some tolerable grass for their horses. On the 18th, the party reached a marshy plain, which appeared to stretch several miles to the base of a lofty range of mountains at east, from whence ran a brisk creek to the westward. After penetrating for about six miles through an uninteresting forest of red gum, (Eucalyptus ro- busta) they at length reached the confines of a broken and mountainous country, exhibiting a geological character not previously met with in any stage of the journey. The rock was a very hard granite, in which the quartz, greatly prepon- derating, was unusually large. Their journeying to the end of the month was through a country of a most impracticable nature, composed of a series of glens and ridges of a most rugged description, through which they had extreme difficul- ty in leading their wearied packhorses. On the 30th, they reached the banks of the Dumaresq River, about fifty miles Nearer its source than where they crossed it on their outward bound tract. The height of the river was 1040 feet above the level of the sea, showing a mean fall of four feet per mile between the two fords. The precipitous character of the country in a southerly direction, apparently continuing to some distance, induced Mr Cunningham to alter his course to the south-west, in the hopes of gaining a more easy route for his horses to travel over. On the 9th of July, they crossed their outward tract in lat. 29? 30' S., and the next day (10th), came on the banks of a large stream which received the name of the Gwydir. On the 16th, they reached the ridges overlooking a level wooded country, extending ap- parently to Liverpool Plains, and where they experienced extreme difficulty in descending with their weakened pack- horses to the level of those vast plains, a descent of about 1200 feet; however, by great precaution, this was accomplished in safety, after a journey of two hours of great anxiety, and then with a quickened pace, they prosecuted their course southerly through à forest-ground abounding in kangaroos. 318 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE On the 19th, they crossed the Field River of Oxley, and reached Liverpool Plains on the 21st, and finally returned to their starting-point Segenhoe, on Hunters River, on the 28th, having, in an absence of thirteen weeks, travelled up- wards of eight hundred miles. "The result of this Journey was the acquirement of a knowledge of a portion of the in- terior lying north from the parallel of 31° S., to almost the shores of Moreton Bay, in 27° 30’ S., and between the meri- dian of 150? E. and the coast line.* A remarkable feature in their tour was the paucity of inhabitants in the varied distriets they travelled over. Five times only, in the prosecution of their journey were the abo- rigines seen, when, either in consequence of their timid dis- positions, and the great alarm excited by the appearance of the packhorses, or other circumstances, Mr Cunningham's communication with them was entirely prevented, and no remark on their persons or their language could be made. "The few who suffered the travellers for the moment to view them at a distance appeared to be tall and well-formed, and of rather athletic make; possessing the same description of weapons as the aborigines, who more fully peopled the shores in the vicinity of Port Jackson; with whom, as being of the same primitive stock, they appeared to be fully identified, not simply in their general conformation, but in their wan- dering unsettled habits, and the full exercise of those savage instincts, by which they find their food in the trees, and their path through the forest. Having afforded his people and horses a week's rest at Segenhoe, Mr Cunningham quitted that station on the 5th of August, with the intention of returning to the colony by the way of Bathurst, owing to the broken rocky character of the country in the vicinity of Mount Dangar, round the south- * For more lengthened details of this journey, vide "The Australian Quarterly Journal for January and April, 1828. The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. II., p. 99, 1832; and Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, Vol. II., p. 109, 1834.5. — Es LATE ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ESQ. 319 western base of which eminence their course lay. It was not until the 16th that they reached their old encamping ground on the plains of Daby, on the Cugeegong River, and on the 23d they arrived at Bathurst, where it was found necessary to give the horses a further rest, and, on the evening of the 31st, they finally arrived safely at Paramatta. Mr Cun- ningham waited on the Governor the next day, and laid be- fore his Excellency a rough outline of the country through which he had penetrated, north of Liverpool Plains; and gave his Excellency some brief observations on the general results of the journey, with the whole of which the Governor ex- pressed his entire satisfaction. On the delivery of a report of his late journey, accompanied by a map of the new dis- coveries, Mr Cunningham received the following letter from the Governor's private secretary :— ** GOVERNMENT HousE, PARAMATTA, 17th November, 1827. ** Sig, —I am directed to acquaint you, that his Excellency the Governor has forwarded the journal of your late expe- dition into the interior of this colony, with its accompany- ing map, to the Right Honourable the Secretary of State. His Excellency has been unwilling to delay transmitting to his Lordship the result of so interesting a journey, through an extensive portion of hitherto unknown interior; and he has had pleasure in bearing testimony to the zeal and enterprise with which it was undertaken, as also to the judgment and success with which it has been performed. * I have the honour to be, Sir, s Your most obedient and most humble Servant, « T. DE LA CoNDAMINE." “ To A. Cunningham, Esq." The remaining portion of this year, and the months of January and February 1828, were employed in journeys to Bathurst, the Pine (Callitris) ridges on the banks of the Macquarie below that settlement, and the forests of Illawarra, for seeds and epiphytal Orchidee for transmission to the Royal Gardens. At the same period, Mr Cunningham re- :820 4BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, &C. bewed a request, some time previously made, that a termina- tion might be appointed for his labours in the southern hemi- sphere : he most touchingly says :— * May I be permitted again, most earnestly and respect- fully to beg you, to weigh duly the several points sub- mitted to your consideration, in my letter of March last, and in again urging my great desire to visit my nativeland. I trust with the utmost confidence, that a service of fourteen years, in the arduous occupation of botanical collector for his Majesty's Gardens, will assuredly obtain for me the permis- sion to return to England, in the earlier months of the next year; and, looking forward to the close of my labours in the colony at that period, it is my fullest intention to employ myself during the current year, in the performance of the several duties of my appointment; and (particularly as the season may favour me,) that of collecting living specimens of such plants as are still desiderata of the Royal Gardens. To this end, it is my design (in obedience to your desire,) to make my voyage to Moreton Bay in the cooler months of the year, in order to take up, for establishing in boxes, young plants of the Araucaria or Brisbane Pine, so frequent on the river bearing that name, as well as those of Flindersia, Car- issa, Hoya, and many other interesting genera, not known to exist, indigenously, to the southward of that penal settlement. Several botanical excursions to various parts of the colony; and my visit to Van Dieman's Land, will employ me to the close of the year; at which period, although I may not have received any instructions, I nevertheless shall be induced to hope, that the consideration of the length of the service in which I have been steadily engaged, independently of the bodily indisposition contracted during its progress, and under which I so frequently labour, will at once remove any objec- tion to my quitting the colony that might otherwise exist, and justify me fully in taking my passage for England, in one or other of the next year’s wool ships, in charge of such col- lections as circumstances and season may have enabled me to form.” To be continued. SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS, 32 P- XIIL— Contrisutions towards a Fiona of South America. — Enumeration of Plants Collected by Mr Scuomsurex, in British Guiana,—_By GronaE BzwTHaM, Eso., F.L.S., &c., &c. ( Continued from page 133 of the present Volume.) PnRoTEACEX. (Determined and described by Dr Krorzscn.) 682. Rhopala media, R. Br. Linn. Trans. xx. p. 191. —French Guiana, Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 76, 11, and 78. 683. R. obtusata, Klotzsch, Linnea, v. xv. p. 54.—Islands of Rio Negro, Schomburgk.— This was one of Schomburgk's single specimens, and was numbered 215, as quoted in the Linnea, but is not 215 of the generally distributed collection. 684. Andripetalum sessilifolia, Klotzsch, Linnea, v. xv. p. 53.— Roraima chain, Schomburgk. 685. A. rubescens, Schott.—Klotzsch, l. c.—On the brook Anna-y.— British Guiana, Schomburgh, n. 69. PiPERACEX. (Determined and described by Dn Krorzscu). 686. Artanthe (Fruticose), apiculata, (Klotzsch, n. sp.) ; ramulis petiolisque unifariam pubescentibus, foliis oblongo- ellipticis breviter acutis penninerviis sexuncialibus basi inz- qualiter attenuatis utrinque glaberrimis subcoriaceis pellu- cide glanduloso-punctatis, spicis erectis 6, linearibus apice apiculatis nudis foliis multo brevioribus, bracteis transverse rhomboideis glabris cinereis, pedunculo petiolo parum breviore. This species approaches nearest to Schilleria obovata, and S. heterophylla of Professor Kunth. (KlotzscA).—lsland of Ooropocary on the Essequibo, Schomburgk, n. 53. 687. A. (Fruticosae) Olfersiana, Klotzsch.—Steffensia Olfer- siana, Kunth, Linnea, v. xiii. p. 645.—Alluvial soil, British Guiana, Schomburgh, n. 494.—French Guiana, Herb. Par. n. 19]. 688. A. (Fruticose) corylifolia, Klotzsch,—Schilleria cory- Vol. IV.—No, 30. 2s 322 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. lifolia, Kunth, Linnea, v. xii. p. 699.— Massaroony on the Essequibo, Schomburgh, n. 1. 689. A. (Caulobryon) guianensis (Klotzsch, n. sp.); caule herbaceo bipedali sulcato glabro, foliis ovato-lanceolatis acu- minatis glabriusculis triuncialibus margine evanescente hispi- dis membranaceis pellucide glanduloso-punctatis lzete viridi- bus, spicis clavatis obtusis 4-linearibus pedunculo sparsim hispido brevioribus, bracteis reniformibus pedicellatis reflexis glabris. (K/otzscA).— Amongst rocks on the Rio Branco, Schomburgk, n. 901. - The following are the characters given by Dr Klotzsch to the new subgenus of Artanthe, to which he has given the name of Caulobryon, derived from xaZ»oc, a stem, and Bi», a catkin. Flores hermaphroditi, confertissime amentacei, bracteis reniformibus pedicellatis reflexis suffulti. Stamina 2, brevi- ter pedicellata; antherz magnee, biloculares, loculis opposi- tis per rimam longitudinalem verticaliter dehiscentibus. Germina atra, ovoidea, minutissima, sessilia, unilocularia. Stigmata tria, erecta, sessilia.— Herbs Americ meridionalis, facie Peperomie, pedales aut sesquipedales, foliis alternis, petiolatis, membranaceis, venosis, nervo medio crasso oppo- sito interdum alternos ramos emittente, basi equalibus, peti- olis stipulaceo-alatis, stipulis persistentibus. Amenta brevia, cylindrica, longe pedunculata, oppositifolia. 690. A. (Caulobryon) Schomburgkii (Klotzsch, n. sp-) 3 caule herbaceo sesquipedali leviter striato glabro, foliis ovato-lanceolatis apice attenuatis mucronatis 4-uncialibus basi subcordatis utrinque glabris margine hispidulis mem- branaceis glanduloso-punctatissaturate viridibus, petiolis pube- rulis, spicis clavatis breviter apiculatis 8-linearibus pedunculo pubescenti-hispido brevioribus, bracteis parvis orbicularibus pedicellatis glabris. (Klotzsch).—Currassawaka, Schomburgk, n. 696. 691. A. (Caulobryon) oblongifolia (Klotzsch, n. sp-); caule herbaceo striato glabro, foliis oblongis utrinque glabris bast apiceque attenuatis 3—4-uncialibus glanduloso-punctatis BENTHAM ON MIMOSEJE, 323 membranaceis supra saturate viridibus subtus pallidis, peti- olis glabris, spicis ovalibus obtusis 3-linearibus pedunculo glabro triplo brevioribus, bracteis parvis orbicularibus pedi- cellatis margine puberulis. (Klotzsch).—Sierra Parime, Schomburgh. 692. Heckeria peltata, Kunth, Linnea, v. xiii. p. 565.— Potomorphe peltata, Miguel Comment. Phytogr. fasc. ii. p. 31. —On the Rio Negro, Schomburgk, n. 954. 693. Micropiper pellucidum, Miguel l. c. p. 39.—Piper pellucidum, Zinn.— Sands of the Rio Negro, Schomburgh, 2. 939. ` (To be continued.) XIV.— Notes on MiwosEz, with a short Synopsis of Spe- cies. By GEoncxE BrNTHAM, Eso., F.L.S. ON the occasion of describing the Mimosew of Schomburgk's Guiana collection, (vol. ii. p. 127, of this work), I suggested the adoption of several new genera, but had not then exam- ined a sufficient number of species to define them with any precision. Since that time the whole of Sello's Brazilian collection of this suborder has been intrusted to me for pub- lication, by the administrators of the Royal Herbarium of Berlin, and I have also had opportunities of examining various other sets, including the whole of this portion of Sir W. J. Hooker's rich herbarium. Having subjected all the materials, thus placed at my disposal, to a detailed revision, I have now to offer the following notes on the genera and species composing this beautiful suborder. Before entering however into descriptive details, some preliminary explanations may be necessary, relating to some of the terms used in characterizing Mimosee, and applied by different writers in different senses. Thus, for instance, in describing the bipinnate leaf of most Mimosew, some of the most distinguished botanists apply the term pinne, to the primary divisions of the leaf, and that of foliola, to the second- ary or ultimate divisions, whilst others, on the contrary, call 324 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE. the former foliola, and the latter pinne. Again, the adjec- tive jugus, with a numeral (as 4-jugus, 5-jugus, de.), in some works, designates the number of pair of the organ to which it is applied; and, in others, means the number of pair of parts of which it is composed ; and, in general systematic works and compilations, by the mixture of the phraseology copied from different authors, the descriptions are sometimes rendered almost unintelligible.* I have uniformly adopted the phraseology usually followed by De Candolle, giving the name of pinnc to the primary divisions, and of foliola to the ultimate divisions, and indicating by the numeral attached to —jugus, the number of pair of the organ to which this adjective is applied. I have also designated by petiolus communis, the whole of the stalk to which the pinnae are affixed, not (as is done by Kunth), that part only which is below the lowest pair of pinnz, and by petiolus partialis I have meant the whole of the stalk to which the foliola are attached. : I have used the words spine and aculei, in the usually re- ceived sense, applying the former to abortive organs assum- ing that form, and the latter to those prickles which are mere productions of the cuticle. Thus spine stipulares are prickles produced by the abortion, or transformation of sti- * Thus, supposing in the characteristic phrase, the bipinnate leaves were to be described as consisting of four pair of parts, each of them divid- ed into six pair of a secondary order, each of these again being of an ovate form ; the Latin phrase would be thus worded :— By Liwwevs : foliis bipinnatis, partialibus 4-jugis, propriis 6:jugis ovatis. By Jacquin: foliis bipinnatis partialibus 4.jugis, propriis 6-jug's pinnulis ovatis. By D’ Hermer : foliis bipinnatis 4-jugis, pinnulis 6jugis: foliolis ovatis. Bv Martius : foliis bipinnatis 4-jugis, foliolis 6-jugis, pinnis ovatis. By De Canpotte : foliis bipinnatis, pinnis 4-jugis, foliolis 6:jugis, ovatis. Each of which forms of expression is more or less adopted to this day . Even De Candolle in his Prodromus, has mixed up several of them in his specific character of the genus Mimosa for instance. BENTHAM ON MIMOSE X. : 325 pules; aculei caulini, or aculei petiolares, are prickles pro- duced by the cuticle of the stem, or of the petiole; it has therefore appeared to me necessary to suppress altogether the expression aculei stipulares, applied, not to aculei grow- ing on the stipules, but to the not uncommon aculei arising from the stem in pairs, one immediately under each stipule, and which have so often been mistaken for spine stipulares. It is more difficult to fix on an appropriate nomenclature for the various appendages to the petioles of Mimosec, which, on some occasion or another, have received the name of glands, although very different from each other in their origin and importance, as will be: seen from the following enumeration :— l. The base of the petiole, whether common or partial, as well as the petiolule of the leaflet, is often thickened, and of a glandular or somewhat cartilagineous consistence, some- thing analogous to what the French term a bourrelet. This portion of the stalk is by some called a g/and; but it appears to me that the name is thus misapplied; nor do I see any occasion for giving a special name to what is neither an organ of itself, nor yet a definite portion of another organ. : 2. I have, with most botanists, considered as true petiolar glands, those which, when they exist, are always to be found on the upper surface of the common or partial petioles. They are usually sessile, oblong, ovate, or orbicular, depressed, concave or convex, and single, either below the lowest pair of pinnz alone, or one between, or a little below, one two or more pair of pinne or leaflets, beginning with the extreme pair. When pinnee are not exactly opposite, it sometimes, but rarely, happens, that there are two of these glands together, one under each pinna. 3. A small point terminates the petioles, whether common or partial, in all or nearly all Mimosee. It is usually seti- form, though sometimes short and thick, and occasionally almost foliaceous, sometimes apparently continuous with the petioles, at others falling readily off. This point has by some been termed a gland; but it would appear, erroneously 326 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEÆ. It may possibly be the rudiment of a terminal pinna or leaf- let; but as there is no evidence beyond its position, to show that it is so, I have been unwilling to give it any other name than seta terminalis. 4. Between the pinnz of each pair, in some species of Mimosa, there is on the common petiole, a tubercle or seta often similar to the seta terminalis of the same leaf, occa- sionally longer and even thornlike. "This also has sometimes been described as a gland, at others as a prickle; but is always very different in appearance, as well from the petiolar glands, as from the other prickles of the petiole. "The regu- larity of insertion of these organs, when they appear, gives them some importance; yet, as there is nothing to show their real nature, I have not noticed them by any special name, but called them sete or tuberculi, according to their appear- ance. 5. Near the base of the partial petioles of many species, especially of the genus Mimosa, are a pair of small setiform or foliaceous appendages, to which, from their situation, I have applied the name of stipelle, as being in many respects analogous to the stipelle of the Casalpiniee. These also are sometimes described as glands. A strange mistake has occurred (as has I believe been already pointed out by Endlicher), in giving the name of replum to the thickened sutural margins of the pod of Mimo- sa, Entada, and Sehranckia, which persist after the remain- der of the valves have detached themselves and fallen out. The word is found in Vitruvius, and was thus applied by botanists on the supposition that that writer meant by it the architrave or frame of a door; but it has been shown that it was rather the leaf of the door that was so called. At any rate, it appears to me that the term is unnecessary, the word amargo, of which the meaning is clear, answering the purpose perfectly well. The Minosec, distinguished from C'esalpiniec, by their | 1 m BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX, 327 perfectly regular and valvate calyx and corolla, and hypo- gynous corolla and stamens, may be generally divided into two large tribes, the Ewmimosec, with definite stamens and pollen not agglomerated, and the Acaciew, with indefinite stamens and pollen collected into four or six masses in each cell, each tribe containing many hundred species. To these must be added about half a dozen species, forming three or four anomalous genera, but little resembling each other; but, in- asmuch as they are all as it were intermediate between Ces- alpiniee and Mimosee, they may be considered as forming a distinct tribe under the name of Parkice, already given to it by Wight and Arnott, who established it on the characters pointed out by Brown. . With this tribe I now commence the enumeration of the species of Mimosec, which have come under my observation. I have added short specific charac- ters only, reserving the detailed descriptions for my Legu- minosarum Genera et Species. Tribe I. PanxiEx. W. et Arn. Calyx v. corolla sestivatione leviter imbricata, Stamina definita cum corolla perigyna. l. Fittza. Guillem. et Perrot. Calyx turbinatus, dentibus 5, estivatione levissima imbri- cata, mox aperta. Petala 5, calycem vix excedentia, peri- gyna, sestivatione subvalvata. Stamina 10, perigyna, libera, exserta, omnia fertilia. Anthere non glandulifere. Gran- ula pollinis numerosissiimz. | Ovarium stipitatum, lanatum. Stylus conicus, obtusus. Legumen oblongum, compressum, valvis 2 crasso-coriaceis dehiscens, intus inter semina pulpo- sum.— Arbor. Folia bipinnata, eglandulosa. Pinnæ pauci- juge. Foliola pauca, majuscula, alterna. Flores laxe cylin- draceo-spicatze, spicis paniculatis. Sp. unica; F. suaveolens, Guillem. et Perrot. Fl. Seneg. i. 242, t. 55.—Senegambia. This tree, figured and described in detail in the work quoted, although it has very nearly the estivation ofthe true Mimosee, 328 BENTHAM ON MIMOSESR. is perhaps on the whole nearer to the Cæsalpinieæ in gene- ral, than are either of the other genera of Parkiew. In habit it is considerably removed from any, unless perhaps some affinity may be observed with some Gleditschie. There is, however, the genus Erythrophleum of Afzelius, from the same country as the Filla, which from the few words of Brown in his appendix to Oudney ( Verm. Schr. v. iv. p. 55) and the short characters given by Don (Gen. Syst.), and copied into Endlicher's Genera, must be very near to it. As I have not seen the plant, and cannot from the above sources state any point in which it differs from Fillea, I here omit it as a separate genus; but should the two ultimately prove to be one and the same, the name of Fillæa must give way to the older one of Erythrophleum. II. Panxia. R. Br. Calyx cylindraceus limbo bilabiato labio superiore bifido, inferiore trifido, sestivatione imbricativa. Petala 5, medio coalita v. libera, sestivatione subimbricata. Stamina 10, perigyna, basi monadelpha. Anthere non glanduliferz. Masse pollinis in quoque loculo biseriatz, subdefinite. Ovarium glabrum. Legumen stipitatum, lineare v. oblon- gum, compressiusculum, valvulis crasso-coriaceis, intus pulpa semina obtegente farctum.— Arbores. Folia bipinnata, peti- olo pauci-glanduloso, pinnis foliolisque numerosissimis. Pe- dunculi axillares v. racemosi, longissimi, penduli. Flores ad apicem pedunculi densissime capitato-spicati, numerosissimi, superiores hermaphroditi, inferiores masculi. 1. Parkia biglobosa, pinnis 16—40-jugis, receptaculo flo- rum oblongo-clavato.— Tropical Asia and Africa, and thence carried out by the Negroes to tropical America. As far as I have seen, the distinctions between the speci- mens from various parts of Asia, and from tropical Africa, are too slight and variable, to serve as characters of species. The petiolar gland appears to be convex or concave, accord- ing to the age of the leaf: its being double or single is pro- bably accidental, and the precise number, both of pinnze and tlt BENTHAM ON MIMOSE, 329 leaflets is very uncertain. On comparing the Senegambian specimens of Parkia Africana, Br. (fully described by Guillemin and Perrottet), with those of P. biglandulosa, W. and Arn., from the East Indian Peninsula, of P. Bru- nonis, Grah. in Wall. Cat. n. 5288, and P. Roxburghii, G. Don, from the Calcutta Garden, and with the description of the East Indian specimens by Arnott, Roxburgh, &c., of the Timor specimens, by Decaisne, (which he refers to P. Roxburghii, and associates to it as a synonym Inga Timo- riana, DC.); and of the Philippine Islands tree described by Blanco under the name of Mimosa peregrina; they all agree in essential particulars. ‘The only discrepancies are in the colour of the flower, which is said by Roxburgh to be yellow in the Sylhet plant, and by Guillemin to be purple in the African one, and in the breadth of the pod, which is variously given, from half an inch to an inch and a half. All agree in its general form, length, number of seeds, &e. Unable therefore to discover any differences that may not be refer- rible to mere varieties, I have included them all under the original specific name. 2. P. platycephala, (sp. n.), pinnis 6—12 jugis, recepta- culo florum depresso-globoso, late capitato.— Brazil, Prov. of Cearà, Gardner, n. 1582, Prov. Bahia, Blanchet, n. 2868. This is really a well-marked species, with much the foliage of P. biglobosa; but the receptacle of the flowers is broader than it is long, and the pod is not four times as long as broad. Inga pendula, and I. filicina, Willd., Spec. 4. p. 1025, - may perhaps be species of Parkia. The genus Parkia is in many respects allied to Inga, and to the genera separated from it, especially in the monadelphous stamens, and the pollen masses, which, though numerous, are biseriate, and perhaps definite in number, whilst the form of the calyx and the estivation is very different from all Mimosece, "Thereis however no one genus of Cesalpiniee Which can be said to be nearly allied to it. Vol. IV.— No. 80. 2T 330 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. III. PENTACLETHRA, Benth. Flores hermaphroditi v. polygami. Calyx campanulatus, dentibus 5 brevibus, zestivatione imbricativa, corolla profunde 5-fida, petalis zstivatione valvatis, basi connatis subperigy- nis. Stamina basi monadelpha et corolle adnata, 5 fertilia, petalis alterna, exserta, antheris ovatis glandula decidua su- peratis; 5, 10, v. 15, petalis opposita, filiformia, ananthera. Annulus 10-crenatus intra stamina, tubo stamineo adnatus. Ovarium subsessile. Stylus filiformis, apice breviter dilata- tus, concavus, margine stigmatifero.— Arbores. Folia bipin- nata, petiolis eglandulosis, pinnis foliolisque multijugis niti- dis. Stipule lanceolate, parvee. Stipellee minutze, setacez. Spicee elongatze ad apices ramorum solitarie v. plures. Flores sessiles, albido-flavicantes, suaveolentes. A remarkable genus, allied on the one hand to Dimor- phandra among Cesalpiniec, on the other hand to several genera of Adenanthere. 1. P. filamentosa, (Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 2. 127.) pinnis 10—15 jugis, foliolis 30—50 jugis lineari-falcatis, staminibus sterilibus 5, corolla multo longioribus.— British Guiana, Schomburgk; St Vincents, Guilding. 2. P. brevijila (Benth. 1. c.) pinnis 10—15 jugis, folio- lis 30—50 jugis lineari-falcatis, staminibus sterilibus 5 corol- la brevioribus.— Borba on the Rio Negro, Langsdorf. $3. macrophylla, (sp. n.), pinnis sub 10-jugis, foliolis 8—15-jugis oblongo-rhombeis obliquis, staminibus sterilibus 10—15 tenuissimis.—Folium unicum tantum vidi amplum, foliolis plerumque pollicaribus 4—5 lin. latis, Spice 4—5- pollicares, tenuiores quam in prsecedentibus. Flores minores. Stamina fertilia corolla duplo longiora, glandula antherarum parva. Filamenta sterilia tenuia, corolla multo longiora, sed in fundo corollz plicato-crispa, ita ut lacinias corollinas non adzquant. Legumen pedale, lignosum ex Heudelot, ipse non vidi .—Rio Nunez in tropical Africa, Heudelot, n- 825. : + BENTHAM ON MIMOSEÆ. 331 Tribe, II. EumimMose2. Calyx et corolla æstivatione valvata. Stamina definita, numero petalorum æqualia v. dupla, una cum petalis hypo- gyna. Filamenta libera v. basi brevissime inter se et cum petalis connata. Pollinis granule numerosissimze, distinctze. Subtribe, I. ADENANTHERA, Anthere glandula stipitata caduca terminate. Since the old genus Mimosa was first broken up by Willde- now, the characters of the genera adopted by modern botan- ists have been chiefly derived from the form and consistence of the pod: this organ is however so seldom to be seen in herbaria, and, when seen, often so doubtful as to both of those characters, as to have produced much confusion in the suborder. In seeking for some characters which should pos- sess more fixity, it appeared to me that the stamina would afford a primary division both constant and definite, and at the same time easy to observe. "The definite stamina have always, in the species I have examined, (excepting perhaps the anomalous genus Parkia,) granular pollen, and the inde- finite stamens agglomerate pollen, and this division does not appear to break up any genera otherwise natural. The sub- division of Eumimoseæ, upon the presence or absence of the curious stipitate gland on the anther, is perhaps more artifi- cial, but is always constant in the same genus, excepting per- haps one species of Prosopis, where I have not found it, as in all others of that genus. With regard to the ultimate reduction to genera, I have been obliged, in many cases, to follow previous authors, in re- lying on the pod alone, as otherwise it would have been ne- cessary to combine old Linnzan genera, which are not un- natural. It must, indeed, be admitted, that in some cases these distinctions are troublesome, and far from satisfactory ; but too many species are as yet unsufliciently known, to enable me to propose any better system. 