JOURNAL
ОЕ THE
STRAITS BRANCH

OFTHE

Royal Asiatic Society.

JUNE 1899.

Agents of the Society.

London and America TRUBNER & Co.

Paris gu P zs a Ex NEST Leroux & CIE.
Germany e a des Bis Harrassowitz, Leipzig.
SINGAPORE,

PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN Mission PRESS.

[ No. 32]

JOURNAL
OF THE
STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

Royal Asiatic Society.

JUNE 1899.

Agents of the Society.

London and America x = i 'TRUBNER & Co.

Paris ae i es m iones Leroux & CIK.

Germany Е: i d Orro Harrassowrtz, Leipzig
SINGAPORE,

PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PRESS,

TABLE OF GONTENTS.

wanan ^. i raaa

Annual General Meeting,

Annual Report of the Council.
Treasurer's Cash Account for 1898.
In Memoriam, Sir William Max well.

An unexplored Corner of Pahang, by W. Bertrand. Roberts
Birds of the Larut Hills, by А. L. Butler &
The Ferns of Borneo, by Bishop Hose 2

The Scitamineæ of the Malay Peninsula by H. x. Ridley. .
The Habits of Malay Reptiles, by H. N. Ridley

NOTES.
The Name “ Malaya,” by C. О. Blagden
The Putri Gunong Ledang, by Ё. J. Wilkinson
Golden Flowers, by Н. М. Ridley 2
Rhinoceros Hornbill, by A. L. Butler
“ Bekin,” by W. С.
An Insectivorous Squirrel, by H. М. Ridley
Notes from Sarawak Museum, by R. S. Shelford .

PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING,
OF THE
STRAITS BRANCH
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,
HELD AT THE
RAFFLES MUSEUM, SINGAPORE.
ON

20th JANUARY 1899.

PRESENT:

Н. E. SIR C. B. MITCHELL, Patron, Hon'ble W. К.
COLLYER, Vice President, SIR A. SWETTENHAM, Messrs. BLAND,
KNIGHT, NANSON, Н. VAN PAPENDRECHT, UE VICQ, ST. CLAIR,
Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR, Dr. LUERING, Dr. HANITSCH,
Treasurer, Н. №. RIDLEY, Secretary.

The Minutes of the last general meeting were read and
confirmed.

The Officers for the ensuing year were elected, vi: :—

President.—Right Rev. BISHOP HOSE.

Vice President (Singapore), —Hon'ble W, R. COLLYER.
„ Penang, —Hon'ble J. K, BIRCH.

N

Secretary.—H. N. RIDLEY, Esq.

Treasurer.—Dr. HANITSCH.

Counci!_—Mr. К. W. BLAND, Mr. A. KNIGHT, M. DE VICQ,
Mr. W. G. ST. CLA1R, Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR.

The Members elected by the Council during the previous
year were formally elected.

The New Map was exhibited, aud epe td copies
меге voted for Prince Dewawongse, for his assistance in the

matter of Siamese territory, and for Н. Н. the Sultan of Johore
for the use of the Map of Johor

Annual Report of the Council for 1898.

The Council are happy to state that the financial position
of the Society is in а very satisfactory state, and that, though
there have been fewer members added to the Society than last
year, the number of members keeps up to the average.

The members added were Mr. J. Driver, Mr A. L. Butler,
Mr. J. Mason, Mr. J. E. Banks and Mr. J. B. Wood.

The Council have to regret the loss by death of Mr. A. Н.
Everett, who had been a member of the Society for eighteen
ears.

The proofs of the-New Map were received in August,
and were revised and returned by the Map Committee the same
month. Steps have also been taken to copyright it. Copies for
distribution are expected very shortly. The Government of
the Straits Settlements renewed the vote of 1,000 dollars
for aid in its publication.

One Journal (No. 31) was published, which contained a
complete index of all papers published in the Journal since its
commencement Another is now in the Press and "will be shortiy
in the hands of the Subscribers.

The Council are glad to see an increase in the number of
оз to the Journal, and hope that this may be still more
augm

A large number of pamphlets, books, and journals of kin-
dred Societies have been received in exchange for copies of our
own Journal and have been added to the library. A large num-
ber of books have been bound.

A Statement of Accounts by the Treasurer is appended,

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IN MEMORIAM.
SIR, W. E. MAXWELL, K. C. M. G.

Since its foundation in 1877, the Society has never sustained
such a severe loss as that caused by the death of Sir William
Max well, late governor of the Gold Coast.

f his distinguished official career in this colony a very
brief sketch will here suffice. From 1855 to 1869, he was
employed in the Supreme Court, his father, Sir P. Banton Max-
well, being Chief Fie of the Colony. In 1867 he qualified as an
advocate of the local bar, and for some years was a magistrate
and commissioner of the Court of Request, acting for a short time
as а judge of the Supreme Court of Penang. His legal attain-
ments were of a high order, and qualified him to take the
important part he did in the work of legislation, especially with
regard to the Land question, to which he devoted his great abil-
ities,

ointed in 1874 Assistant Government Agent, Province

ministration. In the following year the Perak war took place,

Resident, Perak, and it was during this period he gained his inti-
mate knowledge of the Malays of the country—their language
and folklore. In 1881 he was called to the bar (Inner Temple),
and for some years after this, as Commissioner of land titles, he

which, started first in the Colony, has been reproduced with

x IN MEMORIAM.

such success in the Federated Malay States. After acting as
Resident Councillor, Penang, from 1884 to 1889, Mr. Maxwell
(who for his services in connection with the Nisero affair had been
created a C. М. С.) was appointed in 1889 British Resident,

acquiring large stores of information on subjects of special in-
terest to the Society. Of these opportunities he readily availed
himself. A facile writer, his pen was never idle, and the hours
which he could snatch from his all-absorbing official duties wer

a further paper on the same subject, as wellas “ Notes on two
Perak MSS." To the third number he contributed more work
on Malay Proverbs, and on the Sakais and other aboriginal
tribes of Perak. Soon after this, Sir W. Maxwell went home on
leave; and his next contribution is to be found in the ninth
number of the Society's Journal, which contains a most interest-
ing paper, historical and geographical, entitled, “A journey on
foot to the Patani Frontier in 1876” (67 pages), and another
on the ““ History of Perak from native sources.”

In 1883 he was unanimously elected to the honorary Secret-
aryship of the Society, and continued to hold that office till
1887, when, owing to absence from Singapore, he asked to be
relieved of the arduous duties which it involved. During this
period the Society owed its existence in a great measure to the
energy of its Secretary, as it received but scanty support in the
way of contributions from members. Sir William contributed
papers on “ The Dutch in Perak," on more “Malay Proverbs,”
and on “ Shamanism in Perak,” and on “ The Laws and Customs

IN MEMORIAM. xi

of the Malays with reference to the Tenure of Land.” Не also
edited three Malay Fairy Tales, “Sri Rama,” “Raja Donan,”
and * Raja Ambong,” taken down by him from the lips of
Malay vhapsodists, and published with a translation and with
notes from his pen. In 1893 he was elected Vice President

from this time forward prevented his contributing to the
Journal, though he оноп to take the liveliest interest in
the Society's vak, and was able in many ways to give it
material ipii nc
The work he did for the Soc iety i is-not, however, to be only
judged br bak be did under its auspices avd i іп its name. He
contributed to the Royal "Le Society's journal some interest-
ing notes on Malay legends, and he wrote a Manual of the
Ma lay Language which "has е much to facilitate a scholarly
acquisition of the idioms in which he took so deep an interest.
е was in some measure acquainted with Arabie and Sanskrit,

the indigenous зати = the Malay Language, its traditions -
and folk-lore. He collected a fine library of Malay MSS,
which he has Pas tó the Royal Asiatie Society. A great
advocate of scholarly method, he did much to draw attention to
the material that exists, in Dutch and other foreign languages,
for the proper study of Malay. Indeed it was bis view that an
intending student of Malay should commence by learning Dutch ;
and there is no doubt that, with our limited literature on local
subjects, his advice із we orthy of consideration, That he was

h influenced by Dutch scholars is often clearly traceable in
his writings; and he had frequently to fight single-handed in
defence of views which anyone. ac equainted with Dutch studies
cn the ns would have at once admitted to be souad.

It i t difficult to exactly s the ped of Sir
William Maxwells іойзовоя asa scholar ou his contempo-
raries and successors. He is constantly rue to by Dutch
writers, and (except on one point) always with authority. His
work on Malay Proverbs drew attention to the possibilities of a
most interesting study, and led to the publication of at least one
other valuable contribution on the same subject, from the pen of
Mr. H. Clifford. His edition of Malay Rhapsodist tales also

E

Cdi IN MEMORIAM.

attracted the notice A scholars to a literature which, being un-

written, is all the m.re likely to perish. It is noticeable in this
respect that the fourth tale alluded to by Sir W. Maxwell, but
never published by him, has been ге оп record by Мг. СЇЙ»
ford, and published by the Society. It is however by his
* Manual " that he i is likely to =з Feil his widest iufluence,
in that he introduces every learner of Malay to : scholarly a ap-
preciation of Malay style and language, when all the learner's
surroundings tend to degrade that language in his eyes, In his
inaugural address on the foundation of the Straits Asiatic Society ,
the Pres.dent, speaking of Logan's Journal, remarked that the

responsible for the cim eme of his Journal, and that he was
orced to give up, for want of sufficient co-operation, a work
which was beyond the гче of a single man to sustain. Is this
to be true of the work of the Straits “Asiatic Society The
President expressed a hope that the work of a Society might

bearing in mind the limited range of interest in the Society’s
work, ‘and the difficulty of securing contributors, any one who
has been зани with the Society’s history from the first must
feel how much depends on one man, and how much must have
fallen on n Sir William Maxwell in the past. The work done has
been in a great measure his own work; and although there is
fortunately no need to anticipate any abandonment of the aims
which he did so much to forward, it is impossible either to mini-
mize the extent of the Society’s loss, or to believe that without
increased effort on the part of members it will be possible to
maintain in future numbers of the Journal the standard which
the late Sir William Maxwell set.
CW X

An Unexplored Corner of Pahang.

ЕЕС

The Pahang River, as most people interested in Paban
affairs know, is ‘the great artery which serves to keep Ulu
Pahang in touch with the outer world.

Up it in large numbers, pass the Malay ES er late) Chi-
nese boats, laden with supplies for the sho ops of Kuala Lipis,
E anjom and Silensing, machinery for the Spore and from time
to time those Europeans, whose business takes them into the

lu.

From the main stream, branch off tributaries almost as large
as the parent river, to the left the Semantan, up which most of
the heavy stores and machinery for the mine and town of Raub
passes, and which with its tributaries Бе a large belt of country,
including the Bentong tin bearing dist

Two or three days farther ыш апа ч ide embeling
goes off to the right, at the Kuala of which is ted the
grave of the late E. A. Wise, who was unfortunately "killed in
the attack on Jeram Ampai stockade. e was a young man
of great promise, a favourite with both Euro s and natives,
and adds one more to the list of bright young и ев who -have
died in foreign lands on her Majes sty’ s Service.

It was up the Tembeling that Baron Miklucho Maklay, one
of the earliest Pahang explorers, made his way over into Kelan-
tan, and from there down the Kelantan River to Kota Bahru,
the capital of Kelantan

That gentleman, siva I had the койш of meeting many
years ago in Queensland, devoted his life and чыж їпсоше {о
ae and | making an = collection

thim in Queensland, he was in quest of the
skulls of a een tribe of tives. said to have been met with

= AN UNEXPLORED CORNER OF PAHANG,

in the “ Back country,” and he also succeeded in obtaining the
skull of a notorious aboriginal outlaw, who had been recently
executed. I remember he was particularly keen on this skull,

account of Baron Maklay’s trip through Pahang, with copious
notes on Sakei Ethnology, will be found in one of the early
* Transactions" of the Straits Asiatic Society.

From beyond Kuala Tembeling, the Pahang ote! takes the
name of the Jelai. The Lipis River branches off to the left at
the town of that name, and some ten miles up is the landing for
the Punjom Mine, while up towards its Ulu, it divides into many
separate streams, chief among which are the Wong and the
Semantan Ulu, which latter is formed by the united streams of
the Simpam and Siang, from the former of which Raub Mine
is taking its electric power, and on the latter the Liang Coffee
Concession is situated.

From Kuala Lipis to Kuala мем the farthest point of
European enterprise on the Jelai, is a out 25 miles, and midway
between Kuala Lipis and there, the Telang river comes in on
the left, and is utilised by the No. 2 Concession of the M. P.
Exploration Co. for getting supplies up to their propert It is
only navigable for boats however, and villages are few and
far between. A couple of miles farther up the Jelai, the Tanom
comes in on the right, close to the residence of the Toh Rajah
of Jelai. A great deal of alluvial gold w orking - si
done in former te some distance up this river, in fact it
—— enough es one time to have a * Kapitan China, R rem
no reefs have been found.

таја Menos is the landing for the Silensing mines, and
the last point of European settlement on the Jelai, in fact the
Europeans w who have been higher up than that, can be cou unted’
on one’s fingers. The Meds ng, from which the landing
takes its name, is merely a dirty little creek that would not
float a ga Like most of these ques it has its own legend,
which was told me in all seriousness by old Malay. Ques-
(ssa him as to how the place came i die named Kuala Me-
ang, he explained that a very long time ago, when it was a
flourishing Malay village, a man lived there who had a boat

AN UNEXPLORED CORNER OF PAHANG, 3

made of Medang timber. This man was fortunate enough
to kill a Dragon, of Tu according to him there was only a
very limited supply even then. He skinned it, and nailed the
skin as a sort of abeathing round his boat, which had the effect
of vastly increasing its speed so that a trip to Pekan and back,
which in these effete times takes about a month, used to be ac-
complished in 24 hours. This lasted for some time, but one
night, lying at anchor, the boat sank, and could never after-
wards be found. It also seems that ga ah after this, a close
season was proclaimed for Dragons, an more skins could
be obtained, which was unfortunate, to say p least of it.

About half an hour's poling above Kuala Semet the dis-
memberment of the Jelai begins, the Anak Jelai as it is called
going off to the left, taking a S. W. course. A little farther

up, the main stream divides again, the Seran going to the
right or N. E., and the Telom going straight on or about due
North. The Telom is much the larger stream of the three, м
under ordinary conditions should still retain the name
Jelai. According to my ancient Malay friend, however, when the
prehistoric geogrepi ers were naming these rivers, some little
abar aaa arose among them as to which of the three should re-
= the n of Jelai and to settle the matter they decided to
eigh a eee quantity of water from each, and the water from
the left hand branch proving the heaviest, it retained the name.
The Seran, from where it branches off to the Ed keeps а
8

when Kuala Besi is reac it divides араш, the
Seran keeping about its old course, while Sungei i bears
slightly west of north, and aters get round very

close to the head waters of the Telom. The Seran forms the
bighway to Kelantan and hundreds of Kelantan coolies pass up
and down to work at the Silensing mines, there being a short
day's tramp after leaving navigable water to get over the
Dinding Range.

So far, I can only learn of three Europeans who have been
over that route, and none who prior to my trip had been up
Sungei Besi.

From the junction of the Telom and Seran up to Kuala

4 AN UNEKPLORED CORNER ОЕ PAHANG.

Besi, there are a few Malay houses at long intervals, but above
that there are none whatever, the whole of it being Sakei

I found it to be a huge isolated Tor of limestone, fully 400
feet high, the face of the cliff being quite perpendicular and
snowy white. I then remembered that on one occasion, looking
from the top of a high hill near the Silensing mine with a strong

pair of glasses, we had made out a huge white mass in that

h

the ordinary monotony of the Pahang jungle, was so absorbing,
that it was long ere I could leave it. There is a similar cliff at
the upstream end of the Tor, so that the view whether go-
ing up or down stream, is equally grand, and deep were my
regrets that I had left my camera at home, and so could not get
some photographs of it. The native name of this cliff is Gua
Bumit.

bout two hours' poling above that, à small stream, called
Sungei Chok, comes in on the right bank, and there naviga-
tion ceases, or at least ought to, for to take a boat farther up,

AN UNEXPLORED CORNER OF PAHANG, 5

is chiefly labour and sorrow, at least as far as coolies are con-
cerned. Sungei Chok is not possible for a boat, but a day’s
jungle tramp UE about 20 miles) towards its Ulu, brings n
to another limestone pile, of much Cen nd dimensions. Its na
is Gua Senoorat, it is from 1,500 to 2,000 feet bigh, and ace
cave at its base capable of АР а couple of thousand people.
Doubtless in the fulness of time, when Kuala Lipis be-
comes the seat of Government and Europeans become more
plentiful in the Ulu, these wd natural monuments will
more closely examined, but i =, always be a source of
satisfaction to feel that was the first European to gaze
upon them. What millions of years m must have elapsed and what

then slowly eroded and dissolved by the carbonic acid of
the fresh water, after the ocean retreated, leaving only
these isolated pinnacles to speak of what was once a con-
tinuous bed of limestone. The decomposition of this lime-
stone doubtless has much to say for the better даш of the
land on the Seran, of which I made mention earlie

any further travelling towards the Ulu on foot, for a short dis-
tance above the Jeram д river divides again into two streams
which are both very s

The right hand "epe is still Sungei Besi, and the left
hand one Sungei Wur, the waters of which I find almost
join the head waters of the Telom, heading Pod opposite sides
of the same spur. One day's tramp up either of these streams,
brings one to the base of the main dividing range, on the other
side xd kpek is Kelantan.

r having my boat dragged through, and my baggage
ar pir the Jeram, 1 found it impossible to take the boat
farther, and so made a camp at the junction of the two streams.

On the left bank of Jeram Rimau is a mountain fully
1,000 feet high, which the ipods call Bukit Guroh, and to

6 AN UNEXPLORED CORNER OF PAHANG.

which all sorts of legends appertain. It is chiefly a mass of
huge rocks, and the Sakeis of that locality have a record of
over 60 of their tribe who have been killed by tigers on it.
The arene I camped there, a Sakei, who formed one of my
party, went about 150 yards below the сатр to fish, and bi

mountain and sat on a rock about 50 yards away. The Sakei
abandoned his fishing lines and = for the camp yelling, and
the tiger went back into the jungle. Asa precautionary mea-
sure, Thad a large fire built and boe going all night.

Next day, leaving a couple of coolies in charge of the camp,
I tramped about ten miles up Sungei Besi, and came to a large

- Makei -a on a right hand branch known as Sungei

Seringat,
e whole party were away ona hunting expedition to Ulu
Telom, but I learned there were ordinarily about 50 of them
lived there, and we occupied their houses for the night. The
only thing worthy of note to be seen in them, was a string of
jawbones, with the teeth intact, of several dozen monkeys in
each house, hung up in the smoke above the fireplace. There
were all sizes and kinds, and it is evident the Sakei when
hungry spares neither age nor sex of the monkey tribe.
Every monkey they kill and eat, they add his jawbone to the
string, and when they are unsuccessful i in hunting it is said they
derive great satisfaction from gazing at “ч thinking over these
mementos of former repasts. They have a clearing of a
many acres at Kuala Seringat, slanted with plantains and
paddy, and would seem to have been there for several years
There is said to be tin in the streams farther on, on
to the base of the dividing range, which is probably the case,
but neither Malays or Chinese care to venture so far by them-
selves, as the Sakeis are said to be wicked, while the cost of
getting supplies would be great, and tle area is also probably
limi

From one of tbe hills at the Sakei clearing, a magnificent
view was obtained of the limestone mountain, Gua Senoorat,
distant about 20 miles. There would seem to be a large belt of

АМ UNEKPLORED CORNER ОЕ PAHANG. 4

nearly flat country between Sungei Besi and Sungei Seran, as
this mountain stands up as it were alone. Having seen all I
wished to see in that locality, I came back to my camp at Kuala
Wur, and had my boats and baggage taken below the Jeram,
and there stayed the night. There was a rise of several feet in
the river that night, and next day we came down to Kuala
Besi at racing speed, doing in six hours, what it had taken us
three days to go up.

old man, his wife is an old woman, and the two children who as
infants took an unconscious part in the tragedy I speak of, are

ow a fine young man and woman, the son recently married
and the daughter about to be, but both Johor and his wife still
carry on their bodies the marks of the aífray of which I speak.
It took place some 20 odd years ago, and Johor, his wife and
two young children were at that time living at Kuala Seran,
i. e., where the Telom and Seran, as | before explained, divide,
and go in separate directions.

the three or four ladder-like steps into the house and made a
vicious stab at Johor with his spear, which he in the act of rising
managed to ward off. Failing in this the stranger reversed the
spear, and dealt him a smashing blow across the bead, with the
heavy petaling wood handle. Half blinded by tbe blood which
poured down over his face Johor seized the spear, and a
desperate struggle ensued. Finding he could not wrench it
away, the stranger drew his kris and tried to stab him, but he
warded off the stabs as best he could with his arms, at the same
time with his feet pusbing the children away out of danger.

~

8 AN UNEXPLORED CORNER OF PAHANG.

His wife attempting to assist him, seized the blade of the kris,
and she showed me the two fingers, minus the tops, re
it was dragged through her hands. Johor has the mark where
his scalp was laid open by the blow from the spear, while his
arms are scored with the marks of the cuts he received in ward-
ing off the stabs. Suddenly he bethought him of the Tumboh
Lada ‘small dagger) in his belt, and drawing it he tbrust it into
the bowels of his assailant, who fell dying. АП this” though it

takes some time to srito, took place very quickly, and the man
at the back door, who had been simply gazing at the struggle,
on seeing his e fall, rushed in. Johor seized his gun, which
was standing loaded against the wall, but before he could get
it up to fire, Ше stranger seized the muzzle, and а fierce
struggle ensued for the possession of it. With a quick snatch

- said s “Habis tlahi rumah saya, macham orang potong
kribau
: ating him why this attack was made on him, he explained

from the wrath to come, to Kelantan. They had crossed over
from Perak, and made their way down the Telom, and being
hard up, and bearing that Johor owned а couple of guns,
they made up their minds to kill bim, steal his guns and boat,
and take his wife and children to sell for slaves in Kelantan.
The next day, coming down to Kuala Medang, I was shown the
P. when the house originally stood, in which this affair took
place

W. Bertrand Roberts,
f

BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS. 9

Birds collected and observed on the Larut Hills,
Perak, in March and April 1898.

It was with the greatest pleasure that I found myself able
to devote the months of February and March this year oe
to forming a collection of birds on rx Larut Hills in Perak.
believe that Mr. L. Wray, Jr., and Dr. Hartert for a few da
in 1888, are the only other kanan не ея who have collected оп
these mountains. Mr. Wray was fortunate in being the first
man on the ground, and he made the most of his opportunities,
obtaining, apparently, all the then new species which are at all
common on the hills, and severa! which must "A dist stinctly rare,
as I failed to procure a single s Tees men of some of them in two
months energetic collectin The Rede bo results of Mr.
Wray's very successful collecting expeditions in the mountains
were describe R i

"m
Ф
n
et
3 5
о
E же

Ке,
Ф
Lert
nm
=
et.
pr
Ф

Journal of this Society (No. 19, p. 125., and No. 2
These two papers deal Sie collections с оп ve Larut
Hills and on the Batang Padang Mountains, For practical ра
poses they may both be taken ia dealing with the birds of t
Larut Hills, the avifauna- of the higher mountains, as far as is
th

; et,

of the Malay Peninsula occur at 3,000 to 5,000 feet altitude. As
yet no single species has been discovered with a habitat restrict-
ed to the higher ajan оша of 6,000 or 7,000 feet, though it
quite тшше that some such forms may exist.

-five species are enumerated in these two papers,
which do 2 include birds not vet бане. My list is
longer, containing 113 species, as I have пела all birds cim
and identified as well as those shot. Mr. Wray's lists contain
number of species which I did not come across, while mine con-
tains several which are not to be found in r. Wray's. The
obvious inference to be drawn from this is that there are pro-

10 BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS.

bably yet a number of species on the hills which neither of us
met with and that our united lists are by по means peg eie
Some more novelties are sure to be obtained in time on these
mountains ; the small = inconspicuous species die are
likely to repay attenti

] am much ind atis PIE Mr. J. P. Rodger, British Resident,
Selangor, for assistance "ped afforded me while he was acting as
Resident of Perak. п giving me permission to collect for
scientific purposes Mr. Rodger requested me to restrict myself

four specimens of a species. It will be seen that on the
whole I contented myself with considerably less,

I have also to thank Mr. L. Wray, Jr. for much informa-
tion about the birds of the hills, and for the kindness with which
he was always ready to go over his own ne with me
when I was in Tai

I hope shortly to шы elsewhere a more complete paper
on the birds at present known to occur on the mountains of the
Peninsula; in the mean time, I give a list of the species I met
with during my two months on Maxwell’s Hill. The brief notes
as to elevation, etc., after each species must not be taken as
hard and fast rules, but only as my individual experience of the
bird's habitat, given for comparison with the notes of other
observers. In this list I have arranged the жача according to
the classification in Messrs. Oates’ and Blanford’s ** Bird” vol-
umes in the Fauna of India Series, serdar those species not in
the Indian list.in what seemed to me their proper places, I

Sub-families in large print between each few ре as in most
cases it seems to me unnecessary waste of s

The identifications in this list are, I liso, absolutely
reliable. A numeral in brackets following the note on a species
denotes the number of specimens I obtained. In alls = =
such a number follows, the birds have been worked out by n
less an authority than Dr. Ernst Hartert, of «bu: Mamas

liar, and Lam confident of the correctness of the s given
In some cases where species have ben split up into: зана

BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS. 11

sub-species the trinomials are there used for the sake of
accuracy.

Three species new to science are пае іп this list, and
their descriptions quoted; other birds us corded from the
mountains of the Peninsula for the first

Glancing through the hst one is ипек. by the fact that
over ninety E are sear oc by the 113 сага given.

The whole of the birds that I obtained аге now in the
Hon'ble. Walter Rothschild’s pedir iae йн зире ай at Tring.

1. Rhinocichla mitrata (S. Müll).
ery common above 3500 feet, feeding in noisy par-
ties. (3)

Bor mem peninsulae. Sharpe.

Wray's Laughing Thrush. Only one obtained between
The Hut ан Тһе Соар, 4000 feet. (1)

3. Pomatorhinus wrayi. Sharpe.

Wray’s Scimitar Babbler. Common at about 4000 feet
generally in parties, which like others of the genus keep up
a loud liquid call note. A very skulking hie n4 not easy
to procure. [failed to find the only one I s

4. Gampsorhynchus saturatior. Sharpe.

The Perak Ring-necked Shrike-babbler. Sharpe described
this species from a specimen obtained by Mr. L. Wray оп
Gunong. Batu Puteh, but Mr. Blanford does not consider it
entitled to specific distinction (Fauua of India, Birds

ps ence [ was particularly anxious to obtain specimens
for comparison ; but though I saw what must have been this
bird am at 3500 feet, I failed to shoot it.

5. Corythocichla leucosticta. Sharpe.

Wray's Spotted Ba bbler. Not uncommon above 3000 feet ;
met with in small foraging parties hopping about on or near the.
ground among rocks and undergrowth. (3)

12 | BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS.

6. ‘Turdinus abbotti olivaceus. (Strick!.)

Abbotts Babbler. Not uncommon in thickets near the foot `
of the hills. Dr. Sharpe identified a Zwrdinus sent by Mr. Wray
from these hills as sepiariws. Mine was certainly the same as the
bird Mr. Wray has marked sepiarius, but Dr. Hartert assures

me it is the pale sub-species (o/ivaceus) of Turdinus abbotti. (1)
7. Alcippe peracensis. Sharpe.

Wray’s Black-browed Babbler. Very common at 3000 feet
and upwards. (3) ;
8. Alcippe cinerea. (Blyth.)

Grey-headed Babbler, Equally common below 3000 feet. (3)
9. “Stachyris davisoni. ‘Sharpe.

Davison's Babbler. One shot at 2000 feet. (1)

10. Stachyris poliocephala. (Temm.)
One shot near the foot of the hills. A pair noticed collect-
ing nest material їп April. (1)
11. Stachyridopsis chrysea.
r. Hartert says, “A sub- решен, duller than Himalayan
Pk Either St. chrysea assimilis or bocagei
common above 3500 feet, feeding in little flocks

rather damage the one I shot; the other I actually knocked
down with the barrel of the gun. I contented myself with a
pair, (2)
12. Mixornis gularis. (Raffles.)
The Sumatran Yellow-breasted Babbler. I shot one at 2000
feet, but it was too damaged to preserve.
13. Myiophoneus eugenii. (Hume.) |
The Burmese Whistling Thrush. Rather rare. I met with

BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS, I3

it ka on rocky streams in the ravines, but failed to get a
spec
14. Larvivora cyanea, (Pall.)

Siberian Blue Chat. I saw this species once улан April.
It was hopping about the undergrowth too close to shoot, and

as I backed away it disappeared into i der „е
came on this species again, on the summit of t Kutu in
Selangor, and at once recognized it as the bird 1 failed to get
on the Perak hills. This time I succeeded in shootin ng it. This
is one of the neatest looking little birds I know, the dark blue

of the upper plumage jor ing EN with the delicate
“white of the breast. 4500 fee

-

15. Brachypteryx nipalensis. ( Hodgs)-

Hodgson’s Short-wing. I came on a Brachypteryx of sorts
once аб 4,000 feet. It showed a good deal of | curiosity, iuc
ing nearer'as [ retreated and keeping tot close to shoot
cating to blow it to pieces I left it alone. It was probably ix
above species, which Mr. Wray obtained on these hills.

16. Sibia simillima, (Salvad.)

The Malay Sibia. B common above 3,500 feet, below
which I never once saw i

Feeds in parties, running along the branches, etc. with
great икс а and keeping up an ‘incessant kree-kree-kree.”
While I was picking up a wounded one which I shot, the rest
of the flock fluttered round me and abused me lustily—which
perhaps I deserved. (3)

17. Siva sordidior. (Зһагре.)

The Malay Dull Sira. - Met with in small parties searching
for insects among the foliage of trees, and not descending into
the undergrowth. I only met with it at about 4,000 feet. (4)

18. Herpornis xantho'euca. (Hodgs.)

The White-bellied Herpornis. Goes in good sized flocks,
which search the branches of trees for insect food. lt often

14 BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS.

clings to the outside twigs of a bough in all sorts of tit-like
attitudes. Not uncommon. (1)
19. Pteruthius eralatus. (Tick.)

Tickell’s Shrike-tit. 1 met with this handsome little bird
several times at about 4,000 feet, alwavs in pairs and quietly
searching the branches of tall trees for insects. (2)

20. Chloropsis icterocephala.

Malayan Green Bulbul. Met with up to 3,000 feet,
one of the most handsome of the genus. (1)
21. rena cyanea. (Begbie).

The Malayan Fairy Blue-bird. This lovely species is toler-
ably numerous on the hills up to 3,000 feet. (1)

22. Melanochlora sultanea. (Hodgs.)

The Sultan Tit. Common. Mr, Wray notes baving seen
it as high as 4,500 feet. (4)

28. Mesia argentauris, (Hodgs.)

The Silver-eared Mesia. - Not uncommon at 3,500-4,500
feet. (2)

24. Criniger gutturalis. (Вопар.)

The Malayan white throated Bulbul. Met with from 2,000
to 3,500 feet in pairs or parties. )
25. Tricholestes criniger. (Blyth.)

The Hairy-backed Bulbul. Fairly common up to 3,000
feet. (2)
26. Hemixus cinereus. (Blyth.)

White-throated Grey Bulbul. Common from 2,000 to 4,000
feet, but not so numerous as on Bukit Kutu where it is extremely
plentiful. (2)

27. Otocompsa flaviventris. (Tick.)
Black-crested Yellow Bulbul. Not uncommon at 2,000 feet

BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS, 15

or so, but far from numerous. (1)
98. Tole tickelli peracensis. (Hartert and Butler.)

sub species of 7. tickelli tickelli, differing in the darker
and iom rufous brown crown, more dingy grey ear coverts, and
more ashy breast and flanks. Common from 3,500 feet upwards.

29. Tole olivacea. (Blyth.)

The Malay Olive Bulbul. Common up to 2,000 feet. (8)
30. Pycnonotus finlaysoni. | (Strickl.)

Finlayson's Stripe-throated Bulbul Two or three pairs of
this Bulbul used to frequent the bushes in the bottom of the
ravine in front of the Tea Garden Bungalow, 2,000 feet. (1)
31. Pyenonotus cyaniventris. (Blyth.

)
The Blue-bellied Bulbul. Not very plentiful. Obtained at
2,000 feet. (1)

32. Pycnonotus salvadorii. (Sharpe.)

The Small Olive Bulbul. Shot at 2,000 feet. The orange
yellow eyelid and base of bill so conspicuous in freshly shot
birds fades almost at once in skins. (1
33. Pycnonotus simplex. (Less.)

Moore’s Olive Bulbul, Common up to 2,000 feet. (3)
34. Dendrophila azurea. (Less.)

The Azure Nuthatch. Met with nerd in small
parties working about on the trunks of large trees. arpe re-
marks of a single d ant him by Mr. Wray that it was
duller blue on the back than Javan examples. I particularly
wanted specimens for Ан but was unlucky іп losing
two out of the three I shot. The one I did get however quite
bore out Sharpe’s remarks, and the bird is probably entitled to
sub-specific distinction. )

35. Bhringa remifer. (Temm.)
The Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo. Common at a high

16 BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS.

elevation. I did not notice it below 3,000 feet. (1)

36. Orthotomus atrigularis. (Temm.)

Black-necked Tailor Bird. A few small tailor-birds which
frequented the clearing round the Tea Garden bungalow were,
1 think, of this species I somehow omitted “to shoot а
specimen.

97. Cisticola beavani. (Wa
u

Numerous їп the Tea pee clearing, frequenting the
weeds and bushes near the jungle edge. Dr. Hartert tells me

specimens with which they have been compared. J regret that
I did not shoot a few more )
38. Cryptolopha butleri. (Hartert.)

Butler’s Flycatcher Warbler. A new species. For

p the
benefit of local readers I quote the description from the Bulletin
of the ро кесше Club, No. ШУ, р. 50. Adult male,

ead d

Crown of the h ark rufous with a broad е brown lateral
ee sie of the head and back ashy grey ; lower back, rump,
capulars, smaller upper wing-coverts, edges to the primaries

add тео Узар green ; larger upper wing-coverts blackish,
with a greenish wash and greenish yellow tips; throat and
fore-neck to the chest pale grey ; middle of the abdo men white;
sides of body, under wing-coverts, axillaries, vent, and under
fail-coverts lemon-yellow. Iris reddish en bill dusky,
mandible a fleshy ; feet зен yellow

Wing 51-54 m m., tail 42—45, bill 6. 5—7, tarsus 16-16.5.
“Nearest to С. castaneiceps, but easily distinguished by its darker
crown and:grey back besides other differences, I found this
little bird not uncommon at 4,000 feet and saw it as low as 3,000
feet. I found 3 nests during April; they were very like nests
of the common European Wren, placed under overhanging
banks, two containing three young each and the other a clutch
of 3 fresh eggs, of the usual Cryptolopha type—pure white. (2).

39. Phyllergates cucullatus. (Temm.)
Golden-headed Warbler. Not uncommon above 4,000 feet,

BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS. 17

frequenting si sides of the path, the garder round The Cottage,
ke a Tailor-bird in appearance and habits, though
differing in carted important generic characteristics, The dis-
covery of its nest would be of great interest. Oates suggests that
р шау nest in holes of trees, like Abromrnis, Тһе bir
o very tailor-bird-like in its habits that I should
hardly expect it myself to differ very much in nidification. (2).
40. Sutoria maculicauda. (Moore.)
2,000 to 3,000 feet. Not common. I found a nest, a typ-
е tailor- bird's, sewn between two leaves, and containing one
of the“ Tailor-bird type. 1 cannot give a description, as on
ir revisiting the nest next day I found it empty. This was in
April. (1.)

4l. Lanius tigrinus. (Drap.)

The Thick-billed shrike. Met die e a-dozen times up
to 8,500 feet, mostly immature specimen
42. Tephrodornis gularis. (Raffles.)

Malay Wood Shrike. Only shot it once at 3,000 feet, but

probably overlooked it on other occasions, owing to the difficul- .
че of identifying birds feeding high overhead in lofty trees. (1)
43. Pericrocotus wrayi. (Sharpe.)

Wray’s Minivet. Replaces т. next Ace at about 3,500
feet, above which it is fairly commo
44. Pericrocotus speciosus S d v m )

The Burmese Scarlet Minivet. Obtained from 1, мо feet to
8,000 ог 8,500, where it gives place to the last form.

45. Pericrocotus fammifer. (Hume.)

Davison's Scarlet = I shot a male at just over two
thousand ее: it was very badly shot and І did not preserve it,
expecting to get others
46. Pericrocotus i. (Blyth.)

The Fiery Minivet. I shot a kakake Minivet at 4,000 feet

18 BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS.

with a red rump. It was unfortunately too damaged for
preservation, I think it must have been igneus. Sharpe’s Peri-
crocotus croceus I looked for in vain.
47. Graucalus larutensis. (Sharpe.)

The Larut Cuckoo Shrike. Not uncommon above the
Maxwell’s bungalow clearing, but I only shot one, fortunately a
female, which has not been described previously, Sharpe having
only seen the male (1)

48. Hemichelidon sibiricus. (Gm)

Sooty Flycatcher. A very common winter visitor. A few
were still about at the beginning of April. (2)

49. Hemichelidon ferrugineus. (Hodgs.)

Ferruginous;Flycatcher. Not uncommon between 1,500 and
3,500 feet. [Сїй not notice it higher. (1).

90. Cyornis tickelli. (Blyth.)

Tickell's Blue Flycatcher. 1 saw this Species once at 4,000
feet. I have since obtained it at 3,000 feet on Bukit Кий.
Malayan specimens are smaller than Indian ones.

91. Nitidula hodgsoni. (Moore.)

The Pigmy Blue Flycatcher. I obtained one at 4,500 feet.
Oates Says he cannot find a single note on its habits. This

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92. Muscicapula westermanni. (Sharpe.)

The Malay Little Pied Flycatcher. Not
4,000 feet. (1) y : ot uncommon at

93. Digenea malayana. Sharpe.

The Malay White Gorgeted Flycatcher. I obtained two

BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS. 19

specimens at 4,000 feet. While engaged in setting a steel trap
baited with grains of rice, meant for any small mammal which
might get caught, I saw two of these little flycatchers hopping
about the ground and the low undergrowth, and uttering a sharp
little squeak. I shot one and the other flew off. Two hours
later, however, I found it in the trap I had just set, doubtless
attracted by the freshly turned earth and dead leaves 1 had
sprinkled over the plate. I did not meet with the ae е again.
Very close to D. submoniliger. (2.)

54. Alseonax latirostris. (Raffles.)

The Brown Flycatcher. Winter visitor ; fairly common. (1.)
55. Culicicapa ceylonensis. (Swainson.)

Grey-headed Flycatcher. Common above 2,000 feet.

56. Niltava grandis. (Hodgs.)

The Large Niltava. Not uncommon below the Cottage, at
about 4,000 feet. Has a good song. Smaller than Indian
examples. (2.)

57. Terpsiphone affinis. (Hay.)

The Burmese eise ise Flycatcher. I saw adult white
males two or thre es between 2, 000 and 3,000 feet, but
failed to get a e ;

58. Rhipidura albicollis. (Vieill.)

White- jac Fantail Flycatcher. Almost always among
the parties of birds which one comes upon at about 4,000 feet.
White tips to ЕКЫ broader than in Indian examples. Bornean
ones again are like Indian. )

59. Henicurus schistaceus. (Hodgs.)

The Slaty Forktail. A snap shot in the dusk at an un-
familiar Forktail darting up a stream luckily resulted in a
specimen of this species. This was at 2,000 feet, € the only
time I met with it. New to the Larut Hill list.

60. Hydrocichía ruficapilla. (Temm.)
The Chestnut-headed Forktail Occurs up to 4,000 feet,

20 BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS.

frequenting the streams which filter through the dark ravines.
When these are in == е after a downpour of rain, the Forktails
come out on to the roads. Аза rule this is a very shy bird, but

T

some individuals are ea tame. i found а nest іп a cleft

and was conséquently remarkably heavy for its size. It con-
tained two longish cream white eggs, very glossy, and spotted
with rufous. (2.)

61. Copsychus saularis, (Linn.)

e Robin. A few pairs round the Tea Garden
and Maxwell’s bungalow.

62. Geocichla innotata. ( Blyth.)

The Malay Ground Thrush. A blue e-grey Geocichla with
an orange breast flew past me once in thick angle at 2,000 feet ;
it is almost certain to have been this specie
68. gae gularis.

ned one specimen—an immature male—of this very
rare isle "Thrush i in thick jungle at about 2,500 feet. (1.)

64. en cyanus solitaria. (P. L. Müll.)

The Eastern Blue Rock Thrush. I noticed a blue Rock
Thrush frequenting the eun fallen trees, etc., on the Tea
Garden clearing ; it was very shy and eluded pursuit for some

days. When obtained it proved to be thi
2.000 feet. (1.) P is species, ^ Elevation

-

65. Uroloncha acuticauda. (Hodgs.)
Hodgson's Миша. Fairly plentiful about the Tea Garden

clearing. They were breeding in April, and I found several of
their well known nests

66. Hirundo gutturalis. (Scop. )

а сва House Swallow. N umerous round the bunga-

BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS. 21

67.” Motacilla melanope, ( Pall.)

The Grey Wagtail. Common about roads, streams, clear-
ings, etc., at all elevations. Had not left by middle of April.
68. Anthus rufulus malayensis.

The Malay Pipit. Should not perhaps be E in this
list. I mention it as there was one specimen in my collection,
but it was shot at the foot of the hills and not on — (s
69. Anthus maculatus. (Hodgs.)

The Indian Tree Pipit. The only Pipit met with on the
hills A party of a dozen or so frequented the Maxwell’s
ишо" clearing throughout March апа ee of April.

never saw them settle on a tree when disturbed. Probably
their habits are more arboreal in the Rear. season than at
other times. (1.)
70. Æthopyga wrayi. (Sharpe.
ay's'Honeysucker. These beautiful little birds are com-
mon at 3,500 feet and upwards. The Scarlet Hibiscus flowers in
the gardeus on the hill area great attraction to them. They
visit these principally in the hottest part of tbe day—for an
hour or two after noon. may mention that I recently obtained
the bird again on the summit of Bukit Kutu, Selangor, 3,900
feet. [t has, I believe, hitherto only been obtained on the Perak
hills. It will probably prove to occur throughout the Peninsula
where the mountains rise to over 3, ен feet. Wray, writ-

sharp look out for this, but = no other species on these hills.
Since then, however, I have twice shot, on Buki t
Ginting Bedei, a lovely ie ран e with brilliant violet
moustachial stripes, and a sort of coronet of the same colour,

the crown. From want of books of reference I have had to
send it home for identification, and have not yet heard about it.
Possibly this was the other Honeysucker seen by Mr. Wray. (5.)
71. Arachnothera magna. (Hodgs.)

Common between 3,500 and 4,000 feet; I saw one or two as

22 BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS.

low as 2,000 feet, А тегу active restless bird, always on the
move, Constantly in the jungle something darts past one with
a whirr, and only its characteristic sharp squeak enables one to
recognize the spider-hunter. (4.)

72. Diceum ignipectus. (Hodgs.)

Fire- breasted Flowerpecker. I shot one at 4,000 feet.
Probably common, but it is impossible to identify these tiny
birds with certainty on tall trees. (1)

73. Prionochilus ignicapillus. (Eyt.)

Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker. F airly common up to
4000 feet. (1.)

74. Prionochilus maculatus. (Temm.)

The White throated Flowerpecker. ^ Met with on the
higher parts of the hill. (1.) :
75. Serilophus rothschildi. (Hartert and Butler.)

Rothschild’s Broadbill. The discovery of this very beauti-
ful little broadbill—the third known species of its genus—made
a red-letter day for a collector. I first came across it at 2,500
feet. Two little greybreasted birds were sitting side by side

i ak

them and killed both. The birds fell into a dense tangle of
thorny rattan, and at the end of half-an-hour’s search I was just
giving up in disgust when I found one of them. Seeing at a
glance that it was a novelty and a very beautiful oue, I renewed
my search, cutting away the abominably thorny shoots of the

searching the foliage of a large-leaved tree for insects, and

6 new species
rom the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, No. LIV.

BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS. 23

|| А

p.50. “Differs from S. lunatus with which it agrees in the peculiarly -
shaped tips of the longest primaries, in beirg darker and greyer
above; crown of the head pure grey, not pale rusty brown ;
ear- coverts grey with hardly a tint of brown, while they are
a ena іп S. lunatus, and the rufous colour on the весоп-
daries is deeper; round the eye a narrow ring of white feathers.
ris. мне: brown, mottled with golden specks; eyelid and
base of mandible for about 4 inch, bright gamboge ‘yellow ; bill
als whitish blue, tip and lateral edges whitish ; feet pale green-
ish chrome, claws milky blue (А. L. Butler)” Named in compli-
ment to Mr. Walter Rothschild (3 a)

76. Psarisomus dalhousiae. (Jameson. )
The Longtailed Broadbill.

r. H. Palgrave Turner shot = of these lovely broadbills
at 3500 feet, and kindly gave it to m It is a very perfect
specimen and is now in the Selangor Masui: (1.)

77. Gecinus rodgeri. Hartert and Butler.
ЕЕ Woodpecker.

cies obtained at 3,500 feet. I am not sure
whether “the full description has yet appeared i н. =н it has
not yet reached me, and І до not wish to anticipate it. Dr.
Hartert, comparing it with G. chlorolophus fos G. chlorigaster
says, in epist. “Differs from chlorolophus in its much darker an
more uniform green upperside, shorter wing, and darker abdo-
men with much narrower cross-bars. Differs from chlorigaster
in its larger size, erae wing, and in the sprees of the crown
being green and not red." Named in hon o Mr J. F.
Rodger, British воой, Selangor. (1.)

78. Chrysophlegma humii. (Hargitt.)
Тһе Cheguered-throated Woodpecker,

I shot one at 3,500 feet. I have also met with it in the
low country. (1.)

79. Miglyptes grammithorax. (Malh.)
The Fulvous-rumped Barred Woodpecker,

24 BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS.

Less common than M. tukki on the hills. I saw it once at
3,000 feet.
80. Miglyptes tukki. (Lesson.)

The Buff-necked Barred Woodpecker.

Common from 2000 to 4000 feet; generally in pairs, but
Sometimes in small parties of 5 or 6. The note isa long trill. (4.)
81. Chrysocolaptes validus, (Temm.)

Golden backed Bar-winged Woodpecker.

Chiefly a low country form; I saw one pair at 2000 feet
and obtained one specimen. 3

82. Vivia innominata. (Burton.)
The Speckled Piculet.

This diminutive Woodpecker is apparently scarce, though
its small size doubtless causes it to be overlooked. My speci-

liana-Jike creeper, across which it had perched, and might al-
most have been mistaken for some sort of Flower-pecker. (1.)
83. Psilopogon pyrolophus. (S. Müll.)

The Bar-billed Barbet.

I found this ds екан barbet from 8,000 to al
5000 feet. Mr. Wra

sionally uttering a diem note like that of a Wo
out what Mr. Wray Says as to its being usually so silent, but
Hartert has described its note very differently. * d. f. O. 1889.)
(3)

84. Mesobucco duvauceli. a)
Crimson-eared Barbe

high tree, often, in the low
up for hours бош ап їп-

BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS. 25

cessant ** twit-twit, twit-twit!" very like the note of an Eng-
lish nuthatch. Owing to its turning its head from side to side

are simplified considerably. You put the other gun on the far
side of the tree and fire three or four shots at hazard into the
top of it. Then at last the little barbet elects to move, and the
other man gets a very high snap shot at a diminutive bird fly-
ing very jerkily away, which he may hit, but is much more likely

All four birds I have obtained thus have been males. (2.)
85. Cyanops oorti. (S. -Mill.)

Common: my specimens were obtained from 2,500 to 4,000
feet. (4.)
86. Chotorhea chrysopogon. (Temm.)

14 Whiskered Barbet. Common: from the foot of the

hills to over 3000 feet. —(9.)
87. Calorhamphus hayi. (Gray.) |

The Brown Barbet. Fairly common. Low country and up
to 3500 feet; generally in parties ; rather sluggish in its move-
ments. (4.)
88. Merops sumatranus, Raffles.

The Sumatran Bee-eater.

Flocks of this Bee-eater were met with up to 2000 feet (1.)

89. Nyctiornis amictus. (Temm.
The Red-bearded Bee-eater.

26 BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS.

Tolerably common, from the low country up to 4500 feet.
Blanford and other authorities say “ nidification unknown," but
I find in No. of this Journal, p. 169, а nest and eggs des-
cribed by Lieut. H. J. Kelsall, which are doubtless rightly
attributed to this species. I have several times found nest-holes
in banks in heavy forest which could only have been those of
this bird, though I never found one in use to settle the question.
The note of this bird is extraordinary, a very hoarse and loud
“ ka-ka! ka-ka !", which, until I found out the author of it, I
thought must come from some sort of hornbill at least! (2)

90, Dichoceros bicornis, (Linn.)

The Great Hornbill.

I met with this grand Hornbill several times near the top
of the Hill, but it was considerably scarcer than the next species.
91. Buceros rhinoceros. (Linn.)

The Rhinoceros Hornbill.

The commonest large Hornbill on the hills, where their ex-

traordinarily loud and discordant notes may be heard through-
out the day at intervals. )

92. Anorrhinus galeritus (Temm.)
The Bushy-Crested Hornbill.
Not uncommon at 2000 feet and upwards. I have also

Kutu in Selangor, but
This Hornbill is almost

.

pproached. Their habits
; a flock visiting a particular tree
, until the fruit supply was exhaust-

seemed to me very regular
just at noon for several days
ed. (2.)

93. Rhinoplax vigil. (Forster.)
The Helmeted Hornbill.

BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS. ТЕ

This magnificent Hornbill, though constantly heard, seems
very shy, and though I saw a pair once or twice I failed {о get а
specimen. Davison has described its note excellently. He says,
“The note is very peculiar and powerful ; it begins with a series
of whoops, uttered'at intervals that grow gradually less till,
after ten or a dozen quick repetitions the call ends ina harsh
cackling laugh.” This account would be hard to improve on.
The first notes sound not unlike the distant blow of an axe
on timber, and it is doubtless this species that is referred to
in the Malay legend of the man who cut down his unfortun-
ate mother-in-law’s house and then ant into a рем of laugh-
ter, for which he was punished by being turned into a bird. The
use of the heavy ivory casque of this hornbill re to be
discovered.

94. Chætura gigantea. (Temm.)

The Brown-necked Spine-tail Swift.

Often seen hawking over the hills.
95. Chætura leucopygialis, (Blyth.)

The Grey-rumped Spine-tail. Very common up to 3000
feet or so; I forget whether 1 observed it higher. It bas none
of the arrow-like speed of the larger Spine-tails. (2.)

96. Collocalia francica. (Gmel.)
i The Little Grey-rumped Swiftlet.

Common at the higher elevations.
97. Collocalia linchi. (Horsf. and M.)

Id’s Swiftlet. The same gene es charming
A pair did

penes fora long time.
species is numerous, I have seen it rossi in buildings, йил
to the walls in clusters like a swarm of bees. occa-
sions 1 have often seen one catch its mate, unable to find room

28 BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS.

for a foothold beside it, by the tip of the wingfeathers and hold
“it hanging thus for several seconds, (2.)

98. Macropteryx longipennis ( Rafinesque.)

he Malayan Crested Swift. 1 occasionally noticed it
hawking over the tops of the jungle up to nearly 5,000 feet.
99, Macropteryx comata. (Blyth.) 3

e Tufted Tree-Swift. Seen at 2,000 feet, but not as
numerous аз in the low country

100. lei indicus ake (Temm.)

The Jungle Nightjar. A few pairs frequented the Tea
Garden clearing а 2,000 feet) and used to hawk along the
jungle edge at dusk. I shot a pair. (2.)

macrurus and Lyncornis temmincki, so common in the low
country, I neither saw nor heard on the hills

101. Harpactes erythrocephalus. (Gould.)

The Red-headed Trogon. Met with several times at 3,500
feet ог so. (1)

102. ee duvauceli. (Temm.)

Th
ample at 8, 500 feet.

103. Zanclostomus javanicus. (Horsf.)
The Lesser Red-billed Malkoha.

Seems to me to range higher up the bills than the other
birds of this group. It is not uncommon at 3,500 feet. It is
very partial to the big wingless females of one of the larger
stick insects, for which it searches the branches so systematic-
ally that the — wonderful likeness to a dead twig avails it

Having pecked and bruised the mantis into a state of
helplessness, the bird proceeds to pull off the strong spiny legs
one a one and then swallows the long body head first. Ihave
taken 3 of these insects, 7 or 8 inches 8 long and nearly as thick as
one’s little finger from the stomach of one of these Malkohas. (1.)

d-rumped a I obtained one very young ex-
1.)

BIRDS OF THE LARUT BILLS. — 29

104, Rhinortha chlorophea. (Raffles.)

seca Green-billed Malkoha.

very common low country bird ranges up the hills to

about 2, 000 feet, above which I have not seen it.
105. Ketupa javanensis, (Less.)

The Malay Fish-Owl.

I disturbed one from a bough overhanging a stream in thick
jungle near the foot of the hills.
106. Spizaétus albiniger. (Blyth.)

Blyth's Hawk-eagle.

A pair of these very beautiful eagles used to visit the M
garden clearing regularly during my sta there, attracted by

tump

yards from me. Instead of flying he merely erected his crest
and stared at = and I backed quietly away to 30 yards distance
and shot him. (1.)
107. Spilornis bacha.

The Malay Snake-eagle.

Frequently seen, but not shot.
108. Accipiter virgatus (Reinw.)

The Besra Sparrow-hawk.

Seen once or twice up to 3,000 feet. I found a nest with
the bird sitting near the foot of the hills, in April, but the tree
was quite unclimbable
109. Treron nepalensis. (Hodgs.)

The Thick-billed Green Pigeon.

Small flocks met with and a few birds shot up to 3,500

et. :

110. Ducula badia. (Raffles.)
The Copper-backed Imperial Pigeon.

зо BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS.

A few of these fine Pigeons were seen, generally passing
over at a great height. І shot one specimen at 3500 feet. (1.)
111. Chalcophaps indica. (Linn.)

The Bronze-winged Dove.

Heard and seen up to 3,500 feet.

112, Macropygia ruficeps. (Temm.)

The Little Malay Cuckoo-Dove.

Fairly common from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. I shot ся
specimens, most о wes were rather knocked about and we
handed over to the cook. Mr. Wray notes Cuckoo-Doves as
rare on these hills, “1 Sharpe wrote of the only мо мез

г. Wray sent him that it appeared to be M. tusalia, Min
were all М. ruficeps. (1.)

113. Argusianus argus. (Linn.)

The Argus Pheasant.

Heard frequently up to 2,500 feet, but as usual, not seen.
(1—trapped.)

This eds om the list of species qe during my two
months on the Larut Hills. I met with two other birds which I

rhaps have been Melanocichla peninsularis (Sharpe.) The
other was a small vobin- tke goa n bi with

white on 5 bases of the tail- feathers, I found this bird one

í i ve, Elevation 4,000 fee

I accidentally omitted to send it to Tring with the rest of m
collections, and though I did so subsequently I have not Ed
received the identification.

A. L. Butler.

A Catalogue of the Ferns of Borneo and
some of the adjacent Islands which have been
recorded up to the present time.

The following list contains, I believe, all the Ferns that
have been recorded from Borneo, the Sulu Archipelago, the

s probably very far from being a complete catalogue of all

The Ferns belonging to Borneo itself have been collected almost
exclusively in the State of Sarawak, and the Territory of British
North Bor These two countries together occupy about one
third part only of the whole island, the remainder (with the
exception of the smal] kingdom still held by the Sultan of Brunei)
being in the possession of the Dutch Government. It is possible
that in Dutch scientific publications a few species not mentioned
here may have been recorded, but, if so, they have not come to

awaits the collector who sball hereafter visit the less known dis-
tricts of Dutch Borneo. Of the 430 species and varieties con-
tained in this list, 114 were first found in Borneo. Seven of
these have since been met with elsewhere; but there remain
107 which have no other habitat at present known. Some of
them are exceedingly rare, several having been only once found.

I have not in all cases mentioned the collector’s name:
but it is to be understood that when no name is given, that of

32 FERNS OF BORNEO.

Mr. Charles Hose is to be supplied for the Ferns that come from
the Baram district of Sarawak, including Mt. Mulu, Mt. Dulit,
Mt. Lambir, Niah, &c., and my own in all other instance

the position of new Ferns, as Mr. Baker does, by giving them
the number of the species nearest to them with the addition of
an asterisk.

number of known Ferns has been made since its publication.
The Supplement, * Ferns discovered or described since 1874,"
and subsequent lists of new discoveries published by Mr. Baker
only in part supply this want, as they are hardly more than lists :
for descriptions an immense number of publications have to be
consulted, and these are seldom accessible to persons who live
in the regions where novelties are to be found.

FILICES.
SUB-ORDER І. GLEICHENIACEAE.
GLEICHENIA. (Gen. ii Syn. Fil. p. 11.)

Gleichenia circinata, Sw. (Syn. Fil. ii, 3.) Mt. Kinabalu, Mr.
F. W. Bur

urbidge, 5,000-6,000 ft. and Dr. G. D. Haviland,
10,500 ft.
Distribution: From Australia and New Zealand to Malac-
ca and the Philippines.
var. borneensis, Baker in Jour. Bot. 1879, p. 37. Mt.
Kinabalu, Mr. F. W. Burbidge

G. djs ссн longissima ВІ. (вун Fil. ii. 7.) — G. glanca

oker, the oldest пате. Mt. Dulit and Mt. Matang.
Swat not under 2,500 ft. though elsewhere in
Malaya it is found at a much lower elevation.
Distribution: China, Japan, Malaya, West Indies.

тыт arachnoides Мей. (Syn. Fil. 1. sd — "ies bullata,
e. Mt. Kinabalu, 7000 ft. Sir Hugh Lo

G. ' Mert.) sp. Large, tripinnatifid, stem and rachises covered

>

with broad acuminated brown scales having whitish car-
eue eal um es, the crossing of which on the surface
produces а apan nce that may be called ** cobwebby.”

Pinnae 18 in. long, 4-5 ue wide, oblong-lanceolate.
Secondary pinnae 2-24 in. |, 4 in. wide, cut down nearly
to the rachis into oblong blunt segments, with margins
Mop recurved. Sori covered by the large spreading

cales.
А single specimen in the Sarawak Museum contributed
by Dr. G. D. Haviland from Mt. Kinabalu, 8,000 ft. His
number 1950. If thisis the G. arachnoides Hk. from this

34 THE FERNS OF BORNEO,

locality, marked var. В of G. longissima Bl. in. Syn
it deserved a fuller description than the brief one * icd
cobwebby.” I think it is a distinct species.

G. ( Mert.) flagellaris, Spr. (Syn. es ii 19). Common in the
ow country and up to 2,000
Distribution : Madagascar : Dee : throughout Malaya:
Fiji.

G. TEE oer ВІ. (Syn. Fil. ii. 21.) Mt Dulit, Mt. Matang
t. Sant p Sarawak, 2,500ft. “ Seems iiie
fic with G. hirta Bl." Bak ker Jour. ei Soc., Vol. 1. p.

222. Distribution: Malay Island

var. paleacea, Baker in Jour. Bot. 1879. p. 38. N. Borneo
by Mr. F. С. Burbidge. Habitat not iam parti-
cularly.

G. (Mertensia) dichotoma Willd. (Syn. Fil. ii. 28). Very com-
mon everywhere. G. linearis, Clarke, is said to be the
oldest n

Ре ндн Tropical and subtropical regions of the old
and new world and as far north as Ja арап,

—— var. major, Moore. Ind. Fil 376. Sr. Beccari (vide

his Borneo Ferns by Cesati), at Marup on the Batang
Lupar River, Sarawak.

——— Var. divaricata Moore == pteridifolia Presl. Beccari,
Malesia vol. iii. p. 17. Same habitat as the preceding
variety.

SUB-ORDER II. POLYPODIACEAE.
TRIBE 1. CYATHEACEAE.
CYATHEA. (Gen. iy, Syn. Fil. p. 15.)
С. ре Wall. (Syn. Fil. iv. 2.) Common in Sarawak-at a

slight elevation. Caudex a foot or ace in height.
Distribution: "Throughout Mal lay

Q

Q

»

b

THE FERNS OF BORNZO. 35

. Havilandi, Baker in Trans. Linn Soc. iv. р. 249. (37*). Mt.

Kinabalu 10,500 ft. Dr. G. D. Haviland.

ae Baker in Jour. Bot. 1879 р. 5. (38*). Sulu Archi-
ge.

o, Mr. F. C. Burbidge

: У Baker in Kew Bulletin, No. 110, Feb., 1896, p. 40.
838%). .

Mt. Dulit Sarawak 4,000 ft

. polypoda, Baker in Trans Linn. d i n: 250. (38*). Mt.

Kinabalu 7,000 ft. Dr. G. D. Hav

sarawakensis. Hook. (Syn. Fil. iv, 39) = C. Lobbiana Hook.
(Syn Fil. iv. 41) = Alsophila alternans Hook. (Syn.
е vi. 48). See Baker’s Ferns dentis or described
nce 1874. Mt. Matang near the foo
Distribution : Malay Peninsula and ж

assimilis, Hooker. (Syn. Fil. iv. 40). Mt. Matang 2,000 ft.
and Mt. Dulit, Sarawa
Deui. Celebes.

. beccariana, Cesati, in Fil. Becc. Born. p. 3. found by Beccari

in Sarawak. Baker says “ belongs to C. assimilis,” Ferns
discovered or described since 187 4.
ALSOPHILA. (Gen. vi. Syn. Fil. p. 31.)

comosa, e (Syn. cee vi. 50). The Baram district, and
antubong, Saraw
Distribution : енна Peninsula and Islands.

. contaminans Wall. (Syn. Fil. vi. 51). Mt. Matang and else-
whe

re; common. The tallest and most graceful of the
Malayan Tree Ferns.
Distribution: Malayan Peninsula and Islands.

| lear Hooker. (Syn. Fil. vi. 55.) Caudex to 8 ft.

Mt.
tang 3,000 ft. and Mt. Dulit in the Baram Residency,
Өйгө

36 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

А. glabra, Hk. (Syn. Fil. vi. 58.) Mr. F. C. Burbidge, recorded
by Baker in = Bot. 1879, p. 38, but with а(?). Habi-

Distribution + Malay Peninsula and Islands. China and
throughout India.

A. vexans, Cesati in Fil. Becc. Born. p. 4. Found by Beccari,
Sarawak, 1865. Baker says he cannot separate it from
A. glabra Hooker.

A. dubia, Beddome in Jour. Bot. 1888, p. l. Tab. 279* Baker

А. dubia, but the specimen is too incomplete for positive
identification.

A. evene oyaa (Syn. Fil. vi. 59.) Common in Sarawak up
000 ft

она Almost throughout India ргорег, Malaya,
Formosa, etc.

A. aene Mett. (Syn Fil. p. 450.) Habitat “ Borneo, (Wal-
I know nothing of this Fern эы опа Ше пойсе
on iti in the Synopsis Filicum referred t

A. acce Baker іп Jour. Bot. 1879. p. 38. To the descrip-
there this addition should be made; Stipes 2 ft. or
more long, having a те е fringe of brown lanceolate
scales, 4 in. long by 1 l. broad, along the under surface,
extending to beyond the lowest ріппа ; the upper surface
armed with minute prickles. Mt. Matang Sarawak, 500
to 800 ft.and the Baram River. Mr. Burbidge’s speci-

mens came from North Borneo.

MATONIA (Gen. viii, Syn. Fil.)

М. pectinata, Br. (Syn. Fil. viii, 1.) Mt. Matang and Mt. Santu-
bong, Sarawak, 2,500 to 3,000 ft. It has lat ately been
found at a low elevation on the Carimon Islands near

THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO. 37

Singapore by the Hon. E. E. Isemonger
Distribution : Malay Peninsula i. adjacent Islands.

M. sar hires Baker in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 256, Plate xiv.
n Ferns discovered since 1874. Found by Mr. Charles

Нов hanging from the roof of a limestone cave at Niah

in the Baram Residency, Sarawak. The specific name is
unfortunate as it is not sarmentose. Baker describes it

in his Ferns discovered or described since 1874 as * the mos
эе etis that has been found in the period

under revi

TRIBE П. DICKSONIEA.
DICKSONIA. (Gen. xiii. Syn. Fil. p. 49.)
Р. ( оле) Barometz. Link. (Syn. Fil. xiii, 2.) Mt. Dulit,
Sarawak.

Distribution : Malayan Peninsula and Islands; Assam
and S. China.

‚ sorbifolia, Sm. gii Fil. : xiii. 16.) Miri in the Baram Resi- `

dency, Sarawak ” Baker
Distribution : Debes nd Island of Henimoe ; Hindos-
tan.

D. аш) і, Baker in опг. Liun. Soc. xxii. р. 228. Near
Sen the Serin River, Sarawak, 1884. Found also
in Petake Malay Peninsula.

D. (Patania} gomphophylla, Baker in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii. p.
293. Mt. Matang, Sarawak, 1884. 2,000 ft.

LECANOPTERIS (Gen. xiv.* Baker Jour. Bot. 1881, p. 366.)

L. carnosa, Bl. — се gen Kunze in Syn. Fil.
Mt. Matang and Mt, D
Distribution : Ману: "Philippines : ‚ Formosa.

L. рап к. Baker — Davallia deparioides, Ces.-in Fil. Becc.
n. Sarawak by Beccari; Kuchin па, Sarawak, growing
ona x Vioun at Bishops House

зв THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO,

TRIBE III. HYMENOPHYLLEA.

HYMENOPHYLLUM. (Gen. xvi. Syn. Fil.)

Н. blumeanum, Sp. 2. See under Н. polyanthos Sw. ДЕ Fil.
xvi Mt. Gading, Lundu, Sarawak, 2,000

Н. јасатсит, Spreng. (Syn. Fil xvi, 21). Sarawak, growing
on trees overhanging rivers Found by Beccari on
Gunong Poi.

Distribution : нон India and Malaya; the Philip-

pines, N. Zealand, Australia

Н. australe, Willd, “ a variety of Н. javanicum, Baker М. S.
Natuna Islands; Mr. A. H. Everett, 1892,

H. germen ве a Fil. xvi, 27.) Mt. Matang, Sarawak.
2000

е c Java, N. Zealand, and Polynesian Islands.

H. — Brack, Recorded under this name as found by

r. Burbidge in North Borneo and in Sulu by Baker in

Jour. Bot. 1879, p. 38 and 65. Given in Syn, Fil, as a
synonym of Н. dilatatum Sw.

Н. borneense, Hk. M. S. 5. (Syn. Fil. xvi. 31.) Found by Tho-
mas Lobb, when collecting for the Messrs, Veitch, proba-
bly about 1845, on = near Sarawak at 2,700 ft. See
Cesati Fil. Весс. Bor p. 5.

Н. pach ра сао іп sii Becc. Born. p. 7. Found by
Bec ri on Gun ong Poi. Sarawak in 1866, Near. “ H.
ciliatum" Bakar n Ferns discovered or described since
1874, therefore to S numbered (34*).

H. obtusum, EE and Arn. (Syn. Fil. xvi, 35.) North Barno,
Mr. F. C ‚ Burbidge. See Baker in Jour, Bot. 1879, p. 38.

Distribution: М. Guinea (Beccari) East Africa, Oahu,
Sandwich Islands.

THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO. ^ 89

det it should ones in S. Fil. the number (52*)
Beccari, Undup River, Batang Lupar, Sarawak 1865.

Н. Smithii, Hk. (Syn. Fil. xvi. 63.) North Borneo. Mr.
Burbi gor d Bot. 1879, p. 38. Natuna Meis. мг

А.Н.
е ор Маву Peninsula, Java, Celebes, Philippines.

H. ik xe Sw. (Syn. Fil. xvi. ag Found by Mr. A. Н.
Everett in the Natuna Islands,
рыша: Khasi Hills, Mice Java.

H. Mii rins A. Braun: vide Cesati in Fil. Bec. Born. p. 7.
tubong, by Beccari in 1866.

H. Neessii, Hook. (Syn. Fil. xvi. 70). On rocks and trees. Mt.
Matang, Gunong Poi, Dulit, etc. and North Borneo.
Distribution : Malaya, Ceylon, Philippines, Fiji.

-— var. Н. aculeatum minus CesatitFil. Becc. Born. р. 8. Beccari,
on Mt. Matang, Sarawak, 1866.

е Baker (Syn. Fil. xvi. 71). North Borneo by
mgr _ Baker in Jour. Bot. 1879. p. 38.
а: ау

TRICHOMANES (Gen xvii. Syn. Fil.)

Т. Motleyi v. d. Bosch. (Syn. Fil. xvii. 10). Mt. Matang, by
Beccari in
Distribution: Ceylon, Moulmein, Andamans, New Cale-
йаш

NG

T. gedena de Fil. Becc. Born. p. 8. tab. 1. fig. 2. икс:
same locality. Baker says that he cannot separa this
or T. iiec Ces. Fil. Becc. Polyn. p. 5. from 7. Жаш,
Еегпз discovered ог described since 1874.

T. vortitum Baker. N. Sp Sent to Kew in 1898 and so named by
Mr. Baker who said it was to be d described in the Kew

40 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

Bulletin, but I have not yet seen the description, Jan.
1899 Gunong Gading, Lundu, Sarawak, 1892.

T. muscoides, Sw. (Syn. Fil. xvii, 20). Mt. Gading, Lundu,
1,200 ft. Found also by Mr. A. H. Everett in the
Natuna Islands.

Distribution: Tropical America, Asia, ange and
Afric

7. sublimbatum С. Mull. (Syn. Fil. under ‚1. muscoides) Beccari
on Mt. Matang, “ оп moist rocks.

Ж сао Presl. en m xxii. 22). On most of the hills

i near Sarawak. This is the 7. minutum BI. of Ces. Fil.
G0. rn .pp. 8a E 11.

` тишин. Java. New Ireland, Fiji, and Philippines.

T. proliferum, Bl. (Syn. Fil. m 29. Gunong Gading, Lundu,
Sarawak at 2,000 ft.
Distribution : Java, Philippines, Ceylon, and western
slope of the Neilgherries.

T. digitatum, Swartz (Syn. Fil. xvii. 24). Mt. к ыт

wak; and by Beccari on Gunong Poi. In N. neo

Mr. F. C. Burbidge collected ** two different Nd one

lengthened out with remote branches, the other short,

with close branches." See Baker in Jour. Bot. 1879, p. 38.
Distribution: Malaya, Polynesia, Mascarenes.

2 (Oratio on) ignobile, Cesati i in Fil. Becc. Born, p. 9, (41*).
Beccari Sarawak 18 65. idway between 7. bicorne
an nd 7 T. intramarginale,” Baker in Ferns discovered or de-

scribed since 1874.

T. endlicherianum V. D. B. (Baker M. S.) (Syn. Fil under 7.
humile Forst, xvii. 44). Mt. Matang, Sarawak. 1892.

T. MN а (Syn. Fil. xvii. 46), Sarawak, in the Bat-
ang and Undup Rivers by Beccari. In North
cians m Mr. Burbidge
Distribution: Ceylon, ик Queensland, Беш.

THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO. 41

Es Werna, Baker (Syn. Fil. хуй. 47) “On Labong Perak
Bor —Found only once apparently ; but by whom,
ur e EN

T, Filicula, Born. (Syn. Fil. xvii. 48). Common in Sarawak
and N. Borneo. Very variable in habit.
Distribution : widely spread dem the Tropies of
the Old World, and in Polyne

£f кол L. (Syn. Fil. xvii. 49). This name is given at
ew to three ferns ds appear to me absolutely dis-
va fom one another, two of wbich are from Mt.

Baker in Jour. Bot. 1879 р.
Distribution : Hindustan as far north as Khasia ; Ceylon ; ;
Moulmein ; New Caledonia ; Cape о of Good Hope ; Bourb-
on, Fernando Po, Angola, Tropical America.

T. macrochilon, Baker (49*) Trans. of Linn. Soc. iv. p. 250. Mt.
Kinabalu 7,000 ft. Haviland.

T denticulatum, Baker (Syn. Fil. xvii, 52). Sarawak and North
Borneo. Previously found by Mr. Motley.

T. javanicum, Blume. Commor ;
Distribution : Tropical Hindustan, Malaya, Polynesian
Islands and Madagasc

——- var. zollingeri, - Fil Becc. Born. p. 10. Beccari, at
Banting Sara

var. rhomboideum. (J. Sm). Сез lc. Beccari, Banting,
Sarawak.

T. Hosei, Baker in Jour, Linn. Soc. xxii. 228, tab. 12. Mt.
Matang, Sarawak 2,000 ft. 1882.
T. brevipes, € (Syn. Fil. we 62). Mt. Gading, Lundu,
awak by Beccari in
Баайа; Sing apang, ie Philippines.

42 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

F:

A ще

EI

1

T

rigidum. Sw. (Syn Fil. xvii. 70). Mt Matang and Santu-
bong, Sarawak; Mt Kinabalu by Haviland and Mr. Bur
bidge. In Borneo this fern has the stipes and main rachis
fibrillose, and the crown of the tuft often densely so.
Distribution : throughout the tropics in both hemispheres.

е € (Syn. Fil. xvii. 71). By Mr. Burbidge and
; Hav

and in N. Borneo, by Beccari on Mt. Matang,
un ы na name of Т. mein, and by Mr. A. H.
Everett in the Natuna Islan

ашын: Malaya; Philippines ; Polynesia; Norfolk
sland.

. millefolium, Prsl. Beccari оп Mt. Matang.

. maximum, Bl. (Syn. Fil. xvii. 72). Com

Distribution, Malaya to N. Australia und Polynesia.

ME мей (Syn. Fil. р. 466.) The Baram district,

Sar ; К. Borneo, Mr. Burbidge; к

— = Sm. (Syn. Fil. xvii. 76.) Ву Вессагі on Gun-
i 1866.

Distribution : Malayan Peninsula, се North оѓ
Brazil, Polynesian Islands, Java, Philippine .
ericoides, Hedw. (Syn. Fil. xvii. 77). Borneo. Where
nd by whom pm ed I do not know. Itis the. 7.

longisetum, Bory. of Cesati in Fil, Becc. Born. p. 10.
Distribution : LOS Samoa, Bourbon.

Pluma, Hook. (Syn. Fil xvii. 77* p. 466). Matang,
Santubong, N. Borneo and the Baram Residency, at 3,000

Distribution : Perak, Malay Peninsula.

. trycophyllum, Moore. (Syn Fil. xvii 77,* p.466.) N. Bor-
neo. Burbidge.

Low. Haviland. лн іп Jour. Воб.
E p. 98, thinks this will prove conspecific. with 7.

pisiribulion ; Malaya, New Guinea, New Caledonia.

THE FERNS OF BORNEO. 43

Т. foeniculaceum Bory. {Бу Fil. хуй, 78.) Sandakan, Bant-
ing, M

ng, Mt. Matang,
Distribution : ае Bourbon, and Rockingham Вау,
Australia.

DAVALLIA. (беп. xviii. Syn. Fil.)

§ Humata Cav.

D. (Hum) heterophylla, Sm. (Syn. Fil. xviii, 1). Common in
arawak.
Distribution : Malaya, and Polynesian Islands.

D. (Hum) angustata, Wallich {су Fil. xviii. 2). Santubong
and Mt. Matang : not com
Distribution : Throughout Male

. (Hum) ршн wey (Syn. Fil. xviii 3). At Kuching and
on rock pu Ayer and Santubong, the two mouths
of the печа
Distribution : Malaya and Polynesian Islands.

Р, (Hum) Ронанда, Baker in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiv. р. 257.
4* termediate between D. pectinata and с decet
( Baker) ‘Niah, in the Baram Residency, Saraw

D. (Bun) petale, Busty (Syn. Fil. xviii. б) Sarawak and N.
Borneo. Common on trees and roc
Distribution : Khasia a, southward w Ceylon, Malaya
Hongkong, Queensland, Mascaren Islands.

D. сч alpina, Bl. (Syn. Fil. xviii, 2 Mt. — and Mt.
abalu, 10,500 ft. Dr. Havilan

Distribution : Malaya, Polynesia.

$ Leucostegia.

D. ( ET. M Baker, in Jour. v 1888, 323.

(13 *) A small graceful fern found by Mr. С. Hose on Mt.

pe in n the Baram Residency Sarawak, aot by myself
on Matang near the top, i.e. at 3,000

44 THE FERNS OF BORNEO,

D. ere? сан Baker, in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiv
6 *) Paku, Sarawak, and Niah, Baram Residency,
CE
D. = Hosei, Baker in Jour. Linn. Soc. 1888 p. 323 (17*)
Lambir, Sarawak.
D. Liga mens Wallich (Syn. Fil xviii 21). Common on
the sea-shore, and on Mangrove trees in

Dak hate : Singapore.

§ Odontoloma.

D. (Odont.) repens, Desv. gon Fil. xviii, 27.) Mt. Mulu,
arawak, Mr. С. The mature plants have

often fine а. leout with short fronds
and deeply lobed pinnæ, ee somewhat those

а. Assam, Neilgherries, Ceylon, Malaya,
Polynesian Islands and Mauritiu

$ Prosaptia.
D. (Pros) Emerson, Hk. and Gr. (Syn. Fil. xviii, 31). Com-
шоп on trees

Distribution : Madras, Ceylon, Malaya, Philippines.

D. Сады), contigua, Sw. (Syn. Fil. xviii, 32) Mt. Dulit, Sarawak,

t. Kinabalu. Dr, Havila

ticus Ceylon, Malaya, Polynesia.

$ Endavallia.

D, Lobbiana, Moore (Syn. Fil, xvii, 35). Found by

omas Lobb about 1845 and not observed Pedes

till 1886 when 1 met withit in the Sempadi River, a
к С the Tisak in the Batang Lupar Residency,

D. solida. Swartz (Syn. Fil. xviii, 39). Common
Distribution : Malaya and the Polynesian Islands.

THE FERNS OF BORNEO. 45

var В. candata, Cav. is said to be found in Borneo
Moore, Ind, Fil. p. 300 teste Cesati in Fil. Becc Born.
p. 12. I have not seen it.

D. PAM uie (Syn. Fil. xviii. 40). Kuching ; elsewhere

var B. Preig Hk. was found by Beccari on the

River, Sarawak, Cesati, Fil, Bec. Born.
Distribution : Ceylon, Malaya, China, Polynesian Islands,
Tropical AustraliZ, Madagascar, Angola, Fernando Po,
Johanna Island.

D. pallida, Mett. (Syn. Fil. p. 469, 40 *) = Dav. Саан.
Beccariana, Cesati, in Fil Весс. Born. 1
Matang, oe upper Sarawak, and Niah in the
Baram Residen
Distribution : н».

D. bullata, Wallich. (Зуп. Fil. xviii. uL Lundu, Sarawak,
Distribution: Hindustan, Malaya, Japan.

D. Veitchii, Baker in Jour. Bot, 1879 р. 39. (49*). Found by
Mr. F. C. Burbidge on Mt. Kinabalu in N. Borneo at
6,000 ft.

$ Microlepia.

D.( siet pinnata. Cav. (Syn. Fil xviii. 82.) The Sarawak
of this fern терш to the variety D. gracilis
Bl. a аз described in Syn. Fil: that is to say the lower
pinnee are cut et кошу to the rachis into linear oblong
eng, or sub-entire, lobes. But Mr. Baker has given
the name D. gracilis Bl.— D. Luzonica Hk. to the form
desorbed below. This is intermediate between that
an e e. Mt. Matang 2,500 ft.
Distribution: (of the type) М. Peninsula, Penang,
Java, Celebes, Polynesian Islands

——— var. gracilis Bl. = D. Luzonica Hk. (Syn. Fil. xviii. 52
var

. Lower pinne distinctly ы аде, the pinnules
quite as deeply toothed as the pinne of the type. Mt.

46 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

Matang and the Baram district, Sarawak.
D. ( Micro) deparioides Ces. See Lecanopteris deparioides, Bk.

D. (Місто) ciliata. Hk. (Syn. E xviii, 55). Mr. F. C. Bur-
bidge at Kaung, N. or
Distribution : Philippines.

D. (Micro) Spelunce, Baker, (nn. Fil. xviii, 65). Common
in Sarawak and N. Borne
Distribution: Himalayas to Ceylon; Malaya
China; Polynesian lslands to Norfolk Island ; Queens
land; West Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Bourbo
Natal ; W. Indies to Brazil.

8$. Steno/oma.

D. (Sten) oo) Sw. (Syn. Fil. xviii, 74). Common in many
arts of Sarawak, and in North Born
Distribution : Tropical Asia ; Polynesia ; Japan; Mas-
carenes.

—— var. бтн Sm. Mt. Matang, Sarawak. Doubtfully
distin

LINDSAYA. Gen. xx. Syn. Fil.
$. Hulindsaya.

L. ie J. Sm. (Syn. Fil. xx. 4). Mt. Matang, Sarawak,
y Beccari, 1866,

L. concinna, J. Sm. (Syn. Fil. xx. 5.) “Borneo? Cesati Fil.
rn. p. 14. * Not distinct specifically from ZL,
сий, Sw." Baker in Ferns discovered or described

since 1874.

b. kageting. Baker in Jour. Bot. 1879, 89. То the descrip-
ion given there Baker adds, in Ferns discovered or de-
scribed since 1874, “ Hook. Ic tab. 1626.” Mt. Kinabalu,
North Borneo. Mr. F. С. Burbidge. г: 000 ft. and by
Dr. G. D. Haviland 5,500 ft.

THE FERNS OF BORNEO, 47

soription of var В. L. japonica in Syn. Fil. Another form

the upper edge of which is shallowly lobed 1 is called var.
Lobbiana. Hk. at Kew

Distribution (of type, ) Himalayas, Жекин Malaya,
ourbon, Queensland Madagasc

ч

. crispa, Baker in Jour. Bot. 1879. p. 39. In Ferns discovered
or described since 1874 he side Hook. Ic. tab. 1627
North Borneo, Mr. F. C. Burbid

L. pectinata, Bl. (Syn. Fil. xx. 10) sole name for Davallia
Odontoloma) пон, Dew which
‚ scandens, Hk. (Syn. Fil. xx. 11. Gomen When mature it is
ipinnate and eue undistinguishable from L. tr apeziformis
with which I believe it to be conspecific. It is entirely
unlike Z. pectinata in habit, texture and cutting: an
think it must be through some mistake that it is said in
Syn. Fil. to be doubtfully distinct from this last. In
young, but fruited forms, it is sometimes found with the
pinne almost imbricated and prettily variegated with
white veins.

~

е

; жыр eee Dry. (Syn. Fil. xx. 16.) Common in Sarawak
Distribution: Malaya to 8. China; N. India, Ceylon,
kahan.

—— var. А fern sent to Kew from Mt. Matang, near the sum —

mit 13,000 ft, is said by Mr. Baker to be “а much divid-
ed form of flabellulata, ” I give a description of it as I
am inclined to think it deserving of the honour of being
reckoned as ies.
Rhizome short creeping, densely clothed with linear-lanceo-
late brown scales which extend to the basis of the stipes.
Stipes otherwise naked, slender, chestnut-brown, 6 in. long,
3-4 in, wide, simply pinnate in the upper part, fully
quadripinnatifid in the lower. Ultimate a sub-
orbicular-cuneate, rather deeply lobed } in. long and as
broad. Veins flabellate, once forked in each lobe. Sori

tma

48 -— THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

m

m

cos

rather narrow, interrupted. Indusium persistent. 1
have only found it on one occasion.

. gomphophyila. Baker in Ferns discovered or described sinc
1874. h Low."

“ Borneo, Sir Hugh Low.

. trapeziformis, Dry. (Syn. Fil. xx. 17. Not uncommon

probably only the mature form of L. scandens Hk.
Distribution: Tropical America, Malaya, Ceylon.

- borneensis, Hk. M. S, S. (Syn. Fil. xx. 18. Mt. Matang

and els А
Distribution: Malay Peninsula in Mountain Forests.

. Natune. Baker in Kew Bulletin Feb. 1896. p. 40. Found by
E

r. Ernest Hose in the Natuna Islands.
Isoloma.

(Iso.) -indurata. Baker in Jour. Bot. 1888, p. 324, Niah,
Baram Residency, Sarawak and Mt. Kinabalu, North
iland

Borneo, Dr. Haviland.

per surface is cultrate, curved from the point of the auri-
cle to the extremity of the pinna, and the underside is
cut away as in Asplenium resectum.

Distribution : Throughout Malaya,

L.( Iso.) lanuginosa, Wall. Syn. Fil. xx. 3 rowing
dantly wi i

L.

( 0) G
abundantly with Neprolepis acuta which it so curiously re-

Distribution: Singapore and Malay Peninsula ; Tropical
Australia, Mauritius, Africa, mouth of the Kongone
River (Livingstone expedition.)

(Iso.) trilobata, Baker in Jour. Bot. 1891, p.107. Mt.
Mulu, and Niah, Baram District, Sarawak,

THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO. 49

$ Synaphlebium.

L. (Syn.) а she (Syn. Fil. xx. 37.) Common in Sarawak.
Distrib : Neilgherries and Ceylon; Malaya; Queens-
land ; Реутова Islands.

L. p ан Blume, (Syn. Fil. xx. 38.) Common.

ibution : Throughout Malaya.

$ Schizoloma.

L. rd we Gaud. (Syn. Fil. xx. 39.) Face

Mulu, and Niah, Baram Residency, Sarawak. Rar
PE: Malayan Peninsula.

L. (Schiz.) edu Sw. (Syn. Fil. xx. 41.) Common.
Distribution: Hongkong, Malaya, Himalayas ks Queens-
land did eastward to Polynesian Islands; Mauritius,
Madagascar, Natal, Cape Colony, the Gninea coast.

Г. (Schiz.) Fraseri, Hk. (Syn. Fil. xx. 43.) Banting, Sarawak
by ae а iets specimen only: Cesati in Fil. Весс.
Born. p. 15. Considered by Baker to be an Asplenium in

- ап immatur state, ыс A. nitidum.
Distribution : Queensland.

ADIANTUM. (Gen. xxi. Syn. Fil.)
А. diaphanum, Bl. (Syn. Fil. xxi. 15.) North Borneo, Mr. F.
C. Burbidge
Distribution: Java, S. E. China, Aneiteum, Fiji, New
Caledonia, Norfolk Island, New Zealand, N. S. Wales.

А. € dese in Jour. Bot. 1888, p On Limestone
cliffs с Upper Sarawak, n in the Baram Resi-
dency, yin

А. Capillus-Veneris, L. (Syn. Fil. xxi. 41.) Kudat,
Borneo, on the cliff below the “Residen ir The o
cosines of this cosmopolitan species as yet аы іп

N ikan

Distribution: Very general in both the old and new world.

БО THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

In Malaya found also by me in the neighbourhood of
Malacca.

А. stenochlam, ys Baker in New Ferns, = Bot 891,
(58* наке Sarawak ; Kudat (Dr. Fraser ad "Pale
Gaya (Sir Н. Low.) British Nord Born
Distribution: Malay Peninsula.

CHEILANTHES (Gen. xxv. Syn. Fil.)
C. бап bes Sw. (Syn. Fil xxv. 35.) Common.
ibution: Himalayas to Ceylon, Malaya, S. E. China,
Polynesian — N. Zealand, Australia and southward
o Tas
PTERIS (Gen. xxxi. Syn. Fil.)

$ Eupteris.

Р. вт _ iie. Fil. xxxi. 1.) Common ; Sarawak, Labuan,
Distribution Tropical and warm temperate regions all
round the world.

Р, melanocaulon, Fer. (Syn. Fil. xxxi. under 4.) Sulu Islands
Mr. F.C. Burbidge. Described as P, Treacheriana by Baker
in Jour. Bot. 1879, p. 65. tab. 5, but stated to be in-
поса with Р, melanocaulon Fée by Baker in New Ferns

1891.

Bot. Vol, v
Р. ensiformis, Burm, (Syn, ien xxxi. 10.) Kudat and Banggi
island, North Born

Distribution : Himsigvas to Ceylon, Malacca, Chusan and
о Choo Islands. Southward to Tropical Australia ;

eastward to Samoa and Fiji.

P. semipinnata, L. (Syn. Fil. xxxi. 16. ) Gaya, North Borneo.

Р. quadriaurita, Retz. (Syn. Fil. xxxi. 22.) Com
Distribution : АП round the world within ise Tropics and
a little beyond them

——— var. digitata, Baker i REUS Bot. 1879, p. 40 but recog-

nized as identical with the next species by Baker in letter
June, 1888.

THE FERNS OF BORNEO, 51

Р. Нотоза, Wall. (22 *). Beddome F. B. I. p. 112 and Sup-
plement p. 23. Clarke considers it to be more nearly allied
to P. айол than to P. quadriaurita. Smambu on the
aribas River; Baram; and N. Borneo.

Distribution : North India, Malay Peninsula, Tonquin.

Р, ики, Baker in Jour. Bot. 1888, р. 824. (22 *). Baram,

wak.

Р, Wats Baker in Jour. Bot. 1888, p *). Banggi
Island near Kudat. British North ta

Р. longipinnula, Wall. (Syn. Fil. xxxi. x ; акын. Padih

iver, etc., Saraw
Distribution : Насои Malayan Peninsula, тыш

$ Реза.

P. (Pas.) aquilina, L. (Syn. Fil. xxxi. 40.) Com
Distribution: All round the world in s. poe and
Temperate Zones.

——— var. arachnoidea, Kaulf at Beccari. Marup, Batang Lupar
River, Sarawak. :

[ P. ie Radula, Baker in Jour. Bot. 1880, p. 211. I mention

bis fern because Baker in New pie: ns, Ann. Bot. Vol. у.
1891 says “ Mountains of Borneo” ' Beccari, but this
is, 1 think, a misprint for mel

$ Campteria.

P. (Сатр) patens, Hk. (Syn. Fil. ‚хий. £t) Said in Im Fil.
to be found in Borneo. l h not met wi d
Distribution : Ceylon, Malay Paik Philippines an
Society Islands.

P. (Campt.) LEO н, Agardh. (Syn. Fil. xxxi. 50.) Kuching

: u arahan River, and probably elsewhere in
Sara Ss

Distribution : Himalayas, Malaya, Philippine Islands,
Japan.

$ Litobrochia.
P. (Lito.) incisa, Thunb. (Syn. Fil xxxi. 81.) Sandakan,
North Borneo.

w

52 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.
Distribution: Throughout the Tropics in both Hemis-
pheres.

—— var. aurita, Blume, Mt. Matang, Sarawak.
Р; € Bory = Р. tripartita. Sw. (Syn. Fil.
xi 82.) Baram, Sarawak.
Distribution : Malaya, Polynesian Islands, аса,
Ceylon, pe , Seychelles, Mauritius, Kaffraria and Wes
Tropical Afr

а (Gen. xxxii. Syn. Fil.)
C. thalictroides, Brong. (Syn. Fil. xxxii. 1.) Common in ditches.
Distribution : нн Кон the Tropics in quiet waters.

LOMARIA. (Gen. xxxiii. Syn. Fil.)
L. procera, азн. (Syn. Fil. xxxiii. 22.) Mt. Matang,. Sara-
wak 3,000 ft,

Distribution : Mexico and W., Indies to Chili; Malaya
and Polynesian um New Zealand, S. Australia, Tas-
mania and S. Afric

L. (Plagiogyria) руспорћу uh е (Syn. Fil. xxxiii. 38.) МЕ.
Dulit, Sarawak 4,000 to 5,000 ft
Distribution Malaya, and N. Ша ascending to
0,000

L «еба Baker, So named by kim іп a letter—I have not
yet seen ne description, Mt. Dulit, Sarawak 5,000 ft.
Mr. Й Hose 1892.

BLECHNUM. (Gen: xxxiv. буп, Fil.)

В. serrulatum, Rich. (Syn. Fil. xxxiv. 14.) where “ Borneo”
ven as a habitat. 1 have not heard of it there.

Distribution: Malaya, ү Caledonia, Australia, Florida,
W. Indies, Guiana, Braz

B. orientale, Linn. (Syn. Fil. xxxiv. 15.) Common. Some of the
f son a large plant are occasionally diti in a beauti-
ful bi-pinnate form in several places in
Distribution: Australia and — Islands ‘northward
to S. China and the Himalayas

THE FERNS OF BORNEO. 53

В. Finlaysonianum, Wall. (Syn. Fil. xxxiv. 17.) Common.
Distribution: Malayan Peninsula.

ASPLENIUM. (Gen. xxxviii. Syn. Fil.)

$ Thamnopteris.

A, 0, и Г. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii. 1.) C
Distribution: Mauritius, Johanna fni. Seychelles
Aa Japan, Bonin, Chusan, Society Islands ; New
donia, Queensland, Norfolk Island, Lord Howe's intend.

Var. B. musefolium, Mett. Size as in жле Fil. but sori
coming far short of the edge. Com

— Var. Phyllitidis, Don. Common.
$ Euasplenium,

A. microxiphion, Baker. (10*) Kew вое Feb, 1896, р. 40
atuna Islands, Mr. Ernest Hos

A. squamulatum, Bl. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii. 10.) Kuching and
iah and Mt. Lambir in the Baram district, Sarawak;
North Borneo, Burbidge
Distribution ; Malaya ani Philippines.
4. scolopendrioides, J. Sm. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii. 11.) “А frag-
ment from Borneo exhibits the same raised line where
the involucre bursts, but the stem is much longer.” Syn.

ll. Not seen.

Distribution: Philippines.

А. Natune, Baker. ( 177) м Varie Feb, 1896. Natuna
Islands, Mr. Ernest Hos

4. longissimum, Bl. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii. 49). Banting, Sarawak.
Distribution : Malaya, Mauritius.

A. Wightianum, Wall. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, 50). This was found |
in a quite typical form-by Mx, A. Н. Everett on the Na-

tuna Islands.
Distribution : Madras, Coylon

54 THE FERNS OF BORNEO,

A. Kee im (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, a Mt. Matang, Lundu
Niah in the Baram district. Mr. Baker says of this fore
which i is "e same in the three places, * receding from

- the type towards the Ceylon A. Wightianum."

Distribution : Malay Peninsu!a and adjacent Islands,

A. tener "e Forst (Syn. Fil. EUM 61). On trees near the

n River and elsewher

Distribution : Ceylon, м» Кош

A pret G. B (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, 65). Sulu Islands,

С: B те Kinabalu, 3,000 ft., рг. С. р,

Ha йы.

Distribution: Philippines and Sandwich Islands.

A. ds cte e (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, 67). Borneo, Sir. Hugh
Not seen by me.
A. "fene Hk. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, Ah North Borneo, Sir Hugh
Low, and Dr. . Havilan
Distribution Perak, Malay аал

А. hirtum, Каш. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, 78). Sandakan, North
Bor =: is the A. pellucidum, Lam, in Cesati's Fil.
Bece. . p. 20.

Distribution Mauritius, Seychelles; Malaya: Hongkong

and Philippines: Ladrones and Solomon Islands.

А. falcatum, Lam. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, 94). Sulu Archipelago,
Mr. F. C. Burbidge. Niah Sarawak.
Distribution: Malaya, Ceylon, Indian Peninsula, Polyne-
ih Made New Zealand; Mascaren Islands, Zambesi
an

А. caudatum, Forst. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, 95). North Borneo, Mr.
ur

Distribution, Malaya, Hindostan ; Polynesia, Australia:
omoros, Angola, Ecuador: Brazil.

A macrophyllum, Sw., (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, 97). Mt. Matang,
Lundu, Pa ku, etc. Sarawak,
Distribution, Malaya, Himalayas, Neilgherries; Hong-
kong ; Polynesia ; Mauritius ; Johanna Island.

THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO. : 65

a.

‚ resectum, Sm. (Syn. Fil. iiu 102). Mt. Matang, Niah,

etc, Sarawak. “ A. unilaterale, Lam. is an older name

for this species' ' Bakeri in New Ferns Ann. Bot. Vol. v. 1891.

Distribution: Malaya, Himalayas and Japan southward to

Ceylon, Oahu and Fiji; Mauritius, Seychelles, Bourbon,
Angola, Guinea coast.

4. kg p лычы Wall. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, 104). Said in Syn.
Fil. toh

e been found in Borneo ; locality not given.
Distribution : Himalayas to Ceylon ; Malay Peninsula ;
S. E. China.

м.

; qui ee сеза, іп E Becc. Born. (107*). First found by
the Rejang River. I have seen it in the Sara-
час Пав. онен Saribas, and Krian Rivers. -It
grows on the trunks of trees overhanging the stream,
generally on the side which faces up-river, not far above
thé water. Cesati considered it to agile to the $ Рага.
Baker by giving it his number 107* ы эе Ferns Ann.

Bot. Vol. v. 1691, places it here.

. cuneatum, Lam. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, Le North dre Mr.
. С. Burbidge ; ? Natuna Islands M r. А. Н. Everett.
Distribution Tropical America; Polynesian анаа:
; Саре Colony to Mosssitédie, okani Island,
ваква. Bourbon.

, Ай Swartz. (Syn. Fil. saat 126). North Borneo; Mt.
tang and Niah, Saraw > їз їз А. spathulinum,
i Sm. in Cesati Fil. Becc. "Bor 20.
Distribution : поро е зз West dee to Brazil ;
Polynesia; Java, Malay Peninsula; Hongkong ; Cape
с to "Мох ambique, Bourbon, Johanna Island, Sey-
chell

a рч (Syn, Fil. xxxviii, 127). Common. The stem
is invariably ebeneous and glossy in the Malayan plant,
эр = ea " asin Syn. et This is A. polystichoides, ВІ.
in Cesati Fil. Весс. Born. р. 2
Distribution : Malaya, Ceylon, North of India.

I.

b

b

56 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

A. ењ, Lam. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, A North Bor-
©. Burbidge and Dr. Havilan
Distribution : Keil sexe Islands and „ле to Chu-
san and Assa

§ Darea.

A, (Dar) si a Hooker, (Syn. Fil xxxviii, 160)... Mb-
Kinabalu, North Borneo, 2,000 ft. by Sir r Hugh Low, Mr.

F. C. Burbidge, and by Dr, НКА. A specimen brought

by the last corresponds with the description in Syn. Fil.

ро that the ultimate segments are not 14 to 2 lin. І.

nd 3 in. broad! Probably there is a printer’s error here,

A. ( Dar.) Belangeri, Kunze, (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, dada Mt. Ma-
- tang and Niah, Sa rawak : Sulu, Mr. Burbidg
Distribution : New Guinea and the Phillppipes

§ сс

neo. Called A. (Dipl) ‘geylanicum,
Rocker in Cesati Fil Bece. Born. This is Pol ypodium
subserratum Hk. of Syn. Fil. eeiam from an immature,
sterile plant edad by Wallac

A. ( Dipl.) pallidum, Bl. im Fil xxxviii, ur. Sulu Islands,

Mr. F. C. Burbid
Distribution : Malaya, Philippines.

A, (Dipl A Бе aana Baker in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii, p. 225.
(205*) Banks of the Sarawak and Undop Rivers.

|. А. (Dipl. porrectum, uii Am Fil. xxxviii, 206) Common in
arawak and N. B
Distribution : mine

А. biseriale, Baker (209*) Linn. = Trans. iv. р. 252.— Mt.
Kinabalu 3,000 ft. рг. Haviland.

A, Oe ponendi Baker in jt Bot. 1879 р. 40. (207*)

First discovered by Mr. F. C. Burbj idge in North Borneo.

I haves since Pound it in Perak, Malay Peninsula.

4. (Dipl) bantamense Baker. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii. 210.) Banting,

THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO. 57

tang, Lundu and other places in Sarawak.
Distribution : Malaya, Himalayas, Hongkong, Aneiteum,

A. ( Dipl.) sylvaticum, Presl. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii. 207.) Borneo
e abitat of this Fern in Syn. Fil. I have

not met with it there

A. (Dipl.) tomentosum, Hk. (8 Syn. Fil. xxxviii. 224.) Not un-

mmon on the hills of Sarawak generally.

Distribution: Malaya, Khasia

A. (Dipl.) sorzogonense, Presl. а Fil. xxxviii. 233.)
Dulit, Sarawak. Mr. C. Hose.

" Distribution: Malaya, Himalayas, Philippines.

4. н Baker in Jour. Linn, Soc. xxiv. 258. Lingga

n, Paku, and Niah, Sarawak. This is the Fern
which was described as A (Dipl. ) sorzogonense. var. Majus
Hk. from a specimen sent home by Lobb.

4. ie IBS Mett. (Syn. E xxxviii 244.) Sari-
г, Sarawak and elsewher

4. ә mazimum, Don, (Syn. Fil. xxxviii. 218) This Fern
which in New Ferns Ann. Bot. Vol. v. 1891 Mr.
Babor seems disposed to place under 4. latifolium, Don.
as Beddome does, i is both in the Malay Peninsula and

Mt.

descr
Syn. Fil. exce pting that limits of its dimensions
should be extended i in both directions. I have specimens

in which they are 13 іп. long by 2 in. broad with edges
merely serrate. It is common on the hills of пазят
Distribution: Malaya, Ceylon to North India.

а РБ ) sp. A Fern found оп Matang which I have twice sent
to Kew (No. 74) and which is placed by Mr. Baker under
A. marimum, Dou. seems to me to be a very distinct species.
The following i is a сав of it. Stipes tufted 2 ог

58

THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

up to 1 ft. but curved and ascending, so that in general
outline the frond is elliptical rather than deltoid. Pin-
nules 1 to 2 in. long falcate unequal-sided, acute, the

h e,

and therefore much curved, entire, or crenate in the p-
rt; the upper side narrowed suddenly, auricled,
the base parallel with the rachis, beyond the auricle cut

“down about 4 into rounded finely serrate lobes. Veins

pinnate in the lower part, simple in the upper. Sori fine
reaching neither the midrib nor the edge.

The whole fern is, when living, very flaccid and herbace-
ous differing in this respect as well as іп the form of
of the whole frond and of its several parts from t
robust habit of A. maximum. I have named it provision-
ally A. (Dipl.) Matangense. TC ;

А. (Dipl.). vestitum, Presl. (Syn. Fil. xxxiii. 248.) Borneo, fide

oore, as stated by Cesati in Fil. Bece. Born. p. 22
Distribution: Philippines.

A. (Dipl.) Blumei, Bergsm. This is in Cesati's list, but I do not
. know it.

.

A. (Dipl.) latifolium, Don. (Syn. Fil. xxxvii. 249.) Found by
Burbidge in N, 9.

orneo, see Baker in Jour. Bot. 187

p 41.
Distribution: Ceylon and Neilgherries; Sumatra ; Philip-
pines China.

А. (Dipl.) latifolium, Don. * Variety " Baker. This] have found

only once, on Lingga Mountain in Sarawak, It has pinnæ
1} ft. long, 5 in. wide at the base, pinnatifid at the apex,
and below that 12-15 pairs of nearly opposite, stalked,
deltoid-lanceolate pinnules, 2 in. 1 by 3 in. broad cut
down nearly to the base into oblong,or slightly falcate
segments, the lower ones crenate on the upper side. I
think it is probably a distinct species.

THE FERNS OF BORNEO. 59

§ Anisogonium.

A, (Aniso. иг, (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, 266.) Banting, Mt.
Matang and elsewhere in Sa rawak.
Distibution : Malaya and Philippines.

——— Variety. А. (Aniso.) integrifolium Bl. and other forms connect-
ing this and A. lineolatum Banting, Sarawak,

А. ORE lineolatum aces (Syn. Fil. xxxviii, 268.) Banting.
мак. Thi the а. elegans Mett. of Cesati in Fil.
ee. ы
Distribution : : Malaya, Philippines.
A. (Aniso). decussatum, x (Syn. Fil. xxxviii. 270). е Lim-
e Baram district, Sarawak ; — A. pro-
liferum, Lam. a very good name as it is chiefly ee
ed by little bulbules, which are formed in = axils of
the pinnee, and in due time fall off and take r
Distribution : Malaya, оо нт аа
Islands, Angola, Guinea Соаз
А. (Aniso.) көк ер, Presl. (Syn. Fil. xxxviii 214.) Common.
Muc an fes of food. It is the “Paku amat
ME fud of the Dyaks.
рина; Мыш. Deian to Himalayas, Hongkong,

TRIPHLEBIA. (Gen. xli* Syn. Fil.)

A new genus taken out of re imine by
Baker in New Ferns Ann. Bot. Vol. v. 1891.

T longifolia Baker. in Malesia III. 41 = жез акыйа Tongifetium
iab, Sarawak, Mr. C. H
edita Philippines.

DIDYMOCHL(GNA )Gen. xlii. Syn. | il.)
D. lunulata Desv. (Syn. Fil. xlii. 1.) The Western side of Mt.
Mat

atarg, Sarawak at 1
Distribution: Throughout the Tropics of both hemis-
pheres.

60 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

D. esr Baker. (Syn. Fil. xlii.2). Not uncommon just above
the low lands Sarawak. I give this Fern the place it
folds in Syn. Fil. but agree with Col. Beddome that its
proper place is in the genus Nephrodium ; see his Supple-
ment to the Ferns ef. die India p. ? 4.

Distribution: Malay

ASPIDIUM. "e xliii, Syn. Fil.)
$ Polystichum.
A. es Sw. (Syn. Fil. xliii. 4.) Mt. Matang
and the Baram district, Sarawa

Distribution: Malaya; Philippines ; кы America
from Cuba and Panama to Brazil an '

А. заа Sw. (Syn. Fil. xliii. 18). North Borneo, Мг.
C. Burbidge, Kinabalu Dr Haviland.

Жеке, Throughout the world,

A. ws ar tat Sw. (Syn. Fil, xliii. 37). Lingga Moun-

tain, Saraw

Distr Бона Ja арап and Himalayas to Ceylon: N.X.
Wales, Norfolk Island, Fiji, Samoa ; Natal.

—— Var. Hamiltonii, Spr. (Syn. Fil. xliii, under 37). Mts.
Matang and Santubong, Sarawak.

$ Euaspidium.
A, platanifolium, к ROME Fil. xliii, 50). Mt. Matang, and

пап, caraw
Distribution : Mn

A repandum, Willd. (Syn. Fil. xliii. 53). Pulo Gaya, Pulo
E nggi gi and Limestone districts of the Upper Sarawak
Distribution : : Philippines.

A. membranaceum, Hk. (Syn. oe xlii. 55). At the mouth of
imestone caves, Saraw
Distribution : Ceylon, Jin, Philippines, W. China
Formosa,

THE FERNS OF BORNEO. 61

NEPHRODIUM. (Gen. xliv, Syn. Fil.)
$ Lastrea.
N. "gui eroe Baker, Trans. om Soc. No. iv, p. 249
(17 *). Mt. Kinabalu 10,500 ft. . Haviland.
N. (Last.) inners Hk. (Syn. Fil xliv. d ) Lundu and Upper
S

ara
Distribution : Malaya, Assam, Philippines, N. Caledonia.
N. (Last.) ca/caratum, Hk. (Syn. Fil. xliv. 29.) Mt. Matang,
and Mt. Dulit, Sarawak. :
Distribution : Malaya, Ceylon to N. India, Philippines,
ongkong.

N. (Last.) viscosum, Baker (Syn. Fil. win 30.) Found in
rneo by Т. Lobb. locality not giv
Пенна. Malacca, Perak, Philippines.
N. се) Mens Baker in Kew Bulletin for September 1898,
35*). British North Borneo by Mr. C. V. Creagh.
N, (as) н Hk. (Syn. Fil. xliv. 40.) Mt. Matang,

mate ER Malaya, oe

— var. Motleyanum, a M. S. 8. (Syn. Fil. in a note to the last
р tang. This form is invariably larger,
and coarser than the type.

N. (Last.) Beccarianum, Cesati, Fil. Becc. Born. p. 23. (40 *.) Mt.

Matang by Beccari, and Mt. Dulit by Mr. С. Hose.

N. deem ена Baker (Syn. Fil. xliv, 41.) Said to have
been found in Borneo by Korthals. (Syn. Fil.) Not seen

N. mom, дк к Baker in Jour. Bot. 1891, p. 107. (41*).
g ntain and on Mt. Dulit.
N. баз) ва Hooker (Syn. Fil. xliv, 81.) Раки, Upper
Sarawak.

N. руш. Don. (Syn. Fil, xliv. 94.) Mt. Dulit, Sarawak.

Distribution: Malaya, Ceylon to N. India, China, Mauritius

N. (сы; dissectum, Desv. (Syn. Fil. xliv, 126.) Limestone
districts, Sarawak, Jambusan and Niah.

62 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

Distribution: Malaya, Ceylon to N. India, Philippines to
Samoa, S. W. Australia, Madagascar.
N. — sarawakense, Baker in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii. p. 225.
(131 *.) Banks of the Sarawak and Undop Rivers.
N. i ) aciculatum, Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii. p. 226 (131*.)
t. Matang, Sarawak, common there, not seen deine
N. ik Pe ыдын кырын (Syn. Fil. xliv, 139.) Kuching and
Lundu, Sar
Distribution: piei to N. India, Malaya, China, Japan,
Polyne
N. (Last.) NA Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii. p. 226 (139*),
Mt. Matan aet, 2,000 ft. А beautiful Fern
exceedingly ra
N. errs ween Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii. p. 227.
еа, epihytal. Found also in Perak,
M "Penh ies

$ Hunephrodium.
N. киш. В. Br. (Syn. Fil. xliv. 162.) Sarawak, not common
ther
Distribution : Tropical regions and ошен beyond
them, all round the world.
N. Met. ve Daker, fum Bulletin Feb., 1896 p. 41 (168). Pulo
aya,

N. ешын. J. i ae Fil. xliv. 164.) North Borneo by
bidge.

Distribution: Malaya, pon to Himalayas, Philippines,
China, Queensland, Polynesi

N. procurrens, Baker, (Syn. Fil. xliv.) very common. Doubt-
fully distinct from N. molle, Desv
Distribution, Throughout Malaya.

N. cucullatum, Baker, (Syn. Fil. xliv. 171.) Common
Distribution: Malaya, чено to N. India, Mascaren
Islands, Fiji.

THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO. 63
N. Henkeanum, Presl, (Syn. Fil. xliv, 172.) North Borneo and
ғ ак.
Distribution, Malaya, Ceylon, Fiji.

N. glandulosum, J. Sm. (Syn. Fil. xliv, 177.) Banting, Sara-
wak — N. lineatum, Mett.
Distribution, Malaya, Assam, Philippines.

М. Arbuscula, Desv. (Syn. Fil. xiiv, 179.) Banks of the Sara-
wak River. ‘A large variety." Baker.
Distribution, Ceylon, Neilgherries, Mascaren Islands,
Amboynay, Philippines, Solomon Island.

N. simulans, Baker in Jour. Bot. 1888 p. 325 (182*) Limestone
istricts Sarawak. e. g. Paku and Niah. Mr. Baker has
so named this new spec'es, perhaps forgetting that he
had given the same specific name to his Nephrodium
(Sagenia) simulans, == Pleocnemia Thwaitesii. Beddome, Е.

BL p.225

N. hispidulum, Baker (Syn. Fil. xliv 186.) Mt Gading, Lundu.
Sarawak.
Distribution, Malaya, Philippines.

N. molle, Desv. (Syn. Fil, xliv 187) Niah, Sarawak, Mr. C.
Stipes decidedly tufted, as in the description,
and so differing from the common form N. procurrens

B .

Distribution: Himalayas to Ceylon, Malaya, Hongkong,
Australia, New Zealand; Mascaren Islands, Cape Colony,
Guinea Coast and W. African Islands; Cuba and Mexico
to Peru and Brazil.

М. heterocarpon. Moore, (Syn. Fil. xliv, 188.) Kuching and
Matang, Sarawak.
Distribution: Malaya and Hongkong.

N. feroz, Moore. (Syn. Fil. xliv, 192.) Matang, Sarawak 2,000
ft. The Sarawak form is typical excepting that the hairs
on the stipe arealways brown instead of black. In the

64 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.
Malay Peninsula they are often black as described in Syn.
Fil.

Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Java, Kumaon, Philip-
pines, Celebes,

N. nd Presl. (Syn. Fil. xliv, 194.) Saribas, Matang,
Baram District, Sarawak,
Distribution : Malaya, Ceylon to N. India, Australia,

Polynesia.
$. occi
№. (Pleoc.) Leuzeanum, Hooker, (Syn. Fil. xliv, 200.) Com-

mon in Sarawak. Island of Balabac.
Distribution: Malaya, N. India, Hongkong, Philippines,
Fiji.

N. (Sag.) singaporeanum, Baker (Syn. Fil. xliv, 201.) Mt. Ma-
ang, Sarawak 1,000 ft.
Distribution : Malaya.
N. (Sag.) pteropodum, Baker, Jour. Bot. 1888, 325 9
Mt Matang, and elsewhere іп the Baram district, Sara-
wak. [Lam doubtful whether this is not a simple form
of М, (Sag.) vastum, Baker.
N, (буе natum, Baker, (Syn. Fil, xliv. 202.) Banting, Sara-
‚апа N. Borneo (Burbridge).
V dio Hd. Baker, Kew doe No: 1596. р. 41./(202")
Natuna Islands, Mr. A. H. Eve
N, (Sag. ) ин Baker (Syn. Fil xliv. Es Mt. Matang, Mt.
„ambir in the Baram district, Sarawak
meer ig Malaya, Himalayas.
N, (Sag.), petes Baker (Syn. Fil. xliv. 204). by Mr. Bec

нА ая Malaya, Himalaya, Philippines.
N. (Sag.) Lobbii, Baker (Syn. Fil. xliv 4 Banks of the Sara-
wak River. First found by Lob

М. t Sag.) subdigitatum, Baker, Jour. Шш. Soc. xxiv, p. 259.
Niah in the Baram District, Sarawak.

THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO. 65

N. (Sag.) semibipinnatum, Baker, (Syn. Fil. xliv. 208.) On a
branch of the Sarawak river near Quop. Here as elsewhere
just where the river water ceases to be salt.

Distribution: Malay Peninsula and adjacent Islands.

N. (Sag.) polymorphum, Baker, (Syn. Fil. xliv. 211.) Common in
Sarawak, and North Borneo.

Distribution : Malaya ; Ceylon to Himalayas.

N. (Sag.) decurrens, Baker (Syn. Fil. xliv. 217.) Mt. Matang
and the banks of the Sebetan River.

Distribution: Malaya, Ceylon to N. India; Philippines ;
Formosa; Aneiteum and Samoa

N. (Sag.) Hosei, Baker (219 *) so re-named by Baker in New
erns Ann. Bot Vol.v. 1891—=N. stenophyllum, Baker, Jour.
Linn. Soc. xxii р. 227; tab. 11 (non Jour. Bot. 1884 p.
363.) River Banks of the Undop and Krian Rivers,
Sarawak.
N. (Sag.) nudum, Baker, Jour. Bot. 1879, p. 41 (219 *). Found
in N. Borneo by Mr. Burbidge.

N. (Sag.) melanorachis, Baker, Jour. Bot. 1888, p. 825. (221 *)
Near the Jambusan limestone caves, Upper Sarawak and
at Niah. ‹

NEPHROLEPIS (Gen. xlv. Syn. Fil. p. 300.)

N. exaltata, Schott, (Syn. Fil, xlv. 2.) Banks of the Krian River,
Sarawak

Distribution : N, India to Ceylon; Malaya; Chusan to
Queensland ; Pol nesia ; Mauritius, Angola, Zambesi
and, Guinea coast ; Cuba, the Bahamas and Mexico to
Peru and Brazil.
- (Зуп. Fil. xlv. under 2 ; see New Ferns Ann.
: l. v. 1891 Baker.) Kuching, and Lundu,
Sarawak, :
Distribution : Malay Peninsula and adjacent islands.
N. TWO Presl. (Sym Fil. diy. 3.)
Distribution : Almost the same as N. exaltata. А pretty

66 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

bipinnatitid form of this Fern introduced into Singapore
by the late Sultan of Mee. 5 om Kew, and thence into
Kuching by me about 15 y ago, ya hào ecome almost
naturalized in the села of the chief settlements.

OLEANDRA. (Gen. xlvi. Syn. Fil. p. 302.)
О. bantamensis, Kze. Described ses Mie in Fil. Becc. Born. p.
24. Banting, Sarawak, by B

О; pii бе. Cav. (Syn. Fil. xlvi. 1.) pcm Sarawak.
bution: Malaya, N. India, Philippines, N. Guinea ;
Fiji йы, быны. a Coast ; N. Granada and
Guiana to Brazil and Per

— Var. phyllarthron, Kze, Syn Fil, xlvi. under 1.) Santu-
bong, Sarawak.

— Var brachypus, pes 8 Fil. Becc. Born. p. 24. Басар
Sarawak, by Весс

О. musefolia, Cav. (Syn. Fil. xlvi. 2 Gunong Ayer, Sarawak.
Distribution : Malaya, Ceylon
TRIBE II. POLYPODIEA.
POLYPODIUM. (Gen. xlviii, Syn. Fil. p. 304.)
$ Euphegopteris.
P. (Pheg.) oxyodon, Baker, Jour. Bot. 1879 p. 66. (27 *) Sulu
Islands, by Burbidge.
P. n subarboreum, Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiv. p. 259
0*) Niah in the Baram District, Sarawak.
$ Ue
F. ye holophyllum, Baker, Jour. Bot. 1888, 325.
(57*) Niah Sarawak.
Р. (бетон) оге Hooker. (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 59.) ““Bor-

ocality not given. Collected by Lobb, and not
manm e with.

THE FERNS OF BORNEO. ` 67

nd British че Borneo. Beddome
transfers this species to Nephrodiu
Distribution : Ма азе Ceylon to N. fodit Chusan, Anei-
m and Queenslan

P, (Goniopt.) firmulum, Bk. Kew Bulletin, Aug. 1893 (64*) Mt,
Dulit, Sarawak.

= (Goniopt.) urophyllum, Wall. (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 64.) Com-
mon in Sarawak, a

8 Dictyopteris.

P. (Dicty.) Barberi, НК. (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 81.) Mt. igi a
Lambir in aram District, Sarawak: Pulo Gay
North Borneo. This should be placed among the p ie

плав.
Distribution : Malaya,

E (Dicty-) difforme, Mt. Matang and Bl. (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 88)
the Baram S Maia 88 too is a Sagenia.
Distribution: Mala =

§ Eupolypodium.

Р. minimum. Bk. Jour. Bot. 1879, p. 41 (91*). First found =
Burbidge in N. Borneo, afterwards by me on Mt. Mata

Р. congener. Hk. = Grammitis congener, Bl. Fil. Jav. tab. 46, =
3. See Baker. New Ferns Ann. Bot. Vol. v. 1891.
(99*) Mt. Dulit, Sarawak.
Distribution: Java and Sumatra.

E (бте) veces Hooker, (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 104.) * Bor-

0,” lity not given. Discovered by T. Lobb. I have

df ‘seen it

P. (Grammitis) dieci Sw. (Syn. Fil xlviii. 105.) Mt.
Tiang ; ang Lupar district, Sarawak, by Beccari
recorded by Сев ati i in Fil. Becc. Born. p. 24 but not re-
peated by Банан himself in his Felcidi “Borneo, alesia

Е

Distribution: West Indies, Guiana.

Р. (Grammitis), Havilandi, Bk. Jour Linn. Soc. iv. p. 253. (107*.)
Mt. Kinabalu, М. Borneo 10,500 ft. by Dr. Haviland.

68 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

P. (Grammitis) sessilifolium, Hk. (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 109.) Mt. Ga-
ding, Sarawak, quite at the top 2 Il ft. (See below.)
Distribution: Philippines and Malay

DE. d d Baker. Kew Bulletin Ane. 1896 p.
211. Col. B me informs me that he point ut to
Mr. Baker that it is really identical with small ede
of P. sessilifolium, Hooker; and that Mr. Baker on mak-
ing the comparison agreed with him

P. flabellivenium, oe (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 112.) Mt. Lingga
and Mt. Dulit, Sarawak; and N. Borneo by Burbidge.
First collected by Signor Beccari.

P. alter ree Cesati, Fil. Becc. Born. p. 25, tab, 2. fig. 4. (119*).
Mt. Matang, Sarawak. Found first by Beccari, and
afterwards in N. Borneo by Burbidge.

T шасы Nees (Syn. Fil. xlvii. 121.) “ Borneo" without

cise locality by Low, and afterwards by Dr. Haviland
n Mt. Kinabalu at 10, 500 ft.
Distribution: “Malaya, Ceylon, New Guinea, Philippines,
olyne

[ P. subserratum. Hk. (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 129.) So named by Hook-
er from a specimen without fruited fronds discovered by
Wallace, turns out to be an Asplenium, A. (Dipl) por-
phyrorachis, Bales which see. |

Р, barathrophyllum, Baker. Jour. Bot. 1891 p. 107 (129*) Mt.

ulu.
Distribution: Perak, Malay Peninsula.

Р; агарі Mett. (Syn. Fil, xlviii. 130* р. 508.) ** Borneo”
ity not given, nor collector’s name. кзы says Ког-
thals i in Fil. Becc. Born. p. 25. Not see

P. Burbidgei, Baker, Jour. Bot, 1879. p. 42. ias Lawas River,
North Borneo by Burbidge

E. гану на. Baker, Jour. Bot 1879 p. 42. (132*) North
o by Burbidge, and on Mt. Dulit, Sarawak.
Distribution Singa apore

THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO, 69

P. repandulum, Mett. SE Fil xlviii. 149). Mt. Matang and
Mt. Gading, Saraw
Distribution : Cey ү

P. minutum, Bl, (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 151). North Borneo by Bur-
idge.
Distribution : Malay Isles, Ceylon, Philippines.

P. celebicum, Bl. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 160). ©“ or " locality and
colle

ctor not given. Not seen
Distribution : Celebes, Sumatra.

P: = тов (Syn. Fil. т ОВ). Santubong, Matang,
and Mt. Lambir, Sarawak
Disttibution : Malaya, PESE Philippines to Tahiti and
Sandwich Islands.

Р. nutans. Dl. Fil. Jav. tab. 86 А : Baker in Jour. Bot. 1880, 214.
(168*) Noticed in Syn. Fil, under P. decorum but now re-
cognized as specifically: сас Mt. Dulit, Sarawak,
Distribution : Java and Sumatr

P. blechnoides. Hook. (Syn. Fil. xlviii. i Borneo without
specifying locality : Kinabalu, 10,500 ft. by Dr. Haviland.
Distribution : Polynesia, Queensland.

£z се НЕ. Syn. (Fil. xlviii, 170). Borneo, no locality

n, by Thomas Lobb. I have not seen it.

P. papillosum, Bl. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 174), Mt Matang on the wes-
tern slope. North Bor neo by Burbidge.

Distribuson : Perak, Muss Peninsule; Java; Philippines.

P. Cesatianum, Baker. Jour. Bot. 1879. р. 24. (175*) described as

.p tee ee Bl. by Cesati in Fil. Becc. Born. ; Mt Matang
by Beccari, N. Borneo by Burbidge

Р. Leysü, fakes Jour. Bot. 1879. 66 (175*). Found by Mr.

urbidge in the Sulu 806 not elsewhere as yet.

Р. clavifer, z (Syn. Fil. кт 187). Collected by Sir Hugh
Low in Borneo ; no given.

Pali akan New Guin ine

70 ТНЕ FERNS OF BORNEO,

Р, taxodioides, Baker, Bot. Jour. 1879. p. 42. (210*) N. Borneo
by Burbidge; “ An endemic species,” Baker in Jour
Linn. Soc, No.

$ GONIOPHLEBIUM,
P. (Gonioph) verrucosum, Wall. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 252). Com-
mon in Sarawak.

Distribution : Malaya, New Guinea, Philippines, Queens-
land.

$ NIPHOBOLUS.

P. (Niph) adnascens: Sw. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 278). Common in
Sarawak: Often bipinnat tifid.
Distribution ; Malaya, Ceylon to N. India; Fiji, Mascaren
Islands, Cameroon Mountain

Р; ee поа Forst. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 279). At Раки
Upper Sarawak,

Distribution : ‘Malaya; Ceylon, Pik pinan; New Hebrides,
nsland

Р; ae Haws Mett. and Kuhn. Linn. 36. p. 140 (See ais
Fil. xlviii, 280 in Suppt p.572). This is the large Hi
layan form of P. ( Niph.) с Sw. Sempadi River i in the

atang Lupar district, Sara
Distribution : North India кй the Malay Isles.

P. (Np ÁN Mett. (Syn Fil xlvii, 285). Mt.
Matang,
Distribution : Malaya, N. India, Neilgherries, Philippines.

$ PHYMATODES, PRESL. (including PLEOPELTIS.)

Р, (Phym). subecostatum, Hk. (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 297). Paku on
he pper Sarawak River. First found by T. Lobb. His
locality is not specified.

P. (Phym). noe Baker, Jour. Bot. 1879, p. 43 (297*,
Fo

Burbidge in N. Borneo near the Lawas River)
and by me on Bukit Siol near Kuching, Sarawak.

THE FARNS OF BORNEO. 71

P, ( Phym) poe Bl. Ae Fil. xlviii, 298.) In the Baram

P

"v

©

"v

© чоо де

де

№

istrict, Sarawak

(Phym.) Keen. Kze (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 301. ) ZN. Borneo by
. Burbidge; the Baram — Sarawak
Distribution : Philippine

(Phym.) stenophyllum, Bl, de Fil. xlviii. 306.) Mt. Ma-
tang, and Mt Lambir and Mt Mulu, Sarawak.
Distribution : Malaya, Philippines.

(Phyn). soridens. Нк: (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 307.) N. Borneo and
Mt. Matang. Sarawak.

(Phym.) sinuosum. Wall. (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 308.) Kuching,
Sarawak
Distribution : : Malaya, Amboyna, New Hebrides, Solomon
Isles.

(Phym.) longifolium, Mett. (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 309.) Common
in Sarawak.
Distribution: Malaya N, India. Philippines.

Eu Sarawakense. Baker. Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii 2289
(311*.)) Mt. Matang, Sarawak :

. (Phym.) angustatum. Sw. (Syn. Fil. xlviii. 317.) Kuching,
S

arawak.
Distribution: N. India, Malaya, Tahiti.

: tun) ,myriocarpum, Mett. (Syn. Fil. xlviii 328.) ** Bor-
” No lo

cality, or collector. Not seen by me.
Distribution Philippines, Cochin-China

(Pm) lingueforme, Mett. (Syn. ae xlviii, 329.) Nish in
he Baram Residency, Saraw
Bistelbution : Amboyna, ыу га Islands, Adniralty
Islands.

с) „сатр yloneuroides, Bakar Jour. Linn, Soc. xxii. 229
*.) Mt. Matang, Sarawak, 2,000 ft. and Niah.

72 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

T т) Searls Baker. Jour. Bot. 1880 p. 215. (333*)
t. Dulit, Sarawak: Mt. Kinabalu by Dr, 6
= Ас ostichum costulatum Cesati, i Весе. Polyn.8

Distribution : Sumatra, New Guin

P. (Ph e leucophorum, Baker, Jour. Linn. Tie duum p. 229
334*). Mt, Matang, Sarawak 2,500 ft,

Р. (Pign rupestre, Bli. (буп, Fil. xlviii, 335.) Mt. P Manis.
wak.

Кыса Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Philippines.

P си platyphyllum, Sw. (Syn. Fil, xlviii, 337.) Mt. Ма-
; the Baram District, and Mt. сав, Sarawak,
Distribution Malay Peninsula, Java

P Сево membranaceum, Don, (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 339.) Island
f Balabac the coast of British North ‘Borneo, by Mr.

Distribution: North India to Ceylon; W. China and the
Philippin

PC P ) pes Bl. (Syn. dii xlviii, 840). a: there
e been found in Born have not seen
е экы N. India, бауіоб, Јауа, Гра
Р. (Phym.) irioides, Lam. S Fil. xlviii, 341). Around Kuch-
ing, Sarawak, com
Distribution : N. India. to Malaya ; Chusanto Fiji; Isle of

Pines and N. S. Wales; Mascaren Islands, Zambesi Land,
Natal, Angola, Guinea Coa

P. (тато знае ВІ. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 842).
ak.

River, and Baram eris Sarawa
Distribution : Malay

Samarahan

Р, өч. ) Labrusca, naks Pon Fil. xlviii, ме) Оп езй
e hills n ear the Sarawak River, and i the Bara
District, Sara wak First found by Т. Lo ic
P. (Phym.) dulitense, Baker in Kew B
(346*).

ulletin, Aug. 1893 p. 211
Mt. Dulit, Sarawak. E j

“te

THE FERNS OF BORNEO. 73

DIPTERIS.
Р, ыра ngka Dipteris, Bl. ir п. Fil. xliii, 351) == Dipter
Horsfieldii, В. Вг. Common in Sarawalt ok the rots
reb san river-banks to 2000 ft.

Distribution : Malaya, Polynesia.

N. a aan aa н Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiv, 269.
TF species which I received from Mr.
Кыша in 1886. He discovered it somewhere ane

of Bintulu, Sarawak: it has not been again observed.

P. ( Dipt.) bifurcatum, Baker (Syn. Fil. Voie 393).— — Dipteris
Lobbiana, Hk. Found on the banks of most rivers in
Sarawak and North Borneo at some distance above the
highest point to which the influence of the tide extends.
Distribution : Malay Peninsula, Celebes

r. (i aa, В]. (Syn. Fil. чыш. WO Mt. Matang
e Baram District, Saraw
DU ges iiem.

P [С ee nik е эзин L. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 362.) Common in
; wak.
Distribution : Malaya, Ceylon; Tsus-Sima, Loo

Choo
Formosa; N. Australia ; Mascaren Islands, Natal, Zambesi
Land, Angola, Guinea coast

P. (ут nigrescens, Blume, s. Fil. ч 305) Quop, Mt.
Mat di Sar

atang, and in the Baram District,
Distribution : №. and 8. India, Ceylon, Malaya, Fiji, Samoa,
Friendly Isles

P. (Phym.) affine, Bl. c Fil. xlviii, 364.) Раки, Upper т
wak, a limestone district. Sori ав yellow as those
aureum L. Distribution: Malaya, and Philippines.

P d dignes ep in New Ferns Ann. Bot. Vol.

366 *). is Cesati's P. dilatatum var. grandi-

а Fil. Becc. Born. p. 27. Baker considers it

specifically distinct. І have only found Е s Banting,
Sarawak, where it was aan by Beccar

74 THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO.

Р. (Phym 2 — Bl. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 367.) Kinabalu at
10 . by Dr. Haviland.
Dota Java, Perak in the Malay Peninsula.

E cum) lomarioides (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 370). This fern Baker
now puts in Blume's genus Lecanopteris which he has
restored. New Ferns Ann. Bot. Vol. v, 1891
in Die Farnflora von Celebes p. 161 discusses this change,
which he is unable to accept.

P cw Mr d Hk. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 371.) North Borneo
urbidge
чон N. India.

Р, (Phym.) longissimum, Bl. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 372.) By the
Aum ahan River, Sarawak, growing in swampy cleared

Distribution N. India, Neilgherries, Malaya, Philippines,
For

DRYNARIA.

P, (Dryn) gati baksa L. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 381.) сноса
salong the coast ; Simanggang in the Bata

Late Genie Bue Rare, the next species is the

Distribution : Throughout the Indian region and Ceylon ;
‘Malaya, 5. China, Queensland.

Р: ag se Linnai, Bory. i Fil. xlviii, 382.) Common іп
Sarawak and N.

Distribution : Malaya, te lon, Queensland, Solomon

Islands and Fiji

P. (Dryn.) е ы (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 383. ) Lundu, Sarawak

е MR. Queensland, Fiji.
[Dr. Christ in Die Farnflora von Celebes, in giving the
distribution of P. (Dm naria) Heracleum, Kze sa

" ry уз
“ Borneo (Hose).” This is a mistake ; I sent him specimens

THE FERNS OF BORNEO. 76

of this Fern, but they were from белуе So far ав І
know it has поб yet been found in Вогпе

P. rl жегени. Bl. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, sh Sulu Islands’

аге.
Aan Malaya, Philippines.
E J ETE sanga Bl. (Syn. Fil. xlviii, 389.) Sulu
ands by Burbidge
аек ле жш say Islands, including New Guinea, and
Philippines.
TRIBE XII. GRAMMTIDEJX.
MONOGRAMME (Gen. li. Syn. Fil. p. 374.)

M. dareecarpa, Hk. (Syn. Fil. li. 1.) Labuan, Borneo, by
Barber. Not seen by me
M. trichoidea, J. € (Syn. Fil. li. 4.) Niah in the Baram Dis-
rict, Sarawak
Distribution : Malay Peninsula, Philippines.
GYMNOGRAMME. (Gen. lii, Syn. Fil. p. 376.)

§, Leptogramme.
G. Сам. TOU Sehin «ү», Fil. lii. 3.) Quop, Sarawak.
: Malaya; Ceylon to Himalayas; Corea to

Hon eee Africa and © ed

$. Stegnogramme.
G. (Stem) ese cate Hk. (non Kaulf.) (Syn. Fil. lii. 13.)
п the Baram District, Sarawak.
аы: Khasya, Ceylon, Java.
§. Ceropteris.
G. ( E RE Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiv, = (51*)
Baker, New Ferns, Ann. Bot. Vol. у. 1891.
Now нна gathered! by Mr. ‚ңе Мен ы in the
country inland of Bintulu, Sarawak. Baker in the
r quoted above remarks that this appears to

76 THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

form a section connecting Eugymnogramme with Cerop-
teris, the barren fronds being naked, while the fertile
ones are coated with yellow waxy powder.

§ Syngramme.

G. (Syn.) borneensis, Hk. (Syn. JS li. 58). Sarawak at Ban-
ting and on Mt. Matang; in N. Borneo at Sandakan, on
the Bongaya River by Mr. к=» апа else where by
Burbidge. First found by Lobb

——— pe major, Baker, Jour. Bot. 1879, p. 299. Danting,
Sarawak,
Distribution of this variety, Fiji.

G, (Syn.) cartilagidens, Baker, (Syn. Fil. lii. 59.) Banting,
Sara re it was first found by Signor Beccari

In that locality it grows together with G. borneensis
which is quite typical; and in North Borneo there is
form which is clearly intermediate and Г am inclined to
esci whether this ought to be retained as a distinct
speci

. (Syn.) Lobbiana, Hk, (Syn. Fil. lii. 61.) Matang, Sarawak.
Distribution: Perak, Malay Peninsula.

‚ (Syn.) Wallichii, Hk. (Syn. Fil. lii. 63.) ees. Sarawak
Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Singapo

Q

Q

$

9

лоска НЕ. (Syn. Fil. lii. 64.) Baram, Sarawak.
It is very doubtful whether z should be taken as a
species distinct from G. Wallie
Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Philippines.

G. (Syn.) valleculata, Baker, Jour. Bot, 1888 p. 325 duet. А
very distinct species. . Mt. | Lambir, Sarawak

Q

(Syn.) Seer Ak. (Syn. Fil. lii, 65.) Lundu and Gunong
Ayer wak
Distribution : New Guinea, Vanecolla, Solomon Islands.

<

THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO, Tt

$ SELLIGUEA,
G. у raa, Hook. (Syn. Fil, lii, 69.) Mt. Matang,
wak.

ае. Malaya, Ceylon to Himalayas, Solomon Is-
lands,

9. к avenia, Baker, (Syn. Fil. lii. 70.) In the neighbour-
of Kuching, and at Miri in the Baram District,
Maw

G. (Sell.) acuminata, Baker, Jour. Bot. 1888, 326 (71*). Lo-
ang ont 6 Samarahan River, and in the Baram District,
Sarawak.
G. сн, ) campyloneuroides, Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 261
Mt. Matang, and the € жату Sarawak.
Dieta buien: Pork. Malay Penins

G. de 2 пач, Вакег, (Syn. Fil. lii. 73. gi ‘Said there to have
und in Borneo by Korthals; I have not met
ved
G. ( Sell.) чеди kah Hooker, (Зуп. Fil. lii. 74.) On Mt.
Matang, and in the Baram District, Sarawak.

raw
Distribution : Malaya to New Guinea and Philippines.
G. (Sell.) Feei, Hooker, (Syn. Fil. lii. 76.) Common in Sarawak.
ere is a form often met with, in which the e and
ue fronds are alike, both larger than the
supposed this to be Blume’s G. vulcanicum, but i is not
recognized аз such at Kew.
Distribution: Malaya.

MENISCIUM. (Gen. liv. Syn. Fil. p. 390.)
M. triphyllum, Sw. (Syn. Fil. liv, 3.) Mt. Gading, Lundu

arawak. ў
Distribution: Malaya, Ceylon to the Himalayas, 8. China.

М. Hosei, —_ Jour. Linn, Soc. xxii, 230. (4.*) On the banks
of the rivers Undop, Krian and Saribas, and at Lnndu,
Sarawak. Near M. Thwaitesii Hk.

78 ` THE FERNS OF BORNEO,

M. stenophyllum, Baker, Jour. Bot. = p. 108. (4*.) In the
Baram District, Sarawak (Mt. Mulu ?)

M. p rewa Bl. (буп. ЕП. liv. 9.) Banting апа Lundu,
Sarawak

Distribution : Malaya, N. India, Philippines. Both Syn.
Fil. and Col. Beddome raise the uestion whether this

most noticeable in the matter of texture;-the Meniscium
is soft, rather tbick, and leathery. The Goniopteris is
crisp, thin, and papery. It is probable enough that both
are Nephrodiums Ta Ta ia very fugitive, or, more
commonly, suppres

" ANTROPHYUM. 5 lv. Syn. Fil. р. 892.)

A, RT pes Ax Fil. lv. 2), where it is said to be
in ** Bor а se у ше,
Distribution : Fiji, Sam

A. parvulum, Bl. (Syn. Fil. under 5, А plantagineum,
Kaulf. Mt. dade. mac Багын k,

A. reticulatum, Kaulf. (Syn. Fil. Iv. 7.) Common in Saraw
Distribution: Himalayas to Ceylon, Malaya, remet
Queensland,

A. semicostatum, Bl. (Syn. Fil. lv. ph Mt. Matang. In the is-
land of Balabac by Mr. A. H. E
Distribution: Malaya, Ceylon Philippines, Polynesia.

А

. latifolium, Bl. (Syn. Fil. lv. 13.) Found by Beccari on
unon ah, Sarawak. — Fil. Весс. Born. р. 80.
Distribution : É ауа апа Воо
VITTARIA. (Gen. lvi, ae Fil. p. 395.)

C. elongata, Sw. em: Fil. lvi. 1.) Common in Sarawak and
North Bor

THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO. 79
Distribution: Malaya, Ceylon, to N. India; Polynesia ;
Australia; Tropical Africa and its islands.

y. M Baker, Kew Bulletin, Aug. 1893 р. 212 (1*) Mt.
t, Sarawak 5,000 ft.

V. pumila, Mett. (Зуп Fil. lii. 3. p. 51.) Borneo, Wallace.

V. debilis, Kuhn. (Syn. Fil, lvi. 8. p. 518.) Sarawak by Lobb?
North Borneo by Burbidge.

V, sulcata, deu (Syn. Fil. lvi. 3. p. 518.) Mt. Matang
Sarawak: Mt. Kinabalu by Dr. Haviland at 10,500 ft.
Soils s Malay Peninsula, Ceylon, New Guinea,
Society Islands.

V. ( Teniopsis) lineata, Sw. (Syn. Fil. lvi. 7. 1 Mt. Tiang
aju, Batang Lupar district, Sarawak, by Beccari.

V. (Taniopsis) scolopendrina, Thwaites (Syn. Fil. lvi. 9.) Com-
mon in Sarawak.
Distribution: Malaya, Ceylon to Himalayas, Philippines,
Seychelles, Mozambique.
TaNrTIS. (Gen. lvii. Syn. Fil. p. 096.)

T. obtusa, Hooker, (Syn. Fil. lvii 1.) Borneo by Thomas
Lobb. Not seen by me

T. blechnoides, Sw. CR Fil. lvii. 5.) Common in Sarawak
and North Born
Distribution : ala yi; Ceylon, Philippines:

Var. interrupta, Wall. (Syn. Fil. lvii. 5.) Mt. Ma-
tang, Sarawak; North Borneo by Burbidge.

DRYMOGLOSSUM. (Gen. lviii, Syn. Fil. p. =)

D. р Presl (Syn. Fil. lviii, 2.) om n Sar
wak a wie rth Borneo. Both sterile and кеше fronde
often for
Distribution : Malaya, Ceylon to Himalayas, and eastward
to Fiji.

80 box THE FERNS OF BORNEO.

D. rigidum, Hk. (Syn. Fil. lviii. 3.) Borneo, by Thomas Lobb.
Not seen by me.

HEMIONITIS. (Gen. lix. Syn. Fil. p. 398.)

Н. Hosei, — Jour. Bot. 1891 p. 108 (1*.) Mt Matang,
Sarawak. I have only found this once, and as far as I
ede it has not been collected by anyone else. The
only other species of this Genus which belongs to this
part of the world is H. oe ана ‘which has
been found in New Guinea by Becc

5 TRIBE XIII. ACROSTICHIÆ.

ACROSTICHUM. (Gen. Ix. Syn, Fil. p. 518.)
$ ELAPHOGLOSSUM. :

A. Beccarianum, Baker ; cam I iii. 27, and Baker, New

ot. Vol. 1 (9*) "This is the Fern

called by Cesati 4. e in Fil. Becc. Born. p. 81.
Kuching, Sarawak

$ STENOCBLGNA.
a. a чыкны el L. cr Fil. 1х, 66.) Mt. Matang.
urbidge
Deiat ? Tropical regions all round the world.
À peculiarity of this Fern, not uncommon in Borneo and
the Malaya

CELUM is alluded to by Col. Beddome in
Ferns of British India p. 428. The lower part of the

d
thickness of 1 in. or more, к ben sterile and fertile
fronds of the usual form and s

A. (Stenoch.) scandens, J. Sm. (Syn. Fil. 1x, 68.)

Common in Sarawak and N. Borneo. The young shoots
are eaten,

THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO. : 81

Distribution : M Ceylon to the Himalayas, 5, China,
Queensland and Fiji
& POLYBOTRYA.
А: oy no ныг. Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii, 230 (71.*)
tang, Sarawak at 1,000 ft
g EGENOLFIA.
A. Си ) appendiculatum, D — Fil. lvi 84.) The Island of
labac by Mr. A.
риза Ма1ауа, pound He Indian region,
Philippines and Hongkong.
§ STENOSEMIA.
A. (Stenos.) auritum, Sw. (Syn. Fil lxi. Ri Mt. Matang ;
Niah in the Baram District, Sar
Distribution : Malaya, Philippines su] picem Islands.
$ GYMNOPTERIS.
4. ed oligodictyon, Baker, Jour. Bu. Soc. xxiv. p. 261
3*) Niah in the Baram District, Sarawak. Near the
last species.
A. CH ) quercifolium, Retz. (Syn. Fil. lx. 97.) Kudat, N.

НЫ ВЕ Ceylon and Peninsula India, S. China, Co-
chin China.
A. а een нау Wall. (Syn. Fil. Ix. 100.) Niah in
aram District, Sarawak ; Island of Balabac by Mr.
^H erett
Distribution : ‘Malaya, N. India, Burmah, Philippines,
Solomon Islands.
Tto ) ааа Hk. (Syn. Fil. Ix. 103.) Mt. Gading,
u, Sarawak.
nene Singapore, Penang, Philippines.
A (Gymn.) exsculptum, Baker. Jour. Bot. 1888 p. 326 (107-*)

52 THE FERNS ОЕ BORNEO.

Niah in the Baram District, Sara wak.
§ CHRYSODIUM.

A. (Chrys.) modestum, Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii. p. 231 (108*.)
Banks of the Kabo, a branch of the Krian River, Sara мак.
А. Bi ) e ME Mats Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii. p. 231.
Mt. Matang, Sarawak.
A. (ego m Hk. (Syn. Fil. Iz. 115.) Mt. Lingga, and
Dulit, Sara
раа Malaya, Formosa, Loochoo Islands.

Var. Big Hel ыш. Eaton. i found this on Mt. Lin
ponor A ong with the normal form. I doubt if it is a
true v

А. Oe Blumeanum, Hk. (Syn. Fil. Ix. 132)? On Mt. Ma-
tang I have twice met with a plant entirely correspond-
ing to eub Fern as found in Perak, but bearing sterile
fronds
А. (Chrys.) aureum, L. (Syn. Fil. Ix. 127.) Com
sng ution: Near the sea in the warm ави all round
the world.

§ HYMENOLEPIS.

A. (Hymeno.) пт L. (Syn. Fil. Ix. 129.) Comm
Distribution : Malaya; N. and 8. India aid Ceylon ;
Que eine Society Islands.

$ PHOTINOPTERIS.
A. с; rigidum, Wall. (Syn. Fil. Ix. 131.) Banting; and
rawak and Undop Rivers, Sarawak.
Distribution : Malaya and Philippines
A. (Photin.) drynarioides, Hooker, (Syn. Fil. 1х, 132.) In North
Borne urbid

Distribution : Pevang, and Perak in the Malay Peninsula.

THE FERNS OF BORNEO. 83

PLATYCERIUM, (Gen. Ixi. Syn. Fil. p. B

P. grande, J. Sm. act 3. ш) (Syn. Fil. xi. 8.) North
Borneo by Bur
Distribution : aga Philippines, N. Australia.

P. biforme, Bl. (Syn. Fil. lxi. 5.) Common in Sarawak and
бош; Malaya and Philippines.
Subord. iii. OSMUNDACE(E.
OSMUNDA. (Gen. lxii. Syn. Fil.)
О. javanica, Bl. (Syn. Fil. lxii. 1.) In the Sulu Archipelago by
rurbid

Distribution: Kamschatka to Java.
SUBORDER IV. STHIZ@ACEG.

Schizea (Gen. lxiv. Syn. Fil.)
S. malaccana, D (Syn. Fil. Іхіу, 3.) Mt. Matang 3,000 ft,
Sarawak, and in North Borneo by Burbidge.
(de uem Malaya, Philippines.
$ Lophidium.
m Сек — pee (Syn. Fil. Ixiv, 13.) Not uncommon
arawak, e Undop River, in the Quop district
em aha: "North Borneo by Burbidge.
Distributions: Malaya, South India, Philippines ; Australia,
Polynesia ; Mascaren Islands, Tropical America and West
Indies.
§ Actinostachys.
S. (Actin.) e ees (Syn. Fil. Ixiv. 16.) Near the Undop
iv araw
. Distribution : E Ceylon to Himalayas, Phil: | pines,
Fiji.
LYGODIUM (Gen. lxviii. Syn. Fil. p. 436.)

L. dichotomum, Sw. (Syn. Fil. Ixviii. 2.) Common everywhere.

84 THE FERNS OF BORNEO,

Distribution : zasi Ceylon to North lndia, Philippines,
Chusan, Hongkon

n

scandens, Sw. (Syn. k lxviii. 7) Common every wher
istribution : ere Ceylon to Himalayas, South China,
босо: sland ; Guinea
SUBORDER $ MARATTIACEG,
ANGIOPTERIS. (Gen. 1хїх. буп. Fil. р. 440.)

h.

. evecta. Hoffm. (Syn. Fil. Ixix. 1) Santubong, Lingga, Sebe-
tan River, and the Baram тет Sarawak.
Distribution : Malaya, Ceylon = Ennalan, Madagascar,
New Caledonia, Queensland, en Islands.

KAULFUSSIA, (Gen. Ixxii. Syn. Fil, p. 444.)

м

— Bl. (Syn Fil. Ixxii, 1.) Mt. Matang at 2500 ft.
койш Malay Peninsula and Islands, N. India
Philippine
SUBORDER VI. OPHIOGLOSSACEG.
OPHIOGLOSSUM, (Gen. Ixxiii. Syn. Fil. p. 444.)
à ec en L. (Syn. Fil Ixxiii. 6.) This I have found once
at Kuching, Sarawak. I sent the specimen gathered
to ke». and have not met with it again. == О. Cuming-
ianum, Pres
§ OPHIODERMA.

О. с) oe Hk. (Syn. Fil. Ixxiii. 7.) Borneo,
by Lo

o

0. — pond L. (Syn. Fil. Ixxiii. 8.) Kuching, Sarawak
on: Malaya, Ceylon to Assam, Philippines, N.
pena Polynesia, Mascaren Islands.
HELMINTHOSTACHYS, (Gen. Ixxiv. Syn. Fil. p. 447.)
H. gne Hk. (Syn. Fil. Ixxiv. 1.) Saribas River, Sarawak.
Distribution: Malaya, Ceylon to Himalayas, Philippines,
ew Мейо. ae "Queens laud.

G. F. Singapore and Sarawak.

THE SCITAMINEA OF THE MALAY
PENINSULA.

The traveller in the forests of the Peninsula can hardly fail
to notice the beauty of many of our wild gingers (Scitominee)
and would be surprised to find how much this interesting group
of plants has been neglected by botanists, for though many have

have often been well figured and described. In studying this

group here, I have in nearly every case compiled the de-

scription from specimens in the jungle itself, or from plants
rought home and cultivated in the Botanic Gardens.

16 Order consists of five groups, which, beginning with
the most specialised, are Zingiberacee, Marantacee, Canmacem,
Lowiacee and Musacec.

typical monocotyledonous flower consists of three

o d
bears in its edge an anther cell. This curious arrangement is

86 THE SCITAMINEÆ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

an elaborate contrivance for insect fertilization ук cannot
easily be explained without diagrams. In the nas (Can-

anther cell on its edge. ese plants are self-fertilized in
bud Cannas are really wild here but one or two have
escaped from cultivation. The Zingiberacee have а single com-
plete stamen only, the rest being either entirely suppressed
except one which forms the lip, or two more may appear as
petal-like lobes or horns or teeth, (Staminodes) The ovary is
tbree-celled in most of the order, but bears only one style, which
is however three-lobed in Lowiacew, showing its origin from

there are at the base of the corolla tube, two small processes,

the stylodes, which are probably the remains of the other styles,

or possibly some of the lost stamens. Their function is appar-

ently to secrete nectar which fills the bottom of the tube. The

flowers of nearly all are fertilized by bees, or sometimes flies.
i n leafy st

different stems. Asa rule plants growing in dense jungle have
the flowers close to the ground on short leafless stems, while
those which grow on river banks or open spaces have them on
the ends of leafy stems. The fruits of the akin groups do
not differ much, except in the case of the Musas, which have
the well known Banana fruit, the rest have е ОЁ two ог
more seeds (іп Donax there is often but one seed). The
seeds are usually enclosed in a sweet aril, and in the Zingiberacee
are usually very aromatic. The fruits are seldom conspicuous,

species, e.g. Alpinia, are orange and showy, and tl ispersed
by birds.

USES. The Zingiberacee are nearly all very -— and
many have very strongly flavoured root-stocks, which are used as
spices. Among these the Ginger, Turmeric, ‘and еее. апа
Galangal are commonly cultivated here, and many of the wild
Globbas, aud Amomums are used in native medicine. The

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 87

fruits of a few species of Amomum, e. g. A. uliginosum, are eaten `
also by Sakais. The buds of Hornstedtia imperialis are also
popular as curry-stuffs among the Malays, and the fruit of ы сош-
monest of our wild plantains, Musa Malaccensis is quite eatable,
though it is small and full of seed, Indeed I believe that this
plant is the parent of several of the local cultivated Pisangs.
The wild plantains also give a very good fibre from the leaf

(Clinogyne) split up, are used for making baskets, and I foun
that the leaf stems of the bigger Gingers, (Hornstedtia), beaten
up and treated with caustic potash, formed a very good paper
stuff, and might be used for that purpose, if there was вано
demand for it.
GROUPS,
Fertile stamen one : Ен two cells. Aromatic. Zingiberacee.
one cell. Not aromatic. Marantacee.
Fertile ametis 5. Calyx lobes long, lip large, small plants
Lowiace
T Calyx, and corolla sheath-like, lip small,
very large plants Musacee. |
SYNOPSIS OF ZINGIBERACEJE,
Staminodes broad and petaloid, Spike or panicle terminal.
Stamen much longer than the corolla, slender.
Lip adnate to it above the corolla.
Hedychium. Stamen long and slender. Lip not ad-
nate above the corolla.
. QCamptandra. Stamen short, anther е0 ver-
= d much broader than corolla,
mpferia. Anther cells on a broad thin connective.
Ке ы much broader than corolla, Alat.
astrochilus. Staminodes not broader than corolla lobes.
Anther thick terminal. Spike terminal or radical cylindric.
6. Ситсита. Staminodes not broader than corolla lobes,
- Flowers in а cone-like spike radical.
7. Conamomum. Staminodes smaller than corolla lobes,
anther with long curved arms. Spikes radical.

88 THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Staminodes small absent, or adnate to lip.

8 Costus. Spikes terminal or radical. Stamen with a
thin petaloid filament. .

Spikes dense with large persistent bracts. Filament thick.

9. Zingiber. Anther with a long curved beak, Lip three-
]Jobed.

10. Amomum. Anther with two curved arms, Lip broad,

. Hornstedtia. Anther with no arms, crest small or
none, Lip narrow.
Plagiostachys. Spike lateral from the leafy stem.

18. Elettariopsis. Panicle lax creeping from the rhizome.

14. Geostachys. Panicle compact erect or pendulous from
the rhizome.

15. Alpima. Panicle terminal оп a leafy stem.

GLOBBA.

This pretty genus is very distinct from all except the Indian
Mantisia, in the peculiar form of the flowers, which are borne
on a long slender panicle with short branches. he calyx is
tubular or cup-shaped, the corolla tube usually slender and
longer with small boat-shaped lobes reflexed when the flower

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linear or triangular (the spurs), The style is long and slender
and runs up along the stamen, passing between the anther cells

and in some cases the bracts are coloured red or yellow, mak-
ing the plants very showy. Globbas are to be found in all of

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 89

our forests on rocks, or in damp spots, Ta in great abundance.
The genus occurs in the Himalayas and Burma, less commonly .

species, is absent from Lagon, They are abundant all over the
Malay Peninsula and Siam, Sumatra and Borneo, ‘becoming
rarer ы east.

s 6 pee zh somewhat variable, are tolerably easily
Sst guished and classified, though it is not always easy to
identify some of jha that have been Pedes on account of
the authors having often omitted to describe important parts of
the flower. Thus Miquel rarely described the anther-spurs, the
best character for classifying the species, while Baker in the
Flora of British India while paying due attention to this char-
acter lays some stress on the presence or absence of bulbils,
which are often produced from the axils of the bracts. This -
character however is absolutely worthless. Апу globba grow-

them. In two species G. езе and G. bulbilifera it is true
that bulbils are invariably produced in the lower bracts, but all
the species may at times bear den also. An important charac-
ter also is the calyx, and as spe iei are often met with in
which the corolla is fallen away, this organ which remains on
the fruit is very useful iu identification. Sometimes it is regu-
lar and tubular with three equal points, sometimes dilated up-
wards or again curved with two large and one small tooth or
there may be no trace of teeth or lobes.
hose who have not seen globbas in plenty growing wild
might be suele by odd forms which sometimes occur in which
the ee is borne on leafless stems. Miquel’s G. aphylla
s probabl e of these, perhaps а sport of the very common
G. peace Plants also with branching stems occur, but are
much rarer.
$ APLANTHERA.
Anthers spurless, Flowers yellow.
Gl. Wallichii Baker. Flor. Brit. Ind. p. 202.
About 2 feet tall, the lower sheathing leaves dotted with
purple pubescent or hispid. Leaves lanceolate acuminate rather

90 THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

thin in textare about 5 inches long by 14 inch wide, upper ones
smailer, finely pubescent on both sides, sheaths long about 3
inches hispid, ligule rounded hispid. Panicle long and slender

long, anther 2 with no margin nor spurs. Capsule globose
sm

oth.

Penang. Banks on Moniot’s Road.

Gl. floribunda. Baker, p. 203,

Plant 2 feet tall, with oblong leaves nearly a foot long, pube-

_scent, a long lax panicle with many branches 1 to 12 inch long,
rachis very hairy. Bracts small and deciduous. Corolla pale

yellow, lobes oblong, lip long not bifid, anther with a narrow
o

. (King.)
have never seen this either wild or in Dr. King's collections.
G. uliginosa. Miq,. Fl. ind. Bat. Suppl. p. 613. Baker. l c. p. 203.

Habit exactly that of G. panicoides Miq. Stems tufted 2
feet long, lower sheaths spotted with red. Leaves lanceolate

in-
odes oblong obtuse. Lip very narrow and short bilobed, lobes
linear obtuse orange with a black central spot.

THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 91

This plant is very near G. panicoides Miq, differing in the
absence of spurs to the anther, and the form of the ca
is possible that it is only an abnormal form. The Singapore
plant produced leafless or almost leafless stems bearing pani-
cles.

$ CERATANTHERA.
Anther 2-spurred. Flower yellow.
Gl. panicoides. Miquel. l.c. 614.
Gl. Kingii. Baker. l.c. 204. G. stenothyrsa Bak. l.c.

Stems tufted, from nine inches to two feet in height
usually rather slender, sheaths at the base монга with red, more
or less pubescent. ‘Leaves narrow lanceolate acuminate to

vate acuminate 12 inch to 5 inches long and ł to one and a
half inch broad, ligule hispid. Panicle slender, the branches
usually short sometimes rather long spreading. Flowers usu-
ally few. Bracts lanceolate green. Calyx short unequaily 3
toothed, one tooth much longer than the others, lanceolate

parallel, connective developed all round and at the base pro-
longed into a pair of subulate spurs. Style longer than the
stamen, stigma very small. Capsule globose A rounded
green 2 inch long terminated by the enlarged ca

Singapore, Bukit Timah and other woods; ees (Feilding).
Malacca, Sungei Hudang ; е Selangor, К wala Lumpur,
Batang ылыа Petaling. Sungei Ujong; Bukit Tumiang.
Perak. Bruas. Dindings. Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur.
Lankawi, (Curtis 2642) also Lingga island (Hullett). Sumatra on
the Kelantan river, Siak. Borneo, Sandakan, Bongaya river,
Labuk M and Sarawak.

This sa very common plant along stream banks and in
damp spots in woods all over the Malay "Peninsula. It is very
variable in size, form of leaf, and length of panicle and its
branches. The forms from Sarawak and Sandakan are stout
broad leaved forms with branches an inch and а half long, and

92 THE SCITAMINEJ/E OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

longer calyces, but I can only consider them as extreme forms.

l have the authority of Dr. King for identifying G. Kingü
Baker with the ill-described G. panicoides of Miquel ‘of which he
has seen a type. It would indeed be strange if so very abun-
dant and conspicuous a plant had escaped Miquel. I cannot from
the description distinguish G. stenothyrsa Baker. from this plant.
It is based on specimens from "l'enasserim = by Parish,
and ues а plant collected by Cuming in Malacc

e all other Globbas, this often ыан “bulbils in the
axils of the bracts, and often the whole panicle produces bulbils
page of flowers.

is known to the Malays by a variety of names, viz.
Haliya hutan (wild ginger) Meroyan Tingal, and Meroyan
B'rchoin, Pua Birah, Bunga Lidah Munta, Haliya K'ra. The
slightly aromatic roots are used in native mediciue for fever,
and rheumatism
G!. pendula Roxb. Asiat. Res. XI. 859 Fl. Ind. 179.

A large plant 3 feet or more tall. Leaves oblong cuspidate
9 inches long, 4 across glabrous, ligule rounded pubescent,
"erm with pubescent edges. Panicle stout sometimes nearly

2 feet long, branches short жа селе. Bracts lanceolate

caducous, Calyx funnel-shaped 1 inch long, with 3 unequal

acute 16 bes. Corolla tube slender halt a inch long, lobes cymbi-
form 4 inch long orange yellow.

Staminodes thin oblanceolate obtuse as long. Lip adnate
from a little above the siaminodes narrow bilobed. orange with
a maroon не spot nearly + an inch long. Stamen filament
over 1 an inch ugs lo elliptic horns linear subulate 2
about as E as the anther, connective prolonged above the
anther = a rounded Rcs ss.

Pen Banks close to the Waterfall. Perak on Max-
eid bill. S reda Peak by the Cascade. Pahang, Tabau river.

the biggest species. The name pendu/ais by no means a
eds one, as the stout panicle is usually stiffly erect.

GI. montana n.s

Stems about 2 feet tall. Leaves к cuspidate thin 7
inches long 14 inch broad, with a long attenuate point, glabrous
above paler pubescent beneath, petiole аса Pot usually distinct,

THE SCITAMINEA OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 93

ligule rounded pubescent, е very hairy. Panicle long
slender 1 to 14 foot long, branches 1 to 2 inches long, horizon-
tal Шет distant few flowere d Bracts ovate oblong $ b inch
long. Calyx campanulate lobes acute, } inch long. Corolla
tube slender 4 inc sh long, lobes broadly ovate obtuse 4inch long,
yellow. Staminodes: absent. Lip small free for some distance
above the corolla lobes apex rounded almost entire. Stamen,
filament above the lip } an inch long, anther small elliptic with
arge flat triangular wings running the whole length but short-
er than the anther.

Kedah Peak, and near the waterfall.

This is a stout plant lke G. pendu’a Roxb, b is remark-
able in the anther spurs, which form a triangle in the centre of
which are the anther cells. The staminodes seem to be entirely
wanting.

Gl. calophylla n.sp.

tems over a foot tall fairly stout, lower sheaths spotted

Leaves oblong lanceolate <a with a Jong point 6
inches long 12 inch broad, deep green above with silvery cen-
tral and lateral bars, glaucous tinted with a beneath, base
narrowed into a petiole, glabrous above pubescent especially
along the midrib beneath. Panicle 6 inches long branches
spreading distant an inch long, many flowered. Bracts broadly
oblong ovate gi; inch long persistent - some time. Calyx
tubular campanulate dilated upward } inch long with short

lobes, Corolla tube very slender } inch long, lobes boat-shaped
broad blunt yellow. Staminodes oblong halfas lon ng again as
the lobes. = short linear apex pud “lobes josnded, Pre

sometimes noy
ear Pup (Curtis No. 3280.)

This peur pen is noticeable from its ып y colored
leaves and botanically it is remarkable for its dilated calyx
and its unusually T staminodes and very short narrow lip.
Gl. malaccensis n.sp.

Stems 2 feet tall or longer. Leaves broadly lanceolate
acuminate rather ан six inches long, 2 across, glabrous,

94 THE SCITAMINEA OF THE MALAY PENINSULA,

ligule short rounded pubescent, sheath pubescent, petiole
distinct sometimes half an inch long. Panicle short compact on a

about 4 inch long few flowered. Calyx cylindric with short
acute lobes nearly 4 inch long. Corolla tube very slender 1 an
inch long, lobes ovate boat-shaped less than inch long yellow.
Staminodes oblong obtuse about as long. Lip short linear
oblong entire. Anther oblong with two triangular subulate
spurs from the centre of the side, filament 2 inch long. Capsule
globose wrinkled 2 inch long.

Mala Woods at the tase of Mt. Ophir: Bukit Sedanen.
Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Sungei Ujong, Bukit Sulu;
Bukit Kandong.

This is called by the Malays, Pua Rimbah, Pua Hudang
and Pua Gajah, and is used medicinally in childbirth,

It bas the habit of G. aurantiaca Мід, but is very much less
hairy and has only two spurs on the anther, and. the long ped-
uncle with a terminal dense panicle and narrow persistent
bracts distinguish it from all others.

Gl. integra n.sp.
Stem 3 to 4 feet tall. Leaves oblon

inch long. Calyx small campanulate 4 inch long, lobes ovate
obtuse. Corolla tube twice as lo bes boat-shaped
obtuse 2 inch lon e inodes much smaller oblong

an St

Lip narrow linear obtuse entire. Filamen
with a broad triangular wing on each side.

Siam, Bangtaphan, common along Ba Quean stream. (Dr.
Keith.)

This species is remarkable for its short flowers, narrow
entire lip and broad triangular anther-spurs.
Gl. Keithii n. sp.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate cuspidate six inches long about

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 95

1 an inch broad, glabrous, ligule absent. Panicle over six inches

long with numerous branches 2 inches long or less with a

Corolla tube very long and slender $ inch long grey, lobes obtuse
boat-shaped less than + 1 inch long е” Staminodes lanceolate
oblong yellow. Lip long and narrow deeply bilobed lobes
rounded. Filament very slender n an inch long, anther elliptic
grey with a lanceolate acuminate spur on each side in the upper
part of the anther,

Siam. Bangtaphan in Bamboo-jungle. (Dr. Kei th.)

The very narrow leaves, and long corolla tube, and the
curious anther spurs easily dia a galih this plant.

Flowers white or violet.
Gl. leucantha Miq. l.c. 612.
Gl, pallidiflera Bak, 1. с. 204.

Rhizome short, roots with tuberous fusiform swellings.
Stems about two feet tall, often less. Leaves broadly lanceo-
late acute, 8 inches long and 3 across, very finely pubescent
especially on the under surface, dark green above, purple
neath, sheaths striate hispid usually spotted with purple, ligule
short hardly à inch long, rounded hispid. Panicle terminal

ivory white. Bractsovate pure white. Calyx tubular with three
teeth, two longer than the third, } inch long white shining,
minutely pubescent. Corolla tube slender about + an inch long,
lobes cymbiform 2 inch long. Staminodes narrower oblo ng
little longer. Lip short oblong rounded shortly bilobed, white
with a purplish brown spot, (sometimes absent). Stamen nearly
one inch long (above the corolla) anther cordate with two slen-
der subulate horns a little longer than it, cells yellowish. Style
slender longer than theanther. ovary white pubescent. Sty-
lodes cylindrical acute, Capsule globose 2 inch long polished
smooth bright green. Seeds about 8, angled 2 1 inch long.

ingapore, common on Bukit Timah, Chan 'Chu Kang, etc.
Pulau Damar, Johore, Tanah Runto; Gunong Pulai; Gunong
Panti (King). Perak, Dindings at Lumut.

N

Ü

96 THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

A very pretty species, the whole of the inflorescence
being pure white and much of it polished like Ber. It кеги
rather dry parts of woods often growing on rocks. Ко
occur in which the leaves on some of the ж дда see are

‚ suppressed, the stems being merely covered with sheaths
I ; i

branches of the panicle but more rarely than in other species.

Gi

Gi. к. п. Sp.
ms three feet tall. Leaves narrowly lanceolate аси mina te
1 g ©

ligule very short, sheath glabrous. Panicle 12-15 inches
long with distant slender branches spreading, me inch long or
less. Bracts = linear obtuse nearly } inch long. Flo-

wers white, one or two only on the ends of the aie: Calyx

Sse with E lanceolate lobes. Corolla tube verv slender

1 an inch long, lobes boat-shaped ovate. Staminodes longer
oblong linear. Lip short eg a aa ed, lobes rather long
divergent. Filament 2 inch long anther oblong, spurs 2 linear
езер sige ades longer than m anther.

Government Hill near the cooly lines aes
кы p athe т slender, narrow leaved plant, remarkable for
its long persistent bracts, and long upcurved spurs of tlie antber.

Gt. woes . Sp.

tems over a foot tall rather slender. Leaves lanceolate
acuminate. minutely pubescent beneath, 5 inches long, 14 inch
wide, ligule and margin of sheath hispid. Panicle erect rather

crowded at the ends of the branches, white. Cal alyx unequally 3
lobed, lobes acute, 2 inch long, Corolla tube nearly 2 an inch long,
lobes, oblong ovate obtuse 2. inch long. Staminodes very
similar and as long, Lip short oblong ovate obtuse entire white
with a violet central spot. Filament ian inch long, spurs of
anther linear curved up at the ends 2. inch long, Capsule glo-
bose smooth 1 inch long

THE SCITAMINEZA OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 97

ings, Woods near Bruas, and Gunong Tungul, (No
a S resembles G: leucantha Miq, but has smaller nearly
glabrous leaves, straight and slender panicle and an entire lip.
Gl. violacea n. зр.

Stems one to two feet tall rather stout. Leaves large or
moderate oblong lanceolate acuminate with a long point, covered
with scattered strigose hairs on both surfaces, or sometimes only
scabrid, 7 to 10 inches long, 2 inches broad, dark green above
paler beneath, ligule short rounded very hairy, sheaths with
stiff hairs. Panicle of numerous short branches about half an
inch long stiff and horizontal. Bracts small ovate lanceolate
white. Calyx cylindric with three short points, one shorter than
the others, as long as the corolla tube, ivory white. Corolla tube
4 inch long, lobes ovate boat- -shaped violet or Me: Staminodes
longer and narrower violet, dinchlong. Lip very narrow linear
grooved nearly the whole way down bilobed, анте ог white with
а darker spot near the apex, apex yellowish. Stamen long
rather stout, anther oblong rather large violet, with two long
linear spurs. Capsule smooth globose white dehiscing entirely
and exposinga number of ovoid beaked brown see

Johore: Gunong Pulai. Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall).
Perak, Bujong Malacca ; ies кое. Ipoh (Curtis
3316) Gunong Inas (Wray 4 164). Dindin

This is very nearly allied to б. ааа but Ше corolla
tube is much shorter, and the lip very much narrower. The
flowers are sometimes entirely ivory white, at others violet.

» $ MARANTELLA.
Anther 4 spurred. Flowers yellow.
Gl. aurantiaca Miq. 1. c. 613. `

Rhizome short. Stems about 18 inches tall, the bases
covered with hairy sheaths, - Leaves oblong to ovate cuspidate
ide (ofte i

compact usually short sometimes as much as 8 inches long,
branches short inch long, numerous horizontal, with a few
empty bracts at the base Ес tw more flowers. Bracts
orange, oblong obtuse hispid 3 эң judi lower ones sometimes

98 THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

bulbilliferous. Pedicels} inch long, pubescent. Calyx funnel-

1 inch long 8 toothed, teeth short and blunt pubescent.
Corolla yellow, tube nearly 4 an inch long lobes rather large
oblong. Lip short broad oblong bilobed orange with a brown
central blotch. Staminodes short oblong. Stamen filament
slender 2 inch long, anther oblong with two pairs of triangular
teeth. Fruit globose smooth crowned with the long tubular

x.
Malacca, Brisu (Derry, No 18). Selangor, common, Bukit
Hitam; Bukit Kudah. “Negri Sembilan, Gunong Berumbun.
Perak, Larut Hills. Penang, Moniot’s road. This plant, the
“ Pua Gumbur” of the Malays, is easily recognised by its hairy
stem, broad hairy leaves and crowded panicle.

Gl. perakensis n. sp.

Stem stout about a foot or a foot and a half tall. Leaves

softly pubescent, edges ciliate. Panicle shortan inch long dense,
branches about half an inch long pubescent. Bracts short and
broad ovate orange. Calyx short tubular 2 inch long pubescent,
orange. Corolla tube twiceas long, lobes ovate. Lip short broad
oblong bilobed orange with a brown central spot. Staminodes
oblong linear obtuse pale orange. Stamen connective of 4
triangular broad spurs. Capsule globose, pustulate, especially
when young, orange color.
Perak, Ipoh, Kinta, (Curtis 3141) Rocks on Bujong Malacca.
_ Allied to G. aurantiaca Мід. but less hairy, the peduncle
being only softly pubescent ; the sheathing leaves on the ped-
uncle are very much larger and broader and the lip shorter and
broader almost square in outline.

Gl. variabilis, Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. Vol. 3. p. 378.

Stems over a foot tall. Leaves ovate or ovate lanceolate
acuminate 4 inches long, 12 inch broad, glabrous dark green
above and purplish beneath. Panicles about 4 or 5 inches long
rather compact with short branches. Bracts 3 inch long oblong

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 99

range or scarlet persistent. Calyx straight lobes acute
orange. Corolla tube more thao twice as long, lobes oblong,
upper one boat-shaped. Staminodes lanceolate oblong shorter.
Lip oblong cuneate bilobed broad 4 inch long orange with a
chestnut spot. Filament £ inch long, anther with 4 acute spurs
the upper ones longest. "Caps sule subglobose нана

Pahang Woods near Kota Glanggi and Tahar

This pretty plant i я rie closely allied to G atrosanguinea
of Borneo, and also G. Schomburgkii Hook, of Siam.
broad conspicuous or м ог red bracts, add much to its beauty
and make it a showy plant. The squared lip broadest at the tip
resembles that of С. perakensis Ridl.
G. cernua Baker l. c. p.

Stems several about a 6 tall, bases purple. Leaves
ovate каша cuspidate dark polishe d green above paler
beneath 4 inches long, 15 inch broad, petiole j inch long or

nude except f me (about 6) lanceolate acute to oblong
bracts, the largest 4 an inc ng ; branches ai spread-
ing an inch long. Fiore € ovate lon ich. long

at the ends of the неће. a one or more ovate yellow
bracts. Calyx tubular 2 inch long equally lobes equal Short
blunt, yellow. Corolla tube slender pubescent nearly 2 inch
Jana. light sn lobes ovate boat-shaped 1 inch. Staminodes

linear oblon ather longer light yellow. Lip short oblong
dilated towards ua tip, bilobed obsit spreading acute, yellow
with a central green spot, 2 inch long, ilament 2 ioch long

yellowish, anther spurs 4 а ones subulate lower. ones broad-
er. Capsule wrinkled en.

Perak: Thaiping hills ; Bujong Malacca; Gopeng (King).

This species, which appears to be local, though common on
the Thaiping Hills, is easily recoguized by its decurved pani-
cles of lemon yellow flowers.
Gi. brachycarpa Bak. 1. c.

Stem 1} foot rather iaae, sheaths hairy. Leaves ovate
acuminate 5 finches long glabrous above, minutely pubesceut

100 THE SCITAMINEX OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

beneath, ligule very short glabrous. Panicle short nodding
with a few distant short branches, lower bracts ovate lanceo-
late 3 inch long green persistent; branches } inch long
flowers 4 or 5 crowded at the ends. Calyx funnel-shaped entire
à inch long. Corolla pale yellow, lobes ovate. Lip linear entire
with a dark central spot. Anther with 4 equal triangular
spurs. Capsule globose pustular.

Perak, Thaiping Hills 2-3000 feet. King (2414). (Curtis
2073).

Nearly allied to the last but distinguished by its broader
persistent bracts at the base of the peduncle, and the calyx
which is shaped like an old-fashioned conical goblet.

G. versicolor Smith. Exot. Bot. t. 117 is mentioned as occur-

lected it in Junk Ceylon, and saw it in a dwarf state near
Malacca. (This latter plant was probably G. panicoides.) 1%
oes not seem to have been seen in our region since.

G. bulbifera Roxb. is stated in the Flora of British India to
occur in the Malay Peninsula, but I have never seen it in a. wild
state, nor does it occur їп any of the collections.

HEDYCHIUM.
Н. longicornutum Baker, ЕІ. Brit. India. vi. p. 228.

An epiphytic plant with very thick grey fleshy roots which
clasp the branches or stem ofa tree. Rhizome short. Stems
several about two feet tall, stout.
glabrous except the margins which are hairy, dark ‘green, pur-
plish beneath, one foot in length and four inches wide, ligule

à ore long covered with
brown silky hairs. Buds erect cylindrical acute scarlet. Calyx
spathaceous oblique oue inch long slender pink. Corolla tube
cylindrical slender 14 inch long, lobes narrowly linear deflexe

red, three inches long by 4 wide. —Staminodes and lip similar
linear undulate reflexed orange color, 11i ide.

base white above, anther linear oblong orange 2 an inch long.
Stigma projecting beyond, club shaped. Capsule oblong with

THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. P

rounded angles dark brown = 15 ineh long, dehiscing into
three carpels, recurved bright orange within. Seeds sixteen in
each cell, aran T i авв long соу егей with ап aril of soft
crimson peri
ohore, near Castlewood. Muar (Fielding). Malacca:

Ayer Panas; Marlinsi; us oods at the base of Mt. Ophir, etc.,
common. Se angor, Gun ong Hitam; Ginting Bidai. Perak,
Larvt Hills. Patani, Tomoh (Machado). е Siak in Sumatra.

This very beautiful plant is: widely scattered over nearly
all of the Peninsula. It is die ies growing usually rather
low down on the branches of trees whi = t clasps with its
curious fleshy roots, which aa those of some orchid,
The dense heads of lowers, т the long erect scarlet bands
and the yellow recurved s nodes make it a most attractive
plant. It is known to the apes as Tepus Lada, and Ubat Cha-
‘ching and the roots are used in cases of ear- ache, and as a vermi-

ge.
H. microchilum n. sp.

Epiphytic oben Stem about 2 feet long 4 inch thick:
Leaves 5 flaccid lanceolate Ae ol dark green, tapering to-
wards the base | Aae lo у two. wide, ligulepapery lance-
olate acute 2 inch long Bacel me cyliudsié nodding 3 inches lon
covered with tbin sheathing leaves (bracts) each containing 2
flowers. Bracteole exceedingly thin 4 inch. Calyx thin and
papery tubular dilated above, apex acute, 12 inch long. Corol-
la tube slender 2 inches long yellowish white, terete, lobes linear

dorsifixed curved, cells linear, with a deep groove between them,
orange. Stigma elongate ovoid- triangular with a V shaped ridge
at the base , deep reen and hairy. Capsule oblong an inch long
orange, splitting into three Jobes and showing the numerous
seeds enclosed in a red aril.

java Obtained with Vanda tricolor and cultivated.
Flowers in August. Absolutely unique in the exceeding!
rudimentary lip, and short filament. The plant appeared grow-

\

102 THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

ing out of a tuft of Vanda, planted on a tree in the gardens.
Н. crassifolium Baker, Fl. Brit, Ind. p. 228. I know
nothing of, nor indeed by the description do I see anything to
distinguish it by from H. longicornutum except that its bracts
are said to be glabrous and not hairy. It was obtained in Perak
by Dr. King's collector.
Н. macrorrhizum п, sp. i :
Epiphytic, rhizome branched thick resembling that of
ginger. forming a large mass on the tree. Roots thick terete.
Stems about t tall, + inch through. Leaves lanceolate
acute glabrous eight inches long by two wide tapering to a short
petiole below, ligule short, obtuse. Spike nodding lax about
teu inches long. Bracts oblong obtuse one inch long 1 inch wide
about 12, distant green hairy at the base. Flowers two or three

r is
Anther very narrow linear. Style shorter than the stamen.
Selangor on a lofty fallen tree. Pahang track, 15th mile.

H. denticulatum n. sp.
estrial. Stems tufted about twofeet tall numerous.

Terr
Leaves lanceolate acuminate glabrous with small thornlike pro-
cesses along the edge 8 inches long or more, 3 inches wide,

long rather thick arched white pubescent nearly twice as long
as tbeupper petal, Anther large oblong, pinkish. Style a little

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 103

longer. Capsule globose 4 an inch long crowned with the
calyx.
Dindings in woods at Lumut, abundant flowering in July.
This is perhaps the least showy species in the genus, but is not
wanting in interest. The peculiar dorsal petal, terminated by a
conical cap, the narrow linear lip deeply channelled and ending іп
a broad three-lobed toothed limb, and the = arched oe

and scabrid. The capsule resembles more that of an Alpinia
than that of а Hedychium.
Н. collinum n. sp.

Terrestrial, a low tufted plant about 2 feet tall, with
fairly stout stems. Leaves broad lanceolate acuminate cus-
pidate glabrous, six inches long by three broad, ligule oblong
rounded at the tip one inch long and 2, an inch br oad, spike
rather lax nodding six inches long. acts oblong truncate

ng. Lip cuneate bilobed, lobes divaricate tapering shorter
ы Ше stant inodes, all white. Stamen very slender red,
twice as long e Bs lip. Anther very small reniform with
the basal points incurved.
Kedah Peak ita an altitude x 4,000 feet
This plant has somewhat e habit of H. spicatum Ham.
but rs stamen is very much Sd than the lip.
onarium Koenig, mentioned as occurring in Malacca
in ы Ріо of British 258: is only so far as I have seen culti-
vated in the Malay peninsula.
гате п. gen.
Herbaceous glabrous plants with a very small стаен,
Stems erect опе or Ln = few ovate petiolate, Flow
several enclosed i nal green spathe, show кык,
white ог violet a кезгин Г Calyx tubular three-lobed,
lobes equal. Corolla tube slender Veg lobes lanceolate or ob-
long, Lip obovate bilobed. Staminodes large obovate petaloid.

104 THE ЅСІТАМІМЕ ЖЕ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Stamen projecting beyond the tube. Anther long slender curved
dorsifixed versatile, the base prolonged into two parallel process-
es, the upper part only polliniferous. Style slender, stigma

te. Capsule oblong, seeds numerous Sall curved fusiform
arillaciniate. Two species occurring only on hills in the Peninsula
and in Borneo. These plants have been referred to the genus
Kempferia, = though allied they are very distinct in the peculiar
arrangemen the anther quite unique in the under: As in

du goes broad and petal like. On the lip at the ie are
two keels with a groove between leading to the tube which con-
tains the honey. Тһе anther is curved and narrow and fixed by
the back on the filament so that it swings readily, and the

upon its back. Of course on visiting another flower the same
thing occurs, and the pollen of the first flower is brushed off

the flower is open only for а few hours in the mornin T
is doubtless due-to the more certain working of this neat fhourb
simple mechanism.

C. parvula n. sp. Kempferia parvula Bak. l.c. p.233.

A small herb about six inches tall. Stems several covered
with duis below, leaves 4 or 5 ovate acuminate oblique,

e inc :
acute an inch long. Flowers small, 1 hh н Calyx 1
inch long tubular green, lobes very short. Corolla tube half ап
inch long white, lobes oblong truncate mucronate. Lip oblong
orbicular bilobed creuulate white, with an ocre patch on the
ridges and some pink marks inthe mouth. Staminodes sub-
spathulate broad crenulate + ап inch long white. Anther cur-
ved crescent-shaped, moveable, Stigma subtriangular. Ca ap-
sule oblong thin 4 an inch long, seeds numerous small fusiform

THE SCITAMINEZX OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 105

тн deem black with an aril of whitish linear processes.
Common on rocks and banks аб 2000—4000 feet.

башагы, Bukit Коба. Pahang, ти river. Penang
Goverment Hill. Perak, Thaiping Hills, Bujong Malacca, Goping
(King 823). Tomoh (Machado).
Var. angustifolia.

s lanceolate acuminate, 3 inches long by 4 to опе
inch base narrowed into the petiole, petioles longer and more
slender

Borneo, Sarawak, near Matang (Haviland, cm. m. i. )
C. lalifolig. n.sp.

Stem two feet tall or less, succulent. Leaves 1 to 4, cor-

-acuminate 5 inches long and 2 inches wide dark smooth,

Flowers several white or violet s owy, Calyx tubular three-
lobed spotted red. Corolla tube 14 inch long white, lobes lan-
ceolate obtuse white. Lip orbicular bilobed 1i inch across
white or violet, the ridges at the base yellow. Staminodes oblong
obovate rounded white or violet. Доба, long narrow curved,
base bifid кес Capsule oblong fawn-coloured 4 inch
long, seeds numero

Per Bajong Malacca ; 8000-4000 =; alt, fl. Sept. on
rocks or the ground. Without locality (Dr. King, No. 7219.)
This is a very much larger and succulent plant. It has a very
short rhizome and the stems are usually solitary, somewhat
thickened at the base, The flowers are large and vary from
pure white to violet. They last only afew hours. The seed
often germinates in the spathe.

KÆMPFERIA.

rdly any species of this genus have yet been found

wild within our boundaries, though some kinds occur in the

Lanka wi islands and in Southern Siam. A few however are

cultivated as spices by the Chinese and occasionally turn up
in waste ground.

nus if confined to the original Ж. rotunda L and

its allies isa fairly distinct one, but unfortunately, Gastrochilus

‘pandurata was described by Roxburgh asa Kempferia and

106 THE SCITAMINEÆ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

later botanists added more of this very distinct genus, so that it
was absolutely proposed to amalgamate the two. The genus
Kæmpferia may be thus defined. Her

rhizome often tuberous and aromatic, stem short or produced,

petaloid crest. Anther thin and usually concealed in the tube,
linear not versatile and dorsifixed. Style slender. Capsule (rarely
produced) oblong thin walled.
Distribution: India, Burmah, Siam and Cochin China.
The thin flat staminodes usually of the same color as the

den behind the staminodes and lip. The entrance to the nectary
is very small and is partly blocked by the crest of the anther.
: . The genus can readily-be divided into sections, viz. 1. Sincor-
us (Horan) stem very short, flowers appearing with the leaves.
This includes Ж. Galanga L sometimes cultivated here y the
Chinese ; K. marginata Carey. К. speciosa Bak. К. Roscoeana
Wall; natives of Burmah. K. elegans Wall. Siam (Curtis.)
and Burmah. Ж. angustifolia Roxb. Bengal, also Siam (Dr.
Keith.) А, ovalifolia Burmah and Siam, also collected in Malacca
by Col. Farquhar according to Baker, but doubtless cultivated
there. K. pulchra Ridl. Lankawi and Siam. K. giauca Ridl.
Siam. K. undulata Teysm, locality unknown.
ct: Protanthium. Leaves and flowers appearing at

different times, including only K. rotunda L “ Kunchur” of the
Malays only cultivated here, an? К. candida Wall. of Burmah.

Sect. 3. Monolophus ; with an erect rarely prostrate leafy
stem. K. linearis Wall, К, secunda Wall. K. sikkimensis Kin
of India. K. macrochlamys Baker of Burmah and K. decus-sylvae
Hallier of Borneo, a peculiar prostrate form.

ect. 4. Stachyanthesis with a leafy stem and flowers in
a long spike. K. scaposa Benth. India.

THE SCITAMINEZX OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 107

Excluded from the genus are A. pandurata Roxb., К. Prain-
tana King, K. concinna Bak. К. parviflora Wall. К. апота'а
Hallier, all of “which belong to the genus Gastrochilus as
probably do Ж. invo'ucrata King, K. Andersoni, aud. K.
oS Bak. from India and Burmah, and Ж. purpurea
Koen. (Retz observ. iii. 57) Junk Ceylon. X. parvula King
is Сарал ‘a parvula Ridl.

К. pulchra п. sp.

Leaves two ovate blunt spreading out usually flat on the
ground, blade seven inches long by five inches across, petiole
short, three inches long, dark olivaceous black with grey markings
above. Inflorescence between the leaves, peduncle three inches
long green terete, spike sub-cylindrie oue inch long covere
with persistent convolute bracts, the outer one brown and ribbed
the inner ones about 20, thin white, lanceclate. Flowers numer- .
ous produced singly at considerable intervals of time, thin-
fugacious. Calyx very thin tubular. Corolla tube about an inc
long very slender white, к, linear obtuse white reflexed +
an inch long. Stam inodes d lip connate below. Staminodes .

obovate as long as the lip o obt tuse, mauve. Lip deeply bilobed,

lobes oblong apices rounded $ an inch long, mauve with the
base pale yellowish white. Stamen, filament very short. Anther
narrow oblong, crest very long linear apex entire rounded re-
curved. Style much shorter than the appendage and projecting
but little beyond the anther, stigma two lipped, lower lip pro-
onged.

Siam. Bangtaphan very common in dry (Dr.
Keith». Lankawi сла). This pretty plant ы das long
i gapore is nearly allied to A. Roscoeana
Wall, but differs in w mauve not white flower, and the remark-
ably long entire anther appendage which is longer then the
rest of the stamen. The anther A style аге hidden in the tube,
being much shorter.

К. giauca n. sp. е

Leaves 3 unequal orbicular cuspidate, the largest five

ыа long by three wide, glaucous green. Flowers numerous
n a spike almost hidden between the leaves. Bracts lanceo-

108 THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

late acuminate about an inch long, narrow, spotted with red.
Calyx one inch long tubular spathaceous entire spotted red, Co-
rolla tube cylindric two inches long, } inch thick pale violet,
lobes lanceolate cuspidate 4 an inch long ,3, inch wide, white

inch long and wide, violet. Stamen, with the anther entirely
outside the tube nearly 1 inch long, cells parallel rather fleshy

Style longer than the anther purple. stigma capitate deep red
purple. Siam, Kasum, (Curtis).

his curious and pretty plant grows abundantly on the lime-
stone rocks of Kasum, the rhizomes being imbedded so deeply
in chinks of the rock that it is necessary to break away the rock
to get at them. The gray green leaves and violet flowers make
it an attractive plant. Structurally its most remarkable poiht is
that the anther projects outside the tube entirely, instead of
being concealed within as in the case of K. elegans, etc, and the
style is also visible from the outside.

GASTROCHILUS.

This genus was first distinguished by Wallich who des-
cribed two species from Kampferia as it then stood by

Stamen thick and fleshy with an oblong anther, the crest of
which is small rounded or |

Distribution : India, the Malay peninsula and islands.

THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 109

The species can be divided into three groups. Acranthi, in

leaf-tuft. The last group suggests a close affinity with the
Curcumas, of the section Hitcheniopsis. the real iine led
the shape of the bracts and their more cone-shaped arrangemen
Indeed C Kunstleri might almost as well be put in дг уна
asin Curcuma. Scaphochlamijs described by Baker and referred
to the neighbourhood of Zlettarü M de is truly a Gastrochilus,
though in some respects a curious

The Gastrochili inhabit woods, iid though the species are
usually local, that is to say restricted in area, thev usually occur
in quantity when met wit he flowers, which are very
delicate and pretty, often sweet scented, open one at a time
about midday, withering towards evening. They very rarely
produce fruit. any species аге well worth сша апа
grow readily in к or in shady spots in the gro

As the gen much confused with Kempferi ia
I submit a list of ‘all ngleles ows to me with localities.
$ Acranthi.

G. pulcherrima Wall. India and Siam,

G. rubrolutea Bak. India,

G. ochroleuca Ridl. Siam.

G. albosanguinea Ridl. Perak.
$ Exanthi.

G. Prainiana (Bak). Perak.

G, tillandsioides Bak ? Perak.

G. concinna Bak. (sub Keempferia) Perak.
- G. calophylla Rid), Selangor.

G. oculata Ridl. Selangor.

G. biloba Ridl. Pahang,

~ G. Hallieri Ridl. *Kempferia anomala Hallier Bulletin Herb.
Boissier. VI. p. 357 pl. 10.

* There being nothing anomalous in this рч 1 = taken the
liberty of altering its specific name as well as its generic

110 THE SCITAMINE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

$ Mesanthi.
longiflora Wall. India.
minor Bak. Perak.
scaphoch/amys Ridl. Malacca.
lancifolius Ridl. Johcr.
longipes King. Perak.
Curtisii Lankawi.
clivalis Ridl. Selangor.
angustifolia Hallier, Гей, Sumatra.
, pandurata Ridl. India,
. parviflora (Wall.) (sub Keempferia) Burmah.
А. involucrata (Wall.) India,
G. Andersoni (Bak) Burmah.
G. parvula Wall. India

БЕБББЫЕБЫ

G. ochroleuca n. sp.

„Stem over a foot tall. Leaves distant lanceolate acuminate
base broad inequilateral 5 inches long over one inch wide,
petiole one inch, sheaths 14 to 2 inches long, ligule short rounded,

spike terminal short, shorter than the upper leaves. Bracts
зане acute deep green. Flowers nodding, Calyx cylindric,
as long as the blunt bracteole. Corolla tube twice as long
cylindric, lobes oblong lanceolate blunt 1 inch long, Staminodes
broader much shorter than the lip white. Lip obovate nearly

than corolla-lobes, fairly stout cylindric, anther linear crest short,

style КК decurved stigma large.
Sia ween Kasum and Pungah. Flowered in Penang
).

gardens Tor. 1896. (Curtis
К. pulcherrima Wall. Pl. Asiat. Rar. 122 t 24. A native of
Burmah and Siam is recorded from Penang (Maingay) in the
Flora of British India. This must surely be a mistake.
G. longiflora Wall, l.c. 25, is also recorded from Malacca

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 111

without collector's name. I have seen no specimen.
G. albo-sanguinea n.sp.

Plant 12-18 inches tall, stem leafy. Leaves about six oblong
lanceolate acuminate bases broad rounded, blade eight inches
long, by 21 across, glabrous, petiole rather slender two inches
long, sheaths about six inches. Spike central shorter than the
upper leaves about five inches long. Bracts lanceolate acute
closely appressed. Calyx spathaceous 2 inch long truncate.
Corolla tube one inch long, hardly longer than the bracts, lobes

ve

lying the upper edges of the lip, oblong obtuse, white with a
pink tinge. Lip saccate =e n an everted red n nargin about
# inch long. Stamen slen fila eu: аюу реса flattened.

ARE linear half an inch lands ат
гак, on Max well’s Hill, йк by} nn F. A. Wooldridge
and dovere in the Botanic Gardens, ае September 1894.
retty plant is distinguished by the lip being narrowed
at the base with the sides turned u up and the edges “turned out
and down, The staininodes lying along the upper edge of the lip
enclose it so that a bee or other insect must creep in so as to get
at the h -

The plant is very closely allied to G. pulcherrima Wall. differ-
ing in the more convolute lip and longer petioled leaves. Ап
exceedingly similar if not identical plant occurs also їп Lankawi
(Curtis 2677).