332 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE;E. IV. Entrapa, Linn. Calyx campanulatus, brevissime 5-dentatus. Petala 5, libera v. leviter coherentia. Stamina 10, Antherze glandu- lifere. Legumen lineare, plano-compressum, suturis incras- satis persistentibus marginatum, valvulis transverse articulatis, articulis monospermis, a margine secedentibus, indehiscenti- bus v. sepius endocarpio ab exocarpio recedente spurie dehiscentibus. Frutices sæpius altissime scandentes subine- ermes. Folia bipinnata, pinnis jugi supremi sæpe in cirrhos mutatis. Stipulee parvae setacee. Florum spice tenues, soli- tariz v. geminze, axillares v. in paniculam terminalem dispo- - site, Flores singuli sessiles, plerique hermaphroditi, pauci tamen fructiferi. 1. Entada scandens, inermis, foliis cirrhiferis, pinnis 1—2- jugis, foliolis 2—5-jugis ovatis v. oblongo-obovatis obtusis acuminatis emarginatisve sepius obliquis supra nitidis, subtus glabris puberulisve, spicis elongatis solitariis subgeminisve longeracemosis.— Mimosa scandens, Linz.— Tropical Ameri- ca, Africa, and Asia. The Mimosa scandens of Linneus, the plant furnishing the well-known gigantic pod, was separated by De Candolle into three species. Wight and Arnott have already shown (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Ind. Or. i, 267.) that the two East In- dian ones E. Pursetha, DC., and E. monostachya, DC» are the same species in different states. The West Indian one, E. gigalobium, D O., has been supposed to differ in the number of stamens described by Swartz, as twenty or twenty- five; but this must be a mistake. M‘Fadyen, who saw the plant living, expressly describes it as having but ten. The Adenanthera scandens, Forst. or Entada adenanthera, D C is assuredly also this same species which Sprengel has divid- ed (Syst. 2, 325,) into two only, which he calls Entada Par- rana, and E. Rheedii. 2. E. polystachya (DC. Leg. Mim, 434. t. 61, 62.) iner- mis, foliis demum cirrhiferis, pinnis 2—6-jugis foliolis 6—8- jugis oblongis obtusis emarginatisve glabris v. subtus pubes- a —— ETT — — 9 "e" E D —— BENTHAM ON MIMOSEÆ. 333 centibus, spicis brevibus plerisque geminis in racemo longo paniculzeformi densis, — Mimosa Entada, Linn., according to the specimen in his herbarium, though in his Species Plan- tarum he appears to have mixed it up with the E. scandens.— West Indian islands, and probably also the coast of Guiana. I do not see any character to distinguish from it the Mimosa chiliantha, G. F. W. Meyer, or Entada chiliantha, DC. 3. E. africana, Guillem. et Perr. Fl. Seneg. v. i. p. 233.— Unknown to me. 4. E. polyphylla, (Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 133,) inermis, folis non cirrhiferis? pinnis 4—8-jugis, foliolis 10—20-jugis oblongis obtusis emarginatisve subtus pubescen- tibus, spicis brevibus plerisque geminis in racemo longo pani- culzeformi densis.— North Brazil, Poeppig, Langsdorff; Bri- tish Guiana, Schomburgk. 5. E.? natalensis, ramulis petiolisque tomentellis hinc inde uncinato-aculeatis, pinnis 5—T-jugis, foliolis 9—15-jugis oblique oblongis obtusis glabris puberulisve, petiolo hinc inde glandulifero spicis axillaribus 2---3-nis in paniculam foliatam dispositis.— Mimosa spicata, E. Mey. Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr.— Port Natal, and banks of the Basche river in S. Africa, Drége.— The flowers and anthers are entirely those of an Entada, not of a Mimosa. I have not seen the ripe fruit, but, in specimens far advanced, the valves cohere so close together, that I cannot imagine them to open as in Mimosa, although I see no signs of the endocarp detaching from the exocarp as in Entada. Theplant I published, vol. ii, p. 133 of this Journal, as Entada? myriadenia, differs from the genus in its pentan- drous flowers, without the stipitate gland to the anther. On the other hand, the corolla and the oblong anther remove it from Mimosa. It probably forms a distinct genus allied to some groups of Mimosa, but not having seen the fruit, even young, it is impossible to characterize it. V. PraTHYMENIA, Benth. Flos Entade, sessilis. Legumen stipitatum lato-lineare, 334 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEA. planum, valvulis submembranaceis dehiscentibus, endocarpio membranaceo excepto, quod circa semina persistit et inter semina transversim divisa est.—Frutices? v. arbores parve, Brasilienses, inermes. Folia bipinnata, eglandulosa, foliolis ellipticis. — Spice supra-axillares, superiores paniculate. Glandula in ramo inter spicam et folii axillam sepius adest. Ovarium villosum. Legumen glabrum. 1. P. reticulata, (sp. n.), ramis foliisque laxe pubescenti- bus v. demum glabratis, pinnis 4—8-jugis, foliolis 10—12- jugis ellipticis retusis reticulato-venosissimis, spica pubes- cente.— Minas Geraes, Pohl, Langsdorff, Claussen.—Petio- lus communis semipedalis ; pinnæ tripollicares ; foliola szepius alterna 6—9-lin. longa, 3—4-lin.lata. Spicee 3 poll. longe.. Calyx corolla subtriplo brevior. Stamina breviter exserta. Legumen demum 5 poll. longum, 10—12-lin. latum. Semi- na ovato-compressa transversa, funiculo filiformi appensa. 2. P. foliolosa, (sp. n.), ramis petiolisque glabris, pinnis 4—12-jugis, foliolis 12—20-jugis oblongo-ellipticis obtusis retusisve glabris v. vix subtus pilosulis, spica glabra. — Near Crato, Prov. Ceara, Gardner, n. 1589. — Foliola dimidio fere minora, angustiora quam in precedente, leviter venulosa. This genus, indicated vol. ii., p. 134 of this Journal, is in- termediate as to the fruit between Entada and Piptadenia, with the flowers of both genera, and the habit nearly of Pip- tadenia. VI. PIPTADENIA, Benth. Flos Entade sessilis. Legumen stipitatum v. rarius sessile, lato-lineare, planum, membranaceum v. subcoriaceum, bival- vatim dehiscens, intus uniloculare, epulposum, Semina com- pressa, funiculo filiformi appensa.—Frutices v. arbores Austro-Americana, inermia v. aculeata, Stipule parve, setacez. Folia bipinnata, pinnis foliolisque saepius multi- jugis. Glandule petiolares prope basin petioli, infra pinnas supremas et interdum inter v. infra foliola suprema, rarius deficientes v. obscurze. Flores parvi sessiles albi v. virescen- tes in sectionibus i. et ii. spicati, spicis axillaribus solitariis BENTHAM ON MIMOSE®. 335 binisve superioribus paniculatis; in sectione tertia capitati, Stamina exserta. This genus, with the flowers of an Entada, has the fruit of an Acacia, It differs from Adenanthera in the thinner pod, flat seeds, sessile smaller flowers, and longer stamens. Sect. I. EUPIPTADENIA. Legumen continuum, valvulis tenui- ter membranaceis levibus veticulatisve. | Frutices, v. ar- bores parve, floribus spicatis. * LATIFOLIÆ; foliis ovatis oblongisve, ovario stipitato villoso. l. P. latifolia, ramis petiolisque glabris aculeatis, pinnis 3—4-jugis, foliolis 2—3-jugis obovatis orbiculatisve glabris. —Acacia fruticosa, Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras., 107.—Frutex scandens, aculeis uncinato-recurvis. Foliola majora polli- cem longa, 9 lin. lata. Spicze virescentes 2—4 poll. longe. Petala demum libera, revoluta.— Woods of Corcovado, and elsewhere near Rio Janeiro; Martius, Pohl, Vauthier, (n. 185,) Guillemin, and others. 2. P. laxa, ramis petiolisque glabris puberulisve, aculeis sparsis parvis, pinnis 2—4-jugis, foliolis 4—'-jugis ovali-v. obovato-ellipticis oblongisve glabris v. subtus pubescentibus. — Affinis P. /atifolie. Foliola numerosiora, minora, angusti- Ora, ssepius pubescentia. Legumen 5—6-poll. longum, 10—11-lin. latum.— Mimosa fruticosa, Vell. Fl. Flum. 1. t. 6.— Rio Janeiro, Gomez; Bahia, Blanchet, 1551, and 1602, and in the Brazilian collections of Pohl and Sello. 3. P. Guianensis,— Mimosa Guianensis, Aubl. Pl. Guian. 2, 938. t. 357. Acacia Guianensis, Willd., DC., etc.—I have not seen this species which appears to differ from P. laxa, chiefly in the want of prickles and the smooth leaves. ** AncustiFoLia, foliolis linearibus v. oblongo-linearibus parvis, ovario stipitato villoso. 4. P. macradenia, (sp. n.), ramulis petiolisque tomentosis hine inde aculeatis inermibusve, pinnis 6—10-jugis foliolis 335 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE. multijugis linearibus falcatis ciliatis, nervo obscuro parum excentrico, spicis tomentosis. Variat ramis nunc crasse sube- roso-alatis, nunc vix angulatis. Glandula petioli communis interdum fere 3 lin. longa. Foliola 3 lin. longa, rigidula, supra nitida. Petala demum libera.— Brazil, Pohl; Minas Geraes, Claussen. 5. P. nitida, (sp. n.), inermis, ramulis petiolisque puberu- lis demum glabratis, pinnis 8—10-jugis, foliolis multijugis linearibus vix falcatis, nitidis, nervo obscuro parum excentri- co, spicis tomentellis, ovario longe stipitato villosissimo.—Om- nino inermis videtur. Foliola numerosiora, minora, nitidiora quam in precedente. Ovarium corollam ssepius su perat.— Sandy woods about Rio Janeiro, Pohl, Lello, Lhotsky. 6. P. jilicicoma, inermis, ramulis petiolisque tomen- tosis, pinnis 12—20-jugis, foliolis multijugis minimis line- aribus, nervo marginali, spicis gracilibus tomentosis, flori- bus pubescentibus.—Foliola 1 lin. longa, nitida, margine ciliata, subtus puberula v. glabra. Spice tripollicares. Petala demum libera. Ovarium corollam superat.—Acacia filicoma, Mart. Herb. Bras, 109. Brazil, Martius, Pohl, Langsdorf,, Sello. 7. P. foliolosa (sp. n.) ; inermis, ramulis incrassatis angu- latis petiolisque ferrugineo-puberulis, pinnis 12—20-jugis, foliolis multijugis oblique oblongo-linearibus falcatis, nervo marginali, spicis gracilibus tomentosis paniculatis, floribus pubescentibus.— P, jilicicome affinis. Ramuli multo cras- siores. Foliola 2 lin. longa, proportione latiora. Flores minus tomentosi. Ovarii stipes brevior.—Amazon River, Péeppig. 8. P. psilostachya, jnermis, ramulis petiolisque puberulis, pinnis 7 —10-jugis, foliolis multijugis oblongo-subovatis ob- tusis subfalcatis subbinerviis glabris nitidis, spicis gracilibus tomentellis.— Foliola 4 lin. longa, 14 lin. lata.— Acacia psi- lostachya, D €. Prodr. v. ii. p. 437. = Gein: Martin. 9. P ramosissima, (sp. n.) ; ramulis petiolisque puberulis, aculeolatis, pinnis 3—5-jugis, foliolis 10—15-jugis oblongis obtusis subtus pubescentibus, nervo excentrico, spicis graci- BENTHAM ON MIMOSEJE. 337 libus paniculatis, floribus glabriusculis.—Stipulze breves lato- lanceolate. Foliola 3—4 lin. longa. Flores minimi.—Pri- mitive forests in Brazil, Martius. *** Subtilifolie, foliolis linearibus, ovario stipitato glabro, 10. P. biuncifera (sp. n.), ramulis foliisque pubescentibus, aculeis infra-stipularibus oppositis recurvis, pinnis 8—12- jugis, foliolis multijugis lineari-falcatis obtusis, spicis laxis paucis, corolla longa tenui.—Foliola 2—3 lin. longa. Spice tripollicares. Stamina longe exserta. Corolla 21 lin. longa, petalis alte connatis. Legumen 8—9 pollicare y. longius. —Province of Piauhy, Gardner, n. 9558. ll. P. subtilifolia— Acacia subtilifolia, Humb. et Kunth. Nov. Gen. et Sp. v. vi. p. 268.—From Kunth’s description, this species appears to differ from the last by the leaflets being smooth on the upper surface, the spike of flowers shorter and more dense, and the pod oblong instead of linear. — Banks of the Chota in New Granada. 12, P. viridifora— Acacia viridiflora, Kunth. Mim. 81. t. 25. Nov. Gen. et Sp. v. vi. p. 269.—Said by Kunth scarcely to differ from P. subtilifolia.— San Felix. 13. P. trisperma, glabriuscula, aculeis caulinis infrastipu- laribus paucis in petiolo sparsis, pinnis 3—5-jugis, foliolis 20—40-jugis linearibus supra nitidis, spicis axillaribus soli- tariis v. ad apices ramorum racemosis, floribus glabris, legu- mine oblongo-lineari. Foliola 3—4-lin. longa, uninervia et leviter reticulata, subtus minute puberula v. glabra. Spice Vix bipollicares. Corolla vix lineam longa, petalis demum liberis, Legumen cum stipite 3—4-lineari fere 3 poll. long- um, 6—8-lin. latum.—Mimosa trisperma, Vell. Fl. Flum. 11. t. 40. Acacia trisperma, Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras., 108. — Brazil, Pohl, Martius, Sello, Vauthier, (n. 83.) 14. P. eommunis (sp. n.), ramulis petiolisque puberulis Sparse et raro aculeatis, inermibusque, pinnis 5—8-jugis, fo- liolis multijugis linearibus supra nitidis, spicis axillaribus ad apices ramorum racemosis, floribus glabris, legumine lineari. Journ. of Bot. Vol. IV. No. 31, December, 1841. 2v i 338 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEÆ. —A. P. trisperma differt aculeis sparsis nec oppositis infrasti- pularibus, foliolis minoribus numerosioribus. Affinis etiam P. macradenie et pariter variat caule aculeato v. inermi, suberoso-alato v. vix angulato, facile distinguitur ovario glabro. Legumen 4—8-poll. longum, 8—10-lin. latum.— Brazil, Pohl, Sello; Rio Janeiro, Guillemin; near Barro do Jardin, Gardner, (n. 1943.) The latter specimen is a slight variety with smaller leaves, mare crowded leaflets, and longer stipules. 15. P. rigida (sp. n.), inermis, glabra v. fhismoln petiolis- que vix minute puberulis, pinnis 4— 6-jugis, foliolis multi- jugis lineari-falcatis acutis plurinerviis rigidis supra nitidis, spicis axillaribus subsolitariis, floribus glabriusculis, semini- bus anguste alatis.—Foliola 4 lin. longa. Spice pollicares. Corolla 1 lin. longa, glabriuscula. Legumen stipitatum 5 poll. longum, 7—8-lin. latum, marginibus leviter incrassatis, valvulis rigide membranaceis. Semina ovata, plano-com- pressa, oblique transversa, ala membranacea.— Brazil, Sello. 16. P. pterosperma (sp. n.), inermis, ramis petiolisque pubescentibus, pinnis 4— 5-jugis, foliolis 8—12-jugis oblon- go-linearibus obtusis obliquis, nervo subcentrali, subtus pu- berulis, spicis axillaribus subsolitariis, seminibus lato-alatis. Legumen 5-pollicare, pollicem latum, valvulis ut in præce- dente rigidulis. Semina plano-compressissima, ovato-sub- reniformia, nitida, cum ala 14—2-lineari 9— 10-lin. lata, 5—6-lin. longa. **** PanicuLaTA, foliolis latis, ovario subsessili glabro. 17, P. paniculata (sp. n.), inermis, ramis petiolisque to- mentellis demum glabratis, pinnis 2—3-jugis, foliolis 4—8- jugis ovali-oblongis v. lanceolato-ovatis obliquis subtus tomen- tellis, spicis gracilibus numerosis canescentibus.—Foliola 1—1}-pollicaria. Spice 2—3-pollicares, in paniculam am- plam disposite. Petala apice dorso pubescentia. Legumen 6—7-poll. longum, fere 14 poll. latum.— Rio Janeiro, Langs- dorf, Sello, Pohl. —— BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. : 339 8? aculeis in caule parvis sparsis, legumine angustiore.— A single specimen without flowers, and only one pod, in Sel- lo's collection. The Acacia aspidioides, G. F. W. Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseq., 165, DC. Prod. ii. 458, is probably a Piptadenia belong- ing to the section Eupiptadenia. Sect. II. Prryrocarpa. Legumen inter semina plus mi- nusve contractum valvulis coriaceis siccitate glanduloso- leprosis sub-rufescentibus.—Frutices? v. arbores parva, floribus spicatis. 18. P. inequalis (sp. n.), inermis, glabra v. puberula, pinnis 1—3-jugis, foliolis 2—5-jugis valde ineequalibus obli- que falcato-dVatis oblongisve nitidis glabris v. subtus vix puberulis, spicis axillaribus v. paucis folio brevioribus, ova- rio breviter stipitato.— Folia ultima tripollicaria, inferiora vix semipollicaria, interdum fere trapezoidea. Petala glabra. Ovarium minute glanduloso-pubescens. Legumen immatu- rum crassiusculum, glanduloso-leprosum, inter semina leviter contractum.—Rio Janeiro, Langsdorff, Pohl} 19. P. leptostachya (sp. n.), inermis, ramulis petiolisque ferrugineo-puberulis demum glabris, pinnis 3—4-jugis, folio- lis 4—8-jugis oblique falcato-ovatis oblongisve nitidis glabris v. Subtus vix puberulis, spicis axillaribus v. paucis gracilibus folio vix brevioribus, ovario breviter stipitato. P. inwquali affinis quidem, sed diversa videtur foliolis numerosioribus vix unquam pollicem longis. Legumen non vidi.— Brazil, Sello. 20. P. moniliformis (sp. n.), inermis, ramulis petiolisque tomentoso-pubescentibus, pinnis 2—4-jugis, foliolis S—10- Jugis oblique oblongis subtrapezoideis supra nitidis subtus canescenti-tomentosis, spicis axillaribus subsessilibus tomen- tellis, ovario longissime stipitato, legumine plano moniliformi. —Foliola majora semipollicaria v. parum longiora. Petala glabra. Stipes ovarii staminibus fere eequilonga. Legumen 3— 5-pollicare, falcatum, inter semina valde contractum et forte intus subinterruptum, in speciminibus vix maturum. 340 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEJE. Semina obovato-orbicularia plano compressa.— Common in the provinces of Bahia, Blanchet, 2701, and 2899, and Piauhy, Gardner, n. 2139. The Acacia Thibaudiana, DC. Prod. ii. 456, or Sophora obliqua, Pers. Syn. i. 452, is probably the same species. Sect. III. Nropa. Legumen inter semina sepius plus mi- nusve contractum valvulis membranaceo-coriaceis extus sicci- tate glanduloso-leprosis rufescentibus rarius leviusculis. Arbores inermes, pedunculis fasciculatis brevibus axillaribus, Jloribus globoso-capitatis. Legumina stipitata. In the distinction of the five following species I am not sure that I am right. The foliage and flowers are so much alike that one would be tempted to consider them all (except perhaps P. microphylla,) as varieties of one, were it not for the fruit which differs considerably in form and proportions. 'This makes me, in some cases, doubt whether I have properly matched the flowering and fruit-bearing specimens. 21. P. peregrina, pinnis 15—30-jugis, foliolis 30—80-jugis glabriusculis ciliolatis obscure uninerviis, pedunculis capitulo pluries longioribus, floribus puberulis, legumine recto-moni- liformi, margine vix incrassato.—Glandule ut in omnibus fere Piptadeniis majusculz prope basin petioli, minores infra juga pinnarum 2—3 suprema. Foliola 11—2- lin. longa. Pedunculi plerique fere pollicares. Legumen 3—5-poll. longum, 5—6-lin. latum, inter semina valde contractum et facile (dum immaturum ?) rumpens, maturum bivalve, valvu- lis fuscis in siccitate verrucoso-punctatis.— Mimosa peregrina, Linn. (Acacia, Willd., DC.) Inga Niopa, Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. Sp. iv. 1025, (Acacia, Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen.) Mimosa? Acacioides, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 132.—On the upper Essequibo and the Rio Branco; Schom- burgk ; on the Orinoco, and in New Granada, Humboldt and Bonpland; Peru, Mathew's n. 907; and perhaps Utinga in Brazil, Blanchet, 2761. Though I have not seen Humboldt’s specimens either of the plant described by Kunth from flowering specimens, as Acacia peregrina, ox of that described BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 341 by him in fruit, as A. Niopa, I feel convinced that they belong both to the tree which Schomburgk mentions as being common, and applied by the natives to the same uses as those stated by Humboldt. 22. P. macrocarpa (sp. n.), pinnis 10—25-jugis, foliolis 20—40-jugis glabriusculis ciliatis obscure uninerviis, pedun- culis capitulo 2—3-plo longioribus, floribus puberulis, legu- mine subfalcato levissime sinuato, marginibus incrassatis. Foliola P. peregrine. Legumen semipedale et longius, pol- licem latum, vix (nisi ubi semina hinc inde abortiva), inter semina contractum.— Brazil, Pohl, Sello; Gardner, n. 1584. No, 1107 of Martius, Herb. Pl. Bras. in either this or the preceding species. 23. P. falcata (sp. n.), pinnis 10—-18-jugis, foliolis 40—60-jugis uninerviis nitidis glabris, capitulis multifloris glabris, legumine falcato crassiusculo leviter sinuato margini- bus vix incrassatis.—Folia fere P. nitide. Foliola 21—3- lin, longa, nervo subtus prominente. Capitula majora quam in praecedentibus. Legumen 2—3-poll. longum, 7 —8-lin. latum, valde falcatum.— Brazil, Sello, 24. P. colubrina, pinnis 15—20-jugis, foliolis 50—80-jugis uninerviis nitidulis margine ciliatis glabris, legumine longe stipitato recto elongato inter semina contracto, marginibus inerassatis.—Foliola numerosiora, minus nitida quam in præ- cedente cui similia, Legumen 6—9-poll. longum, 1 —8-lin. latum, demum fere lzve.— Mimosa colubrina, Vell. Fl. Flum. ll.t. 16. Acacia colubrina, Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras.— Brazil, Sello. 25. P. microphylla (sp. n.), canescenti-tomentello, pinnis 20—30-jugis, foliolis 50—80-jugis minimis imbricatis ob- scure uninerviis, capitulis multifloris glabris—Pinne etsi multifoliolate vix unquam pollice longiores. Foliola vix lineam longa. Glandula antherarum longe stipitata. Leg- umen non vidi.— Brazil, Sello, Pohl. VII. SrnYPHNODENDRON, Mart. Flos Entade, sessilis. Legumen lineare, compressum, 342 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEJ. crasso-coriaceum, ad suturas bimarginatum, intus carnosum et incomplete septatum, maturitate valvulis subbaccantibus dehiscens. Semina transversa, funiculo filiformi appensa.— Arbores szepius parve, ramulis crassis. Folia bipinnata multifoliolata, foliolis ssepius latiusculis basi subtus ad axil- las nervi medii barbata. Glandule ut in Piptadenia majus- cula prope basin petioli, minores inter v. infra foliola supre- ma et interdum inter v. infra pinnas supremas. Flores parvi, spicati, spicis axillaribus breviter pedunculatis. | l. S. Barbatimam (Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 117.), ramulis erassissimis junioribus rufo-tomentellis demum petiolisque glabris, pinnis 5—8-jugis, foliolis 6—8-jugis oblique ovato- orbiculatis concoloribus subtus barbatis ceterum glabris, legumine oblongo-lineari recto.— Folia fere pedalia siccitate nigricantia. Foliola adulta pollicem longa, 3—4-poll. lata, obtusissima v. retusa. Spice 2—4-pollicares. Corolla 1j- lin. longa, petalis seepius ad medium connatis. Legumen fere 3 poll. longum, semipollicelatius. Semina 12— 15, oblonga. —Brazil, Pohl, Sello.— Mimosa Barbadetimam, Vell. Fl. Flum. 11. t. 7. 2. S. rotundifolium (Mart. |. c.), pinnis multijugis, foliolis multijugis glabris orbicularibus.—Oeiras, Prov. Piauhy, Martius.— This species is unknown to me. 3. S. discolor (sp. n.), subglabra, pinnis 5—6-jugis, folio- lis 7—8-jugis oblique orbiculatis subtus candidis, spicis folio dimidio brevioribus. Foliola pleraque semipollicaria, subtus fere nitentia et basi breviter barbata. Spice tenuiores quant in S. barbatimam.—Serra de Araripe, near Caldas, Prov. Piauhy, Gardner, n. 1945. This may be the S. rotundifolium, Mart., but scarcely agrees with his very short character. 4. S. polyphyllum (Mart. l. c.), ramulis crassis petiolisque pulveraceo-tomentellis, pinnis 15—20-jugis, foliolis 10—20- jugis oblique oblongo-ellipticis subtus discoloribus pubenti- bus, corolla glaberrima, legumine oblongo-lineari recto v. leviter faleato.— Folia pedalia. Foliola 3 v. rarius 4 lin. longa, 2 Jin. lata, obtusa. Spice et flores ut in S. barba- timam, Legumen longius et sepius falcatum, ceeterum s ——á—— ——— lb cages ai BENTHAM ON MIMOSEÆ. 343 simile. Flores, teste Gardnero, punicei, an in omni gene- re ?— Brazil, from the Organ Mountains, Gardner, n. 364, to the Rio Negro, Langsdorff, also in Sello's and other col- lections. 9. S. floribundwm (sp. n.), ramulis angulatis junioribus petiolisque tomentellis, pinnis 12—15-jugis, foliolis 10— 20-jugis oblique oblongis subtus pallidioribus puberulis, corolla adpresse pubescente.— Affine S. polyphyllo. Foli- ola et flores minora.—Bahia; Salzmann, Blanchet, n. 397. Pernambuco; Gardner, n. 986. VIII. ADENANTHER A. Linn. Flos pedicellatus. Calyx brevis, 5-dentatus. Petala lan- ceolata, demum libera. Stamina 10. Anthere glandula substipitata decidua superate. Legumen lineare, falcatum, compressum, uniloculare, valvis membranaceo-coriaceis de- hiscens. Semina lata, compresso-convexa (pulpa tenui nidu- lantia?), funiculo brevi strophiolati affixa.— Arbores Asiz tropice, inermes. Folia bipinnata, pinnis foliisque pluri-v. multijugis. Racemi subspiceformes, axillares v. ad apices ramorum pauci, racemosi. Flores albi v. flavescentes. The flowers of this genus are nearly the same as in Entada and Prosopis, but constantly pedicellate, and rather larger than in Entada. The fruit is not very different from that of Piptadenia, but the thick seeds with a short funicle are not to be found in any of the four preceding genera, and the pedicellate flowers give it at once a distinct habit. l. A. pavonina (Linn. Spec. 550), subglabra, pinnis 2—5-jugis, foliolis 6—10-jugis alternis distantibus ovatis v. ovato-oblongis, staminibus vix corolla longioribus.—East India, and thence introduced into the West Indies and vari- ous parts of S. America. 2. A. chrysostachys, ramulis petiolis rhachibusque pube- scentibus, pinnis 3—6-jugis, foliolis 8—15-jugis oppositis oblique oblongis subtus pallidis pilosulis, staminibus corolla dimidio longioribus.— Mimosa chrysostachys, Hels. et Boj. Mss.— Acacia chrysostachys, Sweet.—Foliola 4—6 lin. lon- 344 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. ga, vix 14 lin. lata. Spice tripollicares. Flores paullo mi- nores quam in A, pavonina. Legumen non vidi.—Mada- gascar; Bojer. 3. A. falcata (Linn. l. c.), Moluccas.—Only known from Rumphius figure and description (Herb. Amb. iii. 116. ¢. 111), but is probably a true Adenanthera. A. Bonplandiana, Humb. et Kunth. Nov. Gen. v. vi. p. 311, cannot well belong to this genus, nor yet, it would ap- pear, to Prosopis ; probably it may be referrible to some one of those above described, but as I have not seen the speci- mens, and the fruit is entirely unknown, I cannot venture to place it anywhere. IX. ErEgPHaNTORRHIZA. Gen, Nov. Flos breviter pedicellatus Adenanthere. Legumen * rec- tiusculum, compressum, suturis constanter clausis, valvulis autem ut in siliqua demum a suturis incrassatis secedentibus, perfecte uniloculare, pulpa refertum, ut colligo ex substantia nigricante valvulas interne obducente, exsiccata quidem, sed in aqua fervida solubile.” (E. Meyer).—Suffrutex gla- ber, inermis, radice lignoso-tuberosa, caulibus herbaceis, 1—2-pedalibus. Folia bipinnata, pinnis foliolisque multi- jugis, petiolis eglandulosis, florum racemis spiciformibus. —Spec. unica. E. Burchellii—Acacia elephantorrhiza, Burch. in DC. Prodr. v. ii. p. 457.— Prosopis elephan- torrhiza, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 165.—Caffer-country in extratropical S. Africa.—'This plant was placed by De Candolle in Acacia, with a query whether it was not rather a species of Prosopis. E. Meyer, who describes the pod from Drege's specimens, says, ** Legumen singulum vidi, vetustate corruptum, de genere tamen omne dubium remo- vens," and consequently retains it without doubt in Prosopis» With this I cannot agree; as not only do the more pedicel- late flowers, habit and foliage, remove it in appearance from Prosopis, but the pod above described does not at all agree with that of Prosopis, which is multilocular, indehiscent, and does not separate from the sutures. The Elephantorrhiza BENTHAM ON MIMOSEÆ. 345 is nearer in character to Adenanthera, but the habit and the pod appear to me sufficient to warrant its being considered as a distinct genus. I have only seen it in flower. X. TETRAPLEURA. Gen. Nov. Flos pedicellatus Adenanthere. ` Legumen ** obtusum compressum, margine aculeum, lighosum ; loculis transversis remotis monospermis; medio per totam longitudinem utrin- que latere auctum crista subcarnoso-dura pericarpio conformi eoque fere crassiore, margine obtusa, quo pericarpium quad- rialatum primo adspectu mentitur. Semina ovata, compressa, alteri suture affixa, magnitudine seminis Tamarindi.” (Thonning.)— Arbor alta. Folia opposita, bipinnata, pinnis foliolisque multijugis, floribus spicatis.— Species unica. P. Thonningii.— Adenanthera tetraptera, Schum. Beskr. Pl. Guin. 213. —Near Aquapim in tropical Africa. The above character is taken entirely from Thonning’s description in Schumacher’s work above quoted. I have not seen the plant, but Sir W. J. Hooker has received a pod from tropical Africa, answering to the above description. It is transversely, multilocular, like those of Stryphnodendron, Gagnebina, and Prosopis; but the four woody thick wings, or rather ribs, give it so peculiar a form as not to admit of its being united with either of those genera, unless the whole be considered as forming but one. XL. Gacnesina. Neck. Flos Entade, sessilis. Legumen oblongo-lineare, com- pressum, indehiscens, margine ex utraque sutura membra- naceo-alatum, intus transverse multiloculare, epulposum. Semina transversa, funiculo filiformi appensa.— Arbor iner- mis. Folia bipinnata, pinnis foliolisque (parvis) multijugis. Flores parvi spicati.—Species unica, G. tamariscina, DC. Prodr. v. ii. p. 438. (Mimosa tamariscina, Lam.) ; a qua non differt, G. axillaris, DC. l. c. (M. pterocarpa, Lam.)— Mauritius. Boutan, Bojer, Sieber, Telfair, Néraud, dc. Lamarck appears to have described his M, tamariscina, Vol. IV.—No. 31. Ox 346 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. and M. pterocarpa, from two specimens of the same species, the one in flower, the other in fruit. It is true, he says, that the wing of the pod in his M. pterocarpa, is “situé seule- ment le long de son bord supérieur," but Vahl, who appears to have seen Lamarck's plant, makes use of the expression, * membrana longitudinaliter cinctum.” The distinctive char- acters of the two supposed species, given by De Candolle, are too variable in one and the same specimen to be made available. XII. Pnosoris. Linn. Flos fere Entade, sessilis v. brevissime pedicellatus. An- therze (exceptis P. denudante et humili), ut in praecedentibus glandula superatæ. Legumen lineare, compressum v. subteres, rectum falcatum v. varie contortum, indehiscens, transverse multiloculare et inter semina sepe solubile, endocarpio matu- ritate spongioso-subcarnoso farinaceo v. pulposo. Semina funiculo filiformi appensa nuda v. pulpa tenuia circumdata. — Arbores v. frutices, aculeati inermes v. spinis axillaribus (pedunculis ramulisve abortivis ?) solitariis binisve stipulari- busve binis armati. Folia bipinnata ssepius rigida. Pinne 1—2-juge rarius 3—5-juge. Foliola plura v. multijuga; Glandulz inter pinnas parvze v. obscure, inter foliola sepius minimze, vix conspicuze, rarius autem in petiolo communi v. partiali omnino deficientes. Spice cylindricz, v. globose, axillares. : The gland of the anthers was formerly supposed to exist in the P. spicigera alone, and the American species were separated by De Candolle into a distinct section chiefly on this account. When examining Hartweg’s Mexican plants some years since, I observed that all the American species had their petals woolly within side of their apex, and the pod appeared to me much flatter than in the E. Indian species, and I proposed raising De Candolle's section Algarobia to therank of a genus. Since then, however, I have ascertained that the stipitate gland exists in all the American species ex- cepting two, and that the pod, though perfectly flat in many species before it is quite ripe, even after the seeds have at- — —É at BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 347 tained their full size, often swells out at the last so as to become nearly as thick as in P. spicigera; and in some dwarf species which can scarcely be generically distinguished, it is quite cylindrical. Sect. I. Apenoris, DC. Petala intus glabra. Ovarium gla- brum. Legumen teres v. incrassato-difforme.