С. minor Bak. Fl. Brit. Ind l.c. 217.
hizome very short, leaves about 4 in a tuft oblanceolate

obtuse about 4 inches long, 11 across, dark green with a central
silvery bar, petiole about an tach long, sheaths red. Spike

А wW
large and showy. Calyx tubular. Corolla tube not longer than
the bract, labes oblong obtuse yellow. Staminodes oblong obtuse
yellow with red spots vat the base. Lip an inch long + an inc

112 THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

linear thick arched, anther somewhat broader cellsdivaricate at
apex, crest rounded ‘obs curely three lobed, rather small, Style
seed sborter than stamen. Stigma cuneate, stigmatic surface
termin

Per ak. Ba atang Padang (Curtis) ; Bujong Malacca abundant ;
Larut (King's collector

А very penty plant with its dark green and silver barred
foliage. The name given to it is not very suitable as it is larger
than a good isque species, and has the largest ore of any.
The is lip and arched stamen are peculiar points in it

G. Scaphochlamys n. sp. Scaphochlamys iple Bak. Fl.

Brit. Ind. p 252. Rhizome creeping long with stout roots. Leaves
in tufts of two or three, with a few sheathing at the base lanceo-
late inequilateral acute or blunt, dark green, six or seven inches
long 14 inch broad, pubescent, especially along the midrib, peti-
ole 3-4incheslong pubescent. Scape central 5 to 9 inches long,
pubescent. Bracts spiral lingulate blunt green with red sheaths,
pubescent one inch long 4 inch wide, Flowers white, with a
yellow bar on the lip, sweet-scented.

Corolla tube slender one yes long, lobes oblong lanceolate
1 inch long. Staminodes as long and similar. Lip obovate un-
dulate bilobed, Stamen broad white, anther cells narrow, crest
very large and orbicular. Style shorter than the crest.

Malacca. Woods on Mount Ophir, (3141); Bukit Muar
(Feilding).

The chief peculiarity of this plant is the curious spir-

usual, otherwise the plant is quite eon
G. lancifolius n.sp.
Rhizome rather slender. Leaves in pairs lanceolate acumi-
nate acute inequilateral, blade 7 or 8 inches long by 2 inches
wide glabrous, агт five inches long, sheathing for about

Агы small yellow w, three ina bract. о short tubular $ inch.
Corolla tube long and фей one inch long, lobes linear 1 inch.
Lip half an inch long bilobed, lobes rounded, Staminodes ob-

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 113

long rounded nearly as long as the са lobes but broader.
Antber with linear parallel cells, crest large broader than the
anther broadly cuneate shortly three- оре:

Johore. Kwala Sembrong (Lake and Kelsall 1892).

This is most nearly allied to G. scaphochlamys Rid).
but has smaller bracts, and flowers with longer corolla tubes,
and a different crest.

G. longipes King and Prain mss.

Rhizome rather far-creeping. Leaves two, blade elliptic
ovate eight inches long by four wide subacute glabrous, petiole
9 inches long, 3 inches sheathing. Spike ey tel 2 inches long.
Bracts narrow lanceolate few and long. Corolla tube long
and slender, lobes lanceolate half as long as the lip. ip
entire oblong apex rounded edges crisped and thickened
central bar much thickened 1 inch long. Staminodes broader
than corola lobes, and EE than the lip. Stamen, filament
rather slender, anther oblong, crest ratherJarge oblong rounded.
Style лосаи longer. г аыр obconic

Perak. , Larut (Wray 4220).

This айй С. lancifolius in the form of the spike and
the flower especially in the entire crisped lip. Тһе foliage how-

with very long petioles. The long decurved style projectiug
some way beyond the anther is unusual but is matched in G
Curtisüi.
G. Curtisii Baker. Bot. Mag. t. 7363.

Leaves four in a tuft, blade ovate oblong acute, 5 inches to
a foot long, two to six inches Pieria bright green pubescent on
the back, petiole stout six inches long, sheaths broad about 2
inches long purplish. re central shorter than the petioles
about an inch long. Bracts oblong, white, as long as the calyx.
Calyx tube white лы. lobes lanceolate acute pubescent,
one inch long. Corolla tube two inches long cylindric dilated a
little at the top, lobes oblong lanceolate one inch long. Stamino-
des a eos не all white. Lip longer oblong obtuse flat, yel-
lowish cream with re marks on the sides. Stamen, filament
шанс! лаш, anther short and thick, crest short broad

114 THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

truncate. Style considerably longer thick above the anther,
stigma cup-shape
La nkawi Islands on limestone rocks, pud 2896).

the anther formed by the broad and short crest from which the
long style protrudes. The back of the leaves are pubescent,
and in the picture the upper surface is represented so also, but
I do not see any hairs here in the specimen, nor are they men-
tioned in the description.
G. cliva'is n. sp. : | -

Rhizome rather slender with long roots. Leaves 3 or 4 in
a tuft, ovate to lanceolate acute narrowed at the base into the
petiole inequilateral 43 to 8 inches long and 2 inches wide, peti-
ole 5 or 6 inches long “sheathing for about 3 inches, all glabrous
except about the midhib on the back which bears scattered hairs.
Spike central 3 inches long, enclosed in the sheaths. Bracts
long and narrow containing four or five flowers each with two
ар: narrow linear acute inito bracteoles one inch long
and 4 inch wide. Calyx tube very narrow half an inch long,
with three lanceolate lobes, two longer than the third. Corolla
tube slender dilated a little upwards 2 inches long, lobes linear
+ ап inch long by 4 inch wide. Lipoblong entire apex rounded,
crisped, median bar thickened. Staminodes of the length of the
corolla lobes but broader and blunt. Stamen filament rather
slender, anther Se thick with an oval crest longer than the
club shaped st

Selangor, Pahaig Track, 15th Mile, on banks.

G. pandurata. Ridl. Kempferia pandurata. Roxb. Asiat. Res. ^
XI. 320 t. 2 1
The “ Товн Kinchi " of the Malays is sometimes _

here, the rather stout rhizome which is yellow inside and v
ems being used in medicine. It is probably a КН of
ndia i

broad base and long petiole. The spike is short and central.
The flowers are white or pink, lip saccate white with pink spots.

THE SCITAMINEA OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 115

G. Prainiana n. sp. Kæmpferia Prainiana Bak. l.c. 220.

Leaves lanceolate acute 8 inches long 14 wide, pubescent
on the back with a petiole of equal length and a long slender
spike of many imbricate bracts, rising directly from the rhizome

about 9 inches tall. Flowers red and white. Corolla tube an
inch long, lobes $ an inch oblong ascending, lip oblong cuneate
much longer.
erak, Goping, (King’s collector, No. 226.

My specimen has no flower, but the plant is very distinct
in its bur sessile cylindric spike. It should be sought again in
the Kinta valley

G. tillandsioides. Bak. l.c. based on a drawing marg
Kunstler from a plant probably collected in Perak, "I have not
seen, and as far as GUN HON goes I see but little difference
between it and the di

A very curious plant 1 Той at the lase of Gunong Panti
in Johore, has unusually large leaves ovate glabrous 9 inches
long and 6 across, petiole 7 7 inches and one or more гуын
imbricated spikes in the centre, 6 inches long, the bracts 14
inch long. І could find no trace of flowers, but imagine it
belongs to this genus d if so is 35 far the largest species.

G. calophylla n. sp.
izome short rather slender. Leaf solitary obovate
rounded rather thick six inches long and four across, deep

bluish green above with a white feather on each side, rosy pink
beneath, petiole two inches long or more c elled rather
florescence close to the leaf and enclosed with the
petiole ia а red sheath, about as long as the iole. Brac
narrow lanceolate red, blunt with a minute point, $ inch long
rolled round the base of the flower, tw ike. Spikes
six. in the inflorescence, on uncle an inch long. Calye

tubular very short. Corolla tube one inch long lobes lanceolatx
acute 3 inch long. Staminodes much shorter oblong obtuse

rounded. Lip obovate bifid at the apex. zi white except for
a stain of pale yellow in the centre of t ip Stamen short,

anther oblong pubescent, crest broader oe the anther rounded
retuse. Stigma cup-shaped.

116 THE SCITAMINEZX OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Selangor. In thick woods on the Pahang track. Flower-
ed in May. ~ ;
' ТЬ is a very pretty foliage plant and one well worthy of
cultivation. The deep blue green leaves with the white band.
on eacli side and deep rose pink backs make it very attractive.

G. concinna n.sp. Kanpfezria concinna. Baker. Fl. Brit. Ind.
Ге. 221.

Rhizome slenler. Leaf solitary, petiole very long and
slender 9 inches tall, blade lanceolate acuminate with a broad

cordate base six inches long, опе and a half broad glabrous
Scape three inches long, peduncle one inch long enclosed with
the base of the petiole in two sheaths, one longer than the

scape. Вгасіѕ lanceolate acute rather thin glabrous red one
inch long. Calyx very short. Corclla tube slender longer

with dark red stripes. Lip oblong margins incurved. Anther
crest small entire.

Perak. Ulu Bubong. (Dr. King’s collector 10135),

1 have only seen dried specimens of this, and those in not
v d condition. Its most striking point is the remarkable
length of the slender petiole and the cordate base of the leaf.

G. bitoba Ridl. "Trans. Linn, Soc. Vol 3. 379.

- Rhizome long slender. Leaf solitary. petiole six inches
long pubescent, blade lanceolate to elliptic oblong obtuse 6 to 8
inches long, 3 to 31 broad, base rounded, dark green with silvery

n bove, purplish beneath, midrib pubescent. Sca
lateral base of peduncle enclosed with base o£ petiole in а long
narrow sheath 4 incheslong. Peduncle 2 inches or less ike

one inch long. Bracts lanceolate acute dark red. Bracteoles 2

4 inch long j inch wide white. Lip oblong bilobed, lobes
rounded obtuse nearly an inch long ? inch wide white tinted with

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 117

Pahang at Kwala Tenok; Tahan river, July 1891.
G. oculata n.sp.

Rhizome rather toig L ng. Leaf solitary ovate gla-
brous 8 inches long by 44 wide, dark green, purplish beneath,

with the base of the petiole. Spike 14 inch long. Bracts ovate
to lanceolate 4 an inch E red, lower ones blunt, upper ones
acute. Flowers 2 in a bract. Calyx 4inch long, lobes 2 very

rt
lanceolate acute # inch long. Staminodes oblong lanceolate

obtuse broader, pubescent l inch long white. ip obovate
bilobed, 4 an inch long an as wide white, veces yellow
1 2 deep crimson patches at the base, ‘Stam 1 filament

groove between, pubescent, crest very short r
Selangor, Pahang track on banks at about 1300 feet altitude.

CURCUMA.

e Turmerics are not very strongly represented їп the
Malay Feainsuls. The head = of the genus lying further
north in Northern India and Burmah. Very few occur in the
Malay islands and of those that p it may b» doubted isti
most of them are not aliens. The genus is closely allied to
Gastrochilus chiefly differing in the cone-like flower spike with
very broad bracts, the upper ones often differently colored
from the lower ones, and as long or longer than the flowers.
The rhizome is usually stout ani strongly aromatic and bears

the rhizome and are from two to six or more in a tuft, usually
oblong, or oblong ovate with long petioles. The flower spikes
are in all our native species produced i in the centre of the leaf-

118 THE SCITAMINEAd OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

tuft, an 1 thus belong to the section Mesantha of Horaninow. Опе
species of the section Hxantha with the spike outside the tuft (C.
Zedoaria) is commonly to be met with round villages, where it

are shorter than the leaves. They have large and broad mem-
branous bracts closely set, in the axils of which are two or more
thin textured fugacious flowers, which project usually but
little beyond the bract. The flowers open, one or two at a time
upon the spike. The calyx is very short cylindrical and toothed.
The corolla tube is usually slender enlarged upwards, the petals
oblong or ovate oblong, the staminodes very similar and connate
with the stamen. The lip broad rounded entire or more or less
lobed. The anther, usually large, bas in some species a small
round crest, in others there is none. In many species it is spurred
with curved processes, the use of which has been explaiued and
illustrated by Forbes. (Wanderings of a Naturalist, p. 248)
"where he shows that they act as levers to rotate the anther upon
the back of a bee when entering the flower in search of honey
so as to deposit the pollen on its back. In thes? species the an-
ther is moveable upon its filament, but in the other species there
is nothing of this arrangement and the anther is not moveable.
The fruit which is very rarely produced is a globose capsule with
numerous seeds.

Several species are cultivated by the Malays, but except
C. longa. L. the turmeric, and C. Zedoaria, the Zedoary, only

rhizome light blue inside, and a taste of Turkey rhubarb, but
somewhat bitter and slightly hot. "The leaves are rather flaccid
dark green and glalrous. "

Temu lati, or Temu badoh, is a very much larger kind with
deep green leaves tbe blade over two feet long and five inches
wide with an obscure brownish mark in the upper part of the
midrib, and the petiole winged, six inches long and half an inch
ао. The rhizome is very light blue inside and has a musky

aste.

Temu pauh has a yellow rhizome with a smell and taste of
wild carrots.

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 119

C. Zedoaria Roscoe, Scitamines. t. 109. Curcuma zerumbet Roxb.
As. Res. ХІ. 383. C. Sumatrana Miq. Fl. Sumatra. p. 615.
Rhizome large with oblong rounded tubers, orange colored

inside, Leaves in pairs 14 foot ong and six inches across lan-

ceolate cuspidate glabrous. bright green with a central purple

rown bar. Scape outside the tuft of eden peduncle 11 foot
long, 4 inch through covered at the base by a sheath six ‘inches
long, green with an obtuse apex, and cleft to the base. Spike

ones green more or less tipped with pink, the pak Ы опез
lanceolate deep crimson thinner in texture; the lower ones two
inches long and 11 inch wide rather soft quite blunt and rounded.
e flowers are "four to each bract. Bracteoles thin transpa-
rent white hardly au inch long lanceolate. Calyx thin transpa-

ss, th
obovate oblong over one inch long dilated towards the apex,
which is bifid, pale yellowish with a thicker central bar ; the apex

Stamen filament for the greater part adnate to the staminodes,
ovate white, the anther mobile oblong squared pubescent, the
basal processes horn-like acute; pollen white. Ovary nearly 1
inch in length hairy. Style projecting beyond the stamen.
Stigma transversely oblong.

edoary is known to the Malays as T ese awas, [t

It arane Е grows among lalang and general e there,
but it is not easy to flower it in a pot or in really good soil. It
is a very handsome plant when in flow iage 1з also

lia а
ornamental. It is said to be p in the Eastern Himalayas and -
is cultivated all over the Eas

Singapore, common eis g, roalside near Balik ‘Pulau,
Kedah, Yan: Siam at Bangtaphan | (Dr. Keith). Also Celebes at
Minahassa (Koorders 19671.5)

120 THE SCITAMINE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

C. longa L. Turmeric, * Kunyet,” is often cultivated by
Chinese, but 1 have never seen іб establish itself anywhere аз
Zedoary does. Itis a much smaller plant with light green
leaves, and а short spike with pale green bracts at the base and
pink ones at the top. The flowers are yellow

C. 9 пае. Wall. Baker ЕІ. Brit. Ind. 216. Malay
ле Wallic 1 have never seen die like here.
There is some do ub: s to where the plant came from, but it

was probably not collecto in the peninsula.
C. ( Hitcheniopsis) Kunstleri Bak. l.c. 214.

Rhizome d rather stout. Leaves in pairs obovate
cuspidate 12 inches long and six inches across above deep green
shining ribbed, the back purple pubescent, keel thick channelled
four inches long. Spike from between the leaves about four
inches long broad shortly peduncled. Bracts few about an inch
broad with rounded apices deep red ; inner bracts shorter oblong
ovate cartilagineous deep red. Flowers rather large protruded
from the bracts. Calyx nearly half an inch long cylindric aea
split apex obscurely trifid red. Corolla tube an inch long enlarg-
ed upwards white ; lobes lanceolate acute + ап inch long white.

rounded and beaked. This plant grows in dense damp jungles
often in great masses. The leaves are mge purple on the back,
but sometimes all green. It is very easy to grow and flowers
readily, The structure of the flower is quite that of a Gastro-
chilus, from which genus it эш; chiefly differs in the large
broad мш like those of other Curcumas.

. Thaiping Hills (Curtis, Wray No. 3702, 3662,
3388) Ta (Wray 193) Dindings on Gunong Tungul.

Var. : n Staminodes and lip and anther Pu yellowish
red.

Perak. K wala Dipang, at the base of the limestone cliffs.

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 121

C. ка Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. 3 р

jzome slender СРЕ for some аа. Leaf soli-
tary with a slender petiole 11 feet long, blale ovate acute
eight inches long four and a half inches wile, green

at the base by a large sheath ; spike obconic 11 inch long,
Bracts broad ovate with the points recurved rosy. Flowers
small white. Corolla with a slender tube 4 an inch long lobes
narrow linear acute 1 an inch long. Lip oblong obovate emar-
ginate, the lobes rounded white with a yellow central spot, and
some violet streaks on the lobes. Staminodes broader than the
petals lorate obtuse white. Stamen with a broad filament, anther
oblong та а crest broad recurve. obtuse dark violet, cells
narrow line

Pa ШЗ Tahan Woods.

C. parviflora Wall. Fl. As. Rar. 147. t 57. collected by
Wallich ne near Prome in Burmah has been found by Dr. Keith in
Sia

CONAMOM UM n. gen.

Stout plants with a woody rhizome elevated above the
ground. Leafy stems tall. Leaves oblong lanceolate. Scapes
on the rhizome pelunclel with dense spikes of flowers, bracts
stiff green or brown persistent. Calyx tubular with three equal
regular lobes. Corolla tube short and thick, lobes unequal, the
upper one largest oblong. Lip three-lobed ас entire. Stamino-
des linear smaller than corolla lobes. Stamen short and broad,
anther with curved linear arms above. багаш ай туч тә ог
oblong.

These plants have the general habit of Geostachys, but pos-

‚ sess free staminodes of some size, and the curved arins of the

anther like those of Amomum
C. citrinum. n. в

Leaves oe lanceolate cuspidate, base acute a foot or
more long, dem thes wide, glabrous, midrib stout,. petiole short
winged, ligul e { inch long. Scapes several about 13 inches tall.
Peduncle 8 xe = long ‘and May 4 inch through, stiff with

122 TH# SCITAMINE® OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

numerous oblong truncate green sheathing leaves 2 inches long
split almost to “the base; spikes very dense many flo wered.
Bracts light green stiff ovate acute 4 inch long. ^ Bracteole

broadly ovate nearly encircling the flower. Calyx shortly tabular

thinly cartilaginous, with three equal lobes, 2 inch long 43; inch
wide. Corolla tube short and thick, lobes elliptic oblong obtuse
мена чуар white, upper one 4 an inch long and 3 inch wide,
e lower ones shorter. Staminodes short linear from a broad
base blunt pale red. Lip three lobed,*lateral lobes erect rounded
midlobe oblong obtuse rounded 1 inch across, centre depressed
thickened bright yellow with pale red stripes on the side lobes.
Stamen 3 an inch long, filament linear, antherdilate, with two
curved iat | arms Lin inch long. All ‘yellow spotted with red.
clu with : narrow transverse slit. Capsule glo-

bose 4 3 an incli lon ong dark purple, seeds numerous
erak. Maxwell's Hill (No. 2959), Bujong Malacca (9788.)

C. utriculosum n. sp.

Rhizome very еы заста considerably above the ground

on stout roots, thic з about six feet tall clubbed at the

- base. Leaves е ог кие аа lanceolate cuspidate narrowed
at the base, 16 to 18 inches long 2 to 4 inches wide, glabrous,
petiole one inch long or less channelled, ligule oblong obtuse
glabrous. Spike terrestrial on a stout peduncle six inches tall

к

Corolla tube short and thick, lower lobes oblong uim thin
punctate posticous one much broader rounded at the apex. Lip

yellow with red v Staminodes linear flat apex rounded.
Stamen filament Беи апі thin three-veined rather short, anther
cells thick linear, crest ovate rounded with curved linear lateral
arms, Style longer, stigma funnel-shaped. Capsule oblong,
fusiform one inch long. Seeds numerous black small.

THE.SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 123

Perak Hills. Maxwell’s Hill. (Curtis 2714; Ridley 5190):
Gunong Batu Puteh (Wray 1013).
CosTUs.

This genus has its headquarters in South America, and a
number of species occur also in Africa, In Asia it is much ra-
rer, though one species C. speciosus perhaps the Rey in the whole
genus occurs over the who ole of tropical Asia. wo other
д. occur in the peninsula. It is one of the best marked
genera in the whole order. The stems are tall and woody with
the E arranged in a spiral, and in some species the stem
itself grows spirally. Unlike any other genus except the allied
puo from New Guinea, the stems frequently branch.

gule of the leaf forms а complete ring highest at a point
nearest to the petiole, below which is sometimes a thin elevated
ring fringed with hairs. The spike is terminal or rises directly
from the rhizome with stiff sometimes spiny bracts. The calyx
is tubular with usually distinct lobes. The corolla tube broad
and no longer than the calyx, the lobes wes lanceolate i

oblon There are no staminodes, nor stylodes. The lip
large obov ate, and rolled into a trumpet sha ape.

be stamen is very broad and ide with the linear anther
cells placed some way down a aid the apex curved up. р-

sule is woody splitting on опе side exposing a number of black
angular seeds.
Costus speciosus Smith. Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 249. Bak. l.c. 250.

С. arabicus Jacq. Ic. t. i. Hellenia тенен Retz. Observ, VI
68. Banksia speciosa Koen. bs. iii. 75.

about 10 feet tali and i to one inch through —

with dull brown sheaths, often spiral, branched abowe. aves
oblong acuminate cuspidate 9 inches long, 3 inches wid sre
dark green glabrous, beneath more or less pube ied pE ке i
inch long thick pubescent, ligule short surrounding the stem
emarginate opposite the leaf ciliate reddish. Spike ovate or
oblong terminal, very rarely from the rhizome attaining a length
of six inches, many flowered, flowers solitary in the bracts

gent red ? inch long, upper ones smaller cartilaginous. Inner

124 THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

ract 4 an inch long sag оча keeled. Calyx short
cartilaginous red, lobes very shor е two upper ones mucro-
nate keeled, the low wer one lor nger peii not keeled, nor
mucronate. Corolla tube very short ardly + inch long lol es
equal, mucronate 2 inches long and one across, white sometimes
tinted with rose. Lip very large obovate convolute 4 inches
long and as wide, white with a central yellow bar, and an
orange spot at the entrance to the tube, the centra hispid.
Stamen 2 inches long, the filament broad о oblong thin 3 an
inch wide, hairy on the back, connective prolonged into an
oblong acuminate upcurved crest, orange beneath. Anther
narrow linear 5 an inch long. Style rather stout 2 inches long
glabrous. Stigma transversely ol. long quadrate, slit narrow
subterminal. Ova ary glabrous three- angled red three-celled,
са apsule coriaceous oblong red crowned with the persistent calyx

4 an inch long each cell ‘splitting е усе, Seed angled
black about 4 inch long 4 or 5 in each cell.

Var. bes Wall. Cat. 6555. Baker l.c. 250.

A more slender woodland form with more branched pubes-
cent tu ges pubescent at the back, bracts and calyx less
brightly colored, often plain green, flower г spikes much smaller

have alio seen a form of ather wise typical С. С
with no yellow on the lip, and forms occur in which the flow

is more or less tinted with pink.

common form pees in damp open places, the var.
argyrophyllus in denser woods.

Singapore abundant, Johore, Tanjong Kupang; Tengarah

(Feilding), Malacca, common, var. pale ede yllus at Lubok Ked-

sun

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 125

C. globosus Bl. Enum. Pl. Jav. 62.

Stems tall rather slender woody 6 to 8 feet high, bases
covered with thin reddish brown sheaths. Leaves on one side of

inches across dark green above lighter beneath, nerves above
conspicuous with transverse reticulations glabrous agak e, midrib
pubescent or not. Spike from the rhizome on a short thick
woody horizontal or ascending pedunc!e 3 inches joue and half
an inch thick, ш many flowered three inches long and
half an inch thick, prickly from the sharp points of the bracts.
Bracts stiff cartilagineous broadly ovate with a sharp stiff mucro
half an inch long striate red covered with short blunt processes,
an inch long including ge point. 8. solitary in the bract,
large and showy, but. fugacious, cherry rel. Bracteole like the
bract but inequilateral and smaller. Giles tubular cartilaginous

v
inged with hairs. Stamen filament broad thin 3
inch across, connective oblong much wider than the “ше crest
ovate obtuse recurved red, back of stamen covered with ite
wool, anther + an inch long oblong white. Style slender thick-
ened upwards. Stigma transversely oblong, slit transverse.
sd and banks in wet woods.

Singapore, Bukit Timah. Je ohore, Gunong Panti. Selangor,
Petaling, боа Вай. Perak, Mas well’s Hill. Pahang, Tahan river.
us Jjong, Bukit Tampin ; ; Perhentian Tinggi. A native

also of Jay

С. у Baker. Flor. Brit. Ind. lc. 250.

m about six feet tall slender. Leaves oblanceolate oblong
AE 8 inches long by 3 wide glabrous above, softly pubes-
cent lereath, sheaths 2 inches long hispid ribbed, ligule hardly
distinct with no long hairs on the edge. Spike from the rhizome
on à long, stout peduncle over 2 inches long, conical cylindric,

126 THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

three inches long by 2 through. Bracts ovate about 2 inch long,
u s smaller lancolate, mucronate, witha sbort point,
covered with hair-like processes. Bracteole similar but smaller.
Fiowers solitary in the bracts, large and showy orange yellow.
Calyx nearly one inch long tubular with three equal mucronate
points hairy. Corolla tube 6 inches long wide, lobes oblong
mucronate, pubescent. Lip convolute obovate 3 inches long
and 2 inches wide. Stamen filament oblong rather short white
woolly, tip rounded orange.

Penang, Pulau Butong (Curtis. 1976) Balik Pulau, fl. July.
Perak, Larut Hills (King’s Collector).

This is very near C. g/obosus Bl. but is distinguished by its
pubescent leaves, narrower more hairy bracts. with less long
and-sharp points, and orange yellow flowers, The flowers аге
about three inches long. The lip is not so wide as that of globo-
sus and is edged with hairs.

‚ ZINGIBER.

_ This genus is very well marked by the curious prolonged
point of the anther which occurs in no other genus I

with Z. gracile. The spikes are cylindrical or conical, with large
are one or more
flowers. These are yellowish white, sometimes spotted with
pink or mottled with black, on» or two only open ata time an
they last but a day. The calyx is tubular aud short. The
corolla tube projects but little beyond the bract, and the lobes
are lanceolate or oblong. The lip is three lobed, the side lobes
ich are

THE ЗСІТАМІМЕЖ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 127

capsule transparent and white and Suet hidden in the bracts.
When ripe it splits into its three segments and shows the black
angled seed covered with a very thin M aril.

1 Zingibers iphabit dense jungles, but two cultivated
species can һе found in waste ground near villages

Z. Zerumbet s Exot. Bot. її. 105 t. 112. Z. spurium
Koenig. Retz observ. iii. 60.

Rhizome fleshy yay inside, white when old, bitter at
first aromatic. Stems short and stout about 1—14 foot high.
Leaves crowded broadly lanceolate glabrous 4 to 6 inches
. long, 24 to З inches wide, glabrous above with hairs on the
midrib beneath ligule $ an inch long papery brown. Spike glo-
bose to oblong 3 inches long, blunt on a Mus peduncle covered
with sheaths 3—4 inches ong. racts broad rounded at first
green eventually red, edges paler and hairy. Calyx spathace-
- ous half an inch long, white. Corolla tube graceful twice as
long, white, lobes lanceolate acute. Lip broad and short lateral
lobes rounded, median orbicular to subovate retuse, pale yel-
low with an e central bar, sometimes s faintly “mottled

nmon in orchards and round villages Sing gapore, Ma-

0
Іасса, Selangor. The Lampoyang of the Malays usel in native
edi

Z. officinalis Rose, The true ginger of commerce is cultiv a-
ted here but never establishes itself as Z. Zerumbet does. It is
The 1

known as Haliya. eaves are narrow, the stems short
The spike which I-have seen borne on the end of ат leafy stem,
is usually borne directly on the root stoc t is green with

mottled black and yellow flowers, r rarely however produced,
and the fruit has never yet been seen. . It is not known to occur
wild any where

Z. Kunstleri Kis. ms.

A herbaceous plant more like a shrub 4 to 6 feet high.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate more than a foot long and three
inches wide narrowed at base but not distinctly petioled, li. rule
very short. Flowering stem over a foot tall rather stout cov-

-

128 THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

ered with sheathing leaves upper ones larger and uppermost
with an ovate blade 2 inches long and one across. Spike short
and broad (a capitulum) about three inches long and through.
Bracts lanceolate apices deflexed. Flowers shortly protruding.
Corolla tube slender, terete, lobes narrow lanceolate acute.
Lip narrow shorter than the lobes, lanceolate acute, lateral lobes
indistinct, hardly elevated. Anther longer than the lip, cells
narrowly oblong, beak about аз long as the cells narrow. Perak,
open old jungle, rich rocky soil, 2000 to 2500 feet, August 1884.
Flower-stem a rich light brown and pink. Flower pale white
reddish and brown inside. (Kunstler, No. 2219).

have never seen this plant. and take the description from
a drawing and notes by Kunstler. It is a very striking and
distinct plant in its round dense head of flowers and broad
bract-like sheathing leaves just beneath it. The narrow lip
distinctly shorter than the petals, and showing no large lateral
lobes as in other species is also quite peculiar.

- Z. spectabile Griff. Notulee. iii, 413.

A very large uoble species, with stout stems 7 feet tall, +

“an inch through, glabrous slightly flattened. Leaves about 25,

rather thin textured lanceolate mucronate subdistichous a foot
long, 4 inches across dull green above, paler beneath, ligule
thin rounded bilobed 2 inch long. Scapes stout a foot long
or more, covered with green sheaths, and bearing a showy spike
a foot long. Bracts stiff ovate cartilaginous edgés recurved,
blunt, an inch long at first yellow then becoming scarlet.

tuse shortly split 14 inch long striate white. Corolla
tube 14 inch long, lobes lanceolate acute, upper one 1% ·
inch long, 4 inch across, lower ones narrower connate

ir 0
for half their length and adnate to the lip АП yellow-
ish white. Lip 9 lobed broad a little shorter than the petals,
lateral lobes broad rounded, median ovate bifid shortly at the
apex, base and middle cf lip thickened grooved, lemon yellow

fleshy ocre yellow, appendage long curved acute purple. Stigma
elliptic fringed all round with transparent processes. Capsule
one inch long fleshy. Seed black with a white aril.

THE SCITAMINE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 129

Malacca, Panchur. Negri Бер pg ^x Ee Selang-
or, Petaling, Caves, Kwal Pal Kwala Luit;
Tahan (2 407) Perak, Larut. King оеш: (3205). Dindings
at Lumut. Penang, Pulau Butong (Curtis 1978.)

The largest epe ees species known and well worthy
-of its specific name. The large showy spikes at first bright yel-
low then becoming brilliant red, with the strange black and yel-
low flowers make it a plant well worth cultiv ating.

Z. chrysostachys n. sp.

Stems graceful "pe about 2 feet tall, 1 inch thick pur-
plish, leaves about ten rather distant асн» acuminate dark
green, thin кашы "5 ashes long and 14 inch broad shortly
petioled, ligule inch long oblong. Scapes about six inches tall
with a peduncle 2 inches high i
red sheaths. Spikes four inches long oblong, with broad trun-
cate retuse bracts bright yellow. Flowers solitary. Corolla tube
short white, lobes lanceolate acute one inch long white. Lip

with crimson, apex shortly bifid. Stamen, filament linear, an-
ther cells elliptic but little narrower than the connective. Beak
curved сше thickly spotted with pink.

erak on Maxwell’s Hill about half way up (5199). (Cur-
tis 2716.) (Wray 3549.)

Z. citrinum n. sp.

Stems stout one foot tall. Leaves dark green pubescent

e
ligule very short rounded. Spike oblong blunt 4 or 5 inches
long on a stout green peduncle 3 inches long. Bracts broad
rounded bright lemon yellow, becoming dull pink in fruit, Ca-
lyx dilated transparent white subacute apex bifid ? inch long
Corolla tube graceful 21 inch long yellow. Porsal petal lanceo-
late subacute apex incu tved yellowish, laterals connate and ad-

nate to the lip for two thirds of their length, i inchlong. Lip

130 THE “CITAMINEA OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

shorter than corolla lateral lobes large oblong rounded, median
lanceolate obtuse, yellow, Stamen long beak acute, anther cells
grey, pollen flesh colour.
Selangor, Ginting Peras, Ginting Bidai, and Dusun Tua
(719 Т}, Perak, Ulu Bubong. (King 10268).
Z. qraci'e Jack. Malay Miscell. i. No. 1. Bak. Fl. Brit. Ind. l.c. 246.
Stems slender 2 feet or more tall. Leaves ovate to ovate
lanceolate acute six inches long 24 broad light green paler and
pubescent beneath, ligule short. "Spike es cylindric acute at the
apex and tapering into the peduncle 4 to 6 inches long, pedun-
cle 6 to 12 inches long. Bracts pink, ovate broad blunt or
acute about an inch long. Floweis thin yellowish white. Calyx

narrow. Stamen filament short, anther elliptic beak long cur-
ved. Capsule 4 inch long elliptic. Seeds 2 or three, ovoid black
flat in front rounded Lehind 4 inch long.

Singapore, Bukit Timah. Ma lacca, Sungei Hudang, Mt.
Ophir. Pahang, Tembeling ; Tahan, Selangor, Kwala Lum-
pur; Bukit Hitam. Penang.

Var. elatior.

A very much taller slenderer plant with stems about five
feet tall, leaves narrow linear wa aka acuminate 10 inches by
L peduncle 18 inches and spike

Hills at 2000 feet or р Penang Hill. Perak, Мах-
well’s Hill.

King No. 7954. Possibly a distinct species.
Z. puberula. n. sp.

Stems 6 to 8 feet tall with numerous leaves, about } an inch
thick. Leaves oblong elliptic acuminate, a foot long 3} inch
across, above deep green, glabrous, beneath valet covered espe
cially on the stout midrib with чат fur, petiole thickened dl
inch long, broad, thickly covered with brown wool, ligule ovate
bilobed, ‘lobes blunt 2 3 inch long and like the sheath ыныр with
brown wool. Spikes numerous fusiform acute pink 3 to 6 inches

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 131

long with an equally long peduncle 2 inch thick. Bracts ovate
obtuse pubescent margined with brown fur. Inner bract lanceo-
late acute semitransparent white over $ an inch long, inch across.

te for a quarter of their length ара adnate to the lip. Lip
hortor than the petals, three-lobed, lateral lobes oblong rounded,
median longer oblong blunt all ш ыг white with yellower
points (rarely bright canary yellow). Anther narrowly oblong
1 ап inch long brownish red, pollen creamy white, beak 3 inch
long g yellow. Stigma transverse narrow, edged all round with
rather long processes.

Singapore, common, Serangoon Road, (No. 4613) Bajau,
Bukit Timah. ма г, Tanjong Kupang. Selangor, Ginting
Bidai (No. 7

This is Eve allied to Z. gracile and Z. Grifithii but is a
very much bigger diese than voee andis ver distinct in the

with long Ба sheaths аб the base of the spike. The
nally striped red and green, and three of the upper ones bore
ovate fanceolate blades half an inch long and 4 inch wide.

Z. Grifithii Baker l.c. 246.

Stems about three feet tall, 4 inch through slightly com-
pressed striate. Leaves elliptic acuminate 8 inches long, 3 inches
across glabrous deep green above paler perem beneath,

long. Spikes fusiform 4 or 5 inches уы оп а stout peduncle

Calyx very thin тй dean s 2 ап inch зы Corolla tube опе
indi long, lobes lanceolate acute # inch long, lower ones connate

132 THE SCITAMINEX OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

for about i their length. Lip a little shorter, lateral lobes
rounded, median lanceolate acute. Anther oblong brown, bea
curved yellow. Stigma transverse fringed all round with hairs.
. .. Singapore, Bukit Timah, etc. common. Johore, Bukit Tanah
Abang; Batu Pahat (Kelsall). Malacca, Bukit Sadanen (1434
Goodenough), Perak, Tanjong Hantu; Bruas (Dindings No.
7224); Pahang, Tahan River.

Var. major.

A very much larger plant than usual; leaves elliptic oblong
acuminate 14 foot long, 5 inches across; sheaths glabrous,
petiole almost wanting. Spike glabrous, thick with broad bracts,

lower 3 inches long. Corolla tube 2 inches,

Pahang, Kwala Tembeling. Perak, Bujong Malacca (No.
9820). А very large and stout plant, about five feet tall, with
thick stems broad stiff leaves and much larger flowers. Perhaps a
distinct species but the form of the flowers seems to me the same.

AMOMUM.

. This genus has been used to include a large number of very
different plants, but I would propose to retain it for those only
which were included under the section Eu-amomum of Bentham.

from the upper angles. The style shorter than the crest. The
fruit usually a succulent capsule, often covered with processes,
and containing a large number of seeds,

This excludes from the genus as described in the Flora
British India, the genera Hornstedtia (Achasma and Stenochasma),
Pheomeria and Cenolophon, and besides several other species
such as Amomum biflorum Jack. (an Elleltariopsis) which appears

to have got in by mistake.

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 183

A. Zanthophiebium Bak. 1.с, 241. А. stenoglossum Bak. p. 234.

Stems six feet tall 4 inch through. Leaves two feet or
ken їп те two to four inches wide oblong жашы with

long
ся апае 4 1 inch long pubescent. Spikes ставі оп а plant,
o

spreading, rather stiff de red. Bracteoles i ajina
keeled three lobed, lobes unequal dull pink. Flowers solitary.
Calyx one inch long split to the base оп one side 3-lobed, lobes un-
equal deeply cleft blunt venere brownish pink. Corolla tube
thick 13 inch long, lobes unequal, upper one ом ovate obtuse

ian inch wide, laterals narrowly о long obtuse 1 pris across,

and spots. Stamen filament linear broad white with a red hase
anther 3 an inch long linear yellow, cells parallel linear, pollen
white, cohueative ко into a short rounded entire crest be-

hind the stigma, and into two curved linear horns from the upper
angles of the anther, yellowish tipped red. Style dete stigma
cup-shaped ocreous. Stylodia in the form of a short lobed disc

almost surrounding the style. Capsule elliptic р finely
pubescent, an inch long. Seeds numerous small black. Hab.
dense damp jungles, flowering in May and June.

Singapore, Bukit Timah, Bukit Рап; ang, etc. Malacca (Main-
gay), Perak. t е2 1000 feet (King 1957), Bujong Malacca
at 8000 ба eleva

нт the plant on which A. Stenoglossum Bak.
was based and find the stamen exact he same as that of
A. Xanthophlebium, and not чие, он as described.
A. flavum n. sp.

Stems tall and stout 12 to 15 feet pubescent. Leaves a foot
long and 2 inches wide oblong lanceolate with a long point
pubescent beneath, petiole very short, ligule truncate, as long.
Spikes several borne on branches of the rhizome covered with
ovate sheathing leaves 1 to one inch long, peduncle 14 inch long.
Spikes subglobose about an inch long and 24 inch across, com-

134 THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Bracts ovate mucronate brown. Bracteole path kaa
pubescent bilobed, 2 inch long, lobes mucronate. Calyx pubes-
cent 14 inch long, tubular split down the back > pe
mucronate. Corolla as long, lobes ochreous upper one
obovate hooded 14 inch long, laterals narrower oblong Hera
Lip large, one inch across convolute obovate, margins recurved

_ribbed, yellow spotted with red in the centre. Stamen filament

Crest reniform apices rounded with a short central projection, i
inch wide veined orange. Style shorter than the crest. Stigm
cup- = ед.
enang, Waterfall Gardens (Curtis 2275), Penara Bukit
(7226). Sumatra, Lampongs, (Н. О. Forbes).
Allied to A. Xanthophiebium Bak. but with smaller orange
flowers brown ovate bracts and a very different crest

A. lappaceum n. sp.
Rhizome stout. Stems tall е stout about 6 feet or even

long by four wide. Spikes numerous gradvally elongating to
16 inches in length, cylindrical, pais stout covered with brown
tomentum. Flowers numerous ач pedicelled (2 inch). Braets |
oblong bifid at apex, points rounded, red, 14 inch long, 1 inch
wide. Bracteole kaba ar T inci “Tong trifid, apices pink. Calyx
tubular one inch long trifid apices acute equal, red. Corolla
tube as long as the T айу, lobes linear upper one broader,
oblong about half an inch long. ochre yellow. Lip obovate

en
short, anther 4 an inch lon ж. crest none. ‘Ovary pubescent.
Fruit oblong # inch long олег with conic subulate spines,
pedicels 4 an inch long са

ense woods, Selangor, Ginting Peras с РегаК
(Scortechini 222) Wray ; ; Maxwell's Hill, Ridle

The most peculiar thing about this plant is the way in

which the ive spikes a lengthen as the flowers open
till they attain a length of 18 a and the pedicels which in
the flower are about 1} inch long todo twice that length.
The fruit is eaten by Sakais.

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 135

A. ochreum n. 8р.

Stems tall and stout. Leaves oblong 3 feet long and 7
inches wide apex broad cuspidate glabrous, pa hardly dis-
tinct very thick } inch loop. ligule oblong obtuse. Spike short
globose élongating i in fruit, peduncle 14 inch yes `Вгас!з lanceo-
late 14 inch long thin. Bracteole tubular 4 inch long edge hairy.
Flowers large yellow. Calyx as long as corolla, tube 1 inch long

Lip ver, duro over an inch long rounded coil yellow
edge обе, Anther oblong 4 an inch. Fruit large globose
еец кешем covered with short processes,
angor, Ginting Bidai.
A. — n. Sp.

Rhizome stout woody with numerous stiff woody roots.
Stems ide about 1 inch through. Leaves narrow lanceolate
acuminate with a long point base narrowed, petiole hardly
distinct, 8 inches long one inch broad, ligule very small. Scapes
several peduncles 2 inches ie flexuous. Spike about as

one largest $ inch long. Lip obovate каре than the сее
Staminodes longer than the filament base linear apex setaceous,
men anther long narrow { inch long, са rounded distinct,
filament short. Stigma obconic.
Perak. Maxwell’s Hill. June 1893.
1 ха only collected this once and describe it from dry
specim It is remarkable for its woody rhizome raise ed
above ave with stiff woody roots, like that of a Geostachys
and its lengthening spike, of which the bracts fall off as it deve-
lops, leaving a bare rachis only bearing the short pedicels. Іп
its large staminodes and small flowers i it resembles Z. macro: dons
Scort.
A. testaceum n. 8р.

Stems about 12 feet tall, clubbed at the base, stout. Leaves

136 THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
lanceolate cuspidate gradually narrowed to the base over 2 feet

long and 4 inches wide glabrous; ligule very short. Spikes
several cylindric or fusiform 3 to 4 inches long on peduncles 6

cota he Corolla tube ез арке, lobes linear оеш

єт,
[ni
o
&
£u
Ф
"n
pue.
E
=>
5
+
Ф

oblong truncate, buff. Stamen filament broad
anther, anther short thick and quadrate upper angles pana ed
oblong obtuse, crest entire oblong blunt recurved. Style thick-
ened upwards above the anther. Stigma very Ted abi

inconspicuous white flowers. 16 flowers in December.
A. c ylindraceum n. 8
Stems six feet tall, Leaves oblong lanceolate acute narrow-
ed at base, grey-green, 18 inches long by 2 wide glabrous юе
veined, with a stout keel, petiole none, ligule very large + inch
long bifid lobes acute. Spikes cylindrical stout 6 inches long,
on strong peduncles of equal length, covered with rufoustomen-
tum and with large oblong sheaths an inch long. Bracts ovate
obloug stiff brown. Bracteole 4 inch long truncate bifid,
tubular. Calyx tubular à inch long truncate pubescent.
Corolla tube an inch long slender pubescent, lobes oblong ob-
tuse the upper one hooded, orange. Lip three-lobed, lobes
rounded darker orange. Staminodes lanceolate acuminate.
Anther crest oblong with two points at the side. Fruit glo-
bose rough, with numerous low ER ш l inch long brown.
Din One то at Telok 5
wers in January, fruit in March. Bs is ан to A.
testaceum in its cylindrical spike and small 7
A, uliginosum Koen, Retz. Obs. ій. 56. Baker
hizome with very long cylindrical к: about 4 inch

THE SCITAMINEZX OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 137

through covered closely with brown sheaths. Stems about 5
feet tall or less. Leaves narrowly lanceolate narrowed to the
base long-cuspidate one foot long, 1 inch wide, petiole very
short or absent, ligule 4 inch long rounded. Spikes usually dis-
taut from the stems on a branch of da rhizome, obconie, pedun-
cled, peduncle 1 to 4 inches gs deu with к Bracts
elliptic ovate pink or brown. Calyx tubular pink 4 h long
Jobes narrow acute. Corolla due a little longer, fabas ps acute
narrow гозу. Lip boat-shaped narrowed at the base geniculate
at the extreme base, with thickened deep maroon knees, white
with a median yellow bar, a crimson line on each side of it and
a few crimson spots at the base, + ап inch long, Stamen shorter
than lip incurved, filament rather broad white, anther ob-
long, ctest three-lobed, lobes squared, the centre one retuse.
Stigma club-shaped. Fruit globose covered with soft red pro-
cesses, 4 an inch through.

Malacca, Bukit Sedanen (Derry 238). Sungei Ujong, Bu-
kit Tampin. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling, Kota Glanggi, etc.
vl Perak, Lumut. Dindings. Penang, Balik Pulau. Kedah.

an

This inhabits woods and banks, where its long branching
rhizomes may be seen creeping for some distance

It is said by Derry to be planted by the Jakuns for in eat-
able fruit and it is known to the Malays as Pua Hijau, Pua Ga-
jah, and Tepus Merah. Its boat-shaped white lip witha yellow
bar edged with pink and round red fruit bold with processes
“like those on a Rambutan make it eas'ly recognized.

Koenig collected the type of A. uliginosum at Raput Nok
in Junk Ceylon, and his description applies very well to this

He describes

the crest however 4 lobed, perhaps counting the retuse central
lobe as two lobes

A. hastilabium. n. sp.

Rhizome aromatic rather slender woody. Stem 3 or 4 feet
tall rather stout glabrous. Leave ird. lanceolate acuminate
at both ends яе саны drying grey, 9 18 inches long and 2-
to 4 across, petiole J an inch long ligule. ovate rounded [1 inch.

Spike short obconic compact 1 - 2 inches tall on a stout pedunclo

138 THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

an inch long. Bracts ovate lanceolate ribbed stiffly papery, light
rown, mucronate, an inch long + an inch wide. Bracteole lan-
ceolate acute longer than the calyx. Flowers open two ata
time, Calyx tube 2 inch long cylindric trancate white narrowed
at the base dilate above, deeply split in front. Corolla tube an
inch long slender terete, lobes oblong blunt white $ inch long,
ribbed. Lip broadly hastate, with a narrow linear base, lateral
lobes rounded thin white, midlobe narrow oblong obtuse orange
ceutral bar dark orange with purple marks at the sides; one
inch long and wide. Staminodes lanceolate acuminate apex se-
taceous white. Stamen filament broad linear white, anther ob-
“long linear, cells dark red, crest broad oblong truncate pale
orange longer than the style. Fruit globose about l an inch
long with strong ribs, hairy fawn-colored.
Singapore, Bukit Timah, Selitar. Johore, Gunong Paniti,
Selangor, Dusun Tua. Perak. Wray (3476). ;
Flowers in May. Perhaps as closely allied to A. w/iginosun
as to any of our species The long corolla tube, and spade-
shaped lip are unusual.
A, micranthum n. sp.

Rhizome creeping far slender with long woolly roots. Stems
slender about 2 feet tall. Leaves narrow lanceolate acumi-
nate, 6-7 inches long 2 inch wide dark green glabrous, petiole
very short or none, ligule very short truncate. Spikes short,

linear, pale yellow. Lip oblong dilated towards the apex, then
suddenly narrowed and bifid, centre depressed, with a round
nectary at the base, pale yellow dotted with pink. Staminodes
short linear. Stamen filament tapering upwards, and anther
small oblong, with the upper angles produced into acute curved
processes, and a small entire rounded crest. Style very slender.
Fruit small globular purple brown covered with soft processes.
enang Hill, in several places but not common. (Curtis
2884.) Negri Sembilan on Gunong Angsi:

THE SCITAMINE/E OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 189

Distinct in its narrow grassy leaves, and very small flowers.

A. macrodus Scort. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. xviii 309 from
the Kinta Valley, Perak, has well developed staminoles, and a
simple anther crest. Itis perhaps а Gastrochilus. I have never
met wit

HORNSTEDTIA.

This genus was founded by Retz ( piu ies c. iii. ) on the

two common species of the peninsula H. seyphus H. Leonurus.

looking Retz’ work, made two genera Srenochasma and Achasma,
and finally they were all placed. under dom by Bentham 8 ;

Hooker, who was followed by Baker. I ose to restore
genus and to include also under it the beautiful plants oikaisi d
Pheomeria Lindl. and Nico/aia Horan. e genus thus may be

described. Plants with tall rarely short leafy stems, often 12 to
15 feet tall. Leaves numerous oblong petioled. Spikes radical
on short or long peduncles, with large outer bracts usually red,
ovate or oblong, forming а cup or spreading. Bracteoles thin
tubular. Flowers sessile numerous. Calyx spathaceous thin.
Corolla long er short-tubed, lobes oblong narrow not spreading.
Lip narrow “often Jong, linear or narrowly oblong, the sides at
the base convolute over the stamen. Stamen short and thick,
anther fleshy, bent at an angle with the filament, crest very
small or none. Staminodes none. Capsule oblong with thin
cartilaginous walls and numerous black seeds, or (section Phæo-
meria) or with a green fleshy pericarp and bony walls
and brown angled seeds. Species about 20 known, scarce in
тойа. kanda? in the Malay peninsula and the Western part of
the Malay archipela
eon. Bu-hornstedtia. Spikes on very short peduncles
buried in the ground. Tube of flowers very long, lip long. Fruit
onceng in the persistent outer bracts, thin-walled oblo ong.
Section 2. Pheomeria. Spikes on tall peduncles, cone-
shaped or cup-shaped. ‘Tube of flowers and lip short. Fruit glo-
oody the outside green and fleshy, arranged in a ball, the
азб having disappeared.
T former section besides those of the Malay pin
belong Alpinia linguiforme Roxb. of India, and apparently from

Ра

140 THE SCITAMINE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

the deseription, Elettaria foetens Bl. E. minuta, E. coccinea and Е,
minor Bl. ininga, E. rubra, E. paludosa, E. tomentosa, Miq.
all of Java, but the descriptions published of these are inadequate.
'To the сой 2 belong H. imperialis, H. Maingayi, H. venusta,
H. hemisphoerica of the Peninsula, H. invo! lucrata ( Amomum
involucratum Benth.) of Ceylon, H. Fenzlii (A. Fenzlii Kurz.

of the Nicobars. A. am p pallida B! .) H. macroce-
phala, (E. macrocephala М

Н. scyphus Retz. € vi. 18. Amomum scyphiferum Koenig.
etz. Observ. iii. 68. Bak. l.c. 237, Stenochasma urceolare
Griff. Notul. iii. "431,

Rhizome stout and woody, stems ten feet tall 4 an
an inch through. Leaves oblong base oblique, 2 feet long and
six inches wide dark green and glabrous above, paler beneath
and hairy along the midrib or all over, petiole 2 inch long, ligule
oblong obtuse hairy, nearly half an inch long. Spike cylindric
| bagan peduncle, covered with oblong ovate bracts red,
outer з empty 2 inches long 14 broad longitudinally and
pagas ribbed, thick and stiff in texture. Bracteoles lorate
lanceolate 2 inches long 4 inch wide, tips dark red with a scari-
ous margin, minutely mucronate. Flowers solitary in the bracts
opening one or two at a time, 31 inch long. Calyx spatha-
ceous an inch long three- lobed flattened red, lobes rounded
red tipped with white, Corolla tube much longer slender red,
the lobes lanceolate oblong, upper one hooded 3 inch long 2 wida
lower ones shorter adnate to the lip below fot the greater part
of their length, all deep shining red. Lipa little longer than the

upper petal, side lobes rounded embracing the stamen, apex

fleshy tongue-shaped dark red pubescent especially i in the centre.

Stamen filament short broad, anther cells пог grey, oe

rous 3-celled, ovules numerous, Capsule oblong obscurely tri-
angular $ inch long, } inch through он white, thinly: carti-
laginous. Seeds numerous black smosth truncate angled j',inch
mag enclosed in an acid pul

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 141

Common in woods. Singapore very common. Johor, Tan-
jong Bunga. Selangor, Bukit Hitam; Petaling. Malacca.
Also in Pulau Buru, South of Singapore. Mandan River, Siak,

Sumatra and Penghulu Ampat. Sarawak (Haviland).
Н. Ophiuchus. Amomum ophiuchus Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. Le.
. 981.

Stems about 12 feet tall clubbed at the base. Leaves ob-

Stigma pubescent clubbed, ovary silky.
ahang, Tahan woods

Allied to H. Scyphus but the bracts are narrower and more
acute and have not the cross bars of that species.
Н. grandis п. sp.

Rhizome stout elevated above the ground. Stems tall and
stout swollen at the base. Leaves oblong cuspidate nearly 3 feet
long and 6 inches across glabrous petiole $ an inch pubescent
ligule longer pubescent sheaths pubescent. Spikes elongate obco
nic cylindric 8 inches tall covered with ovate rounded bracts
hispid on the edges and covered with transverse irregular ele-
vations, tbe longitudinal ribs being rather obscure. ^ Bracteoles
narrow lanceolate. Calyx cylindric tubular 3 feet 2 inches long.
Corolla tube nearly 5 inches long terete but dilated at the apex,
upper lobe lanceolate obtuse one inch long, lower ones oblong
lanceolate. Lip but little longer, lateral lobes little developed,
apex rounded entire pubescent. Stamen filament } inch beyond
the mouth of the corolla tube, anther 1 inch long, hairy, crest
ovate acute. Style stout pubescent. Stigma cup-shaped pubes-
cent, ovary glabrous. Stylodes an inch long narrow.

Perak, Maxwell’s Hill. June Я

Nearly allied to H. Seyphus but much bigger in all its parts.

142 THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA

Н. conica п. Sp.

S stout about five feet tall. Leaves oblong lanceo-
late ie, anah feet long 3-4 inches wide glabrous above
scen

pube г glabrous beneath, drying red, petiole + to 1 inch
rous or hispid, ligule large 4 an inch long, ribbed
longitudinally and with small transverse bars. Spike four inches
2 a racts ovate acute upper ones nar-
rowe onger, pink covered witha fine silvery tomentum,

longitudinally ribbed. Bracteoles thin narrow glabrous. Flowers
purplish pink shortly protruded. Calyx tubular ending in a long
point 2 inches іп length, silky at the base. Corolla tube x very slen-
der twice as long, dilated a little above, lobes eee eren.
inch long, purple pink. Lip longer, tongue-shaped Ыш
Singapore, Bukit Panjang. ‘Johor, Gunong Pauti. Se-
merus Bukit Hitam; Langat.
e flower spike in this species dilates from a narrow base

and ve tapers to a point from which the flowers protrude but a

short way, little more than an inch. The very long slender

corolla tube and short entire lip are also peculiar points, it is
allied to H. ophiuchus.

H, Leonurus. Retz. Observ. vi. 18. Amomum Leonurus Koen.
Retz. observ. iii. 69. Stenochama convolutum Griff. Not. iii
433. Amomum Ridleyi Bak. Kew Bulletin 1892. 127
Stems about 12 feet tall bearing about 20 leaves, Leaves

oblong acuminate base truncate glabrous, polished dark green

above a foot and a half long, and 44 inches across petiole one inch
long, iis entire rounded. blunt 2 2 inch long. Spike cylindric

3 inches long almost buried. Bracts lanceolate acute ragan

sn pubescent 24 inch long and inch wide. Flow

in pairs. Calyx tubular Spathaceous split almost the hola

own on one side, apex entire 3 inches long. Corolla
ward inch

tre depressed, deep red 14 inch long anther oblong blunt 4
inch long, pubescent. Style very slender filiform red, stigma

ae Se сузл чт nS eee ae на

/

THE SCITAMINEX OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 143

clubbed. Stylodes linear narrow

Woods. B rng common. Johor, Gunong Panti. Ma-
lacca, Rim. (Griffith.) Pahang, Pulau Tawa

iffith’s account of this curious plant is very —

The leaves áre waved, and dark polished green. The tow
spike imbedded in the ground silky pubescence on the bracts ie
tecting the buds = injury by wet. The flowers are very
inconspicuous in t ark damp jungle, but the pale colored
tips of the corolla lo! bes is conspicuous enough to attract atten-
Hon to them. The pollen when shed is protected by the pubes-
бепсе оп the anther from the effects of the surrounding wet
in a very curious manner. The pes is known as Pua Hitam by
the Malays.

H. affinis n. sp.

Leaves, lanceolate acuminate 8 iuches long by 2 wide, mi-
nutely үүө and fringed with rufous hair, petiole 4 1 inch long
ligule longer covered with rufous hair. Spike cylindric 3 inches
long, bracts along ribbed. Flowers four inches long. Calyx
tubular bifid as long as the corolla tube 2 inches lobes short
acute, base hispid. Corolla-tube dilated at the top, lobes linear

are thinner and smaller. Lip shorter little more than half an

inch long, hastate, the two side lobes large and rounded apex nar-

row blunt. Stamen nearly as long м the dorsal corolla lobe, fila-

ment broad and thin, anther as long as the filament, apex

notched, no steer crest, cells TT Style slender, stigma

small, ovary his
B rn

— venis woody sinuous. Stems 8 inches tall very

Rhi
Minden рее few 3 or 4 elliptic lanceolate with a long nM

`

144 THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

6 inches long 13 wide, the pons one inch, base broad, no petiole
оса, ligule very small sheaths somewhat hispid. Spike
small few-flowered on a peduncle half an inch long. Bracks ovate

rac
cylindric ribbed pubescent. Calyx short. Corolla tube short
about an inch lobes linear red. Lip narrow entire fleshy.
Stamen filament short anther $ inch long hardly retuse at the
apex. Style filiform stigma cup-shaped pubescent. Stylodes
i inch vom thick.
Pahang. К wala Tembelirg.
The smallest species I have seen, easily distinguished by the
few-flowered spike, the flowers somewha resembling those of
. Leonurus but much smaller.

H- pcm a. n.

with the central bar thickened yellow. Stamen filament short,
anther bent oblong emarginate deep red, pollen cells white.
Style filiform, stigma cordate recurved white. Staminodes
oblong truncate grooved, А

Selangor. Abundant at the Caves, Gua Batu. 1895.

This plant i is remarkable for the inflorescence being reduced
to but 2 or 3 flowers, with thin ue eth white bracts sunk
jn the ground so that only the upper part of the flowers appear.
H. triorgyale n. sp. Amomum triorgyale Bak. 1. c. 237.

Stems 18 feet tall stout pubescent. Leaves oblong acute 25
feet long 7 inches across glabrous above softly pubescent be-
neath, petiole 4 inch, ligule large. spike short and broad ovate 4
inches long and 2 inches thro ough. Bracts broad ovate 2 inches
long and wide longitudinally ribbed pubescent deep rose

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 145

at the tips.
Bracteoles bifid tubular 2 inches long. Calyx tubular bifid mucro-
nate, lobes narrow, one subdivided 3 inches long, cherry red.
Corolla tube as long, lobes linear oblong blunt, upper one the
largest 14 inch long, cherry red, lower ones one inch long 1 inch

the corolla cherry red. Stamen anther rather broad and thick
notched, crest none. Stylodes unusually long inch lanceolate
entire white.

Selangor, Ginting Peras (7806). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Dr.
King 2105).
of the finest and perhaps the biggest in the section.
The rose colored inflorescence with the cherry colored lip are
very beautiful.

И. albomarginata n. sp Amomum sphaerocephalum Bak. l.c. 234.

in pairs thinner red edged with yellow hairs. Calyx tubular
trifid 13 inch long lobes tipped with yellow hairs. Corolla tube
about as long lobes tipped with white hairs, lower ones shorter

eep
ther oblong entire deep red, keeled on the back half an inch long
pollen yellow. Style slender, stigma heart-shaped with a
narrow linear groove.
Penang Hill abundant. Dec. 1895 (7233),
Selangor, Petaling. Perak, Gunong Keledang
Suppose this plant to be the А. sphae cephalum Bak., but
the spike is by no means spherical and the lip is usually at
least entire, but in a plant flowered in the gardens І find some
flowers with the apex of the lip three-lobed, while others are
entire,

Dindings, Lumut.

Ir

146 THE ЅСІТАМІМЕЖ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

H. velutina n. sp.
Stems tall and stout, Leaves oblong lanceolate 15 inches

rounded bilobed, edges not meetin
theedgesatthe base whitish. Anther oblong retuse. Stigma
deep red.

Borneo, Bongaya River.

Н. megalochilus, Achasma megalochelos Griff. Notul. JII. 426,

Pl. CCCLV. Amomum megalochilus Bak. Flor. Brit. Jnd. p. 236,

A. rubroluteum Baker, l.c.

Stems stout and tall 12 to 15 feet, and 14 inch through
clubbed at the base. Leaves broadly oblong cuspidate base
oblique rounded glabrous dark green, 2 to 3 feet long, 34 to 4$
inches wide, petiole half to one inch long, ligule oblong rounded
i inchlong. Spikes 2 to 3inches long on long subterranean
branches of the rhizome deeply sunk in the earth peduncles 13
to 1 inch long covered with ovate bracts. Bracts ovate acute
mucronate strongty ribbed when dry, margins ciliate bright red,
about an inch long. Bracteoles narrow linear lanceolate
pubescent. Calyx 3 inches long trifid lobes acuminate. Corolla
tube 2 inches long rather slender, pubescent within, lobes
linear acute an inch long, shorter than tube of the lip red, Lip
2 inches longer than the corolla the sides rolled up at the base,
spathulate, apex dilated entire or retuse, crimson edges yellow.

ommon in wet woods, often forming dense thickets.
Singapore (rare) Bukit Mandai. Pahang, Tahan Woods;
Pekan. Malacca, Bukit Sadanen. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tampin.

THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 147

Selangor, К wala Lumpur; Langat. Perak, Dindings, Lumut:
Thaiping hills. Penang, Government Hill (Curtis 2419).

The brilliant crimson and yellow flowers appearing often
dotted all over the ground are most attractive. In Griffiths
descripti ion he has evidently intended to write of them “ vivide
coccineus," which has been printed viridia coccineus, and transla-
ted into “greenish red." Amomum rubroluteum Bak. collected
by Maingay in Penang is this plant I should judge from its
description. The back of the stamen is qe rut a little beyond
the anther as Griffith shows in his figure and this seems from the
eee to be the only distinguishing character of А. rubrolu-
teum

Н. О п. sp. Achasma metriocheilus Griff. Notul. iii. 427.
le PL t. 356. Amomum metriochilus Bak. lc. 234.
s ta z аз stout about 12 feet tall. Leaves oblong

inches long or less, ligule oblong truncate one inch long. Spike
about 2 inches long оп a stout peduncle. Вгасіз ovate mucro-
nate ribbed glabrous about an inch long red. Corolla tube 2
inches long pubescent within, lobes broad lanceolate crimson one
inch long, longer than the stamen. Lip 2 inches longer than the
corolla, linear emarginate, the sides rolled up over the stamen at
the base, crimson witha yellow centre. Stamen filament very
short, shorter than the anther, anther short and broad, Mares
Square emarginate bent at an angleon the filament, deep ro
eon tyle slender, stigma triangular
hor, Gunong Panti; Gunong Pulai. Perak, Max well's
Hill. podes Caves,

Н. macrochilus n.sp. Amomum macrochilus Bak. l.c. 235. Achasma
macrochilus Griff. Notule. iii. 429. Ic. Pl. t. 357.

Stem stout 12 ind tall. tad elliptic dötid cuspidate
base rounded ow Biss 15 inches long 4 inches ne

brous ribbed 2 inches long. Bracteoles narrow linear glabrous.
Calyx tubular dilated кочыш trifid, lobes acute 14 inch long.

148 THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Corolla tube longer 2 inches і in length lobes vu broad blunt.
Lip 12 inch long, narrow linear apex deeply , lobes narrow
i inch long. Anther + inch long deeply emar in nate.

Ialacca at Ayer Panas (Griffith): Perak, Thaiping Hills
qe (Bing 1897).

parently rare as I have not met with it. It is easily dis- _
he flo-

аео by its narrow lip deeply forked at the end, The
wers are entirely red according to Gri

Bakers Amomum gomphochei'us (Flor. Brit. Ind. vol. p. 226)
is based upon the plant numbered 1897 of King’s collection but
he says the tip of the lip is cuneate, while the plant | have receiv-
ed from Calcutta under this number is as described. above and
is clearly Стів. Achasma. macrocheilus.

§ 2. PHuEOMERIA Lindl.
H. imperiatis Ridl. Pheomeria imperialis Lindl. Introd. Nat
ed. 2,446. A/pinia magnifica Roscoe. Scitam. 75.
Stems about 13 feet tall one inch through. Leaves oblong

partly covered with green litatis. head cone-shaped elonga-
ting as the flowers open to 4 in nches. Bra ts lower ones oblong
ovate 4 inches long and 2 inches across, ee or recurved
fleshy empty, upper ones linear oblong, all waxy pink with
white edges. Bracteoles tubular sraliaceons 3-lobed, short.
Calyx $ inch long deeply bitid lobes acute red. Corolla tube

Stamen filament linear flat white pubescent, anther oblong emar-
ginate crimson splitting at the top. Style rather stout, stigma
clubbed with a slit on the lower face, Stylodes short broad and
thick, lobed. Fruits obeonic green hairy, one inch through in
a compact head, seeds numerous black enclosed in a translucent

aci
Commonly cultivated under the name of Kantan, the spikes
in bud being eaten as a curry stuff. This form may possibly not
be native
Johore, Kota Tinggi. Perak near the Waterfall, Thai-
ping.

і

THE SCITAMINEZ ОЕ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 149

Var. speciosa. Elettaria specios : ВІ. Enum. I. p. 51. A. elatior
ook. Journ. Bot. I. p 359.

w

Native of the Peninsula, Java and Sumatra. Selangor,
Rawang. Perak, Tambun near Ipoh, Larut (King’s Collector
3075).

Elettaria anthodioides I is probably the same plant but
appears to be rather smaller
H. fulgens n. sp.

Rhizome stout and woody an inch through. Leafy stems
about 15 feet tall and one inch through swollen at the base.

long, ligule covered with brown wool. Scape four feet tall,
stout 1 en through, covered with dark green sheaths rounded
at the t and mucronate below the tip, head about 3 inches tall °
4 Nahen асгозз. Bract stiff coriaceous, lower ones broadly
ovate with a stiff mucro 3 inches wide and long dull red outside,
polished blood rea within edges greenish white. Inner bracts
(floral ones) linear oblong obtuse dull red edged whitish mucro-
nate. Flowers about as long as “benet; a spathaceous

+ inch long. Stigma large style pubescent. Stylodes broad
at the base lobulated a

Perak, Larut hills.

This species soet rom H. imperialis in its stouter and
shorter scape broader and shorter head with stiff red ovate
bracts, nearly iie calyx very shortly split, tongek and broader
corolla lobes, xus yis stame en. In many ki pae it is inter-

hemisphericum Hook
H. venusta n. sp.
Stems ten feet tall 12 inch through clubbed at the base,

150 THE &СІТАМІМЕ Ж OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

above terete and smooth. Leaves oblong green over 2 feet

inches long, 4 inch wide. Bracteole shorter spathaceous 13 inch
long split along the back whitish. Calyx 14 inch long trifid split
on one side deep red. Corolla lobes linear spathulate 12 inch
long obtuse red pink. Lip half an inch long thin oblong apex
rounded blunt white the centre spotted pink. Stamen filament
with white hairs, anther oblong inch long white cells covered
with yellow hairs, emarginate. Style broad linear flattened
above terete below. St tigma oblong flattened red. Fruit large
conical beaked, кл: 3 3 inches long 11 through at the
base, ovules very nume

Selangor, Woods dà Ginting Bidai

One of the noblest species with the inflorescence in the
form of a large broad-bottomed cup rose coloured and wax-like.
The points of the erect outer bracts are turned down wards.
flowers are also rosy, and the fruit in a large round head waxy
red with long projecting beaks.

Н. Maingayi mihi. Amomum Maingayi Baker l.c. 235.

Rhizome long creeping throwing up leafy stems at some
distance apart, shoots red roots strong and wiry. Stems about
gree

to 24 inches long, 5 inches wide glabrous above, pubes-
cent beneath, keel large анай petiole about 4 inch long apex
rounded sheaths striate glabrous. Peduncle e graceful but stiff, a
foot tall, with pink sheaths with oval apices, head sub-globose
14 inch long, outer. Bracts broad, with rounded edges, retuse

ceolate over one inch long. Bracteole нса tubular опе
inch long pubescent split оп one side with three lanceolate muc-

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, 151

ое points. Flowers 2 inches long ea sh Calyx tubular
three lanceolate points longer than the corolla. Corolla

nt
linear broad, anther bentatan obtuse syg more than 4 inch
long deeply excavate dark crimson, pollen ite. Style very
slender, stigma reniform slit linear, not Sone dark madder
colour. Fruit obconic nearly glabrous half an inch long.

Singapore, Bukit Timah, Sungei Buluh. Pahang, Kota
Glanggi. Selanger, Dusun Tua. Perak (Wray No. 3).

From the very short inadequate descr iption, Nicolaia pallida
Horan. from Java may be the same pores This plant is
really intermediate between the two section

PLAGIOSTACHYS п. gen.

Stems usually very talland stout with lanceolate leaves,

pubescent. Flower spike thick borne on a peduncle covered
z thi ^

leafy stalk. Вг ong ovate laciniate. Flowers nu-
сөн small апа 8 alyx spathaceous short. Corolla

e short and thick, lobes E or ovate fleshy. Lip flat
Mir Stamen wit 8 thick filament an oblong
anther, eet but with no ee Staminodes two short
subulate processes. Style rather short. Capsule ovoid conic
or oblong, three- d seed 3 or 4 in each cell, angled.

alay peninsula and Borneo.

The type species of this curious genus I referred originally
to A пат being unwilling to make а new genus of it, as loug
s the genus Amomum was understood as containing a heteroge-
neous ас but Tam by no means certain now that the genus
has not really more affinity with Alpinia. The peculiar position
of the inflorescence is normally unique in the order. The
fleshy simple flowers with a crestless anther are certainly more
like those of some A/pinia than ее else, and Mr. Baker has

referred P. strobi/ifera to that
Р. strobiitfera n. Sp. Alpinia solum Bak. Kew Bulletin 1898.

Stems about 2 feet tall fairly stout pubescen Lea
lanceolate pubescent six inches — and three ib, sheath

152 THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

tomentose, ligule very short pubescent. р lateral 3 inches
long, rachis tomentose. Flowers numerous $ an inch long,
crowded, buds red, shortly stalked. Bracks “brownish 1 inch
long ovate hairy outside. Calyx cartilaginous tubular 3-lobed
red. Corolla tube barely as se thick, lobes oblong, upper one

base reddish orange. der large oblong retuse pubescent
? J

е .
British North Borneo, Bongaya River 1897; Sandakan
(Creagh)
Pl. lateralis nsp. Amomum laterale Rid. Trans. Linn. Soc. ІШ. p
381.

A stout plant usually about six feet tall, with a thick under-
ground rhizome. Leaves lanceolate acuminate pubescent 24 feet
long, 4 inches wide, dark green, petiole one inch long, “ше
obtuse bilobed 2 inch long. Spike about six inches long protr uded

a foot or more ‘above the ground from ке side of the stem, зоше.
ores branched, sas cylindrical, on a peduncle covered with
ovate sheaths. bracts oblong with {кси edges. Calyx conic
tubular as long as the ie white. Corolla tube thick 1 inc
long, lobes ovate acute dark red fleshy. Lip short obtuse flat
emarginate, fleshy orange yellow, papillose. Stamen filament
short “thick pubescent, anther oblong pubescent white. Stami-
nodes two short acute teeth. Stylodes flesh colour oblong trun-
cate, with a short blunt tooth. Capsule 4 an inch long, ovoid
conic beet walled, pale brown. Seeds 3 - 4 in each cell.

ingapore, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Reservoir Woods.
Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi

Another species I found in fruit on Gunong Panti in Johore
was as large as the last species but had spikes six inches long
and oblong fruit + an inch in length containing about 12 black
angled seed very “aromatic.

ELETTARIOPSIS.
This genus is most closely allied to cranes in and like it is
almost peculiar in having the flower spikes borne on long creep-
ing branches generally imbedded in mud, and rooting at inter-
The rhizome is slender and oid y slightly aromatic. The

THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 153

leaves either solitary, Æ. exserta, E. Curtisii, or tufted, E. ser-
pentina, or borne on an erect stem a foot or more tall. The
flower spi

tube is usually long with three lobes, and the corolla tube
long and graceful with narrow lobes. The lip is fairly large
entire and rounded, usually white with a central yellow bar
with red marks along it. The filament of the stamen is broad
and short, de crest of the anther large and rounded, sometimes
toothed. style is slender, increasing above the anther, pe
stigma at d rather large. The fruit, which is rarely to
met with, is 5 E. longituba a large round white capsule.

These plants are to be met with in damp woods often in
great sbonda but seldom seen in flower.

SPECIES.
Leaf solitary. Leaves few in a tuft. Leaves on an erect stem,
1. Е. exserta Bak. 3. E. serpentina Bak. ^ E. latiflora Ridl.
2. E. Curtisit Bak. 5. Е. pubescens mis
6. E. multiflora Ridl.

7. Е. longituba ier

E. exserta Baker l.c. 251. € Veo exserta Scortechin, Nuov,
Giorn. Bot. Ital. viii. 310 t. 18.

Rhizome slender, leaf ee y solitary elliptic acute taperin
into the petiole four to six feet tail includi се petiole, the
blade three feet de = one Fai The scape erect with
several scattered sheaths half an inch in length, edi a single
flower. Calyx tube slender three-lobed one inch long, corolla
tube slender three inches long with lanceolate lobes # inch in
length Lip oblong entire yellow with two red lines in the
centre. Stamen with a short rounded crest, style longer than
the crest, stigma oars `

eig Kinta (Scortechini).

The single gigantic leaf, and the erect scape with a single
flower, йылын this from all other species. I have never
seen it.

154 THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Е. Curtisii Bak. l.c. 252.

Rhizome far creeping, with woolly roots. Leaf solitary,
blade a foot long and three inches wide lanceolate acuminate
glabrous tapering below into the petiole, which is eight inches
long and included in along ribbed sheath. Flowering stems short
three inches long. Bracts oblong lanceolate about half an inch
long. Spikes scattered one or two flowered. Calyx spathaceous.
ampliate vnequally three-lobed an inch long. Corolla tube 2
inches long, slender enlarged upwards, lobes oblong blunt white
1 an inch long and 1 wide. Lip obovate oblong median bar
thickened 3 inch long. Stamen filament short rather broad,
anther thick crest oval entire large. Style shorter than the crest,
stigma cup-shaped large.

Penang Hill. Bukit Laksamana (Curtis 1705).

E. serpentina Bak. l.c. 252.

Rhizome as in Æ. Curtis. Leaves three in a tuft unequal
lanceolate acuminate narrowed into the petiole, glabrous, blade
six to 8 inches long, two inches wide, petiole 4 inches long,
glabrous. Flowering stems short two inches long covered with
rather short oblong dry sheaths. Calyx tube one inch long,
lobes linear 1 inch long. Corolla tube as long as the calyx
rather thick, lobes oblong 4 an inch long, white. Lip oblong
obovate cuneate apex rounded longer than the petals $ inch long.
Stamen filament broad and short, crest of anther very large oblong
rounded, Style rather thick shorter than the crest, stigma large
obconic with a very large slit.

Penang, 1000 to 1500 feet alt. May (King’s Collector)
Fls. white red brown and yellow in centre.

Е. latiflora п. sp.

Rhizome far creeping 1 inch through almost covered with
sheaths faintly aromatic, roots stout woolly. Leafy stems six
inches to a foot tall with about five leaves blade lanceolate

sheaths. Floral stems often numerous three or four inches to
about six or even longer, spikes rather distant 2 flowered.

THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 155

Bracts closely wrapping the flower pinkish } an inch long.
Calyx 1$ inch long terete, the apex entire lanceolate split on
one side red. Corolla tube three inches long slender white

inch

wide yellowish white. Lip large obovate broad one inch long
and as wide in the widest part, centre thickened yellow with a
crimson bar on each side, tip е the rest pure white. Stam-
inodes short ovate adnate (> the filament 4 inch long. Stamen
rather short and broad, anther cells diverging at the top; crest
ovate thin toothed bent upwards at an obtuse angle to the fil-
ament. Style considerably longer than the anther but shorter
than the crest, stout. Stigma obcuneate with a short conical
process behind узе lip-like мө зек eds

ngapore in den oods, imah, Kranji, Sungei
Buluh. Perak, Vati (King? 8 ат 2888. Buj jong Malacca.

Е. pubescens n.sp. Amomum elettarioides Baker Fl. Brit. Ind. Amom-
um sp. m Notule asiaticee ПІ. 417. Elettaria sp. Tab.
CCCLII.

Stems stout as much as half an inch through at the base
about two feet tall, base covered with sheaths, above leafy
Leaves about 5 or 6 oblong lanceolate cuspidate softly thickly.
pubescent beneath above glabrous 6 to 8 inches long, 15 to 2
inches wide, petiole 7 inch long, sheaths about three inches,

usually distant ае one inch ог less long bases covered with
ovate scale-leaves. Bracts ovate lanceolate l an inch long
pubescent ribbed petes ciliate. Flowers in pairs. Calyx slender
enlarged upwards an inch long lobes linear acute, covered with
long silky hairs, nearly or quite as long as the corolla tube.
Corolla tube thick enlarged we ards pubescent with silky hairs,
lobes narrow linear oblong obtuse jan inch long white. Lip
about an inch long o pe Bag Seed pubescent in the centre.
Stamen filament broad, connective rather rior e three-lobed,
central lobe largest. Style stout stigma cup-sh

Penang, Waterfall gestes ami TON Bukit ( Ridley 7236).
Negri Sembilan, Foot of Bukit Tampin (J. Goodenou

This grows in masses in thickets and waste ground often

156 THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

near villages whence it is called Pua Kampong. It flowers in

His description and drawing JZ/ettaria. sp. are fairly accu-
rate. The three-lobed anther crest is not very clear however.
There 1s a large rounded lobe at the back behind the stigma ае
е seeds above the anther tips are somewhat drawn out.

d biflorum is probably the same Pon though he sa ee
the leaves are quite smooth except the midrib. He obtained
in Pen The pubescent leaves eg poete and short

еа tbe hardly longer than the pt distinguish it from
E. latiflora to which it is most nearly allied

Е. longituba Ridl. Trans, Linn. Soc. iii. 382.

Stem tall. Leaves oblong lanceolate cuspidate two feet long
by two inches wide inequilateral at the base tapering into the -
petiole сы ш above, woolly pubescent beneath пегуез very

ovate, three toothed. Corolla tube 4 inch longer than the calyx,
lobes oblong obtuse тову опе inc ong and + inch wide, Lip
obovate crenulate 11 + inch long, white, with four pink lines in the
middle, tip yellow. Stamen filament narrow pubescent crest 4
toothed. Stigma club-shaped, apex flat. Capsule globular white
an inch through containing many triangular compressed black

ahang, Tahan River (Ridley 2403). Selangor, Gunong
Hitam. (Goodenough), Upper Perak at 300 feet elevation

> is uit size of the plant, and the large bracts, or rather
sheathing leaves and long graceful calyx tube distinguish this
remarkable plant "The leaves distributed with my plant No. 2403
I.find really belong to it as Wray's plant has exactly similar ees
The Bukit Timah plant alluded to inthe Trans. Linn. Soe. le, is
large form of £F. latiffora.

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 157

E. multiffora n. sp.

Rhizome far creeping woody. Stems tall rather stout nearly
half an inch through. Leaves numerous lanceolate cuspidate
glabrous shortly petiolel, one foot long two inches wide, ligule
short rounied, sheath about three inches long Flowering stems
over two feet long slender, branched. Spike es secunl ver
numerous and close together, sheathing leaves obleng cuspidate
ribbed 4 inch long by 4inch wide. Flowers five or six in a
spike, rather small. Bracteoles lanceolate short. Calyx tube
very slender one inch long, lobes equal oblong lanceolate cuspi-
date pubescent, points ciliate 8 inch long. Corolla tube as long

as calyx lobes s obovate spathulate 3 inch long more than 4
neh wid i Lip entire obovate pubescent white with a
pies yellow bar and red m arkings an inch long. Stamen
filament broad, crest rounded ibus small,
n the Kelantan river near Siak (8972).

A very distinct species in its slender flower stems crowded
with spikes each jenene five or six et but pretty Hover
only one or two of these however are out at once, I fou

growing in a dense а swamp, ће stems creeping rco
almost liquid mud, decayin » leaves anl w
GEOSTACHYS.

Rhizome stout woody, not subterranean, with stout roots.

| the gr se (uo one species erect). онен

secund, two or three іп a dry w pery bract on a short
uncle, projecting but little roii the inyolute bract. Calyx
tubular spathaceous wi entire cuspidate limb, corolla

short filament and — anther with a small rounded crest or
none, —

Thi nus is a allied to Alpinia with which it was.
doubtfully sais by Baker under the section Geostachys which
I have reserved for its generic name. 16 differs in the flowers
being borne not on the ends of the leafy stems, but in lateral
leafless ones, also in the peculiar dry brown bracts which are

158 THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

rolled round the flower, and the curious tubular calyx with an
ovate limb ending in a long point. The rhizome usually very
woody stands above the ground often supported on its roots for

red spots. The species G. e/egans from Mount Ophir, is рен
in having its inflorescence erect on a slender stem and not lying
down upon the groun

G. decurvata n. sp. Alpinia decurvata Bak. l.c. p. 257.

A large tufted plant with a stout rhizome. Stems stout
4or 5 feet tall strongly ribbed when dry. Leaves lanceolate
acuminate one foot and a half long and three mene across
glabrous close-veined, petiole 2 inches long, ligule 1 an inch
long oblong ovate truncate, sheath ribbed when dry. Scapes
deflexed base suberect covered with numerous dry long sheaths
12 to 14 inches long, floriferous portion deflexed or hori-
zontal, with about 20 secund flowers, pedicel 4 an inch long.
Bracts at base 2 inch long lanceolate acute. Flowe ers in pairs
included in brown boat-shaped mucronate sheaths one inch long.
Calyx spathaceous as long as the corolla tube. Corolla tube
not projecting beyond the bract, lobes lanceolate obtuse, half an
inch long buff color. Lip one inch long obcuneate oblong apex
rounded darker colored than the petals. Stamen with linear
filament, anther linear mu a small rounded petaloid crest.
Capsule elongate glossy dark r

Perak, Max well's Hill (Ridley 5189) (King's Collector 6310).

G. secunda n.sp. Alpinia secunda Bak. l.c. 257.

Stems stout and tall,leaves narrow lanceolate, over a foot
long, one inch and a half wide, glabrous, petiole one inch long,
ligule 2 inch long. Sca s deflexed six inches long base covered
with large dry lanceolate acute sheath leaves 2 inches in length,
pubescent, rachis and pedicels hispid. Flower spike numerous
crowded secund, peduncles + inch long, flowers four in a spike.
Bracts one inch long ovate lanceolate cuspidate pubescent.
Calyx spathaceous with a long cusp 4 an inch long. Corolla
tube shorter than calyx, lobes oblong lanceolate 4 an inch long.
Lip oblong obtuse longer than the corolla lobes. Stamen fila-

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, 159

-— short anther linear parallel, no crest. Style little longer.
erak (Scortechini 381).
G. rupestris n. sp.

Rhizome stout with very long pubescent roots. Leafy
stems stout, leaves broadly lanceolate cuspidate glabrous 8
inches lon by li wide, ribs close elevated when dry, petiole
short. Scapes about 3 inches long ened bases covered wit

cuspidate pink 4 an inch long longer than the straight fairly
slender corolla tube, corolla lobes oblong lanceolate + inch long.
Lip obovate rounded longer than the “corolla, yellow with red
markings. Sena filament short, anther narrow linear with a
small rounded crest.
ge Peak. 8- 4000 feet.. June 1

This much resembles G. secunda gas differs in its broader
leaves, мон pedicels UE solitary flowers, besides being much
more glabrous. e flowers are dull yellow with red spots on
the lateral petals and lip at the base.

G, penangensis n.sp.

Rhizome stout woody dee with dry sheaths, raised about
an inch above ground. Stems usually numerous about three
feet tall slender. Leaves даныш р а cuspidate glabrous

about a fo ot long one to on emda a oat nches across very

spathaceous enclosing a pair of flowers. Calyx spathaceous
cuspidate one inch long. Corolla tube shorter red rather

thick lobes subequal oblong obtuse 2 an inch long. Lip nearly
an inch long and half an inch wile, three-lobed lobes short ud
ed, median lobe obovate rounded ocreous yellow minutely
pubescent. Stamen longe er than the lateral lobes of the lip,
anther 4 inch oblong w ith no crest. Style barely longer very
slender. Stylodes alos lanceolate conic, rather large.

160 THE SCITAMINEZX OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Penang. Common on dry banks at 2000 feet alt, (Curtis
327). It flowers in June and July

This is most nearly allied to G. rupestris, but has much
narrower leaves and smaller flowers, and there is no trace of
a crest on the anther.

G. elegans n. sp.

Rhizome stout and woody covered with dry brown sheaths,
with very stout firm roots. Stems about 3 feet tall bases
covered with brown sheaths, leaves narrow lanceolate acumi-
nate about a foot long, and one inch broad glabrous, petiole 1
inch long, ligule ovate obtuse } inch long. Scapes erect 14

crest none. Style slender, stigma cup-shaped. Capsule orange
globose $ inch long glabrous crowned with the dry calyx.
Seeds angled. : s
Malacca on Mount Ophir. (Derry 603; Ridley 3137) <
Common up to 4000 feet elevation. А very distinct species
with tall rather slender scapes, and smaller flowers than any other
species. It grows in large tufts on rocks, and in the woods.
ALPINIA.
This is a fairly well marked genus, distinct in bearing the
flowers in terminal panicles or racemes on tall leafy stems, the
owers numerous cften large and showy, the corolla tube usually
barely longer than the tubular calyx, the lobes linear or oblong,
the lip large obovate rolled round the stamen, (Catimbium) or

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 161

ric capsule, orange colored, green, or brown, black dry dehiscent
pubescent or hairy wb numerous angled small enclosed in a
sweet pithy aril, aromatic.

The genus is confined to East India, China, and North
Australia. ans я are cultivated for their beautiful
flowers, some especially А, аг: eid oo e. id Gala жый
als for their ине ee es. Thes e been arrang
ed in four sections, viz., Кш, with t ers "o ои
іп large bracteoles, and по anther crest ; Cati with large
bracteoles, and no crest, Hellenia with a small anther crest
and Geostachys which I would exclude as a distinct genus.
This grouping is not however quite satisfactory as it separates
closely allied plants, while placing very different species together.
Nearly all fall dees) into three groups which indeed might be
called genera, vi

(A). Hellenia. Josh small, white or pink, lip narrow not
convolute often bifid. Anther usually crested. Fruit small
globose few-seeded.

B). Catimbium. Flowers large, lip broad obovate convolute, -
red and yellow. Anther not crested, fruit globose, large, seeds

C). Cenolophon. Flowers large, lip entire oblong orange
anther crested. Fruit usually cylindric or fusiform, seeds large
few.

Hellenia.

Lip entire Mines A. conchigera.
Lip rrow oblong. A. e,

Lip bifid, ede ulate A. anga.
; narrow, linear, no ido crest. A. RU E per d

n » anther crested. . scabra.
^ four-lobed A. rosella.
Catinbium,
Panicle or raceme lax, bracts "mem ог жеттен һа ^x
Staminodes absent, bracteoles small caduco mu
й "bracteoles im boat- ipia. 2 endis;

162 THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Staminodes subulate glabrous, corolla orange. A. Rafflesiana.
с: Ф white
á » lip broader than
long A. nobillima.
Staminodes short blunt hairy. Lip longer than broa
A. latilabris.

Cenolophon.

Raceme lax nodding flowers large A. petiolata,

Raceme erect, dense flowers smaller.

Leaves base unequally cordate А. macrostephanum.
ase narrowed, blade lanceolate . vitellina,

У blade ovate broad 4. cannsefo'ia.

Aberrant plant, with cap-shaped bracts, and spathulate
staminodes A. comosa.
Alp. Alhugas Rosc. A. calcarata Rose. А, bracteata Rox». and
`A. nutans Rosc. are all mentioned as occurring in the Malay
peninsula by Mr. Baker but without any locality or collector's
name. I have not seen specimens wild or even cultivated of any
except the last, which was formerly cultivated in a few gardens.

A. conchigera Griff. Notul iii. 424, Ie. Pl. Ast 354.

white oblong elliptic blunt, hooded 1 inch long wide much shor-
ter than the stamen. Lip obovate with two short teeth at the base
triangu'ar acute sides turned up, yellowisb white with 4 re

streaks on each side, In the centre at the base is a retuse callus

the tip and converging below; 4 an inch long. Style project-
ing beyond the anther, stigma cup-shaped. Capsule globose red.

open spots. Malacca, at Umbai; Chenana putih.
Pro vince Wellesley, Kubang Semang; ( Curtis). Johore, Kwala

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 163
— (Kelsall) Perak, Kwala Kangsa. Pahang, Rumpin
Also Chittagong.
"тһе Lankwas Ranting of the Malays,

A. melanocarpa n. sp.
ПеПепіа melanocarpa Теуѕт and Binn. РІ. Hort. Bogor, cult.
p. 328,

Stems tufted two to six feet 2 from a stout rhizome.” Leaves
cn gran acuminate narrowed a the base about six inches р

date pink. Calyx tubular nearly 4 inch long vhs. Cor olla tube

little longer, lobes oblong obtuse, whi te. Lip with a narrow
base then dilated and bifid, скы papi pink, Staminodes two
small green teeth at base of stamen. Filament linear flat, anther

oblong fleshy retuse with по с dem Style but little longer sin
cup- -shaped. Capsule small globose black, or re
Singapore. Kranji, Selitar, etc. Pahang at Kwala Pahang.
This is I think LES Helienia melanocarpa which was
obtained from Sumatra. It has much the habit o To conchi-
gera Griff. but can be distinguished by its pink bifid li

A. Залда = Sw. Obs. Bot. 8. E unm Griff. Notul. iii 423.

Maranta Galanga. L. Sp.

А We plant about 6 or 7 E tall with numerous stout stems,
Leaves lanceolate acute very finely striate dar
lighter beneath with a thin white edge, 18 inches long 31 broad
with a short petiole i inch long, sheath striate deeply split, ligule
rineksa rounded 4 inch long. Bracts lanceolate acute 1 an inch
long. Panicle compact six ‘inches or more long. Flowers cases
rous odd мыл Pedicels E inch long finely pubescent. Calyx
tubular very unequally trifid, 4 an inch long, lobes ovate, white.
Corolla tube no longer than the calyx, lobes recurved fleshy
linear, apex cucullate, ? inch long green. Lip one inch long
porrect, spathulate, claw narrow light green fleshy with two low
ribs and a groove between, limb bifid white with red streaks on
each side, sides curved up. Staminodes two short pointed

164 THE SCITAMINEA OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

processes at the base pink. Stamen about an inch long filament
broadly linear white, anther notched at the apex, bent at an angle
with the filament, cells linear, fleshy, thick. Style very slender
fusiform, stigma rounded. Stylodia ovoid blunt small. Fruit
small + inch long elliptic red with one or two rounded seeds
only.

‘Commonly cultivated and cm persisting after the ground is
abandoned. This, the * Lankwas” of the Malays, whence its
ms Galanga, does not seem to pe knownin a wild state any-
where.

А. Zingiberina Bak. (Bot. Mag. t. 6944) the Siam ginger,
much resembles this but is distinct in the form of the lip which
has no distinct claw, but is obovate and notched all round the
edge, and much less deeply bilobed.
А. scabra. vem оа Plant,iii 648. Bak. lc. 256. Hellenia scabra
Bl, Enu
A tall mes i stems abont six feet tall. Leaves lanceolate
cuspidate a foot and a half long and two inches broad dark green
(drying pale greenish) scabrid on the upper surface, petiole
e

small on pedicels nearly 2 inch long ebra cteate, white. Calyx
сеа, 4 inch long, “with three teeth. Corolla tube longer
rather slender curved, lobes жге oblong obtuse, 4 inch
long, ool one- -hooded, white. Lip narrow icu than the
petals, deeply bifid lobes linear md. "Bath n long filament
linear slender, anther cells sed oo orit very short.
Capsule globose smooth 2 inch t à

This plant grows in woods on "the hills a& about 1000 feet
altitude, Its general appearance is that of A. galanga. The
leaves are dg: scabrid when dry.

J e, Gunong Pulai. Selangor, Bukit Hitam. (Kelsall).
Perak, Thaiping hills; Bujong Malacca. Kedah, Kedah Peak.

A. rosella n.sp.

A small tufted plant stems about 2 feet tall rather slender.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate with a long point glabrous rather

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 165

stiff 8 inches long and one wide or less, petiole nearly 4 inch
long, ligule as long. Panicle absent 4 inches long, with a few
short branches at the base, flowers in threes on short peduncles,

small ro alyx campanulate 1 inch long lobes very obscure,
Corolla tube longer dilated upwards, lobes short ovate o oblong
nded ip 4 lobed with a short narrow claw two erect round-

linear oblong obtuse lobes. Stamen considerably longer 4 inch
long, anther linear oblong with a small rounded lanceolate crest,
Capsule globular black. Seeds 3 about inch through black, outer
face rounded, inner one angled.
Borneo, Kudat (1897) Brunei Bay (Bishop Hose),

А eu d to A. melanocarpa but differing in the very small
flowers only } an inch long, the short calyx xoi. broad
ботой lobes four-lobed lip and crested stamen.

A. secundiflora n.8
Leaves lanceolate acute one foot and a half Jong, 2 inches
across riens grey above whe y and gla S beneath,
petiole winged i an inch long, sheath transversely wrinkled,
Кеше I inch long obtuse. Panicle nearly a foot long, w
peduncle over six inches long, bearing several Саг нес
ing bra inkled transversely, the largest six inches long,
d. Берсе short 4 an inch long, flowers numerous secund.
Bracts small ovate 4 inch long. Calyx Бла опе inch lung,
lobes 3 sub-equal ovate, apices viii ate pubescent. ^ Corolla
tube 14 inch long narrow funnel-shaped, lobes yim hooded,
Lip shorter than the corolla lobes oblong obtuse rounded w ith
three strong veins. Staminodes flat wing-shaped ending in a
linear subulate point inch long. Stamen filament broad, anther
oblong not crested. Style slender, xe cup-shaped.
T langor. Bukit Hitam (H. J. K
A dried specimen of this plant was Бсср by Lieut. Kel-
sall from Bukit Hitam some years ago, and it has never been
леа since, either there or elsewhere. The tall panicle with
narrow flowers all turned to one side of the rachis is peculiar,
А. mutica Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 67. Roscoe Scit. Pl. t. 69.
From 3 to 6 feet tall usually rather slender. Leaves narrow
ла very acuminate têpang at both ends glabrous light

166 THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

green, 18 inches long, and 2 inches across, — em slender
one inch long, ж ovoid етан 4 inch long

short or long, 3 to many flowered, with sch пан branches
rachis finely cena, сасе nearly glabrous. А long
linear green leaf-like bract encloses the whole inflorescence in
b racteoles very small about 4 inch long oblong white,
very soon direc the one in the uppermost flower often large
enclosing the bud. Flowers in threes, pedicel } inch long, as

inch long, white upper one oblong ovate lip indistinctly three-
lobed, sides turned up, apex truncate crisped, orange wit
numerous red dots and veins, a raised dark red glabrous
swelling at the base on each side. Stamen йаш rather short
channelled, anther buff, $ inch long, thick, apices of cells a little
diverging. Stigma cup-shaped. Capsule globose d
very minutely downy, а readily іп three. Seeds n me-
rous drag or dark gray a sweet white aril, aromati
u Aor, and Pulani Dayong (Islands off the East Coast

of Johore), сас )

his plant І have not met with іп any part of the peninsula
but it has wa been cultivated in the Singapore Gardens where

ily. Th

panicle and almost glabrous fruit. The former is the plant figur-

ed by Roscoe, the latter is ied form collected by Mr Feilding and
is the variety figured by Roxburgh. There is no trace of any
staminodes. I found a сок flower оп one plant with two

subulate process, in which apparently the normally developed
stamen was rudimentary and the two lateral ones developed.
This may be compared with Roscoe’s A. difissa which is probably
a specimen of this plant with all the flowers like this.
A, assimilis n.sp. А. mutica Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 6908 (not
Roxburgh).
About 6 feet tall. Leaves lanceolate acuminate narrow 14

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 167

foot long, 14inch broad коа, dark grana рено 1 inch long,
ligule 4 inch long oblong blunt. Raceme 6 inches to a foot long
rachis pubescent, branches fov and bt Flowers rather dis-
tant. Bracteoles ovate white an inch long, calyx $ inch long
enlarged upwards, 3 lobed, lobes short, white, corolla tube short

i inch wide lower ones smaller, lip obovate obscurely three
lobed 2 inches long, 13 wide, median lobe rather short crisped
orange thickly spotted with red and red veined; a pair of short
thick conic fleshy processes thickly ак фы к at the base. Stamen
filament broadly linear, anther oblong + an inchlong. Stigma
capitate, slit transverse, ovary very pubescent. Capsule glo-
bose hispid orange. Seeds black angular

River banks and damp spots. J ohore, Kota Tinggi. Pahan
Pekan. vires Betu Feringgi (Curtis 2766) : Province Welles-
ley Ara quse Pulau Buru (Island South of Sirgapor

This is easily distinguished from A. mutica with which it ЭЯ
been соодой by ће lar; rge white bracteoles covering the bu
and the glandular processes at the base of the lip which are dis:
tinctly elevated and often of some size and covered especiallv on
the back with stiff silky hairs. "The coloring of the flowers and
habit of the two plants are quite similar.