—Species Asi- atice, aculeis sparsis armate, rarius inermes. 1. P. spicigera (Linn. Mant. 68.), arborea v. frutescens, glabra, aculeis sparsis rarius nullis, pinnis 1— 2-jugis, foliolis 6—12-jugis oblongis v. lato-linearibus, spicis elongatis sub- interruptis solitariis geminisve, legumine elongato subtereti toruloso.— Adenanthera aculeata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. ii. p. 371. —Common in E. India.— Some specimens from hot dry situations in S. Persia (.Aucher- Eloy. n. 4370), have sharper leaflets, stronger prickles, and rather larger flowers. 2, P. Stephaniana (Kunth), frutescens, aculeis sparsis, ramulis petiolisque pubescentibus, pinnis 2—5-jugis, foliolis 8—12-jugis oblongis subtus puberulis, spicis laxiusculis folio longioribus, legumine ovoideo-oblongo crasso subincurvo v. difformi.—Lagonychium Stephanianum, Bieb.—DC. Prodr. v. ii. p. 448. cum. syn.— Mimosa agrestis, Sieb. ! in Spr. Syst. t. ii. p. 206.— Common in North Persia and Syria. Aucher Eloy. n. 963, 4369, 4310. Steven, Sieber, Booé, &c. This plant has precisely the flowers of P. spicigera, and the pod only differs in its short and thick proportions and closer seeds: it is not contracted between them unless where several seeds are abortive. Sect.? II. Anonycurum. Petala intus glabra. Ovarium villosum,—Species African; inermes, habitu Algarobiis affines, Legumen non satis notum, et ideo de genere dubi- tandum est. 3. P.? lanceolata (sp. n.) ; ramulis petiolisque minute to- mentellis, pinnis 1—2-jugis, foliolis 4—8-jugis, distantibus oblongo-lanceolatis crassiusculis glabris, spicis cylindricis densis breviter pedunculatis.— Folia rigida et glandule par- 348 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEZE., ve Algarobiarum. ` Foliola 8—10 lin. longa, rarius pollicaria. — Athiopia, Kotschy, n. 381. 4. P.? oblonga (sp. n.), ramulis petiolisque minute tomen- tellis, pinnis plerisque 2-jugis, foliolis 6—10-jugis subdistan- tibus elliptico-oblongis membranaceis supra glabris subtus minute pubescentibus, spicis cylindricis breviter peduncu- latis. —Habitu P. lanceolate affinis. Foliola 7—9 lin. longa. Spice sesquipollicares. Flores in utraque specie omnino Algarobiarum exceptis petalis intus glabris. Legumen cras- sum dicitur et oblongum, ipse non vidi.—Gombo country and Cayor in tropical Africa. Heudelot, n. 14. Sect. III. ALGAROBIA, DC. Petala apice intus lanata. Ova- rium villosum. Legumen elongatum, sepius falcatum, planum, convexum, v. demum subteres.— Species Americana, spinis axillaribus solitariis geminisve armatze v. inermes. * Eraræ. Arbores v. frutices pluripedales foliate, Glan- dula antherarum distincta. The species of this section, all of them furnishing the sweetish succulent pod called Algarobo, and more or less eatable (for horses or Indians), are very variable, and all (excepting perhaps the P. Limensis,) run so much one into the other, that they might possibly be mere varieties of one species. My materials do not however admit of my form- ing any decided opinion, as there are several of the described forms which I have not seen. 9. P. glandulosa ('Torr.! in Ann. Lyc. N. York, v. ii. p. 192. t. 2.), ramulis foliisque glabris, spinis axillaribus soli- tariis geminisve validis rectis, pinnis l-rarius 2-jugis, foliolis 6—15-jugis distantibus oblongo-linearibus subfalcatis subco- riaceis, spicis elongatis breviter pedunculatis, legumine crassi- usculo.— Foliola pleraque 6—8 lin. longa, 1—14 lin. lata, nonnulla interdum lata fere obovata.— A/garobia glandulosa, Torr. et Gr. Fl. N. Amer. v. i. p. 399.— Canadian river, Dr James; Texas, Drummond, 2d coll. n. 86; 3d. coll. n. 160; Berlandier, n. 1445, 1588. 6. P. juliflora (DC. Prodr. v. ii. p. 441), from Jamaica, MERE EIC BENTHAM ON MIMOSEA. 349 appears to be very near P. glandulosa, but with more nume- rous leaflets. I have not seen it. In continental botanic gardens, the P. dulcis, and P. siliquastrum, are to be met with under the name of P. juliflora. 7. P. siliquastrum (DC. Prodr. v. ii. p. 447), ramulis foliisque glabris v. vix junioribus minute puberulis, spinis axillaribus solitariis geminisve validis rectis, pinnis l-rarius 2-jugis, foliolis 12—20-jugis distantibus elongato-linearibus subfaleatis obtusis subcoriaceis, spicis elongatis densis brevi- ter pedunculatis, legumine compressissimo arcuato.—Foliola pleraque 9—12 lin. longa, vix unquam lineam lata.—Andes of Chili, from San Jago to the Rio Colorado, Poeppig; Gillies; Cuming, n. 257; Lord Colchester; Bridges, n. 516, &c. P. flexuosa (DC. Prodr. v. ii. p. 447), is probably the same species with a rather more fleshy pod. 8, P. horrida (Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 306), ramulis "glabris, spinis geminis validis longis rectis, pinnis 2—3-jugis, foliolis 10—12-jugis oblongis utrinque pubescen- tibus, spicis densis breviter pedunculatis folio subbrevioribus. —Andes of Peru; Humboldt and Bonpland.—Unknown to me, 9. P. fruticosa (Meyen.! Reise. v. i. p. 376); ramulis foliis- que minute puberulis v. demum glabratis, spinis axillaribus solitariis geminisve validis rectis, pinnis 1-rarius 2-jugis, foli- olis 12 —20-jugis distantibus breviter linearibus obtusis sub- coriaceis, spicis densis breviter pedunculatis folio brevioribus v. vix longioribus, legumine compressissimo arcuato (v. demum incrassato?) —Foliola dimidio minora et minus distantia quam in P. siliquastro.— P. flexuosa, Hook. et Arn. ! Bot. Misc. iii. 203. vix. DC.— Probably a variety of P. siliquas- trum, of a dwarf stature, being but a shrub or small tree, and with shorter leaflets usually downy.—Andes of — Gillies, Meyer, and others. 10. P. dulcis, (Kunth, Mim. 110. t. 34.) ; ramulis foliisque glabris, spinis axillaribus solitariis geminisve validis rectis, pinnis 1 —2-jugis foliolis 18—30-jugis, approximatis lineari- )*- 350 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE;E. bus obtusis brevibus, spicis densis breviter pedunculatis folia superantibus, legumine compresso nunc compressissimo arcu- ato.—Spinz ssepius minores quam in praecedentibus, inter- dum omnino desunt. Foliola 2—3 lin. longa, rarius longi- ora,— Algarobia dulcis, Benth. Pl. Hartweg. 13. P. pallida, Kunth. Mim. 106.— Common in Mexico. : B. domingensis, foliolis majoribus submembranaceis.—P. domingensis, D C. ! Prodr. v. ii. p. 447.— P. bracteolata, DC. J}. e. ?—P. cumanensis, Kunth. Mim. 106 ?—St Domingo, and Isle of St Martha, Bertero ; Cumana, Humboldt and Bon- pland; Guayaquil, Hail; Carthagena, Billberg.—Probably a cultivated form. y. australis ; foliolis minoribus legumine latiore crassiore. —P. affinis, Spreng. Syst. v. ii. p. 326.—South Brazil, Monte Video, and Buenos Ayres, Sello, Tweedie, Gillies, and others. To the above varieties should probably be added the five preceding species, most of them known under the name of Algarobo, very common along the chain of the Andes from Buenos Ayres and Mendoza to Mexico, and offering gene- rally a great many varieties.” 11. P. inermis (Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. v. vi. p. 307.), inermis, ramulis glabris, pinnis 3-jugis, foliolis 6—13-jugis lineari-oblongis subtus tenuissime puberulis.— Peru, Humboldt and Bonpland.—Probably a thornless form of P. dulcis, 8. 12. P. limensis (sp. n.), ramulis foliisque pubescentibus, spinis axillaribus solitariis geminisve validis rectis, pinnis 2—3-jugis, rarius unijugis, foliolis 6—12-jugis approximatis parvis oblongis obtusis, spicis densis folio multo longioribus, legumine brevi crasso subtereti.— Foliola 14—24 lin. longa; utrinque puberula, Spicæ sepe 4-pollicares. Flores P. dul- cis, calyces tamen proportione corolle breviores. Legumen unicum vidi rectum 23 poll. longum, 5 lin. latum, minus com- pressum quam in cseteris hujus sectionis.—Lima, Mathews, Cuming, n. 914.—' This appears to me to be really distinct from any of the preceding. ae BENTHAM ON MIMOSER. gt **Humites. Fruticuli humiles, foliis parvis paucis v. nullis. Glandula antherarum minuta fugacissima v. nulla. 13. P. denudans (sp. n.), ramulis brevibus flexuosis foliis- que puberulis, spinis axillaribus solitariis validis rectis, pinnis unijugis, foliolis 2—3-jugis parvis oblongo-linearibus, spicis oblongis pedunculatis, antheris eglandulosis, legumine com- presso contorto-arcuato.— Spine, folia fasciculata, glandulze petiolorum, petala intus lànata, antherze ovate, legumina, omnia Algarobiarum preecedentium. Rami crassi breves. Foliola 1—14 lin. longa.— Port Desire in Patagonia; Mid- dleton.— Although I have been able to discover no gland on the anther of this species, scarcely any on those of P. humilis, and but a very small and fugacious one on P. sericantha, yet all the other characters are so much that of Prosopis, that I cannot but consider them as congeners. 14. P. humilis (Gill.! in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 204.), ramu- lis striatis glabris, spinis axillaribus solitariis geminisve elon- gatis striatis, foliis abortivis v. ad petiolum parvum glanduli- ferum 1—2-foliolatum reductis, spicis cylindricis peduncu- latis glabris, antheris obscure glanduliferis v. nudis, legumine compresso falcato. — Pampas of Buenos Ayres, Gillies. San Jago and Patagonia, Tweedie. 15. P. sericantha (Gill.! 1. c.), ramulis teretibus spinescen- tibus leviter puberulis aphyllis, spicis cylindricis subsessilibus pubescenti-incanis, glandula antherarum parva stipitata, legu- mine compresso rectiusculo.— Prov. San Luis, Gillies. Sect. IV. Srrompocarpa. Petala apice intus lanata. Ovari- um villosum. Legumen crassum v. subteres cochleato-con- tortum sepius spirale, Fruticuli Americani, stipulis spi- nescentibus armati, spicis oblongis v. ssepius globosis. 16. P. torquata (DC. Prod. ii. 448.), ramulis foliisque minute viscido-puberulis glabrisve, stipulis spinescentibus subulatis, foliorum petiolo brevissimo, pinnis l-jugis (rarius bijugis ?) foliolis 15—25-jugis parvis linearibus obtusis, spicis folio longioribus, legumine subcompresso moniliformi irregu- lariter subspiraliter contorto.— Prov. San Luis, Gillies. 302 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE. 17. P. abbreviata (sp. n.), ramulis foliisque minute viscido- puberulis glabratisve, stipulis spinescentibus subulatis, folio- rum petiolo brevissimo, pinnis unijugis, foliolis 10—15-jugis minimis approximatis oblongis obtusissimis, spicis ovatis globosisve, pedunculo folium zequante, calyce corolla vix dimidio breviore, staminibus corolla duplo longioribus, legu- mine dense spiraliter contorto.— San Jago, Tweedie. 18. P. reptans (sp. n.), ramulis foliisque minute viscido- puberulis glabratisve, stipulis spinescentibus subulatis, folio- rum petiolo brevissimo, pinnis unijugis, foliolis 6—10-jugis minimis approximatis oblongis obtusissimis, spicis globosis, pedunculo folio longiore, corolla calyce plus duplo longiore, staminibus breviter exsertis, legumine dense spiraliter con- torto.—S. America, Tweedie, with the label ** Mortworta of Cordova, used as a cure in Dysentery,” and apparently the same species in Berlandier's Texas collection, n. 2013. 19. P. strombulifera, glaberrima, stipulis spinescentibus subulatis, foliorum petiolo brevi, pinnis unijugis, foliolis 4— 6-jugis oblongo-linearibus obtusissimis subdistantibus, spicis globosis, pedunculis folio longioribus, corolla calyce duplo longiore, staminibus breviter exsertis, legumine dense spira- liter contorto.—.4cacia strombulifera, Willd. Spec. iv. 1055. — Mendoza, Gillies. P. microphylla, Humb. et Kunth, may perhaps be a spe- cies of Acacia. P. dubia of the same authors, described from a single leaf with Humboldt’s notes on the pod, may be a Pithecolobium. P. dubia, Guillem, et Perrot, described also from leaves and pod only, appears to me more likely to be an Acacia than a Prosopis. P. globosa, amd P. ephe- droides of Gillies, belong to Mimosa, Sect. Ameria. XIII. Drcunosracuys, DC. Wight et Arn.— Caillea, Guillem.— Desmanthi, Sect. DC. Prodr. Flores in spica biformes, superiores hermaphroditi sessiles Entada, inferiores neutri calyce corollaque ut in hermaphro- ditis, filamentis 10 longis filiformibus anantheris, ovarii rudi- BENTHAM ON MIMOSE®. 353 mento parvo. Legumen lineare, contortum, compressum, membranaceo-coriaceum v. subcarnosum, intus uniloculare, epulposum, indehiscens v. valvulis a suturis irregulariter sece- dentibus. Semina plurima, obovata, compressa.— Frutices Africani v. Asiatici, ramulis hinc inde abbreviatis v. abortivis spinescentibus, ceeterum inermes. Ramuli floriferi ad axil- las brevissimi, fasciculato-foliiferi, stipulis imbricatis obtecti. Spice pedunculate, nutantes, solitariz v. gemina. Flores sessiles, hermaphroditi flavi, steriles albidi v. purpurascen- tes. 1. D. tenuifolia (sp. n.), ramulis petiolisque pubescenti- bus, pinnis subdistantibus 5—6-jugis, foliolis 15— 25-jugis anguste linearibus ciliatis, glandula unica subsessili sub pinnarum jugo infimo, spicis folio brevioribus apice subglo- bosis densis, inferne interruptis paucifloris.— Mimosa bicolor, Hels. et Boj.—Madagascar, Helsing and Bojer. 2. D. cinerea (Wight et Arn.! Fl. Penins. Ind. Or. i. 271, cum syn.), ramulis petiolis pedunculisque pubescenti- bus, pinnis approximatis S—10-jugis, foliolis 12—20-jugis ciliatis, glandulis inter pinnas stipitatis, spicis folia superanti- bus.— E. Indian Peninsula. 3. D. nutans, ramulis petiolis pedunculisque puberulis glabratisve, pinnis subdistantibus 8—12-jugis, foliolis 20— 30-jugis ciliatis glabrisve, glandulis inter pinnas stipitatis, spicis vix folia superantibus.—Senegambia, Hendelot, Brunner, Sieber; Ethiopia, Kotschy, n. 216, Port Natal, Krauss, n. 148, and 326.—Caillea dichrostachys, Guillem. et Perrot. Fl. Seneg. i. 240.— To the Desmanthus nutans, divergens, trichostachys and leptostachys, already reduced to this species, may be added Mimosa bicolor, Schum. Pl. Guin. 326. 4. D. Forbesii (sp. n.), glabriuscula, pinnis 3—4-jugis, foliolis 10—15-jugis, glandulis inter pinnas stipitatis, spicis gracilibus folio vix longioribus.—Delagoa Bay, Forbes.— Near some forms of D. nutans, but the leaves are much smaller with few leaflets, and the spike nearly that of D. cinerea, Vol. IV.—No. 31. 2Y = 354 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEJ£. D. caffra (Meissn. in Pl. Krauss. exsicc. n. 166.), is not in my set of Krauss's plants, nor is it, as far as I am aware of, as yet published. I am also unacquainted with Desmanthus callistachys, DC. XIV. Neptounia, Lour.—Desmanthi Sect., DC. Flores superiores, v. rarius omnes hermaphroditi, sessiles. Calyx campanulatus. ' Petala 5, ad medium coherentia v. rarius libera. Stamina 10, rarius 5, libera, exserta. An- there ovate, glandula stipitata superate. Flores inferiores nunc neutri filamentis filiformibus anantheris, nunc masculi. Legumen oblongum, a stipite deflexum, planum, continuum, valvulis 2 membranaceis dehiscens, intus inter semina incom- plete septatum, epulposum. Semina transversa, funiculo fili- formi appensa. Herbs suffruticesve inermes, prostrate v. natantes. Folia bipinnata, foliolis parvis. Glandula inter v. infra pinnas jugi infimi v. seepius nulla. Stipulae mem- branacez, oblique cordate, acuminate. Pedunculi axillares, solitarii, bracteis 1—9 stipuleeformibus deciduis onusti. Capi- tulum ad apicem pedunculi ovato-globosum. This genus differs in habit from all the preceding ones, though the characters derived from its flowers and fruit come very near to those of Piptadenia. The habit is nearly that of some Desmanthi and Mimose (of the section Ameria); but the glanduliferous anthers and the pod aredifferent from both. The anantherous petaloid filaments in the lower flowers, the character by which Dichrostachys, Neptunia and Desmanthus have been associated together, and distinguished from all others, is constant only in the first two of the following spe- cies. In the remaining species, flowers of this description are frequently to be found in some heads and not in others of the same specimen. 1. N. oleracea (Lour. Fl. Cocbinch. 654), natans, radi- cans, glabra, ramis teretibus, pinnis 2—3-jugis, petiolo eglan- duloso, foliolis 8—20-jugis, capitulis ovoideis, floribus neu- tris numerosis, staminibus 10, legumine longe stipitato p — á— BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 355 8-spermo.—Desmanthus natans, Willd., D. lacustris, Willd., et D. stolonifer, DC. cum syn. in Prod. ii. 444.— N. stolonifera, Guillem. et Perrot. Fl. Seneg. i. 239.— In stagnant waters in tropical America, Africa, and Asia, (Wallich, Cat. n. 5295. Cuming, Malacca, n. 2352.) 2. N. plena, prostrata v. ascendens, glabra v. hinc inde minute puberula, ramis compressis triquetrisve, pinnis 3—5- jugis, glandula inter pinnas infimas, foliolis 12—40-jugis, capitulis ovoideis, floribus neutris numerosis, staminibus 10, : legumine breviter stipitato 5—20-spermo.— Desmanthus ple- nus, Willd., D. punctatus, Willd., et D. polyphyllus, DC. cum syn. in Prod. ii. 444, 445.— Neptunia polyphylla, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii., 129.— Mimosa adenanthera, Roxb. ! Fl. Ind. ii. 554.— Common in tropical America, cultivated in E. India.—Guiana, Parker, Schomburgh, n. 151; Tehu- antepec, Andrieux; n. 407; Antigua, Nicholson ; Serra Jaco- bina, near Bahia, Blanchet, n. 2700. (Wallich, Cat. n. 5998.) 3. N. tenuis (sp. n.), glabriuscula, diffusa, v. natans, ramis tenuibus triquetris compressisve, pinnis 2—4-jugis, foliolis, 10—15-jugis, capitulis ovoideis oblongisve, floribus omnibus antheriferis inferioribus masculis, staminibus 10, legumine longe stipitato.— Desmanthus lacustris Torr. et Gr. Fl. N. Am. i. 402, non alior.— Texas, Drummond, 3d coll. n. 150, 4. N. triquetra, glabriuscula, diffusa, ramis gracilibus tri- quetris compressisve, pinnis 2—3-jugis, petiolo glanduloso v. obscure uniglandulifero, foliolis 6—12-jugis, capitulis globo- sis, floribus anantheris paucis parvis v. nullis, staminibus 10, legumine breviter stipitato 4—8-spermo.—Desmanthus tri- quetrus, Willd. DC. Prodr. ii. 444.— Brazil, Se//o E. In- dian Peninsula, Heyne, Wight, Jaquemont, Shuter, etc., ( Wal- lich, Cat. n. 5296.) 5. N. gracilis (sp. n.), glabriuscula, diffusa, ramis gracili- bus triquetris compressis, foliis eglandulosis, pinnis 1— 2-jugis, foliolis 6— 20-jugis, capitulis parvis globosis, flori- 356 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEE. bus omnibus plerisve antheriferis, staminibus 5, legumine breviter stipitato 3—8-spermo. Habitus N. ¢triquetre.— Australia, Bauer, Mitchell. Desmanthus acinaciformis, Spanoghe in Linnea xv. 198, and D. érispermus, Spanoghe, |. c., both of them from Ti- mor, and unknown to me, are probably near to N. gracilis. 6. N. lutea, pubescens, prostrata, ramis elongatis trique- tris compressisve, foliis eglandulosis, pinnis 3— 5-jugis, folio- lis 15—20-jugis densis linearibus ciliatis, capitulis ovoideis multifloris, floribus plerisque hermaphroditis omnibus anthe- riferis, staminibus 10, legumine longiuscule stipitato 4—6- spermo.— Acacia lutea, Leavenw.—Torr. et Gr.! Fl. N. Amer. 1. 403.— Arkansas, Texas, Drummond, 3d coll. n. 158. 7. N. pubescens (sp. n.), prostrata, pubescens, ramis elon- gatis, pinnis 2—3-jugis foliis eglandulosis v. inter pinnas infimas obscure uniglandulosis, foliolis 20—30-jugis densis linearibus ciliatis, capitulis ovato-globosis parvis, floribus omnibus antheriferis, staminibus 10, legumine breviter stipi- tato 4—6-spermo.— Lima, Cuming, n. 1027.— Very near N. lutea. The stipules are larger, the flower heads much smal- ler, and the stalk of the pod scarcely more than a line long. Subtribe II. GyMNANTHERZ. Antherze apice non glanduliferze. XV. DreswaNTHUS. Desmanthi Sect. et Darlingtonia, DC. Flores superiores nunc omnes hermaphroditi, inferiores pauci masculi v. anantheri steriles. Calyx campanulatus 5-dentatus. Petala 5, libera v. medio leviter coherentia- Stamina 10, v. 5. Legumen lineare, rectum v. falcatum, planum, continuum, valvulis 2 membranaceis dehiscens, intus epulposum, uniloculare v. inter semina incomplete septatum. Semina longitudinalia v. obliqua, funiculo filiformi appensa. Herbz suffruticesve inermes ramis herbaceis plus minusve angulato-striatis. Folia bipinnata, sensitiva, foliolis parvis. Glandula unica infra pinnas infimas, rarius nulla v. plures ORBE silla ea BENTHAM ON MIMOSEÆ. 357 infra pinnas omnes, | Stipulae setaceæ. Pedunculi axillares, solitarii ebracteati. Capitulum ovato-globosum. 1. D. /eptolobus (Torr et Gr.! Fl. N. Amer. i. 402.), glabriusculus, caule angulato, pinnis 6— 10-jugis, foliolis 15—25-jugis anguste linearibus, glandula parva infra pinnas 1—2-infimas, capitulis paucifloris, floribus pentandris, legu- minibus angustis 5—8-spermis, seminibus anguste oblongis. —Arkansas, Texas, Drummond, 3d coll. n. 152. 2. D. virgatus (Willd. Spec. iv. 1047.), erectus, glabrius- culus, caule angulato, pinnis 1—7-jugis distantibus, foliolis 10—20-jugis oblongo-linearibus, glandula ovata majuscula infra pinnas infimas, capitulis paucifloris, floribus decandris, leguminibus 10—30-spermis, seminibus ovatis.—D. virgatus, Willd.; D. strictus, Bertol.; and D. leptophyllus, Humb. et Kunth.—DC. Prod. ii. 444, 445, cum syn.— Common in the West Indian islands, also Pernambuco, Gardner, n. 981, . S. Brazil, and Buenos Ayres, Tweedie, Gillies, etc; East In- dia, Jaquemont, Wallich, (Cat. n. 5297.) etc. 3. D. depressus (Kunth. Mim. 115. t. 35.), diffusus, glabri- usculus, pinnis 1—5-~jugis, foliolis 10—20-jugis, glandula orbiculata seepius parva nunc deficiente infra pinnas infimas, capitulis paucifloris, floribus decandris, leguminibus 8—30- spermis rectiusculis v. leviter faleatis, seminibus ovatis.— Common in the West Indian islands, also Texas, Drummond, 3d coll. n. 151; Lima, Mathews, n. 441, Cuming, n. 918, Brazil, Sello, and in other parts of S. America.— Very near to D. virgatus. D. diffusus, Willd. is probably the same species. 4. D. acuminatus (sp. n.), pubescens v. glabriusculus, caule diffuso subangulato, pinnis 1—4-jugis, foliolis 6—10- jugis, glandula majuscula ovata infra pinnas infimas, capitu- lis paucifloris, floribus decandris, leguminibus falcatis acumi- natis lzevibus S—13-spermis.—Rio Brazos, Texas, Drum- mond.— Chiefly distinguished from D. depressus, by the pod, which is intermediate between those of D. depressus and D. brachylobus. 5. D. reticulatus (sp. n.), diffusus, pubescens, pinnis 1—4- jugis, foliolis 4— 8-jugis brevibus oblongis obovatisve glauces- 358 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEZ. centibus subtus venosis, glandula nulla v. minima infra pinnas infimas, floribus decandris, leguminibus subfalcatis reticulato-venosis 8—13-spermis, staminibus ovatis.—San Felipe, Texas, Drummond—The glaucous colour of the foliage in the fresh state easily distinguishes this species (ac- cording to Drummond), and in the dry state the remarkable reticulations of the pod are not to be met with in any of the preceding. 6. D. Jamesii (Torr. et Gr. Fl. N. Amer. i. 402.), is unknown to me. ó 7. D. brachylobus, glabriuscula, erecta, caule angulato- striato, pinnis 6—15-jugis, foliolis 20—30-jugis, glandula infra pinnas inferiores v. omnes, floribus pentandris, legumi- nibus latiusculis falcatis levibus 2— 6-spermis.— Darlingto- nia brachyloba et D. glandulosa, DC. Prod. ii. 443, and the synonyms quoted by Torr. et Gr. l. c. 401.—United States. XVI. Mimosa, Linn. Willd. Flores superiores v. plerique hermaphroditi, 4—5-meri rarius 3-v. 6-meri, inferiores seepius abortu masculi. Calyx nunc minutus inconspicuus, v. paleaceo-ciliatus pappiformis, nunc campanulatus dentibus tot quot petalis. Petala plus minusve coalita, Stamina numero petalorum szequalia v. dupla. Antherzeparvze, suborbiculatae. Legumen compressum, sepius planum, valvulis 2 a margine persistente seceden- tibus et eo latioribus integris v. transverse articulatim divisis dehiscens, intus epulposum, inter semina subseptatum v. uni- loculare. Semina funiculo filiformi appensa.— Herbee, fru- tices, v. rarius arbores. Folia sensitiva, bipinnata, rarissime nulla v. ad petiolum phyllodineum reducta. Glandula petio- laris nulla nisi in perpaucis speciebus, (Habbasiis Glanduli- feris.) Seta tamen v, tuberculum rarius glanduliforme inter pinnas sepe adest. Petioli partiales szpissime bistipellati. Flores sessiles, capitati v. spicati, pedunculis axillaribus v. ad apices ramorum racemosis v. paniculatis. Stamina corolla sepius plus duplo longiora et in speciebus plerisque rosea Y: alba. | — Te BENTHAM ON MIMOSE. 359 Species numerose hic in sectiones tres distribuuntur :— I. Eumimosa, staminibus numero petalis equalibus, legu- minis valvulis articulatis v. indivisis. II, HannasiA, staminibus numero petalorum duplis, legumi- nis valvulis articulatis. III. Ameria, staminibus numero petalorum duplis, legumi- nis valvulis indivisis. Sect. I. Eumimosa, DC. Flores tetrameri, in floribus paucis 5—6-meri, in specie- bus perpaucis 3-meri. Stamina numero petalorum equalia, Legumen oligospermum (ssepius 2—4-spermum), valvulis in articulos secedentibus vel indivisis. Herbæ, suffrutices v. frutices, rarissime arbores. Petioli eglandulosi. Pinns in plerisque unijuge v. subdigitatim approximate, in paucis plurijugee, imo rarius multijugz. Foliolum intimum jugi infimi cujusve pinnz sepius multo minus v. omnino deficiens. Calyx minutus, subinconspicuus vel paleaceo-ciliatus aut pappiformis. Corolla membranacea, gamopetala, in Lepidotis crassior. Leguminis margo setosus v. nudus nec simplici serie uncinato-aculeatus.— Species omnes Americans. $ 1. Sensitive, Pinnæ unijuge. Foliola bijuga, majuscula, basi dimidiata, plus minusve marginata et appresse ciliata, interiore infimo minimo basi subzequali. Pedunculi soli- tarii v. gemini, inferiores axillares, superiores racemosi. Flores capitati in omnibus speciebus plerique tetrameri, rarius hinc inde pauci pentameri. The first eight of the following species, not all perhaps really distinct from each other, all answer to the Linnzan character of M. sensitiva; the M. albida, and M. floribunda, are usually to be found in gardens under this name, whilst it is probable that one of the Brazilian ones was that which Linnzeus had specially in view. As each one of these spe- 360 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. cies has already received a separate name, I have omitted altogether the specific name of sensitiva, at least until I can obtain satisfactory evidence, which was the one really intend- ed by Linnzus. 1. M. albida (Kunth. Mim. ii. t. 1.), scandens, aculeis paucis sparsis, ramulis foliis inflorescentiaque canescenti, pu- bescentibus, foliolis oblique ovatis oblongisve utrinque minute puberulis capitulo pluries longioribus, legumine cano-pube- scente et pilis rigidis adpressis hirsuto.— Coast of the Pacific in Peru, Humboldt and Bonpland; Cuming, n. 1025; Mathews, n. 440. 2. M. floribunda (Willd. Spec. iv. 1031.), fruticosa, aculeis sparsis retrorsis, ramis petiolisque pubescenti-pilosis, foliolis oblique ovato-oblongis acutis supra glabris subtus dense strigoso-pilosis, pedunculis capitulo subduplo longioribus, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, legumine puberulo undique setoso.— M. racemosa, Schlecht, Linnza, xii. 557, (ex descr.) — Cumana, Humboldt and Bonpland; Jalapa, Schiede. 8. foliolis supra leviter puberulis.— Panama, Cuming, n. 1241.—Intermediate between M. floribunda, and M. ad- haerens. 3. M. adherens (Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 249?) fruticosa, aculeis sparsis raris, ramis petiolisque dense ferrugineo-villesis, foliolis oblique ovatis obovatisve acutis supra pilosulis subtus adpresse strigosis v. subsericeis, pedun- culis capitulo parum longioribus, bracteis corollam sube- quantibus, legumine pubescente undique breviter et crebre setoso.— Ravines round Quito, Colonel Hall.—On the Ori- noco, Humboldt and Bonpland.—Probably a variety of M. Jloribunda. 4. M. strigosa, (Willd. Sp. iv. 1030.) I have not seen this species, but, from the description, it can scarcely differ from M. floribunda. It was found by Humboldt and Bon- pland on the Orinoco, with M. adherens. 5. M. malitiosa (Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 138.) fruticosa, aculeis sparsis retrorsis parvis, ramis petiolisque pubescenti- hirtis, foliolis oblique ovato-lanceolatis acutis supra minute — — —Á— à BENTHAM ON MIMOSE X. 361 puberulis glabratisve subtus strigoso-villosis, pedunculis capitulo 2—3-plo longioribus, bracteis corolla parum brevi- oribus, legumine ferrugineo-villoso margine setoso-aculeato, valvulis subsetosis, — Calycis ciliz corolle dimidium aequant. — Minas Geraes, Martius, n. 1019, Sello, Claussen. 6. M, litigiosa ( Mart.! l. c. 185.), suffruticosa, subscandens, aculeis sparsis retrorsis ramulis petiolisque puberulis, foliolis oblique ovato-lanceolatis acutis supra glabris subtus sparse strigoso-pilosis, pedunculis capitulo vix duplo longioribus, bracteolis pectinato-ciliatis corollam equantibus v. superanti- bus, legumine undique longe setoso glabro vel puberulo.—M. Jloribunda, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 130, non Willd, — Rio Branco, Schomburgk, n. 848; Bahia. Salzmann; Piau- hy, Gardner; Bahia, Para, and Rio Negro, Martius. 7. M. Vellosiana (Mart.! l. c. 185.), suffruticosa, aculeis sparsis retrorsis validis, ramis petiolisque glabriusculis, folio- lis oblique ovato-lanceolatis acutis supra glaberrimis subtus sparse strigosis, pedünculis capitulo subduplo longioribus, bracteolis corolla brevioribus subaquilongisque, legumine glabro, margine longe setoso, valvulis nudis.—M, viva, Vell. Fl. Flum. 11, t. 33. non Linn.— Easily known by its smooth- ness,—— Corcovado, near Rio Janeiro, Martius, n. 173, Sello, Pohi, 8. M. obtusifolia (Willd. Enum. ii, 1047.), herbacea v. suffruticosa, aculeis sparsis retrorsis paucis, ramis petiolisque glabris v. parce setoso-pilosis, foliolis petiolo multo breviori- bus oblique obovato-oblongis obtusis supra glaberrimis subtus sparse strigosis, pedunculis capitulo 3—4-plo longioribus, bracteolis flore subbrevioribus, legumine. . . .—M. fervida, Mart.! Herb, Fl. Bras, 137.— Minas Geraes, Martius, n. 280, Sello. 