Var. sericea.

Leaves lanceolate tapering at the. base, broader and cuspi-
date at the apex, scantily pubescent above softly velvety beneath
13 inches long, 3 inches wide, petiole one inch long, ligule very
short. Raceme a foot long, rachis silky pubescent, flowers
numerous crowded, pad inch long silky pubescent. Bracteo-
les large ovate one in nch long and as wide ribbed pubescent,
persistent. Calyx short sare broad spathaceous 3 lobed, am
cuspidate, елем. Corolla tube very short and stout, lobes
oblong silky 4 an inch long ok Lip obovate obscurely trilobed
an inch long, yellow veined — — red apex rounded bilobed,
glands at base elevated pubesc

Cult. in Buitenzorg Gardons (No. 3 .)

This plant dpi resembles A. assimilis but differs in its
pubescent velvety leaves, and very short silky calyx and corolla,
the bracteole being erant longer than the calyx which

168 THE ЅСІТАМІХЕ ЖЕ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

again is longer than the corolla. It should probably be classed
specifically distinct, but for the present 1 prefer to leave it asa
variety of A. assimilis.
A. glabra n.sp.
unknown. Leaves lanceolate acute, mins at base,

closely ribed rather stiff and glabrous, 14 foot long 3 inches
wide petiole 2 to 3 inches finely ribbed, ligule bilobed rounded

1 inch long. Panicle shorter than the leaves erect lax, lower
branches about 3 inches long, glabrous. — caducous.
Flowers in pairs. Calyx gradually dilated upward, 2 inch long,
lobes snort broad truncate pubescent. Corolla tube sonder as long
as the calyx, lobes linear obtuse hooded 1 aninch long. Lip oblong
boat shaped, apex bifid lobes short blunt, 14 inch long. Stami-
nodes short rather thick tapering upwards. Stamen 3 inch long
glabrous, filament rather narrow, crest ovate obtvse quite entire
ovary small sub-globose glabrous.

Borneo, Santubong in Sarawak (Dr. Haviland).

This is very distinct from all the others of this section in its
lax panicle with stiff пез a the boat-shaped lip and
the oval entire crest. The leaves too are much stiffer in гези
and the whole plant is agan completely glabrous.

A. malaccensis Roxb. Trans. бос. Liun. VIII 845.18 an unfor-
tunately named species. k ime ot occur here so far as I know
but is a native of India, The Javanese and Moluccas plants de-
scribed as of this species are not A. malaccensis but perhaps one
of the next two described.

A. latilabris n.sp.

Whole plant about 12 feet tall. Leaves glabrous, except the
ши» petiole and ligule, 2 feet апа a half long, 3 inches wide

rrowly lanceolate tapering at the base, petiole an inch long,
ligule sub-acute brown pubescent. Raceme sub-erect, many
flowered 6 inches long, rachis stout pubescent very pale green,
outer bracts oblong lanceolate blunt 2 inches long 1 inch wide,
white tinted with rose, Inner bract ampliate trifid at the apex
12 inch long, pinkish white. Pedicels very short white pubes-
cent 4 inch long, ovary longer, pubescent. Calyx trifid at орах

narrowed at base dilate above white tipped with ruse. Coro

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 169

tube as long as calyx, lobes very unequal, upper one oblong ob-

tuse 15 inch long by $ inch wide, lateral ones much narrower

with a dark spot at base, shaped like the horns of an ox 1 inch
long. Stamen filament broad linear as long as the anther
grooved white, base pink, anther i inch long. Fruit globose,
orange nearly glabrous.

Pahang, Pulau Datu, on river banks.

This is distinguished from А. nobilis by its nearly glabrous

scription. The Pahang plant seems to be the same thing.
А. nobilis n. sp.

Stems about 6 feet tall and one inch through pubescent.
Leaves oblong cuspidate base oblique 2 feet long, 6 inches wide

white tipped carmine, 2 inches long and three across. Calyx one
ila

long broad flat pubescent anther very thick as long lobes divari-
cate at apex, cells brownish. Style longer recurved stigma cup-

170 THE ЅСІТАМІМЕ Ж OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

shaped. кт nne round flattened at both ends orange stiffly
hairy. See ракш Cultivated in the Botanic gardens
1888-1898 fl Nov

Pahang, Koala тезле. Selangor, Ginting Bidai

п
white triple bracts tipped ылы pink, and its deep blood-red lip

very broad and ending in oblon ng ш жар lobes. The
leaves are Ne ek ыу кы

А. — Wall. Cat. 6575. Baker l.c. 255.

Stems about 4 feet tall slender, leaves lanceolate cuspidate
э 12 inches long by three wide, petiole 4 an inc g,
ligule oblong sheaths pubescent. Panicle short and compact, 2
to 4inches long. Bracts oblong short. Calyx short, dilated up-

wards, mouth oblique red. Corolla tube nearly twice as long,

than stamen, stigma rounded. Capsule globose ee 3 inch
nt.

in сорав. а n ; Changi; Tuas. Johore, Tanjong
Bunga: Gunong Panti; Ulu Batu Pahat. Malacca, Sungei
Hudang. Selangor, ‘Bukit Hitam, Bukit Kutu. Perak, Dind-
ings, UD Sera ; Maxwells hill, Gunong Keledan

from Singapore o Perak, inhabiting woods up to an attitude
of 4000 feet. is call ae Pua Munkang, and Tepus Kijoi.
This plant Баре known as Alpinia vittata of Gardens,
is quite different from this, which I believe is not in cultivation

A. comosa n. sp.
iem slender 6 to 10 feet tall, slender terete dark green.
eaves narrow lanceolate acuminate with lo ong points edges
serrate with short stiff hairs at the apex, about a foot long and

THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 171

11 to 2 inches across deep polished green, petiole none, ligule
very sbort rounded. Raceme terminal erect standing at right
angles to the stem about 6 inches long dense, rachis pubescent.
Bracts conical cup-shaped acute white, falling off before the
flower opens. Flowers numerous medium size on pedicels long.
Calyx spathaceous white 1 an inch long. Corolla tube, infundi-
buliform white, a little longer, lobes oblong pubescent 4 inch
long, nearly 1 inch wide at the base obtuse, upper one hooded,
Ww

Kedah Peak in forests ; cultivated in the Botanic Gardens it

flowers in March.
This is a most aberrant plant. The bracts in the form of
tall conical caps falling o the flowers open, the large broad

quite unique. ifficult to compare it with any other

species, but it should probably belong to the Hel/enia section.

A. involucrata. Griff. Notul. iii. 422. Costus malaccensis Koen.
Retz. Observ. iii, 71.

Corolla tube thick, upper lobe oblong prolonged to a blunt point,
14 inch long, lateral lobes shorter, oblong blunt all white pubes-

172 THE SCITAMINEÆ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

cent at the base and hooded at the apex, with a scarious margin.
Lip ovate broad trumpet-shaped margins denticulate otherwise

bose green. Shady woods and banks.
ohore, Gunong Panti. Malacca very common. Muar
(Feilding). Selangor very common especially near K wala Lum-
pur. Perak, Larut, Ipoh, (King 2296) Waterloo. Also at Sungei
Kalantan, Siak in Sumatra.
ough Baker classes this as near A. nutans, Roxb, it is very
different in many points. The curious cup-like bracts round
the flowers, the hooded petals, the thick nearly cordate anther,

ys. A variety occurs in the Kinta valley at Ipoh and
Bujong Malacca in which the flowers are colored as in A. cap-
itellata with the calyx, tips of corolla and centre of lip red.
A. capitellata Jack Hook. Journ. Bot. i, p. 360.

Stems over six feet tall or more one inch through purplish
brown pubescent. Leaves oblong cuspidate edges pubescent 2 feet

sessile hardly protruding. Calyx 4 g

dilated upwards with the base wider than the pubescent

yellow, ovary (4 inch long) obscurely three-lobed, the lobes
nded red. Corolla tube a little longer than the calyx

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 173

boss red. Lip obovate with a bifid apex, sides convolute, edges
crisped 14inch long by 2 wide, edge white, centre orange, thick-
ly dotted with dark red, dots in lines. Staminodes adnate to
the edges of the lip and to the base of the filament, short sub-

stamen, apex decurved, stigma sub- -triangular si a pe elit.
Capsule globose minutely pubescent green.

Woods, Province Wellesley, at Ara Kudah; Dindings, Gu-
nong Tungul. А fine plant closely allied to А. znvo/ucrata but
quite unique in its er obconic capitula of flowers, with very
large bracts at the

ack’s aeon as far as it goes fits this plant very well,
but it is not very complete. He obtained his plant at Bencoolen
in Sumatra.
§ Cenolophon.
A. vitellina n. sp. Cenolophon vitellinum Horan. Prodr. 36.

Amomum vitellinum Lindl, Journ . Hort. Soc. ii. 245. Bot.

Reg. 2.

Rhizome stout branched. Stems numerous 3 to 31 feet
tall 4 an inch through dull green flattened and ribbed. Leaves
lanceolate acuminate 10 inches long 3 inches across, dark

ally split 4 an inch long edged with rufous fur, sheath deeply
split. Panicle terminal with few branches much shorter than
the leaves compact, about 4 inches long, rachis pubescent.

acts narrow linear caducous 3 inches long green. Flowers

mar or nearly so. Calyx tubular zreen one inch long pubes-
cent trifid split. Corolla tube as long as the calyx, yellow,

s linear blunt erect, yellow one inch long, posticous one
hooded. Lip longer than corolla flat oblong cuneate bifid at apex
edges crispid, orange veined with darker color, and sprinkled
with red dots, stamen filament shorter than lip flat pale orange.
Crest very large three-lobed toothed. Staminodes two short
red horn-like processes.

Penang Hill. Selangor, Dusun Tua.

This species was first described from a plant sent to Chiswick

174 THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Gardens, and stated to have come from Ceylon, which ics evi-
dently an error. It has been referred to Amomum ; and to a new

so as to direct the fertilizing insect to the nectary.

A specimen labelled A. Wrayi from Dr. King evidently
belongs to this species, but the description in up Flor Brit.
India does not at all agree with A. vitellinum, A. Wrayi being
classed with the crestless Alpinias and compared to T calcarata .
I have therefore retained the highly appropriate specific name
given by Lindley.

A. cannaefolia n. Sp.

Stem stout 4 or 5 feet tall. Leaves ovate or oblong ovate nar-
rowed at the base, apex broad cuspidate, glabrous one foot long,
6 inches wide, petiole 4 inches long. Raceme erect about 6 inches
long, REFF a foot or less, pubescent. Bracts linear, lowest one

much as a foot long, 1 inch broad green, persistent. Flowers
оа асер very short pubescent inch. Bracteoles ver

small. Calyx dilate trilobed, pubescent Ł inch long, lobe blunt

tipped with hairs. Corolla tube slender, as long, lobes linear
: n

m
long, filament broadly winged pubescent, anther narrow, crest
large three-lobed, median lobe much the largest oblong crisped.
Style much shorter than crest ovary villous, Fruit oblong
thick pubescent. Seed very large 2 or 3 only oblong 1 inch
long smooth black.
Selangor, Dusun Tua. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Sulu; Gu-
nong Beru mbun.
This resembles А. € but has very much larger leaves
broader and thicker. The bracts at the base of the inflorescence

The plant is known to the Malays as Pua Minyak and used
in medicine, a decoction of the leaves and roots ng given in
fever.

THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 175

A. petiolata Bak. l.c. 255.

Plant about 3 feet tall, leaves few elliptic oblong narrowed
at the base, long acuminate glabrous about 15 inches long and
four wide, petiole 3 inches long, ligule 1 inch long glabrous.
Raceme slender на ous, 6 inches long about 20 flowered pubes-

cent, pedicels very short inch long. Bracts narrowly linear +
inch long or less. Calyx as long as the corolla tube 4 inch, 3
lobed, lobes acute, white polished glabrous, except the lobes
tipped with hairs. Corolla lobes oblong.linear one inch long
yellowish white pubescent hooded, sub-equal. Lip flat, (not rolled
up) entire obovate, edges с 14 inch long, base pale yellow-
ish, central barred, apex orange with red then Staminodes
absent. Stamen Signed” iis oblong, anther broader, crest
reniform undulate dentate emarginate, the Hors эе деер red.
Style projecting, stigma ovoid slit terminal large, ovary hispid.
Fruit fusiform 2 inches long hairy

On rocks and banks. Perak, Maxwell’s BiN. Selangor,
Bukit Kutu.

This has the largest flowers of any in the stion, and is 3
rather handsome plan
A. macrostephanus Rid. Amomum macrostephanum Bak. l.c. 243.

Stem “ very slender 4-8 feet.” — narrowly oblong,
base ое cordate, lobes very unequal, apex acuminate gla-
brous 2feet long, 3 inches wide petiole slender 5 inches long.
Spike “ 3-4 inches long” peduncle long erect enveloped in the
sheath of the topmost leaf. Bracts caducous ovary villous.
Calyx 4 inch long dilated bilobed, lobes е ан pubescent.
Corolla tube shorter slender, lobes linear minu y pubescent 2
inch long. Lip oblong obtuse rather narrow, a litio longer edges
crispid. Staminodes short linear obtuse. tamen shorter than
the lip filament rather "sued = hairy, crest very large
е lobes truncate plica

rak Hills, Larut Hills. 500- 1000 feet (Dr. King's Col-
lector e
MARANTACEAE.

This group abundant in South America is very restricted
here, being represented by only 8 species belonging to two

176 THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

genera. Donax, of which there are two species, is a tall stem-
med plant much branched with ovate leaves, and slender pani-
cles of white flowers, on zig-zag branches. Phi ynium, is stemless,
the leaves are usuall y large and long-stalked ас from ће
rhizome, the inflorescence, of sim le or com pound spikes, prole.
duced directly Hom де root stock or from the side of the petiol
ere are six speci

Phrynium var rene Hort, isan ornamental variety of the
common arrowroot, Maranta ar rundinacea L. which has been cul-
чө! in the Botanic Gardens Singapore for many years and

as thence introduced into European Gardens, but its original
Мату lost.

Donaz grandis Ridl. Clinogyne grandis Benth. = Pl. iii. 651.
Maranta grandis. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat, Suppl.

А very large plant growing 15 feet or more high with
smooth green bare stems an inch through, and eight feet "tall,
hicke i

branches clustered and d thickened porti

the ng arranged spirally thickened at the base and spread-
ves ovate acute a foot long and six inches wide base

коше glabrous dark а. the large nerves distinct, pe-

tiole an inch long, sheaths six inches or more, ace-

mes slender numerous hanging from the upper leaf axils, about

a foot long, rachis slender zig-zag. ^ Bracts narrow lanceolate

acute. Flowers father distant opening singly white shortly pe-
dicelled. Sepals lanceolate acuminate 2 inch long white pubes-
cent. Corolla tube 4 inch, lobes as long a acute. Li
yellow oblong obovate obtuse with a large ridge towards the
e. Stamen petaloid oblong, cucullate one broad with a large
curved side lobe, antheriferous one very narrow linear. Style
short. Fruit globose white 3 inch long. Seed single (rarely 2)
light brown globose with a groove on one si
In woods. Common in the ишш» from Tenasserim to
Singapore. ра fom Timah, etc. Johore, Sungei Ulu

ahang, Tahan river. ы” or, Caves | wala Lumpur.

THE SCITAMINEZE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 177

(Dr. Keith) Borneo, Rejang (Dr Haviland). “ Bemban” of
the Malays. The stems are used for making baskets.

Donas arundastrum Lour. Flor. Veg ee s p. 15. Clinogyne

dichotoma Salisb, Traus. Hort. Soc. i. 276. Phrynium dicho-
tomum Roxb. As. Res. XI, 324. Маайа dichotoma, Wall.
Cat. 6614. M. ramosissima Wall. 6615.

Stems numerous about 8 feet tall nearly an inch through,
branches dichotomous terete thickened at the base deep dull
green, sheaths at the joints lanceolate с. Leaves ellip-
tic base rounded apex acute, petiole thick 4 inc long, sheaths
sub-terete no ligule. Panicle 2 to 8 inches UE erect ot nearly
so, with few branches. Branches slender zig-zag. Bracts lanceo-
= involute green one inch lon lowers white Opening one

a tim me, two to a bract. Pedicels short with a жете ochre-

etais

linear obtuse, Lip small — b ss rounded icum with
a tongue-shaped process in the mouth and a line of hairs down
the centre. Petaloid stamen 14 ien long bilobed lobes rounded
п inch across. Antheriferous stamen adnate to lip with à
slender filament and narrow anther, Cucullate stamen bilobed at
the aer oo stout stigma horse-shoe shaped. Fruit globose.
n on river banks in thickets. It is called “ Bemban

Loureiro's description might very well and even better
apply to the last species, but he quotes Rumphius' picture (Herb.
- Amboinense Book 6, t. 7. which is evidently this species. His
name Arundastrum is quoted in the Flora of on India as
Arundinastrum. It is Arundastrum in the two editions I have

ere. The plant is ise smaller than D. grande but ‘bis =
flowers. *

178 THE SCITAMINE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

a PHRYNIUM

Ph. Grifithii Bak. l.c. 260. Ph. spicatum x Notulæ iii, 418.
xb.) itchenia musacea Bak. l.c. 225, Curcuma
musacea Wall. Cat. 6596.

Plant forming very large tufts, about five feet tall. Leaves
erect blade oblong subaeute 2 feet long and 6 inches wide above
light green beneath glaucous exce pt along one edge quite
p arous ee long = slender je feet tall. Spikes from
the bas inches long flattened on a peduncle about the
same Ta шана whitish distichous, the edges connate at the
base with the points recurved car tilaginons, 2 inches lon

1j-broad. Flowers in pairs, each pair enclosed in a thin white

fl
white nearly + an inch long. Stamen tube little longer than
corolla tube, the petaloid stamen is so deeply cleft as to appear
to be two organs each lobe is spathulate with a claw with two
involute edges and a broad expanded limb. Cucullate stamen
rather narrow, the apex of the hood rather acute, the lateral
lobe short and blunt, the edges yellow. Lip oblong obovate
blunt rather fleshy the crest not transverse as usual but almost
parallel with the line of the lip short thick and tongue-shaped, a
long hairy ridge runs along the lower part of the lip in the same
direction. Style very stout rounded on the tack and doubly
grooved in front. Stigma depressed almost funnel shaped.

se ed oblong with the a rounded and front flat, a
small irregular white aril at the bas
ense woods. Singapore, Bukit Timah, Jurong, etc. Johor

Gunong Panti, Malacca, Bukit Bruang. Negri Sembilan, Bukit
Tampin. Pahang, Tahan river.

А common plant in the South. The flowers have a very
sweet scent.
Ph. cylindricum n. sp.

A large tufted plant in the habit of P. брилі. Bak.

4
THE SCITAMINE® OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 179

Leaves about six feet tall, blade oblong urate base broad

two feet long and 8 inches wide glabrous green above whitish

beneath, petioles four feet long. Scapes rather slender about 8
M M 1 G

inches long, spikes narrow fusiform six i ong. Br
pale green ovate oblong truncate glabrous apices erect ot re-

antheriferous one very narrow linear. Style stout.

Perak in the Kinta valley on the limestone rocks at lpoh,
and Kwala Dipang. :

Closely allied to P. Grifithii but readily distinguished by:
its much more slender cylindric spikes.

Ph. jagoranum Koch. Wochenschrift. VI (1863) p. 358.

Rather a small kind often forming masses on the ground.
Leaves solitary or two or three, the blade 6 to 7 inches long,

long fusiform slender on a terete peduncle an inch long. Bracts
about 4 green lanceolate acute. Flowers in pairs. Sepals lan-
e acuminate acute inch long green. orolla tube long

anther on a narrow lateral lobe
oblong. Lip more fleshy oblong rounded incurved,
glabrous, with a rounded process оп one he inner

ahd flattened and grooved ventral surface brown polished, the
aril at the base oblong reddish with two long curved claws.

La

180 THE SCITAMINEA OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Selangor, Dusun Tua; and near K wala Lumpur.

I have also I believe seen the plant in Malacca. The foliage
is pr чо а and resembles that of some of the South
American Calathea The flowers are not often produced and

resembling some curious beetle, the seed itself representing the
body, and the claw-like arms of the aril the legs of the animal.
The plant was first described from living plants sent to Bertin
from the Malay peninsula by Professor Jagor.

Ph, {арй отит Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii, 382.

A large tufted plant about six feet tall, leaves ovate, lanc-
eolate blade 18 inches long, 8 inches wide, acumin m green
Spikes in a tuft from the side of the petiole with a stout ped-

, 9 in eac
linear subulate more than half an inch long.
curved dilated E deis rather thick, lobes oblong, yes rounded
blunt recurved, Capsule oblong obtusely 3 angled 4 inch long,
three celled with a seed in each cell. Seeds narrow o lose
Selangor at Ginting Bidai. Pahang, Tahan River.

tuft of long spikes projecting from the side of the leaf

stalk distinguishes this from any of our other species,

Phrynium malaccense n, sp.

-A large tufted plant. Leaves tall about 3 feet, petiole
terete glabrous, except at the base 8 inches long inch thick,
blade 15 inches long, 5 inches wide, lanceolate cuspidate dark
green above, glancous green beneath, nerves very close and
о ith b i

glabrous. Head lateral from the petiole dense 2 inches се

acute 1 inch long green. Flowers small fugacious, short
stalked, stalk inch long, Calyx tube very short lobes lanceol-
ate acute white hispid nearly as long as the corolla tube. Cor-

»

\

THE SCITAMINE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 181

olla tube dilated upwards, lobes ovate blunt, recurved finely

spotted with purple. Lip thin spathulate oblong, white with a

transverse pink line across the apex, Stamens, the cucullate one

falcate spathulate white the hood edged with yellow, the peta-

loid one obovate bilobed rounded white, the antheriferous one

linear erect short. Style thick ко "behind. Stigma ovoid,
h

Com mon in woods i in the hilly ag si of the Desine la,
Malacca, Bukit Danan, Panchur. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Muer.
Selangor, Caves K wala Lumpur, Pataling. Dindings, Gunong
Tungul. Perak, Maxwell's Hill. Pahang, Tahan Woods.

This is чт sedes inly to Rox burgh's P. parviflorum, with
which it has been confuse x but that has yellow flowers, and
only one seed in dr capsu

Ph. hirtum n.sp.

lant forming fairly large tufts. Leaf stems stout 3 or
4 feet tall, blade broadly oblong with a broad base, apex acute
15 inches wide, 8 inches across, glabrous dark green young
leaves with the backs red. Petiole 15 inches long, stout sheath
near the inflorescence woolly. Head of flowers three inches
through. Bracts oblong 14 inch long apex, broad truncate
broken up into fibres. Bracteoles lanceolate acuminate acute

ather
process. Style very stout. Capsule Кобо obscurely three
l an inch long. Seeds 3 large, the backs

Johore, Gunong Panti. Sungei Ujong. Selangor, Dusun

Тоа. Perak, Hermitage Hill; Ulu Kerling (King’s collector).

Penang, Government Hill (Curtis 2420).
uch stouter plant than P. еа with larger
leaves, miiy i sheath, and very different fru

182 THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Ph. basiflorum n.sp. à
Rhizome rather long, leaves in a tuft on a very stout

glabrous oblong nicole. Flowers in pairs. onde lobes те
to the base linear setaceous 2 inch lorg. Corolla чое а little
longer lobes oblong lanceolate dark pink + ап inch long. Lip
white ovate oblong broad $ inch long and broad, ridge large
elevated rounded. Sta men narrow linear, ovary pubescent.

Negri Sembilan. Woods in Perhentian Tinggi, growing
in large masses in damp spots.

CANNACEE,

Canna indica var. or те and C. Warscewiezii have
outablished themselves in mpongs and waste ground near
towns in Singapore and a low. other spots, but have no claim to
be considered native any where in the peninsula.

MUSACEE.

The genus Musa is the only one of чүс group is aaa
here, though farther east from Amboina to New Ireland
various species of the genus Heliconia еі of which =
cultivated in ovr gardens. The general form of the Banana is

10 special
description of it. Three and probably more wild kinds occur
in the peninsula, one of which Musa Malaccensis appears to be
the parent of some of our cultivated bananas.
M. Malaccensis Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 383.

Stems rather slender about 10 feet tall and 6 inches ae

Leaves about 8 feet long green, often barred with brown when
у i ecurved rachis covered with brown gets
Bracts lanceolate sub-acute brown. Male ers 14 inch long
curved wh х boat-shaped with five te etal
oblong white $ inch long. Stamens with alian Slaen
and narrow anthers. male flowers ens

6 in w. Sta $
an inch long abortive. Style thick, an 8 e Fruit sub-

THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 183

cylindrical four inches long yellow. Seeds black angled, enclos-
ed in an eatable pulp.

mon all over the main chain of the peninsula. Malacca,
Жыга, Perak, Pahang.

M. n Rid. l.c.

Pahang at Pulau Tijau, Pa cate d
e very blunt spikes with P lioe ү distinguish this
rare kind readily,
M. violascens Rid. l.c. 334.
Stems 8 to 10 feet. Leaves 10 ae across po pee!
ribbed iod whitish beneath. Spike erect or nearly a
acute. Bracts lanceolate narrow acute violet or white’ tinted
with violet, nine inches long and 2 inches wide, often persisting
and reflexed after the flowers have fallen, rachis pubescent.
Male flowers 6 in a single row in each bract, about an inch
long. Females also. 6in arow. Fruit 3 inches long Greeti

ndric.

n all over the main chain of the peninsula, often
pore with M. Malaccensis. Pahang, Perak, Selangor, Sungei
Ujon

E Ва sily recognized by its acute erect spikes with bracts со-
lored like a purple brinjal. `
LOWIACEAE. =
A small group of plants forming a single genus Lowia, very
unlike any other Scitaminee, being stemless with broad dark
green leaves like those of a a, and a short prostrate panicle
of flowers from among the leaves. The flowers are medium
size or large with a ар almost solid calyx tube three long
calyx lobes, two very small petals and a large obovate Ar five
= short stamens, and a short stout style ending in a three
med stigma. Capsule large, fusiform acute w vith eee
fask-abuped pubescent seeds.

184 THE SCITAMINEZ OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

There are two species in the peninsula and one in Borneo.
L. scd Scortechini, Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 1866, p. 308.

e plant forming great tufts with erect dark green
lanceate veia leaves, about 3 feet long and 4 inches wide taper-
ing into the petiole. Flowers axillary enclosed in long sheaths
solitary large. Calyx tube long, sepals 5 inches long and one

linear acuminate apex setaceous. Lip spathulate the limb ovate,
4 inches long and 2 inches across lilac. Stamens as long as petals,
filaments short curved, rather thick, anthers. Style long and
slender, longer than the stamen. Stigma arms linear with nume-
rous ake at the ends.
тые т, Ulu Langat, near the caves Kwala Lumpur.

Perak, c

This uoi is exceedingly abundant in some places, forming
great masses, usually in wet spots, but growing also in drier
ones. It is however rare to find flowers, and I have only found
them on plants which have been injured. They are not very
— being usually concealed doris the leaves. It is

wn as ** Lobak hutan " in Selangor

L. — чы Hook fil. Bot. Mag. t. 7351. Protamomum maail-
larioides Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 383.

А в aia plant with numerous leaves in a tuft arranged
diétichously, lanceolate acuminate 8 inches long and 3 inches
wide bright green, petiole 2 feet long sheathing at the base, often
shorter. Panicle axillary about 3 inches long with a few shorter
branches. Calyx tube purple 3 inches long, lobes — lan-
ceolate acute deep purple spreading 1j inch long.
very small oblong mucronate violet. Lip with a short po
oblong SE white tinted with violet. Stamens short, filament
thick curved, anthers but little longer. Style thick and short.
Stigma lar ge > projet uon) subcordate with three short toothed
arms. Capsule large 12 inch long, fusiform pointed three angled,
deep dioe Sead i pe Peces flask-shaped brown, covered
with short hairs.

Pahang, Pulau Tawar Woods.

Abundant there but I have never seen it elsewhere.

The Habits of Malay Reptiles.
By Н. N. RIDLEY,
In putting together these few notes on the habits of some

of our reptiles, I would commence by calling attention to the
very valuable paper on the Reptiles and Batrachians of the

met with since. Some were perhaps erroneously identified or
wrongly localised, and some perhaps have disappeared. Others,
owever, have doubtless been overlooked, and that is especially
the case in the tortoises, and the smallest lizards. Snakes are
often preserved by amateurs, as are the showier lizards, but
the other reptiles often escape collection. No better instance
of this is that of the big Gavial Tomistoma, which was really

sportsman long ere this,

TORTOISES.

with pink spots. When young the edge of its shell is armed
with spiny processes, whence its name, but these disappear аз it
grows older. It seems never to leave the damper parts of the
forests, and is seldom far away from the ll streams. These
tortoises eat all kinds of vegetable substances, fruit of all kinds
and leaves, and I once found two small ones greedily devouring

/

186 THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES.

afungus. Their tenacity of life is, as in most tortoises, very
great. I once brought one from Bukit Timah, where they are
common, for the Museum, and on preparing its skeleton it was

had thus recovered from this s« as injur у.

Cyelemys_platynota, the fla t-backed tortoise, is a rather
larger animal, recognised by a peculiar flattening on the top of
its shell. It is usually a very sliabby, disreputable locii
animal, with a dirty brown irregular carapace. [t is less often
noticed, as it is even more aquatic than the jungle ове
remaining under water most of its time. It seems to be abu:
dant in the river at Selitar bungalow, where Dr. Hanitsch got
several, and it has turned up in the Botanic ке опсе п
the Lake and once їп а smaller pond, where it v s devouring
the wateriilies. In captivity it will eat rice, fish, leaves or
ruit.

The box-tortoise, жү amboinensis, is very common in
the rice fields in Malacca, and used to be common in “Singapore,

it was кшен plentiful on the ground on which is now the
Tenn Market. It is a very pretty little tea with a 9

its name of box-tortoise. Iti is very fond of the water and often

surface owev Е; г, it often leaves the arte and rambles about,
especia Пу i in the та ing, iu search of food, and І have seen them
rnn over by bullock carts on the roads in Malacca. They are

very easily kept and are quite omnivorous, eatiug fish, boiled

THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES. 187

rice, frogs, fruit, and green vegetables whee ем gren
They lay rather large, oblong, blunt- ended, w eggs,
three, xS s many a s five at a time, which ede Ads in ^ peus
The shell i is enia tubi hard for a reptile's egg, and the eggs,
two inches m are very large for the size of the tortoise.

he large land-tortoise, Testudo emys, does not occur in
Singapore, iori is not very rare in Perak, especially in the Din-
dings, and is said to occur in Penang also. got a very fine
female at Telok Sera, in the Dindings, which laid two eggs
shortly after 1 got it. They resembled those of the box-tortoise,
but were larger, This tortoise ok in the drier parts of the
woods, and does not seem to care about water at all. It eats
all kinds of leaves voraciously.

Several kinds of snapping-turtles (7rionyx) are recorded
from the peninsula, but the commonest is 7'rionyz cartilagineus, а
very large flat turtle, the shell of which i is covered with a lea-

g

hese turtles usually live in tidal rivers, but reed get
into ponds. "They rarely leave the water, but may be seen push-
ing up their heads above the surface from time to mé. One
was caught in tne ditch by the Museum some years ago, and was
transferred to the Gardens' lake, where it eventually became

асе tra Ned ied destroyed. Though these animals are pro-
perly carnivorous, they seem very fond of boiled rice, and the
ones in the en lake used always to come and feed off the
rice put down for the water fowl, and those in MEAE are =
for the most part on boiled rice made up in bal The Chin

the tortoise,
dragon and phoenix being the fi Уң three animals іп the world
when it was created. They catch or buy as many tortoises of

188 THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES.

n the seas round the peninsula four kinds of turtles are to
be met with. The well known green turtle, Chelone mydas ;
the Loggerhead, ZAalassochelys caretta; the Leathery turtle,
Dermatochelys coriacea; and the Hawks-bill, Chelone imbricata.
The habits of the green turtle are familiar, from books at least,
to every one. It is still common enough alone our sandier
coasts, and I have often seen it putting up its head above water,

bably, as seaweed is very scarce in our waters, it also eats the

common in muddy spots
round the coast. The logger-head із а large turtle which feeds
on marine animals, and is recognized by the yellow markings on
its head and flippers. It may often be seen just outside Singa-

against the water as much as possible. It eventually got into
a deep hole, whence we could not get it out, From what
could see of it, it appeared to be a Hawk’s bill.

THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES, 189

CROCODILES.
Crocodiles. , The common crocodile is Crocodilus porosus. Cantor
mentions Ĉ. palustris, the Mugger of India, as occurring in
` Penang, but as being less common than the other ki eut,
lower has seen а young specimen from Singapore in the British
us id Mr. Butler has got one in Selangor осо-
dile is akan ты by its shorter and broader snout, егеу һу

having five 1ее{һ in iis premaxilla, and not four only a the
common ‘kind has. It seems also on the whole to bea palar
animal,
The common crocodile varies in colour, being sometimes
black and Galles at others entirely black. The Malays consider
the yellow variety as being the most dangerous. This species is

islands. They sometimes leave the water and go for some dis-
ken inland, apparent trying to get across from one river to
nother. 1 saw one which had just been killed in a coffee нені

аг the caves at Pee Lnmpur, where it had hee und

ne
wandering about among the coffee, at no great distance from :

the river, however. Of the ferocity = t of this, onr most
dangerous wild beast, there is no need to write, it is too well
known; but [ will mention one пален concerning it. Some
years ago, a Malay forest-guard was in a mangrove swamp at
low tide, the water where he stood being only a foot deep, when
a crocodile suddenly rose out of the mud on its hind legs and bit
him on the elbow, The man tore his arm out of its mouth, an
i rushed off. The Malays' theory on the subject was that the
an was standing on or close to the animal's nest, but it seems

manner, and that it should spring at his arm and not bite him .

on the leg, which would be the nearest part to him. In captiv-
ity the crocodile is rather a stupid animal, but a young one
kept in the Gardens has learnt to come out of the water for a
piece of meat when whistled to

'

190 THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES.

Of the habits of the Gavial, Tomistoma Schlegeli, but little
` is known at present. 1t occurs in the Perak and Pahang rivers,
where, above Kwala Tembeling, I have seen tracks cn the
sand banks probably of this species. Sp’ rtsmen far up the larger
rivers should keep a look-out for this animal. as well as for
the Mugger, for it may be much more widely distributed than
at present appears.

a large proportion of that length. It always lives near water,
either river or pond, or the sea, in which it quickly takes refuge
when pursued. It dives very well, and remains a long time
under the water. If it is unable to get into water, it will quick-
ly climb a tree when alarmed. It gallops at a great pace when
frightened, though very clumsily, and the noise it makes dash-
ing thr ugh the bushes is out of all proportion toitssize. When
cornered, it defends itself by lashing out with its tail, and mak-
ing a fuffing ncise like a spitting cat. It also bites very fiercely.
It is carnivorous, feeding en birds, rats, fish and insects, often

attacking poultry. When a rat is given to it, it seizes it in its
mout i

M
which I have heard in swamps is the cry of the Biawak. The
eggs are large and wbite, with a soft shell like that of a turtle,
and are deposited in holes in sandy ground and covered up. 1
once found at Bruas, in the Dindings, a monitor laying its eggs
in a shallow hole. The Malays, however, have a story t- the
effect that when the eggs of a crocodile hatch, all the young

other kinds to be met with here. V. flavescens, Penang and
Jelebu ; V. nebulosus, Penang and Malacca; and V. rudicollis,
Malacca. These are all smaller than the common kind.

THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES. 191

The pretty sand lizard, Liolepis Bellii, about a foot long,
and beautifully ornamented with blue and red, is very common
on the sandy plains of the Pahang river, and I have also seen it

n Malacca, at Pengkalan Kumpas, and at Bruas, in the Dindings.
it can be seen sitting in the sun in the heat of the day, sunning
itself, but never far from its hole, into which it darts with sur-
prising rapidity.

The Chameleon Lizard, Calotes cristatellus, is very common.
in all gardens. Its ordinary colour is bright green, but when
vexed it turns to a dusky brownish colour, whence its popular
name. When alarmed it runs very fast on the ground, holding
up its long whip-like tail, to the nearest tree or post, up which
it climbs, and if this is not high enough K > safe, springs on

to a higher one. If a human being ha to be in its way, it -

from there. The distance it can jump from tree to tree is m
considerable, having regard to the size of the animal. It gener-
ally lays two eggsat a time, but Lieut. Flower fcund се of
another species, with as many as seven or eight eggs in them,

both bude, and enlarged rather abruptly in the middle. They
are white and leathery. The lizard places them side by side on
the ground in a damp spot апа leaves them, not attempting to
conceal them. If attacked by a dog the Calotes runs for a short
distance, and then turns and rushes at its enemy with open
mouth, springing at its nose and biting sharply, but is soon ne
one nd killed. In spite of its teeth and the spines that protec
ead and neck, it Tema nie а victim to the attacks ol

it.. The Malays hold it so ORG in horror, as being one of
the forms in which ards. send out their imps to annoy their
enemies,
The flying lizard, Draco volans, isat times very common
appears to move about ip flights, for w perhaps for some
cnin hardly any are to be seen, at other times one ma
alf a dozen in a morning. They appear a in the hottest
part of the day, sailing from tree to tree, always selecting trees
with grey smooth bark of the same colouring as themselves.
Гете Aber nearly always choose the same trees for their

192 THE HABITS ОЕ MALAY REPTILES.

route, so that when they appear in the Gardens one knows ex-

actly which tree one will find them on. When they alight on a

tree they run up, puffing out and contracting the conical pouch

in the throat, which is bright yellow in the male and blue in the

female, and licking up the ants, which form their chief food.
е

the п one avoid a bush which was in its line
of flight in this way. The distance that they can cover depends
on the height from the ground of the point from which the

(the flying squirrel and flying lemur), they descend in their

mental patch on the head disappearing, and the whole lizard be-
coming of a brown hue, except the pouch, which retains its
colour. :

D. volans is by far the commonest species here, but there
are four or five other kinds to be met with, which generally
occur in thick forests, and are very difficult to collect, as they
very quickly fly out of reach, and can only be obtained with the

un.

he common Scine, Mabuia multifasciata, a stout brown me-
tallic lizard, ornamented with a glowing red patch along the side

ler scincs of the genus Zygosoma recorded from the peninsula,
most of which are either very scarce or difficult to find or very

THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES. 193

local. One, L. jer donianum, seems to be absolutely confined to
Pulan Tikus in Penang, having never been seen е.
Every onein the tropics soon makes the acquaintance of the
House Geckos, and the habits of these useful little insect killers
are well known, and have often been described, but it does not

mon one is Gehyra mutilata, a very pale с lored and rather small
kind, in others the large dark brown Gecko Monar chus takes its
hi

Tokay, Gecko ver -e a large kind with an exceedingly
powerful voice, has been recorded f rom the peninsula, and even
from Singapore, but this densi locality must be very dubious,
e have, however, another very loud voiced one {жыгы
G. stentor)in the forests, where it lives in hollow trees, and
utters a very loud call.
esides these house geckos, there are a number of jungle
geckos, which live in holes in trees or under bark, only appear-
ing at dusk. A very odd little one, Gonatodes kendalli, lives in
cracks and ie under large rocks in the Bukit Timah woods.
lt із dark brown, and has an unusually long tail, which it often
carries over its back coiled up like a watch spring when it runs.

SNAKES.

The ordinary visitor to the tropics is filled with a nervous
horror of snakes, always expecting to find most deadly kinds in
the house or to be attacked by then if he sets foot outside. He
‚ conceives it his duty to ккк all, even the most harmless
and useful species, as soon as he cms e Н ог is Мз opinion

mouth too small even to піра portion of one’s skin, assuring
me that it was a most venomous animal. The visitor, however,
if of an observant turn of mind, discovers ere long t tha poison-
ous snakes are comparatively rare, and that cases of dangerous

194 THE HABITS ОЕ MALAY REPTILES,

are from time to time recorded, but, usually at least, the snake
is not identified, sometimes not even seen, and it is clear that
there has been a good deal of guessing as to the cause of death.
Good records of cases by persons who know the poisonous

but of this more anon. It may, however, be pointed out that the
most destructive of the Indian snakes are the cobra, the Tic-
polonga or Daboia and the Krait. The two latter are absent
from the peninsula, and the Cobra does not seem to be very
dangerous here.

THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES, 195

eating snakes chiefly work by day. Most snakes are colored
t concealment, and inhabit spots suited for their coloring.

e green viper ( Lachesis Wagleri) sits usually about 4 or 5 feet
et in a bush, in a sunny spot, where its blue-black, green and
yellow mottling is matched by the spots of light and shade on
the bright green leaves. The python, span, ‘with its light and
dark brown carpet pattern, resting amon ead leaves, or in
the hollow of a tree, is equally ноос сани ; even poisonous

Elaps bivirgatus, with its scarlet head and tail and deep
body, is wonlerfully invisible in the shadows of the woods, but
when in danger it exhibits its brilliant coloring as plainly as it
can, in order to warn the enemy that it is venomous, and can
give a fatal bite if it chooses. Cal/ophis is another genus of poi-

oes not trust to its warning colors onl y, but beats its tail quick-
ly on the dead leaves, making a rattling sound. A terrier which

sn to rattle its tail,
and went away, evidently understanding the signal. Bungarus
again, a larg s bla ellow snake, makes

Snakes, like many of our wild anim чөн know very
well the sesa pani ої motion, and when crossing an open space
such аз а road, where they are visible from some distance,

,
ey remain ;, Being alar for some time, in the hope that they
may be taken for a root or piece of s ave seen a ter-

ri

over one lying on the path, mistaking it for a stick. Had it
moved, she would have immediately killed it

are no less t ne hundred ee ten kinds of snakes

recorded as occurring in de peninsula, and more than half of

196 THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES.

these have been found in Singapore. A number have only been

collected once or twice, and some of the records may be consi-

dered doubtful, but as only a small part of the peninsula has been

yet collected in, we may expect large additions as time goes on
th i

One of
Ular Sawah of the Malays. 1% is perhaps the largest snake in

п
as obtained by a scientific expedition in Manila. Pythons of 20
feet in length are by no means uncommon here, and specimens
of 26 feet are occasionally met with, but accurate measurements
of larger ones are still required. The python is nocturnal in its

ens іп a night, but usually kills more than it eats. The larger
ones will also eat dogs and cats, goats and pigs. A snakea little
over seventeen feet long ate two black swans on the garden lake
at the rate of one a month, and I have had a python of about

ducks, n one occasion five pythons were put together into
а large cage. The biggest was а little over nineteen feet long,

snakes feed oftener, usually once a month, and sometimes even
oftener than that, A hungry python strikes its prey with light-
ning-like rapidity, usually Seizing it by the head, if it is small -

prey in a coil and a half and proceeds to swallow it slowly. In
the case of fairly large animals, and those that are not killed by

THE HABITS ОЕ MALAY REPTILES, 197

—— the head, the prey is crushed by the coils. In the case of

wallowed by a fair sized python, the head was. crushed,
а. by the first bite, but the bones of the bo dy were not
broken at all, although the bird was very much thicker than the
python. In some books it is stated that the prey is smothered in
the coils, but as a matter of fact, the bite of the python is severe
enough to cause instant death in most of the smaller victims, and
the contraction of the coils crushes the larger ones. The main

carcase into oper position for swallo , and to assist. the
deglutition by pressing the food against the other coils and the
round is only when the prey has almost disappeared down

a good deal, is a popular native medicine. In colour the python
varies somewhat, young and half-grown specimens being often
almost dorum yellow. Ihave also seen a very dark, almost
black variet

P. molurus, = Indian python, is recorded from the penin-
sula, but I have not seen it.

curtus, the little red python, formerly considered very
rare, does not seem to be so in the peninsula. It is quite small
for a python, only 8 or 9 feet D usually. It isa quiet snake
in captivity and seems chiefly to feed on rats.

The little burrowing н Typhlops, are to be found in
rotten cocoanut palms, and other trees, in the sawdust of the saw
mills, and in the ground. А great number of sari aee нел

escribed, but they are very difficult to identify.
est species is Typhlops braminus. It is usually abeat pres inches
long, and very slender, with a very small head, and minute eyes,
and a pur uem tail. Its colour is lavender grey, or black,
and it is very active, wriggling like a worm when disturbed.

Cylindrophus rufus is another burrowing snake, but is much
larger, about а foot long. Itis black, with white bands bene. ith,
some red on its neck, and a bright red tip to its tail. It is short
and thick, and has an odd habit of flattening itself out, and
turning up the tip of its tail. It is common in gardens, burrow-
ing in the groun

198 THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES,

Chersydrus granulatus Schn. is a short thick blunt-nosed
snake, alternately banded with dirty brown and white. It seems
to be rare here, only two specimens being recorded from the

: ; м

There аге шап
long-tailed reptiles, often gaily coloured. They usually creep
about in bushes o great height from the ground, moving
very briskly when disturbed. Such are the snakes of the genera
Dendrophis, Dendrelaphis and Dryophis.

endreluphis caudolineatus is а very common kind, brown
with a bright yellow band down its side. It seems more or less
gregarious, as I have seen three in one bush. When annoyed
‘I have noticed it emits an appalling odour of carrion.

е little snakes of the genera Ad/abes and Simotes, though
allied to Dendrelaphis, are generally to be met wit creeping on
the ground, or concealed beneath logs or stones. They never
seem to climb into trees, and being terrestrial are usually dull

brown, sometimes marked with red. Simotes purpurascens, which

lines running its whole length, a red bar down its back and a
ed belly.

exuded some drops of a white viscid liquid representing the
well-known cobra marks, I noticed that my dog, seizing this

THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES. 199

snake in its mouth to worry it, presently foamed at the month,
as if he had been licking a toad. and soon dropped tha snake.
tasted the exudation, and found it bitter, but it had no effect on

my salivary glands. die is evident, however, that it must act as
a deterrent on its enemies, and erha s the cobra-like habit of
sitting up may also sura m an animal about to attack it, but I must

ay a
admit the actual resemblance to a cobra is not really very great,

but gs
front of the mouth, and Macropisthodon, though it can bite
а is not poisonous,

e are a good many snakes of the type usually popularly
known as i йара, and Water-snakes, several of which attain
a considerable size, seven or eight feet veh. The black ones

’
whereas as rat-killers they might be encouraged. C. taeniurus,
c which 1 d of the

the cave snake, which escribed in tbe last number
Journal, has been recently caught r. Rostados at Kota
Tinggi, in Johore, far away from any caves or rocks, this

Boulenger, and not so white as that of the caves.

Dipsadomorphus dendrophi!us is a Seve and very beautiful
harmless snake of considerable size. It usually lives їп man-
grove swamps, where it sits coiled up on the branches waiting
for birds or rats. Its colouring is an intense glossy black with
bright yellow bands, and in this it resembles the deadly т us
fasciatus, also amangrove-haunting snake, but whether this ca
classed as a genuine case of mimicry or is gat an accidental
resemblance it would be hard to say. It is a very quiet snake,
and becomes quite tame very shortly after кр. Опе сар-
tured on the Sirangoon river, where itis very abundant, laid
four rather large oblong white eggs, soon after _ was caught
The Malays call it Ular ranke or Ular chin-chin m

D. c nes is another common кейнги boit: five feet in
length. There are two colour forms of this, pee зва: so
different “that one would hardly puni them as the In
one the body is bright brown with darker blotches by a пе es

200 THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES.

throat. I caught a fine one on Gunong Keledang in Perak,
among thick fern. The other form is almost black with a few
yellow marks, about its head. One was brought me by a small
Malay boy from Tanglin village, where he declared it had been
killing the fowls.

Zaocys carinata is a large harmless snake, of which I caught
a very fine specimen, about eight feet long, after a considerable
chase. It was almost completely black, but there are also light-
coloured varieties. It moves very rapidly, and I could hardly
keep up with it though I was running on the path and it was
gliding through the scrub. - The Malays called it Ular Tedong,
but this name is applied apparently to a variety of snakes.

The green tree-snake, Dryophis prasinus, the Ular Daun

of the Malays, is another of our very common snakes. Usually

of a bright apple-green, with its long slender whip, like body
and its pointed snout, it is easily recognised. It is readily

here
are two or three colour varieties, the commonest of which next
to the green one is light brown, but I have also seen а form
-banded alternately grey and white. It feeds chiefly I чиа
on frogs and lizards. I found опе оп an occasion trying {о
swallow a Calotes in spite of the thorny spikes on its back. The
Malays say that if you take the fat of this snake and make a

this diversion is sometimes employed on festal occasions. My
informant told me that he had seen this done with perfect success.

o less than thirty-one poisonous snakes are recorded from
the Peninsula, but nearly half of these are sea snakes, Very
little is known as to the habits of these latter. They are gener-
ally taken out of the fishing stakes, where they doubtless go in
pursuit a the fish, on which they live

arus fasciatus has already ‘been alluded to. It is

It is almost always Spee near the sea, in tidal waters. -
tivity it is vicious and ill-tempered, striking about freely and
furiously rattling its tail.

ra is well-known to residents, being quite a common ^
garden snake. The specimens met with in the south of the

THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES. 201

peninsula are nearly always inky black, further north they are
seen a brown one in Singapore, nor a

black one in Penang or Province Wellesley. They appear to be
much smaller than the Indian form, a specimen over five feet long
being unusual. When annoyed the Cobra sits up in the well-
manner, and makes a very curious "шк noise, holding

its mouth open in the form of a circle, and every now and then

trix, v .
One struck me all over the face at a distance of eight feet, and
a student of snakes, who was not aware of this habit in our local

variety, was struck in the eye by one he was examining ; the
saliva, which produces only a slight irritation of the skin of the
face, causing some amount of inflammation in the eye. which
did not subside for some hours. Ih also seen a dog struck
in the eye by the saliva, while attacking a cobra, much to his

iier Bb cornered and defending himself, the cobra
very quick in turning the raised part of the body, which it
м forward for a pai dicatis distance, to deter its enemy,
but if left alone, re away as quickly as it can, taking refuge
under а log, orin a hole, It is nocturnal in its habits, remaining
in its hole all day, pora disturbed. It generally feeds on mice
and toads, but I once found one eating a small snake ( E
thodon). In captivity it is quiet, and usually gentle.
The Hamadryad ( Naia bungarus or Ophiophagus elaps), though
not an exceedingly common snake, is proba ably better known by
sara to residents than any other. It is the biggest of all
r poisonous are attaining a length of 13 feet, and is pro-
pittotately stout. In colour it is usually a pale brown, without
any markings, and as it does not sit up so often as the cobra
does, when in anger, and the large poison glands, so conspicu-
ous in many venomous snakes, are not very clearly visible, it is
1 е

large жеры on its blunt head, and when irritated, its erect atti-
tude and expanded hood easily distinguish it. t is commonly
Puis to be very aggressive and to pursue people who irritate
have never seen this myself, and it certainly requires fur-

ther rproof. As is well known, it feeds, generally at least, on other

snakes, and I have caught one in the act of swallowing a small

202 THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES.

python. Although the Indian Hamadryad is easily kept in
confinement in England, | have never been able to keep one very
long here. It refuses all food, not only its natural food of snakes,

. The Hamadryad is less common iu Singapore now than
formerly, I believe, but is occasionally taken. Four or five have

o

the Vipers, by far the commonest is Lachesis. W. ugleri, a
vicious looking, but handsome snake, mottled with green, dark
blue, yellow and black. Its large flat head, shaped like the ace
of spades, and narrow yellow eyes, vive it a wicked appearance.
It is generally about two feet and a half in length when full
grown, and is thick in proportion to its length. It isan arboreal
snake, sitting very quietly upon the boughs of trees or bushes,
where it catches rats and birds. Young specimens are often
plain dull green with a few distaut reddish spots, and do not at
all resemble the common form. I have seen a female viper
opened which contained several young ones, of which all but one
were coloured like the adult, while the remaining one was of the
plain green form. It occurs ail over the peninsula, When an-

ley, Selangor, the l'indinzs and Kedah, as well as Singapore.
Of

a
I have reason to believe is hardly justified. I have seen one

d
of blood. Тһе sparrow flew to the end of the cage but showed
no signs of poisoning, and remained quite lively till the snake

stepped on a young green viper about a foot long, which bit him
on the toe. І was not informed of this for over an our, when
I went to see him and found his leg a good deal swollen and he
was suffering a good deal of pain, but after rubbing bis leg and

THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES, 203

treating the bite with permanganate of potash, he тегу soon got
better and was well in a couple of hours. In fact the bite was
no worse than that of a centipede. A good ise pariah dog
was bitten on the thigh by a full grown and large sized green
viper. The wound bled a good deal, иш the dog karah a у
and ran off, but in an hour or two it reappeared none the worse.
I have also seen two cases_in which coolies stated they pd been
bitten by green vipers, and in one certainly saw. the snake (also
a young one), which was said to have bitten the man, but in
neither case were there any of the serious symptoms of snake
bite; and as tbe green viper when it bites holds on tight for some
time, and does not merely strike without closing his mouth as the
cobra does, it must inject a good quantity of the saliva into the

wound ; wherefore I conclude the animal is not as deadly as it is

reputed to be. Fayrer in “ Thanatophidia " in writing of L. fram

neus quotes from Russell and Blyth, both of whom had seen cases
of men bitten by green vipers who merely suffered file pain
and swelling and recovered, and Russell, experimenting with the
poison of this species, found that it killed birds, but that pigs and
dogs recovered, so that it may be doubted that any of these

and is quite gentle and very sluggish. Young animals live с iefly
on geckos, the bigger ones eat rats and birds, and it is surprising
what large rats they will eat. I have given one a large dead rat
with its arms stretched stiffly out and quite rigid, but the viper
managed to swallow it quite — getting the sides of its month
round the projecting arms most s
The other green coloured ы (Lachesis gramineus) of a
plain к kaw kin a t tip to its tail, was apparently
on in Sin re formerly than it is now, for
while кые Over the in of serpents in the British Mu-
seum I noticed that there were many specimens of this snake, all

from early collectors, and very few £. Wagíeri. Now, however, `

L. gramineus is quite rare. I have only met with one or two,
while L. i eh is, as I have said, very common.
The purple viper Z. gate not a very plen-
tiful snake, е always to reside оп к веа-5һоге, hiding under
rocks or basking in the sun. It is of a very deep purple brown
colour, nearly black. I have caught it on the shore at Toas, and

=

204 THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES.

seen it from Blakang Mati.

wo other vipers, L. sumatranus and L. monticola, are also
reported from Singapore and Penang, but they appear to be
very rare here.

here can be no doubt that snakes are much scarcer in Singa-
pore than formerly, and this is no doubt due to clearing of
much of the jungle, and especially the constant burning of the
Lalang, but still a great variety remain her , and some kinds
are still remarkably abundant, and those by no means always of
the smaller kinds.

It is rather interesting to observe the behaviour of various
animals at the sight of snakes. Common monkeys are usually
very excited, crowding together to look at it, and chattering
loudly, The Mias, who usually inhabits trees taller than snakes

nerable portion was its face. The Water Mungoose, Zerpestes
‚ bristles up its fur and

E ome deer, when a large py-

thon was brought past their paddock, though at some distance,

S

THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES. 205

List of Reptiles.
CHELONIA.

Dermochely ув coriacea Boul. Singapor
Callagur picta Gray. Penang, на
Batagur bak Gray. Penang.
Kachuga lineata Gray. Legeh !
Bellia crassicollis Gray. Penang!
Cyclemys platynota Gray. Singapore !
C. amboinensis Daud. Singapore! Malac
Geomyda spinosa € Menem ! Гей, кыйыр! Legeh !
grandis Singapore ! Selango
Testudo emys Schl. Penang, Dinding ! Perak,
Chelone — L. siga Kedah !
Ch. imbricata L. Sing
Thalassochely ys caretta L. Singapore! ! Johore !
Trionyx subplanus Geoff. Яа таро, enang.
г. hurum Gray. Penang, Legeh !
Tr. Phayrei Theob, Penang
Tr. cartilagineus Bodd. Singapore ! Penang.
Pelochelys cantoris Gray. Pen

ыран.

Nn

Tomistoma schlegeli S. МИП. oie 3
Crocodilus porosus Schn. Sin Johore, Penang, Province
ellesley ! Perak | Stange ! Kedah, Dindings !
C. porosus Less, Singapore? Sel
ез
авур. аў тіз ved Буаз жы
G. pulchellu Эр. Реп
Gonatodes Kendali li Gray. Ne cougars | Perak.
G. affinis Stol, Penang.

206 THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES.

Aeluroscalabotes felinus Gthr. Singapore.
Hemidactylus frenatus D. & B. Singapore, Penang ! Perak !
H. Gleadovii Murr. Singapore.

H. depressus Gray. Singapore.

H. Leschenaultii D. & B. Penang.

Н. Coctei D. & B. Penang.

IT. platyurus Schn. Penang, Singapore !

AMimetozoon Floweri Blgr. Penang.

Gehyra mutilata Wiegn. Singapore ! Penang ! Perak !
Lepidodactylus ceylonensis Blgr. Singapore.

L. lugubris D. & B. Pe

Gecko verticillatus Lawr, Singapore, Penang.

G. stentor Cantor Penan

G. Monarchus D. & B. Singapore ! Penang, Malacca !
Ptychozoon homalocephatum Grey. Penang, Singapore !

: quinquefasciatus Gray. Penang, а
D. melanopogon Blgr. Malacca, Singapore !
Aphaniotis fusca Ptrs. Malacca.
Gonyocephalus Herveyi Blgr. Malacca.

Acanthosaura armata Gray. Singapore, Penang.

Calotes cristatellus Kuhl. Singapore, Penang, Selangor, Kemaman!

C. онн Daud. Singapore, Penang, Kedah, Province Wel-
sle

lesley !
Liolepis bellii Gray. Malacca! Pahang! Dindings! Penang,
rovince Wellesley,

V. nebulosus Gray. Penan ; Malacca, Singapore !

V. rudicollis Gray. Males. =

V. salvator Laur. Singapore! Penang, Kedah, Pahang! Din-
dings! Malacca! е : T

Mabuia novemcarinata And. enang,

M. multifasciata Kuhl. Singapore ! Penang.

ygosoma anomalopus Blgr. Penang.

t

THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES. 207

Lygosoma olivaceum Gray Singapore! Penang.

L. albopunctatum Gray. Singapore, Penang.
L. chaleides L. Singapore, Penang

OPHIDIA.

Typhlops lineatus Boie. agpo = subak, Malacca.
T. braminus Daud. Singapore!
Т. bothriorhynchus der Pei dm
T. nigro-a!bus D. & B. Bic. Perak, Penang
Dm Steir bie Schn. pend ore! Peuang, Perak ! Selangor !
D. rus L. Province Wellesle
E ins us Schl. Singapore! Malacca, Selangor ?
Cylindrophus rufus Lawr. apana Penang.
C. lineatus Blanf, Singa
Xenopeltis unicolor Reinh ы ne Penang
Acrochordus javanicus Hornst. Singapore, Penang Pahang.
Chersydrus granulatus Schn. Singapore ! ang.
Xenodermus javanicus Reinh, Pen
Pol, yodontophis Kinar Boie, Sinan Malacca.
nt.

Xenochropis cevasogaster Cant. Province Wellesley.
Tropidonotus tr ее 8 e us Boie. ee Penang.
T. piscator Schn. Singapore, Penang!

apo

T

T. chrysargus Pera

T. subminiatus Schl. a Perak.
alacca.

Macropisthodon aia a D. & В. Perak,

L ces aulicus L. A aret] Penang.
L. effrenis Cant. a

L. subcinctus Boie Singapore ! Penang, Kemam

Dry anala subannulatus D. Singapore! Баа ‘Wellesley.

Zaocys carinatus Gthr. Singapore! Perak.

208 THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES.

Zamenis korros Schl. Singapore, Penang, Perak.
Z. mucosus L. Sin
Z. fasciolatus Shaw. Province Wellesle

-enelaphis hexagonotus Cant. Sin ode ae Penang, Pahang !
Coluber porphyraceus Cant. Sing :
. oxycephalus e Si ingapore, босо. Pahang !
. teniurus Johore! Selan
C. melanurus Schl, Singa de oe Wellesley, Penang.
‚ radi sin Schl. Singapore! Penan
. Hodgsoni Singapore
гнанага margaritatus pus. Singapore
Dendrophis ке Boie. a Ке, Kedah, Selangor !
D. formosus Boie. Singapore! Province Wellesley, Selangor !
Dendrelaphis жеры Gray. Singapore! Pahang! Penang

Perak,

00000

Macrocalamus lateralis Perak.
Simotes pun Logs Schl. Singapore! Johore, Penang.
S. cyclurus . Penang, Singapore!

ga
A. baliod s Boie. Penang, Be vince Wellesley, Perak, Bujong

M
A. eer Ptrs

Penang.
Pseudorhabdium long giceps —— Singapore, Penang, Perak.
Calamaria albiventer Gray Pen ang.

C. leucocephala D. & B. Singapore, Penang!
С. pavimentata D. & В. Penang ! Pin Wellesley.
Hypsirhina plumbea с Penang.

Hipistes Med, Cant. Sip jdn odi а Kedah.
Dipsadomorphus multimaculatus Boie. Pena ng.

ТНЕ HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES, 209

D. Gokoo ! Gray. Pena
D. dendrophilus Boie. Bibgapor e, Penang, Kedah, Din lings, Perak!
D. jaspideus D. and В. Penang.
Drapiezit Boie. Singapore ! Mala
D. cynodon Boie. Singa sa не Welles'ey, Malacca,
erak ! (Gunong Keledan
Psammodynastes pulver ulentus Boie. Penang, Perak.
Lryophis xanthozona Boie. Penang.
. prasinus Boie. Singapore | Penang, Pahang :
ens Gray. Penan
Chrysopelwa ornata. Shaw. Singapore ! ! Penang ! Kedah, Jelebu !
D. chrysochlora Reinw. Singapore! Penang.
Hydrus platurus L. Singapore! Province Wellesley.
Hydr т caerulescens Shaw Penang.
H. Cantoris Gthr. Penang.
H. fasciatus Schn. Penang.
H. torquatus Gthr.
Distira Stokesii Gray Singapore !
D. Brugmansii Boie. Penang.
D. cyanocincta sai pege 2
D. Jerdonii Gray
Enhydris Hardwickii ny Singapore,
Enhydrina Valakadien. Boie. Penang.
Aipysurus Eydouxt Gray. Singapore
Platurus colubrinus Schn. Singapore ! Pena
Bungarus ч Schn. Singapore ! Pélang. Province Welles-
ey, Pahang ! Malacca :
= — L. «ашчы Penang.
B. flaviceps Reinh. Penang, Province Wellesley.
Naia эё этеа Ms Singapore ! Penang, Province Wellesley ;

N. bungarus , Sehl. Singapore! Penang, Province Wellesley,
ahan langor! Perak.

Callophis lie Gray. Singapore, Penang.

C. maculiceps Gthr. Province Wellesle

Doliophis bivirgatus Boie. Singapore! Malacca, Dinlings! Pe-
ang, Selangor! Province Wellesley, Ke

D. intestinalis Laur. Singapore, Penang, Malacca, Province
Wellesley, Pahang !

-

210 THE HABITS OF MALAY REPTILES.

Haplopeltura Boa Boie. Penan
Amblycephalus levis Boie. Malacca ? ?
. malaccanus Ptrs. Malacca.
Lachesis monticola Gthr. Singapore, Penang.
L. Scd aM Hai Gray. Singapore ! Penang.
L. gramineus Sha w. Singapore ! Penang.

т. ;
L. Wi Бараа Boie. Singapore | ! Penang, Malacca, Perak ! Selang-
or! Pahang

Notes.

The name ““ Malayu.”

The national name of the Malays is mentioned, if not for
the first time in recorded history, at any rate with a seus
territorial denotation, as early as the 7th century Eye y

Tsing, a Chinese Buddhist аак їп two of his "ore. the
Ta- t*ang-si-yu- Ku-fa- Kao-séng-ch*uan or “ Memoirs of Eminent
Priests who visited India and Neighbouring Countries to search
for the Law under the Great T'ang Dynasty,” and the “ Record
of the Buddhist Religion as practised i in India and the Malay
Archipelago,”

This fatter work, the original title of which is Nan-hai-chi-
Kuei-nai-fa-ch*uan, literally “u The Record of the Sacred Law,
sent home from the Southern Sea," has been translated,
im sana with part of the forüier, into En glish, by J. Takakusu,

a Japanese scholar, and was publishe d in 1896 by the Oxford
Clarendon Press. . The author, e visited the Malay Archipe-
lago in the winter of A. D. 671-2 and remained for some time
in "Sumatra, speaks of the Mo- fe -yu country as being one of the
islands of the South Sea in which Buddhism then prevailed.
He fixes its Бара by telling us that it lay to the west of
Shih-li-fo-shih (Sri Bhoja or Bhoja), which place асан to be
certainly identified xdg the San-bo-tsai of other Chinese chroni-
clers and the Sarbaza of the Arabian geographers ofthe 9th
century E а tells us that Sri Bhoja им in his time or shortly

* See especially Groeneveldt’s ** Notes g the Malay Archipelago,”
ete., Essays on Indo-China, ete. 2nd series, vol.

212 |. NOTES,

place Sri Bhoja, San-bo-tsai, Sarbaza, ete., as it is variously called,
has been identified with almost absolute certainty as being $e
ated on the Palembang river in South-eastern Sumatra ; and t

Mo-lo-yu со сап therefore be confidently regarded as асай
immediately to the west or north-west, that is to say about
the middle of Decii I "Tsing ng, who stayed in the Mo-lo-yu
country for two months ou his way to India,says that it was
fifteen or sail from Bhoja, the capital of Sri Bhoja; and it
must have been situated оиу under the Equator, for in
the middle of the eighth month and in the middle of spring the
sun cast no shadow there at noon. Moreover it was half-way

nds) From Ka-cha ships sailed in thirty days to Nagapatana
(Negapatam), and I Tsing himself took Tus there for Tamralipti
(Tamluk), a port near the mouth of the
It seems therefore that the Medica country was not at
this time a purely inland State, but had a coast line fog the Straits
more or less opposite to where Malacca now stan
The language of the Moon country was thet which served
as а lingua francain the Archipelago

This term was derived, apparently, from the Chinese name

Pulau Condor, on the same principle on which slaves from these
regione are often mentioned in Chinese chronicles as K'ùn-lun
slaves, from whatever part of the Archipelago they might have
actually been imported, e reason seems to have been that
the Pulau Condor people were the first of the Southern island-
ers to come into contact with the Chinese, who afterw ards loose-

ed Kochin sat cie ngtun
That the language Was r чо. Malay appears from the fact
that the “pin-lang fruit” is mentioned by 1 Tsing as being u

~

NOTES, 213

in the Sri Bhoja pg and orr нин of the Archipelago
for chewing with nutmegs, cloves Barus camphor, for the
purpose of Tx "e mouth партав Pin-lang is of course
the Malay word pinang, areca n

n I Tsing's time, it seems therefore that the Malay page
par excellence was in Central Sumatra, a fact agreeing very w
with native Malay tradition on the subject, which ‘derives the
origin of many of the Malays of the Peninsula from the old Cen-
tral чы State of мена

etymological signification of the как паше Malayu

Las bon a subject of much dispute. І Tsin
any additional io upon it; but he makes 1 quite clear tbat
the word en in his time a [оса significance, and denoted the
particu ЙА? region froin which a large part of the oir of the
modern Tanah Malayu love to trace their origin,

C. О, Blagden.

The Putri Gunong Ledang.
(Farry Princess or Mr. OPHIR.)

The following extract from an essay d by a Malacca
Chinese boy may be of interest to readers of the ena of the
Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. I give the boy’s
own words.

The aborigines of Malacca used to believe that Mt. Ophir
was a sacred mountain. Mt. Ophir is also believed to be so
by the Malays, as well as by most of the Strait-born Chinese.
Since many I ago, neither Malays nor Chinese have ever
reached the of the mountain, ie pt as our ancestors say,

of the Europeans ‘have been ther e, es the natives have not
believed it. It is said that cene is a fairy who takes charge of
the sacred mountain. In the morning, as the sun rises, the
fairy is а beautiful girl playing near her well-built hut. At
noon, as the sun is right over our head, the girl аи into а
maiden ; ; and in the evening, а i rhe sun sets, the maiden becomes
an old woman. The same thing happens every da чан

214 NOTES,

There is also а sacred tiger possessed by the fairy as her
sole guardian of the mountain. always sits half-way down

they believe that.there is also а kind of plant grown near the
house of the fairy, and any one who gets a leaf from that plant
and eats it, besides being always young and beautiful, will never
die. Many of the ancient people of Malacca attempted to get
some of the leaves, and many iost their lives in the attempts
because of their absurdity,

is story was first told by a Malay who accidentally
reached the top of the mountain. One day while cutting wood
with some of his companions he was accidentally separated from
them and was left alone in the forests. What was his alarm

story which the Malays as wellas the Straits Chinese believe
about Mt. Ophir or Gunong Leydang."

R. J. Wilkinson.

Golden Flowers.

; here was living in Singapore not many years ago a
Chinaman in very poor circumstances, who possessed, however,
а small garden, in which grew a plant of tbe Pandan Wangi
(Pandanus laevis), a tree which is often cultivated for its scented
leaves used for flavouring rice and for making a kind of pot `
pourri used at weddings. He supplied the tree liberally with
manure, and one moonlight night he was surprised to see it
bearing а г ower. Going to examine it next day, no flower
was to be seen, but next night it was there again, and he climb-

B

ed up and got it, and put it on a table in his house. Оп the

NOTES, 216

following morning he found it was cuius into gold, and
broke off a bit and took it off to sell. On returning, he found

appeared, and the family became co mpara atively poor again.
The Paden Wangi very rarely з) vers (indeed I have never
seen the flowers of it), and the male flowers are white and
sweet-scented, like those of any ott Риха
Recently a Javanese who wasin the Botanic gardens опа
moonlight evening perceived on the stem of a wild fig-tree
(Ficus Miguel) ataheight of about ten feet from the ground, a
as bigas a large marigold. Not knowing the
peculiarity of үне Gold flower, he went to call a companion to
look at it, when it immediately vanished, nor bas it reappeared.
It seems that the gold flower objects to a crowd, and will only
be visible to certain fortunate persons, and this cooly, by calling

just the kind of tree you would expect to find gold flowers on.
Н.М, Е.

marks оп the
Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros Rhinoceros),
and some other species mentioned in Mr. mengi Paper on
the Birds of the Botanical Gardens
нива of the Rhinoceros Hornbill in his interesting paper
pes nri Birds, Mr. Ridley says, “The beak and casque

land bene
orange-red “nt id which colours the `
The e gland (uropygial) is above pit not below the tail;
below is of course a lapsus calami. In a letter to Mr. Ridley
I told him that I thought the red colour on the bill, thoug

216 NOTES.

fugitive, was natural to it, and not, like the yellow, put on by

the bird. r. Ridley considered that both colours came

from tke oil-gland ; so to settle the question I made a careful
hed beak о

lightness encased in a thin covering of horn; the casque is
entirely hollow, except for a mass of bony cells at the base

remaining layers of the horny Me It appears, therefore,
that either the outer layer of h rn is naturally red aud bleaches
on the death of the bird, or that it is transparent when daily
anointed with the EM gial oil, allowing the underlying red colour
to show through, but becoming opaque in the dried pone en.

Probably the Gilidg of the ЫП, which is c.mmon to both

sexes, is as much to keep the surface from cracking or beca
brittle and flaky as for decorative purposes.

ÆEgithina tiphia, Mr. Ridley jd as resembling а
goldfinch in its plumage and habits. The resemblance in habits
is not very apparent. Goldfinches аге fre arious, frequent
open country, and feed on seeds, principally on thistle-down ;
the Тога goes in pairs or singly, keeps chiefly to secondary jungle
or low trees, and feeds on insects, mainly caterpillars.

Turm plumbipes. Describing the decoying of these quail,
Mr. Ridley says, “A cock quail is put inside the cag re-
ly, a hen? It is the hens that do the cour ting and the fighting
in the genus Turnix. They are also the larger and most con-
spicucusly coloured birds. I have seen numbers trapped in
India. апа Ceyl n with hen decoys, but never saw a cock use

See Sthenura. ‚ The name Mr. Ridley uses arose from
a misprint. “ Stenura” is correct, and has been show
be what Bonaparte originally wrote, referring (tons, narrow)
to the attenuated lateral tail feathers is merely à
matter of synonymy, the least interesting part of ornithology.

A. L. Butler,

NOTES, 217

NoTE. Mr. Butler's remarks are very interesting, and
speak for themselves, so I need only refer to the fighting quails,
Since hearing from him, I have met several quail-catchers in
Sungei Ujong, and examining the decoy birds find that all
were females. The Malays too told me they always used the
females f: r fighting, and the males did not fight.

Ib NIAE
Bekin.

Regarding the Malay word * bikin" — to do, to make, etc.,
—the use of which is so strongly deprecated, and the bastard
origin of which is insisted upon by all authorities on the lan-
guage—has the probability of its Persian origin ever been seri-
ously considered? The wora bears a striking resemblance to
“ bikun," the imperative of the common Persian verb “ to do,
to make," etc. If this origin could be established it would
raise the word from its present obloquious position to one of
quite classical respectability. :
У. С.

—

An insectivorous squirrel.

* a

t to prey upon these helpless insects. Birds, chietly bulbuls,
g а 5

ground. І was surprised, however, recentl one of thes
occasions to see a little squirrel (Nanosciurus exilis) creeping
about on the ground and eagerly ca th

prey, which it ate wings and all, apparently with much enjoy-
ment, and by the rustling in the bushes I judged there was at
least one more, which I could not see, attac king the swarm.

H. N.R.

218 NOTES.

Notes from Sarawak Museum.
On a Fossil Tooth found at Bau, Upper Sarawak.

A molar tooth of the Indian elephant ( Elephas indicus) was
recently found ina small cave at B J S К, Буа
Chinaman, whilst washing for gold, and was handed over to me
by Mr. Pawle of the Borneo Company, whose kindness in so do-
ing, I beg to acknowledge here. The tooth i

but since it was lying in a crevice in the li stone, not actually
imbedded in rock, it is impossible to state with any degree of
accuracy the exact horizon of the specimen. The limestone in

gin, as shown by fossils collected by me; such characteristic
shells as Cerithium and Limopsis being here abundant ; the form-
ation is honeycombed with caves, many of which were carefully
explored in 1878-9 by the late Mr. A. H. Everett. His results

e "

Elephas indicus is included аз ап indigenous species; but there
is little doubt that the few individuals now existing in North
orneo nave sprung from some pairs which were introduced

: ving man.
These pairs were presented by a Sultan of Pahang to the Sultan
of Brunei or Sulu (for on this point accounts differ), and after

xt
worthy of note that the Kyans at the head of the Rejang and
Baram rivers, areas in which tke rhinoceros and wild buffalo

T DES ogee Meets” Bn ОС S KENANG Eo TE PIN

x
Л
2

Л
‘a
h

NOTES. 219

occur, are not only ignorant of the existence of the elephant
both b personal observation or by hearsay, but have no word
in their language for that animal. Fossil remains of various
speciés of elephants have been found in the Pliocene and Pleis-
tocene deposits of many countries, but Elephas irre pete has
рк been sbewn to have any great antiquity, nor do empt

shew it now from the fragment before me. Borneo was veut

R. S. Shelford.

ICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY. .

F

Arsene LOTTERY, b re, Esq.

[Хо. 33].

JOURNAL
OF THE
STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

Royal Asiatic Society.

JANUARY 1900.

Agents of the Society.

London and America is А 3s TRUBNER & Co.

Paris М: D e sah ERNEST Leroux & Co.

"Germany . ... bs m OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.
SINGAPORE.

PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PRESS.

33.]
JOURNAL
OF THE
STRAITS BRANCH
OF THE

Hoyal Asiatic Society.

London and America
Paris

Germany ei ae % Отто

JANUARY 1900.

Agents of the о

TRUBNER & Co.
ER NEST LEROUK & Co,
HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.

SINGAPORE:

PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PRESS.

TABLE OF CGONTENTS.

wer al, Y

Council for 1900.

List of Members for 1900.
Proceedings of General Meeting.
Aunual Report of the Council.
Treasurer's Cash Account for 1899,

A trip to Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak, by 2. S. Shelford
The Flora of Singapore, by H. N. Ridley

Chinese Names of Streets in Penang, by Lo Man Yut

The Orang Laut of Singapore, by W. W. Steat and
Н. У. Ridley

Cases of Lightning шы by G. E. V. Thomas

Notes from the Sarawak Museum, by R. S. Shelford

The Hot Springs of Ulu Jelai, by A. D. Machado

ТНЕ
STRAITS BRANCH
OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

COUNCIL FOR 1900.
The Right Revd. Bishop б. Е. HosE— President.
The Hon’ble W. В. COLL Y ER— Vice-President for Singapore.
The Hon’ble Dr. BROWN— Vice-President for Penang.
Н. N. RIDLEY, Esq.— Honorary Secretary.
Dr. HANITSCH—Honorary Treasurer.
Н. Н. Еѕснке, Esq. |
The Hon’ble W. J. NAPIFR, |
В. N. BLAND, Esq. Councillors.
В. W. HULLETT, Esq. |
The Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR. |

LIST OF MEMBERS

FOR
1900.

ANTHONISZ, J. O., В. A. Singapore.
BAMPFYLDE, C. А, : * Kuching, тае.
BANKS, J. E. Singapore,
BARKER, Dr. J. K. `` Sarawak.
BARNES, W. D. Kuala Lipis, Pahang
BELFIELD, F. Taiping, Perak.
BERRINGTON, A. Т. D Taiping, Pérak. |
BICKNELL, W. А. Audit ai, Penang.,
BIRCH, J. K. Penang.
BL AGDEN, 0.0,

(Life: Member) England.
BLAND, R. N. Singapore.
Вотт, Dr. W. N.
BRADDON, Dr. W. L. oe N. Sembilan.
BRANDT, D. VON Stanmore, Singapore
BROCEMAN, E. L. Singapo
BROWN, The Hon. Dr. W. C. Penang.
BRYANT, A. T. poh
Bnypaks, E. E. H., M. A. England.
BUCKLEY, С. B. Orchard Road, Singapore.
BUTLER, A. L uala Lumpo:
CAMUS, Taipeng, Perak
CLIFFORD, H, €. Sand
COLLYER, The Нор Ие W. R. Singapore
CONLAY, W. untan, Pahang.
Соок, Rev. J. A. B. » re.
DANE, Dr, Province Welles

бент Sin ALFRED, K.C.M.G. 11 Old Pd >g ii Linda E. C.
DEW, lian, Per

E &

MEMBERS For 1900.— Continued.

Dickson, E. A,
DRIVER, JAMES

DUNLOP

eens К, C.
EGERTON, WALTER
ESCHKE, Н. Н.

DUNKERLEY, REV. W. H., M.A.
Fu.

X.

I, МАТОВ. G. S.

Geb. JAMES

*ROOM, S. В.

HAFFENDEN, JOHN

HAINES, REV. Е. W,

HALE, A.

HANITSCH, Dr. R

HARE,

HAYNES, H

HERVEY, D. F. Pe C.M.G.

(Hon n. Member)

HILE, The Hon. E

Нове, The Rt. Rev. mee:
M.A., D.D. (Hon. Member)

Hose, CHARLES.

HosE, E. S.

BOYOK VAN PAPENDRECHT,

HULLETT, R. e iet ЕТ. БВ.
JOAQUIM, fF P.
JOHNSTON, L. Á; =

Sepang, Selangor.
Kuala Lumpor,
Penang.

a
German ‘Consulate, Singapore.
Sarawak.

Cairo.

Singapore.

Singapore,

Siam.

Glasgow, Scotland.
alacca.

Ташый. Х. Sembilan

Singapore.

Kuala Lumpor.
yantian, B. N. B.

Aldeburgh.
ingapore

Singapore.
aram, Sarawak.
erak.

Singapore.

Singap
KYNNERSLEY, The Hon. C.W.S. Жорго,

LAWES, Rev. W.
Hon. Member)

Port Moresby, New Guinea

viii MEMBERS For 1900.— Continued.

LEASK, Dr. J. Т. ` Singapore.

LEMON, А.Н. Penang.

LEWis, J. E. H., B. A. Government Printing Office.
Sarawak.

LIM Boon KENG, Hon. Dr. Singapore.
LUERING, Rev. Dr. Н. L, E. Singapore.
Pahang.

MACHADO, А. D. ahang
MacLaren, J. W. B. Singapore.
Mason, J. 8. Matang, Perak.
MoUavusLanp, С. Е. Selangor.
MELDRUM, DATO J. Johore.
MEREWETHER, Нох E. M. Singapore.
MICHELL, W. C., В.А. Singapore.
MILLER, JAMES Singapore.
Munson, Rev. К. E: к Padang, Bencoolen.
NANSON, W., B.A Singapor
NAPIER, The Hon’ ‘ole Ка da
"M.A, B.C.L. Paterson кету. Singapore.
RMSBY Mayo, Ireland.
O'SULLIVAN, А. W. S, B.A. Penang.
OWEN, J. F. Port Dickson.
КАЕН, C. W. C. Negri Sembilan.
PERHAM, The Ven'ble ме,
соп (Hon. Member.) ngland.
PEARS, FRANCIS 4
RIDLEY, Н. N., M.A., F.L.8 Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
ROBERTS, В. G. Negri Sembilan
RODGER, J. P. end Lum por, Selangor.
ROSTADOS, E. Johor
ROWLAND, W. R. Negri poe

d Н. Н. The Rasa of,

M.G. (Honorary Monter) хаме Sarawak.
BARKWAK: Н. Н. The К. S. C. of, Sar wak
SATOW, Sir Е. M. K.C,M.G

(Honorary Member, ) Tokyo, Japan.
SAUNDERS, C. J. Singapore.
SEAH LIANG SEAH, Chop “Сып Hin,” Singapore.
SEAH SONG SEAH Chop “ Chin Hin,” Singapore. ^

SHELFORD, R., Sarawak.

PUT

MEMBERS ron 1900.—Continued ix

SHELFORD, W. H. Singapore.
SHELLABEAR, Rev. W. G, Singapore.
SKEAT, W. W. Selangor
SKINNER, A. M., C.M.G. Canterbury, England.
SMITH, SIR CECIL C., G.C.M.G.

(Honorary Member.) England.
SOHST, S. C. Singapore.
ST. CLAIR, W. G; Е
E CHARLES Sing
SUGARS, J. C. Telok pe Perak,
SWETTENH AM, The Hon ble Sir

C.M.G. / Singapore.

THOMAS, О. V. Penang.

€.
NINGEN уох HELS-
Бон Dr R-
VERMONT, The Hou'ble J. М.В. Das
WALKER, Lt.Col. Б. S. F.,

CLG. Perak.
WATKINS, A. J. M. Selangor.
WELLFORD, Dr. T. Selangor.
Wise, D. Н. Singapore
Woon, J. B. Ulu Pahang,
Woop, E. G. Taipeng.
Wray, L., JR. Taipeng, Perak.

Members are requested to inform the Secretary of any

change of address or decease of members, in order that the list
may be as быра as possible.

All communications covcerning the publications of the
ту азал be addressed to the Secretary : all subscriptions

о the Treasurer.

Mem an s may have, on йб, forms authorising their
Bankers or — to pay their subscriptions to the Society
regularly each yea

“PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING
OF THE
STRAITS BRANCH

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,
HELD AT THE

RAFFLES MUSEUM, SINGAPORE,
ON

29th JANUARY, 7900.
PRESENT :

Right Reverend Bishop Hose, Hon'ble W. К. COLLYER,
Hou'ble С. W. KYNNERSLEY, Messrs. A. KNiGnT, R. N. BLAND,

W. HuLLETT, A. GENTLE, Dr. LEASK, Dr. HANITSCH,
Rev. W. SHELLABEAR, Rev. J. E. BANKS, and Н. №. RIDLEY.

The M of the last Annual General Meeting were read
and confi

'The Annual Report of the Council and the statement he

unts were read and on the proposal of the Hon'ble W
Collyer, Seconded by Mr. Hullett, were passed.

PROCEEDINGS, xl

The elections of Members during the year were confirmed
by the meeting on the proposal of Mr. Hullett, seconded by
Dr. Leask.

‘he oe and council for the present year were then
elected, v

due duca Reverend Візнор HOSE.
Vice President EN gapore) Hon'ble W. К, COLLYER.
Br

" (Penang) DR. BROWN.
Honorary Secretar » н. М. RIDLEY,
= reasur в. HANITSCH.
«n How’ эм О. W. KYNNEBSLEY, Mr.
BLAND, Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAK, Mn. К. W. HULLETT, P
H. H. Es =

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL
Ok THE
Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,
FOR THE YEAR 1899.

A’
Us

In presenting this Report, the Council are pleased to state
that the affairs of the Society are financially more satisfactory
than ever,

Since the last General Meeting the following new Mem
bers were elected, subject to the confirmation of the Ceneri
Meeting.

REV. J. A. B. Соок. MR. FRANCIS PEARS.
Mr. J. С. SUGARS. REV. F. W. HAINES.
Mr. R. €. EDMONDS. Dr. А. В. BARKER

The Council regret to have to record the loss by death of
Sir Charles Bullen Mitchell, Patron of the Society, Ur. de Vicq,
(Councillor) and Mr. Koe

The new map was received at the commencement of the
year and was in much demand, one hundred and bei copies
being sold in Singapore, and one hundred and twenty nine in
England. Copies were kinane to the Sultan of Johore, and to

rince Devawongse, who had materially assisted in its publication.

One Journal, (No. 32) was published during the year, and another

"eH the course of printing will be shortly in the hands of the
bers.

А large number of books, pamphlets and jonrnals were pre-
sented to the Society or received in exchauge from kindred
Institutions.

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uSe2 s,194nsgoJ4[ Клелоцон

A Trip to Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak.

; At ТИ? on the ше of tis of this a year of grace,
Mr. E. Cox, of the Sarawak Government service, and
myself left A for the upper waters of the Sarawak river on
a long talked-of collecting expedition. Our лабе. destination
was Penrissen, a mountain of 4,800 feet high, five miles from
the “ulu” of the left hand branch of the “Sarawak river, and
about fifty miles as the crow flies from the sea-coast. The
mountain had pipin been scaled, in part at least, by Signor
Beccari, Mr . Everett, Dr. G. D. Haviland and Mr.
Hen lerson, bs had nev er, from a zoological peram of view, been
thoroughly c ollected over, so dr our hopes of obtaining inte-
resting and valuable résults ran

ur Staff consisted of five yet. m Malay and
Chinese boys, and a Chinese cook; to convey these, ourselves

went well and вол оны The night was рер in part at the
little village of Selobang, but to catch the tide and to avoid the
din of a neighbouring Chinese “ wayang,” we re-embarked at 12
p-m. and proceeded quietly on our way p at 6.30 in the = n-
ing the first ** karungan" or zel bed was encountered; here
we stopped for breakfast and à delightful bathe i in the now some-
what rapid river. At 9 we were on again, and soon began to
experience some difficulty in progression. The river abounded
d

with shallows and small rapids; ; up and over these our heavy and -

heavy ily- laden boats, which to use a Malay expression “ ate much
water," were poled = hauled only with the greatest difficulty
and exertion. At the very bad places a general halt had always
to be called, whilst as respective crews joined forces and а |

with ropes опе boat up at a time. Late in the afternoon we
finally won to Segu, and right glad were we to partake of the -

2 A TRIP TO MT, PENRISSEN, SARAWAK.

саад offered to us by the gentlemen then in charge of ће
ent coffee-estate at that place. Profiting by our expe-
ane we exchanged next day one of our heavy boats with its
Malay crew for two lighter boats with crews of Land- Dyaks ;
these men are experts in the art of poling up against a strong
and shallow stream > the women are not far behind the men.

It was amusing to | our icruits coaching our Malay
crews, the latter ion ваш М ше Seed the superiority
of their advisers as polers were too prou take advice in any

form from those they considered in every d respect beneath
ig notice. With such valuable additions to our forces we

oceeded up stream at a fair pace; the scenery was lovely,
seed Nos walls of limestone carved by the weather into every
imaginable shape, rose high on either side. Their summits were
clothed with a dense growth of trees and creepers, which in

the river itself here rippling over shallows or dashing through
rocky gateways, there runuing calm and still under au S ue.

ing cliff, ever added fresh beauty and interest to the sc

night we tied up opposite the village of Burgor, ^n pt in

the boats; an early start was made next morning and by mid-

day, we ‘arrived at Pankalan Ampat, thus completing the

first eps of our jou rney. p here we dispatched messengers

were aie next day to i dn the heavy ас to

y riwe
to the dangers of a Land Dyak road with iis picturesque
though fragile bamboo bridges slung over nasty-looking places
where a fall meant a broken bone or tw
On arrival at Sennah we were met with a cordial welcome

A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN; SARAWAK. 3

another is established by logs rounded or slightly flattened,
generally as slippery as glass ; in fact within the village itself
no one ever walks on the ground. Peniaiih the houses pigs
oot and grunt, fowls cackle and boys fight, in а sodden mass
of filth, the eflluvium from which Maite c freely through the
open spaces between the floors of bamboo la ie The agite
house in which we temporarily took r abode was
well-built plank structure with billian мар ook two karah
doors led out on to a sracious veranda tke back, which

ingand sleeping. In the verandah wer couple of large

bell- —Ó wooden vessels, half-filled with padi, and nearly

all day long women were каш this by repeated thumpings

lies „йине ed by 3 or 4 foot poles; when husked, the padi

is thrown into circular sieves of rotan, and shaken till the husks
ted off.

kerchief generally =f siete his gar rb The women however
sque : ir 8

just below the knee to the ankle are encircled by rows of brass
rings; a shell armlet and leglet generally topping each series
of rings; even the little girls are burdened with these orna-
ments, though otherwise innocent of clothing, and when a

г of girls of different ages ате seen together it is
E possible to trace a gradual distortion of the calf of

p
leaf. There w were ө few objects of аи interest {о Бе

4 A TRIP TO МТ. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK,

hat known as “ Bok tumbis;" this was cylindrical, narrower at
the top than at the bottom, 9 inches in eight, made of coloured
beads strung in striking patterns on five threads of rotan, the
whole strengthened with uprights of thicker rotan. Тһе top
was open, and through the aperture the wearer—always a
woman—pulls her hair, allowing it to stream out on all sides, it
is only worn in dances during the annual harvest feast; the men
on such occasions sometimes wear a necklet of tiger-cat’s teeth
alternated with the teeth of bats, squirrels апі such like small

eer. Besides elegantly-carved wooden handles for their
parangs, baskets woven from rotan, without any distinctive
pattern, and small oval wooden boxes for powder and shot,
could discover no other article which these people make.

" ch i

>

That evening we held a great “ bichara," and after over-

m
mountain; our thirty to forty coolies wanted to take only the

lightest loads, whilst we naturally wanted them to take those '

things which we needed most, leaving the rest to follow with
h

twelve o'clock to rest and discuss a meal. At one o'clock
we were on again, and soon reached the lower slopes of the

p* 2 ST

A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK. 5

mountain, and as these up to a height of 2,000 feet are clothed
with bamboo jungle, we found the going much more easy.

the afternoon, at an altitule of 2,500 feet, a
hanging boulder of sandstone conglomerate, known to the
Sennahs as Batu Tinong, and under this we pitched our
our camp for the night. А dashing mountain stream w
cascade of really cold water after our exhausting day was one
not readily to be forgotten. Leeches had proved persistent and
troublesome throughout the day, but in my opinion the annoy-
ance caused by them has always been somewhat exaggerated.
vest morning we continued our climb until we had reached

rear the sides of the mountain sloped steeply downwards and
upwards; however, as we were informed that there was no
water to be had at any greater height, and further that all the
Europeans who had previously visited the mountain had encamp-
ed here, we had perforce to acquiesce in our guides’ decision.
Our carriers made a clearing and proceeded to build us a hut;
this took two or three hours to complete, as we insisted it should
be commodious, solid and watertight; the poles and beams
were of course felled in the jun
two feet off the ground, was made with laths and saplings,
whilst intertwisted palm-leaves served for roof and walls. Every
felled tree produced a small harvest of insects ; a few interesti ig
butterflies invaded the clearing, amongst them Cyrestis seminigra,
previously only recorded from Kina Balu, whilst in the un-
dergrowth were founl snails, scorpions and centipedes, all
delightfully unfamiliar to the low-co ігу naturalist. In secur-
ing these specimens and in rigging up shelves and sleeping-bunks
in our hut, making all comfortable and snug, we spent the rest
of the day.

On the following day (May 13th) Mr. Cox early started
out to explore the mountain at a higher elevation, and at mid-

day returned with the report that after a stiff climb of 400 feet
he had reached a maguificent plateau of considerable extent,

6 A TRIP TO МТ. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK.

altogether infinitely superior to our present situation; our с
отіп аб having been deceived by our guides was great, but

where water was abundant and a good view readily obtainable,
ha-

before deciding whether it was worth while or not staying on
our present position. When eventually the hunters return-

г. Cox therefore decided to visit
next day the actual summit of the mountain, and if much of
interest was seen or procured, (o stay there for 10 days or a

Е?
о
о
=
2
=
ы
—
=
=

summit. Up to 4,500 feet the climbing had not been particularly
difficult, but the last 300 feet was a sheer precipice of sand-stone

our baggage. This came up by degrees, until finally all our

СА

belongings could Бе bestowed in our hut and kitchen.

з nost
( Vermileo вр.) accompanied his letter, I determined to join Ыш
and investigate the life-history of the insect as fully аз possi-

А TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK. Я.

ble. At this station the hunters had erected a long lean-to
on the side of the hill, and from it we had a most magnificent
view of the country below us right dowa to the sea, fifty miles

way. „Unfortunately at this altitude our view was too
nenti interrupted by fog and cloud, which generally swept
up towards the middle of the day, and obscured everything till
nightfall. From this station we made various expeditions round
and about. Birds and mammals were extremely scarce, and
the insects did not differ very markedly from those to be caught
on the plateau; as, moreover, I had obtained alive several speci-
mens of the fly-larva, Vermi'eo sp C) * we decided to return to
our original and comfortable quarte

We descended on the 24th, and ‘tion then hs the 30th lived
а calm and uneventful life; our mornings from
nearly noon were spent in tramping DE the le hunting
for birds, reptiles, insects, in fact, everything that had life in it;
the afternoons in skinning, pinning out insects, bottling and
labelling spirit specimens, and the other thousand and one duties
which make a collector's life a busy one. An early dinner with
bed to с completed Ше day.

The return journey to Sennah was much like the first, save
that it was Mi ag bm in one day, one little incident only
perhaps is worthy of note :—as we neared the foot of the mountain
опг carriers Suc fenis i es e. a small tree, which to our eyes
presented no particular features of interest; however, loads

were thrown aside in a hurry and a rush made for the tree,
which was quickly hacked down and split up, and from number-
less burrows in wood, hundreds of a peculiarly scented,
pinkish larva were extrac No adul pupee fac

when boiled are considered a great delicacy by the natives of
the district. ‘They certainly looked much more appetising than
the fat white grubs of the big coconut beetle which these
people also devour with great gusto.

rom Sennah we proceeded straight on to Pankalan
Ampat, and after waiting a few days for boats and to collect
ЕН НЫ а

* See this Journal for description of the habits of this curious larva.

8 A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK.
revenue we returned to Kuching, arriving on June 4th.

Taken as a whole, the expedition was a great success, but
the very great scarcity of mammals and birds was disappoint-
ing; only two kinds of monkey were seen. ‘The cry of a solitary
Wa-Wa was heard, but occasionally; pigs, deer, kijang and
pelandok were noticeable only by their absence, and not a single

ame bird was procured or even seen. This scarcity I attribute

suspect that this the Southern end of Sarawak in less faunisti-
cally rich than the more Northern regions. Certainly the list of
birds which we obtained оп Penrissen must compare somewhat
unfavourably with those published by the late Mr. John White-
head and by Mr. Charles Hose of Baram, two gentlemen whose
labours on Mts. Kina Balu and Dulit are so well known in the
zoological world.

eptiles and amphibia were moderately abundant, and three
species of fish were captured in a mountainstream by the use of
Tuba. The invertebrate fauna was extremely rich, and much
attention was paid to forming large collections of insects, and
arthropods in general, a:d I am confident that, entomologically
at least, no mountain in Borneo has been зо well worked at as
was Penrissen during our stay there.

'ery little time was at our disposal to collect satisfactorily
the flora of the mountain; the small collections made, however,
have proved to be of such interest (see Appendix to the article)
that I have determined to send back my collectors to the mountain
in October, almost entirely to botanise.

. . Lists of the animals obtained will appear from time to time
in this Journal in the order in which they are worked out. At
present I am indebted to Mr. Ridley for working out the plants
(Phanerogams only) obtained, and to His Lordship the Bishop
of Singapore and Sarawak for the appended list of, and remarks
on, the ferns.

R. Shelford,

APPENDIX I.
List of the Mammals of Penrissen.

І. Hylobates leuciscus Schreb. No specimen of this was captured.
2. Semnopithecus rubicundus Müll. Extremely common, not
differing in any way from low- -country specimens.

3. Macacus enee L. Two specimens were shot near the

of the mountain, and were rema kable for the great
endih. of the hair round the fac ce.

4. үн: sp. (?) This is perhaps a new species, a matter
о be = ided by Mr. Oldfield Thomas, of the British
fies

9. Tupaia sp. i5 Closely mimicked by Sciurus everetti. The
species Е : Possibly be T. miülleri, described lately by
Kohlbrug

6. Turaia minor dE

F iga чле аршын Rallles. A large specimen of this Sene
ountered as we were on our way down the
vista нга аз guns were not handy, the animal EA

good his escape before a shot could be fired.

8. Paradoxurus hermaphrodyta Schreb. This and the following
WO species are don ut the only mammals which the Land
Dyaks do not
9. Arctictes i Raffles, Native name “tin,”
10. Herpestes brach yurus Gray,
: Sciurus (Ratufa) bicolor saa the: Müll. Somewhat to m

my
surprise this squirrel was exactly the same as the variety
obtained round Kuching. It is a species which varies
2

10 LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF PENRISSEN.

most markedly in different localities, mountain forms
being as a rule much darker and redder,

12. Sciurus hippurus Geoff.

13. Sciurus tenuis Horsf.

14. Sciurus (Funambulus) everetti Thos.

15. Nannosciurus melanotis Müll. and Schleg.

16. Mus margarette Thos. This pretty little mouse was seen
about the house one evening, but it eluded all efforts to
-catch it.

17. Sus barbatus Müll.

18. Cervus equinus Cuv.

The Birds of Mount Penrissen and
Neighbouring District.

The bird fauna of Mount Penrissen as evinced by collec-
tions made in the month of May of this year (1899) has proved
to be most disappointingly sparse, and this list must compare
somewhat unfavourably with those of the late Mr. Whitehead’s
collections on Mt. Kina Balu and of Mr. С. Hose’s collections on
Mt. Dulit. Not only was the number of species obtained small,
but bird-life in general, with the exception of Barbets, was most
noticeably scarce. I attribute this scarcity partly to the fact that
the mountain has long been the happy hunting-ground of the

Land Dyaks, 60 % of whom are armed with guns; all the game

ther saw nor heard one, whilst hornbills, profiting by a large ex-

perience of the sound of a shot, were very difficult to approach.

A good collection of low-country birds was made at Pankalan

Ampat, at the head of the left-hand branch of the Sarawak river,
t

LIST ОЕ THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. Jl

жн. all Ше species ш are well known, thanks chiefly

о the labours of Mr. Hose on Mt. Dulit. As each of the above-
када specimens аге taidat and as my зоне of sys-
tematic ornithology is somewhat inadequate, I refrain from des-
cribing them, until further material can be obtained. I have
followed the classification adopted e Mr. Everett in his list of
Bornean birds (cf. this Journal No. 1889,) and I have i cens
ed those em obtained by Mr. уар. їп a former expeditio
to Penris

FAMILY TURDID&.

1. Myiophoneus borneensis Sclater, Ibis 1885, p. 123. Опе
young specimen of this species was obtained, differing so
markedly from the adult, that I was inclined to regard

ead
have the shafts and tips white, the webs of these feathers
are not so well developed as in the adult, and there is no
trace of = blue coloration on the wings. Feet purple.
4,100 fee

2. Сор чарын saularis L. Sharpe, Cat. В. vii. p. 65. Common
ery where in the low-country.
9. Cittocincla suavis € Sharpe. Cat. B. vii. p. 87. From
Paukalan Am
4. Pomatorhinus е neensis Cat. Sharpe. Cat. В. vii p. 411.
ow-country and up to 3,000 feet.

9. Stachyris leucotis Sharpe. Ibis 1878, p. 418. Penrissen
3,000 feet.

6. Stachyris borneensis Sharpe. Ibis 1887, p. 449. А common
species on Penrissen. A nest with three eggs was

found, the eggs are white (as is usual in this genus) and
measure 21 by 16 mm: the nest isa loose ill-made struc-
ture,

1. Malacopterum albigelars Gray. Sharpe, Cat. В. уй. р. 568.

12 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN.

This species is eminently characteristic of the western
end of Sarawak. Pankalan Ampat.

8. Alcippe cinerea Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. B. vii. p. 622. The com-
monest species on the mountain: the note is like that
of a robin.

ia everetti Sharpe. Ibis 1887. p. 47. Pankalan

at. The nest is neatly woven from vegetable fibres:

us eggs are white Bos small brown spots, more thickly
placed at the upper e

10. Turdinus sepiarius Horsf. Sharpe, a В. .
Penrissen from 2000 feet upwards. We did dmt find the
typical mountain form 7. EN om Sharpe recorded
from Dulit and Kina Balu.

ll. Trichostoma rostratum Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. В. vii. p. 562.
Pankalan Ampat. Not atall common

12. Dr осори capistr HL oy Temm. ан Cat. В. vii. р.
555. Pankalan Ampat

13. к ET € Bore. Cat. B. vii. p. 578. Lower
opes of Penrisse

14. Turdinulus exsul, Pans Ilis 1888, p. 479. Penrissen (А.
H. Everett).

FAM. ВКАСНҮРОрІр Ж.
15. Hemixus malaccensis Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. В. vi. р. 52. Found
all over the mountain.
16. Hemixus connectens Sharpe. Ibis 1887, p. 446. This was one
of the commonest species of this family on the mountain.

The Dyak name “empulu” is applied to all birds of this
species.

Hs i huic eupti'osa. Mesi Cat. В. vi. p. 62. Pankalan
tand Penrisse

18. Criniger diardi Temm. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 76. А cha-
racteristically low- -country form, common every where.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. 13

ccr е ruficrissus Sharpe. ld. Cat. В. vi. p. 81, Another

mmon mountain ** empulu.

Criniger gutturacis Bp. ЭА Cat. В. vi. p. 80. Penrissen
апа Pankalan Ampat

; Criniger finschi Salvad. Sharpe, Cat. В. vi. p. 81. Pankalan

This is generally found on mountains, and it was
with some surprise that 1 obtained it at so low an altitude.

. Tricholestes criniger Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. В. уі. p. 80. Pan-
Ampat.

kalau

. Trachycomus е ышы Gm. Sharpe, Cat. В. vi р. 93
Pa

nkalan Ampat

. Pycnonotus simplex Less. Sharpe, Cat. В. vi. p. 153. Pan-
kalan A

alan Ampat.

). cenis webberi Hume. Sharpe, Cat. В. vi. p. 171. Pan-

mpat. We did not meet with this pretty little
bird . on Penrissen, where Mr. Everett formerly obtain-
ed it.

Eyithina viridissima Sharpe. Cat. B, vi. p. 6. A very common

low-country bird along the banks of rivers in their big

waters. One specimen was shot on Penrissen atan alti-

fade of 3,000 feet. Actiphia viridis Bp. is common oid
Kuching ‘and near the coast.

. Chloropsis zosterops Vig. Sharpe, Cat. В. vi. p. 24, Pan-
ala at.

Chioropsis cyanopogon Temm. Sharpe, Cat. В. vi p. 82. Pan-
alan Ampat

alan

. Chloropsis viridinucha Sharpe. Id. Cat, B. vi. p. 31. pl.
Pank Ampat.

FAM. ORIOLID EX.

Oriolus xanthonotus Horsf. Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 213. Pen
ssen. The only species of Oriole to et found on the

14 LIST OF THE BIRDS ОЕ PENRISSEN.

mountain, a most disappointing fact as I bad great oe
ratios of obtaining seme typically mountain form

31. Dissemurus paradiseus L. Sharpe, Cat. В. iii. p. 258. Ranges
up to 3000 feet.

FAM. MUSCICAPID2.

32, аон: а, we рое В. iv. р. 200 pl. iv.
Ё, 2. Penrissen (А. Н ett).

38. Erythromyias sp. n. (2)
One badly shot specimen of a little fly-catcher belonging to
this genus was obtained: it was quite impossible to sex
the bird and it would be unwise to describe it until fur-
ther material is "obtained: The plumage of the upper
parts and wings are as in E. mulleri, but the breast is
ashy and the lower halves of the outer tail-feathers are
white. Penrissen 4,100 feet.

94. Rhipidura perlata $. E Sharp, Cat. B. iv. p. 328.
Common up to 3000 f

ec

9. Tersiphone affinis Blyth. = Cat. B. iv. p. 349.
Low country and up to 3000 feet. Known as the “ rain-
bird” by the natives.

56. Га еня velatum Temm. Sharpe, Cat. B.i 365.
up to 4000 feet. The young male Tee the
adult Talon very closely, but the plumage on the abdo-
men and rump is generally admixed with earthy brown.

37. Philentoma pyrrhopterum Temm. Sharpe, Cat. В. iv. p. 366.
Occurs side side with the preceding весак both
are фэн er up to the gun. Mr. E. Bartlett for-
mer cu of the Sarawak Museum described in this
Јон. (April 1894) a new species of Philentoma, P.
maxuelli. I have examined the solitary specimen in he
Museum collection and have very Dips doubts of its dis-
tinctness from Р. pyrrhopter um; а qu uite asymmet trical
patch of chestnut on the breast is the only distinguisbing
feature, and prefer to regard the bird merely as а some- ·

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. 15

what abnormal variation, until further angina is obtain-
; but as m box ave elapsed since the specimen
was shot and more or less continuous pa era in the

both pyr Eigen um and velatum are common enough, 1
hold no very strong hopes of matching the specimen with
anotner.

38. Culicicapa ceylonensis Swains. Sharpe, Cat. В. iv. р. 369.
Penrisse

sen and surrounding low-country

39. Siphia sashes Salvad. Sharpe, Cat. p. iv. p. 452. Pen-
rissen

4,000 feet

40, send n s Sharpe, Ibis. 1890, p. 366. Penrissen

—
—

—
с

1: а ш r all certain that I have identified this species

correctly ; its nearest ally seems to be Stoparola pana-

yensis Sharpe from the Philippines, judging from a descrip-

tion of that species, the distinction кш the genera
Stoparola and Siphia is a very small one, merely a ques-

tion of the proportion of culmen- poer to breadth at the
ape.

FAM. NECTARINIID E.

« 4Ethopyga — S. Müll. Gadow, Cat. = ik. p. 16.
Not uncomm fee

n on Ponriesst above 3500

Mp citi simplex б. Mull. Gadow, Cat. B. ix. p. 114.
Penris ;

х rre malaccensis Scop. Gadow, Cat B. ix. p. 122.
ankalan Ampat.

his species was not found on the
mountain

‚ Arachnothera flavigaster dens Gadow, Cat. B. ix. p. 109.

enrissen up to 4000 fee

: aa tg longirostris vem Gadow, Cat. B. ix. p. 103.

and Pankalan t.
The ped composed of зек is fastened to the under side
of a leaf, two or three eggs are laid, often showing

КЕЧЫН А UM

к
сә

ex
Ф

LIST OF THE BIRDS ОЕ PENRISSEN.

considerable amount of variation in their colouring; the
most typical form is white with a suffused brown band cir-
cling the egg about its middle.

FAM. DICEID X.

. Prionochitus ic, AA Salvad, Sharpe, Cat. B. x. p. 66.

Penrissen 4000 fee

7. Prionochilus maculatus Temm. Pankalan Ampat. Sharpe,
Cat. B. x

x. p. 69. - Pankalan.
FAM. MELIPHAGID Ж,

. Zosterops aureiventer Hume. Gadow, Cat. B. M. vol. ix. p.
163,

Penrissen (A. H. Everett).

. Zosterops — ons Sharpe, Ibis. 1892, p. 323. Penrissen
( Everett).

А. Н.

FAM. STURNIDS,

. Calornis chalybea Horsf. ее Cat. B, xiii. p. 143. Pen-

rissen and Pankalan Ampa

FAM. CORVID2:

51. Corvus macrorhynchus Wagler. Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 39.
The crow was met with at considerable пез
52. Platylophus. coronatus Raff. Sharpe, Cat. B. iii р. 318.

or
c2

Penrissen up to 2500 feet.

FAM. PiTTIDX.

. Pitta arcuata Gould. Scl., Cat. B. xiv. р. 431. Penrissen
p to 4000 feet, .

This was the only Pitta to be found on the mountain
and its шайин whistle was constantly heard. The
nest is the usual loose bundle of leaves and grass charac-
teristic of the members of this family and the eggs are
white, spotted with grey and brown in а irregular band
above the middle; they measure 30 by 22 mm.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN, Pf

FAM. EURYLJEMIDF.

54. Calyptomena viridis Rafll. Scl., Cat. B. xiv. p. 456, Panka-
an Ampat: the mountain forms C. Whiteheadi Sharpe
and C. hosii Sharpe were not found.

ы

95. Kurylemus ochromelas Raff. Scl, Cat. В. xiv. p. 465.
Common in the low-country.

56. Cymb chu; A TM Gm. Scl, Cat. В. xiv. p. 468.
ци Ampat

FAM, CYPSELID EX.

2

а

. Collocalia карм. (?) Thunb. Hartert, Cat. B. xvi. p. 498.
N swifts, probably of this species, were seen just
below the summit of the mountain. None were procured,

howeve
FAM. PICID FK.
98, Sasia abnormis Temm. Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. р. 557. Pan-
kalan Ampat. An omen bird of the eee

59. det sehe validus Temm. Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 458.
pai his handsome woo pecker was shot on Mt.
etui, a spur of Mt. Penrissen at an altitude of 4,300 feet.

60. anapi ета malaccense (Lath.) Hargitt, Cat. В. xviii. p.
126, Penrissen and surrounding low coun гу.

61. Gauromecoides raflesii Vig. peka td Cat. B. xviii. p. 132.
A low- :

c
bo

; ACER grammithorar Less. Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 385.
kalan Ampat.

c.
co

. Micropternus badiosus Temm. Hargitt, Cat. В. xviii. р. 400.
Pankalan Ampat.

2

18 LIST OF THE BIRDS ОЕ PENRISSEN.

FAMILY ALCEDINIPÆ.

64. Alcedo euryzone Temm. Sharp, Cat. B. xvii. p. 154.

kalan Ampat, banks of river. We noticed the bird
when descending the river from the Dyak village of Sen-
nah to Pankalan Ampat, and about a week later my col-
lectors shot it, Unfortunately by this time I had returned
to Kuching, and was consequently unable to sex the bird
myself or to make colour notes, and I am.afraid that as a
result of native carelessness, the present label “ female”
is untrustworthy. e specimen is a very small one, the
total length being only 6.5 in. as against 8 in., the total
length of the full- -grown adult. It possesses the blue
pectoral band spotted with white, characteristic only of

males: in p
differs slightly from Dr. Sharpe's description (1. с.) but
nevertheless І am sure that my identification is correct.

‚ Ceyx (?) enerythra Sharpe. Sharpe, Cat. В. xvii. p. 179.

genus Ceyx is ina most confused condition, and I
am therefore extremely doubtful about a young specimen
of this little Kingfisher which was shot close to the sum-
mit of Penrissen. The bill is extremely short; "8 inch, as
against 1.5 of the adult, and is black, paler towards the
tip instead of coral red. The wing -coverts and scapulars
are red and there is no blue spot behind. The w wing cov-
erts as in C. euerythra, but there is a black frontal patch
as in C. diliwyni: further C. dillwyni has been found on

Dulit, but C. euerythra has not; efore com-
pletely puzzled as to the с name for опг Penrissen
specimen, and must wa 1 1 can see more young

specimens of both species TAR absolutely deciding.
66. Haleyon conereta Temm. Sharp, Cat. B. xvii. p. 285, Mt.
Penrissen 3000 feet.
` FAMILY BUCEROTID Ж,
67. Rhinoplax vigil Forst. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 427.
The note of this bird, well represented ts its native name

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN, 19

“ Tajak," was diee heard on the mountain, but we
did not secure a speci

8. Lhytidoceros undulatus Shaw. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 382.

Not common on the mountain.

A norhinus 4 galeritus Temm. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 391.
ie commonest species ; but none of this faul were easy
to get, owing to their excessive shyness

‚ Berenicornis comatus Rafll, Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 423.
Penrissen.

FAM. MEROPID.E.

ANyetioruis amicta eir Sharpe, Cat. B. xvii. p. 90.
Pankalan Am

FAM. TROGONID.E.

2. Harpactes diardi Temm. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 482.

-]

Qa

al

ow-country and lower slopes of Penrissen.

. Harpactes kasumba Rafll, Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 483.
Occurs with the preceding species.

. Harpactes duvaucelii Temm. Grant, Cat. B. x 491.
ankalan Ampat. All the above are omen reds with the

Harpactes igi Motos Grant. Cat. B. xvii. p. 502, pl. xvii.
,000 feet upwards to the summit. Pre-
viously re corded from Kina Balu and Dulit. It is closely
allied to И, oreskios Temm. from which it differs slightly
in coloration
FAM. PODARGID&.
b. Batrachostomus ө Blyth. Hartert, Cat. В. . p. 638.
- Common at kalan Ampat, where it was frequently

seen hawking intecis round the tora s of trees at twilight :
the flight is peculiar and quite unmistakable.

+)
~I

~]

gr
e

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN,
FAM. CAPITONID.E.
MN Sen a Goffi. 9 Cat. B. xix. p.
1

above 2,000 feet. The “kayu ara” was in
fruit, aad this and the two following species of barbets

were excessively common, huge flocks reir nearly
covering the trees bearing their favourite frui

—
-
LA

. Cyanops mystacophanes Temm. Shelley, Cat. B.

Ml over the mountain. This bird exhibits conside
variation in plumage in relation both to sex and age (cf.
Salvadori Occ. Bor. Tav. 1): a very interesting. young
female si was obtained, almost entirely green,
with a few blue feathers on the cheeks and
gape, and усне а trace of the red and yellow plumage
of the adult.

гче e.rimius Sharpe, ipe. 1892, p. 324, 1893, pl. xi.
rissen above 2,000 fe

Penrissen and the ai Чоў»

Са. зина fuliginosus Temm, Shelley, Cat. B. x
Lower slopes of
cade

FAM. CUCULID EX.

. Surniculus lugubris Horsf. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 227. A
low-country species

2. Cuculus trinis ce ат Shelley. Cat. В. xix. p. 241.
F mpat. One female in young ring. with the
head and inde mottled with fulvous was obtain

3. Lhinortha chlorophwa Rail. а С Cat. В. хіх. р. 395.
A common low-countr ry speci

к а borneensis Вр. Shelley, Cat. B. „хіх, р. 389.
Го untry. Native name “ Mindu.

; с microrhinus Berl. Nov. Zool p. 71. Vol. Il.
1895. Low-count This form bas been separated off

from Perythrog gnathus by Berlepsch (l. c.) on account of

the difference in the shape of the nasal apertures, per haps

LIST OF THE BIRDS ОЕ PENRISSEN, 21

rather a sub-specific than a specific distinction. The fol-
lowing is a tabular arrangement of Berlepsch’s views
concerning the genus Phænicophæs. The genera adopted
in the Brit. Mus. Cat. being placed in brackets.

P. pyrrhocephalus Forst. Ceylon.

P. (Urococcyz) eneicaudus (T. & E. Verr.) Mentavei Is.

P. (Urococeyx) erythrognathus Bp. Malacca and Sumatra.

P. (Urococeyx) microrhinus Berl. Borneo and Natuna 15.

P. (Rhinococcyz) curvirostris Shaw. Java.

P. (Dryococcyx) Lawingtoni Sharpe. Palawan.

Р. (Rhamphococeya) calorhynchus Tem. Celebes.

86. Zanclostomus javanicus Horsf. Shelley, Cat. В. xix. p. 380.
Penrissen 3,000-4,000 feet.

Елм. COLUMBID®.
87. ера mbang Vas Salvadori, Cat. D. xxi, p. 900.
en 4,000
88. ааа olax Temm. ая Cat. В. xxi р, 64.

APPENDIX II.

Plants = at Penrissen.
BXS HS No RIDLEY:

This collection, = a uw one, seme a large pro
portion of novelties, showing that a more complete boten
survey would be well w iara making. T 3» nye obtained are
of typical Bornean mountain flora facies, and Jasa closely re-
semble the plants of Kina Balu in North East Bo
Sonerila borneensis Cogn. at 3,500 feet; flowers iie. stamens

yellow.

» o» Var(?) А smaller plant nearly glabrous, common.
Begonia borneensis. A. D. C. At 3,000 feet alt.

ed gracile Stapf. Mt. Seruru, a Peak of Penrissen, 4,500
fee nly previously known from Mt. Kina Balu.

Ophiorrhiza fibrillosa n. sp.

Stem over a foot tall, rather stout, covered with short
scattered brown hairs. Leaves lanceclate acute at both ends
12 nerved, 4 inches E less, 14 inch wide green and gla-
brous above glauc s beneat and nerves covered with red

inch long. Flowers shortly petioled white, Calyx pustular
teeth short acute. Corolla tube dilate at base 1 inch long, lobes
short oblong obtuse pustular. Stamens oblong obtuse, fila-
ments very short. Style slender, stigma broadly bilobed lobes
rounded. Fruit absent. At 4,000 feet, flowers white.

Allied to O. subfaleifola Miq. The stipules are peculiar in
being broken up into fibrils, and being persistent, and are

PLANTS COLLECTED АТ PENRISSEN, 23

crowded к. in the terminal buds, giving them a curious
tufted appearanc
Rhododendron cunei на var. subspathulatun.

much branched twiggy plant, adis mostly kane me
apices not truncate as in the type; flower tubular, lobes quite
rounded. At 4,500 feet. Flowers fads waxy. This mi T
haps be distinguished as а separate species, but the pc a
comprising but a single flower, are hardly adequate. The type
was obtained on Kina Balu by Dr. Haviland.

Nepenthes tentaculata Hook fil. The only species seen, on the
felled tree, at 4,000 feet altitude. Not rare in
North Borneo.

Eria megalopha n.
Rhizome нр & inch thick covered with short brown
sheaths, roots long and wiry. Stems distant 3 to an inch apart

scattered sheaths, 4 to 5 inches tall less than 4 inch through.
Leaves 2, narrow lanceolate acuminate base acute 7 nerved 31
inch long 4 inch wide. Flower orange froma tuft of papery
brown sheaths 4 inch long, above the leaves. Pedicel and

ovary very slender $ inch lon U sepal lanceolate + inch
long, lower ones ес subfalcate. Petala linear lorate, nar-
rower. Lip + inch lon ase narrow fleshy curved, with a

process at base, end lobes falcate obtuse broad, terminal one
broadly subquadrate margine rounded. Apex br oad truncate i
ineh across ; two low rounded ridges between the lateral lobes,
and a single large thin keel edge denticulate running the whole
length of the midlobe and ending in a projecting point, with
three short parallel ridges on each side at right angles to cen-
tral ridge. Column long arched. At 4,000 feet alt. Flower
orange. Allied to Æ, neglecta Ridl. but differs in its very slender
Stems, remote from each Se and remarkable lip with an
unusually large central kee

Calanthe аалы din. sp.
Leaves nine, petiole 3 inches long tapering into the lan-
ceolate ойаны blade 1 foot long, 2 inches across, five nerved,

24 PLANTS COLLECTED AT PENRISSEN,

herbaceous plicate. Raceme 8 inches long slender. Flowers
numerous esh color, nearly an inch across. Pedicels — i
to 2 inch long. Sepals oblong lanceolate acute, upper

broadest. , Petals broadly spathulate acute. Lip 3 lobed ance

dulate, rostellum si acuminate. At 4,800 feet near summit.
Flowers flesh color. Perhaps as near C. Cureuligoides as any
species, but with a more slender raceme and a very different lip.

APPENDIX III.
List of the Ferns of Penrissen.
By Bisuor НОЗЕ.
1. Trichomanes maximum Blume. 4,100 feet, common.
2. Davallia (Humata) peduta Smith. 3,500 feet.
3. Lindsaya cultrata. Swartz.

» concinna Smith.

л a

" scandens Hk.
6. Polypodium е ас) Baker. Previously record-
ed from Mt. Dulit only.
Vs » (Eupol) decorum Brack. 3,500 feet.
8. ена hirtellun BI. This species is new to Borneo,
previously recorded from Java, Perak, Ceylon,

Phillpines and China

9. Polypodium obliquatum Bl. Also new to Borneo.

10. dcin т) (?) sp. nov. This is a very inter-
‘esting f o other simple form of the sub-genus
has ке Tom i E this part of the world, so far as I
know." (G. F & 8.)

11. .Vephrodium (51 lineatum Coleb. None 7 the fronds fertile.
correctly identified, new to Borne

12. Acrostichum pare sp. (7) near blumeamum Hk.
No fertile fronds.

LYCOPODIACEJE.
Selaginella d Spring var. (?) Dilfers = {һе type їп
ually long cusps to the leaves of the upper
plane. "There i is 80 fruit on it. Como.

5. obesa Bak. Specimens without fruit. Common.

26 LIST OF THE PLANTS OF PENRISSEN,
Mosses and Hepatics collected by A. H.
Everett and named by F. Brotherus.
__- Mossks.
Calymperes cristatum Hampe.
Neckera gracilenta var. flajellijera Broth. n. var,
Choetomitrium leptoma Schwager.
C. orthorrhyncham Bry. Jav.
Thuidium Everetti Broth. n. sp.
HEPATICA:

Bazzania australis Lindenb. ` 2
A. Shelford. —

The Flora of Singapore.
BY H. N. REY.

Introduction. The island of Singapore with the small
islands of Pulau Ubin d Pulau Tekong in the Johore strait
and a few smaller ones lying within English waters form the
area the flora of which is enumerated in this paper. The whole
is little more than 200 square miles in extent and consists of
undulating country, the highest hill being Bukit Timah with an
altitude of 500 feet above sea level. The Geology of the ees
was the et of a paper by Mr. J. R. Logan (Journ.

Beng. xvi. p. 519, published in 1846), but ейн: dn
much ub it, mistaking sedimentary rocks for vol-
canic ones. The bigger hills, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, and
Tanjong Gol, are c sed of a grey granite, which crops out
again near Bajau, aie, owen and Pulau Ubin. The rest of the
island is covered with sedimentary deposits of clays, gravels,
and sands, often very ferruginous and permeated with bands of
clay-ironstone, very much resembling that of some of the Weal-
den bedsin Kent. This clay iron-stone has unfortunately received
the name of Laterite here, a name properly applied to soils baked
by a lava-flow, or other volcanic heat. These sedimentary rocks
have never produced any fossils except some obscure ngah с
vegetable remains. They appear to have been derived f

disintegrated and decomposed granite, the ironstone nsns
being formed in many cases at a much later date. No borings
of any depth having been made it is чайчы to say how deep
these strata are, but it is probable that they are of very к
thickness and comparatively pup Н as appears to the case

point. But soon after it was acquired, a great deal of this forest

26 THE FLORA ОЕ SINGAPORE,

was felled, partly for the value of the timber is partly for cul-
tivation. Later a very large proportion of the cleared ground

plants in this list, such as Ang Mo Kio, few traces of any native
plants can now be found. The names of many villages and dis-
tricts are taken jr we which doubtless plentiful fifty years
ago are now eit ery scarce or quite extinct. Such are
Kranji ( Dialium,) one ( Balanocarpus), ee des (Sloetia en
rorylon), Tanjong Ru, the Cape of Casuarinas, Kampong Gelam,
the village of Melaleuca, Extensiv ely as the indigenous flora has
been destroy ed in this way, I have succeeded in finding most of
the plants collected here by Wallich in 1822; and of those men-
tioned in his Catalogue which I have not recovered, some at least
were — wrongly localised, having been probably collected
enang any of the trees, ho wever, which were probably
formerly ‘more abundant, are represented now by hee specimens.
A few fairly large and тне tracts оѓ ung remain,
and though in most cases much o more valuable timber has
been removed, these contain the né varied and inter MAMA
portions of the flora. Among the biggest trees therein are the
Dipterocarpee, Dyera, Dichopsis, Irvingia, Kumpassia, species of
Mangifera, Artocarpus and Tarrietia. Mixed with these are
numerous smaller trees and shrubs of all orders, with rattans,
= other palms, and especially in rocky spots and damp water-
urses, are ground orchids, Scitamines, aroids, ferus, Ebermaiera,
MUR Cyrtandre and many other smaller plants. Here
too grow the curious little saprophytes Thismia, Sciaphila, Aphyl-
lorchis, Burmannia, ete. Many climbing plants such as Uncaria,
Willughheia, sapaa Strychnos and Gnetum form huge lianes
climbing to the tops of the trees and covering them with a mat
of foliage. On the branches of the loftiest trees grow many
epiphytes not met with elsewhere, orchids, ferns, such as the
rare Davallia triphylla, Rhododendron, Vaccinium and Dischidia,
and it is interesting to note that many of these plants, which in
the low country grow only on this elevated canine are to be
met with as terrestrial or rock plants at greater elevations in the
peninsula. The banks of the larger streams and rivers and 4

ТНЕ FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 29

good portion of the coast line where mud is deposited are edged
with a thick mangrove jungle composed of Rhizophoracee ( Rhi-
zophora, Bruguiera, 'eriops) Carapa, Lumnitzera, Avicennia
and Heritiera on the branches of which grow abundance of small
orchids, ferns, Lycopodium, Psilotum, Hepaloarat Pachycentria,
Medinillopsis and other epiphytes, while in the mud on suitable
spots grow such herbaceous plants as Acanthus, Cryptocoryne
ciliata, Tristellateia, Octhocharis and some Cyperaceve and grasses,
Inland just behind the mangroves the ground is often sandy
and covered with woods of comparatively small trees, Mugenia,
Podocarpus, Gelonium, Arytera, Afzelia, etc., with chumps : the
Nibung palm eire ma tigilliaria), and on these and on th
ground g many orchids, Cirrhopetalun, Bulbophyllum, C 'oelo-
gne, 24900000018, Platyclinis, and Eria.

h jong Ru to Changi is also very
sandy, and here is a very distinct flora much resembling that
which borders the Pahang river near its mouth. It is rich in
grasses and sedges, Xyris, Cyanotis, and other herbaceous plants,
with bushes of Rhodomyrtus, Vaeciniun, Leucopogon, Capparis,

been put under coconut cultivation, and the greater part of the
flora С" disappeared, except at Changi point where it still
rema
is very large portion of the island has been cleared and
саен: and often abandoned, there are very large tracts
covered either with Lalang (Imperata cylindrica) or fern either
Gleichenia Linearis or bracken, Pteris aquilina or in swampy spots
with тын to d exclusion of almost everything else. In
many places however secondary growth has sprung up (Belu-
kar). Tuis. ое гак small trees or shrubs of Macaranga javanica
and M. hypoleuca, Rhodamnia trinervia, Adinandra dumosa, Vitex
pubescens, Melastoma dis pah Archytea Vahli, Arthrophyllum
diver с and a few others.
aste ground near villages and in cultivated spots area
um us езе eeds, many of which аге well known аз very wide-
i distributed plants, and most of which have probably been
introduced accidentally or intentionally at no very gre i
tance of time. ese weeds include most of the Composite,
Grasses, Lahiate and potat all the L mbellifara and Solana-

30 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

cee. It is perhaps worth noting that very few of these are
to be found in Wallich’s collection made in 1822, showing that
in all probability they were introduced at a later date Am mong
these weeds one or two are interesting as not occurring in India

such are Clitoria cajanifolia, a and Cleome aculeata, both South
American plants, which also occur as weeds in Java, whence

resembles as might be patie that of ы, and to a certain
extent that of the neighbouring coast of Sumatra. А few plants
occurring here are as far as is known endemic, but it is probable
that most will be re- зыш in the neighbouring countries,
when they are more thoroughly explored. iese endemio
plants not known to occur elsewhere are marked arith a-f
The absence of amid plants common in the peninsula is some-
what remarkable, such are шуа acuminata and Grewia umbel-
lata, and pe are several striking plants to be found on the
neighbouring islands, and on the coast of Johore, dp noe near
Tanjong Kupang, which are quite absent from o he
native flora it will be noticed that the greater aus of plants
are either trees or shrubs, precum pus being comparative-
ly scarce in the forests, and chiefly to be found in the open
country i in the sandy district of bei ues Those of the forest
region being usually res «очы, Piperaceae, or cita-
mineae, KON grasses and sedges, with a few saprophy

The most extensiv zi: represented eee here are bee of
the E ылла U riicacem, | Rubiacee and Orchidee. The

are difficult to see and to obtain, accounts for their being 80
often overlooked. The largest genera are those of the Figs
(Ficus) and nutmeg (Myristica).

As іп most equatorial regions, the number of species in
proportion to the number of individuals i is very large. А Mala
jungle consists of innumerable trees, shrubs and climbers, all
apparently distinct, and individuals of any one species occurring
singly here and there, often very far apart, so that these forests

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 3I

bave a very different appearance ems those of the more tem-
perate zones, which frequently consist of but one or two kinds.
The contrast is well seen in ama the English hig with
that of Singapore. In Singapore with an are "of s square
miles we have over 1,900 species of flowering plants, while the
flora of the British Isles with an area of 115 square miles
produces but 1,200 species, while of ferns we have e over

130 species, nearly double the number in Europe, and more than
three times the number in the British Isles.

Seasons, There is no great amount of difference in the
rainfall throughout the year, although as a rule heavier falls
occur in December and January than at other Mini so that
plants here have no definite resting periods and are nearly all
A unm cus hpc ui ван however, such as Cratorylon

"o

the young eric Ses to той апа n a few days they are

quite leafy again. This change is often but not always follow-

не —á by the appearance of the flowers, and often the
s thus produced are of a brighter green, or brilliant

ee н: пем кие е ог blue. This cane takes place usually

we get north of Penang that we find a detinite period of rest in
which all or arg all plants shed their leaves altogether aud
become quite | ar A good series of obse rvations on these
phenological iei din. would probably throw light on the
causes = these irregular seasons.

y few plants have a definite flowering month. А large
жй. ame more or less steadily throughout the year.
Others flower at regular periods tines or four times a

the district. This is best known in the case of the Pigeon orchid,
Dendrobium RE In this plant the flowers are produced
at periods of a little over a month, or two months. "The exact
day differs in ‘differ ent parts of the peninsula, but in each district
they all appear in the same day, and it is remarkable that plants
brought to Singapore even from as far north as Siam open their
flowers on the day for Singapore, and not on that for Siam. 16

з2 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

is not rare however to find certain plants of Pigeon orchid which
do not flower on the regular day, but have a istinc t ay OW which
they appear to keep to with equal regularity. A curious fact is
that another species of Dendrobium (D. er отн, үс
flowers in Singapore on the day preceding that of D. cr poe
whenever that happens to be. It mi ight be thought that
weather in the district in which the plant was growing was the
influencing agent, but this appears to have but little effect on the
orchids. On one occasion (Dec. 5, 1893) the pigeon orchids
developed their flowers so far that they were obviously ready to
open them on that day, but an extraordinarily heavy rain retarded
them, and the flowers ‘opened the next day, but except in cases like
this the weather previous to the flowering does not seem to make
any difference to the date of flowering. “Some few plants have
a regular annual flowering season ‚ such are Calanthe curculi-
goides in September, and Gr ammatophyllum, July and August.
A certain number of trees flower only every fifth е notably
the Dipterocarper, Every fifth year E appears fo an

possible to obtain flowers of these trees. Such trees are most of
the Dipterocarpex, Fo X co Kunstleri, Careya sp. In this
case also all the plants in a given district flower чононаи

in Mm Case ^f the Pigeon orchid, beri is difficult to see bow
this i is brought about. Ag 1 шапу Mas seem to flower even

t
apparently full grown healthy trees have not given flowers once
їп ten years

Colors of flowers.

As is well known the colors of thowers depend to a large
extent on the kind of iusect fertilizer for which they are destined
to prove attractive. The most abundant insects in the thick
jungle are the flies ( Diptera) and these appear often in enormous
abundance when certain trees are in bloom. The Oaks aad

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 33

Chestnuts, Sindora and Aurrimia are particularly attractive to
them and the roar of their wings can be heard often at some
distance from the tree. The chief of these flies is a black Musca

have deep brownish purple flowers sometimes with an odor of
carrion, at others sweet and aromatic, such are А mor phophallus,
Thottea, Tacca and many orchids. These are also fly-fertilize
Many trees produce masses of white flowers in large panicles or
corymbs. These are very attractive to butterflies and bees,
such are many of the Eugenias, Evodia, Rhodamnia, and Melan-
norrhea. 1 have noticed as showing the bearing of the color of
the flowers on insect visitors, that while Eugenia lineata with
corymbs of white flowers attracts innumerable butterflies and
bees and the pollen-eating flies (Syrpha), another species of Euge-
nia with apple-green flowers, which is growing close by was
not visited either by butterflies or bees, but by flies similar to those
anl are

which visit the oaks. ink flowers are not so common

bright reds are rare in Singapore exce
but we have also the beautiful Aeschynanthus, Rhododendron,
some Loranthi, and some species of Hornstedtia. The red flowers
are most attractive to the Sun-birds, and to butterflies. Bright
yellow flowers are chiefly to be met with in open country especi- .
ally near the sea; such are Wedelia, Xyris, Philydrum, Utricularia
(most), Wormia, Timonius, and Gomphia sumatrana. The rarest
color of all is blue, which is also to be met with almost exclu-
sively in open spots. Burmannia coelestis, Commelina, Cyanotis,
Urticularia affinis, Evolvulus, Monochoria, Desmodiu n heterophyl-
lum, are almost the only native blue Howers here.

Visitors to the tropics are often surprised by the apparent
paucity and inconspicuousness of the flowers. This is partly
due to the enormous proportion of foliage, which conceals the
flowers, but the fact that the greater number of our flowers are
adapted for fertilization by Diptera and small Hymenoptera, the
most abundant insects in the forests, and are consequently small
and green or whitish, accounts to a large extent for the small

о

34 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

amount of show that the blossoms make in the great masses of
oliage.
Botanists. The number of botanists who have collected or
studied the flora of Singapore is even more limited than that of
Penang. Тһе first of them was naturally Si Stamford Raffles
who aided by William Jack made extensive collections. all or al-
most all of which were destroyed in the burning of the “ Fame.”
(For an account of Jack and some others of the Singapore bota-
nists, see Journal 25, p. 163). Shortly after the founding of Sing-
apore Nathaniel Wallich came to Singapore to recuperate after
his great Nepaul expedition. Не remained here about five

pany's herbarium. The greater number of species which he |

discovered here I have been able to find still in Singapore, but
some appearto have quite vanished. This is not surprising

however of the specimens labelled as from this region have never -
х Е

since been found in the peninsula, е. g. Xylia dolabriformis,

Е ps ж
ӨР. NUR ЖАККА eee

Пп
dd ES e
a ee RE Эз TO TORE

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 35

well known Indian tree, and it is probable that the locality is
quite wrong.

Col. Farquhar, the first Resident of Singapore, and John
Prince, Resident Councillor in 1827, who took a little interest in
the botany of the island, are commemorated in the names of
some plants, е. g. Myristica l'arquhariana, and Erycibe Prince,
but little was done in botanical research for many years. In ог
about 1839, Hugh Cuming well known for his immense botanical
and conchological collections in the Philippines, visited Singa-
pore and also ascended Mount Ophir. While in the Straits he
seems to have chiefly лал” T to collecting orchids, and
to have sent home a number of live ones, among which were
Coelogyne Cumingi, and ааай longicolle. William Lobb,
orchid collector for Messrs Veitch, visited ser © and Singapore
in 1845, but as mentioned in Journal 25, p. 166, his specimens
from the Straits Settlements, Java and India were all mixed up
in distribution, so that his localities as quoted in books are quite
doubtful. Surgeon- -General Maingay during his residence in

were irregularly labelled, and some mentioned in the Flora of
British India as from Singapore were probably either collected
in Malacca or Penan
Mr. Murton the first head of the present Botanic Gardens,
1875 to 1880, collected a number of plants, of which a few
were sent to Kew, and a few, chiefly ferns, are — in the Bota-
nic Gardens Herbarium. N. Cantley, who succeeded him, em-
ployed collectors and obtained a very large akik of speci-
mens, but unfortunately hardly any were ‘strictly localised, and
many labelled from Singapore in the herbarium, are either culti-
vated plants or from some part of the peninsula, so that in most
cases I have been unable to quote safely from his herbarium.
Among other collectors whose names appear in books, asso-
ciated to a small extent with Singapore plants, — be men-
tioned, Dr. Thomas Oxley, who wrote some papers in Logan's
Journal, one of which dealt with the Flora of singapore, but
base with Economic plants, € other papers treat of Nut-
megs and Gutta percha. He seems to have collected plants,
saying that he had collected дй 40 апа 50 orchids, but
what became of his collections and manuscripts, I cannot find

36 ТИЕ FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

out. He died їп or about 1858.

Sir Robert Schombur a li known for his explorations in
Guiana, where he discovered the Victoria regia, was appointed
British Consu! in Siam in п 1857. He visited Singapore and col-
lected a few plants there, which he sent to Kew, and which were
described in the Flora of British c Some of them, however,
were evidently obtained from gar

Dr, T. Anderson, 1882 to 1870, was Director of Calcutta
. Botanic Gardens. He appears to have visited gusce at
some time, and obtained several plants of interest. He devoted
himself to the Acanthaceae, and Eranthemum Andersoni Mast, a
common garden plant here was named after him.
Р. W. Hullett made some years ago an excellent her-
е a Singapore plants, which he eventually presented to
the Botanic Gardens. Duplicate specimens were sent to Kew
. and to Calcutta, where they were named, and several new spe-
cies = his nam
the follow ing list all plants with no collector’s name
were конча һу myself ог by native collectors sopari at
the Gardens, and the numbers attached are those of my dis-
tribution-series. Endemic species, not yet known Е
where аге marked with ап asterisk and introduced plants, which
have not properly established themselves but «наа occur in
waste ground and the like, are included in brac The
Mosses, Lichens, Fungi and Algae, are deferred. Collections Е
these have been made and submitted to ехрегїз, and 1 hope
publish an account of them at a later date.

Gere

Е

pa в ii
TJ IEEE = CEN OV

ре М LEV MEETING EIL кулу.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 37

DICOTYLEDONS.
DILLENIACEA.

Tetracera ine Dec. A baies shrub often beoe thickets,
flowers white or pinkish. Common in open country, Ba-
eker Poin, Sepoy lines, Fort Canning, Changi

Т. Assa var. Garden Jungle. А very re looking plant,
but Dr. King considers it only a large

T. euryandra Vah. Climber not rare, Cluny Road, Kranji.

T. macrophylla Wall. Climber common in woods, but seldom
о be found in flower. Tanglin, etc,

Т. fagifolia Bl. Not common. бей Garden Jungle, Selitar.

Wormia. яше shrubs or trees with showy yellow or white
flowers

W. suffruticosa Griff. A large bush in damp open country.
he flowers are about 3 inches across bright yellow.

The fruits when ripe split open like a star and are rosy
pink inside, with small black к covered with a scarlet
aril. The leaves are rather curious from the way in
which the winged petioles are Әкей over the buds, І
flowers constantly all the year. Tanglin, Jurong, Pulau
Ubin, Pulau Tekong.

W. e ea na Jack. A small bushy tree with oval deep green
ves and pale yellow flowers. It grows in wet places,
Tanglin, Bukit Timah Road.

W. tomentella Bl. A tall stout tree. Garden jungle, Selitar,
Bukit Timah.

W. E King. A small tree мен akan nk apetal-
s flowers. Rare, Garden Jun
W. sp near W. oblongifolia, but сс anthers hairy all over
and white flowers, Bukit Mandai.

38 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

M Меке L. This grand tree with its huge white flowers
ubtfully wild here. It occurs near the Reservoir,
Bukit inane,

MAGNOLIACE®.
This order, жеңүү! of trees of the hill districts, is not un-
represented her

Таіаита lanigera Hook. fil. A large bush rather than a tree
large white flowers and stiff dark green leaves.
Damp woods, near Chan Chu Kang, Ang Mo Kio, Kranji,
Choa Chu Kang.
T scel Miq. Aromadendron elegans Bl. А tall tree ie
y bark about 40 feet tall and afoot through. Flow
white sweet-scented, Rare. Garden Jungle.

Kadsura war aedi net A climber with rough corky bark and
rosy flowe d eri on the stem. Garden jungle,
Bukit Timah, Kran

К, scandens Bl. “Akar bs Dama." Forests, Bukit Timah,
Bajau.

o this order also belong the Champaks Michelia eld
and M. longifolia Bl. often cultivated for their sweet flov

ANONACER.

Stelechocar ish ees Hook. fil. * Singapore Lobb." This
Javanese plant has never again been collected in the pen-
insula adj is probably wrongly localised.

Cyathostemma = techinii King. А big climber bearing small

ers on the stem, and rather lar ке orange fruits.
Common Garden jungle, Bidadari, Bukit Timah, Jurong,
ula

C. Hookeri King. Not common. Flowers yellow. Garden jungle.
Uvaria. Climbers with purple rarely yellow flowers.

U. dulcis Dunal. Rare, Bakit Timah.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 39

U. Lobbiana Hook, fil. Garden jungle,
U. Ridleyi King. Bukit Mandai.
U. macrophylla Roxb. Common all over Singapore.

U. hirsuta Jack. Very hair dis flowers bright red. Garden jungle,
Changi. etc. Com

С, wrana Wall.* Bodo (Wallich No. 6483). А very
little known species, only collected by Wallich.

Ellipeia esa ae Hook. fil. А lofty climber with yellow
flowers. Common. Garden Jungle, Reservoir Woods,

Cyathocalyx virgatus King. A small tree with green flowers.
Rare, Bukit ‘Timah (Hullett).

C. Maingayi Hook, fil. (Cantley's collection.) Perhaps wrong-
ly localised.
Атомите Climbers with white or green flowers, and very curi-
woody hooks by which the plant climbs.
- A. Wrayi King. Flowers large. Cluny Road, Bukit Mandai.
A, suaveolens ВІ. Flowers small. Common all over Singapore.
A. Maingayi Hook. fil. Tanglin.
Drepananthus JIAN us Maing. “ Antoi hitam.” A tall straight
tree. Garden jungle, Kranji.
Unona discolor Vahl, “ Akar Darah.” Garden jungle.
U. dumosa Roxb. Cluny Road.
U. roget ruis Common, Kranj, Bukit Timah, Jurong,
n jungle.
U. dt ВІ. Быыс. Bukit Mandai. Chan Chu Kang
arden jungle

U. —€— Hook. f. A small tree with yellow flowers, Com-
n, Garden jungle, Changi, Chan Chu Kang.

40 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
U. stenopetala хат. A small tree with buff-colored flowers. Gar-
den jungle, Changi, Bukit Timah.

Polyalthia. Small to medium-sized trees.

rare. “Chan Chu Kar

P. Scortechinii King. “ Kenanga hutan.” A fairly large tree,
with large yellow flowers like those of Cananga. t
common, Garden jung

P. sumatrana King. Flowers green, fruit pink with darker blot-
ches ng.

P. macropoda King. А tree with large orange fruits very
showy. Bukit Timah.
Р, Teysmanni King. Common, Chan Chu Kang, Garden jungle.

Р, man King. Stated in King’s Materials to have been со ol-

ed by me in Singapore, was collected by Cantley and

н wrongly localised. It occurs in Selangor and
Perak.

P. — Ilook. fil. is from the same collection, and was
ected by Wallich in Singapore. I have never
ree ч here.

Goniothalamus. Small or medium sized trees or shrubs.
G. malayanus Hook. fil. Bukit Timah, Pulau Damar.
G. Tapis Mig. Selitar, Jurong.

G. Ridley yi King. A medium-sized tree with large tufts of dull
pu plish | flowers a the stem, chiefly at the base. Sungel
Mond; Bukit Tim

Orophea hastata King. Bukit Timah.

Popowia tomentosa Maing. А small tree. Not common, Garden
jungle, Bajau.

Р, ramosissina Hook. fil. Bukit Timah.
Oxymitra calycina King. Dense woods, Garden jungle.
О. afinis King. Sumbawang, Bukit Timah.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 41

Melodorum. Climbers with yellow flowers usually sweet-scented.

M. fulgens Hook. fil. Ana in юг Bukit Mandai, Toa
Payoh, Tengeh, Chan Chu

M. manubriatun Hook. fil. ыс. Вейоһ.
Л. latifolium Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Toas, Selitar.

MM. cylintricum Maingay. Common, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai,
Chan Chu Kang, Loyang.

М. lanuginosum Hook. fil. Fairly common, Bukit Timah, Sumba-
ang, Jurong

M. prismaticum Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Changi, Kranji.

M. elegans Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Selitar.

M. pisocarpum Hook. fil. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Toas.

Xylopia oxyantha Hook. fil. Singapore (Wallich 6178). Not
seen.

X. dicarpa Hook. fil. * Singapore (Maingay). Not seen.
X. malayana Hook. fil. Not common, Bukit Arang, Chan Chu
g.

X. caulata Hook. fil. Singapore (Wallich 6452) Maingay.
Not seen.

X. "eo Maingay. * Singapore Ridley " in Materials; was not
ollected in Singapore

X. feri ujinea Hook. fil. “Jangkang.” А tall tree, flowers green,
fruit long учкаша pe Common, Bukit Timab, Selitar,
Changi, Sungei Mora

X. Ridleyi King. * Rare, te Bukit Timah.
Pheanthus nutans Hook. ЗА shrub with green flowers.
Common, Garden ah Bukit Timah.

Ph. lucidus Oliver. Common. А bush. Bukit Timah, Garden
Jungle, Tanjong Gol.

42 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE
Mezzettia 2S Oliver. A very large tree with green
large globose fruit containing two very ; har

mode п Poko Prab. ” Garden Jungle.

MENISPERMACEE.
Climbing plants with very small ppt llowers aud
drupaceous carpels with the seeds usually cur
Tinospora cordifolia Miers, Probably ee Macpherson
Road, Balestier plain, Pulau Ubi

“ Akar Lankap." А stout climber
hit

cen s petiolare Miers.
vith te

ar L
milky juice, flowers white, fruit green with wh
; died А decoction of the roots is use ed for rheumatism.
Common in open woods, Garden Jungle, Siglap, Jurong
Bukit Mandai.

Fibraurea chloroleuca Miers. “ Akar Kuning.” A big woody
climber with yellow j juice formerly used in dyeing. The
male flowers are white in arge panicles on the stem.
The females green. The fruit is about an inch long,
orange-colored. Common all over Singapore

Coscinium fenestratum Colebr. “ Akar Kunyit, Kunyit Babi.”

woody climber with large round leaves white
beneath and large globular fruits. Common in woods.
Chan Chu Kang, Changi, ete.

Hypserpa triflora Miers. t кешк climber with narrow ae
r aves and small green flowers. ommon.

Hed gos, Tanglin, Selitar, Jurong, Chua Chu Kang.
— velulina Miers. А low rather чега climber,
covered with a velvety golden olive fur. Com
mon in open country. Tanglin, Bukit ‘Timah, Changi, etc.

A: pretty little slender climber with white
Rare, on bushes by the sea. |

m

Lo Kuastleri King.
flowers and yellow stamens.
Changi beach.

Stephania hernandifolia Wall. A slender climber with peltate

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 43

leaves, white flowers and red fruits. Edges of jungle,
not гате. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Jurong.

oad іры Hook. fil. var. Arnotti. Miers. A slender climber
orbicular ovate hairy leaves, small hanging panicles
of bi flowers and white flat fruits. The natives boil
the leaves with sugar and make a kind of jelly not re-
markahly delicious. Common in hedges, Tanglin, Chua

Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin.

МҮМРНЕАСЕ,

Jare aya M Hook. var. Nunstleri, “ Daun Kalapa.” This
grows in shallow muddy streams in thick jungle. It has

i

pink within. Capsule pink. Local, Bukit Timah, Ang
Mo Kio.

(Nelum'ium speciosum Willd. The Lotus is often cultivated by
the Chinese, but not wild here.)

CAPPARIDER.
Cleome papi. Jacq. Cl. HTullettii. King. An introduced thorny
eed w white flowers, native of the West Indies,
occurs diss Tanglin and Kallang.

Cl. viscosa L. A sticky weed about a foot tall, with yellow
flowers, occurs near the town casually.

Capparis Finlaysoniana Wall. А thorny climber with large
white flowers with a yellow spot in the throat, and a a
sausage-shaped red fruit. Rare. In sandy spots n
Changi.

VIOLACE®.
The only genus represented here is the shrubby alsodetu
with small yellow and white flowers

Alsodeia ыч pa Korth. “Sebilek.” А shrub or treelet
with ovate serrate leaves, small white flowers, and cap-

44 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE

sules d with mossy hairs. The seeds are used as

a purgalive. mon in kaid woods. Reservoir, Chan
Chu Kr Chua Chu Kang

A. floribunda King. Woods near em Mo Kio.

A. menibründcea King. Ang Mo Kio, Changi.

A. Kunstleima King. Singapore (Wallich). Not seen.

ВІХІХЕ.

pee rhinanthera Clos. А shrub or small tree, thorny with
white flowers and black berries. Sandy spots near
the sea. Changi, Serangoon River.

Flacourtia Rukam Zoll. A thorny tree, with small yellowish
owers and globose dull red berries, with a taste of
gooseberries Common in woods and even in thick
jungle. and evidently truly wild, but also planted.
Bukit Timah. Chan Chu Kang.

Fl. cataphracta Roxb, “ Rukam.” A similar tree with smaller

leaves. 1 do not think it is wild though often cultivated
and established Hs and there. It a much better eating
fruit than the last.

FL inermis Cl. A ms tree, quite unarmed, with thinner
narrower leaves. Jurong and Tanjong Karong.

€— Hes King. A small tree with slender spikes of
en flowers. Rare in forests, Bukit Timah. Sungei
Buloh.
PiTTOSPORE X.

Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait. * Giramong." A small tree with
yellowish white flowers. Sea shores, Kranji, Changi,
Relitar.

PoLYGALEZF.

Polygala br A MM ud A little prostrate herb with yellow
flow growing in turf or sandy spots. Not common,
Gardens, Müepfersn Road.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 45

Salomonia cantoniensis Lour. A small branched weed about 3
inches tail with pink flowers, Common in waste ground.

S. oblongifo/ia Dec. Rare, sandy spots, Changi.

^. aphylla Griff. A very small buff colored saprophytic plant
with minute flowers. Rare, in dense wet woods. Chua
Chu Kang.

Trigoniastrum hypoleucum Miq. Small tree, flowers white. Bukit
‘Timah.

Xanthophyllum. Large or small trees, with white or pink
rs and globose one or several seeded fruits. * Lima
Beruk

X. palembanicum Miq. A small tree, with white flowers. Woods,
Garden jungle, Selitar.

X, obscurum Benn. А large tree with dark pe pu
eaves, flowers white tinted with rose. Fruit
a cricket ball, greyish green with a very thie k^ woody
rind Mai color inside, and numerous seeds. Woods,
'l'an
X. die Korth. A medium sized tree with deep green
leaves. Flowers at first white then yellow, ieee a red
calyx. Drupe globular orange turning dark red, with a
sweet but rather soapy taste. Tanglin, Chan is .
S gi a Korth. A small to medium sized tree, flowers white.
Тһе commonest species in the peninsula, but not. common
in Singapore. Woods, Bukit Mandai, Jurong, Bukit
Timah.
$n € King. A fair sized tres with dark green leaves,
golden РЕ flowers white, fertilized by bees. Not
common. Tanglin

PORTULACACE®.

Por — oleracea L. Purslane. A common с prostrate
eed with yellow reni Waste ground.

46 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

e adni L. A much ae plant with tufts of white hair
on the joints of the stem. Common in and round the
hg on the wharfs, M.

HYPERICINE®.

Hypericum japonicum L. Small herb with yellow flowers. Pep-
per plantations, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang

Чех polyanthum Korth. Tree with loose red bark, flow-
nk. Woods, Bukit Timah, Changi, Chan Chu Kang.

C. formosum Benth. А beautiful tree flowering twice a year.
The flowers rose-pink, тө abundantly when the tree
sheds its leaves, The es are red when just open,

radually becoming и Соттоп іп open country,
Tanglin, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Timah.
C. arborescens Bl. * Geronggang." А big tree 50 to 60 feet,
vers in panicles deep crimson. Woods, Garden jungle,
Bukit Timah, Selitar.
GUTTIFERE.
Garcinia аа Wall. Tree, flowers white, sweet. Woods,
engeh, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin,
Tanj Ss Gol.

G. rostrata Benth. Flowers е; or pink, Woods, Sungei

Morai, Chan Chu Kang, Chang

GG. cuspidata King. Кате, Kranji.

G. Ilombroniana Pierre. Тһе peach-flav ерен mangosteen.
The tree but the

tind is thin and scented like an apple, the pulp acid and
scanty but peach-flavoured. Seashores, more rarely inland,
Blakang Mati, Chan Chu Kang, Changi, Pulau Ubin.

(G. mangostana L. The mangosteen cultivated every where.
wild or reverted form with smaller more acid fruits,
occurs near villages, )

ТИЕ FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 47

G. atroviridis Griff. “Asam Gelugur.” А beautiful tree, leaves
wer

right red when young, deep green when old. Flov
large red. Fruit large posee flattened at both ends,
and Ponit all round, orang color sti gma and persis-

tent ‘sepals red. It is dried in гам sun and used їп curries.
It makes excellent preserves and a Doubtfully wild
here. Tanglin, Tanjong Penjuru

G. Grifithit T. Anders. “ Kandis Gajah.” Tree with large leaves.
Flowers hardly opening greenish yellow. Fruit resem-
мше ап apple in form and color, acid, but eatable when

ooked. Common in woods, Tanglin, Bukit Timah,
rtt Mati, Chan Chu Kai ig.

G. Вапсапа Mig. ‘Tidal rivers, ee Selitar.

G. Me ng Pierre * Kandis.” Тее, angan WA flowers
su d fruits small ERA orange, eata Com-
ст Woods and open country, Changi, ‚нй Sungei

rai.

G. parvifolium Mig. Garden jungle.

G. Forbesii King. Small tree, flowers cream or pink, fruits
small crimson, eatable. Not very common, Garden jungle,
Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang.

G. nervosa Mig. Rare, Pulau Ubin, Serangoon Road.

G. dulcis Kurz. “ Mundu.” Probably not wild here, Gardens
and villages.

Calophyllum. Trees with white flowers and green or purplish
drupes.

C. pulcherrimum Wall. Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Kranji.

C. spectabile Willd. ©“ “ Bintangor Bunut.” Garden jungle, Bukit
Timah, Selitat

C. retusum Wall. Singapore, (Wallich).

C. canum Hook. fil. Not common, Tanglin, Bukit Mandai.

45 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
6. B Lang L. “ Penaga.” ES nmon on the sea shore. Bajau,
u Selitar, Pulau Ubi |
С. inophylloide King. Rare, Garden jungle, Changi.
C. Wallichianum Planch. “ Bintangor Merah.” Bukit Timah
Chua Chu Kang
C. Grifithii T. Anders. Rare, Sungei Morai.
C. macrocarpum Hook. fil. Changi.
TERNSTR(MIACE.E,

Trees with white or pink flowers usually rather small
with шалу stamens

Adinandra dumosa Jack. © 'Tiup-Tiup.” A very common tree
bout 20 feet tall, with white flowers, which are fertilized
by bees and wasps, and the pulpy fruit eaten by bats,
Open country every where.

A. Hulletti King. Not common, Garden Jungle, Selitar.

А. acuminata Korth. Woods, Garden jungle, Sembawang, Chan
Chu Kang.

А. maculosa 'T. Anders. Rare, North Selitar.

A, € King. “Kwak.” A very different looking tree
vith thick leaves and larger white flowers, and fruits o

aT erustremia, Edges of Mangrove swamps, local, North

Selitar, Changi, Sungei Morai, "also woods, Bukit "Timah.

А. sp. “Mongol.” Rare, Bajau (4004).
А. near integerrima but less hairy. А big tree, Changi.

Ternstramia penan giana ne A big dense tree with dark
g te flowers. "Fruit egg-shaped about
15 inch long orange, pete and showing 3 or 4 seels
enclosed in a red шр. Dry woods near the sea. Bajau,
Toas, Batu Putih, Changi, Pulau Tekong.

Sarauja tristyla Miq. Fern valley, Bukit Timah.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 49

Pyrcnaria acuminata Planch, A small tree with incouspicuous
white flowers and small globular apple-like Aida fruits.
Thick woods. Common, Bukit Timah, Tanglin

P. Kunstleri King? Rare, Selitar.
Med: ercelsa BI, A tall tree with flowers like those of the

ea plant but larger. Fruit a long waned capsule con-
alara thin winged seeds. Rn: Selitar

Var. with much larger coriaceous Um larger пана
апа й: А very different looking tree, but referred by
King to the same species. Conimon, Тай, Holland Road,
Jurong, Changi

Archytea Раі mou “ Riang-Riang.” A bush or tall
sleuder tree with pretty pink or white flowers, Common
in secondary jungle. "l'anglin, Jurong, Changi, Blakaug
Mati.

DIPTEROCARPEE.
Tall, often vast trees, with straight bare — Flowers
large or small pink ir eds or yellow, very sweetly sce . Fruit
usually with two to four of the calyx lobes developed into

Dipter yeso: cornutus Dyer. “Minyak Keruing.” One of the
vood-oil trees, even the fruits are often full of oil.
Woods, Changi, Bukit Timah

D. Hasselti Bl. Bukit Timah.

D. daa; Blanco. This has very a winged fruits, 6
or more long, red. Bukit Tim

Anisoptera glabra Kurz, ** Mersawa.” Garden jungle.

А. costata Korth. A gigantic tree D Qa) looking leaves.
Garden jungle, Dalvey, Bidadar

-

í

БО THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

Hopea Pierret Hance. “ Merawan." A tall straight tree with
very small deep crimson flowers. Bukit Arang

И. Grifithi Kurz. Garden jungle (No 4738).

П. micrantha Hook. fil. P ocu (Cantley).

H. Ei ech Mig. A gigantic tree measuring as much a
18 fee н анааан, "бона поп, Ви kit Timah, Chan

Chu Kai

Shorea did P» "* Flowers white. Common, Garden
jungle, Kranji, Chan Chu Kan ng.

S. macroptera Dyer. “Kepong.” The bark is used for building
houses. Common, Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang.

S. Des Dyer. “Meranti daun Kechil" Bukit Timah,
den jungle.

^. gibbosa Brandis. Flowers pink, Garden Jungle.

S. leprosula Miq. **Serayah batu.” very common, Garden
Jung!e, Bukit Timah.

S. rigida Brandis.* Flowers white. Rare, Garden Jungle.
S. p'ucillora King. Flowers yellow, Garden Jungle.

S. bracteolata King. Dalvey Road (No. 1827).

Cotylelol ium flavum Pierre. Rare, Sungei Morai.

“айса Ridleyana Brandis. Common, Garden Jungle, Bukit
Mandai, Changi.

Pachynocarpus Wallichit King. “ Damar Mata Kuching.” Com-
mon, Garden Jungle, Kranji, Changi, Toas.
; MALVACEX.
Herbs shrubs or trees with showy tlowers.
Nida. Small shrubby plants with yellow flowers.

5. carpinifolia L. Common every where in waste ground.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 51

SN. rhombifolia Le “Silaguri Padang.” А common weed used
in native medicine for tooth-ache, Берет lines, Chan
Ch

Abut ilon indicum Don. Weed in waste ground. Alexandra
Road, Pulau Ubin.

Urena Ki L. “Pulut-pulut.” A very common weed w ith
k flowers opening in the early mornin The leaves
ats tod toe adulterating Patchouli, = it is cultivated
for its fibre in America, where it is called Cesar-weed.
Common in open dry spots ; the v ades. sinuata with deep-

y lobed leaves occurs more usually near the sea.

Ua cde species are cultivated, including IT. rosa-sinensis
e Shoe-flower, “ Bunga Rayah,” the flowers of whic

are p for blackening leather, and for coloring videt:

meats red. M. abelmoschus L. the Musk seed, “ Kapas

hantu," with large yellow flowers with a maroon centre,
occurs cultivated and half wild, Z. S«bdariffa, ** Rosella,

used as a vegetable or preserve. F. esculentus L. “ Lady' s

ers.’

finger
H. surattensis L. A prickly сүү ог creeping plant, with
ellow танын and a maroon eye. Tanglin, Changi,
Pulau U

П. tiliaceus L. “ Baru.” A common sea-coast tree with large
w flowers with a maroon ee turning pink soon after
opening. All round the coas

Thespesia d Corr. Tree very odit to the ‚= Sea
oasis, common, Toas, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau ГЪ

hes anjfractuosum De C. The tree Cotton, аа
Cultiva

( Durio zibethinus L. The Durian. Cultivated.)
D. oblongus Mast. А wild Durian, with green uneatable fruits,
Woods, scarce, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.

Neesia synandra Mast. The woody Durian. А big tree, with
rather small flowers and large bodi blue-grey fruits,

52 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

which partly open, the walls inside are covered with
yellow stinging hairs. ‘The seeds are black with a yellow
waxy aril. Rare, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Kranji,
Chua Chu Kang.

Coclostegia Grifithi Benth. “ Punggai.” А ide b. tree with
small flowers on the old wood and 1 ound woody
fruits, the outside, covered with оса 18 black, the inside
brilliant orange. The bark is used in tanning. Rare,
Bukit Timah, Garden Jungle.

Bosehia pods Mast. “Durian-Durian.” A medium sized
tree with small white flowers and little ee durians.
tee быз Jungle, Bukit Timah.

STERCULIACER.

Sterculia eti qs la Vent. A big tree with large red pods.
are, Reservoir Woods, Chan © Jhu Kang

^. levis Wall. A shrub or small tree with green flowers and

scarlet pods which split open into 3 to 5 lobes in the form

of a star, and show the oblong blue-black seeds suspended

all round the margin. W oods , common, Tanglin, Bukit
Timah, Pulau Ubin, etc,

Var with very narrow leaves. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit
Маг Bukit Timah.

N

S. €— Vent. A small or medium sized tree very showy
ruit, flowers pink. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah,
eis

S. parviflora Vent. Big tree, Garden Jungle.
S. seaphigera Wall. “Kembang Saman gko." А very large
ee, often over 100 feet tall. The Fr uit in the form of a

up and becomes mucilaginous, and this mucilage is eaten
with sugar in the morni ing to cool the blo od. Rare,
Bukit Mandai.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE; 53

Tarrietia simplicifolia Mast. A vast tree. Not common, Dalvey
Road, Bukit Timah.

сена Dn Dryand, “ Dungun.” Sea shores, common,
u, Kranji, Pulau Tekong.

JT. sp. нут tree in jungles. Garden jungle, Apparently
undescribed.

П. fomes Buch. Ham. Mangrove swamps. Kranji.
Pterospermum diversifolium Bl. A ве tree, Pulau Ubin.

Pt. Blumeanum Korth. “Bayur.” A big tree, dense woods,
common, Bukit Timah, ora Buluh.

Melochia corchorifolia L. А common weed with small pink
flowers. Waste ground every where

[Pentapetes phoenicea L. А tall herb with deep red flowers.
Waste ground, Tanglin, Blakang Mati.]

Butineria Maingayi Mast. “ Akar Kachubong." А big woody
climber with curious little white and pink flowers in
round prickly nip Common, Garden Jungle, Changi,
Bukit Mandai, etc

D. Jackiana Wall, vee King’s Materials. Not seen,
probably an err
Commersonia pha А * Durian Tupai” A com
tr flowers, in large cymes and bristly iue
sules. пены анд Tanglin, Jurong, ete.
TILIACE®. ;
Brownlowia lanceolata Benth. Rare, * Mangroves, Kranji.
Pentace triptera Mast. “Sepa Petri.” Medang Serai.”
A gigantic tree with white flowers. Keb common,
Bukit Timah, Ang Mo Kio, Chua Chu Kang
Grewia umbellata Roxb. A stout climber with white flowers.
Common, Tanglin, Galang, ete.

54 THE FLORA ОЕ SINGAPORE,

G. fibrocarpa Mast. Small tree with orange fruits, Rare,

G. latifolia Mast. A large shrub with oranes pear-shaped
ruits about en inch long, and pleasantly flavoured.
Flowers yellow. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.

The absence of the common peninsular shrub G. panicu-
lata Roxb. is very remarkable.

Triumfetta с Jacq. А соттоп weed with small yel-
А еды prickly fruit. Waste ground, Tanglin,
С ба) ri,

T. pilosa Roth. ee (King) not seen.
(Corchorus capsularis L. * Jute." Bukit Timah (Dr. King).

C. acutangulus Lam. Weed with yellow flowers, rare. Chan
Chu Kang.

Fchinocarpus sp. Tree with white flowers in axillary panicles,
Very rare, Kranji (No. 6174),

T Trees with white flowers, often showy, and blue
reen drupes. “ Mendong.'

Е. ое Roxb. | Cultivated only. The globose oily blue
vai t b
Tamils as a bead. It is usually 5 grooved, but de
rarely a 5 grooved one is found, which commands as
high a price as 5 dolla
Е. parvifolius Wall, тш Tanglin, Changi, ete.
E. stipularis Bl. Very common, Tanglin, ete.

E. salicifolius King, « Jurunong Padi.” Not common, Bukit
Timah, Selitar

E. paniculatus Wall, Common. Kranji, Bukit Mandai, Selitar.
FE. petiolatus Wall, Common, Tanglin, Selitar, Changi.
Е. Grifithii Mast. Common, Tanglin, Selitar.

THF FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 55
E. Hullettii King. Not common, Bukit Timah, Bukit Manda‘,

E. pedunculatus Wall. Sea shores, Loyang, Toas, Jurong, Pulau
Tekong.

E. apiculatus Mast. Rare. Bukit Timah Road.

E. poly deme Wall. *Jurunong Babi.' Flowers buff, com-
n woods, Bukit Timah, Jurong, Teban, Changi.

FE. Jackianus Wall. Not rare, Tanglin, Selitar, Bukit Mandai,
E. Masterii King. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Kranji,
Changi.

E. sp. near E. polystachyus. Rare, Bukit Timah (4949, 3611)
LINE.
Roucheria Griffithiana Planch. Climber, with yellow flowers,
‘dru ds.

mall im upes. Common in thickets and woo
Tanglin, e

Erythroxylon burmanicum Griff. A tree. Common near the sea.
Lronanthes icosandra Jack. “Pagar Anak." Tree. Common,
‘Tanglin, etc.
1. reticulata Jack. Less common, Woods, Garden J ungle, Bukit
‘imah, Bajau, Jurong
MALPIGHIACE.E,

Tristelluteia — alasica Rich. А slender climber, flowers yen
Com tidal rivers, and often cultivated. Toas
Элита Chandi Pulau Ubin

Hiptage ness Hook. fil. Scandent, but forming bushes in open
idy spots. Flowers pink and white. Rare, Changi,
Bukit Mandai road.

Aspidopterys concava Juss. Climber, Forests, Bukit Mandai, Chan
Chu Kang.

56 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

GERANIACEJE.
(Oxalis corniculata L. A garden weed, common. )

(Averrhoa Bilimbi L. the Blimbing, and A. Carambola L. “ Kem-
bola,” are cultivated.)

oe macropl ylla King. Tree, flowers crimson. Not
nmon, Selitar
RUTACEX.
4 A number of these are cultivated, among which are Rue
(Ruta Bika the Kamuning (Murraya exotica) of the orna-
— m of which the sheaths and handles of Krises
are the Line berry, “ Limau eah” (Triphasia
iiit) the pumelo (С "d М decumanus L), orange (Citrus
antium), various Limes ( Citrus medica L.)
. Evodia cive Benth. « Stenga burong.” А shru
with white flowers. Common in open country, Tanglin,
Bedoh, Kranji, Jurong, Bukit Timab.
Е. gd ВІ. А fine tree. Local, but not rare, Tanglin, Bukit
Timah, Chan Chu Kang

Е. robusta Hook. fil. А tall sis. very ее in flower.
vt rare, Reservoir, Toas, Bukit Man
E. pedurenn Hook. fil.* A very little known plant, said to have
been collected in Singapore by Lobb.
Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Wight- W allich No. 7469, not seen.
SE Porteri Hook. fil. A tree, usually small. Flowers
ruits green. Woods, common, Garden jungle, Bukit
Timah, Changi, Jurong, Chan Chu Ka g.
Glycosmis pentaphylla Corr. Common in woods and forests, а
ub, flowers and fruits white. Garden je
Bukit Timah, Kranji, Selitar, ete; a broad leto form
А narrow leav ed one occurs at Changi.
Micromelum hirsutum Oliv. Wallich (No. 8156 с.) Not seen.
Clausena excavata Burm. A small tree with white flowers,

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 57

strongly scented foliage and semitransparent pink fruits.
Doubtfully wild. Open country, Tanglin, Pulau Ubin

Lurunga eleutheranthera Dalz, Climber, very rarely ine
Chanzi, Bukit Timah,

Paromignya grandiflora Oliver. Very rare, Changi (Hullett) ;
also collected by Lobb.

P. longispina Hook. fil, « EE е АТ а shrub
with curious pear-shaped o ge aromatic fruits used in
native medicine, Wan a agi e swamps, reni Jurong.

SIMARUDBE.F.

Brucea sumairana Roxb, A shrub with aromatic foliage small
purple flowers and black berries. d h ves АЕ ).
I have never seen this here, but on.introduc ome
plants from Pahang, it established itself all uen "Tenis;
the seeds being borne about b ry birds
Eurycoma wee ia Jack. “ Bidara Pahit” An ере shrub
i ok bark used in medicine against fever.
Common in dry wools, especially near = sea. ы.
Changi, Bukit Timah, Blakang Mati, е
E Matayana Oliver. * Pauh Kijang.” А gigantic tree
r 100 feet tall,with small green flowers, and fruit like
са green with a an orange pulp. 'anglin, Reser-
voir woods, Bajau, |
OCHNACE.
“HNA sumatrana Jack. Tree, flowers yellow. Common,
Зик Timah, Kalang, Toas, Changi, Pulau Ubin
(7. Hookeri Planch. Flowers deep red. Less common, near
е sea. Changi, Tu Gol, Bukit Timah.
Tetramerista glabra Miq. Wallich (No. 1055). Not seen.
Euthemis M ee Ап under shrub, verv elegant with
white flow rosy, scarlet or white berries. Com
mon in Miki, к Kranji, Changi

58 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
E. minor Jack. Singapore, according to Jack. I have only
found it at Pulau Battam, south of Singapore
BURSERACE®.

E reuse Griff. A big tree exuding a very aromatic
entine, fruit green three- winged, containing three
ovid flat-wing ed seeds, Not common, Garden Jungle,

Bukit Timah.

Canarium Planchoni King. Not common, Bukit Mandai.

C, gr Mg AR Benn. Flowers orange. Rare. Changi (Hullett),
t Mandai

C. pilosum Benn. “Kedondon Krut." Not common, Changi.

C. тийип Benn. * Kedondon Bulan.” А medium sized tree
with creamy yellow flowers and large hard glaucous
green fruits tasting of "visos with a triquetrous seed.
Not rare, Tanglin, ‚ Selita

C. purpurascens Вепп. Not common, Bukit Timah, Changi, Chan
Chu Kang.

C. Kadondon Benn. “Tinov.” Big wes fruit erect pink.
G

arden jungle, Bukit Timah, Changi
C. secundum Benn. Not common, Changi Road, Tanglin, Selitar.
C, nitidum Benn. Open woods, common, Changi Reservoir
woods, Bukit Timah.

жоон Grifithii Hook. fil. * Kumpas Ruman. ” Tanjong
xol. Kranji, Selitar.

Santiria lara King, A large tree with a spreading head. Flowers
in lax hanging hairy panicles deep red. Drupes plu
like rosy. A beautiful tree when in fruit. Gardan
jungle, Bukit Timah.

S. laevigata BI. “Kerantei.” А large tree, flowers grin: Not
rare, Selitar, Garden кол Bukit Mandai.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,” 59
S. apiculata Benn. Flowers greenish white, fruits гозу. Bajau,
Bukit Timah.
S. multiflora Benn. Not common, Selitar.
MELIACEX.

Sandoricum radiatum King. * Kechapi." Cultivated for its
fruit. Wild on Pulau Ubin in thick woods.

S. indicum Lam. “ Sentol.” Cultivated commonly.

Chisocheton pauciflorus King. Thick woods, not common, Bukit
Timah.

Ch. erythrocarpus Hiern. Not common, Pulau Ubin.
Ch. macrophyllus King. Rare. A big tree, Pulau Ubin,

Ch. patens BI. A big tree with long racemes of white flowers,
у feetid. ‘Common, Garden jungle, Bidadari, Changi,
Selitar.

Dysoxylum acutangulum Mig. A agg with large orange-colored

pear- shap ed fruits. Chang

D. costulatum Miq. A large tree, flowers white. Not rare,
Changi, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah.

D. macrothyrsum Mig. Selitar.

D. caulifiorum Hiern. A medium sized tree with white flowers
on stem, scented of almonds, and red capsules, con-
taining black seed with a red aril. Common in th

woods, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Pulau
Ubin

D. turbinatum sia Rare, Bukit Timah (8108).
Amoora Aphanamixis Schultes. Not rare, Toas, Bukit Mandai,
Selitar.
A. rubiginosa Hiern. A superb tree, over 100 feet high, the
g'e

eaves of a copper color beneath, flowers rose. Jungles
Chan Chu Kang.

60 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

A. cucullala Roxb. Tree, flowers yellow. Selitar (8778, 4575).
A. rubescens Hiern. Singapore (Maingay), Selitar.
(Aglaia odorata Lour. Cultivated for its sweet flowers.)
A, oligophyila Mig. Singapore. Wallich (No. 4887). Not seen.
A. aie Hiern. Small tree, leaves deep shining green,
vers and fruits white. Local. Garden J ungle, Changi.
A. odor map Bl. Tree, flowers yellow. Not rare, Bukit Mandai.
n Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Reservoir Woods.
A. cordata Hiern. Rare, Selitar.
A. tenuicaulis Hiern. Singapore (Lobb), perhaps an error.
A. trichostemon Dec. Rare. Garden Jungle.
(Lansium domesticum Jack. The Duku ; cultivated.)
Carapa obovata. Bl. * Nireh." A big tree, with sweet white
flowers and large globular fruits with ecrky seeds. The
bark is used in medicine for dysentery. Ма а
swamps, very сошшоп, Kranji Sariko etc
: ОНАПЛЕТІАСЕ Ж.
Chailletia dejlezifolia 'Turez. A climbing or scrambling shrub, di
flowers white. Rare, Bajau, 3
OLACINEJE.
Ochanostachys amentacea Oliver. “ Petaling.” A well known
imber tree with leaves like those of a beech-tree, sm:
spikes of pa sa flowers, and green fruit with much white
milk. Common, Garden Jungle, Changi, Reservoir |
woods, |

Strombosia rotundifolia arg Woods, Bukit Timah, eee
jungle, Bukit Mandai

Lepionurus sylvestris Bl... A small shrub, Garden jungle, Bidadari. r

Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliver. Rare, Garden jungle.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 61

Ximenia сотак L. ** Bidara Laut.” А spiny shrub with white
f s and orange eatable drupes. The wood is scented.
as kên Changi, Pulau Selitar, Jurong, Pasir Panjang.

Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc. “Kulim” A large timber tree
with white flowers, all parts having a strong smell of

onions. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.

Gomphandra ы Wall. А shrub common in woods,
Bukit Timah, Garden jungle, Tanjong Katong, Selitar.

G. lanceolata Kurz. Not common, Bukit Timah.

сре secundiflora the A large tree, flowers white. Rare,
Bukit Mandai, Selita

(ronocaryun were due * Toioh." A large strag-
gling shrub, with pendulous racemes of purplish E
flowers ; fruits green. Woods, not rare. Tanglin, Chan

РЬ, рона oblonga Wall. А large woody ае with fone
rac

form a s bi m
cuneate oblong and curiously аилә, Rare, Bukit
Timah.

Ph. br ees Wall. е open woods, Tanglin, Tanjong
Katong, Bukit Panjang.

Todes velutina King. lee Rare, Bukit Timah Road.

1. oblonga Planch. Not rare, Bidadari, Chan Chu Kang, Garden

Evythropalum scandens Bl. SCENE climber with inconspicuous
green flowers, and very curious and ornamental fruit,
which at first is an oval drupe, but when ripe the husk

ape,
becomes bright red and splits into 4 lobes, which recurve
and expose a deep blue seed in the centre. Not common,
woods, Bukit Mandai, Reservoir woods, Garden jungle.

Pteleocarpa malaccensis Oliver. A fair sized tree, flowers yellow,
fruit round thin, winged. Rare, Changi woods.

62 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

ILICINEE,

Цех cymosa В\. А small or medium sized tree with very white
bark, more rarely a a bush. Flow ers very small and gra
* Timah-Timah" or * Titimah.’ а п іп open coun
try, Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Кап

$: ses Wall. Usually a smaller ed with larger leaves.
Common, Garden jungle, Ang Mo Kio, Changi, Kranji.

CELASTRINE.E,

Huonymus javanicus Bl. A large shrub. Woods, rare, Kranji,

Sümbawang.

Glyptopetalum quadrangulare Prain. Not common, Changi beach,
Chan Chu Kang.

Kokoona littoralis Laws. Singapore (Lobb). Not seen.

Lophopetalum fimbriatum Wight. * Krabu." A tree with yellow
petals and the central disc purple. Rare, Bukit Mandai,

L. Curtisii King. A gigantic tree, rare. Bukit Mandai, Chua
Chu Kang.

L.fuscescens Kurz.* Singapore. (Anderson.) Not seen.

Kurrinia аср Wall, А tall tree € small red tlowers.
Not common, Bukit Mandai, Gardei

K. paniculata Wall. À large handsome tree with dark green
ves and panicles of small green flowers, with an un-

pleasant smell. Much frequented by flies. Fruit a heart-

shaped red capsule. Common in i woods, Tanglin,

Chan Che Kang, Bukit Mandai, etc

Hippoci gis das L. A climber with very small white flowers.
Local in sandy spots, Changi, Pulau Ubin

H. SUE Laws. “Akar Bintang.” Climber, flowers ro
Sea coasts, Sungei Pandan, “Kranji, Selitar.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 63

Salacia grandiflora Kurz. **Ampedal Ayam.” А shrub half
scandent, gnarled, with black stems, gen pearly flowers,
and e and open
country, Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin, Changi, Toas.

Var. longifolia, Changi.

S. latifolia Wall. Singapore (Wallich No. 4222). Not seen.

S. akeo De С. A slender climber (a large Straggling uns

rding to King), with very small brown flowers and

mit globular orange fruits. Not common. беле ng
gle, Bukit Timah Road, Pulau Ubin

S. flavescens Kurz. A climber with vel or pean flowers.
Not common, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Cha

S. longiflora Hook. Half scandent shrub die uif flowers.
C i, rare.

S. sp. near flavescens, Rare, Changi (4785).
S. Lobbit Laws.* “ Singapore Lobb.” Not seen, very imperfect-
known.

Celastrus Championi Benth, var? Sungei Loyang.

RHAMNE®.
Ventilago leiocarpa Benth, A slender much branched climber
ith small green flowers, and small round fruit with a

long narrow wing. СОБО, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah,
Pulau

Ё; EU EE Gaertn, Rare. Bukit Mandai.

Zizyphus wnoplia Mill. A scandent thorny bush. Not common,
Orchard Road

Z. elegans Wall. (Wallich No. 4233). Not seen.

2. оре en Wall. A large climber very thorny dark green
ed leaves, small white flowers and orange glo
eatable frd "x Very common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah,
Selitar
Var. ith. small leaves, and smaller fruits. Selitar.

64 THE FLORA ОЕ SINGAPORE,

Z. Horsfieldi Miq. Rare, Bukit Timah.

Colubrina asiatica Brongn. А shrub with green flowers. Sea
coasts, Galang.

Smythea reticulata € Climber. Not common, near the sea.
Toas, Serangoo

AMPELIDE®.

Vitis macrostachya not Hedges, common, Tanglin, Dukit
Timah, Jurong

V. gracilis Wall. " ery common, Changi, Reservoir, Tanglin,
Selitar, etc.

V. cinnamomea Wall. Not ey common, Chan Chv Kang, Re-
rvoir, Bukit Mandai

V. polythyrsa Miq. Rare, Changi,

V. elegans Kurz. Hedges and borders of woods. Very com-
mon, Tanglin, Jurong, ete

V. Lawsoni King. A big climber with large yellow as
uite eatable, Woods, Bukit Timah, Garden jungle

(V. quadrangularis Wall. An odd four-angled stemmed vine,
with very few leaves; not native, but cultivated here
i aes
V. fureata Laws. A long vine with flat stems 4 angled green
with thick bands of brown cork alon ng the edge, grapes
blac К. Common 2 | m woods, Bukit Timah, Bukit
Mandai, Tanglin, e

V. repens W. and Arn. 3s Fort Canning, Chan Chu
Kang.

V. cerasiformis Teysm. Bukit Timah.

V. — Wall. А succulent vine with grey four angles
and red tendrils, berries black. Very comm
in че s. “Asam Riang". Tanglin, Changi, etc.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 65

к. —— Wall. “Lakom Gajah.” | A hairy vine with tri-
e leaves and large dirty white grapes Common,
Glany Road, Sungei Buluh, Reservoir woods.
y. ein L. Very common, hedzes, Reservoir, Race Course,
Kalang Puding.
V. Japonica "Thunb. * Singapore.” Not recognised.
V. gores Wall. A slender vine with large semitransparent
К grapes, quite uneatable. Common, Tanglin, Chua
Chu Kang.
V. sp. Leaves simple, flowers very small green in axillary
panic sisa crowded at the ends of the branches. Rare,
elita

Pterisanthes coriacea Korth. A very slender vine олы,
for its a Hattened crimson Hower spikes 3 or 4 inches
long one or 2 wide; female flowers small sunk in
the epike, males on stalks along the edge, grapes black.
Local in thick woods, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandali, etc.

Leea. Large ees with green or red flowers in corymbs.
“ Malli-malli ".

L. sambucina ош Six to ten feet tall, flowers greenish white.
Very mon in damp spots. Tanglin, Bukit Timah,

Var. dem Chua Chu Kang.
L. robusta Roxb. Rare, Blakang Mati.

L. rubra Bl. “A smaller plant with red flowers, very pretty.
Tanglin, perhaps introduced

L. Javanica Bl. Singapore о д5, Not seen.
L. angulata Korth. “ Malli biduri.” Passir Panjang.
SAPINDACE.E.

CHEMIN Halicacabun L. the Balloon vine, is cultivated
by the Chinese as a v ege etable, and occurs in waste ground.

Pulau Ubin, Rochore
9

66 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

Allophy'us Cobbe L. A sea shore shrub with white flowers and
red berries. The var. racemosa is the only here
Common, Kranji, Selitar, Jurong, Alexandra Road.

Erioglossum edule BI. “ Mertajam.” A tree, with small black
unpleasantly Havoured fruits. Common, especially near
own. Government Hill, Pulau Ubin.

Xerospermum muricatum Radik. “Rambutan Pachat." А small
tree, flowers white, fruit yellow roughened outside, seed
enclosed in eatable pulp. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Man-
dai, Bukit Arar

X. Wallichii King. Singapore, Wallich (not seen).

Nepheliun luppaceum L. “ Rambutan.” N. Longana Camb. ;
“Mata Kuching;” N. eAryseum BI. “ Pulassan," are
cultivated.

N. glabrum Noronha. * Redan.” Fruits warted red, acid.

Tanglin, Cbau Chu Sang, Toas.

N. rufescens Hiern, Chan Chu Kang.

N. Sea Miq. A beautiful ri. with white tlowers in ape
ing s spikes, and scarlet fruit like rambutans. “ Sunggo
Lotong." Bukit Timah, Garden Jungle.

Pometia gracilis King. Woods, Bukit Timah.
P. alnifolia Radlk. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai.

Guioa pleuropteris Radl. Tree, flowers white. ‘Sim mpayan
Ula E а Bentley's hill (Hallett), Bukit Timah,
Selita

G. squamosa Radl. Bukit Timah, Selitar.
G. pubescens Radl. Very common every where.
Trigonachras acuta Radi. Rare, Bukit Timah.

Arytera littoralis Bl. var. Major. A shrub or small tree. Sea-
coasts, Chua Chu Kang. ka

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 67

Mischocarpus fuscescens BI. Bukit Panjang, Pulau Ubin.
M. sundaicus Bl, Tampenis, Serangoon, Changi.

Paranephelium macrophyllum King. Very large tree, with pink
fl 8, fruit’ woody covered with processes, brown de-
hiscing. Bukit Timah.

Turpinia pomifera De C. “бега.” Medium sized tree, flowers
and fruits green. Woods, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Bukit
dai.

SABIACEAX.
Meliosma elliptica Hook. fil. Tree, rare. Chan Chu Kang.

M. lanceolata Bl. Small tree, not rare. Chan Chu Kang,
Jurong, Bukit Mandai

M. Ridleyi King. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah. 16 also
occurs in Johore, near Castlewood.

ANACARDIACE.

Buchanania florida Schauwer var. lucida. “ Otak Hudang.”
Tree with white flowers. Common in open country and
low woods, Tanglin, Changi, Kranji. Var. petiolaris not
common, Selitar.

B. sessilifolia Bl. Common, Chan Chu Kang, Jurong, Tampenis’

Bouea (nep Griff. “Ruminiya.” A big tree with small
acid orange mangos, common, wild and cultivated.

(B. macrophylla Griff. “Kedondong.” Cultivated as a fruit tree.)

Mangifera selerophylla Hook. fil. A gigantic tree, Rare, Bukit
Timah, Uhangi.

M. odorata Griff. * Kohini.” Bukit Timah, Toas; perhaps
only cultivated.

(М. foetida Lour. “ Bachang.” Cultivated.)

М. lagenifera Griff, © Lanjoot." A magnificent tree, with purple

68 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
flowers and large grey pear shaped mangoes, very un-
pleasant to eat. Jurong, Blakang Mati, etc. Cultivated.

M. kemanga Bl. “Kemang.” Probably only cultivated, rare.

M. indica L. * Mango.” Cultivated.

Anacardium | occi: dentale L. Cashew. * bajag i Cultivated
nd often established. Common near the se

Melanorrhea Benes Hook. fil, “ Rengas Manau.” A big
tree v e flowers, and red 5-winged fruit. А wah
known ipei Common, Bukit Timah, Changi, Kranji,
Selitar.

Parishia pubescens Hook, fil. A lofty tree, 150 feet tall, flowering
before the leaves come out, flowers white. Very r rare,
Dalvey Roa d.

Р. pawijuga Engler. Rare, Bukit Timah.
P. Maingayi Hook. fil. Garden jungle.

‘Campnosperma Grifjithii Hook. fil. “ Teruntang." A large tree,
with big leaves especially when young. Common, Bukit
Timah.

C. auriculata Hook. fil. Common in woods. Tanglin, Bukit Ti-
h, Selitar, Teban.

C. Wallichii King. Dalvey Road, Bukit Mandai, Toas.
Melanochyla auriculata Hook. fil. A big tree, with very large
stiff leaves and panicles of green flowers fertilized in the
ачай by brown cockchafers, ‘Vet jungles, Chan Chu
Kang.
Dracentomelum mangiferum Bl. Rare, Chua Chu Kang.
CONNARACE®.

Connarus ferrugineus Jack. A scandent shrub, Not common,
^ =. Bukit Mandai, - л

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 69

C. semidecandrus Jack. А half scandent bush with lilac flowers,
and red pods containing one black seed with a red aril.
Dey open country, Toas, Changi, Selitar, Bukit Mandai.
C. oligophylius Wall. Bukit Mandai, Changi.
С. grandis Jack. Local. Changi, Pulau Ubin.
С. ellipticus King. Bukit Mandai.
сады бой Hook. fil. А tree with small white flowers
n jungle.
Rourea acuminata Hook. fil. Singapore, Wallich (8533). Not seen.
R. pulchella Planch. Lofty climber. Garden jungle, Changi.
R. rugosa Planch. ‘Semilat putih.” Common, Changi Road,
Selitar.
R. parallela Planch. Sungei Buluh, Changi, Kranji.
Р, Dada Planch. *Semilat." А tall slender climber with pink
hite flowers. The young leaves of a beautiful pink,
roo the specific name, А very beautiful plant. Th
bark is used by natives for colic. Very common, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, Teban.

R. concolor Bl. Not rare, Teban, Reservoir Woods, Chan Chu
Kang.

A gelea vestita Hook. fil. © Akar Kachang- kachang." A climber
ith small pinkish flowers and red velvety s. Com-
mon in forests, Tanglin, Sumbawang, Bukit Timah,

Chan

А. W ide. Hook. fil. * Akar Kachang jantan.” Changi.
A. Hullettii King. Local, Changi.

Cnestis rt go Griff. A climber with brilliant sik ‘shoots,
owers, and large pear-shaped red fruits. Common :
in dy ipis and open country. Tanglin, pcs Тап»
jong Реп

то THE FLORA ОЕ SINGAPORE.

LEGUMINOSÆ.

Abrus precatorius L. A slender climber with pale lilac flowers
d red and coge eeds. A variety with white seeds
occurs pad is highly пай by the natives аз a medicine.

Sea shores, Changi.

Crotalaria alata Ham. “Kachang Hantu Dar
with yellow flowers. sm waste нола Nc
Сй, Jurong, Ang Mo

C. retusa L. A glaucous herb sni showy orange yellow flo-
wers. Sandy shores, Changi.

C. Saltiana And. A common weed in waste ground, and sandy-
places, yellow flowers. Changi, Galang, etc.

C. quinquefolia L. Rare, Kranji.
C. incana L. Flowers yellow. Sea shore, Tanah Merah,

Flemingia strobilifera Br. x shrub. Sea shores, not common,
Changi, Blakang Mat

Vigna retusa Walp. A small ное vetch. Sea shores, Changi,
Blakang Mati.

(V. Catiang End. “ е Perut Ayam.” Cultivated.)

(Pe angulatus Rich. * Bengkuang." “ Sengkuang."
The yam bean і i ; culti vated.)

(Dolichos 123 L. *«Karkaras". Flowers blue or white, cul-
tivated.)

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus De С. * Kachang Botor.”. Cultiva-
ted.)

(Clitorea Ternatea L. Cultivated.)

C. Beles Pa Benth. A shrub with large lilac white fon
turalised from Brazil, round Tanglin, ete. Very ¢
n.

Centrosema Plumieri Benth. The “ Butterfly pea,” climber, flo-
ers white with dark crimson centre. Naturali lised in
hedges near town.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 71

(Canavalia ensiformis De C. “ Kachang Parang.” Cultivated.)
C. gea = C. A creeping bean with pink flowers sweet-
ted, ш eatable. Sea shores, common, Changi,
‘Blakerig Mat
C. obtusifolia De С. A climber on bushes, flowers жыш Beans
said to be poisonous. Sea shores, Toas, Chan
yea таоми De С. Climber, flowers greenish white. Not
mon, Blakang Mati.
At. жы Teysm. Flowers purple. Chan Chu Kang.
(Erythrina stricta and E. lithosperma Miq. are planted here and
there, but not wild.)
сеси жоны Benth. “ Akar Sejangat.” A big liana,
best *of the water vines, climbing to the tops
of the highest trees, flowers E purplish small. Com-
` mon, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang,
5. Maingayi Prain. Flowers rosy. wo Bukit - Timah,
rden jungle.
S. Ridleyi Praiu. * Big climber, flowers white. Gardens, Chan
Chu Kang.

Indigofera hirsuta L. Sea shore, Teluk Kurau.

Sesbania paludosa Roxb. Rare, Marsh near Kranji.

(5. re Pers. ‘Tree with large white or pink lowers.

ivated for its flowers, and for the leaves eaten as a

MD )

(Tephrosia candida DeU. given for Singapore in the “ Materials,"
is only a garden plant.)

4. х W. & A. Waste ground, Bidadari, probably an

Cape.

Millen eriantha Benth. A lofty climber with coppery red
with a greenish yellow centre to the standard,

outside covered with golden fur. Not very common,

. Bukit Mandai, Garden jungle.

2 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

P |
ктап 4 inches long, опе sap wrinkled and ас. г.
with fine grey fur. Not common, Tanglin, Chan Chu
Kang, Reservoir woods.

M. wee. purea Benth, is probably not wild bere. A fine tree

urs in a garden in Paterson Road.