9. M. rixosa (Mart. l. c. 137 ?), suffruticosa, aculeis retror- sis sparsis, ramulis petiolisque ferrugineo-hirsutis pubescenti- busque, foliolis oblique obovato-oblongis obtusiusculis mucro- natisque utrinque strigoso-pilosis, pedunculis capitulo duplo longioribus, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, legumine recto acuminato ferrugineo-puberulo, margine crebre valvulis parce Vol. IV.— No. 31. 2z 362 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEÆ. setosis.— Minas Geraes; Claussen, Langsdorff, Martius ?, Sello. —Foliage nearly that of M. floribunda, but the pod is very different. B. ? vestita; foliolis latioribus utrinque densius rufo-villo- sis.— Rio Janeiro; Langsdorff. 10. M. debilis (Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. Spec. iv. 1029.), from Kunth’s description appears to be very near M. obtusi- folia. It is unknown to me.—Near Caripe in New Anda- lusia. 11. M. paniculata (sp. n.), fruticosa ? debilis, aculeis spar- sis retrorsis paucis, ramis petiolisque glabris v. parce setoso- pilosis, foliolis petiolo brevioribus oblique obovato-oblongis obtusis utrinque strigosis, pedunculis capitulo vix duplo lon- gioribus, bracteolis corolla subbrevioribus, legumine acumi- nato subfaleato subglabro undique parce setoso.— Minas Geraes, Claussen, Sello.— Near M. obtusifolia, but a larger and stiffer plant, the leaves much more hairy on both sides. It is at the same time much smoother than M. rixosa, and the pod is different. 12. M. glaucescens (sp. n.), suffruticosa, inermis, glaber- rima, foliolis obovato-oblongis obtusis mucronatis margine incrassato serrato-ciliatis utrinque glaucescentibus, bracteolis corolla brevioribus.— Folia pauca longe petiolata. Stipule lanceolate rigide. Foliola coriacea. Foliolum intimum inferius minimum est, v. omnino deest. Calyx minutissimus. Corolla glabra, glauca.— Rio Pardo, Langsdorff. 13. M. nuda (sp. n.), suffruticosa, inermis, glaberrima, foliolis oblique oblongis obtusiusculis mucronatisve margiue crasso nudo utrinque glaucescentibus, bracteis flore breviori- bus, legumine glaucescente glabro nudo.—4A precedente differt foliis angustioribus (14 poll. longis, 4—5 lin. latis), minusve ciliatis interiore infimo omnino deficiente.— Brazil ; Pohl. ; 14. M. angusta (sp. n.), suffruticosa, inermis, glabra, glaucescens, foliolis oblique linearibus marginatis ciliatis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus.— Foliola pleraque 1 poll. longa; vix 2 lin. lata.— Goyaz; Gardner, n. 3131. BENTHAM ON MIMOSER. 363 § 2. Modeste. Herb prostrate v. decumbentes, inermes v. aculeis infrastipularibus armatze. Pinne unijuge. Foli- ola paucijuga (4—5-juga), latiuscula marginata setuloso- ciliata. Leguminis articuli saepius medio tuberculosi v. echinati. 15. M. viva (Linn.! Spec. 1500), herbacea, pusilla, diffusa, glabra, inermis, foliolis sub-4-jugis obovatis oblon- gisve, capitulis globosis, legumine ovato quadrato uni-articu- lato pubescenti-hirto.— Jamaica. 16. M. ursina (Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 136.), herbacea, decumbens, aculeis infrastipularibus recurvis geminis ternis- ve, caule petiolis pedunculisque longe patenti-pilosis, stipulis lanceolato-subulatis, pinnis petiolo sublongioribus, foliolis 4—5-jugis obliquis ovatis obtusiusculis 2—3-nerviis supra glabris subtus longe hirsutis, pedunculis axillaribus folium subzequantibus, capitulis parvis globosis, calyce minuto, legu- minis articulis 2—4 pubescentibus medio convexis echinatis- ve, margine setuloso.—Prov. Piauhy, Gardner, n. 2132. (Interior of Prov. Bahia; Martius.) 17. M. modesta (Mart. l. c. 135.) herbacea, decumbens, aculeis infrastipularibus subrecurvis geminis nunc obsoletis, caule petiolis pedunculisque pubentibus et hine inde sericeo- pilosis, stipulis late ovato-lanceolatis, pinnis petiolo brevior- ibus, foliolis 4—5-jugis oblique ovatis obovatisve obtusis 3—4-nerviis glaucis marginatis setuloso-ciliatis, pedunculis folio longioribus, capitulis subglobosis, calyce longe ciliato, leguminis articulis 2—4 tomentosis medio echinatis, margine inermi.— Interior of Prov. Bahia; Blanchet, n. 2697, ( Martius.) $ 3. Caste. Frutices suffrutices v. herbe, aculeis sjati armate. Pinnæ unijugæ. Foliola plurijuga, marginata, setuloso-ciliata. Pedunculi folio breviores v. racemosi. Leguminis valvulz articulate v. indivisæ, nudæ v. setosæ nec tuberculoso-echinatz.— Inter Sensitivas et Meticulosas mediæ, ab his aculeis tantum differunt, et pariter species continent leguminibus articulatis et inarticulatis. 364 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEXE, 18. M. casta (Linn. Spec. 1500.), fruticosa, aculeis re- trorsis, ramulis petiolisque glabris, foliolis 3—4-jugis oblique oblongis lanceolatisve acutis marginatis setuloso-ciliatis gla- bris v. subtus sparse strigosis, pedunculis vix capitulo longi- oribus, bracteolis corollas subzequantibus, leguminis valvulis articulatis glabris nudis, margine setoso-aculeatis.— Martini- ca; Sieber, n. 113. 19. M. tricephala (Cham. et Schlecht. ! Linnea, v. 591.), fruticosa, aculeis rectis, ramis petiolis pedunculisque pubes- centi-scabris, stipulis subulatis parvis, pinnis petiolo pluries longioribus, foliolis 10—15-jugis oblique ovato-oblongis mucronatis leviter marginatis setuloso-ciliatis supra glabris nitidis subtus strigosis, capitulis globosis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce longiuscule ciliato.—Mexico; Schiede. 20. M. retrorsa (sp. n.), fruticosa, divaricato-ramosa, acu- leis uncinatis retrorsis, caule setulis brevibus retrorsis scaber- rimo, stipulis lanceolatis, pinnis petiolo subduplo longioribus, foliolis 12—20-jugis oblongo-linearibus falcatis obtusiusculis marginatis setuloso-ciliatis utrinque glabris, bracteolis corol- lam subzquantibus, capitulis globosis, calyce minuto ciliato, leguminis valvulis articulatis sparse, margine dense aculeato- setosis. — Brazil ; Sello. — Foliola 4—6 lin. longa, 14 lin. lata, interdum leviter glaucescentia. 21. M. dolens (Vell. Fl. Flum. 11. t. 34.), suffruticosa, aculeis patentibus rectis nunc minimis, caule erecto subra- moso petiolisque glanduloso-hirtis asperis, pinnis petiolo plu- | ries longioribus, foliolis 10 —12-jugis oblique oblongis obtusis mucronatisve coriaceis marginatis setuloso-ciliatis glabris v. subtus inferioribus strigosis, capitulis globosis hirtis, bracte- glis corollas zequantibus superantibusve, calycibus longiuscule ciliatis, leeumine undique dense setoso valvulis indivisis.— Prov. Minas, and Rio Janeiro; Martius, Sello.— The speci- men received from Martius with the n. 1090, and marked in his catalogue ** M. meticulosa, Mart. var. major ?” appears to me to be referrible to M. dolens, it has both the prickles and glandular hairs of this species, and Martius describes his M. meticulosa as being without either, + ea ua wie BENTHAM ON MIMOSEJE. 365 22. M. insidiosa (Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 134.), herbacea v. suffruticosa, aculeis patentibus rectis raris, caule erecto subsimplici petiolisque strigoso-hispidis eglandulosis, pinnis petiolo multo longioribus, foliolis 20—25-jugis oblique ob- longis acutis mucronatis coriaceis marginatis setuloso-ciliatis glabris v. subtus inferioribus strigosis, capitulis globosis hirtis, bracteolis corollas equantibus calycibus, longiuscule ciliatis, legumine undique dense setoso setis marginalibus validiori- bus.— Minas Geraes; Martius, Claussen.—I have little doubt that this is Martius’ plant though I have not seen his own specimens, It differs from the last in the number of leaflets and the nature of the hairs. 23. M. oblonga (sp. n.), fruticosa? ramosa, aculeis tenu- ibus recurvis raris, caule pedunculisque patentim setoso-his- pidis et pube brevi canescentibus, petiolo brevissimo, foliolis 25 —35-jugis linearibus mucronulatis leviter marginatis cili- atis utrinque glabris v. subtus pube minute pallidis, capitulis cylindraceis, bracteis corolla brevioribus, calycibus minutis ciliatis.—Stipulze setacez, ciliato-hispidz. Foliola 1}—3 lin. longa. Pedunculi tenues. Capitula (v. spica) semipolli- caria. Corolla strigis reversis canescens.— Brazil; Sello.— A very distinct species, unless it be a prickly form of M. hir- sutissima, Mart., with which I am unacquainted. The prickles are however small and only on the younger branches. § 4. Pectinate. Arbores, frutices v. herbee, aculeis omnibus v. nonnullis infrastipularibus armate. Pinnæ unijuge._ Foliola pluri-v. sepius multijugee. Inflorescentia et legu- men Castarum v. Sensitivarum.—Inter has et Meticulo- sas, media. A Sensitivis foliolis multijugis, a Castis acu- leis infrastipularibus, a Meticulosis aculeis diversa. 24. M. orthacantha (sp: n.), fruticosa, ramosa, glaberrima V. superne minute puberula, aculeis infrastipularibus solitariis ternisve rectis erecto-patentibus, pinnis petiolo longioribus, foliolis 8—10-jugis oblique cuneato-oblongis linearibusve ob- tusis uninerviis immarginatis nudis, capitulis globosis glaber- rimis, bracteolis corolla multo brevioribus, calyce minuto.— 366 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. Species distinctissima, habitu Ameriis nonnullis affinis, sed flores Eumimosarum. Legumen ignotum. Foliola 1—2} lin. longa, utrinque viridia.— Brazil; Sello. 25. M. pectinata (Kunth. Mim. 5. t. 2.), arborea, aculeis infrastipularibus geminis rectis, ramulis villoso-hispidis, pin- nis petiolo multo longioribus, foliolis 23—25-jugis oblique linearibus acutis binerviis coriaceis glabris marginatis setu- loso-ciliatis, capitulis globosis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calycibus longe ciliatis.— Andes of Quito; Humboldt and Bonpland. : 26. M. polycarpa (Kunth. Mim. 8. t. 3.), fruticosa, aculeis infrastipularibus geminis rectis, ramulis pilosis, pinnis petiolo triplo longioribus, foliolis 20—22-jugis oblique ob- longo-linearibus acutis supra glabris subtus adpresse pilosi- usculis marginatis setuloso-ciliatis, capitulis globosis, bracte- olis corollam superantibus, calyce parvo, legumine lineari- oblongo piloso-hispido, margine setoso.— Peru; Humboldt and Bonpland.—\ have not seen either this or the preceding species ; but as they are evidently very distinct species, I have taken the above characters from Kunth’s descriptions. 27. M. Mansi (Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 130), annua? decumbens, aculeis infrastipularibus sparsisque parvis rectis, caule petiolis pedunculisque strigosis, pinnis petiolo pluries longioribus, foliolis 20—40-jugis oblique linearibus acutius- culis supra glabris margine setulosis subtus adpresse pilosis, capitulis ellipticis parvis, bracteis corolla brevioribus, calyci- bus minimis longe ciliatis pappiformibus, leguminis valvulis levibus, margine strigoso-setoso.— Cujaba ; Martius, n. 921. 28. M. Xanthocentra (Mart. |. c. 131), from Piauhy, agrees in every respect with the following, except that he describes the leaflets as being only 20—28 pair, and the valves of the pod entirely smooth, which induces me to con- sider it as distinct. 29. M. longipinna (sp. n.), perennis v. suffruticosa, acu- leis infrastipularibus subsparsisque, ramis virgatis strigosis, pinnis petiolo pluries longioribus, foliolis 30—70-jugis line- aribus falcatis acutis marginatis setuloso-ciliatis utrinque ad- BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 367 presse pilosis, capitulis subglobosis, bracteolis corolla brevi- oribus, calyce minuto longe ciliato pappiformi, leguminis valvulis medio strigoso-setosis margine longe aculeato-setoso. —Minas Geraes; Claussen. § 5. Pudice. Herbe suffruticesve, aculeis omnibus v. non- nullis infrastipularibus armatze, rariussubinermes. Pinnze 2—4-jugse, ad apicem petioli approximate v. parum dis- tantes subdigitate. Foliola multijuga, marginata. Pe- dunculi axillares folio breviores, v. racemosi. Legumen praecedentium. Pinne subdigitate. 30. M. Pudica (Linn.! Spec. 1501.), annua v. suffruticosa, aculeis infrastipularibus sparsisque rectis recurvisque, caule petiolis pedunculisque patentim pilosis glabratisve, pinnis subdigitato-bijugis v. supremis unijugis petiolo vix longiori- bus, foliolis 15—95-jugis oblique linearibus acutiusculis setu- loso-ciliatis glabris v. subtus adpresse pilosis, capitulis ellip- ticis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calycibus minimis obsole- tisve, leguminis valvulis glabris levibus margine aculeato- setoso.— Common in the W. Indies, and in tropical America on roadsides, etc. (Panama, Cuming, n. 1092; Bahia, Gardner, n. 889,) and frequently cultivated, and perhaps sometimes naturalized in E. India, ( Wallich. Cat. n. 4292 ; Philippine islands, Cuming, n. 1261, and 1372 ).—1t varies much in hairiness; the smoother forms are the M. pudica, Kunth, or M. pudibunda, Willd., the more hairy are the M. pudiea, Linn., Willd., or M. hispidula, Kunth. 31. M. Endymionis (Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 131.), from the interior of the province of Bahia, is unknown to me; but from his description, I am unable to see how it differs from the smoother forms of M. pudica. 32, M. polydaetyla (Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. Spec. iv. 1033.), suffruticosa, aculeis infrastipularibus sparsisque re- curvis, caule petiolisque pilis suberectis hirsutis glabrisve, ` pinnis subdigitato-4—5-jugis v. supremis 3-jugis petiolo vix longioribus, foliolis 30—60-jugis oblique linearibus acutius- 368 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. culis setuloso-ciliatis subtus adpresse pilosis glabrisve, pedun- culis petiolo brevioribus, capitulis ellipticis, bracteolis corol- la brevioribus, calycibus minimis obsoletisve, leguminis val- vulis glabris levibus, margine aculeato-setoso.—A large and more robust plant than M. pudica, to which it is nearly al- lied.— Demerara, Parker; French Guiana, Leprieur; Bahia, Salzmann; Pernambuco, Gardner, n. 980, (with fewer leaflets.) 33. M. digitata (sp. n.), suffruticosa? decumbens, aculeis infrastipularibus parvis v. nullis, caule scabro-pubescente v. nullo, pinnis subdigitato-3— 4-jugis petiolo duplo longioribus, foliolis 15—20-jugis oblique linearibus acutiusculis supra glabris cilioliats subtus adpresse pilosis, pedunculis petio- lo 2—3-plo longioribus, calycibus longe ciliatis pappi- formibus, legumine nudo glabro v. adpresse piloso.— Pubes ramorum brevis densa. Stipulz subulata. Petiolus commu- nis 3—4-rarius 6, lin. longus. Foliola 1—14-lin. longa densa. . Legumen fere M. pudice, sed setis orbatum.— Brazil, Pohl. 34. M. verecunda (sp. n.), suffruticosa? aculeis infrastipu- laribus sparsisque raris, caule petiolisque pubentibus et pilis reflexo-patentibus hispidis, pinnis 2—3-jugis ad apicem petioli approximatis v. parum distantibus et eo 2—3-plo longiori- bus, foliolis 30---60-jugis oblique linearibus acutiusculis utrin- que adpresse pilosulis ciliatis, pedunculis petiolo subaequilon- gis, capitulis subglobosis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce longe ciliato pappiformi, leguminis puberuli valvulis brevi- ter, margine longe, setosis.— Habitu et legumine M. pudice et M. polydactyle affinis. Pinne minus approximate, Stipulae subulate hirsutissime. Foliola parva. Sete legu- minis flavicantes, marginales usque ad 2 lin. longee, valyulares breves sepius appressee.— Brazil, Pohl. 359. M. rujipila (sp. n.), suffruticosa? aculeis infrastipu- laribus sparsisve raris v. nullis, caule petiolis pedunculisque patentim hirsutissimis, pinnis 4—5-jugis subdigitatis petiolo multo longioribus, foliolis 20—30 oblique linearibus ciliatis supra glabris subtus adpresse pilosis, pedunculis petiolo multo longioribus, capitulis ellipticis, bracteolis corollam md RÀ 8000 HT ESSRRRRREEN BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. ` 369 æquantibus, calyce minuto subciliato v. obsoleto, leguminis margine setosissimo.— Praecedentibus robustior et pilis longis ferrugineis hispidissima. Foliola 3 —4-lin. longa. Capitula majora ac in praecedentibus, bracteolarum setis rufo-hispida. Leguminis nil nisi margines vetustos persistentes vidi.— Bra- zil, Pohl. 36? M. tomentosa (Kunth. Mim. 11. t. 4.), fruticosa, in- ermis, ramis petiolis pedunculisque sericeo-villosis, pinnis 2- jugis subdigitatis petiolo multo longioribus, foliolis 16—18- jugis oblongis acutis utrinque villoso-sericeis cano-argenteis, pedunculis petiolo longioribus, capitulis ellipticis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce diaphano laciniato-ciliato.— On the Orinoco, Humboldt and Bonpland.—The above charac- ter, taken from Kunth’s description, shows it to be a very distinct species, perhaps not belonging to this group. The pod is unknown. , ** Pinne remotiores. Pedunculi longiores. 31. M. vestita (sp. n.), suffruticosa, inermis, caule petiolis pedunculisque patentim hirsutissimis et pubentibus, pinnis subapproximatis, petiolo brevissimo, foliolis 8—12-jugis late oblongis obliquis obtusis subbinerviis utrinque hirsutis, pedun- culis infimis axillaribus folio longioribus superioribus race- mosis, capitulis globosis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce obsoleto, — Habitus fere Meticulosarum; sed pinne constanter bijugze. Pili longi, patentes, rufescentes. Stipule setacez, hispid. Foliola pleraque 3-lin. longa, 2-lin. lata.— Brazil, Pohl. 38. M. elongata (sp. n.), suffruticosa, inermis, ramis petiolis pedunculisque piloso-hirtis, pinnis 3—4-jugis distan- tibus, foliolis 20—30-jugis falcato-lanceolatis linearibusve dimidiatis acutis ciliatis supra glabris subtus adpresse pilosis, pedunculis folio brevioribus supremis racemosis, capitulis subglobosis, bracteolis corolla subbrevioribus, calyce minuto. —Laxior et multo minus hirsuta quam M. vestita, capitulis dimidio minoribus. Stipule lanceolatze.— Brazil, Pol. 39. M. dispersa (sp- D) suffruticosa, decumbens, inermis, Vol. I V.— No. 31. 3A 310 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. ramis petiolis pedunculisque longe patentim pilosis pubenti- busque, pinnis 2—3-jugis subdistantibus petiolo vix longiori- bus, foliolis 6—12-jugis oblique oblongis lanceolatisve ciliatis supra glabris subtus adpresse pilosis, pedunculis infimis folio subbrevioribus supremis racemosis, capitulis globosis, brac- teolis corollam subsequantibus, calyce paleaceo laciniato- Habitu M. elongate affinis, sed capitula majora et calycis cilize corolla parum breviores sunt. Stipule subula- te. | Accedit etiam ad M. nervosam, sed distincta videtur.— Brazil, Sello; Tejuco, Langsdorf. 40? M. nervosa (Bongard, MSS.), suffruticosa? prostrata, aculeis infrastipularibus parvis deciduis, caule petiolis pedun- culisque patentius pilosis glabratisve, pinnis ]—2-jugis sub- distantibus petiolo longioribus, foliolis 6—12-jugis oblique oblongis lanceolatisve acutiusculis ciliolatis glaucis glabris v. subtus adpresse pilosis rigide 3—5-nerviis, pedunculis axil- laribus folio sublongioribus, capitulis globosis, bracteolis corollas subæquan tibus, calyce paleaceo lacero-ciliato, legumi- nis valvulis puberulis v. breviter setosis margine longius setoso.— Species inter Pudieas, Flagellares et Meticulosas ciliato. media, a Meticulosis differt pinnis sepe bijugis, aculeis et quodammodo habitu. Hic Flagellaribus affinior sed aculeis et pedunculis supremis subracemosis discrepat. Cum Pudi- cis tamen vix convenit habitu. Stipule subulate. Foliola 3—4-lin. longa. Capitula M. disperse.— Brazil, Pohl; Minas Geraes, Claussen, Langsdorf. $ 6. Pedunculose. Herbe v. sepius suffrutices, reptantes, prostrate v. diffuse, inermes. Pinne unijuge v. rarius subdigitato-bijuge. Foliola pluri-sepius multijuga. Pe- dunculi omnes axillares, folio longiores v. rarius subbrevio- res, Capitula globosa. Legumen precedentium. * FLAGELLARES, longe patentim-pilose, foliolis margina- : tis ciliatis. 41. M. longipes (sp. n.), pinnis petiolo pluries breviori- bus, foliolis 12—20-jugis oblique lanceolatis v. oblongo-line- BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. $71 aribus acutiusculis supra glabris subtus parce pilosis gla- brisve, pedunculis folio duplo longioribus, bracteolis corollam subequantibus, calyce abbreviato ciliis paucis longiusculis.— Pili longi, molles, rufescentes. Stipule lanceolate, breves. Petioli semipedales. Foliola 4—6 lin. longa. Pedunculi pedales. Flores sepius pentameri, rarius 4-meri v. 6-meri. — Brazil, Pohl. 42. M. falcipinna (sp. n.), pinnis petiolo longioribus, foliolis 15—20-jugis dimidiato-oblongis falcatis obtusiusculis margine crasso supra glabris subtus parce et longe setoso- pilosis, pedunculis folio longioribus, bracteolis corolla sub- brevioribus, calyce minuto v. obsoleto.— Pili quam in affini- bus adhuc longiores rigidiores. Stipulz lanceolato-subulate. Petioli pollicares, Foliola 3—4-lin. longa. Pedunculi tri- pollicares.— Brazil, Pohl.—A young specimen in Sello's col- lection may perhaps also be the same plant. 43. M. barbigera (sp. n.), pinnis petiolo longioribus, foliolis 12—18-jugis falcato-oblongis obtusiusculis margine tenui supra glabris subtus parce pilosis, pedunculis folio subequilongis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce paleaceo laciniato-ciliato corolla parum breviore, leguminis valvulis glabris nudis, margine setoso.—Affinis M. faleipinne. Pili caulini longissimi, molles. Petioli pollicares. Pedunculi circa 2 poll. longi. Legumina interdum 5—6-articulata.— Prov. Goyaz, Gardner, n. 3132. 44. M. procurrens (sp. n.), pinnis subdigitato-bijugis rarius unijugis petiolo 2—3-plo longioribus, foliolis 10—15- jugis oblique ovali-oblongis obtusiusculis supra glabris mar- gine tenui subtus sparse pilosis, pedunculis folio equilongis, bracteolis corolla subbrevioribus, calyce obsoleto v. hine inde minuto longe ciliato.—Petioli 3—14-pollicares. Foliola semipollicaria, 21-lin. lata. Pedunculi 4-pollicares.— Brazil, Pohl, 45. M. marginata (Lindl.! Bot. Reg. 1838. Misc.), pinnis petiolo multoties longioribus, foliolis 10—20-jugis oblique oblongis obtusiusculis utrinque glabris v. subtus tenuissime 372 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEJE. strigillosis, pedunculis folio multo longioribus, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calycibus brevissimis longiuscule ciliatis, legumine undique setoso-hispidissimo.— M. prostrata, Hortul. —Brazil, Sello. 46. M. flagellaris (sp. n.), parce pilosa, pinnis petiolo pluries longioribus, foliolis 4—7-jugis oblique obovatis oblon- gisve utrinque glabris, pedunculis folio 2—3-plo longiori- bus, bracteolis corollas zequantibus, calyce obsoleto, leguminis valvulis glabris nudis, margine setoso.—Stipulz lanceolate. Petiolus vix semipollicaris. Foliola sepius semipollicaria, quam in affinibus latiora. Pedunculi 4—5-poll. longi. Co- roll globose.—Near Porto Alegre, Tweedie; Brazil, Sello. 4T. M. honesta (Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 187.), appears from Martius's character to be near M. //agellaris, but more hairy, with longer petioles, and shorter peduncles.—From the province of Bahia. 48. M. paupera (sp. n.), prostrata, tenuis, pilis paucis subpatentibus, pinnis petiolo subbrevioribus, foliolis 4—8- jugis faleato-oblongis obtusiusculis supra glabris subtus. sparse setosis, pedunculis folio longioribus, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce minuto subciliato, lezumine undique breviter strigoso.— Caules vix pedales, basi scabri, sursum pilis subappressis hirti. Stipule anguste, ciliate. —Petioli 6—9-lin. longi. Foliola 29—3-lin. Pedunculi 14 poll., tenues, rigidi, patentim pilosi. Corolle strigosee.—Brazil, Sello. 49. M. reptans, (sp. n.), reptans, parce pilosa et subpu- bens, petiolo brevissimo, foliolis 12—20-jugis parvis oblique oblongo-linearibus glabris v. subtus pilosulis, pedunculis folio duplo longioribus, bracteolis corolla multo brevioribus, calyce minuto, leguminis valvulis strigoso-setulosis, margine aspero- hirto.— Caules tenues hinc inde radicantes. Stipule angus- t». Pinne 4—I-poll. longae; foliola 1—2-lin. Peduncu- li 14—2-poll.— Near Maldonado, Tweedie; Brazil, Sello. 50. M. lasiocephala (sp. n.), procumbens, molliter piloso- pubescens, petiolo subnullo, foliolis 10—15-jugis oblongo- linearibus ciliolatis supra glabriusculis subtus pilosulis, pe- — | BENTHAM ON MIMOSEE; 909 duncnlis folio longioribus, capitulis molliter villosissimis, bracteolis corolla longioribus, calyce minuto, leguminis val- vulis strigoso-setulosis, margine aspero-hirto.— Przcedenti affinis, specimen unicum non radicat. Capitula (bracteola- rum ciliis) canescenti-villosissima.— Brazil, Sello. ** FiripEDES, glabre, diffuse, caule petiolis pedunculisque filiformibus. 51. M. multiplev (sp. n.), ramosissima, diffusa, tenuis, pinnis petiolo filiformi brevioribus, foliolis 5—8-jugis oblique oblongis ellipticisve obtusiusculis tenuissime ciliatis glabris V. subtus raro adpresse pilosulis, pedunculo tenui petiolum equante, bracteolis corollam zquautibus, calyce minuto.— Siccitate nigricat. Petioli sesquipollicares; pinnz pollicares ; foliola 2—3-lin. longa, nunc glaucescentia.— Brazil, Sello. -02? M. filipes (Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 132.), annua, tenella, glabra, pinnis petiolo filiformi duplo brevioribus, foliolis 4—5-jugis anguste obovatis cuneatisve, pedunculis petiolo brevioribus, legumine 7—8-articulato.— Prov. Piauhy, Martius, from whose character I have extracted the above, not having seen the plant myself. 53. M. difusa (sp. n.), glaberrima, diffusa, tenuissima, pinnis petiolo filiformi vix longioribus, foliolis 20—30-jugis oblique linearibus subfalcatis, pedunculis filiformibus petiolo subzequilongis, bracteolis brevissimis, calyce parvo cupulifor- mi.—Petioli 7—9-lin. longi; pinnae pollicares ; foliola crebra 1—2 lin, longa, non ciliata; nec in capitulo setze ulle obviæ sunt.— Brazil, Sello. $ 7. Polycephale. Frutices? inermes. Folia Meticulosarum. Capitula parva, numerosa, secus ramos panicule amplae aphylle subsessilia. Legumen ignotum. 54. M. taxifolia (Bongard MS.), ramis petiolis panicula- que adpresse sursum strigosis, pinnis unijugis, petiolo commu- ni subnullo, foliolis 15—20-jugis oblique oblongo-linearibus falcatis acutiusculis multinerviis coriaceis glaucis glabris cili- atis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce paleaceo laciniato- 314 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEE. ciliato.—Pinne sesquipollicares v. parum longiores. Foli- ola 3 lin. longa, inferiora et superiora minora. Panicula pedalis.—** Chapada,” in Brazil, Langsdorf. 55. M. polycephala (sp. n.), ramis petiolis paniculaque pilis rufis erectis villosis, pinnis unijugis petiolo communi subnullo, foliolis 80—40-jugis oblique oblongo-linearibus obtusiusculis coriaceis multinerviis utrinque adpresse villosis, bracteolis corolla subbrevioribus, calyce paleaceo longiuscule laciniato-ciliato.— Affinis M. taxifoliæ. Pinna duplo longi- ores. Foliola longius ciliata. — Prov. of Pernambuco, Gard- ner, n. 2832. The two preceding species are remarkable for their inflores- cence ; but not having seen their fruit, I cannot be certain as to their being correctly placed near the Meticulose, with which they appear to have considerable affinity in other respects. $8. Meticulose. Herbæ v. suffrutices e basi perenni v. lig- nosa erecta, virgata, rarius frutices ramosi. Aculei nulli. Pinne unijuge. Foliola multijuga, rigida, bi-plurinervia, marginata, ciliata. Pedunculi omnes racemosi v. infimi axillares. Capitula globosa v. rarius elliptica. ^ Bracte- olz longe setosæ, setis corollas sepius superantibus. Le- gumen planum v. leviter convexum, valvulis integris v. articulatis. In this group I include all the unarmed species with one pair of pinnz and several pair of leaflets, and a racemose in- florescence, which have neither the stellate hairs of the Lepi- dote, nor the reversed strige of the Obstrigose. The spe- cies, mostly Drazilian, are numerous and very difficult to arrange in the present state of our acquaintance with them. It is probable that when the fruit of more species is known; these and the Pectinatæ may be broken up into better char- acterized and more natural series; but at present I cannot discover any collateral character to distinguish those which lave the articulate pod from the inarticulate ones, without seeing the pod itself. Of the five following groups, derived chiefly from the foliage, the first two contain certainly species BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 375 with both descriptions of pod: in the third and fourth it is articulate wherever I have seen it, and in the fifth inarticu- late. Yet it is unknown in so many, that I can place no reli- ance on this character. * Glauce. Foliola coriacea glauca utrinque glabra nisi extimum jugi infimi cujusve pinnz subtus setulosum. Ca- pitula seepius magna. 56? M. calocephala (Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 133.), and 57? M. hypoglauca (Mart. l. c.), Prov. Minas Geraes and Bahia, Martius. ; I cannot recognise either of these species in any of the specimens before me. They are found together and are said to be nearly allied to each other. Independently of the characters derived from the foliage and hairiness, all the fol- lowing species are racemose, not corymbose. The only specimens where I have observed any approach to the corym- bose inflorescence (the racemose being much shorter,) are among the Hviocaules; but in those the leaflets are scarcely glabrous, and not near so glaucous, besides that there is no species among them at all resembling my M. rigida. 58. M. Pohlii (sp. n.), ramis virgatis petiolisque lana longa densa sordida obtectis, petiolo communi brevissimo, foliolis 30—40-jugis oblique oblongo-lanceolatis, racemo terminali oligocephalo nudo, capitulis magnis, bracteolis co- rollas zequantibus, calyce paleaceo laciniato-ciliato, legumine undique molliter villosissimo pilis marginalibus rigidioribus. —Pinnz semipedales. Foliola vix 5 lin. longa, Pedunculi | pollicares, crassi, dense lanati. Capitula pollicem diametro. Corolla 31 lin. longe et calyces vix breviores. Legumen 4—6 lin. longum, distincte biarticulatum.— Brazil, Pohl. 59. M. papposa (sp. n.), ramis virgatis petiolisque dense Strigosis, petiolo communi brevissimo, foliolis 20—40-jugis oblique oblongo-linearibus falcatis obtusis, racemo elongato polycephalo nudo, bracteolis corolla subbrevioribus, calyce longe ciliato pappiformi, legumine undique longe villosissimo. —Hirsutis densa rigida sursum appressa. Pinne bipollica- res. Foliola densa, 2—3 lin. longa. Racemus sesquipeda- 376 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEE. lis. Capitula (staminibus neglectis,) 4—5 lin. diametro.— Brazil, Pohl. 60. M. setipes (sp. n.), ramis virgatis petiolis pedunculis- que sparse setosis, . petiolo communi brevissimo, foliolis 30—50-jugis oblique lanceolatis acutis, racemo oligocephalo nudo, bracteolis corollam equantibus, calycibus obsoletis, legumine undique dense setoso, valvulis inarticulatis—Pin- næ 3—4 pollicares, petiolo communi vix semipollicari v., in foliis infimis, breves, paucifoliolatee, petiolo longiore. Foliola 3—4 lin. longa. Capitula majuscula.— Brazil, Sello. Gl. M. callosa (sp. n.), caule virgato foliis pedunculisque glabris glaucis, pinnis petiolo 2—4-plo longioribus, foliolis 30—50-jugis oblique ovato-lanceolatis acutis, racemo oligo- cephalo nudo, bracteolis corollam zquantibus, calycibus par- vis, legumine undique longe et dense setoso, valvulis indivisis. — Affinis precedenti, petioli longiores basi calloso-incrassati, partiales parce setosi.— Brazil, Selo. 62. M. petiolaris (sp. n.), caule virgato paucifoliato sparse strigoso-setuloso, pinnis petiolo brevioribus v. vix equilongis, foliolis 12—20-jugis oblique oblongis subfalcatis obtusis vix glaucescentibus, racemo longiusculo nudo, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce paleaceo laciniato-ciliato.— Folia ad basin caulis pauca, petiolo communi 3—6 poll. longo, foliolis 4—5 lin. longis. Racemus longe pedunculatus. Capitula minora quam in præcedentibus, longiuscule pedunculata.— Brazil, Pohl. 63. M. rigescens (sp. n.), caule virgato petiolisque sparse setosis glabris v. superne pubentibus hispidisque, pinnis peti- olo 2—4-plo longioribus, foliolis 10—12-jugis oblique ovali- oblongis obtusis mucronulatis, racemo oligocephalo nudo v. vix basi foliato, bracteolis corollas equantibus, calycibus bre- vibus ciliatis, lezumine undique longe setoso, valvulis indivi- sis.— M. dolenti habitu affinis at constanter inermis. Petioli communes in foliis superioribus vix semipollicares, in infe- rioribus I—11-pollicares. Foliola semipollicaria plus minusve glaucescentia. Capitula majuscula.— Brazil, Sello; on the Hio Jacquhy, Tweedie. Mà —— BENTHAM ON MIMOSEE. 971 8. foliolosa, foliolis minoribus 12—15-jugis.— Brazil, Sello. 64. M, rigida (sp. n.), caule virgato glabro v. parce setu- loso, petiolis strigosis communi pinnis 3—4 plo breviore, foliolis 10—12-jugis dimidiato-oblongis falcatis acutis, race- mo terminali nudo, capitulis majusculis globosis, bracteolis ` corollas zequantibus, calyce brevi longiuscule laciniato-cili- ato.—Rami adsunt rigidi, pluripedales, subramosi, crassi. Pinnz semipedales, foliolis sepe sesquipollicaribus. Racemus fere pedalis. Capitula (staminibus neglectis) 2 poll. diame- tro.— Brazil, Sello, Martius, n. 1090, under the name of M. calocephala, Mart. var. major? but does not agree with the character assigned to the latter species. ** Rudes. Foliola utrinque scabro-hispida non glaucescentia. ` 65. M. rudis (sp. n.), caule virgato paucifoliato petiolisque $cabro-hispidis, pinnis petiolo vix longioribus, foliolis 5—'- jugis oblique ovato-lanceolatis falcatis utrinque scabro-hispidis racemo nudo, capitulis breviter pedunculatis, bracteolis corol- lam zquantibus, calyce obsoleto.— Caules 2—4-pedales. Pe- tioli semipedales. Foliola pleraque 2—21-poilicaria. Capi- tula pauca, majuscula.— Brazil, Selo. 66. M. asperrima (sp. n.), caule virgato petiolisque scabro- hispidis, pinnis petiolo subduplo longioribus, foliolis 7—10- jugis oblique oblongis mucronatis utrinque scabro-hispidis, racemo elongato nudo, pedunculis capitulo duplo longioribus, Forte vari- bracteolis corollam aquantibus, calyce obsoleto. etas M. rudis. Foliola dimidio minora.— Brazil, Selo. 67. M. radula (sp. n.), caule virgato petiolisque scabro- hispidis, pinnis inferioribus petiolo duplo longioribus, folio- rum superiorum subsessilibus, foliolis 5—7-jugis oblique ovali-oblongis acutiusculis subfaleatis utrinque scabris sub- hispidis, racemo elongato nudo, capitulis brevissime pedun- culatis, bracteolis corollam zequantibus, calyce paleaceo laci- niato-ciliato.— A ffinis MM. rudi, sed calyce facile distinguitur. — Brazil, Pohl. 68. M. calycina (sp. n.), caule virgato petiolisque scabro- hispidis pilosisque, petiolo communi subnullo v. in foliis Vol. 1V.— No. 31. 35 B78 ° BENTHAM ON MIMOSEXE, infimis brevissimo, foliolis 8—10-jugis oblique ovato-oblon- gis acutiusculis utrinque scaberrimis et strigoso-hispidis, race- mo elongato nudo, capitulis pedunculatis, bracteolis corol- lam subzquantibus, calyce paleaceo laciniato-ciliato corolla parum breviore.— Affinis M. radule. Foliola maxima polli- caria. "Variat pilis caulinis nunc paucis scabritie intermixtis, nunc longis rufis densissimis.—Brazil, Pol; Minas Geraes, Claussen. 69. M. dimidiata (sp. n.), caule virgato petiolisque scabro- tomentellis et longe setosis, petiolo communi brevissimo, foli- olis 12—15-jugis distantibus ovato-lanceolatis falcatis acutis utrinque strigoso-hispidis ciliis marginalibus rigidis, racemo subnudo, capitulis pedunculatis, bracteolis corollam zequanti- bus, calyce paleaceo laciniato-ciliato. — Praecedentibus affinis. a, M, calycina differt praecipue foliolis minoribus (semipol- licaribus) acutioribus, nervis validis, setis rigidis etc.— Drazil, Pohl. 70. M. acerba (sp. n.), caule virgato petiolisque scabro- hispidis, pinnis petiolo pluries longioribus, foliolis 15—30- jugis oblique oblongis mucronatis utrinque scabro-hispidis, racemo nudo, bracteolis corollam æquantibus, calyce parvo v. obsoleto, legumine undique densissime setoso valvulis indi- visis. —Caules bipedales, inferne ramosi. Stipulae ut in ple- risque affinibus lineari-subulatz, acuminatze, hispida. Peti- olus 3—4 lin. pinnie 13—2-poll., foliola 3 lin. longa, mar- gine crassiusculo.— Racemus semipedalis, oligocephalus.— Brazil, Sello; Tejuco, Langsdorff. B. latifolia, foliolis latioribus paullo majoribus, capitulis majoribus hirsutioribus. 71. M. Airsutissima (Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 135.), from the Prov. of St Paul—if it belongs to this group, which it appears to do—is distinguished from the others by the elliptical heads of flowers. i 72. M. imbricata (sp. n.), caule virgato crasso molliter pilosissimo, petiolo communi subnullo, foliolis 10— 15-jugis imbricatis falcato-oblongis acutiusculis supra strigosis subtus pilosissimis, racemo subnudo, eapitulis pedunculatis, bracteo- | } i BENTHAM ON MIMOSES®, 379 lis corollam zequantibus, calyce subpaleaceo laciniato-ciliato, ' — Affinis M. radule et M. calycine, at hirsutior, mollior. Folia crebra. Foliola semipollicaria, arcte approximata, pallida v. subglaucescentia. Racemus elongatus, polycephalus. Capi- tula majuscula.— Brazil, Poh/.—There are also in the same collection specimens not yet in full flower; of either a variety, or perhaps a distinct species, with smaller and more nume- rous leaflets. * 3*3 . . . ** Subsericee. Voliola supra breviter subtus longe adpresso- pilosa, margine sepius tenui. Legumen (in omnibus ?) articulatum. 73. M. lanata (sp. n.), caule virgato petiolis pedunculisque longe et dense lanatis, petiolo communi brevi, foliolis 15—20- jugis oblique oblongis v. oblongo-linearibus obtusis supra strigosis subtus molliter et longe pilosis, pedunculis racemo- sis inferioribus axillaribus, capitulis lanato-hirsutissimis, brac- teolis corollas aquantibus, calycibus longe ciliatis pappifor- mibus, leguminis valvulis articulatis longe pilosissimis, margi- ne longe setosissimo.— Lana longa subferruginea. Stipule basi latae apice subulate. —Pinnze bipollicares, petiolo com- - muni vix 2—3 lin. longo. Foliola 3—4 lin. longa. Legu- mina 2—3 articulata, setis flavicantibus.— Brazil, Sello. 74. M. subvestita (sp. n.), subramosa, ramulis petiolis pe- dunculisque ferrugineo-hirtis, stipulis lineari-lanceolatis, peti- olo abbreviato, foliolis S—10-jugis oblique obovato-oblongis obtusis supra tenuiter puberulis subtus basi presertim longe villosis, racemis subnudis, capitulis ellipticis ? bracteolis co- rollam subzequantibus, calyceobsoleto, legumine undiqueferru- gineo-hispido, valvulis articulatis.— Pinn:z vix sesquipollicares. Foliola majora fere semipollicaria, supra demum glabriuscula et subglaucescentia. Capitula in specimine vix florida. Legumen 3—4-articulatum.—Serra da Lapa; Langsdorff. 15. M. setistipula (sp. n.), ramulis petiolisque ferrugineo- hirtis, stipulis subulatis, petiolo communi brevissimo, foliolis 10— 15-jugis oblique oblongis acutiusculis supra breviter subtus longe appresso-pilosis, racemis subnudis, capitulis 380 BENTHAM ON MIMOSES. globosis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce obsoleto, legu- mine undique ferrugineo-hispido.—Pracedentis forte mera varietas est. Habitu M. goyazensi affinior, sed imprimis cal- yce distincta. —Serra da Lapa, Langsdorff. ` 16. M. Goyazensis (sp. n.), ramulis strictis petiolisque pilis longis patentibus scabro-hispidis pubentibusque, stipulis sub- ulatis, petiolo brevissimo, foliolis 15—30-jugis oblique ob- longis acutiusculis utrinque adpresso-pilosis, pedunculis capi- tulo longioribus, fasciculatis infimis axillaribus, bracteolis cor- ollam equantibus, calycibus longe ciliatis pappiformibus.— Pinnz 2—4-pollicares. | Foliola maxima semipollicaria, ulti- ma cujusve pinne 3—4-lin. longa. Capitula (staminibus neglectis,) 3 lin. diametro.— Prov. Goyaz, Garduer, n. 3705. 71. M. tremula (sp. n.), ramis strictis simplicibus petio- lisque pilis longis subpatentibus hirsutis, stipulis subulatis, pinnis petiolo brevi multoties longioribus, foliolis 20—40- jugis oblique oblongo-linearibus v. lineari-lanceolatis utrin- que adpresse pilosis, pedunculis vix capitulo zequilongis fasci- culatis infimis axillaribus, bracteolis corollam sequantibus, calycibus longiuscule ciliatis subpappiformibus.—Affinis hinc M. Goyazensi, hinc M. subsericee, a priore differt habitu ten- uiore, foliolis capitulisque multo minoribus, petiolis paullo longioribus pedunculis brevioribus— z. M. subsericea imprimis pilis caulinis patentibus etc.— Brazil, Pohl. B. tenuis, omnibus partibus minor, gracilior. An species propria? Brazil, Sello. 78. M. stipularis (Bongard MS.), ramulis longe barbato- hispidis, stipulis latiuscule linearibus striatis, petiolo brevis- simo, foliolis 20—30-jugis oblique oblongis obtusiusculis supra breviter strigosis subtus longe sericeo-pilosis, pedun- culis capitulo longioribus, inferioribus (plerisque?) axillaribus, bracteolis corolla longioribus, calycibus paleaceis longe cili- ato-laceris, legumine margine longe et densissime setoso» valvulis articulatis glabris nudis.— Affinis M. subsericee, at distincta videtur. Stipulz szepe semipollicares.— Chapada ; Langsdorff. : 19. M. subsericea (sp. n.), ramulis virgatis appresse stri- ab Bab 4 tt eres ^ BENTHAM ON MIMOSE. 381 goso-pilosis superne petiolis pedunculis capitulisque longe sericeo-pilosis, stipulis lineari-lanceolatis striatis, petiolo com- muni brevissimo, foliolis 25—50-jugis oblique lineari-lance- olatis acutiusculis supra minute puberulis subtus longe seri- ceo-pilosis, capitulis (omnibus?) axillaribus breviter pedun- culatis subsessilibusve, bracteolis corolla longioribus, calycibus paleaceis longe ciliato-laceris, leguminis margine longe et densissime setoso, valvulis articulatis glabris nudis.—Strigze rigidz, arcte appressee, superne in pilos sericeos abeunt. Pin- næ anguste 3—4-pollicares. F'oliola 2—3 lin. longa. Legu- minis setze, omnes e margine ortze, ita longae et densze ut legu- men totum obtegunt.— Brazil, Pohl, Sello. **** Semistrigose. Yoliola rigidula sepius distincte margi- nata, supra glabra, subtus per totam superficiem vel ubi a foliolo inferiore non obteguntur setosæ. Legumen (an in omnibus?) articulatum. 80. M. brevipes (sp. n.), caule virgato petiolisque piloso- hirtis et pubentibus, stipulis subulatis, petiolo communi sub- nullo, foliolis 15—20-jugis oblique lanceolato-oblongis acu- tiusculis supra glabris subtus adpresse pilosis strigosisve, pedunculis plerisque axillaribus folio brevioribus, capitulis parvis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce obsoleto, legu- mine undique hispido valvulis articulatis.— Affinis M. meticu- lose. Folia numerosa, minora. Foliola pleraque 3 lin. lon- ga, per totam fere superficiem subtus pilosa. Legumen vix 4 lin. longum, biarticulatum.— Rio Pardo; Langsdorff. 81. M. meticolosa (Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 155 ?) caule vir- gato subramoso petiolisque dense hirtis pubentibusque, stipu- lis lineari-subulatis, petiolo communi brevissimo, foliolis 15—20-jugis oblique lanceolato-oblongis acutiusculis supra glabris subtus hinc strigosis, pedunculis inferioribus axillari- bus superioribus racemosis capitulo parvo pluries longioribus, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce obsoleto.— Petioli vix lineam longi, v. rarius in foliis infimis subsemipollicares. Pinnz 14—2-pollicares. Foliola 3—4 lin. longa. Pedun- culi pollicares tenues. Capitula strigis corollarum canescen- 382 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE®. tia, 21 lin. diametro. Legumen junius undique hispidissi- mum.— Brazil, Pohl, Sello—I am not certain that I am right in referring this plant to Martius’ species. His char- acter applies almost equally well to the M. distans, which, though allied, appears to me nevertheless to be distinct. B. ? fuscescens, foliolis glabrioribus latioribus 8—10-rarius 12-jugis.— Brazil, Sel/o.—Perhaps a distinct species, but certainly very near the last. 82. M. distans (sp. n.), caule virgato v. adscendente basi ramoso petiolisque strigoso-pilosis, stipulis lanceolato-sub- ulatis, pinnis petiolo pluries longioribus, foliolis 20—50-jugis falcato-lanceolatis acutis coriaceis supra glabris subtus strigo- sis, pedunculis axillaribus folio brevioribus supremis breviter racemosis, bracteolis corollas subeequantibus, calyce minuto, legumine undique breviter setoso valvulis articulatis.— Brazil, Sello, Pohl, Langsdorff, Claussen, Goyaz, Gardner, n. 3135., —]t is difficult to draw up a character to distinguish these two species, yet I do not think they can be united. The M. distans has fewer leaves than the M. meticulosa, longer petioles (half an inch to an inch long), the peduncles gene- rally two or three together, or mostly axillary, the leaflets larger, broader, more rigid and with a thicker margin. 83? M. axillaris (sp. n.), ramis divaricatis strigosis incanis, pinnis petiolo pluries longioribus, foliolis 20—40-jugis obli- que oblongo-linearibus falcatis supra nitidis subtus strigoso- incanis, pedunculis axillaribus folio subbrevioribus, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce longe ciliato pappiformi.—A very distinct species from the very shining upper surface of the leaves.— Brazil, Sello. ***** Eriocaules. Frutices ramosi ramis superne sordide v. ferrugineo-lanatis. Folia utrinque pube minutissima cano- glaucescentia et subtus interdum appresse pilosa, rarius glabrata margine tenui ciliolato. Racemi breves. Legu- minis valvulæ (an in omnibus?) indivisze. 84. M. pogocephala (sp. n.), ramulis dense lanatis demum scabris, stipulis lanceolatis, petiolo brevissimo, foliolis 12—15- BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 983 jugis oblique oblongis subfalcatis obtusis utrinque tenuissime puberulis et subtus adpresse pilosis, capitulis ellipticis ferru- gineo-hirsutissimis, bracteolis corolla longioribus, calyce obso- leto.— Pedunculi breves crassi ferrugineo-lanati. —Foliola quam in sequentibus majora.— Brazil, Sello. 85. M. erinacea (sp. n.), ramulis junioribus ferrugineo- lanatis demum glabratis v. scabro-hirtis, stipulis lanceolatis, pinnis petiolo pluries longioribus, foliolis 10—15-jugis late et oblique oblongis subfalcatis obtusis utrinque tenuissime pube- rulis, capitulis subglobosis ferrugineo hirsutissimis, bracteolis corollam superantibus, calyce obsoleto v. brevissimo, legumine undique breviter et dense aculeato-hispido valvulis indivisis. — Affinis M. eriocauli, stipulae angustiores, capitula hirsuti- ora, foliola 3—4 lin. longa. Leguminis valvulee convexius- cule, margines lati. Semina 3—4, isthmis membranaceis separata.— Brazil, Selo; Morro Vermelho, Langsdorff. 86. M. eriocaulis (sp. n.), ramulis tomentoso-lanatis de- mum scabris, stipulis lato-lanceolatis, pinnis petiolo pluries longioribus, foliolis 15— 20-jugis oblique oblongis subfalcatis obtusiusculis utrinque pube vix conspicua pallidis subglabris junioribus subtus tenuiter strigillosis, capitulis ellipticis pube- scentibus, bracteolis corolla subbrevioribus, calyce brevi pale- aceo parce laciniato-ciliato.—Stipule latiusculz fere triangu- lares. Petioli communes subsemipollicares. Pinna 2—3- poll.; foliola rigidula, 4—6 lin. longa; vens obscures, margo tenuis. Racemi breves oligocephali. Pedunculi semipolli- cares v. paullo longiores, sepius gemini. Capitula fere 5 lin. longa (staminibus neglectis.) Bracteolæ superne appresso- hirtze nec ut in precedentibus longe setosæ. Legumen non vidi.— Brazil, Pohl. 87. M. fasciculata (sp. n.), ramulis dense foliatis juniori- bus appresse lanatis demum scabro-hirtis, stipulis lato-lanceo- latis, petiolo communi subnullo, foliolis 20—30-jugis parvis imbricatis oblongo-linearibus obtusis glabriusculis v. pube subinconspicua pallidis, capitulis subglobosis ferrugineo- hirtis, bracteolis corolla longioribus, calyce minuto breviter ciliato, legumine ovato-oblongo acuto undique hirsutissimo 384 BENTHAM ON MIMOSES. valvulis indivisis.—Rami virgati. Folia fasciculata, pinnis pollicaribus, foliolis 1—I1}-lin. longis rigidulis trinerviis. Pedunculi breves, rigidi. Capitula parva. Legumina 4 lin. longa, 2 lin. lata. § 9. Myriophylle. Frutices suffruticesve, inermes. Pinnæ multijugee. Foliola parva, multijuga. Capitula racemosa. Legumen breve, valvulis indivisis. 88. M. myriophylla (Bongard MS.), ramis petiolis pe- dunculisque strigoso-villosis, pinnis 12—30-jugis, foliolis 90— 60-jugis minimis canescentibus demum glabratis, capi- tulis subglobosis in racemo longo terminali nudo subsessili- bus, bracteolis flore brevioribus, calyce paleaceo 4-partito, legumine undique strigoso-setoso. — Folia iis M. microcephale et Calliandrarum microphyllarum, simillima.— Brazil, Sello, Langsdorff. i 89. M. micropteris (sp. n.), ramis petiolis pedunculisque strigis brevibus appressis scabris, pinnis 10—12-jugis, foliolis 15— 20-jugis minimis glabris nitidis, capitulis globosis pedun- culatis breviter racemosis, bracteolis corolla subdimidio bre- vioribus, calyce parvo longe ciliato pappiformi, legumine undique strigoso.— Brazil, Sello. $ 10. Obstrigose. Fruticuli inermes v. sparse aculeati, strigis rigidis in ramis pedunculisque arcte deorsum appressis in petiolis sursum appressis plus minusve hirti. Pinne uni- juge. Foliola parva, multijuga. Pedunculi axillares, breves, rarius subracemosi. Capitula globosa. Legumi- nis valvule articulate. Species omnes Brasilize meridion- alis incolae. The species of this group may be readily known in the whole genus by the remarkable reflexed strige of the branches and peduncles. 90. M. parvipinna (sp. n.), inermis, stipulis setaceis, petiolo subnullo, foliolis 19—30-jugis minimis imbricatis linearibus subacutis coriaceis glabris serrulato-ciliatis, pedun- culis capitulo globoso brevioribus axillaribus subracemosisve i H í ! BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 385 bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce minuto ciliato.—Pinne 4—8-lin., foliola vix 4 lin. longa.—Brazil, Sello. 91. M. rupestris (sp. n.), inermis, stipulis lanceolatis seta- ceo-acuminatis, petiolo brevissimo, foliolis 20—40-jugis par- vis imbricatis oblongo-linearibus subacutis coriaceis glabris ciliatisque, pedunculis axillaribus folio subzquilongis, capi- tulis globosis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce minuto - ciliato, legumine undique strigoso-setosissimo.—DPinne polli- cares. Foliola 1—2-lin. longa. Legumina 4—8-articulata. — Brazil, Se/lo; Mountains of Rio Jaquby, Tweedie. 92. M. subinermis (sp. n.), aculeis paucis rectis v. sub- nullis, stipulis lanceolato-subulatis, petiolo brevissimo, folio- lis 20—30-jugis linearibus acutiusculis coriaceis glabris mi- nute serrulato-ciliatis, peduuculis axillaribus folio breviori- bus, capitulis globosis, bracteolis corollam szequantibus?, calyce parvo ciliato.— Vix M. rupestris var, major, aculeata.— Bra- zil, Sello. 93. M. adpressa (Hook. et Arn.! Bot. Misc. iii. 202.), aculeis paucis sparsis rectis, stipulis lanceolatis, petiolo brevis- simo, foliolis 20—30-jugis linearibus obtusiusculis glabris vix. ciliolatis, capitulis axillaribus subsessilibus globosis, bracteo- lis corolla multo brevioribus, calyce obsoleto.—Uraguay, Baird; Entre Rios, Tweedie. 94. M. Sprengelii (DC. Prodr. ii. 430.), aculeis sparsis rectis, petiolo brevi, foliolis 6—8-jugis oblongis acutiusculis margine ciliolatis, capitulis axillaribus subsessilibus globosis, bracteolis corolla multo brevioribus, calyce obsoleto, legu- mine undique strigoso.— Brazil, Se/fo. 95. M. ramulosa (sp. n.) aculeis sparsis rectis, petiolo brevissimo, foliolis 6—8-jugis oblongis acutiusculis margine . Ciliolatis, pedunculis axillaribus folio sublongioribus, capitu- lis globosis, bracteolis corolla multo brevioribus, calyce ob- soleto, legumine undique strigoso.— M. Sprengelii similis, pe- dunculis exceptis.— Brazil, Seko. 96. M. sparsa (sp. n.), aculeis sparsis rectis, strigis ramo- rum raris pedunculorum crebris, pinnis petiolo 2—3-plo longioribus, foliolis 12—20-jugis oblongo-linearibus subglo- Vol. IV.—No. 31. 3c 386 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE. bosis vix ciliatis, pedunculis axillaribus folio longioribus, capitulis globosis, bracteolis corolla multo brevioribus, calyce obsoleto, leguminis valvulis glabris nudis, margine setuloso. — Brazil, Sello. 97. M. glabra (sp. n.), glaberrima, glauca, aculeis sparsis rectis, strigis ad basin foliorum perpaucis v. nullis, pinnis petiolo subduplo longioribus, foliolis 6—8-jugis oblongo-line- aribus obtusiusculis vix serrulato-ciliatis, pedunculis folio parum brevioribus, capitulis globosis, bracteolis corolla multo brevioribus, calyce obsoleto, legumine glabro nudo.— Brazil, Sello. $ 11. Lepidote. Yrutices inermes, plus minusve tomento stellato v. pilis plumosis lepidoti, canescentes v. flavicantes. Pinne uni-pluri-jugz. Foliola multijuga. Capitula glo- bosa v. oblonga v. spicae cylindrieze, in axillis superioribus pedunculata. | Legumina plana uni-pluri-articulata. The peculiar stellate or plumose down distinguishes this group from all other Eumimose. » * Capitulis depresso-globosis involucratis. 98. M. involucrata (sp. n.), ramis petiolisque floccoso-to- mentosis pilis basi plumosis intermixtis, stipulis lanceolatis, pinnis unijugis, foliolis 12—15-jugis linearibus utrinque incanis, capitulis depresso-globosis, bracteolis corolla duplo longioribus imbricatis lanceolatis sericeo-lanatis.—Frutex ut videtur procumbens basi radicans ramis floriferis semipedali- bus. Petiolus communis brevissimus. Pinns 1—14-polli- cares. Folia 21—3 lin. longa. Capitula cernua 6—8-lin. lata, bracteolis involucrata. Calyx parvus tenuiter ciliatus, Corolla apice sericeo-pilosa, caeterum glabra. Filamenta rigidula, siccitate nigricantia.— Brazil, Sello. A most re- markable species, of which the fruit is unknown, but the flowers are those of a true Mimosa. EA Capitulis globosis v. subglobosis non involucratis. 99. M. pilulifera, ramulis petiolisque lepidoto-tomentosis BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 387 stipulis setaceis, pinnis unijugis, foliolis 15—30-jugis parvis oblongis v. oblongo-linearibus obtusis utrinque incanis v. supra rarius utrinque viridibus tomento leproso conspersis, capitulis minimis globosis, legumine plano tomentoso nudo 6—8-articulato v. abortu pauciarticulato.— Acacia Sprengelit, Hook. et Arn.! Dot. Misc. iii. 209, excl. syn. Spr.—Ura- guay, T'weedie, Baird; Brazil, Sello, Pohl, Claussen, Langs- dorff.—Near the following, but distinct. 100. M. incana, ramulis petiolisque lepidoto-tomentosis incanis, stipulis linearibus, pinnis unijugis, foliolis 15—30- Jugis parvis oblongis obtusis utrinque incanis, capitulis parvis globosis, legumine oblongo plano tomentoso dense setoso 1—2-artieulato.—.4cacia incana, Spr.! Syst. iii. 137,— Brazil, Sello. 101. M. Bonplandii, ramulis pedale tomento lepidoto demum evanido conspersis, stipulis subulatis, pinnis 3—4- jugis, foliolis 8—15-jugis parvis oblongis obtusis viridibus v. vix canescentibus, capitulis parvis globosis breviter peduncu- latis, bracteolis flore brevioribus.—Acacia Bonplandii, Gill. ! in Hook. et Arn. Bot. Misc. iii. 205. —Buenos Ayres, Gil- lies; Rio Plata, and Porana, Tweedie. B. minor.—. Acacia lepidota, Hook. et Arn.! l. c.—Ura- guay, Baird. 102. M. eriocarpa (sp. n-), ramulis petiolisque pilis plumo- sis lepidotisque tomentosis, stipulis subulatis, pinnis 3—4- Jugis, foliolis parvis 8—15-jugis oblongis obtusis utrinque stellato-lepidotis, capitulis parvis globosis, legumine uniarti- culato plano lana longa plumosa densissime obtecto.— Ha- bitu M. incane nen dissimiles. Legumina pulvina formant ovoidea-globosa, subrufescentia, 3—4-lin. longa.— Brazil, Sello. —'T'he pods resemble at first sight some of those deformed pods, becoming thick and hairy, frequently pro- duced among Mimosas by the puncture of insects; but in this case the pods and seeds are quite perfect, and all alike, without any trace of the work of insects in those which I have examined. 103. M. scabrella (sp. n.), ramis petiolisque incano-tomen- 388 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE;. tosis lepidotis, stipulis obsoletis, pinnis 5—7-jugis, foliolis sub-30.jugis parvis oblongo-linearibus obtusis utrinque inca- nis, capitulis globosis, legumine plano coriaceo verrucoso- tomentoso.— Habitu et tomento M. incane affinis sed pinnze plurijugee. Floresszepius 5-meri, interdum (utin plerisquehujus sectionis) tetrameri, rarissime hexameros vidi.— Brazil, Sello. 104. M. aurivillus (Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 132.), ramulis petiolisque setis basi plumosis tomentoque floccoso ferrugineo dense obtectis, stipulis subulatis, pinnis bijugis foliolis 4—8- jugis ovali-ellipticis oblongisve obtusis crassis utrinque dense stellato-tomentosis, pedunculis folia subsuperantibus, capi- tulis ovoideo-globosis, bracteolis corollas superantibus, legu- mine pauciarticulato dense floccoso-et subplumoso-lauato.— Brazil, Seo; Minas Geraes, Martius. I have not seen Mar- tius's specimen, but his character answers well to Sello's. 105. M. peduncularis (Bongard, MS.), ramis petiolisque communibus longe et dense setosis inter setas glabris glaucis, stipulis lanceolatis ciliatis glaucis, pinnis 2—4-jugis, petiolis partialibus floccoso-lanatis, foliolis 6 — 8-jugis ovali-ellipticis oblongisve utrinque lepidoto-tomentosis subfloccosisve, pe- dunculis folio longioribus, capitulis parvis subglobosis, brac- teolis corollas superantibus, legumine pauciarticulato rufo- tomentoso et plumoso-setoso.— Rami purpurascentes. Foliola fere M. aurivilli sed minora.— Brazil, Sello; ** Cachoeira,” Langsdor ff. 8.? rufescens, petiolo communi abbreviato, foliolis majori- bus, setis caulinis hine inde basi subplumosis, tomento raro stellato inter setas et erebriore in stipulis.— Serrà da Lapa, Langsdorff. Possibly a distinct species, but the flowers and pod are the same. TI received it under the MS. name of M. rufescens, Dongard. 106. M. calothamnus (Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. exs. n. 1089), ramulis petiolisque lepidoto-v. floccoso-tomentosis, pinnis 2—3-jugis, foliolis 12 — 16-jugis ovato-oblongis obtusis supra glabris nitidis subtus albo-tomentosis, stipulis lineari-setaceis, capitulis parvis subglobosis, legumine lepidoto-tomentoso.— Minas Geraes, Claussen, Sello, Martius. amnium po BENTHAM ON MIMOSEÆ. 389 *** Sbicis oblongis cylindricisve. 107. M. calodendron (Mart. ! 1. c. n. 1087), ramulis petio- lisque lepidoto-v. floccoso-tomentosis, stipulis abbreviatis demum induratis, pinnis 2—8-jugis, foliolis 8—12-jugis ova- tis v. ovato-oblongis obtusissimis supra glabris nitidis subtus albo-tomentosis sublepidotis, spicis oblongis densis.— Minas Geraes, Langsdorff, Sello, Martius.—Spicae 6—8-lin. longe. 108. M. furfuracea (sp. n.), ramulis petiolisque rufescen- tibus furfuraceo-tomentosis pilis densissimis stellato-plumo- sis, pinnis 3—4-jugis, stipulis lanceolato-subulatis, foliolis 10—15-jugis oblique ovatis obtusissimis utrinque lepidoto- tomentosis, spicis oblongo-cylindraceis brevibus densis pani- culatis, bracteolis corollam superantibus.—Spice pollice bre- viores.—Brazil, Sello. 109. M. sordida (sp. n.), ramuli§ petiolisque tomento sub- lepidoto rufescentibus, stipulis setaceis, pinnis 3—4-jugis, foliolis 10—15-jugis oblique ovato-oblongis obtusis utrinque stellato-tomentosis subtus rufidis, spicis oblongis parvis densis, bracteolis corolla dimidio brevioribus.— Spice vix unquam semipollicares.— Brazil, Pohl. 110. M. daleoides (sp. n.), ramis petiolisque pilis brevibus plumosis et tomento lepidoto obtectis, pinnis unijugis, folio- lis 10—15-jugis oblongis obtusis supra incano-subtus lepido- to-tomentosis, spicis cylindricis gracilibus brevibus, bracteolis corollas subsequantibus.— Brazil, Sello; Prov. St Paul, Langsdorff.—Spicze 1—8-lin longe, interdum basi subinter- rupte. 111. M. cylindracea (sp. n.), ramis petiolisque pilis plu- mosis et tomento lepidoto obtectis, stipulis setaceis, pinnis sub-5-jugis, foliolis 15— 20-jugis oblongis obtusis utrinque lepidoto-tomentosis, spicis cylindraceis densis paniculatis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus.—Spicz pollice paullo longi- ores.— Brazil, Pohl. I have another species of this group, allied apparently to M. calothamnus from Langsdorft’s collection, but the spe- cimen is too imperfect to describe. 390 BENTIIAM ON MIMOSEZE. Sect. II. Happasra.—Habbasia et Batocaulon, DC. Flores tetrameri, rarius pentameri v. trimeri. Stamina numero petalorum dupla. Legumen sepius ultra 6-sper- mum, rarius 2—4-spermum, valvulis in articulos secedentibus. —Frutices v. arbores, rarius herbs. Petioli in speciebus perpaucis prope basin et inter v. infra pinnas supremas more Acaciarum glanduliferi, in czeteris omnibus eglandulosi, setis tamen inter pinnas (praesertim. in Asperatis) sæpe elongatis aculeiformibus. Pinnz plurisæpius multi, rarissime unijuge. Foliola pauci v. multijuga. Calyx rarius, sepius minutus v, pappiformis. Corolla gamopetala ssepius membranacea, in Somniantibus rigidior profunde fissa et striata. Leguminis margo simplici serie aculeatus v. nudus v. pariter ac valvulae setosus.—Species plerzeque Americanz, paucee Africanz v. Asiaticze. § 1. Tomentose. Frutices v. arbores inermes ut in Lepidotis, plus minusve tomento stellato lepidoti v. canescentes, rarius subglabri. Pinnz plurijuge. Foliola multijuga, parva v. angusta. Spica elongato-cylindrice. Legumen inerme. — Species Americanz. 