Pongamia фон ү о» *Malapari." А tree with pink flowers.
Com the sea coasts. Changi, Siglap, Jurong,

Pulau Ubin. |

Derris у Thw. Woody ‘limber, llowers green and white.

Tidal rivers, Pulau Ubi

D. thyrsiflora Benth. Scandent bush, flowers in dense erect

раве, white, pods long and thin, reddish when white.
Very common in open country, Tanglin, Changi, etc.

D. uliginosa prne “ Akar Ketuil”. Scandent shrub, flowers
pink. mmon on sea coasts and by tidal rivers Rivers
Valley Read, Changi, Pulau Ubin, Kranji, Bajau.

D. scandens Benth. Flowers white. Pulau Merambong.

D. amena Benth. Climber, flowers pink. Not common, Gar-
en Jungle

(D. siete Benth. “ Tuba.” Often Seo for н insects
vegetables, and catching fish).

D. Malaccensis Prain. Flowers pink. Jurong, Seliter.

D. oblonga. Benth. Flowers dark pink. . Changi (No. 6086).

D. sp. with very elie! leaves. Rare, Chan Chu Kang,
Changi (6087).

ARRAN кеп Prain.* Big climber, flowers small purple
alm ack. -W jode common but rarely flowering.
Garden oec Selitar

Dalbergia Junghuhnit. Benth. л woody datar; with small

ТНЕ FLORA OF SINGAPORE, TS .
greenish white flowers, Woods common, ‘Tanglin,
Changi, Pulau Ubin, Sumba wang. .
Var. Scortechinii. Bukit Timah (6406).

D. velutina Benth. Rare, Changi.

D. cre си Miq. Climber, flowers white. Common, Gar-
den jungle, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Selitar, Bajau
D, Hat Prain. Flowers white Prone те Ше leaves
е fallen. Rare, Thomson Road, Se
D. torta Grab. Climber, flowers white. кар and sea
shores. Common, Pulau Ubin, Kranji, Pulau Damar
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. The Angsana, or Sena, planted a
Zornia те кли: Pers. Prostrate herb, flowers yellow, Sandy
ces, Galang, Changi.
ee crinita Desv. Small sbrubby plant with а tall spike
of blue flowers, very beautiful ; on banks sporadically.
Orchard Road, Scotts Road.
Alysicarpus vaginalis Miq. i slender herb, tlowers black purple.
Changi, Teluk Kur:
Var. абир Pulau Ubin (Kunstler).
Евсһупотепе indica L. Shrubby weed, Galang.
Desmodium triflorum De С. Prostrate herb in grass, flowers pink:
Common, Tanglin, Changi
D. heterophyllum De C. Common over the whole island.
D. west ees De С. A big shrub, flowers white. Sea coasts
round the island.

D. polycarpum De C. = ушак plant with erect racemes of
deep crimson, o white flowers. Common in open

country, Tanglin, Chase, Selitar, etc.
Var, ovalifolia. Rare, Ang Mo Kio.

74 ТНЕ FLORA ОЕ SINGAPORE.

Ormosia macrodisca Bak. `А big tree, flowers pink, pod round
and flat reddish pink with a large scarlet and black seed.
Rare, one tree in Cluny Road.
0. pu Bak. Not a very large tree, leaves small deep
, flowers white, pod round, seed red. Not rare
Blakang Mati, Changi, Pasir Panjang, Reservoir.

O. microsperma Bak. Var. Ridleyi. ius about 50 feet tall, flowers
white. Rare, Selitar, Tanglit
` Cassia obtusifolia L. common weed with yellow flowers.
Waste ground, Tanglin, Galang,
C. hirsuta L. A hairy weed with yellow flowers. Common,
Tanglin, etc.
C, occidentalis L. А common weed,

C. alata L. “Gelenggang, Daun Kur ap." Shrub with showy
yellow flowers. Common round villages.

C. siamea Lam. Tree, yellow flowers. Occurs near Tanglin,
but doubtfully wid i in Singapore

C. —————— De C. A pretty маин with yellow flowers.
n round Tanglin, Bukit Mandai

паса malaccensis Maing. “Kumpas.” А gigantic tree
with hard red wood. "Common all over Singapore.:

Dialium laurinum Вак. Kranji, Bukit Timah.
D. Maingayi Bak. Bukit Timah.
D. Wallichii Prain, Common, Garden jungle, etc.

The Dialiums are big trees, which supply the well known
timber “ Kranji.” The fruit, a velvety black pod filled with a
sweet pith enclosing a single seed, is eaten by natives and sol
in the shops.

Bauhinia purpurea L. is quoted in books for Singapore, but is
nly in cultivation.

THE FLORA ОЕ SINGAPORE, 75

B. mida Roxb. Climber ча теве flowers. Common, Bu»
t Timah, Bukit Mandai,

— cauliflora L. “4 weno ' Cultivated

C, ramiflora L. var heterophylla. Shrub, Rare, river banks, Sungei
Jurong.

Sindora И bar cii Benth. “ари.” А very fine tree, with
green flov e calyx is covered with soft processes,
not firm aec as has been described. The flowers are
fertilized by flies, which visit mem in such quantity that
have heard the ro ar of their wings from the base of a
very lofty tree, when in flower. The pods are flat, usually
one seeded and covered with prickles which exude a gum.
Garden jungle, Changi, Dalvey Road.

S. intermedia Bak. Changi, Blakang Mati.

Afzelia retusa Kurz. А small tree, flowers white; sea coasts,
common, Bajau, Cbangi, Pulau Ubin. Selitar, Serangoon,
Peltophorum To Benth. “ гуы ” A handsome tree with

owers. Rare, Chan

Cesalpinia nuga Ait. „е climber, flowers yellow. Sea shores
Changi, Selit

C. tortuosa Roxb. Rare, Selitar.

Mezoneuron нде W. апі Агп. А very thorny н
ect racemes of кобое flame-coloured flowers and
thin flat pods bright red. Either in fruit or einer? this
is a most beautiful plant. Not ot ds common. Along the
Bukit Timah Road. Sungei Juro
Parkia speciosa Hassk. ** Petai.” A tree ith pear-shaped heads
of small. yellowish flowers on long hanging peduncles,
and flat green pods, eaten by the Malays. Common wild
and also planted. Bukit Timah, Bajau, Changi, Selitar, etc.
Entada spiralis Ridl. Woody climber with curious curled pods
y large brown subtriangular seeds. Common all
over Singapore

76 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

Adenanthera pavonina L. “ Saga.” Commonly planted and per-
haps wild.

A. bicolor Moon. А more compact tree than “ Saga,” the seeds
alf red and half black. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai,
Bedoh, Pasir Panjang, etc.

Neptunia oleracea Lour. The water-sensitive plant, a floating
plant with bright yellow flowers Cultivated as a vegeta-
ble and formerly very abundant in Singapore, now rather
uncommon.

Xylia dolabriformis Benth. “ Singapore Wallich No. 5279.” - This
has never again been found in the peninsula, and is pro-
bably wrongly localise

Leucæna glauca Benth.’ Occurs near villages, doubtless planted,

Mimosa pudica L. The sensitive plant, is a well known pest
ver the whole island.

M. sepiaria Benth. An introduced shrub very common along
the Bukit Timah Road, Dalvey Road, and near the Reser-
voir.

Acacia pseudo-intsia Miq. A scrambling thorny shrub. Not
rare, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Toas, Chan Chu Kang.

А; Mn Willd. A thorny climber, climbing very high. Tang-
n, hedges and thickets

Serianthes grandiftora Benth. Singapore (Wallich). Not seen.

Albizzia Ача Teysm. A tree with pink heads of flowers.
e, Pulau Ubin.

A. pedicellata Bak. Rare, Kranji Road.

A. lucida Benth. Singapore fide Baker, possibly from a culti-
vated specimen.

A odoratissima Benth. A. Lebbek Benth. . A. moluccana, some-

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, rT

times planted, establish themselves in many places.
Pithecolobium dulce Benth. Cultivated only.
Р. confertum Benth. A tree, rare, Bedoh, Selitar.
P. bubalinum Benth. Rather rare, Tanglin.

P. lobatum Benth. “ Jering.” Tree with fcetid pods, very
opular with Malays. Common over the whole island.

P. microcarpum Benth. A common little tree with white flowers
and bright orange curly pods, very pretty when in fruit.
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, etc.

Р: «внер Hassk. “Jering hutan.” А large tree with big

urled orange pods from which when ripe bang black
тга covered with a grey bloom. Not rare, Selitar,
Pulau Ubin

Р. contortum Mart. Common, Tanglin, Changi, Selitar, etc.
P. clypearia Benth. Common, deis, etc.
Р. angulatum Benth. Very common in open rege woods,
etc. Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, et
ROSACE®.

Parinarium rid il Bl. A big tree with white flowers and
ha wn drupes with white dots. Rare, Chan Chu

P. oblongifolium Hook. fil. “ Balau.” A well known timber
tree of great size with large leaves white beneath. Rare
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.
P. Grifithianum Benth. A big tree with deep green leaves,
s of white flowers and yellow plum-like fruits.
Local, Fort Canning, Changi
D. nitidum Hook. fil. ** Kelat Layu hutan.” A medium sized
tree with 4 small red eatable plums. Bukit Mandai
Chan Chu Kan

78 THE FLORA ОЕ SINGAPORE.

Parastemon urophyllum De О. Sandy places near the sea, Changi,
Chan € g:

бин». v td Hook. fil. Tree with white flowers clustered
the branches. Not common, Cluny Roa

F. —— Hook. fil. “Singapore Lobo." Doubtless an
r for Penang.

P. SON Hook. fil. A fair sized tree, flowers whitish,
almonds. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah.

P. persimile Kurz. Кате, Kranji Road.

Rubus — L. The common wild raspberry, fruit red
mall and very poor. Thickets over the whole island,
very common.

p. Е ВІ. 1 doubt this than a variety, it has a longer

nal panicle and more entire leaves, and usually

ке typical R. Moluccanus in the hills; I have
gathered it howevef in Jurong

SAXIFRAGACEJE.

Polyosma fragrans Benn. Wallich No. 8472. Not seen.

P. Ridleyi King. * Tree with white flowers. Rare, Selitar.
RHIZOPHORE.F. :

ла mucronata Lam. ““ Belukup.” A common mangrove
used for firewood. All mangrove swamps. Jurong, Bajau,
angi.

Р. conjugata L. “ Akit.” Commun, Bajau, Jurong, Selitar.

Ceriops ее Arn. “Tengah.” Common. Bark used in
er a red brown when used alone, or purple
or black | in combination with Indigo.

Bruguiera eriopetala W. and А. Common, Bakau, Kranji, Jurong.

B. gymnorhiza Lam. Common, Jurong, Changi, Sungei Miora.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 79
B. caryophylloides Bl. * Bakau Putih.” Very common, River
Valley Road, Selitar, Serangoon, Jurong, Pulau Ubin.

В. parviflora W. & A. * Lenggadi.” Common, Serangoon,

Carallia Scortechinii King. Tree, rare, Changi.

Pellacaly« axillaris Korth. Tree, common in е growth.
Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Chan Chu

P. Saccardianus Scort. Tree. Common іп scd Bukit Timah.

Gynotroches axillaris Miq. ‘ Mata Keli.” Tree with whorls
of small se flowers, and very small red or black
berries ; mmon in secondary jungle and woods,
all over the Vide island.

оне т Baill. An elegant shrub with pendulous

distichous mid es. Common in woods,
Tan agiin, Changi, бее ге
A. Grifithii Oliver. Rare, Chan Chu Kang.
COMBRETACEJ.

Terminalia phellocarpa King. **Mampelam Babi.” А tree
with small white flowers and large green fruit. Not
rare in damp spots in woods, Bukit Mandai, Hollaud
road, Bukit Рене. Chan Chu Kang

T. Catappa L. “Ketapang.” Common ae the coasts, and
often planted along road sides

T. niei King. A very nis tree with winged fruits.
Near the ык Seale Bukit Timah Road.

Сай кн” m ibunda Lam. * Singapore Lobb.” Doubtless an

for Penang.

Lumnitzera coccinea W. & A. Tree with panicles of scarlet
flowers. Common near the sea. Bajau, Serangoon, etc.

L. racemosa Willd. Flowers white, Jurong.

So THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

gram _trifoliatum Vent, I have found fruits of this float-
ing in the sea near Singapore.

C. sundaicum Miq. Climber, flowers green, Changi, Chan Chu
Kang. < ,

Illigera appendiculata Bl. Climber, rare, Bukit Timah.
MYRTACEX.

кш leucadendron L. * Gelam.” Wild at Tanah Merah,
hangi. Kampong Gelam = perhaps take its name
fron trees formerly growing here.

Tristania го Griff. in Cantor's Plants. Journ. As. Soc

Be xxii. p. 623. T. Wightiana e Mss acidi
ing to b Flor. Brit. India, but Griffith named it after a
clergyman of the name of White. “ Pise an.” А tree
40 feet tall with red bark which flakes off uid lies in piles
at the foot of the tree: flowers hue, foetid. Sandy
spots near the sea, Bajau, Pulau Ubin

T. sp. flowers small white, leaves more coriaceous. Woods,
Bukit Timah, Bukit Man dai

T. Merguensis Griff. Sungei Morai.

(T. rufescens Pierre. A shrub much resembling Sideroxylon
ferrugineum, apparently this Cochin Chinese pue occurs
on cliffs of the island Pulau Battam, South of Singapore.)

Rhodamnia ee va Bl. A medium-sized tree with white flowers,
white as Hawthorn when in flower; berries r

нае eek: Very common all-over Singapore. The
var. concolor with leaves green on both surfaces grows in
shady places ; var. spectabilis with the backs of the leaves
silvery is common in open country, but the two varieties
pass into each other and are often ташын galak

Rhodomyrtus sree Wight. “Kamunting.” A bush with —

telove fruits plum- colored, eatable. Abun-
dant in sary spots. Mt. Faber, Blakang Mati, Changi.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 81

Decaspermum paniculatum Kurz. A shrub or small tree, flowers
whi Common in thickets and woods. Bukit Timah,
Bukit Mandai, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang

Eugenia. n genus of trees, probably the largest one ш,
ery difficult one, and the identification of many о
the die. in this list must be somewhat doubtful at
present. All in Singapore are trees of no dus great size,
ne white, pink or rarely green flowers. Those with
ge flowers and fruits are usually known as nem by
s Malays, those with smaller eti as
(Е. нао dcin Maluccensis L. “Jambu Bol" Flowers
riliant pink, fruit а! ы or pink, eatable.
si Sra
(E. aquea Burm. “Jambu Ayer Mawar.” Flowers Keok fruit
semitransparent rose or white, eaten, Cultiva
(E. Jambos L. Flowers white. Cultivated),
E. densiflora De ©. Flowers pink, fruit globular pinkish, not
rare, Changi, Siglap, Bukit Mandai, “Bukit Timah road.

E. grandis Wight. “Jambu Ayer Laut." “Krian” Common
on the sea coast and planted along the roads. A big tree
flowers white. Wild, at Bajau, "Chang ngi.

E. lepidocarpa Wight. “Samak Tebrau.” Big tree, flowers
white; bark used for tanning nets. Common on the sea
coast and inland. Tanglin, Bajau, Kranji, Changi.

E. Mior mis Wall. “Kelat Lapis.” Small tree with small white
wers on long pedicels, common in woods. Garden
ptei Changi, Selitar, Tanjong Gol.

E. inophylla Roxb. “Samak Paya.” Chan Chu Kang.

E. pendens Duthie. Dense woods, Bukit Timah.

E, Helferi Duthie. “Singapore Lobb.” Not seen; probably
from Penang.

E: (Syzygium) cymosa Lam. © Kelat Merah.” Small tree, flowers
11

82

x

=

e

ae

-

i agi oda Roxb. and Æ. ska

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

: white. Bentley’s Hill (Hullett), Changi, Teban, Pulau

- Tekong. š

myrtifolia Roxb. River banks and near the sea. Sungei
Morai, Selitar, Sungei Jurong

acuminatissina Kurz. A big tree, flowers white, fruit purple.
Garden Jungle, Jurong.

a Wight. “Singapore and

Keneng, Wallich.” seen ; probably both from
enang

. zeylanica Wight. “ Kelat Nasi-Nasi." Small tree, flowers

fruits white. Dry sandy аре, ны near the sea.
Common, Tanglin, Changi, Toas, Kranji.
chlorantha Duthie. A very handsome tree with bright рк
wers. The name is a very unfortunate one, the petals
are greenish white but very inconspicuous beside the
brilliant red stamens. Cluny road, Bukit Timah, Tanjong
Gol

г. lineata ВІ. One of our commonest trees in open country,
hole

wers and fruits copious white. Tanglin, etc. w
island.

pyrifolia Wall. Cluny road, Changi.

. Thuura Roxb. Garden Jungle.

scoparia Wall. Singapore ( Wallich 2594, not identified).
venulosa Wall. Not common, Tampenis, Bukit Mandai.

^. oblongifolia Duthie. Garden Jungle, Chan Chu Kang.
: oS Wall. “Samak Pulut.” Garden jungle, Changi.
oas,

oblata Roxb, Chan Chu Kang.

— PAS Big tree with red flaky bark. Wet jungles
n, Cluny road, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.

: ee Garden Jungle.
‚ laevicaulis Duthie. Pulau Ubin.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. вз

№, anisosepala Duthie. Shrub near sea shore. Pulau ` Ubin
(Hullett).

E. microcalyx Duthie. Bukit Timah,

Е. Griffithii Duthie. Woods, Changi, Selitar, Garden Jungle,
Bukit Timah.

Е. nitida Duthie. Small tree, flowers pink. Ang Mo Kio, Bukit
Mandai, Bukit Timah.

Е. conglomerata Duthie. Big tree. Garden Jungle.

(E. Jambolana Lam. “Jiwat.” Planted here and there)

And a considerable number of undetermined species.

Barringtonia speciosa Forst, Sea coasts, Changi, Pulau Tekong,

Beach road.

B. inclyta (Miers). “ Putat.” Sea shores, Kranji nji, Blakang Mati,
ang. This is” certainly distinct fro . racemosa of
the Bot. Mag. t. 3831, to which it is referet l in the Flora
of British India.
B. conoidea Griff. A large shrub, tidal rivers, Selitar.
B. сыз жайлы” чы Shrub with very long racemes of pink
whi Sandy woods. Toas, Changi, Pulau
Peko. мерһенибо Road.
В. pendulum (Miers). Rare, Bajau.
— sp. А huge tree with large flowers, petals white,
mens white with pink bases. Leaves oblong obtuse
E Fruit like an apple with grey brown seeds
and a strong coarse odour. Rare and seldom flowering.
Garden Jun
MELASTOMACE®.
Melastoma ж — Bl. “Senduduk.” Singapore Rhododen-
dro A very common shrub, open country everywhere.
M. — Wall. Singapore ieee No. 4046; otherwise only
own from the Philippine

84 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
М. decemfidum Jack. Singapore, Wallich. (Evidently an error
for Penang.)

Ochthoeharis javanica Bl. Shrub with pinkish flowers. Common
in mangrove swamps. Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, Jurong,
Pulau Ubin.

O. borneensis Cogn. Rare, tidal rivers, Selitar.

О. paniculata Korth. Singapore, Wallich, 4083. (Not seen).

Sonerila heterophylla Herb. | Dense woods, Chan Chu Kang,
Bukit Timah

S. moluccana Roxb, Dense woods, Chan Chu Kang.

S. obliqua Korth, bag leaves dark green spotted with white
when you flowers rosy. Rocks and dead trees in

forests. к РИ Timah.

Marunia ation Jack. A climber with large handsome
flowers white with a purple eye. Common, Tanglin,
ducas Bukit Timah, Choa Chu Kang, Selitar.

Dissocheta punctulata Hook. fil. Climber. Bukit Timah, Bukit
andai, Selitar.

D. pallida Bl. Climber, flowers rose colored. Not common,
Reservoir woods, Bukit Mandai.

D. annulata Hook. fil. Woods, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai,
Selitar. ;

D. gracilis ВІ. Slender climber, flowers white. Bukit Mandai,
Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin

D. celehica Bl. omes. Bukit Timah, Reservoir waa Selitar,
Chan Chu Kar

D. intermedia Bl. Mare: Bukit Mandai.

A nplectrum glaucum Triana. A fine climber with rosy flowers.
Woods. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Reservoir, Selitar,

A. annulata Triana. Rare, Pulau Ubin.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 85

ngk a a. : Epiphyte with pink flowers an4 scarlet
n in mangroves and damp woods, Kranji,
Ваа ‘Bukit Mandai Choa Chu Kang.

M. macrocarpa Bl. Rare, Bukit Mandai.

Medinillopsis sessiliflora Cogn. Epiphyte, with waxy pink flowers,
Mangrove swamps, common, Toas, Selitar, Kranji, Sungei
uloh.

Pachycentria macrorrhiza Весе. Epiphyte with — stem,
flowers pink. Not rare, Selitar, Sungei Mora

P. glauca Triana. Epiphytic, forming large tufts on trees in
woods. Common, Bukit Tim = road, Bukit Mandai, Kranji,
каш Buloh, Choa, Chu Kan
These aki Pachycentrias аге КЫН by Beccari as ‘ant-plants
ante ое but the ants do not live in the
krollen s tems as suggested by him, the swollen ‘portions
being quite soli
a reflexa Bl. кауш, more rarely terrestrial, asually
the sea, Kranji, Changi, Selitar, Toas, Bukit Timah.
(Clidema hirta Don. A coarse weed, native of South America,
has established itself in Tanglin, near Fort Canning and
elsewhere.

Pternandra capitellata Jack. Tree, flowers blue, not common,

Pt. eerulescens Jack. Common, Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang.
Pt. paniculata Benth. Rare, Chan Chu Kang.

Kibessa echinata Jack. “Sial Munahon.” A common tree with
pale violet fugacious flowers. Dry woods, whole island.

K. acuminata Dene. Collected here by Walker and Maingay ; not
seen.

Memecyion. Trees with small blue or white flowers; a very
difficult genus, as the species appear to run into each other.

86 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

M. myrsinoides Bl. Bukit Mandai.

М. pauciflorum Bl. “Singapore, Lobb,” Not seen.

M. lævigatum BI. * Dulek" Com on the coasts, Kranji,
Sungei Buluh, Bukit Мада, Рина Tekong.

M. acuminatum ВІ. Thick woods, Bajau, Bukit Timah.

M. grande Retz, А very handsome plant, with panicles of blue
flow Selitar, Garden jungle, Serapong, Pulau Mera-

M. heteropleurum Bl.“ Nipis Kulit." Garden Jungle, Changi, |
Bukit Mandai.

M. атріезісаше Roxb, Rare, Chan Chu Kang.

Л. sp. Garden jungle (4436),

M. sp, Bukit Timah (6788).

M. sp. Leaves very narrow. Garden jungle (5753).
M. sp. Sungei Morai (3840).

LYTHRACEX.

Ss xh сена Forst. А bush with white flowers. Sea coasts,
mmon, Changi, Selitar.

Bee Flos- Regine Retz. єн for Singapore in King's
“ Materials," is not wild her

Sonneratia. Large sea-shore trees, often growing in the sea.
itself e

S. acida Linn. Leaves de stamens red. Rare. m
plains, by strea ;

S. alba Smith. * Berombong." Big tree, common, stamens white.
Jurong, Changi.

S. Grifithii Kurz *Pedada." Toas, Changi, Jurong.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 87

ONAGRACE.
Herbs or shrubs.

Jussiwa repens L. Floating in streams with swollen pithy floats
Flowers white with a yellow centre, Tanglin.

J. suffruticosa L. Shrubby, about 5 feet tall with yellow flowers.
Common, Serangoon, Kallang, Thomson Road.
J. an punte Lam. Herbaceous, about 2 feet tall, nearly glab-
Common in wet spots

Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. A small herb with small yellow
flowers. Common iu wet spots, Tanglin, etc.

SAMYDACE,
Trees or shrubs with usually very small inconspicuous flowers.

Casearia ` Lobbiana Turez, A small shrub, not a tree as in
King's * Materials," ти about 3 feet tall. Flowers
minute green, capsule — with rel seeds. Common
in woods all over Singapor

C. esculenta Roxb. Woods, Sembawang, Selitar.
C. Clarkei King. Rare, Chua Chu Kang.

Osmelia Maingayi King. Tree, not rare, Bukit Timah, Kranji,
Bukit Mandai, Toas.

Homalium grandiflorum Benth. Tree, rare, Kranji.
PASSIFLOREJE.

— Ningaporeana Mast. Climber, flowers гөн, capsule
with black seeds in a white aril. Common, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Selitar, Pulau Такой

M. populifolia ВІ. Less common, Bajau.

A karing has established itself in waste ground near
lin and elsewhere, as have to a smaller extent P.
peo ‘ова, P. minima, and P. үчайганунти.

`

88 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE

CUCURBITACE.E.
А good many of these are cultivated by the Chinese here,
but very few are wild.

Trichosanthes. Slender climbing pumpkins with white fimbriate
tubular flowers, opening about ten o'clock at night, and egg
shaped crimson fruit yellow inside the flat seeds enclosed
їп а dark green slimy pulp. They are said to. be poisonous,
but are used by the natives in medicine, the pumpkin
being squashed on the head to cure headache.

T. Wallichiana Wight. Very common in woods and hedges,

Over Singapore.

T. Wawraei Cogn. Not rare, Tanglin.

T celebica Cogn. Leaves deep green rather stiff and shining
trifoliate. The fruit much larger and cylindrical oblong.
Tanglin, Choa Chu Kang.

Commonly cultivated and sometimes occurring in waste
ground are Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Bottlegourd; Luffa cegyptiaca
Mill. * Petola ;” Momordica charantia L; Cucumis sativa “ Ti-
mon,” cucumber: Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Water melon;
Cucurbita moschata Duch. €. pepo De С. “ Labu,” and Benincasa
cerifera Savi. “ Kundur.”

FICOIDER,

Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Herb, flowers pink. Tidal mud,
/'hangi, Tampenis road. í

Mollugo stricta L. “ Tapak Burong.” A small weed with white
flowers. Common, Tanglin, Changi.

UMBELLIFERÆ.
This order, as elsewhere in the tropics, is very scantily
represented. I have doubts as to any of the species being native.

Hydrocotyle asiatica. L, “ Pegaga.” A very variable creeping
herb i ici

, much in request as a salad and as medicine, it is

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 89
H, rotundifolia Roxb. A very small-leaved species. Occurs in
flower beds in the botanic gardens as a weed.
Eryngium fetidum Jacq. A prickly herb with a nauseous odour.
Eaten by Chinese. About villages, Changi, Choa Chu
Kang, etc. A native of the West Indies.
ARALIACEX.
c ehe коче Miq. “Tinggal Balai.” A shrub or small
ob
tic: ME large drupes, at first white, when ripe black

with an THE ug soapy taste. Common, Bukit Timah,
Jurong, Kranji.

Jogger bh avene Seem. Epiphyte usually in mangrove swamps,
the lower leaves are trifoliolate, the e ones simple.
Not common, Kranji, Selitar, Pulau Ubi

Н. cephalotes Clarke, A tree. On rocks, alee Kranji, Pulau
Ubin.

Н. subulatum Seem. 2 te on trees in к not сошшоп,
Chua Chu Kar

Н. ellipticum Seem. whee: Bukit Timah, Kranji.

H. Ridleyi King * An epiphyte, or a shrub on rocks near the
sea. Flowers 0109. Not rare, Kranji, Sungai Morai.

Н. dee King. A beautiful plant, with handsome foliage,
digitate and deep green. Flowers pure T in long
E jae panicles, fruit small purple. A tree, often epi-
phytic at first. Woods, Chan Chu Kang kad Chua Chu
Kang.

Arthrophy aot vom ec n Bl “Jolok Hantu.” А tree about
0 feet tall with green flowers and black fruit, very com-
mon all over Bod pore | n open country.

CORNACE.E,
Marlea nobilis ©. В, Clarke. ‘‘Sutubal.” Big tree. Rare, Bukit
Timah. :

M. ebenacea C. B, Clarke. “ Lidah Kerbau ” (Buffalo tongue.)
12

90 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

А very fine and large tree with white flowers. А good
timber; the fruit is large and deep purple. Garden
| jungle.
M. Grifithü О. B. Clarke. Rare, Sungei Buluh.
M. sp. “Kayu Tas.” Rare, Ponggol.
'This tree is supposed to have remarkable powers in driving
away tigers, and the Malays often wear bits of its wood
to protect them from these animals.

Mastixia Junghuhniana C. B. Clarke. Garden jungle.
CAPRIFOLIACEJE..
Viburnum sambucinum Reinwdt. A large bush with white flow-

ers and red drupes. Rare, Road to Kranji near Bukit
Mandai

RUBIACEZE.

Sarcocephalus, sed Mig. ‘Chermin Ayer.” A medium
sized tree with balls of small yellowish white flowers and

ard on compact heads of fruits. The timber is o
fair quality and used for posts. Woods, Tanglin, Siglap,
Changi, Selitar.

5, subditus Mig. Rarer, Kranji.

S. Maingayi Hav. Bukit Timah Road.

S. sp. A big tree, Chan Chu Kang (6831).

Adina тее Henist. * Berambong." А tall tree with good

w timber, remarkable for the curious natural holes
Or өре in the trunk. Common Tanglin, Bukit
Timah.

Uncaria. * Akar Kait-Kait.” There are a number of kinds of
wild gambiers, all are climbers, and often climb very high
be the aid of short hook-shaped branches, whence the
— name ( Kait, a hook) Some attain a great size, a8
ick as a mau's leg, and these can be safely depended gu

THE FLORA ОЕ SINGAPORE, 91

as water-vines, supplying an excellent clear water, to ob-
tain which it is only nging to cut the stem through
at one blow of a parang, as high as can be reached and
then cut through it again about three feet below, when
the water will drip rapidly from the cut portion.
piece 3 feet long cut like this will give about half a pint
of water. The flowers are produced in balls two inches
or more through, and are usually green and agengan
The fruits are capsules, with very fine winged see

U. pedicellata Roxb. “ Akar Sulumbah.” One of the aic
species, with very large flowers covered with white silky
hairs. Common on edges of woods, etc. ‘Tanglin, Bukit
Timah, Toas, Chan Chu Kang.

U. prap noda Miq, “Akar Kait-Kait pec A very large

with broad leaves, stem 4 or 5 inches through.
eren in woods, Garden per Bukit Timah, Selitar.

U. attenuata Korth. “ Akar Kait-Kait Merah.” А smaller prs

leaves covered with red wool on the back... Note
mon, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah Road,

U. ovata Hook. fil. Rare, Tanglin near the Gardens.

(U. gambir Roxb, The gambier plant is cultivated and often
peri rsists long after cultivation has been abandoned. It
is probably not a native.

0, Jaen Wall. Flowers omg white. Not com-

n, Dalvey Road, Jurong, Seli

U. glabrata De C. Not ы common. Bukit Timah, Bukit
Mandai, Pulau Ubin

U. ferrea De С. Chan Chu Kang, Chua Chu Kang.

U. Roxburghiana Korth. Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai.

U. dasyoneura Korth. said to have been оаа here
by Lobb. Рр. ап error for Репап

Cen ie Korth. A climber with sweet greenish
wers. Rare, Chua Chu Kang.

92 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. E

Dentella repens. dee -“ Bunga Karang.” А little. creeping
eed with ite flowers. Common in waste ground,
Tanglin, [oes etc.

Ро - ifolinm Benn. A. elatostemma Hook, and

B. C., collected by Lobb and labelle ed
ing сыг j vere doubtless mislabelled. The Argostemmas
are all hill pla

me eR ЫЕ AT Ke APR MEE EDS VT EET ЭШ DUANE t0 aov а. ОСО БИРА АРАДА»

‘Hedyotis capitellata Wall. A ане plant with greenish
heads of flowers. Common in thickets, Bukit Timah,
Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang.

JI. vestita Br. “Tokong Bulu.” A rough branching herb

with whorls of lilac flowers. Waste ground, Bukit Pan-
jang, Changi.

H. aur porate = Somewhat resembling the last, but less hairy, 1
siiis flowers. Common, Tanglin, Chan Chu
Kang, Тов
Н. к Wall. A common weed in sandy spots with narrow
rleavesand white flowers. Changi, Teluk Kurau,
var. i оза. A much more tufted form, grows in the
same places. ; :

„Н. congesta Вг. “Rumput Lidah Jin.” А stiff erect coarse —

erb with white flowers, common in woods, im.
Bukit Timah, Jurong, Blakang Mati.

(Ялна corymbosa L. A common ittie annual weed in
waste ground with white flowers. Very variable, the —
variety eile is as common аз 5 any form. Tanglin,
Changi, à;

O. difusa L. Common in sandy spots Tanglin, Changi,
Jurong.

О. Heynei Br. Tanglin in grass plots.
O. trinervia Retz Sandy places, Galang, Tanglin.

0. ИЕ ЧАН Retz? Flowers violet. Telak К огай.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 93

gik rin Harrisiana Heyne. var. A small herb with white
flowers. It differs from the type in being very much
more pubescent, and having pubescent capsules, and
is perhaps a distinct species. Damp rocks in jungles.
Common, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timab, Bukit Man-

dai, Chua Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin, Jurong.
Mussaenda glabra Vahl. “Balik Адар” А common and con-
spicuous shrub with orange or yellow flowers, and one
f the calyx developed into a large white leaf-like
limb. Very seo In the t; ырс form the leaves are

Common all over aa Kaba
M. jet ien Hemsl. A half scandent shrub with large star-like
wers, at first scarlet, then ied Common in the
ak rare in Singapore. iSelit
Lucinea APO De ve Local in deep wet jungle. Bukit Mandai,
"han Chu Kan
Adenosacme йр "Wall. A slender shrub about 3 feet tall
with small flowers, and translucent white berries. Damp
rn ravines. Bokit
[ by a ens Pss shrubs, rarely small trees, with very small
owers in axillary clusters and yellow or orange
ene
©. onpa Wt. Common in vooon Changi, Bukit Timah,
t Mandai, Sungei Buluh
U. glabrum Bl. Very common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
Garden jungle,
U. streptopodium Wall. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai,
Pulau Ubin.

U. hirsutum Wt. Common, Kranji, Toas, Selitar.
U. villosum Wall, “Singapore Lobb,” probably an error for
Penang.

94 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

Lecananthus erubescens Jack. “Achar Achar.” A scrambling”
i e in swampy jungle. Flowers small white with
purple bracts in heads. Chua Chu Kang, Jurong, Selitar,

Webera puras ВІ. “Jarum Jarum,” Shrub with greenish
weet flowers. Kranji, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Bu-
те Pakar,
W. m Wall. Small tree, Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai, Se-
lita

W. vti Hook. f. A shrub with greenish white flowers.
Changi, Bukit Mandai, North Selitar, Bukit Timah.

W. sp. Pos with white flowers. Tampenis (5961), Sungei Brih.
W. sp. Chan Chu Kang (6147).

Gardeniopsis longifolia Miq. This curious shrub grows in. woods:
The flowers are seldom A they are fairly large
and white tinted with ro Miquel's description of the
plant, as obtained by Mini in Sumatra, fits the peninsular
species very well. Bukit Timah.

Randia aning De С. A thorny shrub, common near - sea,
angi, Pasir Panjang, Balestier plain, Teluk Kura

R. sag ide Lam. А strong spiny climber with une white
. Not common. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.

R. angulosa, Canthium angulosum Wall. А strong spiny climber
e last, but with much smaller flowers in dense heads.
It is идел referred to that species as а variety in the
Flora of British India, but seems to me utterly different.
Rare, Garden jungle.

R. "€ Benth. * Merumbong jantan.” A fairly big tree
with a good timber, flowers small vie, berries orange.
Colin on some spots, Changi, Selitar.

Р. anisophy He Jack. “Simpoh.” A medium sized tree iur
small white flowers, and oblong green fruits, W у, con

ei many flat seeds in a sweet black pulp, eaten by
ыва but said to be poisonous by the Malays. -

mon in woods, and — jungle all over Singapore.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 95

R фк эйе, Br. “Delima hutan.” А small shrub with
white trumpet-shaped flowers 4 inches across, white
with dark purple spots in the mouth. A most beauti-
ful plant. Common, Garden ле, Changi, Bukit Ti-
mah, etc.

cab ath ср Wall. A'shrubor large tree with large sweet-

ted flowers opening nearly white and becoming orange

se quickly. Dense woods and river ban ks, not very
common here. Garden jungle, Changi, the Reservoir.

G. бин, сар: fil. A slender straight tree, with much larger
s than the last and very large globose fruit. Local,
den ‘thick woods. Bukit Timah, Selitar, Sungei Buluh,

Bukit Mandai

G. speciosa Hook.* “ Singapore, Lobb, I have not seen. This
fine ета. has only been collected by Lobb and never
met with a

Petunga venulosa bd var. P) Small tree, possibly a distinct
species. Garden jungle

nique ish m ces Gaertn. * Chingum." A very com-
shore shrub, with small white flowers. The
ii in often be seen thrown up on the sea oer in

great quantities, Along the coast with mangrove

Jackia ornata Wall. A tall slender tree about 20 feet tall, "йл
rooping panicles of ot бы white x and г

very beautiful. Common in open swamps and wet es;

ders of забыли Dalvey ib. Bukit Timah, Changi, Selitar,

Guettar es speciosa L. A common small or medium sea-coast
ire wind white, Changi, Selitar.

Timonius Jambosella Thw. A very common tree 12 to 20 feet tall,

with small yellow flowers. Secondary jungle every where.

T. Rumphii De С. “ Tulang-Tulang Paya." Common in secon-
dary jungle, whole island.

A's Ac pesca Wall. A ndr plant, lowers white. Ti-

dal rivers, Serangoop, Cha

96 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

Canthium sana Roxb. * Mata Keli jantan.” Tidal rivers and .

зың aces near the sea. Common, Kranji, Selitar, Pulau
s on g.
C. d Bl. A tall trea, 20 feet high, with small co
white flowers and large grey-green plum-shaped frui
containing two 3-sided stones. Woods, Garden road, ie:

C. confertum Korth. Garden jungle (4124), Selitar, Pulau
x x

C. sp. “ sading.” The white wood, suggesting ivory, gives it
roe native name, the leaves are used for making a kind of

a. Not rare, Tanglin, Thomson Road, Selitar, Jurong
(6506 6).

C. horridum Korth. “ Bulangan Tikus.” А small thorny shrub,
with small green flowers pad кс -like yellow fruits

Common especially near the coast їп dry spots. Tyersal),
Tanjong Katong, Bukit Timah, Coad etc.
C. scandens Bl. “Akar Kuku Baning,” lit. tortoise-claws.

Р
orny climber with рн leaves, green flowers and
black fruits. Thick Woods, Garden jungle.
Ixora nee Jack. A pretty shrub about 4 feet tall with
clusters of slender flowers white with a pink tube on pa
bang ag peduncles. Fruit small elliptic dark pur
Chu Kang, Bukit Tim
I. opaca Вт. Woods. ge Bukit Timah.

1. fulgens Roxb. * Bunga Pechah Priok,” lit. the broken pot,
the red spreading corolla lobes supposed to resemble à
One of the

L

plants, the splendid orange red trusses of flowers being |

most conspicuous. Common 2 378 eu Bukit
Timah, Changi, Pulau Tekong, e

Г. da ee Roxb. А similar plant with broader бй st

orter flowers. a Changi, Chan Chu — Ра:

lau Ubin, Garden jungle.

THE FLORA ОЕ SINGAPORE. 97

I. concinna Br. А shrub or small tree, flowers red or yellow.
Rather rare, Chan Chu Kang, Chua Chu Kang.

d; € Vahl. A tree with small yellow flowers. Rare,
n Chu Kang. .

I. amena Wall. Shrub with orange red flowers not common,
Serembun, Chua Chu Kang.

Pavetta indica L. * Jarum-Jarum." A large bush with greenish
white flowers, Kranji, Bukit Timah, ‘Chan Chu Kang.

Morinda citrifolia L. “ Mengkudu.” A small rarely large tree

with white flowers, and large pulpy semitransparent

heads of fruits. The bark of the root is used for dyeiug

and tanning nets, also in native medicine. The fruit is

used as soap and eaten. It is very doubtfully wild,
though it is very common in waste ground.

M. tinctoria Roxb. “Mengkudu Hutan.” А smaller 5
plant with narrower leaves possibly the wild form of
the preceding. Common every where im secondary jungle.

M. persicefolia Ham. Singapore (Maingay); not seen.

М. gagasan L. Climbing or erect shrub, heads of fruit small
ange. ery abundant in open country near the sea.
Chanel Pulau Ubin.

M. sp. A tall climber with slender stems зача leaves and
small orange heads of fruits. Garden jun

M. sp. "Sulong Akar Darat.” A — с "e thick
eaves pubescent at the back, flower d
white with a long tube and ubescent te: ж fra-

grant. Borders of woods, Changi, Pulau Ubin, Pulau

ekong.

Prismatomeris aliidiflora DENT A pretty shrub with white
flowers. n places near the coasts, also in swampy
woods. Changi, Bajau, "Selitar, near the Bungalow

Gynochthodes sublanceolata Miq. A climber with white flowers

1

НА
o

98 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
and curious lead-grey fruits. Common near the sea,
rarer inland, Changi, Tanglin.

G. eniacea Mig. A much larger broader leaved plant. Not
common, Changi, Garden jungle.

ге ets А large group of shrubs or — hu" white or
ееп 1 flowers, and black orange or white ber

Shrubs. Berries orange or black.

P. stipulacea Wall. Not common, Bukit Timah.

P. angulata Korth. Changi, Garden jungle.

P. Helferiana Kurz. Common, Garden jungle, Jurong, Selitar.
Kranji, etc

P. Malyana Jack. Fruit black. Bukit Timah (6468), Bukit
Mandai, Pulau Ubin

Р. Grifitàáii Hook. fil. Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin.

P. montana var. tabacifolia Wall. Singapore, Wallich 8334.
(Not seen.)

Climbers, berries white or green.
P. polycarpa Miq * Akar Chinta My Common in hedges,
Garden jungle, Changi, Kranji, e

P. sarmentosa Bl. чә, woods, era Changi, Bukit
Mandai, Selita

P. Maingayi Mook. fil Woods, Selitar, Bajau.

P. morindeflora Wall. Rather common, Sungei Buluh, Bukit
Mandai, Chan Chu Ka ang

P. ovoidea Wall. Common, ede Garden jungle, Jurong,
Bukit Timah.

P. sp. with grey green fruits and large leaves. Reservoir woods.
P. sp. leaves lanceolate, flowers green, Kranji, Ang Mo Kio.

Chasalia curviffora Thw. © Pechah Piring putih." A
common. and variable small shrub or “herb, flowers white

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 99
on purple stalks, berries black on thickened white stalks.
Woods, every where, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, ete.

C. rostrata Mig. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.

=

Geophila hirta Miq. Creeping plant with white flowers, local.
Reservoir woods, Bukit Timah.

Cephaelis Grifithii Hook. A small shrub with yellow honey-
scented flowers in an involucrate head; berries light blue.
Sandy woods, Toas, Bajau ; also Garden jungle.

Lasianthus, small shrubs -o oras d whorls of white flowers
and blue or white berr

L. ie Jack. Sea coasts, Pasir Panjang, Changi,
Pulau Usin, Palau Tekong

L. appressus Hook. fil. rae jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kang

L. pterospermus Wt. Rare, Chan Chu Kang (6711).

L. densijolius Miq. Jean Garden jungle, Changi, Bukit
Timah, Sehta

L. Grifithii Wt. Common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
sungei Blukang.

L. stipu'aris BI. Bukit Timah (4903).
L. ellipticus Wt. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
L. erinitus Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai, Pasir
Panjang.
L. Maingayi Hook. fil. Singapore (Hullett 628.) and several
other unidentified species
Saprosma sp. Rare, Bukit Mandai.

ар иа. л micarium Jack. The ant plant. “Kapala Beruk.”
most curious plants, epiphytic with a large
sare урм stem containing passages always full of

100 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

ants, flowers small white, fruits orange juicy. Common
Tanglin, Selitar, Sungei Morai, etc.

Myrmecodia echinata Jack. Much resembles the last, but is
covered with spines. Rarer, Bukit Timah, Jurong.
Poederia foetida L. Akar Sekuntut.” A slender climber

with panicles е violet апа white flowers. The whole
plant has an vnpleasant odor.- Not common, Chan Chu
Kang, Bukit Timah.
P. tomentosa ВІ. Singapore Ж Brit. Ind.) ; not seen.
‘Spermacoce hispida L. A common weed with pink flowers.
Paths and waste a Tanglin, Changi, Selitar, etc.
А. scaberrima ВІ. A rough E herb, lowers white.
Газ{е ground, Свако estat

Y

А. ocymoides Burm. A prostrate herb, flowers a ye Road-
sides, Choa Chu Kang, Passir Panjang, Garden
COMPOSIT 2.

This large €: is represented here by four or five native plants
and a number of weeds introduced, but now established
in alot ground and such places.

deii ada; Ham. ‘“Merambong.” А large tree with
ender colored flowers. There are two forms of it, one

a tall straight tree 50 feet high with perfectly glabrous
leaves, Cluny Road, etc., and one more stunted and

n
gnarled with и leaves, С напет, Сһап Chu Kang,
Jurong, Chua Chu Kan

V. cinerea Less. A common dius weed with purple foe
grows every wher

V. chinensis L. “Ruku Gajah.” A larger rough herb, flowers
purple. Common in villages, Chan Chu Kang, "Tangli n,
Bukit Mandai

V. scandens De С. Tombak-Tombak." А climber in thickets,
flowers yellow. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Selitar, Uhangi.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 101

Elephantopus scaber L. “Tutup bumi” A very common weed
flowers pink. Whole island.

Adenostemma viscosum Forst. A coarse herb with white flowers,
waste ground near houses, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin,
Bukit Panjang
же кошт, 1. Апех мете соттоп weed with blue
. white flowers, every wher
Mikania scandens и illd. * Akar а A climber with

s of flowers. Thickets, not common, Jurong,
Woodsville.
i ае Willd. * Sumbong Jantan.” А large coarse
Waste ground, Tanglin, Selitar, etc.
Blumea lacera De С. An erect herb with yellow flowers. Common
waste ground and grassy places. Tanglin, Selitar, etc.

ВІ. membranacea De С. Alexandra Road.
Bl. genui De С, Ngai Camphor. “Sumbong.” A tall herb
i about 8 feet high or less, with yellow flowers. The whole
fat has a strong camphor smell, and is used in medicine
зв the natives. Very common in open ground, Tanglin,

Bedoh, etc
Pluchea indica Less ** Poko eret d sea-shore shrub with
- lilac. flowers. Very com 1 a coast, Changi,

ry
Galang, etc. ; rarer ег Tanglin, near the rifle range,

onm rev africanus L. A herb with heads of white flowers.
Ditches, Galang.

Cesulia axillaris Roxb. Ditches, Tanglin and Galan
Eclipta alba Hassk. Соттоп weed in waste grema, flowers
; white.

Centipeda cot Lour. A very smal! prostrate weed uae
inute purple flowers. Paths in the Botanic garden
SW €— kata ыз С. “Serenai Laut," Sea-shore herb with
ow flowers. Common, Galang, Kranji, Changi.

102 ТНЕ FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

— m L. “Krabo.” The toothache plant, a com-

eed with conical heads of yellow flowers very

еше; Sold in the native herb shops. Open country,
Sungei Morai, Ang Mo Kio.

mM nodiflora Gaertn. Stiff weed with yellow flowers.
common every where.
Tridax ое L. Sandy pe Tanjong Katong, Cathedral
Лозе, Changi, Teluk Kur

Artemisia vulgaris L. Often cultivated for medicine in Chinese
villages
Gynura sarmentosa De ©. “Akar Subiak." Climbi Ing herb
I gla ucous "S salah and yellow flowers in a pur-
voluere. лии in dense jungle, Bukit
iu Bukit Timah. Tang

G: T De C.. A ae common weed, Tanglin, Tan-
g Katong, Selitar, et с.

x. vo qase De C. “ Katumbi — Common herb
bright pink flowers, waste groun

(Cosmos bipinnatus. Often cultivated as a vegetable.)
Acanthospermum xanthioides De C. Prostrate herb with white
owers and burr-like fruit. Not common, Pasir, Pan-
jang, Ang Mo Kio, Tanglin.
GOODENOVIE®.
Sewvola Koenigii Vahl. “ Ambong-ambong.” А common
sea-shore sh

bong.
е shrub. Flowers and fruit white. АП round
the coasts. Changi, Selitar, Pulau Ubin, Blakang Mati.

CAMPANULACER.

Pratia Spei а Lind]. Small creeping herb with blue and
wers,

л» spots by streams, Bukit Timah,
а Сһи

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 103

Pentaphragma аз ag ea ium Wall. “ Balong Ayam Batu.” (Rock
Cock's а very curious € with scorpioid spikes of

creamy yellow llowers with purple spots inside. Bank
in woods, ene Bukit Timah, Sungei Morai, Changi,
Chua Chu Kan

ТА
Vaccinium malaccense Wt. ** Kalumpadang." А large’ bush
witl

ith pink or white fragrant flowers eatable black
fruits. Sandy places at Changi, abundat

V. бсо May Epiphytic or amanna, A bush or small e
lea s often red stiff, flower axy pink red or whit
a coast, Toas, Changi, Sungei Ме оп high trees, Bukit
‘atic.

V. acuminatissimum Mig. Rare, Bukit Mandai.
ERICACEX.

—n lampongum Miq: R. javanicum var. tubiflorwn,
. Mag. 810. А beautiful epiphytic shrub on the
Es of ed trees. Bukit Timah, very rare. Flowers
bright re
EPACRIDEEX.
Leucopogon malayanus Jack. Shrub "m small white flowers
and red fruit. Sea shore, Chang

PLUMBAGINEX.

Plumbago zeylanica L. “ Cheraka.” Waste ground near villages,
Galang

MYRSINEAY

Masa indica L. A large shrub or small tree with very small
ite flowers. Common in woods, Bukit Timab, Reser-
voir woods, etc.

M, rameitacea De С. А half climbing shrub with narrower
leaves, but otherwise much like the last. The branches

104 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

often bear moss-like masses of abortive branchlets, which
are much more elegant than the very insignificant flowers.
One of the commonest shrubs in jungles and secondary
forest, every where.

Myrsine capitellata Wall. A small tree, with small white flowers
and fruits Sea coasts, not common, Changi, Bajau.

Embelia Ribes Burm. Very common in woods and thickets,
Tanglin, Bukit Timah, etc.
Var. garciniefolia. A distinct looking plant with much more
iaceous leaves. Rarer, Changi, Reservoir woods,
Bukit Timah.
E. coriacea А. De ©. Thick jungles, Selitar, Bukit Mandai.
E Linpanii Scheff. Hedges, not common, Changi, Bukit Timah.

E amentacea Clarke. Hedges, Bukit Timah Road, Bukit Man-
dai,

Е. lucida Wall.* Cat 2315. Singapore. Ihave not met with it.
Lalisia pothoina Lindl. * Akar Fatimah.” А little shrub with
small pink fl
plants crenulate deep green edged w
older lanceolate with long petioles (var. lanceolata) or

the petiole winged the whole length, (pothoina proper).
Common in dense woods.

Ardisia. Shrubs, rarely small trees, with or rose pink flowers,
often showy, and red or black berries.

A. crassa Clarke. Rare, Chan Chu Kang (3844).

A lanceolata Roxb, Very handsome shrub, Selitar, Bukit Timah,

4. colorata Roxb. Flowers very small, pale pink. Common, Bu-
kit Timah, Garden jungle, Changi Road.

4. tuberculata Wall. Common, Bukit Timah, Selitar, Sungei
Morai.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 105
ab. iod sete * Mata Pelandok.” Common, Alexander Road,
gi, etc.
А. villosa Roxb. Rare, dense woods, Pulau Ubin.

A. odontophylla var Loblii. Singapore, Lobb; probably an error
of locality.

А. sp. near Bhotanica Clarke. Rare, Ang Mo Kio (6454).

A, sp. near villosa. Rare, Pulau Ubin (2816), Changi, |

A. humilis Vahl. Опе of the “oe жеч flowers rose pink,
Y dam

berries black. Tidal mud, mp spots, Common,
Galang, Holland Road, Tanjong Katong, Changi, etc.

Gees : 'allichii De С. A small tree, flowers pinkish white,
berries white with black spots. Common, Tanglin, Chan-
gi, Sembee ang

Aegiceras majus Gaertn. Mangroves local, Toas, Sungei Morai,

ulau Ubin

SAPOTACES.
A group of coe, of which many produce gutta percha or
Yaoute houc. There are a considerable number here, but they
are difficult to éollect on account of their great size, and are not
easy to identify.
Plt te Ro. xa G. Don. А tall tree with small dark
leaves and yellow flowers, fruit globose 5-angled
didi lan fach long, sweet and eatable but full of rub-
ber. Not rare, Tanglin, Bukit Timah.
Sideroxzi yon 2. ugineum Hook. Small tree or shrub, Comm
along the coast, Serangoon, Kranji, Changi, Pulau Pads
S. Maingayi jus Big tree. Garden jungle.

S. Malaccense Clarke. Very large tree. Tanglin, Garden jungle,
Selitar.

Dichopsis bancana Miq. Vast tree, flowers and fruit green. Gar-
den jungle,

14

106 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
D. — Clarke. А big tree producing a gutta inferior only
at of D. Gutta. Tanglin, Changi.

D. Gutta Benth. A large tree, easily known by the beautiful
golden underside of „the leaves. Though it was formerly

very rarely produced. D. oblongifolia i is I think specifically
undistinguishable, merely a variety. It is the commonest
orm now in Singapore. мы e jungle, widely scattered
over Singapore. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Selitar,
Pulau Damar

D. rubens Clarke. Rare, Changi, Chan Chu Kang.

Bassia Mottleyana De Vr. A big tree, Selitar, Jurong, Kranji,
Bukit Mandai.

В. cuneata Bl. Rare, Bukit Timah.
В. Kingii Stapf. Bukit Timah,

В. сен (Payena Malaccensis Clarke). Common, Garden
ungle, Changi, Bukit Timah, Selitar.

Payena costata King. “ Niato.” Common, a medium sized tree.
Garden jungle, Selitar, Reservoir woods

Р. Nen Clarke. * Getah Percha Burong." Rare, Sungei
ai (6497).

P. Leer Benth. “Getah Sundik.” Bukit Timah, Bajau.
Mimusops hexandra Roxb. “ Niato hitam.” Rare, Tanjong Gol.

(M. Elengi L. Poko Tanjong.” Commonly planted, but |

doubtfully wild. )
ERENACER.
Maba Luzifolia Pers. Small tree. Rare, Tampinis.

anan microphylla Bedd. Large tree, produces ebony !
arden Road, Bukit Timah. :

x LEE ELM UR Uu LE Vtt

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 107

D. lucida Wall. * Kayu Arang.” Woods, usually near the
sea, not rare. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Changi,
Loyang, Bajau, Tampenis, Sungei Morai.

D. bilocularis Oliv. Maba Maingayi Hiern. Tree, Garden
jungle.

D. sapotoides Kurz. Very large tree, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang.

D. oblonga Wall. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Tanjong Gol.
D. clavigera Clarke. Produces ebony. Sungei Morai.
Р, нен Griff. “Bedil Lalat.” * Mulatope Lalat.” A small
with large leaves coated beneath with € yellow
ве "Fruit lerge, covered with red ha he dried
leaves when burnt crackle, and this is pam to drive
away mosquitoes, hence the native name * Fly-cracker.”
rare. Deine jungle, Bukit Timah, Changi, Chan Chu

ang.
D.sp. with large coriaceous leaves, and cream colored flowers
on the stem, fruit pearshaped. Bukit Timah,
STYRACEX.
Symplocos, small or medium trees with white flowers and blue
or green fruit.
S. spicata Roxb. Rare, Bukit Mandai.
we hs a Zoll. Flowers white in smal! nearly sessile cymes
з blue. Very common, woods and secondary jungle.
Таша, Bukit Timah, Selitar, etc.

S. СР Wall. Common in woods, especially near the
Changi, Jurong, Kranji, Toas, Pulau Tekong.

S. celustrifolia Griff. Rare, Jurong River (8423).
S. rubiginosa Wall. Not very common, Chan Cha Kang, Bukit
Timah.

S. rigida Clarke. А big tree. Rare, Changi,

108 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

`$. sr. “Donoon.” A medium sized tree, flowers in compact
cymes. Rare, Kranji.

Styrax Benzoin Dryand. Gum benjamin. “Кешешуап” A

tall tree ith sweet white flowers, and hard grey round

fa ttened fruits. Produces the gum benjamin of com-

merce, which is obtained by cuttin g gashes i in pa bark,

when the gum, after some debi, xudes. Common in

jungle, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, pu Choa Chu
Kang.

S. crotonoides Clarke. Singapore (Wallich No. 7848); also in
Cantley's collection. I have never seen it here.

ОТ,ЕАСЕ Ж.
Jasminum lifurium Wall. * Melor hutan.” Wild Jasmine, very

non in open country, and hedges, Tanglin, Balestier
plain, Changi, etc.

J. жоны Clarke. “ Киша-Киша hutan.” A very hairy jas-
mine. Rare, woods, Garden eed Bidadari, Chan Chu

Olea Miss) Wall. A large bush with small green flowers and
rupes. Sea E in dry spots, Ta anjong Katong,
Changi, Pulau Ubi

Linociera pS var. palembanica. A big tree with small white
flowers. Common, Bukit Mandai, - Bukit ees Changi.

APOCYNACEX.

Willuj3hbeia aite ВІ. “ Getah Gri ip or Gegrip.” A large eei
climber with rough black hark, white flowers and gree
or denta oblong ог globose fruits. Seeds deep v! jolet
inside. It abounds in rubber, and is the best of all
the local rubber vines. The fruit is eatable and sweet,
but. full of dci mt Common, Garden jungle, Bukit
Timah, Changi, e

W. coriacea Wall “ Getah Ujol. = Ap inferior Gutta, which
does not set readily, it is used for adulterating and for

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 109
bird lime. Common, Tanglin, Bajau, Changi, Blakang
Mati, Bakit Timah.

W. flavescens Аа Flowers short yellowish white, fruit glo-

bose о ange, containing 2 to 7 seeds. Garden jungle,
Pulau "Ubin
W. tenuiflora Hook. fil. Changi.
W, sp. near flavescens, with very small flowers. Corolla tube
short and globose, lobes long. Changi (6023), Chan Chu
ang, ng.

: W. gr е а ее Flowers larger than any other species 13
nch lo I take this to be the plant intended for W. gran-
di. put note that the leaves are not thickly cos a
nor rounded at the tip as described. The mouth of the с
rolla tube is hairy. Rare. Reservoir woods.
Leuconotis Grifithii Hook. fil. “Akar Getah Sundek. ie i
li › but less pure than Willughbeia (not erect as
stated in s M gin nd.). Flowers orange fruit globular
rather sma Not rare. Borders of woods, Jurong,
Bukit Mandal, Selitar, Bukit Timah.
"L. Maingayi Dyer. Singapore (Maingay); not seen here.
Melodinus orientalis Bl. Climber, rare, Changi.
M. micrantha Hook. fil. Jalan Bray.
Alyxia Рина Wall. * Pulasari.” Bark strongly scented = re
own hay. Climber, flowers white fragrant., it
Mandai, Jurong, Kranji, Sungei Morai
Cerbera lactaria Ham. “ Buta-Buta.” Al arge tree with white
flowers and a pink eye and large ovoid reddish fruits.
The abite milk with which the tree abounds is poisonous
and said to cause blinduess if it falls into the eye. Ver
common in tidal rivers aud swamps. Balestier plain,
Selitar, Tampenis
- €. odellam Gaertn. Кода, Changi.

110 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

Kopsia macrophylla. Hook. fil. Shrub about 15 feet tall, flowers
white with pink ring in centre. Chan Chu Kang.

(Vinea rosea L. bas established itself in many places near the
an

Allamanda Schottii Pohl. has run wild in a few .

places
Alstonia scholaris Br. “ Pulai.” А tall tree, flowers green,
anches in distant whorls. Common, Tanglin, Reservoir

8,

A. spathulata BI. Jungle swamps, Cluny Road, Bukit Mandai.
А. an qoin Wall. “ Buta Buta Darat.” Common woods,
it Timah, Changi, Kranji, Sungei Morai.

4. Tay Miquel. Singapore (Anderson); doubtful. .
Dyera wipe Hook. fil. “Jelutong.” А big tree with grey
bark, flowers small white. Pods very large and
Seeds thin fiattened winged, Produces an

w
inferir rubber. Common all over Singapore. Tanglin,
Changi, etc.

Tabernaemontana э егт. sa Roxb. “Jelutong Badak.” A small
tree with

ие flowers fragrant. pe very common,

Uia, занонд woods, Сһоа Chu Кап
Т. hirta Hook. fil. Chan Chu Kang, Jurong.

арч Hook. fil. * Lada ai. jantan.” A shrub with
mall ed flowers and orange pods coutaining several
seeds ped in d arils Common in w

dudes я je: Changi, etc.

(T. coronaria Roxb. “ Bunga susu.” Is often cultivated and
half wild near villages 8.) ih
Parsonsia spiralis Wall. Climber with greenish yellow flowers.
angrove swamps. Not rare, C bangi, Tampenis, Selitar,
Tou. Sungei Morai.

Vallaris Maingayi Hook. fil. A large tree with deep g
eaves

and large white flowers. Pods long and Me

= ES

oce TU E
lan Wo fM fX эре BAe Vuk ae ee Ae SB ИКА? sucess

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 111

containing many long-plumed seeds. Not common,
Garden jungle.

Str та igi эне Пе С. “Bunga Hantu.” А big shrub

ith large ite flowers, with long claret- colored tails
tö the ы Open country, Changi, Alexandra road.

S. brevicaudatus Wt. Smaller shrub with small deep purple

owers. Tanglin, Holland road, Balestier plain.

Urceola Malaccensis Hook. fil. ** Getah grip tembaga.” А clim-
ber flowers very small white. Produces a fairly good
rubber. Thickets, Tyersall, Changi, Bedoh.

U. Maingayé Hook. fil, Rare, Kranji.

U. brachysepala Hook. fil. Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah,

U. torulosa Hook. f. Jungles, common, Tampenis, Changi,
Chan Chu Kang.

U. lucida Benth. Changi, Pulau Ubin.

Parameria polyneura Benth. Climber with pink flowers, Garden
jungle, Cluny Road.

P. glandulifera Benth. * Singapore Lobb”; not seen.

Aganosma marginata Don. Singapore, (Fl. Brit. Ind.); not seen
wild.

ASCLEPIADE./E.

Streptocaulon Wallichii Wight. Singapore, Wallich in Fl, Brit.
Ind.; but Wallich's "No. 8249 is in the Catalogue ** Penang
et dide; doubtless from Penang only, where it is
common.

— Grifithii Don. “ Singapore, Lobb”; certainly an

r of locality

Genianthus Maingayii Hook. fil. Very rare, Bukit Timah,
(Cantley).

(Calotropis procera Br. Escape from cultivation, Toas, Changi,
Fulau Ubin),

112 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

(Asclepias curassavica- L. has established itself at Selitar, etc.)
(Raphistemma pulchellum Wall. Garden road ; escape.)

Sareolobus пке Wall. Climber, ares small yellow with
тозуп streaks. Tidal river banks, not rare, Balestier
plain, тнт А road, Kalang Puding, Changi, Selitar
river.

Stephanotis Moingayi Hook. fil. А splendid white flowered
climber, flowers bigger than the garden Stephanotis.
Very rare, Changi (Hullett), once collect ted.

Tylophora tenuis Wall. Slender climber, wg ers pink. Hedges -
Blakang Mati, Green Hill, Alexandra road.

AE — Hook. fil. “Singapore, Wallich” in FI. Brit. Гад,
t No. 8194 B. in Wallich's catalogue is labelled Habit
sues

Cynanchum ovalifolium var. Bamboo Hedges, Cluny road,
Balestier plain, Bukit Timah Road,

Dischidia nummularia Br. An жу ы common creeping

Stems ve y slender, leaves small and fleshy flowers white
. (scarlet as in Fl. Brit. Ind.). Whole island.

D. hirsuta Decne. Flowers гей. Common in woods, Selitar, Chan
Chu Kang, Kranji

D. albida Griff, Flowers creamy white, Rare, Bajau.

D. benghalensis Colebr. А long Adi cie epiphyte, glaucous
green often nearly leafless owers creamy white,
woods near the sea. Kranji, Sungei Buloh, Baja.

D. брт Wall. А very curious plant with some leaves
eveloped into pene coe or often yellow, inside
die. flowers yellow. mmon on trees especially n
the sea. Tanglin, м Mati, Teluk Kurau.
D. сой gris Wall. A slender creeper on trees, leaves rounded
buff yellow, above purple beneath, lying flat on the trees.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 113

Flowers white. Ants often make their nests between
the leaves and the branches of the trees. Common,
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Kranji.

D. coccinea : i Flowers scarlet. On lofty trees, Bukit Timah,
Selitar, Choa Chu Kang. Very distinct from the last,
of v whieh Maingay suggested it was a variety.

D. Waltichii Wt. Wall. Cat. 8183. Is apparently a Ficus.

Hoya чын Bl. Flowers white. Not rare, Tanglin, Selitar,
Bukit Mandai

H. revoluta Wt. dod Wallich 8160 B; not identified.

TI. latifolia Don. А very large-leaved species, leaves often dull

ed, flowers small pink. The commonest species. ‘Trees

in ме, jungle. Garden jungle, Kranji, Selitar, Pongol,
Changi, Pulau Tekong.

Il. parasitica Wall. Common near the sea, very floriferous,
ag pretty, flowers pink. Blakang Mati, Changi, Chan
u Kang, Toas, Pulau Jahat.

Н. coronaria Bl. The largest- flowered species. Flowers star-
like and waxy opening white, with a yellow tint, then
becoming spotted with pink and finally altogether pink.
Common especially near the sea. Serangoon, Changi,
Kranji, Pulau Tekong, etc.

I. "ш Bl. A pretty pink flowered species, often cover-

ees gs a mat. Jurong, Chan Chu Kang, Kranji.
г днд

II. coriacea Bl. Flowers yellowish white. Rare, Tampenis
(D’ Almeida).

JI. im co Wt. A very stout kind with thick oblong leaves:

rs white with a pink centre, large, rarely produced.
QR , Changi.

H. Finlaysonii Wall. Cat 8166.. Leaves only, not identified.

Phisostelma Wallichii Wt. “ Akar Siak.” Slender climber with
large thin creamy white flowers with a purple centre.

15

114 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

"Roots scented a new mown hay. Rare, Tampenis
river, Kranji,

Leptadenia reticulata Wt. “Singapore, Lobb;" evidently
wrongly localised.
LOGANIACE®.

е — Jack (?) Epiphyte, Bukit Timah. Rare. Perhaps
а new species, leaves large ovoid, flowers with a long -
tube in dus

F.- auriculata Jack. А large spreading shrub, with enormous
thick white trumpet-shaped flowers. The capsule is very

picture, the other is much ае Not соттоп, rocks
.. overhanging the sea, Pulau Ubi

Ф; obovata Wall. Not common, Ea
F. racemosa Jack. А big shrub or small tree - short —

racemes x , Pinkish white flowers, Rare here. Pulau
Ubin quarr
F. mn indefolia Е Shrub with slender racemes of pink flowers.
Not uncommon. Bukit Timah, Kranji, Selitar, Sungei

Loyan

F. ligustrina BI. A tree, leaves deep green small flowers slen-
der creamy white with. ber coloring in the throat,
е Rare, 'Гатрепі

. F, fragrans Roxb. “ shad pate A large tree with cream y ellow
flowers, and orange berries. Well known for its timber.
Sandy places, Changi Abandant, Tanglin and other
places near tow

F, speciosa Bl. A very much larger ies with fewer and puc
flowers. Garden jungle, 'l'rersa

Noriisia malaccensis Garden. А fairly "^ tree, flowers white
Garden wen Changi.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 115

Strychnos Tieu'e BI. “Ipoh Akar.” А big climber with small
tubular green flowers, fruit large globose gray green
wit) a bard rind, seeds Hat, enclosed in a bitter pulp.

Every part of the plant, even the flowers, is intensel

bitter, from the presence of et nevertheless monkies
and musangs often eat the fruit. . The bark is used by
the Sakais in their dart poison. Comon in thick jungle,
Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang.

S. malaccensis Benth. Not common. Toas, Garden jungle.

S. pubescens Clarke. Bukit Timah. |

Gaertnera Koénigii Wt. var. oxyphy'la Wall. Singapore (Wal-
lich); not seen,

G. viminea Hook. fil. Small slender shrub, with very small

lowers. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah,
Pulau Ubin, Changi. |

(т. чм vti fil. An unbranched erect shrub with dark rece
s and heads of white flowers, berries pale blu
piane in jungles, Tangin, Selitar, Bukit Arang, Toss,
Sungei Bulub, Bukit Timal

G. grisea Hook. fil. Not xs Bukit Тїшаһ, Changi, Chan Chu
Kang, Sungei Mora

GENTIANACEX. |
Limnanthemum noe Thw. An aquatic plant with round
floating le = е а tuft of white flowers with a yellow
entre. Bone
BORAGINEX,

Tour Ade z Wallichii De C. Climber, flowers green. Thickets,
it Panjang, Jurong, Bukit Mandai

ga an indicum L. A сошшоп weed in waste ground every-
where.

Cordia туха L. Shrub, Chan Chu Kang, Pasir че,

116 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

CONVOLVULACE®.
Erycibe malaccensis Clarke. Not common, Chan Chu Kang.
E. Princei Wall * ын wise Flowers white, coarsely

scented, drupes blac жыйы hedges, Tanglin,
Jurong Kranji, Chan ha Kan

E. Grifithii Ciarke. Not ion. бага. jungle, Bukit Timah.
E. coriacea Wall. Not common, Changi.

E. ape regs King. А small-leaved climber, flowers white
. Thickets and woods, rarely flowering ng, common,
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Changi.

Lettsomia ок “Akar Terong.” Climber, with heads of
w owers with pink plaits, bracts pink, and fruit
pink. Woods, Chan Chu Kang, Chua Chu Kang, North
Selitar.

— dig n L. A large pink convolvulus. Not rare, Bukit
nah Road, Loyang, Changi beach, Chan Chu Kang.

1. жыны din ит Small climber, flowers pale yellow or near-
ite eye maroon, Common in grass, or bushes.
i Ge Changi, Chan Chu Kang, Kranji.

J. tridentata Roth. Prostrate with slender stems, flowers small
white. Sandy spots, Changi

L. linifolia Bl. Twining and creeping in grass, flowers pale yel-
low. Common, —— Chan Chu Kang.

Ё ее Ker. Flowers heads small lemon yellow
Was oo Tanglin, y enses ian. Hill, Bukit Timah
Road, Bajau

1 biloba Forsk. є Тарак kuda.” Е за large pink. Sea shores,
common, Changi, Sungei Mora

I. denticulata Chois. Flowers pink. Sea shoves, Teluk Kurau.

1. palmata Forsk. Hedges, Tanglin, Sophia Road.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 117
I. sepiaria Koen, White with a pink eye; Z quamoclit L. and

potato, “ Keledi,” flowers pink; and /. aquatica Forsk.
* Kaugkong,” a white flowered aquatic nis d as oe
occur as escapes from cultivation here and t

Evolvulus alsinoiles L. A little orte plant, flowers light
blue, Sandy spots, Chang

SOLANACEAE,
I doubt that any of these, except one Solanum, are native
to Singapore
Solanum nigrum L. Galang.

S. torvum Sw. Shrub with white flowers, the leaves smoked by
Malays like tobacco. Waste ground, Tanglin.

S. melongena L. “ Brinjal.” Cultivated.

S. sarmentosum Nees. A prickly prostrate plant with blue flowers
and black fruits, weed. Botanic Gardens

s. кенинин» Jacq. “Terong Blanda." A prickly shrub
ite flowers, and smo ooth red orange fruits. Sandy
еа, Tanjong Katong, регһарз wild.

5. стосе Lour. Singapore nes ; more probably an error
for Penang. It is a hill plant.

©
ngan ea basa s L. C. minimum, and more rarely C. grossum
. Willd. are much cultivated, and the two first occasionally
occur as escapes.
Datura d. L. * Kachubong." Weed in waste ground, often
anted for use in medicine. Tanglin, etc., Pulau Ubin.

SCROPHULARINEAE.

Mazus rugosus Lour. Small weed, flowers oi Menge almost
white in the centre of the е lip, where are 4 or 5 yellow
spots. Waste ground, Botanic hase

118 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

Adenosma oratum Benth. An aromatic herb about 2 feet tall with
axillary pale blue flowers. Road sides, not rare, Tang-
lin, Chan Chu Kang.

A. re Benth. ‘ence. Kuching.” Aromatic, flowers
n heads blue. Sandy fields, Tanglin, Chan’ Chu Kang,
etium Serangoon.

A ceruleum Br. Singapore (FI. Brit. Ind.) ; not seen.
Limnophila conferta Benth. “ Вгеті” А little aromatic herb
flowers, used in native medicine. Common

in е spots, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Reservoir, Bukit
Mandai

L. e herrima Hook. Wet spots, e Bukit Timah,
Bukit Mandai, wid Chu Kang, Juron

пети чани чы ВК. А small gite ио. їп wet
white or blue. Common, Bukit Timah,
Hodie, Беги Teluk Kurau, Tampenis, е eu.

Artanema angustijolinm Benth. Singapore (Wallich 3885), not
seen.

Torenia gotygonoidat Benth. Common little creeping plant in
grass, upper lip of a red, lower white. Whole island,
Tanglin, Changi, e

T. mucronulata Benth. W eed in Botanic gardens, Bukit Timah.

Vandellia cr че Benth. “Kra Nasi.” Common little weed
with violet flowers. Paths and waste ground every-

V. scabra Benth. Flowers pok. Teluk Kurau.
V. hirsuta Benth. Little weed, hairy, flowers pale lilac. Garden
weed. ' ' '

V. pedunculata Griff. Wet spots, flowers pale violet. Govern-
ment Hill. :

Bonnaya veronicefolia Spreng. Wet spots, Chan Chu Kang,
Ang Mo Кіо. i 2

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 119

B. reptans Spreng. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Panjang.
В. brachiata Link, Chan Chu Kang.

Scoparia dulcis L, “Té Macao.” A common weed with small
white flowers. A tea for fever is made of it. Whole
island.

Striga lutea Lour. “ и Siku-Siku.” A little stiff erect

rb in grass, flowers pink, or white here. Common,
"angl. Changi, Chan Chu Kang.

LENTIBULARIE A.

Utricularia flexuosa Vahl. ‘ Lumut. Ekor a sa s Aquatic
with bright yellow flowers. Pools lakes, and ditches.
Common. Garden Lake, мио Bukit Timah, Changi

ad.

U. exoleta Br. Much smaller than the last. Garden lake,
ditches Tanglin, Ang Mo Kio

U. bifida L.’ A small erect plant with yellow flowers. Comm
in shallow ditches and wet sand. Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kang, Reservoir, Bedok.

U. affinis var. Griffith. A tall slender species with bright blue
flowers. In shallow ditches, Changi, Tampenis, Bedok,
Choa Cha Kang.

U. racemosa Wall. V ery slender, with very small white flowers.
Sandy spots towards Tanah Merah, Changi.

GESNERACE.E

еа ш Clarke. An "mud te peus large
pendulous branches, leaves pink on e back.
Calyx 1 jaba very narrow purple. Corolla green rte
in the mouth with brownish red. Woods, not rare,
Bukit Mandai, Kranji, Choa Chu Kang, Teban, Selitar
4E. Lobbiana Hook. Climbing epiphyte, flowers crimson scarlet
showy. Common in damp woods, and mangrove swamps,
Kranji, Toas; Chan Chu Ew ng.

120 ТНЕ FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

«E. radicans Jack. Creeping over rocks and trees, flowers
crimson. Local. Bukit Timah, Choa Chu Kang.

Æ. Wallichii Br. Calyx short cup-shaped green, corolla crim-
son. Dense woods, Bukit Mandai, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang.

Didymocarpus platypus Clarke. A shrubby plant with white
rarely bluish flowers, with a yellow spot in the mouth.
Common, woods, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu
Kang, Changi.

D. sp. Very rare, two plants out of flower in a wooded ravine
near Bukit Mandai.

Cyrtandra ege Jack. А shrubby plant, flowers white with
brown or purple spots in the mouth. Leaves sometimes
асна white. C. humilis Bl. * Singapore, Prince
Flor. Brit. Ind. is evidenily the same thing. Dam
ravines in wet jungle, usually very abundant. Bukit
Timah, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu Kang. :

С. pilosa Bl. * Singapore Lobb,” and Cyrtandromea acuminata
Benth. Maingay and Lobb, in Flor. Brit. Ind. evidently
errors of locality

BIGONIACER.

Dolichandrone Rheedii Seem. Shrub or tree with long tubular
= e flowers opening in the early morning and closing

. Common. Tidal Rivers, Alexandra Road, Blakang

Mati Bajau, Ponggol, Pulau Ubin.

Stereospermum chelonowes De C. Tree. ‘Chachar.” Rare,
Bukit Timah.
S. hyposticta Miq. Tree, flowers white or violet. Not rare,
Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai
РЕРАТІХЕЖ,

Sesamum indicum Пе С. Til-seed. “Bijan?” Weed i
round, Flowers pink rarely white. § оаа for "the
seed, which is crushed for oil. Tanglin, etc.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE

ACANTHACES.
Thunbergia alata Bojer., climber with yellow or orange flowers
and 7. fragrans Roxb. with

without black eye,
white flowers, are common in hedges, being escapes from

cultivation.
Lbermaiera Griffithiana Anders. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah
E., setigera Nees. Dense Jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
Chua Chu Kang, Jurong
Hygrophila salicifolia Nees. — **Ohukal." Herb about 2 feet,
flowers lilac, ditches, common. Garden lake, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah road, Changi.
H. quadrivalvis Nees. Changi, Bukit Mandai.
Ruellia zam L. Erect or creeping in grass, flowers pale lilac
h darker marks in the throat. Very common, Tanglin
OE Bajau, Selitar, etc.
* Jeruju."^ A holly-leaved plant
Common in tidal. mud.
Alexandra Beak

Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl.
with white or blue wers.
andang Kerbau, Tanjong Pagar,
Changi, ete.
pce Wall. Twining, leaves not os пае white
Not common, Bajau, Kranji, Chan Chu Kan
Asystasia ma Bl. Straggling plant З feet tall or less,
flowers pale violet. Hedges and thickets. Fort Can
nie, и алы бары Hill, Tanglin, Chua Chu Kang.
HE енен album Nees. Flowers white, Jungles, local, Changi,
gol, Selitar, Choa Chu Kang.
бй

Chan Chu Kang, Pong
(E, Andersoni Masters, described from a plant obtained in Singa-
y T. Anderson, is only cultivated here.
Justicia andrographioides Clarke. = straggling herb, with pale
ellow flowers, leaves with white when young.
Damp woods, Bukit Mandai, ‘Chas Chu Kai
16

122 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

J. Gendarussa L. “Ganda Rusa.” А common shrub round
villages, usually an escape from cultivation

eee vasica Nees. “Singapore, Flor. Brit. Ind." Not
n even cultivated.

Poire acuminata Nees. Common Hon with pink flowers.
g Mo Kio, Choa Chu Kang, Tanglir

P. montana Nees. .* Noja.” Flowers pink, озы than the last.
eaves used for dyeing eggs, cakes, etc., pink. Tanglin,
Blakang Mati, Jurong.

VERBENACE.E.

Lantana Camara L. “Tahi Ayam.” All over Singapore, very
ecmmon. There are several color dades the com-
monest is orange red color, turning orange yellow when
passing over ; another form is em pink with a dns eye
turning darker pink, and where these two forms grow
together there is an intermediate or hybrid form. "ах
is a slight difference in the form of the lower lip in the
two forms, in the orange one the lip is shorter and broad -

orange one. The plant is a native of South America.

L. indica Roxb. A smaller shrub with lilac flowers, and dar
pink fruits. Waste peeved near town, abundant, козе
Kalang, Balestier plain

‚ Rochor

Stachytar ie indica Vahl. “Selasih Dende.” Common shrub,
flow lue. Waste ground, everywhere

Lippia жч жуз. Prostrate herb, flowers lilac. Waste
gro

(S. mu'abilis, much bigger, with rosy flowers, introduced here
and there,)

Geunsia farinosa Bl. (Wallich, No. 1836); not seen.

(C ока Reevesii Wall. Singapore, Murton in Fl. Brit. Ind.
8 cultivated only.)

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 123

7

ih.” Common in hedges, Bukit Timah, Tanglin,

Ang Mo Kio.

Premna. * Buas Buas.” A group of shrubs with small white
flowers, and black доре. All very closely allied and
difficult to distinguish. .

C. longifolia Lam. Shrub, lilac flowers and white fruit. ** Tam-
1 Besi

P. cordifolia Roxb. Tanglin, Thomson Road.
P. parasitica ВІ. Changi.

P. corymbosa Roth. Climber, Garden jungle.
P. flavescens var. rubens. Pasir Panjang.
P. coriacea Clarke. Jurong.

P. integrifolia var. angustior. A low prostrate plant, Serangoon

iver

Gmelina villosa Roxb. “ Bulang.” A thorny shrub, with large
геПоҳу flowers, fruit a уен acid plum. Common,
Tanglin, Changi, Teluk

G. Hystrix Kurz. occurs in the Garden road, possibly ‘wild.
Vitex trifo'ia L. “Lagundi.” Often planted, possibly wild at
- *Bajau.
V. Negundo L. Bukit Timah Road, Bukit Mandai ; probably
an alien,

Pa ija aga; Vahl. * Alban." ‘Tree, flowers blue, very common
econdary growth. Whole island.

V. vestita. Wall, Tree, flowers yellow. Common in woods,
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.

V. gamosepala var. Tree, rare, Changi.

Clerodendron inerme Gaertn. Shrub, towers white stamens
pink. Very abundant near the sea, Rochore, . Changi,
Selitar.

C. — Bl. * Guriam Padang.” Small tree, flowers
llow, fruit black with a red calyx. The wood is used

124 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

for blackening the teeth. Very common is woods and
thickets. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Changi,
CI. d m Wall А small shrub about 4 feet high with nod-
о heads of white flowers surrounded with numerous
fed sepals. Drupe black. Very common, Tanglin, Gar-
den jungle, Chan Chu Kang, Татрепіз.
Cl. panicu’atum L. Shrub with brilliant crimson flowers. Man-
dai, Kranji. Doubtfully wild.

Cl. villosum Bl. Common shrub with white flowers. Whole
island.

c
2

A pode iota Ridl. * A slender shrub, with the stem hollow *

with ants’ nests. Panicles large, flowers orange.
А har ide some plant, rare, streams at Choa Chu Kang.
Several cultivated kinds also occur in waste ground near
villages; such are €. fallax Lindl. C. Pirmi VaLl. С.
/тафтапв Vent. and C. siphonanthus Br. which is cultivated
by Klings, who use the leaves for smoking instead of
Hemp, and call it Ganja.

с
-—

1. iroreflorum Hassk. А white flowered species, introduced
into Java from Singapore about 1858, I know nothing
of, and Cl. Codi сакин Walp. “Singapore Lo bb”
and Cl. infortunatum Gaertn. mentioned fro ue
also in Flor. Brit. Ind. I have never met wit

^phenodesma pentandra Jack, © Akar Sulong.” Not common,
Changi..

E r BI. “ Api-Api.” Very common in mangrove
g tidal rivers. River Valley Road, Changi, Pulau
Thai еіс
ГАВІАТ Ж.

Coleus veni s pureus Benth. Flowers bright purple. Open
country. Ang Mo Kio, Chan Chu Kaug.

Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Very common in waste ground. Sepoy
Lines, Tanjong Katong, Mt. Faber, Changi, etc.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 125

Н. теш dne ME Tauglin, Ang Mo Kio, etc. Both
re introductions from "South America, now
phu gb estabil shed.

Dysophyl’a auricularia BI. “Ekor Kuching.” Flowers pale
lavender in long spikes. Very common in wet spots.
Tanglin, Changi, etc.

Anisomeles ovata Br. Not common, Tanglin.

Leucas zeylanica Br. ©“ Katumbet.” A common weed with
white ei waste ground. Tanglin, Blakang Mati,
= шн б;

L. linifolia Spr. Less common, Mt. Faber, Siglap.

Ocimum basilicum L. Basil. * Ruku-Ruku," often cultivated,
occurs spontaneously in waste ground, as does also Le-
onurus sibiricus L. and Leonotis onc Вг,

PLANTAGINE.
Plantago major L. е нй Waste ground, Chan Chu
ang, Tanglin, et
NYCTAGINE.E.
Boerhaavia repens L. Sandy places, Galang.
AMARANTACEE.
Allmania nodiflora Br. Sandy spots. Changi, common.

Amarantus spinosus L. “Bayam Duri,” Common weed in
e ground. ‘Tanglin, Rochore, etc.

А. viridis L. * Bayam Кек.” Common in waste ground,
very where.

4. caudatus L. Cultivated, and often as an escape.
A. paniculatus L. Government Hill.

С, sana ке Bl. Not rare, weed in waste ground. Bukit
mah, Pulau Ubin, Teluk Kurau.

126 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Alternanihera sessilis Br. Common every where.

Pupalia ati opurpurea Miq. Singapore (Wallich in Flor. Brit.
Ir Wallich’s Catalogue it is labelled 6933 L.
Singapore et Penang). Not seen here by me

POLYGONACEX.
Poly, oe E Meisn. Common i М w aye spots, ditches, etc.
1, Bukit Timah Road, Roc
F РЕ Wall. Singapore. W diit not seen.
P. barbatum L. Ditches, Holland Road, Galang, Chan Chu
Kang.
NEPENTHACEE.

The pitcher plants are known to the Malays as “ Poko
Priok Krah,’ (ape's cups). e з
kinds аге used for binding fences. They always occur
in open country, borders of woods, etc., and are absent
from fee mete

he
ple once found a ай with ‘aoe
white pitchers. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang,

AN. Rajlesiana Jack. Pitchers often very large. Common all
ver Singapore,

AN. phyllamphora Willd. Not common, Changi, Jurong.
N. Reinwardtii Mig. Common, Bukit Timah, Changi.

AV. gracilis Korth. Blakang Mati, Changi, Bukit Timah.
N. agate ч ginata Lobb. “ Singapore, W к

Surely an error
enang, where it is abundan

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.

Aristolochia ungulifora Mast. A climber with large trilobed
leaves and purple flowers. Local in long wet grass.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 127

Thottea tann Rottb. *Seburut." A low shrub, 2 feet tall
hairy leaves, and bell-shaped flowers as big
as a набег: it an raised veins outside, smooth deep
purple ins ‘de. very curious plant. Common
jungles, Bukit Timah, Reservoir woods, Bukit Mandai,
Chan Chu Kang, Bajau.

Th. dependens Klotsch, Rare, Sungei Buluh.
PIPERACEX.

oe Maingayi Hook. fil. Climber, rarely flowering.
1 Jungles, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.

P. (Cubeba) sumatrana Cas. Not common, Reservoir woods.
P. pedicellosum Wall. Rare, Chan Chu Kang.

Р, muricatum Di. An erect herb. Not very common, Bukit
Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Jurong.
P. (Chavica) caninum Bl. * Lada Hantu.” S'ender climber,
common in woods. Garden AE Selitar, Kranji, Pulau
T ekon
var. санне. Less common, in more exposed spots. Siglap,
Chan Chu Kang, Pulau
var. angustifolium. Garden йай. Changi.
P. chaba L. “ Bakek," Cultivated. I have also what may be a
wild form of this under the name “ Bakek hutan 2 from
Bukit Mandai, (5851).
P. sarmentosum “Chabei.” “Kadok.” An erect herb with long
mners. Common in orchards, villages, etc., all over
Singapore.
(P. Betel Me Б sig? and P. nigrum L, “ Lada hitam ” are often
cultivated.) ;

P. miniatum Bl. * Sirih Ayer.” Climber, fruit-spikes red. Woods,
not rare, Reservoir woods, Bukit Mandai, Toas, Chan Chu
Cane.

128 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

Р. rostratum Roxb. Erect, rare, Bukit Timah.

Р. porphyrophyllum Е. Br. А well known ornamental climbing
plant, leaves deep green spotted white and pink. Com-
mon but aut flowering, dense woods, Bukit Timah,
Selitar, etc

(Peperomia exigua. Miq. A little weed in poe on walls, еїс.,
introduced. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang

CHLORANTHACE.X.

Chloranthus feit Bl. Shrublet, with slender spikes of white

and translucent white berries. Damp ravines in

jungle local but abundant, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai,
Jurong.

MYRISTICACEAE.

The wild nutmegs are very plentiful in Singapore, occurring
in all the bigger jungles, but almost invariably in an isolated
manner, so that it is often by no means easy to get both sexes
of any species. They are all trees, varying in height from about
fifteen feet to 100 or more. The seeds seem to be (in all but
M. cinnamomea) deficient їп aromatic properties, and are not

used by the natives at all. The timber is 2 good. The
"s name for the cultivated Nutmeg is ** Pala," the Mace be-
ing called “ Bunga Pala," (literally flowers of АРЕ Мап пу
of the wild species are called * Pala Hutan,” еїс.; but “ Pendarah,”
with the local variants Menarah, Mendarah, and Chendara, is
the common name for other species.

М. age rarai ҮҮ all. Common, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Chan
Chu Kang. var. Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang.

M. bracteata De С. А very large tree, rare, Bukit Timah.

M. Sasak King. Not common, Bukit Mandai, Sumbawang,
Changi, Selitar

М, crassa King. Ficwers orange, ore jungle, Bukit Man-
dai, North Selitar, Sungei Mor

М. Lowiana King. Rare, Kranji.

THE FLORA ОЕ SINGAPORE, „ыар

M. iners Bl. Rare, woods, Bukit Mandai.

M. ferruginea Wall. (Cat. 6803.) Rare, Selitar.

M. superba Hook. fil. Rare, Sungei Bengkuang, Toas.
М. rubiginosa King. Rare, Garden jungle, Mt. Faber.

M. Walliehti Hook. fil, Bajau (3364), also collected by Cantley
without locality.

M. sucosa King. Rare, Kranji (6558).

M. Farquhariana Wall. Common, Garden jungle, Bajau, Selitar.

M. Forbesti King. Selitar.

М. bivalvis Hook. fil. Very rare, a single male tree in the Bo-
tanic Gardens, probably planted, but not known else-
where

M. crassifolia Hook. fil. Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang, Bajau.

M. Irya Gaertn. Rare, Garden jungle.

M. majuscula King. Not rare, Tanglin, Cluny road, Bukit Timah,
Selitar.

M. brachiata King. Singapore (Wallich); not seen.
M. polyspherula Hook. fil. Not rare, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang,
Kranji,

M. oblongifolia King. Rare, Bukit Timah.
M. conferta King. Bukit Mandai, Changi.
Af. Wrayi King. Rare, Sungei Jurong.

M. intermedia Bl. The commonest species. Tanglin, Changi,
ukit Timah.

M. laurina Bl. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.

A

glauca. Bl. Garden jungle, Kranji, Pulau Ubin.
M. glaucescens Hook. fil. Cluny Road.

130° ^ THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

M. Hookeriana Wall. bos about 20 feet tall, witn large
leaves covered when young with brown wool which peels
off as the leaves boton coriaceous, fruit covered with
brown wool. Not rare, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kang, Choa Chu Kang.

М. Cantleyi Hook. fil. Bukit Timah.

M. longfolia Wall. Bukit Timah.

M. ке Hook. The only tree of this species known is in

> Botanic Gardens, but must have been planted.
MONIMIACE®.

Matthea sancta Bl. “Churom.” A large shrub with small yellow

d steel blue fruits. The Jakuns smoke the

leaves with tobacco to cure headaches. Common in woods

and thickets, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang, Ang Mo Kio

LAURINEA

Trees, more rarely бом with anally viis flowers
A difficult group, owing to the diff culty of getting flowers of
both sexes an fruits, - many being imperfectly known. The
trees are usually called “ Medang” by the Malays.

Cryptocarya Grifithiana Wt. “ Medang Buaya.” Medium sized
tree, with hairy yellow flowers. Not " Tete
Changi, Selitar, river, Changi Teban.

C. — оң Meissn. * Munjuat." A tall tree. Rare, Garden
jungle

C. ferrea Bl. аа Chu нй Choa Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai.
And two other speci

Beilschmiedia malaccensis Hook. fil, Rare, Bukit Timah,

Dehaasia microcarpa ВІ. Sungei Jurong. |

Cinnamomum javanicum Bl, Not rare in dense woods, but very
rare

y flowering. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Ang
Mo Kio. gra

THE FLORA ОЕ SINGAPORE, 131

C. iners Reinwdt. A medium sized tree, never tall, common in
leaves are red ‘and yellow

blue-black. The bark is but feebly aromatic. Whole
island, Tanglin, Changi, etc.

C. nitidum Bl. Very much like the last, but with larger flowers,
Not common, Tanglin.

Phebe е Bl. big tree, flowers yellow, fruits black on
ollen red tpa o Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai

Ph. declinata Nees.. * Singapore, Wallich.” Not identified.
Ph. sumatrana Mig. Changi (1811).
Machilus rimosus Bl. Changi (4707).
Alseodaphne decipiens Hook. fil. Small tree, flowers yellow, fruit
obovate green with white spots. Garden jungle, Chan
Chu Kang
A. umbelliflora Hook. fil. Not common, Selitar, Chan Chu Kang.
А. — etur and A. lucida Nees. collected in Singapore
by Lors Nos. 2594 B and 2590, are entirely doubtful
Sani pruinosa Nees. Botanic Gardens.
А. Maingayi Hook. fil. Dense woods, Bukit Timah.
Litsea grandis BI. Near Tyersall, Bukit Mandai.
L. amara Bl. Jurong, Pulau Ubin.

L. penan ge Hook. fil. Common, flowers white, fruit white iu
п cup. Woods, Tanglin, Bukit Timah,

L. myristicefolia Wall. Siglap, Changi.’

bs

. Panamonja Ham. Rare, Garden jungle.

m.

. longipes Meissn? “ Mullay.” Rare, Balestier Road.

132 THE FLORA ОЕ SINGAPORE,

L. ferruginea BI. Garden jungle, Bukit Arang.

L. zeylanica Nees. gers common оп the sea coast.
Changi, Pilea ube "Bedoh

L. salicifolia Roxb. Garden іна
L. polyantha Juss. Chan Chu Kang, Kranji, Changi.
L. petio'ata Hook. fil. Garden jungle.

L. nitida Bl. Bukit
.And a number of unidentified species.
Lindera malaccensis ta fll. Small tree, flowers yellow.
Abundant in 8, dn jungle, Tanglin, Bukit
Timah, Chan Chu Kang,

L. sp. © Perawas.” Tree, leaves used medicinally. Galang,

Garden jungle.
TEN е L. А leafless twining parasite. Common
he sea, Blakang Mati, Changi, ey Chu Kang,

Hernandia peltata Meissn. Singapore, Wallich No. 7811.
Not seen.

PROTEACEX.
Heltcia petiolari is Benn. Tree, common in woods. B Jukit Timah,
Jurong, Woodlands, Kranji, Changi, Garden jungle.

H. peas BI. “ Membatu Laiang.” Not very common, Changi,
ng.

Chu Kan
THYMELEACEX.
Aquilaria malaccensis, gi Gaharu, іѕ:гаге here. Ihave only
t at Kran
A. grandiflora. Rare, ae

А. sp. A medium sized tree with small white Bowen and
very small fruits. Garden jungle.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 133

Epi ed ied ii od ees fil. This ie ih tree is now
e botanists to Tiliácee. It occurs in
the Garde. Janae: Bukit Mandai and Chua Chu Kang.

Wikstroemia indica. ‘ Singapore, Lobb;" doubtless an error.
SANTALACEJE.

Henslowia Lobbiana De C. Climber. Common near the coast,
Changi, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang.

Н. buxifolia Bl. Apparently a root parasite. Itis a twiggy,
often nearly leafless shrub, entirely bright yellow.
Баса at first yellow, then red and finally black. Dry
oods near the sea, Bajau, Changi, Kranji, Sungei
Bul ih

Seleropyrum Mon Hook. fil. * Rukam puteh.” А shrub
or small vith stout spines, flowers greenish yellow
in ow ань fruit pear-shaped green juicy when

Woods, not rare, Tanglin, Changi, Kranji, Bukit
Mandai, Selitar.

Champereia Griffithiana Planch. ‘“Chemperei.” A shrub with
white branches, small light brown flowers and orange

fruit. "He leaves are eaten as a vegetable, but it is

said е poisonous to dogs. Sandy spots on the
coasts, a Tampenis, Selitar, Bajau.