112. M. verrucosa (sp. n.), fruticosa, caule petiolisque ver- rucoso-lepidotis, pinnis 7—9-jugis, foliolis 10—20-jugis ob- lique ovatis oblongisve obtusissimis utrinque canescenti- tomentellis subtus in nervis lepidotis, spicis elongatis laxis paniculatis, floribus (omnibus ?) tetrameris. —Frutex 10—12- pedalis, affinis M. Schomburghii, foliolis tomentellis et floribus ut videtur constanter tetrameris distinctus.— Oeiras Prov. Piauhy, Gardner, n. 2136; Prov. Bahia, Blanchet, m. 2869. 113. M. Schomburgkii (Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 133.), arborea, ramulis petiolisque lepidoto-tomentellis, pin- nis 7— 15-jugis, foliolis 15— 20-jugis oblique oblongis obtu- sis nervo lepidoto-tomentoso excepto glabris supra nitidulis, spicis elongatis laxis paniculatis, floribus pentameris, legu- mine coriaceo lepidoto-tomentoso.—Pirara, British Guiana, Schomburgh, n. 715. BENTHAM ON MIMOSE X. 391 114. M. pteridifolia (sp. n.), fruticosa, ramis petiolisque glandulosis et sublepidoto-tomentosis, pinnis 12—18-jugis, foliolis multijugis parvis oblongis obtusis margine revolutis minute puberulis subtus dense glandulosis, spicis subsessi- libus elongatis gracilibus paniculatis, floribus tetrameris, legu- mine villosissimo.—Stipulze subulate, decidue. ^ Foliola 1—14 lin. longa, regulariter disposita. Spice solitari v. gemine, 2—3-pollicares. Bracteole parvee, ovate. Calyx minutus. Corolla extus puberula et glandulosa. Legumen 8—10-articulatum. Brazil, Pohl; Serra Acurua, Blanchet, n. 2850; Prov. Goyaz, Gardner, n. 4123. 115. M. discolor (sp. n.), ramulis petiolisque minutissime cano-tomentellis glabratisve, pinnis 4—5-jugis, foliolis 15—25 jugis oblongo-linearibus obtusis crassiusculis minutissime to- mentellis glabrisve, supra pallidis subglaucis, subtus (siccitate) ferrugineis, spicis cylindraceis fasciculato-racemosis, floribus tetrameris.—Stipule parva, setacee. Polia ampla. Pinne ultimæ 3—4-pollicares. Foliola maxima semipollicaria, ple- raque 4—5 lin. longa. Spice sesquipollicares. Corolla Goyaz, Gardner, n. 3187. sericeo- puberulz. $2. Leiocarpa. Frutices v. arbores, glabri v. villosi, nec tomentosi, aculeis paucis armati. Pinne plurijugee. Foli- ola multijuga, parva. Spice elongato-cylindrice. Flores tétrameri, Legumen inerme.— Species Americanæ. 116. M. leiocarpa (DC. Prodr.ii. 429.), aculeis paucissparsis, ramulis petiolisque hispidulis pubescentibusve, pinnis £ Jugis, setis tnter pinnas brevibus conicis glabris, foliolis mul- tijugis parvis oblongo-linearibus glabris v. ciliato-hispidulis, spicis elongatis jaa paniculatis, legumine lineari tenui, gla- bro, Saab Aruet malacocentra, Mart. ! Herb. Fl. Bras. 106. —Aculei validi retrorsi in speciminibus nonnullis subnulli. Spice 2—3-pollicares. Legumen stipitatum 2—25 poll. longum, 2. 3 lin. latum.— Common near Rio Janeiro ; Mar- tius, Burchell, Guillemin, etc. ; Bahia, Gardner, n. 890 ; Ceara, Gardner, n. 1588; Minas Geraes, Claussen. 117. M. acutistipula, aculeis paucis sparsis, ramulis petio- 392 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE Æ: lisque puberulis, stipulis lanceolato-subulatis, pinnis 5—6- jugis, setis inter pinnas brevibus conicis villosis, foliolis multi- jugis oblongo-linearibus obtusis mucronatisve puberulis, spicis cylindraceis brevibus paniculatis, legumine lineari tenui, gla- bro, nitido.— Acacia acutistipula, Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 107.? —Affinis M. leiocarpe. Foliola multo majora (3—4 lin. longa), spicee dimidio breviores, legumina majora.— Prov. Bahia, Blanchet, n. 2810; Prov. Piauhy, Gardner, n. 2135, Martius.—l am not quite certain of Martius’ synonymy, as he describes his species as unarmed, but where as in this and the preceding species the prickles are so few, many specimens may be met with witbout any. 118. M. interrupta (sp. n.), aculeis oppositis infrastipu- laribus, ramulis petiolisque pubescentibus, stipulis subulatis, pinnis 6— 9-jugis, foliolis multijugis oblongo-linearibus gla- briusculis, spicis longis interruptis, floribus tetrameris, ova- rio villoso.— Rami sulcati. Pubes subviscidula. Aculei validi. Folia ampla, foliolis 3—4-lin. longis supra nitidis. Spicee subsessiles, semipedales, paniculatze.— Brazil, Pohl. § 3. Cesalpiniefolic. Frutices aculeis paucis sparsis v. nul- lis. Pinne paucijuge. Foliola paucijuga, majuscula, lata. Spice cylindrica. Legumen inerme.— Species Americane. 119. M. cesalpiniefolia (sp. n.), glabriuscula, aculeis un- cinatis sparsis paucis v. nullis, pinnis trijugis, foliolis trijugis oblique ovatis. obtusissimis membranaceis, spicis paniculatis cylindricis interruptis, floribus (omnibus ?) trimeris, legu- mine lineari glaberrimo lzevi.—Aculei in ramulis pauci validi, in petiolis interdum occurrunt etiam parvi. Folia ampla. Foliola exteriora pollicaria, inferiora minora, intimum infi- mum sepe deest. Spies sesquipollicares. Legumen 2}—3 poll. longum, 4—5 lin. latum.— Prov. Piauhy, Gardner, n. 2137. : 120. M. sericantha (sp. n.), inermis? ramis petiolis folio- lisque subtus canescenti-puberulis, pinnis trijugis inzequalibus ultimarum foliolis 6—8-jugis oblique obovatis obtusissimis, BENTHAM ON MIMOSE. 393 spicis gracilibus paniculatis, floribus sericeis plerisque tetra- meris, legumine lineari canescenti-puberulo.—Foliola majora pollicaria, inferiora multo minora. Spice subinterrupte, 2—3 pollicares. Legumen 2—3-pollicare, 3—4 lin. latum. — Prov. Pernambuco, Gardner, n. 2833. $4. Glandulifere. | Frutices (scandentes?). Aculei parvi, re- trorsi, in ramulis petiolisque. Pinnz pauci-v.-plurijugae. Glandula prope basin petioli, infra pinnas superiores, et infra foliola superiora v. omnia. Foliola lata. Capitula parva, globosa. Legumen margine aculeatum v. inerme. 121. M. micracantha (Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 131), ramulis minute ferrugineo-puberulis, aculeis minimis raris, pinnis 2—3-jugis distantibus, glandulis petiolorum depressis, foliolis subbijugis amplis oblique ovatis oboyatisve obtusis coriaceis supra nitidis subtus minute ferrugineo-punctatis ad venas subpubentibus, paniculis amplis „ramosis, capitulis parvis breviter pedunculatis, floribus pentameris, legumine lato lineari pluriarticulato glabro nitido inermi.—Foliola spe 3 poll. longa, 2 poll. lata.—Rio Negro, Langsdorff, Schomburgh. This and the two following species are very remarkable, as being the only ones in the whole genus with glandular peti- oles. Their habit is not unlike that of some Pithecolobia. The flowers appear to me to be those of a Mimosa. I have seen but one pod apparently ripe in which the valves in each article adhere closely together, as in Entada, instead of sepa- rating spontaneously as in most Mimose. If this character should prove constant in the three species, they may perhaps be considered as a distinct genus, and if so, possibly my Entada? myriadinia above referred to may be associated with them. Acacia Guilandinae ? DC. Prodr. ii. 465, of which the number of stamina is not stated, appears from the short character to be near M. micracantha. 122. M. eatensa (sp. n.), glabra, aculeis minimis, pinnis 2—3-jugis distantibus, glandulis petiolorum depressis, foliolis unijugis amplis ovato-falcatis dimidiatis acuminatis nitidis, Journ. of Bot, Vol. IV. No. 32, January, 1842. 3D 394 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE E, racemis axillaribus terminalibusque simplicibus ramosisve polycephalis, pedunculis fasciculatis, capitulis parvis, floribus plerisque tetrameris.— Brazil, Sello, a single specimen, near M. micracantha, but evidently distinct. 123. M. trinervis (Desf.—DC. Prodr. ii. 430.), glabra, aculeis sparsis, pinnis 3—4-jugis, foliolis 4—5-jugis ovali- rhombeis mucronulatis basi trinerviis venosis.— Habitat un- known,—I have not seen the plant, but if a Mimosa, it must belong to this group. 124. M. paniculata (Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 131.), ramulis petiolis pedunculisque pubescentibus, aculeis parvis retrorsis numerosis, pinnis 5—'-jugis, glandulis petiolorum conicis, foliolis 7—11-jugis oblique falcato-rhombeis mucro- nulatis supra lucidis hirtellis subtus pubescentibus, panicula terminali ampla, capitulis parvis, floribus tetrameris.— Fo- liola 4—5-lin. longa.— British Guiana, Schomburgh. $ 5. Rubicaules. Frutices sepe scandentes v. arbores. Aculei sparsi. Pinne et foliola plurijuga. Glandule petiolares nulla. Capitula globosa, sepius paniculata. Bracteolae parve. Legumen planum, glabrum v. pube- scens nec setosum, margine retrorsum aculeato v. nudo, articulis saepius 6—8 subquadratis. * Americana. 125. M. obovata (sp. n.), glabra, aculeis in caule petiolis- que paucis validis retrorsis, pinnis 3—4-jugis, foliolis 1—2- jugis oblique obovatis obtusissimis, panicula terminali ramosa, legumine stipitato lato-lineari glabro nudo.—Foliola ma- jora sesquipollicaria, siccitate fuscescentia, subtus ferruginea. Panicula brevis, ramis paucis. Flores nonnisi marcidos vidi. Legumen 2—3 poll. longum, 6 lin. latum, 5—8-articulatum. —Brazil, Pohl. 126. M. Ceratonia (Linn.! Spec. 1508.), glaberrima, re- pens v. scandens, aculeis in caule petiolis pedunculisque parvis retrorsis copiosis, pinnis 3—5-jugis, foliolis trijugis oblique obovatis orbiculatisve obtusissimis, racemo terminali ere BENTHAM ON MIMOSE. 395 vix ramoso, floribus trimeris, legumine sessili lato-lineari glabro margine retrorsum aculeato.—Isle of St Thomas, Ehrenberg; St Lucia, Anderson. 127? M. montana (Kunth. Mim. t. 10.) fruticosa, ramis aculeatis puberulis, petiolis inermibus, pinnis 2—3-jugis, fo- liolis 4—6-jugis elliptico-oblongis obtusis puberulis parvis, capitulis axillaribus pedunculatis, legumine lineari glabro nudo.— Andes of Peru, Humboldt and Bonpland.—Not having seen the plant, I have drawn up the above character from Kunth's description. 128. M. sepiaria (sp. n.), fatio v. arborea, ramulis petiolis paniculaque pubescentibus glabratisve, aculeis paucis sparsis rectiusculis validis, pinnis 4—8-jugis, foliolis 20—40- jugis linearibus obliquis subnitidis glabris v. raro puberulis, panicula ampla polycephala laxa, floribus tetrameris, legu- mine breviter stipitato lineari glabro nitido nudo.— Species in sepibus fruticosa, in sylvis arbor pulcherrima. Foliola - crebra, subfalcata, 3—4 lin. Jonga. Panicula ter quaterve ramosa. Flores albi. Legumen 2 poll. longum, 3 lin. la- tum, articukis 6—8 quadratis.— Common in hedges all over South Brazil to Rio Janeiro, Tweedie, Sello, Lord Colchester, Guillemin, Pohl, etc.; Bahia, Salzmann; Pernambuco, Gard- ner, n. 919.—1 feel persuaded, that so common a Brazi- lian species must be already described under some other name, yet I cannot find any published character to agree with it. 129. M. oligacantha (DC. Prod. ii. 429.) from St Martha. Unknown to me, but apparently near M. obovata. ** Asiatice. 130. M. rubicaulis (Lam. Dict. i. 20.) fruticosa, subscan- dens, aculeis in caule petiolisque sparsis, ramulis foliisque junioribus pubescentibus tomentosisve, pinnis 3—10-jugis, fo- liolis 6 —15-jugis oblique oblongis v. oblongo-linearibusobtusis subtus v. utrinque adpresso-puberulis, pedunculis axillaribusad apices ramorum racemosis, floribus tetrameris, calyce corolla 4—5-plo breviore, legumine stipitato lato, lineari falcato gla- 396 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. bro, margine aculeato v. nudo.— M. octandra et M. mutabilis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 564.—A very variable species, common in East India, from whence it is sent in almost all collections, (Wallich. Cat. n. 5289), assuming very different forms, but all probably belonging to one species. 131. M. hamata (Willd. Spec. iv. 1033.), fruticosa, aculeis in caule petiolisque validis sparsis, ramulis foliis pedunculis- que cano-puberulis, pinnis 3—4-jugis, foliolis 6—10-jugis oblique oblongis v. oblongo-linearibus parvis, pedunculis plerisque axillaribus, floribus tetrameris, calyce corolla pluries breviore, legumine stipitato lato-lineari falcato pubescente, margine aculeato.— East Indian- Peninsula, Heyne, Russel, Wight. (Wallich. Cat. n. 5290.) Very near M. rubicaulis, and only differs from the prickly fruited forms of that spe- cies by its smaller leaves, and more copious canescent down on the foliage, and especially on the pods. 132. M. /atispinosa (Lam. Dict. i. 22.), fruticosa, subscan- dens, aculeis in ramulis raris in petiolis crebrioribus basi ssepe latissimis, ramulis petiolis paniculisque tomentoso-pube- scentibus, pinnis 10—25-jugis, foliolis 10—20-jugis oblique oblongis obtusissimis utrinque adpresse puberulis, panicula ampla polycephala, capitulis parvis, calyce corolla dimidio breviore, legumine stipitato lato-lineari subfalcato puberulo, margine aculeolato v. nudo.—M. Mascarensis, Spr. Syst. ii. 207?— Madagascar, Bojer; Mauritius, Telfair, (Wallich. Cat. n. 5291.) 133? M. Emirnensis (sp. n.), fruticosa? inermis? ramulis petiolis paniculaque minute tomentoso-puberulis, pinnis 6— 10-jugis, foliolis 5—8-jugis oblique oblongis obtusiusculis utrinque adpresse puberulis, panicula ramosa polycephala, legumine sessili lato-lineari puberulo inermi. Folia fere M. rubicaulis, cetera M, latispinose, ab utraque differt legumine sessili,—Prov. Emirna in Madagascar, Bojer.—1 have only seen a single specimen, with pods not quite ripe. $ 6, Somniantes. Frutices v. herbz, aculeatee v. inermes. Pinnz plurijugz. Seta inter pinnas breves stipuliformes. BENTHAM ON MIMOSEÆ. 397 Foliola multijuga parva. Capitula parva globosa, axil- laria v. racemosa. Calyx minutus. Corolle lacinize mul- tistriat», Legumina linearia, angusta, pluri-v multiarti- culata, inermia, glabra v. seepius plus minusve setoso-v. glanduloso-hispida, articulis latitudine sepius longioribus. — Species Americans, * Aculeate, Pedunculi filiformes et capitula glabra. 134. M. acutiflora (sp. n.), ramis petiolisque aculeolatis dense rufo-hispidis eglandulosis, stipulis lanceolato-subulatis, pinnis 4—6-jugis, foliolis multijugis imbricatis linearibus ob- tusis glabris v. vix ciliolatis, bracteolis parvis, corollis acutis, legumine longe stipitato multiarticulato undique dense setoso et glanduloso-hispido.— Brazil, Pohl. 135. M. podocarpa (sp. n.), ramis petiolisque aculeolatis viscoso-pubescentibus et glanduloso-hirtis, stipulis lanceolato- subulatis, pinnis 5—10-jugis, foliolis multijugis imbricatis linearibus obtusis glabris v. vix ciliolatis, bracteolis parvis, corollis obtusissimis, legumine longe stipitato multiarticulato undique parce glanduloso-hispido.— Brazil, Pohl, Sello. 136. M. somnians (Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. Spec. iv. 1036.), ramis petiolisque aculeatis glabris v. hispidulis, stipu- lis ovato-lanceolatis setaceo-acuminatis, pinnis subquadrijugis, foliolis multijugis linearibus acutiusculis glabris, bracteolis parvis, legumine stipitato multiarticulato hispidulo.— New Granada, Humboldt and Bonpland. 137. M. somniculosa (Humb. et Kunth. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 257.) ramis petiolisque aculeatis pilosis, stipulis lanceola- to-subulatis, pinnis 10—12-jugis, foliolis multijugis lineari- bus acutiusculis glabris v. vix ciliolatis, bracteolis parvis.— Tropical America, Humboldt and Bonpland. The four preceding species (of which the two latter are only known to me by Kunth’s description,) are very near to each other, aud may possibly be marked varieties of one spe- cies; yet the two which I have described appear to me suffi- ciently distinct, and neither of them agree entirely with the characters of either of Humboldt’s.—I have not added M. 398 BENTHAM ON MIMOSES. palpitans (Humb. et Bonpl.), because Kunth says he knows not how to distinguish it from M. somnians. 138. M. quadrijuga (Salzmann, MS.), suffruticosa? gla- berrima, v. pilis glanduliferis hinc inde conspersa, aculeis sparsis, stipulis lanceolato-setaceis, pinnis 2—4-jugis, foliolis multijugis linearibus obtusis, bracteis parvis, legumine longe stipitato multiarticulato glabro.— Brazil, Sello; Bahia, Salz- mann.—'This again is near the preceding ones, but much more slender, and the pod, as well as the rest of the plant, almost entirely smooth. . 139. M. bijuga (sp. n.), herbacea, subinermis, glabra v. pilis brevibus patentibus paucisque glanduliferis conspersa et hinc inde minutissime aculeolata, stipulis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis, pinnis bijugis, foliolis multijugis linearibus obtu- sis, capitulis ovato-globosis, bracteolis lato-ovatis corollas equantibus.—Foliola quam in praecedentibus paullo majora (2—4 lin. longa) et habitus rigidior—Piauhy, Gardner, n. 2133. ** Inermes. 140. M. leptocaulis (sp. n.), herbacea v. suffruticosa? ` glaberrima v. pilis glanduliferis strigisque raris, stipulis lan- ceolatis setaceo-acuminatis, pinnis 1— 2-jugis, foliolis multi- jugis linearibus obtusis, pedunculis glabris filiformibus, brac- teolis corolla glabra multo brevioribus.— Ramuli gracillimi. Petioli communes 1—12-pollicares, filiformes. Pinne polli- cares. Foliola vix 2 lin. longa.— Brazil, Pohi, 141. M. trijuga (sp. n.), herbacea v. suffruticosa, glaber- rima v. pilis glanduliferis strigisve conspersa, stipulis lanceo- latis setaceo-acuminatis, pinnis 3-rarius 4-jugis, foliolis mul- tijugis linearibus obtusis, pedunculis glabris filiformibus, bracteolis corolla glabra multo brevioribus.—.M. leptocauli affinis, sed omnibus partibus major et pinnz constanter nu- merosiores.— Brazil, Pohl. 142, M. viscida (Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1048?) fru- ticosa ?, ramulis petiolisque glanduloso-viscosis, stipulis lan- ceolatis, pinnis 3—4-jugis, foliolis multijugis, pedunculis glabris filiformibus linearibus obtusis glabris, bracteolis E NM eoo nom BENTHAM ON MIMOSEJE. 399 corolla glabra multo brevioribus.—Preecedentibus affinis sed caules et petioli glandulis stipitatis subsessilibusve obtecti. Pinnæ sesquipollicares.—Rio Pardo, Langsdorff. 143. M. lupulina (sp. n.), fruticosa, ramis petiolisque brevi- ter et dense rufo-hirtis, stipulis lato-lanceolatis, pinnis 6—10- jugis, foliolis multijugis linearibus obtusis glabris, pedunculis rufo-hirtis, bracteolis ovato-hirtis corollas glabras superanti- bus, legumine sessili lineari subfalcato pluriarticulato undique hirsutissimo.— Brazil, Pohl. 144, M. lasiocarpa (sp. n.), suffruticosa? ramis petiolis pedunculisque dense rufo-hirtis et pubentibus, stipulis lan- ceolatis, pinnis 4—8-jugis, foliolis multijugis linearibus obtu- sis piloso-pubescentibus, bracteolis brevibus, corollis pube- scentibus, legumine lineari 8— 12-articulato undique ferru- gineo-hirto et pubente.— Habitus praecedentium. Pili densi rufi.— Brazil, Sello, Pohl, Claussen. § 7. Asperate. Frutices (v. herbe?). Aculei retrorsi, in caule petiolisque sparsi, sæpe validi. Pinnz pluri, v. mul- tijugee. Sete inter pinnas subulate, nunc aculeiformes. Foliola pluri-v. multijuga. Pedunculi axillares, superio- res racemosi. Capitula globosa v. elliptica. Corolla membranacea, non striata. Legumina linearia, multiarti- culata, undique glanduloso-strigosa v. setoso-hirta, nunc hispidissima. * Glandulose, legumine anguste lineari acuto, setis inter pinnas parvis. 145. M. adenocarpa (sp. n.), fruticosa, glanduloso-hirta, stipulis setaceis, pinnis 6—10-jugis, foliolis 10—20-jugis linearibus hinc inde ciliatis et pilis glanduliferis conspersis glabrisque, capitulis globosis, bracteolis parvis, calyce brevi nudo, legumine subsessili anguste lineari rostrato glanduloso- viscoso.— Folia 3-pollicaria v. paullo longiora. Pinne sepius distantes, semipollicares. Setulæ inter pinnas parvee, rarius 1—3 lin. longe. Foliola 13—2 lin. longa. Legumina pol- licaria, articulis. 4—6-latitudine longioribus, Brazil, Pohl, Sello, Claussen, Langsdorff. 400 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 146. M. paludosa (sp. n.), fruticosa, setis longis hispida et glanduloso-hirta pube canescenti intermixta, stipulis lanceo- latis setaceo-acuminatis, pinnis 6— 15-jugis, foliolis 20—40- jugis linearibus obtusis ciliatis hispidulisque, capitulis globo- sis, bracteolis corolla parum brevioribus setosis v. hinc inde elongato-comosis, calyce parvo truncato, legumine sessili . latiuscule lineari-faleato acuminato viscoso-pubescente.— Habitu M. asperate affinis videtur sed undique glanduloso- hirta. Leguminis articuli 8—15, longitudine parum latiora. —Brazil, Langsdorff, Claussen; Piauhy, Gardner, n. 1942. ** Eoglandulose, legumine latiore obtusiusculo multiarticulato. Sete inter pinnas sepius aculeiformes, elongate. 147. M. asperata (Linn. Spec. 1507.) fruticosa, ramis petiolis pedunculisque patentim v. subappresse setoso-hispi- dis, stipulis ovato-lanceolatis subulato-acuminatis, pinnis 8— 15-jugis, foliolis multijugis linearibus supra glabris mar- gine ciliatis subtus appresse pubescentibus hirtisve, peduncu- lis folio multo brevioribus, capitulis globosis, calycibus longi- uscule laciniato-ciliatis, leguminibus undique setoso-hispidis- simis, articulis latitudine multo brevioribus.—South America: W. Indies, Demerara, Parker ; Porto Bello, Billberg ; Lima, Cuming, n. 988; Brazil, Sello; Tropical and S. Brazil, Tweedie; Minas Geraes, Claussen; Bahia, Salzmann; Per- nambuco, Gardner, n. 983; Piauhy, Gardner, n. 1585; Africa: Senegal, Sieber, n. 46; Egypt, Kotschy, 940; Syene, Sieber; Mauritius, Te/far, etc.—As far as descriptions go, this species appears to include, besides the M. polyacantha, Willd., which is certainly not different; the M. canescens, M. hispida, M. ciliata, and M. pellita, Willd., M. sicaria, Hoffm., all inserted with more or less of doubt in De Can- dolles Prodromus, and JM. procumbens, Schum. Pl. Guin. 324. The hairs of the stem are patent or appressed in both African and American specimens. 148. M. elliptica (sp. n.), fruticosa, ramis petiolisque sparse setoso-hispidis, stipulis lato-lanceolatis, pinnis 7—10- jugis, foliolis multijugis linearibus glabris v. vix pilosulis BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 401 margine ciliatis, pedunculis foliolo vix dimidio brevioribus, capitulis oblongo-ellipticis, calycibus abbreviatis vix ciliatis, leguminibus hirsutissimis multiarticulatis.— Affinis M. aspera- te. Habitus laxior. Aculei pauci. Foliola rigidiora. Pe- dunculi 2—3-pollicares. Flores fere glabri, in capitulo duplo longiore quam lato dispositi. Legumen junius tantum vidi. Tota planta siccitate nigrescit.— Rio Janeiro, Lhotsky, Burchell, Pohl, Sello, Gardner. 149. M. cinerea ( Vell. Fl. Flum. xi. t. 85? non Linn.), fruti- cosa, procumbens, ramis pedunculisque appresse strigoso-pilo- sis, stipulis ovato-lanceolatis, pinnis 6— 10-jugis foliolis 20—30- jugis linearibus ciliatis nudisve, pedunculis folio brevioribus, capitulis globosis, calyce minuto, legumine sparse strigoso articulis 4—10 latitudine parum brevioribus.—Much of the habit of some of the less hairy forms of M. asperata, but the strigz are much closer appressed and more rigid, and the pod is very different, both as to the setze which are few and appres- sed, not erect, and the articles which are nearly as long as broad. Velloso's figure shows the sete between the pinne rather longer than I have seen them, but appears to be the plant before me. The polyandrous flower is surely a mistake; for the setze, above-mentioned, are characteristic of Mimosa.— Entre Rios, Maldonado, La Plata, etc., Tweedie; Minas Geraes, Claussen ? (whose specimens are not in fruit.) § 8. Microcephale. (cfr. char, in diagnosi specifica.) 150. M. microcephala (Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. Spec. iv. 1039.; Kunth. Mim. 23. t. 8.), fruticosa, inermis, ramis ad- presso-hispidulis, stipulis lanceolatis subulato-acuminatis, pin- nis 20—30-jugis, foliolis 20—30-jugis, minimis oblongo-line- aribus glabris ciliolatis nudisve, racemis gracilibus aphyllis subramosis polycephalis, capitulis minimis breviter peduncu- latis globosis ellipticisve, calyce minuto, legumine lineari multiarticulato undique strigoso-piloso.— On the Orinoco, Humboldt and Bonpland ; Parime Mountains, Schomburgh. Vol. IV. —— No. 32. 3x 402 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. § 9. Dormientes, Herbæ fruticesve decumbentes v. prostrati. Aculei sparsi nunc rari submulli, Folia fere Asperatarum. Pedunculi axillares. Capitula globosa v. elliptica. Legu- men obovatum v. oblongum, 1—3-articulatum, undique setosum v. hispidum. 151. M. dormiens (Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. Spec. iv. 1035.), fruticosa, procumbens, ramis petiolisque adpresse albido-hirsutis et aculeis rectis armatis, stipulis ovatis acumi- natis, pinnis 5-rarius 6-jugis, foliolis 9—18-jugis linearibus acutiusculis utrinque puberulis, pedunculis petiolo communi dimidio brevioribus, bracteolis corollam superantibus ciliato- setosis, calyce minuto, legumine oblique obovato-oblongo 1—3-articulato undique hispido.—Santarem, Langsdorff- On the river Apures, Humboldt and Bonpland, (whose spe- cimens I have not seen.) 152, M. intermedia (Kunth. Mim. 16. t. 6.), fruticosa pro- cumbens, ramis petiolisque hispidis et aculeis rectis armatis, stipulis ovatis acutis, pinnis 4—7-jugis, foliolis 9—15-jugis linearibus obtusis glabris, pedunculis petiolo communi triplo brevioribus, bracteolis corollas zquantibus, calyce subnullo, legumine oblique obovato-oblongo 1—2-articulato undique hispido.— Plain of Caraccas, Humboldt and Bonpland, 153. M. humilis (Humb. et Bonp. in Willd. Spec. iv. 1037.), fruticosa, procumbens, ramis petiolisque adpresse hispidis et pubentibus, aculeis rectis, stipulis ovatis acutis, pinnis 3—4-jugis, foliolis 6—12-jugis linearibus acutiusculis subtus margineque puberulis, pedunculis petiolo communi subdimidio brevioribus, legumine oblique obovato biarticula- to undique hispido.— Cumana, Humboldt and Bonpland.— The characters of this and the preceding species are taken from Kunth's description. Both are said to be very near M. dormiens. 154. M. strigillosa (Torr. et Gr.! Fl. N. Amer. i. 399.), prostrata, aculeis parvis raris v. nullis, ramulis junioribus petiolis "pedunculisque strigoso-setosis v. demum nudis, sti- pulis ovatis cordatisve, pinnis 4—6-jugis, foliolis 10— 15-j ugis, lineari-oblongis ciliatis nudisve subglabris, pedunculis petiolo /——— BENTHAM ON MIMOSEÆ, 403 communi subzequilongis, capitulis ellipticis, bracteolis corol- la parum brevioribus, calyce minuto, legumine ovato v. oblon- go 1—3-articulato undique setoso.— East Florida and Loui- siana, Torrey and Gray; Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, 3d coll., n. 157, 157, bis., and 159. 155. M. camporum (Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 130.), procumbens, aculeis minutis raris, caule petiolisque hispidis demum glabriusculis scabris, stipulis lanceolatis acuminatis, pinnis 2—4-jugis, foliolis 10—30-jugis linearibus ciliatis gla- briusculis, capitulis parvis breviter pedunculatis subracemo- sis, bracteolis corollam subzequantibus, calyce parvo, legu- mine oblongo 1—3-articulato vix obliquo undique hispido.— British Guiana, Schomburgh, n. 125. Sect. III. A MERIA. Flores tetrameri v. sepe pentameri. Stamina numero petalorum dupla. Legumen pleiospermum v. polyspermum, intus transverse septatum v. uniloculare, valvulis planis v. convexis, indivisis.— Frutices, arbores v. rarius herbs. Petioli glandulis orbati et rarius inter pinnas setosi. Pinnæ pluri-v. multijuge, rarius unijuge aut nulle. Foliola sepius multijuga. Calyx varius. Corolla membranacea. Legu- men nunc undique setosissimum, v. hispidum nunc glabrum nudum v. margine aculeatum.—Species omnes Americane. § 1. Antrorse. (cfr. char. in diagnosi specifica.) 156. M. antrorse (sp. n.), fruticosa? ramulis crassis tetra- gonis petiolis pedunculisque adpresse rufo-pilosis, aculeis in angulis caulis et hinc inde in petiolis antrorsum uncinatis, pinnis 10—15-jugis, foliolis 30—50-jugis parvis linearibus ciliatis utrinque glabris v. subtus puberulis, racemo terminali, capitulis globosis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce parvo ciliato, legumine lato lineari plano undique adpresse villoso polyspermo.— Pili totius plante flavicantes v. rufi. Stipulze lineari-subulatee. Folia semipedalia. Foliola 14—24-lin. longa. Racemus pedalis basi foliatus, pedunculis vix polli- caribus geminis ternisve. Flores tetrameri. *Legumen 404 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE Æ, 2—21-pollicare. Valvule inter semina transverse lineata at non (tanquam e speciminibus apparet) in articulos sponte secedentia.— Brazil, Pohl. This species, with some resem- blance in habit to the Asperate, and to the Pachycarpe, is nevertheless easily distinguished by a variety of characters. $ 2. Pachycarpe. Frutices inermes plus minusve setosi. Stipule angustz. Pinne pluri-seepius multijuge. Sete inter pinnas obsolete. Foliola multijuga coriacea niten- tia sepius ciliato-setoso rarius pube obtecta. Racemi terminales, nudi v. basi foliati, nunc paniculato-ramosi, nunc brevissimi oligocephali. Capitula subglobosa ssepius ma- juscula. Bracteolæ setoso-ciliatæ. ^ Legumina sæpius brevia polysperma undique setosa v. muricato-hispida, valvulis plano-convexis crassiusculis subcarnosisve. The pod is known but in three or four species, but the whole group have so distinct a habitus, that it is probably much the same in the other species. 157. M. nitens (sp. n.), setis sparsis patentibus, pinnis 2—3-jugis, foliolis late linearibus obliquis hinc auriculato- truncatis glabris minute ciliatis, panicula laxa aphylla, capi- tulis hispidis, bracteolis corollas superantibus.—Foliola arcte approximata 6—9 lin. longa, 2 lin. lata, plurinervia. Stami- na fere pollicaria.— Brazil, Pohl. 158. M. vernicosa (Bongard MS.), setis strigosis brevibus raris, pinnis 4— 6-jugis, foliolis linearibus obtusis glabris nu- dis, racemo oligocephalo foliis breviore, bracteolis corollam zquantibus, calyce minuto nudo. Foliola 3—4-lin. longa. — Serra da Lapa, Langsdorff. 159. M. /eiocephala (sp. n.), setis strigosis sparsis, pinnis 10—15-jugis, foliolis linearibus obtusis glabris subciliatis, racemis paniculato-ramosis laxis polycephalis, capitulis gla- bris, bracteolis corolla brevioribus calyceque minuto nudis.— Goyaz, Gardner, n. 3706.—Foliola numerosa, 2-lin. longa. à 160. M. setosa (sp. n.), setis longis rufis, pube brevissima intermixta, pinnis 15—35-jugis, foliolis linearibus ciliatis glabriusculis, racemo elongato polycephalo subramoso, capi- a NS BENTHAM ON MIMOSEFF. 405 tulis hispidis pedunculatis, bracteolis corollas superantibus, calyce minuto longiuscule ciliato.— Foliola M. leiocephale v. interdum leviter puberula. Folia sepe pedalia. Capitula (staminibus neglectis) circa 4-lin. diametro.