Linostoma pauciflorun Griff. A slender climber with light yel-
re flowers enclosed in greenish cream 1 colored
bra mmon, oo jungle, Blakang Mati, Bukit
Timah, Changi, Loy
L. өш Eus * Akar hd hitam.” А scandent shrub ог
mber. Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Chau
Chu dum
LORANTHACE.
These parasites are often very destructive to trees in
gardens. They are called by the ah " Арі-Арі” or Senalu,/
with its variauts Bendalu, Ndalu

134 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

Loranthus Lobbii Hook. fil. A Pre. with red, not yellow
flowers, Changi, Chan Chu Kar

L. coccineus Jack. Bukit Mandai.

L. ferrugineus Roxb. Common, Tanglin, etc.

L. m Desr. Flowers crimson-scarlet. Оп а very
ofty tree, Bukit Timah.

L, pentandrus L. A big sty plant, lowers light pinkish red;
asitic on Bugen a. Gardens, Alma, Bukit Ti шаһ,

` Chan Chu Kang

L. albidus Bl. робы white, rare, Bukit Timah, :

L. retusus Jack. Оп Rhodomyrtus and дарение, he near the sea.
Changi, Blakang Mati, Pulau Tekong, Jur

L. ampuliaceus. Roxb. Flowers green and black. Very
common, Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang.

L. crassus Hook. fil. Gardens, Changi.

L. Maingayi Hook. fil. А very curious little flowered species,
owers brown. Rare, Kranji (6923).

Viscum articulatum Burm. Parasitic on Loranthi. Common,
Tanglin.

V. orientale Willd. On Ficus, and Macaranga javanica. Common,
Rochor re, Bukit Timah, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang, etc.
EUPHORBIACES.
Euphorbia atoto Forst. A shrubby plant, sea coasts, Changi.

E. рий} а L. “Gelang Susu.” Common weed їп waste
ground, everywhere.

E. th vri Benn. Papiez ть waste ground, paths, etc.
on, Tanglin, e

(E. Tirucalli = з p succulent s -— cultivated,

^ occurs The milk is used in native medi-

cine, d for pubs into the womi made for marking

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 135

cattle to make the marks permanent. Said to be a
native of Africa.)
Agyneia bacciformis Muell. A little shrubby plant, in grass, sea-
shore. Teluk Kurau. :
Bridelia tomentosa Bl.“ Kenidai.” Shrub or small tree.
ш jungle.
В. pustulata Hook. fil. Shrub. Jurong, Selitar.
Cleistanthus levis Hook. fil. Tree, Garden jungle, Changi.
Cl. myrianthus Kurz. Bushy tree with coppery leaves, Kranji
road, near Stagmount, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang.
C. hirsutulus Hook, fil. Rare, Bukit Timah.
C. macrophyllus Hook. fil. Rare, Bukit Timah.
C. nitidus Hook. fil. “ Singapore, Lobb” ; doubtless Penang.

Actephila javanica Miq. Wallich 8016. А shrub with very
small greenish white flowers. Common, Garden ped
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.

Phy = iei Hook. fil. “ Laka, Malakka.” А band-

e with a trunk like a yew and elegant feathery

sesaka "The fruit a yellowish green angled drupe,

acid, and used for preserves and in curries. The town

of Malacca is said to take its name from the tree.

Common in woods, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
Mandai

Р. coriaceus Wall. “Singapore, Wallich 7946.” Not seen
only known from Wallich’s collection.

Р. риро Wall. Reidia ровен хес Small shrub, some-
nes cultivated аз ап ornamental plant, possibly wild,
but usually seen about oui eui ground. Tanglin.
P. maderaspatensis L. A small weed. Changi.
P. niruri Wall. * Dukong Anak Merah,” Common weed,
waste ground, Tanglin, Galang, Changi.

136 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

P. urinaria L. * Dukong Anak.” Соттоп weed everywhere,
used medicinally, and it is also supposed that after
chewing a bunch of this plant it is possible to bite up
glass with impunity

(Р. distichus Muell. Cicca acidissima is sometimes cultivated.)

Glochidion. Trees with inconspicuous flowers. “ Ubah,” of
t

G. littorale ВІ. Banks of tidal rivers. Chan Chu Kang.
G. goniocarpum Hook. fil. Not rare, Tanglin, Bukit. Timah,

G. desmogyne Hook. til. Rare, Bukit Timah, Selitar.

G. insulare Hook. fil. Not rare, Selitar, Bukit Mandai, Toas,
Jurong, etc.

G. brunneum Hook. fil. “Ubah Merah.” Gardens, Bukit
Timah,

G. desmocarpum Hook. fil. Not common, Tanglin, Bajau
G. levigatun Hook. fil. Bukit Timah, Sungei Brnang, Bukit
Mandai.

G. microbotrys Hook. sae Tall tree with flaking bark. Flowers
ery small scented of cucumbers. Gardens, Chan Chu
Kang, rites cesi Ubin

G. superbum Baill. Small tree with eid leaves. Common in
open country all over Singapo

G. letostylum Kurz. Common, Gardens, Selitar,

G. coronatum Hook. fil. Rare, Jalan Bray.

Breynia rhamnoides Muell. Large shrub. Eskbank базену
В. discigera Muell, Rare, Upper Bukit Timah.

В. reclinata Hook, fil. “Hujan Panas.” A shrub conspicuous
rom its bright red нса. but why called Hujan Panas,

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 137

lif, warm rain, noone seems to know. Very common,
especially near the sea, Tanglin, Reservoir, Changi, etc.
- Suuropus albicans ВІ. “Chekop Manis." А small shrubby plant

with dark green leaves with a white central blotch, red

flowers and pink or white fruit. A popular native
сере leaves eaten as spinach. - Waste ground, coms
mon.

Cyclostemon doxes Bl. A tree with pendent Too ani
eathery leaves. — Rarely met. with n flower.
Common in woods, Garden jungle, Selitar.
Chor S s malayanum Benth. Sandy spots near the sea,
Seremban ; also collected by Wallich, 7975.
poten. К? Baill. Not rare, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
ang, Garden jungle.
A. nigricans Hook. fil. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.
А. Maingayi Hook. fil. A shrub, Garden jungle, Selitar,
ranji, Jurong.
A. fruticosa Muell. A bush. common, Tanglin, Tanjong Gol,
Chan Chu Kang.
A. Praineana King. Bukit Mandai, Selitar, Kranji.
A, Benthamiana Hook, fil. Tree, about 40 feet tall, with red
showy fruits. Not rate, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kang
A. lunata Benth. Not common, Jurong.
. stellifera Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Kranji, Bukit Timah.
A. fuleifera Hook. fil. Not common, Jurong, Toas.
LP grana laurinum Baill, * Ruas-Ruas jantan,” А big
or tree with white flowers, and olive shaped green
та Usually near the sea, Changi, Kranji, Teban,
Siglap.
Antidesma velutinosum ВІ. Shrub with racemes of ae fruits,
Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Pulau Ubin, ete

к
=>

138 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

A, н Muell, *Sebasah." А big shrub, common in
thick woods, Bukit TS Changi, ‘Bukit Mandai, Teban,
а woods.

А. fallax Meisn. Not common, Bukit Timah.

A. alatum Hook. Thick woods, common, Bukit Timah,
Changi, Bokit Mandai, Jurong.

A: qe н and A. ghaesembilla Gaertn. mentioned in
a Brit. Ind. I have not seen wild.

Baccaurea. A genus of trees of no great size, with flowers in
long scented racemes. Fruit usually a capsule, orange
colored or к splitting and disclosing the seeds en-

wr an orange pulp hanging from the placentas ;
' sometimes ‘the fruit is a berry, and does not split. Most
are mcre or less eatable though often acid.

B. pases Muell. “Setambun.” A small tree with a knot-
ed stem, and very соф ge Lagi yellow wood, used for
naking sticks. The male flowers are borne in racemes
в on the stem mat are yellow and smell like
cowslips. The female racemes are borne at the M ©
the tree, so as to lie оп the ground. The fru
spindle-shaped berry, claret colored and eatable lied
acid. A common plant. ‘Tanglin, Bajau, Changi, etc.

›

^. macrophylla Muell. Tree small or medium, Fruits globose
dull orange russet, pulp of seed orange, sweet. (Garden

ungle, Selitar.
В. kanan King. “ Rambai.” A well known fruit, common
n cultivation and apparently also wild.

(B. Malayana King. “ Tampoi.” Occurs in cultivation but is
not common.)

В. bracteata Muell. A small tree. Common, Bukit Mandai,
Holland Road, Kranji.

В. latifolia King, Garden jungle (6264).

В. sp. В. in Flor. Brit. Ind. Garden jungle, Kranji.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 139

В. reticulata Hook. fil. Kranji, Selitar.

D. Kunstleri King. A fair sized tree, fruits ochreous, with
orange pulp. Common, Garden jungle, Selitar, Tanjong
Gol,

D. minor Hook. fil. Fruit as big as a уг ochreous pulp
range. Garden ae Bukit Timah.

В. symplocoides King. A small tree, fruits orange, aril crimson.
Gardeu jungle, Chan Chu Kang

В. ap. Tree with narrow нйн ЭШ acute leaves, flowers
green. Garden Jungle (6263).

Microdesmis casearifolia Planch. A small. tree, flowers bright
yellow, erries red. Thick woods, common, Garden
jungle, Chang

Gulearia, Low dose with long slender spikes of very small
flowers, fruits white pulpy. The ее аге all ver
much alike and difficult to distinguish

G. affinis Benn. Woods. Garden jungle, Changi, Bajau.

(т. Wallichii Br, Changi (Hullett).

G. subulata Muell. Garden jungle.

G. phlehocarpa Br. The commonest species. Garden jungle,
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin.

G. sp. with the leaves pubescent beneath, shoots and racemes
2 covered with black pubescence. Chang:, Siglap.

(Jatropha curéas L. “Jarak Blanda." Occurs in and near
villages.)

(J. gossypifolia L. А garden escape, occurs here and there).
( Aleurites xw Willd. Candle nut Singapore -nut,
Kamiri, Buah Kras, is often cultivated).

Croton argyratus Bl. shrub, leaves silvery’ beneath.
Local, Batu Putih, B ees y

140 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

C. caudatus Geisel, “ Tuku Така.” There are two forms, if

еу are not specifically distinct here, one a long stout

ody liana with rough greenish capsules. Common at

Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang. The other a scandent or

erect shrub with erect racemes of white flowers and hard
globose yellow capsules as big as azbullet.

Common in open country. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bajau,

Changi.

C. Grifithit Hook. fil. A common shrub in woods. Garden
jungle, Bukit Timah, Sungei Buluh, Chan Chu Kang

C. olongifeliwa Roxb. Bukit Mandai, Selitar.

Trigonostemon longifolius Baill. A small shrub. Not common,
Chan Chu Kang, Kranji Road.

Ostodes orsi ei “Kayu Julong.” А tree, rare, Bukit
Panjang (common in Malacca a).

(2. muricata var, minor and Dimorphocalyx capillipes Hon fil.
“Singapore Lobb”; evidently an error for Pen

Ag grostistachys rem Hook.fil. A big stiff shrub. A gum
which ex the buds was formerly collected for
making a resin for polishing sheaths of Krises. Local.
Sandy spots near Changi.

A. longifolia Benth, var. Malajana. ““ Julong уат
ow little or unbranched shrub, with oy erect e
leaves, used for thatching and wrappers. The Singapore
pent is very different ‘from that of Pahang sind Perak,
ich is a much larger branched shrub. Common in
Tanglin, Sungei Bulah, Chan Chu Kang, ete.

Claoxylon. indicum Hassk. А large shrub. Thickets, Grange
Road.

Cl. longifolium Muell var. brachystachys. Woods, not КО Bukit
Timah, Pulau Ubin, Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kan

Acalypha indica L. A weed, common in waste ground. “Baja
Galang, Pulau Ubin, Teluk Kurau

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 141

ne: ferrujineum Hook. fil, A small tree with long
yellow flower spikes, and capsules covered with
decide wool. Garden jungle (5991, 6481), Bukit

'Tima

Alchornea villosa Muell, “Ramin bukit.’ A big shrub, the
bark used for string. Common in thickets and edges of
оода. ukit Timah Road, Reservoir woods, y io

Chu Kang. Bukit Mandai.
A. rugosa Muell. Common, Changi, Serangoon,

Mallotus macrostachyus Muell. A big shrub, Thickets, Bukit
Timah Road at the 9th mile.

AM. generc d Lour. “Balik Angin." A small tree, ла
һе wer from its pendent white racemes,
under зы f the leaves is white, во that when боз
һу the wind the whole tree appears white, whence the
native name. А fairly good fibre cau be obta ined from
the bark, Common in open country, Tanglin, Kranji,
ete,

M. penangensis Muell, Not common, Bajau, Toas, Sungei
Morai.

M. philippinensis Muell, and = Mendes Muell, given. in Flor.
Brit. Ind. as from Singapore; (the latter collected by
Lobb) are doubtless er Pos

"M. vernicosus Hook. fil. “ Singapore’ Botanical Garden,
Cantley " is altogether doubtful,

Macaranga hypoleuca Muell. A fair sized tree with white
ud white undersides to the leaves. Sticks of its
wood are used for setting gambier. Common in dry
woods and M see growth, all over Singapore.
“ Mahang putih,”
M. megalophylla Muell. “Kubin.” A fair sized tree with very
large leaves, The wood used for making windmilis,
hence its name, Selitar, Choa Chu Kang

142 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

M. trichocarpa Muell. A shrub half scandent, with irritating
prickly capsules, Dry woods, common, Tanglin, Bukit
ngi.

Timah, Chan

M. javanica Muell. * Mahang.” A common tree all over the
islan gi kipa inflorescence, aud small capsules
bilobed smooth, and covered with a waxy coat, It is

doubtful igit this is the same as the Javanese
species. m country and secondary growth, exceed-
ingly comm

М. triloba Muell. A medium sized tree, leaves entire or three
lo Young plants have red leaves, and look very
handsome. Abun ant all over Singapore, in woods,
Tanglin, Changi, Pulau Ubin.

M. red King. Not common, Jurong, Tyersall Chan Chu
ang.

MM. рор ауа Muell. Big tree, in woods, Bukit Timah.

ise gae costata Miq. A big tree, flowers velvety yellow,
ruit large green hairy wrinkled. Not common, Garden
jungle, Chan Chu Kar ng.

(Ricinus communis L. “Jarak,” Castor oil; occurs near
villages.)

Endospermum MM Muell. “ Sendok-sendok.” A big
smooth grey bark, flowers green very sweet,
fruit as ien аз а pea, orange, sweet. e wood is used

to make clogs. Not rare, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang.

E. chinense Benth. Singapore, Wallich 7846; a doubtful
specimen.

Gelonium multiflorum Juss, Woods, Changi, Bukit Timah.

G. bijarium Roxb. Sea coasts, Changi, Pulau Ubin.

Megistostiyma malaccense Hook. fil. |. A stinging climber.
Garden jungle.

Homalanthus populifolius Grab, Occurs here and there, about
the Alexandra road and elsewhere, probably planted.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE; 143

Sapium sete — м tall tree, very common, Tanglin,
Jurong, Reservo

S, indicum Roxb. * Guring." Sea coasts, Kranji, Pasir Panjang.

о, е L. A smalil:tree full of poisonous milk,

s green, very fragrant, Sea coasts, often growing

betwee rocks, All round the coasts, Kranii, North
Selitar, Toas !

Sebastiania chamelea Muell. A herb. Sandy spots, Changi,
Blakang Mati.

URTICACEJE

Trema eaae Bl, A common shrub- in waste ground.
glin, Changi.

T. аа Bl. Not common, Changi.

T. timorensis Bl. Very common, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang.

Gironniera nervosa Planch. “Kasap.” А big tree, with small
bright orange-colored fruits. Common in woods, Tanglin,
Chan Chu Kang, Changi

G. subaequalis Planch. A big tree, less common, Tanglin, Chan
Chu Kang '

G. ген, Planch. A small tree in dense jungle common in
hill distriets of the peninsula, rare in Singapore,
Baki Timah, Kranji.

Streblus asper Lour. А climber with milky juice. Rare,
Ubin.

Sloetia sideroxylon Teysm. “Tampenis.” А big tree with

brown heart wood, one of * best timbers in the

region, being untouched by termites and unaffected by

ordinary decay for a very long time. The wood when

e
make carrying sticks, and gambier stirrers, etc, "There
isa good deal of difference in the size of the leaves

144 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE

according to the age of the tree. Young shoots from an
stump usually have large leaves, and it seems to me
at S. penangiana Oliv and 5. Wallichii King аге
mere states of S. sideroxylon, Teysm. The natives how-
ever certainly draw a distinction between some forms
calling S. W pa Tampenis putih and S. sideroxylon,
Tampenis Merah, i.e. red and white Tampenis, The
plant flowers wr readily, vu seedlings in a pot
sometimes flower and fruit when only a foot and a half
tall. The fruit is a soft white. ipe enclosed in = four
thickened white sepals, These are sweet and eatable
nd any pressure on them ejects the fruit w^ some
distance so that if a bird attempts to eat them the fruit
is thrown out.

Common in dry woods, open country, etc., especially the
broad leaved var. penangiana. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Changi,
ete,

Ficus. The figs are tolerably well represented T. no less than
35 species occurring in the island. They comprise creep-
ing shrubs, big climbers, erect shrubs Ion two feet tall
to trees of great size. The figs, none of which here are
eatable, are sought for by birds, especially pigeons, bul-
buls and starlings, and by fruit-bats, which frequent the
trees when in fruit in great numbers, and distribute the
seeds everywhere. The common Malay name for any
species of Ficus is © Ara." * Sipadik " js applied to many
scandent species, and * Kelampong" to such trees as
bear the figs clustered on the stem. Most of the trees
are of rapid growth with soft valueless timber.

F. pira Wall. Small tree, figs white, common, Bukit Timah,
Bukit Mandai, Pulau Ubi

F: akh ib м7 “ Ara Supudeh. " A shrub, often epiphytic

other t and sometimes killing them, figs small

MES Yer ane Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan
Kang.

(F. bengalensis L. A big tree, often planted.)

(F. religiosa LL Commonly planted. )

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 145

Lene Wall.. А medium sized tree, figs orange. Not

e near the sea, Changi, Batu Puteh, Chua Chu. Kang.

. annulata Bl. Climber or tree, figs vp and orange.. Rare,

Bukit Timah.

^. globosa Bl. A bushy tree, figs dark green, common in mm

Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Toas, Reservo

; к каср Wall. A small tree or epiphyte, figs 2 inches long

ange with darker spots, very handsome. Not rare, Ga-
ae, Bukit Timah, Changi, Selitar.

‚ obtusifolia, Rare, Pulau Ubin,
. altissima Bl. Big tree. Garden jungle, Serangoon.

* consociata Bl. Var. Murtoni. A tree or large shrub, figs

range. Not rare on the coast, Changi, Selitar, Ponggol,
Bukit Timah.

: procera Bl. А big tree. Fort Canning, Changi.

microstoma Wall. Not seen. Singapore, Wallich 4566.

^ indica var. Gelderi. An epiphyte or tree. Selitar, Pulau
Ubin.

n sumatrana, Tree, Chan Chu Kang.

t vie iie ra Мід. Big tree, not rare, Bukit Timah, Changi,
mer tl

i, Bajau, Serangoon.

binnendykit. Mangrove swamps, Jurong, Kranji, Tampenis.

* obtusifo'ia Roxb. Rare, Pulau Ubin ( Hullett ).
- Benjamina L. “ Waringin.” Commonly cultivated.

. аа Bl. Big tree, figs small white with pink spots. Chan
Timah.

u Kang, Bedok, Bukit

retusa var. nitida. Tree. Galang, Changi, Bajau.

146 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

*

M

^N

d

кы

E»

>

i

hy

=

мы

км

Е. 4

pisocarpa Wall. А big tree. Government House Grounds,
Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang

. callicarpa Miq. A big climber with flattened stem, figs

very large, pear-shaped orange with paler spots, very
On big trees, common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
an S-

* punctata Thunb, Slender climber on old stumps. Tanglin,
Chan

Chu Kang, Selitar, Tanjong

. apiocarpa Mig. Strong climber, figs pear-shaped large orange
red. Ta

nglin.

^ obscura Bl. Figs re white. Not rare, Bukit Timah,
Chu ,

a Chu Kang

^ levis BI. Rather NN Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin (Haullett ) ,

Chua Chu Kan

recurra Bl, var. aiaia. - Bajau, Sungei Morai, Kranji,
Chan Chu Kang.

y p Climber with yellow milk, figs ats pink. De-

s, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Кай

r "өш ug Climber, figs red or me (dns Tanglin,

Jukit Timah, etc. Very common

* diversifolia BI. Small shrub, terrestrial in sandy spots or

epiphytic in mangrove swamps. Var. oroidea. Very саас
mon, Changi, Kranji, Sungei Buluh, Teban, Selitar,
Pulau Tekong.

~ Mique'ii King. Medium to large tree, figs green with

whitish spots, at length dull red in clusters on the stem.
Very co common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.

* ribes Reinwdt. Singapore, Wallich; not seen.
4 ne s LE Bukit Timah, Changi, Chan Chu Kang
u Ubin

ж" s Wall. Tree with spreading crown, figs yellow.
very rare, Garden jungle, Changi.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 147

F. alba Reinwdt. A shrub leaves lobed and large when young
smaller and entire in older trees, white beneath, figs, yel-
low, becoming red. Very common in open country.

F. mae Reinwdt. A small shrub hood eno leaves and
olden hairy figs. Common in open country every where
Dr. King calls this 10 to 30 feet tall, pe pipa зыш
it from F. hirta by the latter being small and having lo
leaves. I have never seen this more than 5 or 6 feet tall,
апа the leaves are never

F. chartacea Wall. А very stender shrub with "7 small yel-
low figs. The lark is used for string. Common in thick
wocds, Garden Jungle, Changi, Bukit Mandai

Ariocarpus rigida В, “< Tampunei.” Monkey Jack. A very
ine large tree with rovnd yellow Faa, covered with
short spines and enclosing numerous seeds e ed in an
orange colored sweet pulp. An excellent fruit. Tanglin,
Changi, Chan Chu Kang.

A. Kunstleri King. “Getah Terap. ”
able in the sha
lobed, in adults ovate oblong entire.
for cordage, and as clothing by the Sakais.
used as birdlime. Common all over Singapore.

A. Lowti King. Rare. Bukit Timah.

A. Maingayi King. Rare, Toas.

A. Scortechinii King. Not rare, Garden jungle, Kranji.

A. неа Roxb. “Keledang.” A very large tree with ex-
t timber. Not common, TAN Changi.

A. Lakoocha Roxb. “Tampang Ambong.” Not rare, Bukit
Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Tanglin, ЛА Pulau Ubin.

А. Gomeziana Wall. “Tampang medium sized tr
Fruits smooth round, aed na айс outside, inside
rose pink, eatable but sour.

A. peduncularis King. Rare, Bukit Mandai.

The milk is

148 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE

4. — L., the Jack, * Nangka;" А. incisa L., Bread
and the “ Sukun” said to ай а variety of it; and A
sees Pers., the Champedak, are cultivated. The
latter may possibly be wild at Changi.

A. sp. Large tree with pinnate leaves and fruit-like that of A.
rigida, probably undescribed. Garden jungle, Pulau Ubin,
Bukit Timah-

. sp. Medium sized tree with small leaves, and small green
fruits with white flesh 14 inch long, seeds few | Garden
jungle.

Conocephalus pak pte. Bl A big NE shrub with large
le ompact heads of dirty white flowers, smell-
ing of pea » Not =e thick jungles, Bukit Timah, Bukit
Mandai, Pulau Ubi

С. amenus King. Flowers be. Dense jungles, Selitar, Pulau
Ubin.
C. Scoriechinii King. Singapore, Maingay, апі C. subtrinervius
iq. collected by Lobb, probably erroneously localised.
Fleurya interrupta Gaud, A weed, sometimes stinging. Tanglin.
(Pilea muscosa Lindl. Introduced, common in waste spots in gar-
dens, etc. )
са indica L. and var. аа ** Ubai- Ubai. ”
e

asa vegetable by the natives. A low weed, not
very common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.

F. pentandra Benn. A common weed, Tanglin, etc.

Pellionia sere kei “ Singapore Lobb,” doubtless an
error for Penan

Е к» molle Чым. Singapore, Wallich 4633 ; probably an
rror for Penang

Pipturus mollissimus Wedd. Shrub. Rare, Toas.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 149

JUGLANDES.

Engelhardtia Wallichiana Lindl. Tree with winged fruits,
Rare, Garden jungle.

Е. serrata Bl. Rare, Changi.
MYRICACE®.

Myrica Nagi Thumb. “ Gilinche.” А small tree with dark green
eaves and very small red drupes, — smaller than those
figured in the Botanical lice ine t. 5727. Соттоп
on the sea coasts, Toas, Changi, June: Blakang Mati;
rarer inland, Bukit Timah.

CUPULIFER.
Oaks and chestnuts are very abundant in Singapore, and are
e fairly large trees, the timber edo is usually

emarkably poor and valueless. When in flower, the
ait green blossoms are visited by myriads ‘of small blue-
bottle flies, with red heads. The fruits are sought for

and dispersed by squirrels.
Quercus oidocarpa Korth. Not common, Garden jungle.
Q. Wallichiana Lindl. Jurong, Changi.

Q. spicata var. graci ipes. “ Berangan Padi.” Bukit Timah,Pu-
lau Ubin. ni

Q. sundaica Bl. * Mempening Bagan.” Not rare, Changi,
Tengah.

Q. Lamponga Miq. Our commonest species. A medium sized tree
with leaves silvery on the back. Very common, Teng;
lin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang. A form passing into Q.
Ewyckii occurs in many spots. Selitar, etc.

. hystrix Korth. “ Mempening." Common Bukit Timah,
Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, Toas. -

e

e

. conocarpa Oudem. Common, Garden jungle, Reservoir,
Changi. i

1БО THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

Q. Bennettii Miq. Rare, Garden jungle, Bajau.
Q. Cantleyana King. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang.

Q. lucida Roxb. Common, Changi, Selitar, Bukit Mandai.

Q. toes pria Korth. А big tree, siig almost completely
nclosed in the very thin cup. Common, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, Changi.

Q. тарсан Endl. with таг) large disc-like acorns. Singa-
e, Wallich ; not see

Са astanopsis a De С. “Katek Tanga.” “ Berangan Ga-
jah.” A big tree with very eid spiny chestnuts, unea-
table. Common, Tanglin, Chang

С. We rii King. ira ingle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu

ang. Changi, commo

C. hystrix Dr С. Rare, Toas.

C. Hullettii T е without spines but stout ridges on
them table and good. Garden jungle, Bukit
Timah, SN. Bukit Mandai.

C.sp. Like the last, but the involucres are spiny, and leaves
smaller. Garden jungle, Changi.

C. nephelioides King. Rare, Bukit Timah, Pulau Damar.

C. sumatrana De С. Singapore, Wallich 2762; not seen.

CASUARINEJE

Casuarina —— ia Forst, “ Ru”, is often planted, and was
ly wild here formerly.

Н

CONIFERE.

Dacrydium elatum Wall. “Singapore, Schomburgk” in Flor.
Brit.Ind, must have been of course from a garden. The
tree Fire not occur wild at much less vae 2,000 feet
altitude in the peninsula.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 151
Podocarpus neglectus ВІ. * Sintada." Common in mangroves,
and all round the island, Kranji, Changi, Jurong, “Seran-
pah
P. neriifolia Don. Sea coasts, Changi.
Agathis loranthifolia Salisb. Very rare,a few young plants i in à
angi. This Damar tree is usuall
met with only = a altitude of about 2000 feet in these
latitudes, but b at Changi, and in the low country of
Siak, Sumatra, 1 yee found small plants growing far in
tie jungle.
GNETACER.
Gnetum йени ВІ. A big climber, fruit apricot color. Com-
n in forests, and in woods near the sea. Gan joe,
Chan Chu Kang, Kianji, Bajav, Pulau Tekong
G. macrostachyum Hook. fil. Not rare, Bukit Timah, Changi,
Jurong, Selitar
G. funicu'are BI A big climber, the bark used for making
string. Common, “Tanglin, ‘Sumbawang ‚ Kranji.
G. edule Bl. Rare, near Sel.tar.
CYCADACES.
Cycas Rumphii Mig. Sandy spots by the sea. Changi, Toas.

152 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

MONOCOTYLEDON ES.
HYDROCHARIDEX.

Hydrilla verticillata Casp. A common water weed in ditches
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang.

Blyxa on Ridl. An aquatic with grassy leaves. Tang-
n, Chan Chu Kang.

Enhalus Koenigii Rich. “Setul.” A marine plant with long
strap-like leaves. The male flowers are very small and
white, borne in a pair of large green boat-shaped bracts
оп the end ofa long stalk. When fully developed the
ж гезне rises to the surface, and the Howers break
and float away till they come in contact with a female
flower which they fertilise. The sea is sometimes sprin-
kled all over with them. The female flowers are solitary
inthe bracts. After fertilization the stalk contracts into a
spiral and the fruit is drawn down to the bottom of the
sea to ripen. It is ovoid, green and hairy, about 14 inch -
long. Malay children eat it. The EE ( Halicore )
lives mostly on the leaves of this plant. It is very abun-
dant in shallow bays in the Johore Strait, round ee
Mati and wherever the sea is shallow enough for

Haiophila ovata Gaud. А small creeping marine plant with
obovate leaves. Abundant in shallow bays in mud.
Changi, Blakang Mati.

BURMANNIACEAX.

Burmannia coelestis Don. * Sisik Naga.” А slender little plant
with blue urn-shaped flowers, in grassy spots, comm
Tanglin, Pasir Panjang, Mt. Faber.
В tuberosa ман А m эби saprophyte, usually almost
completely buried the ground. Flowers white
with yellow corolla lobes, scented of cowslips. Damp

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 153

jungle in rotten leaves, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah,
Bukit Mandai.

Thismia Aseroe Bece. А saprophyte, with urn- -shaped flowers,
he perianth lobes drawn out into tails yellow. Decaying
eaves in wet jungles. Fairy point, Changi (Beccari),
Bukit Timah, Kranji.

Th. fumila Ridl. * Somewhat like the last but smoky grey.
Rare, Chan Chu Kan

Gymnosiphon borneense Becc. An exceedingly fr agile little plant,

wi avender flowers. Dense jungles in rotten leaves,
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kan
ORCHIDEA.

oergie pred: epiphytic orchids with ensiform distichous
and a nder spikes of very small green, yellow

or ied flow

О. dissitifora Ridl. * Мары, Kranji.

O. lunata Lindi. Оп a high tree, Selitar, Bukit Timah.

О. anceps Lindl. Galang, Kranji:

O. miniata Lindl. “Singapore cultivated in Loddiges Garden,”
has not bee

o n seen here of late years, and is probably
an error of locality.

O. ciliolata Hook. fil. Mangrove swamps and orchard trees.
Kranji, Chan Chu Kang , Changi, Sungei Morai, Bukit
Timah,

Microstylis. Terrestrial orchids, with the stems usually swollen
se, thin-textured leaves, and small red green or
yellow flowers.

M. micrantha Hook. fil. A creeping plant with a rather t

ic stem, and lanceolate copper colored leaves
which “sparkle like the stone avantur " Flowe ers
very small red and yellow. Оп dead loaren, Bukit Man-
dai, Changi, Selitar.
20

154 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

M. congesta Rchb. f. Stem fallos at the base, flowers pink
Common in woods, Bukit Timah, Kranji, ваа
Рапдап

Liparis venosa Ridl. The finest in ће genus. Flowers fairly
arge, petals and sepals pun lip with dark red veins.
Terrestrial. Woods, very rare. Chan Chu Kang.

L. nervosa Lindl. Flowers yellow or purple. Terrestrial in
swamps among end in water Changi, Ang Mo Kio. near
the Reservior, Tang!

L. ce Lindl. MM with stiff leaves, and racemes of
all yellow flowers with a red lip. Common on ol
iiim mps d trees near the sea. Selitar, Kranji.

L. disticha Lindl. Epiphyte. The flowers crowded to the end
of the raceme with distichous часа; small, opening опе
at a time, apricot colored. a on. Mangrove swamps.

Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, et

Platyclinis longifolia Нет]. Ed te, forming large tufts,
with conical pseudobulbs, long narrow leaves and long
nodding spikes of brown flowers. It is easy to cultivate,
and flowers all the It Dry woods near the sea,
Kranji, Sungei Juron

Dendrobium longicolle Lindl. * Epiphytic, forming a de of long
slender pseudobulbs, bearing one leaf apiec , flowers
soltary on long stalks with long filiform peiale and a
vellow lip. Rare, grow with the last. Sungei Morai.
First discovered by Сш

ff gro er ) pumilum ue A little tufted plant with two

ау ach stem and one ог two small flowers, ею
or veined with purple. Not rare on trees. Mangro
swamps, orchards, etc. Kranji, Bajau, Selitar.

D. (Sect. Lesmotrichum) lonchophyl'um Hook. fil. Stems
branched and swollen at intervals. Flowers small and
fugacious, yellow with pink stripes. Common all over
Singapore, :

D. eriniferum Lindl, Flowers yellow spotted purple, lip with

ч
—

e

N
b

2

S

c

`

. Kunstleri
Buki

. sinuatum Lindl. Stems as the last

THE FLORA. OF SINGAPORE. 155
many yellow filaments on the end. Mangroves, Kranji,
Sungei Morai, Changi,

Hook. fil. Flowers cream color with pink spots
kit Timah, Kranji, Changi.
pallidiflorum Ridl.* Flowers yellowish white. Rare.
Kranji. :

laciniosum Ridl.* Flowers yellowish. Rare, Pulau Selitar.

. (Sect. aporum) Serra Lindl. Stems flat covered with: oppo-

site distichous triangular leaves sometimes red, flowers
very small, white. Common, Kranji, Changi, ete.

, but leaves longer ;

owers orange small. Common, Selitar, Kranji.

. eulophotum Lindl. Flowers yellow striped red. Common,

Kranji, Bajau.

rhizophoreti Ridl. Mangroves, Kranji, Sungei Buloh.

. atropurpureum Mig. Flowers brownish red or yellow.
Comm ji

on, Tanglin, Kranji.
Leonis Rchb. f. A stout plant with, triangular dull green flat
leaves and fairly large yellowish flowers spotted red,
scented of vanilla. On trees, common, Tanglin, Selitar.
Bukit Timah. ;

. prostratum Ridl. A smaller plant than the last, creeping on
the trunks

,
Mangrove swamps. Kranji, Selitar, Sungei
Blakang.
(Sect. strongyle) . This section has slender stems with
erete curved leaves,

. teres Lindl. Stems afo^t tall, flowers white, an orange

spot on the lip. Pretty but rare, on high trees, Toas.

| junceum Lindl. “Singapore Hort. Loddiges ;” probably an
error.

. aciculare Lindl. * Singapore,” probably an error.

156). — THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

D. subula'um Hook. fil, A small tufted plant, flowers sag
. with pink veins. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Selita

D. acerosum Lindl, Common, Kranji.
D. flexile Ridl. Rare, Bukit Timah.

D. (Sect. Virgatw) conosta'ir Rchb. f. Terrestrial, growing in
wa'er, with slender erect stems grassy leaves and small
brown flowers. “ Rumput Raja Sari" Changi, Bukit

andai.

D. villosu'um Wall. Like the last but hairy. On leaves in dry

oods, Bajau, Sungei Buloh, Kran nji.

D. (Sect. Bambusaefoliv) gemel‘um Lindl. Epiphyte with long
s'ender stems and pale yellow flowers. Common in man-
grove swamps.

D. pensile Ridl. A very curious plant with long hanging stems,

eshy leaves and yellow flowers in pairs. Mangroves,
Selitar.

D. (Sect. clavata) tu*eriferum Look., fil. tare, Selitar, Toas,

D. crumenatun Sw. The « pigeon orchid." V ery common
all over Singapore.

D. ne Dee oe i Lindl. A small plant with pale

ish owers. Not rare, Tanglin, Toas, Seli-
a ако
D. Lear bareng Ridl. A curious plant with long creeping stems
9 grassy leaves, flowers fawn color and white.
cs grows on Pandan ns, or deti or Coconut palms,
climbing up the stems. Bukit Mandai, Jurong.

D. (3ect. rur zu не Ridl.* A pretty plaut with bun-
ches of white flowers with a red and yellow lip, sweet
scented. а Toas, Sungei Morai.

D. euphlebium Rchb. f. Mangrove swamps, Kranji, Seliiar, Toas.

Р. flavidu'un Ridi. A tall slender plant with zoe or whitish
flowers. Kranji, Jurong. Mangrove sw

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 157

D. (Sect. Pedi'onum,) pyropum Ridl. A tall plant with bright
orange flowers, fairly large. Very rare, Chua Chu Kang.

D. lamellatum Lindl. An odd plant with ovate flat thin stems
a wW owers turning yellow. Damp woods, rare,
Changi

D. (Sect. speciosa) eite e. Wall. This well-known and
grand plant ha seers on a big fallen tree in
the forest at Chan Chu Kan

Bulbophyllum macranthum Lindl. Floran fairly arge pink, spot-
ted, scented of cloves. Common in w

D. patens King. Like the last but smaller, oat Chu Kang.

В. rugosum Ridl.* ^ Flowers yellow. Not common, Chan
Chu Kang.

В. pileatum Lindl. Selitar.

B. striatellum Ridl.* ее very small, yellow. Not com-
mon, Chan Chu Kan js

В. к Ridl. Abunda: it on mangrove trees. Sungei

1, Changi, Selita

В. avicella Ridl. On mangroves common, Kranji, Bajau.

В. баннер Lindl. аза on trees, Kranji, Tanglin,
Sungei Morai, Selita

D. concinnun Hook. Flowers small flame- еы Оп
mangroves ka Kranji, North Selita

B. vermiculare Hook. f. An inconspicuous little т with green-
ish white flowers. Mangroves, Kranji, Selitar, segi

,

В. adenopetalum Lind. * — Hort. Loddiges;" is
bly an error. It has never been found here again.
В. apodum Hook fil. Flowers small оз in spikes, floriferous.
Common, Kranji, Selitar
В. botryphorum Rill, Forms large tufts on trees, flowers in
ndulous bunches, purple. Mangroves, Kranji,
Toas, Sungei Buluh.

168 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

D. densiflorum Ridl.* A large long-leaved plant, flowers in
unches purple. Trunks of trees in woods. Seli tar, Choa
hu Kang, Bukit Timah, Kranji.

B limbatum Lindl, ‘Singapore, Loddiges;” locality doubtful.

D. Trifolium Ridl.* A curious plant ti hu flowers in a bunch
clover. Rare, Sungei Mor

D. yc aed Flowers on a long slender stem in a termina

e opening singly at intervals, large yellowish and
ide on trees in thick jungle. Bukit Mandai, Jurong,
Choa Chu Kang.

Cir йн sense эйт Liudl. Flowers in a dense mop-like head,
with long tails to the sepals, white with pink spots.
Stems ad эе б 0f trees in jungle often very high up,
on rocks. bm Galang, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Ken Pulau Ubi

C. vaginatum Lindl. joues pale yellow. On trees, common.

C. concinnum Hook. fil, Flowers cream with P spots or
entirely pink. Common, Bajau, Kranji. e

C. gamos epalum Griff. Common, Bajau, etc.

C. acuminatum Ridl.* Rare, Choa Chu Kang.

C. microbulbon Ridl.* Rare, Sungei Buloh.

C. linearifolium Ridl.* Kranji, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang.
C. semibifidum Ridl.* Rare, Kranji.

C. makoyanum Rchb. f. Rare, Chan Chu Kang.

C. citrinum Ridl. Flowers yellow. Kranji, Tanjong Gol.

C. Blumei Lindl. Mangrove swamps, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang.

Eria obliqua Lindl. A small plant with little white flowers.
Mangroves, Kranji.
E. floribunda Lindl. Flowers in dense spikes white with pink
lips, pretty conva Mangroves, Kranji, Sungei Bu-
loh, Sungei Mor.

THE FLORA OF SINGATORE, 159

Е, tenuiflora Ridl,. Flowers thin yellow. Sungei Morai, Toas.

E. bractescens Lindl. Trees, usually near the sea, Chan Chu
ulan Tekong, Pulau Selitar.
Е. pudica Ridl. Rare, Changi.
Е. endymion Ridl. Flowers white, sides of lip purple. Rare,
Selitar.

E. nutans Lindl. Common, Selitar, Toas, Kranji.
Е. neglecta Ridl. Common, Kranji, Selitar, Sungei Buluh.
Е. longe-repens Ridl. Not common, Sungei Morai.

E. pulchella Lindl. сей on trees or rocks. Kranji, Pulau
Tekong, Sungei Mora

pannea Lindl. On trees. ime Kranji, Chan Chu Kang.
stellata Lindl. Rare, Choa Chu Kang.

striolata Rchb. f. Rare, Kranji.

"a Lindl. Not uncommon, Kranji, Sungei Brih, Sungei

ог
oligantha Hook. fil. Local, Toas.
velutina Lindl. Common, Sungei Morai, Kranji, Jurong.

Phreatia minutiflora Lindl. A very small plant with minute
white flowers. Common in mangroves. Kranji, Toas,

Juron

Agrostophyllum majus Hook. fil. Common, Kranji, . Selitar.

ыч plicata Bl. A terrestrial orchid with pink flowers

mon in open country and on damp rocks. Tang-

lin, Bukit Timah, etc. Х

мазе pulchrum ВІ. Terrestrial. Damp woods, Bukit
Tim ukit Mandai, Sungei Brih.

DET тотты эзы! тинн, leaves purple.
Local, nji, Toas, Selita

P. javanica Bl. pauses flowers red and s Woods,
local. Chan Chu Kang, Choa Chu Kang

160 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

Р, foetida Ridl. Wet woods. Bukit Timah.

бета viridiflora Hook. fil. A creeping plant climbing up
rees. Flowers ve green. Common, Garden jungle,
«ejes, etc.
Ceelogyne ке Lindl. Sandy places near the coast on trees
umps or on the ground, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang,
Bangi Morai.

C. Rochussenii De Vr. Not common, Selitar.

C. Cumingii Lindl. Bukit Timah, on high trees,

С. Mareriana Rchb. f.. Flowers green and black, on palm trees
near the sea. Very local, Sungei Buluh, Kranji, on high
trees, Bukit Timah.

Calanthe cureuligoides Lindl. A beautiful terrestrial plant, with
apricot orange flowers with red lips, in a dense spike.
Common, Choa Chu Kang, Kranji Toa Payoh, Bukit
Ti mah.

Dilochia = ae Lindl. Singapore ( үн No. 1952 ), has
ne een found again in the penins

Eulophia sete Lindl. Terrestrial, flowers pink and green.
Ope Ssy spots, common. Tan nglin, Changi, Chan Chn

Е. graminea Lindl. “ Bawang hantu.” Common in eg spots.
Tanglin, Choa Chu Kang, Chan Chu Kang

Cymbidium alvifolium Sw, Epiphytic. AN on the island
and Pulau Ubin.

var. pubescens less common, Sungei Buluh, Jurong.
Grammatophyllum speciosum Bl. Rare, Toas, Pulau Ubin.
prm MO Rchbf. Climbing on small trees, in woods.
on, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang.

c palustris Lindl. Open grassy and sandy spots, very
common, Flowers white lip pink and yellow. Sweet-
scented,

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 161
B. sylvestris Ridl. In dense woods, local. Kranji, Changi, Toas,
: ngei Morai.
B. a'ticola Rid', On high trees, common, Bukit Timah, Bukit
Panjang

B. aporoides Rchb. f. On lofty trees. Bukit Timah, Selitar.
pe aS od singapurensis wes * Оп trees near mangrove swamps,
Sungei Mora
A denoncos virens Bl. A small epiphyte with green flowers. Com-
nor on mangroves, Kranji.
geste alha t os Pulau Selitar and other islands
und the c
R. elongata Lindl. us Pu'au Ubin; Roadside, Bukit Timah.
R. Maingayi Hook. fil. Pulau Selitar.
Renantherella histrionica Ridl. Rare. Mangroves, Serangoon.

Rhynchostylis gigantea Ridl. Very rare, one plant on a tree at
Selitar.

ассо! -= Салли п те ko fil. А very small plait with
e white tlowers. Common in mangroves, Kranji,
ee Buluh.
Microsaceus javensis Bl. A lia Kranji.
Tenioph тина serrula Hook.f. А leafless epiphyte with long
ots and small eiii and white flowers. Common, man-
pee ds orchard trees, etc. Tanglin, Toas, Kranji, etc.

Cleisostoma A Lindl. Singapore, according to Lindley.

e "d n Eid ? (non aliorum). A common plant in the
Peninsula. I am doubtful as to its identification with
Lindley's plant. ^ Not common, Jurong.

тее halophilus Ridl. On trees by the sea, Ta Kranji,
ngei Morai, Sungei Tengeh, Pulau Tekon

21

=

162 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

S. densiflorus Par, S. castaneus Ridl. Rare, on а tree, Dalvey
road. This " чө) Dr. King, Ann, Bot. Сата, Cal-

. cutta Pl. 8 ег the 1 name of (leisostoma spicatum, but

it is not a Cleisostonit at all, as I understand the genus.

but he says the flowers are pilose and the lip is longer
than the spur, which does not apply to this plant.

саан ыр caligaris Ridl. On tree trunks in dense woods.
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kan

S. adnatus Ridl. Very rare, Toas.

` Thrirspern un li! Sv Rchb. fil. Scrambling among bushes and
rass in mps. Flowers lilac or w ite. Common,
Selitar, Changi, Ang Mo Kio, Balestier plain.

Th. — Rchb. f. Grows in great masses on the ground or |
rees. Flowers white sweet fugacicus. Common,
Kranji Sungei Morai, Bukit Timah Road, Pulau Ubin,

Pulau Tekong.

T. — йез Rchb. f. On trees, flowers yellow dotted red with
ry long tails to the sepals and petals. Rare, Selitar,
T. notabile Ridl.* Leaves dull red, flowers pink, on trees. Rare
Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Manda ai.
Dendrocolla maculata Ridl.* Rare, Bukit Mandai.
D. trichoglottis Ridl. Very common on orch ards, and gardens.
small plant with а yellowish flowers, Whole
island,

D. filiformis Rid!, Leaves long slender rterete, flowers white.
On orchard trees, rare, Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang,
vey road.

Acriopsis javanica Reinwdt. Epiphyte with slender panicles of
pink flowers. Trees, "eis country. Very common, Tang-
lin, Changi, Kranji, e

A. Pidleyi Hook. fil.* Flowers е», very rare, one plant only
found at Bukit Mandai

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 163

Pode ке microphyllus Lindl, A small creeping epiphyte with
white flowers, on mossy trees, common. Chan Chu Kang,
үн Мо Kio, Kranji.

“КЕ bifaria Lindl. Common on trees, Sungei Могай,
Kranji, Bukit Timah.

A. ca'losa Bl. Very common, Bukit Timah, Sumbawang.
A. Lewisii Griff. Singapore (Wallich); not seen.

A. lucida Ridl. Mangrove swamps. Common, Kranji, Chan Chu
ng.

Thelasis elongata Bl. Common, mangroves, Kranji, etc.

Oxyanthera elata Hook. f. Mangroves, common, Kranji, Sungei
Buluh.

О. decurva Hook. fil. Common, mangka, Serangoon, Selitar,
Kranji

Зее P sites sarrophytes with lorg straggling yellow
nches, no leaves white or yellow flowers, growing
ae long rass or over stumps or tree trunks, or
even over native huts. |
G. a'tissima Rchb. f. Not common, Chan Chu Kang.
G. hydra Rchb. f, Krangi, Sungei Buluh.
сти. Grifithit Rchb. f. Flowers nes fruit sweet, not
nilla scented. Local. Pulau Ubin

аг longiflora Hook. fil. А tall leafy ее about six feet
tall with sweet em flowers. Damp woods. Pulau
Ubin, Choa Chu Kan

Vryda; oes = Bl. i small ground .orchid, flowers white.
oods. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu

V. lancifolia Ridl. Local, Bukit Timah.

V tristriata Ridl. * A very small plant, leaves reddish olive

164 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
with 3 pink stripes. Very wet spots in jungle, rare, Chan
Chu K
Maco:les: Petola Lindl. Leaves bright green with gold veins.
are, Selitar.

Cystorchis variegata Bl. Leaves apple green with darker mark-
ings Common in wet woods. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit
Tima
var. purpurea. Leaves purple. Choa Chu Kang.

Hylophila mollis Lindl. Wet woods, common. Chan Chu Kang,
Choa Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Kranji.

Hetaria obliqua BI. Rare, Bukit Timah.

Aph;llorchis ра! Іа Bl. А leafless saprophyte, straw color.
Not rare, Tanglin, Reservoir woods, Bukit Timah.
Aneactochilus geniculata Ridl. Leaves ы red with gold veins,

oods, Toas, Chan Chu Kang, et
Cryptost,lis arachnites ВІ. Rare, Bukit Timah, Pulau Damar.
Pogonia punctata Bi, Rare, Bukit Timah.
Didymop'eais pallens Griff. Leafless гога saprophyte. Not
common, Chan Chu Kang, Baj

gagi at ma mal ссепгіз Ridl. A black wiry leafless plant with
ish flowers, Conti in woods, Bukit -Timah, -Bajau,
ete
Gastrocia javanica Lindl. Rare, Chan Chu Kang,-Bukit Mandai.
Habenaria singapurensis Ridl, * Very rare, Choa Chu Kang
woods.

H. lacer! ifera Benth. Small white flowered p orchid.
Jommon along paths, in grass, etc. Whole island.

=

‚ Muingayi King. * “Singapore Maingay.” І have not seen
this, and hardly see how it differs from the last, which is
a somewhat variable plant.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 165

APOTASIACES, `
sires ale Өү la В. В". Shrubby plant with narrow leaves and

white flowers. - Very common in dry woods, Bukit
Tim i ete.

Neuwiedia Lindleyi Rolfe. A tall handsome plant with bright
yellow flo . Not rare, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
Chua Chu Kang.

N. Curtisii Rolfe, Rare, Changi, Kranji. This is the Tupistra
singapuriana of Wallich's Catalogue.

N. Grifirhii Rchb. f. Stems creeping, flowers white, Wet

Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Sungei Morai, Chan
hu Kang, Jurong.
SCITAMINEX.

The Gingers con Т been described in a previous number
of the

Globba. qnom je w oods, Bukit Timah, ete.

GI. uliginosa Miq. Bukit Mandai.

Gl. leucantha Mig Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.

Curcuma zeloaria Rosc. Abandoned gardens. Reservoir, Bukit
Man dai, etc

Costus ғ ngan, Sm. Common, Jurong, Bukit Timah, etc,
г. argyrophyllus Bukit Tim

G: сн ВІ. Rocky places, Bukit pi

Zingiber zerumbet Sm, Waste ground.

Z. gracile Jack. Bukit Timah.

Z. puberula Ridl. Common, Bukit Timah, сате Bajau.
Z. Grifithit Bak. Bukit Timah.

Amomum hastilabium Rid). Bukit Timah, Selitar.
Horustedtia scyphus Retz. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah.

166 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

Н, Leonurus Retz. Common. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit
Panjang.

Н. megalochilus Ridl. Rare, Bukit Mandai.

H. conica Ridl. Rare, Bukit Panjang.

H. Maingayi Ridl. Local, Bukit Timah, Sungei Buluh.

Plagiostachys lateralis Ridl. Local, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai,
Reservoir woods

Elettariopsis latiffora Ridl. Common, Bukit Timah, Kranji, Sun-
gei Buluh.

Alpinia melanocarpa Ridl. Sandy spots near the sea. Kranji,
Selitar.

А. Galanga L. Waste ground and gardens.

A. Raflesiana Wall. Not common, Sungei Buluh, Changi, Toas.
Donax grandis Ridl. Bukit Timah, Bukit Panjang.

Phrynium Griffithii Bak. Common, Bukit Timah, Jurong.

( Canna indica L. and С. Warcewiczii. Garden escapes, Tang-
lin, ete. )

OPHIOPOGONES.
Pe‘iosanthes violacea Wall, Dense woods, Bukit Timah.
P. viride Ridl. Common, Chan Chu Kang, Ang Mo Kio.
i AMARYLLIDEX.

Curculigo recurvata Dryand. “Lumbab.” Common in open
country, Bukit Timah, etc.

С. latifolia Dryand. Very common and yariable. All over the
island,
Ci vi: bosa, Wall. C. latifolia, var, villosa Bak. This is a very dis-

tinct species from C. latifolia. The leaves are narrow lan-
ceolate acuminate caudate stiff, glabrous above, cobwebby

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, _ 167

уе
Sepals € о petals shorter and blunter. Fruit
with beak o ch greenish white. Seeds few black
about half as Si as those of C. latifolia Dry. Not rare,
in long grass and SANE growth. Bukit Timah,
Tanglin, Chua Chu Kan

Crinum asiaticum L, * der ng." The common white sea shore
тит, С. pedunculatum Br. is said to differin the long-
redicelled ae ie elongate root stock. I have only

seen one species in Singapore and Penang, and that has .

open about 6 p. m. and are sweet scented, and v at-
tractive to hawk moths. Sea coasts, Kranji, Selitar, Pulau
in.

Eurycles sylvestris Salisb. Is probably native here. It occurs
n the sea sand at Changi, Bajau, etc., and is often culti-

ТАССАСЕЖ,
Tacca cris'ata Jack. Common in woods, Bukit Timah, etc.
DIOSCOREACER.
Dioscorea demona Roxb, “Gadung,” A fairly large climber
ith prickly glaucous stems, The tubers sliced and
washed in running water are eaten, but unless so washed
are stated to be poisonous. Common in villages ; I have
never seen it elsewhere.

D. pi yrifolia Kunth. Common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
Bukit Mandai, Sungei Pandan
D. oppositifolia L. Garden jungle, Selitar, Bukit Mandai Road,

D. laurifo’ ia Wall. Woods and edges of jungles, common,
Tanglin, Sungei Morai, Bukit Timah, Changi.

168. THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

D. deflexa Hook, fil. “Singapore Maingay”; not seen.

D. polyclades Hook. fil. Not common. Sungei Pandan.

. glabra Roxb. . Tanglin, Bukit Mandai.

D. sativa L. ‘ Ubi Kistala.” Waste ground and hedges, com-

S

(D. alata L. The yam is often cultivated.)
ROXBURGHIACE®.
Stemona tuberosa Lour. Not common, Bukit Timah.

LILIACES.
Smilax calophy'la Wall. А dwarf erect shrub with yellow flowers
and red berries. Common in dense jungle. Garden jun-
gle, Changi, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah, ete

S. myosotiflora А. De С. Slender climber flowers green. Rare,
Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang.

5. megacarpa Roxb. Not common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.

S. barbata Ма. А strong climber with Mee stems. Com-
mon all over Singapore, Tanglin, etc.

S. em credis Bl. with large lanceolate acuminate = ves broad at

solitary umbels on stout peduncles 2 inches lo
Tanjong Katong ( Hullett ›, Bukit Mindat, Bukit gini

кше ensifo^ia Red. * Lenjuang." Негр, flowers yellow-
and fruit me or flowers and fruits blue. Common
all over Singapo

Dracena үн iba. fil. A tree about 20 feet tall т?
ut 4 inches through, leaves narrow and dar

green, ‘towers white in large panicles. A beautiful мз

In Journ. Bot. Apr. 1896. I confused this with D.

а Wall, а low shrub occurring in the Dindings.

=» Bukit Tinah, Bukit — Choa Chu

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 169

D. о» Roxb. А low shrub. Common, thick jungles,
Garden jungle, Selitar, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
D. Porteri Bak. Common іп thick jungles. Garden jungle,

Jurong, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin.

D. aurantiaca Wall. D. Cantleyi Bak. А shrub little or
not branched, leaves green or purple ч к. ani rings.
Flowers purple rarely white, fruit o spots
all over Singapore, common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Seli-
tar, ,

р, Нез yi ое ‘fil. A big tree, Sandy zd near the sea.
: gi, Sungei Morai, “Bukit Pa anjang, Toa

D. pee Ridl.* Woods, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah.

s

gracilis Wall. Common in _dungles, Garden jungle, Chan
Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai

(Cordyline уне the Dracæna of Gardens, is not wild any-
where in the peninsula, it is cultivated only.)

РОХТЕРЕКІАСЕ Ж.

Monochoria hasteefolia Presl. Aquatic, Bowers light blue. Com-
‚ Galang, Ang Mo Kio.

M. лч: + Flowers dark blue. Common in ditches
all г Singapore; the var, plantaginea is even com-
PHILYDRACEX
Philydrum lanuginosum Banks. Local. Wet sandy spots,
Bedoh.

XYRIDEX,
Xyris ree € A tufted gra:sy plant vom terminal cones
n bracts, with fugacious yello owers. Sandy

pie йын, plain Macpherson Ком, Uhangi, Pulau

X. schwnoides Mart. Balestier plain, Reservoir.

170 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

COMMELINACEJE

Pollia sorzojonensis Endl, Herb, flowers whte. Jungle, Pulau
Ubin.

Commelina nudiflora L. “ Rumput Aur.” Common weed үт
lue flowers opening in the early morning and soon
withering. Common all over Singapore.

C. di ome L. Weed in cultivated ground, flowers blue.
Tanglin, Galang.

uir cde nuliflerum Br. Small weed with pink flowers, waste
und, Tanglin

A. vaginatum Вг. Telok Kurau.
Forrestia mollis Hassk. “ Setawa? А tall erect plant about,
4 fe ss high, with white flowers and pink capsules.

Common in jungles, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Tampenis,
йомо. Pulau Ubin.

F. posl tees Hassk. Stout creeping plant, flowers white. Cap-
urple, Rocks, Bukit Timah.
- Cyanotis cristata €. B. C. Sanly shores. Changi, Teluk Kurau.
Floscopa scandens Lour. Damp spots, Tanglin, Galang.
FLAGELLARIEÆ.
Fiageligria indica L. * Rotan Binni.” Stems used:for making
baskets. Common in mangrove swamps and. other places

near the sea. Bajau, Changi, Pulau Ubin
van minor Jurong, Selitar, Bajau.

Susum anthe'minticum BI. Common in jungle. Bukit Timah,
Лап Chu Kang.

PANDANEX.

Pandanus ge ocarpus Griff. * Mengkuang.” The biggest spe-
Лез here, often 40 feet high with very long leaves used
for Kajangs, and ataps, baskets, hats, etc. Common ail
over Singapore, in swamps.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 171

P. Howulletii Carr, About 15 feet tall, leaves large, dark 1ed
when young. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah.

P. fascicularis Lam. “Pandan Duri.” A large much branched
plant, with heads of fruit as large as a man's head, bright
orange. Sea coasts, and often planted. The leaves used
for mats апа baskets. Common, Changi, Bajau, Blakang
Mati, Pulau Ubin.

P. ornatus Kurz. A bush with narrow glaucous leaves. Bukit
Timah,

P levis UM * Pandan Jelinkeh," with glancous unarmed
ves, is eir cultivated, the leaves used to flavour rice,
й аѕ а регѓише.

D. parrus п. sp. Pandanus 15 Wook, Fl. Brit, Ind. Vol. vi. 487.

This has never been completely мо nor named so I
give a description of it here, Stem 3 feet tall or less, anl 4
inch in circumference erect grey, emitting long slender roots
from all parts often producing shoots at the base seldom branch-
ed higher up. Leaves a foot long and 3 inches wide abruptly
caudate асишіпа" e, the point 2 inches long very slender dull
green above glaucous beneath rather thin in ies mue very
small numerous on the edges and keel at the apex, on the
keel at the base of the leaf. Male spadix six ehas koni rachis
white. Bracts oblong boat-shaped keeled mucronate lowest 4
inches long, the mucro one inch long in the two lowest bracts
which are ‘empty, the upper bracts smaller with the keel, edges,
and point green and armed with short stiff spiny bristles. Flow-
єй bracts 7, softer than the lower ones ivory white spinulose
ovate to ovate lanceolate, the terminal one flat lanceolate barely
1 ап inch long. Spikes 5 shorter than the bracts except the ter-
minal one $ inch long, Stamens free very slender j inch long.

male spadix solitary globose about 15 inch long ca arpels conic
ibat кор passing into а long brown shining upcurved spine
nearly 4 inch long.

Dry woods, commo Bukit Mandai, Bidadari, Changi,
Kranji, kingan Pandan, prem Ubin. Also occurs in Johore,

142 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

Perak, Sungei Ujong and Malacca. This is a very distinct little
species, and one of the smallest known to me. ‘The male plants
are very rare. I have only met with опе, and have never seen -
ripe fruit.

Three other Pandans occur here which I cannot at present
identify.

P. near P. helicopus Kurz. but with very short styles to the
fruit, leaves broad and very thorny at the tip. Woods,
Bukit Timah.

Р. нр; CUM slender about 5 feet tall much branched, leaves

rrow fruit cylindric 3 ^ Jong and one inch through.

Caveats small narrowed into a single curved spine.
Streams, Bukit Mandai, Bukit “Timah,

Р; эр. tall plant about 10 feet high, with long glaacous leaves’
-14 inch broad, tips deflex Fruits about 5 in
spike subglobose оп a stout dni, each 3 inches Кае
carpels acuminate into а long spine conic, orange color
Forming large thickets i in swamps near Bukit Mandai on
the road to Kranji,

Freyeinetia angustifolia Bl. А slender climber with narrow
leaves, often covering trees like a mat. Spathes apricot
orange. common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Kranji.

F. ageman Penn, Leaves broader spathes yellow. .Com-

1, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah, Kranji.

F. ч Bl? A very stout climber much bigger than the
others. Thick woods. Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang,
Chua Chu Kang.

PALME.
( qe Catechu jl. ЕРИ Betel-nut. Commonly culti-
ated, it does not seem r6 be known wild any where.)
pod coronata Bl. Rare, Selitar.

P. disticha Bl. A dwarf palm with. mottled leaves, Rather
rare, Selitar,

^

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 173

Р. TN Scheff. A tall slender palm. Chan Chu Kang
voods,

P. iode Scheff. ? Mac Chan Chu Kang. The only speci-
п I have closely resembles this plant which is other-
wise a native of our hills at 2,000 feet upwards.

Е Алчын Bece, “Singapore Lobb ; " doubtless an error for
Penang.

Nenga W ыстаал var. Malaccensis. * Pinang Umu.” About 15
feet tall fruit black on a red spalix. Flowers cream
ах ur, a woods common, Garden road, Chan Chu
Kang.

Ptychoraphis singaporensis Bece. “ Kerintin.” A tufted palm
about 10 feet tall. Abundant in dry woods, Garden
jungle, Bukit Timah.

Cyrtostachys Lakka Becc. The sealing-wax palm. “Pinang
Rajah.” Wet places near the sea, common, Kranji, Toas,
Chua Chu Kang.

Oncesperma horrida Scheff. “ Bayas.” A big thorny palm,
common in dense jungle. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.

О. tigillaria. Areca tigillaria Griff. “ Nibong.” Like the Ba-
as, but with drooping bii and smaller Е -— e
distinct from the Javanese 0. filamentosa ВІ. ich is
made a synonym in yr. Brit. Ind. The oti is used
: in

several other species under the names of Lenou,
siad е5 but they do not seem to me to be specifically
istin
Т, mame et EK Ti s Bece. Not common. Streams in thick
jungle, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai,
J. Malaccensis Becc. Rare, Chan Chu Kang.

di пее havi fil. ‘Singapore Lobb”; evidently an
r for Penang.

174 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

only cultivated. ) :
Caryota mitis Lour. “ Tukus." Common in woods, Grange Road,
: Bukit Timah.

(Arenga saccharifera- Lalill. “ Kabong," Sugar palm, is com-
mot ;

Orania macrocladus Mart. “Ebol” A noble palm about 40 feet
all. Rare in Singapore. Some trees at Chan Chu Kang.
More abundant in Pulau Ubin.

Nipa fruticans Wurmb. “ Nipah?” Common in tidal mud, all
round Singapore. 1 have found fruits of this in the
swampy ground of the Botanic Gardens near Cluny road,
showing that the Bukit Timah stream was formerly tidal
and salt as far iuland as this,

Phenix sp. А few plants of a wild date occur scattered about
round Singapore, at Toas and elsewhere, but I have never
been able to get fruits or flowers.

Licuala ferruginea Becc. “ Palas." А stem-less palm with
orange colored flowers and pink fruits. Common in jun-
gle, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.

L. triphylla Griff. A very pretty dwarf species, local, thick
woods, Changi.

L. spinosa Wurmb. Woods, Pulau Ubin.

L. acutifida Mart. ‘Singapore Lobb”; evidently an error for
Penang.

-s

Liristona Kingiana Becc. А tall palm about 40 feet or more with
large fan shaped leaves. Dense woods, Choa Chu Kang,
Toas, Kranji.

branches and bunches of fruits in such a way that the bats
tsar their wings when they fly to the tree.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 175

C. javensis Bl. “ Rotan Lilin.” A fine slender rattan, Kranji,
Bukit Timah,

C. diffusus Becc. “Singapore Lobb.” 1 know nothing of this,

C. Singaporensis Bece. Forest near the Botanic Garden, Mur-
t very imperfectly known plant. onot know
it, and can find nothing like it there now.

C. pallid ulus Becc. Rare, Jalan Bray,
C. Oxleyanus Teysm. Rare, Toas.

C. insignis Griff. Bukit Timah.

C. densiflorus Весе. Bukit Mandai.

C. Lobbianu: Bece. A short-stemmed species, with dark green
eaves with white backs, and curious black fruits. Bukit
Timah, Selitar.

C. n. sp. near radulosus. Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai.

eka a grandis Mart, |. * Rotan РКС Common, Gar-
n jungle, Bukit Timah, Selita

D. hygrophilus Mart. “ Rotan Sepat.” Chua Chu Kang, Chan
Chu Kang.

D. angustifolius Mart. Garden jungle, Changi, Selitar.
D. intermedius Mart. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.

Mo Kio, Bukit Mandai.

D. didymophy!lus Becc. Common, Bukit Timab, Changi, Toas,
Selitar.

D. propinquus Bece. “Rotan Bakau.” Kranji, Bukit Arang,
Ang

D. leptopus Mart. Bukit Timah, Selitar.

D. hystrix Mart. “ Rotan Sabut,” Very common, Garden jungle,
Bukit Timah, Selitar.

D. genicu'atus Mart. Bukit Timah, Toas.

176 THE SCITAMINEJE OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

genera. Donax, of which there are two species, is a tall stem-

Er ии much branched ош она leaves, and slender pani-

cles of white flowers, on zig-za nches. Phryniwm, is stemless,

the leaves are usually large anal C эё produced from the
ome, the inflorescence, of simple or compound spikes, prole.

duced directly Hem Los root stock or from the side of the petiol
ere are six spec

Phrynium variegatum Hort, is an ornamental vatiety of the
common arrowroot, Maranta arundinacea L. which has been cul-
tivated in the Botanic Gardens Sin ngapore for many years and
was thence introduced into European Gardens, but its original
home is lost.

Donax grandis Rill. Clinogyne со Benth. п Pl. iii. 651.
Maranta grandis. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 6

A very large plant growing 15 feet or more high wi
e

branches clustered and jointed on а thickened portion
i gb ies neas thickened at the unn and. spread-
8 ovate acute а foot long and six inches wide base
odd. аен nies green, the large nerves distinct, pe-
tiole an inch long, sheaths six inches or more, no ligule. Race-
mes slender numerous hanging from the upper leaf axils, about
а foot long, rachis slender zig-zag. ^ Bracts narrow lanceolate
acute. Flowers rather distant opening singly white shortly pe-
dicelled. Sepals lanceolate acuminate 2 inch long white pubes-
cent. Corolla tube 2 inch, lobes as long lanceolate acute. Lip
yellow oblong obovate obtuse with а large ridge towards the
base. Stamen petaloid oblong, cucullate one сас bc. а large
curved side lobe, antheriferous one ver ar. Style
short. Fruit globose white 3 inch long. pre Bus (rarely 2)
light brown globose with a “groove on one side.

In woods. се = va ae from Tenasserim to
Singapore. Singapore, etc. Johore, Sungei Ulu
Sembrong. (Lake and Ка) ioe Bukit Sedanan, Pan-
chur, Pond Sungei Udang. Negri Sembilan. Tampin, Berum-
- ban. Pahang, Tahan river. Selangor, Caves Kwala Lumpur.

Perak, Thaiping Hills, Telok S Sera, Dindings. Siam, Bangtaphan

`

THE SCITAMINEZX OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 177

(Dr. Keith) Borneo, Rejang (Dr Haviland). “ V obici of
the Malays. The stems are used for making bask

Donaz arundastrum Lour. Flor. Cochinchinensis p. 15. — Clinogyne
dichotoma Salisb, Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 276. Phrynium dicho-
tomum Roxb. As. Res. XI, 324. Maranta dichotoma, Wall,
Cat. 6614. M. ramosissima Wall. 6615.

Stems numerous about 8 feet tall nearly an iuch through,
branches dichotomous terete thickened at the base deep dull

late involute green one inch long. owers white opening one

at а time, two to a bract. Pedicels short with а small ochre-
yellow conic gland some way below the ovary. Sepals spathu-
late the upper one the largest 14 inch long 4 inch wide at the

а tongue-shaped process in the mouth and a line of hairs down
the centre. Petaloid stamen 14 inch long bilobed lobes rounded
u inch across. Antheriferous stamen adnate to lip with a
slender filament and narrow anther. Cucullate stamen bilobed at
the apex. Style stout stigma horse-shoe shaped. Fruit globose.
Common on river banks in thickets. It is called * Bemban
Ayer." Johore, Kota Tinggie. Pahang, Pekan and a long way
up the river. Kelantan, genda Selangor, Langat. Perak,
Kinta river (King 831); I It occars also in India, Siam
(Bangtaphan, Dr. Keith) dn the Eastern islands. (Celebes, Dr.
Koorders).

Loureiro's description might very well and even better
apply to the last species, but he quotes Rumphius' picture (Herb.
Amboinense Book 6, t. 7. which is evidently this species. His
name Arundastrum is quoted in the Flora of British India as
Arundinastrum. It is Arundastrum in the two editions I have

ere. The plant is much smaller than D. grande but has larger
flowers. с ЭЖ

178 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

s. Garden Road, Kranji, Chua Chu Kang, Bukit
soa ig ШЕ Timah.
s ee Jungh. * Kelamoyiang.” Dense swam-
igle, Selitar, Changi, Bukit Timah.

Н. coerulescens Jungh. Common in jungles, ee and banks.
Tanglin, Changi, Bukit Timah, Kranji, Selita

Н. paludesi Hook. fi'. Wet yee! woods, Mot Kranji,
Bukit Timah, Toas, Ang Mo Kio, Jurong

H. m Hook. fil. A small plant leaves dein velvety green
urple according to locality. Common in woods, and
vei variable. Bukit Timah, Selitar, Reservoir woo s.

H. са Hook. fil. Common in eg Jungle, Bukit Timah,
it Mandai, Tanjong Gol, S

Н. Kingii Hook. fil. Singapore, swamps (King). Not seen.

H. ovata Hook. fil. Singapore ( Wallich ). Not seen.

H. singaporensis Regel. An altogether doubtful plant, cultivated
in Russia.

Schismatog!ottis Wallichii Hook. ti, Dense € in ravines

abundant. Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kan

S. longipes Miq. Leaves ovate cordate dark gates with a light
green bar running round the centre. Abundant, rocky
ravines. Bukit Timah.

Anadendrum montanum Schott. Climbing on trees low dori.
Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.

4. medium Schott. Pothos lifuria Wall. Pothos celaticantis of
Ga The young plant grows flat on trees and rocks
with close set distichous velvety green leaves and has long
been cultivated under the last name in Ёш оре. This
form gradually passes into the adult which bas stalked
lobed and perforate leaves like those cf Monstera. Not
rare, Bukit Timah, Jurong, Bida lari, Reservoir woods.

jagan pic'us Hassk. А well known ornamental climber
vith green leaves tod with silver. Common in woods

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 179

but rarely to ! e met with in flower, Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Ka

Se. hederacea Schott. Climber. Common thick woods, Bukit
ah, Sungei Buluh, Sungei Tengeh, Chua Chey: Kang,
Bidadari.

Raphidphera Lobbii Schott. Woods, Bukit Timah.
R. minor Hook, fil. Rire, Toas.
R, gracilipes Wool, f.? Rare, Chan Chu Kang.

Epipremnum n Schott. А strong creeper, with very
large leathery leaves on trees and stumps common, Chan
Chu Каз; Bedoh, Sungei Blukang.

Lasia ee Schott. Tidal mud, also inland on muddy
am banks, Chua Chu Kang

O lasioides Griff. Common in marshes. Tanglin, Ju-
ong, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai.

Pothos Curtisii Mock. f. Climbirg on trees, Bukit Mandai, К:ап-
(Acorus Ca'umus L. © Deringu" cultivated and occuring as an

escape. It rarely lowers here, but I found it in. flower
in June 1899.)

LEMNACE.E.
Lemna pau icostata Пешеп. Ditches, Tangl-n, Galang, ete,
L. рор Лига. Ditches, Tanglin,
L. sp. near L. trisulca, L.. Galang.
Wolfia arhiza Wimm. Ditches, Alexandra road.
TIU RIDE.

Seiuphi'a affiuis Весе. A minute slender plant pink with violet
its. Not rare, dense jungle among dead leaves. Bukit

180 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Selitar. I doubt this being dis-
tinct from Blume’s Se. tenella.
NATADACER,

Naias minor All, Ditches, Gardens, often a perfect pest in the
Gardens lake.

ERIGCAULONE®.
Eriocaulon. sexangulare L. Very common all over Singapore.

E. truncatun Ham. Damp sandy spots, common, Tanglin,
Tamryenis, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang

CYPERACER.
Kyl'inga cylindrica Nees. Rare, sandy spots. Cathedral close.
К. melanosperma Nees. Rare, in long damp grass. Tanglin.
K. brevifolia Rottb. Very common, whole island.
К, wonocephala Rottb. Whole island.
Pycreus nitens Nees. Rare, damp sandy spots, Selitar, Changi.

P. моне pi Very common, waste ground and open
spots ғ. laxiflorus. Marshy ground.

Cyperus pees L. Very common in marshy spots. Whole
island.

diffusus Vahl. Sandy woods, Bukit Timah.
radians Nees. Sea shores, Changi.

ao

C. compressus L. Common in waste ground, whole islan 1.
C. Iria L. Weed of cultivation, whole island.
C. distans L. Very common in waste ground.

C. Malaccensis Lam. Muddy spots by tidal rivers, Balestier
plain.

C. рі'оких Vahl. Wet or damp spots, whole island.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 181

C, bancanus Miq. Cantley’s collection, no locality.

C. Zollingeri Steud. Common, waste ground near villages.

C. rotundus L. Very common weed, gardens and waste groun |
C. stoloniferus Retz. Sea sand, Tanjong Ru, Changi.

Mariscus Dregeanus Kth. Common sanly p near the sea.
Tanjong Katong, Balestier plain, Cha

M. Cyperinus Vahl. Very common in dry gn all over Singa-
pore. :

M. Sieberianus Nees. Waste ground, Tanglin, Galang.

M. albescens Gaud, Common near the sea. Tanjong Ru, Ro-
chore, Bajau.

M. microcepha'us Presl. Galang.

Eleocharis variegata, var. larifloraC.B.C- Very common in ponds
and marshes, Tanglin, Reservoir, Blakang Mati, Changi.

E. ochrostachys Steud, Not rare, Garden Lake, Changi, Selitar,
Tivoli.

E. capitata Br. Local, Changi, Tampenis, Teban.

E. chaetaria Roem. Common in ditches, Tanglin, Chasseriau
state, Selitar.

Е. fistulosa Schultes. Local. Marshes round the reservoir.

Fimbristylis tetragona Br. Balestier plain.

Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl. Common, Blakang Mati, Bukit
Timah, gi.

F. setacea Benth. Rare, Tanglin. .
F. nu'ans Vabl. Damp sandy spots, Bukit Timah, Changi, Bukit
Mandai, Blakang Mati.

F. pauciflora Br. Common all over Singapore in turf, and in

F. diphylla Vahl. Very common all over Singapore.

182 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Var. pluxistriata. Long wet grass. Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kang

F. aestivalis Vahl. Damp cultivated ground, Tanglin.

F. ferru inea Vahl. Tidal river mud. Kranji, Chan Chu. Kang,
Pulau Ubin.

F. spathacea Roth. Sanly spots near the sea, common. Selitar,
Bukit Mandai, Kranji, Changi.

F. tenera хат. obtusate, Sandy spots and in turf, not rare, Tang-
lin, Jurong, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang.

F. asperrima Boeck. Woods, Bukit Mandai.
F. mitiacea Vahl. Very common in dry spots all over Singapore.
F. glolu’osa К. Common. Tanglin.

F. complanata Link. Not very common. Botanic Gardens. Chan
Chu Kang, Balestier plain.

F, leptoclada Benth. - Common in "mé spots. Tanglin, Bukit
Timah, Changi, Balestier plait

Bulbostylis barbata Kunth. Common every where in sandy spots:
D. puberula К. In Cantley's collection, without locality.

Scirpus mucronatus L. Common in pools and ditches, Reservoir,
Cha

n Chu Kang.
Se. grossus Lin. fil. Rare. Ditch at Wayang Satu, Bukit Timah

Fuirena unbellata Rottb. Common in swampy spots.

Lipocarpha argentea R. Br. Common in wet spots all over the
island.

L. a den Kth. Local. Bukit Mandai, and on the Bukit
Timah road near Kranji, Galang

Rhynchospora Wallichiana К. Common in dry heathy spots.
Jurong, Sungei Morai, Selitar.

THE: FLORA OF SINGAPORE 183

№. ma'asica. С. B. C. Rare, Belok, Bukit Mandai.
R. aurea Vahl. Common in wet spots all over the island.

Р. glauca var chinensis. Ware. Sandy spots usually near the sea.
Blakang Mati, Changi.

Schoenus calostachyus Poir, Rare. Sandy spots, Changi.
Clatium glomeratum Br, Damp sandy spots, Changi.

Gama tristis Nees. Common, Blakang Mati, Bukit Timah,
Sungei Morai, Tanglin.

vemirea mariti na, Aubl. Sea shores, local, Changi, Tanah Merah,
Hypolytrum latifolium Rich, Woods, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang.
IT, proliferum Boeck. Damp spots, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang.
Thoracostachyum bancanum Kurz. Very common in all jungl.s.

Mapania pa'ustris Benth. Dense woods, common, Bukit Timab,
Chan Chu Kang

M. longa C. B. C. In streams in jungle, rare, Chan Chu Kang.
M. multispicata C. B. С. Jungles, Bukit Timah.

M. humilis Naves. Jungles, common, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Ti-
mah, Kranji, Bajau.

Scirpodendron costatum Kurz, | ** Silensing.” Common in tidal
wood

order. Bukit Mandai, Jurong, Changi, Selitar.
Lepironia muzrouata Rich. Swamps, Teban, Jurong.
Neleria radula Hance. Bukit Timah, Bedoh.
cl. Ridl'eyi Clarke. Rare, Changi. It also occurs in Pulau
Buru near the Carimon Isles and Hongkong,
Sel. biflora Roxb. Damp Tt and turf. Blakang Mati, Bukit
Timah, Changi, Tanglin

184 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

Sd. zeylanica Poir. Wet spots, Changi, Tanglin.

Sci, caricina Benth. Very common, paths and turf, and damp
spots. All over Singapore

Sel. laterifora Bckler. Kalang, Tanglin.
Sel, oryzoides Presl. Rare, wet spots, Changi.
Scl. bancana Miq. Common in open conutry, Tanglin, etc.

Sel, multifoliata Boeck. Not uncommon in woods, Bukit
Timah, Garden jungle.

Scl, sumatrensis Retz. Very common in open country all over
the island.

Scl. levis Retz. Common in dry open spots and waste ground.
Whole island.

Carex cyrtostachys Brngn. Local, ina stream оп Bukit Timah.
GRAMINE.

Paspalum scrobiculutun L. Common every where.

P. conjujatum Berg. "Very common, probably introduced.

P. distichum Burm. Plentiful in salt mud all round the island,
Tanjong Ru, Bajau.

P. sanguinale Lam. Common every where in waste ground.
P. longiforum Retz. Common in waste ground.

Isachne Ku cry Wt. Wet “gs in woods. Bukit Mandai,
Chan Chu Kang, Juron

Г. australis К. Br. Very common in marshes, Tanglin, etc.

I. miliacea Roth. Wet spots in woods, Tanglin, Bukit Timah
Road 6th mile, Selitar.

Panicun crusgalli L. Rare, collected by Hullett without locality

P. colonun L. Common in waste ground.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 185

Р. distachyum L. Not Common, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Tanglin.
Р, repens L. Common, Tanglin, Reservoir, Changi.

Р. auritum Presl. Wet, open spots, Reservoir, Changi, Ang Mo
Kio.

P. indicum L. Common, waste ground,

P. myosuroides Вг. Ditches, Ang Mo Kio, Kranji.

P. nodosun КЕ. Hedges and thickets, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang.
P. ovalifolium Poir. Rare, Government Hill.

Р, маан Roxb. Woods, Grange Road, Changi, Sumba-
ng.
Р, luzonense Presl. Dry roalsides and was'e ground, Tanglin,
Galang.
P. patens c Sead spots, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu
Ка!

Р. pilipes is roadsides, Bukit Timah, Gardens, ete.

P. litifolium L. Damp, shady spots, Tanglin.

Axonopus cimicinus Beauv. Waste ground, Tanglin, Chan Chu
Kang.

Setaria glauca Beauv. Waste ground, common. Tanglin, Ang
Mo Kio, Chan Chu Kang.

Thuarea sarmntoca Pe s. anga places near the sea, local.
Changi, Galang, Teluk

Leersia enki Sw. Common in marshes, whole island.

Leptaspis ‚з: R. Br. Dense woods, Bukit Timah, Changi,
Uhan Chu Kang

Perotis latifolia Ait. Sandy places, Cathedral compound, Galang,

Zoysia pungens Willd. Common in turf and near the sea.

186 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Coik Lachryma-Jobi L` *Job's Tears,” “Jilei? Occurs in
w un

Lineria ornithopoda Trin. Dry sandy spots, Tanglin, Bukit
Timah Var. Sulmumosa sub, var. imperfecta Hackel.
Changi.

Imp2rata arundinacea Cyrill. “ Lalang? Probably the com-
monest plant in the island.

І. exaltata “Brngn. “Lalang Jawa.” Common, € pear
abandoned Sirac Selitar, Bajau, Chua Chu Kang

Ischoemum ru josum Salisb. Rare, Galang.

Т. pipes Rendle. Blakang Mati, — plain, Galang. I
have also collected it in Labu

I. muticum L. Соттоп айын =
I. ciliare Reiz. Коа 1514еѕ, and turf. Very common.
I. timorense К. Roadsides, Tanglin, Kranji.

EE Res n Trin. Borders of woods апі thickets,
i, Bajau, Pulau Ubin :

pec pseudograya Kth. Sandy places. Galang, Changi, Bla-

kang Mati.
A. acicul us Retz. Very common in turf, ete., every where.
А. contor'us L. Sandy spots near the sea, Changi.

Anthistirit arjuens Willd. Dry open spots. Chinese cemetery,
..Bepoy lines. ;

A. ыгы var, Ша. А х very tall reedlike-grass. Dry spots.
Fort Siloso, Siglap, Balestier plain,

Polytvios — Hack. - Grassy spots. Tanglin, Chasseriau
Est

T E elegans Nees. Wet paths in jurgle common,
Kranji, Ang Mo Kio

Sporobolus iio L. Mt. Faber, Ang Mo Kio, Tanglin, Galang:

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 187
Eriuchne pallescens Br. Dry sandy spots. Dlakang Mati, Ga-
lang.

Cynodon dactylon Pers. Common in dry spots.

Chloris barbata Sw. Pulau Brani (introduced) Passir Panjang

Eleusine inlica L. Very common in waste ground. The culti-
vate met

d variety coracana is also sometimes to be

wit р

E. aegyptiaca Desv. Local, Rochore, Changi.

Eragrostis tenella R. and S. Very common in waste ground.

FE. amabilis Wight. Very common.

F. elegantula Steud. Chasseriau Estate.

E. elongata Jacq. Dry gan Tanglin, Changi, Bukit Timah,
Chasseriau Estate

Centotheca lappacea — Common in wools. Garden jungle,
Bukit Timah, etc. s

Lophatherum Lehmanni Brngn. Woods. Garden jungle, Selitar,
etc.

Bambusa Ridleyi ба: uble.* А very slender bamboo growing in
dense woods, Bukit Timah.

GER ae re Ладе уе" Munro. Cultivated for its edible shoots.

ong, Tanglin.

Schizostachyum Blumzi Nees. Perhaps introducel from Java,
Roadsides, Selitar, Bukit Timah Road.

( Gigantochloa verticillata Munro. Саша; А Bukit
Timah Road. )

Ochlandra qr Gamble.* “ Buluh Kasap.” Bukit Mandai,
Choa Chu Kang. Тһе Javanese say this is introduced
from devi but it is not known elsewhere than Singapore.

FiLICES.

In this list of the ferns, I have followed Beddome's Ferns of

ritish India.

185 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
Gleichenia linearis Burm, Gl. dichotoma Willd. ** Resam,” com-
on all over Singapore.

BEEN сыер Hook. ‘Tree fern, stem about 5 feet tall and

hrouzh. Common in damp woods. Bukit
ftus Jurong ‚ Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu
ang.

А. comosa Hook. Not rare, Bukit Timah, Jurong, Selitar, Chan
Chu Kang.

A. Ridleyi Bak. Rare, Sungei Morai.

Lecanopteris carnosa Bl. Very rare, on lofty trees, Bukit Timah,

Н, „ынк еу hs pel jauthos. Common on trees ail. rocks in thick

Bukit Timah, Kranji, Changi, Bajau, Sungei

Moni.

Н. denticulatum Sw. Not common, mangroves, Kranji.

H. Neesii Hook, Selitar, Bukit Timah. ч

H. sp. Bukit Mandai (8938).

Trichomanes muscoides Sw. Rocks, Bukit Timah.

Tr. Juvanicun Bl. Terrestrial, very common in all damp woods.

Tr. rigidum Sw. Less common, Bukit ин, Toas, Kranji,
Sungei Morai, Selitar, Tanjong Meraw

Tr. filicula Bory. Tr. lipurctutum Poir, ЕА оп госКз
and trees, not very common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang, Kranji.

Tr, maximun Bl. Rare, Bajau.

Tr. digitatum Sw. Rare, Kranji.

Tr. parviforwn Ро". * Singapore, Moore's Herbarium” file
Beddome ; not seen.
Humata heterophyila Sw. On trees and on the ground in sandy

spots. Common, Changi, Bajau, Tampenis, Kranji, Bukit
Timah,

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 189

Н. angustata Wall. On trees, Sungei Morai, Chan Chu Kang.
H. peduta Sw. Not common, Kranji, Bajau.
fl. parallela Wall. Tanjong Merawan.

И. sessilifo ia Bl.“ ine ia dy Sinclair and Moore’s Herbarium ”
in Beddome; nots
Leucostegia parru'a Wall. Mangrove swamps. Kranji, Sungei
Buluh, Tanjong Merawan.
Prosaptia contivua Sw. “ Singapore” fide Beddome, must be
ery doubiful,

Davallia tr spite Hook. On lofty trees, apparently by no means
t difficult to produce, Bukit Timah, Selitar,
Kranji

D. solida Sw. Common, Selitar, Chua Chu Kang, Sungei Mcrai.

D: a Sw. On trees, often very bigh, and on the sand of
e shores, Bukit Timah, Chang
меч, prises L. Common on iid Tanglin, Ang Mo
angi, Pasir Panjang, Rochore.

Lindsays repens Thw. Climbing on small trees in thick forest.
Bukit Timah.

L. trapezifor.nis Dry. L. Lancea (L). Dense forest, Bukit Timah
Selitar. г .

L. borneensis Hook. Jurong.

ч

. rigida Sm. Rare, Sungei Buluh,

E.

Walterae Hook. In open wet spots, common, but local,
Changi, Tampenis, Bukit Mandai.
L. divergens Wali.” Conmon in dry wools, Bukit Timah, Bajau,
Sungei Morai
L. ү Wall. On trees, Jurong river, Bajau, on trees in
e Botanic Gardens.

190 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

Schizeloma lobala Poir. In dense woods, Bukit Timah.

Sch. ensifolia Sw. In thick wet woods. Chua Chu Kang.

Sch. media К. Br. Rare, Pulau Brani.

Sch. heterophy'la Dry. Rare, Pulau Brani.

Adiantum flabellulutum L. Banks, Changi; Rocks, Pulau Ubin.

A few other species have established themselves_as garden
escapes.

Chei'anthes tenuifolia Sw. d in dry spots, Tanglin, Chan
Chu Kang, Pulau Ubi

Pteris ensiformis Burm, Common in dry spəts, Bukit Timah,
Tanglin, Pulau Ubin.

Pt. longifolia L. Mount Pleasant, (Hullett).

Pt. aquilina L. Common all over Singapore.

Litobrochia incisa Thunb. Tanglin (probably an escape).

ee is онаа L. Common in ditches and sluggish
ms. Tanglin, Selitar, Changi

Blechnum orientale L. Very common in open places, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, etc. :

B. Finlaysonianum Wall. In mesa localities, Reservoir, Bukit
Timah, Chan Chu Кап
B. serrulatum Rich. EE (Hullett).
Thamnopteris nidus L. Common on trees all over y the
rge form var. musaefolia is the commonest form

Aspleniun = динге кета Bl. Much resembles the last, but has а
creeping s Wet неру usually growing оп stumps,
Bukit Timah, Dus Chu
A. longissimum Bl. Оп roots of CER, Tanglin.
A, tenerum fei Woods, common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah,
o
g

o Kio

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 191

A. fa'eatum Lam, Rare, woods, Bukit Timah.

A. macrophyllum Sw. Not common, Chan Chu Kang, Sungei
buluh, Pulau Ubin (Kunstle er),

Diplazium pallidum Bl. Toas.

D. M Wall. Common in woods, Lebe Holland
oad, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Chang

D. bantamense ВІ. Singapore (IIullett).

D. sylraticum Presl. Singapore (IIullett).

D. speciosi m Mett. Wood near Holland road, Serangoon Road,
Bukit Timah.

D. tomentosam Hook. Woods, Bukit Timah.

D. sorzogonense Presl. Bukit Timah.

Anisogonium cordifolium Mett. Rocks, Bukit Timah,

Aspidium Singaporianum Wall. Woods, common, Bukit Timah,
Chua € ang.

vastum Bl. Woods, Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin.

. cicutarium Sw. Common in woods, Sungei Blukang, Bukit
imah, Pulau Ubin

> >

A. semibipinnatum, Bukit Timah, Bajau, Bukit Mandai.

А. Zollingeriauum Kze. Bukit Timah.

Pleocnemia gigantea Bl. . Bukit Timah.

Lastrea crassifolia Bl. Bukit Timah, Bajau, Bukit Mandai

L. fuscipes Wall. Bukit Timah.

L. appendicu’ ata. Chua Chu Kang.

Nephrodium unitum L. Common in open places, Galang, Selitar.
N. cucul’atum Bl. Common, Sepoy lines, Jurong, Changi.

N. aridum Don. Jurong, Green Hill, Kranji.

192 TIE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,

N. urophyllum Wall. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah.

N. molle Desv. Common in open places, Tanglin, Chua Chu
Kang, Selitar, Pulan Brani,
Var. amboinense, Green Hill, etc.
Var. procurrens, Green Hill.
Var. didymosorum. Not rare,

N. pennigerum ВІ. Chan Chu Kang.

N. tectum Wall. Singapore ( Wallich ); not seen.

N. heterocarpon Bl, Green Hill ( Hullett ).

N. polycarpum Bl. — Mesochlena polycarpa Bl. Wools, Bukit
Timah

М. latebrosum Kze. Bukit Timah.
N. truncatum Presl. Singapore ( Hullett ).

Ne oe — L. Common in open country all over
ingapor
N. ане e id Climbing over bushes, Rochore, Toas,
Sungei Mo

N. acuta Pral: dins ( Hullett. )

N. Dufii. Has established itself at Changi and a few other
pl :

Dictyopteris Barberi Hook. . Bukit Timah.
D. difformi: BI. Bukit Timah.

Pol; podium decorum Brack. Common on trees, mangrove swamps,
ranji, Sungei Buluh, Toa

D. streptophyllum Bak. Very rare, Trees on Serangoon Road

P. adspersum Bl. and P. setigerum Bl. in Moore's Herbarium (Bed-
dome ), probably wrongly localised.

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 193
Goniop'lebium verrucosum Wall. Damp open spots, Bukit Man-
dai, Pasir Panjang.
Niphobolus adnascens Sw. On trees, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
N. acrostichoides Sw. Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang.
N. penangia.us Hook. Rare, Kranji.
Dipteris Hor: TA dii Br. Abundant on rocks X banku over-
ing the sea, all round the island from Pasir Panjang
to сын» also on Pulau Tekong and other Ан іп the
Stra
Drynaria Linnaei Bory. On trees, Changi, Serangoor, Toas.
D. quercifolium L. On trees, Toas.
D. splendens Hook. Singapore (Beddome).
Pleopeltis stenophylla BI. On lofty trees, Bukit Timah.
P. sinuosa Wall. Common on trees. This curious fern is re-
arkable for its hollow ае — full of ant's nests.
ire: Jurong, Bukit Tim
P. longifolia Mett. Sungei Мога!.

P. angustata Sw. Common on — Gardens, Sungei Morai,
Changi, Bajau, Serangoo

P. punctata L. Р. irioides Hook. Common on trees and banks.
Tanglin, Siglap, Sungei Buloh, Chan Chu Kang.

Р, p L. Very common on trees on the ground in dry
spots. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Selitar, Changi.

P. nigrescens BI. Woods, Bukit Timah,
Monogramme trichoidea Sm. А very small hair-like fern, rocks»
Bukit Tim

S gu ae "lichii Hook. Woods, common, Bukit Timah,
Selitar, Chua Chu Kang, etc.

S. а Hook. Less common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang.

25

194 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.

Sel ijuea Fori Hook. — on trees, especially mangroves
Kranji, Bajau, e

S. membranacea Hook. “ Б Moore’s Herb,” (Beddome.)

Gi os calomelaunos. The silver fern occurs here and there
sanescape. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang.

Meniscium triphy'lun Sw. Banks of streams, Toa Payoh.

M. cuspidatum Bl. Upper Mandai, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu
Kang.

Antrophyum reticulatum Kaulf. On trees and rocks, not common,
Bukit Timah. -

A, plantagineum Kaulf. Selitar.

"ittaria elongata Sw. Very common on trees, Gardens, Kranji,
Thompson Road, ete.

y; scolopendiina Presl. On trees. Chua Chu Kang.

Taenites blichnoides Willd. Very common in woods all over
Sing
к,

Drymoglossum pilselloides Presl. Common on trees every where.
Elaphoglossum litifolium Sw. On trees in mangrove swamps.
Kranji.

Stenochlena palustre L. Common, climbing over trees and
bushes. The young creeping form with delicate finely
nd

cuts fronds may іе found in wet woods. ound a
eurious fasciated form on Bukit Timah. Rochore, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, e

Polybotrya appendicul Ча Willd. Local. Rocks, Bukit Timah.
Gymnopteris subrepanda Hook. Bukit Timah.

G. Presliana Hook. Bukit Timah (Hullet).

Acrostichum aureum L. Common in tidal mud, on a!l the rivers.

Platycerium grande Sm. Not seen. Singapore (Beddome).

THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 195

Pl. biforme ВІ, Common in trees all over Singapore.
Schizaea dichotoma Sw. Dry woods, common all over Singapore.
Sch. digitatun Sw. Dry woods. Common all over Singapore.

Lygodium microphyllum B. Br. ps in open places, thickets,
Tanglin, Changi, Kra

L. circinatum Sw. L. dichotomum ig * Ribu-Ribu. Ver
abundant, climbing over trees and se whole а

L. flexuosum L. Singapore, Hullett.
Angiopteris evecta Hoffm. Rocky woods, Bukit Timah.
Ophioglossum nudicaule L. Bukit Panjang, Chan Chu Kang.

0 Les L. а. оп Thamnopleris and Platycerium:
Not common, Tanglin
LYCOPODIACEAE.

Lycopodium cernuum L. Terrestrial. Common all over Singapore:
in open country and secondary growth.

L. tavifolium Sw. Epiphytic on mangroves and other trees near
ea Sungei Sumbawang, Chan Chu Kang

L. phleymaria L. Epiphytic, Garden jungle, Chan Chu fec
L. squarrosum Forst. Epiphytic. Tanjong Merawan.
L. nwamularifolium Bl. Epiphytic, Chan Chu Kang.

Selaginel/a. atroviridis Sprin Com in oet Garden
jungle, Changi, Bukit Timah, Chua. Chu Kan

S. plumosa кэз, Plentiful in many spots in damp ee Bukit
Timah, Jurong.

S. Willdenowii Bak. Common Pts in thickets. Bukit
Timah, Bukit Mandai, Kranji,

S. trichobasis Вак. “ Singapore, As W. etr file Baker ;

erhaps an error for Penang, where Sir W. Norris col-

lected plants. I have not seen it iu сое

196 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE

S. sp. Small plant, Bukit Timah, No. 6547.

Psilotum flaccidum Wall. On trees in mangrove swamps, Kranji

P complanatum Sw. Mangroves, Sungei Morai, Kranji.
RHIZOCARPEAE.