— Brazil, Pohl. 161. M. Gardneri (sp. n.), setis longis rufis densissimis, ramulis crassis, pinnis 20—30-jugis, foliolis linearibus setoso- ciliatis glabriusculis, racemo elongato polycephalo, capitulis breviter pedunculatis hispidissimis, bracteolis corollas equan- tibus, calyce minuto longiuscule ciliato.—Folia praecedentis hispidiora, racemus demum sesquipedalis. Capitula duplo majora quam in M. setosa.— Brazil, Pohl; Goyaz, Gardner, n. 2136. 162. M. Clausseni (sp. n.), setis longis crassis reflexis rufis densissimis, ramulis crassis, pinnis 15—20-jugis, folio- lis oblique linearibus acutiusculis ciliatis subglabris, racemo abbreviato polycephalo, capitulis glomeratis pedunculatis ovato-globosis maximis hispidissimis, bracteolis corollas zequantibus, calyce minuto longiuscule ciliato, legumine ob- longo undique setoso-hispidissimo.—Folia fere praecedentium, foliola majora. Capitula staminibus neglectis pollicem longa. —Minas Geraes, Claussen; Brazil, Pohl. 163. M. pycnocoma (sp. n.), setis densis basi crassis retror- sis apice longe piliferis suberectis, ramulis crassis, foliis sub racemo condensatis, pinnis 12—18-jugis, foliolis linearibus ciliatis glabris, racemo foliis breviore denso polycephalo, capitulis pilosissimis, bracteolis corollas zquantibus, calyce parvo longe ciliato.—Folia semipedalia ceterum fere M. setose, v, M. Gardneri.— Capitula semipollicem diametro.— Brazil, Pohl. 164, M. densa (sp. n.), setis brevibus appressis strigosis densis junioribus piliferis, pinnis 20—35-jugis, foliolis parvis oblongo-linearibus utrinque adpresse pubescentibus v. demum glabriusculis, racemis brevibus, capitulis villosis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce minuto ciliato.—M. foliolose affi- nis sed ramulis crassis apice dense foliatis, racemis folio brevioribus et hirsutie M. pycnocome approximatur. Foliola l -lin. longa, imbricata.— Brazil, Pohl, 406 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE, 165. M. foliolosa (sp. n.), pilis tenuibus patentibus sub- ferrugineis pube brevi pilisque glanduliferis intermixtis, pinnis 20—35-jugis, foliolis parvis oblongis obtusis utrin- que pubescentibus, racemo folia superante, capitulis hirsu- tis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, calyce minuto ciliato.— Ramuli tenuiores quam in precedentibus. Pili basi non incrassati. Pubes foliolorum brevis, patens. Pinnz rarius pollicem longz. Foliola numerosa imbricata l-lin. longa. Capitula 3—4-lin. longa. Corolle villosze.— Brazil, Pohl. 8. pubescens, pilis ferrugineis raris.— Brazil, Poll. 166. M. platyloma (sp. n.), pilis patentibus rufis densis, pinnis 10—16-jugis, foliolis parvis oblongo-linearibus ob- tusis supra glabris subtus hirsutis ciliatis, racemo abbreviato, capitulis hirsutis ?, bracteolis setosissimis corollas sequanti- bus ?, calyce minuto ciliato, legumine oblongo crasso undique ferrugineo-hirto, margine latissimo.— Brazil, Sello. — Perhaps a variety of M. foliolosa, but as far as I can judge from the specimens in flower in the one case, in. fruit only with a few old withered flowers in the other, the two appear to me to be distinct. 167. M. pachycarpa (sp. n.), caule petiolisque pube ferru- ginea scabris, setis subnullis, pinnis 10—920-jugis linearibus obtusis glabris nudis, pedunculis axillaribus folio brevioribus (superioribus racemosis ?), legumine oblongo crasso undique verrucoso, margine lato.— Brazil, Se//o.— Near to M. vernicosa on the one hand, and to M, platyloma on the other. I have only seen it in fruit. $ 3. Stipellares. Frutices divaricato-ramosi, glabri v. canes- centi-pubescentes nec setosi, sparse aculeati v. rariusinermes. Pinne pauci-rarius multijuge. Stipella ad basin petio- lorum minimae orbiculate, nec ut in ceteris Mimosis setacez vel setaceo-acuminatze. Pedunculi axillares. Capitula globosa. Flores tetrameri. Calyces parvi non ciliati. Legumen planum, glabrum pubescens v. tuber- culatum, nec setosum nec aculeatum, margine carti- lagineo. i BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 407 168. M. bifurca (sp. n.), glaberrima, inermis, nitida, ramis angulatis dichotomis, pinnis 2—3-jugis, foliolis 20 —30-jugis alternis oblique ovatis crassiusculis, pedunculis folio breviori- bus bracteolis parvis, lezumine lineari glabro lzevi.— Species distinctissima. Pinnæ distantes 21— 32-pollicares. Stipellae fere glanduleformes. Foliola 1—2-lin. longa.— Brazil, Sello. 169. M. intricata (sp. n.), glabra v. pube minutissima sub- canescens, aculeis sparsis uncinatis, stipulis minutis, pinnis 4— 6-jugis, foliolis 8—15-jugis minimis obovatis, pedunculis petiolo communi sublongioribus, bracteolis minimis.—Fruti- culus ramosissimus, aculeis numerosis, Foliola vix semiline- am longa. Capitula 2—21-lin. diametro.— Brazil, Sello. 170. M. /ucidula (sp. n.), glabra, inermis, stipulis lanceo- latis acutissimis, pinnis 3—5-jugis, foliolis 8—12-jugis parvis oblongis v. oblongo-linearibus, pedunculis petiolo communi sublongioribus, bracteolis minimis.— Near M. intricata, and M. cruenta, but evidently distinct from both. Leaflets 1 line long, shining.— Brazil, Sello. Described from a wild speci- men without flowers, and a cultivated one in flower, from the Royal Garden, Berlin. 171. M. Uruguayensis (Hook. et Arn.! Bot. Misc. iii. 202.), glabra, aculeis sparsis rectis, stipulis lato-ovatis acutis, pinnis 1—2-jugis, foliolis 8—12-jugis oblongo-linearibus, pedunculis folio sublongioribus, bracteolis parvis, legumine lineari falcato scabro.— Uruguay, Baird, Sello. 172. M. cruenta (sp.^n.), inermis v. aculeis sparsis subre- curvis armata, ramulis pedunculis foliisque junioribus pube minuta canescentibus, stipulis ovato-lanceolatis subulato-acu- minatis, pinnis 1—3-jugis, rarissime 4—5-jugis, foliolis 6—8- jugis oblongis obtusissimis, pedunculis folio sublongioribus, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, legumine lineari-falcato cane- scenti-puberulo.—Species a M. Uruguayensi pube praesertim distincta, Stipella interior sepe deest et hoc casu exterior major quam solito evadit. Foliola latiora crassiora, flores paul- lo majoresquam in M. Uruguayensi. Capitula (filamenta?) teste Tweedio cruenta sunt.— Brazil, Sello; Maldonado, Tweedie, 173. M. trachycarpa (sp. n.), aculeis sparsis recurvis, ramis 408 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEJE. foliisque tenuiter glanduloso-tomentellis, stipulis brevibus ovatis acutis, pinnis 3—4-jugis, foliolis 6—12-jugis parvis oblongis obtusis crassiusculis, pedunculis folio longioribus, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, legumine lineari-falcato obtuso inermi undique breviter echinato-scabro.—M. cruente affi- nis.— Brazil, Sello, 174. M. bracteolaris (sp. n.), inermis, ramulis pedunculis foliisque junioribus pube molli canescentibus, stipulis lanceo- lato-subulatis, pinnis 1—2-jugis, foliolis 3—5-jugis oblique oblongis obtusiusculis, pedunculis folio sublongioribus, brac- teolis subulatis corolla subduplo longioribus.— Habitus M. cruente, pube et bracteolis distincta.— Brazil, Sello. $ 4. Acanthocarpe. Frutices ramosissimi, ramulis sepius tortuosis, glabri pubescentes v. villosi, nec setosi, inermes v. sepius aculeis infrastipularibus sparsisve armati. Sti- pulz et stipelle parva, setacee. Pinnz pauci-rarius multi- juge. Pedunculi axillares. (Capitula globosa v. rarius cylindraceo-spiceformia. Flores tetrameri v. sæpius pen- tameri. Calyx obtuse dentatus nec ciliatus. Legumen planum szpius falcatum, glabrum v. pubescens, margine nudo v. (ut in Eubicaulibus) uncinato-aculeato, nec setoso. 175. M. Bahamensis (sp. n.), aculeis sparsis recurvis raris, ramis petiolis pedunculisque dense ferrugineo-tomentosis, pinnis 2—4-jugis, foliolis 3—6-jugis obovato-oblongis ellip- ticisve glabris v. pube minuta conspersis, capitulis globosis, floribus tetrameris, calycibus dimidium corollz sequantibus. — Species pube ferruginea insignis. Foliola 1—J4-lin. lon- ga.— Bahamas, Herb. Hooker. 176. M. mollis (sp. n.), inermis v. aculeis minutis infra- stipularibus, molliter rufo-villosa, pinnis 4— 5-jugis, foliolis 6—10-jugis oblongis acutiusculis utringue villosis, capitulis globosis, bracteolis corolla brevioribus, floribus pentameris, calyce corolla pluries brevior.— Mexico, (Acatlan), Andrieux, n. 400. : 177. M. Quitensis (sp. n.), minute puberula, aculeis sparsis rectis incurvisque, pinnis 6—12-jugis, foliolis 12—20- aaea — BENTHAM ON MIMOSE/E. 409 jugis minimis linearibus acutis, pedunculis folio brevioribus, capitulis globosis, bracteolis minutis, floribus pentameris, calyce corolla subquadruplo breviore, legumine falcato glabro inermi.—Foliola 4—1 lin. longa. Capitula M. acanthocarpe. — Ravines round Quito, Hal, 178. M. domingensis, glabriuscula, aculeis caulinis infrasti- pularibus geminis recurvis parvis v. nullis, petiolaribus sparsis, pinnis 3—5-jugis, foliolis 6—8-jugis oblongo-linearibus obtu- sis, pedunculis folio brevioribus, capitulis globosis ellipticisive, bracteolis minutis, floribus 4—5-meris, calycibus corolla tri- plo brevioribus, legumine lineari-faleato glabro inermi.— Acacia domingensis. Bert.! in DC. Prodr. ii. 464.—Very near M. acanthocarpa.—St Domingo, Bertero. 179. M? revoluta,— Acacia revoluta, Kunth. Mim. 84. t. 26., as well as Acacia uncinella, Poit, or Acacia acanthocarpa B. DC., is said to differ from the M. acanthocarpa by the pre- sence of a petiolar gland, which I have never seen in any Mimosa, except the few species forming the fourth group of Habbasia, 180. M. acanthocarpa, minute cano-puberula, aculeis cauli- nis infrastipularibus geminis recurvis, petiolaribus sparsis, pinnis 8—15-jugis rarius paucijugis, foliolis 6—10-jugis ob- longo-linearibus, pedunculis folio brevioribus, capitulis globo- sis, bracteolis minutis, floribus pentameris, calycibus corolla glabriuscula vix dimidio brevioribus, legumine lineari-falcato puberulo, margine aculeato.— Mexico, G. J. Graham, Berlan- dier, n. 661. etc.— Acacia acanthocarpa, Willd., DC. Prodr. ii. 463. 181. M. biuncifera (Benth. Pl. Hartw. 12.), puberula, aculeis caulinis infrastipularibus geminis recurvis, petiolari- bus minutis raris v. nullis, pinnis 4—6-jugis, foliolis 10—15- jugis parvis oblongo-linearibus, pedunculis folio subbreviori- bus, capitulis globosis, bracteolis minutis, floribus 4—5-meris, calycibus corolla tomentosa vix dimidio brevioribus.— Per- haps too near to M. acanthocarpa, but looks different.— Mexico, Hartweg, n. 69.—Andrieuz’s n.' 399, from Chalco, Vol. IV.—No. 82. 3r 410 BENTHAM ON MIMOSE Æ. a very bad specimen—may be a mere downy form of this plant. s 182. M. monancistra (Benth. l. c.), incana, aculeis infra- foliaceis solitariis subrecurvis, petiolis inermibus, pinnis 2—4-jugis, foliolis 5—6-jugis parvis oblongis, pedunculis capitulo globoso v. elliptico longioribus, bracteolis minutis, calyce corollæ dimidium vix zequante, floribus pentameris.— Mexico, Hartweg, n. 10. 183. M. depauperata (Benth. 1l. c. 13.), ramis glabriusculis, aculeis infrafoliaceis solitariis recurvis, foliis cano, puberulis inermibus, pinnis 1—2-jugis, foliolis 2—3-jugis parvis ovato- orbiculatis, pedunculis capitulo globoso subbrevioribus, brac- teolis minutis, floribus pentameris, calyce corolla dimidio bre- viore.— Mexico, G. J. Graham. 184. M. polyantha (sp. n.), cano-pubescens, aculeis infra- foliaceis solitariis recurvis, petiolis inermibus, pinnis 2-jugis, foliolis 5—6-jugis oblongis, spicis cylindraceis subinterruptis pedunculo longioribus, bracteolis minutis, floribus 4—5-meris, calyce corolla triplo breviore.—Spicz pollicem longs. Ha- bitus fere M. monancistre.—Mexico, Andrieux, n. 397. Acacia prosopoides, DC. Prodr. ii. 460., described from one of Mocino and Sessé’s Mexican drawings, may be the M. polyantha ; besides which, Acacia caduca, Humb. et Bonpl., and A. fasciculata, Kunth., are probably Mimose belonging to this section. ; $ 5. Pedunculose. ^ Frutices suffruticesve diffusi, inermes, glabri v. pilosi, nec setosi. Stipulæ basi sepius cordato- dilatate. Stipella minute, setacez v. setaceo-acuminate. Pinnz pauci-v. plurijuge. Pedunculi axillares v. superi- ores racemosi, folio longiores. Capitula globosa. Brac- teole parve. Calyx minutus, rarius ciliatus. Legumen planum, glabrum v. pubescens, inerme. 185. M. brachycarpa (sp. n.), fruticosa strigoso-hispida, stipulis lato-lanceolatis, pinnis 4—6-jugis, foliolis multijugis | linearibus obtusis, bracteolis ovato-lanceolatis corollas supe- Cort v i Napa AAE ice > i BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 411 rantibus, corollis striatis, legumine obovato-oblongo hispido 2—4-spermo, valvulis membranaceis indivisis.— Habitus, fo- lia et flores Somniantium sed leguminis valvulae omnino in- tegrae,—Serra da Lapa, Langsdorff. 186. M. implexa (sp. n.), fruticosa, ramosissima, glabra v. glanduloso-scabra, stipulis stipellisque ovatis acutis, pinnis unijugis, petiolo communi brevissimo, foliolis 4—7-jugis ob- longo-linearibus crassiusculis 2—3-nerviis, pedunculis folio duplo longioribus.— Affinis hinc M. lucidule, hinc sequentibus. —Brazil, Sello. 187. M. cordistipula (sp. n.), fruticosa, caule pedunculisque molliter pubescentibüs, foliis glanduloso-pubescentibus, pin- nis 3—5-jugis, foliolis 10—15-jugis numerosis oblongis obtu- sis, pedunculis folio multo longioribus, calycibus bracteolisque ciliatis.—Petioli vetusti interdum persistunt et fere spines- cunt. Foliola densa, 1lin. longa.—Serra Jacobina, Blanchet, n. 2597. 188. M. misera (sp. n.), suffruticosa, ramis foliisque paten- tim pilosis hirtisve, pinnis 2—4-jugis, foliolis 4—8-jugis obo- vato-oblongis obtusis, pedunculis folio duplolongioribus.—An imperfect specimen, allied on the one hand to Æ. cordistipula, on the other to M. leptantha.—Piauhy, Gardner, n. 2133. 189, M. leptantha (sp. n.), fruticosa, ramis foliisque pa- _ tentim pilosulis, et in parte superiore glanduloso-puberulis, stipulis inferioribus cordatis, superioribus subulatis, pinnis 2— 4-jugis, foliolis 3—5-jugis minimis oblongis obtusis, pe- dunculis folio subduplo longioribus, floribus trimeris, legu- mine lineari-falcato glabro.—Ramuli tenuissimi, ultimi uti petioli et pedunculi filiformes, Petioli communes 6—12 lin. longi. Pinna: 2—4 lin. longe. Capitula parva.—Avacaty, Gardner, n. 1586. 190? M. gracilis (sp. n.), suffruticosa, procumbens, glabra v. pilosula, pinnis parvis distantibus 6— 10-jugis foliolis 4—6-jugis minimis obovato-oblongis, capitulis parvis, pedun- culo folio breviore, legumine lineari pubescente.— Species evidenter preecedentibus sequentibusque affinis, sed a charac- 412 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEE. tere Pedunculatarum differt pedunculis brevibus, a Paucifo- liatis petiolis magis foliatis tenuioribus. — Brazil, Sello, Pohl, Claussen. x $ 6. Paucifoliate. Suffrutices inermes glabri. Petioli com- munes longi rigiduli v. phyllodinei, pinnis foliolisque pau- cis parvis v. nullis. Capitula et flores precedentium. 191. M. paucifolia (sp. n.), ramis petiolisque tenuibus glaberrimis, pinnis parvis 2—3-jugis, foliolis minimis subbiju- gis obovatis.— Suffrutex ramosissimus, gracilis, semipedalis. Petioli communes 2—4-pollicares, rigidi, filiformes, apice setiformes, partiales setiformes, 1—2-lin. longi, in apice pe- tioli communes oppositi. Stipule et stipelle setacez. Fo- liola ad apicem petioli partialis pleraque vix I lin. longa, interdum in foliis infimis tamen multo majora. Pedun- culi filiformes. Capitula iis M. Phyllodinee similia.— Brazil, Pohl. 192. M. phyllodinea (sp. n.), suffruticosa, glaberrima, petio- lis phyllodineis anguste linearibus apice mucronatis aphyllis v. pinnis foliolisque minimis unijugis instructis.— Caules an- gulati I—11-pedales. Phyllodia iis Acaciarwn Australasi- carum similia, verticaliter compressa, 3—5-poll. longa, 1—2- lin. lata, rigida, plurinervia, apice obtusa et superata nunc mucrone simplici (petioli seta terminali) nunc mucronibus 3 (petiolibus 2 partialibus setaque terminali), quorum unus alterve interdum brevissime bifidus est et rarius foliola fert duo minima, obovato-oblonga, mucronulata. Pedunculi sub- pollicares. Capitula 3 lin. diametro, glaberrima, — Bracteo- le parve, subulatee. Calyx vix conspicuus. Corolla 4-fida. Stamina corolla subtriplo longiora, basi monadelpha. Ova- rium breviter stipitatum, glabrum.— Brazil, Pohl. § ". Ephedroidee. Fruticuli ramulis spinescentibus foliis minimis v. nullis. Capitula globosa. Flores 4—5-meri- Legumina linearia plana inermia glabra v. pubescentia nec setosa, | BENTHAM ON MIMOSEE. 413 193. M. Gilliesii, ramulis striatis puberulis demum gla- bratis apice spinescentibus, stipulis parvis spinescentibus deci- duis, foliis raris, petiolo communi brevissimo, pinnis unijugis, foliolis parvis 2—4-jugis, capitulis breviter pedunculatis, legumine lineari pubescente polyspermo.—Prosopis globosa, Gill.! in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 205.— Mendoza, Gillies; Patagonia, T'weedie. 194, M. ephedroides, ramulis striatis glabris apice spines- centibus aphyllis, capitulis sessilibus, legumine (ex margine persistente) lineari glabro.—Prosopis? ephedroides, Gill.! l. c. — Prov. S. Luis, Gillies. Among the Mimose retained in the genus by De Candolle, there remains M. pistaciefolia, Willd., which, if a true Mi- mosa, which is doubtful, would belong to the Glandulifere, and M. geminata, so imperfectly known, that it can only be enumerated amongst puzzles at the end of the genus. Among the doubtful species enumerated in the Prodromus, M. staminea, Billb., is probably a Calliandra, M. cochliocarpa is Pithecolobium Abaremotemo, Mart., and the remainder have either already been referred to their genera since the publi- cation of the Prodromus, or are entirely doubtful. M. ad- hærens (Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 122.) is an Acacia. M. hirta, Vell. Fl. Flum. lk t. 31, is certainly a Mimosa; but not having seen any specimen that agrees with the figure, I am unable to guess even to which section it belongs. XVII. ScunaNckia, Willd. Flores superiores v. plerique hermaphroditi, 5-meri rarius 4-meri, inferiores sepe abortu masculi. Calyx membranaceus, brevis, nunc minimus. Corolla gamopetala, membranacea. Stamina numero petalorum æqualia v. dupla. Antherze par- ve, suborbiculate. Legumen anguste lineare, valvulis 2 in- divisis a margine persistente secedentibus et eo latioribus v. equilatis, undique echinatum, intus polyspermum, epulposum, uniloculare.— Herba prostrate v. frutices subscandentes. Aculei in angulis ramorum petiolis pedunculisque numerosi recurvi. Folia bipinnata, eglandulosa, sensitiva. Stipule 414 BENTHAM ON MIMOSES. stipelleque setacee. Petioli inter pinnas szepius setiferi: Foliola parva. Pedunculi axillares v. vix racemosi, solitarii v.gemini. Flores capitati v. spicati, rosei v. purpurascentes. Filamenta in floribus masculis sepe complanata. This genus only differs from Mimosa in habit, and in the narrowness of the valves of the pod, compared to the breadth of the border; and, were the genus not already established, I should have merely proposed it as a section of Mimosa, or as two subsections of Ameria. The Mimosa gracilis has much of the habit of a Schranckia, with the exception of the prickles. Sect. 1. Ruoposracuya. Flores pentameri, pentandri, spicati. 1, S. macrostachya (sp. n.), fruticosa, ramulis 4—5-gonis petiolisque molliter pubescentibus, pinnis 14—20-jugis, folio- lis multijugis anguste linearibus utrinque puberulis glabra- tisve.— Affinis S. rhodostachye. Foliola minora, numerosi- ora, angustiora. Spicz longiores, densiores. Filamenta in- terdum pilosula. Ovarium jam defloratum et paullo auctum villosissimum est.— Brazil, Pohl, Sello; Martius, exs. n. 1103. 2. S. rhodostachya (sp. n.), fruticosa, ramulis angulato- striatis petiolisque pubescentibus, pinnis 5— 8-jugis, foliolis multijugis linearibus utrinque puberulis v. demum glabratis. —Aculei parvi uncinati. Petioli communes 2—2}-polli- cares; pinne pollicares; foliola 11—2-lin. longa, venis vix conspicuis. Stipelle longiuscule. Sete inter pinnas nunc setacez, nunc oblongz v. nulle. Spice brevissime peduncu- late, 2—3-poll. longe. Bracteole minute. Flores sessiles, rosei, Calyx { lin.- Corolla 1 lin. longa. Stamina corolla 4—5-plo longiora. Ovarium subsessile, oblongum. Legu- men junius tantum et vix auctum vidi, villosum est et unci- nato-aculeatum.—Serra Acurua, Blanchet, n. 2912; Avacaty, Gardner, n. 1581. I regret not having seen any ripe fruit of the two preced- ing species, but when very young it is precisely that of other Schranchie, BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 415 Sect. II. EUSCHRANCKIA. Flores pentameri rarius tetrameri, subdecandri rarius octandri, globoso-capitati. 3. S. brachycarpa (Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 130.), caule 4—5-gono piloso, pinnis 4—8-jugis, foliolis multiju- gis obscure venosis, pedunculo vix capitulo longiore, legu- mine tenui brevi. —ScAranckia sp. nova? Schlecht. Linnea. Mimosa invisa, Mart.! Herb. Fl. Bras. 121.— Xalapa, Galeotti; Rio Negro, Schomburgk; Minas Geraes, Claussen; Goyaz, Gardner, n. 3704; Rio Janeiro and Minas, Martius, n. 172; Brazil, Pohl, Selló. 4. S. Selloi (sp. n.), glabra, caule obscure 4—5-gono, pinnis 2—3-jugis, foliolis 10—20-jugis obscure venosis, pe- dunculo capitulo 2—3-plo longiore, legumine compresso margine dense aculeato valvulis subnudis.— S. Jeptocarpe simillima, sed anguli caulis minus prominentes et legumen (quod immaturum tantum vidi) latius et magis compressum videtur quam in ceteris speciebus.— Brazil, Sello. 5. S. leptocarpa (DC. Prodr. ii. 443.), glabra, caule acute 4—5-gono, pinnis 2—3-jugis, foliolis 10—20-jugis ob- scure venosis, pedunculo vix capitulo longiore, legumine tenui longe acuminato undique dense aculeato.—Rio Negro, Schomburgk; Bahia, Salzmann; Brazil, Pohl, Sello. 6. S. aculeata (Willd. Spec. iv. 1041.), glaberrima, caule 4—5-gono, pinnis 2—3-jugis, foliolis 8—15-jugis obscure venosis, pedunculo folio v. legumine paullo breviore, legu- mine acuto v. breviter acuminato undique dense aculeato.— Vera Cruz, Schiede. 7. S. uncinata (Willd. Spec. iv. 1043.), glaberrima, caule angulato-striato, pinnis 4—6-jugis, foliolis subtus venosis, pe- dunculo folio v. legumine sublongiore, legumine acuto v. breviter acuminato undique dense aculeato.—Leploglottis Nuttallii, DC. Leg. Mem. 451.— Arkansas, Nuttall; Texas, Drummond, 3d coll. 159. bis et ter, (some specimens only,) 2d col. n. 67,: Berlandier, n. 1605. 8. S. angustata (Torr. et Gr, ! Fl. N. Amer. i. 400.), 416 BENTHAM ON MIMOSEJ£. glaberrima, caule angulato-striato, pinnis 4—6-jugis, foliolis subtus subaveniis, pedunculis folio v. lerumine multo brevi- ore, legumine tenui subulato-acuminato, aculeis brevibus sparsis.— A species usually confounded with S. uncinata, but well distinguished by the authors of the above quoted excel- lent North American Flora.—Southern United States and Texas, Drummond, 2d coll. 71. bis, and 3d coll. 159. bis, (some specimens.) S. hamata (Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. Spec. iv. 1042.), appears to differ from S. leptocarpa, in the number of pinne which are four pair, whereas I have never seen more than three pair in S. /eptocarpa.—S. distachya (DC. Prodr. ii. 443.), is another of those puzzles created by the publication of descriptions taken from Mocino and Sessé's drawings. XVIII. LEuczNA, gen. nov. Calyx tubuloso-campanulatus, 5-dentatus. Petala 5 libera, membranacea, basi angustata. Stamina 10. Antherz ovato- oblongz v. subglobosse, sspe pilosse. Legumen stipitatum, lato lineare, plano-compressum, valvulis 2 rigide membrana- ceis dehiscens, intus uniloculare, seminibus numerosis trans- versis.— Arbores v. frutices Americe tropicze, inermes. Folia bipinnata, petiolo seepius infra jugum infimum pinnarum glandula majuscula interdum evanida onusto. Pedunculi axillares, subfasciculati, folio multo breviores, apice v. infra apicem bibracteati.. Capitula globosa. Flores albi. Genus a Piptadeniis Niopis, quibus habitu affine est, differt calyce majore, petalis tenuibus, antheris non glanduliferis, legumine laevi, etc. 1. L. glauca, pinnis 4— 8-jugis, foliolis 10—20 jugis distan- tibus lineari-faleatis membranaceis subtus pallidis glaucisve, bracteolis apice ovatis calycem subsequantibus, calyce corolla dimidio breviore.—Acacia glauca, Willd., A. biceps, Willd., A. frondosa, Willd., et A. leucocephala, Link. DC. Prodr.ii.467, 468. West Indies, Bahamas, and Demerara; Brazil, Se/lo, Gardner, n. 891; Lima, Cuming, n. 990; gardens of S. Europe and N. Africa; E. India, Ceylon, Mauritius, Java and China, BENTHAM ON MIMOSEX. 417 (Wall. Cat. n. 5239.) Probably introduced into Asia, and Africa, 2. L. pulverulenta, pinnis. 15—18-jugis, foliolis multijugis parvis lineari-falcatis obtusiusculis, calyce corolla quadruplo breviore, antheris glabris.—Acacia pulverulenta, Schlecht. ! Linnea 12. 57 1.— Hot region of Mexico, Schiede, Berlandier, n. 288. = 7 $$ 3. L. diversifolia, pinnis 4—11-jugis, foliolis multijugis parvis lineari-falcatis approximatis nitidis subcoriaceis, calyce corolla dimidio breviore, antheris pilosulis.— Acacia diversi- folia, Schlecht.! Linnea 12. 571.— 4. trichandra, Zucc. Pl. Nov. fasc. 2. 41.— Near Jalapa, Schiede. 4. L. trichodes, pinnis 2—3-jugis, foliolis 2—5-jugis ovatis, calyce corolla parum breviore, antheris pilosis.— Acacia tri- chodes, Willd. et A. ; pseudotrichodes, DC. Prodr. ii. 466.—W. Indies, Caraccas and Peru, Mathews, n. 416, Cuming, n. 985, etc. The above are all the species I am acquainted with; but it is possible some other decandrous Acacie of authors may be referrible to the genus, which is easily known either in flower or in fruit. XIX. XyLIA, gen. nov. Calyx, Corolla et Stamina fere Leucene. Legumen sessile, oblongo-falcatum, compressum, utrinque angustatum lignosum, intus inter semina septatum, seminibus transversis funiculo crasso carnoso brevi affixis. | Sp. unica; X. dolabriformis, Arbor elata, inermis, glabra V. in partibus junioribus tomentoso-puberula. Stipule parvee. Folia bipinnata, pinnis unijugis. Glandula elevata, nunc obscura, inter pinnas. Foliola 2— 6-juga extima ssepe semipedalia, inferiora multo minora, penninervia, supra gla- bra nitida, subtus minute puberulav. glabra. Pedunculi fasci- culati, axillares v. subracemosi, 2—3-pollicares. Capitula globosa, tomentosa, magnitudine fere Leucene glauce, floribus dense imbricatis pallide virescentibus. Calycis dentes calloso- incrassati. Corolla calyce paullo longior, omnino Leucéne, Vol. IV.— No. 32. 3G 418 ON A NEW LAURUS. Legumen 4—5-pol]. longum, medio 14—2-poll. latum.— Mi- mosa xylocarpa, Roxb. Pl. Corom. 1. t. 100. (Acacia, Willd.; Inga, DC.) Wall. Cat. n. 5277.—4nga lignosa, Grah. in Wall. Cat. n. 5278.— nga dolabriformis, Grah. in Wall. Cat. n.5219.— Mimosa Acie, Blanco, Fl. Filip. 738.— Various parts of India, Roxburgh; Attran and Singapore, Wallich; Philip- pine Islands, Blanco, Both Roxburgh and Father Blanco describe the wood as very hard and valuable. X V.—On a new Laurus (subgen, Oreodaphne?) from Southern Africa. (Tas. XXIII.] Tur Laurus here represented has been long cultivated in the greenhouse of the Royal Botanic Garden of Kew, hav- -ing been introduced from the Cape of Good Hope by Mr Bowie, under the name of the ** African Oak, or African Teak.” That the plant is a native of the vicinity of the Cape seems very improbable: the Laurus (Ceramophora) bullata being the only species, so far as I know, which has been found at the extreme southern extremity of that vast continent: nor did ` Mr Bowie's travels extend so much to the northward, as to render it probable that he should have fallen in with the true ** African Oak" which inhabits the interior of Sierra Leone. The impression at the Botanic Garden has been, that it was a cultivated plant at the Cape, and that it was given to Mr Bowie as the real African Oak, of which nothing has bitherto been known to Europeans but the commercial value of the timber. Lately indeed, in the chink of a trunk of some Afri- can Oak in our dock-yards, a leaf has been found, supposed to belong to this wood, and which has been pronounced to be that of some Laurineous Plant. It is this coincidence of cir- cumstances which has induced me to direct attention to this plant of our Botanic Garden ; for it otherwise possesses little . to recommend it, and the fruit is altogether unknown to me. It has been suggested that the name of African Oak may have Vol LE. lab. XXI j i / |I VI 2 ts I. I6 AME Vol Z1]. A LIE Z ža prs CMa i. FOUR NEW SPECIES OF MOSSES. 419 been given to the timber in question from the resemblance of the fruit (of Laurus) to thatof the acorn. The species I should designate as Laurus (Oreodaphne ?) Bowiei; glabra hermaphrodita, ramis teretibus levibus, foliis coriaceo-elliptieis tripliner- viis brevi-petiolatis basi apiceque acutis, racemis axillari- bus folio brevioribus, pedicellis bracteatis, bracteis folia- ceis, staminibus 9 biserialibus quorum 3 ext. glandulis geminis munitis, filamentis brevibus, antheris bilocularibus. Our plant is from 3—4 feet high, branched, with nearly erect branches, rounded, smooth, clothed with dark-brown bark. Leaves alternate, 2—2} inches long, on very short thick petioles, almost sessile above, dark-green, obscurely nerved; below pale, the coste prominent, and branching near the base into 3, the lateral branches running pa- rallel to the margin, and disappearing below the apex. Racemes solitary in the axils of the leaves, and shorter than they. Pedicels bracteated, the bracteas leafy, triple- nerved. Perianth turbinate, six-cleft, jointed on the top of the pedicel. Fertile stamens 9: of the 6 outer, 3 have large fleshy glands, one on each side. Germen ovate; style shorter than the germen. Stigma acute. Tas. XXIII. Fig. 1. Flower. f. 2. Portion of the peri- anth. f. 3. Pistil:—magnified. XVI.— Descriptions of Four New Species of Mosses, dis- covered in Louisiana by the late Mr Tuomas DRUMMOND. By W. Wison, Esq. 1, Neckera breviseta (Hook. and Wils.), caule decumbente subpinnato, ramis attenuatis, foliis imbricatis erecto-patenti- usculis ovato-acuminatis estriatis enerviis, seta brevi, capsula oblonga, operculo conico-subulato.—TaB. XXIV. A. Has. Prope St Louis ad fluvium Mississippi, Drummond. Caulis decumbens, uncialis vel longior, ramis pinnatis, ramulisque brevibus acutis. Folia dense imbricata, suberec- ta, ovato-acuminata, concava, margine subreflexa, integerrima, 420 FOUR NEW SPECIES OF MOSSES. omnino estriata, subenervia, nempe nervo gemello brevissimo, flavicantia. Seta erecta, levis, lineas quatuor longa. Cap- sula erecta, oblonga, superne angustior, ore annulato. Peris- tomii exterioris dentes lineari-subulati, erecti, rufescentes, interioris cilia flava. Operculum conicum, subrostratum, rostello obtuso obliquo. From its nearest ally, Plerogonium flavescens, Hook. Musc. Exot. t. 155: this Moss differs in the short seta, and in the leaves which are destitute of strive. It has considerable affinity with Pterogonium repens, Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 27., which is a true Neéckera. Tas. X XIV. A.— Fig. 1. Plants of Neckera breviseta: nat. size. f. 2.Fertile portion. f. 3—6. Leaves. Jf. 7. Trans- verse section of a leaf. f. 8. Capsule from which the oper- culum is removed. f. 9. Portion of the peristome :—mag- nified, 2. Daltonia nervosa (Hook. and Wils.), caule suberecto subramoso, foliis ovato-acuminatis margine reflexis nervo continuo, capsula urceolata subsessili perichetio immersa, operculo conico, calyptra dimidiata.— Tas. X XIV. B. Haz. In arboribus prope New Orleans, cum D. Aeteromal- la commixta, Drummond. Statura D. heteromalle, cui similis. Folia magis patula, siccitate erecta, nec appressa, margine evidenter subrevoluta, nervo ad apicem producto. Pericheetialia longiora, lanceo- lata, dorso papillosa. Seta brevissima, subnulla. Capsula urceolata, basi rotundata. Peristomii exterioris dentes sede- cim erecti, stricti, anguste subulati, albidi, absque linea media, interioris cilia breviora, concolora. Anmnulus vix ullus, ob- scurus, simplex, margine operculi adnatus. Calyptra latere fissa. Obs. D. heteromalla has a distinct annulus, and a consider- able border surrounds the peristome, which has the teeth in- flexed at the base, and distinctly marked with a medial line. The leaves, too, in that species, are very different from those of the Moss now given. FOUR NEW SPECIES OF MOSSES. 42] Tas. XXIV. B.—Fig. 1. Plant: nat size. f. 2. Portion of the same. f. 3, 4, 5. Leaves. f. 6. Capsule and peri- chetium. f: 7. Capsule and single perichztial leaf. f8. Capsule with operculum. f. 9. Calyptra (mat. size, and magnified.) f. 10. Section of the operculum, with a portion of the annulus. f. 11. Peristome. f. 12. Portion of do. J. 13. Sporules :—magnified. CrAsMaATODON (Hook. and Wils.) Gen. Cuar.—Peristomium duplex. Exterius dentibus sedecim brevibus bipartibilibus bifidisve. Znferius, membrana laciniis bifidis vel geminatis totidem iis suboppositis irre- gularibus divisa. Calyptra cuculliformis. 8. Clasmatodon pusillus (Hook. et Wils.), caule procum- bente vage ramoso, foliis patentibus ovatis acutis seminervi- bus, capsula elliptica erectiuscula, operculo conico rostrato. Tas. XXV. A. Han. In arboribus prope New Orleans, Drummond. Similis Pterogonio decumbenti, Schwaegr. Suppl.; at rami non pinnatim dispositi. Caulis semiuncialis, rami ascenden- tes. Folia laxe imbricata, patentia, siccitate cauli appressa, late ovata, acuminulata, integerrima, concaviuscula, nervo mediotenus instructa. Perichetialia ovato-lanceolata. Seta levis, lineas tres vel quatuor longa. Capsula erectiuscula, oblongo-elliptica, ore annulo obscuro nec facile solubili cinc- to. Peristomii exterioris dentes valde obscuri, plerumque brevissimi, irregulares, aliquantulum torulosi, quandoque bifidi, rufescentes, interioris lacinim fulvz plerumque ad basin bifidee, cruribus inzqualibus. Operculum e basi con- vexa oblique brevi-rostratum. Calyptra dimidiata, glabra. This Moss has been sent by Schweinitz from America, named Pterogonium repens. In size and general appear- ance it much resembles Pterogon. subcapillatum. The outer peristome is not easily detected, but it is undoubtedly present. Tas. XXV. A.— Fig. 1. Plant of Clasmatodon pusillus: nat. size. f. 9. The same. f. 3. Portion of the same. f. 4, 9, 499 FOUR NEW SPECIES OF MOSSES. 6. Leaves. f. 7. Capsule with the calyptra. f. 8. Cap- sule with operculum. f. 9. Peristome. f. 10. Portion of do., and sporules :—magnified, 4. Grimmia Drummondii (Hook. et Wils.), caule sub- simplici, foliis patulis lineari-lanceolatis acutis subcarina- tis siccitate crispatis, capsula elliptica exannulata, oper- culo rostrato, calyptra sulcata, peristomio immerso.— TAB. XXV. B. Has. In Louisiana, arborum truncis, Drummond. Caules subsemiunciales, erecti, aggregati. Folia patulo-re- flexa, lineari-lanceolata, acuminulata, integerrima, canalicu- lata, crassiuscula, nervo subcontinuo, siccitate valde crispata, absque nitore. Seta brevis, foliis triplo longior. Capsula erecta, oblongo-elliptica, ore rubro. Peristomii dentes ore capsule subimmersi, conniventes, late subulati, subinde per- forati, apice vix fissi, externa facie trabeculati, saturate fulvi, basin versus rubri. Calyptra campanulata, flavo-brunnea, sulcata, basi lacera, capsula brevior illamque amplectens. Operculum e basi convexa rostratum, rectum, capsula paulo brevius. The absence of an annulus in this species, the immersed peristome, and the more crisped dry foliage are marks where- by this Moss may be readily distinguished from G. crispata and G. Muhlenbergii. In size it is intermediate. Tas. XXV, B.— Fig. 1. Plants: nat. size. f. 2. Do. mag- nified. f. 3. Capsule with calyptra. f. 4. Leaf magnified. Jf. 5. Apex of leaf more highly magnified. f. 6. Section of leaf, do. f 7. Portion of the peristome, do. — MEMOIR OF LOUIS-CLAUDE-MARIE RICHARD. 423 XVII.— Memoir of Lovis-Ctavpr-Manig Ricnanp.* (With a Portrait, from an original drawing in the possession of the Editor.) L. C. M. Ricuanp was born at Versailles on the 4th of Sep- tember, 1754. His father, Claude Richard, the King's gar- dener at Auteuil, was a man of much information, not only in what referred to his own profession, but also in the science of Mathematics; and it was his office to supply, in case of sickness, the place of the Professor who gave Mathematical instructions to the Pages of his Majesty. The king, Louis XV., who frequently saw him when he visited the gardens, was struck with his shrewdness and extreme simplicity of manners, and having frequently taken occasion to converse with him on different subjects, he finally honoured him with much of his confidence. Claude Richard had sixteen children, and as with all his economy he could not expect to leave them any fortune, he earnestly desired to give them, at least, a good education. Louis, the subject of our memoir, the eldest, was placed at the college of Vernon, where he distinguished himself by his aptness and zeal for general information, and made un- commonly rapid progress, devoting his hours of recreation to drawing and making plans, without any idea how valuable a resource he would here find. The brother of the father, Claude Richard, had the super- intendence of the Royal Garden at Trianon, where were then collected all the rarest and most beautiful vegetable productions of both hemispheres, and in which the young Richard, when visiting his uncle, acquired a taste for botany : whole days would he pass in examining and describing plants, and in forming a little Herbarium, and when only eleven years of age, this taste had grown into a passion. * Selected from the ** Notice sur Louis-Claude-Marie Richard, Membre de P Institut, Professeur à la Faculté de Médicine de Paris, Membre de la Legion d' Honneur, ete. ete., par M. Charles Kunth." 424 MEMOIR OF LOUIS-CLAUDE-MARIE RICHARD. The perusal of books of travels excited his imagination, and from that time may be dated the resolution which he adopted of addicting himself entirely to Natural History, exploring the most distant and least known lands, and there making discoveries. When Louis Richard was thirteen years of age, and had finished his first classes, and was about to commence the study of Rhetoric, the Archbishop of Paris, who had remarked the precocity of his talents, promised theelder Richard his especial patronage, if he would destine his son to the ecclesiastical profession. As may be easily imagined, this flattering pro- posal was eagerly accepted by the family ; but so distasteful did it prove to our youthful naturalist, that he resisted every solicitation, and finding his parent inflexible and deaf to his entreaties, he finally, in utter despair, fled from the parental roof, and escaped alone to Paris. Reprehensible as this step certainly was, some excuse may be found in the extreme youth of the child, and it also evinced such a vehement at- tachment to his studies, that his father would no longer op- pose it, but trusted to time and experience to work a change. This, however, did not ensue: his taste became daily more confirmed, and the result proved far happier than could pos- sibly have been foreseen. Let our readers imagine the state of a lad of thirteen, utterly inexperienced and alone in Paris, exposed to every danger and seduction, and whose only subsistence depended on the slender sums that he had contrived to save, and an allowance of twelve francs (ten shil- lings) a month, wbich his father had agreed to grant him for a short period. His destitute condition may be easily con- ceived. "The parent entertained hopes that want would drive his son home, but nothing on earth could wear out the patience, or change the resolution, of the young Richard, who felt that the happiness of his future life depended on his present firmness, Amid the severest privations, he industri- ously pursued his studies, and went through the course of Philosophy and Logic in the Mazarin College. Meanwhile, the funds for a necessary subsistence were indispensable, and ee ee MEMOIR OF LOUIS-CLAUDE-MARIE RICHARD. 425 « here his talent for drawing became useful; for, by much assi- duity and persevering efforts, he threw himself in the way of some architects, who allowed him to copy some of their plans, and as he performed the work intrusted to him with diligence and ability, he was quickly employed again in the same way, and obtained sufficient money to supply all his wants. Thus he was enabled to devote himself without scruple to his favourite studies. Botany, Comparative Ana- tomy, Zoology and Mineralogy, alike excited his curiosity, and engrossed his attention during the greater part of the day, while the night was devoted to his more gainful pursuits, which now flowed in very quickly, and paid him exceedingly well. He soon became eager to make plans himself, instead of confining himself to copying those of others, and the fine garden of Straas at Auteuiel was executed from his designs, Still engrossed with his travelling projects, he availed himself of several concurring favourable circumstances, to obtain, by strict economy, the means of realizing them; and we have been assured, that on his departure for America, he had amassed a considerable sum. While Louis Richard was still very young, he had pre- sented to the Academy of Sciences some memoirs which had attracted the notice of Bernard de Jussieu, and this truly great botanist treated the youth with much kindness, and gave him the valuable privilege of consulting his library and his rich collections. The subject of our young Naturalist’s ardent aspirations and earliest desires was finally realized in 1781. The Aca- demy of Sciences nominated him to Louis X VI., as the indi- vidual who should make an expedition to French Guiana and the Antilles; and this monarch, who had known him when very young, approved the choice of the Academy, and promised, not only to reimburse him when he should return, for all the expenses of his journey, but to recompense him also with a pension and a post congenial to his tastes. Richard, who had Jong nursed a project for undertaking a voyage to very distant lands, had been fitting himself for it Vol. [V.—No. 32. 3u 426 MEMOIR OF LOUIS-CLAUDE-MARIE RICHARD. during fifteen years, by the study of drawing and by attention to every branch of Natural History, advantages in which he excelled nearly all his predecessors. He quitted France in May, 1781, and after spending several months in Cayenne, where he had landed in December, he travelled through a great part of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, St Thomas’, and most of the islands situated in the Mexican Gulf. Equally a Zoologist, Botanist, and Mineralo- gist, he described and dissected animals, analyzed and drew plants, and studied the stratification of rocks, examining all with the same interest, and daily adding to the richness of his collections. Under a burning sun, and in the most noxi- ous atmosphere, he thought nothing of fatigue and danger; but while traversing immense deserts, bivouacking in deep forests, scaling lofty mountains, and even exploring the yet smoking crevices of volcanic craters, he was more than once on the point of falling a victim to his ardour and fearless zeal. Sometimes he was forsaken by his guides, remote from any human dwel- ling, and occasionally he was in peril of being plundered, and perhaps massacred by them. In these perilous circumstances his intrepidity and presence of mind proved his salvation: he knew how to sway the spirits of the poor wretches who were around him, and to keep them in awe by his own courage. He frequently went to the chase of the jaguar, and was seen to attack, without fear of being devoured by the beast, this savage creature which furiously springs on any one who but slightly wounds it. A residence of eight years in a country where money alone can avail to procure the slightest aid from the natives, together with the indispensable outlay requisite for the preparation and carriage of his collections, having finally exhausted all the funds that he had contrived to get together, he wrote to France to ask for more; but all his requests were unanswer- ed. The affairs that then agitated the government were of too pressing a nature to allow of a thought being given to the distant traveller; and he therefore found himself compel- led to return home, which he did in the month of May, 1789. i eos yh MEMOIR OF LOUIS-CLAUDE-MARIE RICHARD. 427 The Revolution bad already broken out, and almost all Richard’s friends and protectors had vanished or lost their power and influence. The promises which had been made to him before his departure were forgotten, and. the im- mense collections that he brought back excited no attention. À herbarium of 3000 species of plants, principally new; an im- mense number of cases, full of quadrupeds, birds, insects, and shells; with a valuable series of minerals and rocks, were the fruits of his expedition. Never perhaps had such a mass of materials been collected by a single individual, and in so brief a period of time; yet the man, whose generous devotion to science had procured these stores, was left unrewarded, and abandoned to privations which were the more severely felt, as the fatigues of this lengthened journey had materially impair- ed his health. His constitution had never been robust, and he experienced much suffering from hernia and a chronic affec- tion in the bladder, which he had contracted during his resi- dence in America. "Thus neglected and ailing, he naturally felt a desire for affectionate domestic society, and he took a wife the year after his return, 1790; and from that time for- ward devoted himself to his family, and abstracted himself as much as possible from general society. The neglect with Which he had been treated by his countrymen, combined with bodily malady, produced an unfavourable effect on his tem- per, and this was shown by his general conduct towards men of science. For many years he lived in the closest retire- ment, and we possess no botanical work of any importance which bears the date of this period. He, however, bestowed much attention on Zoology; his collection of shells was among the richest and most accurately named, and he always assert- ed that his mode of classification had influenced, in a mea- sure, those theories which were soon afterwards broached by authors of the highest repute in this department of Natural History. About this time, too, he commenced that admirable collection of analytical drawings which he never ceased to increase until the very close of his life. The numerous proofs of esteem which he received from 428 MEMOIR OF LOUIS-CLAUDE-MARIE RICHARD. the most eminent European S¢avans, the justice awarded to his talents, and perhaps the calming influence of age, at length restored to his mind that peace to which in his earlier years he had been a stranger, and he found no difficulty in renewing his intercourse with those who had ever deplored his depar- ture from them, and who had constantly acknowledged his high merit. He was elected to fill the chair of Botany in the School of Medicine; some years after, he was chosen a mem- ber of the First Class in the Institute, in the Section of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. The Royal Society of London also admitted him of the number of its corresponding members, and he was nominated a member of the Legion of Honour. The Professorship of Botany in the School of Medicine rendering it obligatory on him to deliver an annual course of lectures on Botany, he acquitted himself most satisfactorily of this task, Not satisfied with merely defining the elements of the science and the characters of Genera, be also gave lessons of analysis, and with the different specimens in his hand, he expounded in the simplest terms their structure, and the modifications and connexion of the various organs. So valu- able were these demonstrations felt to be, that botanists, al- ready of much experience, did not scorn to rank themselves among the students of this illustrious Professor. Every Sunday Richard made berborizing excursions into the coun- try. Surrounded with a class of 200 or 300 pupils, who eagerly pressed around him, he no sooner thought he could show them an interesting plant, than he was the first to plunge into a morass, to clear hedge and ditch, and make for himself a path through brushwood, while, for- getting his infirmities, he seemed to have regained all the vigour of early youth. It was only during the very last years of his life, and while suffering from a protracted illness, that he confided the care of his students to his son Achilles Rich- ard, whom he had himself educated, and who, by the works be has since published, has proved himself worthy to replace his illustrious father. 1 i H f MEMOIR OF LOUIS-CLAUDE-MARIE RICHARD. 429 Richard was a miser over his time, and disliked the dis- turbance of visitors. To obtain a favourable reception at his hands the stranger must show a desire for instruction. His own employment forming his greatest pleasure, he ever re- gretted the interruptions which his public functions entailed, and when obliged to leave his cabinet and plants on a fine sunny day, he would cry out with regret, * here is another day lost for my analysis !” It was neither for fame nor fortune that this keen natural- ist laboured so hard; he loved science for her own sake; his sole object was, to make himself thoroughly acquainted with the organization of plants, to determine their affinities, and to detect some new fact in anatomy or vegetable physiology. Notwithstanding the difficulty which he experienced in bring- ing up his numerous family, Richard always scornfully re- jected the offers that were made him to engage in lucrative undertakings; he chose to devote his attention wholly to analysis. He could not, however, always preserve the com- posure which this reflective study demands; for, irritated by some attacks which were levelled at his writings, he unfor- tunately allowed himself to reply in a spirit of animosity which excited new censures of a most unpleasant nature. These discussions, however trying to his spirit, were followed by useful results, as they cleared up some difficult questions, and gave rise to the publication of several excellent memoirs. In 1818, the personal sufferings, which Richard had long endured with fortitude and resignation, became more and more severe, and he was thenceforward compelled to give up any consecutive and protracted labour. An obstruction of the bowels threatened his life; but while the affectionate attentions of his family, and the skill of the physician, availed to moderate his pains, and to protract his existence, they could not restore him to health. During two years, he per- severed in devoting the intervals of ease*to pursuing his ob- servations ; and, but a few days beforé his decease, he re- minded his son to water some little plants which he still 430 MEMOIR OF LOUIS-CLAUDE-MARIE RICHARD. hoped to dissect. It was on the 7th of June, 1821, that science lost her ardent votary, at the age of 677 years. Though the works which Louis Richard has published are but few in number, yet he is indisputably the man, who has in his time contributed in the greatest degree to the progress of botany; and the influence which he has exercised will be eminently displayed upon the labours of those who are im- bued with his principles, and follow in his track. No one ever carried farther the art of scanning nature in her minu- test details: the difficulty of any particular point of research was the very reason why he chose to investigate it; the most complicated organization interested him the deepest; and he would spend whole months in patiently following out any observation, of which the elucidation promised to clear up a still obscure point. He possessed the art of design in an eminent degree; all his drawings are accompanied with the minutest details, executed with remarkable clearness and pre- cision; for he well knew that it is solely by such analyses that any happy combinations can be formed. His writings are sometimes in a negligent style: but there is not one among them which does not contain some novel and profound observation; and the few publications which he has left be- hind him amply suffice to render his name illustrious. His Analysis of the Fruit is absolutely and entirely new, and leaves nothing to be desired. He has examined and thoroughly elucidated those most difficult Families, the Gra- mine, Orchidee, Hydrocharidew, and Orchidee, &c., and he is the man who has inspired the present generation with that partiality for strict research- and close profound ex- amination, which essentially characterizes the French School of Naturalists, Richard left an immense number of inedited materials. As he sought for general Jaws, so he had studied the minutest cryptogamic plant with equal earnestness as the most com- plicated organization, and many of the most important dis- coveries made for fifty years may be seen in his manuscripts. $ $ 1 $ i i E 1 MEMOIR OF LOUIS-CLAUDE-MARIE RICHARD. 431 The true structure of the Mosses was detected by him prior to Hedwig, though he did not attribute the same functions to their organs. Although the Institute, anxious to secure Richard to itself, had nominated him to a vacant place in the Zoological Section, it had never been suspected that the man who had laboured so hard at botany should have found time to become thoroughly master of any other part of Natural History. People in gene- ral were not aware that, during his residence in America, he had collected a great mass of valuable materials in Zoology, Comparative Anatomy, and Mineralogy. It was only when examining his manuscripts, his drawings, and the prepara- tions which he kept in his cabinet, that any estimate could be formed of the extent and variety of his acquirements ; and then it was universally acknowledged, that the age had pro- duced few individuals which could bear any comparison with him. The works which we possess from the pen of Richard are the following :— I. Elementary Dictionary of Botany, by Bulliard, revis- ed and almost wholly recomposed. (Amsterdam, 1800.) Besides many interesting dissertations, as those on the Berry, Bulb, Vernation, Arillus, de., parts of the vegetable of which Richard first explained the real nature and important func- tions; this work is valuable on account of twelve plates re- presenting all the modifications of the different organs of a plant; and it also contains the completest and most philoso- phical catalogue of the technical terms. II. Commentatio de Convallaria Japonica, L., novum genus constituente (Nouv. Journ. de Bot. tom ii., p. 1. 1807. III. Mémoire sur les Hydrocharidées, (Mém. de l'Instit. 1811. p. 1.) IV. Demonstrations Botaniques, ou Analyse du Fruit, considéré en general, par Richard, (publiées par Duval, 1808.) ; This is a work, which, by reason of its great conciseness, the difficulty of the subject it treats. and the mass of accumu- 4 432 MEMOIR OF LOUIS-CLAUDE-MARIE RICHARD, lated observations contained in it, requires several attentive perusals, even from those individuals who are versed in the study of vegetables; but these pains are well rewarded by the correct theories, precise definitions, and philosophical views which this author has here first brought to bear on that most difficult portion of botany, the structure of the fruit; and the work of Gærtner would be far more perfect had its writer possessed the advantage of being acquainted with the publication of Richard. There are two translations of the Analysis of the Fruit: one in German, by M. Voigt, with the notes of Richard, (Leipzig, 1811.), and the other in English, by Mr Lindley, (London, 1819.) V. Analyse Botanique des Embryons endorhizes, ou Monocotyledones, et particulierement de celui des Grami- nées. (Ann: du Mus. tom. xvii. p. 223—442, 1811.) This memoir, which is of the highest importance to carpo- logy, contains a great number of descriptions and admirably executed designs, which elucidate the structure of the Em- bryo in the Grasses, and he also adopts a new set of terms for the different parts. VI. Examen critique de quelques mémoires anatomico- physiologico-botaniques de M. Mirbel, (Journ. de Phys.) VII. Proposition d'une nouvelle famille de Plantes, les Butomées, (Mém. du Mus. t. i. p. 364.) VIII. Annotationes de Orchideis Europæis, (ibid. t. 4. p. 23.) IX. Mémoire sur la nouvelle famille des Calycéreés, (ibid. t. vi. p. 28.) X. Mémoire sur la nouvelle famille des Balanophorées, terminé et publié par M. Achille Richard, (ibid. t. viii. p. 404.) XI. Mémoire sur les familles des Coniferés et des Cycadées. À manuscript work, accompanied by analytical figures, the most perfect which we ever possessed. XII. Richard is the anonymous author of the Flora Boreali- Americana of Michaux, in 2 vols. 1803. MEMOIR OF LOUIS-CLAUDE-MARIE RICHARD. 433 XIII. Conjointly with M. de Jussieu, he published several Memoirs on new Families, Loranthec, Gesneriec, Lobelia- cee, (Ann. du Mus.), &c. XIV. Catalogue des Plantes de Cayenne, envoyées par Leblond, in which Richard has defined a great number of new species, (Act. de la Soc. d’ Hist. Nat. de Paris.) XV. Mémoire sur le Lygeum Spartum,:(ibid.) XVI. Extrait Tune instruction pour les Voyageurs Natwralistes, (ibid.) Here Richard investigates and deter- mines which are the different organs in animals which afford the best characters, and which it therefore most behoves the travelling naturalist to study. END OF VOL. IV. Gtascow:—Epwarp KRhULL, Printer to the University, Dunlop Street. * INDEX TO VOL. IV. Aldridge, Dr, on the Pollen, Algz, British, Manual of, by Hon. W. H. Harvey, Algerine Botany, by Bory de St Vincent, > Allan Cunningham, the late, Sketch of his life, by R. Hew- ard, Esq., F.L.S. .. . Bancroft, Dr, on the Hog-Gum Tree of Jamaica, . > Bentham, G., ae on Mi- mosex, . Bentham, G., Esq., on Schom- burgk's Plants, 3 i and Bory de St Vincent, on Alge- rine Botany, . . . Botanical Information, . ; 73, and Botany, Algerine, by Bory de St Vincent, Botany of Brazil, Martius, on, Botany of New Zealand, . Botany of Swan River, by T. Drummond, Brazil, Martius on Botany of, Brazilian Travels, by age and Martius, . 5 Brazilian Collections, British Alge, Manual of, by Hon. W. H. Harvey, ‘ Buxbaumia aphylla, New sta- tion of, . Chrystya, a New Genus, by Hon. W. H. Hen Tab. X£Lh = PAGE 86 79 76 323 99 321 76 70 198 76 1 7i 79 72 133 PAGE Chrystya speciosa, Described, Tab. xxi. : Clasmatodon panas Tab. XXV. Å: FEST VAI Contributions to a Flora of S. America. Schomburgk’s Plants, by G. Bentham, Esq. 99 and 321 Cunningham, Allan, Mr Hew- ard’s Sketch of the late, with a portrait, . > . 231 Daltonia nervosa, Tab. xxiv. B. 420 De Candolle, Professor, the death of, . x 2 * Drummond, James, on Swan River Botany, . 79 Drummond’s Mosses of; South- ern United States, T2 Falconer, Dr, Botanical Infor- mation, sent by, Nd Ferns, Genera of, J. Smith's, 38 and 147 Ferns, Venation of, Tabs. xviii., xix., $ : Gardner, Mr GS ” Information respecting, . 199 Genera of Ferns, : d Smith's, | 0988 and 147 Grimmia Drummondii, Tab. xxv. w. Š * 2s . 429 Harvey, Hon. W. H., on Chrys- tya, Tab. xxi. . Harvey’s Manual of British Alge, T on Lagarosiphon, Tab. xxii. 133 229 38 133 79 436 INDEX. PAGE PAGE Heward, R. Esq. on the late Drummond, by W. Wilson, Allan Cunningham, . (291 Esq., Tabs. xxiv., xxv. 419 Hog-Gum Tree of Jamaica, by Neckera breviseta, Tab. xxiv. Dr Bancroft, . Š + 196 : 419 Hooker, on a New Laurus, T..b. New Zealand Botany, F 11 xxiii. $ : . 418 Pollen, on the Structure and Hortus Siccus on Sale at Paris, 72 Functions of,by Dr Aldridge, 86 Hydrocharidee, a New Genus Prospectus, by H. Zollinger, — 206 of, by Hon. W. H. Harvey, Richard, the late Louis-Claude- Tab. xxii. - . . 230 Marie, Memoir of (with Por- Information, Botanical, aii OY yf trait), 423 73, and 198 Repertorium Botanicum Spe- Jungermannia, Dr Taylor on a ciale, by Dr Walpers, A INN New British TR Tab. Schomburgk’s Plants, Bentham XX. . 97 DE" : s : 99 J. microscopica, Tab. xx. eo. WT and 321 Lagarosiphon SS Tab. Smith, J., Genera of Ferns, Tabs. XXil, : oi 9941 xviii., Xix. š » 38 Laurus, Hooker on a new spe- and 147 cies of, Tab. xxiii. 418 Spix and Martius, Brazilian Laurus australis, (see Erratum), Travels of, : 210 Laurus Bowiei, Tab. xxiii., . 418 Swan River Botany, by Mr JE Manual of British Algae, by Drummond, 79 Hon. W. H. Harvey, > 79 Taylor, Dr, on a Ben: British Martius, on the Botany of Bra- Jungermannia, Tab. xx. . 97 2ily 5 E 1 Unio Itineraria, » 70 Martius and Spix, Boadlies Venation of Ferns, Tabs. vi Travels of, 910 oix, 147 Memoir of L. C. Richard, with Walpers, Ds, Repertorium ee a Portrait, , - 423 tanicum Speciale, ` . 206 Mimoseæ, Bentham on, . 323 Wilson, W., Esq, on Four Mosses of Southern United New Mosses, discovered by States, Drummond's, . p TH the late T. Drummond, Tabs. Mosses, on Four new Species, xxiv., XXV., . 419 discovered by the late T. Zollinger, H; Prospectus of, 206 ERRATUM. IT is by mistake that I had understood the Laurus figured at Tab. xxiii., and described at page 418 of this volume, was a native of Southern Africa. It is a native of Moreton Bay, Australia ; and, as it bears the manuscript name of L. australis, All. Cunningham, by whom it was discovered and sent to Kew, that is the name it must continue to have. END OF VOLUME IV.