Azollu pinnata R. Вг. А small floating plant. Ditches, common,
Tanglin, Ang Mo Kio, Galang.

Addenda.
Ludwizitparvifora Roxb. Ditches, Tanglin.

Enhydri ias angustipetala Ridl. Common in pon nds and ditches,
is new genus must be РЕ in place of Hydrilla
verticillata, for which it was mistaken

Chinese Names of Streets in Penang,
By LO MAN YUK.
Communicated by the Sceretary.

In making this little compilation, the compiler oe followed
the example set before him by the late Mr. Н. T. Haughton who
published a list of street names of Singapore Town with their

of roads, streets and lanes in George Town with their respective
g p

Chinese names as called by the Hokkiens and Cantonese, two of
the more important sections of the Chinese community in Penang,
as well as with notes explaining the meaning and givinz the

derivation of the Chinese name From a gla nce at these expla-

making the list as complete as possible and partly for the pur-
pose of leaving space for. the insertion of any Chinese names that

may be evolved in future. To this little compilation are appen-
ded (1) a list of some notable buildings and places in George
Town (2) a list of some district names in tow nand up-country,

nity of Penang
and (4) a list of names of some places in Province Wellesley and
Dindings ; all with their Chinese equivalents. In со Ше
compiler desires to express his best thanks to Mr. Cheam Uheow
Heng, tbe Senior Chinese Interpreter of the Police лы. апа
other friends for much valuable information concerning this com-

pilati

198 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

Acheen Street: (1) Hokkien. Коаі" 1ай-а jy heff

“а small high tower," the high tower is the four-storied

corner house at the junction of Acheen Street and Beach

Street. Cantonese, Ko lau chai HET (2) Hokkien, Phah

chióh ke Jf 897 “striking stone street;” so called from

the stone-cutters’ shop there. Cantonese, Ta shek kai ЖТ
TA

Acheen Street Ghaut: (1) Hokkien, Koàáilaü-á
lo: thaü h RET BS 9n Cantonese, Ko-lau-chai lo-thau Тә) |
(f WA Df (2) Hokkien, Phah-chióh-ke lo:-thaü FJ 4 tS Es ud

lo*-thaü means landing-place. Cuntonese, Ta-shek-kai lo-thau.
x ; ;

1 615

Ah Quee Street: Hokkien, А Кїї ke HB Ej (Ej called
after Captain Ah Quee who presented it to the Municipality.
Cantonese, А K wai kai ng Erg

Argus Lane: Hokkien, Sek lân ni (Serani) lé-pai-ti
aū hang-a ЗЛ FH uS TF * Serani Church back
lane" — the lane behind the Church of Assumption.:

Argyle Road: Hokkien, Bang-ka-li bang S24 FLA
” so called because there used to be many, and
there are still some, Bengalis living there. Cantonese, Mang-ka-

li hong mJ 24 AK

Armenian Street: Parr I., between Beach Street
and Pitt Street. (1) Hokkien, Pún-thaû-kong hang AX BA
ANS * gods' lane;" so called after the Kong-si house

** Bengali lane ;

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 199

of the Toa Peh Kong KA otherwise known as
the Kièn Tek zef secret society, where they kept their
gods; the remains of that Kopg-si house may still be seen
at the junction of Armenian Street and Pitt Street. Cantonese,
Tai-pak-kung hong ANA AR “gods” lane.” (2) Hokkien,
Kien goán ke £8 oe (5; Kien is evidently taken from the
name of the Kien Tek Kong-si referred to in (1). Goán means
origin, and Ke street.

PART ТЕ; between Pitt Street and Acheen Street :
Hokkien, Phah tang ke +7 #8 * striking copper street,"
from the Malay braziers shops there. Cantonese, Ta thung
kai ТЗ
. Armenian Street Ghaut: ` Hokkien, Pün-thaü-
kong-hang 15'- ац AK 385 P5 9H Cantonese, Tai-pak-
kung-hong lo-thau. KAH ANAK WA BA

Ayer I:am Road: Hokkien, A-iá i-tàm (Ayer Itam)
lo MUAH, KIK WA + 15: means road. Cantonese, Ayer Itam lo
itf fii

Bagan Jermal Road: Hokkien, Oàn-tó-lo Ex
ER Oàn-tó: means the bay.

Barrack Road: Mokkien, Peng rang l> Fe fe pe
“ soldier barrack road.” Cantonese, Peng fong lo RH bz

Beach Street: PART I., between Light Street and
China Street. Hokkien, Thó-kh' (thaú-khò) ke + {ү

200 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

*godown street;” street where the European firms are,
Cantonese, Tho-fu kai У. {Б

PART IL, between China Street and Chulia Street.
Hokkien, Kang -á-khai ТЎН * harbour entrance " ; in olden
times, before the reclamation of the ghauts, the shipping busi-
ness was principally done in this part of Beach Street by the
Chinese. Cantonese, Kong chai hau WAT

PART IIT., between Chulia Street and Armenian Street.
Hokkien, Tiong ke rH ft * middle street," i. e., the middle
part of Beach Street. Cantonese, Chung Kai rtt

PART IV., between Armenian Street and Acheen Street.
Hokkien, Toan ló:-sin ХЁН. Cantonese, Tuan lo-san
Wisa Lô-sin is Hussain, i.e., Tungku Syed Hussain, who
formerly owned most of the houses in this part of Beach Street,

PART V., between Acheen Street and Malay Street. Hokkien,
Phah thih ke 3] $x tH * striking iron street," from the black-
smiths’ shops there. Cantonese. Ta thit ka FJ PATE.

Part VI. between Malay Street and Prangin Ditch. HokRien
Sia bóe mt Ж? village end” ; formerly this was practically the
end of the town. Cantonese, She mi mt FÉ Those parts of Prangin
Road and Bridge Street which join Beach Street at the Anson
Bridge are sometimes, though improperly, called Siā-bóe; the
general name for the whole district round about here їз Ujong
Pasar, meaning end of town.

PARTS IV., V. and VI. are often- called Fuk Kin kai
Tea 22 1 “ Hokkien Street” by the Cantonese, because most of
the shopkeepers there are Hokiiens.

CHINESE NAMES ОЕ STREETS IN PENANG. 201
Bishop Street: Parr L. between Beach Street ida
Penang Street. (1) Hokkien, Chhat bok ke At AK thy * painting
wood street," from the furniture makers' shops there, Cantonese,
Chhat muk kai (2) Hokkien, Chha kang ke АШ * wood
workmen street."

Part IL, between Penang Street and King Street.
Hokkien, Lü-song 1é-pai-ti® chéng B X qE FE nr WT * Arme-
nian Church front," Lü-song being a corruption of Luzon of the
Philiprine Islands, 'antonese, Lu-sung lai-pai-thong Chhin
КЛЕ А АП

Parr III., between King Street and Pitt Street. Hok-
kien, Stn-tek Kong-si ke NA fi ZN By @ called after the
Kong-si house of the Sin Tek people. Cantonese, Shun Tak
Kong-si kai NA BA 9) {5 |

Brick-Kiln Road: Hokkien, Hong chhia lo

y “wind carriage road”; “wind carriage” is the
Switchback Railway. Cantonese, Fung Chhe lo Jj Hí

Bridge Street: PARTI, Beach Street end. Hok-
kien, Кое káng-á 3 Hs (Y * passed rivulet,” the other side
of the Prangin Ditch. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai 35 AS (T

Part IL, the middle part. Hokkien, Pang long hihi
“ plank depot.” Cantonese, Pan Chhong Ay

Part III. Jelutong Road end., Hokkien, Séng-hóng bio lo.

эк ЕРЕ “Seng Ong Temple Street,” called after tle
26

202 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

Temple of the tutelary God of the town. Cantonese, Shing
Wong miu lo 3 [5t Jan BS
Buckingham Street: Hokkien, Sin-ke Шай
$i 5й * Campbell Street head." Cantonese, San-ke that
Burmah Road: Hokkien, Gu chhia chúl Æ HiK
(often . contracted to Chhia chúi, ‘ bullock-cart water” ;
before the construction of the Municipal Water Service, water
sellers used to come to a well here for water and convey the
same in builock carts to town for sale. Cantonese, Ngau Chhe

Shui 2F- 3i 7K

Campbell Street: (1) Hokkien, Sinke $JpfEy “new
street," in contradistinction to Chulia Street, the old street
where all the Chinese brothels were before Campbell Street
was constiucted. Cantonese, San kai arit (2) Hokkien,
Sin toa-müi"-laü i PH kk “new Chulia Street” (see
Chulia Street). Cantonese, San tai mun lau XC РЧ | (8)
Cantonese, Kam-le tai kai Ф] XH Kam-le “being the
Cantonese pronunciation of Campbell, and tai kai meaning big
street. This last name is chiefly used in matters of marri-
age, funeral and joss processions.

Cannon Square: Hokkien, Lióng San Tong lai
HELLA “ Liong San Tong inside"; Lióng San Tông is
the Chop of the Seh Khu Kong-si Eb] AVG] which is

inside this square. Cuntonese, Shing Yau Kung-si; the Kong-si
bouse of the surname Yau clan.

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 203

Cannon Street: Hokkien, Toa Chhéng Khang
KET * big cannon hole," so called because during the
Репап у Riots the Government fired a cannon shot into this-place
where the people of the Toà Peh Kong AA otherwise
known as the Kién Tek {и Kong-si encamped.

Carnarvon Street: Part I., between Chulia Streét and
Campbell Street, Hokkien, Toā-mûi"-laû hoài ke FPA B
he By “Chulia Street, Cross Street ”—the street branching
off from Chulia Street. Cantonese, Tai-mun-lau wang ka!
КРВИ -

Parr II. between Campbell Street and the Station.
Hokkien, Hoan-á thióng als (Fx ‘foreigners’ cemetery "
the old Malay cemetery. Cantonese, Ma-lai fau mne d HR

Part IIL, between Acheen Street and Prangin Road,
(1) Hokkien, Lam Chhan-a 1 HI TF * poor fields "= swamp ;
it was formerly nothing but a swamp. Cantonese, Chho thong
ТИЙ “grass pond "swamp. (2) Hokkien, Si-kak Chi PY

J “square well”; formerly there was a square well near
the junction of Kimberley Street. (3) Hokkien, Chap-keng
chhù + fj JE “ten houses"; formerly there was a row of
ten houses of the same height there. (4) Hokkien, Si" Tiu*
Kong-si ke WDE AB] IH called after the Kong-si house
of the seh Tiu clan. Cantonese, Shing Chung Kong-si kai
KEIRA]

Carnarvon Lane: Hokkien, Kàm-kong lai Be HN

204 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

“ Kampong inside,” within the Kampong (or village) so called
because formerly there was a Kampong in this locality. Can-

tonese, Kam-pong lai Фр

Cecil Street: Hokkien, Кӧе Káng-á tē chhit Шай lo:
A BE 06 * passed. rivulet, number seven street "
1, е. the seventh street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from
Baach pee Nue Kwo kong ‘chai tai chhat thiu lo

Che eis Lane: Hokkien, Pak Kan lai ДИҢ] Pj
* pak kan inside"; pak kan is the Chinese ones of the
Malay word pekan, a village.

. "ue 4 .

China Street: Hokkien, Toa ke Fe pF “ big street,”
i.e. the principal street where the Chinese formerly carried
on business. ‘Cantonese, Kun yam miu chek kai ЕДИ th
“Kun Yam Temple straight street," The street going straight
from the Temple of the Goddess of Mercy.

China Street Ghaut: (1) Hokkien, Toà-ke 15`-ай
Kis od Cantonese, Kun-yam-miu-chek-kai lo-thau Bir

4
ГЕ t5 BK od (2) Hokkien, Béng san lo--thaü ВАШ 98

Bêng san, Mr. Khoo Béng San, a Chinese merchant, һай а
shop there.

Chowrasta Road: Hokkien, Kiet-léng-á {ап-ѕап

fT 35 “Kling market,” i. e., the Chowrasta market,
where the fish and meat sellers are principally Klings; the
word Bān-san being a corruption for the Malay word Bangsal,

(Tamil street has the same name.) Cantonese, Kit-léng pá-sat

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 205

Б, ipl, “Kling market,” pá-sat being a corruption of
the Malay word pasar,

Chulia Street: PART I., between Beach Street and
Pitt Street. (1) Holkien, kiet-lêng-á ke FE mE f < Кіпа
Street,” so called from the Kling shop-keepers there. The
word Chulia itself is a Bengali word meaning Kling. (Vide
King street PART IV). Cantonese, kit-ling kai duh
(2) Hokkien, ló--lin ke Ern Е] Ló-lin is the Chinese pronun-
ciation for Noordin and ke means street, so called after the busi-
ness premises of Mr. H. M. Noordin. Cantonese, Yi sheung kai
Kip “clothes box street,” from the Chinese cabinet-ma-
kers’ shops there.

PART II., between Pitt Street and Love Lane. Hokkien
Toa mái" lat K PARE “big archway ” ; formerly there were
two big archways to a large compound house here Ge Sek
Chuen Lane). Cantonese, Tai mun lau Же

PART III., between Love Lane and Penang Road. Hokkien
gü-kan-tàng LET * cattle реп”; gü means cattle and kan-
ting is the Chinese pronunciation for the Malay word “ kan-
dang” meaning a pen. Cantonese, Sha kong thau pb fie] BH
* sand hill head," in former days people used to deposit rubbish
there which heaped up in a mound.

Chulia Street Ghaut: (1) Hokkien, kiet-léng-á-ke
lo-thàu ж ҮЙ BK AA (vide Chulia Street, PART L) Can-
tonese, kit-ling-kai lo-thau aie (E ER of (2) Hokkien, Si" Та"
Kong-si ke VERI RIT called after the Kong-si house of

206 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

the Seh. Iu clan. Cantonese, Shing Yeung Kong-si kai Kf
Dy] AF (3) Hoklien, Chha lo-thaü JE PEFR < firewood
landing-place " ; firewood used to be sold there, before Maxwell
Road, now a principal place for selling firewood, was constructed.
(4) Hokkien, Toà chúi chí" KKH “big water well”; for-
merly there was a big water tank there (ride Pitt street
Parr ПІ).

Chulia Lane: Hokkien, Chap-chhit keng
‘- Seventeen houses” there was a row of seventeen houses of the
same size there. Cantonese, Shap-chhat kan +H- fit]

Church Street: Hokkien, Gi-hin ke EXE Gi-hin
street” after the Kong-si house of the Gi hin secret society,
which stood where now the family residence of Captain Ah Quee
is. Cantonese, Yi hing kai 3S T

Church Street Ghaut: (1) Hokkien, Gi-hin-ke lo:-
{һай X th s un Cantonese, Yi-hing kai lo-thau Fe d Fy
PS BA (2) Hokkien, Chit lo--thaá TS B RS BA “distillery land-
ing-place”; the distillery stands at the junction of Church
Street and Beach Street and belongs to the Spirit Farm.

Cintra Street: (1) Hokkien, Sin-ke hoai" ke Ant
He ty ** Campbell. Street, Cross Street”—the street crossing
Campbell Street. Cantonese, San kai wang kai Xh ti ba ЕЗ
(2) Hokkien, Phah phat ke Fy kay the street where brothels
of the lowest type are, Cantonese, Ta Phan Kai ўт
That part of this street- which runs between Chulia Street and
Campbell Street is often called Jit-pinke Н Agfey meaning
Japanese Street—the street where the Japanese brothels are.
Cantonese, Yat pun chai kai H ASEH “Japanese brothel
street.”

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 207

Dato Kramat Road: Parr L, between Magazine
Station and Dato Kramat Station. Hokkien, Kam-á ba
[5] "orange plantation"; formerly there was a big orange
plantation there. Cantonese, Kam chai ün TH Ff

Part IL, between Dato Kramat Station and the Prisons.
Hokkien, Si-kham йаш Ju 3X NE * four shops”; there were only
four shops there before. Cantonese, Si kan tim yu mA ЛЕ

Downing Street: (1) Hokkien, бой koan ABS]
** outer Government office " —Chirese Protectorate, which stands
in this street. Cantonese, Man wa kun Hi ae ae * asking
question house ” ; house where female immigrants from China are
examined = Chinese Protectorate. (2) Hokkien, Tai jin koan
RA gH “the Taijin’s office"—the Chinese Protectorate.
ЛАЖ Phai Кип AH “ license-house” i.e., the house
where licences under the Contagious Disease Ordinance were is-
sued — Chinese Protectorate.
огу Lane: Hokkien, Sin hi-tai S EE EE « P the-
atre " after the new Chinese theatre there. Cantonese, san hi-ün
LITT
epe, pae ngangin Road: Hokkien, Chhati-po- wW ki" lo:
WA “grass field seaside road "—road at the sea-side of
the Esplanade. Cantonese, Ta po: te hoi phe ТУҢ}
“striking ball place sea-side," (2) Sin kau chheung hoi phe
^h Bc E small parade ground sea-side."
Farquhar Street: Parr L, between Pitt Street and
Love Lane. Hokkien, ing mô' dh chéng ЁТ. Е ру “ red hair
school front,” the front of the Penang Free School,

208 CUINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG,

Parr lI., between Love Lane and Leith Street, (1) Aok-
kien, Lién hoa hó: Ж 2514] “lotus pond,” so called after a big
lotus pond formerly situated at the side of the St. George’s
Girl School, the pond having been fille] up some years ago оп
account of the many accidents to people in attempting to get at
the lotus. (2) Hokken, sek-làn-ni (serani) ^h chéng ff Aj PL
NU * serani school front.

PART IIT. between Leith Street and Northam Road.
Hokkien, ang mô: lo: KILEN “red hair road” ihe road where
Europeans live. (Northam Road has the same name.)

Fish Lane: Hokkien, kiàm hü-á hang fa ff TU

М DIL Дх
* salt-fish lane," because it branches off from Prangin Lane,

which is called the ‘ Salt-fish yard. Cantonese, ham ü hong
U

"mu

Gladstone Road: Hokkien, hoé chhia lo: X
“ fire carriage road” ; the fire carriage is the Tramway. Can-
lonese Fo chhe о р, B i

Green Най: (1) Hokkien, toàn pá- xx p, №,
Mr Paddy (Pali) formerly owned a large portion of land here.
(2) Hokkien, ki-lin ho BABE a corruption for Green Hall.

Heriot Street: Hokkien, Коё káng-á tē péh бай lo:
Aer NE hz “passed rivulet, number eight street ;”
i.e. the eighth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach
Street. Cantonese, kwo kong chai tai pat thiu lo Ж ee (FH
NG | : |

Hong Kong Street: Hokkien, Hiang kang lo: жж
ЁЁ hiang kang is the Hokkien pronunciation of Hongkong.

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN.PENANG. 209

Cantonese, Heung kong kai Trai heung: kong, is the. Can-
tonese pronunciation of Hongkong, and kai means street. (The
word Hong itself is a mispronunciation of heung originating
from the boat-population of Canton who were the first to come
in contact with Europeans when they appeared in China): ^
Hospital Road: Hokkien, Pr chhù lo Fy RS
* sick house road "—road leading to the General Hospital. Can-
tonese, Wong ka yi im lo 4. 1-174-3 Өлең
Hutton Lane: Hokkien, Gia-làu (jalan) a-téng 4 a
ET a-teng is the Chinese pronunciation for Hutton.
Jelutong Road: Hokkien, Jit-lóh-tong lo: H JA NAWA
jit-ldh-tong is the Chinese pronunciation for Jelutong.
The town end of this road is called é-tong TH or hé-tong
TMi which means the lower tong, and the country end of this
road is called téng-tong JA [д] or siang-tong Ep] which
means the upper tong, i. e, cave. Cantonese, Yat lok tong.
Katz Street : Hokkien, Koo káng-á te lak Пай lo: 3 yes
+ & BE “passed rivulet, number six street," i.e.; the |
sixth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach Street.
Cantonese, Kwo kong chai tai luk thiu lo A (P BNA
Kedah Road: Hokkien, Kam kong ma lak kah Git of
жх FR “Kampong Malacca.” Cantonese, Ku phai, kun 1
АЁ * old license house" ; this referring to the Lock Hospital;
which was formerly situated at the site where the present

Chowrasta Dispensary is.
21

210 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

Keng Kwee Street: Hokkien, Kéng küi ke EE BJ {H
named after Captain Ah Quee, who built this street and connect-
ed it with Penang Road. Cantonese, Keng kwai kai BE Ht

Kimberley Street: (1) Hokkien, Tio-chiu ke йй) ҮЛ tH
Te chiu is the name of a prefecture in the Quang-tung Province
in South China, better known as Chao-chow-fu КЕШ
from which the Te-chiu people come. This street is so called
because formerly there were many China-born Te-chiu prostitutes
living there. Owing, howerer, to the prohibition of female emi-
gration from Swatow, which is the sea-port of Chao-chow-fu,
by the Chinese Government upon representations being made by
the Te-chiu merchants in the Straits Settlements, all Te-chiu
prostitutes have since disappeared from this street. Cantonese,
Chiu chau mui kai WWM WKF “chiu chau girl street.” (2)
Hokkien, Soa"-thaü ke WES *Swatow street." (3) Hok-
kien, М1" soa" ke JR * vermicelli street," so called after
the vermicelli makers there. (4) Hokkien, Sv Ti" kong-si ke
ЖЩ Hf after the Kong-si house of the seh Ti" clan,
which was formerly in this street. ( 5) Hokkien, Phah soh-á hang
FT FH AS “striking rope street” formerly there were some
rope makers’ shops there. (Rope Walk is sometimes called by
this name a'so.)

King Street: Parr I., between Light Street and Bishop
Street. Hokkien, Kaü-keng-chhu ап Jp fH JE% “Penang
Street back" (vile Penang Street, Part I.)

PART IL, between Bishop Street and China Street. (1)

CHINESE NAMES ОЕ STREETS IN PENANG. 211

Hokkien, Küi-tang toa peh kong ke JE BA (HAG Kuir-
tang is the Hokkien pronunciation of Quang-tung, a province
in South China.. Toà peh kong means god, so called because
there is a temple there built by subscr:ptions raised solely from
the Cantonese. Cantonese, Kwong-tung tai pak kung kai |27
KAHANG (2) Hokkien, A-pbièn kong-si ke ne HZ] t8
“ Opium farm street,” so called after the Opium and Spirit Farms
at the junction of China Street. Cantonese, In kung-si Jo Ду)

PART IIL, between China Street and Market Street.
Hokkien, Ка Hó-seng kong-si ke ЛЕД RH Hó-seng
is the name of a secret society, which formerly had its Kong-st
house there. Cantonese, Кап wo shing kung-si kai f RE
Zu :

PART IV., between Market Street and Chulia Street.
Hokkien, Kiet-léng-á ke WA see (F Hy “ Kling Street"; this par
of King Street was formerly inhabited chiefly by Klings (vide
Chulia Street, Part I.) Cantonese, Pak kap lung 4H FB ҖЕ
* Pigeon hole,” so called because formerly there were some ex-
ceedingly small houses there occupied as brothels.

Kulim Lane: (1) Hokkien, Ban an tài Hi, ZZ EE “ Ban
an theatre,” so called after the name of the Chinese theatre in
this lane. Cantonese, Mau on thoi BAe (2) Hokkien, Béng
hi-tai ШИ => * Béng’s theatre"; bêng isa part of the name
of Mr. Ong Bêng Tek, the former proprietor of the theatre.

Kuala Kangsa Road: Hokkien, Hoan-á hi-hii" ke
AEF [| G7“ foreigners’ theatre," so called from the
Malay theatre there.

212 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

Cantonese, Ma-lai hiün kai Pa J SEDA T “Malay theatre
street.”
Leith Street: Wokkien, Siang hó chhù chéng АН
24. с: 4 ”
E Ja ni “ Siang ho's house front.

Light Street: Hokkien, Ро lê khai Hk |7. ^ Police
mouth " entrance to the Police Courts. Cantonese, Po-le-si chhiu
3035 + Bi * Police front.”

Love a Hokkien Sek-lan-ni (Serani) bang ff, PL
AK Eurasian lane, bis lane was formerly inhabited chiefly by

Eurasians.
Y

ж

Cantonese, PART 1., between Farquhar Street: and Muntri

Street; Shap-tsz-ka lai-pai-thong pin nm ee sistas He
' Cross Church side” ; the church referred to is the church of
Assumption.
oie PART IL, between Muntri Street and Chulia Street. (1)
Ma shui hau jy IKU “double water pipe," formerly
there were two public stand- -pipes there standing side by
side., (2). Lo pau miu kai £8 x ott “lo pau temple street”
the street where the Temple of the God of Carpentry is. This
lane is sometimes called lat-le hong by the Cantonese, lat-le
being a mispronunciation for Love Lane and hong meaning lane.
MacAlister Road: Hokkien, Tiong 16: rH ЮЕ ** middle
road," i.e., the middle road of the six roads meeting at Magazine

- Cantonese, Chung lo rH E
MacCallum Street: Hokkien, Kòe káng-á te go: Шай lo

CHINESE NAMES О STREETS IN PENANG, 213

Т AE “passed rivulet, number five street”

i. e., the fifth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach
Street. Cantonese, Kwo. kong chai san lo ТАА Ti.

Magazine (the open space formed by the intersection of
the six roads in front of the Magazine Police Station). (1) Hokkien,
Chhéng ióh keng ee Fe * gun-powder depot” formerly the
Government gun-powder magazine was there. Cantonese, Fo
yeuk kuk IK ee 21 (2) Hokkien, Go: pha teng TE
“the five lamps" referring to the Municipal lamp-post which
holds five lamps. Cantonese, Ng chan tang Tm IH (3) Hok-
kien, Lak chhé 16: 3:2, “the intersection of six roads”
viz., Magazine Road, Gladstone Road, Penang Road, MacAlister
Road, Dato Kramat Road and Brick-kiln Road. The Malay ver-
sion of this name is Simpang Anam. Cantonese, Luka lo py WALK

Magazine Road: Hokkien, Kho káng-& tē it (or thai)
пай. lo: 3 SESS — S " passed rivulet, number one
street," ie. the first street after crossing Prangin Ditch from
Beach Street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai tai yat thiu lo A
($58 — ИЧ

Malay Street: Hokkien: Thai ga hang BAR AS ^ kill-
ing cows lane," cattle were formerly slaughtered there for the
market. It is also called Thai рй ай Es AK the back of the
place where cows were killed. Cantonese, Thong ngau hong.

Malay Street Ghaut: Hokkien, Thai gû hang lo:-thaá

214 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

ДЕ PE УН Cantonese, Thong-ngau-hong lo thau JÆ
7 RM

Market Lane : Hokkien, Kóng hok kū hāng JR m BEA
kong hok ku is the Chinese name of the Peuang Mutual Im-
provement Association the premises of which are in of this
lane. Cantonese, Yi-nai hong Zik ‘concubine lane,” so
called because this lane used to be occupied chiefly by kept
women.

Market Street: Hokkien, Pá-sat ке PY, pl {Ey pa sat
is a corruption for pasar, a Malay word meaning market. ,Can-
fonese, Pa-sat kai 9, UE

Market Street Ghaut: Hokkien, Sin ban-san rise
Щ * the new market,” i. e, the Central market. Ban-san is a
corruption of the Malay “bangsal”, meaning a shed. Cantonese,
San pat ѕа $r EL ipl, “new pasar

Maxwell Road: PART I, between Bridge Street and
Gladstone Road. Hokkien, Chha на" Жее є firewood yard";
this is the principal place where firewood is sold in Penang.

PART IL, between Gladstone Road and Penang Road.
Hokkien. Khai Héng Bi bí-ka Bt HS “Chop K hie Heng
Be's rice mill, · №. B. This road and Prangin Road are often
called káng-á ki" WA Af, “rivulet side" because of their
proximity to the Prangin Ditch.

Muda Lane: Hokkien, Thái-ko hang ЖЕ) AK “ Je-
per's lane", many lepers used to live in this place on the charity
of a certain wealthy Chinaman.

CHINESE NAMES ОЕ STREETS IN PENANG, 215

Muntri Street: (1) Hokkien, Sek-lan-ni hang {б 8
HAK Eurasian lane. (2) Hokkien, Lam hoa i-i" ke РА 9
ЧЕ] “Lam hoa hospital street,” after the Chinese medical
institution there, Cantonese, Nam wa yi iin kai Pea ҖЕ ES be
tH (3) Hokkien, Sin haíf-làm kong-si ke Hitt Bg ДУН] (t

“new Hailam kong: si street,” after the new Kong-si house of the

Hailams. Cantonese, San hoi nam kung-si kai 19 PH А9]
A. ә

Noordin Street: Hokkien, Коё káng-á te ji tiaü lo
A es TF — Уй * passed rivulet, number two street '
i e., the second street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from
Beach Street. Cantonese K wo kong chai tai yi thiu lo 8 #5
FRR |

Northam Road: Hokkien, A® mô lo: 41 = Ёё “red
hair road "—road where the Europeans live. That part of this
road which joins Penang Road is sometimes called ang mô: kū
thióng KT > EIR “red [hair old cemetery”, i. e., the Pro-
testant and Roman Catholic Cemetery there. Cantonese, Hung
molo $7 =

Penang Road: РАктТ I., about Chulia Street. Hokkien,
Tiau-làng ke m А “hanging people street”—formerly cri-
minals were hung there,” Cantonese, Tiu yan kai m

PART IL, about Chowrasta market. (I) Hokkien, Ка kha-
khu {E ДЫ “old jail "—the old Criminal Prison, which was
formerly situated at the present vacant piece of ground opposite

the Chowrasta market. Cantonese, Kau ka-ku TE НЕ (1)

216 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

Hokkien, pus chiak chhù chéng ж щч ОШ “ ‘Leng Cheak’s
house fron

PART Bn about the Prangin Ditch. Hokkien, Тіай kió {ай

Ip TAPE "suspension bridge head," i. e. the bridge over
the Prangin Ditch. This name is sometimes, though improperly,
applied, to those parts of Prangin Road, Maxwell, Road and
Burmah Road which join Penang Road at the Prangin Ditch;
the general name for the whole district round about here is
Titi Papan, meaning wooden bridge. Cantonese, Tiu khiu thau

fi BE : |

PART IV., about the Magazine Police Station. Hokkien,
bâng chhia teng pai koan A Beye ee * rickshaw nailing
= the rickshaw registration department.

Рб Street: PART I., betweeen Light Street a and
Bishop Street. Hokkien, Кай keng chhü Ju fa] JH * nine
houses"; formerly there were only nine housees in this part of
Penang Street onthe right hand side as one goes; up from
Light Street.

PART IL, between Bishep Street and Market Street. (1)
Hokkien, Kái-tang ke E mtt Küi"-tang = Quang-tung Pro-
vince in Southern China and ke — street ; so called because this
part of Penang Street is principally occupied by Cantonese shop-
keepers. Cantonese, Kwong-tung kai ie Wit kwong-tung =
Quang tung Province; kai — street. (2) Hokkien, Má-káu ke
I2: (B “ Macao Street"; Cantonese, Thong-yan kai НЕ ДЫ
“ Chinamen’s street”; the word Chinaman refers to the Canton-
ese in distinction from the Hokkiens, whom the former considered
to be foreigners on account of their different provinciality.

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 217

PART III., between Market Street and Chulia Street
Hokkien, Che-ti ke Ji nth * chetty' street,” trom the chetty
money-lenders living there.

Perak Road: Hokkien, Toa lo: ай AKER “ big
road back,"—behind the big road.

Phee Choon Lane: Hokkien, Phi Chim lo: KR
Phe Choon is a part of the name of Mr. Li Phee Choon.

Pitt Lane: Hokkien, Tio-chiu kong-si ай 38 IA RI te

* Te-chiu Kong-si back," behind the Te-chiu Kong-si house in
Chulia Street, where it joins Queen's Street. Cantonese, Chhiu
Chau Kung-si au ЛУД ZS 8] HB
ы: Pitt Street: PART L, between Light Street and China
Street. Hokkien, Koan im têng chéng ix xm ur “ Koan im
temple front,” front of the temple of the Goddess of Mercy.
The Straits-born women often pronounce Klam or Kolam instead
cf koan im, by way of contraction. Cantonese, Kun yam miu
chhin EB ET Je pny | |

PART IL, between China Street and Chulia Steet. Hokkien,
-Toa ba-laí KAI “big bale”; the Baleiis the Pitt et
Police Station. Cantonese, Tai mata liu AFA ^ bg
police house." _ |

PART IH., between Chulia Street and Armenian Street.
Hokkien, Toa chui chi" KIKI “ big water well” ; formerly
there was a big water tank there. Cantonese, Tai mun lau kai-si
A PEs Th ** Chulia Street market." pe Chulia Street

28

© ste

218 CHINESE NAMES ОЕ STREETS IN PENANG

Ghaut (4)] (2) Hokkien, TA kha TH ** coco-nut foot”; there
were many cocoa-nut trees there.

Prangin Road: PART i, between Beach Street and
Carnarvon Street. (1) Hokkien, Oàn thàu-á ie puff * the
small.turning," i. e., the turning from Beach Street. Cantonese,
Wan thau chal ret BATT (2) Hokkien, Hii Chiu Kong-si ke
HAR “ the street where the Kong-si house of the
Hai chiu people is, На Chiu isthe name ofa prefecture in
South Ckina whence the Khebs or Hakkas come. Cantonese, wai
chau kung-si kai HB AN 8] 1h. |

PART IL, between Carnarvon Street and Sungei Ujong,
Hokkien, Khai Héng Bi ke Bd 4H XH the street where v
К Ме Heng Be (rice merchant) is. Cantonese, Hoi Hang. Mi ka!
BIER.

Part lIL, letween Sungei Ujong and Penang Road.
Hokkien, Gà chhia ke Æi “ bullock-cart street,” from the
bullock-cart builders’ shops there. N. B. This road ard Max-
well Road are ofien called Káng-a Кї" ELF tii, “the rivulet
side,” -because of their proximity to the Prangin Ditch. Canto-
nese, Ngau chhe kai 4 38 (8

Prangin Lane: Hokkien, Kiam hà tia” En fiiv. “ salt-
fish yard,” so called because salt-fish are dried and cured there,
i, e., at the back part of the shops facing Prangin Road.

Presgrave Street: Hokkien, Коё káng-á tē sa" бап lo"

ws (ye = RE * passed rivulet, number three street,’

CHINESE NAMES ОЕ STREETS IN PENANG. 219

i, e, the third street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach
street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai tai sam thiu lo BATA
ZRK

Queen Street: (1) Hokkien, Chap-ji keng +z
* twelve houses,” there is a row of twelve houses of the same
height. Cantonese, Shap yi kan +: (2) Hokkien, Ка Hô
Hap sia ke TE АЛ “old Ho Hap society street," called
after the Kong-si because of this society there. Cantonese, Kau
Wo Hap she kai TERI Srt

Race Course Road: Hokkien, Toa chhài һа" lo
RRA “big vegetable garden road,” from the many
vegetable plantations there. Cantonese, Tai chhoi un Xl

R. C. O. Front: Hokkien, Koan-á kak [54 (f fü * Gov-
ernment office corner "— the corner of the Government offices.
Cantonese, Tai ma-thau JA B2 “big jetty,” after the Old
Jetty there.

Residency Road: Hokkien, Ji ong chhù lo- ZERK
“ Second King’s house road,’ second King being the Chinese
way of calling the Resident Councillor.

Rope Walk: (1) Hokkien, Gi-hok ke ЭБЕ {7 “ G1 hok
street,” so called because the Gi hok secret society had their
Kong-si house there formerly. Cantonese, Yi fuk kai K nap
(2) Hokkien, Phah soh hang FJ 3E AW “making rope lane" ;
formerly cocoanut husk ropes were manufactured there. [Vide
Kimberley Street (5)]

220 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

Sandilands Road: Holhien, Коё kang-a tē Кай бай lo
AG gi JU (A Ў « passed rivulet, number .nine street,”
i.e, the ninth street after crossing the Prang in Ditch from Beach
Street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai ‘tai kau thiu lo" ш ee TF
8 JL TR

Scotland Road: Hokkien, “Batu Gantong KARA
Malay, overhanging rock; there is a big overhanging rock there.

Seh Tan Court: Hokkien, Sv Tan kong-si WEN ZX i]
after the Kong-si house of the Seh Tan clan. Cantonese, Shirig
chau Kung-si Ё [di A ai) ! ;

Sek Chuan Lane : Hokkien, Toà mii” 1ай lai Jg PARE Py

“big archway inside "— within the big archway; there wasabig i.

compound house there with two entrances, over each of which
there was a big archway, the present Sek Chuan Lane being —
formerly one of the two entrances;" (Vide Chulia Street, PART |

IL) Cantonese, tai mun Tau lung A PATINE .

Stewart Lane: Hokkien, Koan im têng aü гл t
“ Koan im temple back” — behind the temple of the Goddess of
Mercy. Cantonese, Kun yam miu hau вн ЕЛЕ а i |

Sungei Ujong: (1) Hokkien, Ho chio tia” BAA
* Pepper yard,” from the court-yard there where pepper is ex-
posed to be dried. (2) Hokkien, Ban Tek Hong lo E f E
the road where chop Dan Tek Hong owns the pepper yard above
referred to is situated. Cantonese, Man tak fung kai a 7

dà

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 221

Tamil Street: Hokkien, Kiet-léng ban san Ж y
Ш “ Kling market." Cantonese, Kit-ling pa-sat atis P, il,

Tek Soon Street: (1) Hokkien, Tek Sūn lo- (JJ EE
(2) Hokkien, Ohha tia an J'y 4% “Maxwell Road back"
( Vide Maxwell Road; Part I.)

Thye Sin Street: Hokkien, Коё káng-á to si tiaü lo
X5 es GF 58 UU AR * passed rivulet, number four street,
i. e., the fourth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from
Beach street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai tai si thin lo а
ff I ER |

Toa Aka Lane: (1) Hokkien, Phah-thih-ke. hang-á
Fy Ht ARTF « Beach street small lane,” the lane that branches
off from Beach street (Vide Beach. street, Part V.). Can-
tonese, Ta-thit kai hong chai ПЖ (2) Hokkien, Kam-
kong-lai hoai" lo 845 Py ke Pe “ Carnarvon Lane cross
street.” Cantonese, Kam-pong loi wang kai Ж EIA hath

Transfer Road: Hokkien, Tek San chhù рі" ke {MJH
saw * Tek Soon’s hans side street.” Cantonese, Tak shun
ok pin PURE

Union Street: Hokkien, Po-lé ай 3084 ^ Police
back” — behind the Police Courts. Cantonese, Po-li-si hau 308

Hf

222 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG,

Waterfall Road: Hokkien, А èk to-lün ne 3% {|

the Chinese pronunciation for Ayer Terjun, which means ‘ water
plunging.’

Weld Quay: Hokkien, Hai ki" sin lo ЮЗЛИ
‘sea-beach new road," or Sin hai ki" ke ЖЛ БЕДИ “new
sea-beach road.” Cantonese, Hoi phe HEE © sea-beach.”

Western Road: Hokkien, Ai mê: sin thióng Т = Өт
ig * red hair new cemetery,” so called after the European new
cemetery there. Sai hoa hang ру к the Western grand
lane, Péng an hàng RZ HE the happy lane. Cantonese, San
hung mo fan ST EHR “ new red hair cemetery." Sai wa
hong py He Pheng on hong ж 2235

GOVERNMENT OFFICES.

Б. С. 0. Hokkien, Ji ông koan ОЕ “Хо. 2 King's
office”; the Governor being the No. 1 King.

Treasury: Aokkien, Kong-pán-gé khó--pàng AH
и kong-pàn-gé is the Chinese pronunciation for company,
i. e, the East India Company, the Government; and khó--pàng
means treasury. Cantonese, Fu-fong ji “ treasury."

Stamp Office: (1) Hokkien, Be ang-á Шай ё koan Ti
(99:2 BA * Selling doll-head Office.” Cantonese, Mai kung
chai thau nga mun B LF 28f& РЧ “selling doll-head ya-
men.” (2) Hokkien, sitàn koan "HH BA si-fàn = stamp,
and koan means office. Cantonese, Si tam kun {Н

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 223
Public Works Department: Hokkien, Nid tē Коа"
AES * measuring land official." Cantonese, Leung te kun
H...
HUE
Land Office: (1) Hokkien, Gà-làn koan FP Bj B] ка-1ап
== grant. Cantonese, Thiu tho thien EE] +- HA field land depart-
ment.” (2) Hokkien, Те спо, koan Hh BA “ land rent office."
Official Assignee’s Office: Hokkien, Ро kióng si 3*1
is н) * Reporting poverty Official," . Cantonese, Po khung is
#98 9]
Chinese Protectorate: (1) Hokkien, Goa komn ЯР
* Outer Office” — the office that transacts business with the general
public. Cantonese, Phai kun pu pR “ Licence house” == house
where licences under the C. D. O. were issued, (2) Hokkien,
Tai-jin koan KAR Tai-jin literally means a great man, but
in Chinese official circles it is used as a title applying to any man-
darin of and above the rank of а Taotai, equivalent in English to
His or Your Excellency. Cantonese, Mau wa kun uas ig
* asking questions house " — house where female immigrants from
Chiua are examined under the Women and Girls’ Protection
Ordinance. (3) Hokkien, Ho'-üi si koan st (f Н] Bj] * Protec-
ting Officials Office” office of the Protector (of Chinese). Can-
tonese, Tai yan nga mun A К PR * Tai-jin's yamen. (4)
Hokkien, Cheng bü si koan EX 5 9] Б “the government
business official's offi;e." Cantonese, U wai si nga mun Ks

224 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

8] (&y PH “ Protectors yamen". (5) Cheng mo si nga mun
" government business official’s yamen." ;

Marine Department: Hokkien, Haí koan ЖЕУ
“ Harbour Office.” Cantonese, Hoi kwan 5$ Eg

General Post Office : Hokkien, Phe koan dW BS “ Let-
ter Office.” Cantonese, Shun koan ЖЕ |
' Supreme Court: Hokkien, Toa kòk Ki “ big court,
kok being the Chinese pronunciation for court. Cantonese, Tai
kot AH “ big court.”

Solicitor General's Department : Hokkien, Kong-
pan-gê ср su Ah КЕЙ kong-pàu-gé == company, i.e.,
the East Indian Company, and chig su means a lawyer. Cantonese,
Wong ka chong si ERA Gib * Government lawyer.”

: Sheriff Department: Hokien, Che-lip zu this is
the Chinese pronunciation for Sheriff. Cantonese, Fung pho kun
JA EP “sealing shop official.” (2) Hokkien, Hong chhù Коа"
*JE E * Sealing house official.” (3) Hokkien, Lé-long koa"
RIED ES Lelong is a Malay-Portuguese word meaning auction,
‘and koa" means official:

Police Courts: Hokkien, Po-lé 3335 * police." Can-
tonese, Po-le-si He HS n) * police."

Coroners Department: Hokkien, Giam si коа"
ЖЕ “examining corpse official.” Cantonese, Im si kun ES

RB

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 2489

Police Superintendent's Office: Hoklien, Goa po-
lé-chu AMA “ outer police magistrate." Cantonese, San
sham lau A s

Police Station: (1) Hokkien, Ма-а" Пай E FIRR
“police house.” Cantonese, Mata liu HEATH (2) Hokkien.
Ba lai ASR the Malay word balai, a maa.

Detective Police Station: Moxkien, Am pai keng UA
ДИ! А) “secret badge house”; detectives: are called “secret
badge,” because they, not wearing any uniform, are supposed to
wear a police badge secretly on their persons. Cantonese, Am

phai kun DA KREE

Marine Police Station: (1) Hokkien, Sūn hat má-tá"
Пай Ж Ж 1537 ER “inspecting sea police house.” Cantonese,
Shui si mata liu aR bin BB 47 42 shui si means marine. (2)
Hokkien, Зап hai ba lai 35 Ж ARTIS

Criminal Prison: Hokkien, Kha khu keng ДИЕ [ч]
" foot-fettering house.” Cantonese, Kam fong Be fe * confin-
ing house” ' ;

Debtor’s Prison: Hokkien, Khiam chi kba khu keng
AR fe ЛИЕ ГА] * Owing debts prison." Cantonese, Chhin chai
kam Е “ Debt prison.” ae

General Hospital: Hokkien, Рт chhù ФБ PE “Sick
house.” Cantonese, Yi shang kun Va +E Pe (2) Hokkien, Ló
kun chhù HE ** Doctor's house."

29

226 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
MERCANTILE OFFICES.

Chamber of Commerce: Hokkien, Ang mô sieng
kong-si ЖТ EFA AB] “European merchants’ Kong-si.” Can-
lonese, Sai yan sheung mo kuk pu A Ж К) * Western
people's commercial business board."

Hongkong &Shanghai Bank: (1) Hokkien, Hui
hong bang ВЕ 8197 Hui hong being the Chinese chop of this
bank and bang—bank. Cantonese, Ui fung ngan hong [J£ Bl $i fT
Ui fung being the Chinese chop of this bank, and ngan hong
means money firm-bank, (2) Hokkien, Siang bat bang ЕКЕЖ
ues * Shanghai bank." Cantonese, Shung hoi ngan hong [|
5-28 47“ Shanghai bank."

Chartered Bank; Hokkien, Cha-ta bang rea
“Chartered Bank.” Cantonese, Oha-ta ngan hong EFF] RTT
“ Chartered Bank."

Netherlands Trading Society: Hokkien, Ho-lan
bang jg zc EA “Holland bank." Cantonese, Ho-lan ngan
hong TUB EB fT

Telegraph Office: Hokkien, Phah tàng soa" koan
FT HIER B] “striking brass wire office.” Cantonese, Tin po kuk
TE eR “electricity report board.”

Tin Exchange: (1) Hokkien, Chip siang só: KETA PH
" assembling merchant's place. Cantonese, Chap sheung so 4É
Б] ДТ (2) Hokkien, Siak Kong-si BA] “ the tin Kong-si.”
Cantonese, Shek kung-si $5 A)

CHINESE NAMES ОЕ STREET IN PENANG. 227

Opium and Spirit Farms: (1) Hokkien, A-phièn
kong-si Hg JANG) “opium Kong-si.” Cantonese, Nga phin
kong-si m Be A H] (2) Hokkien, Chiú kong-si WIZ ai)
* Spirit kong-si.” Cantonese, Chau kong-si Xy ZV Hi)

Municipal Office: (1) Hokkien, Ah sè koan KAYA BS
ah sè—the Malay word hasil, meaning tax, and koan means office.
. (2) Hokkien, Саі sè koan ЖАИ * water rate office.” (3)
Hokkien, Kong po kiok Т Th a “ works department."

Town Hall: Hokkien, Ang mé: kong koán ST EAB
* European club.”

Chinese Town Hall: Hokkien, Péng cheang kong koán
THARE Cantonese: Pheng cheung kung kun REA

The Medical Institution: Hokkien, Lam hoa i i"
pj ЖЕ БЕ [рс Cantonese, Nam wa gi iin Hi Be

St. George's Church: Hokkien, Ang mô toa lé-pài-tít
ТЕКЕ РЕН * : European big church."

Church of Assumption: Hokkien, Sek-lán-ni lé -pai-tig
АЛЕ“ Eurasian Church.”

Armenian Church: Hokkien, Lü-sóng lé-paì-t® fA
Жл la sèng being a corruption for Luzon of the
Philippines Islands, and Ié-pai-tip means Church.

Penang Free School: Hokkien, Ang шо: èh ЁТ Е:
* European school ".

St. Xavier's Institution: Hokkien, Sek-lan-ni óh

fà jg e * Eurasian School."

228 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

St. George's Girls’ School: Hokkien, Lá òh A e
* girls’ school”.
Convent: Hokkien, Niko am Fe hh ie “ nunnery.”
Cantonese, Ku leung thong Wie ae © ladies’ house”, the ladies
| being the nuns.
Government Hill: Hokkien, Seng ki soa" JE LI
“Hoisting flag hill", Cantonese, Shing khi san ER LL
Dato Kramat Gardens : /okiien, Ong ke hoa һи"
CEA] “Gor t gardens.” Cantonese, Wong ke fa iin
"m
XE EB]
Waterfall: Hothien, A-ek tè-lan HH ife Ф|. “Ayer
turjun* — water plunging. Cantonese, Shui mo ЖД
Race Course: Hokkien, Phaá bé khoan yg EEr * run-
ning horse field, ” Cantonese, Phau ma chheung jg H5 55
Esplanade: (1) Hokkien, Chhati po: I ** grassfield."
Cantonese, Siu kau chheung AES * small parade ground."
(2) Hokkien, Phah kiü po HERH striking ball field?" Can-
tonese, Ta po te 7098 * striking ball jand.”
Fort Cornwallis: Hokkien, Ang mô ѕій" KT EA
“ European city.” Cantonese, Phau thoi , A “fort.”
| New Jetty: (1) Hokkien, Thih io-thaü sah FA UH
“iron landing place.” (2) Hokkien, Thih kid BG iron bridge."
ош Jetty: Hotlin, Koan-á kak pabian BIY- Е
koan á kak—R., С. 0, front, and “pabian " is a Malay word for jetty.

CHINESE NAMES ОЕ STREETS IN PENANG. 229

Residency: Hokkien, Ji ông chhù — ẸJẸ «No. 2
King’s house.”

Chinese Consulate: Hokkien, Tai chheng kok lèng
sü hu KANAR “ The Great Pure Kingdom Consu-
late.” Cantonese, Tai chheng kwok leng si fu ЖИ e SF

The Temple of the Goddess of Mercy (in Pitt Street) :
(1) Hokkien, Koan im téng xxr B * Koan Im Temple," Can-
tonese, Kun уаш miu E ET JEH (2) Hokkien, Kóng hok kiông
E d ey * Quang-tung and Fuhkien temple" — Cantonese and
Hokkien temple. Cantonese, K wong fuk kung Jm ej

The Temple of the God of the Town (in Jelutong) :
Hokkien, Sêng ông bid 3 ре Jai the Seng Ong god is supposed
to take his appointment from Yama, the ruler of hell, to whom he
has to report the doings, good or evil, of the people in the town
under his jurisdiction. The Chinese consider this temple to be
the most appropriate one for taking oaths, such as that of cutting
off cock's heads, etc. Cantonese, Shing wong miu BK

The Temple of the God of Carpentry (in Love
Lane): Hokkien, Lò рап kò bio £8 3t di Я * Lo pan's ancient
temple." Cantonese, Lo pau ku miu Ж E dy Ja

The Temple of the Three Precious Ones—the
Buddhist Trinity (in Ayer Itam): Hokkien, Kek lok si Ji. is =
" Supreme felicity monastery." Cantonese, Kek lok chi Хв.
BSF (2) Hokkien, Sam рб tien = ЯВУ “ the court of the
Three Precious Ones,” so called after the shrine of the Bud-
dhist Trinity inside the above-mentioned monastery. Cantonese,
Sam po tin ZER

230 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

The Temple of Philosopher Lao-tsu, the founder
of Taoism: Cantonese, Chheng koan si i. ‘clear view
monastery.” This temple is situated at the top of a hill in Paya
tubong, and is approached by a path consisting of a long flight
of granite steps known as the Chheng ji chin -T- Ж the
1200 steps. Cantonese, Chheng kun chi nh.
The Temple of the Local Deities: (1) Hokkien,
Toà peh kong TA Cantonese, Tai pak kung KAA
(2) Hokkien, Pun {ай kong AS BBA One in King Street,
опе in Tanjong Tokong, опе in Ayer Itam, etc. Cantonese, Tho te
kung ]- 37A
The Pleasure Club 98:3] Bi] f (in Chulia Street):
Hokkien, lén han piét so. Cantonese, In han pit sti. —
The Penang Literary Association JJ 47 (near
the Esplanade): Hokkien, I bûn chai. Cantonese, І man chai.
The Chinese Club УК 8] (in MacAlister Road) :
Hokkien, Chheng hong kók. Cantonese, Chhing fong kok.
The Anglo-Chinese Reading Room A*Jffifit
(in Chulia Street): Hokkien, Chui nge hien Ет Can-
tonese, Su nga hin Н:
CHINESE KONGSI-HOUSES.
A. НОККТЕХ. (Names romanised in Hokkien sound.)
Si^ Khu bh Kong-si Chop Liong San Tóng WELLE "ers

s Khu hh » » Bôn San Tong ACL ee bes
С: пау.

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 231

Sr Lim fk Kong-si Chop Кій Liong Tong 7, 8:5 Beach

"n^ >
» làn [igi
» Ie By

Ure

HE
г ТИР НЕ
» Chia E
Ong t

æ
>

EJ
>

-
к

-

~
w

`
~~

Street.
Eng Chhoan Tong XUI USE E des
= Court.
` me a pi, .
Su Ti Tong Chulia
к in VU AN c Ghaut

Chí lèn Tóng EE o Jelutong
Chheng Но Tông ЕКПА a
von St.

Pó Sa Sia ЖЛ не

Thai Guan Tong Jk е Penang
Road.

В. CANTONESE. (Names romanized in Cantonese sound.)

ча 3, @ aH Leng yeung ui kun; leng yeung is another name

for san leng Жу and ui kun means meeting-
house,

(In King Street.)

$9 ВЕ ui kun; ui stands for san ui жге апа Кип

means house. (In Bishop Street.)

frg gg Ui leng kun; here ui stands for si ui Ше

leng stands for kwong leng ig ie and kun
means house, (In Muntri Street.)

AF ie, fi Heung yap kun; “heung town house.” Heung

stands for heung shan ZÉe||| (In King Street).

232 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

AREH Ng shi ka шїп; “ Surname Ng family temple.”
(In King Street.)

Як ГДЕ Leung shi ka miu; * Surname Leung family tem-
ple.” (In Muntri Street.)

WA KAE Wong shi ka shuk; “Surname Wong family
school,” (In Penang Street, )

AS BE Lishi kun; * Surname Li house.” (In Love Lane.)

Dig 2 AER Tun fan kun; the Kong-si house of the people of
surname Miu. (In Penang Street.)

r3 @ рн sbing ш kun, “The ancient city meeting

ouse ”; this is the meeting-house of the people of

i fullowing four surnames Lau ГА) Kwan Ed

Cheung WE and Chiu 4f The words ancient

city’ bear reference to the story of the * Three
Kingdoms," in which four notables of the above

surnames respectively adopted each other as bro-
: thers. (In King Street.)

Th Vis = BE Ng fuk shu un “the five blessings college"; this
is the Kong-si house of the people coming from
the following twelve districts of the Quang-tung
(Canton) Province, viz., Nam Hoi Р Pun-u
"idi Tung kun Ws Shun tak Ш Л
Heung shan ЖЩ Чап оп dA Sam shu
—JK Chhung fa $4, Chang shang аж

Ung mun BEP Chhing un TH
ДЕЕ (In Chulia street.)

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 233

C. Tr-cHIU. Name romanized in Te-chiu sound.
BET 2] Hang kang kia bio, “ Han river family temple”;
so called after the name of a river near Swatow in
China.

D. KHEH or НАККА. Names romanized in Kheh sound.

X I er GE Ka in fi kwon ; ka in — ka ying chow, and fi kwon
means meeting-house. (In King Street.)

EAM & Gu Fi chiu fi kwon; fi chiu = Wai chow. (In Prangin
Road.)

ЕВЕ Chen liung kwon; chen stands for chen shang

and liung stands for liung mun ВЕРЧ
(In King street.)

TS BE Yin shin kwon. This is an old Kong-si house of
the Kheh people. The name is simply a fancy
one. (In King Street.)

A 1: Yin thai kwon; yin stands for yin thiu ИЕ
and thai stands for thai phu Ahh (In Toa Aka
Lane,)

ti $ BE Chhung chhang fi kwon; chhung stands for
Chhuug fa EAL, and chhiang stands for chhiang
yieu HR , (In Prangin Read.)

(e) HAILAM. Names romanized in Hailam sound.
еен Keng chiu ui koan; keng chiu = kengchow. Ie is
also called thien ho kiong X ae meaning
the Temple of the Queen of Heaven. (In Muntri

Street.)
30

234 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PEN NANG,

Aa xe [s] Lan teng kok This is merely a fancy name. (In
Church Street.)

(f) SHANGHAI and NINGPO. Name romanized m Mandarin sound.

ZAA San chiang kung so, “Three chiang public-
house,” the three chiangs (also pronounced kiang)
being che kiang Т. kiang-su TT tik and
kiang-si УТ pE three provinces in North East
China.

A LIST OF SOME DISTRICT NAMES IN PENANG.
PART I. In Town.

Bakar Bata: Hokkien, Chui" á 10 HS (7:2. “ Brick-
kiln,”

Dato Kramat: Hokkien, Sì khám tiam [ДД AR “four
shops" Cantonese, Si kan tin yu ri Е

Dhobi Ghaut: Hokkien, Sé pó kid BETAS * wash-
ing clothes bridge.”

Jalan Bharu; Hokkien, Tiong-lo: HH VE “ middle road."
Cantonese, Chung lo rH ў&

Kampong Bharu: Hokkien, Toa chhiü kha Kis ДЇ
“ Big tree foot.”

Kebun Limau; Hokkien, Kam-a hu; tH (F [d
“Orange plantation.” Cantonese, Kam chai un tH (FE

Pulau Tikus; Hokkien, Pha lur ti kut op ШИН

Rifle Range; Hokkien, Phab chhéng ро 3 58
* Firing gun field."

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 235

Sepoy Lines: Hokkien, Si pai pc: ie BEHR si pai =
sepoy ; po’ = field.

Tarek Ayer; Hokkien, бй chhia сый 2E: Hi JK “ Bul-
lock-cart water." Cantonese, Ngau chhe shui AF if 7K

Titi Papan; Hokkien, Tia kid thaü Г] IA “ Sus-
pension bridge head.” Cantonese, Tiu khiu thau m 15 3H

Ujong Pasir, or Prangin: Sia boé ЛЕЕ “town end,”
Cantonese, She me me

Part II. Up-country.

Some of the names are romanized in Kheh sound, as the
up-country districts are inhabited more by Khehs than Cantonese,

Ayer Itam: Hokkien. А уа i tam WX AKA

Ayer Puteh: Aver, Kung si san ZI LL “ Kong-si
hill."

Bagan Jermal: Hokkien, Oàn to “>р * bay."
Balik Pulau: Hokkien, Phi 10 ERE AAe San poi
Ш “hill back,” i. e. the back of the Pentland Range.
The town is called Pho: Hf by the Hokkiens, and Tanjong by

the Khehs. Balik Pulau village is called Kung-si, or Bokkan,
which is a corruption of the Malay word “pekan,” and the

only street there is called fu lo kat chhong WE ИЙ
Balik Pulau Hill: Hokkien, Phaü tai téng JUSTE
* Fort top.” Алел, Phau thoi tong AG
Batu Ferringgi: Hokkien, Batu téng-gi ASSET E
Kheh, Ma tu tin yi ABC T Hi

236 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG,

Batu Itam: Hokkien Batu I-tàm ASK Ba A Kheh,
Chin kau lung XE ZEE “Christian place."

Batu Lanchang: Hokkien, Batu bàn chiang EK

Batu Uban: Hoklien, Batu ban A BED]

Bayan Lepas: Hokkien, Ma lak pai [Jit HE

Bukit Penera: Nis" téng ИТИ * hill-path top.”
Kheh, Au tang HA “ valley tep.”

Gelugur; Kheh, Liong hang hiau р 1 “cold
stream mouth.”

Gertak Sanggul: Hokkien, Boé ô FÉ ÀJ]. “last lake.”
Kheh, Bi fu В)

Ginting: Hokkien, Bûn téng X JÉ Kheh, Vun ting kok.
KIH Vun ting is a corruption for “Ginting,” and kok means
corner,

Jalan Bharu: Hokkien, Sin lo-thaü pr ¥ 38 “new
landing расе” Алел, Sin tu thiau 0708 3B

Jelutong: Hokkien, Jit bh tong H 7 [д

Pasir Blanda: Kheh, Chuk sa wi Ay ps “ Bamboo
sand enclosure."

Pasir Panjang: Hotlien, Toà soa po Kid hh * Big
sand field." Kheh, Thai sa pu AKAP hh

Paya Trubong: Hokkien, Tò bong lai 48[ ae A to

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 237

bong is a corruption for Trubong, and lai means inside.

Permatang Pasir: Hokkien, Mang-gi kha SEE ni
“ Manggis (mangosteen) foot.” Aheh, Sa kong ib йй “ sand
hill.”

Pondok Upil; Hokkien, 0. рі" 18] Kheh, O bi
2

Pulau Betong; Hoklien, Pha lê: bit têng Е Ж)
Kheh, Fu lo mit tong TEE ES

Relau: Hokkien, ©: lai HP “lake within” = inside
the lake. Kheh, (1) Fu lo wang УЕ н (2) Lau kong
FE Ж “Qld stream.”

Relau Hill: Aheh, Nga kong chhai HAR “ the hill
fortress.”

Sungei Ara: Kheh, Sin kong rs * new stream."

Sungei Burong: Kheh, Sung kiau vu yiung.

Sungei Kluang: Hokkien, Bang kha làn e nn aj
== “ Pengkalan” which means “landing place” in Malay.

Sungei Nibong: Алел, Sung kiau li bong.

Sungei Pening: Алел, Sung kiau pin long.

Sungei Pening: Hokkien Chi chii king JA KE
“ Fresh water river.”

Sungei Rusa: Kheh, Sung kiau liu sa.

Sungei Teeram; Hokkien, Коё воа"-й 3n ff
« Over the hill."

238 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

Tanjong Bunga: Hokkien, Коё soa" [Ц * Over
the hill,”

Tanjong Tokong: Hokkien, Рип {һай kong sū A BA
ДАЙ * God's islet.” Kheh, Hoi tsu tsz PEAR * sea-pearl
monastery."

Teluk Bahang: Hokkien, Lân chio hui" fe ЧЕ
* Pepper plantation."

Teluk Kumbar: Hokkien, Kong ра AB Kheh,
Kum pa.

ISLETS IN THE VICINITY OF PENANG.
Pulau Betong: Hokkien, Pha lô: bit tong Е 538 lal
Pulau Jerijak : (1) Hokkien, Phi 10° ji jiak Pp Ne ЕЧ Æ

Cantonese, Muk kau shan ЖЩ * earthen-pot hill” = hil]
of the shape of an earthen pot. (2) Hokkien, Thai ko: sū 3
айй ** Lepers' island,” called after the Lepers' Hospital there.

Pulau Kra: Hokkien, Sad fd (ў: “islet.”
ие Rimau: Hokkien, A-Á sū ЖАЗГАН. ** tigers

Pulau Tikus: (1) Hokkien, Péh sū EQ hi “ white
island.” (2) Hokkien, Phi 10° kiet chi 2084 LT Malay
“ Pulau Kechil” — small island.

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 239
A LIST OF NAMES OF SOME PLACES IN PROVINCE
WELLESLEY AND DINDINGS.,

Province Wellesley: Hokkien, Коё king 39 Ик
“over the harbour.”

Ara Kuda: Hokkien, A-lah kú-tá ne ЧЕ FT

Ara Rendang: A-lah lang p fiH]

Aur Gading: Hokkien, Song-kai loa ЕЁ HA Sungai
dua,

Bagan Ajam: Hokkien, Chiu ông ја thai JE ER SB
“Chiu god head "—the place where the god is whose name is
Chiu.

Bagan Dalam: Kheh, Fo shui chbong ЖК “ Ke-
rosine oil tank,”

Bagan Lalang: Hokkien, Si-kak Һи" [1 [
“ square plantation.”

Bagan Luar: Hokkien, Bang Пай 87 * net-houses ”
== fishing houses.

Bagan Tuan Kechil: Hokkien, Chin lo--thaá flt &Z pF
“ vessel landing place.”

Bukit Mertajam: Hokkien, Toà soa" kha ЖШ!
* Big hill foot.” Алел, Thai san kiok Jk [1]

Bukit Minyak: Hokkien, Tàm-má (Damar) soa" ЖАЫ
Ll “Damar hill.” Алел, Pa ma san HE iti Ly

Bukit Seraya: Hokkien, Sin pa Hy HB, “new forest.”
Kheh, Shin pa ТАЧ,

Bukit Tambun: Hokkien, Tambun RIL Kheh,

Tam mun PRIX

240 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG,
Bukit Tengah: Hokkien, Bukit téng-ga god] AF

Kheh, Vu tsz teng-a SEI AF

Butterworth : Hokkien, Pak hai AL A. * north sea.”

Cherok Tokun: Hokkien Tok-kun to Ф: Kheh.
Tokun tu La

Jalan Bharu: Hokkien, Sin lo-thaü $r pg p “new
landing place.” Алел, Sin thu (Шап 28 ud

Juru: Hokkien, Gi bá Zj Kheh, Ngi її SF

Kapala Batas: Hokkien, Pa-la ba-tai

Kubang Semang: Hokkien, Ko-pa sam-bang B B
TEM Kheh, Thai ng tham A fA ER “ Big fish pond.”

Lahar Ikan Mati: Hokkien, Ikan mati.

Machang Buboh: Hokkien, Pa-sin i B dk
Kheh, Ta siak tu JJ BAL

Maklom : (1) Hokkien, Sin йі" [| “new plantation.”
(2) Hokkien, Pa-tang (Batang) boé Bg, WE * Batang end,"

Mengkuang: Hokkien, Mang kuang. Kheh, Mang kang

Nibong Tebal: Hokkien, Ko ien [= “ Krian.” Алел,
Kow yen.

Padang Manora: Hokkien, Jara.

Pagar Tras: Hokkien, “ Pa-sia tō seng-lip PHE
it the holy church at Machang Buboh. Kheh, “Ta siak tu”

shin thong HEE

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG 241

Parit Buntar: Hokkien, (1) Sin ba lai ЖЕ “new
station.” (2) Bûn ta СНЕ
Penaga : Hokkien, Pun ná gà AS £u
Permatang Bandahari : Hokkien, Ba tang hā li JAH

Permatang Pasir: Hokkien, Batang Pasir; Kheh,
Matang Pasir.

Permatang Pau Wokkien, Batang Po AK BUS Kheh,
Matang pu BUS

Yoko Brangan ; Hokkien, Leng chùi Наш e Ж/Е * cold
drink shop." Алел, Liong shui tiam Кү Ж/Е

Sempang Ampat; Sin pang àm pat HPAP

Sungei Bakap ; Hokkien, Jiáu" 1 95 “Jawi.” Kheh
Yan yi.

Sungei Derhaka: Hokkien, Sungei laka, Kheh, Sa
kong mui v ha Fe “sand hill end.”

Sungei Rambai: Hokkien, Kang kha ДЖ “ river
foot." Алел, Kong ha ж К 4 river below."

Tasek: Kheh, Pa seh.

Tebing Tinggi: Hokkien, Soa"-á Uff * small hill."

Dindings: Hokkien, Кай sū Ju * nine . islands."
Аћел, Kau chi liu Ju 388 * nine links."

Bruas: Hokkien, Jit lòh sa Hz;

Lumut: Hokkien, Ang thó: kham ГИ] “red earth
cliff." Cantonese, Hung hom ЁТ

Pangkor: Hoklien, Pang ko ЁТ

242 CHINESE NAMES ОЕ STREETS IN

INDEX OF THE STREETS.

A Кїї ke

A-phien kong-si ke
A-iá i-tàm lo:

A ék to- ii

Ang mó: lo:

Ang mê kū tbióng
Ang mo: oh chéng
Ang mê: sin thióng

Bàn Tek hong lo:

Bang-ka-lí bang

Batu Gantong
eng hi tài

Вёп san lo--thaü

Chhà kang ke
Chha lo:-thaü
Chha йа"
Ohháà tia" aū
Chhat bok ke

Chhaü-po* haí-ki" lo

Chhéng idk keng
Chit long lo--thaà

Goa koan

Ah Quee Street

King Street

Ayer Itam Road

Waterfall Road

Northam Road or
Street

Northam Road
Farquhar Street
Western Road
Kulim Lane
Sungei Ujong
Argyle Road
T sigs

Kul

аа est Ghaut

Chulia Lan

Queen Street

Carnarvon Street

Penang Aer

Bishop Stre

Chulia ко Ghaut
Road

Bishop Street
Esplanade Road
Magazine

Church Street Ghaut
Church Street
Church Street Ghaut
Rope k
Downing Street

PENANG.

Farquhar

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG,

Go: pha teng

Са chhia ke

Gà chhia chúi

Ga kan-tàng

Hai ki" sin ló*
Hiang-káng lo:

Hô: chio tià"

Hô: seng kong-si ke
Hoan- -й hì- hui" ke

Hong chhia lo:
Hii dies kong-si ke
a

Gia- т a-teng

Kam-kong lai
Kam-kong-lai hoai" 16:
Kam kong má-lák-ka
Káng-á khati

Кай Кепе chhü ай
Kéng küi ke

K hài Héng Bí lo:
Khai Héng Bí bi-ka

Kiet- léng-á ke ló:-thaáü
Koa? laü

Koai” laa-d lo:-thaáü
Koan-á kak

Koan im téng aü

Magazine

Weld Quay

Prangin Road

Armenian Stre

243

Chowrasta d or Tamil Stree
King Street or Chulia Street-

Chulia Street Ghaut

с Street
Acheen Street Ghaut.
R. С. О. Front

Stewart Lane

244 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

Koan i im têng chêng Pitt Street

Коё kang-a te it йай lo:
Коё kang-a te ji бай lo
Коё káng-á te sa" ай lo

Коё káng-á tē gi: Пай lo:
Коё káng-á tē lak tiaü lo
Коё káng-á -á tē chhit бай lo:
Коё káng-á tē péh йай lo'
Коё káng-á tē Кай баай lo:
Kóng hok kū bang

Ка Hô Hap sia ke

Kü Hó-seng kong-si ke

Kü kha к, Penang Road
Kui"-tang Penang Street
Кш». “tang ton peh kong King Street
Lak chhé 16 Magazi

Lam ied -á

Lâm hoa i i" ke

Lang chhia tèng pai koan
Léng chiak chhù chéng

Lién hoa hó:

Lióng san сЕ lai
Ló:-lin

Lü- song lé- -pai-ti chêng
Ма kau ke

Mi" вой" ke

Oàn thaü- &

hidh Ке
Рһаһ т ke ló:-thaü
Phah phaü ke
Phah soh hang

Farquhar Street

Cannon Square

Chulia Street

Bishop Street

Penang Street

Kimberley Street
d

Market Street
Bridge Street
Barrack Road
Acheen Street

Acheen Street Ghaut

Cintra Stree

Kimberley Street or Rope Walk

CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

Phah tang ke

Phah thih ke

Phah thih ke hang-4
Phi chun 15:

Pia» chhù 10:

Рип Шай kong haug

Pun "ds Aus. hang lo:-thaá
Si 3 a” kong-si ke

Tan d si ke

.Sek-lán-ni lé-paì-t® aū һапе-а
Sek-lán-ni óh chéng
Si-kak chi
Si kbám йаш
ia boé
Siang hó chhü chéng
Sin bain-san
Si in hai- lam kong-si ke

Sin че hoai® ke
Sin-ke {һай

Sin toa-mái"-laáü
Roa? Шай ke

Sün- tek kong-si ke

Te-cbiu kong-si aü
Tek Sin — pi^ ke
Tek sin

Thai gu hang (or thai рй ай)
Thai ga hang lo*-thaáü

Thai ko hàn

That tia

à lo:
Thó: khà* (or thau khd-) ke

245

Armenian Street

Armenian Street
Armenian Street Ghaut
Chulia Street Ghaut

Dato Kramat Roa
Beach cel (Ujong Pasir)
Leith Str

Market Street Ghaut
Muntri 8

Drury xe.
Campbell Street
Cintra Street
Buckingham Street
Campbell Street
Kimberley Street
Bishop Street
Downing Street
Kimberley Street

Malay Str
Maly Street Ghaut
Lane

Magazine Road
Beach Street

246 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.

Tiaü kid {һай

"Тоа ba-lài

Toa chhai hui" 15:
Toa chhéng khang
Toà chui chi"

'l'oà ke

Toà Ке lo:-thaü
Тоа ló* ап

Toa mái" lat
esee уч hoài" ke
Toà шй

Toàn lo sige

Toan pa-li

Penang Road (Titi Papan)
nang Road

eet
-Chulia sh Ghaut or Pitt Street

China S

China 779 Ghaut
Perak Road

Chulia Street

Carnarvon Street
Sek Chuan Lane

Green Hall

THE ORANG LAUT ОЕ SINGAPORE. 2471

The Orang Laut о? Singapore.
“We tack not now to а Gallang Prow.” Kipling.

At the time of the occupation of Singapore by the British,
there were living on the island, then densely afforested, one or

the Johore Strait. Some

accounts of these two tribes was published by Logan in Vol. i. of
Logan’s Journal in 1847, and illustrated by outlines of heads.
The Kallangs were removed by the Tumunggong of Johore
from the Kallang river to Pulai River when the island was
ceded to Britain. They formerly consisted of 100 families, but
in 1847 the small pox bad reduced them to eight. They were
said to have lived exclusively in boats, neither building huts nor
cultivating any plants. Their language at that time appears to
have been Malay, and neither Mr. Logan nor Mr, Thomson
‘who described the Orang Selitar were able to elicit any words
of their original language. these races it is not easy now to
find any traces, as they have become amalgamated with the
Malays, adopting not only their language but also their customs
and religion. Lately however the authors of this pote visited
ong Roko, on the Kalang river, and made an attempt to
collect what information was procurable concerning this inter-
esting people. They were accompanied by Mr. R. H Yapp (of

Batin Jenang, and an old man named Rabu, together with опе
or two others, and spent a long time with them in endeavours to.

246 THE ORANG LAUT OF SINGAPORE.

obtain information as to the language, traditions, etc., of the Ka-
langs, but they seemed to have forgotten most of the language,
and but little information could be obtained, though what was
obtained was of considerable interest. They affirmed that they
were Orang Daik (Malay) from Lingga, and stated that there
were at least eight tribes who used to visit this district, and
were mostly pirates. They were the

Orang Tambus Orang Sekanak
Orang Mantang Orang Barok
Orang Galang rang Moro
Orang Pusek (or Persik) Orang Sugi
The first two always lived in boats, having no fixed habita-
tions, and w not piratical. T est were all bad pirates,

lived on an island between Pulau Retik and Pulau Daik. The Orang
Sugi live near Sulit, in Riau, and had a Batin. The Orang Moro
lived in Pulau Moro, near Pulau Sugi ; but they werealso said to
belong to the Orang Daik. It should be noted that among the
Sakai tribes of the Peninsula, the Batin is usually if not invariably
considered as the superior of the Jenang. Here however at
Kampong Коко it was stated quite positively that the J enang was
the higher official.

The following non-Malay words were obtained from these
en:
Koyok, a dog. Used by all the above mentioned tribes.

Kiyan, come, come here (lit. thither) cf. Belandas tribe Chan.
Kiyun, go away (lit. hither) cf. Belandas Chun.

THE ORANG LAUT OF SINGAPORE, 249

Kiyoh, far off.

Sika, come here, e g., Sika makan come here and e
The following words are probably all of Maley 3 origin:

Jengkeng or biduh, a boat (sampan or koleh).

Lanchang, a sailing vessel,

O-ne 5 ог £e -ne, friend or comrade, used in addressing other mem-

of the tribe whether young cr old, e.g., O-neh Nan

Ка amana? Where are you going, friend ? The О in Oueh
may be merely interjectional.

Diko == engkau, also used in addressing other tribesmen, but
less polite or less friendly than O-ne.

Pohon was used instead of Poko, tree, as on the East

The pronunciation was said to be peculiar, thus : s was pro-
nounced like a soft z, e.g., Nazi for Nasi; r like h, e.g. , Parang
for Pahang; ; b like kh, e.g., "CM for Kain; Khakhi for Kaki.

amples of pronunciation, as although what was heard is faith-
His po the personal equation enters too largely into this
sort of questions for them to be accepted without repeated
checkings. A Sakai, for instance, vill occasionally pronounce
one aud the same word in two distinct w ways, probably through
s di rea at being questioned by an European.

Slight as these traces are, if taken in conjunction with the
important fact that the constitution of these tribes corresponds
fairly closely to that of Sakais (as is shown by the Sakai names
of the chiefs) they appear to suggest the theory that the Sea-
gypsies of Singapore owe their origin largely from Sakai hill-
tribes in the Riau-Lingga Archipelago ; ; that these, whether
through pressure of the Malay immigration or from other causes,
took to the sea, and reinforced probably by more than a akena
ling of mere Malay adventurers, developed into the famou
oS race which under the generic name of Orang baat

e for aspace the terror of all who sailed these Eastern seas.
арр ап evolution of опе of the mildest mannered and most
timid races of the earth would certainly appear unaccountable,
but if it is to be rejected, it involves us in still ded difficulties.
The evidences may be briefly enumerated as follow

The constitution of the tribe under сонр апа Batin.

250 THE ORANG LAUT OF SINGAPORE.

(2) The use of undoubted Sakai words; of these K е
iyan, and Kiyun are all words allied to those used by t
Belandas ho in Selangor.

8. e Sakai ‘‘terumba” or racial records as preserved
by the Bast tribe in the Kwala Langat district (Selangor),
which gy! state that the ancestors of the original tribe
descended to the sea and became sea-folk (/urun kalaut jadi
akah T and that the sea-folk became pirates (Raiat laut jadi

ajau).

Further investigations when opportunities occur may supply
more extensive information as to these wild tribes, now so near-
ly vanished. The foregoing notes, incomplete as they are, show
that there are still some records worth the attention of any who
have the chance of studying the race, and research in the district
of Selitar and Pandan, where the tribe, as late as 1847, were in
a very primitive state of civilisation, and in the Carimons, and

eighbouring prins may throw morelight on the history and
отыр of the Orang Laut
W. W. Skeat.
Н. N, Ridley.

Cases of Lightning Discharge.
By С. E. V. THOMAS, A.M.I.C.E.
Communicated by A. №. Ridley.

The study of lightning phenomena is of great interest and
importance, and as the conditions which obtain in Malaya are ex-
tremely favourable for the observation of such phenomena, as re-
gards the frequency and violence of thunder storms, it is some-
what surprising to find that the accounts so far available are few.
Those here given are of interest as being descriptive of unusual
elfects.

In well-marked cases of the destructive effect of lightning
on trees, the tree struck is completely shattered. Such instances
are familiar, probably because they are immediately apparent as
the result of a severe storm; but the gradual decay and death
of a number of trees in the vicinity of one struck, which would
seem to be a frequent after-effect, is a form of damage which, as
far as the writer can ascertain, has not previously been noted.

‘The following account, from the diary of Mr. H. N. Ridley,
Director of Gardens and Forests, S. S., describes such an effect,
which occurred іп a coco-na: plantation in Singapore.

. “May 8rd 1898. Visited Siglap and saw a place where, more
than a month previously, a tree was struck by a tremendous
flash. From this tree in a semicircle (there being none on the
outer side) eleven more treesdied. The deaths appeared to radi-
ate out from struck tree gradually. Three were still standing ;
they bore young fruit and flowers, but the whole of the foliage
looked as if burnt. One was still alive and putting up а fresh
leaf. One, covered with fungi, had been dead some time, Why
this progressive death? Inspector tells me he saw a similar
case where, some time after the death of coco-nuts, some mango-
steen trees withered away in like manner. :

similar instance recently occurred in the Botanical Gar-
dens, Singapore, and was brought to the writers notice by the

252 CASES OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE.

same observer. In this case two trees (Erythrina and Detarium)

appeared to have been struck simultaneously. "Though the da-

mage apparent was very slight and confined to the bark, decay

began in the Erythrina within ten days. Another Erythrina ad-

joining died soon after, but the Detarinm was unhurt. Another
с

and then flames, about half way up the trunk. The fire went
up very quickly and I ordered the tree to be cut down.”
When the writer saw the tree, the fibrous material which covers
these palms was still smouldering, but the closest examination
failed to reveal any traces of damage other than that caused by
fire, and the surrounding trees were quite unhurt. Three months
afterwards, however, the similar palms in a radius of twelve or
fifteen feet from that struck were completely dead.

A remarkable point in this instance is that although the
palm struck was over sixty feet in height, and surrounded by
others even taller, the flash should have struck it in the middle.
Mr. Ridley has noted a similar case in which an explosion took
place in the fork of a Rambutan tree only six feet above the
ground between the base of the fork and a birds-nest fern, and
set fire to the roots of the fern. There was no damage done to
this tree except from burns, but a chicken at its tase was killed.

ouse. To the former two a flame-coloured flash seemed to fall

CASES OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE, 253

in front of them ; to the latter two a bright light seemed to be
thrown in their faces and the loud report was instantaneous.

thunder anl rain shortly after noon. It had afterwards been
bright but stormy lookiuz ; and though clouds were gathering in
the evenin ig, there was at that time no thunder or lightning.
Shortly afterwards there was heavy thunder near, followed by
a copious shower. A. K."
Mr. Knight's second account also describes a form of dis-
charge about which very little is known. It is unfortunate that
no photograph was obtained, as it would seem from comments
in a recent electrical journal that no photograph ever has been
obtained of this phenomenon, and it has been customary to dis-
credit statements as to its appearance. Mr. Knight's note йог
from the more usual accounts, in which the ball of бге is said to
run about before bursting, but is closely analogous to a case
quoted by Dr. Oliver Lodge,* in which however the ball
is described as of a reddish yellow colour, changing to
vivid white. Mr. Knight’s accouut is as follows : —“ On the 14th
October, 1898, there was a very severe thunder squall—strong
wind, violent rain апі much thunder, not very distant. It came
on suddenly, about 7 p.m., as we were going down to dinner;
and as I was about to take my seat at the end of the table, facing
the back of the house, I saw an explosion in the air, like that
of a fireball or bomb, probably four or five feet above the ground,
and there was a loud bang. The light appeared greenish white.
There is no doubt that it was in the ba ck garden, as it was
located there by some neighbours whose line E sight was at
right angles with min
Mr. Ridle керо also the two following cases of globular
lightning, differing from that of Mr. Knight in that the pheno-
mena occurred outside the storm. “Some few years ago, I was
sitting in my verandah, about 7 p.m ; it was quite dark, and there
was a thunderstorm going on over the Economic Garden. Sud.
denly there was an intensely briliiant flash and instantaneous
explosion close to the house. My back was towards the garden,

* Lightning катя and Lightning Guards, Prof. О. J. Lodge,

254 CASES OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE,

so that I only saw the reflection of the light. Mr. Feilding
was at the time passing along the road below the hill on which
my house stands, when he saw a ball of fire descend in a curve,
slowly, about 50 yards from the house, close to the ground,
between him and the house. It appeared to explode with a
tremendous noise. Careful examination of the grass where the
ball fell showed no trace of burning or other mark. Simal-
taneously with this phenomenon, a large tree (/rvinia) in the
Economic Garden was struck by lightning, but hardly injured.

not ball-shaped, though more or less rounded, moving in a

downward curve to the South, till it Cisappeared behind some

trees, and was followed by the thunder. It was less bright
g

The only local cases of damage to buildings reported are
those at the Cape Rachado and Muka Head Lighthouses. The
writer was fortunately able to inspect the former not long after
the occurrence, and found it to be ап interesting example of side

and two Lascars is inside the room grate of the Almighty
pity there had not been anything happen."

CASES OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE. 255

The Muka Head case 4 October 9th, 1897, ) affords another
example of the inefficacy of the old- fashion ed single conductor,
which was supposed to ‘bisa a building of any size if only it
were high enough, and had nicely sharpened points and an earth
resistance ger К a fraction of anohm. From the interes-
ting report by Mr. Wills,* the Lighthouse keeper, it would seem
that a fash struck the conductor, leaving evidence by tearing
off a gunmetal brace about half way up. The discharge then left

stationed there are exceptionally freakful dud violent. He

€— occasion, a discharge passed through a large earthen-

r, making one ho e of several inches in diam eter, and a
second of less than one БОН, and finally excavating part of the
floor near the jar

An attempt to explain the conditions which serve to brin
about results like these is not within the scope of the present
notes, but the writer may, perhaps, be permitted to invite
further lightning notes, accompanied where possible by photo-
graphs, ‘Such records are of the greatest possible assistance in
promoting the general knowledge of a series of phenomena
about which there is still muck to be discovered.
. G. E. V. Thomas.

Kindly dois by Мг. О. V. Thomas, Acting J. Supt, Govt.
Telegraph, Penan

Notes from the Sarawak Museum.
ON A REMARKABLE DIPTEROUS LARVA.
During a recent visit to Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak, I found

11 segments, into the first of
which the head can be completely retracted, five annuli can
plainly be distinguished on segments 2, 3, and 4, but are less well
marked on the others; the 10th consists only of three. The
middle annulus of the fourth segment bears on the ventral surface
а fleshy knob (abdominal pseudopod) which is surmounted by a
small semicircular chitinous comb longitudinally placed; the
eighthsegment ventrally bears a median tuft of sete, and a fringe
cf similar setæ marks the posterior border of the 9th segment, this
also carries on its ventral surface 2 median setigerous papillee.
The 10th segment, which is set at somewhat of an angle to the
9th, bears on the dorsal surface at its anterior border a fringe
of very strong sete directed backwards. Тһе llth and last
segment terminates in four finger-like processes clothed with
delicate hairs, the anus opens on its ventral, two stigmata on its
dorsal surface. The last three segments are markedly larger
than any of the preceding ones The larva burrows into the
sand head first, until completely buried, and then proceeds to
form its pit-fall in the following manner: the more deeply
buried tail-end acting as a fixed point, the anterior half of
the body is curved about in all directions, each curving
motion being followed by a rapid straightening out, which jerks
the sand away for some little distance ; since the tail is fixed, the
result of many of these motions is to produce a circular repres-
sion with sloping sides; at the bottom of this lies the larva, ven-
tral surface uppermost, the posterior half of the body still buried,
the anterior half exposed and straightened out. If now an ant
is introduced into the pit-fall, the exposed part of the larva sud-
denly curls up in a spiral coil, the prey being generally included

NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM, 257

in the coil and impaled by pressure on the chitinous comb of the
4th se a hold is then gained with the mouth, апі after a
few minutes, with a rapid sinuous motion, the larva straightens
out and disappears below the sand, carrying its prey with it. If
the larva is not successful in catching its prey the first time, it
flings sand about in all directions by rapid switching movements,
and the victim, unable to obtain a foothold on the ‘sliding sides
of the pit-fall, falis down to the bottom; or occasionally the
larva actually ‘strikes like a snake at the victim as it endeavours
to escape from the toils, indeed many of the actions of this larva
are quite snake-like, and an ant enclosed in one of its coils re-
minds опе of nothing so much as of a small mammal in the grasp ·
of a python. Occasionally the ргеу seems Decent out of
proportion to the larva, but by means of the numerous. sete on
the large posterior ee a very firm inni is сыла in the
sand, and I have er yet seen an insect of moderate size make
good his escape after having been once seized. I brought down
to Kuching alive several of "these lar vee, and one or two pupa-
ted ; shortly before pupation, the larva leaves its pit-fall and lies
close to the surface of the sanl, though completely covered;
the anterior segments become much swollen and retracted, un-
til the integument bursts, revealing beneath the brownish pupa ;
by some convulsive movements the whole pupa now appears at the
surface, the larval skin being slowly shuffled off backwards, but
never becoming шо? freed, so that the posterior end of the

upa always presents a som what ragged appearance. Unfor- `
tunately the heat of Kading p roved too much for these рирге,

and none came to maturity, but shrivelled up; some Leptid flies
which I obtained on Penrissen are, however, I am sure, the
adult stage.

ON A MALE SPECIMEN OF PURLISA GIGANTEUS DIST.

A specimen of this handsome Lycænid butterfly was described
and figured by Distant in his Rhopalocera Malayana (p. 250. Tab.
XXI. fig. 28. 1885), but the sex was not stated either in this or
in two previous descriptions (Distant, oe rogo Mag. Vol.
XVII. p. 245, 1881, and Waterhouse, Aid. Vol. I. pl. XLVI,
1882), ара de Nicéville in his “ Butterflies of India,” Vol. iii, p.

33

258 NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM,

385, writes: —“ I have not seen this species. The se the
specimens. described is not stated, and it would be. hazardous
sven to guess from the figures and descriptions what sex they
may be.”

With the capture of an undoubted male specimen on Mt.
Matang, Sarawak, at an elevation of 3,500 feet, in March of last
year, Lam enabled to state with absolute certainty that Distant
descri a female, and as the male sex has never been described
Т now append a short account of it.

median nervure is shortly folded opposite the abdomen, the fold

only met with, amongst the Oriental Lycznide, in the genus
Simiskina. The neuration of both sexes is identical. rid.
Druce has already recorded this species from Borneo in a paper
on the Lycænidæ of the island (P. Z. S., 1895,. р. 602), but his
specimen was a female. : gi ; ;

discal fascia, a short line of the same colour, closing the cell and
‘almost fused with the discal fascia. Another black. spot on the
costal margin, continuous with a very pale f uscous fascia, apex'and
external margin broadly bordered with black. The border
containing some obsolescent, ochreous, submarginal spots. Hind-
“wing as in the male. Underside- ground-colour - more rufous

NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 259

The fascias are white, tinged with cchreous, instead of silvery,
and fascia No. 4 on the forewing is very broad, he with the
white litura which i in the male occurs at the base оѓ the s econd
median interspace. Expanse 48 mm. рее 6 3,000

June 1897, :

ON THE SYSTEM OF CATALOGUING ADOPTED IN THE
SARAWAK MUSEUM
In the year 1874 ап American, Mr, Melvill Dewey, invented
and published a system for class ifying and cataloguing scienti-
fic and other literature by means of employing decimal numbers,
this system is known as the Dewey Decimal System. Curiously
enough it has received but a small amount of attention in Eng-

land and her ndencies, ost astonishing fact when one
compares its perfect method and simplicity with the s 8

win vogue in the majority of large home and colonial libra-
ries, Mr. Dewey is in short the Bertillon of scientific catalogu-

ing, less fortunate than his distinguished prototype, inasmuch
as he has still to receive a wide-spread recognition.

e sy
literature has been produced, into groups; to each group a
number is assigned; each group is subdivided and each sub-
division is алина by a decimal number, following the
group number, Thus, under such a number as 600 would be
found all works dealing with easy: a pré ge of this,
Europe, would have the number 600.1; Asia, 600.2 P
countries making up these main divisions would again
number—England 600.11, Scotland 600.12, зе 600. 13,
etc., etc., whilst still greater subdivision can be provided for by
the addition of another decimal, thus :— Bedfordshire 600.11.1.
Naturally enough ey modifications of this system have
been suggested and tried.

On атат, the somewhat chaotic system, or га ег,
lack of system, employed in cataloguing the zoological speci-

D
a letter ;—Mammals, A. Birds, B. Reptiles, C. Amphibia, D,
Fishes, E. Each fenily of these classes was numbered in order

260 NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM.

, 2, 3, etc., each genus with a decimal number following the
ane amber each species with another decimal number follow
ing that of the genus. Let me cemere this with an example
taken from the catalogue of Fishe
Class Pisces — E
“Order 1. Plagiostomata
Sub-order. Selachoidei

ith sp
Species acutus — E
with specimens > b. с. d., ete.
Fam. Lamnide =
Genus Lamna = E 2. *

and so on

By this means all necessity br check lists, registers and double
entries is obviated; a glance at the catalogue reveals the num-
er of specimens of a any КӨ, вресїез їп {һе collection, {һе num-
E of duplicates (if any), the desiderata, the num mber of species
n a genus, of genera in a family, whilst the labels of the indivi-
ifii specimens with numbers corresponding to the catalogue

numbers s equally eloquent.
n cataloguing zoological or botanical specimens by this
decimal а опе meets with а difficulty which does not occur
in cataloguing literature, since literature can be grouped under

subject-headings which always remain constant, such as Geo-
graphy, Geology, эзер ун, etc. ; but every biologist knows
that new species, new genera, even new families are constantly

E created by the sy asiste either from newly discovered
forms or by the splitting up of old assemblages (for eem
the абзы members of the genus Sciurus have been recently
divided by Mr. Oldfield Thomas into five genera), all of ‘whieh
necessitates the interpolation of new catalogue numbers into the
pre- е series, and I must confess that, as yet, 1 have been
unable volve a perfectly satisfactory means of coping with
this difficulty. New species may generally be readily disposed of
у being added on to those already catalogued, but new genera
can not be so treated, since, by so doing, they may be separated

NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 261

from their nearest allies; and the same holds good when treating

with new families. [t is, of course, necessary when writing the
catalogue, to enter and number in order every species, genus and
family already recorded from the area in which the collections

advantage is a bagia interpolation is only needed
when new species or gene e discovered, and the нор
becomes а complete faunistic list of the collected-over area,

into a previously catalogued series has been as follows:—The
new genus is numbered with a fractional nangi the numerator
of such a fraction being the number of the nearest ally of the
new genus. The denominator the last boo eremi of the year
in which the new genus was described. For кашы. let us
imagine that а new genus closely allied to арч was discovered
this | year. The number of genus Hestia in the Sarawak Museum

and somewhat destroys the syinmetry of the series, but it is
significant, and that feature I have endeavoured to hold constant-
ly in view during my re-cataloguing labours

R. H. Shelford.

тһе ‘Hot Жш of Ulu J elai..
; By A. D. MACHADO.

Havi ing recently occasion to visit the éxtreme Ulu of the
Jelai district, Pahang; i in connection with. certain prospecting

found to be situated on-one of the spurs of the main range of hills
dividing Pahang from Perak, about Latitude 4° 20’ N., and Lo ong:
itude 101° 30° E. Our Sakai guide, who visited this spot ten or

more years ago, described the phenomenon as one eruptive foun-
tain of hot water and steam—the water, according to him, ascend-
ing їо а considerable height, a true Gey: ser in fact. I Sa w quite а
different thing. I found seven non- eruptive springs of hot water
and steam, the former flowing over sloping terraces or basins of
granitic boulders, till finally they joined on to a stream called
the Chá-àng, which in turn drained into the Jelai. If thé state-
ment of the Sakai i is credible, and 1 have no reason to disbelieve
.him, there has evidently been a Pee in the structure. of these
. springs, within the short space of ten years, a very short geolog-
ical epoch indeed. The usual баа А sulphurous odour
-pervaded this place ; those curiously fretted rims of the boulders
over which.the water flowed, due doubtless to the deposition of
Silica, sulphur, etc., are also noticeable heré. "Wild animals,
elephants, rhinoceri, dear. etc., visit this spot periodic ally, judg- -
ing by. their old and fresh tracks, probably for their saline pro-
perties, while the Sakais hold this place in great awe and venera-
tion.. They seemed quite unable to account for this phenomehon,
all the explanation they could give being that they. thought it
_was the work ‘of “ banta These springs ws in their geolog-
‘ical formation, тиш, to those visited by ше їп Maliwun,
.Lower Burma, in Renong, Siamese Malaya, ‘a in other parts
of the Malay Peninsula ; though, in point of : size and importance,

264 THE HOT SPRINGS OF ULU JELAI.

they approximate those of Ojigoku in the Hakone district of

pan.
1 feel here tempted to saya word in regard to this little- ,
known district of Ulu Jelai. : Doubtless for services rendered,

has the right to exploit it. With the exception of a dozen Ma-
lays, dependents of Toh Raja, who live at a place called K wala
Betck, the furthest Malay outpost up the Jelai, this district is
inhabited exclusively by Sakais. These Sakais plant: hill paddy

from the Sakai their pound of flesh for the privilege of cul-
tivating Toh Raja’s land, though, to do the Sakais €— kid
try by all kinds of subterfu се to evade Ше payme f thes
ues——a case of “ diamond cut diamond." These Malays "wil tell |
уоп that the Sakais аге cunning, unreliable апа great сһеа{з;
while the Sakais, on the other а will tell you that the Malays
are hard task-masters, are crue and merciless—a case again of
the “pot calling the kettle black. " Taken all in all, this district
is fairly rich in economic and mineral products. Rattans are
plentiful, and so is Kayu Gaharu (Aquilaria Malaccensis) in a les-
ser degree, while Gutta of almost every description oe

and which drains into the Jelai at the aforesaid K wala Betok,
having an equal volume of water with the latter stream, tin ore is
extremely plentiful and easy to work; so much so, that there is
reason to believe that before long a very thriving mining centre
will spring up ^s к согпег = the Jelai. The Jelai River, in
its upper reaches, abounds in gorges and rapids, "formi dable
obstructions to а езин Бой nullifying its utility asa highway.
"То those who are venturesome, a descent in bamboo rafts affords
exciting experiences.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY.

ок No. 1 to No. $3, Price One Dollar each.

ESSAYS RELATING TO INDO-CHINA, 4 Vols, Price $1 each.
TRE HIKAYAT ABDULLAH.

THE WAI-SENG LOTTERY, by G. T. Hare, Esq.

RAJAH BUDIMAN. ғА Malay Folk Tale, by H. Clifford, Esq.

THE MAP OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.